-------
RO at greater than predicted equilibrium concentrations. The
singular role of nitrogen from ammonia in the formation of
oxide is under current investigation. NO concentrations in a
well-stirred reactorr ammonia combustion in a. reciprocating
engine, and HO infrared emission during the expansion process
were recently measured. High NO levels were indicated.
Measurement of nitric oxide from gas turbine combustors indicate
that NO concentrations depend strongly upon the combustor
configuration and even possibly upon the temperature-time
history of the products in the turbine and exhaust systems.
Studies of piston engine expansion processes show NO levels to be
frozen early in the expansion process; concentrations are not
simply related to the equilibriui levels predicted for peak cycle
temperatures. i([Author abstract modified}
15043
Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District, Calif.
INITIAL BRIEF OF THE AIH POLLUTION CONTHOL DISTRICT OF THE COUNTY
0? LOS ANGELES. ^Presented before the 0. S. Federal Power
Commission in the Hatters of Transwestern Pipeline Co., Docket
no. CP63-204, CP64-91 ; El Paso Natural Gas. Co., Docket no.
CP64-76; Gulf Pacific Pipeline Co., Docket no. CP63-223. 46p.,
1965.)
Evidence is presented indicating that fuel oil burning by
industry and power plants is seriously affecting public health
in Los Angeles and could lead to a major disaster. To combat
this acute air pollution problem, industry and power plants
must be provided with year—round natural gas service at higher
levels than those of Pacific Lighting's Tailored Supply Program..
Unless the power plants and industry can change to a cleaner
fuel, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide levels, which already
exceed most modern recommended standards, will increase
dramatically in the next 15 years. These pollutants in
combination with sulfates and particulates are contributing
causes of severe respiratory illness. Other air pollution
problems wholly or partially attributable to fuel oil burning
are damage to vegetation and property, reduced atmospheric
visibility, and aggravation of photochemical smog. If natural
gas were substituted for fuel oil, daily emission of nitrogen
oxides could be reduced by 85 tons, sulfur dioxide by U10 tons,
and particulates by 31 tons. The peak periods for these
pollutants are December, January, and February, refuting the
contention of oil and gas companies that pollution is not a
problem in winter.
15310
Friedlander, S- K. and J, H. Seinfeld
» DYNAMIC BODEL OF PHOTOCHEMICAL SHOG. Environ. Sci. Technol.,
3(11) : 1175-1181, Nov. 1969. 19 refs.
B. Emission Sources 103
-------
A simplified kinetic scheme is proposed as a dynamic model for
photochemical smog reactions- Unlike previous diffusion models,
which have been concerned with nonreacting pollutants, the
formulation of this model takes into account both the chemical
reaction and turbulent mixing aspects of the photochemical smog
problem. In the first part of the paper, a simplified kinetic
mechanism is presented for the formation of photochemical smog
from nitric oxide and unburned hydrocarbons. In the second part,
diffusion models based on the general equation of conservation of
species are discussed. The model is a combination of the
transport and chemical kinetic equations and predicts the
behavior of a reacting pollutant cloud. The roles of sulfur
oxides and aerosols are not considered. Calculations basedon the
model lead to concentration dependence on time, similar in form
to the experimental results for laboratory reaction chambers. The
Lagrangian similarity hypothesis for the diffusion of nonreactive
components is extended to reacting species to take into account
the effect of atmospheric mixing- This leads to a set of
ordinary differential equations for the reactive species of the
type describing a chemical reactor of variable volume. As a
preliminary example of the application of the model, a
calculation was made for d single bimolecular reaction.
15351
levy, Arthur, Salo E. Miller, and Francis Scofield
PHOTOCHEMICAL SHOG: AN APPRAISAL OF KETONE REACTIVITY.
Am. chem. Soc., Div. Org. Coatings Plastics chem.. Preprints,
29{2) : U27-i»«0, 1969. 10 refs. ^Presented at the 158th fleeting
of the Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Organic Coatings and Plastics
Chemistry, Sew York, Sept. 1969.}
The photochemical smog reactivity of ketones and the
relationships between structure and reactivity among ketones
were determined. Twelve ketones were injected into a reaction
mixture in a smog chamber. It was concluded that all aliphatic
straight chain and branched ketones are only mildly eye
irritating. Hithin one standard deviation, all aliphatic ketones
yield the same response time.. Ketone-like materials such as
mesityl oxide and isophorone are more eye irritating than other
ketones. This was attributed to their unsaturated structures.
The data showed that branched chain ketones are chemically more
reactive than straight chain ketones. Branched chain ketones
are only slightly more reactive than straight chain ketones with
respect to photochemical smog products and eye irritation,, Ozone
production is also more pronounced in the photooxidation of
branched chain ketones.
15352
Scofield, Francis
AIB POLLUTION FBOH SOLVENTS. Am. Chem. Soc.,, Div. Org., Coatings
Plastics Chem,,, Preprints, 29(2) :393, 1969. (Presented at the
104 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
158th Meeting of the Am, Chem. Soc., , Div. Organic Coatings and
Plastics Chemistry, Hew York, Sept., 1969.)
The organics and plastics coatings industries are among the major
contributors to photochemical smog., A significant contribution
arises from the evaporation of organic solvents., The reactivity
of solvents varies over a wide range and a substantial reduction
in the amounts of reactive materials contributed by solvent
evaporation may be achieved without a corresponding reduction
of the total solvents. The only effective way to date of
establishing the relative reactivity of these compounds is an
empirical method which exposes a mixture of the solvent and
nitrogen oxides to irradiation. A number of photochemical
reactors of this type are in operation and many of them provide
for the direct determination of eye irritation,, It is very
difficult to predict reactivity of individual solvents, and
since there is a wide variety of reactions which may take place,
not all of which lead to eye irritation or other damaging
products, even a high degree of reactivity is not necessarily
an indication that a solvent is objectionable. An accepted
order of reactivity by classes of compounds is that, in general,
olefins are the most reactive and should be controlled at the
lowest level. Aromatic compounds are less objectionable but
still reguire control, while most oxygenated and aliphatic
materials are relatively innocuous and under present conditions
do not appear to require control. However, within each of these
classes a wide range of reactivity can be encountered. More
information in this area is necessary in order to guide the
writing of future regulations and possibly the revision of current
controls.,
15U52
Smith, Ralph I.
AIP-POILDTION PROBLEMS OP TBE PHOSPHATE INDDSTET. (Bureau of
Mines and Geology, Montana, Western Phosphate Region, Proc™
Ind. Seminar West., Phosphate Beg., Butte, Mont-, 1966, p.
-------
of the nose, throat, and lungs by the inhalation of gases; a
toxic effect in the stomach of animals who eat contaminated
vegetation)„ Methods for the removal of solids are listed as
follows: a long flue eguipped with baffles and settling chambers;
a filtering system such as a bag house; and the cyclone™ The
aost economical and effective way of removing noxious gases is
by scrubbing™ Sulfur gases may also be sent through a sulfuric
acid plant. Fluorine gases may be removed by forcing the
gases through a bed of limestone; the absorption causes a chemical
reaction to take place, forming inert calcium fluoride. Other
removal methods mentioned include the following; electrostatic
precipitation; and sonic precipitation.
15625
Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Japan,, Public Nuisance Control Div..
THE EHISSION SOURCES OF NITROGEN OXIDE AND CHROMIC ACID AND THEIR
STANDARD CONTROL EQUIPMENTS. (Chisso sankabutsu oyobi kuromusan
tnisuto no hasseigen to sono hyojun jogai setsubi ni tsuite) .
Text in Japanese., Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control}, 3(7):
411-119, July 15, 1967..
Nitrogen oxides are emitted by nitric acid plants, sulfuric acid
plants, certain kinds of chemical reaction apparatus, and metal
surface treating plants. The metals which are treated with nitric
acid are copper, aluminum, nickel, iron, and so forth.. The
nitrogen oxides which are generated by the reaction of metal and
nitric acid are nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide,
nitrous anhydride, nitrogen peroxide, and nitric anhydride, the
primary air pollutants being nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and
nitrogen peroxide. Nitric oxide is slowly oxidized by oxygen in
the air. Poisoning from nitric oxide only has not been reported,
but it is said to change active hemoglobin into an inactive one.,
Nitrogen dioxide and peroxide have a stinging odor, lower the
blood pressure, and paralyze the nerves.. High concentration of
nitrogen dioxide above 100 ppm could cause human death.. The
allowable concentration of nitrogen dioxide is 5 ppm.. Nitrogen
dioxide is easily absorbed by water and becomes nitric acid,
but nitric oxide must be oxidized before washing with water.
Since the reaction rate of nitric oxide is very slow, some
catalysts such as activated coal must be used. Chromic acid is
generated almost exclusively by a chromium plating process.
Hydrogen and oxygen gas generated by electrolysis release chromic
acid into air, mainly in the form of chromium trioxide which is
poisonous and injures the kidneys. The allowable concentration is
0.1 mg/cu m.. Chromic acid mist can be absorbed easily by washing
with water.. The results by the above methods are the following:
nitric oxide was reduced from 70,,000 ppm to 36 ppm; nitrogen
dioxide, from 650,000 ppm to 70 ppm; and chromic acid mist, from
12.65 mg/cu m to 0.077 mg/cu m.
15723
Faingold, Sn G., A.. B. Stanetskaya, !„ A. Tretyakova, and N., S.
Kipot
106 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
CRUSES OF THE FOBHATION OF NITBIC OXIDE IN THE CABBONIZATION OF
COM3. Coke Chen™ (USSE) {English translation from Bussian of
Koks i Khim..) , no. 2:23-28, 1969. 10 refs.
While confirming that nitric oxide is an inevitable product of
coal carbonization, previous research has not established the
extent to which carbonization participates in nitric oxide
content of coke oven gas or its relationship to the nitrogen
content of coal. To resolve these questions, as well as
determine the nitric oxide content of coke-oven gas during
carbonization, varions coal blends and different grades of coal
were carbonized in a gas-tight oven chamber at a pressure of 600-
800 mm water gauge. The evolution of nitric oxide followed the
same pattern for all blends and coals: the content reached a peak
at 200-399 C, the beginning of carbonization, and the peak lasted
until i»00 C. The quantity of nitric oxide evolved was unrelated
to the nitrogen content of the blends and coals,. For example, one
blend contained 2.36% nitrogen, and the dynamic mean nitric oxide
content of the coke-oven gas equalled 2.83-3.67 ppm or 0.96-1.10
ml/kg for the blend.. The nitrogen content of the blends ranged
fron 1.5-2.36%. The nitrogen content of coals varied less and
the volatile matter differed sharply, but nitric oxide formation
was the same as for blends. It is concluded that nitric oxide is
formed as a result of reactions involving the liberation of
oxygen from the air, introduced with the blend or coal and the
oxygen-nitrogen-containing compounds in the coal.
15769
Pursall, B. P.
POLLUTION IN BOAD TUNNELS. Consulting Eng., 33(8):57-58, Aug.
1969. 9 refs..
The sources and causes of the build-up of pollutants in road
tunnels are discussed. The two main sources of poisonous exhaust
gases are gasoline and diesel engines. Diesel exhaust emits a
smaller percentage of carbon monoxide than the gasoline engine,
but because the diesel engine is larger, it emits a larger volume.
The diesel engine also produces more nitric oxide and nitrogen
peroxide.. Vehicles emit up to 50% more carbon monoxide on the
up-gradient than on the level; on the down gradient, they emit
10% less. In calculations for two-way tunnels, an average figure
for carbon monoxide emission can safely be taken.. Tests showed
that the amounts of carbon monoxide and other combustion
products vary directly with speed. Differences in tunnel
concentrations for the Suntner Tunnel in Boston and the Central
Tunnel in London were attributed to different vehicle speeds and
variations between British and American vehicles and fuels.. The
variations resulted in higher concentrations of lead anS
hydrocarbons in the Sumner Tunnel; carbon monoxide concentrations
were similar for average daytime periods in both tunnels. The
effects of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and lead compounds
are briefly discussed. It was concluded that if the concentration
of CO can be diluted to below 100 ppm, the concentration of
nitrogen oxides and other gases should be relatively harmless..
B. Emission Sources 107
-------
Visibility should also be satisfactory under these conditions.
In a 2 way tunnel, the Baxinum ventilation rate was calculated
to be 200 cu ft/Bin/ft. Vith one way traffic, ventilation is
induced from the portals by the moving vehicles, but additional
artificial ventilation would be necessary when the traffic is
stopped or moving slowly. In most large tunnels, alarms operate
if the CO concentration exceeds 250 ppm..
16135
Hashimoto, Michio and Masahiro Fujiwara
EFFECTS OF AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST GAS EMISSION CM AIR POLLUTION.
(Jidoshahaikigasu no taikicsen eno eikyc). Text in Japanese.
Jidosha Gijutsu (Automobile Eng.), 23 (11) : 1 151-1163 , 1969. 25
ref s.
In 1968, automobile production in Japan was almost 4,100,000 cars,
a million more than produced in West Germany, and second only to
the United State's production of 11,000,000 cars in the same year.
While the United States, West Germany, France, England, and
Italy show no annual increase, automobile production in Japan is
increasing at an annual rate of 25-30>. If this rate is
maintained, the approximate annual output should match that of
the United Stated by 1974. It is difficult to imagine the extent
of pollution by automobile engine exhaust when automobile
production in a country approximately the area ol California
approximates that of the United States. Based ou the results of
measurements in several cities, the following aspects of pollution
by automobile exhaust are discussed in detail: carbon monoxide
emissions; dust fall including lead and pyrene; photochemical
contaminations; hydrocarbon emissions; and odors. The toxicity of
air pollutants for humans and vegetation is also examined.
Although worX on carbon monoxide began late in Japan, air
guality criteria are now being formulated with respect tc carbon
monoxide. Air pollution from automobile exhaust is found to be
increasing by approximately 10-155S. It is hoped that control
policies will be in effect belcre automobile production reaches
one car for every tto individuals.
16263
Ludwig, John H.
SEMINAR ON AIE POLLUTION BY HOIOE VEHICLES. Preprint, Assistant
Commissioner, Science and Technology, Washington, D. C. 64p.,
1970. 27 refs.
The contribution of motor vehicle enissions to community-wide air
pollution problems depends on several related factors: the
extent of community, commercial, and industrial sources as
compared to vehicle sources; the size of the community and the
distribution of these sources; topographical and meteorological
factors; and the degree of control exercised for sources. The
108 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
relative importance of motor vehicle emissions can be approached
ty evaluating specific effects, specific pollutants, and sources
«ith respect to pollutant emissions of all types. Average
emissions by sources are presented fcr Los Angeles County,
Louisville, Detroit, and 11 Pennsylvania counties. Sources of
gaseous emissions frcm motor vehicles are reviewed, as well as
the sources of hydrocarbon and smoke emissions from diesels.
California standards are reported for vehicle smoke and odor
emissions, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides levels. Also
reported are 1970 Federal Standards for exhaust emissions from
automobiles and light trucks. An attempt is made to assess
specific hydrocarbon constitutents in gasoline engine exhaust,
crank case ventilation, and evaporation losses, and diesel
exhausts and their relationship tc photochemical reactions occuring
in the atmosphere. The need of continued laboratory research
and detailed examination of exhausts produced by control devices
is stressed.
16539
Sone, Akira
THE SITUATION AND CONTROI OF AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST EMISSIONS IN THE
MIDDLE CITY (II) IN SENDAI CITY. (Chutcshi ni okeru jidosha
haikigasu to sono taisaku (II) Sendai shi ni okeru ichirei).
Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control),
H (7) :437-44C, July 15, 1968.
Sendai city is a business and industrial center in northeastern
Japan with a population of more than 500,000. The rate of
increase of automobiles has nearly doubled since 1963, the total
number in 1968 teing 130,000. Present heavy traffic and
automotive exhaust emissions are attributed to poor city and
residential planning. Interstate highways run through the city
and the total number of cars on the highways averages 13,000 per
day. In a traffic survey conducted from 1961 to 1967, the average
number of cars was found to be 1700 per hour. The increase in
auto traffic has been accompanied by a proportional increase of
CO, Pb, N02, and dust fall. The effects of engine exhausts
became apparent when the number of cars reached 2000 per hour.
Carbon monoxide concentrations exceeded the emission standard of
5 ppm of Miyagi Prefecture. The maximum concentration was 31 ppm
and the average, 8 to 13.5 ppm. The maximum Pb concentration was
4.26 gamma/cu m, far beyond the emission standard. Maximum dust
fall was 6.8 mg/cu m, exceeding the emission standard of 2.0
mg/cu m. Before the survey, Sendai city «as more concerned with
industrial pollutants such as smoke and dust. The survey
indicates that the effect of engine exhausts is more severe than
that of industrial pollution.
16627
Eyzat, P. and J. C. Guibet
EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDY ON THt FOKMATIOK OF NITRCG3N
CXICES IN ENGINES. (Etude experircentale et thecrique ae la
B. Emission Sources 109
-------
formation des oxydes d'azote dans les moteurs). Text in Trench.
Bev- Inst. franc. Petrole Snn. Combust. Liquides (Paris),
22 (4) : 689-712, April 1967. 28 refs.
in experimental and theoretical study of the concentration of
NO + N02 yields (NOx) in the exhaust gas of two spark-ignition and
two diesel-type internal-combustion engines of specified
characteristics lead to a numerical method for its calculation
under a large variety of operating conditions. (NOx) was
measured with about 10% accuracy by a variant of the
spectrocolorimetric azo-dye method varying the richness of the
air-fuel mixture, the inlet pressure, the degree of advancement
of ignition, the compression ratio, the speed of rotation, and,
in the diesel-type only, the operation without or with the use of
an antechamber. Curves illustrating the variation of (COx) with
these parameters are shown in graphs. Chemical-eguilibrium
methods of analysis were inapplicable within the short combustion
period in the combustion engine, for a theoretical
interpretation of their data, thus the evolution of the process
N2 + 02 yields 2NO was determined throughout that period. The
propagation was determined within the combustion space of volume
V of a reaction-front separating a region of volume Vf occupied
by the fresh air-gas mixture from a region of volume VB equals
V-vr occupied by the burnt mixture as determined by the
richness of the fresh mixture; by the rate of formation of NO at
any given NO-concentration, temperature ana volume; by the
time-variation of the cylinder volume V, via crankangle,
connecting rod/crank length ratio, and rpm; and by that of the
cylinder pressure P, by the thermostatic relations between
volume, temperature and pressure of either mixture for small
adiabatic changes of state considering either as an ideal gas
(of different heat capacity), as well as the amount of heat
released during this change. The set of known interrelations
among these, and other, variables was programmed for numerical
computation on computer of the variation of (NOx) in the exhaust
gas with the richness of the air-gas mixture under different
operating conditions, as well as of other functional relations of
interest., The agreement between the calculated and measured
values tor the same conditions was satisfactory. The program
for determining the operating conditions for which (NOx) is a
minimum is under preparation.
16722
LaMantia, Charles H. and Edwin L. Field
TACKLING THE PROBLEM OF NITHOGEN OXIDES, Power, 113(4) :63-66,
April 1969. 9 refs,
The National Air Pollution Control Administration (NAPCA), an
agency of HEW, is now sponsoring a program to define sources,
magnitude, and character of the nitrogen oxide problem, and to
consider various methods for the control of NOx emissions frcm
stationary sources. NOx emissions are objectionable because of
the brownish color that nitrogen dioxide givts the atmosphere,
and also because of their tendency to promote formation of the
110 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
photochemical smog generally associated with automobile exhaust,
resulting in various eye-irritating compounds such as formaldehyde,
acrolein, and peroxyacyl nitrates. The sources and emission
factors of NOx and various approaches to control, destruction, or
removal are discussed.
17171
Myers, Phillip S.
NATION'S COST/BENEFIT RATIO WEIGHS HEAVILY ON AUTO EMISSIONS. S.
A.E. (Soc. Automot. Engrs.) J., 78(3):20-27, March 1970. 1 ref.
The urgency and size of the automotive air pollution problem,
solutions to the problem, and effect of controls on the problem
were discussed. Han-caused additions of pollutants to the
atmosphere are large with respect to natural contributions for
participate matter and hydrocarbons. Man already produces
almost all the carbon monoxide, 90% with autos. The only
oxides of nitrogen that are significantly man-caused are nitric
oxide and nitrogen dioxide. These two represent only a small
fraction of the total nitrogen compounds. Sixty per cent of the
pollution in the United States ccmes from automobiles alone.
One obvious source is blowby past the rings. However, most
cars are equipped with PCV valves which eliminate this source
in well-maintained cars. The largest contributor is the exhaust,
both in guantity and smog forming potential. Nitrogen oxide and
carbon monoxide form in the bulk gases; hydrocarbons are formed
in the quench zone. Nitrogen oxides are controlled by recycling
the exhaust or by burning a mixture that is either guite rich or
guite lean. A rich mixture is undersiraisle; it increases CO and
unburned hydrocarbons. It is difficult tc burn a mixture lean
enough to decrease NO to the desired level. One combination
would be to run rich, then destroy the HC and CO in the exhaust
system. This plan could be expanded to include two-stage
combustion, but at a sacrifice in fuel consumption. Other
solutions were presented. It takes 3 to 5 yrs to place a
technologically feasible control technique involving significant
modifications into universal mass production. There is an
additional time lag of 4 to 7 yrs to eguip enough cars with the
control device so that noticeable reductions occur. Ultimately,
it will be simple economics: what is the cost/benefit ratio for
further reductions compared to steam, turbines, Stirling engines,
batteries, and fuel cells.
17327
Kitagawa, Tetsuzo
CONTROL OF AIH POLLUTION CAUSED BY EXHAUST GAS OF AUTOMOEIL£S_
(Jidosha haikigasu ni yoru taiki osen no boshi taisaku). Text
in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 2(11} :7«1-
7U9, Dec. 15, 1966. 8 refs.
B. Emission Sources 111
-------
The most practical means to control automotive exhaust gas
varies frcm country to country according to geographical and
meteorological conditions. Attempts to compare the status
cf pollution from auto exhaust gas in Los Angeles, where air
pollution is widely known as photochemical smog, with that of
Japan should be rejected. Photochemical smog is endemic to los
Angeles, where a heavy layer of atmospheric temperature
inversion is present 80% a year. The Los Angeles atmosphere is a
chemically-oxidized atmosphere containing substantial amounts of
nitrogen, oxides, ozone, ozonated olefins, and organic peroxide
compounds in addition to compounds from partially—burned fuels
and aerosols formed fay polymerization. In Japan, air pollution
caused partially by auto exhaust gas is conditioned by relatively
shorter periods of temperature inversion, the constituents of
which, for the most part, result frcm heat radiation frcm ground
surfaces, (the so-called night temperature inversions). This is
quite contrary to the vast expanse of polluted atmosphere in
Los Angeles. The production of photochemical smog is clcsely
related to nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. Air pollution by
motor vehicles in Japan is strictly confined to carbon oxides
alone which are measured in air space surrounding a highway only,
in the horizontal range of less than 100 m and at a vertical
height of about 10 m. It is concluded that carburetor controls
are the most practical way to reduce emissions of carbon oxides
in Japan.
17335
Lavoie, George A., John E. Heywood, and James C. Keck
EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDY 01 NITRIC OXIDE FORMATION IN
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES. Combust. Sci. Technol., 1(4)313-
326, Eeb. 1970. 15 refs.
The noneguilibrium formation of nitric oxide within the internal
combustion engine cylinder was examined. A thermodynamic model
which predicts the properties of the burnt and unburnt gases
during the combustion process was developed. A set of reactions
which govern the formation of nitric oxide was proposed, and
rate eguations for nitric oxide concentrations as a function
of time in the post-flame gases were derived. The results of
time-resolved measurements carried out on a CFR engine were
described, where emitted light intensities at wavelengths selected
to record radiation from the CO + 0 and NO + 0 continua were
used to determine the nitric oxide concentration. Results
showed that both the formation and decomposition of nitric oxide
in the post-flame gases are rate limited at the conditions under
which internal combustion engines normally operate. In the lean
case, the nitric cxide formed in the flame front is negligible.
The state of the burned gas is not uniform. A substantial
temperature gradient and nitric cxide concentration gradient
exists behind the flame zone. The comparisons between theoretical
and experimental results for fuel-lean mixtures confirmed that
the important features of the model were correct.
112 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
17339
Dimitriades, Basil, B. H. Eccleston, and R. ti. Hum
AN EVAIUAIION OF THE FUEL FACTOR THECUGH BIBECT MEASUREMENT OF
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIVITY OF EMISSIONS. J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc., 20 (3): 15C-160, March 1970. 11 refs.
Photochemical reactivities of vehicular emissions are reliably
measured in laboratory experiments in which smog manifestations are
observed directly. Results of the direct smog-chamber measurements
revealed that the photochemical behavior of emissions may differ
significantly from the behavior that is predicated from the exhaust
composition using reactivity scales. The concept of direct
measurement of reactivity was applied to determine differences in
characteristics of emissions from 20 passenger vehicles, each
tested using 10 different fuels. The primary objective of the fuel
study was to assess the over-all effect on vehicle emissions of
fuel modifications designed to reduce the photochemical pollution
associated with automotive evaporative losses. A similar, brief,
comparative study of leaded and ncnleaded fuels was also made.
Reducing volatility was found to reduce the over-all smog potential
of vehicle emissions but involved some penalty by way of increased
exhaust emissions. Replacing light olefin with the corresponding
paraffin also reduced over-all smog potential and in this case
exhaust reactivity was not affected. In general greater smog
potential was found to be associated with prototype nonleaaed fuels
than with leaded fuels typical of products currently marketed,
(Author abstract modified)
17357
Chovin, Paul
CHEBICAI POLLUTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE. (La pollution chiuigue de
1'atmosphere). Text in French. Sci. Progr. Decour., no. 3117;
35-40, Jan. 197C. 6 refs.
A systematic general review is presented of the origin and nature
of chemical pollutants of the atmosphere, of their action on
living beings, and cf the battle against atmospheric pollution.
Principle sources of pollutants are the industrial and domestic
heating plants. In regions of high industry concentration, steel
plants and chemical plants emit specific pollutants. Principal
pollutants are sulfur dicxide, sulfur trioxide, carbon dioxide,
carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, fluorine, and
light and heavy hydrocarbons. Sulfur dioxide is a byproduct of
combustion of fossil fuels containing, on the average, 3% S
(coal in France has about 1% S, some foreign coals have up to 6%
S) . Estimated emission of S is as follows: in France, 2 million
tons, in England, 5 million tons, and in the U. S., 40 million
tons a S per year. Sulfur trioxide is largely due to oxidation
of 302; it combines with moisture to torn. H2S04 which is very
noxious. Rain has a beneficial effect by scrubbing the polluted
air. Carbon dioxide is the product ct complete combustion of C;
B. Emission Sources 113
-------
500 to 600 million tons are estimated to be emitted in England.
Carbon monoxide is the product of incomplete combustion, rather
rare in industry, but invariably present in automobile exhaust gas,
Nitric oxide and N02 are present in low concentrations, but a
complex photochemical reaction produces one type of smog, ozone,
and new chemical compounds such as peracetylnitrate,
CH3-CO-00-N02, which has a very strong physiological effect.
Fluorine and its compounds, such as HF, are emitted by fertilizer
and by aluminum plants. Dusts are emitted by industrial and
domestic heating plants. The action of air pollutants en bronchi
and lungs is disucssed at length. The reaction of the cardio-
vascular system and the incidence of broncho-pulmonary cancer are
also considered. In the battle against atmospheric pollution
laws alone are insufficient, means o± measuring emissions, and
enforcing compliance are essential.
17365
Ellen, Richard P.
OUB AUTOMOBILE: A CONTRIBUTION TO AIR POLLUTION. Air Pollution
Control Assoc, Pittsburgh, Proc. Air Pollution Control Assoc. aid-
Atlantic States Sect., Semi-Annu. Tech. Conf., Philadelphia, Pa.,
1969, p. 1414-514. 24 refs. (March 21.)
The harmful effects of pollutants on human health and current
concepts of automotive emission control are considered. Systems
to reduce engine exhausts, carbureter, and fuel tank emissions are
reviewed. Attention is also called to the ability of fuel
injection engines to cut hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions
in half and to the use of alternate fuels as a possible remedy for
the exhaust emission problem. Federal and California emission
standards for automobiles are compared. Human health responses
are considered with respect to the following pollutants: carbon
monoxide, nitrogen oxides, oxidants, and lead compounds.
114 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
C. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
00070
G.B. Bell
METEOBOLOGICA1 CONDITIONS DUBING OXIDANT EPISODES IN COASTAL
SAN DIEGO COUNTY IN OCTOBER AND NOVEHBEH, 1959.
California Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley, May 23, 1960.
22 pp.
Evaluation of regional and local air circulation patterns,
temperature inversion conditions and marine air stability over
coastal waters, as well as the estimation of wind
trajectories for air parcels present in Oceanside and San Diego
at the time peak oxidant concentrations occurred, has resulted
in the following conclusions: (1) A large-scale barometric
pressure pattern affecting the western states region occurred prior
to and during the San Diego County oxidant episodes in
October and November, 1959; (2) This pressure pattern, which
is believed to occur principally during the fall season, is
characterized by the presence of a large high-pressure
circulation over the Great Plateau states with an extensive
trough of lew pressure extending northwestward along the
California coast from a low-pressure.area over western
Mexico; (3) The above pressure pattern is associated with
extensive landbreeze development during the night in the Los
Angeles and Santa Ana Biver basins, a condition which
favors movement of surface air toward coastal water areas; (U)
The high oxidant concentrations recorded in coastal San Diego
County on October 14 and November 20, 1959, occurred several
hours after onset of the sea breeze, indicating that the
oxidant-laden air was brought from the seaward area; (5) During
the over-water transit,, air parcels containing oxidant-producing
reactants were embedded in a shallow, stable marine air layer
characterized by low-speed air ci culation, and dispersion of the
reactants was minimized; and (6) The two high oxidant episodes
and the associated wind-transport mechanisms considered in this
study usually occur infrequently during the fall season.##
00086
L. Elterman
ATMOSPHERIC ATTENUATION MODEL, 196t, IN THE ULTRAVIOLET VISIBLE,
AND INFRARED BEGIONS FOB ALTITUDES TO 50 KM. Air Force
Cambridge Research Labs., Bedford, Mass., Office of
Aerospace Besearch, AFCRL-6U-7«0, EHE-16, Sept. 196U. U8 pp.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 607859
115
-------
A model of a clear standard atmosphere, for determining
attenuation in the ultraviolet, the visible, and the infrared
windows, is derived. The derivation is based on a Bayleigh
atmosphere combined with aerosol and ozone components. The
format of thre model is a series of tabulations for 22 wavelengths
with Payleigh, aerosol, and ozone components arrayed at
kilometer intervals to an altitude of 50 kilometers.
Exploratory calculations pertaining to horizontal, vertical, and
slant-path transmission from sea level, transmission between two
altitudes and transmission to space are readily made from the
tabulations. Because of its more extensive coverage and improved
computational programming, this report, including the
tabulations, fully replaces the earlier publication, "A Model
of a Clear Standard Atmospbre for Attenuation in the
Visible Region and Infrared Windows." (Author)##
CC089
J. A. Curcio L.F. Drummeter, Jr.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS OF FOBflARD SCATTERING OF LIGHT IN THE
LOWER ATMOSPHERE- Naval Research Lab., Washington, D.C. ,
SRI 6152. Sept. 30, 1964. 41 pp.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 6071)87
This report deals in part with the experimental results from
seven measurements on the forward scattering of light by the
atmospheric aerosol. Partial results follow: !„ light scattered
forward from a 50,000-w omnidirectional light source, when viewed
from a point 45 km away below the horizon, was distributed on the
horizon, was distributed on the horizon in a field 5 degrees high
and 10 degrees wide,. 2» light scattered forward from a 10,000-w
collimated carbon-arc light source which had a 1/2-degree
beamwidth, was directed tangentially, and was observed from a
pcint 45 km below the horizon was distributed on the horizon in a
field 5 degrees by 10 degrees.. 3, Airborne observations of
forward scattered light from a searchlight beam 1/2 degree wide
yielded on on-axis irradiance^ at a range of 35 km from a
horizontally pointed source, 550 times the irradiance at a point
115 meters above the geometrical edge of the beam. 4. Ground-
based comparison of direct-line-of-sight irradiance and small-angle
fcrward-scattered-light irradiance showed that in the wavelength
interval 7500A to 9500A the direct light was 200 times the
scattered light at a distance of US km when the meteorological
range was 40 km,, 5- Ruby laser light was transmitted at night
over the horizon to a distance of 45 km when both receiver and
projector were 6 ft above water and were pointed at one another
with 0-degree elevation. The laser output was 0.10 joule and
the signal-to-noise ratio in the system was 45. It is
estimated that the surface transmission of the 45-km path at
6943A was about 0.00001.##
00095
F.N. Frenkiel
ATMOSPHERIC DIFFUSION IN AIR-POIIDTICN STUDIES. David Taylor
116 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Model Basin, Washington, E.G., applied Mathematics
laboratory.(Beport 1t18«) (Reprinted from Proceedings of the
Seventh Hydraulics Conference, June 16-18, 1958.3 Hay 1960
22 pp.
CFSTI, DDC: AD «362H9
This report discusses studies in which an urban area is
represented by a mathematical model,, Such a model takes into
account the general meteorological and topographical conditions
as well as the distribution and nature of the pollution sources-
The mean concentration patterns are then forecast for the
mathematical model of the area. Although Los Angeles County is
used as an example, the results refer to a mathematical model
rather than to the exact physical situation in Los Angeles. The
purpose of the discussion is to describe a mathematical method
rather than a specific application.##
00102
H. W. "Erandli
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION BY OZONE: ITS EFFECTS AND VARIABILITY
(MASTER'S THESIS). (Submitted for the Degree of Master of
Science at the Massachusetts Inst. of Tech.) May 1, 1965.
79 pp.
Surface ozone concentrations were measured in the
Boston-Cambridge complex for the months of November and
December, 1964 and January, 1965. The instrumentation used was
a Mast ozone meter and recorder; a chromium trioxide filter was
fitted to the air inlet of the meter to remove negatively
interfering sulphur dioxide. The effectiveness of this filter was
remarkably apparent in that removal of the filter caused ozone
reductions of 50-1005!. The overall range of ozone levels for the
3 months was 0.1 to 6.t pphmv Jcart per hundred million by
volume), well below toxic limits discussed in detail in this
thesis. The average values for each of the 3 months indicate a
possible correlation with the total ozone trend.. Variation of the
daily values is discussed with some meteorological factors as well
as source strength. Seven simultaneous measurements of some of
the halogens, obtained from a separate study by a colleague, are
related to ozone concentrations. (Author's abstract) ##
00130
AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH. Am. Rev. Eespirat. Diseases
93, (2) 1-12, Feb. 1966. (A statement by the American
Thoracic Society Committee on Air Pollution).
The health hazards of air pollution are discussed in connection
with the meteorological conditions that help to bring them about,
techniques of air pollution measurement, and research on the
biologic effects of exposure to air pollutants.##
C. Atmospheric Interaction TI7
-------
00139
E. H. Allen and H. D. Cadle
A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF BOLECUIAB CXYGEH ON ATOMIC
OXYGEN-HYDROCARBON BEACTIONS. Photochem. Photobiol. 4,
979-87, 1965.
Investigations of the systems atomic oxygen-methane and atomic
oxygen-n-butane have been iade, using techniques for producing
atomic oxygen in the presence and absence of ground state molecular
oxygen. The results indicated that the initial rate of removal of
atomic oxygen from both systems was accelerated by the presence of
molecular oxygen, whereas the initial rate of removal of
hydrocarbon, for n-butane, was affected little if at all»##
00177
H,. Buchberg, H. H. Jones, K- G» Lindh-, and K» W.
Hilson
AIR POLLUTION STUDIES WITH SIBOIATEB ATMOSPHERES. California
Univ. , Los Angeles, Dept. of Engineering. (Kept. No.
61-111.,) July 1961. 185 pp.
Part I of this report deals with the statistical relations
among interacting atmospheric variables. Also contained in this
report are the results of several auxiliary or supporting studies
as follows: Air Purification Studies; Development of an Eye
Bask for the Measurement of the Threshold of Eye
Irritation; Development of an Omnidirectional Solar Radiometer
for a Limited Spectral Region Centered about 0.36 microns; A
Comparison of Concentration and Duration as Measures of
Threshold for Eye Irritation; A Comparison of Threshold to
Eye Irritation Resulting from Reacted Air Mixtures Sampled
at Different Points in the Exposure System; A Comparison of
Odor Threshold and Eye Irritation Threshold for Formaldehyde,
Acrolein, and Ozone., (Author)**
00191
R. A. BcCormiclc and K. R. Kurfis
VERTICAL DIFFUSION OF AEROSOLS OVER A CITY. Quart., J.. Roy.
Meteorol. Soc.. (London) 92, (393) 392-6, July 1966-
Vertical exchange coefficients for aerosol material, K sub A,
were determined from measurement of atmospheric turbidity at
lambda = 0.5 micron following the motion of air flowing over
Cincinnati, Ohio. Values of the coefficient for sensible heat,
K sub H, were also obtained at the same time in some instances.
118 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Host of the values of K sub A were in the range 10,000 to
1,000,000 sq cm per sec with a marked seasonal variation of the
average values. No significant variation of K sub A with
height (100 to 600 m) was found. (Author) ##
00226
K. Koenuma
ON THE STABILITY AND VARIATION OF FOG PARTICLES.
Geophysics, Vol. 23, 373-377, 1952.
Condensation in the atmosphere takes place on some hygroscopic
substances which suspend in the atmosphere in abundant number and
absorb the water vapour even below 100% of relative humidity.
These hygroscopic substances may be considered to be NaCl,
BgC12, S03 and etc., though details are not yet known.
Such being the case, fog particles may be thought to be
aqueous solutions of these salts whose saturation vapour
pressure at a given temperature is lower than that of pure water
and depends on the concentration of the solution. It has been
frequently observed that relative humidity in the foggy air
mass is below 100S. This may be explained by considering that the
fog particles are aqueous solutions of some salts. In this
paper, considering fog particles to be agueous solutions of some
salts, the stability and the variation of magnitude of a fog
particle are discussed. For the complete discussion of this
problem,,the electric charge of fog particle must naturally be
considered, but it may be left for the future. (Author's
abstract} ##
00236
H., Neuberger
CONDENSATION NUCLEI - THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN ATMOSPHERIC
POLLUTION,, Mech. Eng. 70, 221-5, Mar. 1948. (Presented at
a Joint Fuels Conference of the American Inst. of Mining
and Metallurgical Engineers and The American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, Cincinnati, Ohio, Oct. 20-22, 1917.)
Author discusses the constituents of the atmosphere and refers to
the suspensions in the atmosphere as "aerosols". Explanations of
dust and condensation nuclei including their chemical and physical
nature are included. Also included is a section on the sources
of nuclei as well as biological effects of aerosols. Charts
include: Sulphur content of air and average number of nuclei
in representative cities; Average ultraviolet
radiation and number of condensation nuclei for clear skies;
Average number of condensation nuclei per cubic millimeter for
clear and cloudy skies; Mean number of condensation nuclei for
various ranges of dust concentration in city air; and
Retention of condensation nuclei in human respiratory system for
various concentrations of nuclei in air.tt*
C. Atmospheric Interaction 119
-------
00242
W.H. Heck, CnS. Brandt, O.A. Dunning, F-L. Fox
ECOLOGICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING PLANTS AS MONITORS OF
PHOTOCHEMICAL AIR POLLUTION. Preprint. (Presented at the
59th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, San
Francisco, Calif.,, June 20-24, 1966, Paper 66-18.)
The response of plant systems to the oxidant complex of the air
must be interpreted in terms of the influence of the total
environment.. Photoperiod, light intensity, carbon dioxide
concentration, soil conditions, time of day, plant age, and
frequency of exposures affect the response of pinto bean and
tobacco to ozone- Tobacco is suggested as a relatively simple
monitoring system for obtaining seme data on photochemical
pollution. (Authors" abstract}##
002H5
PoH. Hiller
THE RELATIONSHIP OF OZONE TO SUPPRESSION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
AND TO THE CAUSE OF THE CHLOBOTIC DECLINE OF PONBEROSA PINE
(DOCTOR'S THESIS). (For the degree of Doctor of
Philosophy in the Dept. of Plant Pathology, California Univ.,
Berkeley.) 1965. 135 pp.
The possible causes of a chlorotic decline and death of
ponderosa pine in the San Bernardino mountains of southern
California have been investigated. Fungi, bacteria, viruses,
insects, nutrient deficiency or toxic mineral excess, mechanical
damage to roots and drought have been considered and rejected as
possible causal agents. Photochemical air pollution (smog) has
been confirmed to be commonly present in the forest area both
by photographic record and ambient air analysis. Ozone, a
principal phytotoxicant in smog, caused an intensification of the
typical chlorotic mottle needle symptom and loss of chlorophyll
when enclosed portions of trees were fumigated in the field. The
needle appearance improved and the chlorophyll content increased
when similar enclosed branches were maintained in filtered air.
Enclosed branches treated with ambient air also exhibited
intensification of symptoms and loss of chlorophyll relative to
unenclosed branches used as a control. There is adequate evidence
to conclude that photochemical smog, principally ozone, is the
primary cause of the chlorotic decline of ponderosa pine. The
loss of chlorophyll or associated f actor (s) due to ozone damage to
leaf tissue suppresses photosynthesis which results in less stored
food available for growth of roots and shoots, and for other energy
requiring processes essential to life. (Author's abstract) ##
120 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
00285
V., H. Begener
ATMOSPHERIC OZONE (CHAPTER VIII}. Proc.. First Intern.
Symposium of Physics and Medicine of the Upper Atmosphere,
San Antonio, Tex., 1951. pp. 109-122. 1952.
Author discusses the physical characteristics of the atmosphere
in relation to the ozone content.. There is a general discussion
of "atmospheric ozone" and subsequent portions of the article
discuss the following: Total amount of atmospheric ozone; The
vertical distribution of ozone; Absorption of ultraviolet sunlight
by ozone; Toxic and chemical effects of atmospheric ozone; and
Transport of ozone between stratosphere and troposphere.##
00302
A. P. Altshuller
ATMOSPHERIC REACTION STUDIES BEISTEB TO AIR POLLUTION. Arch.
Environ. Health 8, 27-30, Jan. 196«.
Studies of air pollution in urban and adjacent rural areas by
particles and trace gases need to be related to studies of
composition of the earth's atmosphere. Man's activities generate
pollutants which in themselves or through photochemical reactions
contaminate the general atmosphere- Cooperative efforts need to
be made by air pollution and atmospheric science laboratories to
obtain monitoring data. Areas of such research in
measurement of pollutants and nonpollutants, measurement methods,
instrumentation, and biological and chemical effects are reviewed
by the author. The proper selection of synthetic atmospheres
for laboratory studies so that real conditions are reflected is
emphasized. An important problem still reguiring solution is the
obtaining of support, personnel, and facilities for research and
development on instrumentation for specialized applications.##
00344
H. I. Faith
RELATIVE REACTIVITY OF HYDROCABECNS IN PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG
FORMATION AND ITS PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS. Preprint.
(Presented at the 59th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, San Francisco, Calif., June 20-24, 1966, Paper
No. 66-40.)
Adeguate and intelligent control of photochemical smog requires a
knowledge of the relative reactivity of the hydrocarbons emitted
C. Atmospheric Interaction 121
-------
from motor vehicles and a method of measuring them.. An extensive
survey of the literature yields the following general
classification of hydrocarbons: (1) reactive {all olefins and all
aromatics except benzene and toluene) and (2) nonreactive (all
paraffins, acetylene, benzene and toluene) . Within the olefin
series, there is a side range of reactivity; ethylene is far less
reactive than other olefin species. In fact, ethylene provides a
good line of denarcation between reactive and unreactive
compounds, so far as photochemical smog formation is concerned. A
simple method of analysis that will distinguish between reactive
and non-reactive hydrocarbons is sorely needed. At present,
an instrument that would distinguish between olefins and
nonolefins would be useful. (Author) ##
00345
J. C.. Bomanovsky,, R. M. Ingels, and B. J. Gordon
ESTIMATION OF SMOG EFFECTS IN THE HYEBOCARBON-NITBIC OXIEE
SYSTEM. Preprint. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Assoc= Annual Meeting,, June 20-21, 1966,
San Francisco, Calif., Paper No. 66-42)™
The complex role of nitric oxide in photochemical smog has led to
conflicting conclusions concerning its relationship to end effects.
The confusion has not been dispelled by the tendency to employ
kinetic parameters of the photochemical reactions accompanying the
formation of smog as indicators of the end effects. In an attempt
to resolve these differences a detailed study was carried out to
examine the effects of varying the concentrations and reactant
ratios of NO and "hydrocarbon" en a number of smog effects as
well as on various functions of the reaction rate. Hydrocarbon
components increasing in complexity from propylene through a
simulated auto exhaust to authentic auto exhaust were irradiated
in the presence of NO in large chambers instrumented for
measurements of numerous variables. Eye irritation was
measured using a selected panel of human subjects; formation of
ozone and formaldehyde was followed analytically. From ether
analytical data it was possible tc derive half-lives for NO,
N02, and hydrocarbon, as well as maximum reaction rates for
propylene, either as the sole hydrocarbon or as a component of the
exhaust. The various dependent variables are presented as
functions of the reactant concentrations by means of contour
diagrams derived by computer treatment. The effect of
"hydrocarbon" and NO levels on smog effects are discussed; the
observed relationships between end effects and reaction rates are
considered. The study simulated the effects of varying degrees of
vehicular emissions control over one or both reactants and has a
bearing on the establishment of vehicle emission standards in
California, (Author)**
00360
A. T. Stair, Jr., J. P.. Kennealy, S. P. Stewart
122 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
OBSERVATION OF THE DELTA NO EQUALS 1 SEQUENCE OF
OH PBODUCED IB THE H FLOS 03 HFACTICN., Planetary Space
Sci. 13, 1005-8, 1965.,
The Delta Nu eguals 1 sequence of OH was obtained with
10cm to «he minus one resolution from the H plus 03
reaction. A Hichelson interferometer was used because
of the relatively weak source. The spectra, in combination
with overtone data, are of interest for studies of the
hydroxyl emission of the upper atmosphere. (Author)##
00362
H. I Schiff
KINETICS OF ATMOSPHERIC GASES (FINAL REFT.) McGill Univ.,
Montreal, Canada, Upper Atmosphere Chemistry Group (Sept.
No. AFCBL-66-1). Nov. 1965. «
-------
heights near 300 meters are compared with surface winds obtained
from the network of the Air Pollution Control District.
During the day the tetroon-derived modal direction is backed 25
degrees from the model surface wind direction but the modal speeds
are practically the same. During the night the agreement is
poorer.. Illustrated are tetroon trajectory reversals
associated with land and sea breeze flows- These reversals are
considered from the point of view of the recirculation of
air within the Basin, and evidence is presented for a diurnal
recirculation. The average root mean square vertical velocity
derived from tetrocn height fluctuations is ,5H/ms over
land and .21/ms over the sea. The average predominant period
of vertical oscillation tdefinea as the period at which the
spectral peak occurs) is 17 minutes over land and 9 min over the
sea.. Broadly speaking, the predominant period appears to be a
function of lapse rate, in agreement with the Brunt-Vaisala
formulation. The tetroon-tracking aircraft reported considerable
turbulence when the root mean square vertical velocity was
a-nomalously high (0.4-0., 5/msJ in comparison with the predominant
period (6-7 min), i.e., when there existed waves of large
amplitude and short wave length. Tetroon flights over the
Palos Verdes Hills exhibit a variety of vertical motion
patterns, with a general tendency for the tetroon height to be a
maximum just over the hilltop but for slight downward motion to
occur about 1 km upwind from the hilltop- Two flights released
simultaneously yield good evidence for the existenc of helical
circulations over the land. These helices have lateral and
vertical dimensions of about 600 meters and the tetroons complete
a circuit in 20-30 irin. (author" s abstract) ##
00132
H. E. Morrison,, R. G.. Hinker, and W. H. Corcoran
RATE AND HECHANISH OF GAS-PHASE OXIDATION OF PABTS-PEP-BILLION
CONCENTRATIONS OF NITBIC OXIDE. Ind. Eng. chero. Fundamentals
5(2} :175-181, May 1966.
Hates of the air oxidation of parts-per-millicn concentrations of
nitric oxide were studied homogeneously at atmospheric pressure and
ambient temperatures in a constant-volume batch reactor. The
initial concentration of nitric oxide was varied from 2 to 75
p.p-rn., while the oxygen concentration ranged frcm 3 to 25 volume
55., The initial order of the oxidation reaction in the absence of
nitrogen dioxide was determined to be 2.00 plus or minus 0.09
for nitric oxide and 0.97 plus or minus 0..11 for oxygen. From
initial rate data at 26.5 C., a third-order rate constant of
(1.297) plus or minus 0.051) x 100,000 (104) liter 2-squared g.
mole 2-sguared sec. was obtained. The addition of nitrogen
dioxide increased the initial oxidation rate, and that compound
showed an auto-catalytic effect throughout the course of the
reaction. A nonlinear least-squares analysis was used to develop
a mechanism involving six reactions, with N03, N203, and N205
as intermediates.. Use of that mechanism gave a minimum standard
deviation of 1,,6 p.p.m. for the predicted concentrations of nitric
oxide relative to the experimental data.#t
124 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
00414
E. deBary, B. Eraun, and K. Eullrich
TABLES BELATED TO LIGHT SCATTEBING IN A 1UBBID ATMOSPHERE, VOLUME
II. Ait Force Cambridge Research Labs,, Bedford, Mass.,
Office of Aerospace Research, Sept. 1965. pp., 353-58C.
(Sept., No, AFCHL-65-710 (-II).,
CFSTI, DDC: AD 629 123
The tables present the results of computations of the intensity
and the degree of polarization of sky radiation and radiation
scattered by a unit volume of air containing natural aerosols.
The tabulated data are based upon new values of the scattering
functions i sub and i sub 2 and the scattering cross sections,
derived usint the Hie theory uith m egual 1..5. In the case of
primary scattering of radiation, the results are valid for a turbid
atmosphere. The tables of the scattering coefficients and optical
thickness, the absolute scattering functions, the intensities, and
the degrees of polarization are computed for various wavelengths
between 0.4 and 1.2 microns and for discrete scattering angles
between 0 and 180 degrees. Aerosol size distributions of the
form dn (r) egual c.r sup minus rv dlogr, with DV egual 2.5, 3.0,
and 4.0, are assumed. The lower and upper limits for the size
range chosen as r sub 1 egual 0.04, 0.06, and 0.08 micron and r sub
2 egual 3,5, and 10 microns respectively.##
00446
A. Hiratsuka and K. Magonje
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE AIR IONS. Mitsubishi Denki
Giho {Tokyo) 40 (3) : 473-475, Bar. 1966. Text in Japanese
A review of the field of air ions is presented. Studies on this
subject made in Japan and other countries are described.**
00453
J,P. Detrie
(MFTHOBS AND TECHNIQUES CARRIED OUT IN FRAHCE IN THE FIGHT
AGAINST ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION.) Methodes et Moyens en
Oeuvre en Prance pour Lutter centre la Pollution
Atmospherigue. Rev. Soc. Roy. Eelge Ingrs. Ind. (Brussels)
No. (5):207-217, May 1966. Text in French
legislative proposals put into effect in the Paris region over
the last five years are reviewed., There is a close liaison
established between private organizations, representing the
hygiene specialists and private industry and public powers.
C. Atmospheric Interaction 125
-------
Studies carried out to determine the extent of pollution, that is,
emission, dispersion, type of environment and its effect on
pollution, demonstrated the profcleois involved with means of
combating pollution. The solution cannot be found in
generalized formulas which are too often recommended, and which
mask the detailed effort necessary to obtain good carburetion
and combustion of fuels and proper construction of buildings
and equipment. (Author summary) ft*
00455
E, deBary, B. Braun, K. Bnllrich
TABLES RELATED TO LIGHT SCATTEBISG IN A TUEBID ATMOSPHERE
(VOLUME III.) Air Force Cambridge Research. Labs, Bedford,
Mass.. , Office of Aerospace Besearch. JRept. No. AFCBL-65
- 710(III)and Special Bepts., No. 33)., pp. 581-860. Sept.
1965.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 629 127
The tables present the results of computations of the
intensity and the degree of polarization of sky radiation and
radiation scattered by a unit volume of air containing natural
aerosols. The tabulated data are based upon new values of the
scattering functions i sub 1 and i sub 2 and the scattering cross
sections, derived using the Hie theory with m equal 1.5» In the
case of primary scattering of radiation, the results are valid for
a turbid atmosphere. The tables of the scattering coefficients
and optical thickness, the absolute scattering functions, the
intensities, and the degrees of polarization are computed for
various wavelengths between 0=4 and 1,,2 microns and for discrete
scattering angle's between 0 and 180 degrees. Aerosol size
distributions of the form dn(r) equal c.r to the minus nu
power dlogr, with nu equal 2.5, 3-0, and 1.0, are assumed. The
lower and upper limits for the size range were chosen as r sub 1
equal 0.0«, 0.06, and 0..08 micron and r sub 2 equal 3,5, and 10
microns respectively. (Author abstract)##
OOD65
A.P. Altshuller
AN EVALUATION OF TECHNIQUES FOB THE DETERMINATION OF THE
PHOTOCHEMICAL BEACTIVITY OF OBGANIC EMISSIONS. J. Air Pol-
lution Control Assoc. 16 (5) : 257-260, May 1966.
The concept that control of organic substances in emissions
should be based on the relative ability to cause the effects
associated with photochemical air pollution (reactivity) rather
than on gross emission levels has gained wide acceptance.
Two general types of reactivity response scales have been
proposed. One of these is based on rates of hydrocarbon
126 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
reaction or nitrogen dioxide formation. This scale covers a wide
range because of the very high rates associated with
olefins having internal dougle-bondSo The other scale is based
on product yields combined with biological measurements. This
type of scale is considered superior to one based on rates. This
latter scale covers a narrow response range because olefins with
internal double bonds have only slightly higher product yields and
biological effects than do other reactive olefins and
alkylbenzenes. Use of a response scale based on product yields
and biological effects also permits use of less detailed
instrumental procedures. A simple subrractive column technigue
combined with a flame ionization analyzer should be sufficient
to estimate hydrocarbon emissions. Gas chromatographic analyses
of hydrocarbon emissions are of value when used with either type of
reactivity response scale. However, detailed gas chromatcgraphic
analyses are essential for a response scale based
on rates. The response scale based on product yields and
biological effects indicates much less improvement in reactivity
from fuel composition changes than would be predicted from a
response scale based on rates. The most desirable approach is
to use a variety of control and engine modification techniques
to reduce all reactive organics to the lowest level possible.#8
00502
H., J. Hamming, W.G. HacBeth, B.I. Chass
THE PHOTOCHEMICAL AIS POLLDTION SYNDHOME 4S EXHIBITED BY THE
ATTACK OF OCTOBER 1965. Arch. Environ™ Health.,
1I4(1):137-149, Jan.. 1967., (Presented at the American
Medical Association Air Pollution Medical Research
Conference, Los Angeles, Calif., March 2-U, 1966.)
The photochemical air pollution syndrome which occurred on the
days of October 26, 27, 28, 1965, was typical and it followed
the pattern set by previous smog attacks. These factors
are: .(1) low wind speeds to concentrate the pollution in one
area, (2) low inversion heights so that little vertical
mixing can occur to dilute the emitted materials, (3) a
trajectory which carries the emitted pollution to Los Angeles
Civic Center and to Pasadena and Azusa or Burbank in the
afternoon, and (4) sufficient sunlight to photodissociate
the N02 formed, and to font nitric oxide and atomic oxygen.
The results are high oxidant or ozone and large quantities of
sub-micron size particles. In addition, eye irritants and
"plant damaging" chemicals are formed,. Some of these are, it
is believed, formaldehyde, acrolein, PAN, chemical free
radicals, other nitrates or nitroso compounds, and a peroxyformyl
activated complex. Authors present sixteen (16) charts and tables
to substantiate the events in this air pollution episode. They
include meterology, concentrations of various oxidants,
pulmonary blow resistance, and variations in eye irritation™##
C. Atmospheric Interaction 127
-------
00510
M. Neiburger
HETEOBOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SIR POLLUTION IN EELATION TO BIOLOGICAL
BESPONSES. arch. Environ. Health 14 (1) : 41-<*5, Jan. 1967.,
(Presented at the American Medical Association Air Eollution
Medical Research Conference, Los Angeles, Calif., Mar. 2-4,
1966.)
This report presents a brief review of the meteorological
aspects of air pollution, as a background for the implications
they have on biological and medical effects. The
meteorological factors enter because they determine the rats
of diffusion of pollutants, and thus the concentrations of
contaminants in the air, given the configuration and intensity
of the sources. The two factors which enter are the wind velocity
and the vertical temperature gradient or lapse rate.,
Meteorological considerations will have to enter into the
final determination of the air purity standards which will
have to be met. Much research will be needed regarding
the rates of diffusion from line and area sources, and
especially the rates of removal of pollution. Much data will
te required to define the air pollution potential of regions
throughout the world. But we cannot await the anwsers to
this research before requiring controls to the full extent
presently feasible. Regulations are needed to enforce limiting
every emission into the atmosphere to the lowest possible level,
at the same time as we push research and developemnt programs
seeking means of reducing further the contamination of the
atmosphere.##
OC602
J.N. Pitts, Jr., J.K. Foote, J.K.S. Wan
SOME CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SPECTRCSCOPIC AND PHOTOCHEMICAL
PROCESSES. Photochem. Photobiol. Vol. 1:323-333, 1965.
(Presented at the Photochercistry and Photobiology Symposium,
Fourth International Congress of Photochemistry and
Photobiology, July 26-30, 196«, Oxford, England.)
By applying the modifier "Space1 to the terms 'Photochemistry'
and "Spectroscopy" one implies a concern with electromagnetic
radiation of wavelengths less than that found at the earth"s
surface and with energetic particles, particularly electrons.
It has been observed that for certain classes of organic
compounds useful empirical correlations exist between reactions
induced by electron impact, non-ionizing ultraviolet radiation
and ionizing radiation. These correlations allow gualitative
or semi-quantitative predictions of specific reactions and/or
reaction mechanisms which will occur during photolysis or
radiolysis, based on known optical or mass spectra. In accord
with recent spectroscopic evidence, benzene and toluene do not
significantly react photochemically in their first absorption
128 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
band (at about 2500 angstroms); however, they react with a quantum
yield approaching unity in their second and thired absorption
bands (at about 2000 and 1850 angstroms respectively). The
products of this decomposition are primarily carbon and/or
polymer which deposit on cell windows, however, small yields of
stable products have been isolated. Another example of this
extrapolation from one technique to another deals with the
correlation of cyclic elimination reactions observed in the
mass spectra, photochemistry and radiation chemistry of various
classes or organic compounds. classic examples of this type
of reaction are the photolytic and radiolytic elimination of
olefins from esters and ketones having a hydrogen gamma to the
carbonyl group (i.e., the elimination of ethylene from ethyl
acetate and of propylene from methyl n-butyl ketone). Eased
on mass spectral correlations with the above reactions, the
same type of elimination should be expected from a great
number of compunds which contain hydrogens gamma to unsaturated
groups. In those cases where the photochemistry or radiation
chemistry of these compounds have been studied, an intra-
molecular cycloelimination of olefin has been observed to be
an important process. It is suggested that mass spectra are a
useful diagnostic tool for at least gross predictions in
•space photochemistry" and "space photobiology", as well as
in considering reactions of importance under primitive earth
conditions. (Author abstract)##
00611
!„ J. Leyshon D. H. Volman
THE PHOTOCHEHICAL REACTION OF HYEKOGEN PEROXIDE WITH
AILTL ALCOHOL -3,3-D2. J. Chem. Soc. Vol. 87:5565-
5568, 1965. (ABOD No. 3861:3.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 628 086
The reaction of hydroxyl radicals, derived from the photolysis
of hydrogen peroxide, with allyl alcohol-3,3-d2 in the frozen
state at 77 K. and in liquid solutions in the range 253-350 K.
has been studied.. An analytical method based on the gas phase
reaction of water with sodium mirrors has been developed. For the
reaction with sodium, the isotopic separation factor for
protium and deuterium in water was found to be 1.8 in the range
of 0-35% deuterium. For all the photochemical experiments,
abstraction of deuterium atoms was shown to occur with 804 plus
or minus 2.5% of the hydroxyl radicals formed; the remainder
was considered to add to the olefinic bond. Electron
spin resonance spectra of irradiated frozen samples showed that
absorption of light by the deuterated allyl alcohol leads to
cleavage of the carbon-oxygen bond and that the reaction of
hydroxyl radicals with the alcohol is consistent with the
interpretation that deuterium atoms are abstracted. (Authors
abstract)##
C. Atmospheric Interaction 129
-------
00613
L. S. Jaffe
EFFECTS OF PHOTOCHEMICAL AIB POLIDTICN ON VEGETATION WITH
BEIATICH TO THE AIB QAULITT BEQOIBEMENTS. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc., 17(1)38-12, 1967. 38 refs. (Presented
at the 59th Annual Heeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, San Francisco, California, June 20-25, 1966,
Paper No. 66-H3) .
For purposes of clarification, a new term "PAN-type" oxidant,
is recommended which more precisely defines, the phototoxicant
complex found in photochemical sucg formerly identified as
"oxidant" causing silvering or bronzing of the lower leaf
surfaces of vegetation. Since ozone has been identified as a
phytotoxicant and is also an oxidant, it is recommended that the
term "oxidant" be used only as a general term, identifying any
oxidizing air pollutant. Based on current knowledge the oxidizing
phytotoxicants present in photochemical smog can be classified
into at least two types according to the syndromes formed: (1)
Ozone, and (2} "PAN-type" oxidants. The "PAN-type" oxidant
injury syndrome of plants can be caused by two classes of presentl}
identifiable phytotoxicants: (1) The peroxyacyl nitrates, a
homologous series of organic peroxidic nitrogen compounds isolated
from photochemical smog (designated as PaNs); (2) the
reaction products of ozoneolefin reactions, as yet unidentified.
Each of these classes of phytotoxicants produces lower leaf
surface injury (jbronzing and silvering) » The PaNs also cause
lower leaf surface banding; the products of ozone-olefin reaction
products, however, do not. Other oxidizing phytotoxicants, yet
unidentified, may also be present in photochemical smog. (Author
Abstract Hodified)#3
00618
E« A. Schuck, J, H. Pitts, Jr., J«K.,S. Han
BELATICNSHIFS BFTBEEN CERTAIN HETEOFLOGICAL FACTOBS AND
PHOTOCHEMICAL SHOG. Intern. J. Air Hater Pollution Vol.,
10(10) :689-711, Oct., 1966. (Presented at Photochemistry
Symposium, Bobert A» Taft Sanitary Engineering Center,
Cincinnati, Ohio, Apr. 20-22, 1961.)
By a method of averaging, involving a large amount of
atmospheric monitoring data, it has ieen shown that
interesting and perhaps valid information on the formation
and intensities of smog symptoms can be obtained.
For example, it has been shown that the concentration of
maximum daily oxidant is a function of day of the week
and that this function might be related to automotive
traffic patterns. Thus for certain time periods maximum
daily oxiflant was at a mininua en weekends at stations in the
northern protion of the Los Langeles Basin (Burbank, Pasadena,
Azusa). Curing this same time period the maximum daily
130 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
oxidant was found to be at a maximum on weekends near
certain cities in the southern portion of the Basin (Inglewood,
Long Beach)„ These two distinctly different weekend patterns
correspond in part to the recreational activities of the
populace, and in addition, indicate that mixing is less than
conplete in the Los Angeles Basin. In spite of this lack
of complete mixing the macimui daily oxidant at stations
within a 600 to 800 square Bile area are directly proportional
to each other in a predictable fashion. The weekend
daily temperatures are also affected presumably by the same
factors which influence the weekend oxidant intensity. changes
in inversion height and wind speed appear to account for
twofold changes in aacimum daily oxidant values- Haximum
daily oxidant concentration was also found to be directly
related to the square root of light intensity with little
if any dependence on temperature. This study also indicates that
pollution levels are proportional to each other over large
areas of the Basin™ The analysis of atmospheric data indicates
that variable hydrocarbon to oxides of nitrogen rations do exist ii
the atmosphere and that there exists a dependence of atmospheric
smog symptom intensity upon this ratio,. ##
OC629
P. Ausloos and S<, G. Lias
H2S AS A TREE-RADICAL INTERCEPTOR IN THE GAS-PHASE EADICLYSIS
AND PHOTOLYSIS OF PFOPANH., J. Chem. Phys. Vol.
«U (2} : 521-529, Jan. 1966.
The gas-phase photolysis (1236 Angstrom units) and the gamma-ray
radiolysis of C3D8 has been investigated in the presence of
varying concentrations of H2S. Bhen 10? or more H2S is
added to C3D8, the majority of the D, CD3, C2D3, and C2D5
radicals abstract an H atom from H2S to form HD, CD3H,
C2D3H, and C2D5H, respectively. The fully deuterated
molecules formed in these mixtures result from the unimolecular
elimination of a stable molecule from C3D8 or C3D8(plus) and
from fast bimolecular processes such as ion-molecule reactions.
The mechanisms of the radiolysis and the photolysis proposed in
earlier studies have been re-examined in the light of the
information derived from the C3D8 - H2S experiments and of
some additional photolysis experiments on CD3CH2CD3 - NO
mixtures. The modes of decomposition of the neutral excited
propane molecule are indicated. The internally excited C2B1,
C2D5, C3D6, and C3D7 species formed in these primary
processes decompose to for» D, CD3, C2D2, C2D3, and C2D1
unless they are collisionally stabilized. In the radiolysis of
C3D8 - H2S mixtures, yields of the free radicals can be
adequately accounted for by taking into account the modes of
fragmentation of the parent ion and of the excited propane,. The
C2D5 (plus) ions are shown to react with H2S in part by the
deuteron-transfer reaction. The effect of pressure and the
effectiveness of HI as a free-radical interceptor in the
radiolysis have been examined., (Author abstract)##
C. Atmospheric Interaction 131
-------
00748
D.M. Baulch
BELATICN OF GUSTINESS TO SULFDB DIOXIDE CONCENTEATION. J-
Air Pollution Control Assoc., 12(113:539-542, Nov. 1962.
Sulfur dioxide concentrations are related to variations of
horizontal wind direction, classified according to criteria of
gustiness developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Five
gustiness classes (A, B1, B2, C, and D) are established
in order of decreasing amplitude of the azimuthal fluctuation of
the wind. In Nashville, Tennessee, 302 concentrations were
measured at 7 selected sites, and concurrent samples form these
sites vere averaged to obtain an approximation of the mean S02
concentrations over the study area. Data from the 6-mon study
period indicate an inverse relationship between freguencies
of type Bl and "S02 concentration, and a direct relationship
between occurrence of gustiness type D, the stable wind class,
and.302 concentration. Relationships of the less freguently
occurring types (A, B2, and C) were indeterminate, indicating
a need for application of the method over a longer period of time.
(Author"s abstract)##
00757
A..P. Altshuller J. J. Bufalini
PHOTOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF SIB POIIUTICN: A EEVIEW.
Photochem- Photobiol., Vol. 4, 97-1146, 1965.
Materials that are emitted in the atmosphere are subjected to a
number of interesting and unusual reactions. These reactions
lead to many products whose deleterious effects have now been
recognized as one of the most pressing problems in urban areas
throughout the world.. These effects can be observed in reduced
visibility, eye irritation, plant damage, cracking of rubber, and
corrosion of metals. This paper is concerned with the present
state of the problems in air pollution, with emphasis on recent
literature. The chemical aspects are covered in seme detail
through 1963.. The biological effects are surveyed more briefly,
with literature reviewed up to the fall of 1963.##
00764
E.A, HcCormick
HEATHEP PEEDICTION AND SHOG ATTACKS. Preprint, (Presented
at the A.s.C.E. Environmental Engineering Conference,
Salt Lake City, Utah, May 11-15, 1964.)
The paramount contributions that meteorological science can make
to the solution of air pollution problems are in the areas of
132 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
forecasting air pollution potential and air pollution
concentrations. Systematic programs and services have been
accomplished to provide the former on both local and nationwide
scales. Imporvement in those services can be expected to follow
the progress in weather forecasting in general. Methodologies
to predict air pollution concentrations will develop more slcwly,
largely because of the paucity cf non-meteorological input data on
pollutant emissions. Following the success of pilot studies,
comprehensive projects that may lead to schemes for forecasting
pollutant concentrations are under way in St. Louis, Missouri,
Chicago, Illinois, and New York City. (Author abstract) ##
00773
JaJ. Bufalini a.P.. Altshuller
KINETICS OF VAPOR PHASE HTDBOCABEON - OZONE BEACTIONS. Can.
J. Chem. 13,2203-2250, 1965.
The reaction of nine olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons with
ozone in the vapor phase have been investigated in static and
dynamic systems- Some of the rate constants for the olefin-
ozone reactions are in good agreement with previously published
data, whereas others are larger than values previously
reported. Rate constants fcr trans-2-bueene-, isobutene-, and
ethylene-ozone reactions were measured between 30 and 100 degrees
C. The activation energies for the reaction of ozone with
trans-2-butene, isobutene,, and ethylene are 0.2 plus or minus 0.3,
2.8 plus or minus 0.4, and t.2 plus or minus 0..4 kcal/mole. In
general, the reactions of hydrocarbons with 02one are
nonstoichiometric. However, these reactions do appear to be
second order. The rates of reaction between alkylbenzenes
and ozone are too low to be of importance in air pollution
studies™ .(Author abstract) ##
00783
D.Ao Lynn, B.J. Steigerwald, J. H. ludwig
THE NOVEMBEfi-DECEMBEB 1962 AIP POLLUTION EPISODE IN THE
IASTEBN UNITED STATES. Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio, bSdiv, of Air Pollution. (999-AP-78) 196U. 28pp.
This report documents the subject "episode" with respect
to meteorology, air quality, and public reaction- Particulate
and gaseous air quality data are reported and discussed.
Meteorology and public reaction are discussed with reference to
the Public Health Service program of Air Pollution
Potential Forecasts. Epidemiological aspects are not
considered. (Author abstract)##
C. Atmospheric Interaction 133
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00787
I.S. Jaffe H.D. Estes
OZONE TOXICITY HAZARD IK CABINS OF HIGH ALTITUDE AIECBAFT - A
BIVIER AND CORRENT PROGRAM. Aerospace Med. , 3« (7) :633-6U3,
July 1963 and J. Aircraft, 1 (3) :157-158, June 196«.
(Presented at the AIAA Summer Meeting, los Angeles, Calif.,
June 18-20, 1963.)
Ozone is present in significant quantities in the atmosphere
starting above the tropopause and in toxic concentrations in the
stratosphere reaching a peak at about 70,000-90,000 feet.
Height ambient zone concentrations of 5-10 ppm are found at
altitudes of 65,000-80,000 feet through which the supersonic
transport will cruise. The air used for cabin pressurization
passes through the compressors very quickly, too guickly
to destroy all the ozone present by adiabatic heating.
Dnacceptable concentrations of ozone will be present in the cabin
environment of the SST unless devices are employed. It
is recommended that additional research be performed in the area
of time/temperature relationships of air compressors of turbo-jet
turbo-ramjet and/or other proposed types of SST propulsion to
develop adequate techniques of ozone destruction. (Author
summary modified)##
00789
J.N. Pitts, Jr.., L.D. Hess, F.. J. Baum, E. A. Schuck,
J. K. S. Van
THE TRANSFER AND CONVERSION OE E1ECTHONIC ENERGY IN SOME "MODEL"
PHOTOCHEMICAL SYSTEHS., Photochem. Photobiol. , Vol. 4:305-21,
1965.. (Presented at the Rapporteur Session, the Fourth
International Congress of Photobiolcgy, Oxford, England,
July 26-30, 196U.)
Becent studies of the effects of molecular structure and
reaction environment on the mechanism of primary
photochemical processes involving transfer and conversion
of electronic energy in relatively "simple* organic molecules
are presented and discussed. A quantitative i-r.
spectroscopic method for studying intramolecular and intermolecular
photoprocesses of u.v.. irradiated substrates dispersed in solid
alkali halide matrices at rocn temperature is described.
Current data for the substrates ortho-nitrobenzaldehyde,
anthracene and benzophenone-tenzhydrcl are presented. A series of
'model' ketones containing cyclopropyl groups have been synthesized
and while their adsorption spectra are similar, the efficiency of
vapor-phase photodissociation into radicals is shown to be
strongly dependent on molecular structure. Eutyrophenone and a
series of ring substituted derivatives have been photolyzed in the
liquid phase using the quantum yield of the photo-elimination of
ethylene (Type II split) as a "probe" to determine the effect
of substituents on the internal H atom abstracting power of the
134 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
excited carbonyl chromophore. Phi sub C2H1 is very
sensitive to ring substitution, dropping grom 0.24 in
butyrophenone to 0,20, 0.058 and 0.00 in the p-CH3, p-OCH3
and p-NH2 derivatives respectively, and to 0.00 in both ortho and
para hydroxy derivatives. This effect is correlated with their
absorption spectra in terms of the lowest states of these alkyl
aryl ketones,, Hhile several 'classic' photochemical
reactions, unimolecular and biaclecular, proceed efficiently in
solid KBr matrices giving the same product as in liquid systems,
the 'model1 cyclopropyl compounds and the alkyl aryl ketones did
not undergo their usual intramolecular processes. Implications
of this molecular environment effect are pointed out. (Author
abstract) ##
00834
C.S- Benson
ICE FOG: LOW TEHPEHATUBE AIR POLLUTION (DEFINED HITH
FAIRBANKS, ALASKA AS TYPE IOCAIITY)„ Alaska Univ.,
College, Geophysical Inst. Nov. 1965. 196 pp.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 631553
±je fog crystals are an order of magnitude smaller than
diamond dust, or cirrus cloud crystals, which in turn are
an order of magnitude smaller than common snov crystals
(0901, 0.1 and 1 to 5 mm respectively). The differences in
size are shown to result from differences in cooling rates over
5 orders.of magnitude- Host of the ice fog crystals have
settling rates which are slower than the upward velocity of air
over the city center. The upward air movement is caused
by convection cells driven by the 6 C "heat island" over
Fairbanks. This causes a reduced precipitation rate which
permits the density of ice fog in the city center to be three
times greater than that in the outlying areas. The inversions
which occur during cold spells over Fairbanks begin at ground
level and are among the strongest and most persistent in the
world,, They are three times stronger than those in the
inversion layer over Los Angeles. Thus, the low-lying air over
Fairbanks stagnates and becomes effectively decoupled from the
atmosphere above, permitting high concentrations of all pollutants.
The combustion of fuel oil, gasoline, and coal provides daily
inputs of: 4.1 x 10 to the sixth power kg C02; 8.6 x 10 to the
third power kg S02; and 60, <*6 and 20 kg of Pb, Er and Cl
respectively, into a lens-like layer of air resting on the surface
with a total volume less than 3 x 10 to the ninth power cubic
meter. The air pollution over Fairbanks during cold spells
couldn't be worse, because the mechanisms for cleaning the air
are virtually eliminated while all activities which pollute the
air are increased. (Author abstract modified}##
00840
D.G.. Murcray, F.H. Murcray, W.J. Williams
BALLOON BORNE IHFRABED STUDIES (FINAL REPT.). Denver Univ.,
Colo., Physics Dept., Sept. 30, 1965. 26 pp.
CFSTI, DDC: AE 625319
C. Atmospheric Interaction 135
-------
The primary objective of this program was to obtain experimental
data concerning the infrared spectral transmittance of the
earth's atmosphere at high altitudes.. Data pertinent
to this objective were obtained by studying the variation of
the infrared solar spectrum Kith altitude. Instrumentation
capable of measuring selected portions of the infrared solar
spectrum while it is carried aloft by balloons was constructed and
flown a number of times as part of this program. A description
of the instrumentation used to obtain these data and a summary of
the flights made during the program are given. A secondary
objective was to measure the variations with altitude of the
infrared radiation emitted by the earth and its atmosphere. These
measurements were also made with balloon borne instruments,,
The instrumentation used for making these measurements is
described and a sunmary is also given of the flights made with
this instumentation. (Author abstract)#f
00851
MONTHLY REPORT OF METEOROLOGY, AIP POLLUTION EFFECTS AND
CONTAMINANT HMIMA (MARCH 1966 WITH OUTLOOK FOE MAY).
Air Pollution Control District, Los Angeles, Calif.,
Technical Services Division, Mar. 1966, 15 pp.
Contains data for the Los Angeles County area for March
1966 on inversicn base heights, nixing heights, average
wind speed, precipitation, visibility, number of smog
warning days, and a daily leg of selected weather conditions.
Six pages are devoted to daily maxima for carbon monoxide,
nitrogen oxides, ozone, sulfur dioxide, and beta-radioactivity.
Cumulative totals for selected meteorological and air
pollution data through March are given plus average pollution
and weather conditions for May {1950-1965); statement on the
outlook for May 1966 is also provided.#t
CC921
Altshuller, A. P.,, I. R., Cohen, and T. C. Purcell
PHOTOXIDATION OF PROPIONALDEHYDE AT LOW PARTIAL PRESSURES OF
ALDEHYDE., Can. J. Chem. , H<1 (2
-------
00929
CONTINUOUS AIE MONITORING PROGRAH IN CINCINNATI,, 1962-1963.,
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air
Pollution, (999-AP-21). Jan., 1965. 193 pp.
This report presents results of the operation of the Public
Health Service Continuous Air Monitoring Program (CAMP) in
Cincinnati, Ohio, during 1962 and 1963. Data on atmospheric
levels of sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, total
oxidants, total hydrocarbons,, and carbon monoxide are
analyzed and discussed. The data are tabulated as hourly, daily,
and monthly mean concentration. Background information about
Cincinnati and descriptions of the instrumentation are included.
(Author abstract)##
00935
J. N, Pitts, Jr., R. Simonaitis, and J. B» Vernon
LIQUID PHASE PHOTOLYSIS OP Y-BUTOOIACTONE. Tetrahedron
letters. No. 36:3209-3213,, 1965.
In view of the variety of interesting photochemical reactions
reported for saturated eyelid ketones and acyclic esters and the
lack of similar studies on lactone, the authors have photolysed
representatives of the latter class of compounds and report here
preliminary results with ganma-butyrolactone. Vacuum degassed
butyrolactone was irradiated in a guartz cell (9 ml) with a
Hanovia medium pressure SH lamp, and gaseous products were
separated by conventional high-vacuum technigues. The major
products, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, cyclopropane and
ethylene (relative amounts 2.5 : 0. 9 : 0.9 : 1..0) , were
identified by comparison of gas chromatographic retention times
(Hexadecane, 25 degrees) and mass spectra with those of authentic
materials. In addition, traces of ethane, propane and propylene
were characterised by gas chrcmatographic comparisons.##
00952
A. C.. Harkness and F. E. Hurray
GAS PH5SE OXIDATION OF METHYL SUIFIDE. Preprint. (Presented
at the 59th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, San Francisco, Calif., June 20-25, 1966, Paper
No., 66-58..)
Methyl sulfide and oxygen react explosively at temperatures as low
as 210 degrees. At 195 degrees, the nonexplosive reaction
exhibits an initiation stage and a main stage. The rate of the
C. Atmospheric Interaction 137
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lain stage as determined from pressure-time curves is linearly
dependent on initial oxygen pressure, but substantially independent
of initial methyl sulfide pressure. The activation energy of the
main stage is H2 kcal/mole. The extent of the initiation stage is
reduced by increasing oxygen pressure. The main oxidation
products are sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. Even with an
excess of oxygen not all methyl sulfide reacts. (Author
abstract) t*
D0955
3. Kovitz
GAINING PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE FOR CALIFORNIA'S ADTO SHOG CONTROL
PROGRAM. J.. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 17,, <1) 26-7,
Jan. 1967. (Presented at the «9th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, San Francisco, Calif.. June
20-25, 1966, Paper No. 66-67.,)
Author discusses the Motor Vehicle Control Board (MVCB)
action in California. The emphasis is placed on
co«munity/individual awareness and acceptance. Releases by all
news media and the use of billboards are the salient avenues being
attempted.*#
D1027
R. 0., Gordon
PHOTOCHEMICAL MEASUREMENTS OF ULTRAVIOLET SUNLIGHT. Preprint.
(Presented at the 59th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, San Francisco, Calif., June 20-24, 1966, Paper
No. 66-38.)
Measurements of solar ultraviolet radiation intensity were made,
using two photochemical reactions. These were the gas-phase bag
photolysis of N02 in nitrogen and the photoisomerization of
o—nitrobenzaldehyde in liquid solution. Results of the two
methods were converted, as nearly as possible, to absolute light
intensities. The two sets were compared and, as applied, it
appears that the solution method is simpler and gives more
consistent results. It should be noted, however, that atmosphere
N02 will affect the two methods to different degrees. A
continuous recording actincmeter -based on the solution method was
developed and gave satisfactory initial trial runs.#t
138 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
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01103
F. A« Lombardo
DISCUSSION OF THE MOELLER BADIATION CHABT («ASTEB°S THESIS).
(For the degree of Master of Science, Dtah Univ. (Salt Lake
City) Dept. of Meterology. June 1966. 29 pp.
CFSTI: AD 48064C
Holler's assumptions for the carbon dioxide-water vapor overlap
region, which lead to the construction of his radiation chart, are
reinvestigated in the light of ncdern theory. A new radiation
chart is constructed using water vapor and carbon dioxide
absorption data as furnished by Holler and Elsasser respectively.
The results of the radiative fluxes computed from the new chart
are compared with equivalent results using the original Holler
and the revised Elsasser radiation diagrams, as well as with
•easurements. (Author abstract)f#
01106
I. Burak and A« Treinin
THE PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF N3<-) IN AQUEODS SOLUTION AT 254
MILLIMICRONS. J. An. Chem. Sec., 87 (18) :«031-
-------
RELEVANT 10 THE STUDY OP THE DEFER ATMOSPHERE . Harvard Univ.,
Cambridge, Mass. Final Rept. AFCBI-63-612 May 6, 1963. 23p.
CFSTI,DDC: 631 410
Electron-molecule and molecule-molecule collisions at energies of
a few volts or less were studied with applications to atmospheric
reaction. Ion-molecule and molecule-molecule collisions in the
range of 200-2000 ev energy were studied with applications to
meteor physics.. Excitation of metastable states in 02, N2, and
0 by electron impact, and of the subsequent reactions of these
metastable states with other gases, including excitation transfer
and also actual chemical reaction were studied with a thermal
molecular beam technique. The production of negative ions at
heated surfaces were studied with the purpose of resolving a
controversy over the value of the electron affinity of atomic
oxygen. Recent data on electron collisions was used to study the
problem of electron heating by electric fields in the ionosphere,
investigating, in particular, which features of the airglow and
aurora may be caused by electron-impact excitation by the heated
electrons. The red lines of atomic oxygen, 6300-6364 A, are
almost certainly excited by this means in low-latitude auroral
forms, but no other emission in the airglcw or aurora is so
excited. In the higher energy range excitation and charge
transfer were studied in collisions of N plus 2, Ar plus, Ne
plus, K plus, Na plus, Hg plus, and Ca plus with N2 and Ar.
The excitation and ionization which is produced by micrometeorites
too small to be observed individually on their entry into the
atmosphere were considered.#t
01115
i. Zdunkowski, D. Henderson, and J. V. Hales
THE INFLUENCE OF ATMOSPHERIC CONSTITUENTS UPON LONG WAVE
BADIATION IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE FORMATION OF RADIATION FOG
Intermountain Weather, Inc.., Salt Lake City, Utah (Final
Bept., June 1961 Mar. 1966, Sept. No. 3) (Sept.
ECOP-00122-F)., April 1966, 99 p.
CFSTI.DDC: AD 631490
This project deals with the prediction and maintenance of
radiation fog. A system of physical equations, modelling the
atmospheric boundary layer, is solved by numerical means.
Temperature changes in fog-free air and within fog are discussed.
The significance of soil parameters and exchange coefficients is
studied systematically and shortcomings of the classical theory
are pointed out. (Author abstract)#t
C1194
F.. Grovenstein, Jr.
PHOTOCHEMICALLY INDUCED BEACTIONS OF ACETYLENES WITH AROMATIC
COMPOUNDS {FINAL REPT.) Georgia Inst. of Tech., Atlanta,
Engineering Experiment Station. Aug. 1965. 30 pp.,
EDC: AD .470946
140 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Irradiation with ultraviolet light of a mixture of benzene and
acetylene under a variety of experimental conditions gave, at best,
only a trace of cyclooctatetraene. No photo-adduct could be found
of acetylene with dinethyl phthalate, naphthalene, or anthracene.
Vinylene carbonate underwent no detectable photochemical
reaction with benzene. Chlorovinylene carbonate, however, upon
irradiation in benzene or cyclohexane solution undergoes reduction
to give vinylene carbonate in good yield. Benzene with a solution
of the monopotassiun salt of acetylenedicarboxylic acid gives,
upon ultraviolet irradiation, a different product from that
obtained with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate.. Naphthalene, upon
irradiation with a solution of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate,
gives a complex mixture of products which appear to be the result
of an initial 1,2—addition of the acetylenic ester to the various
aromatic multiple bonds of naphthalene. From the reaction
mixture a crystalline derivative has been isolated which seems to
have been derived from addition of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate
to the 1,2-position of naphthalene. Furthermore, vapor phase
chromatography (v.p.c™) provisionally indicates the presence of
dimethyl phthalate, dimethyl naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxylate,
dimethyl cycloooctatetraene-1,2-eicarboxylate, as well as
napthalene and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate in the purified
reaction product. Since it was demonstrated that all of the
naphthalene should have been removed by the purification process,
the v«p.c. results indicate that the naphthalene adducts are
undergoing pyrolysis under the conditions of the v«p..c.
analysis. Reaction schemes are proposed to account for the
otserved products. Preliminary experiments show that
phenanthrene reacts readily with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate
upon irradiation with ultraviolet light. In experiments in which
benzophenone was added as a photo-sensitizer, benzophenone was
found to undergo addition of alcohol, especially methanol, to give
considerable amounts of mixed pinacol. (Author abstract)##
01203
R. J. Eilie
PROJECT FOG DPOPS: INVESTIGATION CF WARM FOG PPOPEKTIES ANE FOG
HODIFICATION CONCEPTS . Cornell Aeronautical Lab., Buffalo,
N. Y,. Jan. 1966- 78 pp.,
NASA: CB-368
Dynamic models have been formulated for advection, radiation and
steam fog for various temperature, roughness and stability
conditions., For each of the fog types, height distributions of
temperature, liquid water content and visibility are given. These
models have contributed significantly to our understanding of
warm fog and the mechanisms that act to determine fog properties.
In the laboratory, ionic surfactants were found to substantially
inhibit the coalescence of water droplets with a plane water
surface. On the other hand, coalescence of treated 300 microns
radius drops colliding in air was not appreciably influenced by
the presence of surfactant. It will be necessary to conduct
experiments with colliding drops having sizes more nearly
representative of natural fog (i.e. approximately 50 microns
diameter). Surface treatment of sodium chloride crystals (a type
cf condensation nucleus found in the atmosphere) with hexadecanol
C. Atmospheric Interaction 141
-------
and octadecanol was shown to substantially retard the growth rate
of droplets formed on such nuclei. Nuclei could not, however, be
prevented from participating in droplet growth except when
impractically thick layers of surfactant were present.,
Heasurements were made of the drop size distributions in fogs
occurring in the Buffalo area- Evaluated data were in good
agreement with the values given ty the physical fog models. In
future observations, the measured average drop size is likely to be
somewhat lower owing to a recent improvement in sampling
technique designed to reduce preferential capture of larger
drops., (Author summary) #*
0120U
K. V. Bakestraw
CACB SYMPOSIUM ON ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY, CIHCUIATION AND AEHO-
SOIS. Office of Naval Research, London, England (Sept. No.
ONRL-C-28-65). Dec. 30, 1965. 26 pp.
DDC: AD 1*76-981
A scientific meeting at which 80 papers were read by research
workers in meteorology and atmospheric chemistry and physics, on
such subjects as: the evolution of the atmosphere, atmospheric
constituents - natural and artificial, radioactivity and nuclear
"debris" in the atmosphere, cheiical and physical processes
taking place in the atmosphere. (Author abstract)##
01241
J. J. Eufalini and Jn C. Purcell
NITROGEN: FOBMATION BY PHOTOOXIDATION OF ETHYLENE IN THE
PRESENCE OF ITS OXIDES . Science 150, {37005 1161-2, Nov. 26,
1965.
The apparent lack of nitrogen balance for the phctooxidation
systems containing olefin and nitrogen oxides can be explained by
evidence for the production of molecular nitrogen; molecular
nitrogen was identified by gas chromatography and mass
spectrometry. (Author abstract)##
01261
F. C,, Alley, G. B. Martin, and W. H. Ponder
APPARENT BATE CONSTANTS AND ACTIVATION ENESGIES FOP THE
PHOTOCHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION OF VAHIOUS OLEFINS . J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (8) 3H8-50, Aug. 1965.
The photochemical reaction of various olefins and nitrogen dioxide
142 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
was studied under conditions of controlled temperature, pressure,
and humidity in a 200 liter stirred glass reactor. The
hydrocarbon concentration in the reactor during four and five hour
irradiation periods was monitored with a flame ionization
chromatograph. Beaction rate constants, based on three
consecutive first order reactions, were calculated for reactor
temperature of 20, 25, 30, and 35 degrees centigrade. Activation
energies for the three consecutive reactions were calculated from
the Arrhenius equation. Branched and straight chain olefins were
studied at initial concentrations of 5.0 to 10-0 parts per million.
(Author abstract) ##
C1305
B. lindzen R. Goody
RADIACTIVE AND PHOTOCHEMICAL PROCESSES IN MESOSPHEHIC DYNAMICS:
PART I, MODELS FOB RADIATIVE AND PHOTOCHEMICAL PROCESSES. J.
Atmospheric Sci. , 22 (t) : 341-348, July 1965.
The equations for the photochemistry of ozone and radiative
heating in the mesosphere are, for certain regions, reduced from
differential-integral equations to much simpler differential-
algebraic equations which are more readily incorporated into
hydrodynamic models™ The simplified equations are first solved
for joint radiative-photochemical equilibrium; the distributions
obtained are in fair agreement with the more detailed calculations
of Leovy (1964J. The equations for temperature and ozone, with
advection'included, are linearized in terms of perturbations
on the equilibrium fields, and a brief discussion of the effect
of photochemistry, radiative transfer and their interaction on
the thermal response to a field of motion is presented. Finally,
the problem of the joint photochemical-radiative relaxation of
perturbations in the absence of motion is investigated™ It is
found that the coupling sharply accelerates thermal relaxation
above 35 km, and appreciably accelerates photochemical
relaxation and decelerates thermal relaxation in a region in the
neighborhood of 26 km. The coupling also leads to oscillating
relaxation in the neighborhood of 30 km. (Author abstract)t#
01326
Haagen Smith, A. J.
PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND SHOG. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
13 (9) :444-446, 1454, Sept. 1963. (Presented at the 56th Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Detroit, Michi-
gan., June 9-13, 1963.)
Photochemical reactions in smog are reviewed. The roles of
concentration, sunlight, reaction kinetics, ozone, activation
energy, ultraviolet radiation, nitrogen dioxide dissociation,
chain reaction, olefins, free radicals, and peracyl nitrates are
considered.##
C. Atmospheric Interaction 143
-------
01396
J.B. Hodkinsoc
CALCULATIONS OF COLOUR AND VISIBILITY IS URBAN ATMOSPHERES
POLLUTED BY BASEOUS N02. Intern. J. Air Hater Pollution,
Vol. 10:137-1«4, 1966.
Calculations are made of the optical effects of persistent
gaseous N02 pollution at 0.2-2 ppm in a city atmosphere in
both the presence and absence of a polluting aerosol which does not
absorb light or N02. It is concluded that the colouring of the
horizon sky and of distant white objects would resemble whisky, tea
or cola-drinks, and the visual range would be markedly reduced.
(Author abstract)*#
C1K05
B. M. Eerman and I). H. Yarger
SOBE EFFICTS OF MULTIPLE SCATTERING OK HEATING RATES IN THE OZONE
IAYER. J. Atmospheric Sci. 23, 320-4, Hay 1966.
The effects of multiple scattering on the heating rates in the
ozone layer are investigated. Computations are performed for two
wavelengths, one rather highly absorbing, 3112A, and one rather
weakly absorbing, 3323A, and for three solar elevation angles.
These results are compared with heating rates computed on the
basis of a Beer"s law type of exponential absorption, neglecting
all scattering. It is shewn that, at the weakly absorbing
wavelength, and for small zenith angles, the effect of scattering
is such as to increase the heating rate by about 10 per cent.
At the more highly absorbing wavelength, scattering effects are
small and may safely be neglected, (Author abstract)#f
01H06
R. S. Lindzen
RADIATIVE AND PHOTOCHEMICAI PBCCFSSES IN MESOSPHIRIC DYNAMICS:
PART II, VEETICAL PROPAGATION OF LONG PERIOD DISTURBANCES AT THE
EQDATOE . J. Atmospheric Sci., Vol. 23:334-3«3, flay 1966.
This paper considers the vertical propagation of a long-period,
small-amplitude perturbation in a medium in which radiative
transfer and photochemistry play important roles. The
perturbation and the basic field are assumed to be axially
symmetric and symmetric about the equator; the basic wind field is
geostrophic and the basic temperature field is in radiative
equilibrium. It is found that long-period perturbations can only
144 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
propagate by virtue of the physical effects of radiative transfer
and photochemistry. The computed wave propagates downwards and,
for a period of 2.2 years, the phase speed is close to the observed
speed of 1.5 km/month for the "26-month" equatorial oscillation.
The observed relative phases of velocity and temperature fields,
and the sharp attenuation of the oscillation below 20 to 25 km are
also found in the model wave. There are discrepancies between the
model and the observed "26-month" oscillation, which are to be
expected in view of the nonlinearity of the observed phenomenon.,
However, it appears that, for complex reasons, the observed wave
may satisfy equations similar to those occurring in the linear
theory. (Aothor abstract)**
01407
R. S. lindzen
RADIATIVE AND PHOTOCHEMICAL PROCESSES IN MESOSPHERIC DYNAMICS:
PART III, STABILITY OF A ZONAL VORTEX AT MIE-LATITUDES TO AXIALLY
SYMMETRIC DISTURBANCES . J. Atmospheric Sci., Vol. 23:3«il-3t9,
Bay 1966.
The stability of a baroclinic, axially symmetric vertex on an
f-plane to axially symmetric disturbances is investigated. It is
found that with photochemistry and radiative transfer acting, such
disturbances are unstable regardless of the value of the
Richardson number. The growth rates under conditions relevant to
the mesosphere are, however, very small. (Author abstract)##
01108
P., S., Lindzen
RADIATIVE AND PHOTOCHEMICAL PROCESSES IN HESOSPHERIC DYNAMICS:
PART IV, STABILITY OF A ZONAL VORTEX AT MID-LATITDDZS TO
BARO-CLINIC WAVES . J. Atmospheric Sci,,, Vol., 23:350-359,
May 1966.
The models developed in Part I for radiative transfer and ozone
photochemistry in the mesosphere are incorporated into a two-level
model for baroclinic flow, and the effect of radiative and
photochemical processes on the stability of the flew is separately
investigated for radiative and photochemical conditions obtaining
at 30 km and 52.5 km. In each case it is found that the flow is
unstable for all non-zero values of shear, in contrast to the
adiabatic case where instability required that
the shear exceed some critical shear.
At 30 km the instabilities at low shears differ
considerably from the instabilities for higher shears near the
critical shear of the adiabatic theory. The latter have a
dominant wavelength of the order of 10,000 km and a phase speed
relative to the mean zonal wind of about - 20 m/sec. The
former have a dominant wavelength of about 5000 km and a relative
phase speed of about-2 a/sec. The effect of the advection of
C. Atmospheric Interaction 145
-------
ozone on the heating appears to Jbe responsible for the low shear
node. This effect is negligible at 52=5 km where there are no
significant differences (apart frcm growth rate) between low and
high shear instabilities. The instabilities at this level have a
dominant wavelength of about 7900 1cm and a relative phase speed of
about 20 m/sec. (Author abstract}#*
01112
H., Zdunkowski, D. Henderson, and J. V. Hales
THE EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC HAZE ON INFHARED RADIATIVE COOLING
BATES . J. Atmospheric Sci. , Vol. 23:297-301, May 1966.
The radiative flux divergence is computed for the lower few
centimeters of the atmosphere assuming a water vapor-haze mixture.
Some additional computations are made for higher altitudes also.
The haze model, based on Deimendjian"s formulation, is used to
obtain the scattering and absorption coefficients from Hie theory,
which are employed in radiative transfer equations. This new
formulation of the radiative transfer equation takes into
consideration the combined effects of water vapor and particle
absorption, as well as primary particle scattering. The influence
of the albedo of the earth and the interface temperature
discontinuity is taken into consideration. Results show that the
incorporation of a reasonable interface temperature discontinuity
of the earth's surface is of higher order of importance than the
haze influence near the surface. (Author abstract)##
01181
Nader, J. S. (ed.J
PHOT STUDY OF DLTRAVIOLET RADIATION IN LOS ANGELES, OCTOBER
1965.. (A REPORT OB COHCDRRFNT BEASDBEHENTS HADE BY COOPERATING
ORGANIZATIONS BY VARIODS BETHCDS.) Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control,
PHS-Pub-999-AP-38, 91p. , (Presented at the Fourth
International Biometeorological Congress, Rutgers Univ. ,
New Brunswick, N.J. , Aug. 26 - Sept., 2, 1966.,)
Reasurements of 300—380—nm DV radiation in Los Angeles were
conducted under varying conditions of smog environment, below and
above the urban smog layer, and at various elevations through the
smog atmosphere in October 1965. The DV energy incident on a
horizontal plane surface detector near ground level at solar noon
on a clear day {no snog) was 31 w/m square meter or 37% of the
maximum possible for that date based on the value of 85 w/sg m of
DV radiation entering the earth's atmosphere. Attenuation of
DV radiation varied with smog intensity. Transmission through
the atmosphere from 5700 feet (Kt» Hilson) to 350 feet
(Laboratory rooftop) above sea level, average through the day,
was ST% for a clear day and 655 for a moderate-to-heavy-smog day.
Outgoing radiation was significantly increased by the smog
environnent. In heavy smog, values were higher by a factor of
146 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
about 2 than those obtained in a no-smog environment. Outgoing
radiation also tended to increase exponentially with elevation.
DV scatter or transiission measurements appear to offer
potential as a sensitive method of monitoring environmental smog
levels as an alternative to visibility which is subjective and
seniguantitatire. The high scattering capability of a smog
atmosphere points to the need of measurements of UV radiation in
all directions, particularly as this applies to photochemical
reactions in the atmosphere, and a correlation of such measurements
with neasurements of vertical components. (Author's summary)f#
01H58
5. G. Bunt
PHOTOCHEHISTHY OF OZOHE IN A BOIST ilHOSPHEBE. J. Geophys.
Bes., 71(5):1385-1398, Bar. 1, 1966.
A detailed investigation has been made into the photochemistry of
ozone in an atmosphere containing hydrogen. It is shown that for
such an atsosphere a satisfactory ozone profile can be obtained,
unlike the situation noe existing for an oxygen only atmosphere.
Equilibrium vertical distributions are calculated for nine gas
concentrations, and the influence of atomic hydrogen in the
mesosphere and the hydroxyl and perhydroxyl radicals in the
stratosphere on the ozone concentration are shown to be significant
factors. A non-equilibrium investigation is also made in which
the variations of the gas concentrations are calculated as a
function of the time of day. In particular, the results
illustrate the variations of the gas concentrations at night and
indicate that the altitude range 70 to 80 km appears to be very
active photochenically at this time. The rate of formation of
hydroxyl is analyzed to obtain an estimate of the diurnal variation
of the hydroxyl airglow enission, as well as the vertical
distribution of the emission. The theoretical results are shown
to agree satisfactorily with observation, and it is concluded that
the hydrogen-ozone reaction can adequately account for most of the
observed features of the hydroxyl emission. Finally, the need to
incorporate some form of molecular and eddy diffusion into the
•odel is clearly indicated by the results. (ftuthor abstract) ##
01501
H. J. Hamming and J. E. Dickinson
COHTBOL OF PHOTOCHEMICAL SHOG BY ALTEBATION OF INITIAL BF.ACTAN1
PATIOS. J. Air Pollution Assoc., 16(6) :317-323, June 1966.
A study of the variation in eye irritation with irradiation time
demonstrates that the time at which eye irritation measurements are
taken is important in understanding the entire photochemical
mechanism underlying the smog problem in the summer in Los
Angeles. The data analyzed were obtained from 5 experimental
studies conducted under a variety of conditions. Analysis of the
data from chamber irradiation experiments indicate that eye
C. Atmospheric Interaction 147
-------
irritation is noted at the same time as the max. concentration of
nitrogen dioxide,, The chamber data have shown that the initial
concentrations of the 2 principal reactant contaminants,
hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, and the relationship between
them, must be considered in studying the production of eye
irritation from photochemical smog. To determine how the initial
reactant concentrations affect the degree of eye irritation which
can be produced, the available data from several experimental
studies were analyzed.##
01567
G.J. Doyle
HODEL AEBOSOLS FOB ATflOSPHEBIC SMOG. Stanford Research
Inst., South Pasadena, Calif,,, Southern California. 1961.,
18pp.
One model reaction for formation of aerosol in the atmosphere
requires the presence of sulfur dioxide at fractions of a part
per million in photoxidizing mixtures of olefin and nitrogen
oxide at part per million concentrations. An experimental study
of this type of reaction and the results to date are described,
with particular emphasis on 2-methyl-2-butene as the olefin.##
01602
E.A. Schuck
THE NATDBE OF EYE IBBITOTS IN SMOG. Stanford Besearch
Inst., South Pasadena, South Pasadena, Southern California
labs- 1961. 8 pp.
Three ppm of individual hydrocarbons were mixed in pure air along
with 1 ppm of nitric oxide or nitrogen dioxide. During the
subsequent two hour irradiation with near-ultraviolet liqht the
mixture was monitored with a long-path infrared spectrophotorceter.
The major products formed by photooxidizing many individual
hydrocarbons were readily identified and their concentrations
measured. In general, it was found that most olefins react
rapidly and generate irritation while saturated hydrocarbons
are relatively unreactive and do not result in irritating
mixtures. In the absence of specific knowledge of the types and
concentrations of the components of smog-producing
atmospheres, control of olefins rather than oxides of nitrogen
appears to be the more practical approach to control of eye
irritation. The effect of control measures on eye irritation
will be a function of several factors. Some of these factors
are: the olefin—to-oxides of nitrogen concentration ratio; the
type of olefin or olefin mixture involved; and the length
of irradiation time and intensity of sunlight. To the extent
that these auto exhaust mixtures are typical, it is concluded
that ethylene and propylene are the most important precursors of
eye irritation in such mixtures, lit
148 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
01610
G.M. Keating, J.A. Hullins, C.H. Coffee, D.S..
HcDougal
DETERMINATION 01 BEAN ATMOSPHERIC DENSITIES FHOH THE EXPLORES IX
SATELLITE. National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
Langley Station Hampton, Va,, , langley Besearch Center.
(SEPT. NO. IN D-2895). JDIY 1965. 35 PP.
CFSTI, NASA TN D2895
A method is developed for determining mean atmospheric
densities from changes in the orbital elements of the Explorer
IX (1961 Delta 1) Satellite, a 12-foot-diameter balloon.
The decay of the total energy of the satellite orbiting about an
orlate spheroid is evaluated and the energy change due to the work
done by radiation force upon the satellite is subtracted to yield
the energy decay attributed to atmospheric drag. The direct
solar radiation force upon Explorer IX is determined from
measured vectorial reflectance of the satellite material..
Equations are given for the effective coefficient of drag of
Explorer IX, and mean atmospheric densities at heights from
310 km to 765 kn are tabulated for the entire lifetime of
the satellite (February 1961 through March 1964) from changes in
the orbital elements of Explorer IX. (Author summary)**
016«0
B. Katz
SOBE ASPECTS OF THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL NATURE OF AIH
POLLDTION. Horld Health Organization Monograph Ser»
(Air PollutionJ. No. W6 1961. pp. 97-158.,
This chapter of the VHO Monograph reviews works on air
pollution accomplished within the last ten to 15 years. The
subject of the physical and chemical nature of air pollution is so
broad and covers many fields of physics, chemistry and medicine
that only the most important works have been highlighted.
Discussed among others were the following problems: The
development of improved methods and techniques for the measurement,
separation and identification of air contaminants, the
standardization of methods of sampling and analysis of common air
pollutants, the application of meteorological concepts and
diffusion theory to the study of the dispersion of pollutants in
the atmosphere, the formation of smog and the prediction of
pollution levels, the development of improved analytical
techniques, instrumentation and studies of motor vehicle exhaust
gas composition under various operating conditions and the
development of catalytic and other exhaust gas system control
devices, the study of the action of sunlight on motor vehicle and
traffic gas and of photochemical atmospheric reaction in general,
the determination of the health and other effects of irradiated
gaseous and vapour pollutants, the continued study of carcinogenic
and other toxic substances presented in the urban environment and
C. Atmospheric Interaction 149
-------
the evaluation of their effects on health, and the study of
radioactive pollutants and their effects in connection with the
development of industrial uses of nuclear energy for power and
transportation.ft
016149
C. H. Nicol and J. Go Calvert
DELATIONS BETWEEN PHOTODECOMPOSITION BODES AND MOLECULAR STEUCTUBE
IN THE SERIES OF CABBONYL COMPOUNDS, H- C3H7COR. Preprint.,
(Presented in part at the Gordon Conference on Organic
Photochemistry, Tilton, N. H. , July 1965.)
The vapor phase photolysis of a series of carbonyl compounds of
general structure n-C3H7COB was studied at 3130 A as a
function of temperature and pressure. The B group was varied
in the series, H, CH3, C2H5, n-C3H7. iso-C3H7, n-C«H9,
iso-C4H9, sec-CtH9, tert-C«H9, in order to evaluate the
effect of structure upon the individual primary photodissociative
processes and the relationship between these processes. Quantum
yields of carbon nonoxide and ethylene products were used as
measures of the type I (n-C3H7 COB + h mu yields n-C3H7CO
+ R and n-C3H7 + COB) and type II (n-C3H7COB + h mu
yields C2H1 + CH2=C (OH)B primary photodissociative modes
in the ketones. A number of correlations were noted between the
structural features and the efficiency of the Type II
rearrangement. One striking effect was the relation between phi
II and the extent of alkyl substitution on the alpha-carbon aton
of the R group. An empirical rule was formulated which relates
molecular structure and the phi II values for the n-propyl
ketones. (Author abstract}#f
C1650
B. E. Saltzman , A. I. ColemaD, and C. A., demons
BALOGENATED COMPOUNDS AS GASEOUS METEOROLOGICAL TBACEBS:
STABILITY AND ULTRASENSITIVE ANALYSIS BY GAS CHBOMATOGBAPHY.
Anal. Cheinu 38, 753-8, May 1966.
Tracer compounds added to noving air masses are useful for
demonstrating the transfer of pollutants from one local area or
city to another. A study of gaseous compounds resulted in the
selection of three suitable materials: sulfur hexafluoride,
bromotrifluoroiethane, and octafluorocyclobutane. These materials
are non-toxic, are rare in the atmosphere, and can be readily
dispersed from weighed tanks containing them in liquid form under
pressure. An appropriate mixture can be employed if necessary to
reduce possible errors caused by interfering emissions, and the
components in air can be determined with high sensitivity in a
single 10-minute run,, An ultrasensitive gas chromatographic
procedure with an electron-capture detector was developed
which utilized carefully purified carrier gas and optimized
150 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
colunns, detectors, and operating parameters. Sensitivity of
10 to the minus five power ppm was achieved for sulfur hexafluorid<
without concentration of the sanple0 Convenient procedures for
sampling and calibration were established. Reactivities
of these materials with ordinary atmospheric pollutants such
as automobile exhaust, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone,
and sulfur dioxide were studied at various humidities, both with
and without irradiation equivalent to sunlight. Good stability
was indicated. losses by washout due to rainfall appeared to be
negligible.. These techniques should be very useful both for
tracing local eaissions and for long-range meteorological studies
of movement of air masses, (Author abstract) ##
01675
E. P. Stephens
TEHPERATUBB INVEESIONS AND THE TRAPPING OF SIB POLLUTANTS.
Heatherwise 18, («) 172-1, Aug. 1965
Author discusses the parameters in the lower atmosphere which
contribute to the flow of atmospheric currents which results from
solar heating of the earth"s surface (photochemistry) .##
01710
A. P. Altshuller and I. H. Cohen
PHOTO-OXIDATION OF ACHOLEIN-NITHOGEH OXIDE MIXTURES IN AIR.
Intern. J. Air Hater Pollution. 7, 10U3-9, 1963.
The photolysis of acrolein and the photo-oxidation of acrolein in
the presence of oxygen have been investigated at high
concentrations of acrolein. Both reactions have been reported to
proceed very slowly when the ultraviolet radiation used is in the
solar region (less than 2900 A). The present study was made
of acrolein-nitrogen oxide mixtures in the ppm range when
photooxidation is initiated by solar type radiation. The acrolein
was varied between 1 and 12 ppm and the nitrogen dioxide or nitric
oxide between 0 and 50 ppm with the reactants diluted in one
atmosphere of air. The results are of interest as related to
photochemical reactions in the atmosphere. (Author abstract) f #
01752
G. I. Kouznetzon, and A. Kh« Khrgian
ATMOSPHERIC OZONE AND ITS VARIATIONS CONNECTED HITH CIRCULATION
OVER THE ATLANTIC OCEAN. Atmosfernyi Ozon i Ego Izmeneniia,
C. Atmospheric Interaction 151
-------
Sviashehannyi s Tsirkuliatsiei nad Atlanticheskim Okeanom.
Fiz. Atmos. i Okeana (Moscow) 2, (8) 859-71, Jug. 1966..
Atmospheric ozone determination and meteorological observations
made during a voyage of the research ship "K. lomonsov" to the
South Atlantic and back during Aug.-Nov. 1963 are analyzed.
Daily radiosonde and wind observations were also made. The
amount of ozone in the atmosphere was highest in October when the
ship was at the latitude of greatest solar radiation, south of the
equator. An area approximately 10 degrees N and S of the
equator had the minimum concentration of ozone. A decrease in
atmospheric pressure usually resulted in an increase in ozone
concentration, and vice versa. Ozone concentration increased in
association with frontal weather, as indicated by analysis of
data from several frontal situations. A decrease in the height
of the tropopause was also associated with increased ozone
content,,**
01758
V. A, Bazhenov, B. N., Ivanova, and M. H. Miroshnikov
DETEBMINATION OF THE HASS OF H20, C02, AND C3 IN VABIOUS
ATMOSPHEBIC LAYEBSo Atmos Oceanic Phys. English translation
2, (3) 185-7, Bar., 1966.
A mathematical method for estimating the mass of R20, C02 and
03 in various atnospheric layers is given. The mass may be
calculated easily if the zenith angle, z lies within the limits of
100 and 80 degrees. Otherwise, it is necessary to take into
account the earth's curvature and refraction distortion using a
nomogram devised by the authors. The vertical distribution of the
concentration of the gases is assumed to be known. The mass of
absorbing gas may be calculated from the following formula: Q
equals A (sub H1}f(Z sub 1J-Q(sub H2)f(Z sub 2) where Q sub
H is the mass of absorbing gas in a vertical column of the
atmosphere for a height H to infinity; f (Z) is a function
describing the dependence of the mass of absorbing gas on the
zenith angle. The function f (Z) may be determined by an
empirical formula., Altschuler's graphical method may be used for
calculating the quantity of absorbing gas in the vertical
direction. ##
01825
S. L., Kopczynski
PHOTO-OXIDATION OF ALKYLBENZENE-NITBOGEN DIOXIDE HIXTDBES IN
AIB., Intern. J. Air Water Pollution. 8, 107-20, 1961.
Heasurements of the relative reaction rates of various
alkylbenzenes in photo-oxidative reactions with N02 in the air
152 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
arc reported. The reaction rates are compared with the relative
basicities of the compounds- A partial analysis of the gas
phase and condensed phase products is also reported. It appears
that as much as 50 per cent of the reacted carbon atoms may be
contained in the condensed phase. The several irradiation and
analytical techniques employed are compared. The
photo-oxidation reactions of olefins and alkylbenzenes are
compared. Free radical chains appear to play a more important
role in the photo-oxidation reaction rates of certain alkyl-
benzenes than in the reaction rates of olefins. Hyperconjugative
interaction of the eethyl groups Kith the aromatic ring is
proposed as a possible explanation of the order of reactivity of
various isomers of the methylsubstituted benzenes. (Author
abstract)#f
01828
A. P. Altshuller, G. C. Ortman, B. E. Saltzman, and
B. E. Neligan
CONTINUOUS MONITORING OF HETHANE AND OTHER HYDROCARBONS IN
DRBAN. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 16, (2) 87-91,
Feb. 1966.
Continuous measurements of total hydrocarbons (and other organic
substances) and of methane were made in Cincinnati and Los
Angeles for three-month periods. Some of the measurements were
made during episodes of photochemical air pollution. Two
instruments, one for measurement of total hydrocarbons and the
other for aethane, were operated in parallel. Both incorporated
flame ionization detectors having greater sensitivity than
commercial flame ionization instruments. The flame ionization
analysis for methane was made specific by use of an adsorbent
carbon column preceding the analyzer to retain all organic
substances except methane. Subtracting the methane concentration
values from those for total hydrocarbons gave nomethane
hydrocarbon concentrations. The data showed diurnal patterns of
concentrations of methane and nonmethane hydrocarbons in the
atmosphere. Average hourly values for methane were
strikingly similar in Los Angeles and in Cincinnati (2.6 and
2.1 ppm, respectively); those for nonmethane hydrocarbons were four
times as high in Los Angeles (3,0 and 0.8 ppm, respectively)»
A bimodal frequency distribution pattern of the concentrations
suggested that atmospheric ventilation was either good or poor,
with less than a random amount of time in intermediate stages-
The width of the methane frequency distribution peak was about
half the width of that for nonmethane hydrocarbons, indicating a
different and more constant source for the former. (Author
abstract)##
0198U
A. P. Altshuller and I. R- Cohen
STRUCTURAL EFFECTS ON THE RATE OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE FORMATION IN
THE PHOTO-OXIDATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUND-NITRIC OXIDI MIXTURES IN
AIR. Intern. J. Air Water Pollution, 7, 787-97, 1963.
C. Atmospheric Interaction 153
-------
The rapid conversion of nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide occurs
in the presence of certain organic species and of ultraviolet
radiation below 1000 A. The reaction is an important and
critical step in the over-all reactions of organic compound-nitric
oxide photochemical systems. These systems in tarn are an
important part of the reaction complex associated with the
photochenically initiated type of air pollution. The eye
irritation and plant damage effects found in photo-chemical "smog"
have been simulated by the irradiation of certain
hydrocarbon-nitrogen oxide systems (Leighton, 1961). Dntil
recently the available experiiental data on the photochemically
initiated conversion of nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide has been
restricted almost entirely to work on olefinic hydrocarbons
including isobutene, trans-2-butene, and 1,3-butadiene
(leighton, 5961; Tuesday, 1961). Eecently, preliminary work has
been reported on other organic species including the aromatic
hydrocarbons (Jltshuller et al. 1962a). It was shown that a
nuaber of dimethyl and trimethylbenzenes participate in this
reaction about as effectively as do the 1-alkenes and appreciably
acre rapidly than tehylene. In the present work this study is
extended to additional aroeatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones,
paraffinic hydrocarbons, and alcohols. Analyses for oxidant
concentrations have been made on some of the systems studied..
Some data have been obtained on the formation of aliphatic
aldehydes in the reactions of aromatic hydrocarbon-nitric oxide
systems. (Author abstract)ft
02201
A.B. Pittock
i THIN STABLE LAYEB OF ANOMALOUS OZOSE AND DDST CONTENT. J.
Atmospheric Sci. 23, (5) 538-42, Sept., 1966.
Coincident observations of a layer of volcanic material
and a sharp minimum in the vertical distribution of ozone over
Boulder, Colo. (i*ON) , are presented and discussed. The ozone
minimum was observed at an altitude of 20—21 km for a month during
the spring of 1961. Quasihorizontal advection of a thin
stable layer of tropical air into which volcanic debris was
injected when Ht. Agung (83) erupted on 17 March 1963 is
thought to be responsible. The layer is characterized iy a
"quasi-vertical" eddy diffusion coefficient less than or equal to
250 sq ca/sec. Significant destruction of ozone by the volcanic
debris is not indicated. (Author abstract)##
02268
P. T. H. Collis
CLEAB AIB TURBULENCE DETECTION. IEEE (Inst. Elec. Electron.
Engrs.) Spectrum 3, (l») 56-61, Apr. 1966.
Although it is difficult to describe the nature of clear air
turbulence (or CAT) , its effect is known as the sudden vibration
experienced by an aircraft in flight in a stormfree, cloudfree sky.
It is evident that this turbulence is an eddy motion of the air
154 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
that disrupts its uniform flow, a motion such as that associated
with jet streams; however, it is not known exactly how it is
generated. Because the effects of CAT can range from passenger
discomfort to actual loss of an air-craft, it is important to
devise sone nethod of warning the pilot of turbulent areas to be
avoided. Various indirect and direct detection systems,
employing both active and passive technigues, are currently being
investigated, but thus far all have exhibited serious limitations
on effective perfor»ance. One reason for this is the lack of data
concerning the phenoienon they are designed to detect. (Author
abstractl*t
02285
A.J. Drumaond
TECHNIQUES FOE THE HEASOREMENT OF SOLAR AND TERBESTBIAL
BADIATION FLUXES IN PLAHT BIOLOGICAL RESEABCH: A EEVIEW WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ARID ZONES. Proc. Montpellier
Synp.: Methodology of Plant Ecophysiology 13-27, 1965.
It is clear that although individual specialized measurements of
radiative transfer in the vicinity of plants, etc., must be
afforded every encouragement, the main body of radiation material
upon which the biologist and his associates must depend has to be
provided in the generalized patterns, laid down by
international agreeaent, for the network stations of the
official meteorological organizations. This article presents a
modern view of the technigues and their capabilities, for such
standard aeasnreients, and of possible modification from the
threshold of plant physiological studies in arid locations.##
02305
F. Pooler, Jr.
THE AIE OVEB CITIES. Bull. Am. Heteorol. Soc. 438 (6) 234-7,
June 1962.
This paper reviews the symposium of the same title, held 1961
in Cincinnati, Ohio, which was attended by meteorologists and
other interested persons. Papers presented in following sections
are briefly discussed: Heather, climate and air pollution in
urban areas; Dispersion and deposition of air pollutants over
cities; Present and future needs for meteorological and air
quality observations.**
02344
G. B« Spindler.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELEASE OF NITRIC OXIDE IN THE E-PEGION.
PLANETARY SPACE SCI. 14, 53-64, 1966.
CFSTI AD 632867
C. Atmospheric Interaction 155
-------
Observations on four nitric oxide releases in the E-region are
described.. Is a result of these observations, some changes are
suggested in the current kinetic theory of the NO-0 reaction, and
a reaction model is presented- It is proposed that the NO-0
reaction, at least at E-region pressures, is bimolecular, and, in
line with the findings of other experimenters, that the effective
rate constant there nay be faster than the value obtained for this
reaction in the laboratory- Relative atomic oxygen profiles for
two different latitudes are presented as well as evidence for a
latitude effect on the profiles,. The atitude at which
atmospheric flow changes from turbulent to laminar is also
different at these tvo latitudes. It is probably that atomic
oxygen concentration drops sharply below 80 km, but above the peak
of the profile, concentration falls with a first decadis scale
height of 11 km, in agreement with photochemical theory,.
Observations on the wind-distorted luminous trail show a
relatively strong wind shear present in each case near 100 km.
'(Author abstract} &#
02352
J.J, Bufalini A..P. Altshuller
SYNEHGISTIC EFFECTS ID THE PHOTGOXIDATION OF MIXED
HYDROCARBONS. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1, (2) 133-8, Feb.,
1967.,
Since there is considerable disagreement in the published values
for rate constants for olefin-atomic oxygen and olefin-ozone
reactions, the reality of the so-called excess rate has teen
questioned. If the excess rate is not real, then the rate
of oxidation of a given olefin should depend only on light
intensity and N02 concentration. If a second olefin of
different reactivity is added to a given olefin, then no effect
other than the influence of different 0-atom and ozone
concentrations should be observed on the given olefin and
the hypothesis that the principal mode of disappearance of
oleflns is due to O-atom and ozone reactions is correct. As a
test of this hypothesis, 1-butene was irradiated at three light
intensities with NO2, both alone and in the presence of trans-2-
butene and 1,3,5-trinethylbenzene separately. Synergistic
effects were observed that could not be explained by 0-atom
and ozone reacrions alone. '(Author abstract) ##
02359
S.I. Kopczynski A.P. Altshuller
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS WITH SDLFUR DIOXIDE.
Intern- J- Air Hater Pollution, 6, 133-135, 1962
Gas mixtures of S02 and hydrocarbons n-butane, isobutane,
neopentane, 3-methyl-1-butene irradiated by either a mercury
arc or sunlamp, produced appreciable quantities of condensate
on the walls of the experimental flasks. A carbonyl band
was present at 5.7 microns., In several experiments with
isobutane as the hydrocarbon, a strong band at 5.7 microns was
observed along with other IR bands assigned to the acetone
molecule. A set of 3 strong bands in the 9.5 to 10 micron
156 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
region characteristic of methanol was observed also,, At 1 mm
partial pressure of 502 and n-butane or isobutane, a slight film
of condensate could be observed when the Hg arc was used, but
not when the sunlamp orovided the UV radiation. Acetone and
methanol were indicated by spectral data on the more dilute
mixtures. At concentrations of 0.05 to 0.1 mm, no film could
he detected from S02 and isobutane or 1-pentene mixtures
irradiated by sunlamp; with the Hg lamp only weak IE bands
could be obtained after 20 hours. Evidence indicates that
photooxidation of 302 in the presence of saturated hydrocarbon
at concentrations found in the atmosphere does not
significantly contribute to formation of aerosols in air
pollution situations in comparison with aerosol results
from other reactions involving SC2 in combination with NO and
olefins.##
02360
G.C. Holzworth J., A. Maga
THE VISIBILITY TREND IN THE CEHTRAL VALLEY OF CALIFORNIA.
Preprint. 1960
A method of analysis has been introduced for the treatment of
visibility trends. This method is based on the
assumption that with a trend of deteriorating visibility, the
resultant changes (with tine) in the percent frequencies of
visibilities in given ranges shift downward to each next lower
range of visibility. A relationship between wind speed and
visibility indicates that with intermediate speeds there is a
smaller percent frequency of poor visibilities than with both
higher and lower wind speeds. This is interpreted as due to
dusts becoming air borne at wind speeds, and atmospheric dispersion
of pollutants being reduced at lower wind speeds.##
02158L
J.S. Bandhawa
OZONE HEASUBEMENTS SITH ROCKET-BORNE OZONESONDES.
White Sands Missile Range, Nu Hex., Atmospheric Sciences
IAB.,, (REFT- ECOM-5039) PP. 22, 1966.
DDC AD U82328
A rocket-borne ozonesonde has been developed which utilizes
the chemiluminescent principle for the measurement of the
ozone concentration in the atmosphere. This has been fired with
the ARCAS rocket at White Sands Hissile Bange, New Mexico.
The instrument, as it descends with the parachute, measures
the ozone concentration. In addition to the main peak ozone
concentration generally gound near 22km, a secondary peak has been
observed close to 10 kilometers. A gross detailed structure of
ozone distribution in the upper stratosphere has been measured
which could not be obtained by the Hmkehr method. 7Author
abstract)*t
C. Atmospheric Interaction 157
-------
02165
P. H., Sticksel
THE VEBTICAL DIS1BIBDTIOK OF OZONE OVER TALLAHASSEE, FLOEIDA
(SCIENTIFIC BEPT. HO. 1). Florida State Univ., , Tallahassee,
Dept., of Heteorology. (Sept,, 66-3) (Eept. AFCRL-66-351)
June 15, 1966,, 155 pp.
Between January, 1963, and February, 1965, 158 Regener
chemiluminescent ozonesondes were launched from Tallahassee,
Florida, (30.5 degrees N, 84 degrees W), as part of a three-
year synoptic sounding program for the investigation of the
vertical distribution of ozone over North America. These
ozonesonde flights consisted of regular flights at one week
intervals, several series of daily and bi-daily flights
and a number of unscheduled flights at irregular intervals. In
general, there was a single naximum of ozone density located near
23 km above Tallahassee throughout the year. The increase to
this maximum betan at the tropical tropopause and at least 80 per
cent of the total amount of ozone was located above this
tropopause. Belative naxima below this level occurred during the
first half of the year and their appearance could be related to the
presence of the subtropical jet stream south of Tallahassee and
to the horizontal movement of "ozo clouds" within the layer
between the tropical and subtropical tropopauses. The
formation process of these secondary naxima was investigated by
constructing isentropic trajectories to trace the movements
of the maxima. An inquiry into the cause of a 10 per cent
variation of total ozone during a 10-day period indicated that it
resulted primarily from horizontal and vertical motions between
16 and 21 km and secondarily from horizontal advection between
12 and 16 km. In both layers these processes were found to be
under the control of middle latitude circulation systems. The
procedures followed at the Tallahassee station and the performance
record of the ozonesonde flights ma<3e during this period are also
discussed. (Author abstract}#*
02176
E. P. Stephens.
BERCTIONS OF OXYGEN ATOHS AND OZONE IN AIR POLLUTION. Intern.
J. Air Hater Pollution 10, 619-63, Oct. 1966 (Presented at
the Symposium or Photochemical Aspects of Air Pollution,
Cincinnati, Ohio, April 1965.)
The reactions of free oxygen atoms and ozone as they apply to air
pollution and the factors which govern the oxygen atom and ozone
concentrations are reviewed. The role played by reactions of
oxygen atoms with oxides of nitrogen is discussed as it affects the
determination of light intensity by photolysis of nitrogen dioxide.
The realtionship of these inorganic reactions to the attack, on
hydrocarbon molecules is discussed along with the various attempts
which have been made to account for the rate of disappearance of
158 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
hydrocarobon in tens of its reactions with oxygen atoms and ozone.
Since most of these attempts have indicated that these two
reactions fall short of accounting for the observed rate of
reaction, it has been suggested that free radical attack may play a
role. Some difficulties with this concept are pointed out.
Experiments on the reaction of olefins with ozone have produced
discordant results and are discussed. (Author abstract modified) t
0252«
P. L. Eoney
OS THE INFLUENCE OF WATEB VAPOH ON THE DISTBIBUTION OF
STHATOSPHEBIC OZONE. J. Atmospheric Tereest. Phys. 27,
1177-90, 1965«
CFSTI, DDC: AD 632871
Using the chemical mechanism proposed by Hampson for the
formation of the ozone layer in the presence of stratospheric
water vapour, it is suggested that the latitudinal and seasonal
distribution of total ozone concentration may be explained as
readily by the controlling effect of water vapour as by
circulatory mass motions. Water vapour catalytically reduces
lower stratospheric ozone, and, on the assumption that the
stratosphere is much wetter at the equator than at the poles, it
is possible to account for the higher total ozone content at the
poles above that at the equator. An apparent seasonal variation
of water vapour content in the tropics would then be in accord with
complementary seasonal variations of total ozone content .*
(Author abstract)##
02677
J. Joubert, B. Fontanges, J.M. Guerne, L. Colorbert,
Ch. Eyraud
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE ACCUMULATION OF HICBOOBGANISMS IN
IODIZING FIELDS. Staub (English Translation) 25, (8)
11-7, AUG. 1965..
CFSTI TT 66-510HO/8
Theoretical and experimental investigations into the accumulation
of microorganisms in an ionizing field have shown that the paths
are deterained by electric charges acquired by micro-
organisms under the effect of ion bombardment and thermal ion
diffusion. In the case of elliptical or cylindrical
micro-organisms the thermal ion diffusion may, in general, be
disregarded. The viability of numerous types of these
organisms is changed in passing through an ionizing field.
It appears that ozone has no harmful effect. It is evident that
it is difficult to distinguish to what extent the harmful effect
is due to ions, electrons and photons. In contrast to this
the resistance of sone types of bacteria is remarkable. (Author
summary!) *#
C. Atmospheric Interaction 159
-------
02777
A. P., Altshuller, I. P., Cohen, and T. C. Purcell
PHOTOOXIBATION OF HYD50CASBONS IN THE PEESENCE OF AIIPHATIC
ALDEHYDES. Science 156 (3777), 937-9, (May 19, 1967). 1966.
1 new group of gas-phase reactions has been shown to contribute
to the photooxidation of hydrocarbons. The photooxidation of
aliphatic aldehydes in the part-per-million range at wavelengths
below 3tOO A produces intermediates that react with olefinic and
aromatic hydrocarbons. The reactions have been investigated with
laboratory ultraviolet radiation sources and solar radiation.
Although the reaction rates are slower than those
associated with the corresponding nitrogen oxide induced
photooxidations, the rates are significant in terms of the time
scale of interest in urban atmospheric reactions. These results
may cause modifications of current considerations of whether
control of nitrogen oxides will effectively reduce photochemical
air pollution. (Author abstract) ##
C2869L
A.L. Berlad
PHOTOCHEMICAL PEOCESSES IN EXPLOSION OF OZONE. Defense
Research Corp., Santa Barbara, Calif., (Bept., Nos.
AFBPL-TB-66-129) 15 PP., JUNE 1966.
DDC AD 1*83589
Examination is made of cheaical kinetic schemes proposed for
the thermal and photoinitiated decomposition rates of ozone.,
A kinetic schene capable of representing both the observed
ultraviolet quantum yields in pure ozone and the thermal
decomposition rates in 03-02 mixtures is selected. The scheme is
intended for calculation of temperature-composition histories
during photoinitiated ozone explosions. Such calculations
are now in progress. Preliminary results indicate a close
correspondence between the calculated results and the observed
explosive behavior of 03 under photolysis. Application is also
planned for calculation of photochemical steady-states in ozone,
and their relation to explosion limits. (Author abstract) *#
02938
M. Neiburger
SEATHEB MODIFICATION AND SMOG. Science 126, (3275) 637-1(5,
Oct. 4, 1957. {Presented at the Technical Conference, Inst.
of Geophysics, Nov. 1956.)
The 3 essential ingredients in the Los Angeles type of smog are:
160 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
(1) Sources emitting pollution into the air; (2) atmospheric
conditions which deter or prevent rapid transport of these
pollutants in the atmosphere; and (3) solar radiation for the
photochemical reactions which transform the relatively innocuous
pollutants into substances which cause irritation to the eyes and
the respiratory tract and damage to plants. In this article, the
various proposals for modifying the weather in order to
eliminate smog are discussed., Eliiination of smog by weather
uodification is more difficult or costly than control at the
sources,. Proposals for meteorological modification are
ordinarily aimed at increasing the volume into which the
contaminants may spread, either by raising or eliminating the
inversion or by causing the air to move more rapidly across the
basin. Methods have bees proposed for reducing the solar
radiation below the level required for photochemical
reactions. Only a completely new and unigue approach to weather
modification could have any hope of success in eliminating or
ameliorating smog. It is reasonable for the agencies concerned
with the solution of the problem to devote their efforts to the
detection and control of the sources of pollutants responsible for
the obnoxious and deleterious effects of smog, (ft
03022
B,S. Narcisi0 E.Ao Langley, H.A. Cohen, a. H. Elwell
BALLOON-BOBNE MASS SPECTBOHETEB MEASUREMENTS OF THE
CONSTITUENTS OF THE ATMOSPHERE TC 28 KILOMETERS. Air
Force Cambridge Research Labs-, I.Go Hanscom Field,
Bass.,, Upper Atmosphere Physics Lab., (Bept. No. AFCRL-66-
339) 31 pp.. May 1966
To determine the feasibility of making mass spectrometric
measurements of the lower atmosphere, balloon flights have
been made to an altitude of 28 km with a time-of-flight mass
spectrometer. Composition measurements were obtained, and some of
the problems of extending the range and accuracy of measurements
resolved. (Author abstract)f#
0306U
Cadle, R. D= and J. W. Powers
SOME ASPECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF ATOMIC CXYGEN.
Tellus (Uppsala), 18 (2) : 176-186, 1966. KU refs.
Sone features of atmospheric atomic oxygen chemistry that have
received little attention, that need to be re-evaluated in the
light of recent data, that have been studied in the author's
laboratory, or that encompass some combination of these three are
discussed. Newly-calculated values for the concentrations of
excited atomic oxygen below 100 km are so low that it is unlikely
that its reactions contribute appreciably to the concentration of
C. Atmospheric Interaction 161
-------
any ataospheric component in that region with the possible
exception of excited molecular oxygen. Reactions of ground state
atomic oxygen may constitute a sink for methane and a source of
sulfate in this ataospheric region. Many chemionization reactions
probably occur in the atmosphere, and three possible types are
considered in detail. (Author abstract)##
03068
G. C. Holzworth and C. Bo N. Bao
STUDIES OF SKYLIGHT POLARIZATION. J, Opt- Soc,, Am. 55, (4)
H03-8, Apr., 1965. (Presented in part at the Fall Meeting,
Optical Society of America, Chicago, 111., Oct., 23—25,
1963.)
The results of a series of systeaatic measurements of skylight
polarization are presented and discussed. The measurements were
made at Los Angeles during spring, 1963. A photoelectric
skylight polariaseter employing ac light modulation was employed in
these measurements which were confined to the plane of the sun's
vertical. Three spectral intervals (bandwidth about 150 A)
centered around 4000, 5100, and 6000 A were studied. An attempt
was made to account for the departure of location and dispersion
of the neutral points and the polarization maximum from the
cosputed values for a purely molecular atmosphere in terms of the
local turbidity. The effect of the variable reflectance of the
ground OB the «agnitude of the polarization maxima was included in
these studies. (Author abstract)##
03102
E. K. Kauper C.J. Hopper
THE UTILIZATION OF OPTIHDH HETEOHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS FOE THE
SEDUCTION OF LOS ANGELES AUTOMOTIVE POLLUTION. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (5) 210-3, Hay 1965
Advantage can be taken of optimum conditions of turbulent mixing
to decrease the intensity of automobile-caused pollution in the
Los Angeles Basin. Changing the summertime peak traffic
hours—will result in an improvement of 21 percent for an
eight-hour day, in terms of oxidant concentrations. Greater
improvements (up to 54 percent) are possible by use of seven
or six-hour days, should they be found to be economically
feasible. (Author abstract)#*
03133
J. H. Bosen
THE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF DUST (ANNUAL PBOGRESS SEPT.).
162 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Minnesota Univ., Minneapolis, School of Physics. June 1966..
PP. 37-<»1.
CFSTI, DDC AD 636593
The first flight data obtained Kith the coincidence dust counter
is a good illustration of the layered character of the
stratosphere. The region between the tropopause and the 03
maximum is frequently characterized by dust and 03 rivers., On
this sounding the data show good correspondence between the two
lower dust and 03 peaks., It 19,5 km however, there is an 03
river but no corresponding dust river. This observation can be
understood by referring to the lines of constant mixing ratio on
the sounding. Since the mixing ratio of a trace constitutent
is preserved in vertical displacements a riser will not appear in a
sounding for that constituent in a region where the mixing ratio is
constant with altitude. The river in this case is in a location
where the dust follows a constant mixing ratio with altitude but
the 03 does not. Thus, only the 03 profile should show the
river. Above the E3 maximum where both the dust and 03 nixing
ratio is constant with altitude, a river cannot be observed in a
sounding for these constituents. A casual inspection of the dust
and 03 layers at about 17 km would suggest that it is also a river
, but upon closer examination a number of peculiarities appear
normally not associated with rivers. First, the dust layer is
about 1 ka lower than the 03 layer. Second, the mixing ratio of
dust in this layer is greater than at any point in the atmosphere
above it. In addition, the size distribution in this layer is
considerably different from that of the surrounding atmosphere.
It nay be possible that the layer at 17 km is connected with
radioactive debris. The dust distribution above 17 km is
characterized by layers in which the mixing ratio is constant with
altitude but discontinuous at the boundaries. Another peculiar
layer appears at 26 km. The size distribution in this layer is
extrenely different from the surrounding atmosphere. This layer
is also marked in the 03 by a change in the profile structure, not
by a change in concentration,**
03188
INFORMATIONAL FACTORS INFLUENCING HIGHWAY SAFETY - VISIBILITY
(PURT II OF THE STATE OF THE AST OF THAFFIC SAFETY A CRITICAL
REVIEW AHD ANALYSIS OF THE TECHNICAL INFOBHATION ON FACTORS
AFFECTING TEAFFIC SAFETY).. Little (Arthur D..J, Inc.,
Cambridge, Bass, June 1966. pp. 149-57,
Given a physically unobstructed view of the roadway and the
illumination necessary to see it, there are a number of factors
both natural and manmade which affect the driver's ability to
perceive the roadway and his intended path™ Meteorological
factors such as fog, rain, snow, and dust can interfere with such
perception. In a study of road accidents in the Melbourne,
Australia, metropolitan area it was found that fog, mist, haze,
and smoke, which are rather frequent weather phenomena in the
Melbourne area, were accompanied by reductions in the casualty
accidents. The author attributed this accident reduction, in
C. Atmospheric Interaction 163
-------
spite of a greater specific hazard of accidents, to safer
driving practices during these atmospheric conditions- These
findings on fog and haze are at variance with measurements made in
the Stuttgart, Germany, area which showed t* increase in accident
numbers daring fog conditions. The State of California
Highway Transportation Agency has reported (1965) on a study of
reduced visibility in fog conditions based on an analysis of 1961
and 1962 accidents in the State of California. Something less
than 0-2% of all accidents are classified as multiple vehicle fog
accidents during this period, but the authors note that many
accidents have been coded as fog on the accident report, when
actually the visibility due to the fog was not limiting to the
driver. However, fog is believed to be a leading factor in
multiple (four or more vehicle) accidents and fatalities. In the
period examined, 17.3S of the multiple vehicle accidents and 35.7)1
of the multiple vehicle fatalities occurred under fog conditions-
The study concludes that the fog itself produces a response from
the driver in terms of the speed he uses in driving rhough the fog.
In general the literature on the subject of visibility is not
complete enough to shed much light on visibility as a factor
affecting accident rates. Of the various visibility factors
considered the subject of illumination appeared to be the best
studied. Bith regard to the factors of visual clutter, glare,
weather effects, and other visibility modifiers the evidence
presented in the literature is adeguate for a qualitative
appreciation of the nature of the influence of these factors but
inadequate for a quantitative assessment of the contribution of
each to the hazards of the highway transportation system.f#
033U2
H. Dolezalek and A- L- Oster.
SPECTRCKETEE FOE ATHOSPHEBIC IONS IN THEIB UPPEBHOST BAHGE OF
MOBILITY (PBOJECT: MEASDBING IOMIC MOBILITIES IN THE
TEEEESTBIAL DPPEB STBATOSPHEBE AND KISOEHEBE PHASE I) .
Avoc Corp., Wilmington, Mass.,, Research and Advanced
Development Division™ (Bept. No. HAD-TB-65-25.) Sept,, U,
1965. 186 PP.
CFSTI, DDC 638 761
In the past, the mobility of atmospheric ions and the number
density in different mobility ranges (ion spectrum) have been
measured in the terrestrial atmosphere in the heights from ground
to about 5 km- Electric conductivities of the atmosphere have
been measured up to about 30 km and ion number densities tc about
75 km- To extend the possibility of ion spectrum measurements up
to the sane height, a new method has been developed and tested in
the laboratory. Its application in the free atmosphere is being
prepared- The instrument may be used in planetarian atmospheres.
The method consists of a GERDIEH-type "differential ion
counter of the second order, "which provides a predetermined
location of ion intake and a number of separate receiving
electrodes for the ion impact. The driving voltage is ac; its
amplitude is increasing downstream in the chamber. A lew-pressure
wind tunnel for continuous operation, mostly in the subsonic range,
has been developed and constructed for the laboratory experiments.
164 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
This tunnel and its possible applications for other purposes are
discussed. An outline of the theory of the different GEBDIEN
type ion counters is communicated- The laboratory experiments are
described, and ion spectrums obtained in the low-pressure wind
tunnel are presented. (Author abstract) ##
03373
H. E- Landsberg, "Chairman."
CITY JIB - EETTIR OB HOUSE? Air Over Cities Symp.. ,
Cincinnati, Ohio, 1961. pp. 1-22,,
HEW A 62-5
Human activity has caused considerable changes in local climates.
These modifications in turn have affected the temperatures of the
lowest layer of the atmosphere, the diurnal temperature range, the
shape of the diurnal temperature curve, the local relative
humidity,, the local electric field, the patterns and amounts of
precipitation, and the speed and direction of winds. These
effects have probably only Kinor influence upon human wellbeing.
Other changes, however, have potentially harmful effects.. The
rccst radical effect has been on atmospheric suspensions and
admixtures. None of these changes have been beneficial. The
growth of nearly all urban areas and industrial complexes has
out-paced the engineering and legal efforts to minimize the
nuisance and the possible dangers of contamination.. Already the
ill winds from one settlement can influence the next town downwind.
The day of planning in terms of single communities is over, and
whole regional patterns now must be viewed together. Knowledge of
air quality and its effects on health is not yet adequate,, n the
interest of public hygiene an intense effort in biometeorological
and medical research is reguired. {Author summary) ##
03381
H. Neiberger, "Chairman."
THE DISPERSION AND DEPOSITION OF AIR POILUTANTS OVER CITIES.
(Air Over Cities Symp,,, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1961.) pp. 155-71.
HEW A 62-5
In setting limits for the control of pollution sources in
industrial and urban complexes, limits must not be established
solely on the basis of individual stacks and plants; the basic
concept must be the area-source strength, in terms of total
emissions per square mile, since the emissions from separate
stacks and plants are additive as the air mcves across them
toward residential and commercial communities. The
dispersion of pollutants from vehicle exhaust along congested
streets and roads deserves attention. Such questions as the
influence of heat from motor and the motion of the vehicles need
examination., Studies of dispersion have generally assumed
flat uniform terrain and wind conditions in which the direction
is steady and the average speed is high compared to turbulent
C. Atmospheric Interaction 165
-------
fluctuations. Studies must be performed on the dispersion of
pollutants over an irregular somplex of buildings and under the
influence of wind conditions in which the average speed is low and
the magnitude of windspeeds in fluctuations is as great or greater.
(Author summary)##
03382
F.V.Brock
ASALOG COMPUTING TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO ATMOSPHERIC DIFFUSION:
CONTINUOUS ABEA SODHCE. Air Over Cities Symp., Cincinnati,
OHIO. 1961. PP. 173-88.
HEW A 62-5
An electronic analog computer has been used to obtain
solutions ot the diffusion equation. The model is that of a
continuous area source located on the ground in steady-state
conditions. The crosswind-integrated concentration is
obtained as a continuous function of distance downwind for
discrete height intervals. The versatility of analog simulation
is demonstrated by introducing a variety of boundary conditions
and other parameters into the basic model. Hith this
approach the effects of an inversion, radioactive decay,
gravitational settling, ground reflection, ground absorption,
etc. are conveniently included. Windspeed and eddy
diffusivity can be arbitrarily caried with height. Analog
simulation may be extended to treat the problem of photochemical
reactions that occur during the diffusion process. (Author
summary) f #
03386
E. Robinson
THE RELATIVE IHPORTANCE OF SOME METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS IN URBAN
AIR POLLUTION. Air Over Cities Symp., Cincinnati,
Ohio, 1961. pp. 229-38.
Hind patterns and inversions or stability conditions are
important meteorological factors affecting urban air pollution.
Popular attention is usually focused on inversion, even though
wind conditions can be shown to be more significant in many
situations. The relative importance of winds and inversions
is examined in terms of theoretical, statistical, and
climatological considerations., (Author summary) f#
03558
AIBOSOLS—THEIB COMPLEX HOLE IN RAINFALL. NCAR Quart. (9)
1-5, Jan. 1965.
166 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Theories concerned with one of the major roles of aerosols, that
of nucleation of water droplets and ice crystals in cloud-forming
and precipitation processes, are reviewed. Size and concentration
are important factors in the cloud formation and subsequent
rainfall. It has been established that the concentration of
cloud nuclei in a given area is a dominant factor in the
determination of the microstructnre of a cloud. Freezing
nuclei are unlike cloud nuclei in that they are insoluble and
possess areas of wettability; in size they are considered to be
similar, i.e., in the 0.1-1 micron range. There appears to be a
difference between the activity of silver iodide and organic
nuclei in bringing about ice formation. It is thought that the
silver iodide particle may have hydrophilic areas, although it is
basically hydrophobic, since photo-dissociation in certain areas of
the particle may take place™ On the other hand, the organic
particles are believed to collide with water droplets in the
nucleation process. Various other theories of the nucleation
processes which are under investigation are mentioned as well as
some pertaining to the origin of nucleation particles.t#
03649
H, Harmbt
SUBFACE OZONE AND ABTIFICIAI BETA ACTIVITY IN DBESDEN-WAHNSDORF.
Tellus (Uppsala) 18, (2-3} 441-9, 1966.
In the German Democratic Republic ozone and radioactivity
networks at 5 stations, simultaneous measurements of surface ozone
were made by the chemical method of Cauer and of artificial
activity by filter sampling. The daily maximum values of surface
ozone and the daily mean of radioactivity show relations in their
seasonal trend. The results of these investigations at Dresden-
Hahnsdorf station (51..1 degree N, 13.8 degree E) are discussed.
In years without nuclear tests (1963 and 1964) there was a
statistically significant positive correlation between ozone and
radioactivity from Harch until September. In a year with fresh
fission production (1962) there was such a correlation during the
time of decreasing activity from June until August™ From
October until February the correlation in the years 1962 to
1964 was mostly negative, in part statistically insignificant.
The relation of ozone and radioactivity data for large-scale
weather systems and during periods with and without
precipitation was investigated for daily deviations of ozone and
radioactivity from their seasonal trend, smoothed by overlapping
ten-day averages. From March until September there are
deviations from the seasonal trend for both ozone and radioactivity
From October until February there is an inverse trend due to
the influence of large-scale weather systems with a stable
stratification (central high pressure systems)„ Ozone decreases
due to the accumulation of reducing trace constituents in surface
air, while radioactivity decreases due to the increased rate of
scavenging by dust. (Author summary modified)ft
C. Atmospheric Interaction 167
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C3650
K. G. Bohra, M. C., Subbaramu, and A- M.. Hohan Rao
A STUDY OP THE MECHANISM OF FORMATION OF RADON DADGHTER
AEROSOLS. Tellus (Dppsala) 18, (2-3) 672-8, 1966.
The formation of radon daughter aerosols in air is found to be
markedly influenced by the presence of charges and vapours.
Experiments have been carried out with natural radon in the air to
show that radon daughter products behave as single ions of high
mobility in filtered dry air whereas they are attached to cluster
aerosols formed in the presence of certain charges and vapours.
In these experiments the cluster aerosols have been formed with
ethanol vapour in the presence of snail negative ions. Knowledge
of this mechanism of attachment of radon daughters to cluster
aerosols has also been used for the estimation of airborne radon.
The radioactivity of these aerosols is studied by filtration
through membrane filters. The degree of equilibrium between
radon and its daughters in atmospheric air has been studied on the
basis of this mechanism™ The mechanism is of fundamental
importance in understanding the nature of radon daughter products
in the air under different environmental conditions. (Author
summary) f #
03657
J., W. Winchester and H.. A. Duce
COHERENCE OF IODINE AND BROMINE IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF HAWAII,
NORTHERN ALASKA, AND MASSACHUSETTS., Tellus (Uppsala)
18(2-3) :287-91, 1966..
Previous reported analyses of rain, snow, aerosols, and gas from
Hawaii, Maska, and Hassachusetts, and new analyses of
Antarctic and Alaska snow and ice, are compared. Both I and
Br appear to be associated with aerosols of smaller particle sizes
and longer residence times than Cl-rich aerosols. In most suites
of samples there is a clustering at I/Br about 0.1-0.2, and
Br/Cl exceeded the sea water ratio (0.0034) several-fold .
Aerosols collected over open sea water in Hawaii, however, show
Er/Cl several-fold lower than in sea water. The latter
particles are identified as "sea salt" aerosols whereas the
Br-rich aerosols are smaller in size and may be basically
different in composition, e.g. ammonium sulfate as discussed by
JONGE (1963). It is suggested that Br is "distilled" from the
sea spray droplets, possibly by photochemical oxidation to Br2,
and then "condensed" onto the smaller particles, possibly by
participating in the oxidation of S02 to sulfate. Iodine may
engage in similar reactions, and the resulting I and Br-rich
particles exhibit a world-wide constancy in I/Br.. Precipitation
analyses show a similar constancy in I/Br. (Author summary)##
168 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
03717
G. M. B. Dobsoo
SOME METEOROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ATHOSPHEKIC POLLUTION. Quart.
3. Boy. Heteorol. See. 1H, (320} 133-43, Apr. 19148.
(Presented before the Royal Meteorological Society, Jan,, 21,
19U8.)
The relationship between meteorological conditions and air
pollution is examined. Among the points covered are: movement of
smoke and S02 in the atmosphere; loss of daylight; convection,
temperature gradients and inversion; and formation of fog.##
03777
F., E. Gartrell, F. W. Thomas, S. B. Carpenter, F.
Pooler, B. Turner, and J,, B«, Leavitt
FULL SCALE STUDY OF DISPERSION OF STACK GASES (PART IV.
COROLLARY STUDIES OF S02 OXIDATION). Tennessee Valley
Authority, Chattanooga, Div. of Health and Safety and Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution.
June 1965. 56 pp.
While the primary objective was determination of the extent of
oxidation of S02 in a power plant plume, initial investigation
under semi—controlled conditions at ground level was considered to
offer a number of advantages, particularly some flexibility for
varying environmental conditions. Principal phases of the S02
oxidation studies are characterized as follows™ -(1.) Develop
equipment and techniques for the collection of representative
samples of flue gas and fly ash from steam plant ducts or stacks.
(2) Collect and analyze sufficient samples of flue gas and fly
ash to establish the relative proportions and concentrations of
S02 and S03, as well as pertinent physical and chemical
characteristics of fly ash. (30) Develop facilities for
controlled dilution and cooling of flue gas simulating
atmospheric dispersion and cooling. (t.) Develop instrumentation
for evaluating changes in sulfur oxides and fly ash subjected to
controlled dilution and cooling, (5.) Hodify instrumentation
and technigues developed in the preceding step for study of sulfur
oxides and fly ash in the dispersed plume. (6.,) Collect and
analyze sufficient plume samples to establish the relative
proportions of S02 and SO3., (7.) Interpret and analyze data
and observations. In steps 1 through 4, flue gas and fly ash
samples were taken at ground level from the duct section connecting
the mechanical fly ash collectors and the induced draft fan, or
from the dilution chamber.**
0381(2
M. H. Hilkening, M., Kawano, and C» Lane
C. Atmospheric Interaction 169
-------
HADOH-DADGHTER IONS AND THEIR BEIATICN TO SOME ELECTRICAL
PBOPEETIES OF THE ATMOSPHERE. Tellus (Uppsala) 18, (2-3)
679-84, 1966.
The mobilities and concentrations of the short-lived decay
products of radon existing as positive small ions in the lower
atmosphere are measured and compared with corresponding values for
ordinary small ions in the atmosphere. Seventy five percent of
the radon-daughter ions with mobilities greater than 0.06
sg cm/(sec-volt) are found in the range of 0.25 to 1»50
sg cm/(sec-volt). Ion characteristic curves give no evidence for
distinct mobility groups within the resolution available.
Eadon-daughter ions on the average are present in the ratio of
three parts per 100,000 of ordinary small ions in the atmosphere.
A good correlation between radon-daughter ion concentration and
total snail-ion content is found over a range of 100 to 1200 small
ions per cc_ Radon-daughter icns are found to disappear almost
completely at ground level under an active thunderstorm due to
upward migration of the ions under the influence of strong electric
fields. The importance of radon-daughter ions in the study of the
electric environment of thunderstorms is indicated. (Author
summary) #f
03857
H. Israel G.. H. Israel
A NEH METHOD CF CONTINUOUS HEASDEEMENTS OF BABON (RN222) AND
THOEON (BN220) IN THE ATMOSPHEBE. Tellus (Uppsala) 18,
(2-3) 557-61, 1966.
The principle of measurement and its use for the determination
of the radon and thoron content of the lower atmosphere is
given. To achieve continuous measurements, an aspiration
process was developed, permitting a direct measurement of the
radon (Bn222) and thoron (Rn220) contributions to the
ionization. After passing through a filter that holds back all
aerosols and radon and thoron daughter ions, the air streams
through an approximately 300-liter ionization chamber. The
current, measured with a cibrating reed electrometer, is composed
of three parts: background, radon contribution, and thoron
contribution, with each component resolved by appropriate methods.
The sensitivity limit amounts to some 0.8x10 to the minus 14th
power c/liter for radon and 0»5x10 to the minus 14th power c/liter
for thoron with a resolution time of about 220 sec. (Author
summary modified) #i
03858
A. P. Altshnller, S. L. Kopczynski, W. A. Lonneman,
T. L- Becker, R. Slater
CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF THE PHOTOOXIEATICN OF THE PEOPYLENE—
NITROGEN OXIDE SYSTEM. Environ. Sci,, Technol.., 1 (11) : 899-914,
Nov. 1967. 29 refsn
170 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Although it is not possible to fully represent all of the
diverse effects associated with photochemical air pollution
by studies of a single hydrocarbon, propylene was chosen as a
representative reactive hydrocarbon. The propylene-nitrogen
oxide or propylene nitrogen oxide-sulfur dioxide system when
irradiated reacts readily to produce oxidant, formaldehyde,
acetaldehyde, carbon monoxide, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN),
and methyl nitrate, along with light scattering, and causes ozone
and Pin-type plant damage and eye irritation. Thus, all of
the major "smog" manifestations are reproducible, but not
necessarily at the intensities experienced in the ambient
atmosphere. The chemical and physical measurements of the
photooxidation of propylene-nitrogen oxide or of propylene
nitrogen oxide-sulfur dioxide over a range of reactant
concentrations, at several light intensity levels, and under
static or dynamic flow conditions are reported.. Biological
indicator measurement s will be reported in another paper.
(Authors' abstract, modified)**
03953
H. D. Bojkov and A« D. Christie
VERTICAL OZONE DISTHIBOTION OVER NEW ZEALAND. J. Atmospheric
Sci, 23, (6) 791-8, Hov. 1966.
Seasonal ozone profiles, representative of the autumn and
winter-spring periods, are computed from 20 ascents, made using
electro-chemical sensors in sondes, for Christchurch, New
Zealand. The seasonal changes between the autumn and
winter-spring seasons are discussed in terms of changes in
successive layers at different levels of the atmosphere, and are
qualitatively similar to the well authenticated changes in
nidlatitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. The seasonal profiles
at Christchurch (43S) are compared with the corresponding
vertical ozone distributions in the Northern Hemisphere, and the
results interpreted as suggesting that the vertical mass exchange
processes are more effective in the middle stratosphere in the
Southern Hemisphere during the spring ozone build up, but the
trans-tropopause exchange is greater in the Northern
Hemisphere. A sequence of profiles between 1t and 23 June is
used to estimate vertical velocities using an appropriate ozone
continuity equation and the results compared for consistency with
vertical notion inferred from the thermal profiles. (Author
abstract) **
L. A.. Kudryavaseva
EOCKETEOENE MEASUREMENTS OF VERTICAL ATHOSPHEEIC OZONE
DISTRIBUTION. U.S.S.E. Literature on Air Pollution and
C. Atmospheric Interaction 171
-------
Belated Occupational Diseases, B. S. Levine, Vol. 13.,
(Part I - Atmospheric Ozone., Results of U.S.S.R.
International Geophysical Year Studies Presented at the Oct.
28-31, 1959 Conference. Reports and Resolutions.) pp. 3-8.,
1961. Russ. (Tr.)
CFSTI: IT 66 62191
Recorded ozone data were secured by means of a spectrograph with a
tracking system mounted on a meteorological rocket; using the
method of successive approximations in processing such data the
vertical atmospheric ozone distribution was determined up to an
altitude of 2t km. Results painted to a single concentration
maximum from 21 to 23 km. In computing ozone concentrations by
a specific equation, it was established that the factor which
allowed for molecular scattering decreased rapidly with the
altitude and could be disregarded above 35 km. The correction
factor in the first approximation could be disregarded above 2U km;
it did not exceed 2% of the ozone content at 13 km. Comparison of
rocket recorded and ground made measurements indicated that ozone
concentration values were of the same order for both. (Author
conclusions} ##
01152
1. S. Gol'm
TIME-DEPENDENT VARIATIONS IN TOTAL ATMOSPHERIC OZONI OVER DIXON
IE. AND ITS CORRELATION HITH METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENTS.
D.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, B. S. Levine, Vol. 13. {Part I -
Atmospheric Ozone. Results of U..S.S.R. International
Geophysical Year Studies Presented at the Oct. 28-31, 1959
Conference. Reports and Resolutions.) pp. 28-37. 1961™
Russ. (Tr.)
CFSTI: TT 66 62191
Systematic observations of total ozone in the atmosphere of Dixon
Is. began with the delivery of a spectrophotometer equipped with
a quartz optical system. The total ozone determinations were made
using direct solar light or full moon lunar light. A brief
analysis on total atmospheric ozone was done with the following
results: Annual variation in total atmospheric ozone accorded
generally with the Bean annual variations for high latitudes. An
appreciable increase in total atmospheric ozone had been observed
during noon hours, although at times, total ozone variations
persisted during the day. Correlation of total atmospheric ozone
with tropopause height, temperature, and pressure in the upper
troposphere and lower stratosphere was most distinct during summer
months, and very weak during spring and fall.ftt
CH154
G., I. Kuznetsov
172 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
OZONE AND GENERAL ATMOSPHERE CIRCULATION. 0. S.S.R.
literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational
Diseases, B. S. levine. Vol. 13. (Part I - Atmospheric
Ozone.. Hesults of U.S.S.R. International Geophysical
Tear Studies Presented at the Oct., 28-31, 1959 Conference.
Reports and Resolutions.) pp., 57-72. 1961. Russ,, (Tr.)
CPSTI: TT 66 62191
The following subjects are discussed in this paper: Daily ozone
fluctuations; circulation index; general relationships between
ozone concentration and atmospheric circulation; speculations
concerning the mechanism of connection between atmospheric ozone
and circulation; and southern hemisphere characteristics studies.
The conclusions reached are not final, since accumulated data have
not been evaluated. It is hoped that conclusions reached may
suggest future investigation of relationships between atmospheric
ozone and weather conditions.##
01156
R. S. Steblova
ATMOSPHERIC OZONE TEMPERATURE REGIME ACCORDING TO SPECTEOSCOPIC
GROUND OBSERVATIONS. U.S.S.R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, E. S. Levice,
Vol. 13. (Part I - Atmospheric Ozone. Results of
U.S.S.R., International Geophysical Year Studies Presented
at the Oct. 28-31, 1959 Conference. Reports and Resolutions.)
pp. 86/101. 1961,. Russ. (Tr.)
CFSTI: TT 66 62191
This report discusses studies aimed at finding the correct answer
to the problems related to ozone layer temperature and the
connection between factors causing changes in ozonosphere
properties, including temperature and vertical distribution changes
in relation to lower atmospheric layers and to solar activity..
The brief preliminary experimental results presented are basically
intended for the description of observation methods.##
01158
Gn P. Gushchin
REGULARITIES IN HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION OF AND SEASONAL CHANGE
IN ATMOSPHERIC OZONE. U.S.S.B. literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, B. S- Levine,
Vol. 13. (Part I - Atmospheric Czone. Results of U.S.S.
R., International Geophysical Year studies Presented at the
Oct., 28-31, 1959 Conference. Reports and Resolution..) pp.
107-22. 1961. Russ. (Tr.)
CFSTI: TT 6662191
C. Atmospheric Interaction 173
-------
The author's purpose was to analyze the basic principles of
horizontal ozone distribution and its seasonal changes from
observed data and, to study basic factors and their interactions
which determined the mean and instantaneous horizontal ozone
distributions. The mean horizontal distribution of total
atmospheric ozone can be defined by two basic factors: solar
radiation and turbulent diffusion. The pattern of instantaneous
horizontal atmospheric total ozone distribution was associated
closely with high-altitude baric fields and, in particular, with
jet streams. Naturally, principles which governed latitudinal
jet stream distribution can also affect the average pattern of
horizontal ozone distribution.##
014159
A. S. Britaev and A. P. Kuznetsov
CONNECTION BETSEEN ATMOSPHERIC CZCNI AND METEOROLOGICAL
CONDITIONS. D.S.SoE. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, E. S. Levine, Vol. 13,,
(Part I - Atmospheric Ozone. Results of U.S.S.R.
International Geophysical Tear Studies Presented at the
Oct. 28-31, 1959 Conference. Reports and Besolutions.J pp.
123-6. 1961. Puss- (Tr.,(
CFSTI: TT 6662191
Atmospheric ozone and its relation to atmospheric physical
processes can be used in investigating basic factors which form
weather and govern the sun°s effect on our planet. The
relationship between ozone and horizontal air advection has been
investigated. Author reviews briefly work undertaken following
this subject,. He concludes that vertical currents constitute a
basic factor which regulates the amount of atmospheric ozone.
This conclusion is compatible with data obtained by other
investigators and the material presented leads to the conclusion
that the relationship between ozone fluctuations and meteorological
conditions can be expressed primarily in terms of horizontal and
vertical atmospheric current. ##
01161
A. Kh. Khrgian and G. I. Kuznetsov
DIURNAL COURSE OF ATMOSPHERIC OZONE.
Literature on fiir Pollution and Related Occupational Dis-
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases
eases. Bo S. Levine, Vol. 13. (Part I - Atmospheric Ozone.,
Results of D.S.S.R. International Geophysical Year Studies
Presented at the Oct. 28-31, 1959 Conference. Reports and
Eesolutions.,) pp. 132-3. 1961. Russ. (Tr.J
Author tried to determine magnitudes of diurnal ozone changes
from observation data of several IGY observatories. The most
reliable and comprehensive data were obtained by the Vigma-di-
174 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Valle observatory, and the less detailed, although still reliable,
by the Reikjavik observatory. The frequently occurring
nonperiodic diurnal ozone concentration changes should be
attributed primarily to atmospheric movements, and possibly to
observation errors. However, calculations of mean values (x) for
individual hours during any season enable the investigator to
distinguish systematic diurnal ozone content variations.##
0«163
G. P. Gushchin
CAUSES OF RAPID SINTER TEMPERAT0BE VARIATIONS IB THE ARCTIC
STRATOSPHERE. U.S.S.B. literature on Air Pollution and
Belated Occupational Diseases, B. S. Levine, Vol. 13.
(Part II - Atmospheric Ozone. Data Presented at the Hay
21-23, 1963 Conference on Atmospheric Ozone.) pp. 113-63. 1965.
RusSo (Tr.)
CFS1I: TT 66-62191
The observed zonal circulation in the stratosphere was more
regular in the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern
Hemisphere. Therefore, intrusions of warm ozone-rich
stratospheric air masses into the polar region were unlikely in
the Southern Hemisphere during winter, indicating that the
Antarctic received ozone frcn loser latitudes to a lesser degree
than did the Arctic, thereby affecting the mean ozone
distribution meridionally; less ozone was found over the South
Pole than over the North Pole. It should also be noted that in
the above-compiled calculations no allowance was made for
cloudiness and for ice cover. Generally, the foregoing indicated
that the radiative and turbulence processes and, in particular,
atmospheric ozone played an important role in the complex
phenomenon of stratospheric heating. However, these
processes fail to explain the total complexity of the discussed
phenomenon; problems of its dynamics and the possibility of solar
activity effect on these processes still remain unexplained.##
0<416«
A. Kh. Khrgian and G. I. Kuznetsov
SOHE RESULTS OF OZONE OBSERVATIONS HADE 15 FEBRUARY 1961
CORING A TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE. DoS.S.H. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, E. S. Levine,
Vol. 13. {Part II - Atmospheric Ozone- Data Presented at
the May 21-23, 1963 Conference on Atmospheric Ozone.) pp. 16t-
9. 1965. Huss.
-------
conducted on board a search-plane. The point was located along
the path of total solar eclipse. The search plane executed 20-
min forward and reverse flights along the total solar eclipse belt
on a base of approximately 70 km and at a 3000 m height.
Observations were made through open illuminators on the port and
starboard sides of the plane. A filter-equipped universal GGO
(Government Geophysical Observatory) ozonometer was used.
The filter band centers were at: I—3120ra and II—3700A.
The instrument was calibrated at the GGO by means of a Dobson
spectrophotometer. Ozone content was determined from nomograms
computed for the corresponding flight altitudes.##
01165
I. M. Dolgin and G. D. Karimova
EFFECT OF CIBC0LATION CONDITIONS ON THE DIS1EIBDTION OF TOTAL
OZONE IN THE ARCTIC. UoS.S-R. literature on Air Pollution
and Related Occupational Diseases, B. S. Levine, Vol. 13.
(Part II - Atmospheric Ozone- Data Presented at the Hay
21-23, 1963 Conference on Atmospheric Ozone..) pp., 170-7. 1965.
Buss. (Tr.J
CFSTI: Tl 6662191
The following relationships were established by calculations of
total ozone deviations from the mean of different types of synoptic
processes over Dixon Is- Greatest deviations in the ozone
content (+ 0.026 cm) occurred under cyclonic conditions over the
Dixon ISo region, resulting from the C-type circulation. Under
similar synoptic conditions, induced by W-type circulation, ozone
content deviations amounted to a mere + 0-002 cm; deviation in
ozone content was intermediate in the case of E-type circulation™
Ozone content deviation was small for all circulation types and
did not exceed -0.012 cm for the E-type circulation under
anticyclonic conditions even in the Dixon Is. Region- The
authors' conclusions were based on a limited volume of
materials for a summer period when synoptic processes in the
Arctic were less intense. The results must be considered as of
preliminary nature, and incomplete for the solution of the
problem., However, the observations in conjunction with similar
observations by others point to the need of continued efforts in
this direction.i#
04166
Kh. P. Pogosyan and A. A. Pavlovskaya
CHARACTERISTICS OF WINTER AND SUHHEH AIR CIECOLATION IN THE
NORTHERN HEMISPHERE STRATOSPHERE. D.S.S.B. Literature on
Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, E» S.
levine. Vol., 13. (Part II - Atmospheric Ozone. Data
Presented at the (lay 21-23, 1963 Conference on Atmospheric
Ozone,.) pp. 177-85. 1965, Buss- (Tr.)
CFSTI: IT 6662191
176 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
The basic reasons for differences in the nature of stratospheric
processes during winter and summer are: During winter, between
the intermediate and high stratosphere latitude, the horizontal
temperature gradient increases with height, the temperature
contrast increases, winds become intensified, and in the 50-70
degree region at heights from 25 to 35 km, attain velocities of
lO-SOm/sec. Wind velocities above the tropopause decrease during
summer becoming easterly with height; at 25 to 35 km in the region
(50-70 degree), the winds normally do not exceed 10-15 7/sec.
Consequently, horizontal and vertical air circulation intensity
in the lower stratosphere increase with height during winter and
decrease during summer. Stratospheric processes which occur
during winter and summer exhibit an incomparably higher activity
than those which occur during summer and fall. It also explains
the frequent temperature increases in the stratosphere during
winter and at the beginning of spring, which are completely
unrelated to the radiative air heating.##
01167
I. K- Karol1
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF OBSEBVED FLANETABY DISTRIBUTIONS
OF OZONE AND CEETAIH BADIOISOTOPES IN THE ATHOSPHEBE.,
O.S.S..B. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, B. S. Levine, Vol. 13. {Part II -
Atmospheric Ozone. Data Presented at the May 21-23, 1963
Conference on Atmospheric Ozone.) pp. 185-205. 1965 Buss.
(Tr.)
CISTI: TT 6662191
The relationship between observed meridional distribution of and
seasonal changes in total atmospheric ozone and the world-wide
distribution of radioactive fallout due to nuclear explosions was
noted in 1956. Records of such observations contain no detailed
analysis or comparison of existing ozone data with radioactive
debris in the atmosphere. The present study represents an attempt
to analyze and compare data published on meridional and
vertical distributions of mean monthly ozone concentrations in
relation to some radioisotopes released by giant nuclear
explosions in the troposphere and lower stratosphere of the
northern hemisphere™ Results of the analysis should be helpful
in arriving at some preliminary gualitative conclusions regarding
the nature of world-wide ozone and fallout distribution in the
atmosphere and on the special characteristics of universal
atmospheric movements.ft
01168
I. A. Govorushkin
BESULTS OF 1962 ATHOSPHEEIC OZONE OBSEBVATIONS IN OMSK IK
JDXTAPOSI1ION HITH SOME BETEOBOICGICAL ELEMENTS.
D.S.S.E. Literature on Air Pollution and Belated
Occupational Diseases, B. S. Levine Vol., 13. (Part II -
C. Atmospheric Interaction 177
-------
Atiospheric Ozone- Data Presented at the May 21-23, 1963
Conference on Atmospheric Ozone,.) pp. 205-12. 1965. Buss-
-------
distributions along a meridional cross section extending from the
Canal Zone to Greenland. A brief statistical analysis
indicates that approximately 35 to 50 percent of the variance
in the total ozone aaount at middle and high latitudes is given
by the fluctuations in ozone density in the 11- to 13-km or 13- to
15-kn layers. (Author abstract)f*
01335
I. A. Bipperton
EFFECT OP LOCAL HETEOHOLOGICAL AND CLIHATOLOGICAL FACTOBS ON THE
BESPONSE TO JIB POLLUTION. Eroc. Am. Power Conf. 27, 123-5,
Apr. 19*65. (Presented at the 27th Annual Heeting, American
Pcver Conference, Chicago, 111., Apr,, 27-29, 1965.}
An objection is raised against the manner by which air quality
standards are derived. It is contended that meteorological and
climatological factors which influence the action of airborne
chemicals Bust be considered. The effects of temperature, wind,
humidity, pressure and sunlight are discussed. It is concluded
that these local factors, in addition to the effect of mixtures of
pollutants, will have to be taken into account if fair judgments
are to be made on air quality standards.f#
01355
J., B. Harrington, Jr.,
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION BY AEBOLLEBGENS: KETEOBOLOGICAL
PHASE. (FINAL BEPOBT) VOI. II. ATBOSPHEBIC DIFFUSION
OF RAGWEED POLLEH IS DBBAN ABEAS: TEXT. VOL- III. TABLES.
Thesis (Ph.D.} Michigan Oniv. , Ann Arbor, Dept., of
Meteorology and Oceanography DBA Proj. 06342, Nov. 1965.
629p.,
The poisoning of the atmosphere by biological materials
constitutes a serious health hazard- It is estimated that 18 to
27 million Americans suffer fro» asthma and hayfever caused by
ragweed pollen alone. Computation of the concentration of
ragweed pollen over an urban area reguires a satisfactory
mathematical model, a knowledge of the appropriate parameter values
and boundary conditions and a method of solution which does not
require overly restrictive assumptions. A technique for
predicting the concentration of ragweed F°Hen within an urban area
and the comparatively relative contributions to that
concentration form internal and external sources is developed
in this study.ft
OU161
Du Goloiib, No «. Bosenberg, C., Aharonian, J. A. F..
Bill, and H. L. Alden
C. Atmospheric Interaction 179
-------
OXYGEN ATOH DETERMINATION IN THE CPPEB ATMOSPHERE E¥
CHEBILUMINESCENCE OF NITRIC OXIDE. J., Geophys., Ees., 70,
(5) 1155-73, Bar., 1, 1965.
Atomic oxygen density profiles in the 90-140 km altitude region
have been obtained by analyzing the radiation intensity of
chemiluminous nitric oxide trails deposited by rockets into the
upper atmosphere., The trails consist of a very bright headglow
and a dinner afterglow. The headglow is believed to originate in
the mixing zone around the NO jet expanding into the atmosphere.,
A gasdynamic model is given defining the reaction volume and time
for the NO-0 reaction in the headglow. Oxygen atom densities
are evaluated by applying the gasdynamic model to the radiation
intensity of the headglow. The resulting altitude profiles
indicate maximum oxygen atom densities in the 103-107 km region,tt
04527
I. fl. Donahue
IONOSPHEBIC BEACTIOH HATES IN THE LIGHT OF EECENT MEASUREMENTS
IN THE IONOSPHEBE AND THE LABOBSTOBY. Planetary Space Sci.,
11, 33-48, 1966.
An attempt is made to obtain a set of ion-molecule reaction rates
and recombination coefficients consistent with recent mass
spectrometric data obtained between 120 and 220 km. It is found
that the daytime ionospheric data at 130 km are explicable in terms
of the processes all in good agreement with the most recent
laboratory data.. To account for the ion densities at higher
altitudes it is known that many rates must have strong temperature
dependences. In particular the 0 (plus) removal rates cannot
increase with temperature and the N2(plus), 0 ion-atom
interchange rate must decrease with increasing temperature. The
recombination coefficient for NC (plus) decreases with electron
temperature, while that for 02 -{plus) decreases more slowly, and
that for N2 (pins) probably decreases very slowly with
temperature,. To account for the nightime ionosphere with the
reaction rates implied by the daytime data there must be weak
sources of ionization above 180 km and below 140 km with rates of
the order of 5-10 ion pairs/cc. The data also indicate that 02
(plus) NO charge exchange must be very rapid with a rate of the
order of 5x10 to the -10th power cc/sec. (Author abstract
modified) ##
C4548
D. B. Turner
1ILATICNSHIPS BETWEEN 24-HOUE HEAN AIR QUALITY MEASUREKFKTS
AND ME1EOEOLCGICAL EACTOBS IN NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 11, (10) 483-9, Oct. 1961.,
(Presented at the 54th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, New York City, June 11-15, 1961.)
180 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
This study was undertaken to determine hov well daily city-Hide
air quality measurements can be related to some easily obtained
meteorological parameters affecting source strength, dilution, and
dispersion of pollutants. As part of the Community Air
Pollution Study in Nashville, Tennessee, 24-hour air quality
measurements of sulfur dioxide and soiling index were made at 32
locations in the urban area. It may be concluded that the
meteorological variables of temperature, wind speed, and stability
are sell related to the sulfur dioxide concentrations and soiling
indices. A system for classifying stability on an hourly basis
for research in air pollution is provided in an appendix,, ##
OU677
G. H. Hidy J. B. Brock
PHOTOPHORESIS AND THE DESCENT OF PARTICLE-S INTO THE LOWER
STRATOSPHERE. Jo Geophys. Bes. 72, (2) 455-60, Jan. 15,
1967. "
Calculations are presented for the photophoretic force acting
on an opague spherical particle moving in the free molecule
regime. The theoretical results are used to estimate the time
of descent of small particles from high levels of an idealized
stagnant atmosphere to the lower stratosphere. The theory
indicates that a difference in settling timesshould exist between
nonmetallic particles of low thermal conductivity and metal
particles of higher conductivity.. Despite such differences,
the estimated descent times, for example, of 0., 1-micron
radius particles ranging from conductivities of 0.0008 to 0.08
cal/(sec cm deg K), traveling from 100 to 20 km altitude, remains
approximately the same, the order of 1000 days.. The
photophoretic effect on particles of low conductivity can become
appreciably below 30 km altitude. Nevertheless, this force
does not appear to contribute significantly to decreasing the
total time required for material to settle from very high
altitude to the lower stratosphere. (Author abstract)##
01866L
Arthur, H. and A- Beiser
METHODS OF PROMOTING THE BEMOVJI OF FEE! ELECTRONS FROM AN
IONIZED &ND DISSOCIATED ATMOSPHERE. Nuclear Research
Associates, long Island City, N. Y., (Nra Sept.
113-aOO-t.) (Rept. AFCBL-63-380 and DASA MIPS 55«-61.) June
1963. 25 pp.
This is the final report of a study of methods of promoting the
removal of free electrons from an ionized and dissociated
atmosphere. It included an analysis of the atomic and ionic
processes relevant to the above and a quantitative assessment of
the various possible means for removal of free electrons from such
an atmosphere, including estimates of time scales, efficiencies,
and power requirements.##
C. Atmospheric Interaction
-------
04977
H., Neuberger H. Gutnick
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE
PERSISTENCE OF FOG. Proc. Natl. air Pollution Symp.,
1st, Pasadena, Calif., 1949. pp. 90-6..
Fog characteristics were determined by the measurement of
transmitted light through artificial fog. Considering the time
necessary for various fogs to dissipate completely, a
continuous increase in fog duration was found with increasing
air pollution. The concentration of condensation nuclei
was considered a criterion of the degree of air pollution. The
effects of electric charge on nuclei were studied. Although fog
density was only slightly influenced by the quality of
combustion, the fog duration was greatly increased by poorer
combustion. Also studied were the relationships between nuclei
concentration, decay tine, percent light transmission, and the
size and number of droplets in fog.*#
04987
H. D. Thomas
THE PRESENT STATUS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION FOE THE
STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION. Proc. Natl. Air Pollution Symp.,
2nd, Pasadena, Calif., 1952., pp. 16-23.
Numerous instruments are discussed for the study of
sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, other sulfur-
containing gases, hydrogen fluoride, smog gases, particulate
matter, wind, and other meteorological parameters.#S
C4988
E., D. Cadle H. S. Johnston
CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN LOS ANGELES SMOG. Proc. Natl,, Air
Pollution Symp,,, 2nd, Pasadena, Calif., 1952. pp. 28-34.
Chemical reactions in smog are either reactions between two
or more man-introduced contaminants or between an impurity
and the natural components of the atmosphere. This paper
discusses (1) certain well-known reactions which must certainly
occur, (2) experiments to determine the nature of other reactions
expected to occur under conditions which exist in the Los
Angeles atmosphere, and (3) speculations about seme reactions
which may occur. Several investigators have discussed
certain types of reactions which possibly occur in smog.
Haagen-Srcit has suggested that reaction products of olefins with
ozone and oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight are
responsible for some of the unpleasant properties of smog.
182 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Johnstone has discussed the oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur
trioxide in the atmosphere, which Mould result in the
formation of a mist of sulfuric acid. Blacet has proposed several
photochemical reactions which could contribute to the ozone
content of smog; in particular, he considered photoactivation
and photolysis of nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and
aldehydes.f#
CH991
P. Eo Church
SOME NEH DEVELOPMENTS IN MICHOMETEOHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE
ATMOSPHERE- Proc. Natl. Sir Pollution Symp., 2nd,
Pasadena, Calif., 1952. pp. H7-53.
The following studies are considered incoming radiation at
Seattle; concentration of pollution from filters; temperature
distribution in turbid air; nightime cold layer; small-scale air
motions; frequency and magnitude of lapse rates; and dew-point
gradients,##
05034
&. V. Borisov
THE SIBERIAN SHORE HAZE OF 1959. Priroda (5) 65-56, May 1961.
Buss. (Tr.) (Translated as JPRS 14250}
The extensive redaction in visibility in mid-July 1959 is
reviewed. The source of the reduction in direct solar radiation
and the increase in the percentage of scattered radiation was
smoke from a forest fire.##
05055L
G. B. Spindler
RESULTS OF THE NITRIC OXIDE SEEDING FROGBAH. Canadian
Armament Research and Developnent Establishment, Valcartier,
Canada. Sept. 1965. 8« pp. (CAFDE Technical Kept. No.
538/65.,)
Observations on a series of nitric oxide releases in the
E-Region are described. As a result of these observations,
changes are suggested in the current kinetic theory of the NO - 0
reaction and a new reaction model is presented. It is proposed
that the SO - 0 reaction, at least at E-Region pressures, is
biaolecular and, in line with the findings of other experimenters,
that the effective rate constant there may be faster than the
value obtained for this reaction in the laboratory. Atomic oxygen
profiles for two different latitudes are presented as well as
C. Atmospheric Interaction 183
-------
evidence for a latitude effect on the profiles. The
altitude at which atmospheric flew changes from turbulent to
laminar is also different at these two latitudes. It is
probable that atomic oxygen concentration drops sharply below 80
km, but above the peak of the profile, concentration falls with a
first decadic scale height of 11 km, in agreement with
photochemical theory. Observations OD the wind-distorted
luminous trail show a strong wind shear present in each case near
100 km., (Author abstract) ##
05085
G, F,, Schilling
COMMENTS ON "THE SECULAR INCREASE OF THE WORLD-HIDE FINE PARTICLE
POLLUTION ". Band Corp., , Santa Monica, Calif. (1964} 7 pp.
Shipboard measurements of atmospheric conductivity away from land
should be a valid indication of the magnitude of an persistent
degree of radio-active contamination of the air itself. It can be
reliably inferred from Sunn's {1964J results that any radioactive
contamination of the free air had indeed by May 1962 returned
to such small values that it was not detectable as a secular
increase in the electrical conductivity. This should have been
the case again, following the last series of nuclear explosions
in the atmosphere in 1962., ##
05087
H. S. Spicer, Jr.
AIR POLLUTION AND METE050LOGIC FACTORS (EFFECTS ON NOBMAL
SUBJECTS AND PATIENTS WITH RESPIRATCBY DISEASE).. Arch.
Environ. Health T*, (1) 185-8, Jan. 1967 (Presented at the
Eighth Annual American Medical Association Sir Pollution
Medical Research Conference, Los Angeles, Mar. 2-1, 1966.)
Small groups of normal subjects and diseased individuals were
monitored physiologically with the expectation that patterns of
respiratory functional variations, which are common to groups of
subjects, may become apparent; that the nature of these patterns
may give an indication as to the identity, intensity, and duration
of the stimuli and physiologic responses; and that this may lead
to the physiologic grouping of certain individuals which may allow
the detection of a segment of the population which is
particularly susceptible to acquiring chronic obstructive
respiratory disease. Subjects were studied predominantly with
the whole body pressure plethsmograph and spirometer« In a group
of young adults, respiratory function varied between October and
May; this variation resembled a single cycle with poorest
function occurring in February to March; the vast majority of
these subjects underwent parallel changes in function,
maintaining the same physiologic position one to another from
study to study; and, after correction of intergroup differences.
184 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
these respiratory functional changes correlated significantly,
ana best, with temperature so that airway resistance increased
as temperature decreased,##
05205
H. Nicolet
IONOSPHERIC PROCESSES AND NITRIC OXIDE. Pennsylvania State
Dniv,,, University Park, Dept. of Electrical Engineering
(Scientific Sept. No. 228.J (Rept. No. AFCHL-64-9U8.)
Dec. 20, 196«. 29 pp.,
Analysis of ionic processes in the ionosphere leads to the
conclusion that nitric oxide and its ion are produced by a
reaction between nitrogen molecules and molecular oxygen ions.
Such a process implies a substantial increase of NO in the E
layer to a value greater than the photochemical concentration. In
the lower D region, N plus 2 and 0 plus 2 ions produced by
cosmic rays are transformed into NO plus ions. A quantitative
estimate shows that these conclusions are consistent with
observational data in the chemosphere and ionosphere and also
suggests the explanation of the night airglow continuum. (Author
abstract)##
05228
Jo J. Fuguay
NATURAL REMOVAL PROCESSES IN THE ATMOSPHERE. Hanford Labs.,
Sichland, Wash. 1963. 16 pp. (Kept. No. HH-SA-31
-------
PRECIPITATION POTENTIALS IN A HOHOGENEOUS AEHOSOL. J.
Colloid Sci. 23, (1) 52-61, 1967.
Aerosol particles immersed in an ionized environment, accumulate
through ionic diffusion free electrical charges that control a
number of fundamental aerosol characteristics. The distribution
of free charges among the aerosol particles has been worked out.
It is assumed that ion production is just balanced by the
consumption due to recombination between the ions plus ion
diffusion onto the aerosol particles. This permits a calculation
of the positive and negative light ion conductivity ratio in the
environmental air. This ratio, in turn, determines the magnitude
of the particle free charge averaged with respect to sign. The
analysis leads to useful expressions for the electrical
conductivity within the aerosol space- The foregoing estimates
permit a determination of the free electrical charges per unit tine
and per unit area transferred toward the earth by gravity. This
charge transfer by precipitation establishes an electric field
that builds up to an equilibrium which produces, in turn, a
reversed ionic current. The intensity of the generated electric
field is determined from aerosol constants and the derived basic
relationships. The potentials established by the charge transfer
process are calculated by integrating the electric field between
limits set by the applicable geometry. The potential differences
in a stable nonprecipitating clcud may be thousands of volts.
Numerical values for five different typical aerosol clouds are
tabulated to illustrate the principal properties of such clouds and
the scope of this investigation. (Author's abstract)##
05282
B. A. HcCormick
ATMOSPHEBIC TURBIDITY.. Preprint. (Presented at the 60th
Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-16, 1967, Paper No. 67-32.)
The optical effects of air pollutants which determine atmospheric
turbidity are reviewed and methods currently utilized for turbidity
measurements are outlined. The utility of such data for
characterizing the aerosol loadings of urban pollution envelopes is
discussed. Implications are drawn with respect to the
significance of a suspected secular trend in atmospheric
turbidity as it may affect the heat balance of the earth-atmosphere
system. (Author abstract) f #
05451
K. Kato
IONS IN AIB., IONS AND METEOROLOGY. (LECTURE 2) . Kuki
Seijo (Clean Air-J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo)
1(1) 19-56, 196«. Jap.
186 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Ions are produced when a metal surface is irradiated with light
of a certain wavelength, when ultraviolet rays pass through gas,
when water drops break up in a gas according to the Lenard effect,
or when radiation passes through air. Cosmic rays also ionize
air. One of the characteristics of the ions is their mobility,
expressed as K = D/E, where 0 = average velocity of the ion
and E = electric field strength. K was measured using a
concentric cylinder. The mathematiclal derivation of K using
this cylinder is given. Both antcmatic and non-automatic ion
counters are described and schematic diagrams given. Since ions
affect health, the daily change in the quantity of ions formed is
given with data gathered at lida-Shi, Nagano-Ken, and
Tanashi-Cho, Tokyo. The relationship between ion concentration
and temperature is explained. The number of ions produced
depends a great deal on weather. The size and kinds of rain
drops influence the number of both positive and negative ions.
Hhen visibility is reduced, the concentration of small ions is
also usually reduced. A higher concentration of small ions is
generally found on a clear day.ft*
05459
Shafrin, Yu. A.
FUNDAMENTALS OF THE STATISTICAL METHOD OF SOLVING THE INVERSE
PROBLEM OF OZONE HEASDREMENT. Atmospheric Oceanic Phys. {English
Translation), 2<11}:710-5, 1966. Euss. (Tr.)
A mathematical validation of the statistical method of computing
the thermal, conservative, and dynamic characteristics of the
atmosphere from data based on the ozone concentrations from 10
North American ground stations is presented. The basic difficulty
in interpreting ozononetric data is overcome if the nonperiodic and
short periodic disturbances from unknown causes and discharges are
eliminated. Satellite ozonometry has the advantage of giving within
a few hours a simultaneous indication of the global ozone field.
Interpretation of the ozorometric data could provide an aid in the
synoptic short-term and mathematical long-term weather forcasting.
05171
A. A.. Townsend
BIND AND THE FORMATION OH INVERSION. Atmos. Environ. 1, (2)
173-5, Mar. 1967.
The author presents his views on the formation of nocturnal
inversions to provide a theory for discussion since there
is no general agreement regarding the conditions that permit
their growth and persistence. These layers of stably-stratified
air near the ground have considerable influence on the
diffusion and transport of pollution. While it is obvious that
the surface wind is light or negligible, it is not necessary
during an inversion that the wind over the top of the inversion
C. Atmospheric Interaction 187
-------
be unusually small. The wind over a nocturnal inversion is
comparable with the maximum surface wind of the preceding day,
and values up to 15 meters/second are likely. The suppression
of turbulence is based on the removal of solar heating and a
cooling of the ground which reverses the convective flux of
sensible heat within a layer whose depth increases with time
at a rate comparable with friction velocity. For an
inversion layer to last over several days, no considerable
quantity of solar radiation may reach the surface and in
consequence, the radiative cooling of the ground is prevented.
Without a downward heat-flux into the ground, the mechanism for
suppressing outbreaks of wind will not operate, and over
level terrain, the surface wind will be near the gradient
wind. In valleys the acceleration may be prevented by tilting
of isothermal surfaces.t#
05H82
A. F. Hidalgo C. Orr, Jr..
HYSTEBESIS IN SMOG AND FOG DISAPPEARANCE (FINAL BEPT- JUNE 1,
1964-SEPT. 31, 1966)., Georgia Inst. of Tech., Atlanta,
Engineering Experiment Station. (Sept. 31, 1966.) 224 pp.
The behavior of an artificial fog produced by the
adsorption of water vapor upon Nad nuclei in the Aitken range,
i.e., from 0.01 to 0«1 micron in diameter was studied. The object
was to obtain information on the size of particulates as a
function of relative humidity following a given time lapse after
equilibrium humidity was achieved. Special emphasis was given
to a determination of the relative humidity at which supersaturated
solution droplets nucleate and crystallize as a function of the
time delay. An ion counter affords a satisfactory technique
for studying the homogeneous nucleation of solutions. Hysteresis
as encountered in the disappearance of an aerosol of NaC1
solution droplets is a function clearly dependent on the
residence time of the aerosol after achieving equilibrium
relative humidity conditions. The interfacial tension between a
NaC1 nucleus of crystallization and the mother liquid phase is
estimated to be 12.9 ergs per cm2 at a solution concentration
9.0 molal. Estimations of the embryo critical size range
from 31 A at a solution concentration 6.5 molal to 5 A at 8.5
molal. These sizes appear to be low, although the values are
of the correct order of magnitude. Droplets of a given size and
concentration undergo nucleation in accordance with a log-normal
function of time. Besults obtained suppor t the position that
hysteresis in the disappearance of natural fogs, especially in
the absence of organic atmospheric contamination, is controlled
by homogeneous nucleation. Estimations of the properties
of supersaturated solution a of potassium chloride by means of a
guided extrapolation of experimental osomotic coefficients
give results that agree very well with the available fragmentary
vapor pressure data,##
188 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
05533
Rltshuller, ft. P., S. L. Kopczynski, »„ Lonneman, and
D. Hilson
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIVITIES OF EXHAUSTS FEOM 1966 HOEEL
ADTOHOBILES EQUIPPED TO EEBDCE HYDHOCABBON EMISSIONS. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., 17(11}:734-737, Nov. 1967.
(Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-16, 1967, Paper 67-6.)
In the summer of 1966, some automobiles from the Cincinnati phase
of the GSA study were used in an irradiation chamber study to
evaluate the photochemical air pollution potential of
representative models of equipped and unequipped automobiles.
Only one set of automobiles, the unequipped Chevelles, produced
exhaust capable under irradiation of forming significant levels of
oxidant and PAN. Neither the equipped Chevelles nor any of the
Fords or Plymouths, whether equipped or unequipped, produced
exhaust having the characteristics necessary to form oxidant or
PAN upon irradiation. The eye irradiation level reported by the
panel upon irradiation of exhaust from unequipped Chevelles was
much higher than that produced by the irradiated exhausts from any
of the other types of automobiles. Overall, there does appear to
be some small improvement with respect to eye irritation in
comparing equipped automobiles with unequipped automobiles. To a
large extent, the improvement in the air pollution potential of
exhausts from equipped Chevelles compared to the unequipped
Chevelles can be attributed to the reduction in the hydrocarbon to
nitrogen oxide ratio. The irradiated exhaust from equipped
Chevelles, except for aldehyde levels, is about the same in
photochemical air pollution potential as are the exhausts from
unequipped Fords and Plymouths. Such irradiation chamber
measurements are related to exhaust reactivities. Hydrocarbon
reactivities can be obtained by direct measurement of reactive and
nonreactive hydrocarbons in the automotive emissions.*#
05575
G. P. Larson, J. B. Taylor, and W. J. Hamming
STUDIES OF POLLUTION LEVELS IN BEIATION TO AIB MOVEMENT IN THE
LOS ANGELES ATMOSPHERE., Proc. Natl. Air Pollution Syrnp- ,
3rd, Pasadena, Calif., 1955. pp. 33-42.
Samples were collected in dustfall jars from a large number of
stations in the Los Angeles Basin. The results are plotted in
tons per square mile for S02, salt, total dustfall, and water
insoluble solids- The results of a nitrogen dioxide survey are
also plotted showing surface trajectories for air, cross sections,
and area distribution. Subsequent to these studies, 50 wind
stations were established throughout the basin making it possible
to demonstrate the effects of two separate source areas on
adjoining areas. To determine the variations that could occur
C. Atmospheric Interaction 189
-------
during smoggy periods when one source area might influence the
other, the variations in air flew trajectory were studied. CO,
nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons were measured hourly at several
locations in both areas. The oxidation of hydrocarbons to produce
eye irritation was also studied. These investigations illustrated
the importance of relating the air movement to the sources of
pollution, in order to anticipate influences that may be effected
in the surrounding areas., ##
05576
B. Stair
THE SPECTBAI BADIANT ENEBGY FEOH THE SUN THBOUGH VARYING CEGEEES
OF SMOG AT LOS ANGELES. Proc. Natl« Air Pollution Symp.,
3rd, Pasadena, Calif.,, pp.. 48-55 (1955)
Studies have indicated that ozone and/or combinations of the
oxides of nitrogen as well as a number of other compounds are
present in deleterious amounts in the Los Angeles smog. The
present research was set up to examine the possibility of
determining the amount of these or other pollutants present, in
terms of their ultraviolet, visible or near infrared absorption
spectra. In connection with the evaluation of the spectral
distribution of the radiant energy from the sun, a
spectro-radiometer had been set up. Data on the spectral radiant
energy from the sun were available for two stations having clear
atmospheres free from smog. Similar measurements within the Los
Angeles area were compared with these previous data to display
selective spectral absorption characteristics of some of the
pollutants present in significant amount in the smog«#t
05683
Dmitriev, B« T.
SOME PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PBOCESSES IK AIB CAUSED EY IONIZING
BADIATION. Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (English Transl.)
1 <3) , 179-81 (Bar. 1965). Puss.. (Tr.)
A study was made of the physical and chemical processes which are
of geophysical interest. In order to simplify the presentation,
only the data which bear on the components of air are given. Some
physical and chemical process in air such as ionization, molecule
dissociation, production of ozone, nitric oxides and carbon dioxide
caused by ionizing radiation and in particular by nuclear
processes, are analyzed. The data obtained can be used to evaluate
the effeciency of different ionizing radiations in the atmosphere.
05711
E. Hesstvedt
190 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIOANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
ON THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOME HYDHOGES COMPONENTS IN THE
MESOSPHEHE AND LOWER THEBMOSPHERI. Tellus (Uppsala} 17 (3)
311-9 (Aug., 1965}.
On the basis of a photochemical oxygen-hydrogen atmosphere
model, the concentrations of OH, H02, H20 and H were
computed as a function of height, latitude and season. The
computations were made for two values of the hydrogen-air mixing
ratio, differing by a factor of about 100. Atomic hydrogen was
found to be the major hydrogen constituent above about 85 Jem,
while water vapor takes up almost all hydrogen at levels below
about 85 km. In the shallow layer between these two regimes
molecular hydrogen enters as the aajor hydrogen component. The
seasonal and latitudinal variation was found to be relatively
small. The effect of the air notion is discussed. An ascent of
1 cn/s near the high latitude summer mesopause seems to be
necessary to keep the moisture content high enough for ice clouds
to form. {Author abstract)ft
05801
Chambers, L. A. and Mader, P, P.
SOME PROPERTIES AND RELATIONSHIPS OF ETHER SOLUBLE ORGANIC
PARTICULATES IS THE LOS ANGELES ATMOSPHERE. Proc. Air Pollution
Control Assoc., Semi-Ann. Tech,, Conf., San Francisco, Calif., 1957.
pp. 273-81.,
Attention has been drawn to the possible relationship between the
organic aerosols observable in Los Angeles atmosphere and the eye
irritants and reduced visibility characteristic of the local air
pollution problem,, While no intensive study of the nature of the
aerosols, or of the conditions of their formation, or their exact
relationship to other smog circumstances was maintained, members of
a research staff have made sporadic studies of the
amounts, and superficial chemical properties, of the organic
particulates and have speculated on their possible role in smog and
its more obvious effects. A more systematic analysis of the
temporal variation in organic aerosols has resulted in sufficient
accumulation of data to permit statistical correlation with eye
irritation, atmospheric transparency, and other factors related to
air pollution. While the facts available, as discussed in this
document, are insufficient to establish many firm conclusions, they
are provocative enough to justify the present summarization, and
should stimulate much more extensive and detailed consideration of
the properties of organic aerosols as related to smog.
05810
H. J. Pilat and Rn J. Charlson
THEORETICAL AND OPTICAL STUDIES OF HUMIDITY EFFECTS ON THE SIZE
DISTRIBUTION OF A HYGROSCOPIC AEROSOL. ((J» Rech.
Atmospheriques (France) 2, 165-70 (1966).
C. Atmospheric Interaction 191
-------
The effect of humidity upon the light scattering coefficient and
correspondingly the size, of a NaCl aerosol was calculated and
observed., The aerosol radius was calculated as a function of
relative humidity using a physical adsorption eguation for the
solid NaCl particles and a combination of Etaoulf's law and the
Kelvin eguation for the liguid solution droplets. The Rayleigh
eguation was used to calculate the ratio of the scattering
coefficient at some humidity to the scattering coefficient at
zero humidity., The predicted increase in the ratio of scattering
coefficients is between one and two orders of magnitude for the
phase transition of a solid salt particle to a saturated solution
droplet, which agrees favorably with the ratio optically measured
with an integrating nephelometer. (Authors' abstract)#t
05817
E. B. Stephens
THE BEACTIONS OF AUTO EXHAUST IN SUNLIGHT. Preprint.
(Presented at a Session of the Conf. Air Pollution Research
on "Atmospheric Reactions of Constituents of Motor Vehicle
Exhaust," Los Angeles, Calif., Dec- 5, 1961.,)
when auto exhaust is diluted with air and exposed to sunlight
chemical changes take place which lead to a variety of noxious
products. Among these are eye irritants, plant toxicants, and
aerosols. These effects can also be observed when dilute
mistures of hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide with
air are irradiated. A number of the noxious products have been
identified.. Ozone and a new series of compounds called the
peroxyacyl nitrates (PAH) are the principal plant toxicants
formed by this reaction* The various members of the PAN family
are powerful eye irritants as are the formaldehyde and acrolein
produced in this oxidation reaction. The formation of products
such as PAH and alkyl nitrate indicates the presence of organic
free radicals since these compounds most probably arise through the
reactions of the appropriate radicals with nitrogen dioxide.. The
corresponding reactions with nitric oxide probably lead to its
oxidation to nitrogen dioxide, a phenomena which is observed and
which is reguired to account for the formation of ozone.
(Author abstract) t#
05818
E. R. Stephens, w. E. Scott, P. L. Hanst, and P. C.,
Doerr
BECEBT DEVELOPMENTS IB THE STUDY OF THE ORGANIC CHEMISTRY OF THE
ATMOSPHERE. Preprint. (Presented at 'a Session on Smoke and
Fumes, 21st Midyear Meeting, ((American Petroleum Inst.,
"Division of Befining, Montreal, Canada)), Hay 16, 1956.)
A long-path IR cell, with which it is possible to detect many
192 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
conpounds in the air at concentrations in the parts-per million
range, is being used to study reactions of air pollutants. Field
studies of the los Angeles smog by other investigators have
shown that photochemical reactions caused by sunlight play an
important role in its development™ In the laboratory it has been
demonstrated that 03 is formed when mixtures of N02 and an
organic compound in air are irradiated with artificial sunlight.
This paper presents the results of further studies on this and
other reactions of air-pollution chemistry.. IR analysis of the
products of the photochemical reaction between N02 and an organic
compound frequently reveals, in addition to bands of known
compounds, several unidentified absorption bands which apparently
belong to a single compound produced in significant quantity..
Although this compound is unstable, moderately pure samples of it
can be condensed if the reaction products are drawn through a cold
trap. Physical and chemical properties of this condensate,
referred to as compound X, are consistent with the belief that it
is an acyl-nitrogen compound, but its structure is not
unequivocally determined., The importance of compound X in an
explanation of the chemistry of the atmosphere is stressed. 03 is
formed when compound I is irradiated, with or without added
gasoline. 03 formation is slower with added gasoline, perhaps
because the olefins present in the gasoline react with some of the
03. 03 is also formed when nbutyl nitrite is photolyzed in 02..
The rate of formation of 03 was only slightly changed when S02
was present in an irradiated nixture of olefin and U02. Since
the S02 disappeared very slowly, it was concluded that neither
the 03, the free radicals, nor any peroxides which are formed will
oxidize S02 to S03 at a significant rate. (Author abstract
modified)ft
05821
Subbaratnam, N. B. and J. G. Calvert
THE PHOTOOXIDATION OF AZOMETHSBI AT 25 DEGREES C. Preprint.
(1961) .
Recently Kutschke and co-workers have reported the identification
of methyl hydroperoxide (through mass spectrometry) in the products
of azomethane photooxidation. The work reported here was initiated
to test he observation of the Kutscheke group. Jzomethane
photolysis was the source of methyl radicals in this work.
Measured pressures of azomethane in the introduction system were
expanded into the evacuated glass tank which effected a calculable
dilution; the desired atmosphere of oxygen, or acetaldehyde and
oxygen, was added, and a period of 15 min. was allowed to ensure
homogeneity of the mixture. In the usual experiments a continuous
irradiation of the selected mixture was made; the IR spectrum of
the desired region was scanned at measurable intervals. A
continuous recording of the "oxidant" concentration was made with
the ozone recording equipment. Results established that the
formation of methyl hydrcperoxide in the methyl radical-oxygen
system in oxygen-rich media at 25 deg C is probably formed either
in a reaction involving nontherially equilibrated methyl peroxyl
radicals and some source of abstractable H-atoms or in a reaction
of disproportionation between two radicals. Hethyl hydroperoxide
is a relatively minor primary product of the reaction between
C. Atmospheric Interaction 193
-------
•ethyl radicals and oxygen in oxygen-rich media at 25 deg. C. The
major products, methanol and formaldehyde, reported previously for
these systems, are confirmed. Sons evidence for the formation of an
unknown oxidant other than CH302H was observed in experiments at
very low azomethane concentrations and in runs with added
a cet aldehyde™
05920
A. V. Ravens
HICHOCLIHATOLOGY. In: Seiinar on Human Biometeorology.
((Rutgers - The State Dniv., New Brunswick, N.. J., Dept,
of Heteorology.}) (PHS Publ,, No- 999-AP-25.) (Presented
at the Seminar on Human Bioneteorology, Cincinnati, Ohio,
Jan- 1U-17, 1961.) 1967. pp. 61-72.
This discussion of microclimatology is concerned with the
boundary layer of air where the earth"s surface energy exchange is
effective. In this area, which may vary in height from a few
hundred feet to several thousand feet, the relationships of
pressure gradient, coriolis effect of the earth's rotation, and
wind speed and direction as expressed in classical principles do
not apply. The microclimate is modified by various activities of
man (e.g., crop-protection technigues of heating and windbreaks,
construction of structures, and the build-up of urban areas) and by
topography, including all variations in altitude and slope,
however slight. Figures are given that illustrate the inversion
temperature phenomenon, important in any study of air pollution.
(Author sui«ary}*#
06013
H. Neiburger
HETEOROLOGICAL ASPECTS Of OXIDATION TYPE AIR POLLUTION. (In:
The Rossby Memorial Volume.} California Univ., Los
Angeles, Dept. of Heteorology. 1959. pp. 158-69.
The replacement of coal by petroleum products as an energy source,
instead of eliminating air pollution, has led to a new type of air
pollution characterized by the presence of oxidizing substances,
chiefly ozone, and the occurrence of eye irritation, damage to
vegetation, and reduction to visibility. It has been shown that
photochemical reactions involving hydrocarbons and nitrogen dioxide
in concentrations of a few parts per million can produce all these
manifestations. The photochemical reactions require the
combination of (1) sources of reagents, (2) conditions which
prevent their dispersal, and (3) adequate solar radiation. The
tremendous concentrations of automobile traffic, the exhaust from
which is estimated to contain 7 percent of the hydrocarbons put
into the fuel tank, in all metropolitan centers in the D.S.
constitute sources which are at least as large as industrial
sources (refineries). However, only on the subtropical west
coasts of continents do the meteorological conditions for
194 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
accumulation of pollutants, namely persistent light winds and
teeperature inversions, occur consistently together with adeguate
solar radiation. The outstanding example of this combination is
Los Angeles, California. Studies of the relationship of air
trajectories to the smog manifestations in Los Angeles are
presented. These studies demonstrate the contribution of
automobile exhaust as a principal source. (Author»s abstract)##
060K7
J. V. Dave and P. H. Furukawa
THE EFFECTS OF SCATTERING AND GBOUND REFLECTION ON THE SOLAR
ENERGY ABSORBED BY OZONE IN A RAYLEIGH ATMOSPHERE. J.
Atmospheric Sci. 2«(2) : 175-181, March 1967™
The effects of Hayleigh scattering and Lambert ground reflection
on the solar energy absorbed by ozone in the earth's molecular
atmosphere are evaluated on the basis of a complete solution of the
transfer equation. The results show that these processes increase
the following over that for a purely-absorbing atmosphere: (1) the
total solar energy absorbed by ozone in a unit atmospheric column,
(2) the energy absorbed per unit mass of air at all levels (except
below 100 mb at low sun), and (3) the heating rates due to the
absorption of solar energy by ozone. In each case, the magnitude
of the increase can vary considerably depending on the solar
zenith angle and the reflectivity of the underlying surface.
(Authors' abstract)**
06069
G,. Pfefferkorn
(PHOTOCHEMICAL FORMATION OF DROPLETS HITH LOW EVAPORATION BATE
FROH ORGANIC VAPOR IN THE AIR.) Photochemische Eildung
schwerfluchtiger Tropfchen aus crganischen Dampfen in Luft-
STAOB (DuesseldorfJ 27 (3) : 138-1 HO (Harch 1967}. Ger.
Hhen solid surfaces in air containing organic vapours are
irradiated with soft X-rays or ultraviolet rays, liguid phases are
formed which appear in the fern cf droplets. They have such a low
vapour pressure that they remain stable in the high vacuum of an
electron microscope. The formation cf droplets depends on the
steam content of air and on gas traces. Further, the surface
condition also plays an important role. This formation of
droplets is similar to smog formation by photooxidation,,
(Author's summary)**
06080
F. P. Terraglio B, H. Hanganelli
THE ABSORPTION OF ATMOSPHERIC SULFUR DIOXIDE BY HATZR
SOLUTIONS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 17 (6), 103-6
(June 1967) .,
C. Atmospheric Interaction 195
-------
Eesults of a laboratory study indicate that the rate of
solution of atmospheric S02 in distilled water, over the
range of atmospheric concentrations of 0.81-8.73 mg S02/cu m,
is a function of the concentration of S02 in the atmosphere,
with saturation being reached more rapidly at the higher
concentrations. This would indicate that rain water, with
constantly renewed surfaces, can be very effective in the
removal of atmospheric S02o The pH of the exposed
water samples reached values of 1.0 or less, comparable to
values observed in fog and cloud near large industrial areas.
Overall solubility of S02 in distilled water did not follow
the lav of partial pressure, it the atmospheric concentrations
used it was found that over 98.5% of the sulfite in
solution was in the form of the HS03 ion with the remainder
present as unionized H2S03 acid. Computations using the
concentration of unionized H2S03 acid in the solution showed
that the solubility of this portion of dissolved sulfite did
follow the law of partial pressure,. (t#
06235
Goetz, A. Stoeber, H. and T. Kallai
SYNEBGISTIC PROPERTIES OF AEROSOIS (FINAL PROGRESS REPT. JAN. 20,
1961-Nov. 15, 1961) California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena,
19 pp. Nov. 15, 1961.
The general subject of this Report is the interaction of air-borne
particulates with gaseous trace components of the atmosphere which
leads to their accumulation upon these nuclei and causes what is
commonly called "aerosol formation". An understanding of these
processes is important because this accumulation of irritating
substances may produce their synergistic intensivation, and the
growth of these particulates increases their capacity for diffuse
light scattering and causes the well-known visibility restriction
by smog-like aerosols. The studies reported center on the physical
aspects of aerosol formation, particularly on those resulting from
photochemical reactions between R02 and olefinic hydrocarbons.
Instrumentation and methods, especially developed for the synthetic
production of such aerocolloid systems, are described in detail —
as well as the procedures resulting in the guantative size and mass
distribution of such aerosols. Experiments of exploratory nature
are discussed which demonstrate that su ch reaction products form
temporary condensates on artifically introduced particulates
whenever present during photoactivation.
06325
Schlier, 8.,, H., Penndorf, H. Ceccon, E. Neister, H.
Dolazalek, and J« Culbert
A STDDY OF METHODS TO MEASURE THE EFFECTS OF A CONTAMINATED
ATHOSPHERE ON THE TRANSMISSION OF A EIGH ENERGY LASER EEAK.,
(FINAL REPORT.) AVCO Missiles, Space, and Electronics
Group, Wilmington, Mass., Space Systems Div., Contract
19C PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
DA-18-001-»HC-957(X), AVSSD-0183-67-BK, 138p., Bay 1967.
6 rcfs.
CFS1I, DDC: AD 651(786
The laser system used is composed of an oscillator-amplifier
system. The oscillator utilizes a 5/8 by 6 inch, flat-ended, ruby
rod pumped by four EG+G FX 17 flash lamps in a multielliptical
cavity* The flash lamps are energized by a pulse-shaping network
that shapes the input electrical energy. A simple aerosol
generator »as developed that uses concentrated hydrochloric acid
and ammonia hydroxide. By mixing these vapors, ammonium-chloride
salt is formed consisting of fairly uniform particles of sizes
normally under a micron,. The experimental chamber designs were
constructed of 2-inch-dianeter Pyrex tubing of various lengths..
The measurement of attenuation of the laser beam is discussed.
Typical beam profiles that were constructed by using a
photographic technique are presented. The creation of an aerosol
of stable concentration is discussed. laser firings were carried
out at various peak powers. The upper curve is the optical
density of latex sphere aerosol at the time of peak laser power.
In the vicinity of one billion watts/sg cm, the optical density
undergoes a sharp increase. The latex spheres, at breakdown,
produce an ionized vapor. Since this ionized vapor can trigger an
air breakdown, the sharp increase in attenuation is to be expected.
Boron indicated a decrease in attenuation as the power was
increased. Boron particles are very small compared to a
wavelength of light. They are small enough so that they would be
partially evaporated by the laser energy, but the vapor thus
created would not become absorbing. No breakdown effect was
noted when the boron was used.##
06382
Enhalt, D. H.
METHANE IN THE ATMOSPHERE. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
17 (8) : 51t-519, Aug. 1967. 13 refs. (Presented at the 60th
Annu. Meeting Air Pollut. Contr. Assoc., Cleveland, Ohio,
June 11-16, 1967.)
Methane is present in the troposphere with a volume concentration
of about 1.5 ppm. Estimates of Koyama (1963) indicate a
predominantly biological origin with a total production rate of
about 2.7 times 10 to the 14th power g CHI per year; he estimated
the atmospheric lifetime of methane to be around 20 years.
Measurements cf the C-1 H in methane by Libby and later by
Bainbridge et al. (1961) gave a -14 content of 75% of recent
wood and, therefore, confirm the predominant biological origin, the
addition of inactive CHt from industrial sources being only about
25%. Much less is known about atmospheric sinks of CHU.
Cadle (1966) reported fairly high destruction rates by atomic 0,
a reaction which should be important at high altitude. Bainbridge
(1966) indeed reports a decrease in the measured methane
concentration above the trcpopause. He, houever, considers this
decrease too small to account for the destruction rate of 20 years
estimated by Koyama. Our measurements on air samples collected on
C. Atmospheric Interaction 197
-------
aircraft flights at various altitudes show a high variability of
the CHI content both with time and altitude. (Author
abstract)##
06480
E. Turner, D. H. J. Compton, and J. H. flcGowan
EIECTHONIC AND IONIC REACTIONS IN ATMOSPHEBIC GASES (YEAELY
TECHNICAL SDHHABY BEPT. SEPT. 1, 1965-AUG. 31, 1966).
General Dynamics Corp., San Diego, Calif., General Atomic
Div. 83 pp. (Nov. 14, 1966) (Sept. Nos. DASA-1863 and
GA-7419.,)
CFSTI, DDC: AD 643 093
The explosion of a nuclear device in the atmosphere results in a
high degree of ionization in the surrounding atmosphere. Because
the free electron concentration corresponding to this ionization
largely controls the transmission of radar and radio waves, the
Banner and rate with which the free electron concentration
decreases is under intensive investigation. The electrons are
lost by recombination with ions and by attachment to neutrals;
these processes have rates which may vary by several orders of
magnitude, depending strongly upon the identity of the positive
ion or the neutral species with which the electron combines. The
cross sections for charge transfer in collisions between nitric
oxide and atomic and molecular positive ions of oxygen and nitrogen
have been measured in the energy range from 3 to 200 eV in a
crossed beam experiment. A technique to determine the fractional
concentration of the excited ions in an ion beam as a function of
source electron energy has been developed. The determination is
made approximately 20 micron seconds after formation of the ions,
so that only long lived states remain in the beam. Basically, the
method consists of attenuating the ion beam in a gas-filled
chamber where, in general, the excited ion attenuation is
different from the ground-state ion attenuation. The study was
completed for the case of an 02-+ ion beam, and only one excited
state appeared to be important. (Author abstract)**
06481
J. 1. Karney, I. A. Lea, and Co A. Knudsen
LASEH BADAR RETURNS FBOM THE LOSER TROPOSPHERE COMPARED WITH
VERTICAL OZCNE DISTRIBUTIONS. Pacific Missile Range. Point
Hugu, Calif. (Mar. 27, 1967). 11 pp. (Kept. No.
PKE-TM-67-2.)
CFSTI, DDC: AD 649 700
The ambient atmospheric structure was delineated by various direct
conventional and nonconvenlioral measurement techniques to permit
empirical interpretation of the laser returns. From May through
December 1965, a series of ozone soundings were conducted at
Point Bugu using balloon-borne chemiluminescent ozonesondes.
The soundings frequently revealed significant ozone in the lowest
198
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
few kilometers, presumably associated with occasional influx of
polluted air froa the Los Angeles Basin 50 to 150 kilometers to
the east. The ozone profiles are compared with simultaneous
aerosol-backscattered returns from a laser beam. Preliainary
comparisons of laser radar returns with vertical ozone
distributions in the lower troposphere suggest an inverse
relationship, especially in smoggy air advected from the nearby
los Angeles Basin. Enroute to the observing site, the ozone
content of the polluted air is presumably depleted in discrete
layers by destructive contact with stratified layers of aerosol
and cloud from which the laser pulses are backscattered.fi
06503L
I. Cantor and A. Petriw
ATMOSPHERIC LIGHT TRANSMISSION IK A WISCONSIN AREA. Army
Electronics Command, Fort Bonmouth, N.J, Atmospheric
Physics Division. (Tech Sept. ICOM-2726.J (iSJONE 1966).
•71 pp.
Air to surface transmission measurements were carried out to help
fill a gap caused by unavailable data on total and direct
transmittances from a point light source over relatively long
slant ranges and low altitudes in a real atmosphere with and
without cloud cover and over two widely different surface albedos.
This information is necessary to ascertain probable thermal
radiation damage criteria under diverse weather and geometry
conditions. Air to surface transmission measurements were carried
out to maximum slant range of 100,000 yards at different altitudes
and weather conditions over Lake Michigan and Wisconsin farm
land during March 1965. Total transmittance versus slant range
for the visible and near infrared regions is introduced as
smoothed, average curves and simplified exponential equations
representing the least sguare fit to the experimental data under
specific weather conditions, leak transmittances in excess of 200
percent are observed under cloud-snow surface conditions alone.
Criteria for evidence of surface albedo differences are
introduced, from which limited albedo effects are noted under
cloudy, snowcovered surface conditions. The relationship between
the total and direct attenuation coefficients can be simply
expressed for clear sky conditions, good to excellent surface
visibilities, and zero to about 80 percent snow cover. (Authors'
abstract, modified)*#
06601
K. W., Wilson
NITROGEN OXIDES AND PHOTOCHEMICAL SHCG FORMATION - A LITERATURE
SURVEY. California Oniv. , Los Angeles, Dept. of
Engineering. (May 1962.) 20 pp. (Hept. No., 62-20.)
Considerable work has been done to elucidate the role of
C. Atmospheric Interaction 199
-------
hydrocarbons in photochemical smog formation. In contrast, no
concentrated effort has been made to study the details of the
reactions of the nitrogen oxides. Using a summary, by Leighton,
of all of the significant work to date on the chemistry of smog
formation, the attention is focused on the nitrogen oxides. an
attempt is made to learn about the conversion of nitric oxide
to nitrogen dioxide, studying the role of hydrocarbons,
photochemical characteristics and possible reaction paths of the
reaction. Also questioned is the influence of non-hydrocarbons on
the rate of oxidation. The reactions of nitrogen dioxide to form
stable end products were studied. Included are the chemical
structures of these end products and the mechanism involved in
H02 disappearance. Dp to the present time, no experiments
simulating smog formation have been performed in which all of the
nitrogen oxides present initially could be accounted for in terms
of final products which were identified and measured. This may
indicate that unknown compounds are formed or merely the lack of
precision in measurements. On the basis of the present evidence,
it appears that nitric acid, alkyl nitrates and acyl and peracyl
nitrates are the most probable reaction products. ft#
06632
A. Goetz and E. Pueschel
BASIC MECHANISMS OF PHOTOCHEMICAL AIHOSOL FOEMATION. Atmos.
Environ. 1, 287-306 {1967).
A photochemical reactor was applied to studies of the effects of
sulfur dioxide humidity, and order of mixing of reactants on the
photochemical production of aerosol from 1-octene and nitrogen
dioxide in air. The effects of all three parameters are complex
but explainable from a few reasonable assumptions, the most
important of which is probably that initial contact between the
aerosol nuclei and the more polar reactants has a governing effect
on the nature of the product. The experimental results presented
are obviously still lacking in sufficient detail for formulation
of an adeguate description of the complex reaction patterns which
lead to the formation of photochemical aerosols in the presence of
S02 under various humidity conditions. Nevertheless, the data
definitely indicate that the presence of stable particulates is
a dominant factor, not only as centers of accumulant formation,
but also as loci for the concentration of reactant gas molecules
(H20, NOx, S02) in their immediate environment. The
subsequent photoactivation will thus be more efficient at these
centers than in the free volume between then. The existence of
such localized statistical "order states" appears to be the most
likely interpretation for the effect of the contact sequence order
between reactants and particles.##
06777
(CHIMNEY PLUME PISE AND DISPERSION-) Elevation des
Panaches de Fumees et Dispersion., Centre Interprofessionnel
Technique d« Etudes de la Pollution Atmospherigue, Paris,
200 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
France- <1967.,) 5 pp. Pr. (Kept™ No. CI 316.)
(C.I.I.E.P. A. Document No. 2«.)
The symposium held at Letherhead, England on October 7, 1966
on chimney plume rise is reported which includes two surveys of
the 302 in the neighborhood of electric power houses and the
chimney plume rise under various meteorological conditions.. The
height of the plume was measured in one case by the signal
reflected from the plume of a luminous beam directed at the plume
from the ground. The reflection is measured by a
photoelectric cell on the ground. The use of lidar, which uses a
laser beam instead of light permits the observation of an
invisible plume 1200 meters from the source. It also detects the
level of inversion. The lidar permits the total scanning of a
plume in 3 min.. The S02 values for dispersion were made for
different plume heights, but were not given. Two formulas were
derived; one gives the height of plume of smoke and the other
the maximum concentration at ground level. ##
06785
K. Kato
IONS IN AIB: 2. IONS AND AIB POLLUTION; AND 3 - IONS AND
PUBLIC HEALTH. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air-J. Japan Air
Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo} 2 (1). 18-53. 196«. Jap.
In Part 2 of the study on ions in air, data are given on the
relations between ions, dusts, exhaust gas, and smoking.
The author measured dust, C02, and small positive and
negative ions at five locations. Generally, in industrial areas
there is a greater concentration of positive ions than negative
ions and the reverse is true for residential areas. It is
graphically illustrated that the amounts of C02 and dust present
in the air are directly proportional to each other but the
quantities of dust and ions present are inversely proportional.
As for exhaust gas, an experiment; was performed in which gas
was released into a room for 10 min. The ion concentration
was reduced from 1110/cc to 120/cc. Other experiments
indicate that the presence of people in a room diminishes
the number of ions. Also, it was shown that in air conditioned
rooms twice as many small ions are present as in outdoor air.
As for filters, the concentration of small ions was reduced to
about one tenth by using polyethylene and vinyl filters and
to one fifth or one third by polyurethane and glass fiber
filters. In Part 3, the relation between ions and heating
devices is covered, mentioning the infrared oven, gas stove, and
electric stove. Some mention is made of the effects of ions on
the human body. The ion concentrations of some hot springs are
given indicating that from seven to twenty times as many ions
are present in these areas compared to city
environment. ##
06839
H. A. Prindle
C. Atmospheric Interaction 201
-------
LONDON TRIP EEPOET DECEMBER 1962 DURING A SMOG EPISODE.
Preprint- (1962).
This report is a result of a trip, of ten days duration, made to
london during a smog episode there which had resulted in deaths
and increased illness. The report represents the opinion of the
trip reporter. The conclusion is reached that S02 values were
about as high as those in 1952, but smoke was considerably
reduced.. Several factors appear to be operating which produce
this result: (1) the meteorological conditions were similar to
1952, (2) fuels used still have high sulphur content, (3) more
"smokeless fuels" are in use as the result of the Clean Sir Set,
and (i*) social and technical changes have resulted in new, tall
buildings with central heating plants. The mortality and
morbidity were substantially lower than in 1952. This is
partially a result of the shorter duration of the episode, but it
is evident that this alone could not account for the reduction.
There is evidence, herein presented, and supported by laboratory
studies at Harvard showing that aerosols affect the ability of
302 to produce deleterious effects on animals, to lead to the
conclusion that the marked reduction in smoke was an important
factor in the diminution of human distress and death. ##
06841
B, J. Steigerwald and D. A. Lynn
AIH IONS AS AN INDEX OF AIH POLLUTION- Preprint. (1962).
This report details the results cf an 18 month investigation of
the effect of air contaminants on atmospheric ions. The
relationships between air contaminants and atmospheric icns were
studied both by the use of field sampling activities and through
controlled laboratory investigations. Results indicate that urban
air contains high concentrations of intermediate and large ions ant
low concentrations of small ions compared to rural atmospheres.
The positive large ion concentration was used to study
quantitatively the relationship between air contaminants and
atmospheric ions. The data were analyzed statistically using
correlation and regression methods.. Temperature, humidity, C02
and 302 at ambient concentrations had no effect on large ions.
Large ion concentration correlated only silghtly with particulate
stain concentration, but correlated very strongly with automobile
exhausts. It appears that in complex urban atmospheres the
concentration of automobile exhaust is the dominant factor in the
alteration of natural atmospheric ion levels. (Authors0 abstract)
I*
06916
A. J. Dyer
ARTIFICIAL RADIO-ACTIVITI, OZOSE AND VOLCANIC DOST AS
ATHOSPHEBIC TRACERS IN THE SODTHERN HEHISPHERE. Tellus
(Uppsala), 18(2) : 416-419. 1966. 12 refs. {Presented at the
CACR Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry, Circulation and
202 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Aerosols, Visby, Sweden, Aug. 18-2U, 1965.,)
The use of artificial radioactivity measurements to study
atmospheric transfer processes is particularly attractive in the
Southern Hemisphere because of the absence of atomic testing
at other than equatorial regions. Observations of volcanic dust
at Aspendale {38 degrees S) following the Bali eruption of
1963 show that the bulk of the material arrived in these latitudes
after about six months at a height of 20 km. Simple diffusion
theory would imply a horizontal transfer coefficient of « x 10 to
the 9th power cu. en., sec/1. 1 similar value would be
inferred fron the initial appearance of artificial radioactivity
in rainfall following the 1962 series of atomic tests at the
equator. However, stratospheric sampling carried out at Mildura
(35 degrees S) indicates the poleward transfer of fission products
to be rather complex.. The first arrival after about six months is
well demonstrated at a height of 18 km; but other, stronger
centers of activity appeared at 33 km after 6 to 9 months, and at
25 km after 12 months.. Seasonal effects are observed in all
tracers, but with the various maxima occurring at slightly
different times of the year, presumably due to the different
height involved in transfer fros an equatorial reservoir.
(Author°s abstract)##
06918
H. S., Bering
OZONE AND ATHOSPHERIC TRANSPORT SUCCESSES. Tellus
-------
06925
R. Siksna
THE RECOMBINATION OE COHBINATION TIME IN EXPEESSIONS FOE VOLUME
RECOMBINATION AND COMBINATION OF AIB IONS AND OTHER AEEOSOI
PARTICLES. Tellus '(Uppsala) 18 (2), 619-22 (1966).,
(Presented at the CAGE Symposium, Atmospheric Chemistry,
Circulation and Aerosols, Tisby, Sweden, Aug. 18-25, 1965.)
Mathematical expressions for the volume recombination coefficient
of air ions and aerosol particles were derived.#i
06982
L. Elterman
AEBOSOL MEASUREMENTS IN THE TROPOSPHERE AND STRATOSPHERE.
Appl.. Opt. 5 (11), 1769-76 (Nov., 1966).
Light scattering measurements from a searchlight beam were carried
out in New Mexico to determine the aerosol properties of the
atmosphere. Although data were acquired to an altitude of about
70 km, the results show the aerosol attenuation parameters to be
significant to about 35 kit. The expression for the aerosol
attenuation coefficient is derived based on the field geometry
in conjunction with Rayleigh and aerosol scattering considerations
The results are categorized into moderate-structured aerosol
profiles. Examples of each are discussed and measurements
presented which show variation over a 6-h period. A quantitative
examination is made of the 20-km aerosol layer. Also, a medium-
structured profile is selected and treated more extensively
to provide preliminary information pertaining to atmospheric
scattering and transmission. Ultimately, the data accumulated
will provide a substantial number of profiles that will form a
basis for various atmospheric studies. (Author's abstract)##
06993
S. Millman, ¥. Tank, J., Pressman
STDDY OF PERTURBATIONS IN IMPORTANT UPPEE ATMOSPHERIC CHEMICAL
SYSTEMS. Geophysics Corp. of America, Bedford, Mass.
(Dec. 1962). 55 pp. (GCA Technical B.ept., No. 62-5-G.)
'(Scientific Eept. Ho., «.J
A fundamental preparation is presented for a later phase of
machine computation of some of the basic photochemical
systems of the upper atmosphere which may be perturbed by
rocket pollution. The present knowledge of these systems and
their equilibrium in the upper atmosphere is reviewed.. The
oxygen system, the hydrogen-oxygen system, the nitrogen-oxygen
204 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
system and the carbon-oxygen system have been analyzed- Of
these it is felt that only the latter is at present not suitable
for machine computation. Some computations (hand) are
presented for the hydrogen-oxygen system at extreme altitudes
where atonic hydrogen dominates and also some calculations
have been performed with improved rate constants for the nitrogen-
oxygen system.**
0699«
S. Hillman, G,, Pressman, P,, Barneck
OZONOSPHERIC FIODIFICATION BY HISSILE EXHAOST. Geophysics
Corp. of America, Bedford, Mass™ (GCA Technical Kept-
No. 62-1U-G,, Scientific Sept. No. 9.) 65 pp. (Dec. 1962)-
A possible consequence of the increased launching of large
rocket missiles is the large-scale local or worldwide
modification of the atmosphere, in particular the occurrence of
perturbations that might disturb the existing eguilibria by
causing chain, cyclic, or catalytic processes- This report
considers these possible missile exhaust chemically induced
changes in the ozonosphere, the lower reactive portion of the
atmosphere. The possibility of chain, cyclic or catalytic
processes initiated by one of the components in a rocket's
exhaust trail that might cause appreciable changes in the
composition of the atmosphere is studied. Chain, cyclic, and
catalytic type processes are of greatest interest since
destruction {or creation) of ozone on the basis of 1 molecule
of ozone per molecule of initiating material would require
immense amounts of material released into the atmosphere. In
particular, possible reactions that occur when large
quantities of OH or H radicals are uniformly released into the
atmosphere at a height of 30 kms from hydrocarbon - lox
systems are considered.. Suggestions for experimental work are
made in order that some of the preliminary estimates may be
rendered less tentative. The results obtained indicated that
large scale perturbations of the ozonosphere are possible under
certain circumstances., ##
07000
I. Elterman
SN ATLAS OF AEROSOL ATTENUATION AND EXTINCTION PROFILES FOB THE
TROPOSPHERE AND STRATOSPHERE. Air Force Cambridge Research
labs., 1. G. Hanscom Field, Bedford, Mass., Optical
Physics Lab. {Bept. No. AFCRL-66-828.) Dec. 1966, 134 pp.
Light scattering measurements were carried out to determine the
aerosol properties of the atmosphere. First the expression for
the aerosol attenuation coefficient is derived, based on the field
geometry in conjunction with Rayleigh and aerosol scattering
considerations. Then the results derived from the measurements
are discussed. The paper concludes with an atlas of 105 profiles
C. Atmospheric Interaction 205
-------
for altitudes to about 35 km (the data does not exclude the
presence of aerosols with low number density between 35 to 80 km).
These profiles consist of aerosol attenuation and extinction
coefficients as a function of altitude. Since the coefficients
are proportional to aerosol number density, the profiles yield
information concerning aerosol stratification,. A plot for the
computed mean of the 105 vertical profiles is included.
(Author°s abstract)##
07198
Y. Kawanami
AIR POLLUTION IN TOKYO. Kuki Seijo (Clean iir J. Japan
Air Cleaning Assoc.,, Tokyo) l»(2):11-22 (July 1966). Jap™
A definition of smog is given as the restriction of visibility to
less than 2 km in the city and vicinity, excluding the restriction
by rain. Out of 151 days when smog occurred in Tokyo in 1965,
6U were caused by heavy fumes and 90 by mist or haze. The
differences in times of occurrence of heavy fume-type smog and mist
or haze-type smog is discussed. The yearly variation of the
number of "smog days" is graphed indicating seasonal influences.
Smog decreases in winter but increases in summer and fall. The
current status of air pollution in Tokyo is also covered with
respect to dust and soot fall, floating dust, sulfuric acid,
nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and lead compounds. Measurement of
dust and soot fall in Tokyo began in 1955 and yearly variations
are graphed through 1965. Dust fall reaches a peak between
February and Hay and then again in August and September.
These peaks are related to the meteorological influence of strong
winds in spring and large amounts of rain in spring and late
summer. Therefore, July and December are considered the best
times to investigate air pollution without meteorological
influence. Lengthy discussion is given to daily and hourly
variations of pollution peaks in urban, industrial, and suburban
areas.f#
C7257
Khan, A.. 0., J- N. Pitts, Jr., and E. B. Smith
SINGLET OXYGEN IN THE ENVIBONMENTAL SCIENCES: THE HOLE CF
SINGLET HOLECDLAB OXYGEN IS THI PBOEUCTION OF PHOTOCHEMICAL AIR
EOLLDTION. ((Environ. Sci. Technol.)}, 1(8):656-657, Aug.
1967. Hi ref.
CFSTI; DDC €75 969
A new mechanism is proposed to explain the rapid conversion of SO
into No 2 with a concurrent disappearance of hydrocarbons and
appearance of oxidants in photochemical air pollution. Singlet
oxygen generated by triplet energy transfer from strongly
atsorting polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons to normal oxygen
produces excited singlet molecular oxygen which attacks olefins to
206 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
give unstable peroxides. A mechanistic chain is set up involving
free radicals generated by decomposition of these peroxides. A
solution of differential eguaticns relating to the proposed
nechanisB yields a set of rate-time curves for NO-N02-03 which
have the same general characteristics as those observed in actual
smoggy atmospheres. The presence of singlet oxygen in urban
atmospheres has potentially great implications in the
environmental sciences. (Authors' abstract)##
0726H
Juda, J. and K. Budzinski
ATBOSPHEBIC POLLUTION. ((Zanieczyszczenia Atmosfery.))
Text in Polish. Wydawnictwa Naukowo-Techniczne, Warsaw,
1961, 256 p. 29 refs. Engl. transl. by JPRS: 18,455, Mar. 31,
1963.
OTS: 63-2Il»60
Information about the sources, dispersion and investigation of
atmospheric pollutants is reported., Results of studies from
foreign sources are given, and an attempt is made to analyze these
data in the light of conditions prevailing in Poland. The work
is intended for engineers who plan industrial plants and supervise
the operation of machinery and industrial installations, as well
as for the safety and work hygiene service employees. Subjects
discussed are: (I) Systematic Classification of Atmospheric
Pollutants; (II) Sources of Atmospheric Pollutants; {III)
Damage Caused by Atmospheric Pollution; (IV) Aerosol
Mechanics; (V) The Influence of Meteorological Conditions on
the Dispersion of Pollutants; (VI) Dispersion of
Pollutants in the Atmosphere; (VII) Methods of
Measuring Atmospheric Pollution; (VIII) Determination of
Pollutant Emission; (IX) Estimation of Dustfall; (X)
Determination of Particulate Matter Concentration; and (XI)
Determination of Gaseous Air Pollutants.##
07310
Fedorov, M. M.
EFFECT OF SMOKE OH CITY LIGHT. Gigiena i Sanit., 23(8):11-18,
1958. 9 refs. Translated from Eussian by B. S. Levine,
D.S.S.B. Lit. on Air Pollut. 6 Helat.. Occup. Dis., Vol.
2, p. 213-217, (larch 1960.
CFSTI TT60-21188
In 1950 - 1953 a study was made of light conditions of the town of
Zaporozh'e by deteraining factors which affected total light
absorption and degree of dispersed light absorption. The studies
were made with the aid of photoelectric luxometers equipped with
selenium photoelements designed by the U. S. S. E. Academy of
C. Atmospheric Interaction 207
-------
Sciences. The luxometers were standardized at the Institute of
Physics at the Academy. The stadium "Locomotive" and the
physical training grounds of the Pedagogical Institute, located
in the old section of the twon, constituted the basic centers of
observations,, where illumination intensity measurements were made
systematically at 9, 12, and 4 o"clock. Another observation
point of illumination intensity was located on the grounds of the
steel plant Zaporozhstal. The control observation point of
light intensity was located in village Kushugum 25 kilometers
from the factory grounds. Illumination determinations at these
points were made at the same hours of the day. The height of the
sun over the horizon, atmospheric clarity, the shape and number of
clouds, the presence of snow on the ground, etc., all have an
effect on the intensity of natural light striking a horizontal
surface. The interaction between the factors mentioned determines
the annual course of noon-day illumination intensity. Data shows
that the total illumination in the region of villages surrounding
the metallurgical plant grounds was lowered by the smoke by 5 18)1
as compared with the total illumination of t\s old section of the
town; the total illumination of the latter, in turn, was lowered
by 5% as compared with the suburban total illumination; therefore,
it can be stated that total illumination of the factory villages
was 8 - 20% below the total illumination of the control
observation points. These are only average values. It should be
noted that shifts in the wind direction considerably affected
total illumination of any particular observation point or
locality. In the data presented in this report such effects were
taken into consideration.**
07456
Bagman, Jack
CURRENT RESEARCH ON ATMOSPHERIC SULPHUR COMPOUNDS AHD THEIR
TRANSFORMATIONS. In: Air Pollution,, Proceedings of the
Symposium on the Physico-chemical Transformation of Sulphur
Compounds in the Atmosphere and the Formation of Acid Smogs.
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris
Directorate for Scientific Affairs, Paper 1, Dec. 1967, p.
1-15. 17 refs.
All aspects of the disposition of sulfur compounds in the
atmosphere are of great importance in view of the vast quantities
of these materials that are being emitted into the air. Previous
studies on mechanisms for the oxidatrion of S02 in the atmosphere
and of its possible involvement in photochemical reactions with
hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen lead to the conclusion that
oxidation may proceed by several types of reactions with the
predominant route governed by the prevailing conditions of
concentration, humidity, temperature, presence of other pollutants,
incident radiation, terrain, etc. A few of the relevant research
projects now underway are selected for'discussion. These
include (a) a study of the particle-size distribution of suspended
sulfate particulates in urban air with an evaluation of the
influence of some atmospheric variables, (b) studies of
interactions between gases, especially S02, and particulates.
203 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
(c) an investigation to define the reactions that sulfur compounds
undergo in stack plumes from coal- and oil-burning power plants,
and (d) the_development of a metal-film technique for the
identification and size analysis of acid aerosol droplets. ##
07518
Yantovskii, S. A.,, I. Yu. Sidorina, and H. V. Chernyak
CONDITIONS OF SJFE OXIDATION OF TOLUENE BY ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN.
Text in Russian. Nef tekhimiya, 6 (1} : 105-111, 1966. 22 refs.
Engl. transl. Intern. Chem. Eng., 7(1):1t|4-149, Jan. 1967..
The maximum permissible amount of oxygen and the limiting
temperature to assure safe conditions for the liquid-phase
oxidation of toluene at pressures from 1 to 20 atmospheres was
determined. In order to assure safe conditions for the
liquid-phase oxidation of toluene on an industrial scale it is
necessary to maintain minimum oxygen concentration after the
reactor at about 6%. In order to maintain a constant safe
concentration of the toluene + air mixture in the reactor, in
which the amount of oxygen can be brought up to 21%, it is
necessary to maintain the temperature above the limiting
temperature. At 10 atm. the temperature of the reactor should not
te less than 130 deg. This value is 35-45 deg below the oxidation
temperature of toluene, which is recommended for the optimum
conditions. ##
07693
Kettner, H., H,, Altvater, H. Gromzig, and H., Spelleken
ON THE INFLUENCE OF HEATHER CONDITIONS ON THE CONCENTRATION OF
SUSPENDED PARTICULATES IN FREE AIR. <(Uber den Einfluss der
Witterungsbedingungen auf die Schwebestaubkonzentration in der
Aussenluftn)} Text in German. Stadtehygiene (Uelzen/HamburgJ ,
15(6) : 125-128, June 1964. 11 refs.
Particulates with diameters between 0.5 and 5 microns are of
special medical and hygienic importance because of their deep
penetration into the lung. In Duisburg, dust measurements were
made from Hay until December, 1962, with a konimeter which retains
only particles in the indicated range of sizes. The measurements
were made in five series. For each measurement the weather
conditions are described and the average particle number per cubic
centimeter is reported. Some measurements were made in the
windward side and the leeward side of dust emitting industries. As
a result, a marked relationship between the weather and the dust
concentrations was found. Dp to 1000 particles/cu m were found
during a smog situation, while the average number of particles in
normal weather was 200/cu m. The dust concentration was found to
be uniforn over the city except near dust emitting industries.
C. Atmospheric Interaction 209
-------
Maximum allowable concentrations are cited. It is noted that while
there are maximum allowable concentrations for work areas, there
are none for the open air0
07701
Stante, C., N. Virtu". and A. Vitti
RESEARCH ON THE HYDROATMOSPHERIC P01IUTION OF THE CITY 0? TfiRAN-
T0« ( (Indagine Sull'inguinamento Idroatmosgerico Delia Cit-
ta di Taranto,,)) Text in Italian,, Fumi Polveri (Milan),
7(5» :1-2-108, Bay 1967. 18 r€fs_
The degree of air pollution and the effects of micrometeorological
conditions are reported. The quantities and the composition of
settling materials are tabulated in tons/sg km month for summer and
winter of 1965 and 1966™ The locations of three sampling stations
are given on a map and data are given for each site. One was in an
industrial section. Some of the materials collected were ashes,
Ca, Fe, Mn, and silicates. The diameter of the particulates varied
between 1 to 5 microns. More than 50% measured less than 1 micron.
The gaseous pollutants were 302, H2S, CO, and traces of N.
(Hydrocarbons were not investigated.) The Gulf of Taranto forms a
"small sea0 and the composition of the water in the sea (the big
sea) and the Gulf (the small sea) was studied also.
07716
Hampson0 John
ATMOSPHERIC ENERGY CHANGE BY POLLUTION OF THE DPPER ATMOSPHERE.
Canadian Armament Research and Development Establishment,
Valcartier, Canada, Proj. D48-95-10-1I2, TR-1738/66, 14p_, Nov.
1966.
DDC: AD 810790
The problem of upper atmospheric pollution is reexanined on the
basis of chemical kinetics postulation in which water vapor
products are found to play a dominant role in controlling the
component of atmospheric energy balance due to oxygen allotropes.
It is noted that pollution from rockets carrying relatively exotic
materials into the upper atmosphere may be important, but in
general rockets do not pollute the atmosphere, aircraft,
specifically supersonic transports, may be a more important problei
for the future. (Author's abstract)
07872
E. W. Hewson, L. E. Olsson
210 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
1AKE EFFECTS OH AIB POIIDTION DISPERSION. J. Sir Pollution
Control bSassoc. 17(11) : 757-761, Nov. 1967. 15 refs., (Based on
a paper presented at the 6th Annual Sanitary ana Water
Resources Engineering Conference sponsored by Vanderbilt
Univ.. and the Tennessee Deptn of Public Health, Nashville,
Tenn.,, June 1-2, 1967.)
local wind regimes induced by a lake or a shoreline may have
a major influence on air pollution dispersion. Pressure
differences due to differential heating of the air, e.g. , that due
to differences in surface characteristics, are the driving forces
of lake and land breeze circulations and slope and valley winds.
Differences in roughness between land and lake surfaces will
cause wind shear and aerodynamic downwash effects at a shoreline.
Stability changes in the air result from differences in surface
temperature and roughness between land and lake, e.g., when
wan unstable air moves out over a cool lake a temperature
inversion will develop near the surface giving very poor dispersion
conditions in this lower layer. Pollution released in this
stable layer may be carried in high concentrations for many miles
and cause severe damage as the air moves across a dcwn wind
shoreline and advances inland. The information presented is
designed to permit an assessment of the probable complexity
of the dispersion patterns near a shoreline so that possitle
requirements for additional meteorological and dispersion
information may be determined. Brief descriptions of two actual
lakeside sites, one on lake Erie and the other on Lake
Michigan, are given and their relevant characteristics are
presented, natural ventilation was above averate at both sites.
(Authors11 abstract) #t
079761
Bojkov, H. D.
VERTICA1 DISTHIBUTION OF OZOKI IB THE EAHTH'S ATMOSPHERE..
Beteorol. i Gidrol.B No. 10:3-11, 1965. 20 rets. Engl.
transl. by Georgia Inst. of Tech., Atlanta, Engineering
Experiment Station, Contract AF 19 (628)-503U, G.T.K. 66-22,
20p., Oct., 1966.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 812927
The average vertical distribution of ozone along the meridian, and
its seasonal variation, based on more detailed data obtained in
recent years are considered. The layer with the highest
concentration and the highest percentage content of ozone is on the
average 26 km at the equator and 19 km in the polar regions. The
most significant variations of concentration and percentage content
of ozone are observed in the layers telow 25 km. The layer of
greatest ozone concentration increases in depth very rapidly from
the tropic zone northward, drops down toward the tropopause, and
includes the middle as well as the Icwer stratosphere, especially
in winter - spring. The major variation in total ozone content in
extratropical latitudes is identified with the variation in the
layers below 25 km. These results can be used to check models of
stratospheric circulation, the characteristic pattern of which is
C. Atmospheric Interaction 211
-------
given in other works, and these largely agree with the views
expressed by Kh. P» Pogosyan. The data on ozone variation
confirm the presence of meridional transport, directed toward th5
pole in the middle stratosphere, mainly in winter and spring.
Intensive descending motions lead to an abrupt increase of ozone
north of the subtropics and in polar latitudes at layers below
the concentration maximum,, Summer and autumn meridional transport
is weaker and sometimes is even directed from pole to equator.
At this time descending motion in the lower stratosphere
introduces ozone into the troposphere, where it is destroyed more
quickly by oxidation processes. Upward motion into the part of
middle and upper stratosphere in polar regions conducts ozone to
levels above 30-33 km., where it is destroyed photochemically.
Thus, even if only qualitatively, confirmation of an approximate
model of stratospheric circulation is obtained.##
08197
Bushtuveva, K. A.
KATIO OF SD1FDH DIOXIDE AND SDIFDBIC ACID AEEOSOL IN ATMOSPHERIC
AIF. IN RELATION TO HETEOROIOGICAI CONDITIONS. Gigiena i
Sanit., No. 11:11-13, 195«» 6 refs. Translated from Russian
by B., E. levine, D« S, S. E. literature on Air Pollution
and Belated Occupational Diseases, Vol. t, p. 193-196, Aug.
1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21913
The atmosphere of Moscow was analyzed for the presence of
sulfuric acid aerosol in an attempt to determine whether or not its
presence was in any way related to the oxidation of sulfur dioxide.
At the same time an attempt was made to determine what correla-
tion, if any, existed between the concentrations of these two air
pollutants and to find the conditions which determined their
ratios. One-hundred-ninety-eight 24 hour samples and 50 single
concentration samples were collected simultaneously- A study was
also made of the relations between the ratio of H2SOU aerosol
and S02 concentrations and meteorological conditions, such as
relative humidity, velocity of wind and the type of weather. The
results of the investigation agree with the assumption that
sulfuric acid aerosol can accumulate in the atmosphere of a city
during calm foggy days.fHf
C7980
Griggs, M.
ATMOSPHERIC OZONE. In: A,. E. S. Green, (ed.). The
Middle Ultraviolet: Its Science and Technology, New York,
John Siley 6 Sons, 1966, Chapt, 4, p. 83-117= 86 refs..
A review of atmospheric ozone is presented. Optical properties
of ozone, photochemical theory cf atmospheric ozone, methods of
neasuring atmospheric ozone, observed characteristics of
212 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
atmospheric ozone, further considerations of atmospheric ozone and
effects of solar heating and cooling on the radioactive equilibrium
temperature structure of the earth are discussed.##
C8330
Jaffe, L. S.
PHOTOCHEMICAL AIR POLLUTANTS AND THEIR EFFECTS OH HEN AND
ANIMALS. I. GENERAL CHABACTEBISTICS AND COMMUNITY CONCENTRATIONS.
Arch. Environ. Health. VoJ. T5, c. 782-791, Dec. 1967.
8-8 rets-
The physical and chemical characteristics of photochemical smog
and the photochemical oxidants are described. Aerometric data on
the "total oxidant" concentrations found in the large urban
communities affiliated with the Public Health Service,
Continuous Air Monitoring Program (CAMP) network are
documented for 196t and 1965., Similarly, the number of days on
which the "total oxidant" concentrations egualled or exceeded 0.05,
0.1, and 0»15 ppm, respectively, has been delineated for each of
the affiliated cities in this network- The 0.05 ppm and 0.1
ppm levels are routinely found and are exceeded in all of the
cities affiliated with this network for highly significant
percentages of days of the year, while the 0.15 ppm level is
exceeded only in Los Angeles thus far for a significant
percentage of the total number of days of the year. However,
much higher maximum hourly and maximum five-minute levels are
attained in all of the cities (but one) during the year.
(Author"s summary, modified)**
08625
Angell, J. K., and H. Korshover
BIENNIAL VARIATION IN SPRINGTIME TEMPERATURE AND TOTAL OZONE IN
EXTEATROPICAL LATITUDES- Monthly Heather Rev., , 95 (11) :757-762,
Nov. 1967. 10 refs-
During the past decade in extratropical latitudes, springtime
stratospheric temperatures tended to be relatively high during the
even years and relatively low during the odd years, with some
evidence for a phase reversal in the troposphere. In the Southern
Hemisphere this even-year stratospheric temperature excess appears
to have progressed poleward with time, with the maximum excess
occurring near the Tropic of Capicorn in 1955 and near the Antartic
Circle in 1965, where the excess averaged 8 C. even at 100 mb.
Total ozone measurements in both hemispheres tend to confirm such a
poleward trend. Furthermore, in agreement with a period of order
20 yr. implied by the stratospheric temperature differences, the
difference between '{springtime) even-year and odd-year total
amounts at Arosa, Switzerland, exhibits a 20-yr. periodicity from
1028 to 1966, with czone amounts averaging 10 percent higher during
the spring of the even years around 1960. Springtime surface
C. Atmospheric Interaction 213
-------
temperatures in ScaDdinavia have undergone a similar (15-to 20-yr.)
periodicity since 1850, with odd-year temperature excesses
averaging 2 deg C. around 1959. after 1920, European stations
exhibit like variations, but there is little evidence for such
surface-temperature fluctuations in north America or in the
tropical and temperate latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere. It is
suggested that there is an association between the cycling interval
of the guasi-biennial tropical oscillation and the above
fluctuations of period of order of 20 yr. BS.
0874U
Chamberlain, A.. C-
RADIOACTIVE AEBOS01S AND 7APOURS. Ccntemp. Phys.,
8 (6) : 561-581, 1967. 11 refs,,
Radioactive substances nay be present in air as dust, fume, or
vapor, very often they are attached to the natural aerosol (salt,
soil rock products, volcanic material, combustion products, etc.).
Condensation of vapor, radon, and thoron upon nuclei is described
mathematically., Badioactive aerosols produced by cosmic radiation
and by nuclear explosions in the loner atmosphere are not
transported downwards at any significant speed. The particles are
too small to have appreciable terminal velocity and vertical eddy
diffusion in the stratosphere is slight. Removal of lower
atmospheric radioactivity is partly by washout in rain and partly
by direct "dry" deposition- The behavior of radio-iodine and
methyl radio-iodine is discussed. The transport of radioactive
aerosols to surfaces, important in filters and scrubbers, is also
described mathematically; work in this area is reviewed and applied
to problems such as the travel and deposition of spores and
pollen.##
08758
Hess, B. E.
EFFECTIVENESS STUDY OF REFLECTIVE CLOUDS. Battelle Memorial
Inst., Columbus, Ohio,Bemcte Area Conflict Information Cen-
ter, Contract SD-171, RACIC-TB-57, 18p., Feb. 28, 1967, 6 refs.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 650509
Quantitative data frcm which first-cider estimates of the reflec-
tive power of chemically induced clouds could be made were provided
The means of making first-order estimates related to weapons
effects in general was also provided. A computer program was
developed. Input data consist of the spectral distribution of the
incident energy, the ccupositicn of the scatter, and the size dis-
tribution of the scatterer. The program computes the volumetric
scattering intensity. Preliminary results obtained with the pro-
gram indicate a very prominent degree of lateral scattering.##
214 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
08805
Fnauer, A.
1BODT THE RELATIONSHIP EETSEEN JIB POLLUTION AND SELECTED
METEOROLOGICAL HEASDBEMENTS - PBESENTED AS AN EXAMPLE HEASDEEHENT
SERIES OF S02 AND N02 OVEB A PERIOD OP SEVEBAL YEARS.
((Oeber Beziehungen zwischen luftverunreinigung and ausgewahlten
meteorologischen Messgrossen - dargestellt am Beispiel
mehrjahriger 302 und N02-Messreihen.)) Text in German- Z.
Ges. Hyg. Ihre Grenzebiete (Berlin), 13 (7J : 473-476, July
1967.
A sulfur dioxide pollution measurement series of 10 months
duration (about 7,500 individual measurements) and nitrogen dioxide
measuring series of 31 months duration (about 6,000 individual
measurements) were evaluated., The measurements were taken hourly
between March 1963 and June 1966 (N02 from December 1963)
during all workdays from 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. at the
Hygiene-Institute of the Humboldt University. The minimum
and maximum of the monthly mean values for S02 and N02 occur at
approximately the same times and are repeated in a yearly rhythm.
The maximum of pollution invariably coincides with the minimum of
air temperature and vice versa. The air—hygienic exposure
conditions and the frequency with which the hygienically admissible
limit is exceeded are described. During heating periods S02
rates exceed the limit by an average of 17.2%, while during
nonheating periods the average exceeding value is 1.7)6., NO2
emissions never exceeded the hygienically admissible limit value.
The proportion of the monthly mean value for N02 and
S02 also changed periodically. Low values of horizontal wind
velocity and low air temperatures increased the S02 emission
values. The least favorable air hygienic hygienic conditions were
recorded during heating periods, when the wind velocity was below 3
Bft. (8-12 mph) and the air temperature below or at + or 0 deg
C. The S02 emissions exceeded the admissible limit by an
average of 455! under these conditions. (Author" s abstract,
nodif ied) #*
08834
Eldridge, Ralph G.
A COMPARISON OF COMPUTED AND EXPERIMENTAL SPECTRAL TRANSMISSIONS
THROUGH HAZE. Appl- Opt., 6 (5) : 929-933, Hay 1967. 13 refs.
Spectral transmissions through haze are computed using
meteorological observations to specify aerosol scattering and
water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone absorption. The computed
spectral transmissions are sompared with the appropriate
experimental transmissions to evaluate the degree to which a
natural spectral transmission can be simulated by a computed
spectral transmission,, The comparison indicates that the
dominant atmospheric attenuating parameter is the absolute
distribution of aerosols. (Author's abstract)ft
C. Atmospheric Interaction 215
-------
08868
Kattawar, George W. and Gilbert N. Plass
INFLUENCE OF PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION ON REFLECTED AND
TRANSMITTED LIGHT FBOM CLOUDS. Southwest Center for
Advanced Studies, Dallas, Tex., Contract AF19 (628) -5039,
Proj. 4076, Task 407604, iFCRL-67-4028, SE-5, 4 Op.., Aug.
24, 1967.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 660604
The light reflected and transmitted from clouds with various drop
size distributions is calculated by a Monte Carlo technique.
Six different models are used for the drop size distribution:
isotropic; Rayleigh; haze continental; martiine; cumulus;
nimbostratus,, The scattering function for each model is
calculated from the Hie theory. In general the reflected and
transmitted radiance for the isotropic and Rayleigh models tend
to be similar to those for the various haze and cloud models.
The reflected radiance is less for the haze and cloud models than
for the isotropic and Hayleigh models, except for an angle of
incidence near the horizon when it is larger around the
incident beam direction. The transmitted radiance is always much
larger for the haze and cloud models near the incident direction;
at distant angles it is less for small and moderate optical
thicknesses and greater for large optical thicknesses (all
comparisons to isotropic and Eayleigh models). The downward
flux, cloud albedo, and mean optical path are discussed. The
angular spread of the beam as a function of optical thickness is
shown for the nimbostratus model-*#
09113
Kee, Thomas R.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEORETICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL PREREQUISITES TO
FIELD INVESTIGATION OF PARTICULAR AGENT BEHAVIOR. VOLUME III.
TEST TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT. (FINAL EEPOET). Travelers
Research Center,, Inc., Hartford, Conn.., Contract
DA-18-035-AKC-399(Aj , Proj. 1C025001A128, TRC-4, 98p.,,
Kay 1967., 3 refs.
CFSTI: AD 817967
The development of test technology is reported. The basic
system considered was one that would produce, disperse, and sample
monodisperse particles. A number of separate runs were conducted
for each different test series using monodisperse particles of a
selected size for each run,, A device was conceived for continuous
particle sampling with temporal resolution, and an associated
automatic data-reduction device. An experimental model of the
sampling device, the Continuous Filament Rotary Impactor, was
built and experiments were conducted with variations of it. The
device incorporates a continuous sampling technique for collecting
both liguid and solid airborne particles and for giving time
resolution to the collected sample. The sampler consists of a
216 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
rotating arm that continuously exposes a fresh surface of
specially treated sanpling filament to the airstream. Several
methods of permanently fixing the sampled particles to the
sanpling filament were investigated. The most promising method
consists of encapsulating the particles in a substrate contained
on the filament, resulting in a permanent record of particles
collected as a function of time., As an auxiliary to the sampler,
an experimental model of an automatic data-reduction device was
built. The data-reduction device can process a sampling
filament, typically about 1000 ft long, in about 10 minutes,
and the device will count all fluorescent tracer particles
contained on the filament.##
09171
Ballington, C« E.
AN ATHOSPHEBIC DIFFUSION SLIDE-BUIE. Meteorological Office,
London, England, Met. 0.774, 32p. , 1966. 5 refs. (Scientific
Paper 2t.)
A slide-rule that can be used to calculate concentrations and
dosages in clouds of aerosols being transported and diffused by
atmospheric wind and turbulence is described- The slide-rule
includes scales for incorporating into the calculations several
methods of assessing depths and widths of diffusing clouds, but the
relative merits of the methods are not discussed in detail; the
main purpose of the paper is to present the slide-rule as a
calculating aid. The slide-rule is not intended for laymen to the
subject of atmospheric diffusion; it is more for those who have at
least a little understanding of the theoretical background. For
such user the slide—rule provides a means of predicting or
assessing experimental diffusion observations; it facilitates
comparison of various methods of diffusion calculations and it
enables a user to compile tables or graphs suitable for use by
laymen. (Authorjs summary, modified)
09283
Stein, Arthur C.
TESTIMONY. Preprint, Public Health Service, Washington,
D. C., National Center fcr Air Pollution Control, 19p.,
1967. 1 ref. (Presented at the Air and Water Pollution
Subcommittee, Committee on Public Works, United States
Senate, Washington, D. C. , Feb. g, 1967.)
A discussion of the problems involved in using meteorology as a
tool in the control of air pollution is presented by the
National center for Air Pollution Control. Specifically
discussed are: the concept and definition of air sheds; the effect
of man produced pollution in modifying the weather; the prediction
cf atmospheric conditions conducive to pollution build-up; and the
prediction of pollution concentration levels and system for using
C. Atmospheric Interaction 217
-------
such prediction as an air quality management tool. The progress
and future plans regarding these problems are described.
Included in future plans are; the development of small scale
mathematical models for pollution concentration studies and of a
comprehensive weather data network. The DHEH program in
meteorology is discussed with mention of its program with
ESSA. A study of ice nuclei from auto exhaust and iodine vapor
is attached.##
09306
Drummond, A- J. and Angstrom A« K.
SOLAB BADIATION MEASUREMENTS ON MAUNA LOA (HAWAII) AND THEIH
EEABING ON ATMOSPHERIC THANSMISSION. Solar Energy, 11(3):1-9,
1967. 10 refs.
The essential results are presented of an analysis of solar
radiation measurements carried out during the period 1 March
1961 to 30 June 1962, at the Mauna Loa High-Altitude
Observatory. Four precision filter pyranometers (the outputs of
which were recorded continuously on strip-chart millivolt poten-
tiometers) and a normal incidence pyrhelicmeter (on an automatic
equatorial mount) were read at certain times during the day, cor-
responding to dixed solar elevations. The basic records were of
total integral wavelength sun and sky radiation and its spectral
components and also of the integral wavelength direct solar radi-
ation. The maximur intensity of the direct solar radiation close-
ly approaches the values previously measured at other very high-
level stations such as Mt. Whitney, Pice de Teyde (Tenerife)
and Mt. Everest, for conditions of extremely pure air, viz about
1.67 cal./sg. cm. min. The spectral composition of the sun and
sky radiation for cloudless skies appears to be remarkably constant
at all solar elevations. Infrared radiation (i.«. lambda greater
than about 700 mu) constitutes 50.5 plus or minus 1 percent of the
total flux, which means that the energy cf shorter wavelengths has
a similar constant proportionality (49.5 plus or minus 1 percent),
Hith regard to the influence of clouds, high and thin sheets like
cirrostratus do not introduce significant changes in the relative
composition of the total radiation. On the other hand, the pre-
sence of low cloud masses like cumulus seems to cause a decrease
in the relative value of the longer wavelength radiation, to
approximately 45 percent, corresponding to an increase of about
3 to 5 percent in the shorter wavelengths. The mean value derived
for the Angstrom atmospheric turbidity coefficient beta is low as
0.015. The atmospheric water-vapor absorption is found to ce 0.13
cal./sg. cm. min., with a slight annual variation indicating a
maximum in the summer months and a minimum in winter.##
09310
Kalika, Peter W.
218 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
THE GROWING PROBLEM. Mach. Des. , 39(171-19-21
.Inl v 70. 1Qfi-r.
July 20, 1967..
The facts, figures, and concern about the national problem of air
pollution are covered- Past air pollution episodes, sources and
types of pollutants released in the atmosphere, and the mechanisms
and characteristics of tenperatnre inversions are reviewed,.
09311
lowry, Hilliam P, and Eichard H. Boubel
HETEOROIOGICAL CONCEPTS IN
AIR SANITATION. Oregon State Oniv.,, Corvallis, 59p., 1967.,
This book is based upon notes developed for a series of
meteorological lectures., Any willing student of physical science
or engineering can quickly grasp the concepts presented after the
sophomore year. Chapters are included on: the pseudoadiabatic
chart: theory; the pseudoadiatatic chart: application;
atmospheric radiation; wind and convection transfer; the energy
budget concept; atmospheric notion; air pollution meteorology; and
the climate of cities.
09U26
Bracewell, J. M. and D. Gall
THE CATALYTIC OXIDATION OF SOIPHUR EIOXIDE IN SOLUTION AT
CONCENTRATIONS OCCURRING IN FCG DBOPLETS. In: Air Pollution.
Proceedings of the Symposium on the Physico-chemical
Transformation of Sulphur Compounds in the Atmosphere and the
Formation of Acid Smogs, Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development, Paris, Directorate for
Scientific Affairs, Paper 2, Dec. 1967, p. 17-26. 1U refs.
A preliminary study of the oxidation of sulphur dioxide in aqueous
solution was made by using aqueous solutions of known sulphur
dioxide concentration.. Two hundred ml was then taken in a flask
in a bath at 25 degrees C and purified air was passed through it
to maintain a constant (saturated) oxygen concentration. Catalyst
was added in solution and the conductivity measured with bright
platinum electrodes was recorded against elapsed time. At 25
degrees C the uncatalyzed oxidation of sulphur dioxide at a
concentration of .,000036 moles/liter was found negligible over a
period of 16 hours. The effect of sulphur dioxide concentration
in the range 1 to .000034 moles/liter was therefore explored in the
presence of manganous sulphate at a constant concentration of
.00009 moles/liter. Plots are given for the experimental data
obtained with sulphur dioxide concentrations of 1-95 and .0000243
C. Atmospheric Interaction 219
-------
moles/liter. The calculated value of conductance which would
have been reached if the reaction had gone to completion is
indicated.t#
09027
Persson, Goran
A STUDY OF THE RATIO SULPHATE: TOTAL SULPHUR AND SULPHURIC
ACID: TOTAI SOIPHOE IN GOTHENBURG DURING DIFFERENT
METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS, In: Air Pollution.. Proceedings
of the Symposium on the Physico-chemical Transformation of
Sulphur Compounds in the Atmosphere and the Formation of Acid
Smogs, Paris, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
development, Paris, Directorate for Scientific Affairs, Paper
3, Dec. 1967,, p., 27-30.
The oxidation of sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere was
investigated to determine if it gives an important contribution to
the amounts of sulphates and sulphuric acid in the Gothenburg air.
Two stations were selected for the study. Station A represents
the central area of the city and station B a residential area,
not far away from the center. The only difference in pollution
between the two stations is that at station A the traffic is a
great source of suspended matter and smoke. Daily means of
sulphur dioxide, sulphuric acid, sulphate, suspended matter, srooXe,
humidity and wind speed were measured during
November 1963 - April 1964., Sulphur dioxide was measured by
the hydrogen peroxide method and the pararosaniline method., The
two procedures gave identical results. Sulphates and sulphuric
acid were sampled with a membrane filter. The filter was then
washed with distilled water and the sulphate determined by
colorimetric titration using Thoron as indicator. Suspended
matter was sampled by High Volume Samplers on glass fiber
filters. Smoke was determined by the standardized reflectcmetric
procedure. The concentrations of sulphur dioxide, suspended
natter and smoke are given in a table. The percentage of total
sulphur present as sulphate and sulphuric acid is given.
Sulphates and sulphuric acid in the Gothenburg air are emitted
mainly from oil heated furnaces, and the portion formed in the
atmosphere is apparently small.#»
09429
Ccmmins, B.. T.
SOME STUDIES ON THE SYNTHESIS OF PAETICULATE ACID SULPHATE JROM
THE PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION OF FUELS AND MEASUREMENT OF THE ACID
IN POLLUTED ATMOSPHERES.. In: Air Pollution. Proceedings of
the Symposium on the Physico-chemical Transformation of Sulphur
Compounds in the Atmosphere and the Formation of Acid Smogs.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris,
Directorate for Scientific Affairs, Paper 5, Dec. 1967, p.
39-46. 10 refs.
220 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Coal was burnt on an experimental open fire, and the effluent from
its chimney blown rapidly into polythene bags. Particulate acid
was detected with a cascade impactor loaded with gelatin-coated
slides impregnated with thymoltlue. Measurements using standard
techniques showed that for initial concentrations of sulphur
dioxide in the range 50 tc 100 p.p-m. and smoke 10 to 15 mg/cu m
the particulate acid concentration rose from a range of 2=5 to 3.5
mg/cu m to between 16 and 85 ng/cu m in thirty minutes. When the
coal was burning well it was found that large amounts of the
sulphur dioxide were oxidised to particulate acid in less than one
minute, and in periods of five minutes very large amounts of acid
were detected. Hhen the fire was producing black smoke, less acid
was manufactured in the bags,. Bo acid was made in the bags
when all the particulate matter from any stage of burning was
removed by filtration. At tines of high air pollution accompanied
by fog, many of the particles that can be collected on thymolblue
slides used in a cascade iupactor show an acid reaction
indicating that they are pH 2 or more strongly acid. An
analysis of the concentrations cf pollutants during periods of
high pollution over the past ten years showed for a given type of
pollution that there was a good correlation between hourly
concentration of particulate acid in excess of 50 microgram/cu m
air and the product of sulphur dioxide and particulate matter
concentrations. Data for several periods of high pollution during
the past ten years provide a relationship between particulate acid
sulphate for concentrations in excess of 50 microgram/cu m and
sulphur dioxide. There is a correlation coefficient of 0.90
between particulate acid concentrations and the square of the
sulphur diox.ide.#t
09430
Liberti, Arnaldo and Giuseppe Devitcfrancesco
EVALUATION OF SOLPHCH COMPOUNDS IN ATMOSPHEBIC DUST. In:
Air Pollution. Proceedings of the Symposium on the
Physico-chemical Transcrmation of Sulphur Compounds in the
Atmosphere and the formation of Acid Smogs. Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris Directorate for
Scientific Affairs, Paper 6, Dec., 1967, p. 47-51.
Extensive research on the physical constitution and chemical
composition of atmospheric dust and physico-chemical transformation
of sulphur compounds is discussed. Surface area was determined
for dust collected in various Italian cities by using a gas
adsorption technique.. The surface area was found to be about
6.2 sg. uio/g., Volatile compounds were analysed by infrared
spectroscopy- C02, CO, CHU, NH3, N20, nitro-compounds,
and ethylene were detected. Sulphur content of atmospheric
dust was determined by combustion and the sulphate by extraction
with dilute mineral acid. No detectable amount of sulphur
dioxide and of free acidity was found.£#
09131
Junge, Chr., and G. Scheich
C. Atmospheric Interaction 221
-------
MEASUREMENTS OF THE HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION OF ATMOSPHERIC
AEROSOLS, In: Air Pollution. Proceedings of the
Symposium on the Physico-chemical Transformation of Sulphur
Compounds in the Atmosphere and the Formation of Acid Smogs.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris,
Directorate for Scientific Affairs, Paper 7, Dec- 1967, p.
53-61. 2 refs.
Measurements were made of the total soluble matter, free hydrogen
ions, sulfate, ammonia, chloride,, and nitrate content of various
si-ze participates. The aerosols were collected in one or two
stage impactors at a flow rate of about 2 cu in/hour daily between
8 and 12 o'clock in the morning, except on Sundays and holidays.,
the samples were washed off with 3 ml of double distilled C02
free water, corresponding to natural rainout of clouds with a
liquid water content of 0.5 ml H20/cu m air. The following
analytical methods were used: <1) conductivity measurements; (2)
pH measurements; (3) nepholometric determinations; ((*) Nessler"s
reagent; (5) Bergmann and Sanik's method; (6) K-Na-tartrate
method; and (7) West and Gaeke's method. Large particles
contain considerably higher fractions of soluble constituents than
the giant particles. Hydrogen icn (H+) concentrations vary by
two orders of magnitude.. High values of H+ in Mainz and low
values in Holfsheim occur during fog and/or calm winds. High H+
concentrations in Hainz as well as in Holfsheim occur if cold
continental air masses arrive with north-easterly winds and with
temperature inversions below 1.5 km- A comparison of the mean
ion concentrations for different places is given. Scatter
diagrams are given for the concentrations in Mainz and Wolfsheim
of total soluble matter, sulfate and S02 against that of the
hydrogen ion.#t
09K33
OKITA, 10SHIICHI
MEASUREMENTS OF THE CONCENTRATIONS OF SDLPHUR COHPODNDS IN THE
ATMOSPHERE AND LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS OK THE OXIDATION OF SULPHUB
DIOXIDE AT THE SURFACE OF PARTICLES. In: Air Pollution.
Proceedings of the Symposium on the Physico-chemical
Transformation of Sulphur Compounds in the Atmosphere and the
Formation of Acid Smogs. Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development, Paris, Directorate for
Scientific Affairs, Paper 9, Dec- 1967, p. 75-86.
Measurements of the content of sulfate and other inorganic
components in cloud and fog water at Asahikawa, Shiobara, Mt.
Tsukuba, and Mt. Norikura show that at Asahikawa the sulfate
was mainly present as calcium sulfate. At Mt. Norikura,
ammonium sulfate and sulfuric acid were main constituents of cloud
water. At lower levels of the atmosphere the concentration of
sulfuric acid decreased and sulfate was associated with ammonium
and other cations. The S02 concentrations in the country and
mountain air ranged from 1.4 to 6.0 micrograms/cu m. A membrane
filter method for measuring the concentration of atmospheric H2S
and sampling of H2S at Yellowstone was developed. The
222 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
atmospheric concentration of H2S was usually below 1 ppb.
Measurement of sulfate and ether inorganic components in
atmospheric particulates by a high volume two stage impactor
indicated that at Tokyo the weight ratios of sulfate to ammonium
were 1.1 and 2.3 for giant and large particles, respectively. The
ratio of the SOU to 302 concentration ranged from 1., 9 to 69,.
The maximum sulfate concentration was 63 micrograms/cu m..
Measurements of acid particles in the atmosphere and laboratory
experiments of the oxidation of S02 on the surface of particles
by the Thymolblue indicator method frequently detected acid
particles in Tokyo and Osaka. Manganese compounds, active
carbon and some materials in coal soot were effective in producing
sulfuric acid mist. Iron and calcium carbonate apparently reacted
with S02 to form sulfate in unsaturated air. Daily averages of
dust and sulfate loading for a three-month period at three
stations are summarized.*#
09«38
Petrenchuk,, 0. P. and V. H. Drozdova
ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF C10DD WATER. Tellus 18(2):280-
286, 1966. 20 refs.
The chemical composition of the cloud water collected in the
different regions of the USSR is considered. On the basis of
their analysis and generalization the main characteristics of
chemical content have been obtained. The total ion amount of
cloud water is slightly different frcm that of atmosphere
precipitation and there is a remarkable difference in their
chemical composition, Subinversion clouds are peculiar filters
capturing different contaminations from the atmosphere and
stimulating its refinement to seme extent. A great influence of
industrial pollution on the chemical composition of cloud water is
noted-#t
09U39
Mrose, H.
MEASUREMENTS OF PH, AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF RAIN-, SNOW-, AND
FOG-WATER., Tellus, 18 (2» : 266-270, 1966. 7 refSo
Since 1957 more than 200 samples of rain water have been analysed
at the Meteorological Observatory of Dresden-Wahnsdorf
(51,1 degrees N, 13,7 degrees E)„ At four mountain summit
stations and one coastal station fog water was sampled and
analysed. The yearly mean of the pH has remained constant since
1958, while in western Europe Jessel found a decrease in the pH.
There are no differences in the pH between summer and winter and
between shower and rain. There are no differences in the
concentration of chemical traces between shower and rain, the
seasonal difference is unimportant. The concentration of traces
including the artifical beta radioactivity in fog water is larger
by one order of magnitude. It is possible to estimate the trace
C. Atmospheric Interaction 223
-------
content of one cubic meter of air from the trace concentration of
the fog water and the water content of the fog, if the fog persists
for a long time™ (Author's abstract)##
09U65
Kartell, E. A.
THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION ANE INTERACTION OE RADIOACTIVE AND NATURAL
AEROSOLS IN THE STBATOSPHEBE. Tellus, 18(2):486-498, 1966.
54 refs.
Artificial radioactivity which persists in the stratosphere on a
time scale of years is shown to be associated with particles below
0.02 micron radius above 27 km and with particles very nearly 0.1
micron radius between 21 km and the tropopause. Assuming the
artificial radioactivity to be associated with natural aerosols at
each level, the radioactive particle size data provide insight on
the size distribution of micrometeorites and other particulates in
the upper stratosphere and their interaciton with sulfate particles
in the lower stratosphere. The decrease in specific radioactivity
with increased sulfate particle radius near 20 km suggests that the
photochemical oxidation of S02 may not be the important mechanism
for large particle formation at this level. Chemical factors and
residence time considerations support the view that Aitken nuclei
in the upper troposphere are sulfate particles of sufficient size
and population to account for the production of large sulfate par-
ticles near and above the tropopause by Aitken nuclei coagulation.
Approximate estimation of the total sulfate mixing ratio with
altitude above 5 km indicates a broad maximum in the upper tropo-
sphere. Photochemical and radiochemical evidence for the rapid
oxidation of S02 in the stratosphere reinforces these views.
It is tentatively concluded that Aitken particles in the tropo-
sphere account for most of the sulfate in the atmosphere and that
there is no stratospheric sulfate layer but only a stratospheric
"large particle" layer. (Author's abstract)##
09466
Plass, Gilbert N. and George H. Kattawar
CALCULATIONS OF REFLECTED AND TRANSMITTED RADIANCE FOE EARTH'S JT-
HOSPHEBE. Southwest Center for Advanced Studies, Dallas,
Tex., Contract AF19(628) -5039, iZp-ROJ. 4076, U1ASK 407604, -SE-L,
27 p., Sept. 13, 1967. 11 refs.,
CISTI, DEC:AD 661267
The reflected and transmitted radiance of the earth s atmosphere is
calculated by Monte Carlo techniques.. The exact scattering func-
tion for the aerosols is used as calculated from the Hie theory™
The aerosol vs. height distributions proposed by Elterman and by
Kondratiev et al are compared. The Eayleigh and aerosol scattering
events are included in the calculation, as well as the ozone
absorption, where appropriate,, Besults are given at wavelengths of
224 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
0.27, 0.3, O.t, 0.7, and 1.67 micron™ The mean optical paths of the
reflected and transmitted photons, the flux at the lower boundary,
and the planetary albedo are tabulated. (Authors abstract)
09549
Leone, Ida A., Eileen Erennan, and Eobert H. Daines
THE RELATIONSHIP OF WIND PARAMETERS IN DETERMINING CXIDANT
COMCENISATIONS IN TWO NEW JERSEY COKKUNI1IES. Atmospheric
Environ., Vol. 2, p. 25-33, 1968. 20 refs.
A two-year study of the relationship of wind speed and direction to
total cxidant (including ozone) concentration and phytotoxicity was
made of two Hew Jersey communities, Carlstadt and New Brunswick,
where air pollution damage to vegetation has ireguentiy been
observed. Eesults obtained during a U-hr period from 11 AM to 3
PH indicated a negative correlation between wind speed and
significant oxidant concentration during all months of the year.
Hinds originating from the directions of heavily populated and
industrialized areas with respect to each community were associated
with oxidant concentrations which were significantly higher than
those occurring when winds proceeded from suburban or residential
areas. While wind speed was not demonstrated to be related to the
build-up of the very low concentrations reguired to injure
extremely sensitive tobacco plants (0.035 ppm), higher
concentrations (above 0.060 ppm) correlated very well with changes
in wind speed. Whereas 46 percent of all the oxidant
concentrations in excess of 0.035 ppm occurred when the wind was
less than 4 mph in velocity, 90 percent of the concentrations above
0.060 ppm occurred when wind speed was at this low level. As with
earlier results for sulfur dioxide concentrations, the majority of
potentially phytotoxic oxidant concentrations in Carlstadt or these
which could be injurious to sensitive crops if grown in the area
were associated with the winds originating from the NE and SH.
Concentraticns at this level rarely occurred when the wind was from
due N.
09567
Faith, W. D.
THE PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF SOLVENT VAPCBS. Air Eng.,
10(2) :16-17, Feb. 1968.
The development of photochemical smog in the Los Angeles Basin and
the photochemical reaction taking place in smog formation are
reviewed. In the Los Angeles Basin, San Francisco Bay Area, Denver,
St. Louis, Philadelphia, Cincinnati, Washington D.C., and Chicago,
the annual frequency of smog days is 200, 50, 14, 7, 6, 5, 4, and
none respectively. To produce photochemical smog the following are
needed: (1) reactive organics; (2) NOx well mixed with the
organics; (3) a stagnant atmosphere; and (U) intense sunlight. The
elimination of any one of these four, eliminates the photochemical
C. Atmospheric Interaction 225
-------
smog problem. The chief source of atmospheric organics is the
automobile. Since most communities are well saturated with motor
vehicle exhaust, the main difference between Los Angeles and other
cities must be meteorology. Los Angeles needs mere control than
the San Francisco Bay area which in tur needs more than Eastern
cities. It follows that Rule 66 fcr organic solvent emission
control in Los Angeles is more strict than Regulation 3 in Sac
Francisco. Local situations must be evaluated before any community
contemplates organic solvent control for it may produce little
public good.
09601
Bourguin, K. E. and F. H. Shigemoto
INVESTIGATION OF AIR-FLOH VELOCITY BY LASEB BACKSCATTER.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Koffett
Field, Calif., Ames Research Center, 21p, , April 1968. 7
ref s.
CFSTI: NASA-TN-D-««53
An investigation of laser light backscatter properties from an
atmosphere emphasized the effect of frequency shift. The
detection scheme described is based on this effect and proved
successful in the laboratory determination of flow velocity of a
contaminated atmosphere. The results agree well with
measurements taken with a hot wire anemometer. This
investigation used a continuous wave laser radiating in the
visible region. The velocity of an air stream containing a
small concentration of contaminants was measured. Using this
technique to detect clear air turbulence would require that
Hie scattering predominate in the turbulent region. This
technique does not presently appear practical for airborne
detection of clear air turbulence considering the available laser
transuitters and detectors, and the uncertain knowledge of the
contaminating particle content in a turbulent region.##
10018
Fensterstock, Jack C_ and Robert K. Fankhauser
THANKSGIVING 1966 JIH POLLUTION EPISODE IN THE EASTERN UNITED
STATES. Public Health Serivce, Durham, N.C., National Cen-
ter for Air Pollution Control, Publication N/. AP-15, «5p,
July 1968. 12 refs.
The Thanksgiving 1966 Air Pollution Episode in the Eastern United
States is documented in terms of daily meteorology and ambient air
quality. Analysis of the available air quality data indicates that
the Air Pollution Potential Forecast Program (APFP) of the Public
Health Service and Heather Bureau did forecast the stagnation.
Meteorological data for selected cities were based on the diurnal
average tenperature, cloud cover, afternoon mixing depths, average
226 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Mind speed through mixing depth, ventilation, resultant wind
direction and the average surface wind speed. Air quality
Beasurenents on the gaseous pollutants sulfur dioxide, oxides of
nitrogen, hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide were made daily. Suspende
and settling particolate of solids and liquids were also measured
diurnally. The high level of air pollution in the eastern u. S-
during the period Nov. 24 through 30, 1966, created adverse health
effects. Researchers in Sew York City found an increase in the death
rate of approximately 24 deaths per day during the period.,
10182
Junge, Christian
THE MODIFICATION OF AEHOSOL SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN THE ATMOSPHERE.
(FINAL TECHNICAL BEPORT JULY 1, 1963 THHU JUNE 30, 1964.)
Gutenberg - Dniversitaet, Hainz, Germany, Heteorologisch
Beteorologisch Geophysikalisches Institut, Contract Da 91-591-
EVC 2979, ((90)) p., July 1964. 17 refs.
DDC: AB 415873
A comprehensive quantitative study is made of the various processes
in the atmosphere which are known to have an effect on the size
distribution of natural aerosols. One of the most important
processes is the coagulation of aerosol particles by Brownian
motion which is always in operation inside and outside of coulds.
Smoluchowski s expression for this process is evaluated for various
model distributions of atmospheric aerosols. The results indicate
that particles smaller than 10-6 cm radius disappear rapidly out
that the concentration of particles larger than 10-5 cm is not much
influenced. Estimates show that necessary refinements of
Suoluchow£ki"s expression do not effect these results very much.
The processes of aerosol modification become more complex in the
presence of water clouds. Most particles go through several cycles
of water condensation and reevaporation before they are removed by
precipitation. In this study a first attempt is made of a
quantitative formulation of all those processes which modify the
aerosol distribution in the course of these condensation cycles..
Important parameters which enter these calculations are the
fraction of troposheric air occupied by clouds, the number of
condensation cycles, the life time of clouds and the concentration
of cloud droplets* The calculations are performed for various
combinations of these parameters. The results show that
continental aerosol distributions "age" by decreasing in
concentration and by assuming a more uniform size distribution with
peak concentrations somewhat smaller than or around 10-5 cm radius.,
Observations seem to indicate that troposheric "background"
aerosols have similar characteristic. The investigations are
continued. (Author s abstract)
10227
Petrenchuk, 0. P., V. M. Drozdova, and M. A. Belyashova
C. Atmospheric Interaction 227
-------
CfiEMICAL COMPOSITION OP CLOUD HATER AT DIFFERENT HiCEOSTHOClUHJiS
OF THE CLOUDS. (Khmicheskii scstav oblachmoi vody pri pazliclinoi
mikrostrukture oblakov.) Text in Bussian. Tr. Gl. Geofiz. Observ.
(Leningrad), No, 207:82-86, 1968. 8 refs.
Samples vere taken from different types cf clouds (stratus,
stratocumulus, numstratus) using an airplane and the water was
analyzed for SOI, C1, N03, HCO, NB4, Na, K, Kg, and Ca. Stratus aim
stratocumulus clouds contained acre nineial substances than
nimbostratus. Generally these findings agree with previous
conclusions that the mineral content in clouds is indirectly
proportional to the droplet size. Experiments were also made hy
taking samples in the sane type cf clcud but at different altitudes
ranging from 600 to 1,000 m. This experiment did not show a
relationship between the electric conductivity (mineral content) and
the altitude of sample withdrawal. A dependence of the mineral
content on microphysical structure (type cf cloud) is definitely
established.
10228
Bastorgueva, G., P. and I. !„ Solcmatina
HEAT BALANCE OF THE EFFECTIVE SOIL SDEFACE IN THE BEGION 01 THE
HOIDAVA THEEEAL POHEB PLANT. ((Teplovoi talans deyatel"noi
poverkhnosti v raione aoldavskoi GEES.)) Text in Russian.
Tr. Gl. Geofiz.. Observ. (Leningrad), No. 207:179-187, 1968..
3
Comprehensive meteorological and soil measurements were made in
the Moldavia region to obtain data necessary for calculating a
heat balance in this region. The daily variations of
radiation flux, convection into the soil, turbulent convection and
heat loss due to evaporation are plotted. The results show that
in September 51£ of the radiative heat flux incident on the soil
is used for heating of air and t«S for evaporation.##
1C285
Galtally, Lan
SOME MEASUREMENTS OF OZONE VARIATION AND DESTRUCTION IN TBZ
ATKCSFHEEE SUEFSCE IAYEE. Nature, 218 (5140) :456-457, May 4,
1968. 2 refs.
A preliminary investigation into the variation and destruction cf
ozone in the lower atmospheric layer is reported. The
measurements were made at Hay, New South Wales, Australia
during an expedition in Aug. 1967. The measurements of 03 wees
made with a Mast-Brewer ozone-sonde suspended frcm a tether
balloon. The measured destruction rates or 03 at the earth's
223 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
surface are in substantial agreement with Eegener, but
considerably larger than estimates of average destruction rates
obtained from 03 considerations summarized by Junge.##
10436
Leipper, Dale F»
THE SHARP SMOG BANK AND CALIFORNIA FOG DEVELOPMENT. Hull.
ABU Meteorol. Soc., U9 («) : 354-358, April 1968. 4 refs.
Meteorological conditions associated with the observance of a
sharp smog bank near Biverside, Calif., are compared with those
previously shown to be related to the development of winter fogs in
California. The conditions are similar. Thus, it is proposed that
three simple indices found useful in the prediction of west coast fo
be used also to predict situations favorable to the shallow, sharp
tanked smogs which have been observed. The indices measure the
influence of the sea surface temperature field upon air warmed in
dosnslope flow associated with easterly winds in the area., (Author1
abstract)
1050U
Public Health Wervice, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for
Air Pollution Control
IHONTON, OHIO - ASHIAND, KENTUCKY - HUNTINGTON, WEST VIBGINIA AIR
POLLUTION ABATEMENT ACTIVITY- PRE-CCNFEBENCE INVESTIGATIONS.
(TECHNICAL REPOBT.,) 85p. , May 1968 8 refs..
An extensive area survey of air pollution was conducted in the
Ironton, Ohio; Ashland, Kentucky; Huntington, Best Virginia region
for the period of September 1965 to August 1967. The following
topics are discussed: topography; climate; materials deterioration;
industrial, uunicipal, and private emission sources; geographic
distribution of pollutants; and measurement methods and locations.
The pollutants of interest were particulates, NOx, SOx, and H2S. An
emission inventory is included, along with discussions of some of th
major pollution sources.
10605
Environmental Science Services Administration, Silver Spring,
nd.. Air Resources Labs.
METEOROLOGICAL FUNDAMENTALS FOB ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT AND
DIFFUSION STUDIES. In: Meteorology and Atomic Energy 1968,
David H. Slade (ed.) p. 13-63, July 1968. 5 Refs.
CFSTI: TID 21190
C. Atmospheric Interaction 229
-------
The variety of subdisciplines of meteorology of which have
some bearing on the understanding of transport and diffusion
processes in the atmosphere are discussed for non-meteorologists.
Concepts and terminology used in atmospheric transport and
diffusion studies are presented. Basic physical atmospheric
processes and the weather systems that result from these processes,
climatology and conventional weather data and the fundamental
concepts related to transport and diffusion studies are
discussed.t#
10682
Hamilton, Harry L., Jr., Janes J. B. Horth and Luraan A.
"Bipperton
AN ATHOSPHEBIC PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY STDDY ON PIKES PEAK IN
SDPPOET OF PULMONARY EDEHA KESIAECH. Research Triangle Inst.,
Durham, N. C., Contract DA-HC19-68-C-00298, 5H., Hay
1968. 10 refs.,
CFSTI, DDC: AD 680989
Measurements of atmospheric trace gases on the summit of Pikes
Peak •(14,110 ft) from late July through mid-October 1967 were
made in support of pulmonary edema research. Suporting
meteorological data were also collected. Local intermittent
contamination by corcbustion products afforded an opportunity to
examine conditions corresponding to those which might be
experienced by troops in encampments. Concentrations of ozone
(03), in uncontaminated air showed a maximum at night and a
minimum during the daytime. The daytime minimum is attributed to
mixing of the air from the altitude of the peak with ozone-depleted
air from near ground level in adjacent valleys and plains. In
contaminated air, ozone concentration on the average showed
no maximum, and mean values for each hour were considerably lower
than in uncontaminated air» This reduction results from
destruction of ozone by NO from combustion products; measured
concentrations of HO appear adequate to account for the decrease
in ozone. Auxiliary stations for ozone measurement on the
mountainside (10,840 ft) and at the base of the mountain (7,780 ft)
showed the daytime maximum and nighttime minimum normally
experienced in the lowlands. The station at 10,840 ft showed
consistently higher ozone concentrations than did the valley
station, with daytime values approaching the maximum (nighttime)
values recorded on the summit; no explanation can be offered for
this anomaly, A trend from high concentrations of ozone in
July to lower concentration in October is apparent, conforming
with the normal pattern of tropospheric ozone. A dampening of the
diurnal wave patter of ozone concentrations is evident as the
average concentration decreases. (Authors' abstract)#*
10683
Bruce, Eufus James Mason, Kenneth White, and Richard B.
Gomez
AN ESTIMATE OF THE ATMOSPHERIC PBOPAGATICN CHAEACTEBISTICS CF
230 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
1.54 HICBCN LASER ENERGY. Army Electronics Command, Fort
Monmouth, N. J. Task 1to14501b53a-13, ecom-5185 , ((41)) p.,
March 1968. 22 refs.
CFSTI, DEC: AD 670931
Potential atmospheric effects on the propagation of
electromagnetic radiation at 1.54 micron wavelength are examined.
The results of transmission measurements by various investigators,
as reported in the literature, coupled with theoretical
calculations are applied to estimate the transmission
characteristics for erbium ion (Er+ + +) laser radiation in this
region. The output of the Er+++ laser at 1.54 micron is
discussed in some detail. Predominant attenuation mechanisms are
found to be aerosol absorption and aerosol scattering.
Contributions from five investigations cf atmospheric transmission
in this region are summarized. Nonlinear effects are not
considered.##
1072U
Selezneva, Ye. S. and 7. M- Drozdova
THE NATURAL BACKGROUND OF ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINATION AND THE
COMPOSITION OF PRECIPITATION OVER THE TERRITORY OF THE USSR. In:
Modern Problems of Climatology (Collection of Articles)
(Sovremennyye Problemy Klinatologii)„ Translated from Russian.
Foreign Technology Div., Wright—Patterson AFB, Ohio, Translation
Div., Contract F33657-67-C1455, TT8000039-67, FTD-HT-23-1338-67, p.
316-324, Nov. 29, 1968. 7 refs.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 670893
The basic results of investigation of the chemical composition of
atmospheric precipitation over the territory of the USSR are
discussed. Data was collected and analyzed from 70-75 stations, 32
of them located in the Asiatic territory of the USSR, The
relationship between the composition of precipitation and natural
zones is clarified. The contribution of natural sources and
industrial effluents to the total background level of atmospheric
contamination is estimated.
10737
Jean Bricard, Francois Billard, and Guy Madelaine
FORMATION AND EVOLUTION OF NUCLEI OF CONDENSATION THAT APPEAR
IN AIR INITIALLY FREE OF AEROSOLS. J. Geophys, Res.,
73(14) :4487-4496, July 15, 1968.
The formation of nuclei cf condensation in air initially
cleansed of aerosol particles by filtration has been
investigated. Such formation may be achieved in the dark. The
formation process is accelerated by the action of sunlight or by
the introduction into the chamber of thoron free from active
C. Atmospheric Interaction 231
-------
deposit. The evolution of these particles in time, as well as
their state of charge, has been studied, and an important
influence of coagulation of the process has been found.
The possible role of such particles as regards the origin and
behavior of the properties of natural aerosols must be
considered. (Authors' abstract) ##
107871
Fabry, Ch. and H. Buisson
THE ABSOHPTION CF RADIATION IN THE LCWER ATMOSPHERE AND THE AMOUNT
OF OZONE . ( (Sur 1'abscrpticn des radiations dans la basse
atmosphere et le dosage de 1'ozone,)) Translated from Erench.
Compt. Bend. (Paris), 192: «57-461, 1931. <» refs.
Optical density is computed for different wave lengths in order to
show that absorption of visible radiation by the atmosphere is
produced by an ozone layer of 0.0022 cm./km. air. An increased
absorption in the short wave lengths is probably due to the
presence of oxygen. The calculated concentration of ozone
required to produce the observed absorption (or 4.3 mg/100 cu m
air at 15 degrees C.) is of the same order of magnitude as can be
obtained by chemical analysis. If the atmosphere contained the
same proportion of ozone at all heights, the total density of
ozone in the earth's atmosphere would be 0.18 mm..##
10937T
Grafe, K. and C. Schlunk
MEASUREMENT OF GLOBAL RAEIATION AS A CONTRIBUTION TO THE AIR
POLLUTION PROBLEM., ({Globalstrahlmessungen als Eeitrag zu
lufthygienischen Probleraen.)) Translated from German.
Gesundh.. Ingr. , 86 (2) :5t-60, 1965. 13 refs.
"Global" radiation is the combined radiation impinging on the
earth's surface directly from the sun and diffusely from the sky.
In global radiation measurements in the Hamburg area considerable
differences in radiation were observed between the stations on
individual days. On the average the urban and industrial
district showed reductions in radiation as compared to the
immediate vicinity of Hamburg, the level of which differed
between summer and winter and with varying weather conditions.
These reductions in global radiation are attributed to urban and
industrial air pollution and make possible an indirect check on
the pollution of the air. In the interpretation of the
statistical data the complicated interaction of air pollutions and
meteorological parameters is taken into account. In conclusion
attention is called to the economic aspects of the air pollution
situation.f *
232 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
10980
J. E, Lcvill, A. Miller
THE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF OZONE OVER THE SAN FRANCISCO
EAY ABIA. J. Geophys. fies. 73(16):5073-5079, Aug. 15, 1966,
Observations of the vertical distribution of ozone were made
during February 1967 on the San Francisco Bay area with the
Carton-iodine (Komhyr) ozonesonde. Horizontal and vertical
velocity components were obtained by simultaneous tracking
with an M33 radar. In the lower troposphere, two peaks of ozone
were found near 1 and 1.5 km within the west coast subsidence
inversion; the lower maximum coincides in position with a wind jet.
2n the middle and upper troposphere there are significant time
variations of ozone, believed to be caused by intrusions of
stratospheric air. Undulations in the ozone, temperature, and
wind profiles in the stratosphere suggest laminas of air masses.
The mean profile of ozone suggests that there are several
distinct zones that are related to czone production and vertical
mixing. (Authors' abstract)##
11013
Stephens, Edgar R.
THE MARINE LAYER AND ITS RELATION 10 A SKCG EPISODE IN
RIVERSIDE, CALIFORNIA. Atmos. Environ., 2 (4) :393-396, July
1968.
The arrival of a polluted air icass with a sharp boundary was
recorded on five chemical recorders. The records of
temperature, humidity and wind suggest that this
pollution was contained in a layer of marine air which had
penetrated about 40 miles inland. (Author's abstract)##
11052
R. 0. Heedfall, B. Linsky
A MESCCLIMATOLCGICAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR AIR POLLUTION
ENGINEFRS. Preprint, West Virginia Univ., Morgantown,
Dept. of Civil Engineering, 59p., 1968. 21 refs. (Presented
at the 61st Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, St. Paul, Minn., June 23-27, 1968, Paper 68-53.)
A method of deriving 3 air pollution potential indexes based on
selected climatic data and meso-climate topographic factors has
teen deteloped, through not yet adequately field tested, for use
by engineers in choosing between alternate factory sites.
Three indexes, one for general air pollution, one for
photoreactive air pollutants, and one for fog-reactive air
C. Atmospheric Interaction 233
-------
pollutants, the latter two based en the first one plus sunshine
and humidity factors respectively, are presented. These indexes
vary with locations, not with air pollutants or time. Weaknesses
and possible uses of the various stagnation indexes are discussed.
(Authors' abstract, modified)#f
11221
Rent, F. H.
ON THE NATUBE OF AITKEN CONDENSATION NUCLEI. Tellus (Uppsala)
18(2) : 549-556, 1966. 7 refs.,
The number of Aitken condensation nuclei in the air is strongly
influenced by human activities which increase the natural number
nanifold through release of combustion products from fires and
combustion engines., The natural condensation nuclei near
ground level increase during day decrease daring night; there is a
general decrease with increasing altitude in the atmosphere.
These natural Aitken nuclei are produced in light from volatile
products released by the vegetation (mainly terpenes) and therefori
are organic macromolecules™ They disappear again mainly by
agglomeration, or near the inversion layer, and are then removed b
precipitation. (Author's abstract) t#
11230
A. P. Altshuller
COMPOSITION AND REACTIONS OF POLLUTANTS IN COMMUNITY
ATMOSPHERES. Preprint, Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, National Air Pollution Control
Administration, ( (21))p., 1968. ((33)) refs. (Presented at the
Symposium on Urban Climates and Building Climatology,
Brussels, Belgium, Oct. 15-25, 1968.)
This paper is concerned with the composition of gaseous and
particulate substances in community atmospheres. The
available measurements of rates of reaction of various pollutants
with oxygen, ozone, atomic oxygen and in nitrogen oxide
sensitized photooxidations are tabulated and discussed. The
formation, composition and size distribution of atmospheric
particulates in the community environment has received
considerable investigation recently. The possible mechanisms for
sulfate and sulfuric acid formation are considered. The biosphere
as a source as well as a sink for pollutants is discussed. The
large contribution of biosphere in terms of emissions of methane,
terpenes, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide reguires
much additional investigation. Improvement of understanding of
these aspects of atmospheric chemistry, physics and
meteorology will necessitate well-designed experiments in both
the atmosphere itself and the laboratory. (Author's abstract,
modified)*t
234 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
1127K
Lea, Duane A., James L. Sarney, and Cecil A. Knudsen
IASER RADAR RETURNS FROM THE 10HEH THOPOSPHERE COMPARED WITH
VERTICAL OZONE DISTRIBUTIONS. Preprint, Pacific Missile
Range, Point Hugu, Calif., i((12))p., 1966. 8 refs. (Presented
at the 12th Conference on Radar Meteorology, American
Meteorological Society, Norman, Okla., Oct. 18-20, 1966..)
From May through December 1965, a series of ozone soundings were
conducted at Point Hugu using balloon-borne chemiluroinescent
ozonesondes. Preliminary comparisons of the laser radar returns
with vertical ozone distributions in the lower troposphere suggest
an inverse relationship, especially in smoggy air advected from
the nearby Los Angeles Easin. Enroute to the observing site,
the ozone content of the polluted air is presumably depleted in
discrete layers by destructive contact with stratified layers of
aerosol and cloud from which the laser pulses are bactcscattered.
Differences in observing paths and times, as well as accuracy
limitations of the instrumental methods, preclude rigorous
analysis of the present data, and resulting conclusions are
admittedly speculative. Nevertheless, the results indicate
that ozone soundings can provide a useful supplement to
conventional radiosone data in interpreting laser returns from
polluted air., A systematic program of coordinated laser and ozone
measurements should permit improved delineation of striations in
atmospheric structure and provide insight into some of the
complex physical processes involved in metropolitan pollution
regimes.t#
11280
Irvine, William M.
DIFFUSE REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION BY CLOUD AND DUST LAYERS.
Preprint, Harvard Coll. Observatory Cambridge, Mass, and
Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Mass.,
((26)) p., Feb. 1966. 35 refs..
The problem of radiative transfer in a medium with a strongly
anisotropic phase function is considered. Traditional methods of
solution of the transfer eguation have not proved practicable.
Recent calculations using the Neumann solution, Borcanova"s
method, and the "doubling method" of van de Hulst are described.
To facilitate the study of absorption features under conditions
of multiple scattering, the probability distribution of photton
optical paths is introduced. Hhen appropriately normalized, this
distribution satisfies a transfer eguation. (Author"s abstract)##
11310
Keng, Edward Y. «„ and Clyde Orr, Jr.
C. Atmospheric Interaction 235
-------
CHABACTEBISTICS OF ATMOSPHERIC HYDKOSCOPIC PABTICULATES UNEEK
CHANGING HUHIDITY CONDITIONS. Preprint, Georgia Inst. of
Technology, Atlanta, Engineering Experiment Station, ((15))p.,
1968. {(6))refs. '(Presented at the 156th ACS National
Meeting, Atlantic City, N. J. , 1968.,)
It has been established on the basis of experimental and
theoretical investigations that airborne hydroscopic particles,
such as sodium chloride, undergo size changes when the relative
humidity increases or decreases. Open an increase in the
environmental relative humidity, the process of moisture accretion
proceeds with little change in particle size up to the point where
the particle actually dissolves forming a solution droplet. There
is then an abrupt increase in size. Further increase of relative
humidity causes the droplet size to increase by condensation of
moisture. If at this point, the relative humidity is decreased,
evaporation of moisture from the droplet occurs and the size
decreases. However, recrystallization of the hydroscopic nucleus
will not occur immediately at the relative humidity at which it
first dissolved. A time lag exists in the process. Vaporous
contaminants in the environment may either be condensed on the
particulate surface or absorbed by the droplet, giving a
homogeneous solution. Nucleation time is altered when compared to
the nucleation time for non-contaminated conditions,. (Authors1
abstract) ##
11505
Gajzagc, L.
VARIATIONS OF GLOBAL EAEIATIONS IN BUDAPEST. Preprint,
Central Inst. of Meteorology, Budapest (Hungary),
Biometeorology Besearch Group. (("))p., 1968. 1 refs.
(Presented at the World Meteorological Organization Sympcsiui
en Urban Climates and Building Climatology, Brussels, Oct.
15-25, 1968.)
Seme characteristics of the variations of global radiation in
towns are presented, on the basis of data of the 10 winter months.
The decrease of radiation of the town stations and the territorial
variations of radiation on days with different wind directions are
shown. The mean radiation deficit of the City is in winter
13%, while at the Central Institute it is 18*. The latter data
are almost in full conformity with the deviations found by previous
measurements. The gradual air pollution taking place during the
passage of the air over the town causes in the average a radiation
decrease of about 11% on days with NW Kinds which are as a rule
mere vivid and turbulent. On days with weaker and almost laminar
SI winds, the decrease of the radiation in the city is 22% and
the Central Institute 333E. On days with HE, SW and changing
wind directions the rate cf the variation 01 radiation is also
corresponding to the air pollution to be expected on the casis of
the structure of the town and orography. The decrease of the
radiation has been investigated also for days without sunshine.**
236 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
11516
T.. J. Chandler
URBAN CIIMA1ES: INVENTORY ABE PECSPZCT. Preprint,
University Coll., London, England, (20} p., 1968., 11 refs-
(Presented at the World Meteorological Organization
Symposium on Brian Climates and Building Climatology,
Brussels, Oct., 15-25, 1968.)
Factors determining urban climates are discussed. The
most important meteorological element controlling levels of
atmospheric pollution is wind. It is the basic parameter of urban
climates as a vhole. It helps to control pollution concentrations,
temperatures,, fog freguencies, evaporation rates and
humidities, cloud amounts and precipitation. Another important
factor in determining urban climate is radiation,. Short wave rad-
iation is scattered and absorbed by pollution particles and the
surface receipts are highly differentiated by the varied
geometry, aspect and albedo of city fabrics.##
11521
P., F. Fuggle,, 1. R. Oke
INFRA-BED FIOX DIVERGENCE AND THE URBAN HEAT ISLAND. Preprint,
McGill Univ., Montreal, (Quebec), (10) p., 1968. 17 refs-
(Presented at the World Meteorological Organization Symposium
on Urban Climates and Building Climatology, Brussels, Oct.
16, 1968.)
At night, when the urban heat island effect is best developed,
there are two energy exchange processes acting to heat the
urban atmosphere. Firstly, there is the turbulent diffusion of
sensible heat away from the warm city buildings, and secondly,
there is the absorption of long-wave radiation emitted by both the
city and its pollution cover. The sensitivity of the heat island
intensity to wind speed and cloud cover is obviously a reflection
of these two processes. A scheme is outlined for studying the
effects of long-wave radiation upon the intensity of the heat
island in Montreal.. In particular, it is stressed that it may
be unreasonable, in the case of the polluted urban atmosphere, to
assume the usual constancy of the flux with height. A programme
for the direct measurement of this infra-red flux divergence is
described, including the possibility of its use in urban heat
island studies.##
11522
I. Jenkins
INCREASE IN AVERAGES OF SUNSHINE IN CESTEAL LONDON. Preprint,,
Meteorological Office, Lender, England, (1«) p., 1968. 6 refs.
C. Atmospheric Interaction 237
-------
(Presented at the World Heteorological Organization Symposium
on Urban Climates and Building Climatology, Brussels, Oct.
15-25, 1968.)
Over recent years the sunshine in winter months was almost
invariably above the long term normals published for
Kingsway. For this study, London Heather Centre was used as
the city center, Kew Observatory as the suburban site and the
Eoyal Horticultural Society's gardens at Bisley as the
rural site. Kew Observatory is 9 miles nest-south-west and
Hisley 21 Biles south-west of Central London. Although
London Heather Centre moved to High Holbofn, w.C.1» in
Janurary 1965, the new office is within 1/t mile of the old site
at Kingsway so that a comparison with the 30 year normals of
sunshine at Kingsway is still valid. The values of duration of
sunshine given for the three sites in the Monthy Heather Report
were used for this study. The duration of bright sunshine at
London Weather Centre since 1958 has increased by about 50K
of the long term average {1931 to 1960} during the months
November to January and this is probably associated with the
decrease in smoke since the Clean Air Act came into force.##
11523
H. E. Landsberg
CLIMATES AND UR PAN PLANNING- Preprint, Maryland Univ.,
College Park, Inst. for Fluid Dynamics and Applied
Hathematics, (175 p., 1968. 13 refs. (Presented at the
World Meteorological Organization Symposium on Urban Climates
and Building Climatology, Brussels, Oct. 15-25,, 1968.)
Urbanization brings about several reasonably well-documented
micro-and meso-climatic changes. Some of these can be
advantageous, such as the heat island effect in cold climates.,
Others include highly undesirable atmospheric consequences,
principally air pollution, which is aggravated by reduction in
ventilation and in some areas by insolation. Planning
for new towns or for redeveloptrent of old cities and for their
expansion should include climatic facts to minimize adverse
effects. Through layout, architecture and engineering measures
microclimates may be turned into assets rather than liabilities.
Advance climatic studies are particularly necessary in proper
siting of airports and industrial installations. Adequate
provision for green spaces is always essential.
Hydrometeorological studies of flood plains and drainage
requirements are also mandatory. Micrometeorological
conditions can be mitigated or cleared by judicial arrangement
of street orientation, building heights and spacing, hedges, water
surfaces, and suitable adaptation to orographic conditions.
Begional nacroclimatic circumstances, such as snowfall, sunshine
duration, wind regime, may dictate different countermeasures in
town construction.. Knowledge gained from poor adaptations to cli-
mate in established settlements can be profitable applied to ne«
arban developments. Several case studies have been made. Note-
worthy are those of Kitimat, B.C., and Columbis, Md.
238 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
I 1529
Peterson, James T.
MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC AEECSOIS AND INFHJRED RADIATION OVES
NORTHWEST INDIA AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP. Wisconsin Univ.,
Madison, Dept. of Meteorology, Contract CNR 1202(07) and
NSF GP-5572X, Task NR 387-022, TH-38, ((169)) p., Jan.
1968. ((65)) refs.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 673212
Airborne measurements were made of atmospheric aerosols and
infrared radiation over northwest India up to 30,000 feet.
Simultaneous observations of infrared radiation were also made by
balloon-borne net economical radiometers. The instrumentation,
which detected both the particle size distribution and vertical
variation of the dust concentration as well as the directed
infrared radiative flux, is described. The vertical distribution
of the aerosol density was measured on five separate ocassions.
A mineralogical analysis of the collected aerosols indicated that
quartz was their major constituent. The nocturnal radiation
measurements showed several features which suggested that the
infrared radiation was being influenced by the atmospheric dust.
Radiative transfer equations were formulated in an attempt to
compare the difference between the observed and calculated upward
infrared flux data to the simultaneously measured aerosol values.
Based on the assumption that all the particles were composed of
quartz, the Hie theory was used in conjunction with the observed
aerosol size distributions and mass concentrations to calculate the
wavelength dependent optical parameters of the particulates (i.e.,
efficiency factors, scattering albedoes and phase functions). The
radiative transfer equations were developed in terms of a model in
which the pertinent parameters could be varied so that their
effect on the infrared radiative flux could be investigated.
Regression analysis was then used to re-examine the relation
between the observed-calculated flux differences and the
atmospheric aerosols by using the radiation observations as input
into a slightly modified form of the transfer equations. This
study indicated that these differences were largely explained by a
positive contribution from aerosol scattering. Finally, an
expression was presented which relates the amount of atmospheric
dust to the additional radiative diabatic cooling resulting from
this dust.tt
11597
Bullrich, K., w. Blattner, T. Conley, R. Eiden, G..
Hanel, K0 Heger, and H. Nowak
CONTRIBUTION TO THE POLARIZATION OF THE SKY RADIATION.. In:
Research on Atmospheric Optical Eadiation Transmission.
(Interim Scientific Eeport No. 6.) Johannes Gutenberg-Dniv™,
Mainz (Best Germany), Heteorologisch-Geophysikalisches
Institut, Contract F 61052 67 C 0016, AFCEL-68-0186, p.
51-55, 81, Jan., 1968. 28 refs.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 670210
C. Atmospheric Interaction 239
-------
The variation of the maximum degree of polorization of the sky
light is discussed as a function of each of the following
parameters: turbidity, wavelength, exponent of the aerosol
particle size distribution, zenith distance of the sun, and albedo.
The conclusions drawn are of qualitative nature. New
measurements of the degree of polorization have teen carried out at
Mainz to get an insight in the dayly variation of the atmospheric
aerosol size distributions and other parameter which influence the
spectral distribution of the sky radiation. It could be shown the
significance of the behaviour of the two polarization maxima
in the sky radiation.tf
11599
Bullrich, K,., W. Blattner, T. Conley, H. Eiden, G.
Hanel, K. Heger, and H. Nowak
THE INFLUENCE OF SECOND ODDER SCATTEHING ON THE SKY RADIATION AND
ON THE RADIATION EMERGING FEOH THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE UNDER
THE ASSDMPTION OF A TURBID ATMOSPHERE. In: Research on
Atmospheric Optical Radiation Transmission. (Interim
Scientific Report No. 6) Mainz Univ. (West Germany),
Beteorologisch-Geophysikalisches Institut, Contract F 61052
67 C 0046, AFCRL-68-0186, p. 63-83, Jan. 1968. 28 refs.
CPSTI, DDC: AD 670210
The influence of second order scattering on the sky radiation and
on the radiation emerging from the earth's atmosphere under
assumption of a turbid atmosphere has been investigated
comprehensively. The great influence in the case of short
wavelength and high turbidity can be seen. The amount of the
secondary scattering near the horizon is 80% of the primary
scattering. The theory of scattering is discussed, and graphs of
data are presented.##
11621
Berger, An S. , Co E, Billings, B» Dennis, D» Lull,
and P. Warneck
STUDY OF REACTIONS OP SULFUR IN STACK PLUMES. (FIRST ANNUAL
REPORT APBIL 12, 1967 TO APRIL 11, 1968,.) GCA Corp.,
Bedford, Mass., Technology Div. , Contract PH-86-67-125,
GCJ-TR-68-19-G, 129p-, March 21, 1969., 30 refs.
The overall objective was to provide an improved rationale for
predicting the concentration levels of sulfur oxides in the
atmosphere. The study has been divided into two major phases;
(a) a field program in which real plumes from coal and oil-fired
power stations can be tracked by aircraft to determine plnme
composition as a function of downwind distance, environmental
factors and source parameters; and (b) a laboratory program in
240 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
which flue gas effluents generated by a pilot plant furnace (oil
and coal fired) can be studied under simulated field conditions-
Bench scale experiments to investigate several alternative
mechanisms (cheuical and/or physical) contributing to observed
S02 losses in the atmosphere are also included in the first-year
program- Two Boston area power plants, one coal fired and the
other oil fired, are allowing measurement of source parameters.
The selected coastal stations are located such that no
interference between their respective plumes takes place during
periods of off-shore winds. Plume sampling was conducted under
pre-selected meteorological conditions which would allow for
maximum plume stability.. Plume location beyond the visible range
was determined by an automatic conductivity analyzer. A 12-cu
ft reaction chamber was constructed to investigate atmospheric
behavior of S02 from stack plumes under controlled temperature,
humidity, and simulated solar irradiation. Bench scale
experiments were performed in which quantum yields were determined
for pure S02 and mixtures of S02 for various uv excitation
levels, 2537 and 3100A, at ambient pressure.##
11635
Altshu.ller, A. P.
COMPOSITION AND REACTIONS OF POILD1ANTS IN CCdMUNITY ATMOSPHERES.
Bull. World Health Organ. (Geneva), 40 (4):616-623, 1969. 26 refs.
Data are presented showing the composition of gaseous and
particulate substances in community atmospheres, based on
measurements in various cities in the United States. Many of the
pollutants react further, usually to produce substances as
undesirable as the original ones, or more so; most of these
reactions involve thermal oxidation or photooxidation. Because
of the importance of considering air pollution on a regional
or even continental scale, a general framework of residence
times of pollutants is postulated; up to several days under
adverse conditions in many regions, but less than 2t hours
across large urban areas under more usual conditions of wind speed
and movements of weather fronts. Pollutants and other atmospheric
substances are categorized as either reactants-those substances
emitted directly into the atmosphere from combustion, industrial,
and biosphere processes; or products such as nitrogen dioxide and
sulfates. Some substances may fall into both groupings. Data
are given on rates of various reactions, and the nature of the
products is described. In general, the measurements showed 1% to
15X conversions of gaseous to particulate species on a long-term
basis; rates of conversion of nitrogen dioxide to nitrate were
consistently lower than those cf sulfur dioxide to sulfate.
Recent work on particle size distributions of various metallic and
non-metallic ions in particulates in U. S. cities is reviewed,
with data given in terms cf mass median dianeters. It is pointed
out that the biosphere is a source of, as well as a sink for,
pollutants, and that urban levels of methane or nitrous oxide,
for example, reflect to a considerable extent biosphere, rather
than urban, emissions. Reactions originating in biosphere
processes may contribute significantly to regional pollution,
particularly during periods of stagnation. The need for increased
C. Atmospheric Interaction 241
-------
emphasis on atmospheric investigation, as opposed to laboratory
work, and for improved sensitivity and specificity in monitoring
and sampling is discussed.
11713
Bornstein, B. D.
OBSEBVATIONS OF THE URBAN HEAT ISLAND F.FJECI IN NEH YOPK CITY.
J. Appl. Meteorol. 7 (4) : 575-582, Aug. 1968. 13 refs.
Differences in the temperature fields through the lowest 700 m of
the atmosphere in and around New York City during the hours
near sunrise are analyzed. Data were obtained by an instrumented
helicopter on 42 predetermined test mornings from July 1964 to
December 1966. The flight (shewn on a map) began at Westchester
County Airport, continued over Manhattan, Brooklyn, Staten
Island, and ended at linden Airport. Results show urban
surface temperature inversions to be less intense, and far less
frequent, than those in the surrounding non-urban regions. A high
frequency of weak elevated inversions layers at an average height
of 310 m was observed over the city. The average intensity of the
urban heat island, i.e., urban temperature excess, was a maximum
near the surface and decreased to zero at 300 m. On mornings with
relatively strong urban elevated inversion layers the heat island
extended to well over 500 m. For more than two-thirds of the test
mornings there existed an elevated "cross-over layer" in which
rural temperatures were higher than urban temperatures. The
magnitude of the cress-over effect was less than that of the heat
island effect.##
11714
K. Bullrich, B. Eiden, H. Jaenicke, H. Nowak
SOLAS RADIATION EXTINCTION, SKY BADIATICN, SKY LIGHT
POLARIZATION AND AEEOSOI PABTICIE TOTAL NUMBEB AND SIZE
DISTBIBUTION ON THE ISLAND MAUI (HAWAII). Pure Appl.
Geophys. (Milan) 69 (1) : 280-319, 1968. 29 refs.
Solar radiation within the wavelength range of 0.4 micron to 1.0
micron undergoes extinction due to the air molecules as well as
to the aerosol particles suspended in the atmosphere. If the
absorption bands of water vapor are avoided 'by suitable
interference filters, the extinction measured at solar elevations
(which are not very low) is almost all due to scattering. There
is evidence that the specrral distribution and the degree of
polarization of diffuse sky radiation are sensitive to the number
and size of atmospheric particles. The island of Maui is
suitable for such an investigation since measurements can be taken
above the trade wind inversion on the summit and below the
inversion at the foot. Inversion almost completely prevents a
direct exchange of aerosol particles between sea level and an
242 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
elevation of 3,050 m. During April 1964 and August and
September 1965, field studies with regard to the total
number of particles per cu cm, the aerosol particle size
distribution per cu cm, and spatial distribution of the spectral
degree of polarization, were carried out. The results are given
in 26 figures and discussed in terms of theoretical values.
It was found that the measured aerosol size distribution of a
volume of air on the summit follows a power law only approximately
with the exponent v*=3. At sea level the exponent is between 2
and 3,*#
11721
I. Foitzik, D. Spankuch, E. Unger
COMPUTATION OF THE SCATTERING FUNCTIONS OF THE HAZE FHOM
SKYIIGHT MEASUREMENTS, CONSIDEBING THE MULTIPLE SCATTERING
Pure Appl. Geophysics (Milan), 69 (1) :260-279,1968. 11 refs.
The primary scattering of atmospheric haze is computed by
modification of an approximative method evolved by De Bary,
tasing on skylight measurements carried out on a mountain
(3,000 m high in Bulgaria) at various altitudes of the sun and
in different horizontal circles at a wave length of 450 nm. This
measured total radiation is reduced by the radiation induced by the
scattering at molecules as well as by secondary or multiple
scattering at turbidity aeroscl. The single scattering of the
atmospheric haze thus computed is discussed for various assumed
Linke turbidity factors. Haze scattering functions are compared
with theoretical scattering functions. The results attained agree
closely with superimposed logarithmic Gaussian distributions and
only partly with the scattering functions computed by Bullrich.
These deductions prove optically the increase of larger particles
during forenoon. The analysis o.f the scattering functions shows a
shortage of particles in agreement with other investigations.##
11902
Groll, A.
DETERMINATION OF A RADIATION INEIX NEEDED FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT
OB DIFFUSION TYPES FROM SYNOPTIC WEATHER DATA. ((Bestimmung
eines fur die Festlegung von Ausbreitungstypen
erforderlichen Strahlungsindex aus synoptischen
Hetterbeotachtungen.)) Text in German. Meteorol.
Edsch., 21(3):69-72, 1966. 1 refs.
The radiation index NRI which is used together with the wind
velocity to determine the diffusion type in Turner's method is
calculated from data on cloudiness, the solar height of the cloud
cover. As shown by an analysis of hourly data obtained from the
Hamburg airport and the Hamburg Meteorological Observatory in
1965, however, the NEI index correlates poorly with measured
values of total insclaticn. A new radiation index (GI) is
C. Atmospheric Interaction 243
-------
therefore proposed which increases stepwise from 0 to t as the
measured total insolation increases froni 0 to 6.7, 20.2, 33.9, and
44.7 cal./cm2 hr. or higher. In crder to obviate the need for
measurements of total insolation, an empirical relationship was
derived between it and data on cloudiness and solar height.
When the total insolation calculated in this way is used to
calculate the radiation index GI and the diffusion type, the
results show a better correlation with the measured insolation
data. As exemplified by calculations for both Hamburg and
Frankfurt, the net result of this improvement in Turner's method
is a decrease in the relative frequencies of diffusion types 3 and
1 and an increase in types 1 and 2,##
11911
K. Eeiter
AN EXPANDED TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM FOB RECORDING AEHOLOGICAL
DATA FROM CABLE-CAB GONDOLAS: STUDIES WITH AEEOSOLS IN
INVERSIONS. ((Die erweitert Fernutertragungsanlage zur
Eegistrierung aerologischer Daten von Seilbahngondeln
Aerosolstudien an Inversionen.)) Text in German. Meteorol.
Rdsch., 21(3):73-81, 1968. 11 refs.
Further details are given on a measurement and communications
system which makes possible the continuous measurement and
transmission to the control station in the valley (a difference of
1050 meters), of not only the temperature readings on the dry and
wet thermometers in the gondola, tut also the positive and
negative air conductivity and the potential gradient as a function
of atmospheric pressure. In the control station, these data ace
automatically graphed against air pressure as the gondola makes
its ascent. Circuit diagrams and block diagrams are provided
for the devices used to measure polar conductivity and potential
gradient, as well as for the electronic equipment in both the
gondola and the receiving station. Recording techniques and the
basic principles underlying the interpretation of the results
are also reviewed, after which seme representative data obtained
during the tall of 1967 are analyzed. Using data recorded during
inversions it is shown how the vertical distribution of the
aerosol particles can be derived from the vertical gradient of air
conductivity, and how this makes possible the calculation of
vertical exchange coefficients ±cr intervals of altitude which
can be as small as desired. These partial exchange coefficients
can be related to the meteorological fine structure in the same
thin layer of the atmosphere. It is demonstrated that the
vertical exchange coefficient is related to the slope of the
temperature gradient in the area of the inversion, not the
absolute temperature difference.##
12077
Dave, J. V., and Co L. Mateer
244 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
THE EFFECT OF STRATOSPHERIC DUST ON THE COLOR OF THE TWILIGHT
SKY. 0- Geophys., Res., 73 (22) :6897-6913, Nov. 15, 1968.
35 refs.
The chronaticity of the scattered radiation received by a
terrestrial observer from different farts of the sky during
twilight has been evaluated for six different model atmospheres.
The first model is free of atmospheric ozone and dust, the
second one contains Oo212 atu cm of 03 but no dust, whereas the
remaining four models contain both 03 and dust. The
evaluation method involves rectilinear propagation (no refraction)
and the single scattering of direct sunlight. The computed
chromaticities for the various models are discussed in terms of
certain classically observed features of the tvilight, namely, the
purple light (Main and secondary) , the increased blueness of the
zenith sky during twilight, and the anti-twilight arch and the dark
segment., The main purple light phenomenon cannot be explained by
single scattering in a purely molecular atmosphere; the presence of
stratospheric dust is found to be essential. Although certain
features of the secondary purple can be explained by primary
scattering in an upper stratospheric dust layer, chromaticities
based on accurate calculation of both primary and secondary
scattering will be required before a selection can be made between
the secondary-scattering explanation and the upper dust-layer
explanation of the secondary purple. The increase in zenith sky
blueness during twilight reguires the presence of O3 in the
atmosphere; dust contributes to an increased blueness at all
twilight solar zenith angles. The observed chromaticities of the
anti-twilight arc and the dark segment cannot be reproduced in the
model calculations and, therefore, must be produced by multiple
scattering. (Author°s Abstract)**
12105
levine, Myron
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMICAL REACTIONS-AIB POLLUTION. Lockheed Aircraft
Corp., Burbank, Calif., Rept. 15055, «5p., let>. 17, 1961. 37 refs.
The smog process in the Los Angeles Easin is summarized and the
reduction of ozone by iodine is proposed. As determined in an
aluminum-covered reaction chamber, the thermal decay rates of
ozone at 54-119 F are 0.53 to 1.59 times 0.001 reciprocal min.
The decay is a first-order surface-catalyzed reaction having an
activation energy of 5.2 kcal. In dark and in sunlight, ioaine
reacts with ozone in purified air with an Oj;12 ratio of aiout
1.51, which is equivalent to that required for the formation oi
iodous iodate. The reaction rate in sunlight is faster than in
the dark, probably because of the increased dissociation fcy
photoenergy of the iodine icolecule to energetic iodine atons
prior to the reaction with ozone. In a photochemical smog
atmosphere, iodine reacts to reduce the ozone concentration by
an 03:12 ratio of approximately 7:1. It is postulated that the
increased effectiveness of the iodine in reducing ozone in smog
atmosphere over that in purified air is the result of the
quenching by the iodine of the free radical chain which geneiatts
ozone. (Author summary modified)
C. Atmospheric Interaction 245
-------
12165
E.T»H. Keng, C.C. Bellons, C. Crr, Jr.
HTSTEBESIS IN SHOG JND FOG DISAPPEARANCE (FINfil TECHNICAL
BEPOBT,,) Georgia Inst. of Tech., atlanta. Engineering
Experiment Station, Proj, B-330, 63p., Feb. 1969. 26 refs.
The behavior of sodium chlcride aerosol particnlates under
various huiidity conditions was investigated. The effects
of foreign vapors such as methylamine and sulfur dioxide
were studied. A snail quantity of methylamine in the aerosol
was found to promote condensation on the sodium chloride
particulates when the relative humidity was increased and was found
to retard evaporation of sodium chloride solution droplets when the
relative humidity was decreased. This is because the dew point
temperature of the aerosol is increased by the presence of the
methylamine. Sodiun chloride crystals at a room temperature of
75 degrees F will dissolve into droplets when the dew point
temperature of the nethy la mine-free aerosol is above 66.5 degrees
F. This would not occur until the dew point of the aerosol was
above 70.5 degrees F when the aerosol contained only 0.1 per cent
methylamine by volume. This is because the solubility and the
dissolution rate of sodium chloride are retarded by the presence
methylamine in condensed water. Evaporation of sodium
chloried solution droplets in air containing sulfur dioxide
seemed to be slower than in air alone when the
concentration was high. No difference was detected on the
growth of dry crystals, however. Ethanol vapor and Alpha-pinene
did not affect either evaporation or growth for the conditions
tested. Aerosols generated from sea water behaved similarly to
those generated from sodium chloride solutions. (Authors'
summary) ft
12524
Pilipowskyj, S-, J. A. Weinman, B. E. Clemesha, G. S.
Kent, & B. W. Wright
INVESTIGATION OF THE STBA10SPHEBIC AEROSCL BY INFBABED ANE LIDAE
TECHNIQUES. J. Geophys. Hes., 73(24):7553-7560, Dec. 15,
1968. 19 refs.
Analysis of downward directed infrared irradiances measured
in the tropical stratosphere indicated that reasonable limits on
the gaseous composition of the atmosphere could not account for
the irradiances observed between 11 and 24 km. Additional
emitters were therefore assumed tc exist at these altitudes. The
altitude dependence of the additional emitter compared reasonaDly
well with aerosol profiles derived from lidar backscatter
measurements conducted siirultanecusly in the same region. Mie
theory is applied to model aerosol size distributions; the results
of such analysis are compared with data obtained at lambda 0.694
micron and 3 micron less than lamtda, less than 100 micrcn to
provide estimates of the size distributions and mass density of
the stratospheric aerosol at altitudes ci atout 18 km. (Author's
Abstract) ##
246 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
12626
0. I. Gordon
MODEL FOB A CLEAB ATMOSPHERE. J. Opt. Soc. im., , 59(1) : 1 <»-
18, Jan. 1969. 1» Kef.
A model of a clear atmosphere is presented based upon two
assumptions: (1) The point-function equilibrium radiance
for a given path of sight does not change with altitude; (2) there
is no absorption™ As a result of these assumptions, the
equation of transfer can be integrated. The path radiance for any
slant path becomes a function of the equilibrium radiance
and the bean transmittance of that path. In addition, the
equilibrium radiance is a function of the scalar irradiance from
the sun, sky, and earth and the proportional directional
scattering coefficient for ground level. Sky radiances, and path
radiances through the atmosphere for both upward and downward paths
are determined by four parameters; the proportional directional
scattering function for ground level, the total vertical
beam transmittance of the atmosphere, the scalar albedo, and
the solar zenith angle™ There is evidence that the real
atmosphere does on some days conform to the above two assumptions
to a useful extent for the visible portion of the spectrum.
(Author's Abstract) ##
12627
B. B. fierman, D» N,, larger
ESTIMATING THE VERTICAL ATMOSPHERIC OZONE DISTRIBUTION BY
INVERTING THE RADIATIVE TRANSFER EQUATION FOR POBE MOLECULAR
SCATTERING. J. Atmospheric Sci., 26 (1J : 153-162, Jan. 1969.
18 Hef.
A method of estimating the vertical distribution of ozone by
inverting the equation of radiative transfer is presented.
The method allows for all orders of scattering as well as
polarization of the diffusely reflected sunlight. The
information content of the reflected sunlight as a function of
observation angle is examined for the case where perfect
neasurements are assumed, and also for the case where a 1% random
error is introduced into the measurements. Inversion results
utilizing simulated satellite measurements are presented for
several different ozone soundings. (Author's Abstract)##
12632
J. J. Kelley, Jr.
INVESTIGATIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC TRACE GASES AND SUSPENDED
C. Atmospheric Interaction 247
-------
PARTICDLATE HATTER ON HODNT OLYMPUS, WASHINGTON. J- Geophys.
Hes. 74 (2), 435-13 (Jan. 15, 1969). 11 Bef.
atmospheric C02, Hater vapor, net oxidant, and suspended
particulate matter were measured at the Blue glacier field
station, Mount Olympus, Washington, during the summer of 1966.
Diurnal variations of C02, net oxidant, and water vapor are
related to mountain and valley wind transport. Diurnal
variations of C02 and net oxidant have a phase nearly opposite
to the typical diurnal variations in the rural lowlands,.
Concentrations of suspended particulate matter are lower
than the concentrations of the urban and industrial areas of the
Puget Sound region but generally follow the fluctuations of
lowland concentrations. (Author's Abstract)##
1263H
C. B. Leovy
ATMOSPHERIC OZONE. AN ANALYTIC MODEL FOE PHOTOCHEHISTRY IN THE
PRESENCE OF HATER VAPOR. J. Geophys. Res., 71 (2) : 417-1126,
Jan. 15, 1969. 22 Hef0
An approximate analytic model of stet photochemistry including
reactions with hydrogen compounds is developed for the
atmospheric region between 15 and 60 km- The reaction
scheme is a simplified version of that used by B. G. Hunt.
The model is used to study time-dependent processes, the
sensitivity of the equilibrium-concentration values to
uncertainties in reaction rates, and the variations in the
eguilibrium ozone concentration with latitude and season. There
are five main results. (1} 03 loss in the model depends on the
ratio of the rate of production of 0(1DJ and the rate of
dissociation of H20 by 0(11), but the loss rate and
eguilibrium 03 concentration are not very sensitive to this
ratio. (2} Below 40 km the model is quite sensitive to the
rates of reaction of 03 with OH and H02; these unknown
reaction rates are the weakest link in the theory. (3) Above 40
km the relevant reaction rates are comparatively certain and the
03 concentration is very likely to be controlled by reactions
of atomic oxygen with OH and H02. (4) As a consequence of
(3), the 03 concentration near the stratopause is probably not
sensitive to temperature, and the dynamical damping sometimes
attributed to this temperature sensitivity is likely to be
unimportant, (5) If the model is correct, the photochemical time
scale for 03 is much less than it would be if only 02
reactions control 03; consequently, in low latitudes, 03 may be
subject to significant photochemical influence down to as lew
as 15 km,. (Author's Abstract) ##
12644
H. N. Ballard, R. Valenzuela, B. Izguierdo, J. R.
248 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Bandhawa, P. Horla, J. F. Bettle
SOLAE ECLIPSE. TEMPERATURE, HIND, AND OZONE IN THE
STBATOSPHEBE. J. Geophys. Res., 74 (2) :711-712, Jan. 15,
1969) . « ref.
The occurrence of a total eclipse at lartagal, Argentina, on
November 12, 1966, prompted a rocket sounding experiment to
determine temperature, wind, and ozone perturbations in the
stratosphere caused by the eclipse. Soundings were made in the
65- to 30-km region of the atmosphere before, during, and after
the total eclipse. Twelve rockets were successfully fired;
nine of the rocket instruments were designed to measure temperature
and three were designed to determine ozone concentration in the
atmosphere. Hind speed was determined for each sounding from the
trajectory of the radar-reflective parachute. (Author's
Abstract)**
13758
Narita, Getsuei
METEOROLOGICAL STUDIES ON AIH POLLUTION IN MOBOKAN, HOKKAIDO
(FUST BEPOBT)» (Huroran-shi no taiki osen ni kansuru
kisho-chosa (daiichi ho}). Text in Japanese. Kishocho
Kenkyu Jiho (Journal of Meteorological Eesearch, Tokyo) ,
19(10):552-556, Oct. 1967., 1 ref.
In January, 1966, the city of Huroran was designated an air-
polluted area. During the period of investigation (June 1965 to
Hay 1966), two large iron industry plants located in the eastern
part of the city emitted smoke which included S02. Mist and/or
smog was most frequently observed between 9:00 p., a. and
9:00 A.M., disappearing in the morning. A weak north-northeast
wind was most frequently seen during periods of smog, while a
west-north-west wind, which was slightly stronger than the former,
was most frequently seen during the period of absence. An
air-layer inversion, which caused the wide spread of smog, was
clearly observed when the surface wind was north-east or
southeast in direction, or when the temperature difference between
air and sea water was great™ High concentrations (more than
0.5 ppm) of S02 were most frequently observed between 12:00
noon and 10:00 p.m., , especially in November and March and when
there was a strong (7 to 10 m/sec) northwest wind. Concentrations
of S02 were highest in the area within 1 km downwind from these
plants.
1U019
Altshuller, A. P.
COMPOSITION AND BEACTIONS OF PCIIUTJNTS IN COMMUNITY ATMOSPHERES.
Bull. World Health Organ, (Geneva), 10 (4) : 616-623, 1969. 26
ref s.
C. Atmospheric Interaction 249
-------
Data are presented showing the composition of gaseous and
particulate substances in community atmospheres, based on
measurements in various cities in the Cnited States. Many of the
pollutants react further, usually to produce substances as
undesirable as the original ones, or more so; most of these
reactions involve thermal oxidation or photooxidation.. Because
of the importance of considering air pollution on a regional
or even continental scale, a general framework of residence
times of pollutants is postulated: up to several days under
adverse conditions in many regions, but less than 2t hours
across large urban areas under more usual conditions of wind
speed and movements of weather fronts. Pollutants and other
atmospheric substances are categorized as either reactants-
those substances emitted directly into the atmosphere from
combustion, industrial, and biosphere processes; or products
such as nitrogen dioxide and sulfates. Some substances may fall
into both groupings. Data are given on rates of various
reactions, and the nature of the products is described. In
general, the measurements showed 1% to 15X conversions of
gaseous to particulate species on a long-term basis; rates
of conversion of nitrogen dioxide to nitrate were consistently
lower than those of sulfur dioxide to sulfate. Recent work on
particle size distributions of various metallic and non-metallic
ions in particulates in U. S. cities is reviewed, with data
given in terms of mass median diaueters. It is pointed out
that the biosphere is a source of, as well as a sink for,
pollutants, and that urban levels of methane or nitrous oxide,
for example, reflect to a considerable extent biosphere, rather
than urban, emissions™ Beactions originating in biosphere
processes may contribute significantly to regional pollution,
particularly during periods of stagnation. The need for increased
emphasis on atmospheric investigations, as opposed to laboratory
work, and for improved sensitivity and specificity in monitoring
and sampling is discussed.
McKay, H_ A. C.
AMMONIA AND AIB POLIDTION, Chem. Ind. (London), 1969:1162-1165,
Aug. 23, 1969., 15 refs.
The main oxidation product of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere
is often ammonium sulfate rather than sulfuric acid. The presence
of ammonium sulfate aerosol has been previously demonstrated by
chemical analysis and by identification of individual particles
as ammonium sulfate crystals. There is experimental evidence
that at typical atmospheric levels, the reaction between ammonia
gas and sulfuric acid droplets is very fast so that the two
cannot coexist for more than a few seconds. It is doubtful
whether neutralization of free sulfuric acid represents the
principal route to ammonium sulfate and a sufficiently fast
mechanism for the oxidation of sulfur dioxide was difficult to
explain. If oxidation in the presence of ammonia is considered,
further possibilities arise, and the expected product is
ammonium sulfate. This might occur in the gas phase, in water
droplets, or in solid particulate matter. Different reaction
250 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
•echanisas are discussed. It appears that atmospheric ammonium
sulfate is produced when ammonia contacts sulfur dioxide from
combustion in the presence of a water droplet phase. About half
the ammonia may react before a falling pH virtually stops the
reaction. When no vater droplets are present, the reaction may
perhaps occur on solid particulates.
14698
Fletcher, J. 0.
MANAGING CLIMATE RESOURCES. Band Corp., Santa Monica, Calif..,
30p., Feb. 1969. H5 refs.
CFSTT, DDC: AD 684386
Human activity is influencing climate on a global scale to the
extent that purposeful management of climatic resources will
become necessary. The influencing factors most frequently
lentioned are carbon dioxide, smog (dust), and heat pollution.
High C02 concentrations decrease the radiative loss to space
because the radiation comes from a higher, and hence cooler,
level in the atmosphere. Increases in C02 thus increase the
•greenhouse* effect and cause global warming. For the next few
decades, the effects of heat pollution will be insignificant
on the global scale. They will be important sometime in the
next century. Smog,, which includes all forms of industrial
pollution, is probably responsible for a 30% turbidity increase
per decade and for the temperature decline of recent decades.
The nost theoretically effective approaches to weather
modification are not within the range of present day technology™
On the other hand, various ways of influencing thermal losses
and inputs to the atmosphere are presently achievable. The
diversity of thermal processes that can be influenced in the
atmosphere, and between the atmosphere and ocean, offers promise
that climatic resources can be maximized and unwanted changes
avoided. Engineering proposals for altering the pattern of
thermal forcing of circulation indicate that a technological
threshold has been reached fron which progress can be
proportional to the investment of effort. Scientific and
government leaders must organize the necessary resources.
15308
Bockian, A. H.,, Frank Bonamassa, Herbert Faigin, and Herman
Pinsky
DSE OF THE INTEGRATING NEPHELOKETEB TO HEASUBE AEROSOL FORMATION
FROM HYDROCARBONS. Preprint, California Air Resources Board,
Los Angeles, 9p., 1969. (Presented at the Am. Chem. Soc., ,
158th Natl. Meet., New York, 1969.)
A recently-designed integrating nephelometer was used in
C. Atmospheric Interaction 251
-------
environmental chamber experiments to measure light scattering
resulting from the irradiation of different hydrocarbons in the
presence of nitric oxide at ppm levels. In some of the
experiments, 2 ml of gasoline were used; in others, several
individual alkene and aromatic components of gasoline, in
concentrations of 2 ppm each, were irradiated separately in the
presence of O-'J ppu nitric oxide for about 5 hrs. Six ppm of
some alkanes found in gasoline were also allowed to react
individually with 0-l.ppm NO. Several other experiments were
performed in which the hydrocarbon Mas allowed to react with
ozone in the dark. Agreement in the amount of light scattering
between duplicate runs Has excellent. In several cases, large
amounts of aerosol were produced while the net oxidant
concentrations were at a fairly low level. It was shown that
some short-chain olefins, which may be very reactive in producing
oxidant and eye irritation, produced little or no aerosol; in
contrast, many paraffins which were found to be non-reactive
in eye irritation studies produced aerosol.. S great many aerosol
producers contain seven or more carbon atoms and do not seem
to be restricted to any class of hydrocarbon; a possible
syn'ergistic action between a short-chain high oxidant producer
and a large molecule which produces aerosol remains to he
investigated. The agreement between nephelometer readings
and visual measurements of visibility was excellent.
153U7
Heyer, Erich
SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSION AND SHOG FOEMATION.
(Schwefeldioxid-Emission und Smog-Bildung) . Text in German.
Chem.. Ing. Tech., 1)1 (19} : 1056-9, 1969. 13 refsn
In 1962, 35? of atmospheric S02 in West Germany was emitted by
thermal power plants, U6^ by other industrial sources, and 19S
by domestic heaters. In 1965, power plants emitted 295, the
remaining industrial and domestic sources 71%., The atmospheric
S02 concentration (mg S02/cu m) depends on stack height, the
amount emitted, distance from the source of emissions, and on
meteorological factors. Among the latter, temperature-lapse
rates have great importance. The formation of smog depends
not only on S02 levels and inversions, but also on the catalytic
activity of finely divided solid particles, intense solar
radiation, and high relative humidity. Measures for limiting
S02 emissions are outlined.. These fall into three categories:
decontamination of fuels or removal of the toxicants from waste
gases, the use of low-sulfur fuels, 'and curtailment of industrial
operat ions.
15390
Peterson, James T.
THE CLIHATE OF CITIES: I SURVEY OF RECENT LITERATUBE.,
252 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Public Health Service, Durham, N. C», National Air Pollution
Control Administration, Pub. iP-59, 18p., Oct. 1969. 127 refs.
The meteorological aspects of urban-rural climate are reviewed
with respect to temperature, humidity, visibility, radiation, wind,
and precipitation- The "heat island" effect {due to the center
of a city being warmer than its environs) is discussed with
reference to possible reasons for its occurrence; diurnal, weekly,
and seasonal variations; relation to city size; and dependence
on topography. The average relative humidity in towns is lower
than that of rural areas; the average absolute humidity is
only slightly lower in built-up regions. The differences in
humidity are due to lower evaporation rates in a city because of
the different surfaces. Variations within metropolitan areas
resemble those of temperature, since the spatial temperature
changes of a city are greater than those of vapor pressure. The
atmosphere of metropolitan areas is characterized by increased
concentrations of pollutants, such as smoke, which cause a
difference between the visibilities of urban and rural regions..
Jog is more freguent within urban regions because of the
hygroscopic property of atmospheric particulates. The blanket
of particulates over large cities causes the solar energy that
reaches an urban complex to be less than that observed in
rural areas, the particles being most effective as attenuators of
radiation when the sun angle is low. The differences in wind
speeds in city and country occur because the surface of a built-up
city is rougher than that of rural terrain and because the heat
island of a city causes horizontal thermal gradients.. The
excess heat and friction also produce more turbulence over the
urban area.
155«5
Duncan Eulon Cook
THE DISTRIBUTION OF OZONE POLLUTION IN THE SALT LAKE VALLEY: A
PBELIMINAEY GEOGRAPHICAL STUDY. Utah Dniv., Salt Lake City,
Dept. of Geography, Thesis '(MS}, Aug. 1968, 122p.. 70 refs..
The horizontal and vertical distribution of ozone in the Salt
Lake Valley was determined, and the distributional pattern related
to man's activities and existing meteorological conditions.
Sampling was carried out during eleven airplane flights in August
and September, 1967, and June, 1968» A Hast Ozone Meter was
used to measure the concentration of ozone in the air brought
into the plane"s cabin through glass tubing. The horizontal
distribution was assessed by flying a series of transects over the
valley. Vertical profiles of ozone concentrations were determined
by spiralling over specific locations, A comparison
of ozone levels wass also made in outlying areas to those in the
Salt Lake Valley.. Results show a buildup of ozone during the
day througout the valley with distributional patterns of high
and low concentrations dependent on wind direction and its
relation to the source area. In the morning, local down-valley
winds carry the higher concentrations north and northwest of the
city. In the afternoon, when winds, are up-valley, maximum
concentrations are observed in the southern part of the valley.
C. Atmospheric Interaction 253
-------
tinder strong southerly gradient winds, concentrations are lower
than during local winds. They renain low in the southern part
of the valley throughout the day, increase slightly northward
in the region of greater human activity, and reach a maximum
north and northwest of Salt Lake City. In thy valley, a buildup
in the vertical distribution of ozone in the lower elevations
is evident. During midday, the ozone shows higher concentrations
near the ground under stable atmospheric conditions and low wind
velocities. Kith greater wind velocities, higher ozone
concentrations are mixed to a higher altitude. Ozone
concentrations in Salt Lake City are two to three times greater
than those in outlying areas. (Author abstract modified)
15712
SHERE DOES IT ALL GO. Stanford Ees. Inst. J., 23:4-8, Dec. 1968.
The Environmental Research Department of Stanford Research
Institute undertook a global study of the atmosphere. The world
and its surrounding atmosphere were considered as a complete
system. Estimates were made of the amount of sulfur compounds,
nitrogen compounds, organic compounds, and anorganic carbon
compounds discharged to the air by automobiles, home furnaces,
or power plants. Calculations were made of the amount of the
material in the atmosphere. By comparing the two figures it was
possible to estimate how effectively nature removes pollutants
from the atmosphere. Included in the atmospheric balance was the
amount of material contributed by nature since there are natural
sources for a wide variety of gaseous materials and particles
which are classed as air pollutants when they are emitted by man's
activities.
15713
Raff, E. A. and G. fl. Meaburn
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION MECHANISMS FOE PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS IN A PRIMITIVE EARTH ATMOSPHERE. Nature, 221(5179):
159-460, Feb. 1, 1969. 19 refs.
Thermodynamic considerations dictate the existence of a reducing
atmosphere on the earth during the synthesis of prebiological
organic compounds. Some of the reactions by which a primitive
atmosphere might have given rise to reduced compounds of C and S
are explored. The assumptions on which the discussion is based
are: (1) The total amount of hydrogen on the earth was larger
than it is now and was present primarily as water; (2) the gases
of the atmosphere were produced in the crust of the earth at high
temperatures by the reaction of water with metals, carbides,
nitrides, etc. ; (3) the outgassing occurred over a considerable
span of geological time. The outgassed atmosphere was subjected
to a variety of reactions induced by solar radiation and
electrical discharges.
254 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
15729
Kozyrev, B. P. and V0 A- Bazhenov
THE ROLE OF H20, CH« AND CO IH ATMOSPHERIC ABSORPTION IN THE
IHFRARED. (Pol" malykh atnosfernykh primesey v pogloshchenii
infrakrasnoy radiatsii),, Text in Russian. Fiz- Atm. i Okeana
(Hoscow) , 5J7) :738-744, 1969. 8 refs.,
The transparency of minor atmospheric impurities is interpreted
in the form of a function of the mass of absorbing gas divided by
the equivalent mass of gas needed for 50% absorption at a given
wavelength.. This function fits available data with a scatter of
not more than 8%» When taking into account, the non-uniformity
of the atmosphere by the effective mass method, the selection of
the fitting parameter (n) nay lead to significant error in
calculating transparency (I). If the average radiation absorption
(1) at the center of the nitrcus oxide methane and carbon
monoxide and bands varies from 10-90X, then (n} may be selected
so that the maximum absolute error in calculating transmission
Hill not exceed plus or minus '\H%. Taking into account the
variability of '(n) with the mass of the gas and the pressure
reduces the error in calculating the transparency of minor
components to plus or minus 5-7J. Calculating the transparency
of various air masses in the centers of N20, CHU and CO
absorption bands indicates the significant role of minor
atmospheric components in the attenuation of infrared radiation.
15831
Lea, Duane A.
VERTICAL OZONE DISTRIBUTION IN THE LOWER TROPOSPHERE NEAR AN
URBAN POLLUTION COMPLEX. J. Appl. Meteorol., 7(2):252-267,
1968. 38 refs.
From May to December 1965 and frcm June 1966 to June 1967,
balloon-borne ozonesondes were flown from Point Mugu, California
once each week to study ozone in the stratosphere. High ozcne
amounts were frequently observed ever low altitudes. To examine
the apparent relationship between ozone fluctuations and local
circulation variations, the lower tropospheric portion of
each sounding was hand or computer reduced and analyzed for
maximum detail. The highest ozone concentration cases presumably
associated with the influx of smoggy pollution from the nearby
Los Angeles Basin. But even when the arriving air's trajectory
was more obscure, distinct ozcne maxima were frequently measured
in association with stable strata aloft. Urban pollution is
thought to be the major source for at least the stronger maxima
observed. Subsidence may be a lesser contributing factor. The
soundings showed a pronounced tendency for the maximum ozcne to
occur above the base of the low-level temperature inversion. A
possible explanation might involve lifting of the Los Angeles
pollutant into the inversion by convection and orgraphy, followed
C. Atmospheric Interaction 255
-------
by modification enroute to Point Kugu by differential erosion
across the marine boundary layer and by differential advection
in mesoscale circulations. From the persistence of observed ozone
maxima in the soundings, the semipermanent temperature inversion
over coastal southern California appears to be an effective
reservoir for atmospheric ozone. It seems likely that the stored
ozone can be brought down to the surface by inversion
undulations or by penetrative convection so as to contribute to
existing surface pollution. The data obtained suggest that
ozone sampling offers promise in deducing local airmass
histories and as an indirect indicator of air flow over
noninstrumented areas. To the extent that ozone gradients may
be characteristic of local airiass boundaries near urban pollution
complexes. Ozone measurements might offer feasible means of
delineating such local circulation features as land and sea
breezes, Santa Ana wind systems, and mesoscale eddies.
16131
Charlson, H. J. and M. J. Pilat
CLIMATE: THE INFLUENCE OF AEBOSOLS. J. Appl. Meteorol.,
8(6):1001-1002, Dec. 1969. 4 refs.
A method is presented for estimating the relative effect of light
scattering and absorption of particles on the climate. The
atmosphere is considered to be a flat, nearly transparent, thin,
uniform scattering and absorbing layer above the earth's surface.
The incoming radiation from the sun in the zenith is presumed to
be affected by aerosols while outgoing radiation is not. The
amount of energy absorbed (H) in unit time by the earth-
atmosphere system is the sum of the absorption at the surface and
by the atmosphere. It is shown that the a backscattering, non-
absorbing aerosol would clearly decrease W, thereby cooling the
earth-atmosphere system. The effects of the extinction
coefficient of absorption, however, are two-fold. Since the
fractional absorption of the surface is less than 1, any
increase in the extinction coefficient of absorption results in an
increase in W for a given extinction coefficient of backscatter.
The location of heating is removed from the surface to higher in
the atmosphere, resulting in increased static stability as well as
increased H. The effect of a secular increase in aerosols night
be an increase or a decrease in W, depending on the relative
magnitudes of the extinction coefficients due to absorption and
backscatter and the absolute magnitude or the extinction
coefficient due to abscrption. It is possible to estimate
relative values for the extinction coefficients due to absorption
and backscatter in order to determine which dominates. The net
climatclcgical effect of industrial smoke, which contains light-
absorbing substances such as carbon and iron oxide could well be
to heat, not cool, the earth.
16342
Khrgian, A. Kh.
256 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
BECENT INVESTIGATIONS ON ATMOSPHERIC OZONE. (Noveyshiya
issledovaniya po atraosfernomu ozonu). Text in Russian. Fiz. Atm.
i Okeana (Moscow), 5 (4) : 435-438, 1969.
The Symposium of the International Commission on Atmospheric
Ozone, held September 2-7, 1968 at Monte Carlo, Monaco is
reviewed. Brief comments are made regarding contributions
touching upon the following subjects: a photometric model of the
czone layer; reactions occurring in the dry and moist stratosphere;
the role of fast electrons on 03 dissociation; the process of ozone
formation; the role of the troposphere as a strong czone source;
the precision and usefulness of the reversal method of ozone study
instances of observed secondary reversal; studies of the absorption
coefficient of ozone and precision of its determination; diurnal
ozone variations in southern latitudes; the role of vertical
movement and activation on ozone photochemistry; effects cf
intrusions of cold ozone-rich air in a thin layer over isentropic
surfaces; the distribution of ozone in high-altitude cyclones and
anticyclones; the relationship of stratospheric flows to sharp
changes in ozone content in lower layers; ozone concentration over
the North Atlantic; and photochemical and advective factors
affecting ozone redistribution.
16390
Bullrich, K., E. Eiden, G. Escheltach, K. Fischer, G. Haenel,
K. Heger, H. Schollioayer, and G. Steinhorst
ELLIPTICAL POLARIZATION OF THE SKYLIGHT AND THE ATMOSPHERIC
AEROSOL. In: Hesearch on Atmospheric Optical Eadiation
Transmission. Dec. 1, 1967 - Nov. 30, 1968. (Final Report.)
Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet, Mainz, Germany, Inst. fuei:
Heteorologie, OAE Contract J 61052 67 C 0046, AFCEL-69-0266, p.
1-4, 108-111, Jan. 1969. 38 refs.
Elliptical polarization of skylight was measured in the heavily
polluted Rhine-Mainz area. The ellipticity tan Beta was plotted
as a function of the azimuth angle alpha, with tan Beta defined
as the ratio cf the greater to the smaller axis of the ellipse
which is traced by the electrical vector. Measurements taken along
various horizontal circles cf constant elevation at a constant
navelength showed the same trend. Ellipticity was zero at alpha
equals 0 deg and alpha eguals 180 deg. A maximum was located
between 40 and 90 deg as tan Beta eguals 0.1 or less, depending on
the turbidity and elevation of the observation circle. From this
maximum, ellipticity decreased continuously in both directions.
In cases of great turbidity when the visual range was less than
5 km, measurements shewed no ellipticity. The production of
elliptically polarized light is assumed to result from higher
order scattering processes and the absorptive properties of
atmospheric aerosols.
16392
Bullrich, K., E. Eiden, G. Eschelbach, K. Fischer, G. Haenel,
C. Atmospheric Interaction 257
-------
K. Heger, H. Schollmayer, and G. Steinhorst
PRELIMINABY EESDLTS OF COMPUTATIONS OF THE AEBOSCL SCATTERING
FUNCTIONS OBTAINED FROM POPULATIONS FOLLOWING POWER LAS PAHTICLE
SIZE DISTRIBUTION. In: Research en Atmospheric Optical Radiation
Transmission. Dec. 1, 1967 Nov. 30, 1968. (Final Report.)
Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet, Kainz, Germany, Inst. fuer
Meteorologie, OAR Contract F 61052 67 C 0046, AFCRL-69-0266, p.
30-35, 108-111, Jan. 1969. 38 refs.
Computations of aerosol scattering functions are based on various
refractive indices for the scattering functions of populations of
spheres whose particle size distributions follow power laws.
Boundary radii chosen for power law distributions were 0.04 and
10 micron. Measurements made at the wavelength of light lambda
equals 0.4 micron show the influence of both the real and the
imaginary part of the couple* index of refraction on the
scattering function. The intensity of the scattered light
increases with increasing real part and decreasing imaginary part
of the index. The angular dependence of the scattering function
increases with decreasing real part and increasing imaginary part
of the index. Changes in the relative humidity of the ambient
air also influence scattering functions. Estimations of the
scattering function for lambda eguals 1.6 micron at different
humidities show that at scattering angles less than 15 deg, the
forward scattering increases with increasing relative humidity;
at scattering angles greater than 15 deg, the scattering function
decreases with increasing relative humidity. At an angle of 30
deg, the reduced scattering function for power law distribution
is almostt idependent of the refractive index, and the scattering
coefficient is almost equal to the extinction coefficient.
16405
Valko, P.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TURBIDITY FACTOR AND TURBIDITY COEFFICIENT.
(Oeber den Zusammenhang zwischen Tr uebungsf aktor und
Truebur.gskoeffizient) . Text in German. Arch. Meteorol., Geophys.,
Bioklimatol., Ser. E, 15 (4) :359-375, 1967. 17 refs.
The measurement of atmospheric turbidity by determining the
solar intensity can indicate the rate of air pollution. If the
turbidity is to be studied over a period of several years, the
methods of evaluation may have changed and thus, different
turbidity measurements may have to be compared with each other.
A diagram was developed for the conversion of the turbidity factor
for total radiation by F. Linke into the turbidity coefficient
by H. Schuepp and vice versa with sufficient accuracy. The
conversion takes into account the precipitable water content
of the air and of the optical air mass. The extensive
measurements taken at Locarno-Honti (southern Switzerland) are
used to analyze the influence of the wave length exponent
alpha on the conversion. Empirical formulas are compared kith
those provided in the literature and with the theory.
258 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Andreyev, B, G. and E. F. Lavrinenko
SOME DATA ON THI CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS IN
CENTRAL ASIA. (Nekotoryye dannyye ckhimicheskcra scstave
atmosfernykh aerozcley Sredney Azii). Text in Russian. Meteorol.
i Gidrol-, no. 4:63-69, 1968. 3 refs.
Central Asia is one region of the USSB whose atmosphere is severely
polluted due to large areas covered with sand deserts and loesses,
dryness of the climate, and high frequency of strong winds. Aside
from their purely meteorological import, studies of the
concentration and chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols are
of direct interest in many engineering problems (corrosion of
electric power lines, operation of natural-gas line compressors,
etc.) and in the fields cf sanitation and hygiene. This paper
presents some results of the first such study carried out in
Central Asia during September and October, 1966. Aerosol samples
were collected near the ground and from aircraft in daytime
horizontal flights at the 300 and the 600 meter altitude and in
one flight in a sandstorm at the 300 meter altitude, by means of
Membrane and FPP-15 fabric filters as well as a twin-chamber trap
with a water filter, separating particles of a size smaller than
about 0.5 microns from those which are larger. In addition,
samples of sandy soil, sierozem (gray desert soil) and solonchak
(saline soil), most prevalent in Central Asia, were analyzed and
the results compiled in a table. The chemical composition o± the
soluble constituents of aerosols and that of aqueous extracts
of the surface layer of the soils was determined by the method
of sediment analysis. The mean values of 30 series of aerosol
measurements are given in tables as follows: HC03 (-), 304(2-),
Cl(-), N03(-), Na(+), K ( + ) , Mg(2 + ). Ca(2 + ), and NH4( + ). The
total ion concentration and the soluble part in micrograms per
cubic meter, as well as the hydrogen ion concentration, expressed
in terms of pH value, are alsc given. The relations existing
between the compositions of the soils and of the aerosols at
various altitudes, among the icriic components of aerosols, and
between particle size and acidity of the molecular species
constituting the aerosols are discussed.
16534
Itoo, Kyoji
SOME METEOROLOGICAL PROBLEMS CONCERNING TO PUELIC NUISANCE
PROTECTION ON AIB POLLUTION METECEOLCGY. (Kogai taisakumen kara
toraeta kishogakute ki shokosatsu) . Text in Japanese. Kogai to
Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 1(2):74-79, June 15, 1965.
Stack meteorology, which deals with almost the same field as
general meteorology, has occupied an important position in air
pollution control. In reality, however, neither field meets the
current needs of air pollution ccntrcl programs, with differences
between the two approaches reguiring the estaclishment of a third
C. Atmospheric Interaction 259
-------
tield, air pollution meteorology. Stack meteorology is
primarily concerned with the analysis of the shape of a smoke
plume and with formulas for smoke diffusion and chimney heights
required for effective diffusion. Ccnseguently, meteorological
conditions which have apparent effects on the smoke shape occupy
a large part of stack meteorology. While a smog source
obviously originates pollutants, it does not always produce the
same results. This means that smoke may turn to smog one day
but not on another day, even under similar operating conditions.
This is why air pollution meteorology is needed. Meteorological
conditions likely tc give rise to the smog phenomena are weak
winds, temperature inversions, and dense rog. The experience of
seme plants indicate that a gust of wind can increase S02
density. This is designated as a gust-of-wind pollution. In
general, it accounts not only for wind velocity or direction, tut
also for the relationship between the height of the pollution
source and that of surrounding buildings.
16554
lukuoka, Saburo and Toshio Odaira
AIR POLLUTANTS AND METEOBOLCGICfil ASPECTS AT THE SMOG ALHET
ISSUANCE IN ICKYC. (Tokyotc ni okeru sumoggu chuiho hatsureiji no
osenshitsu nodo to kishyo jyoken), Text in Japanese. Kogai to
Taisaku, (J. Pollution Control), 2 (11) :757-766 , Dec. 1966.
Ten smog alerts issued in Tokyo during the past four years are
analyzed in meteorological terms. Two levels of pollution status
prescribed in the issuance standard are smog caution, which is
issued when sulfur dioxide concentrations at two observation
centers simultaneously exceed 0.2 ppm for two to three hours and
smog alert, which is issued when S02 concentrations measured at the
main observation certer exceed 0.5 ppm. In all cases, the smog
alert was given between 9 a.m. and 11 a.m. This is probably
attributable to the fact that high S02 concentrations are emitted
by industry in the first three hours of the workng day. The
duration of the alarms averaged 6 hours and 40 minutes. This
means the high concentrations of S02 lasted for about 10 hours.
Ihere were exceptional cases which showed a significant
relationship between veather conditions and S02 concentrations.
The peak of S02 pollution was reached between 4 and 5 p.m. ana
followed by a slow descent. Analysis of wind and temperature data
reveals that southern winds are closely related to the occurrence
of high SC2 concentration and their diffusion, especially south-
southeast winds. It is conjectured that some of gaseous pollutants
originating in the Tokyo-Yokohama industrial area are carried
directly to the Tokyo sky, while the remainder are first carried
aloft over Tokyo Bay and then blown back by sea breezes.
16618
Kelley, John J., Jr.
CABEON DIOXIDE AND OZONE STUDIES IN THE ARCTIC ATMOSPHEEE. In:
Arctic Drifting Stations: A report en Activities Supported i;y
260 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
the Office of Naval Research. J. E. Sater (coordinator),
Hashington, D. C., Arctic Inst. of North America, 1968, p. 155-166.
27 refs. (Also: Washington Dniv., Seattle, Cept. of Atmospheric
Sciences, Contract NONB-477 (24) , TE-38, 196S.)
DDC: AD 685571
Measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide and surface ozone
concentrations at Barrow, Alaska are reported. Continuous carbon
dioxide monitoring began in 1961 and continuous ozone monitoring
in 1965. Carbon dioxide concentrations are found to increase in
the late spring and then to decrease to a summer minimum, which
corresponds closely to the maximum vegetation blcom on the tundra.
Hhen the tundra surface is frczen, daily C02 concentrations show
strong gradients between the surface and 16-m level. These
fluctuations depend on wind speed, temperature, and snow cover.
There is much less fluctuation in atmospheric C02 when the tundra
is in bloom. The vegetation bloom period is thought to provide
a sink for C02. During the year, ozone fluctuates at Barrow from
less than 1 pphm to more than 7 pphm. Variations in surface ozone
concentration show iruch greater variability during the winter and
early spring than in the summer and fall. Large fluctuations in
ozone near the ground are nearly always correlated with storm
front passages. All increases in ozone correspond to a rise in
ambient air temperature, increased wind speed, and decreased
atmospheric pressure. Aircraft sampling is suggested to
supplement ground-level monitoring data.
16683
Eullrich, Kurt
SCATTEKING OF ELECTBCHAGNET1C EAEIATICN BY PABTICULATE
SUSPENSIONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE. In: Scatter Progagation of Eadic
Waves. Part I. Proc. AGAEE Conf. no. 37, Paris, Advisory Grout
for Aerospace Eesearch and Development, Paris (France) , p., 13-1
to 1t-4, 1968. 21 refs. (Presented at the 14th Symposium of the
Electromagnetic Have Propagation Committee of the Avionics
Panel of AGABE, Sandefjcrd, Norway, Aug. 19-23, 1968.)
CFSTI, DDC: AD 685665
Electromagnetic radiation undergoes modification while passing
through the atmosphere because cf absorption and scattering
processes. In the case of scattering, light radiation is
deflected from its original direction cf propagation so that
the amount of its total energy can be reproduced by measurements
at so-called scattering angles. In the case of absorption,
absorbent gases in the atmosphere convert radiant energy into
heat in specific wavelength ranges. Although the aerosol
concentration of the atmosphere is less than the gaseous phase
ty several powers of ten, aercsol particles play an important
part in scattering processes. Eayleigh's law does not adequately
explain the distribution of radiance in the sky because it
neglects scattering by aerosol particles in the molecular
atmosphere and higher scattering in the turbid atmosphere.
Evaluation of polarization phenomena and scattering of radiation
in fog must consider aerosol particles, even though mathematical
C. Atmospheric Interaction 261
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approximations for various types of aerosol particles and their
scattering coefficients are not easily obtainable. The size
distribution, structure, and refractive index of aerosols are
surveyed.
16764
Breiland, John G.
VARIATIONS IN THE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION CF ATMOSPHERIC OZCNE
DURING THE PASSAGE OF A SHOUT WAVE IN THE WESTERLIES. J. Gecphys.
Ees., 71(18):«501-1510, August 20, 1969. 3 refs.
Vertical distributions of ozone and of temperature taken from a
series of balloon flights at Albuguergue, New Mexico approximately
every 1 hrs over a 2!-day period during which a short-wave upper
trough passed over the station are studied together with synoptic
meteorological data. The analysis indicates that with the
approach of the trough and the simultaneous lowering of the
tropopause and a southeasternward displacement of the subtropical
jet stream over the station, there is an increase influx cf
03-rich polar stratospheric air ever the station in the form of
thin layers, which replaces 03-poor subtropical air. This results
in a layer structure characterized by several maxima and minima
in the vertical distribution of the thermal stability as
indicated by the temperature soundings. The layer structure is
most pronounced between the lower tropopause and the 20-km level.
The large-scale features of the layer structure, especially with
regard to 03, show a remarkable persistence from sounding to
sounding throughout the entire period of observations, which
indicates that the layers associated with the long-wave pressure
system and the accompanying jet stream have a very large
horizontal, or guasi-horizontal, extent. At the same time,
variations in the vertical distribution of 03 with respect to time,
observed as the short-wave trough is being displaced with respect
to the station, indicate that within the layer structure,
especially in, or near, a trough, there also may exist horizontal
gradients of the partial pressure of 03 of considerable magnitude
in the direction of the flow as well as in a transverse direction.
(Author's Abstract)
168«6
Mosher, J. C., w. G. HacEeth, M. J. Leonard, I. P. Mullins, and
M. F. Brunelle
THE DISTRIBUTION OF CONTAMINANTS IN THE LGS ANGE1ES EASIN
RESDLTING FEOM ATMOSPHEBIC REACTIONS AKD TRANSPORT. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., 20(1):35-42, Jan. 1970. 11 refs.
Different techniques of data analysis have been successfully
applied to Los Angeles County air monitoring data to delineate
major source areas for carbon uonoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
oxides, and ozone; to develop contaminant transport patterns; ana
to demonstrate the progress of photochemical reactions in the
262 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Los Angeles atmosphere. The heavily industrialized South Coastal,
Southwest Coastal, and East San Fernando Valley areas are most
affected by contaminants derived from fuel combustion at
stationary sources. Emissions from mobile sources are heavily
concentrated in some of the abcve source areas and also in the
Central area. Seasonal variations in weather affect the total
contaminant emissions as well as the distribution, transport, and
ultimate fate of the individual contaminants. More frequent
surface inversions in winter, combined with greater quantities
of emitted contaminants, result in winter time atmospheric
concentrations cf primary contaminants (carbon monoxide, nitric
oxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulates) more than twice as high
as comparable summer time concentrations. Stronger on—shore
breezes of longer duration transport contaminated air parcels
farther across the County during summer. Longer, more effective
irradiation and low persistent inversions result in higher ozone
concentrations in summer. Air monitoring data confirm the
photochemical formation of ozone during transport of air parcels
along the most common "pathways" of transport—the prevailing
wind flows from coast to inland areas. (Author's Abstract)
16889
Kuhn, William E., and Julius London
INFRARED BAIIATIVE COOLING IN 1HE HIDDLE ATBOSPHEEE (30-110 km).
J. Atmospheric Sci. , 26(2):189-20H, March 1969. 50 refs.
The infrared contributions to the heat budget by the 15micron C02,
9.6micron 03, and SOmicron H20 bands are evaluated for the upper x
stratosphere, mesosphere, and lower thermosphere as a function of
latitude for both summer and winter. Flux divergences are
numerically evaluated for a quasi-random band model with the
appropriate line-broadening mechanism. A general discussion of
the source function applicable to a multi-vibrational level
molecule is given, and this formulation is applied to the 15 micron
band of carbon dioxide. The flux divergence of infrared radiation
acts to cool the atmosphere in the 30-110 Jem height region except
in the vicinity of the mesopause. Here there is a small, but
nevertheless significant heating which increases in value toward
the summer pole (approximately IK per day). Centers of cooling
appear near the stratopause fcr low latitudes (approximately 10K
per day) and in the lower thermcsphere over the winter pole.
Thermospheric values may vary by a factor of 1 because of
uncertainties in the collisional lifetime of the 15micron
transition, parameters have been developed for the rates of
temperature change in this region in terms of the collisional and
the radiative rates. Ozone makes a significant contribution to
the cooling in the vicinity of the stratopause (approximately 3K
per day). The water vapor contribution is approximately IK per
day for a mixing' ratio of 10 to the minus 6 gm/gm. Our
calculations indicate that both these gases, when compared with
carbon dioxide, give a negligible contribution to the flux
divergence in the upper mesosphere. (Author's Abstract)
C. Atmospheric Interaction 263
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1703U
Pressman, Jerome and Peter Warneck
THE STRATOSPHERE AS A CHEMICAL SINK FOE CARBON MONOXIDE. J.
Atmospheric Sci., 27(1):155-163, Jan. 1970. U5 refs.
Stratospheric carbon monoxide removal is discussed and the
significance of the stratosphere as a sink for CO is demonstrated.
On the basis of two theoretical models, an attempt is made to
determine whether the size of the sink is compatible with present
knowledge of anthropogenic CO sources and available measurements
of atmospheric CO concentrations over the past 20 years. The
stratosphere provides a sink for CO due to the reaction OH + CO
yields C02 plus H. The radical CH is produced photochemically
in a moist ozcneosphere with a time constant several orders of
magnitude less than that of the CO oxidation reaction. As a
result, almost all the CO entering the stratosphere is destroyed.
The rate limiting factor is the transport of CO-cich air through
the tropopause. Although the theoretical models provide several
constraints for the rate of CO removal from the atmosphere, it is
found that the uncertainties concerning measurements and source
functions preclude the derivation of a reliable value for the
total CO removal rate. An estimate indicates that the
stratospheric sink contributes significantly, but only partially,
to overall removal of CO from the atmosphere. (Author abstract
modified)
17142
Littman, F. E., H. H. Ford, and N. Endow
FORMATION OF OZONE IN THE LOS ANGELES ATMOSPHERE. Ind. Eng. Chem.,
K8(9) : 1492-19K7, Sept. 1956. 6 refs,
A discovery that oxidant could be formed experimentally by the
irradiation of night air led to an investigation of the physical
and chemical properties of the impurities (oxidant precursors)
which form oxidant. That light was responsible for the formation
was demonstrated by using two oxidant recorders, one indicating
the oxygen concentration in untreated air and the other, the
concentration in irradiated air. As determined by optical cut-
off filters, the primary light acceptors absorbed from the
short wave end of the visible spectrum to below 3600 Z.
Spectrcmetric analyses of precursors caught in liquid-oxygen
cooled dry ice traps showed that the bulk of the precursors
comprised carbon dioxide and water, nith the balance made up of
crganics. Nitrogen oxides were detected with a Griess reagent.
The amount of nitrogen dioxide found suggested that some of it
had formed during the collection and/or irradiation of the air
sample. Further experiments established that nitric oxide is
present in the air in quantities well in excess of those of
nitrogen dioxide and that nitric oxide rapidly oxidizes to nitrogen
dioxide in the presence of hydrocarbons: oxidation is accompanied
by the formation of ozone. The quantitative aspects of ozone
264 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
formation by the photolysis of nitrogen dioxide are now under
investigation.
17185
Oota, Yoshio
SMOG AND GROUND LAYER METEOROLOGY (I) - TO INVESTIGATE ON THE
RELATION EETWEEN WIATHER PHENOMENA AND THE STATE OE AIR
POILUIION MAINLY IN TOKYO. (Sumoggu to kukan genshc (I) -
Cmoni Tokyo niokeru kisho genshc to csentaiyo no kankei o
saguru) . Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution
Control), 2 (1) : 232- 238, April 15, 1966.
Weather phenomena leading to the occurrence of smog in a
polluted area are investigated by three types of approaches.
The first deals with separate factors associated with weather
phenomena in a given survey field. The second approach is
concerned with an overall investigation of the behavior of
atmospheric pressure as viewed from composite meteorological
conditions. The third approach is a so-called vertical
observation; it contrasts with the first and second approaches
which can be defined as horizontal observations of weather
phenomena. The first approach includes the analytic
investigation of data which may show the interaction of air
pollution with general weather condition, temperature
inversion, wind velocity, and wind direction. A continuous
curve graph of wind direction is used to exclude deflection
errors due to the influence of atmospheric pressure
movements. Dispersion formula are also included in the approach.
In the second approach, a continuous curve graph of general
weather phenomena which gives a clue to horizontal atmospheric
movement is obtained. The relationship between fluctuations
in atmospheric pressure and the continuous curve determines
the precision of the graph. The general curve graph presents
an evenly-curved line but is turned to show discontinuance of
the line in the presence of interferences such as land and
sea winds, frontogenesis, endemic atmospheric discontinuity,
plus a line of geographical discontinuity. Results of the
first two analytic procedures show that density of air
pollution is closely related to atmospheric stability at many
points and the rise and fall of temperature.
17197
Cota, Yoshio
SMOG AND GROUND LAYER METEOROLOGY (II). TO INVESTIGATE CN THE
REIATICN EETWEEN THE VERTICAL VARIATION CE TEMPERATURE AND THE
CONCENTRATION OE AIR POLLUTION. (Sumoggu to kukan genshc (II)
Kion no suichoku henka to osennodo tone kankei o saguru).
Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control) ,
2 (5) :306-312, May 15, 1966. 22 refs.
C. Atmospheric Interaction 265
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This study is part of a series on smcg and ground layer
meteorology. It discusses vertical daily variations in air
pollution; the relationship between vertical temperature
stability, and air pollution density during ground-layer
atmospheric inversions; and variations in air-pollution density
at the time of atmospheric layer transformation caused by a
line of discontinuity. Vertical changes in temperature affect
the hydrostatic stability of weather phenomena, and this alters
the dispersion of pollutants and the lapse rate of pollution
density. Extreme dispersion of atmospheric pollutants is
observed at night, when vertical temperature inversions cccur
and when atmospheric turbulence at a relatively low ground
layer causes enforced wind speed in the upper layer (about 10
m/s). Vertical rises in temperature coinciding with sunrise
result in the gradual disappearance of temperature inversions,
beginning in the lowest layer and progressing through to the
stable layer. At this time, depending on the degree of
heating, horizontal and vertical eddies can mix the lower layer
with the upper layer. This heat convection which occurs first
in the lowest layer, explains why the difference between wind
speed in upper and lower layers decreases and why, after sunset,
vertical temperature fall begins at ground layer and atmospheric
inversion occurs again. Wind speed gradually declines at the
same time, i.e. , atmospheric pollutants do not decend from tut
rise to the upper layer.
17387
Glasson, William A. and Charles S. Tuesday
HXDBOCABBCN BEACTIVITY AND THE KINETICS OF IHE ATMOSPHERIC
PHOTOOXIEATION OF NITRIC OXIDE. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. ,
20(4):239-243, April 1970. 9 refs.
The reactivity in the atmospheric photooxidation of nitric oxide
has recently been deteriined fcr a large number of hydrocarbons.,
To aid in the application of these hydrocarbon reactivity
measurements, the kinetics of the atmospheric oxidation were
studied. The hydrocarbons investigated covered a wide range of
reactivities and structures and included 2,3-diir.ethyl-2-butene,
2-methyl-2-butene, 2-methyl-1-pentene, propylene, mesitylene,
o-xylene, and n-hexane. The rate of nitric oxide photooxidation
increased less than linearly with hydrocarbon concentration for
all the hydrocarbons studied. The degree of nonlinearity varied,
however, with hydrocarbon structure and reactivity. The effect
of the nitric oxide and the nitrogen dioxide concentrations on
the rate of nitric oxide photooxidation also depended on
hydrocarbon structure and reactivity. For all the hydrocarbons
studied, however, the nitric oxide photocxidation rate increased
linearly with increased light intensity. The effect of complex
hydrocarbon mixtures on the rate of nitric oxide photooxidation
was investigated using three commercial gasolines. The
photooxidation rates measured for these mixtures agreed within
experimental error with calculated rates based on chromatographic
analyses of the gasolines and the ractivity in nitric oxide
photooxidation of the individual hydrocarbons in the gasolines.
(Author abstract modified)
266 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
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18010
Goldsmith, J. R.
LOS ANGELES SMOG. Science J., 5(3):44-49, March 1969.
The Los Angeles smog results from the reaction in the sunlit
atmosphere of hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen, emitted mostly
from automobiles. It differs from the dominant type of air
pollution in the United Kingdom by occurring more in hot, dry
weather than in cold, wet weather, being oxidizing rather than
reducing, being related to motor vehicle exhaust rather than
household heating. The components of Los Angeles smog and their
sources are summarized. The atmospheric reactions of
hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen in sunlight are discussed.
Among the effects of photochemical smog are eye and respiratory
irritation, vegetation damage, and reduced visibility.
18051
DeLuisi, J. J.
A STUDY OP THE EFFECT OF HAZE UPON UHKEHB MEASUREMENTS. Quart.
J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 95 (103) :181-187, Jan. 1969. 13 refs.
The effect of atmospheric haze upcn Umkehr observations is
calculated in two ways. First, observed Umkehr curves are
compared with computed Umkehr curves reconstructed from
simultaneous direct soundings of the vertical ozone distribution.
The difference between the two curves gives the 'experimental'
haze effect. In the second method, Umkehr curves are computed
for model atmospheres with and without haze the difference giving
a 'theoretical1 haze effect. When the two haze-effect curves
are normalized to zero for a solar zenith angle of 60 degrees,
both exhibit the same characteristics, viz., the 'correction' to
be subtracted from an observed (with haze) curve is negative at all
solar zenith angles, the correction reaches a maximum near 81
degrees, and there is a second small reversal near 87-88 degrees.
Application ot the derived haze corrections in the Umkehr
evaluation procedure results in slightly higher 03 content at and
just below the main maximum and slightly lower 03 content
elsewhere. (Author's Summary)
C. Atmospheric Interaction 267
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D. MEASUREMENT METHODS
00051
J. S. Nader E. C. Tsivoclcu {Co-chairmen)
SYMPOSIUM - ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENTS - VALID DATA AND LOGICAL
INTERPRETATION. Public Health Service.
Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution and Div,, of Water
Supply and Pollution Control. July 196
-------
00060
F.J.. Woods, M.E. Umstead, J.E. Johnson
A STUDY OF THE IONIZATION PEODDCED BY THE CATALYTIC COMBUSTION
OF HYDEOCABBONS. NAVAL EESEABCH LAB., Washington, D.C«
(NBL Sept. 6316.) Oct., 15, 1965, 15 pp.,
CFSTI,DDC: AD 623011
lonization produced daring the catalytic combustion of
hydrocarbons has been studied for its usefulness in applications
such as chromatographic detection., When a Pt filament is heated
above 500 C in an atmosphere containing the hydrocarbon, the
formation of ions taXes place during oxidation of the compound,
The number of ions produced by the hydrocarbons is an
exceedingly snail fraction of the number of C atoms oxidized and
varies widely depending upon the molecular structure of the
hydrocarbon and the catalyst temperature. Branched hydrocarbons
produce greater ionization than straight-chain compounds,
although the ease of oxidation is opposite. H and CO burned
in the combustion cell exhibit no ionization current, even when
completely oxidized. Because of the marked effect of
molecular structure on ionization and the response of the
method to low concentrations of hydrocarbons in air, the
procedure may find future use as a specific detector in gas
chromatography. (Author)**
00068
H.W. Korth
DYNAMIC IHEADIATIOH CHAMBER TESTS OF ADTOMOTIVE EXHADST,.
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Division of Air
Pollution, PHS-999-AP-5. Hov. 1963, 59p.,
A dynamic irradiation chamber facility was designed and built for
investigations of irradiated auto exhaust under conditions of
continuous mixing. The facility consists of a programmed
chassis dynamometer, an exhaust dilution system, a dilution-air
purification system, two irradiation chambers, and various exposure
facilities. Three variables were considered in this first series
of tests: (1) Initial exhaust concentration (approximately 13 ppm
carbon and 35 ppm carbon) , (2} average irradiation time (85 and
120 minutes), and <3) fuel ccrcpcsition (1U% and 23% olef ins) .. The
effects of varying these test parameters were determined by use of
appropriate test criteria including K02 formation rate, oxidant
production, total hydrocarbon losses and reaction of specific
species, aldehyde production, plant damage, and bacteria kill.
Of the three variables studies, the exhaust concentration at the
start of irradiation appeared to produce the most significant
effects. Fuel composition had a lesser influence on some of the
test criteria; vdry little difference was noted in the effects
produced at the two average irradiation times. (Author)##
270 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
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00092
B. Drexler M. Barchas
CHEHO-ELECTBICAL SENSING DEVICE. Airkem, Inc., New York
CityB June 1961, 1l(2p.
CFSTI, DDC: AC 262502
This report describes an investigation of the feasibility of
utilizing gas adsorption phenomena for the identification and
quantitative determination of various gaseous materials. A
discussion is presented of the factors influencing the
performance of the various components of an experimental gas
analyzer based on the measure»ent of characteristic adsorption
energies. Seasons are given for the attempted use of this
principle in such an instrument together with a theoretical
discussion of the basis for concluding the instrument to be
non-feasible in practice within the limitations of the original
specifications. A review of material
obtained from available literature sources as well as
informa
-------
00122
D. I., Klosterman and J. E. Sigsiy, Jr.
APPLICATION OF SDBTBACTIVE TECHNIQUES TO THE ANALYSIS OF
AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST, Environ. Sci,. Technol. 1, 309-111 (Apr.
1967). (Presented before the Division of Water, Air, and
Waste Chemistry, American Chemical Society, Atlantic City,
N.J., Sept. 12-17, 1965.)
A simple system has been developed for chemical class analysis of
hydrocarbons found in automotive exhaust. The technique should
prove useful for evaluating the contributions of automotive
emissions to photochemical air pollution.. A system of scrubbers
permits the sample to be analyzed for paraffins, olefins and
acetylenes, and aromatics. Benzene may be determined with either
the paraffinic or aromatic hydrocarbons. The system may be used
with existing standard hydrocarbon analyzers without requiring
their modification. (Author abstract) tt
00124
C. H. Bachman, B. D. McDonald, and P. J. Lorenz
SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF BEASUBED AIH IONS. {EXPEEIMENT
NO, 1 OF BIOLOGICAL ACTION OF IONIZED PABTICLES IN THE
ATMOSPHERE.) Intern. J. Biometeorol.. 9, (2) 127-139, July
1965,
An apparatus constructed for the generation and administration of
measured air ion dosage is described.. Experiments were performed
on rats in which only the nostrils were exposed to the ionized air.
Measurement of total ion current and of the electrical current to
ground through the animal provided knowledge of the actual ion
dosage. Initial experiments indicated that both positive and
negative air ion treatments tended to stimulate heartbeat and
respiratory frequencies. However the ion dosage per rat was
subject to individual variability. (Author) ##
00126
M. E. Pack and D. F. Adams
PEOBLEMS OF RELATING ATMOSPHERIC ANALYSES TO EFFECTS OF AIE
POLLUTION ON AGBICULTUBE., J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.
16, («) 219-2U, Apr. 1966.
This presentation has emphasized the deficiencies of methods of
atmospheric analysis and the inadequacy of present understanding of
the relationship of air pollution to plant and animal injury. The
purpose is to show where improved methods and further research are
needed and perhaps to prcipt more critical interpretation of
atmospheric analysis data. The deficiencies mentioned are
272 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
generally recognized, but in the desire to obtain a rapid solution
to a problem they are sometimes overlooked. This frequently adds
to the confusion rather than helping to clarify the situation™
Consideration has been limited to fluoride, photochemical air
pollutants, and sulfur dioxide. (Author) it
001«2
B. G« Hinners, J,. K= Burkart, and G., L. Contner
ABIHAL EXPOSURE CHAMBERS IN AIR POLLUTION STUDIES. Preprint.
1966.
Eecent developments in animal exposure chambers and their use in
studying the biological effects of air pollution are described.
The various atmospheres studied include irradiated and
non-irradiated auto exhaust atmospheres, .oxides of sulfur, and
oxides of nitrogen. (Author) ##
G. B. Morgan, E. C. Tabor, C. Golden, and H. Clements
AUTOMATED LABORATORY PROCEDURES FOB THE ANALYSIS 0? AIB
POIIUTAHTS,. Preprint. 1966.
Automated methods are presented for the analysis of various
components present in collected particulates, impinged gases and
precipitation. Among these components are sulfates, nitrates,
nitrites, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, chlorides and nitrogen dioxide.
Adoption of automation has resulted in an increased precision for
all of the aforementioned analyses. In addition, the
productivity per man day is tripled to quadrupled over the
corresponding manual procedures. Operational problems associated
tilth the operation of the systems are discussed. (Author) ##
00155
Sweeney, M. Patrick and Miles I. Brubacher
EXHADST HYDROCARBONS MEASUREMENT FOB TUNEUP DIAGNOSIS? In:
Vehicle Emissions, Part II, SAE Progress in Technology
Series Vol. 12, New York, Society of Automotive Engineers,
Inc., 1966, p., 307-316. 5 rets. (Presented at the SAE
Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Mich., Jan.
10-1t|, 1966.)
With an activated control program in California and its imminent
prospect nationwide, recently attention has been focused on
simplifying exhaust hydrocarbon measurement for potential use as a
tuneup garage diagnostic tool. Work has been underway to evaluate
new instrumentation and procedures for hydrocarbon measurement
suitable for field use. It is concluded that: (1) With a
D. Measurement Methods 273
-------
"one minute" cycle, measured emissions seem to correlate adequately
with the California procedure; (2) There are prototype
instruments which are inherently much less susceptible to
environment of use; and (3) For engine diagnostic purposes, the
principal uses of hydrocarbon measurements would be: (a) an
initial check (almost any engine malfunction raises hydrocarbons,
if low, engine does not need tuneup work); and (b) recheck after
tuneup (an increase in hydrocarbons indicates a tuneup oversight
or error, and the car would then be checked further). (Authors'
abstract)##
C0160
Campau, Robert B and James C.. Neerraan
CONTINUOUS MASS SPECTROBETRIC DETERMINATION OF NITRIC OXIDE IN
AUTOMOTIVE EXHADST. In: Vehicle Emissions, Part II, SAE
Progress in Technology Series, Vol. 12, New York, Society of
Automotive Engineers,, Inc., , 1966, p. 325-33
-------
First Quarter 1966 Statistics on Particulate Contaminants
San Diego County Air Pollution Control District are
presented. Data are included on weight concentrations from high
volume filter samples, soiling indexes, and hourly averages of
gaseous contaminants. ##
00179
Jutze, G. A,, B. L. Harris, Jr.,, and M. Georgevich
THE INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION SOBVEILLANCE PBOGRAM ("EFFECTS
BETSOBK") . J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 17(5), 291-3
(Bay 1967). (Presented at 59th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, San Francisco, Calif., June 20-25,
1966, Paper Ho. 66-78} .
Paper discusses the scope of the work to be done by the Abatement
Branch, Division of Air Pollution, D.S., Public Health
Service. Hajor effort of the Abatement Branch will be devoted
to intensive field surveys conducted on a nationwide scale. Data
will be accumulated on: dustfall, particulate identification of
iipinged Materials, sulfation, corrosion, tarnishing of metals, and
deterioration of textiles, dyes and rubber. Included is a table
specifying the components to be examined, the measurement
technique to be used, the length of exposure for the component, tne
units of contamination reported, and the effect demonstrated.##
00192
S. Hochheiser and H. F. Ludmann
FIELD COMPARISON OF METHODS OF DETERMINING ATMOSPHERIC NO AND
N02. Preprint. (Presented at the 150th National Meeting,
American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, N..J. , Sept. 13,
1965.)
Atmospheric samples from several cities were used in a comparison
study of the Saltzman and Jacobs-Hochheiser methods for
measuring H02 concentrations in the atmosphere. NO is
determined by these methods after wet oxidation of the NO to
H02 in a gas scrubber containing acid-permanganate reagent. The
methods were compared using samples collected for 30 minutes and
21 hours. Adsorbing reagents used in the 2t-hour sampling
Methods were modified to accomodate circumstances associated with
longer saipling periods. The relationship between atmospheric
NO and H02 concentration and method of measurement is
discussed. (Author) *#
OC196
0. S. Ferguson and E» G. Sheridan
SOME APPLICATIONS OF MICROSCOPY TO AIR POLLUTION. Preprint.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 16, (12) 669-72, Dec. 1966.
D. Measurement Methods 275
-------
(Presented at the 59th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, San Francisco, Calif., June 20-24, 1966,
Paper No. 66-74.)
The microscope as it has been and is now applied to air pollution
work is discussed- A summary of the most common particulate
sampling equipment is presented and distinctions as to the area of
usage (suspended, or settled participates) are made in each
instance. Actual cases are discussed in which the polarizing
microscope was used to determine identities and sources of
particulate pollutants. Particles from such sources as power
plants, feed mills, and combustion sources are discussed and
photomicrographs of known samples and unknown particles causing
complaints are presented and compared as part of the discussion.,
Aero-allergens as contributors to pollution and their importance
in community surveys are discussed. A detailed discussion of
three allergen samplers is given- ##
T. 8, Hauser and D. S. Bradley
THE SPECIFIC SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF OZONE IN THE
ATHOSPHEEE USING 1, 2-iDI- (fl-PYRIEYL) E1HILENE. Anal.
Chen. 38, 1529-32, Oct. 1966.
A new method for the sampling and analysis of ozone in the
atmosphere is described. Atmospheric ozone is collected in a
solution of 1 ,2-di- (1-pyridyl) ethylene in glacial acetic acid-
The olllected ozone reacts with the 1,2-di (4-pyridyl) ethylene to
form an ozonide that undergoes cleavage to yield
pyridine-iJ-aldehyde for which a simple spectrophotometric
determination was developed. The relationship between the
micrograms of pyridine-4-aldehyde generated per microgran of ozone
sampled has been determined, so that pyridine-t-aldehyde may be
used for calibration. Various other oxidizing or reducing
substances do not interfere with the method, at least not in the
concentrations in which they are found in the atmosphere- The
method offers good sensitivity, reproducibility, and excellent
stability for delayed analysis after sampling. (Authors'
abstract) #f
0022«
M. Shepherd, S. H- Bock, B. Howard, and J. Stormes
ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION, AND ESTIMATION 01 GASEOOS POLLUTANTS
OF AIR. Anal- Chem. 23 ( 10) - 1431-11(1(0, Oct. 1951.
Previous attempts to concentrate air pollutants in a cold trap
and analyze the concentrates by mass spectrometer have had
disappointing results- A new method by which the air of Los
Angeles County has been examined combines the isolation of
gaseous pollutants on a filter at liquid oxygen temperatures,
separation of the isolated frozen concentrate by isothermal
276 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
distillation or subliaation at Ion temperatures and pressures, and
identification and estimation of distillates by the mass
spectrometer. The nethod is capable of determining as littla as
0.0001 ppm of some pollutants from a 100-liter sample of aic; with
larger samples, 0.000001 ppm of some substances can be
determined. The gaseous phase of the Los Angeles smog was found
to be of the order of 0«5 ppm of the air. About 60 chemcial
compounds or families of compounds were identified or tentatively
identified, and the amounts of some of these were determined. It
was shown that the gaseous phase of the smog was primarily a
mixture of hydrocarbons, and of hydrocarbons combined with 0, N,
and C1. These hydrocarbons, principally the unsaturated ones,
when oxidized with 03 and N02 in the presence of UV light,
produce substances which constitute a large proportion of the smog
concentrates. These oxidaticn products cause eye and respiratory
irritations such as are produced by the real smog, and smell like
spectra of the smog concentrates may eventually indicate the
presence of other irritants. The new method may be applied to
special problems in air pollution over large areas or inside
industrial plants. (Authors1 abstract) ##
00237
E.H. Stephens E.F. Barley
ATMOSPHEPIC ANALYSIS FOB PAN. Preprint. (Presented at the
Sixth Conference on Methods in Air Pollution Studies,
California Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley, Jan. 6-7, 1964.)
Some months ago a preliminary report was given on the
application of electron capture detection to the gas
chromatographic measurement of atmospheric peroxyacyl nitrates
(PRNs) . A 3 ft x 1/8 in diameter glass column packed with 5%
carbowax 100 on 100-200 mesh chrcmosorb W was operated at 35 C
with 25 ml/minute of nitrogen carrier gas. The electron capture
detector head was fitted into an aerograph. Injection of 2 ml
gas samples containing pphu concentrations of PAN
(peroxyacetyl nitrate) or PPN (peroxypropionyl nitrate) gave
peaks at 2 min 10 sec and 2 tnin t5 sec, respectively. In
consideration of the instrumental noise level it was estimated
that concentrations of 0.3 to 0.5 pphm could have been measured.,
This is considerably smaller than that required to cause
moderate plant damage and so, for the first time, it became
possible to measure this series of compounds at the
concentrations present even in low levels of photochemical air
pollution. Several problems were encountered and not completely
solved during the course of this work. Most of these had to do
with the extrene instability of the PANS. Tow new
instruments have now been put into operation in an attempt
to improve the reliability of this analytical method. since the
electron capture detector is sensitive to organic nitrates
it was of interest to try to measure these compounds., With air
samples the oxygen peak overlaps the methyl nitrate making it
impossible to measure this ccapound with a 9 in column. Some
experiments were done with a 3 ft x 1/8 in teflon column.
At 22 C and 30 ml N2 per minute the methyl nitrate emerged at
1 lin. and i»0 sec. Sensitivity is nearly the same as that for
PAN- It is estimated that about 0.5 ppb would be detectable in
atnospheric samples.##
D. Measurement Methods 277
-------
0026«
B. H. Hade, J. M. Boss and H. H. Benedict
A METHOD FOE THE DETECTION AND ISOLATION OF TRACES OF OEGANIC
FLUOBINE COMPOUNDS IN PLANTS. {FINAL SEPT.) Stanford
Eesearch lust.. South Pasadena, Calif., Southern California
Xabs. Apr. 1963. 20 pp.
A method for the detection and isolation of submicrogram
quantities of organic fluorine compounds from plant materials in
the presence of much larger amounts of inorganic fluoride is
presented. The procedure consists first of a rapid screening step
for use with large numbers of vegetable samples and extracts and,
second, of a chromatographic step to isolate and characterize any
fluoro-organics found. These methods are developed in light of
specific chemical characteristics of organic fluorine compounds as
a general class. A modification of Soep's quantitative submicro
fluoride analytical method is presented as applicable to these
isolation methods, Hicrogram quantities of organic fluorine
compounds were found in the plant materials investigated but at a
level too low for isolation and identification. (Authors'
abstract) ##
0027K
B. A. Hamilton and J. M. Halker
A METHOD OF HEASUHING ATBOSPHEKIC OZONE &BSOEPTION COEFFICIENTS,
J. Atmospheric Terrest. Phys_, Vol. 28. 667-672, July 1966.
A method is described of determining the ozone absorption
coefficients in the wavebands normally used when measurements are
made of the amount of atmospheric ozone by a Dobson
spectrophotometer. The ratio of absorption coefficients in
different wavebands is obtained from the calculated amounts of
ozone when simultaneous measurements are made with different
wavebands. Values obtained from observations at Oxford and at
Lerwick show good agreement: the values differ appreciably from
those of Vigroux and other workers. (Authors' summary)##
00293
E. C,, Tabor and G. V. Smith
NATURE OF THE BENZENE-SOLUBLE FRACTION OF AIB PABTICULATE
KATTSB. Preprint- (Presented at the 59th Annual Meeting,
Air Pollution Control Association, San Francisco, Calif.,
June 20-24, 1966, Paper 66-121.)
Annual composites of the benzene-soluble portion of air
particulate matter were obtained frcm suspended particulate
samples collected at 78 urban and 32 non-urbzn stations of the
National Air Sampling Network. These samples of
278 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
benzene-soluble organics were separated into the following
functional groups of organic compounds: water-soluble, acids,
bases, aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, and
oxy-neutral compounds. Tables are presented showing the
composition of the individual samples and freguency distributions
of percentage values for the different fractions. Hesults are
discussed and suggestions Bade concerning causes of unusual
results. Infrared absorption curves are presented to illustrate
similarities and differences. (Authors" abstract)#*
00297
G. B. Morgan, C. Golden, and E. Co Tabor
NEH AND IHPKOVED PROCEDURES FOB GAS SAHPLING AND ANALYSIS IN THE
NATIONAL AIR SAMPLING NETWORK., J. Air Pollution Control
Issoc., 17 (5) :300-301 (Hay 1967).. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association Annual Meeting, June 20-2<»,
1966, San Francisco, Calif., Paper 66-114).
The NASH sampler for the collection of gaseous pollutants has
been modified to increase its versatility and efficiency. Oxides
of nitrogen are collected in bubblers employing a 70-100 microns
frit with a collection efficiency of approximately 50%
depending upon the frit porosity. Included in the sampler is a
bubbler for the collection of aldehydes in which the aldehyde-HETH
complex is stable at least 2 weeks. This inert bubbler which is
constructed of polypropylene and Teflon, makes it possible for
samples to be collected over the network and analyzed at a central
laboratory. In addition, gaseous ammonia is collected in 0.1
NH2S04. This collecting system has an efficiency greater than
85)!. Low level samples are analyzed automatically employing
Nesslerization whereas high level samples from source emissions
may be collected in indicating boric acid and titrated with 0..02
NB2S01. The sampler will accomodate either 50 or 100 ml
folypropylene. (Authors' abstract) ##
00328
H. Hatanabe and T« Nakadci
F100ROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF ATMOSPHERIC
OZONE. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 16, (11) 614U7.
Nov. 1966. (Presented at the 59th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, San Francisco, Calif., June
20-20, 1966.)
This work has initiated in an effort to obtaina better method for
the manual determination of trace amounts of atmospheric ozone.
The method described depends upon the fact that ozone oxidizes
nonfluorescent 9,10-dihydroacridine to fluorescent acridine.
When the ethyl alcohol solution of acridine is acidified by
6N acetic acid, the fluorescence maximum occurs approximately at
482 millimicrons and its intensity is sufficiently strong to be
useful in this analysis. Linear relationships between acridine
concentrations and fluorescence intensities were obtained from
D. Measurement Methods 279
-------
0.1 to 3.5 uicrograBS per •!. by measurement with a commercial
fluorophotometer. The results indicated that the low
concentrations of experimentally prepared ozone measured by this
method were in good agreement with those obtained by the
phenolphthalin method. This icthod appeared to be#about twice as
sensitive as the phenolphthalin method but it is subject to some
interference from nitrogen dioxide. (Authors' Abstract)#t
00329
W. B., Parker and N. a. Huey
HOLTIPUEPOSE SEQUENTIAL SAMPLERS.. Preprint. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 17, (6) 388-91, June 1967,.
(Presented at the 59th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, San Francisco, Calif., June 20-2t, 1966, Paper
So. 66-81.)
Presented is the design, construction, and field utilization of
a sequential sampling system for the monitoring of gaseous
pollutants capable of detection by "wet chemical" techniques.
Also described are some specially designed midget impingers and
bubblers. These impingers are practical for field utilization as
well as for laboratory use. (Author) ##
00336
G, Ozolins and R. Smith
A RAPID SURVEY TECHNIQUE FOR ESTIMATING COMMUNITY AIR POLLUTION
EMISSIONS. Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio,
Division of Air Pollution. Oct. 1966. 83 pp. (Presented at
the 59th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
San Francisco, Calif., June 20-21, 1966, Paper No. 66-11.)
A technique has been developed for surveying pollutant emissions
within a community or metropolitan area in 3 to 6 man-weeks. The
methods for conducting such a survey are described in this paper.
An important feature of this technique is the concept of reporting
zones,, The quantities of pollutants released can be assessed not
only for the total community but also for different subdivisions of
the area. The results are emission maps of a community depicting
emission of pollutants in quantities per unit area. Seasonal
variations in pollutant concentrations are considered, and emission
rates of pollutants can be calculated for specified times of the
year. The four major source cateqories considered are combustion
cf fuels in stationary and in mobile sources, combustion of refuse
material, and industrial process losses. Each category is
considered in detail relative to sources of information, seasonal
variation in emissions, methods for estimating pollutant emissions
by areas, and use of emission factors. Results obtained by
application of this technique in two metropolitan areas are
summarized. (Author) ft
280 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
00318
T» P« Ramachandran
THE DETERMINATION OF NITEATE (A DISSERTATION) (DOCTOR"S
THESIS). '(For the degree cf Doctor of Philosophy in the
Dept. of Chemistry, Maharajas ColloJ 1966. 118 pp.
A simple, sensitive and specific method for the determination of
nitrate in microgram ranges applicable for water and air samples is
described- The method is directly applicable to water samples
without recourse to evaporation or separation procedures. The
proposed method was evolved as a result of the exhaustive study of
the nitrate-chromotropic acid reaction in concentrated sulfuric
medium. Nitrate reacts with chromotropic acid in about 75% v/v
sulfuric acid medium giving a water-soluble yellow product.
Spectrophotometric measurement of the absorbance of the color at
410 millimicrons provides a Beans for the determination of nitrate
in the concentration range of 0.2 to 20 milligrams per liter.
Many commonly occurring materials such as oxidizing agents,
nitrite, chloride and iron (III) were found to interfere with the
nitrate-chromotropic acid reaction. As a result of systematic
studies of the nitrate-chrcmotrcpic acid system with respect to
these interferences, a simple, direct procedure has been developed
by which all the above mentioned interferences were either
eliminated or masked. The method has been applied to the analysis
of water and air samples. The proposed method is simpler, more
rapid and more specific than any other existing method.
(Author} ##
00381
W. I. Crider
HYDROGEN FLAME EMISSION SPECTHOEHOIOMETRY IN MONITORING AIE
FOR S02 AND SULFURIC ACID AEHCSCL. Anal. Chem. 37, 1770-3,
Dec.. 1965.
The principle of hydrogen flane emission spectrophotometry is
demonstrated to be of practical use in monitoring the
atmosphere of animal exposure chambers for S02 in concentrations
from 0..1 ppm (v./v.J to 100 ppm and for airborne droplets cf
H2SOt in the concentration range from 0.17 to 5.2 mg per cu
meter. Some parameters influencing emission intensity are
explored. (Author)##
00385
E. E., Saltzman and A. R, Wartburg, Jr.
A PRECISION FLOW DILUTION SYSTEM FOE STANDARD LCW CONCENTRATIONS
OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE, Anal. Chem. 37, 1261-4, Sept. 1965,.
Preparation of primary standard low concentrations of nitrogen
dioxide was required to critically evaluate analytical procedures
for this gas. A tank mixture of 0.1% nitrogen dioxide in air was
metered by an asbestos plug flowmeter into a compact flew dilution
system designed for minimum dead volume and back pressure. The
mixture was monitored by a calibrated Hast oxidant analyzer.
Les than 5 minutes sufficed to reach a steady concentration, which
was maintained precisely for many hours. The tank mixture was
analyzed gravimetrically by passage through two
D. Measurement Methods 281
-------
Ascarite-Anhydrone D-tubes; the fraction of nitrogen dioxide
not absorbed was negligible. A small correction to the
gravimetric analysis was made for the carbon dioxide in the tank
mixture, determined gas chromatographically. It was determined
that no correction was necessary for water vapor, since its
concentration in the tank mixture was very low. Preliminary
studies were made of the stoichionetry of the nitrogen dioxide
reaction with Griess-Saltzman reagent. Absorbances of the
colors developed showed that one mole of gas was equivalent
(within a few per cent) to 0.72 mole of standard nitrite solution
Response was linear with concentrations computed from flowmeter
readings and the tank analysis, and with sampling time for a
fixed concentration™ The apparatus and techniques should be
applicable to many other gases. (Author)##
00386
E. Sawicki and J. D. Pfaff
QUENCHOFHOSPHORIMETRIC ANALYSIS FOR CONJUGATED COMPOUNDS..
Bikrochim. Acta (1-2) 322-33, 1966.
A new method of analysis that incorporates many of the reagents
found useful in quenchofluorcmetry is introduced. Since many
types of non-fluorescent and weakly fluorescent compounds can be
analyzed, guenchophosphoriuetry is a complementary tool. This
method of analysis is superior to colorimetry and fluorometry in
simplicity, sensitivity and selectivity for many types of
compounds. Examples of this technique are given. One striking
example is the determination of p-nitroaniline in the presence of
carbazole, p-hydroxyacetophenone, triphenylamine and tri-pheuylene
all of which are usually intensely phosphorescent. Hew types of
functional group analyses for individual compounds and families of
compounds should be possible with quenchophosphorimetry,,
(Author) #*
00387
Halanchuk, H.
A CONTINUOUS AUTOMATIC APPARATUS FOE DETERMINATION OF SULIUE
DIOXIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE OB IN COMPLEX GAS MIXTURES.
Preprint. 1965.
A colorimetric-type instrument was adapted for the continuous
automatic measurement of sulfnr dioxide by use of an
iron(III)-phenanthroline absorption solution. Although it
lacks the sensitivity and rapid response of conductimetric-type
units, it shows specificity for sulfur dioxide in complex mixtures
and gives an accurate determination that is not possible with the
present conductimetric—type. AA#*
282 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
001(18
J.H. Happ, J.B. Harstad, I.B. Buchanan
EFFECT OF AIR IONS ON SOBMICROS T1 IACTERIOPHAGE AEROSOLS
(TECHNICAL MANUSCRIPT 281). Any Biological Labs.,
Frederick, Md., Physical Defense Div_ Feb. 1966., 18 pp.
DDC:AD H78388
The effect of a high concentration of ionized air molecules on
sampling subnicron T1 phage aerosols of a submicron particles
size was evaluated by comparing the phage recoveries of all—glass
iupingers (AGI-4) and Type 6 filter papers. Sampler
recoveries of all ionized aerosols were less than the recoveries of
non ionized control aerosols. These reductions in recovery were
greater with positive ions than with negative ions or ions of
nixed polarity. The AGI-t allowed considerable slippage which
was not affected by the air ions. Type 6 filter paper recoveries
were less than AGI-t HECOVEEIES. 2THE AIR IONS DID NOT
appear to affect the aerosol particle size as determined by an
lectron microscope. (Author abstract} t#
00426
G. Lundeen and R. Livingston
CHEHILUBINESCENCE OF HYDHOCARBCS OXIDATION. Photochem.
Ehotobiol. Vol. «:1085-96, 1965.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 631111
That chemiluminescence accompanies autoxidations and
decompositions of some peroxides has been known for some time.
Decently lechanisms have beeen proposed to explain such
cheniluHinescence. This paper is a report of an experimental
study of the luminescence which accompanies the autoxidation,
spontaneous and induced by the decomposition of benzoyl peroxide,
of tetralin and anyl benzene. Anthracene, 9, 10-diphenyl
anthracene and 9,10-dibromo-anthracene were used as intensifiers of
luninescence-li
OOU35
H. I. Larsen
i HETHOD FOR DETERMINING SOURCE REDDCTION REQUIRED TO MEET AIR
QDALITI STANDABDS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.
11(2):71-76, Feb. 1961.
i coaputer program was written to calculate arithmetic and
geoaetric correlation and regression between any two variables for
various periods of time, location, and condition of solar
radiation. Two thousand correlation coefficients and the
associated regression lines of best fit were calculated to explore
D. Measurement Methods 283
-------
the interrelationships between variables. The summary punched
cards were the input to this ccuputer program. The purpose of
those analyses is to show the frequency of occurrence of various
values of oxidant, eye irritation, and visibility; to indicate the
equations relating these pollutant effects to concentration of
carbon monoxide; and to show the usefulness of this information
for predicting removal of precursor, as measured by carton
monoxide, necessary to obtain given levels of improved air
quality.##
00«69
G.D, Jaros, N.B. Parkin, J. G. Mingle, S.H. Paul
THE FATE OF OXIDES OF NITBOGEN THBOOGH A DIRECT FIABE AFTERBURNER
IB THE EXHADST OF A GASOLINE ENGINE,. Preprint. (Presented
at the Second Annual Meeting, Pacific Northwest International
Section, Air Pollution Control association, Portland Oreg.,
Sov. 5-6, 196t, Paper No., 6
-------
The results also reveal a complicated microscopic behaviour from
both a physical and chemical standpoint at pressures in excess of
twice that of the atmosphere. The thermal transfer to the walls
of the conbustor was a marked function of the nature of the
pressure perturbations. The study was concerned with measurements
of the perturbations of pressure during oscillatory combustion
and with evaluation of the quantities of the oxides of nitrogen
found in the exhaust of the combustor. The quantities of the
oxides of nitrogen were determined in saaples obtained by quenching
the products of reaction by flow through a supersonic nozzle.
Investigations were carried out at nixture ratios ranging from
0.65 to 1.5 stoichiometriCo t#
00489
P., H. West
INOPGANIC MICFOCHEBISTBY. Anal. Chem. Vol. 36:144R-50P,
Apr. 1964,,
The bulk of this review is devoted to classical microchemical
methods. No distinction is made between nicroanalysis and trace
analysis because the absolute quantity of material under study is
of the same order of magnitude and the philosophies of approach are
similar, even if the techniques involved may differ widely. To
laintain proper perspective, appropriate comments will be included
pertaining to specialized techniques such as atomic absorption
spectrometry and coulostatic methods of analysis. For more
critical evaluations of such techniques, the reader is referred to
the accompanying reviews that deal in more detail with these
met hods.##
00550
J. N. Pitts, Jr-, J..B. Vernon, O.KUS. Han
A RAPID ACTINOBETEB FOR PHOTOCHEMICAL AIE POLLUTION STUDIES,
Intern J. Air Water Pollution, Vol., 9:595-600, 1965.
(Presented at the Seventh Conference on Methods in Sir
Pollution Studies, California State Dept. of Public
Health, Los Angeles, Calif-, Jan., 25-26, 1965.)
The o-nitrobenzaldehyde actinometer, when used in photochemical
air pollution studies, has some unique advantages- First,
the actinometer could be used in a solid, solution, vapor
or a colloidal dispersion system,, Second, the absorption
spectrum of o-nitrobenzaldehyde has an absorption onset
at about 4000 Angstrom units which coincides with the
wavelength threshold for the photodissociation of N02 into NO
and 0 atom- Since sunlight received on the earth's surface
contains negligible radiation shorter than 3000 Angstrom units,
the solar radiation which causes photochemical reactions involving
NC2 as the primary absorbing molecule is in the 4000-3000
Angstrom unit region. While most of the established chemical
actinometers are sensitive to wavelength variations, the
quantum yield of the rearrangement of o-nitrobenzaldehyde to
D. Measurement Methods 285
-------
0-nitrosobenzoic acid is found to be indepdent of wavelength
in the region 1000-3000 Angstrom units. Thus, relative
intensities of the "active" sunlight fraction can be easily
measured by the relative amounts of o-nitrosobenzoic acid formed
upon irradiation without resorting to the use of
filters, monochromatic device or integrating process.##
00578
K. 1. Hhitby and C., M. Peterson
ELECTRICAL NEUTRALIZATION AND PABTICLE SIZE MEASUREMENT OF DYE
AEBOSOLS., I.E.C. Fundamentals, Vol.. U:66-72, Feb. 1965.
Data are presented on the magnitude of the natural charge on
aerosol particles formed by the evaporation of atomized solutions
of dye and on the residual charge after neutralization by mixing
with a bipolar ironic atnosphere,. Measured values of the charge
after neutralization are compared with those predicted by assuming
a Boltzmann distribution of the energy states in the mixture of
ions and particles. The importance of this residual charge to
such aerosol applications as filter testing and particle
classification is discussed. Under certain conditions a size
representative fraction of the dye particles smaller than 0.2
micron may carry a unit charge. Two mobility analysis techniques
for measuring the particle size distribution of such aerosols are
described and the results compared with electron microscope data.
(Authors0 abstract)##
OC610
A. P. Altshuller
ATMOSPHEBIC ANALYSIS BY GAS CHROMATOGHAPHY. Preprint. 1966.
A number of the gas chromatographic procedures developed for
atmospheric analysis have received little application. Several
investigators have done atmospheric analysis for hydrocarbons
and peroxyacetyl nitrate directly without concentration.
Monitoring gas chronatographs could be built for obtaining
large quantities of atmospheric analyses. Such equipment has
not yet been fabricated. A related problem is the read-out
of the large number of peaks cr areas generated by making
analyses every 10, 15 or 30 min.. for 24 hrs. a day. Integration
equipment capable of handling such outputs is available;
such equipment is already in routine use in measuring hydrocarbons
in auto exhaust studies. The application of the electron capture
detector to analysis of low-molecular-weight
halogenated substances, pesticides, and tracer materials in
air has been demonstrated,, The capability to measure such
substance sby gas chromatography is excellent. Many future
applications in atmospheric chemistry should make use of such
procedures,, (Author abstract) ##
286 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
00620
W.D. Conner J.s. Nader
AIB SAMPLING WITH PLASTIC BAGS. An. Ind. Hyg., Assoc. J.
Vol. 25:291-297, June. 1964.
An inexpensive sampler has been developed whereby air samples
can be collected in plastic bags without pump contamination
and shipped to a laboratory for analysis. Data are presented
to illustrate how well these bags contain (1) sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen dioxide, and ozone in samples collected from
synthetically prepared Mixtures, and (2) 'hdrocarbons in samples
collected fro«i an auto exhaust irradiation chamber. The
inorganic samples were in the concentration range of 0.5 to
1.5 ppn, and the hydrocarbon samples were in the concentration
range of 7 to 20 ppi. The samples were stored for periods of
several days. {Author abstract) ##
00627
I. H. Weinstein, B. F. Bozarth, C. A. Porter, R. H.
Handl, and B. G. Tweedy
AUTOMATED ANALYSIS OF PHOSPHORUS CONTAINING COMPOUNDS IN
BIOLOGICAL BATEBIALS. I,. A QUANTITATIVE PROCEDURE. Contrib.
Boyce Thompson Inst. Vol., 22 (7) : 389-398, Sept,, 1964.
The Technicon AutoAnalyzer has been used to develop an
automated nethod of phosphorus analysis for individual samples or
for effluents from ion exchange columns. The sample or column
effluent containing organically bound phosphorus is pumped, along
with sulfuric acid, into the hot revolving glass helix of the
Digester unit. As the digest reaches the end of the helix, it
is pulled off continuously into an impinger. A continuous
sanple is removed from the iipinger, diluted with water, and
reacted with molybdate reagent and 1-amino-2-naphthol-
-------
Since late 1962, the Division of Air Pollution of the U.S.
Public Health Service has used a mobile air sampling
laboratory to provide technical assistance and training to local
air pollution agencies. The labcratory and the manual and
instrumental methods used to neasure S02, NO, N02, CO,
C02, total hydrocarbons^ oxidants, aldehydes, soiling index, and
total suspended particulates are described, as are data
handling systems. In several cities various parallel sampling
methods have been used to deternine the effect of analytical
methods on indicated concentrations of particular pollutants,.
The significance of the air quality data collected is discussed.
(Author abstract) t#
00728
S.S. Epstein K. Bush
A SIMPLE PHOTODYNAMIC ASSAY FOB POLYCYCLIC ATMOSPHERIC
POLLUTANTS. Preprint. (Presented at the 58th Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Toronto,, Canada,
June 20-24, 1965, Paper No. 65-111..)
The photodynamic bioassay employed in this study is simple,
rapid, and reproducible. However, the significance of data
acquired with this technique is, at present, not easy to interpret.
It appears that the assay provides an in vivo measure of the
concentration of photosensitizing compounds in atmospheric
particulates, and yields results which discriminate between
pollutant fractions from the same source, and between pollutants
from different sources. Hhether these differences would
be paralleled in non-composite samples cannot be assessed at
present. The inter-source variations cannot be accounted for
merely by a concomitant difference in the concentration of
atmospheric particulates. Although there appears to be a
general association between the BaP concentration and
photodynaaic potency of benzene-soluble extracts, the chemical
data are, at present,, too restricted for more meaningful
correlations. Apart from this, while the presence of BaP may
account for the major part of the potency of benzene-
soluble and aromatic fractions, it obviously does not account for
photodynamic potency in oxy-neutral or basic fractions. Both
these fractions are frequently very potent and while largely
chemically undefined, are devoid of BaP. The presumptive
isolation of carcinogenic alkylated benz(c)acridines from basic
fractions probably accounts for their occasional high
potency and should serve to direct biological attention to this
small but, hitherto, largely ignored fraction. (Author's
summary modified)##
00760
K.H.. Heck
THE USE OF P1ANTS AS INDICATOES OF AIB POLLUTION™ Intern. J
Air Water Pollution (London), Vol. 10, 99-111, Feb. 1966.
(Presented at the 57th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Houston, Tex., June 21-25, 196«.)
288 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Plants have been extensively used in monitoring programs and as
indicators of air pollution., Their usefulness in this capacity
is based primarily on the sensitivity of selected plant species or
varieties, or both, for specific air pollutants. This
paper discusses the use of native plants as indicators of natural
pollution in field studies and the use of specific plants grown
under standard con-ditions to monitor natural levels of
pollution, to identify phytotoxicants produced under controlled
conditions, and to determine the sensitivity of plants to specific
phytotoxicants as conditioned by various environmental factors.
Hhile various subjective injury indices have been used, no uniform
system has been applied. The need for a unified index is
discussed. (Author's abstract)*#
00771
J.F. Eoesler
PPELIMINABY STUDY OF CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOTOIONIZATION DETECTOE
FOE GAS CHHCMATOGHAPHY. Anal. Chem., Vol. 36, 1900-1903,
Sept. 1964, -.{Presented at the Pittsburgh Conference on
Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Pa., Mar.
1961.,)
A photoionization detector was constructed utilizing Kovar metal
seals. The glow current was regulated achieving a noise level on
the order of 70 miccmicroampere. The effects of carrier gas and
argon flow rate were observed. Nitrogen and hydrogen were the
primary carrier gases used. An extra electrode was incorporated
into the detector in an effort to control the standing current.
Polarities with respect to the glow discharge were important,
affecting the sensitivity and linearity. Thermal effects of the
glow discharge were also investigated- A 4.9-cc. sample of
2.8 p.p.n. propane in nitrogen gave a maximum response of 660
nicrocmicroainpere. (Author's abstract) ##
00822
I.e. Brown D. Williams
INVESTIGATION OF ATMOSPHERIC IMPCHITIES (FINAL KEPT-) Chio
State Univ. Research Foundation, Columbus, (Nov. 1963.)
17 pp.,
DDC: AD 426291
The usefulness of an electron spin resonance (ESH)
spectrometer in the detection of small guantities of airborne
biological impurities was investigated. The ESR spectrometer
is being used to study electron spin resonance in biological
laterials, free radicals and other paramagnetic substances-
A large number of irradiated amino acids, nucleic acids,
peptides and simpler proteins are studied; characteristic patterns
are observed for various compounds. Electron spin resonance
spectra are observed in dried bacteria prior to irradiation.
The resonances appear to stem frcm two sources: (1) transition
metal ions, such as iron and manganese, usually producing a very
D. Measurement Methods 289
-------
broad, strong resonance; and (2) a free radical producing a much
narrower resonance. In many bacteria the two types of
resonances are superimposed. The free radical resonance has been
observed to increase in strength with the passage of time
and appears to be correlated with the decrease in viability of the
dried bacteria. The nature and strength of the resonances depend
on the nethod of drying and on the method of storage after drying.
The ESS spectra of particles filtered from the atmosphere
both indoor and outdoor are observed. Particle sizes greater than
3 microns give rise to a broad, intense ESR absorption line.
Atmospheric particles in the range of 0.8 micron to 3 microns
diameter do not have an ESR line. Weak free radical lines are
observed with particles of diameter from 0.22 micron to 0.8
micron. It is almost impossible to give valid estiamtes of the
sensitivity of ESE techniques in the detection process.##
CC845
SELECTED METHODS FOE THE MEASUREMENT OF AIR POLLUTANTS,
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air
Pollution. Hay 1965. 53 pp.
GPO: 820-519, HEB: 999-AP-11
This manual is an effort to assist in the development of
uniform standard methods of analysis of air pollutants. It makes
available the judgment and knowledge of a large group of chemists
in the Public Health Service. Methods of determining
pollutants of common interest are presented in uniform format by
chemists on the staff of the Division of Air Pollution- The
methods were critically reviewed by the Interbranch Chemical
Advisory Committee, which is composed of representatives of the
professional chemical groups in all branches of the Division.
Methods presented are as follows: For determination of sulfur
dioxide, the West and Gaeke and the hydrogen peroxide methods;
for determination of nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide, the
Saltzman method; for determination of oxidants, the neutral
buffered-potassium iodide and the alkaline potassium iodide
methods; for determination of aliphatic aldehydes, the 3-methyl-2
benzothiazolone hydrazone hydrochloride method; for
determination of acrolein, the 4-hexylresorcinol method; for
determination of formaldehyde, the chromotropic acid method; for
determination of sulfate in atmospheric suspended particulates,
the turbidimetric barium sulfate method; and for determination
of nitrate in atmospheric suspended particulates, the 2,4 xylenol
method. (Author abstract) *#
00855
F.L. Ludwig, D.H. Coulson, £„ Eobinson
SIZE DETERMINATION OF ATMOSPHERIC SUIFATE AND CHLCRIDE
PARTICULATES (FINAL BEPT.J. Stanford Research Inst., Menlo
Park, Calif. Feb. 1966. 77 pp.
The sulfate aerosol sampling program for 1964 and 1965 has
provided a total of 74 size distributions using the aerosol
290 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
spectrometer technique developed for this program. A typical
size distribution for these data has a mass mean diameter of about
0.35 micron, a lower quartile of about 0.1 micron, and an upper
quartile at about 100 micron- However, as is to be expected,
the individual tests show a considerable degree of variation
about these figures. The size distributions reflected
changes in humidity, time of sample collection, and sampling
location. When size distributions were grouped and averaged
according to the prevailing relative humidity for the test, there
was a definite tendency for larger sizes to accompany higher
huiidities. Chloride size distributions are available from a
total of 36 tests, all run during the 1965 season,, These data
indicate an average size distribution with a mass median
equivalent diameter of about 0.3 micron, a lower quartile of 0.15
nicron, and upper quartile greater than 1-5 micron. This
average size distribution is bimodal. The distribution mode
at smaller sizes is similar to sizes of lead aerosols reported
by Robinson and Lndwig (196U) , while the mode at larger sizes
is in the range reported by Junge (1963) for a typical
continental aerosol. since automobile exhausts are
believed to contain aerosols composed of complex salts of lead,
chlorine, bromine, and oxygen, a similarity between lead and
chloride aerosols is not surprising. Further studies of these
two materials might provide an interesting insight into urban
aerosol interactions and sources. Analytical methods used for
micro-suitur determinations were improved in various ways as the
program developed and more experience was obtained in its
operation. One of the more important changes involved
thermostating the titration cell, which improved baseline
stabilization. Another change in technique provided for the
evaporation of the sample in a stream of clean heated nitrogen
instead of in the open laboratory atmosphere. Both of these
changes improved the reliability of the sulfur determinations.##
00856
E.L. Kothny P.K. Mueller
FASTER ANALYSES OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE WITH CONTINUOUS ATS
ANALYZEBS. California Dept, of Public Health, Berkeley,
Division of Labs. (AIHL Sept. No. 22 - Eevised
EditionJ (Original paper presented at the 20th Annual
Instrument Society of America Conference, Los Angeles,
Calif., Oct. 4-7, 1965.) Jan. 1966. 27 pp.,
A study concerning the effect of chemical and physical
variables on the response of a nitrite reagent is described.
For performance comparison, an empirical parameter was
developed and applied. Optimization rules were derived and
applied. A sub-minute response reagent was developed containing
N,N (1-naphthjl, acetyl) ethylene diamine, 2-amino-p-
benzenedisulfonic acid. Designs of gas-liquid contact
and optical systems were evaluated to match fast response reagents.,
(Author abstract) t*
D. Measurement Methods 291
-------
00860
K.T. Hhitby W,, !„ Clark
GENEHATION AND DECAY OF SMALL IONS. SECTION II: ELECTPIC
AESOSOL PARTICLE COUNTING AND SIZE DISTRIBUTION MEASURING
SYSTEM FOB THE 0..015 TO 1 HICECN SIZE RANGE.
Minneapolis, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering (Particle
Lab. Publication No. 95). June 1, 1966. 57 pp.
An electrical particle counter and size analyzer system having
the following characteristics has been described: (1J Sizing
rnage from 0..015 to 1.2 micrcn. <2) Classification range from
0,015 to 0..6 micron at 28 1/m aerosol sampling rate. (3) A
unique unipolar diffusion charger that is stable, controllable
and capable of near optimum charging performance. (t) A
versatile mobility analyzer capable of discrete classification of
particles with mobilities from 0..01 to 0-0002 (cm/sec) /(v/cm) at
aerosol flow rates up to 57 1,/m. This analyzer is unique
in using a filter located at the aft end of the current collector.
This separation of the collecting electrode and the current
collector permits the use of collector voltages up to KV while
maintaining background currents below 10 to the minus
fourteenth power amp. (5) Although the instrument described
here is only seni-automatic, a completely automatic
version of the EPC is entirely practical. An automatic EPC
used together with an automatic CN and optical counter would
permit continuous automatic size distribution measurement over
the size range from 0U01 to 10 micron. (Author summary)**
OC86H
B..Y.H. Liu, K.T. Hhitby, H. H. So Yu
GENERATION AND DECAY OF SMALL IONS., SECTION VI: EVALUATION OF A
NEW ELECTROSTATIC AEflOSOI SANP1EE 'SUITABLE FOR LIGHT AND
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (PROGRESS REFT.)- Minnesota Univ.,
Minneapolis, Dept,, of Mechanical Engineering, (Particle Lab.
Publication No- 95.) June 1, 1966. 31 pp.
The objective of the design is to construct an aerosol sampler
which ideally should: a) sample an aerosol and deposit it
uniformly over a relatively large surface area; b) be suitable
for sampling aerosols onto any type of flat collecting surface
including the ordinary glass microscope slide and electron
microscope grids; and, c) be quantitative so that the absolute
particle concentration of the aerosol can be determined. It
was found that approximately all the losses occurred in the ions in
the charging region. Attempts to reduce this space charge
loss of aerosols by various arrangements were unsuccessful.
Notwithstanding this nonideal behavior of the sampler, the sampler
is still capable of collecting samples of aerosols to provide
quantitative data on the absolute concentration of the aerosol
particles and their size distribution when the data are corrected
using the fractional efficiency curves. With a moderate
292 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
amount of extrapolation of the curve, it appears that the sampler
can be used to obtain quantitative data over a size range from
0.01 to 5 micron particle diameter.##
00866
B.E. Saltzman A.F. Hartburg, Jr.
ABSORPTION TDBE FOE BEBOVAL OF INTEBFEBING SULFUE DIOXIDE IN
ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC OXIDANT. Anal. Chem. Vol., 37:779-782
Hay 1965- (Presented before the Division of Water and Waste
Chemistry, 1<*5th Heeting, American Chemical Society, New
York City, Sept. 13, 1963.)
Sulfur dioxide is a serious negative interference in the
iodometric determination of atmospheric oxidant by manual and
instrumental methods. In many areas the quantities of sulfur
dioxide present exceed those of cxidant and thus a false zero
analysis may be obtained. Various liquid and solid scrubbing
chemicals vere investigated for selective removal of sulfur
dioxide from an air sample stream; although this was easily done,
avoiding concurrent loss of oxidant was more difficult. The
deterioration of the scrubbing materials with use also was studied.
An absorbent was developed consisting of glass-fiber paper
impregnated with chromiun trioxide and sulfuric acid. An
absorber packed with this completely removed as high as 15 p.p.m.
of sulfur dioxide without less of oxidant. Such absorbers have
been used on monitoring instruments and have exhibited useful
lifetimes of two weeks of continous operation. Interesting new
information on oxidant pollutants is being obrained. (Author
abstract)##
00868
E. Sawicki J.D. Pfaff
ANALYSIS FOP ABOMATIC COMPOUNDS ON PAPEE AND THIN-LAYEB
CHROMATOGRAHS BY SPECTEOFHOTOPHOSPHOBIHETEY, APPLICATION TO
AIR POLLUTION. Anal. Chinu Acta Vol. 32:521-513, June
1965..
A new technique is introduced in spectrophosphorinetric analysis
by menas of which spectra can be obtained directly on an
adsorbent after chromatography» With this procedure spectra of
the phosphorescent compound, its salts, its reduced or
oxidized forms, or its derivatives can be obtained in all types
of solvents. A large number of examples of this simple technique
are given; detection limits range from 0.1 nanogram to
microgram amounts. A new system for the circular paper
chromatographic separation of aza heterocyclic hydrocarbons
using aqueous formamide is described. Many of these heterocyclic
compounds can be separated from each other as can the parent
compounds from their alkyl drivatives. Air pollution mixtures
separated by column and paper chromatography are analyzed with
the phcsphorimetrie technique. Spots obtained on the
D. Measurement Methods 293
-------
paper chromatograms are analyzed directly in the phosphorimeter.
With these techniques benzo(f)quinoline, benzo (h)guinoline,
benz(a)acridine, benz (c)acridine, and hydrocarbons such as
phenanthrene and benzo (e)pyrene are radily characterized-
(Author summary) ##
00872
C. Xintaras, B.L., Johnson, C.E. Dlrich
THE APPLICATION OF THE EVOKED HESPONSE TECHNIQUE IN SIB POLLUTION
TOXICOLOGY. Toxicol. '^pl., Pharmacol 8(1):77-87, Jan..
1966. (Presented at the Society of Toxicology, Williamsturg,
Ya., Bar., 9, 1965.)
The" evoked response to flash in the specific visual cortex and
in the superior colliculus of unrestrained and unanesthetized
albino rats bearing indwelling bipolar electrodes was investigated
with the use of an on-line digital computer- It was
anticipated that this method might provide a useful technique
that night not only be more sensitive and reliable than
morphological and biochenical methods, but also might provide
some insight into the site of action of toxic agents on the central
nervous system. For additional information the behavioral
response of pressing a lever for food reinforcement ¥as
observed simultaneously,, The effect of exposure to carbon
monoxide as recorded by the technique of the evoked response was
similar to that of exposure to pentcbarbital. The response to
respiratory exposure to ozone differed from that induced by
carbon monoxide and pentobarbital. It was concluded that the
technique of the evoked response could be a helpful tool in air
pollution toxicology. The results are reproducible and the
method shows great sensitivity. Data can be accumulated in a
reasonably short time, especially if animals with indwelling
electrodes are maintained continuously in the laboratory. (Author
summary) ##
00886
J. McK. Ellison
THE NATUBE OF AIE POLLUTION AND THE METHODS AVAILABLE FOP
MEASOBING IT- Bull. World Health Organ. (Geneva) ,
32(3) :399-«09, 1965.
At present the principal sources of energy in Europe are
coal and oil and fuels derived from them, and in European
towns air pollution consists mainly of their combustion
products. These combustion products naturally divide into
two categories, gaseous and particulate, which are very
different chemically and which behave very differently
when they are near collecting surfaces; they therefore require
very different techniques both for collecting and for
estimating samples. Some methods of measurement, suitable
for everyday routine use in Europe, are described; these
294 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
offer a compromise between completeness and economy, and can
help to give a general outline of the air pollution situation
without undue complexity or prohibitive cost. (Author's
sunmary) M
00942
Do F. Adans
IMPROVED SULFUR-REACTING MICBOCOuTOHETHIC CEIL FOB GAS
CHRCMATOGHAPHY. Anal. Chen., 38 (8J1094-1096, July 1966.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Symposium, 150th Meeting,
American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, N.J., Sept.
1965..)
Because of the differences in election requirements for oxidation
of H2S, S02, mercaptans, and organic sulfides and disulfides,
it is necessary to standardize the titration cell against each type
of compound or calculate the electron equivalents for each
oxidation reaction for quantitative gas chromatographic analysis.
To increase the sulfur specificity and to eliminate the need for
individual compound calibration, the column effluents may be either
oxidized to S02 or reduced to B2S in a suitable furnace prior
to introduction into the microcoulometric titration cell to obtain
an equivalent response for an equivalent number of sulfur atoms.
The furnace oxidation prior to titration should also destroy any
olefinic compounds which might be present in complex gas
mixtures, be titrated by bronine, and be erroneously reported as
sulfur. Reduction to H2S rather than oxidation to S02 has the
added advantage of providing a four-fold increase in sensitivity
because of the greater electron change required for the bromine
oxidation of H2S. Although the need for individual calibration
for each compound favors the use of a furnace between the
chromatography column and the detector, it complicates the
analytical system and thus may not be suitable for process
control analysis under mill conditions. (Author summary)##
00956
P. K« Mueller, E. I. Kothny, S, 0. Fansah, and Y.,
Tokiwa
DESIGN OF AZO-DIE REAGENTS FOR NITROGEN DIOXIDE ANALYSES.
Preprint. (Presented at the 59th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, San Francisco, Calif.,
June 20-25,, 1966, Paper No. 66-112.)
Azo dye reagents are used for the spectrophotometric analysis
of nitrogen dioxide in air., The performance of these reagents
depends upon the molecular structure, pH, ionic activity^ and
relative concentration of the components. These factors can be
tailored to meet the practical requirements of different
applications. In current practice the most frequently used
azo-dye reagent in continuous analyzers is a formulation containing
5.OX acetic acid, 0.005* N (1-naphthyl) ethylene-diamine
D. Measurement Methods 295
-------
dihydrochloride and 0.5% sulfanilic acid in water (modified
Saltznan reagent). Hhen using large volumes (liters) of
reagent the acetic acid becomes both a hygienic and corrosion
nuisance. The design factors for formulating azo-dye reagents
were applied to the development of a nuisance free reagent with
analogous performance. Several promising reagents were
evaluated including tests for stability to light and air
oxidation. The perforaance of new reagents was tested in a
continuons air analyzer using nitrogen dioxide streams together
with sulfur dioxide, ozone and nitric oxide as possible
interferences. A new reagent system is recommended for use in
currently operating nitrogen dioxide analyzers. (Author
abstract) ##
00966
S. S. Epstein
TWO SENSITIVE TESTS FOB CARCINOGENS IN THE AIR. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 16, (10}5«5-6, Oct. 1966. '{Presented
at the 59th Annual Heeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, San Francisco, Calif., June 20-25, 1966, Paper
Ho. 66-19.)
This report describes briefly 2 new bioassays, the photodynamic
and mouse neonate, which have been developed recently as indirect
and direct measures, respectively, of the carcinogenicity of
organic atnospheric pollutants. The photodynamic assay measures
concentrations of photosensitizing polycyclic compounds in organic
extracts of atmospheric participates, and reflects the ability of
these compounds to sensitize cells to the otherwise non-toxic
effects of long-wave ultraviolet light. The relevance of this
assay to carcinogenicity depends on the previous demonstration, in
a large series of polycyclic compounds of a strong positive
association between photodvnamic toxicity, using the motile ciliate
Paramecium caudatum, and carcinogenicity attributable to
polycyclic compounds. The use of neonatal animals for the
carcinogenicity testing of pure chemicals is well documented.
Neonates have been shown to be highly sensitive to defined
carcinogens, administration of which in very low concentrations,
in general, results in high tumor yields with relatively short
latency periods. The present studies, although primarily
methodological, established the high sensitivity of neonatal mice
to carcinogens extracted fron air-##
00977
E.S. Yunghans S.A. Munroe
CONTINOODS MONITORING OF AMBIENT ATMOSPHERES WITH THE
TECHNICON AOTOANALYZER. In: Automation in Analytical
Chemistry, 6pp. (Presented at the Technicon Symposium,
"Automation in Analytical Chemistry," New York City, Sept.
8, 1965.)
296 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
A variety of air contaminants can be monitored continuously with
Auto/Analyzers. Instrument sensitivity, precision, and
response time are more than adequate. The basic modules are
all interchangeable, the instrument does not become obsolete as
chemical procedures change cr are modified, new approaches can be
programmed easily, and the equipment is useful in methods
research. In addition, automatic baseline programing and
restandardization are decidedly advantageous as is the
capability for introducing liquid calibration standards at any
time.. ##
01021
B. E. Saltzman and A- L. Hendenhall, Jr..
DESIGN PARAHETEBS AND PERFOHMANCE OP A MINIATURIZED COLCPIMETRIC
RECORDING AIR ANALYZER. Anal. Chem.. Vol., 36 {7):1300-1304,
June 196U. (Presented at Division of Water and Haste
Chemistry, 145th Meeting, American Chemical Society,
New York City, Sept. 12, 1963 and at the Sixth Conference
on Methods in Air Pollution Studies, California
Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley, Calif., Jan. 6-7, 1961.,)
Design parameters were studied in a prototype model of an improved
recording air analyzer. Nitrogen dioxide was absorbed
efficiently in a microcolumn packed with 20- to 60-mesh crushed
glass in an improved absorbing reagent, which flowed through a
rugged spectrophotometer employing a stainless steel cell (with
glass windows) and stainless steel tubing connections. The
system was designed for miniial liquid holdup to achieve rapid
response with small liquid reagent flows. The improved electronic
circuit provided a very stable output with only infrequent checks
of the 0 to 100% transmittance points. a 90% response time of
3 minutes was achieved™ For fluctuating gas concentrations with a
period as short as 2 minutes, 62% of the full response amplitude
was obtained., The results indicate the success of the rugged
miniaturized design. (Author abstract) ##
01033
R. E. lee. Jr. and J,, Wagman
A SAMPLING ANOMALY IN THE DETERMINATION OF ATMOSPHERIC SULFATE
CONCENTRATION. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc.. J. Vol., 27:266-71,
June 1966,,
Average particulate sulfate concentrations in air as measured from
serial short-term samples collected on glass-fiber filters were
consistently and significantly higher than those from single
long-term samples. In investigating this anomaly, we found that
significant amounts of extraneous sulfate can be formed en
glass-fiber filters, presumably by oxidation of atmospheric sulfur'
dioxide, thus leading to highly inflated values for particulate
sulfate as determined from short-term samples. The discrepancy is
reduced with longer-term samples because the formation of sulfate
from sulfur dioxide is surface-limited and reaches a saturation
level. (Author abstract) *#
D. Measurement Methods 297
-------
01071
J.B, Risk F..E. Hurray
CONTINUOUS RECORDING OF SULFURODS GASES CONCENTRATIONS IN FLUE
GASES. Can., Pulp Paper Ind. (Vancouver) H pp., Oct. 196t.
(Presented at the Fifth International ISA Pulp and Paper
Instrumentation Symposiuu, Vancouver, British Columbia, May
18-23, 196flo)
The methods of analysis used in currently available instruments
for the continuous measurement of hydrogen sulfide and sulfur
dioxide are critically reviewed. An instrument for
continuously measuring the concentrations of these gases in a
process stream in the concentration range of 25 to 2500 ppm is
described and its advantages over existing instruments
illustrated. Some plant results obtained with the instrument
are presented. The instrument,
-------
compound that is widely used in this country to determine sulfur
dioxide in air by the Hest-Gaeke method. Since questions have
been raised concerning the reliability and reproducibility of the
xethod, the optimum conditions for color intensity and stability
vere investigated. Modifications suggested by various
authors were considered. Soie of the parameters examined were
stability of the collected samples to light and aeration at various
strengths of tetrachloroaercurate (TCHJ ; effects of various
concentrations of sulfamic acid, formaldehyde, PEA, and
hydrochloric acid on final color; methods of preparation of dye
reagent; and times for laximum color development at various
tenperatures. Results suggested the use of a weaker TCM
absorbing reagent and indicated that acidity of the solution
(pH), purity of the dye, and nethod of preparation of the dye
solution are critical factors affecting the intensity of the color
produced. Sensitivity for sulfur dioxide reaches a maximum
plateau at pH 1.6 to 1.9. The reduction in response produced
by adding other reagents (TCB, sulfamic acid, etc.) can te
minimized, if not entirely eliminated. A simple extraction
purification procedure for the dye is proposed for the reduction of
the reagent blank. The new blanks are close to the minimum ones
theoretically obtainable for the final conditions of pH and
concentration of PRA. (Author abstract)##
01111
A. D. Bailey and R. S., Harcisi
MINIATURE MASS SPECTROMETERS FOR OPIER ATMOSPHERE COMPOSITION
MEASUREMENTS . Air Force Cambridge Research Labs., Bedford,
Mass., Office of Aerospace Research. (Rept. No.
AFCRL-66-148 and Instrumentation Papers, No- 95.,) Feb.
1966. 40 pp.
CFSTI,DDC: AD 631 276
A basic quadrupole mass spectrometer system for neutral and
ionized gaseous composition measurements of the upper atmosphere is
described. Emphasis is placed on the electronic circuits used
with a particular miniature quadrupole rod assembly and ionizer.
Circuits described include the power converter, scan waveform
generator, dc and rf excitation generators, logarithmic output
current amplifier, ion source filament emission regulator and
signal-conditioning circuits for telemetering. A summary of
performance specifications and critical design dimensions is
included- (Author abstract)*#
01162
V, H. Eegener and L. Zolotnitzky
THE PREPARATION 07 CHEMIIUHINESCENT EDBSTANCE FOR THE MEASUBEMENT
OF ATMOSPHERIC OZONE . Hew Mexico Dniv., Albuquerque, Dept.
of Physics and Astronomy AFCRL-66-2U6, (Final Rept.,) April
5, 1962 Mar. 31, 1966. March 31, 1966. 29 pp.
CFSTI,DDC: AD 632562
D. Measurement Methods 299
-------
The general objectives, which consisted of the development and
fabrication of chemiluminescent ozone sondes and related ground
equipment, are discussed. The details of the procedure for the
preparation oj the chemilueinescent substance, the construction of
an accurate source of snail concentrations of ozone for calibration
purposes, and the method for the evaluation of ozone measurements
from balloons with the chemiluminescence method are discussed.
(Author abstract modified)**
01169
D., 1. Eipley, J- !)„ Clingenpeel, and E. W. Hum
CONTINUOUS DETEBMINATION OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN AIE AND EXHAUST
GASES . Intern. J., Air Hater Pollution 8, U55-63, 1961,,
Nitric oxide is the principal nitrogen oxide present in automobile
exhaust gases and in photochemically reactive systems important to
air pollution studies. However, only the dioxide is readily
determined in instruments that are available and suitable for
exhaust research applications.. Therefore, in order to use these
instruments for determination of nitric oxide it is necessary first
to convert the simple oxide to the dioxide form. A solid
chemical oxidant has been developed to effect this conversion in a
continuous process appropriate to the analytical requirement. The
oxidant is particularly useful in atmospheric analyzers used in
air pollution studies,, The oxidant is prepared by saturating
glass fiber paper with a solution of sodium dichromate and
sulfuric acid and then drying. A small amount placed in a glass
tube through which the gas sample is passed will have no effect on
the nitrogen dioxide present in the input and will oxidize the
nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide, after which the total of the two
may be determined as nitrogen dioxide. (Author abstract)##
01170
A. T. Bossano, Jr., and B. ¥„ Pueschel
SIGNIFICANCE OF VISIBILITY STUDIES IN AIB POLLUTION CONTEOL.
Preprint. (Presented at the Third Annual Meeting, Pacific
Northwest International Section, Air Pollution Control
Association, Vancouver, British Columbia, Nov. 2-U, 1965.J
The many variables affecting the passage of light through the
atmosphere in such a manner as to cause restriction of visibility,
and the manner in which this knowledge can be used effectively in
air pollution technology are discussed. The parameters discussed
are: contrast; scattering and absorption; refractive index; and
meteorological conditions. Instrumentation and experimental
results are also discussed- little is known as to the relation
of the discussed parameters to visibility. However, instruments
and methodologies being developed show great promise in improving
knowledge in this field. The information resulting from research
would provide a more scientific basis for control of particulate
air pollution.**
300 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
01188
E. In H., Collis, H. G.H. Ligda, and D. E. Bruce
NIVAL APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGICAL LIDAB (FINAL REPT.)
Stanford Research Inst., Henlo Park, Calif- Jan., 1966 =
«5 p. (Bept. NHBC-2185J
DDC: AD t81 140
As an atmospheric probe and a form of rangefinder, meteorological
lidar has many possible applications in naval operations. It can
be used for detecting and measuring clouds; determining visibility;
observing dust, smoke, haze, and even the invisible (to the eye)
particulate matter in "clear air"; measuring wind; and, possibly,
determining the properties of the gaseous atmosphere by
spectroscopy. Actual accomplishments in certain of these roles
are described.. Identification is made of the role of
meteorological lidar in the observation of meteorological
phenomena, both for the aerologist and for direct application in
various naval operations- Further potential and possible
operational applications of meteorological lidar are discussed-
Meteorological lidar, in its present form, would have only
limited applications in naval operations. The limiting factor is
in the display and presentation of data; however, relatively little
development would be needed to achieve an intermediate model
suitable for operational use, using rapid process photography or
magnetic recording techniques. However, practical and rugged
high-PRF systems must be developed for optimum meteorological
lidar performance in naval operations. High PRFs would greatly
improve the performance of meteorological lidar and would enable
straightforward solution (s) of the display problem.
Identification is made of scientific and technological problems
that warrant early attack. (Author abstract) ##
01192
S. Cravitt, M. Lippmann, and P. Lilienfeld
STEATOSPHERIC MONITORING PROGRAM (SEMI-ANNUAL PROGPESS REPT.,
MAS. 196U - AUG. 1964)„ Del Electronics Corp. Mount Vernon,
N. Y. Dec,, 10, 196t. «3 pp. (Fept. No. NYO-2363-2)
CFSTI: NYO 2363-2
The following developments are reported in the status of the
stratosphere aerosol sampling program. The Model II
Electrostatic Precipitator comprising a 37-tube corona discharge
array has been designed and preliminary construction and assembly
of a unit adequate for sampling up to 150,000 feet has been
undertaken. A fully operatinal version of the Del Model E-2
Electrical Discharge Altimeter has been built. The altimeter
range of operation is between 75»000 and 180,000 feet. Its
reproducibility, under the same conditions of temperature and
pressure, is within 0.1S, while its accuracy is dictated by
naturally-occurring departures from the standard altitude-pressure
curve. In general, with pressure or temperature departures of
plus or minus 20 percent from the 1962 Standard Atmosphere,
D. Measurement Methods 301
-------
altitudes at ten to the fifth power feet will be known with an
accuracy of better than plus or minus 5 percent. An accurate
flowmeter based on ion tracer principles has been designed and a
breadboard prototype of an operational system has been assembled.
The flowmeter is capable of neasuring the desired flowrate between
ten to the fifth power and 1.5 x ten to the fifth power feet with
an accuracy of plus or minus 5S. Preliminary telemetry and
recording considerations have been evolved for the next series of
flights employing the Model II Electrostatic Precipitator.
Detailed sample recovery techniques have been worked out for the
37-tube sampling configuration. (Author abstract and summary) Itt
01208
E. E. Stephens and F. 5. Burleson
ANALYSIS OF THE ATMOSPHEBE FOR LIGHT HYDEOCAEBONS. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc- 17, (3) 147-53,, Mar. 1967.
(Presented at the 59th Annual Keeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, San Francisco, Calif., June 20-25, 1966, Paper
No. 66-108.)
A procedure has been developed for the analysis of trace
quantities of light hydrocarbons in air- A freeze-trap filled
with chromatographic packing was installed in place of the gas
sample loop of a flame ionizaticn chromatograph. An air
sample of 0.1 to 0-5 liter volume was passed through the trap which
was chilled with liquid oxygen. The trap was then brought to ice
temperature and its contents simultaneously swept into the
column. The resulting chromatogram could be used to determine
atout twenty-five hydrocarbons through n-hexane. The minimum
detectable concentration was below one ppb for these hydrocarbons.
With such sensitivity it is possible to make useful measurements
even on samples of light air pollution. Air samples from the
Riverside area were analyzed in this fashion starting in the
summer of 1965. The relative amounts of these hydrocarbons were
then compared with the distribution reported for the various known
hydrocarbon sources. The attenuation of the more reactive
hydrocarbons by photolysis was also observed. A system for
irradiating trapped air samples was also constructed. Sanpl95
were collected in five gallon brosilicate bottles which w»re then
irradiated with ultraviolet radiation and the concentration
changes followed. (Author abstract)#t
01236
A. L,, Linen, S. S., Lord, Jr., K. A. Kubitz, and «„
F. DeErunner
PHOSGENE IN AIB - DEVELOPMENT OF IMPEOVED DETECTION PROCEDURES.
Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 26, tl65-7t, Oct. 1965. (Presented
at the 25th Annual American Industrial Hygiene Conference,
Philadelphia, Pa«, Apr. 27-30, 1964.,)
Air-borne acids, alkalies, and halides introduced intolerable
uncertainties into the hydrolysis of phosgene to acid and chloride
303 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
ion in aqueous collection media. Colorimetric detectors produced
reliable results in (1) liquid reagents, (2) impregnated paper, and
{3} granular solids. "Ketone" {t,U'-diinethylaininobenzaldehyde in
Barrison"s reagent in liquid systems was sensitive to 0»1 to 10
ppm of phosgene but insensitive to S02, H2S, BC1, N02, or
C12. Application of Witten and Prostak's 4-(t'-nitrobenzyl)
pyridine reagent to paper delivered semiguantitative results by
color comparison or gas titration- Adaptation to chlorinated
solvents gave sensitivity to 0.01 ppm and a unique calibration
technique. A commercial granule-filled length of stain tube
further extended mobile survey facilities. (Author abstract)##
0121(0
I. Skare
GENERATION AND DETERMINATION OP OZONE IN LOW CONCENTBATIONS.,
Intern. J<. Air Water Pollution 9, 601-4, 1965.
An ozone generator has been constructed, based upon the
ultraviolet irradiation of oxygen or air. By means of electrical
regulation of the lamps and mechanical shading of the produced
light reproducible concentrations of ozone between 0 and 200 ppm
can continually be obtained. The apparatus has been shown to be
useful for nany analytical purposes in connection with air
pollution studies, but it would also be suitable as a generator for
exposition experiments.. For the determination of ozone in low
concentrations an indirect titrintetric method is recommended, based
upon the ozone absorption in a neutral buffered potassium iodide
solution. (Author abstract) ##
01266
I. Cherniack and R. J.. Bryan
A COMPARISON STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF OZONE AND CXIDANT DETECTORS
SHICH ARE USED FOR ATMOSPHERIC AIR SAMPLING . J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc. 15, p) 351-4, Aug. 1965.,
Four continuous automatic analyzers for measurement of atmospheric
levels of ozone were used in a calibration and field study.. These
nere (1) a colorimetric instrument based upon detection cf iodine
released from neutral potassium iodide reagent, (2) a coulcmetric
instrument utilizing the polarization current as a measurement of
iodine released by ozone in a cell contacted by potassium iodide
reagent, (3) a galvanic cell measuring bromine release by ozone,
and (4) an ultraviolet photometer. Some ozone determinations by
the manual rubber cracking procedure were included. After
calibration with ozone the average relative response to atmospheric
ozone levels for each instrument was determined using the
colorimetric oxidant analyzer as an arbitrary standard. These
responses ranged from 77 percent for the galvanic cell to 98
percent for the photometer. The instrument cf choice for any
given application would seen to be governed by requirements for
precision specificity, portability, reliability, and ease of
operation. (Author abstract)##
D. Measurement Methods 303
-------
01302
S.S. Epstein, M. Small, E. Sawicki, H.L. Falk
PHOTODYNAHIC BIOASSAY OF POLYCYCIIC ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. , Vol. 15(13:174-176, April
1965. (Presented at the Sixth Conference on Methods in Air
Pollution Studies, California Dept. of Public Health,
Berkeley, Calif., Jan. 6-7, 1961.)
A photodynamic bioassay which can be conducted on one mgm
amounts of organic atmospheric particulates is described. The
results of a pilot study on pollutants from several American
cities indicate that the assay may provide a rapid, simple and
economical biolcgical index of potential carcinogenic hazard
attributable to polycyclic compounds. The utility of the
assay for this purpose is under further evaluation. (Author
abstract}##
01304
W.B., Barlage, Jr. F.C. Alley
SAMPLING AHB BASS SPECTROMETER ANALYSIS OF REACTION PRODUCTS
FROM THE PHOTOCHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION OF VAEIODS OLEFINS- J.
Air Pollution Control Assoc,, , 15 (5) : 235-238, May 1965.
Results of this investigation have shown the sampling technique
described in this paper to have ptential for mass spectrometer
analysis of trace products from the photochemical decomposition
of olefins. In addition, preliminary results of this
investigation using 1-pentene and 1-hexene as reactants, along
with nitrogen dioxide in air mixtures, have shown the presence
of compounds or ion fragments of compounds with molecular masses
as high as 166 and possibly higher. More work is needed to
determine if these compounds are indeed peroxyacyl nitrites or
nitrates, "compound X," or perhaps some from of a polymer
produced in the photochemical reactions.#t
01331
A.F. Wartburg, A.W. Brewer, and J. P. Lodge, Jr.
EVALUATION OF A COULOMETHIC OXIDAHT SENSOR. Intern. J Air
Hater Pollution, Vol., 8: 21-28, 1964.
The American commercial version of the ozone "transmogrifier", a
coulometric ozone sensor, developed by one of the authors has been
tested for reliability, accuracy and specificity. As with most
instruments some substances interfere,, The only major, positive
interferences discovered so far are from peroxyacids and the
simplest hydroperoxides. Sulfur dioxide causes a fairly large
negative interference,, Techniques are described for maintaining
304 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
the instrument in good operating condition and for correcting some
common malfunctions of the early-type sensors. Despite its
relative insensitlvity to nitrogen dioxide, the response is still
sufficient to permit its use as a nitrogen dioxide monitor in pure
systems. Results are given of studies on nitrogen dioxide, of
techniques of nitric oxide oxidation, and of field and laboratory
ozone measurements. (Author abstract)##
013U9
C. R~ Thompson and J. 0. Ivie
METHODS FOE SEDUCING OZONE SND/OR INTRODUCING CONTROLLED LEVELS
OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE INTO AIRSTRIAMS,, Intern, J. Air Water
Pollution (London}, Vol. 9:799-805, Dec. 1965.,
Methods and equipment are described for reducing ozone in an
atmosphere by the addition of metered levels of nitric oxide.
The NO is diluted with 50 vol of nitrogen before addition to
the ozone containing airstream to prevent premature oxidant of
NO to N02 by oxygen of the air. Simple, reliable dispensing
equipment for metering hydrogen fluoride into airstreams at the
fractions of micrograms per cubic meter level is also described.
This utilizes the constant vapor pressure of HF at 0 C from a
relatively concentrated HF solution and variable levels of
dispensing are achieved by varying the rate at which air is
bubbled through the solution. Sn automatic valve system is
described for providing a 2
-------
Associations between certain weather parameters were found
to te quite high, but between the various weather parameters
and the incidence of asthma the association was low, with
correlation coefficients between 0..16 and -0., 16. (author
abstract modified)#*
01393
E.H. Hendricks L.B. Larsen
AN EVALUATION OF SELECTED METHODS OF COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF
LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF OZONE. Am., Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. ,
Vol. 27:80-84, Feb. 1966.
Seven analytical methods fcr ozcne are evaluated. Equipment
used for generating the ozone is discussed. Information
concerning methods of collection of ozone is presented.
Postassium iodide, phenolphthalein, sodium diphenylamine
sulfonate, and fluorescein methods are either nonspecific for
ozone or lack sensitivity. The dimethoxystilbene method, in
our hands, lacked sensitivity and posed reagent difficulties..
The N02-equivalent method is an excellent research procedure
and is the method of choice for field investigations where
fluctuating N02 concentrations are not encountered. The
rubber-cracking procedure is empirical, but, as an indicator
method, its speed, specificity, and simplicity make this
procedure attractive to the industrial hygienist, especially for
preliminary surveys. (Author abstract)##
01395
E. Tye, A.W. Horton,, I. Bapien
BENZO (A) PYRENE AND OTHEE AEOHATIC H Y.DBOCA BE ONS EXTBJCTABLE FBOM
BITUMINOUS COAL. In. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J.. Vol. 27:25-28,
Feb. 1966.
Benzo (a)pyrene, benz(a)anthracene, and other polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons have been shown to be present in bituminous
coal. Extraction with toluene, chromatography on alumina, the
Diels-Alder reaction, solubility in concentrated sulfuric acid,
and catalytic iodination on alumina were coupled with
ultraviolet spectrophotometry and mass spectrometry to obtain
quantitative estimates of these compounds in the extracts.
(Author abstract) *#
01422
P. A. Leighton, W. A. Perkins, S. S. Grinnell, and F-
X. Hebster
THE FLDOEESCENT PAETICLE ATHOSPEEBIC TBACEB. J. App.
Beteorol., Vol. U: 334-3H8, June 1965.
306 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIOANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
This paper describes the current status and discusses the validity
of the fluosescent particle (FP) tracer technique. Properties
of the material itself, the blcwer generator, membrane filter, drum
inpactor, and Hotorod samplers, and of counting techniques, are
described. The inherent and operational errors involved are
evaluated, and evidence on the atmospheric diffusion, fallout and
iipaction, and fluorescent stability of the particles is presented.
It is concluded that in the present state of development of the
technique the errors, in terms of 90!S confidence intervals, are
approximately plus or minus 5-10S for source strength
determination, plus or sinus 10-12U (if 300 particles are counted)
for dosages determined by the Rctorod, and plus or minus 17-20!!
for dosages determined by the aembrane filter sampler. The
effects of atypical diffusion on the validity of the method appear
to be insignificant, and fluorescence losses may be controlled by
proper selection of materials. For ground releases, the losses by
fallout and impaction may amount to form 1% to 1055 during the first
few miles of travel, depending on the rate of rise of the cloud and
the nature of the ground cover. For larger travel distances, if
the cloud height exceeds 100 meters the fallout loss should be
below 2% per hour. (Author abstract)t#
01429
H. Frostling and P. H« lindgren
i FLAME IONIZATION INSTROMENT FOE THE DETECTION CF OBGANIC
JEBOSOIS IN AIB „ J. Gas Chrcmatog., Vol. «:2t3-2«5, July
1966.
in instrument is described for the determination of organic
aerosols and vapours in the air. The samples are continuously
drawn through a very short inlet tube into a flame ionization
detector, which is kept at a slight and constant vacuum. This
arrangement is found to permit a quantitative measurement of most
organic aerosols with a sensitivity of 0.. 30 x 10 to the Uth power
micron A per gram atom C x 10 to the minus seven power/lit.
For aerosol particles equal to or less than H micrometer no
noticeable effects of deposition in the inlet tubes have been
observed, (Author summary)##
011*32
C. Bokhoven and H«I,J0 Niessen
THE CONTINUOUS KONITOHISG OF TBACES OF S02 IN AIE ON THE BASIS
OF DISCOIODBATION OF THE STARCH-IODINE BEAGENT WITH PRIOR
ELIMINATION OF INTERFERING COMPOUNDS . Intern. J- Air Hater
Pollution, Vol. 10:233-2U3, April 1966.
A continuous recording instrument for S02 monitoring in air
pollution studies was developed on the basis of the discolouration
of a starch-iodine solution., As distinct from the normal
procedure, however, the disturbance by interfering compounds, such
as nitrogen dioxide and ozone, can be eliminated without affecting
the concentration of S02» By incorporating an integrating
D. Measurement Methods
307
-------
device, 1/2 hr mean values can be printed out. The applicability
of these values is discussed with reference to the time constant
concept developed by SANDERSON, PENNEH and KATZ(196.
{Author abstract)##
01116
P. H. Hamilton
THE USE OF LIDAH IN AIR POLLOTION STUDIES. Intern J. Air Hat-
er Pollution, Vol. 10:«27-«3U, 1966.
Progress in laser technology has recently led to the development
of powerful optical radar equipment, or "lidar". Lidar can
readily detect the small particles which make up the aerosol
content of the atmosphere and smoke plumes. Preliminary trials
conducted by the Central Electricity Research Laboratories
(C., E.R.L.) have shown that lidar has two distinct roles to
play in studying the behavior of buoyant plumes,. First, it is
shown that lidar can detect and track thin smoke plumes at
distances of several kilometers, long after they are invisible to
the naked eye. Second, it is shown that lidar probes of the
atmospheric aerosol can provide a knowledge of the thermal
structure of the atmosphere, particularly the presence and
location of the temperature inversions which affect plume
behaviour. Thus lidar is expected to prove a valuable tool in the
C.E.R.I, air pollution research programme. (Author
abstract) *#
011147
H., P., Sanderson, R. Thomas, and M,. Katz
LIMITATIONS OF THE LEAD ACETATE IMPREGNATED PAPER TAPE METHOD FOB
HYDROGEN SDLFIDE . J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
16(6) : 328-330, June 1966,.
Tield experience with the lead acetate impregnated paper tape
sampler has indicated that large errors may arise in this method
due to fading of the color of the precipitated lead sulfide spots.
This fading is due to the action of light, sulfur dioxide, ozone,
or other substances capable of oxidizing lead sulfide. The
moisture content or relative humidity of the air sample must be
maintained at an appropriate level to ensure reaction with the
impregnated paper tape. The effects of the factors have been
investigated in laboratory experiments with known concentrations of
H2S. A number of antioxidants were studied in relation to the
stability of the resultant spots to light and oxidation.
Orthophenyl phenol was found tc be the most effective antioxidant
for this purpose. i number of necessary precautions to be
employed in the use of the lead acetate method are recommended and
the limitations are discussed. (Author abstract)t#
308 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
01U62
T. S, lyengar, S. H. Sadarangani, S. D. Soman,
S. Somasundaram, and P. K. Vaze
A PORTABLE MONITOR JOB THE ESTIMATION OF TRITIDK IN AQ0EOUS
SABFLEE.. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , Vol., 27:288-292,
June 1966,
A portable instrument utilizing an ionization chamber for the
estimation of tritium in aqueous samples is described. The
ionization chamber is filled with acetylene from the test specimen
by simple displacement of air. The ionization current resulting
from the beta disintegrations of tritium is measured by a sensitive
electrometer. The instrument, which is highly useful in field
work for checking spot samples of irradiated heavy water,
cold-strip air samples, etc., has a fairly linear response over a
wide range of specific activity values, (Author abstract
modified) ##
01195
A. A. Strong and J. F. Horton
THE INSTRUMENTATION FOR AUTOMATIC MEASUREMENT AND RECORDING OF
LABORATORY-PRODUCED AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST. Preprint.. 1966.
A system that automatically measures and records the concentration
of six different gases from twelve animal exposure chambers
supplied with diluted, laboratory-produced automobile exhaust and
other gases is described,, The gases are sequentially fed from the
animal exposure chambers to the appropriate gas analyzing
instrument. Multipoint recorders connected to the output of the
gas instruments register the concentrations and control the
sequence of the gas measurements. A data acquisition system is
also connected to the output of of the gas instruments to record on
a punched paper tape the time of measurement and the gas
concentration. The data are punched on cards or inserted directly
into a digital computer for analysis. (Author abstract)##
01577
J.E. O'Keeffe G,C, Ortman
PBIMARY STANDARDS FOR TRACE GAS ANALYSIS. Anal. Chem..
38(6):760-763, Kay 1966. (Presented at the Division of Water,
Air, and Waste Chemistry, 150th Meeting, ACS, Atlantic
City, N.J.,, Sept, 12-17, 1965.)
The permeation rates of gases enclosed in sections of
plastic tubing permit the dispensing of nanogram quantities at
will. Following an initiation period of a few hours to
several weeks, pereation proceeds at a highly constant rate until
D. Measurement Methods 309
-------
the enclosed gas is nearly exhausted. The rate cf
permeation is highly temperature-dependent, but is independent of
pressure and composition of the atmosphere™ Methods for the
fabrication, calibration, and use of permeation tubes are
described. Data are presented to illustrate the precision of
these methods. (Author abstract)**
C1625
B. I., Mitchell and R., E. Engdahl
A SOEVEY FOE IMPROVED METHODS FOB THE MEASUREMENT OF
PARTICUIATE CONCENTBATION IN IICWING GAS STBEAMS (INFORMATIVE
REFT, NO. 1) .. J., Air Pollution Control Assoc. 13, (11)
558-63, Nov.. 1963.. -(TA-5 Committee)
The literature survey revealed three primary approaches for
determining the dust content of a gas: (1) The dust contained in
a known volume of the gas can te separated and weighed. (2)
Certain physical characteristics of the dust particles such as
radioactivity, dielectric constant, and ability to take on a
charge in an ion atmosphere can te related to the mass of the
particles. >(3) The attenuation of some emergy source, such as
light, sound, or atomic radiation, passing through the aerosol can
be related to concentration. Several new techniques for
monitoring dust loadings were revealed. Although none of them
appear to meet all cf the requirements for a universal dust
meter, several, including a modified electrostatic precipitator, a
radioactive thickness gage, and a new optical density meter, appear
to have promise for development into highly accurate dust meters.tt
01683
H. Klein, E.E. Bebbert, E., Stair, B.S, Tipson
AIR POIIUTICN PBOGEAH, NATIONAI BUREAU OF S1ANDARDS
(QUARTERLY BEPI. OC1.1, 1965 TO EEC.. 31, 1965.) National
Bureau of Standards, Washington, E.G., Divisions of
Analytical Chemistry, Metrology, and Physical Chemistry
(Eept. No. 9031),, (NES with PHS Support) 1965.,
Progress is reported on: the purification of naphthacene;
anthraquinone derivatives; oxidation products of pyrene; oxidation
products of perylere; photochemical reaction on the solid
particulates anthracene and pyrene; photochemical reactions of
pyrene on Maryland soil; photochemical reactions of pyrene on
silica gel-alumina; photosensitized decomposition of 3-
methylpentanal; surface chemistry; and solar radiat ion.. C#
310 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
01685
F.1- Headows H.W. Stalker
THE EVALUATION OF COLLECTION EFFICIENCY ASD VARIABILITY OF
SAMPLING FOB ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN DIOXIDE. Am. Ind. Hyg™
Assoc., J. 27, 559-66, Dec. 1966,, (Presented at the 26th
Annual Meeting, American Industrial Hygiene Association,
Houston, Tex., Hay 3-7, 1965.)
A study of the efficiency and variability of the sampling
system used to collect nitrogen dioxide in the Alabama Air
Pollution and Respiratory Disease Study is described.
Experimental sampling was conducted to establish collection
efficiency and variability of single and multiple bubblers in
series, equipped in each case with either fritted-tip or
restricted-opening air dispersers. Comparative evaluation of 0.4
to 0.5 1pm and 0»2 to 0.3 1pm air-flow rates indicated that higher
collection efficiency, but greater variability, can be expected
with lower air-flow rates. Although fritted-tip bubblers were
found to be more efficient than restricted-opening bubblers,
restricted-opening bubblers are preferable because their
variability is about half that of the fritted-tip bubblers.
Sampling variability apparently was not affected by ambient air
temperatures, humidity, or the concentration of collecting
solntion used. Collection efficiency, variability, and the
method for empirically determining these factors should te
specified when reporting ambient atmospheric nitrogen dioxide.
(Author abstract}#*
01690
R.. Stair, Wo Bo Waters, J- K. Jackson
PHOTOELECTRIC FILTER HEASUHEBEKTS OF SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET
IKBADIANCES AT LOS ANGELES, CAIIFCRNIA, OCTOBER 1965.,
National Bureau of Standards, Washington, B.C., Metrology
Div. (Rept,, No., 9031). (NBS with PHS Support) 1965.
27 pp.
The available sclar ultraviolet irradiance was measured in both
a polluted area and a nearby area relatively free of pollution.
Special instrumentation and techniques which were used are
described.ft
01691
I.e. Tabor C.G. Golden
BISULTS OF FIVE YEARS' OPERATION OF THE NATIONAL GftS SAKELING
NETWORK., Jn Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15 (1) 7-11,
Jan. 1965.
D. Measurement Methods 311
-------
Sampling for nitrogen and sulfur dioxides was initiated at
several National Air Sampling Network stations in 1959
using a sampler developed for that purpose. In 1961 the Gas
Sampling Network was expanded to its maximum of 19 stations.
Sampling equipment and collecting solutions are supplied and
chemical analyses performed by the network laboratories.
Sampling and analysis procedures are described briefly-
Average and maximum 24-hour concentrations of nitrogen dioxide
and sulfur dioxide observed at 18 stations during 1961-1963 are
presented. (Author abstract} M
01711
E. Johne and H. Doll
AUXILIARY DEVICES FOR THE ACCELERATED EVALUATION OF
PHOTOSEDIMENTATION PARTICLE ANALYSIS. STAUB (English
Transl.) (Duesseldorf) 26(1) 18-21, Jan. 1966.
Two devices are described which accelerate the evaluation of a
photosediHientation analysis. Recording of the intensity-time
relationship is required here. One arrangement is a sort of
slide rule which permits the transmission particle size
relationship to be checked immediately. The other device is a
drawing board with special coordinate divisions. By means of this
arrangement the relationship between transmission and particle
size can'be converted graphically to the distribution desired.
(Author summary) #(t
01735
E. Sawicki, T. W. Stanley, H. C. Elbert, and J.. D.
Pfaff
APPLICATION OF THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY TO THE ANALYSIS OF
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS AND DETZRBIKATION OF EENZO(A)PYRENE.
Anal., Chen, 36,
-------
following thin layer chromatography are described. One method
involves ultraviolet analysis at 382 millimicrons, the other
method involves spectrophotofluorometric analysis in sulfuric
acid. (Author abstract) #*
01781
E. Sawicki, T.S. Stanley, J.,D. Efaff, W.C. Elbert
THIN-LAYEH CHBOMATOGBAPHIC SEPARATION OF BENZO(A)PYRENE AND
BENZO (K)FIUOBANTHENE FBOM AIBEOBDE PARTICIPATES. Chemist-
Analyst 53, 6-8, Jan. 196«.
By column chromatography followed by thin-layer chromatograpy a
tetter separation was obtained.. The latter technic is
relatively simple and rapid and offers the advantage that enough
material can be readily obtained for spectrophotofluorometric
study and, with scmewhat more difficulty, for absorption spectral
studies.. It has been found that using a cellulose acetate
adsorbent and ethanol-toluene-water as the solvent benzo (a) pyrene
and benzo(k)fluoranthene can be readily separated from each ether
and from other members of the "benzpyrene" fraction. (Author
abstract)#f
01784
D.F. Adams, B.K. Koppe, W..N. Tuttle
ANALYSIS OF KRAFT-MILL, SULF0R-CONTAINING GASES SITH GLC
IONIZAION. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (1) 31-3,
Jan., 1965
The technique includes the use of two chromatographic columns in
series to separate 02, N2,CO,CC2, H20, H2S, S02, and
CH3SH. Column 1, containing Triton 15 on Chromosorb,
separates H20, H2S, S02 and CH2SH. Column 2, packed
with Molecular Sieve, separates C2, N2, C02. The
conditions regulred to obtain adequate sensitivity and
separation are discussed. (Author abstract)*t
01802
I.E. Hauser R.L. Cummins
INCREASING SENSITIVITY OF 3-METHYL-2BENZOTHIAZAIONE
HYDROZONE TEST FOR ANALYSIS 01 ALIPHATIC ALDEEYDES IN AIR.
Anal. Chera. 36, (3) 679-81, Mar. 1961.
A modification of the (3-methyl-2-benzothizolone hydrazone test)
procedure is described in which the addition of sulfamic acid,
in the oxidizing step of the reaction, gives a solution free of
turbidity and capable of colorimetric analysis without dilution
ty acetone. A reduction in the volume of the oxidizing
acent originally added in this step further contributes to the
D. Measurement Methods 313
-------
concentration of the color. Although a comparison of this
procedure with that of Sawicki shows a loss in molar
absorbance, the sensitivity of the method is increased
approximately sixfold. This increased sensitivity easily
permits the analysis of aliphatic aldehydes in the parts-per-
billion range in ambient air, *#
01807
B.I. Larsen, F.B. Eenson, G.A. Jutze
IfiPBOVING THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF CONTINUOUS AIK POLLUTANT
MEASUREMENTS KITH A COHPOTEF., J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc. 15, (1) 19-22, Jan. 1965.,
A first-order differential equation describes the dynamic
response of many continuous air sampling instruments™ The time
constant, lag time, delay time, and response time are all
functions of the volume and flow through the sensor reservoir,.
All of them can be expressed by the same general equation:
t equals k sub 3 V/Q, where t is the selected time variable,
k3 is a constant appropriate to the particular system and selected
time variable, V is sensor reservoir volume, and Q is the flow
rate through the reservoir. The time constant is the time
a sampler takes to indicate 63. 2% of its final response,. Select
time constants equal to about half of the shortest desired
averaging time. Solve the second equation for the reagent flow
to give the desired time constant. Selection of such a time
constant eliminates spurious "moise" produced by a fast-
responding system. It also provides values within 5? of true
for atmospheres that change markedly between successive
intervals. If a slow-responding system must be used, use the
first equation ot increase apparent response time. A digital
computer can be programmed to automatically correct all measured
values. Similarly, analog circuitry can be installed in an air
sampling instrument ot increase or decrease response time,.
The analog circuitry to increase response time will continuously
solve and plot the first equation. {Author abstract)##
01818
G. Seidman, I. J. Hindawi, W. H. Heck
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING 1HE USE OF PLANTS AS
INDICATORS OF AIR POLLUTION,. J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc. 15, (4) 168-70, Apr. 1965. (Presented at the
Sixth Conference on Methods in Air Pollution Studies,
California Dept of Public Health, Berkeley, Calif.,
Jan. 6-7, 1964..)
Pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris I.) and tobacco (Nicotiana
tobacum L. var. Bel "C" and var. Bel W-3) were grown
throughtout the year. Petunias (Petunia hybrida vilm. var.
Celestial Rose) and pinto bean (young primary stage) were grown
in the greenhouse IE 2 1/2 inch diameter plastic pots containing
314 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Teriiculite and were subirrigated with a Hoagland's nutrient
solution. All other plants were grown in four inch diameter
pots containing soil- Chemical control of stomatal opening
reduces air pollution injury to plants. Reduction of water to
plants has been shown to greatly reduce vegetative damage
from photochemical air pollutants. Plants grown in soil are
less sensitive to irradiated automobile exhaust than are plants
grown in vermiculite- Nutrient level appears to be
related to the sensitivity of pinto bean to natural smog.
(Author summary modified)##
01839
E. Sawicki and H. Johnson
NEW COLOBIMETPIC AND FLUOBOBETBIC METHODS FOE THE DETERMINATION
OF 1,4-CYCLCHEXANEDIONE. Anal. Chin- Acta 34, 381-6, 1966.
1,H-Cyclohexanedione has been determined by reaction with
o-phthaladehyde in sulfuric acid. The determinations are
dependent on the formation of a dicationic salt of
pentacenequinone. A sensitive and highly selective fluorcmetric
lethod is recommended for the analysis of 1,t-cyclohexanedione.
The method can also be used in spectrophotometric analysis.
Many organic compounds, as well as the isomers of
1,1-cyclohexanedione, give negative results. A spot test has been
described which can be used for qnick preliminary investigations of
complex mixtures for 1,ft-cyclohexanedione. (Author abstract) ##
01871
CONTINUOUS AIR MONITORING PROGRAM IN WASHINGTON, D. C..
(1962-1963). Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div.
OF AIR POLLUTION. SEPT. 1966. 222 PP.,
HEW: 999-AP-23; GPO: 827-231-15
This report presents the results of the operation of the
Public Health Service Continuous Air Monitoring Program
(CAMP) in Washington, D.C., during 1962 land 1963- Data on
atmospheric levels cf sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, total
oxidants, total hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide are summarized,
analyzed, and discussed™ The data are tabulated as hourly, daily,
and monthly mean concentrations; background information about
Washington and a description of the instrumentation used
are included. (Author abstract)**
01876
Schuette, F. J.
PLASTIC BAGS FOB COLLECTION OF GAS SAMPLES. California Dept.
of Public Health, Berkeley, Div. of Labs., AIHL-19, 8p.,
Dec. 1965. Also: Atmos. Environ., 1(4):515-519, July 1967.
((12)) refs.
D. Measurement Methods 315
-------
Criteria for judging what kind of film is likely to be most
suitable for a given application are delineated. Information
concerning supply sources of needed materials is provided. #.#
C1922
!„ Sawicki, R..A,, Games, H. Schumacher
SPECTROPHOTOFLUORIHETRIC DETERMINATION OF 3-CARBON
FRAGMENTS AKD THEIE PRECURSORS HITH ANTHRONE., APPLICATION TO
AIR POLIOTION. Hikrochim. Acta, No. 5 929-935, 1967.
5 refs.
Two modifications of an anthrone procedure for the
characterization and determination of -CH-CO-CHO and -CH-CHO
conpounds and their precursors are described,. Two main types of
fluorescence spectra are obtained. The procedure for analysis of
-CH-CO-CHO precursors works well for the aldopentoses; by
comparison, aldo and ketohexoses react poorly. Water-soluble
fractions of airborne particulates were analyzed by the anthrone
procedure. At least three families of compounds were found: t«o
give fluorogens, of which one is a -CH-CC-CHO precursor, and
a third gives chromogen(s) absorbing at U23 and 5HO microns.
(Authors* abstract)*#
01979
A. P. Altshuller
GAS CHROHATOGRAPHY IN AIR POIIOTION STUDIES. J. Gas
Chromatog. 1, (7) 6-20, July 1963.,
Gas chromatography as a powerful tool in the determination of the
chemical composition of trace constituents in sources of pollution
and in the atmosphere is reviewed. Topics covered include:
Calibration Methods; Subtraction Techniques; Detectors
(Thermal-Conductivity Detectors; Infrared C02 Detectors;
Electron-Impact lonization Detectors; Argon Type
lonization Detectors; Flane Icnization Detectors; Plame
lonization Analyzers; Electron Capture Detectors); Column
Selection; Identification and Quantitative Analysis;
Atmospheric Analysis; Synthetic Atmosphere Analysis; Auto
Exhaust Analysis; Blowby Emission analysis; Diesel Exhaust
Analysis; Incinerator Effluent Analysis.##
01989
F. A., Bell, Jr.
MEANINGFUL AIR QUALITY M2JOSREKENTS ON A LIMITED BUDGET. J.,
Air Pollution Control Assoc. 13, (3) 127-31, Mar. 1963.
(Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Chicago, 111., May 20-2U, 1962.)
316 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Useful short-term air pollution measurement studies have been
conducted in a imsber of cities throughout the country,
demonstrating the potential for local air pollution agencies to
carry out effective air pollution sampling studies with limited
manpower and financial resources.. Experience indicates that the
shortterm measurement approach is very useful in spreading
knowledge and competency regarding air pollution sampling and
analytical techniques particularly regarding measurement of gaseous
pollutants. Equipment required for short-term sampling involves
only modest costs totaling less than $1tOO, including $393^70 for
gas sampling equipment, $626.50 for particulate matter sampling
equipment, and $305 for an analytical spectrophotometer, if needed..
For agencies with a severely limited budget, acquisition of even
these items of equipment could be scheduled over a period of
several years, if necessary- (Author summary modified)##
020145
2, -I. Kothny and P. K. Mueller
SUB-HINOTE CONTINUOUS NITBOGEN EICXIDE ANALYSIS., Proc., (Part
I) Intern. Clean Air Cong., London, 1966. (Paper VI/9)..
pp. 182-U.,
A study concerning the effect of chemical and physical variables
on the response of a nitrite reagent is described. For
performance comparison an empirical parameter was developed.
with the guidelines resulting from the application of these
numbers a fast-response reagent was developed containing
2-amino-p-benzenedisulphonic and sulphuric acid. Designs of
gas-liquid contact and optical systems were evaluated to match
fast-response reagents. Author abstract) #t
02063
K. Fukui.
THE ALKALINE FILTER PAPER MITHCE FOE MEASURING SULPHUR OXIDES,
SITEOGEN DIOXIDE AND CHLOEIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE. Proc.
(Part I) Intern. Clean Air Cong,,, London, 1966, 231-2.
(Paper vil/7.)
The lead peroxide method for measuring pollution by sulphur oxides
is time-consuming and liable to discordant results, because of the
quality of lead peroxide. The alkaline filter paper method is not
affected by this trouble and can be used for the determination not
only of sulphur oxides but also of nitrogen dioxide and chloride
in the atmosphere. The test papers, after immersion in a 50
percent potassium carbonate solution and air-drying,, are exposed to
the atmosphere for one ircnth in Icuvered boxes. After the test
period has elapsed the paper is cut into small pieces and treated
with water for the extraction,. Sulphur oxides, nitrogen dioxide
and chloride are determined by the barium chloranilate method, the
aiazotizing methods and the mercury chloranilate method
respectively. {Author Abstract)##
D. Measurement Methods 317
-------
02061
So Suzuki.
STUDIES OF AUTOMATIC RECORDING APPARATUS FOR MEASUREMENTS OF
OXIDANTS IN AIR. Proc. (Part I) Intern. Clean Air Cong.,
london, 1966., (Paper VII/8). pp. 233-6.
Several types of oxidant measurement apparatus were design and
studied. The principle cf the first one is as follows: oxidizing
gas is passed through a filter paper impregnanted with potassium
iodide. As result of the reaction, the colour change is produced
on the paper. The colour change is measured by a photometric
method and automatically recorded., The principle of the second
one is as follows: Oxidizing gas is passed through an agueous
solution of reducing agents in an indicating electrode. The
potential difference generated between the indicating and
reference electrodes is automatically recorded. The reagent
solution, after reaction, is returned to the recovery system and
regenerated by active charcoal absorption or by a photochemical
trethod. The chemical behaviours of several reagents to te used
for these instruments were investigated. (Author abstract)#*
02090
E. Sawicki, T..R,, Hauser, T.B. Stanley, H. Elbert,
E..T., Fox
SPOT TEST DETECTION AND SEECTROPHOTCMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION AND
DETERMINATION OF CARBAZOIES, AZO DYES, STILBENES, AND SCHIFF
BASES.. APPIICATION OF 3-BETHYI-2-BENZOTHIAZOLON E
HYDRAZONE, P-NITROSOPHEN01, AND FIUORCMETRIC METHODS TO THE
DETERMINATION OF CARB8ZOLE IN AIR. Anal. Chem- 33, (11)
1571-9, Oct. 1961., (Presented before the Divisions of
Analytical and Water and Waste Chemistry, 140th Meeting,
American Chemical Society, Chicago, 111., Sept. 1961..)
Two new spectrophotometric methods for the determination of
carbazole are introduced. Beer"s law was obeyed from H tc more
than 90 micrograms of carbazole in the 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolone
hydrazone and p-nitrosopherol procedures. Both methods can be
used for the estimation of carbazole in the benzene extracts of
airborne particulates. Two new spot tests for carbazole are also
introduced. Hith the p-nitrosophenol test, O.U micrograms of
cartazole can be detected. In strongly alkaline solution 0.2
micrograms of carbazcle can be detected through the brilliant
blue fluorescence of the anion. Carbazole can be characterized
and estimated in the benzene extract of airborne
particulates by the p-nitrosophencl spot test and
spectrophotometric procedure, by the 3-methyl-2-
benzothiazolone hydrazone (KBTH) spectrophotcmetric
procedure, and by the excitation and emission spectra of the
material in pentane, dimethyl-fcrmamide, and alkaline dimethyl-
f crmamide., The detection and determination of approximately
50 azo dyes and a sialler group of stilbene and Schiff base
derivatives using 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolone are also described.
(Author abstract}**
318 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
02093
E. Sawicki, T. H. Stanley, W.C, Elbert
SPOT TEST DETECTION AND SPECTBOFHOTCBETBIC CETEKKINATION OF
NITRITE WITH P-PHENYLAZOANIIINE., Anal. Chem. 3«, (2) 298-8,
Feb. 1962.
An alternative sensitive, simple method for nitrite
detersination was desired in which the color would be formed in
alkaline media. The present paper describes such a new method
which is very sensitive and simple in the sense of using only
one reagent which is both the substance diazotized and the
coupling agent. The mechanism of the present procedure as
applied to the nitrite ion includes the following steps: reaction
of the nitrite ion with p-phenylazoaniline to give the diazonium
salt; combination of p-phenylazcaniline with the diazonium salt to
forn the triazene; and finally, formation of the blue anion in
alkaline solution.##
02095
E. Sawicki H. Elbert
TBEFMOCHROMIC DETECTION OF POIYNDCLEAR COMPOUNDS CONTAINING
THE FLOOBENIC BETHY1ENE GBODP. Chemist-Analyst US, 68-9,
Sept. 1959
8 large number of aromatic hydrocarbons and their
derivatives contain the 6,5,6-fused, aromatic ring system of
fluorene., A simple, sensitive, and specific test for this
ring system would be of value in air pollution studies and in
organic analysis generally. Sprinzak found that fluorene reacts
in a strongly alkaline, pyridine medium with oxygen to yield
fluorenone,, Sawicki and co-workers found that fluorenone and
structurally related ketones give a thermochromic reaction
in dimethylformamide containing so-dium borohydride involving
reduction to the fluorenol and its anion.. The new color
test for the fluorene moiety is based on a combination of
these observations. The fluorene derivative in
dimethylformamide made alkaline with tetraethylammonium hydroxide
forms a carbanion which is readily oxidized by shaking with air
to the fluorenone, and the latter is reduced by potassium
horchydride at the boiling point to the highly colored fluorenol
anion. On cooling and ahaking, the less highly colored fluorenone
is regenerated., ##
02096
E. Sawicki, T..H. Stanley, T- B. Hauser
A THEBMOCHBCRIC TEST FOB POIYCYCIIC P-QUINONES. Anal. Chem,,
30, (12) 2005-6, Dec. 1958.
D. Measurement Methods 319
-------
Many compounds containing a pclyclyclic guinone structure show a
reversible thermochrOBic reaction in reducing media,. This test
is useful for unsubstituted polycyclic g-guinones, such as
9,10-anthraquinone, 5,12-naphthacenedione, 6,13-pentacenedione,
7,12-benzo(alphaJ anthracenedione, and naphtho (2,3-alpha) pyrene-7.12
-dione - e.g., boiling a pink dimethyl-formamide solution of 5,12-
naphthacenedione in the presence of potassium borohydride gave
a dark blue solution, which upon cooling became pink again. This
color change can be repeated at least d dozen times. The color
reaction has been applied to air particulate matter in that the
presence of polycyclic guinone-like compounds has been demonstrated
in the aromatic fraction. (Author abstract)##
02098
A.P. Altshuller I.J. Leng
APPLICATION OF THE 3-METHYL-2-EENZOTHIAZOLCNE HYDBAZONE
METHOD FOB ATMOSPHERIC ANALYSIS OF ALIPHATIC ALDEHYDES. Anal.
Chem. 35, (10) 1541-2, Sept. 1963,.
Presented in this study are results of work on fontrolled
synthetic atmospheres which provide data on collection efficiencies
and reproducibility and which give further indications of the
accuracy of the method. Analyses also were made for
formaldehyde and acrolein, and results are compared with
those for total aliphatic aldehydes.##
02128
R. Huhleisen
(CONSIDEBATICNS ON THE INFLOENCE OF ABTIFICIAL ELECTBIC FIELDS ON
THE AEBOSOL CONTENT OF INTERIOR SPACES). Uberlegungen 2um
Einfluss Kunstlicher elektrischer Felder auf den
Aerosolgehalt von Innenraumen. Aerosol Forchung (Stuttgart)
13, (2) 129-32, June 1966.
The concentration of condensation clusters and sirall ions in
interior spaces is reduced when an artificial electric field is on
for a long time. The origin and properties of charged particles
are discussed. Electric fields affect charged particles and also
uncharged particles, if they can be polarized.. The concentration
of aerosol particles can be reduced after several hours, but never
completely.##
02135
E. S. Gronsberg
(COLORIMETBIC DETEBMINATION OF VINYL CHLORIDE IN THE AIR..)
Kolorimetricheskoe Opredelenie Khloristcgo Vinila v
Vozdukhe. Khim Prom (Moscow) (7) 30-1, 1966.
320 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
The method described in this paper is based on the ability of
ethylenic hydrocarbons to be oxidized by permanganate to glycol,
which on further oxidation with periodic acid yields formaldehyde.
The formaldehyde is then determined colorimetrically by reaction
with chromotropic acid. The air tc be analyzed was passed over
activated charcoal; the charcoal was then extracted with a 1:1
mixture of glacial acetic acid and ethyl alcohol. The data
indicate that vinyl chloride in air can be detected accurately in
quantities as low as 0.5 rag/liter. Methyl alcohol will
interfere with the reaction and must be removed by passage through
water and CaC12 before the vinyl chloride is absorbed on
charcoal. Ethylene also interferes with the determination.##
02155
A. N. Longfield and H. Hentel.
LUNG DESTRUCTION MEASUBED EY ENEBGY TBANSMISSION THROUGH FUME
F1XID LONGS. DISEASES CHEST 50, (3) 225-31, SEPT. 1966.
A method is described for determining the amount of lung
destruction in pulmonary emphysema on pathological material.
Tungsten light, sound at 12.5 KC/sec. and beta radiation were
investigated as a means of measuring degrees of lung destruction
in inflated fume-fixed lung sections. A scanning and enumerating
device is described which is capable of evaluating the entire
section. Absorption of light appeared to give an adequate
measure of lung destruction and correlated well with the rank
order. Correlation of sound with visual degree of destruction was
only fair. Beta radiation with the method used showed no
correlation. (Author summary) ##
02157
A. P. Altshuller, T. A. Bellar, and C. A. demons..
CONCENTRATION OF HYDHOCAEBON ON SILICA GEL PEIOB TO GAS
CBEOHATOGEAPHIC ANALYSIS. Am,, Ind.. Hyg. Assoc. J. 23,
Apr. 1962. pp. 16U-6.
In the determination of substances in various atmospheres by gas
chromatography the sample often must be concentrated prior to
analysis™ Silica gel at dry ice-acetone temperatures has been
found to be a satisfactory adscrbant for concentration of
hydrocarbon and sulfur containing compounds. In the present work
recovery efficiencies are obtained for a number of four and five
carbon paraffins and olefins. Isomerization reactions of olefins
of silica gel at elevated temperature were investigated,. Losses
of very light hydrocarbons are discussed. Heproducibilities are
given for the analyses of several three, four and five carbon
hydrocarbons existing at concentrations between 0»005 and 0.2 ppm
in synthetic smogs. (Author abstract) ##
D. Measurement Methods 321
-------
C2158
A. P. Altshuller, L. J. Lage, and S. F. Sleva.
DETERMINATION OF OLEFINS IN COKBDSTICN GASES AND IN THE
ATMOSPHERE. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J, 23, 289-95, Aug.
1962-
Four-carbon and higher molecular weight olefins can be
quantitatively determined in the gas phase by reaction with
p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde in concentrated sulfuric acid, heating
at 100 C, and measurement of the absorbance at 500 millimicrons.
The absorptivities are such that less than 0.1 ppm of gaseous
olefins can be determined. Interference by formaldehyde is
appreciable. Excess amounts of aromatic hydrocarbons and phenols
interfere somewhat in the procedure. Simple methods for removing
possible interferences in gas mixtures are discussed.. The
method has been applied to the analysis of automobile exhaust and
diluted irradiated exhaust mixtures., (Author abstract) #jt
02159
A. P., Altshuller and C., A., demons™
GAS CHROMATOGEAPHIC ANALYSIS OF ABOHATIC HYDEOCAEBONS AT
ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS DSING FLAME IONIZATI01S DETECTION.
ASAI.. CHEH. 34, .(4) 166-72, APR- 1961. (PRESENTED BEFORE THE
Division of Water and Waste Chemistry, 140th Meeting,
American Chemical Society, Chicago, 111-, Sept™ 1961.,)
In the present investigation, methods were developed for
preparing and transferring to the chromatograph vapor state
aromatic hydrocarbon in air-mixtures in the 0«05 to 5-p.p.m. range.
Quantitative analysis of automobile exhaust for six- to 10- or 11-
carbon aromatic hydrocarbons in the 1-to 10-p.,p..m., range has been
demonstrated. Quantitative analyses of synthetic photochemical
"smog" have been made on mixtures containing individual
aromatic hydrocarbons in the 0.05- to 1-p.p.m. range. The
accuracy attained is sufficient to permit measurement of changes in
aromatic hydrocarbon concentration during irradiation with solar
type light sources. These measurements provide evidence that
many aromatic hydrocarbons should photooxidize to an appreciable
extent in photochemical "smog" reactions in urban atmospheres.
(Author abstract) ##
02162
A. P., Altshuller and S. F. Sleva.,
VAPOR PHASE DETERMINATION OF OLEFINS BY A CODLOMETRIC
METHOD. Anal. Chem. (Presented before the Division of
Water and Haste Chertistry, 140th Meeting, American Chemical
Society, Chicago, 111., Sept. 1961.) 34, (3) 418-22, Mar.
1962
322 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
An instrument based on a bromocoulometric method has been
evaluated for analysis of olefins at concentrations between 20 and
1000 p.p.in. The instrument has been calibrated for its vapor
phase response to a number of olefins, including ethylene,
propylene, propadiene, 1-butene, trans-2-butene, cis-2-butene,
isobutylene, 1,3-butadiene, 1-pentene, and 2-methyl-2-buteneu
The possible interference of a number of substances, including
sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide,
n-butyl sulfide, acrolein, phenol, and m-cresol, has been
investigated. Sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen dioxide,
and acrolein react appreaciably Kith the brcminating solution.
Nitrogen dioxide lowers the response to olefins. Severe
interference is experienced when the nitrogen dioxide concentration
equals or exceeds that of olefins,. Even when the olefins are
present in excess, the interference by nitrogen dioxide is
sufficient to necessitate rencval of most of the latter. In
analyses of samples in containers, direct determination of these
vapor phase interference effects may be complicated further by gas
phase reactions of olefin and nitrogen dioxide, and perhaps by
reactions within container walls. With this olefin instrument,
diluted automobile exhaust and a variety of synthetic mixtures have
been analyzed. Results have compared favorably with those
obtained by the colorinetric dimethylaminobenzaldehyde method.,
(Author abstract) f #
02168
B. L. CBIDEB AND J. A. TASH.
STATDS EEPOET: STOUT OF VISION OBSCURATION BY NONBLACK
PLUHES. J. AIB POLLUTION CONTEOI ASSOC. 14, (5) 161-7,
May 1964. (Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting, iir
Pollution Control Association, Detroit, Mich, June 9-13,
1963.)
This study has been directed toward the development of an
objective method of measuring vision-obscuration effects of
plumes, and some effort has been given to the development of a
method of measuring the light transmittance characteristics of
plumes independently of the visual-obscuring effects of ambient
lighting and background conditions, because the optical properties
and also the visibility effects depend to a considerable extent on
the actual transmittance of the plume. The experiemental
technique of measuring the transmittance of plumes outside the
stack has proved satisfactory for laboratory plumes, but further
study is required to show whether pilot and fullscale plumes will
introduce an amount of scattered light so great as to invalidate
the method. More work needs to be done before conclusions can be
made regarding methods to measure vision obscuration effects., t#
02186
D. Eersis, and E- Vassiliou.
A CHEHILUHINESCINCE METHOD FOR DETERMINING OZONE. Analyst
(Cambridge} 91, (1085) 499-505, Aug. 1966.
D. Measurement Methods 323
-------
A method for determining ozine is described which is characterized
by the direct recording and automatic determination of ozone within
a wide range of concentrations. The development of the method is
based on the use of a chemiluuinescent solution that is stable and
shows a linear relationship between the light emitted and the
ozone concentration. The electronic instrumentation used is
simple. Other methods of ozone analysis based on this principle
met difficulty, owing to the direct oxidation of the
cherciluninescent compound. The present method involves the use of
gallic acid as an ozone acceptor, and rhodamine B which remains
unchanged during the measurement as a photon emitter-
Observations made with an oscillograph of the light emitted by
single bubbles of ozonized air passing through the
chemiluminescent solution gave valuable information about the
response time of the system. (Author abstract modified)##
02199
C.. A. Sorthend, E. Honey, and S. E. Evans.
LASER EADAR (IIDAR) "FOR METEOEOIOGICAL OBSE8VATIONS. Rev.
SCI., INSTRo 37, 393-UOO, APR,. 1966.
An experimental high powered, Q switched, ruby laser radar or
lidar designed for meteorological applications and upper
atmosphere studies is described. The lidar system eguations,
detailed design, operation, and recommendations for design
improvements are discussed, and typical observational data are
presented to illustrate the uses of this new meteorological
instrument., (Uathor abstract modified) *#
02302
J.S. Nader
DIEECT READING PHYSICAL INSTRUMENTATION. In: Stet 1962.
pp. B-8-1 - B-8-12.
Devices which provide a measurement reading directly on an
indicating meter, recorder or other display medium associated with
the sampling and detection portions of the device are reviewed-
The detection and/or analysis is basically by a physical or
chenophysical technigue.f*
0235U
K.F. Christian K.E. Foster
CALIBRATION OF AUTOMATIC ANALYZERS IN A CGN1INUOOS AIF MONITORING
PROGRAM, Preprint (Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting,
Air Pollution Control Association, Detroit, Michigan,, June
9-13, 1963.)
324 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
The need for uniformity of instrument calibration among the
several stations of the Continuous air Monitoring Program
of the D.p S. Public Health Service has prompted the development
of a comprehensive program of instrument calibration. The
program relies heavily upon static and dynamic checks performed
by the station operators. The frequency of these checks varies
with each specific instrument; tut, in all cases, the checks
are frequent enough to insure the continued accuracy of the
recorded data. The routine checks are substantiated and
supplemented by dynamic calibrations performed at all stations
by the headquarters staff. The dilution board method
for the preparation of standard gas mixtures has been adapted
to the requirements of compactness and portability, and has been
used successfully in this work. In a conscientious effort to
insure and maintain the accuracy of the data produced by the
program, further refinements in the method will be made and more
suitable new methods vill be adopted as they are developed.
(Author's summary) **
02363
E. A. McCormick D. K. Baulch
THE VARIATION HITH HEIGHT OF THE DUST LOADING OVEP S CITY AS
DETERMINED FROM THE ATMOSPHERIC 1DRBIDITY.. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc0 12, (10) 192-6, Oct., 1962.
Observations of the variation from street level to 2000 feet above
the surface of the transmissivity of solar radiation at 5000A,
near the peak of the solar spectrum, over the past 2-1/2 years
at Cincinnati are described. From these observations the
vertical variation of the turbidity coefficient is computed
and related theoretically, after the manner of Volz, to the
number and mass density of particulate in the 0.1 to 1.0 micron
(radius) range. The range of mass loading near the surface
determined from the turbidity data, 30 microgram/cu m to 200 more
than microgram/cu a on the "cleanest" and "dirtiest" days
respectively, are good in qualitative agreement with
determinations made by other leans, adding credence to the validity
of the theoretical considerations. The mass loading is found to
decay exponentially with height such that at about 600 feet the
value is one-half that at street level. This "turbidity
technique" for quantitatively assessing the dust loading over a
city has considerable advantages over other methods in that the
determinations can be made instantaneously and the medium is not
disturbed by the process of measurement. Its limitation to
daytime observations when there are no clouds in the vicinity
of the sun is uinimized by the fact that such conditions are
often the most significant or critical for providing air
pollution problems.. (Author abstract) ##
02368
J.S. Pitts, Jr. J.H. Sharp
SOME ASPECTS OF THE PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE. proc.
Tech. Meeting Best Coast Sect., Air pollution Control
Assoc., 3rd, Monterey, Calif., 1963., 76-92.
D. Measurement Methods 325
-------
The basic theories and techniques of photochemistry can be
applied to gain insight into the mechanism of the
photodecomposition of nitrogen dioxide. Hhile this approach
is rather "acadeiic" in this particular study, nevertheless, the
results have bearing on the problem of photochemical air
pollution. Two particularly intriguing guestions raised and
not answered of considerable basic and practical significance are:
(1) can one confidently extrapolate photochemical and kinetic
data on N02 from the mm. pressure range to the ppm. range?; (2)
why doesn't the molecule, N02 a highly reactive compound,
react with the common organic constituents of smog, in
particular, olefins, when it is raised to an excited electronic
state by absorption of H358A radiation? The search for
theoretical and experimental answers to these guestions is
currently going en. It seems certain that the results will have
"practical" applications to photochemical air pollution as well as
being of general scientific interest.##
02370
S. Duckworth E., Kupchanko
AIR ANALYSIS: THE STANDARD DOSAGE-AREA PRODUCT. J.. Air
Pollution Control Assocu 17, (6) 379-83, June 1967-
(Presented at the 59th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, San Francisco, Calif-, June 20-21, 1966, Paper
66-9l»_)
The dosage-area product (DAP} is offered as a feasible,
low-cost,, and operationally useful data analysis output.. It
is in essence a smog index obtained by multiplying the
contaminant dosage by the geographical area affected.. Thus it
represents the intensity and extent of an air pollution
episode. The basic concepts of dosage and dosage-area, and
some standard constraints for obtaining reproducible index
values are discussed. Several practical uses of the DAP smog
index are illustrated. It can be readily computed from a daily
nap showing the areal extent of contaminant dosage. The
DAP Smog Index is recommended as a feasible aid in presenting
and analyzing past, current, and future air quality conditions.
It is suggested for use in studies of smog patterns, pollutant
trajectories, smog experience, pollutant trends, and smog
forecasting.ft
C2377
SLATES, R. H.
LCH-COST MEASUREMENT OF AIR POLLUTION. (IN: PROCEEDINGS CF
THE EIGHTH ANNUAL AIR AND WATER PCLIUTICN CONFERENCE.) Univ.
Mo. Bull.. 6« (24), 49-53 (Aug. 26, 1963). Also published in
Ind. Water Hastes 8 (6), 30-3 {Dec. 1963). (Presented at the
Eighth Annual Air and Hater Pollution Conference, Columbia,
Mo., Nov.. 13, 1962.)
326 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
in air pollution monitoring program is described that can be
initiated and laintained by a local air pollution agency or health
department at a noderate cost. Simple, inexpensive methods of
sanpling and analysis for gaseous pollutants and particulates are
outlined and a detailed eguipuent' cost breakdown is given.
^(Author summary) ##
02106
i.E. Barrington
INSTAHTEOUS HONITORIHG OP HDLTICCMPONENT EXPIRED GASES. GCA
Corp., Bedford, Mass. (Sept., CB-619.J Dec. 1966., 17 pp.,
CFS1I. NASA
Because of the urgent reguirements of the Banned space
flight program, the prototype gas analyzers described below were
developed specifically for aerospace applications. Their design
thus inevitably was subject to restrictions of weight, volume and
power consumption. nevertheless, their operational
performance has been nost encouraging. The sensing element of the
gas analyzer is called a mass spectrometer whose concept
utilizes two basic physical phenomena: first, gaseous atoms and
molecules can readily be charged electrically; second, there is a
selective effect by electric and magnetic forces on such
charged particles which depends on the atomic or molecular
Bass- A complete sampling and sensing system for 12
constituent gases, utilizing a magnetic deflection mass
spectrometer is shown. It is designed to monitor H2, CO,
CHI, NH3, H20, N2, COH, 02, H2S, EC, C02 4ND COOH. IT
includes 1 sample inlet capillaries, a calibration sample, a
liguid nitrogen chilled sorption pump and an electronic ion
pump.. M
02415
C.W. Louw
ATMOSPHEBIC POLLUTANTS AND THEIH ANALYSIS (SPECIAL DEPOET
SMOG 2}« Council for Scientific and Industrial
Eesearch, Pretoria, (South Africa). Air Pollution
Besearch Group 1966. 60 pp.
In view of the recently passed Act on Air Pollution
(No. 45 of 1965) in South Africa and the anticipated increase
in interest and analytical activity in this field, it was felt
that the need existed for an up-to-date survey of air pollutants
and their analysis. A review report was conseguently prepared and
is presented here. Aspects such as the types, sources and
occurrence, concentrations and methods of analysis of the various
pollutants are discussed. Also, recommendations are made with
regard to the selection of suitable analytical methods.
(Author abstract) ##
D. Measurement Methods 327
-------
02U39
A. V. Demidov, I- A. Mokhov, and B. S. Levine (Tr.)
PAPID METHODS FOB THE DETEBMINA1ION OF HARMFUL GASES AND VAEOBS
IN THE AIR. Vol. 10 of U.S.S.R. literature on Air
Pollution and Belated occupational Diseases. Medgiz, Hoscow,
Russia. (Technical Transl. No. IT 66-11767.,} 1962- pp.,
111.
Volume 10 of the survey series "U.S.SoR,, Literature on Air
Pollution aid Belated Occupational Diseases" is a translation
of A.. V. Dereidovns and I. A. Molhov's book "Rapid Methods
for the Determination of Harmful Gases and Vapors in the Air"
(Yekopehhlie Betoubi Oiipeue jiehnr B B Boeuyxe Bpeuhlix N
lopooopaehlix Bevectb), published by Medgiz of Moscow in 1962.
The greater part of the outlined procedures have been developed by
O.S.S.B. analytical chemists, while some were taken from
literature of other countries. The collection of tests appears to
be intended primarily for the detection of dangerous gaseous and
vaporous air pollutants in indoor working premises. For each
harmful gas or vapor qualitative as well as closely approximate
quantitative procedures are given to make possible the early
determination of dangerous harmful gas and vapor concentration in
the air of working premises and to forestall the occurrence of
serious accidents. The volume was intended to meet the needs
of smaller laboratories and of field industrial laboratory
workers,, ft
02««1
M. E. Eaton, Jr.,
AN ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSOR FOB DETECTING TBACE CONTAMINANTS IS AIB
-------
02492
H. E« Horrison, E. G.. Rinker, and H. H. Corcoran.
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF PARTS-PEH-MILLION QUANTITIES OF
NITROGEN DIOXIDE IN NITBCGEN AND OXYGEN BY ELECTBON-CAPTUBE
DETECTION IN GAS CHBCMATOGRAPHY. Anal Chen. 36 (1 2) : 2256-2259,
Nov.. 1964
An electron-capture detector was used in a gas chromatography to
measure parts-per-millicn quantities of nitrogen dioxide in a
ternary mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen dioxide. For
concentrations of nitrogen dioxide from 5 to 150 p..p.m. and for
oxygen present to the extent of 9% by volume in nitrogen, the
standard deviation of the best curve through the points shewing
response vs. concentration was 2 p.p.m.. compared to about 3 p.p.i
for chemical techniques. The main advantages of gas
chromatography are the short time for analysis and the small
samples (.5 cc) reguired. (Author abstract) ##
02518
C. C.. Matle, C« D. Stout, and E. Zielonka
DEVELOPMENT OF AN OZONE SENSOR FOB ATMOSPHERIC SOUNDING.
Bendix Corp., Detroit, Mich-, Research Labs. Div. Dec*
15, 1961. 180 pp.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 632790
This report describes the development of a new type of ozone
sensor for use at high altitudes of the atmosphere.. The basic
concept employed was the detection of the surface reaction of
ozone with a thin, solid film of silver by the measurement of
changes in film electrical conductivity. This sensor is useful
for the detection cf ozone at high altitudes and in the dark can be
used in rocketsondes and balloonsondes. It is simple, reliable,
and can be produced economically even in small quantities. When
prepared for production in moderate quantities, this sensor will
have a very attractive unit cost. It is small, light and has
simple sampling requirements. The report describes all the
aspects of development, design, and laboratory and environmental
tests. Sonde field tests, not completed at the time of writing,
will be described in a subsequent report. (Author abstract) #f
02520
A. P. Hitra
All IONOSPHERIC ESTIMATE OF NITRIC OXIDE CONCENTRATION IN THE
D-REGICN. Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park,
Ionosphere Research Lab. (AFCRI-66-359) (Scientific Rept.
No., 265} Feb. 15, 1966. 2« pp.
D. Measurement Methods 329
-------
It is shown that the dissimilar nature in the solar cycle
variations in the three major competing ionizing sources for the
B-region (e.g. X-rays below 8A, Lyman-alpha radiation and
cosmic rays} can be used to provide an estimate for the
concentration of the neutral nitric oxide at and near 70 km. Ose
of the electron density profiles recently given by Deeks (1965)
for sunspot minimum and maximum conditions for equinox in middle
lattitudes gives a nitric oxide concentration of tOOOOO/cc
around 72 km, about one hundredth of Earth"s rocket-deduced
value- When this value is integrated with currently available
photochemical information, the following empirical distribution is
indicated: n (NO) equals 0.02 exp (- 3300/T)n(02) plus
C..OQ00005 n (0) . (Author abstract modified) S#
02538
(CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHABACTEBIZATION OF POLLUTED ENVIRONMENTS,
INHALED OF INGESTED, AND OF ACOUSTICAL "NUISANCES.")
Caracterisation chimique et physique des milieux pollues, inhales
ou ingeres et des "nuisances" acoustiques. In: Les pollution
et "nuisances" d'origine industrielle et urbaine. Tome 1,,
Leur prevention et les problemes scientifigues et techniques
qu'elle pose en France, pages 27-32.. Premijer Ministre
Delegation generale a la recherche scientifique et technique.
In discussing the methodology of measuring and evaluating the
degree of pollution, the following are considered: infra-red,
emission, and mass spectrometers; x-ray and electron diffraction;
gravimetric, volumetric, and colorimetric methods; optic and
electronic microscopes, and spectometry for acoustic absorption.
In the section on the inhalation milieu, are discussed the
composition of the natural atmospheric air and of the air polluted
by cities (particles, gases and vapors, and smog); diffusion of
pollutants in the atmosphere; chemical reactions in the
atmosphere; international standardization of current methods and
measurements (deposited material, fumes, sulfur dioxide, and
hydrocarbons); cartiography; and principal concerns of research.
Discussed in this same section (chapter 2) are pollution of food
and water, and problems of noise., ##
026U5
H. Hummel
INDUSTEIJL GAS MEASUREMENT FOE CLEAN-AIH MAINTENANCE. Staub
(English Translation) 25, (2) 11-18, Feb., 1965
CFSTI: TT 66-51040/2
This article deals mainly with emission-concentration measurements
directly concerning the plant. In addition, trace-element
recorders for immission control in the plant area or outside it was
also mentioned. Several plants use mobile recording stations for
this purpose. Apart from current control, immission instruments
will in future be important for the determination of ground
330 PHOTOCHEMICAL OX1DANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
loading., The ground loading in respect to a specific noxious
substance (e.g., SO2) is a measure of the average degree of
nuisance caused by immissions in a certain area- For a planned
installation, e.g., a boiler plant, the ground loading for the
basis for chosen location must be ascertained. This forms the
basis for granting the building permit. According to suggested
and practiced methods, the ground loading is established in the
following Banner. Numerous points are established in a fixed
coordinate grid around the location to be examined. Individual
sampling is carried out at these points by a fixed program over a
long period. By using a precisely determined statistical
evaluation method, the ground loading can be deduced from the data.
The statistical character of the immission, which depends on wind
and atmospheric conditions, is thus taken into consideration.
The reliability of this still imperfect method cannot be
discussed; it is however certain that this method is expensive and
requires considerable manpower. On the other hand, it can easily
be shown that given a correct evaluation of the strip charts
(possibly by electronic scanning) the use of recording instruments
at a few points will provide an egually reliable measure of ground
loading at less expense. This method would also include the
nightime which hitherto has not been included. In spite of
this, and taking into consideration the value of recording
methods for obtaining statistical relationships, the role of
individual analysis will remain unchallenged in future. This is
primarily due to the fact that the development of a reliable
recording nethod is far more expensive than individual analysis.
Therefore, and because of the greater instrumentation
requirements, recording instruments will be used only for the most
inportant duties. (Author summary) #f
02673
H. Fuhrmann
RECORDING MEASUREMENTS OF GASEOUS IMISSION CONCENTSATIONS HUH A
NEH ANALYZES. Staub (English Translation) 25, (7) 19-2H,
JDIY 1965.
CFSTI TT 66-510140/7
For monitoring gases contributing tc air pollution, S02 and
BO plus N02 and 03 in particular, recording analysers find
increasing application. The paper describes an automatic
colorimetric analyser for the repetitive measurement of imaission
concentrations. The instrument is characterized by high
sensitivity down to a few micrograms cu m, excellent selectivity,
and minimum naintenance reguirements. Simple switchover means
permit the same instrument to be used for both half-hour mean
values and short-tine readings. The Imcometer described by the
author is designed for simple and rapid change-over to various
gaseous conpoenents. It has been fieldtested in a northern
suburb of Hamburg. The recorded daily readings for S02, NO
plus N02, and 03 are discussed. (Author summary)##
D. Measurement Methods 331
-------
02681
E. Lahmann
METHODS FOE MEASURING GASEOUS AIR POLLUTIONS. Staub (English
TRANSLATION) 25, (9) 17-22, SEPT. 1965.
CFSTI TT 66-51040/9
As the analysis of air pollutants has become a very extensive
area of microchemistry, the statements included herein are limited
to the principles involved in the analysis of the most important
extraneous gases. Empirical, batch and continuous methods are
the tasic means for investigating gaseous air pollutants. The
advantages and disadvantages of these methods are presented.
Subseguently, the most important methods used at present for
determination of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen
sulfide, fluorides, oxidants, carton monoxide and hydrocarbons
are discussed.#S
02732
I. B. Cohen, T. C. Purcell, and A. P. Altshuller
ANALYSIS OF THE OXIDANT IN PHOTOOXIDATIOH REACTIONS.. Environ.
Sci. lechnol. 1, (3) 247-52, Bar. 1967. (Presented at the
152nd Meeting, American Chemical Society, New York City,
Sept.. m, 1966,)
A number of methods for deternining the identity and concentration
of the oxidants produced photochemically in model systems are
presented. The application of these methods to atmospheric
sampling is discussed. The effects of the following variables are
considered: spectral characteristics of the reagent blends and the
colored species in question; temperature; order of addition,
color stability and rate of color formation; reagent concentration;
hydrogen ion concentration (pH); and various determinate errors.
Calibration curves, molar absorptivities, and interferences are
presented in detail.. (Author abstract) t#
02715
S. Hochheiser and H. J0 Basbagill
COMPARISON AHONG HETHODS OF SAMPLING AND ANALYZING SIB
POLLUTANTS DESIGN OF EXPERIBENTA1 PROGRAM. Preprint.
(Presented at the Sixth Conference of Methods in Air
Pollution studies, California Dept. of Public Health,
Berkeley, Jan. 6-7, 1964.)
A mobile air-sarcpling laboratory used to sairple atmospheric
pollutants is described. Various manual and automatic methods
are compared by means of atmospheric samples to determine the
relationship among methods and the variables that may affect each
method. These studies Here designed to evaluate methods applied
332 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
to the saipling and analysis of air pollutants and to determine
the need for further laboratory and field evaluations. The
chemical and meteorological variables measured in these studies and
the sampling program are delineated. (Author summary) ##
027f?
H. J., Jacumin and L. A, Hipperton
FURTHER EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE ON PHOTOCHEMICAL
OXIDANT PRODUCTION. J_ Air Pollution Control Assoc., 14,
(3) 96-7, Mar. 196«, (Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting,
Air Pollution Control Association, Detroit, Mich. , June
9-13, 1963, Paper No., 63-101.)
Oxidant production was observed for a photochemical reactant
system N02 plus hexene-1 over a pressure range of 6tO to 860 mm
Hg at temperatures of 14, 25, and 35 C. An apparent inhibition
took place around 7Ji» mm at all temperatures. From a low at 7 It
oxidants values rose to a secondary peak at 700 mm and then
dropped with decreasing pressure. The significance of these
results is discussed. (Author abstract}##
02760
T.C. Purcell I.e. Cohen
HICHODETERHINATION OE PEROXIDES BY KINEIIC COIORIMETRY.,
Environ. Sci. Technol. 1, (5) U31-3, Hay 1967. (Presented in
part at the 152nd Meeting, American Chemical Society, New
Sork City, Sept. 1«, 1966.)
Ferrous thiocyanate, neutral potassium iodide, and molybdate-
catalyzed potassium iodide reagents were used for the analysis
of nicrograir guantities of a variety of peroxidic compounds by
kinetic colcrimetry., Ozone and peracetic acid gave an immediate
maximum color development with all three reagents. Hydrogen
peroxide gave slew cclor development with neutral KI only.
Acetyl peroxide, nitrogen dioxide, alkyl hydroperoxides,
and peroxyacyl Titrates gave slow color development with all
three reagents. The half lives of these colorimetric
reactions were used to identify specific oxidants. (Author
abstract)«#
02763
G.A. Rost r.J. Swartz
ADVANCES IN CONTINUOUS AIR POLLUTION ANALYZERS. Preprint.
(Presented at the 56th Annual fleeting. Air Pollution Control
Association, Detroit, Mich., June 9-13, Paper No. 63-9.)
The evolution of air pollution instrumentation by size has been
reviewed. The analysis methods in general usage and
D. Measurement Methods 333
-------
information on the specific instrumentation involved show that
a steady decrease in analyzer size has occurred with negligible
loss in sensitivity or specificity. The cost of the nonportable
laboratory analyzers has been high; as a result, cities and
communities are in general unable to afford this equipment.
Smaller or semi-portable instruments are less costly and
provide versatility to the users™ Now that electrochemical
monitors are available for the analysis of one or two pollutants,
conjecture about the future of complete air sampling systems is
of interest. Although these monitors have not been applied to
the analysis of all air pollutants, it is anticipated that
within reasonable lengths of time sufficiently sensitive and
selective methods will be developed. This, in turn, menas that
it would be possible to have an entire air sampling station
consisting of five or six analyzers on a single table top,. These
units would reguire only minor accessories to be completely
portable. In addition, with the inherent simplicity of
electrochemical analyzers, the cost per instrument will be lower,
thus more monitoring networks can be operated per available
dollar, and the technician skill reguired to operate the equipment
can be minimized. Tables and illustrations.##
02786
P., H. Linnell and H. E. Scott
DIESEL EXHAUST COMPOSITION AND ODOB STUDIES. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc. 12, '(11) 10-5, Nov. 1962.
Some of the techniques being used and evaluated for exhaust
analysis are outlined. Jesuits except for some qualitative and
tentative findings are shovin in tables 1-8. Most values are
averages of 2 or 3 determinations. These determinations were made
on new samples taken at different times, with intervals of
several weeks elapsing in some cases. Particulate matter
information in table 1 indicates organic compounds adsorption.
This is of interest in eye irritation and odor work since
aldehydes may be present on particulate matter in higher
concentrations than are present in the gas phase. The CC11
extracts of particulate matter show infrared bands characteristic
of hydrocarbons, olefins, aldehydes, and carbonyl. Comparison of
hydrocarbon measurements, formaldehyde and acrolein, and
miscellaneous compounds are discussed. 26 references.##
02799
H. Sawicki and J., L. Noe
A SENSITIVE NEW METHOD TOR THE DETERMINATION OF NITRITES AND
NI1BOGEN DIOXIDE WITH H-AMINOAZOEENZENE-1-NAPHTHYLAMINE,
Anal. Chim. Acta 25, 166-9, 1961.
A sensitive method for the determination of nitrites is
introduced. The method should also te applicable to the
determination of nitrogen dioxide. The test consists of the
reaction of
-------
acid to fora the blue dication of
U-(p-phenylazophenylazo)-1-naphthylamine. Beer"s Law was
obeyed from 0.5 to over 15 micrograms of nitrite ion per 15 ml of
final solution. Spectrophotometrically it is possible to detect
part of nitrite ion in 60 Billion parts of solution- (Author
sunnary)#*
028l»1
K. To Hhitby, B. C. Jordan, and C. M. Peterson
GEBEBATIOK AND EECAY OF SHALL IONS (DEVELOPMENT OF A PARTICLE
COUNTED SYSTEM AND DEVELOPMENT OF A TECHNIQUE FOB STUDYING THE
CHARGE OF AN EVAPOBSTING DROP). Minnesota Univ., Hinneapolis,
Dept. of Hechanical Engineering. 49 pp. June 1, 196U
Design, construction, and initial evaluation of an electrical
particle counter system capable of rapid, in situ, measurement of
aerosol concentration and particle size distribution over the
range from 0,015 to 2 micron is described. Initial measurements
of natural laboratory aerosols show satisfactory agreement with
the Royco optical particle counter in the size range where they
overlap. Simultaneous operation of an automatic condensation
nuclea counter, the electric particle counter and the Royco
counter permit rapid measurement of aerosol size distribution from
molecular to 10 micron., The two key elements of the new system
are a special sonic jet diffusion charger and a new mobility
analyzer. The charger uses aerosol recirculation which makes it
possible to charge a high fraction of small particles with a low
Ht while maintaining a mobility minimum at about 3 micron., The
mobility analyzer utilizes a region where an electric precipitating
field exists followed by a current collector to obtain high
resolution, mobility measurements down to 0.0002 cm/sec per
volt/cm with a 1 cfm aerosol flow rate. Technique and apparatus
are also described for the study of electric charge on evaporating
droplets smaller than 50 microns. (Author abstract)##
02815
H. D. Thomas and P. Eu Amtower
GSS DILUTION APPARATUS FOR PREPARING REPRODUCIBLE DYNAMIC GAS
MIXTURES IN ANY DESIBED CONCENTSATICN AND COMPLEXITY.. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 16, (11) 618-23, Nov. 1966
The development and testing of analytical methods for determining
gaseous air pollutants would be expedited by the availability of
known gas mixtures, reproducibly prepared in any desired guantity,
complexity, and concentration. A portable gas dilution apparatus
was constructed by which reproducible known mixtures of the common
air pollutants added to carbon filtered air can be prepared.
Sulfur dioxide mixtures with and without the addition of nitrogen
dioxide and/or ozone have been analyzed by the conductimetric,
titrinetric, turbimetric, and colorimetric methods. Excellent
analytical agreement with the concentration obtained frorr the
volumes of S02, N02, hydrogen sulfide, and air that are mixed
D. Measurement Methods 335
-------
has been shovn by all these methods when an efficient absorber is
used although the titrinetric method tended to give slightly lower
results.**
02852
G.Ao Persson
AUTOMATIC COLOBIMETKIC DETERMINATION OF LOW CONCENTRATION OF
SULPHATE FOB MEASURING SULPHUB EICXIEE IN AMBIENT AIR.
Intern* J. Air Hater Pollution 10, (11-12) 815-52, Dec. 1966.
An automatic colorimetric method for the determination of low
concentration of sulphate (0-10 microgram/Bl} using the Thoron
indicator is described. Total amounts of sulphate as small
as 0.3 microgram can be determined. The sulphate is precipitated
with barium perchlorate and the excess of barium is indicated
with 1-(0-arsenophenylazo)-2-naphthol-3o6-disulfonic acid
(Thoron). The procedure is worked out primarily for the
determination of sulphur dioxide in air after absorption in
diluted hydrogen peroxide. The eguipment used is the
Technicon -Auto-Analyzer.**
02874L
T.H. Downer, Jr. C.R. Biier, Jr.,
THE DETERMINATION OF SULFUH IN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Cincinnati
Univ., Ohio Hay 1966. 12pp.
DDC AD 486815
A rapid method for the determination of sulfur is described.
The method is applicable to the sulfate ion formed following an
oxygen flask combustion procedure. The percentage of sulfur is
determined by titrating the sulfate ion with barium perchlorate
using a complexing indicator, Thorin, to detect the end-point.
Compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, chlorine and
sulfur were successfully analyzed.**
02883L
M. N. Hirsh, P. N. Eisner, G. M.. Halpern, and J. A.
Slevin
IONIZATION AND ELECTRON LOSS SIMDLATION IN ATMOSPHERIC GASES
(QUARTERLY KEPT. NO. 2, SEPT. 1 - NOV. 30, 1965., Dewey
(G.C..) Corp., New Ycrk City. Mar. 1966. 27 pp.
DDC AD 486307
This report covers work performed during the period 1 September
through 30 November 1965. The report begins with a description
of experimental modifications made to the mass spectrometer to
increase its utility as a quantitative instrument. The
theoretical work, including both a summary of current work on the
335 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
numerical computation of the low pressure oxygen model, and some
studies of the chemistry resulting from the addition of a trace of
nitrogen to the low-pressure oxygen plasma, are presented.#f
02921
F. E. Gartrell, F. H. Thomas, and S. B. Carpenter
ATMOSPHERIC OXIDATION OF S02 IB CCAL-BUBNING POWIB PLANT
PLUMES . Am- Ind. Hyg. Assoc. 3. 24, 113-20, Apr. 1963.
(Presented at the 23rd Annual Meeting, American Industrial
Hygiene Association, Washington, B.C.., Bay 1962.)
Sampling equipment and procedures applicable for use in a
helicopter were devised for collecting the separate S02 and S03
components in progressive plume cross sections at a large coal-,
burning power plant. Samples were collected during a variety of
meteorological conditions with particular attention to a wide
range of relative humidity,. During periods of low humidity, data
reveal that oxidation of S02 is relatively slow, increasing from
2% at one mile (12 min) to 3% at 6 miles (60 min) . With
moderately high humidity, oxidation was initially rapid, 22% at one
mile (12 man), increasing to 32% at 8 miles (96 min). The
highest total oxidation, 55%, was observed in a slight mist at 9
Biles (108 min).. (Author abstract)##
02961
B. F. Pueschel and A,, T. Rossano, Jr.
THE PROBLEM OP BEDDCED VISIBILITY FROH AIR POLLUTION- Proc.
Ann. Sanitary Water Resources Ing. Conf„, Vanderbilt Univ.,
Nashville, Tenn, , 1965. pp., 208-25.
The concepts relating atmospheric visibility with extinction of
light by aerocolloidal matter are presented. A newly developed
spectrophotometer for extinction measurements is described. The
instrument has been applied to determine the scattering
properties of fine particles and the resulting reduction of the
visual range. The results can be summarized as follows: (1) The
prevailing visual range is inversely proportional to the number
concentration of the existing aerosol., (2) The dependence of
the visual range on the wavelength of light at constant number
concentration varies in a rather complicated pattern, depending on
the size of the particles. (3) The relationship between the
visual range and the*size of the particulates, assuming that their
nass concentration is constant, shows that particles of the
diameter of about 0.00004 cm have the most restricting effect on
visibility. (4) At a constant number concentration the visual
range decreases as the particles increase in size. Comparisons
between experimental results and Kie theory calculations do not
agree for all values of the size parameter. The tests showed the
reliability of the experimental apparatus and procedure. (Author
sunmary modified)**
D. Measurement Methods 337
-------
02987
E., Lahmann and K. E- Prescher
INTERMITTENT DETERMINATION OF H2S IN THE ATMOSPHERE,, Staub
(English Transl.) 25, (12J 3-5, Cec. 1965.
CFSTI TT66-51040/12
It is shown as an essential result of batch determination of
H2S in air, that the light penetration properties of cadmium
sulphide suspensions occurring during sampling vary considerably.
Comparative measurements carried out with samples protected and
unprotected against light have shown disparities between the
results amounting to ratios higher than 10:1. (Author summary)**
03010
H. Devorkin, R.L.. Chass, A.P., Fudurich, C,,V. Ranter
SOUBCE TESTING MANUAL. Los Angeles County Air Pollution
Control District, Calif., 181 pp., Nov. 1965
Specialized methods and techniques for the curtailment
of contaminants being released into the atmosphere, developed in
the laboratory and in the field are described in this manual.
These methods are concerned primarily with the measurement of
emissions from stationary sources, and in general, with little
or no modification, these methods can also be used for testing
vehicles or other moving sources. Information obtained
form source tests is invaluable as a guide in selecting
appropriate control equipment and improving the design
of future installations to minimi2e the discharge of air
contaminants. Following topics are discussed: Planning a
source test; Determination of gas flow rate; Collection and
analysis of particnlate matter, and of gaseous constituents;
Odor measurement; Source test report. The appendixes deal
with rules and regulations, conversion factors and constants, and
auxiliary field sampling equipment.##
03011
G. Resor, III
MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC EXTINCTION AND LIGHT SCATTERING
FUNCTION: PART I. POLAR NEPHEICKETIB AND POWER SUPPLY (FINAL
REPT.) Eicon Lab. , Inc., , Salem, Mass. (Rept» No.
H-3-66-2.J 102 pp., July 1966..
An ultraviolet polar nephelometer which is used to measure the
differential scatter function of air is described. The
instrument covers the range from pure air to dense haze conditions.
A comprehensive discussion is given of the design of the
instrument, and the optical and tlectrical components.
338 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
installation procedures, and maintenance guid are described
in detail. The nephelometer has a useful, dynamic range of
60 db. adjusted so that adequate signal is obtained for pure air.
Detailed specifications are listed in Section 5. (Author
abstract modified)»#
03091
E.W. Hewson
METEOBOLOGICAL INSTBOHENTS FOB JIB POL1UTION SUBVEYS (INFOBHATIVE
BEPOBT NO. 1). J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (6)
278-80, June 1965
This report is directed toward those concerned with air
pollution surveys, and to provide guidance for persons not well
acquainted with meteorological measurements. The following
basic air pollution meteorological instruments and topics are
discussed: Hind measurement instruments, temperature, stability
and precipitation measurement, type of sensor, calibration,
solar radiation and barometric pressure. Hecords, data handling
and analysis of data are also outlined.##
03096
N.A.. Lyshkow
A BAPID AND SENSITIVE COLOBIHE1BIC BEAGENT FOB NITBOGEN DIOXIDE
IS AIB. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (10)
l»81-i», Oct. 1965 (Presented at the 58th Annual fleeting. Air
Pollution Control Association, Toronto, Canada, June 20-2t,
1965)
High speed instrumentation requires a colorimetric reagent
capable of detecting traces of nitrogen dioxide with little
delay for color development. Bate of color development
and sensitivity of Griess-type reagent have been improved by
adding a promoter (B-salt) and optimizing the concentrations of
diazotizing and coupling reagents. Field tests show that the new
instrument -reagent combination can resolve short-duration peaks in
NOi concentrations cf 5 to 10 pphm. (Author abstract) f #
03099
I. Pierce, T. Tokiwa, K. Nishikawa
EVALUATION OF CONTACT COLUMNS FOB NITBOGEN DIOXIDE ABSORPTION.
J. lir Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (5) 204-6, May 1965
(Presented at the Siith Conference on Methods in Air
Pollution Studies, California Dept. of Public Health,
Berkeley, Calif., Jan. 6-7, 196U.J
The absorption efficiencies of six, 10-, 13-, and 60-turn
spiral columns were studied using half-strength and modified
D. Measurement Methods 339
-------
Saltzman reagents. The 60-turn column was 100* efficient at all
air and liquid flow rates using half-strength Saltzman reagent.
The 13-tnrn column was 100% efficient at an air flow rate of 290
ml/min using half-strength Saltzman reagent and at both 290
and 500 ml/,in using modified Saltzman reagent. The results of
the study have led to the adoption of 13-turn spiral contact
columns together with the use of modified Saltzman reagent for
all State operated N02 monitoring instruments. (Author
sunmary) ##
C3100
I. Potter S. Duckworth
FIELD EXPEEIENCE WITH THE HAST OZONE RECORDEE. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (5) 207-9, May 1965 (Presented
at the Sixth Conference on Methods in Air Pollution Studies,
California Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley, Calif., Jan.
6-7, 196it.)
The practical necessity for continuous air monitoring by an
instrument network is explained- Network criteria are listed.
A coulometric monitoring system for oxidants is described and
evaluated. Operating method, calibration techniques, costs,
and comparative field data are given,. The authors conclude the
coulometric system is feasible for operation on a widespread basis.
Attractive features include: portability; remote recording; easy
installation; centralized, coincident calibration of several
monitors; linear data output; data consistent with other systems;
and a potential for mobile use in horizontal and vertical surveys
of the atmosphere. (Author abstract)##
03103
J., Harkins s.H. Nicksic
STUDIES OS THE POLE OF SULFUR DIOXIDE IN VISIBILITY REDUCTION.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (5) 218-21, Bay 1965.
Highly sensitive radiotracer techniques were used to see if the
sulfuric acid nist from sulfur dioxide oxidation allows the
incorporation of organic matter. Tagged organic compounds were
irradiated with and without sulfur dioxide. Hhen the aerosol
was filtered off, no radioactivity was found on the filter paper
showing the absence of organic matter and the lack of sulfur
dioxide synergisir. (Author abstract)*!
03112
E.5. Stephens KnA. Price
A SIAECB FOB SOHE NITEO-OLEFINS IN POLLUTED AIR. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (7) 320-2, July 1965.
340 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIOANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
in electron capture chromatographic method of detecting nitro-
ethylene and 1-nitro-1 propene was developed and applied to ambient
air samples, photolyzed propene/nitrogen dioxide mixtures and
auto exhaust. No trace of either compound was found in
ambient air or in the photolyzed mixtures. The detection limit
»as estimated to be 1 ppb. A single sample of auto exhaust showed
several small peaks which, if attributed to nitro-olefin,
would amount to insignificant traces. (Author abstract)##
03159
J, J. Kelley, Jr. and D. F. Heaver
CABBONDIOXIEE AND OZONE IN THE ARCTIC ATHOSPHERE., Proc..
Alaska Sci. Conf., 16th, 1966. pp. 151-68.
CFSTI.DDC AD 638035
Atmospheric carbon dioxide and ozone were continuously monitored
at the North Meadow Lake field station of the Arctic Research
Laboratory near Barrow, Alaska beginning in January, 1965.
Atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements were resumed after a
fifteen month lapse resulting from the interruption of an earlier
program by a severe storm in October, 1963. The continuous
observation of ozone near the ground was added to the general
licrometeorological and microclimatological studies at North
meteorological phenonena.##
Meadow Lake to determine the concentrations and fluctuations of
ozone in the Arctic atmosphere and its relation to other
03205
D,. Epstein.
DETECTION AND PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION IN THE USSP.
Detection et prevention de la pollution atmospherigue en U.B.S.
S. Pollut. Atmos. (Paris) 8, (31) 273-83, Sept. 1966.
The problems of the toxic amounts of air pollutants (CO, S02,
H2SOI1, NO, and 3, t-benzopyrene) are described and the
criteria for standardization in Russia given.. The methods for
detecting toxic proportions of these pollutants are given in
detail, the techniques used for animal experimentation, and studies
of the tests applicable to mankind and the techniques of applying
them are described in particular. The paper mentions that since
chronaxie was judged insufficiently sensitive, the Soviet authors
resorted to electroencephalographic methods which reveal an
electrocortical reflex for snail amounts of polluting agents.
These tests involving instantaneous maximum admissible
concentration are supplemented by statistically analyzed
experiments on animals. (Author summary) ##
D. Measurement Methods 341
-------
03218
J. Krizek.
DETEBMINATION OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN SMALL CONCENTRATIONS,
(Stanoveni nizkych koncentraci kyslicniku.) Chera Prumysl
(Prague) 16, (9) 558-9, 1966. Czech.. (Tru) (Translated as
JEBS-R-8583-D.)
The author revises the polarcgraphic and colorimetric method for
determining nitrogen oxides. He finds that improper
composition of the absorption solution is responsible for the
biased ^systematically lower) experimental results; potassium
nitrite, formed if the gas is absorbed in 0.. 1N KOH solution
containing H202, decomposes in acid medium during further
operations., He therefore recommends using the H202 solution for
absorption with subsequent alkalization before the sample is boiled
down.. He discusses the applicability and suitability of methods
for determining N02 which utilize the formation of azo dyes.##
03231*
K, So Tipson, A. Cohen, and A* J. Fatiadi
AIR POLLUTION STUDIES. National Bureau of Standards,
Washington, DUC. (NBS Technical Note 405) 1-28, 1966
The oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is described.
Results are reported for the oxidation of naphthalene, anthracene,
phenthrene, pyrene, and perylene with a variety of oxidants.
Oxidation products are identified where possible.. The results
obtained with periodic acid as an oxidant are particularly
noteworthy., Studies of photooxidation of the polycyclic
hydrocarbons on silica gel, alumina, soil, and air-borne
particulate matter have revealed, for each hydrocarbon, products
that may arise in contaminated air under smog conditions.
(Author abstract)##
03245
S. yanagisawa, N. lamate, S. Smitsuzawa, and M., Mori
CONTINUOUS DETERMINATION OP HITHIC OXIDE AND NITROGEN EIOXIBE IN
THE ATMOSPHERE. Bull. Chem« Soc., Japan (Tokyo) 39, (10)
2173-8, OCT. 1966
Continuous determinations cf nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide in
the atmospheric air by the use of modified Saltzman reagent is
described., Measurement was made intermittenly, once every 30
min,, by an automatic continuous analyzer equipped with a
single-path colorimeter. The response of the analyzer was
obtained as an average of the concentration of nitroqen oxides
over a period of 25 min. Two bubblers were used for absorbing
nitrogen oxides into the modified Saltzman reagent, whose
342 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
transmittance was measured for the determination: One bubbler was
designated to obsorb nitrogen dioxide, and the other, nitric oxide
plus nitrogen dioxide after the oxidation of the nitric oxide by
permanganate. The oxidizing efficiency of the permanganate was
96-100 per cent. The acetic acid in the Saltzman reagent was
replaced with n-propyl alcohol in the modified Saltzman reagent;
the spontaneous coloration and corrosive quality of the reagent was
decreased by this substitution. The concentration of nitric oxide
was obtained from the difference between the two responses of the
analyzer, while the concentration of nitrogen dioxide could be
read directly from the recorder. The transmittance ratio method
was applied to the measurements., Accurate determinations were
possible even at high blank values. The reagent was used
repeatedly by cycling it on the basis of measuring the difference
in coloration before and after the absorption of nitrogen oxides.
The analyzer could be used for a long period without changing the
reagent. (Author summary)##
03295
T. Tokiwa, B» P. Tamplin, and J. A. Nadel.
HONITOBING HUMAN EXPOSURES TO SULFUB DIOXIDE IN A BODY
P1ETHYSMOGBAPH. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (3)
96-8, Mar. 1965. (Presented at the Sixth Conference on
Methods in Air Pollution Studies, California Dept. of Public
Health, Berkeley, Calif., Jan. 6-7, 196U.)
Me have demonstrated a method by which one can produce an S02
contaninated atmosphere, expose man to this atmosphere while
maintaining the S02 concentration at a given level, and measure
the concentration with less than a one minute lag time- Safety of
the subject is assured. The body plethysmograph can be used
simultaneously as a pulmonary function measuring device and as an
exposure chamber.#f
03296
B. B. Heg and L., G. Hayne-
JDTOHATIC ANALYSES OF CERTAIN ENZYMES OF SMOG EXPOSED ANIMALS.
Preprint. (Presented at the Sixth Conference on Methods in
Air Pollution Studies, California Dept. of Public Health,
Berkeley, Calif., Jan. 6-7, 196K.)
The work reported in this paper is part of an extensive
investigation into the effects of Los Angeles air pollution on
laboratory animals. Assays described include the enzyme
activities of the sera and tissues of rabbits, rats, guinea pigs,
and chicks. These studies were initiated to examine the effects
of continuous exposure to the relatively low concentration of
irritants in the Los Angeles smog. In progress are studies of
assay procedures for any other possible pollutant-sensitive
substance of the living organism. The effect of psychological
stress on enzyme activities, either alone or together with smog
exposure is being measured as part of the experimental protocol,. ##
D. Measurement Methods 343
-------
C3350
E. Langberg
MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC EXTINCTION AND LIGHT SCATTERING
FUNCTION. Part II. Apparatus for Measurement of
Atmospheric Extinction (Final rept.)., Eicon Lab., Inc.,
Salem, Mass. (Kept. No™ R-5-66-1) 82 pp., July 1966
CFSTI, DEC 637 796
The objective was to build and test an ultraviolet polar
nephelometer and extinction meter. The nephelometer is capable of
automatically measuring the angular scattering function of air
at 1 wavelength regions for conditions ranging from pure air to
dense haze. The extinction meter is capable of automatically
measuring the extinction coefficient of air at one wavelength for
conditions ranging from pure air to dense haze conditions. Both
systems are self-calibrating so that only A minimum of periodical
calibrating is necessary.##
03402
03102
M. Fossard, R. G. Rinker, Wu H. Corcoran
DETERMINATION OF SHALL QUANTITIES OF NITRIC OXIDE AND NITROGEN
DIOXIDE IN NITBOGEN BY GAS CHRCMATCGBAPHY. Sm. Soc. Testing
Cater., Spec. Tech- Publ. 352, 56-9 pp., Dec. 1963.
(Presented at the Symposium on Air-Pollution Measurement
Methods, Los Angeles, Calif., Oct. 5, 1962.)
Studies were made on the determination of nitric oxide (NO)
and nitrogen dioxide (N02) present at less than 5000 ppm by
volume in nitrogen. The work was a continuation of previous
studies on the quantitative analysis of small amounts of nitric
oxide in nitrogen by gas chromatography using a silica gel column.
The nature of the results suggests that NO and N02 are
irreversibly adsorbed in small quantities on silica gel,. This
strong adsorption, separate from a physical or van 3er Waals
adsorption, forais a basis for separation of small amounts
of NO and N02 subsequent to an initial conditioning of the
silica gel with these oxides of nitrogen (N2) .. (Author
abstract)#*
03425
S. E. Smith and R. J. Grant.
A NON-SELECTIVE COLLECTOR FOB SAMPLING GASEODS AIR POLLOTANTS
FINAL REPT.) Pittsburgh Coke and Chemical Co.,,
Research and Development Dept. Dec. 15, 1958. 63 pp.
Tests of the retentive power of various adsorbents indicated
activated carbon is superior to silica gel and molecular sieves for
344 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
the non-selective collection of air pollutant gases- When dry ice
is used as a refrigerant on a carbon column it is possible to
collect methane and all gases of lower volatility in a sample of
reasonable size. Certain oxidizing gases such as No, N02 and
03 appear to react with activated carbon and must be considered
separately. Columns of various sizes were tested over a wide
range of gas concentrations and a column containing 55 grams of
Pittsburgh HDL activated carbon chosen to sample 20 liters of
air for light contaminants. A smaller column for operation at
room temperature containing 1,,5 grams of the same carbon may be
used ahead of the refrigerated column to collect CH and higher
compounds from 100 liters of air,, A field collector kit was
designed which affords a preliminary filtration and drying of the
air sample, positive displacement measurement of the sample volume,
continuous flow measurement and mechanical pumping of the air
sample. A helium flushing system for the refrigerated collector
is also provided to remove the bulk of air adsorbed from the
sample.. Prototype columns were tested satisfactorily for
retention under exaggerated test conditions on selected hydrocarbon
vapors. A few recovery runs indicated that good recovery can be
confidently expected after further experimental development of
recovery techniques. (Author summary) ##
03HH9
Farmer, J. B. and J. D. Hilliams
INTERSTATE AIB POLLUTION STUDY PRASE II PBOJECT EEPOHT. III.
AIB QUALITY MEASUHEHENTS. Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution
Control, 182p., Dec., 1966. 71 refs-
The development of an effective air resource management program
begins with the determination of what pollutants are in the air,
the guantity of each, and where they originate. The aercmetric
network was designed and operated to determine the nature and
extent of air pollution in the Metropolitan St., Louis area.
Once the air pollution problem is defined, the emission inventory
and the opinion surveys can be used in connection with air
quality criteria to set the air quality goals. Then the
aerometric network will be used to monitor the air to insure the
goals are attained. The salient portions of this report are the
tabular data on particulates, gaseous pollutants, and material
deterioration.**
03171*
K. M. Brown and W. C, McCrone
DISPERSION STAINING. PART I - THEOKi, KE1HOD AND APPARATUS-
Microscope Crystal Front 13, (11), Apr. 1963.
Dispersion staining, an optical method of imparting a colour to
transparent substances, has been applied empirically in the past to
a variety of identification problems particularly in the
D. Measurement Methods 345
-------
industrial hygiene field. in excellent paper by Cherkasov has
shown how to proceed to make visible, reproducible and strong
colours and Schmidt has suggested how a systematic scheme for
identification might be set up., The present paper attempts to
summarise the theory, equipment, and applications as already
published in the literature ana then to present new material for
the systematic identification of transparent substances.. (Author
abstra 3) *#
03520
B. 1= Larsen
PARAMETERS OF AEBOMETSIC MIASUBEHINTS FOE AIB POLLUTION
RESEARCH. Am. Ind., Hyg. Assoc, Ju 22, (2) 97-101, Apr.
1961-
A brief description of a continuous gas sampling network is
presented in which a number of air pollutants is to be measured in
six United States cities beginning about mid 1961. Parameters
are presented of aercmetric measurements from a two year study of
sulfur dioxide in Louisville, Kentucky, to be related to health
and other effects. Six equations are developed to depict the
freguency, duration, and air pollution dosage. (Author
abstract)##
03527
E. 0. McCaldin
EVALUATING AIE POLLUTION PHOBLEMS (ACCEPTABLE EQUIPMENT AND
PROCEDURES). Arch. Environ. Health 2, 228-33, Mar. 1961.
Some of the more common eguipient used in making environmental
air quality determination, such as Hi-Volume Samplers, Filter
Tape Samplers, Gas Samplers, and simplified monitoring
technigues, are discussed, Hi-Volume Samplers are frequently
used to measure suspended particulate which may consist of smoke,
dust, or other solids snail enough to remain air-borne for long
periods. This includes particulates under 100 microns in diarn,
and, for the most part, those less than 1 micron in diam. Fiber
glass filters commonly used with this sampler collect
practically all particulates down to 0.3 micron in diam.
The sampler itself consists of a vacuum cleaner motor with
mounting to accomodate an 8-in by 10-in filter. Filter Tape
Samplers are commonly used in the field studies and
usually are equipped with a diaphragm pump to draw air through at
a rate of about 7 liters/min. Various automatic instruments are
used for the continous collection and recording of gaseous
pollutants. However, various manual or semimanually operated
bubbler collection trains have been used in the majority of
gaseous measurements.. Simplified monitoring techniques are
discussed in conjunction with dustfall sulfation rates, H2S,
corrosion and fluoride sampling. #i
346 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
03537
T. E. Hauser, D. W. Bradley
EFFECT OF INTEHFEBING SUBSTANCES AND PBOLONGED SAMPLING ON
THE 1,2-DI-(«-PYRIDYL) ETBYLENE METHOD FOE DETEBMINATION OF
OZONE IN SIB. Anal. Chen., 39 (10) : 118H-1186, Aug. 1967™ t
refs. (Presented at the Division of Water, Sir, and Haste
Chemistry, 153rd Meeting, ACS, Miami Beach, Fla. , April
1967.)
A new method for the sampling and analysis of ozone in the
atmosphere involves the collection of atmospheric ozone in a
solution of 1,2-di-(1-pyridyl) ethylene (PE) in glacial acetic
acid, reaction of the ozone with the PE via the
ozonolysis reaction to form pyridine-U-aldehyde, and
colorimetric analysis of the resultant pyridine-H-aldehyde using
a modification of the 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolone hydrazone
method. This paper describes the effect of two additional
analytical parameters on the PE method. These parameters,
namely the effedt of possible interfering substances present
in the atmosphere and the effect of prolonged sampling time on
final analysis, are very inportant when any analytical procedure
is applied to the field analysis of atmospheric contaminants. The
results demonstrate that the method can be used for 21-hr, sampling
simply by increasing the volume of absorbing solution since there
is no loss of collected ozone from the absorbing solution during
a 21 hr. sampling period due to a possible aeration effect. t#
035421
1. Reckner, F., B. Taylor, W. E. Scott, H. J. Wimette
DIESEL EXHADST COMPOSITION, OECB AND EYE IERITATION
(PROGHESS BEPOBT MAY 1, 1962 TO FEB 15, 1963. Preprint 1963.
Further work with the two-cycle 6-cylinder V-type diesel engine
is reported which which covers solid and liquid particulate
emissions at various operating conditions, odor intensity and eye
irritation observations by a human panel at three operating
conditions, analyses of the particulate for polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons and further analyses of the gaseous emissions by
long-path infrared and colorinetric techniques. A number of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including benzo (a) pyrene and
several other compounds with reported positive biological activity,
have teen detected in diesel exhaust by fluorescence
spectroscopy. The concentrations of most polycyclics were
highest from 1/2 load to 7/8 load with a sharp decrease from 7/8
load to full load. The benzo(a)pyrene concentrations found in
diesel exhaust (0.6 to 7.4 micrograms per cubic meter) were
lower than the 8.5 micrograms per cubic meter recently
reported for automobile exhaust, but the diesel produced more
benzo (a) pyrene (0.15 to 1.3 milligrams) per gallon of fuel than
the automobile (0., 27 milligrams). Fluorescence analyses of new
and used lubricating oil and the rate of oil consumption indicate
D. Measurement Methods 347
-------
that the contribution of the oil to the exhaust particulate of
this engine is negligible. Values for the emissions of nitrogen
dioxide have been revised downward as a result of using an
improved sampling technigue which minimizes the oxidation of
nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide. Of the three engine operating
modes studied, the odor intensities and eye irritation observed by
the human panel were lowest at the 1200 RPM-1/4 load condition.
It is believed at this time that the eye irritation from the
exhaust can be accounted for by the formaldehyde and acrolein
found in the exhaust- There is no clear-cut correlation,
however, between the concentrations of these aldehydes and the
odor differences observed. *#
03544
B. £„ Saltzman N. Gilbert
MICRODETERfilNATION OF OZONE IN SMOG MIXTURES (NITROGEN DIOXIDE
EQUIVALENT METHOD). Ai. Ind,, Hyg. Assoc. J. 20, 379-86,
Oct. 1959,
A new method has been presented for conveniently and
specifically determining low concentrations of ozone in polluted
air, even in the presence of large amounts of other commonly
occurring oxidizing or reducing gases. Ozone was
stoichiometrically converted to (and determined as) nitrogen
dioxide, by addition of controlled amounts of gaseous nitric
oxide to the sample air stream and allowing a short reaction
flow time,, Better than 953! conversion was obtained in a
convenient apparatus which was developed, when 1 p. p,m. excess
nitric oxide and forty seconds reaction time were used. In the
short time allowed, oxidation of nitric oxide by air and organic
oxidant was negligible, Results for pure ozone were in good
agreement with those of an iodide reagent. For synthetic smog
oxidant mixtures (generated by the ozone reaction with
1-hexene) the method appeared specific for ozone, whereas the
iodide reagent also responded to organic oxidants. (Thus the
mixture could be differentiated into two oxidant components by
simultaneous application of the two methods.,) Reducing gases such
as sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide did not appreciably
interfere even in one hundred to one ratio to ozone. The method
should make possible interesting new data for polluted air. It
should be readily adaptable to automatic recording of ozone
in smog without interference from associated pollutants, (Author
summary)tt
03621
03621
M, D. Thomas, J, A- MacLeod, P. C., Bobbins, ?. C,,
Goettleman, R. H., Elridge, L= H., Rogers
AUTOMATIC APPARATUS FOR DETERMINATION OF NITRIC OXIDE AND
NITROGEN DIOXIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE. Anal. Chem. 28, 1810-6,
Dec. 1965. (Presented in part. Division of Analytical
Chemistry, Symposium on Air Pollution, 130th Meeting,
348 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
American Chemical Society,, Atlantic City, N..J., Sept.
1956.)
Nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere can be
determined continuously with automatic sampling and recording
apparatus- Two special absorbers are employed for absorption
of nitrogen dioxide in a modified Griess reagent followed by
colorimetric recording. One absorber measures the nitrogen
dioxide alone; the other measures nitrogen dioxide plus nitric
oxide after the latter has been oxidized by ozone, permanganate, or
chlorine dioxide. Concentration limits of the instrument range up
to about 1 p«p.B. , hut they can be considerably extended or
reduced. Standard error is about plus or minus 5*., (Author
abst*act)##
03679
A. P. Altshuller and I,, E., Cohen
SPECTROPHOTCMETRIC METHODS FOE C1EFINS (COLOBIBETRIC
DETERMINATION OF CONJUGATED DIOLEFINS). Anal. Chem. 32, (13)
1843-8, Deco 1960. (Presented at the Division of Water,
Sewage, arid Sanitation Chemistry, Symposium on Air Pollution,
136th Meeting, American Chemical Society, Atlantic City N.
J., Sept. 1959.)
In a new colorimetric method conjugated diolefins are coupled with
2-methoxyethanol-phcsphoric acid solvent medium. Isoprene-type
diolefins couple to form products with strong absorption near 190
millimicrons, while butadiene couples tc form a product with a
maximum near 405 millimicrons. The intensities of these maxima
are linearly related to concentration between at least 0.3 and 30
uillimicrons per ml. for isoprene-type diolefins and 20 and 200
microgram per ml. for 1,3-butadiene., A 2- to 4-hour reaction
period is necessary to oltain optimum intensities. No
appreciable interference occurs from paraffinic, acetylenic, simple
aromatic, and most other types of olefinic hydrocarbons.. Some
aldehydes, ketones, and phenols interfere moderately. Isoprene
has been efficiently collected and determined frcm dilute
isoprene-air mixtures, and in several liquid mixtures containing
various other hydrocarbon components, including 1,3-pentadiene,
unconjugated diolefins, and various types of mono-olefins.
(Author abstract) *#
03680
A. P. Altshuller, D. L. Hiller, and S. F. Sleva
DETERMINATION OF FORMALDEHYDE IN GAS MIXTURES BY THE
CHROMOTROPIC ACID METHOD, Anal. Chem., 33, (4) 622-5, Apr.
1961. (Presented before the Division of Hater and Waste
Chemistry, 138th Meeting, American Chemical Society, New
York City, Sept. 1960.)
D. Measurement Methods 349
-------
The modification of the chrcmctropic acid method for formaldehyde
proposed by Best and Sen has been investigated. With only minor
variations, the present study confirms the previous findings of
reagent concentrations, color stability of the product, and the
stability of the reagent solution. A much more detailed
investigation of the possible interference of olefins, alcohols,
aldehydes and ketones, aromatic hydrocarbons,, phenols, and of
nitrogen dioxide has been made. Nitrogen dioxide, most aldehydes
and ketones, and straight-chain alcohols do not interfere
significantly. The interference of olefins and aromatic
hydrocarbons can be largely eliminated by the use of appropriate
sampling conditions. (Author abstract)t#
03690
D. F. lender and A. W. Breidenbach
MODIFICATION OF THE PHENOLPHTHALIN METHOD FCE THE DETERMINATION OF
TOTAL OXIDANTS. Bnal. Chem. . 35 (3) : 417-41 8, Mar., 1963.
(Presented at the Division of Haste and Water Chemistry, 140th
Meeting, American Chemical Society, Chicago, 111., Sept..
1961.,)
Atmospheric oxidants can be determined by the phenolphthalin
method.. This method is a modification of the Kastle-Meyer
technigue for detecting biological oxidizing substances, copper,
cyanide, and hydrogen peroxide,, The phenolphthalein that is
produced from the oxidation of phenolphthalin can exist in a number
of pH-dependent structures. Three of these structures are shown.
Samples were taken from a 10-liter glass chamber in connection
with another project.. An ultraviolet light inside the chamber
was used to irradiate air, thereby producing high concentrations
of o-zone. The color which initially devellped in the sampling
solution,, faded after approximately 30 minutes of sampling. This
difficulty was investigated and a modification was developed.
Additional studies were done on the stoichiometry, the possible
degradation of reagent during sampling, and the absorption
maximum,, #t
03719
A., J., Drummond and J., J. Boche
THE MEASDBEHENT OF THE SPICTEAI EISTBIBUTION OF SUN AND SKY
BADIATICN BY THE USE OF COLORED GIASS FILTEES. Arch.,
Beteorol., Geophys., Bioklimatol., Ser. B 14, (3/4) 32fi-35,
1966.,
The current techniques for carrying out spectral measurements of
sun and sky radiation by means cf colored glass filters are
reviewed. The results are discussed of an original investigation
into the occurrence of what are believed to be systematic errors
in enclosed hemispherical-filter thermopile systems, employed in
pyranometer design. As a result of an analysis of a large mass of
solar spectral measurement material, attention was first directed
350
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
to an apparent change in instrument sensitivity, when operating
conditions are continuous over long periods. In the experimental
investigation a group of Eppley spectral pyranometers and
pyrhelioneters were used. The study was extended to include
pyranometers open to natural ajid forced ventilation as well as
hermetically sealed units™ The results indicate that the
corrections so far established ought to be of general application,
within practical lisitations, to the present Zppley design and,
with some modification, to other constructions. (Author summary
modified)f #
03727
A. P. Jltshuller, S. F. Sleva, A. F. Hartburg
SEECTHOPHOTOMETBIC DETERMINATION OF OLEFINS IN CONCENTRATED
SDIFDRIC ACID. Anal. Chen. 32, (8) 9U6-5H, July 1960.
(Presented before the Division of Hater, Sewage, and
Sanitation Chemistry, Symposium on Air Pollution, 136th
fleeting, American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, N-J.,
Sept. 1959.)
A new spectrophotometric method for the determination of small
quantities of olefins is based on the absorbance produced in the
300 to 310 millimicron range from their reaction with
concentrated sulfuric acid. The procedure is insensitive to
ethylene under all conditions studied and to propylene
concentrations below 1500 p.p. nu Propyl and higher molecular
weight alcohols react to form absorbing products at 300
millimicron.. Some higher molecular weight aldehydes, nitrogen
dioxide, and sulfur dioxide interfere moderately. The method has
been applied to the analysis of a number of two component liquid
mixtures and to gas mixtures containing butrenes, 1-hexene, or 1-
hexene-benzene in air. The experimental evidence favors
carbonium ions as the absorbing species. (Author abstract)##
03772
B. BucX and H. Gies
THE MEASUREMENT OF HYDROGEN SOLFIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE (COMBINED
B2S AND S02 MEASDREMENT). STAUB {English Transl.)
(Duesseldorf) 26, <9) 27-33, Sept. 1966.. Geru (Tr.)
Modification of a measurement method for hydrogen sulfide in the
atmosphere was studied by considering the following parameters:
(1) development of a suitable scrption system, (2) desorption and
the analytical determination of hydrogen sulfide, (3) limits of
detection, and (it) determination of the calibration function. It
vas ascertained that sorption of hydrogen sulfide, associated with
silver sulfide formation, occurs in sorption tubes™ Hydrogen
sulfide, liberated from it by subsequent'treatment with acid, is
then determined by the molybdenum blue method. The detection
limit lies below the detectable intensity of the hydrogen sulfide
suell. Since no sulfur dioxide is absorbed in the hydrogen
D. Measurement Methods 351
-------
sulfide sorption tube, sulfur dioxide determination can be carried
out simultaneously with hydrogen sulfide using the same air
sample.t#
03795
C. E. Begeman and J., H, Colucci
APPARATUS FOB DETERMINING THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE AUTOMOBILE TO
THE BENZENE-SOLUBLE ORGANIC MATTES IN AIR- Natl.. Cancer
Inst. Monograph 9,17-57 1962. '.(Presented at the Symposium on
Analysis of Carcinogenic &ir Pollutants, Cincinnati, Ohio,
Aug. 29-31, 1961_!
Part I describes condensation-filtration systems for collecting
particulate matter from 100 percent of the exhaust gas and blowby
gas of a modern automobile gasoline engine operating in a
dynamometer installation. Exhaust gas flow rates for a simulated
city-driving schedule of operation are given. Extraction
apparatus for the recovery of the benzene-soluble fraction is
described., Part II covers the design and testing of a mobile
unit for the collection of particulate matter from the atmosphere.
A centrifugal fan driven by an electric motor draws air through
a 30 x 24 x 11 1/2 in. "absolute" filter at the rate of 5000 cfm.
A Pitot tube is utilized to measure air flow. Carbon monoxide
concentration is measured continuously with a nondispersive
infrared analyzer. The equipment is installed in a specially
adapted Step-Van truck. (Author summary)**
03828
Pustinger, John V.
RNAIYTICAI TECHNIQUES FOB IDENTIFICATION OF GAS-OFF PRODUCTS
FROM CJBIN MATERIALS- In: Proceedings of the Conference on
Atmospheric Contamination in Confined Spaces: 30 March 1
April 1965, Aerospace Medical Research Lab., (6570th)
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, bScontract AF 33 (657)-11305,
Proj. 6302, AHRL-TR-65-230, p. 276-295, Nov. 1965.
CFSTI, DBC: AD 629622
A program was initiated to identify the gas-off products from a
variety of candidate space craft materials and to estimate the
concentration and gas-off rates of these potential space
contaminants.. Eventually 50 materials will be tested and
approximately 1000 analyses will be performed. A listing of
general types is presented. Some standard procedures for
establishing minimun detection levels are needed. The simple
methods of weight loss from thermal degradation or olfactory
sensing, as used in the Mercury program, will not suffice. As
shown in this study, the highly sensitive detection system of gas
chromatography and the specific identification possible with
supporting mass spectrometry and infrared absorption
spectrcphotometry fulfill most criteria. The techniques employed
in this program were developed for application tc survey a wide
352 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
range of materials. In each material system, more optimum
instrument conditions, particularly gas chrcmatography operation,
could be established. It is felt that with improved gas
chromatography techniques, considerably lower detection levels can
be established. The biggest problems in standardization of
methods are sample preparation and handling. There are many
variables, e.,g., freshness of sample, surface area, mixing, curing,
sample uniformity and changes in proprietary mixes, which can
influence the nature and degree of gas-off products™ Early
results indicate that standardization of methods for gas
chromatography and mass spectrometry can best be accomplished for
individual sample types, e.g., silicone polymers, rather than a
single comprehensive approach. Each system produces different
gas-off products, vhich require different analyses. Also, the
most significant data can te obtained when the materials are
evaluated in the approximate form for final use.##
03866
J., R.. Farmer J. D. Williams
INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION STUDY: FHASE II PROJECT RIPORT.. III.
BIB QUALITY MEASUREMENTS. Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control.
Dec. 1966.. 190 pp.
The development of an effective air resource management
program begins with identification of the pollutants in the
air, and determination of the quantity and origin of each type,.
The air quality measurement program was designed and operated
to make these determinations in the Metropolitan St. Louis
area. Once the physical aspects of the air pollution problem
are defined, air—pollution-effect data and criteria as well as
opinion surveys can be used to set the air quality goals..
From this base, with use of the pollutants emission inventory
the air resource management emission control plan can be
designed. At this stage the air quality measurement program
is used to monitor the air quality to assure that the goals are
attained. In addition ot its use in the air resource management
program, this report provides a reasonably complete list of air
guality data in a form that will assist research and
program personnel in developing activities and attaining program
objectives. % population distribution map of the study area is
provided to allow comparison between distribution of population,
pollutants,, and sampling measurement networks.##
03888
0. H. Talbot
A DIFFRACTION SIZE-FREQUENCY ANALYZES .WITH AUTOMATIC RECORDING CF
SIZE-FREQUENCY 'DISTRIBUTIONS ANE TOTAL AND HESPIRABLE SURFACE
SBF.AS. J. Sci- Instr. (London) 43, 744-9, Oct. 1966.
A simple non-rigorous account of the theory of the diffraction
size-frequency analyser, an instrument for determining particle
D. Measurement Methods 353
-------
size-frequency distributions, is given. A vacuum metallizing
technigue is used to obtain an opaque diffraction screen in which
each particle is represented by an aperture of the same size and
shape as the projection of the particle on to the screen. It is
shown that by using illumination coherent in one plane it is
possible to obtain an unambiguous length-freguency distribution of
aperture chords parallel to the plane of coherence. The
size-frequency distribution of the apertures can be obtained frcm a
knowledge of their shape distribution or by assuming a shape
distribution which may be regarded as defining the particle size
parameter,. An instrument, based on this theory, which records the
size-frequency distributions or the total and respirable surface
areas of dust samples at the rate of 10 samples per min has been
developed. The required information is obtained by modulating the
far-field diffraction spectrum by means of wave vector filters and
integrating the transmitted light with a photomultiplier.. The
results are recorded either as curves on a recorder chart or
printed out in digital form. (Author abstract)##
C392H
V. A. Tret'yakova
THE DETERMINATION OF 4,1"DIPRENYLMETHANE DDSOCYANATE IN AIH
UNDER EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS. Hyg. Sanit. 31, (4-6) 73-5,
Apr.-June 1966. Rr. (Tr.J
CFSTI, TT 66-51160/1-6
Two methods are suggested for the photometric determination of
t,t-diphenylmethane dusocyanate (CMD). The first method of
determination is based on the reaction of DMD with aromatic
amines and nitrites for which the sensitivity is 1 microgram in t.2
ml and the determination error is plus or minus 7%. The second
method of determination is based on the reduction of DMD with
N02 ion. In this case the sensitivity is 20 micrograms/5.5 ml
for photometric deterination with an FMS-56 instrument,, with a
mean error of plus or minus t5i; the sensitivity for photometric
determinations by the standard series method is 2 microgram/5.5 ml,
vith an error of plus or minus 10?., DMD vapor is absorbed by
acetone when the air is drawn through two absorbing vessels with
porous partitions cooled by ice, at a rate of up to 30 1/hr.#t
03948
G. Norwitz
A COIOEIMETEIC METHOD FOE THE DETERMINATION OF OXIDES OF
NITROGEN. analyst (Cambridge) 91, (1086) 553-8, Sept. 1966.
A method for determining oxides of nitrogen applied to gaseous
products derived from initiating compositions is described.
The oxides of nitrogen are absorbed from the sample into
sulfuric acid, iron (II) sulfate is added and the pink color is
measured. The interference effects of a number of gases such as
354 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
hydrogen snlfide and sulfur dioxide have been investigated. The
range of the method is 0.005 to 55! of oxides of nitrogen,
calculated as nitrogen dioxide.. ##
03965
M. J. Boldue and F- K. Severs
I MODIFIED TOTAL COMBUSTION AHA1YZEB FOB USE IN SOURCE TESTING
SIR POLLUTION. Air Eng. 7, (8) 26-9, Aug. 1965.,
(Presented before the Division of Hater, Air, and Waste
Chemistry, 149th National fleeting, American Chemical
Society, Detroit, Mich... Apr, it-9, 1965.)
The development of a Total Combustion Analyaer (TCA) for
portable^ on-site sampling and analysis of combustion gases for
hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide concentrations is
described. The TCi was tested in comparison with the Flame
lonization Analyzer and Detector at three industrial sources.
The data collected show the TCA unit to be reliable, accurate
and capable of on-site use..**
03966
H. J. Boldue, B. Kn Severes, and G. L. Brewer
TEST PBOCEDUBES FOR EVALUATION OF INDUSTRIAL FUME CONVEETEES
(SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES BEVIEWED IOR). Air Eng.
8, (2) 20-3, Feb. 1966., (Presented at the 58th Annual Meeting,
Jir Pollution Control Association, Toronto, Canada, June
20-2U, 1965-)
The purpose for development of the source testing outline was to
permit systematic evaluation of air pollution control eguipment
on gaseous organic fume streams. Data were obtained to fulfill
the following objectives of the source outline: (1) Determination
of combustible emission and conversion efficiency. (2)
Determination of particulate matter emissions. (3)
Identification of specific emissions by laboratory analyses. (4)
Determination of the odor concentration of the effluent stream in
conjunction with these objectives of source test measurements, the
outlined program was to include: (5) A method to check
credibility of sampling and analyses. (6) A technique for future
monitoring of the control equipment performance. Source tests
were conducted on catalytic fume converter units located on a
netal-coating oven, a varnish-cooking kettle, a phthalic anhydride
plant and a wire-coating oven. Sampling procedures, analytical
techniques and developed equipment are discussed. The results of
each of the evaluations cf the catalytic fume converters are
presented.#*
D. Measurement Methods 355
-------
03979
F- Schulze
VERSATILE COMBINATION OZONE ANE SOIIUE DIOXIDE ANALYZER.
Anal. Chenu 38, J6) 748-52, May 1966..
A combination analyzer has been devised to overcome mutual
interference due to coexistence of czone and sulfur dioxide in the
atmosphere. The measurement principle involves liberation
of iodine from an iodide solution by ozone in one channel, and
consumption of iodine by sulfur dioxide in a second channel. The
iodine concentration is measured ampercmetrically. The
system is standardized by means of coulometrically generated
iodine. Sodium iodide reagent is circulated continuously by
a two-channel metering pump through a bed of nylon fiber
which removes free iodine quantitatively; thus, reagent is
regenerated, no replenishment is required, and
integrity of the reagent is ensured. Ozone is preferentially
removed from air entering the sulfur dioxide channel by filtering
through a bed of ferrous sulfate crystals. Sulfur dioxide
is removed from the ozone channel by filtering through a bed
of quartz chips soaked in a solution of chromium trioxide in
aqueous phosphoric acid. The important advantages of the
instrument are rapid response, high sensitivity, ease of
standardization, and capacity fcr unattended operation. (Author
abstract)*#
OH018
H.. Strathmann and H. Buck
MEASUREMENT OF NITBOGEN DIOXIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE. Messung
von stickstoffdioxid in der atmosphare. Intern. J. Air
Hater Pollution 10, <5) 313-26, May 1966.
Dp to the present time there has been no standard process for
determining nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere. Saltzman process
is suitable both for discontinuous, continuous and recording
measurements, according to international experience to date. The
chemical reaction mechanism which forms the basis of this process
is, however, still so obscure that different interpretations and
calculations of the research findings are made. The behaviour of
gaseous nitrogen dioxide towards reaction solution in comparison
with the calibration of the process with sodium nitrate was
investigated. It was found that, contrary to the classical
conceptions, 0-5 tl of sodium nitrate are not equivalent to 1 H
of N02, nor, contrary to Saltzman's view, are 0..72 «, but 1
B of N02 corresponds to 1 M of N02 ions from sodium nitrite.
The calibration factor for a calibration function established uith
sodium nitrite thus has no value different from 1, contrary to
previous conceptions. After calculation of the limit of
detection and the reproducibility, the disturbing influences of
foreign substances were investigated, with special attention to the
behaviour of NO-N02 mixtures. Discontinuous N02 emission
356 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
neasurements can now be carried cut at intervals of 10 min- using a
special sampling vessel with an air flow rate of 60 liters/hr.
(Author abstract modified) **
04029
E. Sawicki, C,. E. Engel, and H. C,, Elbert
CHBOMA10GBAPHIC LOCATION AND COICBIMETBIC DETERMINATION OF
BEBCAETANS, PROLINES AND TREE RADICAL PBECUBSOBS „ Talanta,
Vol. 1«, p. 1169-1O8, 1967. 19 refs.
A new reagent is introduced for the colorimetric determination of
free radical precursors, such as cysteine, proline, hydroxyproline,
the phenoxazine family, and mercaptans. 7,7,8,8-
Tetracyanoquinodimethan (TCNQ) is also useful in the location
and characterization on paper or thin-layer chromatograms of
proline, hydroxyproline, cysteine, polynuclear compounds,
nercaptans,, thiocarbonyl amides, and thiosemicarbazones. In
addition, amino acid derivatives, such as the N-
(phenylthiocarbamyl) amino acids and the 3-phenylthiohydantoins,
can be located and characterized on chromatograms. TCNQ has been
applied to the location and characterization of atmospheric
proline, carbazole, and 11 H-benzo (a) carbazole.. For
characterization purposes absorption spectra were obtained directly
from glass-fiber, paper, or thin-layer chromatograms from about
300 to 900 millimicron. (authors" abstract)##
OUOftO
E. J. Schulz, B. A. Euffee, P. I. Mitchell, and E. V.
Ungar
A TBACER TECHNIQUE TO MEASURE DEPOSITION OF STACK EMISSIONS..
An. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 21., (5) 313-9, Oct. 1960.
The uranine tracer technique is a useful tool in the
quantitative measurement of the particulate deposition rate of
industrial emission,, The variable decompositions of uranine
solutions exposed to the atmosphere in dust-fall containers
prevents the use of dust-fall jars as sampling devices. Eased
on the laboratory study, uranine can be dispersed as a tracer
into stack at stack-gas temperatures up to 600 F without
decomposition. Hith direct stack injection, losses of tracer in
the stack must be determined for each application™ In using
uranine it is mandatory that background fluorescence be determined
in the area to be investigated. However, the technique is not
linited to uranine. Any soluble material that satisfies the
requirements of a tracer can be employed with this methcdot#
D. Measurement Methods 357
-------
04044
B. V. Doughty and B. 0. Erisman
J RELIABLE LCW COST INSTBUKENT IDE EiTSBKINING ATMOSPHERIC
CXIEANT LEVELS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 11 (9): 128-
430, Sept. 1961. (Presented at the 54th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, New York City, June 11-15,
1961.)
The quantitative measurement of atmospheric ozone or oxidants in
many communities are carried out ty rutter cracking methods.
These methods have advantages such as simplicity and low cost.
However, the results obtained may vary considerably depending
upon the experience and interpretative abilities of the operator.
Ihis paper is concerned with the improvement of the rubber
cracking method ty removal of the element of varying individual
jud-gment, thereby increasing the accuracy and reliability of the
method and permitting a more valid comparison of the data
produced by different operators. After investigating various
techniques, a method similar tc that used by the B. F. Goodrich
Czonometer was selected as the basis for this study. This method
measures the differential creep in a standard strip of rubber, CDS
half of which is exposed to the atmosphere and the other half of
which is protected. Constant stress is maintained in both halves
of the rubber strip by a pulley located at the median point o± the
strip. Oxidant induced creep is measured by the degree of
rotation of the pulley. A schematic diagram of the instrument is
presented. It is firmly believed that the instrument described ir.
this paper can provide accurate, low-cost measurement of
cumulative oxidant levels. The simple, virtually foolproof
operation of the instrument eliminates the need for trained
personnel and frequent maintenance. The instrument requires no
power source and this is readily applied to field sampling at
isolated sites.##
04150
V. A. lozenas and S. P. Kuznetsov
PHOTOELECTRIC SPECTROPHOTOMETEF FOB ATMOSPHERIC OZONE
OBSERVATIONS. D.S.S.H. Literature on Air Pollution and
Belated Occupational Diseases, B., S., Levine, Vol. 13.
(Part I - Atmospheric Ozone, Results of U.S.S..R.
International Geophysical Year Studies Presented at the Oct..
28-31, 1959 Conference. Reports and Resolutions.,) pp. 9-11,,
1961.. Buss., (Tr..)
CFSTI: TT 66 62191
The design of a spectrophotometer, based on a double quartz
Bonochromator for measuring spectral intensity of zenith scattered
solar light, is described. This instrument measures variations in
the ratio of spectral intensities of solar light scattered from
the zenith in a cloudless sky in daytime, 10 minutes before
sunrise and 10 minutes after sunset.##
358 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
014151
J. S» Eritayev
CHEMICAL OZONE CONTENT DETERMINATION. U.S..S.B. literature
on Air Pollution and Belated Occupational Diseases, B. S.
levine Vol. 13. {Part I - Atmospheric Ozone- Results of
n.s.S.B. International Geophysical Year Studies
Presented at the Oct. 28-31, 1959 Conference. Reports and
Resolutions.) pp. 11-21. 1961. Buss. (Tr.,)
CFSTI: TT 6662191
Direct chemical ozone measurement in the lower atmospheric layers
enabled the exact fornulaticn of boundary conditions for vertical
ozone distribution and, in particular, refinement of ozone
concentration calculations in the upper atmospheric layers based on
ground spectrometric data. Furthermore, it was possible to use
tropospheric ozone observations in computing vertical wind motion,
turbulence, transfer coefficients, to study relationship fcetween
ozone, cloudiness, and precipitation, etc. Development and
construction of the electrochemical ozonometer and chemical ozone
radiosonde stimulated and advanced the use of chemical and
electrochemical methods.**
01153
I.. Osherovich and S. F. Radionov
SOHE PHOTOELECTRIC OZONOKETEB TYPES., U. S. S. B. Literature
on Air pollution and Belated Occupational Diseases, B. S»
Levine, Vol. 13. '(Part I — Atmospheric Ozone. Results of
O.S.S.R., International Geophysical Year Studies Presented
at the Oct. 28-31, 1959 Conference. Reports and Besolutions .)
pp. 50-7. 1961. Russ. (Tr.)
CFSTI: TT 66 62191
Result of research in attainient of higher accuracy in
ozonometry is presented. Two types of ozonometers, consisting of
following three basic units are proposed: (1) A system for
discriminating comparatively narrow spectral intervals in the
3100-3300 A and 4000-5000 A regions in some cases; (2) An
electrophotometer; and (3) A device for aiming the ozonometers at
an extraterrestrial light source.##
OM157
G. P., Gushchin
A METHOD FOB COMPUTING TOTAL ATBOSPHEBIC OZONE MEASUREMENTS MADE
HITH LIGHT FILTER EQUIPPED INSTRUMENTS. U.S.S-P.,
Literature on Air Pollution and Belated Occupational Diseases
, B. S. Levine, Vol., 13. (Part I - Atmospheric Ozone.
Results of D.S.S.R. International Geophysical Year Studies
D. Measurement Methods 359
-------
Presented at the Oct. 28-31, 1959 Conference. Reports and
Resolutions.) ppu 101-6. Suss. (Tr.)
CFSTI: IT 6662191
The developed method for computing total atmospheric ozone can be
used in association with instruments equipped with glass and other
filters. The construction of the ozone nomogram is based on
equations and the nethod eliminates aerosol introduced errors,,
The proposed ozone nomograi simplifies and facilitates
computations.**
014160
G. P., Gushchin
ISO IHPOBTAST FEATURES OF OZONCHETEIC INSTBUHENTS.
U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Belated
Occupational Diseases, B. S. Levine, Vol. 13. ((Part I -
Atmospheric Ozone. Besults of U,,S,,S.R. International
Geophysical Year Studies Presented at the Oct. 28-31, 1959
Conference. Reports and Resolutions.) pp. 126-31. 1961., Russ.
(Tr.)
Experiments were conducted for the purpose of explaining the
effect of the instrument's solid angle on the measured ozone
quantity., The first experiment was to determine the
functional relation of the ratio between two filter readings to the
solid angle of the universal ozonometer at different solar
elevations- The second experiment was to determine the functional
relationship of reading ratio 11/12 to altitude above sea level
in using instruments having different solid angles at same solar
elevation. The solid angle of an optical ozonometric instrument
must be small. Its magnitude should be less than 6 degrees at
least in two-dimensional coordinates. A solid angle in excess
of 10 degrees introduces an additional error in ozone
measurements which is associated with atmospheric light
scattering. The larger the solid angle and the lower the solar
elevation at the time of the measurements, the greater the error.
Czonometric instruments should be provided with means for
compensating errors due to temperature. Temperature errors in
filter-equipped ozonometers reflected the dependence of filter
transmissivity on temperature. (Author conclusions modified) ##
01162
A. A. Znamenskii
COMPARISON OF OZONOMETBIC INSTHDMEN1S MADE AT THE BAIN A. T.
VOEIKOVO GEOPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY. UuSnS.R. Literature on
Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, B. S.
Levine, Vol. 13- (Part I - Atmospheric Ozone. Results of
n.S.S-R. International Geophysical Year Studies
Presented at the Oct., 28-31, 1959 Conference. Reports and
Resolutions.) pp. 134-UO., 1961. Russ. (Tr.)
360 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
A comparative study of ozonometric instruments showed that values
obtained in determining total atmospheric ozone simultaneously by
different instruments deviated from those recorded by the Dobson
spectrophotometer by as much as 23%. Total atmospheric ozone
curves plotted from data obtained by different instruments
exhibited a general parallelisu with an occasional departure.
The comparative study established that a universal ozonometer
was the most suitable instrument for measuring total atmospheric
ozone at all points of a station network. ill stations of an
ozonometric network should be equipped with identical instruments,
preferably of the above described universal type. Parameters of
calibrated instruments should he left unchanged, so that the same
instruments can be used as the standard in future comparative
studies of the instruments" stability with time. It is
recommended that nomograus be used by all stations of an
ozonometric network for simplification and acceleration cf data
processing. Standardization of ozonometric instruments should be
done in regions where clear air and favorable weather conditions
predominate. (Author conclusions modified) t#
04169
P.. F. Svistov
CHEHICA1 DETERHINATION OF GBCOND LAYIB OZONE AT VOEIKOVO.
D.S.S.B. Literature on Air Pollution and Belated
Occupational Diseases, B. S. levine. Vol. 13. (Part II
Atmospheric Ozone., Data Presented at the Hay 21-23, 1963
Conference on Atmospheric Ozone.J pp. 2213-20.. 1965. Puss.,
(Tr.,)
CFSTI: TT6662191
Several methods of chemical ozone determination in atmospheric
air were tested™ In one method the amount of ozone was calculated
on the basis of conductometric potassium iodide titration results
before and after air aspiration.. The second method, which is
described in greater detail, was based on ozone density
determination by difference between iodine content in the
potassium iodide before and after air aspiration.. The iodine is
extracted with chloroforu and its color intensity determined
photocolorimetrically. t#
04170
K. I., Bomashkina
METHODS FOE THE CALIBBATION OF ZENITHAL AND LDNAB UNIVEESAL
OZONOMETEB ASSEMBLIES. D.S.S.B., literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, B. S. Levine,
Vol» 13. (Part II - Atmospheric Ozone. Data Presented at
the Hay 21-23, 1963 Conference on Atmospheric Ozone.) pp.
220-5. 1965 Buss. (Tr.(
CFSTI: TT 6662191
The proposed method of calibrating zenithal and lunar
observations is essentially an empirical one. Seme of the
D. Measurement Methods 361
-------
assumptions on which it is based lack verification. Therefore,
the accuracy of determining total ozone determination on the
basis of zenithal and lunar observations is below the accuracy
of solar observations™ The use of these data must be approached
more cautiously, especially in research studies. Nevertheless,
this method can be used advantageously in conducting continuous
observations of total atmospheric ozone. f#
04223L
A. Belon, N. Brown, G, Cresswell, C. Deehr, G.
Bomick, and H. Tryon
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY OF ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS {TECHNICAL
SDMHARY SEPT.,). Alaska Dniv. , Geophysical Inst. Har, 15,
1966., 154 pp.
A scanning spectrophotometer equipped with a S-1 sensitive
photomultiplier has been used to obtain auroral spectra in the
wavelength region 6400A to 9700A., Emissions of neutral and
singly ionized molecular nitrogen, molecular oxygen, hydroxyl,,
and atomic lines of oxygen and nitrogen were recorded with 10
second scan times and 20A resolution. A comparison of
relative intensities of several vibration bands of the N2 1PG
system averaged over several scans with theoretical intensities and
previously observed intensities reveals no evidence of selective
excitation. A similar analysis of the Heinel N2 bands also
shows no evidence of selective excitation except possibly for the
-------
Bj utilizing radioelectronic Beans, ionization methods of
deternining atmospheric pollutants ensure reliability, high
precision and rapid automatic recording of results. The prospects
for using these nethods are assessed and their theoretical
principles are examined. The uethods included are:
thernoionization, photoionization, electric discharge,
radioactivity ionization, argon ionization, electron capture, and
nass spectrometry.f*
01281
J. F, Griffiths and H. J. Griffiths
A BIBLIOGBAPHY OF HESO- AND MICBO-ENVIBONMENTAL INSTRUMENTATION.
Texas Agricultural and Mechanical Univ., College Station
Dept. of Meteorology. (Technical Note 13-EDS 2.) July
1966.,
CFSTI: PB 173 088
In the past, the meteorologist has been generally concerned with
the gross features of the atmosphere, measured with instruments
of relatively coarse sensitivity. Today, and in the future, the
environmental scientist is and will be concerned with measurements
of the meso- and micro-environment. since it will often be
impossible to use standard neteorological instruments, he will
either have to turn to specialized equipment and personally
constructed instruments, or will have to modify commercially
available apparatus. This bibliography was prepared in
anticipation of these needs and is intended to guide the researcher
to pertinent subject references. The bibliography is not
coapletely comprehensive, but concentrates on the lower atmosphere
and the upper layers of the soil.ft
01328
E. Sawicki, M. Guyer, and C. B. Engel
PiPEB AND THIN-LAYER ELECTBOPHOBETIC SEPARATIONS OF POLYNUCLEflB
AZA HETEBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS. Preprint. 1967.
A large number of polynuclear aza heterocyclic compounds have
been separated by paper and thin-layer electrophoresis. The
pherograms were scanned fluorimetrically. Many of the separated
compounds were capable of being characterized and assayed by the
scanning procedure. Analysis by fluorimetric scanning of the
pherograms was much more selective when the appropriate excitation
and emission wavelengths were used. Samples of urban airborne
particulate can be separated and analyzed with the help of paper
or thin-layer electrophoresis. (Author abstract)*#
D. Measurement Methods 363
-------
01105
0. Cucchiara, B. Bex, T» Conaghue
THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INSTBDHF.NT FOE THE DETECTION OP HAZARDOUS
VAPORS. Paraietrics, Inc., Haltham, Hass. (Technical
Sept. No. AFAPL-TR-65-50.) June 1965. 51 pp.
DDC, AD 165091
A prototype model of an instrument which is capable of detecting
low concentrations of hydrogen, fluorine and fluorine-containing
oxidizers was developed. The instrument provides an audible
alarm within three to five seconds after exposure tc near hazardous
concentrations of these gases. The alarm concentrations are
either 0.5% or 1.0% hydrogen, and .025 ppm of fluorine, chlorine
trifluoride or oxygen difluoride- Other detection levels (both
higher and lower) could be set if required. The basis of this
technique is that the loss of radioactivity of a kryptonated
honolog upon reaction with a gas is proportional to the
concentration of the reacting gas. The instrument is portable,
simple to operate, and reiable. The instrunent incorporates the
technique of radiochemical exchange using kryptonates.
Selectivity is achieved by the utilization of different
kryptonated sources for the various gases. Other gases can be
detected with this instrument by using appropriate kryptonate
hcmologs. (Author abstract) *#
01158
J.. L. Fergason, N« N. Goldberg, C. H. Jones, H. S-
Bush, !„ C. Scala,, and F. Davis
DETECTION OF LIQUID CEYSTAL GASES (REACTIVE MATERIALS).
Sestinghouse Electric Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa., Research
Labs,, (Technical Rept. No. RADC-TR-61-56 9.) Aug. 1965.
127 pp.
DDC, AD 620 910
The purpose was to determine whether reactive liquid crystals
could be developed that would detect 1 to 10 ppm of certain gases.
Satisfactory materials were produced to detect hydrazine hydrate
(HR) ,unsynmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) , N02, HN03, HF, and
HCI. With the exception of HCI and HF, all of the gases
conld be readily distinguished from one another. Temperature-
sensitive detectors were developed which are capable of
distinguishing between HH and UEMH at concentrations of 8
ppm., A number of detectors were developed that respond to the
oxides of nitrogen, and detection of 6 ppm of R02 was
satisfactorily achieved. N20, which is relatively inert, was
found not to react with any of the systems studied. When oxides
of nitrogen are present in an atmosphere that contains any water
vapor, HN03 will be formed. Materials that detected 1 ppm of
HN03 were prepared and tested. Two detectors were developed
that will detect HCL and HF at concentrations below 1 ppir.
Bowever, no simple method for distinguishing between the two was
fcund. The set of reactive cholesteric liquid crystals exhibit a
change in color transition temperature upcn exposure to the
contaminants-ft
364 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
04
-------
Procedures for the discriminative analysis of nitrogen
oxides {HO, N02, N20«, HN03 or N205J were examined along
with determinations of nitrite and nitrate and oxidation conditions
whereby NO forms nitrite or nitrate entities. Analyses of
nitrogen oxides in air samples of engine exhaust gas, combustion
effluents {coal,, coal gas and kerosene) and cigarette smoke were
also made. NO was found together with N02 in varying
proportions depending on the source and other factors; also NO
accounted for the major part of nitrogen oxide in each sample™
HN03 was rarely detected as far as the samples investigated were
concerned,##
OD579
A. J. Haagen-Smit M., F. Brunelle
THE APPLICATION OF PHENOLPHTHALIN REAGENT TO ATMOSPHERIC
OXIDANT ANALYSIS. Intern.. J. Air Mater Pollution 1, 51-9,
1958.
In recent years, a form of air pollution has developed which is
characterized by a strong oxidizing effect. For the measurement
of this effect of colorimeteric method has been developed,
based on the oxidation of phenolphthalin to phenolphthalein.
Good correlation has been reported between oxidant determined
by this method and subjective observation, and a comparison is
made of data obtained by different methods. A simple, semi-
automatic sampler is described, and the results of 5 years of
continuous sampling are presented. (Author abstract}##
04596
R., Smith
PBOGRAM DEVELOPMENT THROUGH APPLYING MEASUREMENTS AND
MCNITOBING KNOW-HOW. Proc. Natl. Ccnf., Air Pollution,
Washington, D..C., 1962. pp. 233-«5.. 1963.
Author directs our attention to the problem of appropriate air
quality., Hany large communities are able to deal with the direct
nuisance problem in which there is a specific individual source of
pollution and some rather direct social or economic effects on
adjacent inhabited areas. While such programs eliminate many
source of complaint, they seldom provide a community with an
overall air quality of a desirable nature. Although this problem
is complex and knowledge is imperfect, author discusses simple
guidelines through which reasonable long-range objectives can be
delineated. Such objectives are capable of periodic evaluation
as knowledge and techniques improve.##
01)623
E, Batijevic,, M. Kerker, and K., F,, Schulz
IIGHT SCATTERING OF COATED AEROSOLS. PART I. SCATTERING EY THE
AGCL CORES. Discussions Faraday Soc. (Aberdeen)
(Scotland) (30} 178-81), 1960.
366 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
The preparation of silver chloride aerosols consisting of
spherical particles of narrow size distribution by a condensation
technique is described. The particle size distribution was
determined by electron microscopy- Excellent agreement was
obtained between the polarization ratio from light-scattering
measurements and that calculated from the particle size
distribution and theoretical scattering functions. Since the
light scattering itself was insensitive to particle size
distribution over a wide range of sizes studied (radius, 200-800
lillimicrons), the determination of particle size distribution
from light scattering is not feasible for this range.. However,
there is an optimum range of size (rav equivalent ot 55.0
millimicrons) where particle size distribution can be obtained
from light scattering. (Author abstract)##
04635
H. F. Serat, F. E. Budinger, and P. K. Mueller
TOXICITI EVALUATION OF AIB POLLUTANTS BY USE OF LUMINESCENT
EACTEHIJ. Atmos. Environ. (London) 1, (1) 21-32, Jan-
1967,. (Presented at the Seventh Coufreence of Methods in Air
Pollution Studies, Los Angeles, Calif., Jan. 25-26, 1965,,)
Cells of a species of luminescent bacteria were treated with a
gas stream containing products formed by the photochemical
oxidation of cis-2-butene and NO. Luminescence and viability
decreased with the time of irradiation of reactants,, The rate of
luminescence decrease was dependent on the ratio of the initial
concentrations of cis-2-butene and NO with a ratio of giving the
most rapid loss. Known photochemical oxidation products, ozone,
N02, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and PAN were examined
individually„ Aldehydes did not appear to contribute to the
decrease in luminescence but ozone and PAN did. Although N02
alone up to Ou5 ppm produced no decrease, it may contribute to the
luminescence loss in the total irradiation mixture. The total
oxidant concentration produced upon irradiation gave luminescence
decreases which were matched by comparable concentrations of pure
ozone. However, this does not isply that luminescence losses
caused by photochemical oxidants are due only to ozone. A
possible mechanism of the toxic effect and the interpretation of
this bioassay in relation to other organisms are briefly discussed.
(Author abstract) ##
OM643
J. T. Shaw
THE MEASUREMENT OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE IN THE AIR. Atmos,,
Environ. 1, (2) 81-5, Mar. 1967.
A method for determining whether an electrolytic generator gives a
quantitative output of N02 is described. The Hersch
electrolytic N02 generator was used to provide accurately known
weights of N02 and thus to evaluate a calibration factor for
Saltzman's color!metrie reagent used for the determination of the
D. Measurement Methods 357
-------
gas. The test confirms the value of 0.72 for the calibration
factor. AD assertion that the calibration factor is dependent on
the concentration of nitrogen dioxide sampled, is reexamined and
dismissed, the observations being re-interpreted on a simple
basis. (Author abstract modified)t#
01667
B. K. Sharma, D. E. McLean, J. Bardwell
AN APPARATUS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS DETAINED
DURING THE OXIDATION OF HYDROCARBONS. Indian J. Technol™
(India) 3, (7) 206-8, July 1965.
A gas chromatographic apparatus with several improved features,
permitting the analysis of complex mixtures of combustion products
obtained during the oxidation of hydrocarbons is described. The
improved features are (1) a sampling device that avoids the use of
stopcock grease and permits operation at elevated temperatures
and pressures; (2) six—way valves that facilitate sample injection;
and (3) a dual-column gas chromatograph permitting separation
of compounds with widely varying boiling points. The products
obtained by the low temperature (284 C,.} oxidation of propane and
butane have been analysed using this apparatus. Although the
gas chromatographic nethod is particularly appropriate for most
types of combustion products, it is less satisfactory for certain
highly reactive products, namely hydrogen peroxide,
formaldehyde and organic acids. The presence of formaldehyde
in the combustion gases has a detrimental effect on the gas
chromatographic analysis for certain other compounds, notably
methanol. (Author abstract modified)t#
OK696
M. En Morrison and 8. H. Corcoran
OPTIBUK CONDITIONS AND VABIABIIITI IN USE OF PULSED VOLTAGE
IN GAS-CHEOMATOGRAPHIC DETEBMINATION OF PAHIS-PEB-MILLION
QUANTITIES OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE. Anal. Chem. 39, 255-8,
Feb. 1967.,
The electron-capture detector has been shown to be very
sensitive to compounds with high affinities for free
electrons. Because of the relatively high electronegativity
of the nitrogen oxides, an electron-capture detector
was studied for its applicability in the detection of parts-per-
million quantities of nitrogen dioxide. With the objective of
analyzing N02 at concentrations below 1 ppm a plane-parallel
electron-capture detector was designed and built. The effects
of temperature, flow rate, size cf tritium source,
voltage, and the means of applying voltage to the plane-parallel
detector were studied. In the study of the methods for
applying voltage, direct current and pulse modes were used. A
loenco 15A gas chromatograph with a Loenco 15E
electrometer was used in the study. The plane-parallel detector
368 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
which was built was similar to one described by Lovelock-
A source of approximately 180 me of tritium was used. A
conditioned Fluoropak 80 column was operated at 22 C. Argon was
used as both a scavenger and carrier gas. In the study of the
optimum conditions of operation, 0.5-cc samples of nitrogen
containing 88.3 ppn of N02 were used. For the d.c. method
of operation with the plane-parallel detector, the most
sensitive response was with a carrier flow of 10 cc per min
of argon, a scavenger flow of 10 cc per min, and a detector
potential of 4.5 v. The plane-parallel design required a
lower potential and scavenger flow for optimum response in
comparison to the ooposed-flow Barber-Colman detector
i.e. 4.5 vs. 33 v and 10 vs. 85 cc per min., respectively..
Hith the pulse mode of operation, the response of the plane-
parallel detector was relatively independent of voltage
hetween 10 and 50 v» The sensitivity of the electron-capture
detector operated in the pulse node was increased approximately
fourfold in the concentration region from 1 to 10 ppm B02 when
the teaperature was decreased from 200 to 25 C, but the effect
was not linear with temperature. In fact, nearly all of the
increase in sensitivity was obtained in the range from 90 to
25 C. An increase in the strength of the tritium source did
increase the response for a given guantity of N02, but the noise
level was increased in the same proportion. Thus, the
absolute sensitivity was not a function of source strength as
long as a reasonable background current could be obtained. The
chromatographic determinations ccmpared very favorably with
chemical techniques for the analysis of N02.##
01767
G. E. Mast, and H. E. Saunders
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE INSTRUMENTATION OF OZONE
SENSING. ISA (Instr. Soc. Am.) Trans. 1, (4) 325-8,
Oct. 1962. (Presented at the Summer Instrument-Automation
Conference and Exhibit, Instrument Society of America, San
Francisco, Calif., May 9-12, 1960.)
The current status of the Hicrocoulomb Ozone Sensor including
operating parameters is summarized. Its use in a continuous
sensing and recording ozone meter is described, as well as its
application in a balloon sounding instrument. Essentially a
high-sensitivity device of limited scale, it is able to
distinguish ozone in air in the range of one part per billion.
(Author abstract modified) #f
04769
G. N. Plass
THE ABSORPTION OF LASEH BAEIATION AICNG ATMOSPHERIC SLANT PATHS.
Appl. Opt. 5, (1) 119-54, Jan. 1966.
The absorption of laser radiation along atmospheric slant paths is
calculated when Lambert's law is valid. Illustrative results are
D. Measurement Methods 369
-------
given for absorbing gases which are distributed uniformly
throughout the atmosphere and when the temperature variation of the
line intensities and half-width can be neglected. These results
are then generalized to include cases of nonuniformly distributed
gases with a temperature variation along the path. The effect
of the overlapping of spectral lines is studied through the use
the Elsasser model. Finally, it is shown that large differences
in the absorptance nay occur between corresponding frequencies in
the red and violet wings when there is a shift in the position of
the line center with pressure. This line shift could ideally
be studied with laser sources. (Author abstract)##
OU796
J. E. Sigsby, Jr., L. J. Lage, T- Bellar, and H. I.
Eisele
CHEMICAL METHODOLOGY IN AUTO EXHAUST STUDIES. Preprint.
(Presented at the 54th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Kew lorfc City, June 11-15, 1961-)
A major auto exhaust research project requires extensive chemical
analytical support. Such compounds as NO, N02, acrolein, and
the individual hydrocarbons and such classes of compounds as
olefins and oxidants are determined routinely. Sampling
schedules and conditions are important in the over-all program.
This paper describes the specific analyses and the general
laboratory program that provide the greatest amount of
significant chemical information. The procedures discussed
include IB sp«ctroscopy, wet chemical analysis and gas
chromatography. Wet chemical analyses are made for N02, NO,
four-carbon and higher olefins, acrolein, and formaldehyde. All
samples for wet chemical analysis are taken with bubblers. A
Beckman Spectrophotometer, Model DU, is used to determine
absorbance. For hydrocarbon analysis the gas chromatograph used
is a modified three-stage instrument. The first and second stages
are operated in series, using thermal conductivity detectors and
helium carrier gas. The third stage operates separately with a
flame ionization detector and a silica gel column to determine the
higher hydrocarbons. The first two stages are used in
conjunction with a double trapping system to determine four-carbon
and higher materials. The utilization of this array of testing
methods and equipment requires careful planning, if each experiment
is to yield maximum information- On one occasion 50 samples were
analyzed in a 4-hour period; this is more than one sample every
five minutes, and is typical of the quantity of data that may be
obtained if necessary. Normally, the reproducibility of the
chemical results is better than 10SS..##
OU839
H- K. Stevens and H. E, Painton
APPLICATION OF A HOT HIRE IONIZATIOS DETECTOB TO AUTOMOTIVE
EXHAUST GAS ANALYSIS™ Micro Tell Instruments Corp. , Baton
Bouge, La. Mar 17, 1967. 26 pp.
370 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
The objective was to investigate the application of a catalytic
combustion ionization detector to the determination of
hydrocarbons in automotive exhaust. The catalytic element is a
coiled platinum hot wire of the general type used in conventional
catalytic combustion detector cells in which thermal effects are
measured. In the present device the effect measured is the ion
current resulting from charged radicals formed during the process
of catalytic combustion. 4 major feature of this technique for
auto exhaust gas analysis is its complete selectivity to C2+
hydrocarbons in the presence of CO, H2, CH4, C02, air and
H20. The effect of operating parameters on selectivity to
different types of hydrocarbons was examined, results are
compared to those obtained with the Flame Ionization Detector,
and typical results on actual auto exhaust samples are reported.
The CCID (Catalytic Combustion Ionization Detector) can be
a critical component in a composite "black box" analyzer to be used
for field surveillance of automobile exhaust with regard to
emission of hydrocarbons and carton monoxide. (Author summary
modified)**
01)857
G. Dimitriades
DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN AUTC EXHAUST. J. Air
Pollution Control issoc.. 17, {«) 238-43, Apr, 1967.,
1 new procedure for deternining nitrogen oxides in automobile
exhaust has been developed. The new procedure was included in a
Bureaa of Hines comparative study that aimed at evaluating
various widely used methods for determing NOx in auto exhaust.
The methods included in the evaluation study follow: (1) Static
oxidation in tank (ST method). The method involves oxidation
of NO in residence with 02 in a stainless steel tank. {2)
Bureau of Hines nethod (BH method) . The method involves
application of the ST procedure in exhaust samples from which
the gydrocarbons have been revoced by combustion over catalyst.
(3) Chevron Research method (CB method) , as described in the
literature. (<*) Phenoldisulfonic acid method (PDS method) , as
described in the literature. The principal objective of this
study was to generate experiemental evidence which would lead to
defining an optimum procedure for converting NO, present in
exhaust gas, into N02; this conversion is desired so that the
total of NO + N02 can be determined guantitatively in the form
of N02. In pursuing this objective, the procedures prescribed
by the foregoing methods were comparatively tested. The results
indicated that all four methods are subject to error, the extent
of which depends on the conditions employed. The BM method was
superior from the standpoint of accuracy because it was less
affected by interferences due to hydrocarbon-N02 reactions..
(Author abstract)f#
Ci»880
B. C- Nevbury
THE USE OF THE CORRELATION SPECTBOHE1EH IN THE STUDY AND CONTROL
OF AIF POLLUTION. Preprint. (Presented at the Air and Water
Pollution Conference, Sacramento, Calif., Feb. 2-3, 1967.)
D. Measurement Methods 371
-------
The Barringer Correlation Spectrometer is a highly specific
instrument offering great advantages in pollutant monitoring: (1)
It is a physical neasureaent and does not require frequent renewal
of reagent solutions; (2) It can operate through a wide range of
temperature: it does not require constant temperature enclosures,
or even protection from freezing; (3) It requires no pumps or
valves. The passive model requires power only for the
electronics and reaote operation using solar cells if possible;
and (1) The basic instrument is suitable for a large number of
coapounds, reducing drastically, the spare parts and expertise
required, in comparison with the usual range of unrelated
instruments. The Barringer Tape Sampler is a modular sampler
of improved design and with a very flexible timing control unit.
The sequential sampler module will be additive for extended
sampling schedules,f#
OM881
A. E. Barringer
NEW INSTBUHENTSTIOti AND TECHNIQUES FOE POLLUTION MONITOBING..
Preprint. (Presented at the Sir and Hater Pollution
Conference, Sacramento, Calif.., Feb., 2-3, 1967.)
Correlation spectrometers utilize an internal memory of the
spectrum which it is desired to detect. Real time correlation is
carried out against the spectrum of the incoming radiation. The
first of these devices uses a conventional grating spectrometer.
A photographic replica of the spectrum of the gas being detected
is installed in the position norially occupied by the slit of a
dispersive spectrometer. A spectrometer is used to make the
replica mask, by exposure through a cell of the gas, matching
exactly the dispersion and aberration characteristics of the
spectrometer. The unknown spectra of the incident light is caused
to vibrate across the correlation mask, by using a refractor plate
oscillating in a rotary fashion to displace the entrance slit
image from side to side. Phase locked detection of the output of
the photo-multiplier is carried out in synchronism with the
oscillations of the refractor plate. Integration of the
synchronous detection can be Bade over a period varying from a
fraction of a second to several seconds. A telescope may be
incorporated in the instrument. Alternative means may be employed
for oscillating the slit image such as a high stability tuning fork
and dual refractor plate assembly. An instrument of this type has
been programed for sulfur dioxide detection™ It is capable of
detecting concentrations as low as ten parts per billion over a
one hundred meter pathlength. It is highly specific for sulfur
dioxide having an excellent immunity ot interferences. Operation
is. in the ultraviolet region between 2,900 and 3,150 Angstroms
where there is sufficient solar spectral radiant flux penetrating
the atmosphere to enable the equipment to function passively
using natural daylight. An automatic gain control
system operates on the average DC value of the photomultiplier
output. The AC signal under these conditions is directly
proportional to the percentage modulation caused by sulfur
dioxide.#*
372 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
04882L
National Council for Stream Improvement, Inc., Hew York,
N. Y.
STATUS OF PRESENT INVESTIGATIONS AND FUTDBE RESEARCH NEEDS IN
ATMOSPHERIC POLLOTION CONTROL AT-TBull-29, 13p., June
1966-
The current status of research and technical programs
concerning the kraft lill industry is reviewed. The following
topics are included: (1) Analytical methods for source-gas
sampling and gas-flow measurement, (2) Black liquor oxidation,
(3) Absorption and oxidation of sulfur compounds,
-------
effectively 90 individual measurements was about + or - H%. The
separation of the nitric oxide was affected by the conditioning of
the column with H02 which was strongly adsorbed on the silica
gel. The adsorbed N02 probably fornied a weak bond with the NO
in the gas sample to give adsorbed N203 which readily decomposed
to give up NO, but with fracticnaticn from the N2» The
technigues permit the determination of NO at concentrations from
at least 1000 to 10,000 p-p.m., in M2 for an expenditure of time
of less than 20 minutes per determination. It is believed that
the procedure could readily be extended to as low as 50 p.p.m. of
SO in N2.##
04968
F. T. Gucker, Jr.
DETERMINATION OF CONCENTRATION AND SIZE OF PABTICULATE
MATTER BY LIGHT SCATTEBING AND SONIC TECHNIQUES. Proc. Natl.
Air Pollution Symp. , 1st, Pasadena, Calif., 19U9. pp. 14-25.
In the study of aerial disperse systems, a knowledge of the
concentration and size of the individual particles frequently is
necessary., Until recent years the methods available were tedious,
time-consuming, and frequently unsatisfactory. Recently, new
instrumental methods have been applied to the solution of these
problems. Their development, applicability, and limitations are
the subject of this paper,, The theory of many of the optical
properties of aerosols are utilized to determine the mass
concentration, particulate concentration, and size of aerosol
particles rapidly and conveniently,. t#
OU973
F. L. Magill
TECHNIQUES EMPLOYED IN THE ANALYSIS OF LOS ANGELES SMOG.. Proc.
Natl., Air Pollution Symp., 1st, Pasadena, Calif., 1949.
pp. 61-8..
An analysis of smog was undertaken with the major objectives being
the determination of the materials responsible for the reduction of
visibility and those responsible for eye irritation. The
instruments and methods used for collecting particulate and gaseous
matter from the atmosphere are described. A new method for
semi-quantitative analysis of samples by proton bombardment is
explained. A tabular summary of the components of Los Angeles
smog is provided. The effects of particulate matter on visibility
are described and a simulation experiment is mentioned which shows
eye irritation to be the result of the synergistic effect of
several substances.##
374 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
01979
C. Steffens S. Eubin
VISIBILITY AND AIE POLLUTION. Proc. Natl. Sir Pollution
Symp., 1st, Pasadena, Calif., 1949. pp. 103-8.
Hhen polluting substances are present in the air, the size
and size distribution of the suspended particles, and their
optical constants, will usually differ from those of particles
that are present naturally. That is, there is a qualitative
change in the aerosol, rather than a mere increase in
concentration of particles that are otherwise identical with
those present naturally. The optical constants of the particles
are related to the optical properties of the haze. Consequently,
measuring these optical properties is one way of getting
information about the physical characteristics of the suspended
particles. The first part of this paper is concerned »ith
the method of measuring the attenuation coefficient, which is
directly related to the visibility, and with some conclusions that
can be drawn from the results of such measurements. The latter
part is concerned with the results of measuring the attenuation
coefficient at different wave lengths, since such measurements
yield an estimate of the size distribution of the aerosol.**
05070
E. P., lewis
MODIFICATION OF GAS SAMPLING APPARATUS FOE USE IN SHOHT-TEPH AIH
POLLUTION STUDIES . J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 14, (9)
370-1, Sept. 1964.
retails describing modifications to the gas sampling
apparatus developed and used by the U. S. P. H. S-, Division
of Air Pollution, are given. These modifications have resulted
in the following improvements: lighter weight, reduced breakage,
reduced expense, and increased ease of operation. The unit is
self-contained, can be shipped and handled easily, and can be
operated by one man. (Author summary)##
05078
E. B. Kuczynski
EFFECTS OF GASEOUS AIR POLLUTANTS ON THE RESPONSE OF THE THOHAS
SO 2 AUTOHETEB. Environ. Sci., Techncl. 1, (1) 68-73, Jan.
1967-
A study was made of the quantitative response of the Thomas
S02 autcmeter to gases that might coexist with S02 as air
pollutants. These gases included NC2, NO, HCl, CL2, NH3
, and HF., The gas mixtures were prepared dynamically at the
D. Measurement Methods 375
-------
ppa level by a flow siexing method to a high degree of accuracy.
Syringe pumps were used to add small quantities of pure gases to a
large vol. air stream. The effects of N02, NO, and HF on
the S02 reading were small, but HC1, NH3, and CL2 gave
significant response. (Author abstract)##
05081
Gn Norwitz
SEECTROPHOTGMETRIC DETERMINATION OF TOTAL OXIDES OF
NITROGEN BY FEBBOOS SULFATE BEACTION . Army Frankford Arsenal,
Philadelphia, Pa. (Test Rept.. No. T66-2-1.) Nov. 1965. 33
pp.
An accurate and rapid method is proposed for the determination of
total oxides of nitrogen in gases from initiators and other
explosive devices. Total oxides of nitrogen include nitric oxide,
nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen trioxide, nitrogen tetroxide and
nitrogen pentcxide. It is frequently customary to determine the
total of these oxides because of the similarity in their toxicity,
mode of formation, and the ease with which they are converted to
each other in equilibrium reactions. In the proposed method the
oxides are treated with air and are absorbed into sulfnric acid
(10 to 3). Ferrous sulfate reagent is then added and the pink
color is measured. It is not necessary that the air oxidize
nitric oxide completely. It is shown that nitrate and nitrite
give the same color with the ferrous sulfate reagent. The method
was checked by a technique using a modified Hamilton syringe,
together with a special gas bulb and laboratory cylinders of nitric
oxide and nitrogen dioxide. .(Author abstract) t#
05121
Lo E. Zwang and L. N. Gutman
MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT ATMOSPHERIC ICN SPECIES. Acad. Sci»,
USSE, Bull. Geophys- Ser.. (Izv. Geophys. Ser. 1958, pp.
891-902.) (7), 507-12, 1958. Buss. (Ir.)
A method of solving the integral equations which are
characteristic of transient processes in ion chambers is presented.
Geophysical results, obtain frcm measurements of light atmospheric
spectra in the El'brus expedition of the Academy of Sciences,
USSR, are discussed. The essence of this method is presented.
A sample of the air under investigation is admitted into a
cylindrical ion chamber which is then closed and a constant voltage
is applied to its outer electrode. An ionic current begins to
flow inside the chamber; it is caused by the motion of ions
contained in the air sample. This current decreases with time,
because at first the more mobile, and afterwards the less mobile
ions reach the electrodes of the chamber. By measuring the
magnitude of the current at various instances of time, one can
determine ionic spectrum. The magnitude of the current flowing
through the central electrode of the chamber is related to the
mobility-distribution density of the ions n (w) through an
integral equation. (t#
37G PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
05136
Sawicki, E., and B. A. Games
FLDORIMETBIC ASSAY FOE ALPHA-GIYCCLIC COMPOUNDS AND OTHER ALDEHYDE
PEECUBSOBS . Hicrochim, Acta, So. 3:602-607, 1968.. 2 refs.
Three reagents and a variety of fluorimetric methods ace
introduced for the assay of alpha-glycolic compounds, polar
olefinic compounds, and olefins. The procedures are based on the
controlled oxidation of these compounds to aldehydes and analysis
of the aldehydes with J—acid, 2,4-pentanedione, or dimedon.
Host of the methods show reasonable sensitivity and accuracy and
should be capable of use in air pollution studies..
Recommendations are made for their use. Besults confirm the
presence of large amounts of alpha-glycolic compounds in aqueous
extracts of urban airborne particulates. (Authors" abstract) ##
05158
P,, D. MacPhee, M. G, Eye, and E. E. Parkinson
A METHOD TOE MONITORING ORGANIC IEAD IN THE ATMOSPHERE, los
Angeles County Air Pollution Control District, Calif, and
Cincinnati Only-, Ohio, Kettering Lab. Sept. 1962. T4 pp..
High concentrations of lead in the atmosphere can be measured
by a number of chemical and physical methods. For low
concentrations, however, the most sensitive method is based on a
color change in dithizone,, with a suitable modification to the
crystalline iodine collection procedure of Snyder and Henderson,
the dithizone test was adopted in the District laboratory for
hourly monitoring of the organic lead vapor content of the
atmosphere. Following the collection of the sample in iodine, a
double extraction with dithi2one is employed to eliminate
interfering ions. The color of the final extract is measured
spectrophotometrically. ##
05190
H. Ho Schotland
THE DETERMINATION OF THE VERTICAL PROFILE OF ATMOSPHERIC GASES BY
BEANS OF 1 GROUND BASED OPTICAL BADAB., Proc Symp.. Remote
Sensing Environ,., 3rd, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1964. pp. 215-2«.
Feb. 1965.
CFS1I, DDC: AD 61U032
An analysis is presented on a remote 'sounding method in which
the vertical distribution of absorbing gases such as water vapor
and ozone may be determined. This is done by a study of the
spectral distribution of the backscatter from a pulse of light
generated by a vertically pointing optical radar. An experiment
is described in which the measurement of the vertical distribution
D. Measurement Methods
377
-------
of atmospheric ozone was attempted using a pulsed krypton flash
lamp as an energy source. A discussion is given of an optical
radar system under development using a thermally tuned ruby laser
source which is designed to deternine the vertical profile of
water vapor. (Author abstract)##
05191
A- B., Earringer
DEVELOPMENTS TOWARDS THE REMOTE SENSING OF VAPOURS AS AN AIRBOBNE
AND SPACE EXPLOFATICN TOOI . Eroc. Symp™ Remote Sensing
Environ., 3rd, Ann Arbor, Mich., 196t., pp. 279-92., Feb. 1965
The remote sensing of geochemical parameters is investigated..
The techniques under study and development are concerned with
sensing the dispersion of volatile components of orebodies or
their oxidation products in the surface soils and in the air above.
The elements and compounds of interest include mercury, iodine
and sulphur dioxide in connection with metal bearing deposits,
and hydrocarbon gases and iodine in association with oil fields,
(Author abstract) ##
05257
F. E. Saalfeld
BASS SPECTRCMETHIC DETEBBINATIQN OF THE ALIPHATIC AND AROMATIC
CONTENT OF A HYDROCARBON MIXTURE ., Naval Research Lab.,
Washington, B.C., Chemistry Division. (NRL Hept. No. 6178.)
Nov. 12, 19611. 8 pp..
A simplified mass spectrcmetric technique has been devised for
determining the aromatic content in hydrocarbon mixtures of the
type that have been recovered frcm adsorptive carbon samplers
exposed in the atmospheres of nuclear submarines., The method is
based on the summation of ion currents at mass-to-charge ratios
(B/e) of 27, 28, 29, i» 1, 13,, and 57 for aliphatic hydrocarbons and
aromatic hydrocarbons. The mass spectrometric results agree
reasonably well with Fluorescence Indiator Adsorption analyses
of the same samples. While, due primarily to cost and operational
complexity, no available mass spectrometers are suitable for
shipboard operation, future developments in the field of mass
spectrometry should be carefully observed for advances that make
such use possible. (Author abstract)
05299
B. Katz
STANDARDIZATION OF METHODS OF MEASUREMENT OF AIR QUAITTY IK
MEMBER COUNTRIES . Preprint. (1963)
378 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Measurement methods for dust fall, suspended particulates,
sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, sulfuric acid, nitrogen
oxides, ozone or oxidants, and hydrocarbons are reviewed.
Standardization of techniques and methods of reporting data is a
prerequisite for international exchange of information and for
further co-operative research in crder to establish a sound basis
for the control of air pollution.
05311
Crider, Walter 1. and Arthur A. Strong
FIABE IONIZATION-PU1SE AEHOSOI PARTICLE ANALYZES (FIPAPA). Rev.
Sci, Instr-, 38 (12) :1772-1775. Dec. 1967. 8 refs..
An instrument is described that counts automatically according to
size aerosol particles of certain specific chemical compositions-
The technique employed depends on converting to current pulses the
ions produced from airborne particles passing through the
combustion zone of a flame. By use of electronic pulse-height
circuits, these current pulses are subsequently counted in six
ranges of magnitude. Individual particles of KOH as small as 0., 15-
nicron diameter can be detected by this instrument. (Authors"
abstract)
05319
Ingel, C. R., and E. Sawicfci
A SUPEFIOB THIN-LAYER CHROHATOGBAPHIC PROCEDUHE FOB THE SEPARATION
0? AZA ARENES AND ITS APPLICATION TO AIR POLLUTION., J. Chrcmatog.,,
Vol. 31, p. 109-119, 1967., 8 refs.
A thin-layer-chromatographic method for separation of polynuclear
aza heterocyclic compounds with silica gel is presented which is
superior to previously reported paper and thin-layer
chromatographic methods. Many of the groups of compounds had run
together in previous separation methods. This procedure has been
applied to the separation of various basic fractions of interest in
air pollution studies- Ben'(c) acridine, benzo (h) quinoline,
acridine, benz (a) acridine, and phenanthridine can be separated and
identified in these samples with the help of two-dimensional thin-
layer chromatography on silica gel-cellulose (2:1). In addition, a
column chromatographic separation of a basic fraction of coal-tar
pitch, with silica gel as the adsorbent, was investigated, and the
amounts of benz(cjacridine and benz(a)acridine were estimated.
Evidence obtained from the absorption spectra indicates the
presence of a large number of unknown and previously identified
compounds in the fractions. The various silica gel methods are
recommended for use in air pollution studies. (Authors' abstract)
D. Measurement Methods 379
-------
05322
KOSITOBING CF CONTAHINANTS., THE FIPST STEP IN SIP POLLOTION
CCNTBOL. Instrument Developnent Co., Beston, Va. Febu 1, 1967. 27
PP-
This paper was prepared in order to contribute to the better
understanding of the need for air contaminant monitoring. Included
are explanatory remarks on the Clean Air Act of 1963, some
histroical considerations on air pollution, lists of sources
pollutants, and specifications on air pollution monitoring
equipment currently offered by the Instrument Development Company.
053U3
Bilson, Donald and Kopcynski, Stanley L.
LABOBATOBY. EXPEBIENCES III ANALYSIS OF NITRIC OXIDE WITH
"EICHBOHATE" PAPEB. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 18(3):
160-161, March 1968. 5 refs., '(Presented at the 60th Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Assoc. , Cleveland,, Ohio,
June 11-16, 1967., Paper No. 67-199.)
The "dichromate" paper developed by fiipley, Clingenpeel, and
Hum was used successfully in our laboratory for conversion of
nitric oiide to nitrogen dioxide at concentrations up to the 1-ppm
level. Hhen this paper was used for synthetic mixtures with nitric
oxide concentrations in the range of 1-3 ppm, the analyses were
erratic and values were lower than calculated.. After a number of
modification of the procedures for preparing and using the
impregnated paper, a modification of the "dichromate" paper was
achieved that reduced scatter in the NO analysis and improved
conversion efficiency. The efficiency and reproducibility of the
modified paper are good enough that efficiency factors may be
established to correct data obtained over a period of at least 6-
hour continuous use at relative humidities near 50 percent.
(Authors' abstract)
05352
Ccmstock, E. G. and Eue, B. B.
EXPOSUBE OF MICE TO NITEOGEN EIOXIDE-A CONSTANT PBESSDPE
SYSTEH. An. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 22, (1) 33-5, Feb. 1961.,
Investigation of the respiratory effects of N02 requires a methods
for delivering a constant known concentration of N02 into an aninal
chamber. Continuous delivery of low concentrations of N02 cannot be
accomplished with ccmncnly available gas flow ueters. A complaint
plastic bag has been incorporated into a closed system designed for
exposure of mice to nitrogen dioxide. The plastic bag allows the
delivery of a constant concentration of gas at a controlled rate
into an animal exposure chamber at nearly constant pressure.
380 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
05383
Krilov, N. A.
DETERMINATION OF ETHYLENE OXIDE IK THE ATMOSPHERE. Gigiyena i
Sanit. 10, U8, 1961. EUSE. <(Tr.)
A colorimetric method was developed for the estimation of ethylene
oxide in the atmosphere, based on the hydration of ethylene oxide
to the ethylene glycol and its subsequent oxidation by periodic
acid or potassium periodate tc formaldehyde and the determination
of the latter with chromotropic acid. The sensitivity of the
method is 0.000 5 g»u in 5 ml. It is recommended that ethylene
oxide be sampled in 6 ml. of to percent H2S01 contained in a U-
shaped absorber with a No. 1 porous membrane at a speed of 0.5 1/
niin, (Author conclusions modified)
E. J. Levy and D. G. Paul
THE APPLICATION OF CONTROLLED PARTIAL GAS PHASE THER KOLYTIC
DISSOCIATION TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF GAS CHRCMATOGR APHIC
EFFLUENTS. J. Gas Chromatog. 5 <3) 136-15, Bar. 1967.
A technigue has been developed for gas chromatographic effluent
identification., IE the application of this technigue, the peak
selected for identification is transferred in a continuous flow
system, from the primary gas chromatographic unit, through a
tubular quartz pryolysis reactor, and then through a second gas
chromatograph for identification of the pyrolysis products. The
pyrolysis patterns obtained are characteristic of the parent
compound, independent of sanple size and constant for the standard
pyrolysis condition. Under these standard conditions, the
pyrolysis product distribution may be treated in a manner analogous
to the mass spectral ion distribution reported as a percentage of
total ionization. The pyrolysis product distribution obtained
using hexadecane as a test compound agreed very closely with the
distribution predicted by the modified Rice free radical
mechanism for thermal dissociation. (Authors0 abstract, modified)
055«8
Lewis, H. J«
PIELD APPLICATION OF DIFFUSION TUBES FOR DYNAMIC CALIBRATIONS.
Preprint. (Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-16, 1967,
Paper 67-197.)
Simple, inexpensive environmental control systems which were
developed for the field use of diffusion tubes to supply a stable,
accurate source of calibration gas for sulfur dioxide, and oxides
D. Measurement Methods 381
-------
of nitrogen continuous gas analyzers are described. The results of
six months field experiences are presented with comments on and
examples of the reliability and utility of the tube system as a
calibration technique.
05572
Scott, H. E- and E., R. Stephens
4 SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO THE PRCEIEH. Proc- Symp., Cleaner
Air Urtan Areas, Philadelphia, Pa., pp. 24-35 (1956)
Chemical reactions that take place in a polluted atmosphere
produce substances that lend smog its eye-irritating,
crop-damaging, visibility-lowering characteristics. The authors
relate how, in an effort to identify these reactions and
substances, the staff devised the long-path (up to 500 meters)
infrared absorption cell. They describe the construction of the
cell, and how it is used to detect and "fingerprint" the products
of photochemical reactions, both in synthetic and in actual smog.
Early work with this new tool was pointed to explaining the
characteristic high ozone concentrations of smog, and proceeded
from Dr. Haagen-Smit's evidence that nitrogen dioxide reacted
with organic compounds in air to produce ozone. They trace the
nitrogen dioxide studies that finally led to discovery of Compound
X (peroxyacyl nitrite), believed to be the "missing link" in
the process of ozone formation in smog.. Gasolines and auto
exhaust as sources of organic pollutants that take part in N02
reactions are discussed. They relate their plans for further
studies with the infrared cell, and the possibility of applying
los Angeles smog research to other afflicted cities. It may
appear that the work reported here is concerned solely with the
los Angeles problem. This is partly true because there air
pollution problems in some cities which involve pollutants and
weather conditions entirely different from those of Los Angeles.
On the other hand, however, many large cities do have pollution
sources of the same kind as los Angeles: power plants,
refineries and other industry, incinerators, automobiles, etc.
The results of studies of reactions of pollutants from these
sources are valid regardless of the city. weather conditions and
topography in the los Angeles area are such that the products of
reactions in the atmosphere frequently accumulate and result in
damage and irritation. While conditions for the accumulation of
these products occur less frequently in other cities, nevertheless
they do occur and the resulting smog is objectionable and costly,,
Hith an inversion and no wind, we have a good trap for pollutants
from these sources, and as good a chance of having smog as Los
Angeles. Plant damage is reported in areas surrounding most
large cities of the world. Los Angeles studies show that there
are other pollutants besides coal smoke and S02 that may be
objectionable, especially in and around large cities.#*
05577
D. B, Gates
INFRARED SCLAP SPECTRAL MEASUREKENTS THROUGH VARYING DEGREES OF
SBOG AT LOS ANGELES. Proc. Natl. Air Pollution Symp.,, 3rd,
Pasadena, Calif.., 1955. pp.. 56-71.
382 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
The atmosphere even on clear days may be of a rather inhomogeneous
character consisting of large clouds of water vapor, or
hydrocarbons floating around. This detailed structure of the
atmosphere nay be observed by recording the dispersed energy in the
infrared spectrum as received at a spectrometer from a source of
energy at a considerable distance. In the experiment reported
here the source was the sun. Knowledge concerning the detailed
structure of the atmosphere as studied in this manner is meager
and it may be that the apparent clouds of C02 or hydrocarbons in
the atmosphere as observed here occur only in the vicinity of large
cities. For detailed analysis and identification of the
polyatomic constituents of the atmosphere by means of infrared
spectroscopy it will be necessary to resort to the use of grating
instruments-t#
05580
E. R. Weaver and S» Gunther
CONDENSABLE IMEDRITIES IN THE AIR 01 LOS ANGELES AND VICINITY.
Proc.. Natl. iir Pollution Symp., 3rd, Pasadena, Calif™,
86-96, (1955).
In the autumn and early winter of 1950 and again in 1951, numerous
samples of condensable impurities were taken from Southern
California air. The samples were taken by passing air through a
filter at the boiling temperature of oxygen. The mass spectra of
the condensates were recorded by the Consolidated Engineering
Corporation and interpreted, so far as practicable, in terms of
chemical composition with the aid of the Consolidated staff- By
fractionally evaporating the condensates, determining the
constituents of the relatively simple mixtures that came off first,
and subtracting the successive patterns of those mixtures from the
patterns of the mixtures that came later, about 50 chemical
substances were identified in a single sample taken in 1950.,
Approximately 10 samples were taken in 1951. It was hoped that
much could be learned from then about the nature, source, and
distribution of atmospheric pollutants without recourse to such
detailed analyses as had been made previously; but the first
attempt was unsuccessful. The authors of this paper renewed the
attempt to salvage useful information from the very large mass of
quantitative data available. This report is a condensed statement
of the result.##
05606
A. 1, Possano, Jr. and H0 B. Ho Cooper
PBOCEDORE FOE CALIBRATING A CONTINUCDS N02 ANALYZER. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 13 <11), 518-23 (Nov. 1963).
(Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Detroit, Mich., June 9-13, 1963.)
J method is described for calibrating a Eeckman K1008 portable
analyzer, an instrument for the continuous measurement of low
concentrations (parts per million by volume) of nitrogen dioxide
D. Measurement Methods 383
-------
(N02) in the atmosphere. The apparatus used, reagent
preparation, calibration procedures, and limitations and sources of
error have been discussed in detail.#t
05609
B. P. Sweeney, D« J. Swartz, G. A» Eost, H. Macphee,
and J» Chao
CONTINDODS MEASUREMENT OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN IN AUTO EXHAUST.
J., Air Pollution Control Assoc. 11, (7) 249-51, July 1964.
{Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, Detroit, Mich., June 9-13, 1963»)
A pressurization system for conversion of NO to N02 is
described which is a mobile unit capable of continuous sampling and
recording of nitrogen oxides in auto exhausts,. N02 absorbs
energy in the near UV and blue regions of the spectrum with
sufficient strength so as to make colorimetric determinations
practical- In addition, if the measurement is made in the
neighborhood of 400 millimicrons (blue), cross interferences from
other exhaust gas constituents are virtually eliminated.
Isolation of the 350-450 millimicrons region may be readily
accomplished using a color filter. The possible difficulties
arising out of the equilibrium relationship between N204 and
2N02 are greatly diminished since the expected NO concentration
will rarely exceed 6000 ppm. From the conversion relationship:
2ND + 02 = 2N02 it is seen that the N02 concentration in
ppm will exactly reflect the original NO concentration in the
exhaust gas if the oxidation efficiency is 1005., On this basis,
with stoichiometric oxygen, equilibrium calculations show that for
1000 ppm N02, 1% appears as N204; for 5000 ppm H02, 6%
appears as N204; and for 10,000 ppm N02, 10% appears as
B204 (room temp, 1 atmj „ NO will react with an excess of 02
so that the N02 concentration as measured will be decreased by a
constant dilution ratio which will reduce N204 values
proportionately. The above analysis was used as the basis for
designing a photometer to specifically measure N02 or oxidized
NO in automobile exhaust gas. The sensing instrument is
basically a double beam colorimeter which utilizes two voltage
regulated tungsten filament sources, two optical cells, and two
cadmiun sulfide photoconductive detectors. While the colorimeter
response is satisfactory, that of the total analyzer system of the
prototype must be improved if rapid changes are followed-
Potential means for reducing the response time are described.,**
05617
Morris, B,, A. and B. L. Chapman
FLAME IONIZATION HYDROCABBON iNAIYZER. J» Sir Pollution
Control Assoc., 11 (10) : 467-469, Oct., 1961. (Presented at
the 54th Annual Meeting,, Air Pollution Control Association,
New York City, June 11-15, 1961.)
384 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDAN.TS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
The empirical basis for the flame ionization method is the
observation that while the flame cf pure hydrogen contains an
almost negligible number of ions, the addition of even traces of
organic compounds produces a large amount of ionization. In
practice, the sample to be analyzed is mixed with a hydrogen fuel
and passed through a small jet. Air is supplied in the annular
space around the jet to support combustion. Any hydrocarbon
carried into the flame results in the formation of ions which are
accelerated to a collector electrode by an electric field set up
between the jet and electrode,, The generated ion current is
proportional to the rate the hydrocarbon molecules are introduced
into the flame. If flow rates are held constant, the ion current
is proportional to hydrocarbon concentration. It has been found
empirically that the ion current produced in the hydrogen flame
is proportional to the heat of partial combustion of the sample
(to C02 and H20). Therefore, it is possible to construct a
table showing the approximate relative contribution which carbon
atoms in aliphatic, aromatic, olefinic, acetylenic, and carbonyl
molecules will make on the observed signal. Such a table is
included. The hydrocarbon analyzer is ideally suited to
instrumentation for auto exhaust inspection. In general, it can
be used to determine the presence of total hydrocarbons in inert or
inorganic gases such as He, A, N2, H2, and air.
Determinations of carbon content in concentrations from 0.1 ppm to
25K are possible with excellent discrimination against water, CO,
C02, and other inorganic gases. The instrument gives equivalent
sensitivity for various hydrocarbons, thus it is not selective for
mixtures of organic compounds.##
05786
P.. H. Best and F. Ordoveza
ELIHINATION OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE INTERFEBENCE IN THE
DETERMINATION OF SDLFOH DIOXIDE. Anal.. Chem. 3U, (10) 1324-5,
Sept., 1962,,
J slight modification of the West and Gaeke procedure is
proposed to eliminate the oxides of nitrogen interference. In
the spectrophotometric estimation of sulfur dioxide with
hydrochloric acid-bleached pararosaniline hydrochloride and
formaldehyde, interference due to oxides of nitrogen was
eliminated without complication of the original procedure,.
Addition of 0.06% sulfamic acid to 0.1H sodium
tetrachloromercurate(II) used as absorbing solution for sulfur
dioxide from the atmosphere immediately destroys any nitrogen
dioxide present. (Author abstract)##
C579H
Goetz, A., and Stevenson, H. J. R.
THE AEROSOL SPECTHOBETER - ITS THEORY, CONSTRUCTION AND APPLICATION
TO ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST ANE ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS. Proc. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. , Semi-Ann. Tech. Conf., San Francisco,
Calif., 1957., pp. 228-67.
D. Measurement Methods 385
-------
In the study of the constitution and the reaction kinetics of
systems consisting of suspensions of discreet particles in gaseous
fluids, the most serious limitation is the necessity for
precipitating the particles in the submicron range out of the air-
torne state and separating them according to their diameters. A
method which preserves the original physical and chemical status of
the formerly suspended particle is thus particularly important for
the subsequent evaluation of the true nature of an aerosol. The
pattern indicated by the above test results on exhaust and
atmospheric smog was summarized as follows: Prior to irradiation,
the automobile exhaust consists cf a fairly uniform aerosol of
particles substantially smaller than 0.2 micron. When a dynamic
equilibrium upon subsequent irradiation is reached with regard to
the oxidant concentration,, the aerosol particles have grown in
size, while the total particle number remains of the same order of
magnitude. This indicates a nucleation process on some of the
aerosol particles which are present in the exhaust prior to
irradiation. Nucleation occurs selectively for those HC molecules
which have reacted photochemically with N02 etc. The molecules of
the resulting oxidation products are of highly polar nature and
therefore have the tendency of condensation on existing nuclei as
centers of intermolecular association. The degree of eye
irritation produced by the irradiated exhaust parallels the degree
of nucleation occurring,, Hence the condensate carried on the
particles should be a major contributor to the irritation so that
their removal, under conditions which do not interfere with the
preservation of the condensed state, should substantially decrease
the irritation. Unknown at this stage is the nature of the
equilibrium between the nucleated and the gaseous phase of these
organic oxidants.
05795
Goetz, A., and Stevenson, H. J. B.
THE ANALYSIS OF AEROSOLS HITH THE AEKOSCL SPICTEOMETEE. Sir
Pollution Control Assoc. Proc., Semi-Ann. Tech., San Francisco,
Calif., 1957., pp. 268-72.
The Aerosol Spectrometer permits the separation of particles from
an aerosol by exposing the latter under laminar flow conditions to
strong centrifugal forces. This is accomplished by leading the
flow at low Reynold Numbers through a helical channel, located at
the periphery of a cylindrical or conical rotor which is spinning
around its polar axis with 18,000 to 25,000 rpm, exposing the
aerosol to a centrifugal acceleration of about 18,000 to 30,000 g.
The particulate matter is deposited on the outer wall of the
helical channel which is removable and renders the deposit after
each test available to microscopic or analytic procedures. Under
these conditions the particle concentrate on the wall is classified
according to size, inasmuch as the large particles are deposited
near the channel inlet, the smallest near the outlet. The
evaluation procedure consists of taking microscopic counts at
defined areas along the channel wall by a method which includes
particle diameters. The evaluation of the numerical size
distribution of the aerosol deposit is mathematically discussed.
The findings on studies of automobile exhaust and atmospheric smog
with the spectrometer are discussed in terms of nucleation of the
particles, and eye irritation.,
386 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
05797
Benzetti, N» A., and Doyle, G» J.
ELECTRONIC LIGHT SCATTERING AEROSOL ANALYZER STUDIES OP AIR
POI1DTION. Proc. Air Pollution Control Assoc., , Semi-Ann.
Tech. Conf., San Francisco, Calif,,, 1957.
There is a need for rapid and continuous measurement of time
dependent variables for the detailed study of aerosols associated
Kith air pollution. To help meet this need the Air Pollution
Foundation has developed an electronic counter photometer. It is
presently being used for the study of aerosols produced by
irradiation of diluted automobile exhaust. A brief description of
the instrument is given, followed by discussion of work on the
atmosphere and interpretation of the results. The predicted
utility of the counter-photometer for pollution work was confirmed
by experience during this study., If the resolution of details
given by the counting function is not desired, the probable utility
of 90 degree scattering as a simple particulate and visibility
index has been demonstrated for the size distribution encountered
during smog attacks. The instrument will be useful in further
studies of this sort having greater statistical validity.
05836
H» F. Clark
EVALUATION OF MICROBIOLOGICAL SYSTEHS FOR ESTIMATING AIT!
POLLUTING SUBSTANCES- Preprint. (1957).
The procedure used in the evaluation of microbiological systems
for estimating air polluting substances consisted of: (1) Placing
an indicator organism on a membrane filter strip in a logarithmic
increasing concentration; (2) Exposing the bacterial indicator on
the surface of the strip to a synthetic aerosol (irradiated
automobile exhaust) at a flow rate for the aerosol of 5/Bin with
the strip moving 7.8 mm/mm; {3} cultivation of the remaining
viable bacteria on the strip after aerosol exposure by
incubation on an appropriate medium at 35C for 18-20 hrs; and (4)
Coaparison of the bacterial colony density on the exposed strip
with suitable control strips to estimate the growth inhibiting
property of the aerosol under examination. A recently isolated
E. coli. was used as an indicator. The procedure appears to have
valuable application in the study and comparison of exhaust before
and after irradiation. The concentrations of hydrocarbons in some
of the experimental tests were in the range of those which might
occur on a street during heavy motor vehicular traffic. The test
procedure has sufficient merit to justify further development work
on methodology, interpretation and application.#f
05837
E. S. Cieplinski and L. S. Ettre
A DEW SIMPLIFIED DETECTOF FOR THE ANLAYSIS OF ORGANIC
IHPUBITIES IN ATMOSPHERE AND EXHAUST GASES. Preprint.
{Presented at the Joint Symposium on Air Pollution
D. Measurement Methods 387
-------
Instrumentation, Instrument Society of America and Air
Pollution Control Association, Sew York City, June 12-13,
1961.)
The Hodel 223 Flame lonization Analyzer is a 117-volt, 60-cps,
line-operated instrument. It measures 10 1/4 inches on a side and
neighs about 25 pounds. A meter located on the front of the
instrument indicates the organic vapor concentration of the
sample. Since different classes of organic compounds give a
different detector response, the meter indication for a given
sample must be interpreted on the bases of instrument calibration
with an appropriate test gas. Output connections are provided for
using the instrument with a standard 0-5 or 0-10 millivolt,
potentiometer recorder. Hydrogen, air, test gas, and zero gas
supplies are necessary for operation. Filters containing 5-A
Molecular Sieve mus should be used to remove any small impurities
present in the air and hydrogen. The test gas contains a known
concentration, in the same order of magnitude as the sample, to
permit the proper calibration of the panel meter,, The zero gas is
the same as the background gas of the sample and is usually only
necessary »hen the higher sensitivity ranges are being used. The
gas is used to check and eliminate any effect the background gas
may have on the flame detector operating parameters. The
instrument will continuously monitor organic impurities in the
atmosphere and exhaust gases. The unit is transportable, line-
operated, and is very stable. Samples may be introduced in the
range of 35-75 millimeters of mercury pressure when external
regulation is used and between 0.4-9-5 liters per minute when the
instrument's back pressure regulator is used. The linearity of
response for the detecting system has been shown to be very good
over a wide range of concentrations t#
05866
B- E. Fostebach and B. G. Kling
NITBOGEN DIOXIDE DETECTION DSING A COULCMETBIC HETHOD. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., 12 (10), 159-63 (Oct., 1962),
(Presented at the 55th Annual Heeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Chicago, 111., Bay 20-24, 1962.)
The toxic level presence of N02 in any working area is an
industrial hygiene problem, and its unwatned presence in any area
may present an air pollution problem.. The adaptability of the
Bast Model 721 Series Beter for the monitoring of N02 HAS
been demonstrated. The Mast Nitrogen Dioxide Meter is based
upon a coulometric system. A chemical solution containing the
proper amounts of reagents is pumped into the sensor., The
solution flows in a thin film down the electrode support, upon
which are wound many turns of a fine platinum wire cathode and a
single turn of a platinum wire anode, and is deposited in the
waste reservoir. The air sample enters through the air inlets, is
drawn into the sensor by way of the narrow annulus where it comes
into intimate contact with the solution contained on the electrode
support, and exits by means of air pump. The instrument requires
only 115-volt, 60-cycle power supply and a small 1.34-volt mercury
battery, A battery-operated portable unit was developed for N02
measurements at locations where an external power supply is not
388 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
available. Operating characteristics of the microcoulomb sensor
are: (1) A fixed dc voltage applied across the sensor cathode and
anode; (2) The chemical solution flows over the electrodes at a
fixed flow rate |1.25 ml/hr typical for 03 meters and 2.5 ml/hr
typical for N02 meters) ; (3) The gas sample containing an
oxidant to be measured flows through the sensing cell at a fixed
flow rate (1tO nl/min typical for ground level applications)., The
response time of a sustained level of 2000 ppm of N02 is 50% of
full reading in 0.2 min, 88% in cne roin, and full reading response
occurs in less than 5 Bin. The detector recovers in less
than 12 sec. after removal of N02. Eecovery down to 20% of an
actual concentration reading occurs in less than 60 sec. Full
recovery occurs in less than 5 min.##
05892
J. 0. Ivie,, M. Do Thomas, 0. C» Taylor, C. R« Thompson,
, W. r,, Dugge'r, Jr_, B., L. Richards
RECORDING THE RESPONSE OF PLANTS TO VAEIODS AIR POLLUTANTS.
0. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 13 (8), 355-9 (Aug., 1963).
(Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Chicago, 111., Say 20-24, 1962.,)
This paper is an outline of experimental procedures and
instrument methods employed to measure effects of the air
pollutants, fluorides, ozone, and peroxyacyl nitrates (PAN),
on citrus trees. The plan calls for the operation of at least
three experimental test sites on which 2U citrus trees in plastic
enclosures are given six treatments as follows: A "Clean
air," B - "Ambient air," C - "Pluoride-free" air, D — "Ozone-
free" air, E - "Clean air" with fluoride added, and F -
"Fluoride and ozone free" air. Two test sites on lemon trees are
in operation at Upland and Cucamcnga, California. ft third
site on Naval orange trees is under construction at Upland,
California. Photosynthesis and transpiration measurements are
used to supplement long-term growth and yield observations.
Inlet and outlet air samples are accumulated in bags for one-half
hour periods. The difference in humidity and carbon
dioxide is then measured seguentially from the air in the bags.
Automatic punchcard recording is provided for plot samples
and for the ambient air pollutants which consist of: dioxide,
nitric oxide, ozone, total oxidants, and fluorides. These are
recorded together with the date, time, temperature, and an
integrated value for sunlight,, Four IBM cards are punched
each hour with positive identification of the data sources both
from the punch position and card reference number,.
Activated charcoal and limestone filters are used to remove
oxidant and fluoride phytotoxicants, respectively, from the
air entering the plots. The average concentration of fluoride
occurring on one day is used to set the hydrogen fluoride
concentration metered into the fcur plots receiving this
treatment on the following day. Nitric oxide is diluted 1 to 50
with ni
-------
05915
A. P. Altshuller, C.. A- Schwab
COLOBIMETBIC DETEBMINATIOH OF JIKYL NITBITES. Anal. Chem,.
31, 314-5, Feb. 1959. (Presented at the Air Pollution
Symposium of the Division of Industrial and Engineering
Chenistry, 132nd Weeting, American Chemical Society, New
York City, Sept. 1957.)
As alkyl nitrites react with the reagent (Saltzman procedure)
used to determine N02 in laboratory and field operations it
appeared of interest to determine the reactivity of the
alkyl nitrites directly without also having to consider
absorption efficiencies., The amount of reaction on micromole
basis of n-butyl nitrite, t-butyl nitrite, n-amyl nitrite, and
i-aroyl nitrite was determined for comparison with the
reactivity of NaN02 and N02. The concentrations used ranged
between 0.07 and 0..7 micromoles per 10 ml. of solution-
The reproducibility of the results obtained ranged from + or - 5
to + or - 10 percent. The values obtained are tabulated in
terms of optical density per micromole of alkyl nitrite compared
with that for sodium nitrite. It has been shown previously that
the reactivity of N02 compared with inorganic nitrite is
in the ratio of 0..72 to 1. The tabulated values show that the
alkyl nitrites investigated react at least to the same extent
as N02 and generally more so. Distillation, particularly vacuum
distillation, increases the indicated reactivity through
improved purity of the alkyl nitrites. The results obtained
indicate that the method used for N02 is not specific
to N02 but responsive to all compounds, inorganic and
organic, containing the 0 - N 0 group- The solutions for
the colorimetric determinations were prepared by dissolving one
ml. of the appropriate alkyl nitrite in 75 ml. of glacial acetic
acid and diluting to 250 ml. with distilled water. One ml, of
this solution was diluted to 100 ml,, with distilled water to
alike the necessary solutions in the microgram range. The
analytical determinations were made on a Eeckman Model DU
Spectrophotometer using the procedure described by Saltzman.##
05952
Eyazanov, V. A.
A SUMMABY OF 1961 STDDIES IN THE FIF.1D OF LIMITS OF ALLOWABLE
CONCENTBATIONS OF ATMOSPHEBIC AIB POLLUTANTS. {In: Limits of
allowable concentrations of atmospheric pollutants. Book 7.)
D.S.S.B., Literature on Air Pollution and Belated Occupational
Diseases, Vol., 9, pp. 138-11. (1963). RUSE. (Tr..)
The Committee for the Sanitary Protection of Atmospheric Air
approved limits of allowable concentrations in the air for the
following new substances: furfurcl, dimethylformamide and styrol,
Furfurol is a heterocyclic aldehyde which is a good solvent for
many organic substances used in the preparation of some plastics
390 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
and a selective solvent for the purification of crude oil
lubricants- The threshold of aldehyde odor perception in most
sensitive persons was established at 1 mg/cu w. It was determined
that 0.05 mg/cu m of, furfurol constituted the subthreshold
concentration in all the tests employed. Therefore, 0=05 mg/cu m
of furfurol was accepted as the maximal single allowable
concentration. Styrol is a benzene homologue with one double bond
at its side chain. The maximal single allowable concentration of
styrol in the atmospheric air was suggested as 0.003 mg/cu iu»
Dimethylformamide is a colorless liguid having a nauseating herring
odor; it is used as a polyacrylnitryl solvent in the synthetic
fiber industry known as orlon and nitron,. It was recommended that
0.03 mg/cu m be adopted as the limit of allowable single and 21
hour concentration of dimethylfornanide vapor in the air, since it
proved to be the subthreshold concentration in relation to all the
test indexes. The limit of allowable phenol concentration in
atmospheric air was set at 0.01 irg/cu m.. Rats were exposed to the
inhalation of nitrogen dioxide 6 hours daily for 160 days at
different dose levels. No aaxinum allowable concentration was
agreed upon.
06050
D., F. Adams
OZOSE ANALYSIS HITH THE BINI-ADAK II. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc. 13, (2} 88-90, Feb., 1963. (Presented at the
55th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Chicago, 111., Hay 20-2U, 1962.)
The suitability of sodium diphenylaminesulfonate (NaDS),
potassium iodide, and phenolphthalein reagents for ozone analysis
in a multipurpose, automatic analyzer such as the Hini-Adak II
was investigated. The oxidation potential for NaDS is more
negative than that for iodine and, therefore, NaDS is believed
less susceptible to oxidative interference as a colorimetric
reagent,. The reagents were prepared along with a mixture of
ozone and oxides of nitrogen. The test atmosphere was drawn
through a single manifold and thence to two midget impingers in
parallel, one containing 10 ml of the neutral KI reagent and the
other 10 ml of either the NaDS or phenolphthalin reagent. A
second series-of comparisons was made between a midget impinger
containing neutral KI and the Mini-Adak II utilizing the
NaDS or phenolphthalin reagent. Based on the literature and
the work herein reported, either the phenolphthalin or NaDS
reagents can be used in the Mini-Adak for ozone analysis.,
Selection of the reagent to be used should be based upon an
evaluation of the possible interferences which may be present with
ozone in the atmosphere and the relative sensitivities (molar
absorbancy} of the two reagents., Either reagent shows only
one-fourth as much response to N02 neutral KI and is therefore
superior to KI in this respect. Based on the laboratory study,
the phenolphthalin reagent appears somewhat preferable for use in
the Bini-Adak. This selection is tentatively made upon the
basis of the greater sensitivity {molar absorbancy) of the
phenolphthaline which permits the use of a lower Bini-Adak
sensitivity range with its attendent reduction in electronic
background noise.**
D. Measurement Methods 391
-------
06107
Gilardi, E,, F. and B., M. Manganelli
ft LABOBATOR STUDY OF ft LE8E ACITATE-TILE METHOD FOR THE
QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF LOH CONCENTRATIONS OF HYDROGEN
SULFIDE., J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 13, (7) , 305-9 (July
1963). (Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Chicago, 111., May 20-24, 1962.,)
Laboratory studies of factors influencing the guantitative use of a
lead-acetate-tile method for H2S sere undertaken. These studies
included the preparation of H2S test atmospheres, the determination
of the darkening effect of these atmospheres on lead-acetate-coated
tiles, and investigations on the stability of the PbS color
produced. The following conclusions resulted: (1) (Exposure
Units,! which is the product of H2S concentration and exposure
period, mg.hr/cu m, is a useful parameter in representing H2S
exposure. A regression equation utilizing this parameter accounts
for 98™ 6 percent of the variation in absorbance values. (2) Average
concentrations of H2S between 0.15 and 1.5 mg/cu m can be
determined by the measurement of the surface absorbance of a lead-
acetate coated tile. The standard error of estimation was plus or
minus 001515 absorbance units in a laboratory-prepared darkening
curve. {3) The tile—darkening curve was approximated by a
parabola- A distinct maximum in absorbance was also observed in
tile darkening data. (<*) Hhether or not a tile absorbance value
within the usable range is on the ascending, defined portion of the
darkening curve may be determined by a consideration of the
reflectance spectrum of the particular tile. (5) The darkening
effect of a given exposure to H2S was increased by increased air
turbulence™ (6) Methyl nercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl
disulfide, in concentrations much higher than normally present in
the outdoor atmosphere, had no significant effect on the H2S
sulfide darkening of lead-acetate-coated tiles., (7) Fading of
darken tiles was accelerated both by air turbulence and light. (8)
Periods of exposure of lead-acetate-coated tiles are limited by H2S
concentration level and fading of the PbS color. The higher the
H2S concentration, the smaller the exposure period which will
result in a surface abscrbance beyond the usable range. The fading
in a louvered, light-proof chamber places an upper limit of
approximately 8 hr. on outdoor exposure periods. (authors" summary
modified)
06112
Tada, 0.
MEASUREMENT OF AIB POILUTANTS. Eunseki Kagaku (Japan Analyst)
(Tokyo) pp. 110R-7R. 1966. Jap.
Important papers published in Japan Analyst in 1964 and 1965 are
summarized. The subject is limited to measurement methods of air
pollutants known to be toxic to health. Pollutants from stacks and
automobile exhausts are covered, including many cyclic
hydrocarbons, aldehydes, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, ozone.
392 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, fluorine compounds, hydrogen
sulfide, lead compounds, and offensive odors. Various sampling
methods are described, especially using filtering with glass wool
filters, electric dust collectors, gas absorbers, and portable
samplers containing silica gel. The pollutants can be measured by
electroconductivity methods, colorimetric measurement recorder, gas
chromatographic analysis, electron capturing detector, and hydrogen
ion detector. The papers summarized do not include those dealing
viith industrial or occupational environment or mining.
06279
K. E. Ball
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ATHOSPBEH1C MONITOBING SYSTEM (FINAL REPT.
JUNE 12, 1958-JUNE 30, 1961)., (Mine Safety Appliances
Co., Pittsburgh, Pa,, Hesearch and Engineering Division.)
(1961). 45 pp. (Kept. No. MSA 301825.,)
Atmospheric monitoring devices sensitized to continuously
detect and record toxic and higher concentrations of HF, ?2,
B5H9, N2HU, N02 and C1F3 (nissile fuels and
oxidizers) have been developed and engineered. An ionization type
analyzer sensitive to finely divided aerosols is used as the
detecting instrument. Various amine and acid reagents are
used to convert the oxidizers and fuels respectively to
aerosols™ Eesponse times are in the order of seconds and
a high degree of specificity has been attained. (Author's
abstract)##
06301L
MECHANISMS OF AIR POLLUTION REACTIONS. (Section VIII of
Air Pollution Hesearch Progress Report for Quarter Ended
December 31, 1966.,) Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa.,
Coal Research Center, 1966, pp. BM/69-BM/76.,
The NOx-sensitized photooxidation of 2-methyl-1-butene was
investigated. Yields with regard to the reaction production
formaldehyde, methyl ethyl ketone, PAN, PPN, nitrates and
CC were determined. The study cf the NOx-sensitized
photooxidation of tagged ethylene in the presence of other
hydrocarbons was terminated. Results indicated that (u) the
photochemical reactivity of ethylene in mixture with other
hydrocarbons varies with change in the mixture composition, and
(2) the variation is unpredictable at the present time. (Author
summary)t#
06319
J. H. Espenson, H. Taube
TRACER EXPERIMENTS HITH OZONE AS OXIDIZING AGENT IN AQUEOUS
SOLUTION. Stanford Univ., Calif.,, Dept. of Chemistry.,
D. Measurement Methods 393
-------
JJan. 11, 1965). 21 pp. (Technical Kept. 2=) (Contract
Nonr. 225(63)) (Task NB 052-KK3..)
CFSTI, DDC: AD 613481
The results of experiments done to trace the path of
oxygen in reactions of ozone with a number of reducing agents
are described. The reducing agents dealt with in this study
are sulfite (sulfur dioxide) and nitrite ion which react with
ozone in homogeneous solution, and Mn(plus 2) and Ti^plus)
which were studied under conditions so that the solid products,
manganese dioxide and hydrous thallic oxide, are formed. Tracer
studies on the reaction of Mn(plus 2) with MnC(minus 4) are
also described. When ozone reacts with sulfur dioxide in aqueous
acid solution, as many as two ozone-oxygens appear in each product
sulfate ion. In alkaline solution transfer in excess of one 0 for
each sulfite ion is observed and seme of the sulfate oxygen is
derived from the solvent despite the fact that sulfite ion is not
a labile species under these conditions, ozone induces exchange
between sulfate ion and water both in alkaline and acidic solution,
tut the reaction is so slow as not materially to affect the
results which have been described. By contrast the isotopic
course of the reaction of nitrite ion with ozone in alkaline
solution is simple; the nitrate ion contains two oxygens
derived from the nitrite, and one drived from the ozone.. (Author
abstract) ##
06352
!)„ Po DeGrazio and E. G. Auge
GAS CHEOMATOGEAPHIC INVESTIGATIONS FOB THE DETEBMINATION OF
FIOOBINE AND OXYGEN IN MIXTOBES. Dow Chemical Co.,
Golden, Colo.,,, Bocky Flats Div. (Sept. EEP-880) (Apr.
12, 1967) „ 10 pp.,
CFSTI: EFP-880
This report describes various methods investigated for the
determination of fluorine and oxygen in gas mixtures by gas
chromatographic techniques. The technique found to be
successful involves the quantitative conversion of fluorine to
chlorine by the reaction with sodium chloride and the subsequent
separation and detection of chlcrine and oxygen. (Author
abstract) (ft
06369
Samuel G. Booras, and Charles E. Zimmer
A COMPAEISON OF CONDUCTIVITY AND WEST-GAEKE ANALYSES FOP
SDIFUB DIOXIDE. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 18(9):
612-615, Sept. 1968. 3 refs., (Presented at the 60th
Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Cleve-
land, Ohio, June 11-16, 1967, Paper 67-109.,)
A comparison of the two most common methods used by air
pollution control agencies for the analyses of sulphur dioxide is
discussed in this paper. Samples were collected simultaneously
(502 pairs) for an eight month period at eight sites in the
394 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIOANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
City of Chicago, using the West-Gaeke and
conductivity methods™ These methods are analyzed statistically to
ascertain the existence of a factor describing adequately any
differences between methods. At a first look of the gross data,
it would appear that at least for the City of Chicago, the
conductivity measurement for S02 tends to yield a higher
estimate than the West-Gaeke method by a factor of
approximately 20%. On the basis of this number alone one would
reach an incorrect conclusion because looking at the similar
measurements of West-Gaeke's and conductibity by stations
you see that the comparison of the two methods is not consistent,
over all the stations.. In fact, in some cases the West-Gaeke
uethod appears to yield higher results than the
conductivity, which now is contradictory to the average of all
the stations. In the final analysis, however, it is apparent that
both the measurements of conductivity and West-Gaeke are subject
to interferences from other substances in the atmosphere. The
conductivity values may in fact be under-estmates because of the
presence of ammonia in the atmosphere and the Hest-Gaeke
measurements may also be under-estimates because of the presence
of N02 in the atmosphere. Until such time as one can look
into the other interferences with the appropriate data, no
conclusion as such can be drawn relating in any precise
manner to conductivity and West-Gaeke methods for measuring
S02. (Author abstract, Author conclusions)##
06385
Falgout, D. A. and C. I. Harding
DETERMINATION OF H2S EXPOSURE BY DYNAMIC SAMPLING WITH METALLIC
SILVER FILTERS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc™,
18(1): 15-20, Jan. 1968. 2
-------
06388
B. I. Garland
A SELF-HADE MOBILE AIR SAMPLING LABORATORY. Preprint.,
(Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-16, 1967, Paper 67-191.)
Fulton County, Georgia, developed a practical, economical and
efficient mobile laboratory to sample the air for gaseous and solid
components and to obtain basic weather data. A self-supporting
trailer lab complete with power and necessary equipment and pulled
by a half ton pickup truck was put in service. The total cost of
trailer, equipment and truck was about $1500. Air is pulled by
means of a vacuum pump through sampling ports in the roof, bubbled
through absorbing reagents and/or filter material and measured
immediately for pollution characteristics by use of a colorimeter
and a standard curve. A trailer was factory built according to
submitted specifications, fitted with a portable generator and air
conditioner and equipped with adequate sampling equipment., All
power and heat were deri»ed from I P gas from tanks attached to
the unit. Eesults were satisfactory. The unit provides a rapid
and versatile means of obtaining vital information, upon demand, in
any location. Air constituents measured include: oxidant, S02,
NC, N02, CO, COH, particulate matter and pollen.
Heather observations include: temperature, relative humidity,
wind speed and direction, visibility and sky conditions.
(Author"s summary) ##
061C6
V. Marchesani
THE MEASUREMENT OF AIE POLLUTION EY MEANS OF FDNGAL GROWTH.
Preprint. (Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-16,
1967, Paper No. 67-157.)
In the past years fungi have been considered as air pollutants
rather than as recipients of air pollution. Fungi, however,
being a living air pollutant, are also subjected to all the
growth discomforts of a polluted atmosphere. Occupying the air
trom ground level tc approximately one mile above the earth,
their direct contact with air pollutants is obvious. The effect
of pollutants on the metabclic processes and growth rate of the
fungi has received very little, if any attention. The fact that
certain fungal plant diseases will occur in non-polluted air
and not in polluted air points out the reality that some
relationship between air pollution and fungal metabolism exists.
A definite negative correlation between fungal growth and high
nitric oxide concentration in the atmosphere was found in this
study. The total growth of fungi with purified air was two tc
three times as much, on a dry weight basis, as that of fungal
growth subjected to air pollution. It is felt that further
study in this field could bring about the use of fungi as an
analytical tool in the measurement of the effects of air
pollution. (Author abstract)tf
396 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
06«33
Singh, T., E. J. Sawyer, E. So Starkman, and L. S.
Caretto
RAPID CONTINUOUS DETERMINATION CF NITBIC OXIDE CONCINTBATION IN
EXHAUST GASES. J. Air Pollution Control Assec,,
18(2):102-105, Feb.. 1968., 8 refs« (Presented at the 60th
Annual Meeting, air Pollution Control Association,
Cleveland, Ohio,, June 11-16, 1967, Paper 67-151.)
> continuous sampling, continuous analysis method for measuring
nitric oxide was demonstrated. Rapid oxidation of nitric oxide to
nitrogen dioxide is obtained through ozonation. Nitrogen dioxide
concentrations are determined by means of an ultra-violet
absorption technique. Nitric oxide concentrations between 100 and
5-000 ppm have been measured and response tiires of about 20 sec
obtained.. The presence of unburned hydrocarbons in the exhaust
sample has an adverse effect on the results of this technigue which
requires either the removal of hydrocarbons or adjustment of ozone
concentration. (Authors1 abstract, modified)##
06135
Smith, Do S., B. F., Sawyer, and !„ S. Starkman
OXIDES OF NITROGEN FROM GSS TUBEINES. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc.., 18(1):30-35, Jan. 1968., 6 refs. (Presented at
the 60th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-16, 1967.)
Experimental and theoretical studies were made to provide
information on nitrogen oxide concentrations produced by gas
turbine engines. Nitric oxide concentrations of from 100 to 350
ppra, adjusted to stoichiometric conditions, were measured in
aircraft turbojet engines. Concentrations of less than 50 ppm,
similarly adjusted, were measured in a 60 hp industrial gas
turbine. Concentrations of about 100 ppm, also adjusted, were
measured in a laboratory combustor of a design similar to gas
turbine combustors. Carbon monoxide and unturned hydrocarbon
concentrations also were determined. Comparison with predicted
equilibrium concentrations shows strong departures from
equilibrium. (Authors" abstract)*#
06460
H. D. Thomas and J. 0. Ivie
SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF OZONE ANE OXIDES OF NITROGEN.
Preprint. (I960,,)
This paper describes a modification of the Griess diazo-reaction
method by which ozone can be determined specifically. The gas
phase reaction between ozone and nitric oxide to form nitrogen
D. Measurement Methods 397
-------
dioxide is extremely rapid. The half-life at 1 ppro is 1.8 seconds
and 18 seconds at 0.1 ppm. The corresponding half-lives of the
N02-03 oxidation are listed at 8 and 80 Bin, respectively.
Evidently NO and ozone cannot coexist in the atmosphere.. One
compound or the other will disappear rapidly even at concentrations
found in polluted air. If ozone is present, it can be determined
by adding an excess of NO tc a sample of the air, allowing a
short time for reaction, then finding the increase in N02
concentration as compared with the untreated air. Tor this
purpose it is only necessary to add a third identical absorber
system to the automatic analyzer for NO and N02 together with
accessory equipment to supply the required NO. N02 when
absorbed in this solution (0.5 sulfanilic acid, 5 percent acetic
acid and 50 ppm N-.(1 naphthyl) -ethylene} diazotizes the
sulfanilic acid and reacts with the coupling reagent to produce an
intensely colored red azo dye. The latter is read in a recording
colimeter. NO has no effect on the reagent and HN03 does not
interfere except at unrealistically high concentrations. ill
absorbed nitrites react quantitatively. However N02, which
theoretically should give a 50% yield of nitrous acid, actually
gives a 82% yield in fitted glass absorbers or a 909f yield in
absorbers with stainless steel spirals. Empirical calibration
with kncwn amounts of N02 is therefore necessary. A diagram of
the automatic N02-NO-03 analyzer is included.##
06471
H. H. G. Hyeth and G., «. Timmins
DETECTION AND HEASUBEHENT OF IKFIAMBABLE VAPOUBS IN AIRCRAFT.
Kinistry of Aviation, Farnborough Hants, England, Royal
Aircraft Establishment. (Kept. No., 65191.) {Sept. 1965)., 7U
pp.
DDC: AE«77 232
A study is made of the feasibility of detecting and measuring
concentrations of inflammable vapour within compartments of
aircraft in flight. The basic requirements are outlined. A
review is made of properties of inflammable vapours that might be
exploited. Mention is made of some existing instruments and
techniques, and their limitations for the present purpose are
discussed. Especial emphasis is given to techniques of catalytic
combustion and ionization which with further development are
thought likely to be suitable.. {Author summary)
C65C7
Call, Boger W., E. Paul Palmer, and Richard H. Grow
MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC AEKCSCLS BY POLARIZED-LASEP LIGKT
SCATTEBING. Utah Univ., Salt Lake City, Microwave Device
and Physical Electronics Lab. , Grant NSF-GP-87H,
DTEC MD-67-03U, NSF-TP-11, 127p., June 1968. 73 refs.
DDC: PE-185688
A new method of taking aerosol measurements using scattered light
from a laser beam fired into the atmosphere was developed and
398 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
tested. The method developed uses measurements of light scattered
from a polarized laser beam to find the aerosol attenuation
coefficient, the aerosol number density and the aerosol size
distribution. The method was tested by making measurements from a
secondary site distant from the laser transmitter. Result are
platted for attenuation coefficients up to 30 kilometer in
altitude. Hie scattering functions specifically for use with
polarized light beams were computed for various aerosol size
distributions. Theory is developed for making two-station
backscatter measurements usin a pulsed ruby laser as a light
source. The rayleigh and Hie scattering functions are applied
to the geometry of the problei, and by considering the polarized
properties of the laser beam a simplified scattering equation is
developed. By taking two scattering measurements at any given
altitude, using different angles of polarization of the laser beam
for the separate measurements, troublesome variables are eliminated
from the scattering equations™ Effects of beam attenuation losses
on the transmitting and scattered light paths were eliminated from
the equation solution, as were constant involving receiver
efficiency, transmitted power, beam divergence, etc.. The final
soluticn to 'the equation for aerosol attenuation coefficients
depends only on the angular functions for Eayleigh and Hie
scattering and upon the relative voltage responses at the distant
receiver for the two separate measurements taken at each altitude.
the calculations for any given altitude are independent of those
for any other altitude.##
06520
E. W. Sorell and J. D,, Zeff
INHALATION AEROSOL DOSIMETER (FINAL KEPT. DEC. 22, 1961 - MAY
15, 1963). General American Transportation Corp., Miles,
111., BED Div. (Sept. HED 1181-70.) (June 1963) 9 93 pp.
The objective of this program was to develop an instrument that
»ould continuously measure and record the amounts of aerosols that
are retained by man within his respiratory tract in the course of
breathing aerosol laden air. An Inhalation Aerosol Dosimeter
(IAD) that meets all the requirements set out in the contract was
developed by the HKD Division of General American
Transportation Corporation. The overall construction of the
IAD parallels the design suggested in the original proposal.
The uajor modification of that design is that hydrogen flame
ionization principle is used for detection and monitoring of the
aerosol concentration, and the secondary modification consists of
developing a very precise aerosol sampling system. The sampling
system is based upon maintaining precise (reduced) pressure within
the detector so that actual saicpling is a truly continuous
process.##
06599
K. H. Uilson and H. Buchberg
A CONTHOLLSD ENVIBONHENT SYSTEM FOE AIR POLLUTION STUDIES.
Preprint. (Presented at the 51st Annual Meeting, Air
D. Measurement Methods 399
-------
Pollution Control Association, Philadelphia, Pa., Bay 25,
1958, Paper No. 58-54.}
The objective of this study was to design, construct, and
validate a controlled air environment system with limited capital
expenditure which would offer flexibility in the areas of
experimentation mentioned and in the further elucidation of
design parameters concerned with the simulation of the natural air
environment. Four very important areas of experimentation in air
pollution are: 1. The determination of the effects resulting
from the exposure of humans, animals, plants, and materials to an
air environment polluted by different substances in various
amounts., The identification of substances from various sources
of pollution responsible, directly or indirectly, for various
deleterious effects,, and the determination of the amounts of these
substances that must be removed to prevent or minimize these
effects. 3. The evaluation of pollution control measures in
terms of the actual effects produced. U. The investigation of
reaction mechanisms in the polluted air environment. The
controlled air environment system described was constructed and is
being developed. In addition to a discussion of the design
features, preliminary experiments utilizing the system are
presented.#f
06613
B. E. Saltzman
COLORIHETRIC MICRODETERMINATION OP NITROGEN DIOXIDE IN THE
ATMOSPHERE™ Anal. Cbem0 26 (12), 19149-55 (Dec. 195t).
A new specific reagent has been developed and demonstrated to
absorb N02 efficiently in a midget fritted bubbler at levels
below 1 ppm. The reagent is a mixture of sulfanilic acid,
N- (1-naphthyl) -ethylene-diamine dihydrochloride, and acetic acid.
A stable direct color is produced with a sensitivity of a few
parts per billion for a 10-minute sample at O.a liter per minute.
Ozone in fivefold excess and other gases in tenfold excess produce
only slight interfering effects; these may fce reduced further by
means which are described. (Author abstract modified)#*
06612
C. 7. Ellis
A SUGGESTED PROCEDURE FOB CONVERTING HO IN LOW CONCENTRATIONS TO
NO 2 (TECHNICAL NOTE). Intern. J. Air Water Pollution, 8
(5), 297-9 (196UJ.
A modification of the Saltzman method in making analysis of
gases containing low concentrations of NO & N02 is described.
The procedure involves use of fiber glass filter paper on which an
oxidizing solution of acidified KHn04 has been evaporated.
This oxidant preparation readily converts NO to N02 in low
concentrations, apparently without loss, permitting the well-known
400 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
colorimetric determination of 02 to be applied to the
determination of NO and N02 separately. In this test the
total concentration of NOx should only range from 1 to 5 ppm.
Gases containing higher concentrations of NO and N02 however,
possibly could be handled without a dilution step, but this has not
been demonstrated. Inasmuch as the procedure as now defined is
limited to low concentrations of NO, automobile exhaust gases
nust be diluted with nitrogen to an appropriate concentration.
Boreover, it is necessary that the dilution be made immediately
after the exhaust sample is drawn.#f
06800
B. Terabe and B. Ichihashi
J STUD? ON THE METHOD FOE HEASDREBENT OF FLOATING DUST PARTICLES
EY HI-VOL SAMPLER. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air J. Japan Air
Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo], 1, (3) 56-62, 1966. Jap,
In 1965 an experiment was carried out in the business section of
Kawasaki in order to compare the two high-volume air samplers.
The one, the Staplex Hi-Vol Sampler, using the Gelman A
glass fiber and constructed so that the collecting face is
perpendicular to the direction of the wind, is widely used in
Japan. The other was a type used by the National Air
Sampling Network (NASN) in the United States, made by the
General Hetal Works,, In this sampler, the collecting face is
set parallel to the wind and sampling is performed under shelter.
Analyses were carried out for sulfate ion, nitrate ion, and
benzene-soluble organic matter in the air. Tables and graphs
tabulate the values obtained using both kinds of sampler; average
values differed by approximately 5S. The Staplex Sampler was
more effective in collecting floating dust and organic matter
(large particles) and the General Metal Works Sampler handled
sulfate and nitrate ions (small aerosol particles) more
efficiently. ##
06832
H. Fugas, and H. Gentilizza
EFFECT OF N02 ON SO 2 DETERMINATION DSING PARAEOSANIIINE.
Proc. Intern. Ccngr.. Occupational Health, Vienna, 1966. pp.
385-8.
Among various methods used for the determination of SO 2 in the
air, the procedure after West and Gaeke involving sampling in
sodium tetrachloromercurate and colorimetric determination with
pararosaniline has found widest application being the most specific
and sensitive method in use. The literature data concerning the
extent of N02 interference in this method are liuited. In this
investigation, the interference of N02 in the determination of
S02 was studied in chemical solutions of N02 - and S03—, in
samples of laboratory prepared gas mixtures and in the outdoor
atmosphere. Test results indicated that a definite amount of
H02 interferes in the SO2 determination decreasing the
D. Measurement Methods 401
-------
obtained S02 values as follows: by the same absolute amount
irrespective of the actual S02 concentration; by the same
percentage irrespective of the actual S02 concentration; by the
amount depending on the S02/N02 ratio. (Author abstract
modified) ##
06889
Antoshechkin, A., G_
INSTBUMENT FOB DETERMINATIONS OF THE CONCENTEATIONS OF NITBOGEN
OIIDES AND NITBIC ACID FUHES IN AIE.. (Pribor dlya opredeleniya
kontsentratsii okislov azota i parov azotnoi kisloty v vozdukhe,.)
Hyg. Sanit, (Gigiena i Sanito) , 30 (2) : 234-236, Feb. 1965.
Translated from Russian.,
CFSTI: TT 66-51033
The author designed and tested an instrument for the determination
of the concentrations of nitrogen oxides and nitric acid fumes in
air. The action of the instrument is based on measurements of the
electrical conductivity of a solution obtained by drawing the air
with nitrogen oxides through distilled water. The instrument is
portable, its design is simple and it can be constructed under
laboratory conditions. Its sensitivity is from 0..0003 to 20 mg
nitrogen oxides per 1 liter of air. One analysis takes 1 to 2
min.. Thirty ml of distilled water is introduced with the syringe
into the upper tube and into the vessel- The water cannot leave
the vessel because of the valve, and it forms a 1 cm layer
between the two electrodes. now the pump is attached and 5 1 of
air are drawn in distilled water- Nitrogen oxide from the air
combines with water to produce nitrous acid. The higher the
concentration of nitrogen oxide in the air, the higher will be the
concentration of the HN02 solution in the vessel. Since HN02,
like HN03, is a strong electrolyte and completely dissociated to
ions in dilute solutions, the electrical conductivity of the
solution is proportional to the concentration.. The electrodes are
fed with a constant voltage from a 4.5V source. In using the
instrument, one must remember that interference is caused by gases
that are readily soluble in water and produce a strong electrolyte
on solution (the sulfuric acid fumes)„ After suitable graduation,
the instrument can also be used for the determination of sulfuric
acid fumes in air.t*
C6911
G. E. Moore, A. F. «„ Cole, M. Katz
THE CONCUBRENT DETERMINATION OF SDLFUR DIOXIDE AND NITROGEN
DIOXIDE IN THE ATHOSPHEHE. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.
(1), 25-8 (Hay 1967). (Presented at the H9th Annual Meeting,
Air Pollution Control Association, Buffalo, N.Y., May 20-2U,
1956.)
Concurrent determinations of S02 by the conductimetric and
colorimetric methods, and simultaneous determination of N02 by
the Saltzman colorimetric method were discussed. Conductimetric
402 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
determinations yielded consistently higher values for sulfur
dioxide than the colorimetric method based on the chromogenic
reaction of fuchsin, formaldehyde and snlfite. These differences
nay be accounted for, in part, by the presence of nitrogen dioxide
in the atmosphere which reacts with the fuchsin reagent to lower
the colorimetric sulfur dioxide »alue. The nitrogen dioxide
concentration levels of the atmosphere fluctuate in a manner
siiilar to those of sulfur dioxide and are somewhat lower in
Magnitude than the conductimetric sulfur dioxide levels. When
*he fuchsin values are corrected for the effect of nitrogen
dioxide, the colorimetric sulfur dioxide levels are in fairly close
agreement with those estimated by the conductimetric method.##
06919
F» Koroleff
DIRECT SPECTBOPHOTOHETHIC DETERMINATION OF AMMONIA IN
PRECIPIT4TION. Tellus (Dppsala) 18 (2), 562-5 (1966).
(Presented at the CACB Symposium, Atmospheric Chemistry,
Circulation and Aerosols, Visby, Sweden, Aug. 18-25, 1965.)
The method is based on the reaction of ammonium nitrogen
with hypobromite in an alkaline medium. The excess of hypobromite
is determined spectrophotonetrically by adding an azo dye
(Bordeaux B) solution, which is decolorized by
hypobromite in acid solution. The influence of e.g. organic
compounds is eliminated by allowing the whole reaction to
proceed in acid solution also. The standard curve is a straight
line up to 400 micrograms of amnoniui nitrogen per liter, and the
reaction is sensitive to 10 micrograms per liter, equal to 0..01
ppm, as determined in 25 ml of sample. (Author abstract)##
06955
B. No Inscoe
PHOTOCHEMICAL CHANGES IH THIN IAYIR CHHOHATOGEAMS OT POLYCYCLIC,
SHOHATIC HTDEOCAEBONS. Anal. Chem. 36, 2505-6 (Dec. 1964).
The change in spot color due to photochemical changes of thin
layer chromatograms in the identification of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons was discussed. The changes were observed on spots of
15 representative hydrocarbons following exposure to ultraviolet
light. The absorbents used were silica gel G, aluminum oxide G,
cellulose powder, and acetylated cellulose (21%). After the
initial exposure to ultraviolet light, the changes take place even
Khen the plates are kept in the dark. Similar, but slower,
changes also occur on plates kept in ordinary roomlight, without
exposure to other ultraviolet illumination. The changes are
accelerated by continuous irradiation, either by long-wavelength
ultraviolet light or by light of 253.7 millimicron. The nature of
the developing solvent appears to have little effect on the colors
observed. The presence of solvent often accelerates the changes
in the spots. This effect is particularly noticeable with
chlorinated solvents.**
D. Measurement Methods 403
-------
06983
N. A. Poulos
AMPERCMETBIC PBOPELLANT-COHPONENT DETECTOR. Olin
Bathieson Chenical Corp., New Haven, Conn., Contract No.
AF 33 (600)-39311, Project No, 7165, Task No. 71386, ASD
Technical Kept. No. 61-15
-------
in sensitivity and stability. The instrument is sensitive to
changes in humidity, but a dry ice trap was successfully employed
to remove moisture without relieving ozone. Changes in ambient
temperature and flow rate have no effect on drift-resistant
system. AAH#t
C6987
L. H. Buhnke
RILATIONSHIP BETHEEH CONEOCTIVIIY AND NUCLEUS CONTENT OF THE
AIB IN THE ARCTIC ANE THE RESULTS OF SOME MEASUREMENTS.
'{(Army Signal Research and Development Lab., Fort
Konmouth, N.J.)) (Jan. 1961). 17 pp. (DSASHDL
Technical Hept. No. 2176.)
In August 1959 measurements were carried out on the icecap in
Greenland to determine the conductivity of air and the
nuclei concentration of air coming from human settlements.
J formula is shown which gives the relation between conductivity,
density of large particles, and radius of the particles. With
this formula and the measurements, an average radius of 2.7 x
.000001 cm was obtained. The average total conductivity of the
air was 5.0 x .0001/mho/m for air not contaminated by human
activity. (Author" s abstract)**
07097
L. H. Piette, J. H. Sharp, T. Kuwana, and J.. N.,
Pitts, Jr.
PSRAHAGNETIC RESONANCE OF SOME BENZCPHENONE DERIVATIVES IN THEIR
PHOSPHORESCENT STATE. J. Chem. Phys., 36(11), 309U-5 (June
1, 1962) .
Paramagnetic resonance absorption of the triplet or phosphorescent
state in several para-substituted derivatives of benzophenone was
otserved,. The phosphorescent states are formed during uv
irradiation of the compounds in rigid solutions at liguid-nitrogen
temperatures.. Solutions of 4-aminobenzophenone,
4-dimethylaminobenzophenone, 1,4 ', bis- (dimethylamino) benzophenone,
and U-phenylbenzophenone were irradiated at 77 deg K.
Paramagnetic resonance absorption was observed for all the above
compounds at a magnetic field of about T500 gauss, (g equals 4).
In addition to paramagnetic resonance absorption at g eguals 4,
the irradiated solid solutions show strong phosphorescence. This
phosphorescence decays exponentially with a mean lifetime of 0.41
plus or minus 0.04 sec and agrees favorably with the decay of the
paramagnetic resonance absorption signal when the light is cut off.
Hean phosphorescent lifetimes of the other compounds range from
0.2 to O.i* sec and are being correlated with the decay of their
EPE signals at g equals «.*#
D. Measurement Methods 405
-------
07106
Thomas, M- D»
SOLFDE DIOXIDE, SDLPDEIC ACID AEROSOL AND VISIBILITY IN LOS
ANGELES. ((Intern., J. Air Water Pollution,)) 6:
-------
six types of absorbers only Pyrex and Sial absorbers with a
fritted disk proved satisfactory. Trapping efficiency of Eyrex
and Sial absorbers was about 853!, if the efficiency of evacuated
bottles was taken as 100%. The overall efficiency of the method
using Pyrex or Sial absorbers vas practically 50%, Under the
given conditions the method is accurate and reliable for a wide
concentration range: from
-------
Gronsberg, E. Sh.
DETF.BHINATION OF VINYL CHLOBIDE IN THE AIB. D.S.S.H.
literature on Air Pollution and Belated Occupational
Diseases, Vol. 1:118-150, Jan. 1960= (Also published in
Gigiena i Sanit., No. 11:<43-44, 1954.,} Translated from
Russian.
CFSTI: IT 60-21019
The procedure described is based en bromination in chloroform
solution with a bromine solution in a 1:1 mixture of glacial acetic
acid and chloroform. The method is sensitive to 0.10 mg of vinyl
chloride per test. The absorption of vinyl chloride from air is
accomplished by aspirating the tested air through chloroform kept
at -10 to -15 deg., at the rate of 10 - 12 liters per hour. This
sethod is specific in the presence of methanol and dichlorethane.
Observing the additional steps and precuations indicated obviates
the interference of ethylene and of chlorine.#t
07150
Dzedzichek, V. P- and A. V. Demidov
APPABATUS FOB THE DETERMINATION OF CABBON MONOXIDE AND CABBON
DIOXIDE IN THE AIB AND OF GASEODS COMPONENTS OF LIQOID FDEL.
D.S.SoBo literature on Air Pollution and Belated
Occupational Diseases, Vol. 1:168-177, Jan., 1960. (Also
published in Lab. Delo 3(4):46-51, 1957.) Translated from
Russian.,
CFSTI: TT 60-21049
The principle of the method described is the same as of the
combustion methods currently in use. The carbon monoxide or the
hydrocarbons contained in the air are oxidized to carbon dioxide in
a combustion chamber with the aid of an electrically heated coil.
The carbon dioxide is then .passed through a coil condenser
(absorber) which contains a known volume of a known solution of
barium hydroxide, and the excess of the latter determined by
titration with a standardized solution of HC1, and the results
expressed in mg of CO or of hydrocarbons, as the case may be, per
liter of air. The apparatus consists of four main sections: the
purifying section,, the distributor, the combustion chamber and the
absorber. The apparatus and technic are described in detail.ft
07180
B. Breuer
METBOLOGY AND AIB POLLUTION. Eie Besstechnik bei der
Beinhaltung der Luft. VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Z.
(Duesseldorf) 107 (30), 1434-8 '(Oct. 1965J. Ger»
408 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
A survey of air pollution measurements is presented. In the
group of emission measurements, a block diagram for continuous
CC2 and S02 measurements is given and some details of
sampling and filtering are discussed., A nomograph relates the
502 emission with the sulfur concentration of the fuel..
These measurements operate on the principle of infrared
absorption,. Another block diagram shows examples of dust
measurements. Both the electrostatically operating "Konitest"
and a meter based on light extinction are employed. An
electrochemical device determining chlorine is explained. Here
the chlorine oxidizes iodide which in turn causes a depolarization
current to flow. As an example of concentration measurements, an
electrochemical device determining H2S in concentrations as low
as 1 ppb is given. The electric current arising as the result of
the formation of silver sulfide is of the order of 0.1 micron amp
which can be amplified and recorded,. A short discussion of
practical aspects of sampling and statistical evaluations of
results, in particular, relations to wind directions, concludes
this paper.f#
0736«
Fukui, S.
DETERMINATION OF SULFUR OXIDES IN STACK GASES BY THE ABSENAZO III
METHOD. Text in Japanese. Bunseki Kagaku (Japan
Analyst (Tokyo), 1t {9) : 838-812 , 1965.
In determining sulfur oxides, arsenazo III is used as the
indicator and a solution of barium and lead slat is used as the
standard solution. The influence of isopropyl alcohol
concentration and pH on arsenazo III was investigated and
tabulated indicating that the proper amount of alcohol required is
four times as great as the quantity of sample solution used; a pH
of 3.0 is reguired for stable measurements. The influence of
diverse ions of CL-, C03-2,, N03-, and N02- on this method is
negligible for ion quantities of 10, 5, 5, and 2 mg, respectively,
but 1 mg of P01-3 interfers with measurement. The influence of
S03-2 on S04-2 is negligible for quantities of S03-2 300
times as great as 304-2. Hydrogen peroxide does not interfere
with the determination. Determination of sulfur oxides by the
arsenazo III method, acid-base titration method, and
Ba-chloranilate method show good agreement., ##
07379
B. Kano
OZONE. Text in Japanese, Kuki Seijo (Clean Air-J. Japan
Air Cleaning Assoc..) 2(1):5«-59, 1961. 11 refs.
The methods of production,, toxic nature, and methods of
detection of ozone are described. The Denshi Ozonizer No. 1 is
illustrated in which oxygen or air is passed between the dielectric
plates and a silent discharge by high voltage a.c. produces
ozone. The ozone concentration varies according to humidity and
D. Measurement Methods 409
-------
temperature of the air, low temperature and humidity being
favorable for effective utilization of the ozone. Part of the
toxic character of ozone comes from the presence of nitrogen oxide
as an impurity. The maxiffium alienable concentration of each in
its pure state is 20 ppm but when mixed, 1 ppm is the
maximum., Dses of ozone for air cleaning, oxidation of
organic compounds, sterilization, water cleaning,
deodorization, etc. are covered. Ozone detection methods are
divided into chemical and physical methods. The physical
nethod is more convenient and fast. Usually the odor of ozone
permits its detection before much harm to the human body can
occur-*#
07391
H. Miyazaki, K. Di, H., Ando
INVESTIGATION OF TEXT HETHODS OF S-OXIDES AND N-OXIDES IN THE
ATMOSPHEBE. Text in Japanese. J. Japan Petrol. Inst.
(Tokyo), 9(3) :21«-216, Mar., 1966. 10refs.
The methods investigated are the electrical conductivity
method, rosaniline method, and Saltzman method. Drawbacks to
the electrical conductivity method are that 302 and S03 cannot
be measured separately and that H2S, mercaptans, and other
elements interfere with measurement. In addition, the electrical
conductivity of the absorbing liguid depends on the temperature.
The rosaniline method is used only for S02. Considerations
in using this method consist of the speed of absorption of the
air tested, the shape of the abscrber, absorption efficiency,
and maintenance of the absorption liguid. Impingers and air
washing bottles are also required. The absorption of test air
depends on the celocity and on the shape of the bottle;
absorption efficiency of the absorption liguid was good,
indicating the need for only one absorption tube.. Data
obtained by sue of both electrical conductivity and
rosaniline methods were in good agreement with each other.,
As for the Saltzman method for N-oxides, the absorption
efficiency was found to depend on the speed of absorption and on
the type of absorption tube used., It is difficult to make
a perfect collection of NO2 by the Saltzman method. The
hourly variation of N02 concentration in Yokohama is graphed;
it reached a peak of 0.05 ppm between 9 and 10 A.M.. which
is much less than the corresponding S02 concentration. ##
07401
Suzuki, S.
POTENTIAL AUTOMATIC DETECTOE OF SMAII AMOUNTS OF OXIDIZING GAS
DSING POTASSIUM IODIDE AS A REACTION INDICATOB (I). Text in
Japanese. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air-J. Japan Air Cleaning
Assoc., Tokyo), 2 (3): 19-29, 1965. 7 refs,.
The detector described consists of two parts: the measuring
section and the recording part. The efficiency of the measuring
410 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
part was determined by a potentioneter which measured the relation
between the iodine concentration and electric potential which are
proportional. There was difficulty in obtaining good
repeatability values; the problen is discussed in some detail.
The efficiency of the automatic recording equipment was then
tested. A wiring diagran of the apparatus is included. The
relation between resistance change in the wire and deflection of
the recorder is graphed. As for operating procedure, the effects
of potential stability, bubbling, and ultraviolet rays were
investigated. Graphs illustrate that initial potential stability
in potassium iodide is. difficult to reach but once obtained, the
stability will remain constant during changes in potassium iodide.
Other effects noted were that bubbling affects the voltage and the
effect of ultraviolet rays is great. The detector was used for
N02, ozone, radioactive iodine, and other gases. The process
and aethods of exanination are described in detail.##
01102
Suzuki, So
POTENTIAL AUTOMATIC DETECTOE OF SHAIL AMOUNTS OF OXIDIZING GAS
USING POTASSIUM IODIDE AS A REACTION INDICATOR (2). STODY OF
FLOID IN THE CELL AND SALT ERIDGE COMPOSITION. Text in
Japanese™ Kuki Seijo (Clean Air-J. Japan Air Cleaning
Assoc.,, Tokyo), 2(«):7-13, 1965., U refs.
In a previous discussion, the problem of irregularity of the
reagent used in the cell of a potential automatic detector was
covered. The structure of the cell and the composition are
investigated in order to obtain a stable method for measuring small
anounts of oxidizing gas. The equipment under investigation
consists of cells of a reference electrode and an indicator
electrode with a salt bridge between. The items examined are:
(1) Effect of the reagent in the reference electrode cell; (2)
Effect of pH of the solution in the indicating cell; (3) Effect
of the salt bridge connecting the reference electrode and
indicator electrode. Three types of salt bridge were examined,
i.e., agat-agar and distilled water, agar-agar-potassium iodide and
distilled water, and agar-agar-potassium iodide and buffer
solution. Results showed that pH did not affect the potential
of the solution in the reference electrode cell as long as iodide
was added, but if iodide was not added, the solution was made
acidic. The pH of the solution in the indicator electrode cell
had no effect on the potential. The agar-agar-potassium iodide
and buffer solution bridge was considered best.##
07127
G., E. Hoore, Rn S. Thomas, 0. L. Konkman
TBB RODTINE DETERMINATION OF POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS IN
AIRBORNE POLLUTANTS. J. Chromatog., 26 (2) :«56-«6U, 1968.
9 refs.
A method for the analysis of polycyclic hydrocarbons found
in polluted air and tobacco tars is described in detail.
D. Measurement Methods 411
-------
The chromatography of polycyclic hydrocarbons involves
compromises including the activity of the alumina, the depth
of the adsorbent, and the amount of the ether, or other
polar solvent used. Ultraviolet spectroscopy as a monitoring
technique is not sufficiently sensitive. This lack of
sensitivity may be the reason that column losses have been
reported. Fluorescence as a monitoring technique is much
more sensitive and must be used when benzo (a) pyrene is being
measured, since the benzo (k) fluoranthene present in the
venzo (a) pyrene fractions causes serious interference with
measurements made at the characteristic benzo (a) pyrene peak at
ca. i»02nm.#t
07D35
A. Zdro3ewski, A. L. DuBois, G. E.. Moore, F. S.
Thomas, J. X. Monkman
COLUMN CHBOHATOGHAPHY AND SPECTROSCOPY IN THE ANALYSIS OF
AIRBORSE POLYCYCLICS. J. Chroma tog. , 28 (2) : 31 7-325.. 1967.. 16 refs
Analytical difficulties encountered during the separation
(column chronatography) and measurement (spectrophotometric and
f luoriroetric) of polynuclear compounds are discussed. A
glass tube 1.0 cm I.D. and tO«0 cm long is fitted with a teflon
plug stopcock. The column is filled to a depth of 12 cm with a
slurry of the deactivated alumina in cyclohexane. For
ultraviolet absorption a Bausch 6 Lamb spectrophotometer
and a Gary 11 recording spectrophotometer were used. For
fluorimetric measurements a modified Aminco-Bowman
spectrophotometer was used. The use of fluorescence is
mandatory in the measurement of polycyclic hydrocarbons in air
samples, without its use, the analyst would be seriously
handicapped with regard to sensitivity. There seems to be no
evidence for losses on the chrcmatographic column and
accordingly no need to correct for such losses. It is
possible that apparent losses may be due to interference from the
background. The background may be due to overloading of the
column or to incomplete separation of a mixture of
hydrocarbons having a common structure. These hydrocarbons are
likely to be of the two tc three ring type. Overloading of the
column and incomplete separation are different affects, but the
influence on the chrcmatogram will be the same. ##
I. E. Cohen, J. J. Bufalini
FDHTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE FEBHODS AMMONIUM THIOCYANATE BEAGEN1
FOR OZONE. Environ. Sci. Technol.. , 1(12):1014, Dec.. 1967- 5
refs..
A reinvestigation of the ferrous ammonium thiocyanate
colorimetric method for ozcne has disclosed the following facts:
This method for ozone has the advantage that a sample collected
in the field need not be analyzed until it is returned to the
412 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
hcne laboratory.. The time lapse may be several days or weeks.
Unfortunately, the aolar absorptivity, although constant for
other oxidants such as n-butyl hydroperoxide,, tertbutyl
hydroperoxide, and hydrogen peroxide, is constant for ozone only
at concentrations greater than 2 ppm (v/v).. Unless the
approximate ozone levels are known, the method is not useful if
highly accurate ozone levels are desired. (Authors" summary)t#
07482
Kanno, S»
DETERMINATION OF GASEOUS AIR PCIIUTANTS. Text in Japanese.
0. Jap. Petrol. Inst- (Tokyo), 7 (2): 92-96, Feb. 1964. 6
refs.
The determination of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides in smoke
and in air are covered. S02 in smoke is measured
colorimetrically or by detection tube. Two methods are described:
one for measuring pollutants after the combustion of coal or heavy
oil or for gases mixed with N02 and the other for mixtures of
S02 and S03- Procedures are given for making the test
liquid (absorption liquid) and for exact measurement for each
method. The detection tube is illustrated briefly. The
absorption tube method is not sufficient for N02 detection. A
method of almost perfect collecting efficiency which is used in the
Kanagawa Prefecture Public Health laboratories is described.
The absorber is composed of a aixture of NaOH and butanol.
For S02 and S03 measurement, the electric conductivity method
and barium molybdate method are illustrated. The rosanaline
method is used as well as an alkali filter paper method. The
latter is superior to the widely used Pb02 method in that
reagent quality does not affect the measured value and the
collecting efficiency does not depend on temperature and humidity. #t
07506
Shlquist, Norman €„ and Robert J. Charlson
A NEW INSTRUMENT FOE EVALUATING THE VISUAL QUALITY OF AIR.
J. Air Pollution Control Sssoc., 17 (7) : 467-469, July 1967.,
2 refs. (Presented at the Annual Meeting, Pacific Northwest
International Section, Air Pollution Control Association,
Seattle, Hash., Nov. 3-4, 1966.)
The basic design features and operating characteristics of the
integrating nephelcneter are presented. The nephelcmeter was
operated for a period from July 19 to Aug. 18, 1966 on the campus
of the University of Washington. The intake was located in a
southwest window about 40 ft above the ground. The preliminary
data indicate that the instrument has high potential utility for
measuring objectively a quantity closely related to the
visual quality of air, the light scattering coefficient. Because
the instrument is sinple, stable, and relatively inexpensive, it
appears desirable to investigate the possibility of including it in
air monitoring networks when simultaneous information on the visual
quality of air is desired. ##
D. Measurement Methods 413
-------
C75KO
C. 0« Peterson, Jr., B. 7. Dailey, H. G. Amrhein
APP1YING NON-DISPERSIVE INFRABED TO ANALYZE POIIOTED STACK
GASES. Instr. Technolo , 1U (8) :K5-«8, Aug. 1967., 3 refs.,
The toxic and reactive properties that make some air pollutants
difficult to analyze in the parts-per-million range are the
properties that make it important to measure these effluents
accurately. The operation of nondispersive infrared analyzers
with a positive filtering type sensitization is reviewed. The
method of sensitizing an instrument uses a negative filtering-
type sensitization for nitrogen dioxide with a non-dispersive
infrared analyzer. In the conventional method, nitrogen
dioxide is used to sensitize the comparison cell and detector.
However, it was found that it could not be used because of its
reactivity. Propylene and vinyl chloride were satisfactory
because they have strong adsorption bands at 6.2 microns. Acetone
was used to equalize the infrared adsorption by water vapor in
both cells. By negative filtering-type sensitization is was
possible to desensitize water vapor response although the single-
beam (positive filtering) response to water vapor was
approximately four times that of nitrogen dioxide.##
075U5
T. Sekigawa
MEASUREMENT METHOD FOB CONCENTRATION OF IONS IN POLLUTED AIR.
Text in Japanese. Kuki Seijc (Clean Air, J. Japan Air
Cleaning Assoc.,, Tokyo) 3(1):13-18, 1965.
The number of ions in air decreases when air is polluted so
that the degree of air pollution can be determined by measuring
the guantity of ions in the air at a given time. Generally, a
cylindrically shaped ion counter is used which gives the number of
ions. Corrections are made for the inverse electric field at the
inlet of the counter, the existence of triple or other
multiple charges, and from the change in the number of ions
in air. Mathematical expressions for the corrections are given.
Graphs for the relation between nobility and ion number before
and after correction are compared.#t
07648
Havir, 0., A. Fidler, and R. Husak
THE DETECTION OF SUIPKUH-COHECUNDS WITH ELUOKESCEIN-1,3,6,H-
IITRAMEBCURITETRAACETATE. Acta Chim. Acad. Sci. Hung., 50(1-
<4) :39-U<>, 1966. 10 refs.
Grote's, and iodine-azide agents are usually used for the detection
o± thiocompounds on paper, or a thiniayer of aluminium oxide. lor
414 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
the same purpose fluorescein-1,3,6,8 -tetramercuritetraacetate
(further IMF) is also suitable. Beak acid, neutral and weak basic
solutions of THF show green-yellow fluorescence on paper or
aluminium oxide. A suitable carrier used tor chromatographic
analysis is lightly covered by a spray of a basic solution of THF.
In such places, where a substance incorporating an SH group is
present, fluorescence ceased and a dark red or violet spot appears
in ultraviolet light; in case of higher concentrations of the
substance the spot is visible even to the eye. This shows that IMF
is suitable for chromatographic detection of thio-compounds. The
sensitivity of THF has been tested. In practical application in
paper chromatography and subsequent detection with TMF reagent,
thiourea, mercaptopyrimidines and seme of their derivates were
used. The EF values were established for these compounds using
paper and thin layer chrcmatography. The papers deal with the
chromatography of thiourea and its derivates. Spots caused by 1HF
sere detected by means of UV light with filter. Eesults show that
fluorescein-1,3,6,8-tetramercuritetraacetate (TKI) is the most
sensitive agent for the detection of organic thiocompounds having
an SH group.
07651*
Crone, Paul
PROGRESS EEPOBT TRACER STUDIES IN AIE POLLUTION: I. SULFUB
DIOXIDE. Preprint, Colcradc Uriv., Boulder, Chemistry
Dept., 12 p., ((1966)). t refs.
Badiochemical tracer techniques have been used to study air
pollution problems associated with sulfur dioxide with respect to;
(1) Efficiency and specificity of analytical methods, and (2)
Beactions to sulfur dioxide in air. Sampling techniques using
midget bubblers and tetrachlorcmercurate scrubbing solution (West
Gaeke method) were shown to become less efficient at air
concentrations below 1 ppm. The conductometric method as efficient
in capturing and measuring concentrations of sulfur dioxide in the
parts per hundred million range. However, when ambient air is
sampled, the conductcmetric metho.d gives consistently high results.
Efforts are being made to analyze the substances causing the high
results. The reactions cf sulfur dioxide have been studied in the
main by use of static tests in which known concentrations ot tagged
sulfur dioxide were treated under various conditions of dark,
sunlight, and ultraviolet irradiation and in the presence of water,
nitrogen oxides, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. The tracer
techniques conbimed with the various analytical methods described
help give a considerable amount of information on the composition
and mechanisms of substances in polluted air.
07655L
C86551
Atel, N.. and C. Junge
DEVELOPMENT OF A LARGE-ION COUNTER OF HIGH SENSITIVITY. Text
in German. Johannes-Gutenberg-Univ-, Hainz, Germany,
Beteorologisch-Geophysikalisches Inst., Nov. 1966. ((81))
D. Measurement Methods 415
-------
refs. 0. S. Army, European Research Office, Contract
DA-91-591-EUC-3910, «71)) p.
CFSTI/DDC: AD 81302UL
A sensitive ion counter for the neasurenents of large-ion
mobilities in atmospheric air has been constructed. It can be
used to determine aerosol size distributions below .00005 cm
radius in very clean tropospheric air masses with total aerosol
concentrations as low as a few hundred per cc. The ion counter
is of the integral type and was designed for maximum sensitivity.
Particular attention was paid to the most suitable geometry, to
the insulation problems and to stability of the driving voltage.
A special device for eliminating displacement currents generated
cy voltage fluctuations was suggested and was under construction.
Laboratory tests of the ion counter were made. The existing
theories of equilibrium charge distribution on aerosol particles,
which must be known to convert ion spectra into total aerosol
spectra, are briefly discussed., ##
07681
Begener, Victor H.
FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF THE CHEMIIUMINESCENT
METHOD FOE THE MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC OZONE. Hew Mexico
Univ., Altuguergue, Dept» of Physics and Astronomy, Contract
AF 19(628)-2927, Proj. 860K, Task 860406, AFCB1-67-0029, 21p.,
Jan. 16, 1967.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 618916
Refinements and new applications of the cherciluminescent method for
the measurement of atmospheric ozone are described. These include
an improved balloon sonde with variable resistance output, a method
for in-flight calibration of an aircraft ozone recorder, and a
pilot installation for the aeasurement of ozone from a tower. The
original chemiluminescent ozone sonde gives deviations from the
calibration curve at the high end of the recorder chart when the
battery voltages drop toward the end of a balloon flight. The new
device needs only one calibration setting before the flight, namely
that for "zero" ozone, because the high end of the chart scale
corresponds automatically to zero resistance, or "infinite" ozone.
Beans for calibrating periodically the chemiluminescent material in
ozone sensors was obtained by developing an in-flight source of
ozone which would periodically add a known amount of ozone to the
air intake of a balloon sonde. The ozone density produced in an
air stream illuminated by ultraviolet light was utilized in this
method.
07687
Young, Robert A.
MEASUREMENT OF NITHIC OXIDE IN THE EARTH"S ATMOSPHERE.
Stanford Research Inst., Menlc Park, Calif., Contract
No. DA-19-1II6-XZ-112, Project No. DASA-1887, SBI Project No. PiU-
3895, 3«p., March 23, 1967.
CFSTI, DEC: AD 6«9829
416 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Decent fluorescent nitric oxide dayglow measurements have indicated
that the concentration of NO is approximately 100 times larger than
previously supposed. This result has necessitated a drastic
revision of the models for NO production and loss and re -
evaluation of the interaction of lyman-alpha radiation from the sun
with NO to create the ionization in the D-region. It is obviously
extremely important to verify the fluorescent measurements by an
entirely independent means. Status is described of a nitric oxide
detector that is being developed for use in the lower ionosphere.
The sensor, which operates by selective photoionization of nitric
oxide, was essentially completed. The associated electronics were
designed. The mechanical components were designed and partially
completed.
07709
Vernot, E. H.,, J. D. HacEwen, D. L., Geiger, and C. C»
Haun
THE AIR OXIDATION OF MONOHETHY.1 HY.DBAZINE. am. Ind. Hyg.,
Assoc.. J.., 28(4) :3«3-3in, July- Aug., 1967. 10 refs.
The air oxidation of monomethyl hydrazine was examined using gas
chromatography and infrared spectrophotometry. Major products were
found to be molecular nitrogen and methane. First order kinetics
were obeyed and half-life calculated to be 3U minutes under the
conditions used. Evidence that the reaction was surface catalyzed
was provided by the much facter rate shown when a polyethylene
container was substituted for glass. (authors' summary)
077D9
Ives, N. F. and Laura Giuffrida
INVESTIGATION OF THERMIONIC DETECTOR RESPONSE FOE THE GAS
CHROMATOGFAPHY OF P, N, As,AND C1 ORGANIC COHPODNDS. J. Assoc,,
Offic. Anal. Chemists, 50(1) :1-4, Feb. 1967., 8 refs. (Presented at
the 8th Annual Meeting, Association of Official analytical
Chemists, flashington, B.C., Oct. 10-13, 1966.)
Investigations were conducted to determine the degree of
specificity and enhanced response of the thermionic detector (TD),
using alkali metal salts.The test compounds included the triphenyl
derivatives of group V (a) elements. Because of special interest in
nitrogen response, several types of nitrogen compounds were
included. The effects of varying jet diameter, carrier gas, and
other operating parameters were also studied. Thermionic response
to grooup V(a) elements in organic compounds was found to depend on
the salt cation used in the TD. The magnitude of response was
similar for different salts of the same cation. Increased response
for phosphorus was 10,000 fold or better, for nitrogen about 100
fold, and for arsenic about 30 fold. With an unknown response,
phosphorus can be distinguished from nitrogen or arsenic by compar-
ing the thermionic and conventional flame responses.The detection
of nitrogen in organic compounds was not affected adversely by us-
D. Measurement Methods 417
-------
ing nitrogen as a carrier gas. Hith certain size flame jets, a
significant increase in thermionic response can be obtained by
substituting helium for nitrogen as the carrier gas» Detector
stability was best with potassium salts and was better with
rubidium than with cesiurc salts; KC1 was preferred for phosphorus
compounds and HbC1 for nitrogen compounds.
07807
Altshuller, A. P.
APPLICATION OF REACTIVITY CONCEPTS TO EMISSIONS FBOM DEVICE
EQUIPPED AND UNEQUIPPED AUTOMOBILES. Preprint, Public Health
Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution
Control, <(18))P.. ({1967)). 12 refs.
Various manifestations of atmospheric photochemical reactions can
be associated with the relative ability of various hydrocarbons to
participate in these reactions. The ratings derived from such
manifestations have been used to develop a number of hydrocarbon
reactivity scales. These scales are utilized in evaluating the
effectiveness of automotive exhaust control devices. The
effectiveness of the devices as computed from reactivity scales is
compared >ith total hydrocarbon measurements.
0781U
Boiteau, H. L-, and Cl. Houssion
A SIMPLE APPARATUS FOB THE DETEBBINA1ION OF CERTAIN GASEOUS OH
VOLATILE TOXIC SUBSTANCES. ((Un appareil simple pur le
dosage de guelgues toxigues gazeux cu volatils.)) Text in
French. Ann. Biol. Clin. (Paris), 25 (1-2) :215-227, Jan.-
Feb. 1967. 1 refs.
A simple apparatus made of pyrex glass for the estimation of a
number of gases in air or in mixtures is described with
particular reference to toxic substances such as carbon dioxide,
carbon monoxide, nitrogen peroxide, hydrogen cyanide, and
trichlorethylene. The device consists of two glass cylinders, one
100 ml in capacity which acts as a reaction chamber and is
connected by a stopcock to another 10 ml chamber which is sealed
with a glass stepper. The reaction chamber has another stopcock
at the opposite end of the cylinder from the connecting stopcock.
The stopper on the smaller chamber is removed and the stopcocks
are opened while 400 to 500 ml of the sample is drawn slowly
through the apparatus. The stopcocks are then closed and the
smaller chamber is then flushed out with nitrogen or unpolluted
air- The appropriate reagent is added to the small chamber and
the chamber is closed by the ground glass stopper. The connecting
stopcock is opened and the gas can then react with the reagent
which varies with the subject gas as does the method of analysis
of the absorbed gas. The determinations can be made rapidly with
few manipulations and are accurate and sensitive enough for the
requirements of a tcxicological analysis.**
418 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
C7830
Popov, V. A.
THE PRESENCE OF OXIDANTS IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF CERTAIN TCHNS IN
THE (US.S.H. ((Prisultstvie oksidantov v atmosfernom vozdukhe
nekotorykh gorodov SSSR.)) Text in Russian. Engl. transl.
Hyg. Sanit., 31(1-3): 3-8, Jan..-Harch 1966.
Oxidants in the air of certain tcwns of the Soviet Onion were
neasured by the phenolphthalein method. The standard color
scale was a mixture of an alcoholic-aqueous solution (3:2) of
phenolphthalein and 1% borax solution. The maximum concentration
of oxidants on the highways of Moscow and Baku on sunny days was
as high as 0.1 mg/cu m, and on cloudy days did not exceed 0,03
rog/cu ui. A study of this type of pollutants in Baku
revealed their presence in the area of oil refineries at
concentrations within 0.15 mg/cu m. On the other hand, the
maximum value of oxidants in the vicinity of Batumi oil refinery
was considerably lever (O.,0t| mg/cu m).#*
07838
Dinitriades, Basil
METHODOLOGY IN AIR POLLUTION STUDIES USING IRRADIATION CHAMBERS. J.
Air Pollution Control Issoc., 17(7):160-466, July 1967. 12 refs.
Experimentation in large irradiation chambers has been useful in
providing insight into the chemistry of the photochemical saiog
formation problem. Initial efforts to reproduce the atmoshperic
phenomena artifically at controllable scale were successful in that
gross atmospheric smog symptoms were observed in irradiation
chambers. However, as the experimentation and evidence produced
were becoming more elaborate, the question arose as to how much one
could rely on chemical data in understanding and interpreting
atmospheric phenomena. The question becomes highly pertinent in
view of the difference in concentration levels between atmosphere
and chamber work. This issue was discussed during recent Amercian
Chemical Society meetings, and the conclusions from presnetations
and discussions were as follows: (1) There is qualitative
agreement between chamber data and atmospheric data wherever
comparison is feasible. (2) There is need for more precise chamber
work at concentration levels more nearly egual to those in the
atmosphere. Experimentation in chambers under typical atmospheric
conditions presents some special problems associated with the
chamber design and chemical analysis. Chamber methodology has been
the focus of considerable research effort, and it appears to be an
important factor affecting further progress in air pollution
research. This paper describes methods and techniques used at the
Bartlesville Petroleum Research Center. (Author's abstract)
D. Measurement Methods 419
-------
07857
F. H. Davis
A BEVIEH OF PHYSICOCHEHICAL METHODS FOB NITHOGEN. OXYGEN, AND
8ITBIC OXIDE HEASDBEHENTS., Air Force Flight Dynamics Lab.,
Wright-Patterson 1FB, Ohio, Research and Technology Divu,
CFSTI/DDC: AD 648039
Project No. 1«26, Task No. 112610, Tech- Sept. AFFDL-TB-
66-71, «3p., Aug. 1966. 161 refs.
CFSTI/DDC: AFFDL-TH-6H8039
Several of the physicochemical methods used within approximately
the last 15 years for research studies performed with molecular
nitrogen, atonic nitrogen, molecular oxygen, atomic oxygen and
nitric oxide are summarized., Several of the techniques used are:
modified conventional spectroscopic techniques, emission and
absorption; electron-beam probe studies; flash photolysis (N02,
03, Cl-oxide decomposition, formation of vibrationally excited
02); shock tube studies {dissociation of 02, indirect
measurement of recombination rates at high temperature); flame
reaction studies (approach to thermal equilibrum of flame gases
measured by photometric or mass—spectrometric methods); modified
Bocd-Bonhoeffer experiments (fast-flow studies utilizing the air
after-glow, catalytic probes, cr Hrede-Harteck gauges to measure
0-atom concentration); photolysis techniques (Hg-
sensitized photolysis of nitrous cxide, low concentration
photolysis of nitrogen dioxide) ; and mass-spectrometer studies
(fast reactions by time-of-flight mass spectrometry studies of
discharged oxygen by modified, conventional mass spectrometry) .,
The use of an electron-beam probe is extensively discussed since
this technique has been directly applied to rarefied, nonradiating,
nitrogen-containing gas flows. Some of the techniques used in the
past for measurement of gas temperatures are outlined.,**
C7867
Gudiksen, P. H. P. H. Hildebrandt, and J. J- Kelley, Jr.
COMPARISON OF AN E1ECTEOCHEMICAI AND A COLOBIMETPIC DETERMINATION
OF OZONE. J., Geophys. Bes., 71 (22) : 5221-5223, Nov. 15, 1966. 6
ref s.
CFSTI/DDC: AE 6U5729
The data from six Brewer-Mast electrochemical ozone analyzers were
compared with an arbitrarily chosen analyzer of identical
manufacture to determine aging of the sensor cells during prolonged
field use. An independent colorimetric method for the determination
of ozone was used to standardize the reference analyzer. Athough
the individual electrochemical analyzers give reproducible
readings, they differ from each ether by as much as 20 percent and
from the colorinetric results by as much as 60 percent. These
differences are primarily due to aging.The effects of aging can be
reduced significantly by thorough periodic cleaning of the sensor
cell. -(Authors' abstract}
420 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
07885
R., J. Lewis, B. Smith, P. Baker
All ANALYSIS OF INSTBUMENT DOHNTIME FOE A LABGE AIB MONITOBING
HETHOBK. Preprint. Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control, (12) p.,
1967. (Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association., Cleveland, Ohio, June 12-16, 1967.,)
There is a prevalence of opinion encouraged by company sales
representatives that currently available continous air
monitoring equipment is truly continuous and automatic.
The word automatic as applied to present air monitoring
instruments is defined by a detailed analysis of the type of
instrument failures which can be expected. The experience is
drawn fron the operating reports and records of the Continuous
iir Monitoring Project (CAMP). Failure of the instrument
system can come about for many reasons, and is defined by the
less of anticipated valid data output. Three major causes for
lass of data are instrument failure, personnel failure, and supply
support failure. It is concluded that successful network
operation of continuous air monitoring equipment demands careful
design of support functions and personnel selection. A
continual reanalysis of operating efficiency and upgrading of
personnel training is mandatory. (Authors" abstract,
modified)#*
07889
J., S. Nader
EBOBLEMS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN MONITORING AIR POLLUTION SOURCES.
Preprint, Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio,
National Center for Air Pollution Control, 16p., 1967. 25
refs. (Presented at a symposium on Air Pollution
Instrumentation sponsored by the Connecticut Valley Section
of the Instrument Society of America, Hartford, Conn., Feb.
23, 1967.}
Automatic and continuous monitoring of air pollution sources is
discussed relative to needs in air pollution control and in terms
of in-stack and remote measurement techniques. Commercially
available equipment and application problems are reviewed for
both gas and particulate measurements. The appliaction of
advanced methods developed in other technologies to air pollution
source monitoring is discussed; these include such techniques as
passive IE spectroscopy, lidar probing, and Eaman spectroscopy.
(Author's abstract) t#
07913
Haters, Eichard H., and Bichard F. Reynolds
FINAL BEPOBT - ANALYSIS AND MODIFICATION OF EVE EQUIPMENT FOB
EVB VALUES 500 FEET AND ABOVE. Environmental Science
Services Administration, Silver Spring, Md. , Equipment
D. Measurement Methods 421
-------
Development Lab., Contract FA-65 HSI-96, Project
K50-102-01E, KD-66-9, <^151))p., Kay 1966. U refs.
CFSTI,DDC: AD 651551
A rationale of the design criteria and choices of the present
Bunway Visual Range (BVB) system, reportings based on
atmospheric transmittance measured over a 500 foot path, is
presented.. Modifications to existing equipment for low EVE
reporting on three different schedules are described. Each of the
three reporting modes are based or transmittance measurements over
a 250 foot path. Eeportings are from 600 feet in 200 and 500 foot
increments, from 500 feet in 100 and 200 foot increments and from
500 feet in 100, 200 and 500 foot increments. Cost reductions
that cculd be effected in the purchase of new equipment as a
result of eliminating one or two light settings are revealed.
EVE computer modifications are discussed for an end-to-end
transmissometer configuration,. fin operational analysis of the
BVH computer system reveals three areas requiring improvement:
additional circuitry is required to provide more reliable operation
of the Heceiver-Decoder over noisy signal lines; a design change
is needed to eliminate the possibility of serious damage to the
computer by erroneous insertion of interconnecting cables, and
improved fabrication methods should be applied to the etched
circuit relay board of the Signal Data Converter. Various
modes of system operation enhancement are discussed: oral RVE
reporting, data communication methods, and EVB testing capability
expansion.##
07938
M. L. Kain, B» T. Commins, G. Eixon-Lewis, J. F.
fiunn
DETECTION AND DETERMINATION OF HIGHES OXIDES OF NITBOGEN.
Brit. J., anaesthesia (Altrinham) „ Vol. 39, 425-431, 1967..
17 refs-
Methods are described for the determination of NO, N02 or
(20U as contaminants of nitrous oxide,. Most of the
discussion is related to nitrous oxide as an anesthetic, however,
the most sensitive methods which will detect less than 1 ppm are
appropriate for studies of air pollution. Saltzman developed
a colorimetric method which uses the diazo reaction to determine
N02. It has been adapted for the measurement of NO. Nitrous
acid is formed when N02 dissolves, diazotizing sulphanilic acid
which then couples with alphanaphtyl ethylene diamine to give a
magenta color. The calibration is made by adding known amounts
of sodium nitrite solution. Assuming that 1 mole of N02
gives the same color as 0.72 moles of sodium nitrite, the
concentration of N02 can be determined if the volume of the
test gas is known. Although there is some doubt about
calibration, this test is the most reliable and sensitive one
available at present. Concentrations of less than 1 ppm can be
detected.##
422 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
C7981
Green, A. E_ S., D. T. Williams, E. S. Sholtes, and J. Dowling,
Jr.
THE MIDDLE ULTRAVIOLET AND AIR POLLUTION. In: A. E. S. Green, ed.,
The Middle Ultraviolet: Its Science and Technology, New York, John
Wiley E Sons, 1966, Chapt- 8, p. 158-164.. 32 refs.
Currently in the air pollution field a great effort is underway to
find and develop more specific methods of measuring contaminants.
It appears that ultraviolet spectroscopy would be an important tool
in measuring these trace species. The important pollutants such as
nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and ozone all have strong
absorption coefficients in the ultraviolet, as do many of the other
lesser pollutants and the products of the photochemical reactions
which play such a large role in smog formation. Both chemical and
spectroscopic methods have their advantages and disadvantages.
Perhaps the greatest importance in utilizing ultraviolet
spectroscopy is that a program which complements the chemical
program could be obtained. The two programs working together
should indeed contribute significantly to the body of knowledge
which is necessary to solve the air pollution problem-
080U9
Dave, J. V. and Carlton L« Mateer
A PBELIMINABY STUDY ON THE POSSIBILITY OF ESTIMATING TOTAL
ATMOSPHERIC OZONE FECH SATELLITE MEASUREMENTS. J. Atmospheric Sci.,
2«(4) : 1(1 4-427, July 1967. 16 refs.
A preliminary study of the feasibility of determining total
atmospheric ozone from satellite measurements of the solar
ultraviolet radiation diffusely reflected by the earthls atmosphere
is presented. The atmospheric model used is plane-stratified, and
the evaluation of the radiation field takes into account all orders
of rayleigh scattering. In addition, the model provides for
variations in the total amount and vertical distribution of ozone,
as well as the Lambert reflectivity and pressure at the effective
base of the atmosphere. The results indicate that the wavelength
region in which measurements should te made lies between about 3125
and 3115 A, if the observations are restricted to the nadir
direction.. Wavelengths shorter than 3125 A do not penetrate
adeguately through the ozone layer and do not, therefore, contain
information on total ozone content. Havelengths much longer than
3175 A offer rather poor sensitivity to total ozone. The accuracy
of total ozone determinations, based on measurements at a single
wavelength, is not likely to be better than 10 percent even if the
intensity ratio {diffusely reflected to extraterrestrial input
flux) is measured within 1 percent, reflectivity within 0U05, and
cloud-top or surface pressure within 50 mb. More accurate
determinations of surface reflectivity are essential for improving
the accuracy of the total ozone determination. Measurements on a
pair of wavelengths, one within the 3125-3175 A range and the
second at 3300 A, are found to reduce the effects of reflectivity-
D. Measurement Methods 423
-------
Over a moderate range of solar zenith angle, measurements on the
wavelength pair (3175, 3300 A) will permit deduction of total ozone
within 5 percent, provided the various quantities are determined
with the above-noted accuracies. When the zenith angle of the sun
exceeds about 60 deg., penetration of the ozone layer is incomplete
and a simultaneous determination of the high level ozone
distribution from measurements at still shorter wavelengths is
necessary for optimum accuracy of the total ozone determination- AAn
08073
Gee, Sheruan
METHOD FOB LASER MEASUREMENT OF PSBTICIE CONCENTRATION IN
GASES- Arnold Engineering Development Center, Arnold Air Force
Station, lenn., AEDC-67-««, 10p., Feb. 1967. 8 Refs.
DDC: AD 80830U
A method is outlined for employing laser scattering and extinction
measurements to establish the molecular and particle content of a
gas. The effect of particle size distributions is included. The
method involves simply measuring the intensity of the laser light
scattered from and transmitted through the gas. Molecular and
average particle density can then be deduced from these
measurements. Knowledge of the actual particle size distribution
in the gas is shown to be unnecessary if the average particle size
is known and if a specific scattering angle is employed. (Authorjs
abstract)
08077
Johnson, F. A.
DETECTION OF LOW LEVELS OF IETHAFLUOROHYDHAZINE IN AIR. Pohm and
Haas Co.,, Huntsville, Ala., Bedstone Research Labs., Contract
DAAHOI-67-C-0655, S-137, 19p., , June 1967.
CDC: AD 8159UO
Tetrafluorohydrazine was converted to fluoride ion by nitrogen
dioxide and water. The fluoride ion was detected continuously by a
commercial fluoride ion electrode. A 30-mV change in electrode
potential was obtained for one part per million of N2FU in the air.
Various factors affecting sensitivity, stability, and speed of the
detection system were considered. (Authorls abstract)
08133
L. S. Chemodanova
THE DETERMINATION OF SMALL QUANTITIES OF PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
IS THE AIR OF INDUSTRIAL PREMISES. In: Survey of U.S.S.S.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational
Diseases,, Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine.
National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C., Inst.
424 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXID-ANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
for Applied Tech., Vol. 3, p. 16-18, May 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-211(75
Phthalic anhydride in the air of industrial premises was
determined colcrimetrically. The method is based on the
conversion ofphthalic anhydride to fluoreseein. The reagents
used are outlined. absorption of phthalic anhydride from the
air was tested with absorbent cotton, glass "wool", filter paper,
and porous glass discs. Best results were obtained with ash-free
filter paper.f#
08135
V. A. Shchirskaya
THE DETERMINATION OP OZONE IN THE PRESENCE OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE
AND HYEHOGEN PEROXIDE. In: Survey of O.S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Belated Occupational
Diseases. Translated from Russian by B.S. Levinen
National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C., Inst. for
Applied Tech., Vol. 3, p. 20-23, Kay 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21U75
In search of a new method for the determination of
ozone the following were investigated: chronic anhydride as
an absorbent for the fumes of hydrogen peroxide and
silicagel saturated with a 0.02 M solution of potassium
dichromate in concentrated sulfuric acid as an absorbent for
nitrogen dioxide™ In the determination of ozone in the
presence of H202 chromic anhydride can be used as an absorbent
for the hydrogen peroxide vapor in 0.005-1.1 mg/1 concentrations.
Finely granulated silicagel saturated with a 0.02 B solution
of potassium dichromate in concentrated sulfuric acid
retained nitrogen dioxide present in the air in 0.001 - 0.02
ig/1 concentrations. It can be used in the determination of
ozone in the air in the presence of nitrogen dioxide-##
08136
Senderkhina, D. F.
DETERMINATION OF CHLORINATID EYDRCCAFBONS IN THE AIR BY THE
METHOD OF BICSO-COHBOSTION. In: Survey of O.S.S.R.
literature on Air Pollution and Belated Occupational
Diseases. Translated from Russian by B. S. levine.
National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C., Inst. for
Applied Tech., Vol. 3, p. 23-27, Bay 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21185
The method described is based on the quantitative oxidation of
chlorinated hydrocarbon vapor in a combustion chamber
equipped with a platinum coil heated to redness. The combustion
products are then passed through an absorber solution and the
ionic chlorine determined nephelcmetrically. With an
appropriately prepared standard scale accurate determinations
D. Measurement Methods 425
-------
can be made in solutions containing 0.001 mg of chlorine in 1 ml..
Control tests were made with ethylene chloride, chloroform,
carbon tetrachloride and trichlorethylene. A portable
apparatus for the determination of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the
air by the micro-combustion method was constructed. The
micro-combustion method described proved to be accurate for the
determination of thousandths of a milligram of chlorine within 30
to 140 minutes. A new micro-abscrber is described which assures
complete absorption of products of hydrocarbon combustion. Air
samples are aspirated into gas pipettes filled with a saturated
solution of sodium sulfate or into vacuum gas
pipettes. #t
08256
Buck, Hanfred and Heinrich Stratmann
THE JOINT AND SEPARATE DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN MONOXIDE AND
NITBOGEN DIOXIDE IN THE ATMOSPHEBE. Staub (English translation),
27(6): 11-15, June 1967_ 10 refs-
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/6 (HC $2-00)
In the use of the Saltzman reagent for the determination of
nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere, 1 mo1 N02 is equivalent to 1
mo1 N02 from sodium nitrate. It has been shown that this ratio
factor depends on N02 concentration; for 6 g N02/N cu m it is about
0.62 and with increasing N02 concentration it approximates the
value of 1. Operating conditions are proposed for combined and
separate determination of NO and N02, under which no N02 losses
occur as a result of absorption of the reguired NO oxidation.
G. Kuers
DETERMINATION OF VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE DDST EXTINCTION
COEFFICIENT BY LIGHT-SCATTERING MEASUREMENTS UP TO 2,1*40
M, ALTITUDE. J[ (Bestimmung der vertikalen Verteilung des
Dunst-Streukoeffizienten aus Streulichtmessuugen bis in 2,440
B. Hohe,,)) Text in German. Deutsche Versuchsanstalt fuer
Luft- und Haumfahrt, Munich, Germany, DLB-FB-66—54, 51p«,
Aug. 1966., 43 refs.
DDC: AD 803817
Measurements of spectral radiance of the sky are reported up to an
altitude of 2,440 meters- A helicopter, eguipped with a self-
orienting radiation measuring device which self-aligns its
direction of view relative to the sun's direction, was used.
The measuring device is described and illustrated. Results have
teen used to compute the vertical distribution of the dust
extinction coefficient. Data from the southwestern region of
Munich yielded a reinforced decrease in the dust extinction
coefficient at an altitude of 1,500 meters; this effect is
explained by a temperature inversion at this level which has
been proven by radiosonde. The influences of water vapor
absorption at the ends of the absorption band and of aerosol
absorption upon measurement results are discussed. ##
426 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
08294
Boettner, E. A. and Benjamin Heiss
All ANALYTICAL STSTEB FOB IDENTIFYING THE VOLATILE PYHOLYSIS
PEODDCTS OF PLASTICS.
Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , p. 535-510, Nov.-Dec. 1967. 1 ref.
(Presented at the American Industrial Hygiene Association
Beeting, Houston, Texas, 1965.)
lechnigues are described for determining the identity and toxicity
of the pyrolysis products of plastics. Differential thermal
analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) determine the
temperature at which the plastic melts, the temperature at which it
goes through physical and/or chemical change (oxidation or
reduction) , and the temperature at which it undergoes weight
losses. The identity and quantity of the combustion products are
determined with a controlled combustion furnace, utilizing the
temperature information obtained by DTA and TGA., The combustion
products emitted by the furnace are separated by gas
chromatographic techniques and analyzed by infrared absorption,
ultraviolet absorption, other gas chromatographic techniques, and
•ass sectroscopy. The results obtained utilizing polyvinyl chloride
are described. (Authorsj] abstract)
08296
Valori, P. C. Melchiorri, A. Grella, and G. Alimenti
VOLATIZATIOH AND DECOBPOSITION CF ARCMATIC POLYCYCLIC HYDHOCA8BONS
DURING THE DSUAL PROCEDURE FOR THE CONCENTRATIONS OF EXTRACTS OF
ATMOSPHERIC DUST. ((Sulla volatilizzazione e la decomposizione
degli idrocarburi policiclici aromatici nel corso degli abituali
procedimenti per la concentrazione degli estratti di pulviscolo
atiosferico.)) Text in Italian, Nuovi Ann. Igine Hicrobiol.
(Rome), 17(«t) :311-324, 1966. 37 refs.
Research is described on a series of commercially available
hydrocarbons which are found in polluted air (naphthalene,
acenaphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, 9,10-
dihydroanthracene, pyrene, fluoranthene, chrysene, 1,2-
henzanthracene, naphthacene, perylene, 3,U-benzopyrene, 1,12-
benzoperylene, anthanthrene, 1,2,5,6-benzanthracene, and coronene).
The sample hydrocarbons were evaporated at medium heat (hot water
bath at 90-95 deg Co,,) , or dried with a jet of filtered air, or
«ith a jet of nitrogen; samples were either evaporated to dryness
or to a liquid volume of 2 oil. The per cent loss for all three
techniques is tabulated., The highest proportion of sample loss (up
to 100 percent) is generally encountered when dry heat is used to
evaporate to dryness. The per cent loss varies with the individual
hydrocarbon, and is generally correlated with volatility. Other
•odes of sample loss are discussed: decomposition, reaction with
other chemicals, oxidation, and ultraviolet photodecomposition. The
data are discussed with reference to experimentation with air-borne
carcinogens,. These data were to be used in the development of a
procedure for the analysis of polluted air.
D. Measurement Methods 427
-------
08311
Kelley, John J.,, Jr.
ATHOSPHEBIC OZONE INVESTIGATIONS AT EABBOW, ALASKA, DURING 1965.
Washington Univ., Seattle, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences,
Contract 1*77(21), Proj. NE-307-252, 96p., June 1967. 8 refs.
CFSTI, DEC: AD 6537U5
The results of the measurements of ozone in air at Earrow,
Alaska, are presented. The theory of operation of the
Bicrocoulomb analyzer, and the methods of calculations and
calibrations are discussed. The average daily and hourly
concentrations of ozone in the atmosphere near the ground surface
are tabulated for the year 1965. The results of the analysis of
ozone measured continuously from light aircraft along several
transects in northern Alaska are given. (Author's abstract) ##
08323
Eellet, E. M,, H. Eo Westlake, and F. A- Gunther
A HF.THCD FOB DETAINING THE EHISSION SPECTSA CF OFGANIC COMPOUNDS
UTI1IZING THE MICROWAVE EMISSION DETECTOB FOB THE GAS
CHROMATOGBAPH. Bull. Environ. Contamination Toxicol.,
2(5) :255-263. 1967. U refs.,
A continuous flow system for the gas chromatographic component of
an apparatus which permits the scanning of the emission spectrum of
any diatomic or polyatomic organic compound of sufficient vapor
tension, is described with diagrams and photographs. The
apparatus consists of a licrowave emission detector coupled to a
gas chromatcgraph with a continuous flow component. The spectra
obtained for triethyl and triphenyl phosphite and Guthion are
given. Various precautions to be taken in the determinations such
as cleaning, vapor tension of the samples, and flow of the sample
are discussed. By completely enclosing the optical system it is
possible to scan the visible range nell into the infrared without
appreciable baseline drift, permitting many further applications of
the instrument.tt
C8340
Thomas, Jess »„ and David Bimberg
A SIMPLE METHOD FOE MEASDBING THE AVERAGE CHABGE ON A HONCDISEEKSE
AEBCSCI. Staub (English translation), 27(8):18-22, Aug., 1967.
11 refs.,
CFSTI: TT 67-51M08/8 (HC S2.00)
A simple parallel plate electrostatic precipitatcr was used to
determine the average charge of a monodisperse aerosol. The
fractional collection efficiency of the precipitator was
428 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
measured as a function of plate voltage and data extrapolated to
zero voltage. The extrapolation gave the average charge per
particle of the monodisperse aerosol. The method was confirmed by
use of the classical Millikan technique for determination of
charge on individual particles. The average charge of aerosols
in charge equilibrium with air ions was also determined for
comparison with values calculated from the Boltzmann equation.
It was found that the average charge per particle was somewhat
greater than that predicted by the Boltzmann equation. '(Authors'
summary, modified}##
0835U
Brink, D. Lu, and Jo F. Thomas, and Du L. Feuerstein
MALODOROUS PRODUCTS FKOH THE COMBUSTION OF KPAFT BLACK LIQUOR.
II. ANALYTICAL ASPECTS,. TAPPI, 50 1(6} : 276-285, June 1967.
25 refs. (Presented at the 51st Annual Meeting of the
Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, New
York, N. Y., Feb. 21-24, 1966.)
Gaseous and liquid products isolated by pyrolysis of kraft black
liquor, were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using
gas-liquid chromatography with detection by flame ionization.
Bore than 60 compounds were detected in the pyrolysis liquid and
at least 32 of these were present in the pyrolysis gas. Using the
microcoulometric titration system, hydrogen sulfide, methyl
lercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and at least 19
unidentified sulfur-containing components were detected in the
pyrolysis products; 7 of the major components were determined
quantitatively. Using ccchromatcgraphy and the methods of
detection noted, the identities of methyl mercaptan, dimethyl
sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide were verified and tentative
identifications of several other sulfur-containing products were
also made., Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, methane, carbon monoxide,
ethane, carbon dioxide, and acetylene were resolved and
determined quantitatively. Hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan,
and five unidentified components were also qualitatively detected.
Sulfur present in pyrolysis residues was determined using a wet
oxidation procedure. A powerful analytical method has been
developed for detailed study of the effects of recovery furnace
operation on such emissions and it should prove to be a valuable
aid to industry,, With adequate development, pyrolysis carried
out independently of gaseous, liquid, and solid products could
provide an answer to complete cdor control; in addition, isolation
of organic by-products may be feasible. ASM##
08357
Cave, G. C- B.
THE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF ODOROUS GASES FPCK KRAFT PULP
KILLS. PART III: THE ANALYSIS CF COLLECTED POLLUTANTS BY
GSS CHROMATOGRAPHY. TAPPI, 16 (1J : 11-1«, Jan- 1963. 1 refs.
The qualitative and quantitative analysis of kraft-mill
pollutants in ethylbenzene by using gas chromatography is
D. Measurement Methods 429
-------
discussed., Columns of tri-nt-cresyl phosphate ana of Carbowax
15UO are proposed for use at 35 and 85 C. These columns permit
the resolution of all known Kraft-mill pollutants- Techniques are
described for qualitative analysis- They include the two-column
method, and graphs prepared by this method are presented for
homologous series of mercaptans, ketones, esters, and normal
alcohols. It is emphasized that the unequivocal identification of
an unknown pollutant is rarely possible by gas chromatography
alone.. Quantitative analysis is also described, including the
preparation of standard solutions and the presentation of prepared
calibration curves. These curves were straight lines. The use
of an ultrasensitive detector, the ionization chamber, is briefly
discussed. (Author's abstract)#f
C8369
Fiocco, Giorgio
APPLICATION OF LASF.K FADAES TO THE STUDY OF THE ATHOSPHEBE.
In: Gene G. Kanella (ed.). Aerospace Measurement Techniques,
National aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington,
E. C. , Scientific and Technical Information Div. , 1967, p.
123-131. 5 rets. (Presented at the Symposium on aerospace
Beasurement Techniques, Cambridge, Mass., July 7-8, 1966.)
NASA: SP-132, GPO: 0-2HO-412 (HC $1.00)
lasers can be suitably utilized in the development of optical at-
mospheric probes capable of measuring some of the atmospheric pa-
rameters at a distance. During the past three years a study was
made of the temporal variation of the dust content of the lower
hanced during this period because of the 1963 eruption of the vol-
cano Agung in Java. Most of the observations of the dust layer
were made at Lexington, Massachusetts during 196t and 1965; some
observations were also conducted at College, Alaska in the summer
of 1961. Vertical profiles of aerosol concentrations were ob-
tained by comparing the optical radar echoes with the expected re-
turn from a molecular atmosphere. The observations taken during
a 2-year period show little temporal variability for the aerosol
layer optical cross section. The average observed return from the
layer was approximately 1-9 times the return from a molecular at-
mosphere the daily fluctuation of this scattering ratio was about
0.3, and hourly flucutations were smaller. The observed scatter-
ing ratios have been related to the number concentrations of par-
ticles illuminated by the laser beam by evaluating Mie scattering
functions for backscattered radiation calculated particle concen-
trations were found to be in agreement with results obtained in
independent studies by using other techniques that have been re-
ported by other investigators. The data have been compared with
various meteorological parameters associated with conditions in the
lower stratosphere. A significant negative correlation between
fluctuations of dust and ozone measurements has been found and the
possible relationship between these constituents is being investi-
gated. During the summer of 1961 optical radars were set up in
Alaska and Sweden to study noctilucent clouds. The simultaneous
occurrence of stratifications at the two stations was observed.
Between 68 and 72 km the noise level was exceeded by almost 5
standard deviations.##
430 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
08118
Horgan, George B.
All EVALUATION OF AN AUTOMATED LAEOKATOHY PROGRAM FOB AIR
POLLUTION ANALYSIS. Preprint, Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution
Control, ((13)) p., 1967. 2 refs. (Presented at the
Technicon Symposium on Automation in Analytical Chemistry,
Hew York, H. Y., Oct. 3, 1967.)
In order to increase analytical output and efficiency, the
laboratory Services Section, Air Quality and Emission Data
Program, has automated most of the wet chemical analytical
procedures., Adoption of these automated systems has resulted in
increased precision and accuracy, as well as a fivefold increase
in production. A cost analysis is presented for several of the
lore common analyses routinely encountered in the air pollution
laboratory. Also discussed in the paper is a method that this
laboratory uses for the determination of precision and accuracy for
the Technicon Autoanalyzer, which should be equally adaptable to
other automated analytical instruments. Automated chemical
methods are routinely run in this laboratory for pollutants such
as ammonia (aomonium) , sulf ate, nitrate, nitrite, nitrogen dioxide,
sulfur dioxide, aldehydes, and total oxidant. ##
08136
Manita, B, D., Eumyantseva, «. V., and Eglite H. E.,
SPECTBOPHOTCKETBIC DETEBMINATION OF OZONE WITH DIHYDBOACRIDINE IN
THE ATMOSPHERE OF POPULATED ARIAS.
((Spektrofotometricheskii meted opredeleniya ozona v atmosfernom
vozdukhe naselennykh mest s reagentom-digidroakridinom.)) Hyg.
Sanit. (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.,)
Sanit. (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.). 32(4-6:219-
221, April-June 1967., 3 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/2
t spectrophotometric method is suggested for the determination of
ozone in the atmosphere. It is based on measurements of the
optical density of an ethanal solution of acridine produced by the
action of ozone on dihydroacridine. The optical density of the
sample solution is measured at a wavelength of 219.. 5 nm in a guartz
cell of 1 =1 cm by an SF-1 spectrophotometer. This
spectrophotometric method is suitable for determining ozone in the
near-ground air layer in the presence of ether oxidants with
sufficient accuracy. The presence of ozone (in addition to other
oridants) was found in the near-ground air layer of a large
industrial city such as Moscow.
08613
Dubois, L., A. Zdrojewski, and J. 1. Honkman.
BIASDREMENT OF EENZO (a) PYHENE, BENZC (k) FLOOBANTHENE AND
BENZO(g,h,i) PERYLENE BY ULTRAVIOLET SPECTHOSCOPY. Mikrochim. Acta.
"o, 5:831-842, 1967- 8 refs. (Presented at the Congress on
Occupational Medicine, Budapest,, Hungary, Sept. 1966.)
D. Measurement Methods 431
-------
Published ultraviolet data for BaP in air may be grossly in
error, particularly those published before
1960. It is not possible to measure BaP in air
samples with accuracy, using the 101 nm peak,
unless BaP is present alone (no BkF). The BaP detection limit
measurable at 101 nm by ultraviolet is too high. The horizontal
measurement technigue produces results of greater accuracy than the
base line technique. Better analytical values for EaP are obtained
if, instead of using the peak at 101 nm, the 388 nm peak is used.
BkF can be precisely measured using the 307 nm peak and a
horizontal drawn at 311 nm. The technigue for determining
benzo ((a) ) pyrene, benzo((k))fluoranthene, and
benzo((g,h,i))perylene respectively in microgram amounts by UV
absorption measurements is described. The feasibility of using
this technique to analyze air sauples has been investigated.
08611
Dubois, I., A.. Zdrojewski, and J. 1» Monkman.
CCMPABISON OF THREE METHODS FOE TRACE ANALYSIS OF POLYCYC1ICS.
Mikrochim. Acta (Vienna), No. 5:903-911, 1967., 16 refs,.
(Presented at the Anachent Conference, Detroit, Mich.,, Oct.
11, 1966.)
Several analytical techniques for the determination of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons in air have been evaluated. Two solvents,
benzene and cyclohexane, were compared for effectiveness in the
preliminary preparation of the air sample. To identify and measure
the polycyclics, the techniques of ultraviolet absorption and
fluorescence were used. Air sample extracts were analyzed with and
without prior chromatographic separation. A rapid chromatographic
procedure using benzene as elutant was employed for th e first
time. The extract aliquot or eluate fraction was chromatographed
on fully activated alumina using benzene as the eluting solvent.
EaP and BkF are eluted from such a column in 30 minutes or less in
a total eluate volume of perhaps 50 ml and the two hydrocarbons are
determined by fluorescence emission. Work in progress suggests
that benzene may be replaced in this application by the less toxic
toluene. By any method used the BkF values found were in good
agreement. The agreement between the various BaP values was poor,
suggesting not all were of equal validity. The highest, and also
least accurate, BaP values seem to be associated with the use of
benzene as extractant, or ultraviolet absorption as a measuring
technique. (Authors* abstract)
081116
I. I. Gavrilova
HETHODS FOB THE DETERMINATION CF SODIHH AND BUTYL 2,1-
IICHLOBOPHEN-OXYACETATES IN AIR. (Metody opredeleniya natrievoi
soli i buty-lovogo efira 2,1-dikhlorfenoksiuksusnoi kisloty v
vozdukhe.) Hyg. Sanit. (English translation of: Gigiena i
Sanit.), 32 (1-63:391-396, April-June, 1967. 1 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51M09/2
432 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Different colorimetric methods for the determination of
different preparations of 2,4-D in air were tested in order
to determine which was most suitable for routine sanitary work.
The 2,t-D herbicides are used in agriculture in the form of
liguid aerosols and dust, while under actual working conditions
they are present as dust., They should therefore be sampled on
FPP-15 filters placed in metal cartridges, by means of
electrical aspirators. It is recommended that the air for
sampling 2,1-D herbicides be drawn up at a rate of 10 1/min.
This was tested under working conditions and found to be the
optimum rate.##
08K87
flacku, Marcela
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF AEKOSOI PAETICIES. METHOD FOB THE
DETERMINATION OF N03 AND KBi»« ( (Chemicke analysy
aerosolovych castic. Metoda stanoveni N03 a NHt.)) Text
in Czech. Chem. Listy (Prague), 60 (2) : 254-257,, 1966. 12 refs.
The analysis of aerosol particles of individual compounds is of
considerable interest for air pollution studies. Aqueous
solutions of ammonium nitrate were atomized in a chamber and the
aerosol was passed through a membrane ultrafilter at a rate of
7 1./min. The filter was then placed in a solution of 4* nitron
in 10% acetic acid for 20 minutes. The spots which constitute
a reaction product of N03 with nitron were counted under a
microscope. The NH1 particles were determined in a similar
manner but with Nessler reagent. The spots did not fade after 6
months and the method was found to give reproducible results.
Particle size distribution may also be determined,##
08681
Chapman, Robert L.
AN INSPECTION METHOD FOE ADTCMOEIIE HYDEOCABEON EMISSION.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 10 j(6): «63-t64, Dec. 1960.
5 refs. (Presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Assoc., , Cincinnati, Ohic, May 22-26, 1960.,)
There has been a need for a simple, inexpensive and extremely
sensitive method for the discriminate detection of hydrocarbons in
auto exhaust, that may be used by the law enforcing agencies. The
use of the flame ionization detection method to fill this need, is
discussed. The operation possibilities and limitations of this
nethod are discussed.
D. Measurement Methods 433
-------
08655
Ingram, William T., Jack Golden, Edward J. Kaplin,
Martin P. Levine, and Raul E. Cardenas, Jr.
ADAPTATION OF TECHNICIAN AUTOANALYZEB FCR CONTINUOUS MEASUfiEMENT
HHIIE IN MOTION. Preprint, New York Univ., N. Y. School of
Engineering and Science, 22p., 1967. 7 refs. (Presented at the
Technicon Symposium "Automation in Analytical Chemistry,"
Oct. 4, 1967.)
The development of a system of mobilized suliur dioxide measure-
ment that will make a traverse of a large community a possibility
in a matter of one to two hours and permit from six to twelve re-
petitive measurements over a selected course in a 24 hour period is
discussed. The mobilized measurement system has been used on
traverse work since December 1966 and in the past months has op-
erated on a 24 hour per day basis. It was determined that the
test instrument was the iutc Analyzer. "Van-type" vehicles
were used for the mobile sampling units. Two men were placed in
the van to perform the work. One man is basically the driver and
the other man monitors the instruments and notes appropriate data.
Exploratory routes were traversed in and around the New York
metropolitan area. In order to convert the mobile unit to a one
man operation several costly modifications are being field tested.
The Auto Analyzer may be calibrated using known amounts of so-
dium meta-bisulfits solution. The effect of N02 interference
in the Auto Analyzer methodology to detect and measure concentra-
tions of sulfur dioxide is discussed.
C6674
Strange, John P., Kenneth E. Ball, and Donald 0. Barnes
CONTINUOUS PARIS PER BILLION EECCEDEE FOE AIR CONTAMINANTS.- J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. , 10 (6) :423-126, Dec. 1960. 3 refs.
(Presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Assoc., Cincinnati, Ohio, May 22-26, 1960.) '
A continuous monitoring system, capable of high sensitivity and
instantaneous response for a large number of noxious or toxic air
contaminants has been developed, using a unigue combination of
chemical and physical detection principles. Sensitivities in the
range of parts per lillicn are usually obtained with ease. For
many compounds, a full scale range for less than 100 ppb is quite
feasible. The method is net completely specific, although
enhancement of the response to one compound in a mixture can
usually be attained. Each application should be studied carefully
to take advantage of all discriminating technigues and summation of
co-existing toxic contaminants when practical from the viewpoint of
hazard.
434 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
08692
Plata, B. I,
CALIBRATION AND COMPARISON OF CCGLOHETHIC AND FLAME IONIZATION FOE
MONITORING PAN IN EXPERIMENTAL ATMOSPHERES. Preprint, Califor-
nia Univ., Riverside, Statewide Air Pollution Research Cen-
ter, 8 p., 1968. 7 refs. (Presented at the 9th Conference on
Methods in Air Pollution and Industrial Hygiene Studies,
Pasadena, Calif., Feb. 7-9, 1968.)
A method of calibrating flame ionization and coulometric detectors
for the analysis of PAN is described. Flame ionization for ra-
pid sampling of moderately high concentrations is linear in the
range 1-100 ppm. One ppm PAN gave a 0.30 mv response. The
coulometric sensor used for continuous sampling at lower concentra-
tions (0.5 - 30 ppm) is also linear. One ppm PAN gave a 0.29 mv
response in a 500 ohm load resistor and was 3% of the theoreti-
cal stoichiometric value for ozone. (Author's summary)
08720
Briskman, E. N. and J. M. Weinberg
INVESTIGATION OF INIERFEROMETRY. FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ENCLOSED
habitable atmospheres. Aerospace Medical Research Lab.,
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Aerospace Medical Div. , Con-
tract AF-33-(615J-3374, Proj. 6373, Task 637302, AMHL-TB-66-236
18
-------
Additional laboratory studies with the Goetz Spectometer have
indicated that it is feasible to chemically analyze the entire
width of the particle deposit, rather than count particles on the
centerline deposit. The methods used to verify the proposed ex-
perimental approach and anlyses of data were verified by calibra-
tions with Uranine dye aerosol. Becommended procedures can be
used for determination of the size distribution of aerosol in the
particle size range of 0.5 - 3.0 H aerodynamic equivalent diame-
ter. Suspended particulate matter was sampled on a roof by means
of a horizontal elutriator. Particles were classified according
to the ratio of projected area diameter (dp) to aerodynamic equi-
valent diameter (de) and also according to particle shape. The
value (dp/de) varied frcm 0.5 to 3.0. Estimates of the size fre-
quency weight distribution of particles based on dp differed by as
much as 500% from the distribution derived from de. The average
range of occurrence of (dp/de) fcr different particle shapes was
determined. High volume samplers were used to collect suspended
particulate matter for determination of bulk density, true density
Solid phase only) , and total specific surface area by BIT gas
adsorption techniques. Average bulk density and standard devia-
tion of seven samples collected over one to two week sampling
periods was 0.594 plus or minus 0.051 grams/cc. Average true
density was 2.147 plus cr minus 0.205 grams/cc. Average Total
Specific surface of eight samples was 2.81 plus or minus 0.86
sg.m./gram for samples degassed at room temperature. For the same
samples degassed at 200 deg. C, average total specific surface
area was 5.61 plus or minus 1.50 sg. K./gram. Efforts devoted to
elemental, as well as anion and caticn analyses of samples collec-
ted with the Goetz bSspectrometer are briefly described.
08762
Katz, Morris
GUIDE TO THE SELECTION OF METHODS FOE MEASUHING AIS POLLUTANTS.
Preprint. World Health Organization, Geneva {Switzerland),
BHO/AP/67.29, 115p., 1963. 2 refs.
The contents of this review are: main purposes of air pollution
investigations, units for expression of results, atmospheric
sampling, selection of sampling procedure and apparatus, gas
analysis methods, automatic sampling and monitoring instruments,
recent advances in instrumentation for gas analysis, analysis of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and carcinogenic air pollution,
and indicators and other rapid methods for identification or
measurement of air pollutants-##
08835
Eagnall, E. M., K« C.. Thompson, and T. S. West
HCLECULAE-EMISSION SPECTBOSCOPY IN COOL FLAMES. PAST I. 1HE
EEHAVICUR OF SULPHDR SPECIES IN A HYDROGEN-NITROGEN DIFFUSION
FLAKE AND IN i SHIELDED JIB-HYDKOGEN FLSHE. Analyst,
92(1097) :506-512, Aug. 1967. 11 refs..
43G PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
j nethod is described for the determination of sulphur that
involves simple measurement of the 32 band emission at 384 milli
licrons in a nitrogen-diluted hydrogen diffusion flame burning in
air, or in a pre-mixed air-hydrogen flame burning inside a cooled
sheath. Sulphuric acid may be determined by this technique in the
range 6.t to 500 p.p.m. of sulphur in the latter flame, or
dissolved sulphur dioxide in the range 3.2 to 320 p.p.m. in either
flame. The temperature of the flame most suitable for conversion
fo sulphur species into S2 is established as 390 deg C. The
analytical method proposed for sulphates is simpler than the
indirect flame-photometric methods hitherto described, and means
are suggested whereby the method nay be used for the determination
of any form of sulphur species. The analytical signal for sulfur
varies linearly with the square of the sulphate-ion concentration
in the test solution. (Authors' abstract)##
08838
Hoover, Gary H., Charles E. Hathaway, and Dudley Williams
IBFBABEt) ABSORPTION BY OVEBIAPPING BANDS OF ATMOSPHERIC GASES.
ippl. Opt., 6(3) :<*81-«87, March 1967. 9 refs.
The spectral transmission of carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, and
mixtures of the two has been studied in the 2200 per cm region,
where overlapping absorption bands occur., With spectral slit
widths sufficiently large to include several absorption lines, it
was found that the observed spectral transmittance of a mixture is
equal to the product of the transmittances of the components
measured separately, provided that sufficient nitrogen is added to
give the same total pressure for all samples. This result was
also obtained for overlapping bands of nitrous oxide and methane in
the 1300 per cm region. The present work confirms earlier studies
of overlapping bands of C02 and water vapor. an investigation
of the possible breakdown of the multiplicative property of
transmission for narrow spectral slit widths was inconclusive.
(iuthors1 abstract, modified) #tt
08859
Nash, T.
CCICBCMETBIC DETERMINATION OF CZCNE BY
EIACETYL-DIHYDBO-LUTIDINE. itmcs. Environ., 1 (6) : 679-687 ,
Nov. 1967. 12 refs.
Diacetyl-dihydro-lutidine (DDL) has the highest affinity for
ozone of a variety of reagents tested. On an arbitrary but
practical scale, it is ten times better than thio compounds and
500 times better than iodide. DDL is easy to prepare and simple
to use; if air is bubbled through a dilute aqueous solution, the
anount of ozone present can be estimated by measuring the loss in
optical density at 1120 A. With this loss a new strong band
appears at 3070 A but the compound responsible has not been
identified: it is not diacetyl-lutidine, the usual oxidation
D. Measurement Methods 437
-------
product of DDL The molecular yield is not significantly
different from that obtained nsing neutral buffered iodide, one
of the recognized standards for ozone. There is little
interference from peroxides, nitrogen dioxide or sulphur dioxide
in the concentrations normally found in polluted air.. '{Author's
abstract)#*
08889
Dubois, L. and J. L., Honkman
THE ANALYSIS OF AIBEORNE POLLUTANTS.. In: Pollution and Our
Environment: Conference Background Papers. Vol™ 3, Montreal,
Canadian Council of Resource Ministers, Paper D25-3, p., 1-20, 1967.
23 refs. (Presented at the National Conference, Canadian
Council of Resource Ministers, Montreal, Oct., 31-Nov- H, 1966.,)
Available from the Canadian Council of Eesource Ministers,
620 Dorchester Boulevard West, Montreal, Canada, $10oOO per
volume.
Some specific problems in the sampling and analysis of pollutants
are discussed illustrating some discrepancies in data already
obtained., The analysis of H2S and BaP are emphasized to indicate
that some data may be unreliable. Conclusions drawn from the
discussion indicate that measuring techniques and sampling methods
should be considered as an integrated whole. To avoid possible
conflict, the use of direct reading recording instruments is
preferred to batch sampling devices and methods. If the instrument
or batch sampling method does not produce accurate results, efforts
to measure a particular pollutant should be abaondoned until a
satisfactory method has been developed. Much is being said about
the setting of standards and criteria. If methods do not exist
which can determine with accuracy the limit chosen, it is tetter to
avoid, at least temporarily, the setting of a limit. f.ll factors
must be considered, including current data on toxicity and current
ability to measure before deciding on a standard or limit. Data
are not an end in itself but merely an intermediate from which
conclusions and correlations may be drawn. It is better to spend
some effort and money in the development of a better measurement
technique than to continue to use methods which are known to be
unsatisfactory-
0889«
California State Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley, Air and
Industrial Hygiene Lab.
RECOMMENDED METHODS IN AIR POLLUTION HEASUHEKENTS. ((79))p.,
1967. 2 refs.
Methods for both manual and continuous automatic atmospheric
sampling and analysis of the common air pollutants are
described. Methods described are: the Modified West Method
fcr sampling sulfur dioxide; the Neutral Buffered Potassium
Iodide Method for total cxidant content; the Saltzman Method
433 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
for nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide; the Continuous
Atmospheric Analysis for nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, and
sulfur dioxide (Autometer); and the lead peroxide candle for
measurement of atmospheric sulfur. Methods for measurement of
C (sub1) through C (sub 5) atmospheric hydrocarbons and n-butyl
cellosolve are also described. The explanations and directions
tor each method are presented in a manner to inform and guide
qualified analytical chemists.##
09032
Eichter, H. G., J. R. Smith, and E. C. labor
OZONE DETERMINATION: A COMPARISON BITSEEN CHEMLUMINESCENT
SND KI TECHNIQUES. Preprint, Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air pollution
Control, 20p-, 1968. 9 refs. (Presented at the 9th Conference
on Methods in Air Pollution and Industrial Hygiene Studies,
Pasadena, Calif., Feb. 7-9, 1968.)
Continuous measurement of ozone, tctal oxidant, nitric oxide,
and nitrogen dioxide concentrations were made at four major
urban areas during the period from 15 September to 21 November
1967. Ozone concentrations were made using a chemiluminescent
device. Total oxidant concentrations were measured using a
microcoulomb ozone sensor and an oxidant instrument system.
Oxides of nitrogen concentrations were also measured. Curves
depicting the diurnal behavicr cf individual gases are
examined, and various statistical and physical relationships
are suggested. Interference tests conducted in the
laboratory indicate that under certain known conditions the
chetnicluminescent measuring technique is reasonably specific for
ozone. The difference between ozone and total oxidant
concentrations at various times of the day are discussed.
(Authors' abstract)##
09108
Deutsch, Samuel
ACID POTASSIUM IODIDE METHOD FOB DETERMINING ATMOSPHEBIC OXI-
EANTS. J» Air Pollution Control Assoc., 18(2):78-83, Feb.
1968. 18 refs.
This investigation used an acid medium for sampling atmospheric
oxidants. The acid iodide oxidant procedure was unaffected by air
or oxygen, temperature variance, and reducing gases (sulfur dioxide
and hydrogen sulfide.) The method possessed good color stability-
The method also agreed favorably with the 1 or 2% neutral buffered
iodide method when a chromium trioxide scrubber was reguired to
remove the reducing gases from the latter procedure. The acid
oxidant absorption solution of 13 ml in a midget impinger
contained 10 ml of 1.5% potassium iodide in a Oo1N sodium
hydroxide solution and 3 ml of acetic acid (1:5) which produced a
solution of approximately 3.8 pH. Particulate matter was
D. Measurement Methods 439
-------
removed by a glass wool attachient to the midget inpinger. The
air was sampled with a Gelman Sequential Sampler at the rate of
1.1(1 liters per minute. After the oxidant sample was collected,
the absorbing solution was transferred to a graduated cylinder and
the volume was adjusted to 25 ml with distilled water. The
atsortance was read at 355 millimicrons wavelength by a
spectrophotometer in a 1 cm cell™ The acid oxidant method was
effective between 1 to 70 ppm of ozone. (Author's abstract)##
09111
Chapman, Robert 1.
THE EOLE OF OPTICS IN AIR POLLCTION MONITORING. Opt. Spectra,
1 (3) : 15-18, 1967.
Optical instrumentation and analysis techniques commonly used in
air pollution monitcring are described. Beginning with a
definitive description of major air pollutants and their causes,
the article traces the development and use of optical instruments
for this purpose from the "beginning" more than two decades ago to
present. Comprehensive descriptions of instruments and technigues
currently in use and a brief discussion of developments that would
still further enhance the value of optical instrumentation in this
application are presented.**
C92C8
National Council for Streai Improvement, Inc.. , New York,
N. Y»
A LABORATORY STUDY OF A LEAD-ACETATE-TILE METHOD FOB THE
QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF LOH CONCENTRATIONS OF
HYDROGEN SULFIDE. Atmospheric Pollution Tech. Bull. 15,
I)7p.,, Aug., 1962.
A simple, qualitative method for hydrogen sulfide utilizing lead
acetate on the surface of a ceramic tile was evaluated on a
quantitative basis in an apparatus in which low concentrations of
hydrogen sulfide were maintained. The effects of hydrogen
sulfide exposure, air turbulence, relative humidity dimethyl
sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, nethyl mercaptan and several
possible interferences upon the rate of formation of colored
lead sulfide on the tile surface, were investigated. Slightly
exposed tiles can show a measurable response to a hydrogen
sulfide concentration of 0.1 over a 6 minute time interval. The
accuracy of the lead-acetate-tile method has been found to depend
upon at least three factors: '(a) the position of the average
absorbance of the tile surfaces on the darkening curve, (b) the
degree of air movement under which the hydrogen sulfide exposure
is carried out, and
-------
to increase significantly the rate of darkening. Under outdoor
conditions the turbulence level in the exposure chamber must be
either standardized by an air mover or reduced to a minimum by
louvering. Outdoor fading tests performed in a louvered,
light-protected chamber indicate that in an 8-hour exposure period
the maximum loss of Exposure Dnits would be in the order of 20
percent. A similar loss in Exposure Units under conditions
unprotected from direct sunlight and wind would require
approximately 10 minutes. The extremely high fading rate of
darkening tiles exposed to direct sunlight and wind shows that
hydrogen-sulfide-exposed tiles must be protected after removal
from the exposure chamber as well as during exposure. The
sources, effects, atmospheric concentrations and the methylene
blue and A.I..S.I. sampler methods for the determination of
H2S are also reviewed-**
C923H
Bartinelli, Giorgio
THE CONTINUOUS CONTHOL OF AIR POLLUTION BI1H
INDUSTRIAL ANALYSERS. ((II controllo continue dell inguinamento
atmosferico con analizzatori industrial!.)) Text in Italian.
Termotecnia (Milan), 21 (10) :558-565, Oct. 1967.
For protection against air pollution from increased vehicular
traffic, urbanization, and industry, Italy established a law on air
pollution control in August 1966., Some provisions of the law are
cited.. A monitoring system for continuous measurements of air
samples involves wind direction, registration of concentrations,
determination of pollutants, and the emitter. Better results could
be obtained from a network of monitoring stations at various
cities, and a plan is proposed for their establishment and
operation, where continuous measurement would also be made of air
temperature and humidity, concentrations of S02, H2S, N02, C02,CO,
and hydrocarbons. Photographs showing equipment and apparatus for
the stations are reporduced. A schematic diagram depicts the
picoflux apparatus for S02 measurements; an electrical cell for
measuring H2S is also shown. The UEAS infrared analyzer is used to
measure C02. Analyses for CO, hydrocarbons and dust are discussed,
along with the equipment for air pollution monitoring in Frankfurt,
Germany-
09333
Lial Bo Brewer, (ed.,)
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES FOE THE ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
LABORATORY, Sandia Corp., Albuquerque, N. Hex.,
Industrial Hygiene Lab., SC-K-30U4, ,147 p., Feb.
1968., 13 refs.
This is a manual compiled of thirty-nine analytical procedures
used by an industrial hygiene laboratory. The procedures for
the following substances in air are included: The Determinaton
of Acetone, Acid and Alkali Contaminants; Benzene,
D. Measurement Methods 441
-------
Toluene, and Other Aromatics; Beryllium (Spectrographic
Method); Beryllium {Horin Method); Cadmium; Chromic Acid,
Chromates, and Bichromates; Formaldehyde; Lead; Methanol;
Nitrogen Dioxide; Oil Hist; Ozone (Colorime trie Method);
Ozone (litration Method; Phosgene; Silica (Colorimetric
Method); Sulfur Dioxide; Thallium; and Zinc«##
09369
Wilson, H. N. and G., M. Duff
INDUSTRIAL GAS ANALYSIS: A IITEBATUFE EEVIEW.
92(1101) :723-758, Dec.. 1967,, 712 refs.
Analyst,
Analytical methods are reviewed for: permanent and inorganic
gases; analysis of liquefied or pure gases; fuel gases; flue gases;
motor exhaust gases; analysis of micro samples; and atmospheric
pollutants., The years from 1958 to about mid-1966 were covered.
In no branch of analysis is the swing towards physical methods
more marked than in gas analysis. There have been no important
developments of the conventional methods during the last ten years;
the chief advances have been the application of galvanic methods to
"trace" of certain gases, and gas chromatography. The rapid
spread of the electrogalvanic methods for the "on-stream"
determination of traces is also most significant. The other most
noticeable feature is the vast and increasing attention being paid
to atmospheric pollutants of all kinds, particularly sulphur
dioxide, sulphuric acid and hydrocarbons., t#
09515
California State Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley, Air and
Industrial Hygiene Lab.
A GUIDE TO OPERATION OF ATMOSPHERIC ANALYZEBE.
14p-, Bay 1966.,
SDPH-2-40,
Methods for both manual and continuous automatic sampling and
analysis of the common air pollutants are described. Experiments
are described for the measurement of sulfur dioxide using the
Best method. Total oxidant content of the atmosphere is
analyzed using the Neutral Buffered Potassium Iodide Method,
C1 through C5 atmospheric hydrocarbons are monitored and
analyzed. Guides to the operation cf atmospheric analyzers are
reviewed.##
09573
Price, J. G. H., D. C. Fenimore, P. G. Simmcnds,
Albert Zlatkis
and
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A EHCTOICNIZ AT ION DE'IECTOS TOR GAS
CHRCMATOGRAPHY. Anal. Chen. (O.S.), 40 (3) : 541-547, March refs.
442
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
A comprehensive study was made of a photcionization detector for
gas chromatographic systems. Performance compared favorably with
the best of the ionizaticn detectors currently employed in gas
chromatography. The signal currents were almost three orders of
magnitude greater than these of ccmmerical flame ionization
detectors. A noise level of 1 X 10 to the minus 13th power ampere
was obtained under normal operating conditions. The linear dynamic
range of this device is approximately 1 X 10 to the 5th pcwer.
Best performance was achieved by operating at reduced pressure
using a dc discharge in argon and employing hydrogen as the carrier
gas. The use of helium and other sources of high energy photons as
discharge gases appeared considerably complicated by even trace
amounts of impurities. Detector response to numerous organic and
inorganic compounds was determined and successful applications were
made in the fields of air pollution analyses. The extreme
sensitivity and potential selectivity of this detector appear to be
its most promising features. (authors' abstract, modified)
09623
Barringer, i., R. and B. C. Newhury
REMOTE SENSING CORBELATICN SPECTRQMETBY FOB POLLUTION MEASURE-
MENT. Preprint. Barringer Research Ltd., Rexdale,(Ontario)
((13)) p., 1968. (Presented at the 9th Conference on Methods in
Air Pollution and Industrial Hygiene Studies, Pasadena,
J correlation spectrometer has been developed for use in situ or
for remote measurements of unccntrolled systems such as the
measurement of the components of the atmosphere. This instrument
offers an electrooptical technigue for real time correlaion
analysis of a pre-determined component by simple optical means
enabling a direct readout to be obtained related to the
concentration and path length of that component- The physical basis
for the operation of the correlation spectrometer is discussed.
The applications of this instrument to methods employing ambient
light and artificial light are reviewed. Future applications for
this technigue in air pollution are reviewed,,
09721
Bofmeister, H. K., H. Humiel, and B. Kohlaas
CCNTINOODS DETERMINATION OF N02 AND (NO + N02) CONCENTRATION IN
CHEMICAL PLANTS. ((Kontinuierliche Bestimmung der Konzentra-
tion von N02 und {NO E N02) in chemischen Produktionsanla-
Gernan. Chem. Ingr.-Tech. (Beinheiz) ,
<1/2): 61-64, Jan. 1968.. 4 refs.
An apparatus is described for the continuous determination of NO2,
or NO + N02, in the gas strean of chemical production facilities.
i photometer suitable for plant operations is used for the direct
•easurement of N02 levels. NO is oxidized to N02 (using 1203 at
110 deg. C.) and the concentration of total N02 is then determined.
I dilution process was developed in order to avoid the
extraordinary difficulties involved in the determination of degree-
D. Measurement Methods 443
-------
of-oxidation at high levels of nitrogen oxides. The apparatus,
which is described and illustrated by graphs, diagrams, and one
photograph, was tested in a nitric acid absorption plant.
09770
Tovnsend, C. K., G. A. Giarrussc, and H. P. Silverman
THIN FILH PERSONAL DOSTIMETEBS FOB BITECTING TOXIC PROPELIANTS.
Magna Corp., Pedonodo Beach, Calif.„ Research and Develop-
ment Div., Contract AF-33(615)-1751, Proj- 6302, Task 630203,
AHR1-TB-66-231, 59p., Feb. 1967. 1 ref.,
1967., 1 ref. CFSTI., DEC: AD 652819
CFSTI, DDC: AD 652819
The subject of this report is the development of a portable system
for the detection of low concentrations of nitrogen tetroxide
-------
Saltzman reagents. A description is given of the chamber and the
sampling and analysis procedure. The system was in operation over
the three month exposure period, and results shovv that it gave
satisfactory indication of deviations in concentration. Tne
analyzer was also used in a reduced pressure experiment which is
also described.
09907
Toyauia, Y.. and J. Kobayashi
NOTES CN AN OZONE GENERATOB AND IIS CALIBBAICB. Papers,
Keteorol. Geophys. (Tokyo), 17(2):65-75, 1966.
6 refs.
The design and operation of a simple ozone generator and its
calibrator is described. The generator is designed to operate over
a range of zone concentrations from 20 to 100,000 ir.icrogram/cu m.
The-operation of the generator is based on the so-called spark
discharge method. It consists essentially of a discharge tube and
a dehydrator and gives reasonably constant ozone concentration air
stream during the calibration cf C2one sensors. The calibrator is
designed to operate over a range of ozone densities from 20 to 600
microgram/cu m. It is based on Faraday's law of electrolysis, and
the fact that the ozone concentration in the air can be determined
by measuring the tine needed for consuming a known amount of sodium
thiosulfate in a potassium iodide solution. It is almost similar
to Ehmert's method. The whole system, both the generator and the
calibrator, gives a measuring error within plus or minus 3 percent.
(Authors' abstract)
09969
Chevalier, C« E-
A SEECTROPHOTOMITRIC DETECTOR FOB OXIDES OF NITROGEN.
Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, Dept. of
Mechanical Engineering, Contract PHS-86-63-112, PSD-21,
16p», Jug. 1966U « refs.
j nflj-yii method is described which was developed by Nicksic and
Harkins for the measurement of the nitrogen oxide content of
automobile engine exhaust qases. It involves vapor phase
oxidation of nitric oxide, the main nitrogen oxide in the
exhaust gases, to nitrogen dioxide and determination of the
concentration of the latter by means of a spectrophotometer.
Nitrogen dioxides absorbs light energy strongly in the region of
320 to 500 millimicron while the other exhaust gas constituents
do not.. Satisfactory agreement hetween this nethod and wet
methods, either the phenodisulfonic method or the widely used
Greiss-Saltzman method has been shown. The Nicksic-Harkins
uethod had been modified by substituting a suitably filtered
light system for the moncchrcmatcr source. The instrument
described here, duplicates that modification but incorporates a
few additional refinements. The calibration procedure is
described and detailed operating instructions are given.
(Author's abstract, modified) IS
D. Measurement Methods 445
-------
09983
Ubl, Z.
UNIFIED KETHODS FOE THE ANALYSIS OF POLLUTANTS IN THE FEES ATHOS-
PHEEE. Acta Hygienica, No. 1, Suppl, 1966. 84p. 24 refs.
Methods tor the analysis of pollutants in the air are presented
with precise and complete notes dealing with procedure, apparatus,
reagents, and possible problems. Procedures are given for
determining the following compounds in tne air: S02, CO, N02, BOx,
sulfuric acid aerosols, C12, H2S, Pb compounds, CS2, phencl. As,
P2, NH3, soot, tin compounds, SiC2, and formaldehyde. Also
discussed are methods of air sampling, calibration methods,
calculations, sensitivity and error in the determinations
interferences from ether compounds, and the principle involved in
the method.
10034
Beyer, S. T,.
FLASH PHOTOLYZEE REACTIONS MONITORED BY TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS
SPECTRCMETBY., Sandia Corp., Albuquerque, N. Hex.,,
Aerospace Sciences Div., SC-5B-68-162, 20p_, April 1968,
28 refs. (Presented at the "Symposium on Applications of Mass
Spectrometry to Gas Phase Reactions," 155th National Meeting
of the American Chemical Society, Division of Water, Air, and
Haste Chemistry, San Francisco, Calif-, April 4, 1968, Paper
55).
CFSTI: TIB 4500 (51ST ED.)
The techniques of flash photolysis and time-resolved mass
spectrcmetry have been combined for the study of fast gas phase
reactions. The apparatus provides an incident ultraviolet
light flux of 1.0 x 10 to the 18th power quanta per cm2 per flash
and a spectrometer sensitivity of 5 x 10 to the minus 8 power mole
per liter., Time resolution is 1.1 micron sec. at successive 50
microns sec intervals. The following chemical systems have been
investigated: 1) nitrogen dioxide sensitized reaction between
hydrogen and oxygen; 2) decomposition of nitromethane; 3)
termolecular recombination of iodine atoms in the presence of
nitric oxide; and 4) reaction of excited iodine (2P1/2) atoms with
methyl iodide., The most promising development for pollution
studies seems to be the use of nitrogen dioxide as a
sensitizer and primary reactant.. It should be possible to
explore the reaction kinetics of nitrogen dioxide as a sensitizer
and primary reactant. It should be possible to explore the
reaction kinetics of nitroge dioxide and various hydrocarbons with
this technique,, The mass spectrometer sensitivity limit of 1 part
per 100,000 will not permit, however, reproducing the dilution
factor normally experienced in the actual atmospheric environment
(approximate range 0.01 to 1 part per 10 to the 6th power).##
446 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
10100
I. Sianu, C. Eadulian
THE DETERMINATION OF OZONE IN AN INDUSTBIAL ENVIRONMENT.
(Contributii la determinarea ozonului in mediul industrial-))
Text in Romanian. Igiena {Bucharest), 15(9):561-566, 1966.
8 refs.
Volumetric and spectrophotometric methods are described for
neasuring ozone in industrial environments. Ozone (03) absorbs
excess ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere but if too much
ozone is present too much ultraviolet radiation is absorbed.
This condition can lead to rickets in humans, and therefore the
concentration of ozone must be monitored constantly. The
combination of ozone with nitrogen oxides and peroxides
near chemical plants is of interest to toxicity studies™ A
sensitive colorimetric qualitative determination of ozone is
described. An oxidation-reduction method that involves a silica
gel preparation and an absorption apparatus is also described.
This is considered a specific method sensitive to 0..001 mg.
under the conditions established and is reproducible with
ordinary laboratory equipment. The stoichicmetric liberation
of two atoms of iodine from a molecule of ozone is also briefly
reported. Tabulated data indicate the amount of iodine
(in mg.( in 10 ml. solution, iodine loss, and time and speed of
collection. The combined effects of nitrogen oxides and ozone
reported in the literature are discussed,, but no significant
conclusions are drawn. There is some evidence that these oxides
interfere with the oxidant action of ozone in the vicinity of a
chemical plant.tf
10242
Dimitriades, B.
METHODS FOR DETERMINING NITROGEN OXIDES IN AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUSTS.
Bureau of Bines, Washington, D. C., RI 7133, 29pp., May
1968. 10 refs.
Five direct and indirect methods for determining nitrogen oxides
in automotive exhausts have been evaluated from the standpoint of
accuracy and applicability in current exhaust studies. These
methods are: static oxidation in tank. Bureau of Mines method.
Chevron Research method, phenoldisulfonic acid method, and direct
measurement of NO. Results shewed that methods requiring
conversion of nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide as a part of the
analytical procedure are subject to errors introduced by the
instability of N02. The extent of some of these errors has
been determined,, and procedures have been developed to minimize
undesirable influences. On the basis of the results obtained from
this study, recommendations are made regarding procedures for batch
type or continuous measurement of nitrogen oxides in exhaust
streams.#t
D. Measurement Methods 447
-------
1C296
Peterson, Carl H. ana Harold J. Paulus
CONTINUOUS MONITORING OF AEROSOLS OVEB THE 0.001- TC 10-KICBCN
SPECTBUM. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. 3., 29 (2):111-122,
March-April 1968. 10 refs.
Three aerosol sizing and counting instruments were combined into a
single automatic system capable of continuously providing data
pertinent to the physical properties of airborne particulates
ranging in size from 0.001 to 10 microns. Particle sizes are
determined by either condensation, light scattering, or electrical
phenomena. All three methods are required to measure broad-size
aerosol spectrums, as each individual method possesses accurate
sizing characteristics over a limited size range. The
instruments, combined into a unitized system, provide data on
particles within various interval widths and group the respective
sized particles according to the interval midpoint. An
appropriate electrical signal, indicative of the number of
particles present, is recorded ty electronic instrumentation, and
subsequent calculations result in a complete number-size
distribution. This paper describes the union of the condensation
nuclei counter, the light-scattering counter, and the electrical
particle counter with associated data acquisition equipment to
produce a workable system. Data reduction, as applied to the
determination of a number-size distribution, is also discussed.
(Authors' abstract, modified)##
10297
Piekaar, H. W. and L. A. Clarenburg
AEROSOL FILTERS—THE TOETUOSITY FACTOR IN FIBROUS FILTERS.
Chem. Eng. Sci. , 22 (12): 1817-1827, 1967. 27 refs.
A theoretical derivation is given of the tortuosity factor for a
flow through fibrous filters, based en purely geometrical
considerations. The resulting expression for the tortuosity
appears to be a function of filter and fiber properties. For
laminar air flow the tortuosity factor is calculated as a function
of porosity and of filter composition. Although the resulting
curves are in quantitative agreement with the experimental work of
Sullivan, frequently referred to, there is much evidence that
Sullivan did not measure tortuosity alone. Finally the
tortuosity factor is calculated for electrical flow through
fibrous filters saturated with a conducting liquid. Theoretical
and experimental results are in excellent agreement. Therefore it
may be concluded that it is not justified to take the constant
value 2, derived frcm electrical measurements, for the tortuosity
factor of laminar air flow through fibrous filters. (Authors'
summary)##
448 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
10315
A. German, J. Fanouse-Perrin and A. M. Quero
COLOHIMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF OZONE. (Dosage
colorimetrigue de 1'ozone.) Text in French- Ann. Fharm.
Franc. (Paris), 25 (2) : 115-120, Feb. 1967. 2 refs.
The reaction of 03 with a mixture of N-phenyl-2-naphthylaraine
and o-dichloro-benzene is studied. Development of the brown-
orange color is not inhibited by the presence of 02 or nitrogen
oxides so that the intensity of the color produced is
proportional to the amount of 03 present. A special apparatus
for use with this reaction is described, consisting primarily of
a spherical cell, described previously, which is used for
bubbling. Comparative analyses with the Guereau apparatus
(iodometric analysis) indicate that this photometric method is
sensitive to levels which are below the olfactory threshold
(0.026 ml 03). At this low concentration, the air with ozone
must be bubbled through the reagents for 30 min.##
10357
Shaw, J. I.
INSTRUMENTAL METHODS FOE THE DETECTION OF HIGHER OXIDES CI
NITBCGEN IN NITBOUS OXIEE. Erit. J. Anaesthesia
(Altrincham) , 40 (4) : 299-303, April 1968. 7 refs.
IBO instrumental methods used by the British Coal Utilisation
Besearch Association for flue gas analysis are discussed. Both
the Hersch sensor and the Mast meter respond to any substance
capable of giving rise to a galvanic reaction in its
electrochemical system. Both are sensitive to 1 ppm v/v of
N02, or, when supplemented by a pre-oxidizer, to 1 ppm of NO
and N02. Both appear suitable for installation at
manufacturers' work or at the clinic for routine continuous
monitoring.##
10406
0,, V., A., Novak
CONTINUOUS POLABOGRAPHIC ANALYZEES., I. THE EEOPPING MEBCUBY
EIECTEODE AS A REFERENCE ELECTRODE. ((Dlouhodobe polarograf icke
analysatory 1. Btutova kapkova elektroda jako elektroda
referentni.}) Text in Czech. Chenu Listy, 49:277-288, 1955.,
26 refs.,
Polarographic curves obtained with two dropping mercury
electrodes are described and their characteristics discussed.
3ne electrode serves the same purpose as any conventional
polarographic arrangement and the other serves as a reference
electrode instead of the conventionally used mercury pool.
D. Measurement Methods 449
-------
This arrangement is important for long-term analyses since the
dropping mercury electrode is not polarized. Instruments for
continuous analysis of titanium and iron ions and for determining
small concentrations of CO, the concentration of iodine is
continuously recorded which is liberated from iodine oxide by the
action of the CO in the analyzed gas.. This analyzer is useful
for CO concentrations from 0., 01-0.0001 vol%.,##
10189
Bufalini, J. J.
GAS PHASE TITBATION OF ATMOSPHEBIC OZONE. Preprint, Public
Health Service, Cininnati, Ohio, National Center for Air
Pollution Control (8) p. , April 1968., 9 refs..
Ozone can be selectively removed from a gas stream containing a
variety of oxidants., Oxidant analysers can be made specific for
ozone by incorporating a small gas reaction chamber on the
instrument,. Possible interferences from hydrogen peroxide, n-butyl
hydroperoxide, peroxyacetyl nitrate, nitrogen dioxide, and peracetic
acid are discussed.. (Author's abstract)
10513
Bartburg, Arthur F. and James E. lodge. Jr.
ESTIMATING CONCENT? JTIOH OF AIH POLLUTANTS.. Chemsitry, H1(2):29
32, Feb.. 1968 13 refs.
Fairly accurate but inexpensive equipment for measuring oxidants,
S02, and suspended particnlates can be made for about ilOO. A vacuu
pump draws air through a simple filter for measuring particulates, a
bubbler of iodine-starch solution for measuring S02, or a bubbler of
iodine-starch-thiosulfate solution for measuring oxidants.
Calibration and calculation methods are presented. The apparatus is
completely described and could easily be built from the information
given.
10518
Engelhardt,, Heinz
A GAS ANALYSER FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF IMPUHITIES IN SIP. Instr.
Beview, 15(19U):98-99, Feb. 1968 Translated from German,
Electrotech, (B) , No. 2, 1966.
A gas analyzer has been introduced which measures air impurities
such as S02, HC1ff NH3, HO, N02, CO, C12, and H2S. The instrument,
called Picoflux, operates on an electrocunductivity principle.. The
various air contaminants are analyzed by using different electolyte
solutions in the voltiac cell; if several gases are present,
preliminary filtration is also employed. The instrument is suited
for measuring low concentrations; 0 to 0.3 ppm 302; 0 to 0.5 pprn HC1
450 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
and 0 to 1 ppm NH3. The range is adjustable by a factor of 2., 5 or 5
vith the flick of a switch. An integrating recorder allows 10- or 3
ninute mean measurement readings.
10528
Hatson, Wayne Beimer
TBSCE ME1ALS, EQUILIBRIUM AND KINETICS OF THACE METAL COMPLEXES 18
NATURAL MEDIA. Thesis (Ph.D), Massachusetts Inst. of
Tech., Cambridge, Dept. of Chemistry, Contract Nonr-1841 (74) ,
Proj- DSR-74913, 258p., Jan. 1968. ((61)) refs,
CESTI, DDC: AD 666554
A composite mercury graphite electrode (CMGE) has been
constructed and has been shown to follow the theoretical behavior
for thin film electrodes. Its physical structure has been
studied, and correlated with its electrochemical behavior and
stability. An analytical system capable of performing multiple
analysis of metal ions has been built using the CMGE and the
analytical precision has been investigated over the range of
10 to the minus 7th power to 10 to the minus 10th power M.
Jnodic stripping techniques using the CMGE have been developed
for obtaining information on the complicated distributed of the
trace elements Zn, Cd, In, Pb, Cu, Ei, in samples from the
environment, and for obtaining parameters related to the
formation constant K, and the rate constants for naturally
occurring trace metal complexes of these metals and several
others - Fe, Mg, Co, Ni, U. Techniques have been developed
for separating molecular weight fractions of complexes and
complexing agents in water samples. A portion of the trace
metals atmospheric samples have been shown to be bound to
particulate material of greater than one micron diameter. A
ubiguitous nonlabile trace metal component has benn identified
in all fresh waters. A guantitatively and qualitatively
different nonlabile components is present in some sea water
samples. Up to eight different nonlabile complexing agents
have been identified in one sample. The data indicate that
the high molecular weight complexes are at least in part humic
acid type compounds. Estuarine and surface mechanisms whereby
nonlabile materials can be removed have been studied briefly.
S complicated distribution of strong labile complexes which is
apparently associated with biological activity has also been
identified in many waters. (Author's abstract) ft*
10585
Rosenberg, G. V. and G. I. Gorchakov
THE DEGREE 01 ELLIPTICITY OF POLARIZED LIGHT DISPERSED IN THE
ATMOSPHERIC AIR AS A TOOL FOS STUDYING THE MICHCSTRUCTUHE OF
AEBCSOLS. (Stepen elliptichnosti polyarizatsii sveta
rasseyannogo atmosfernym vozdukhcm kak sredstvo
issledovaniya mikrostruktury aerozoliya.) Text in Russian,
Fiz. Atm. i Okeana (Moscow), 3 (7) : 6S9-713, Ouly 1967. 20
refs.
D. Measurement Methods 451
-------
Data are analyzed on the ellipticity of polarized light and the
degree of polarization coherence for light dispersed in the
ground layer of the atmosphere at various intensities of haze.
It is shown that haze particles are frequently anisctropic.
Calculated results are given fcr the angular relationship of the
degree of ellipticity of polarized light scattered by small
spherical particles. It is shewn that the measurement of the
degree of ellipticity can be used for studying the kinetics of
transformation of aerosol particles during the formation and
disintegration of atmospheric haze.f*
10658
Heard, J. Taylor and William E. leele
THE QUANTITATIVE DE1ERMINATION OF GASEOUS AIE POLLUTANTS BY LONG
PATH INFBABID 1BANSMISSICN SPZCTBOSCOPY. Preprint, Virginia
Univ., Charlottesville, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, and
Naval Air Systems Command, Washington, D. C., ((17)) p.,
1968. 17 refs. (Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting cf the
Air Pollution Control Association, St. Paul, Minn., June
23-28, 1968. Paper 68-119.)
Average quantitative detection of CO, CH4, SC4, and 03 in
ambient air may be accomplished through use of infrared
transmission spectrometry. A Icng dual-path technique for
determination of the above pollutants is presented. An
analytical development of the theory for this technique is
presented. This involves an adaptation of Beer's Law for
multiple absorbing gases and an assumption that a dual-path
spectrometer system can provide differential and ratio signal
processing. Also included is a provision for cancelling the
losses due to haze scattering and an analysis of the resulting
error, which can be made very snail. Sample calculations show
that ambient pollution levels of CO and CHU can be measured
over a short path (100 meters) and that S02 and 03 can be
measured over a longer path (2000 meters). It is concluded that
this technique may be useful as an ambient air pollution detector
and that experimental work should be done to determine this
application. (Authors' abstract, modified)##
10663
Anderson, Hillard E.
IONIC MOBILITY AS RELATED 10 ATMOSPHEEIC MOtJIICEING ANE COKTBGL.
Preprint, Honeywell Inc., St. Paul, Minn., Systems and
Eesearch Center, 11p., 1968. <4 rets. (Presented at the 61st
Arinual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, St.
Paul, Minn., June 1968, Paper 68-158.)
A progress report on a study to adapt the concept cf ionic
mobility to atmospheric trace gas identification and measurement i
presented. Of special interest has been the Erikscn air-blast
mobility spectrometer because of its simplicity and relatively big
resolving power. Trace constituents definitely affect the
452 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
current-voltage-flew characteristics, but a unique relationship
between effect and constituent has not yet been obtained.
Discussed are future efforts to obtain such a relationship by in
part reducing the ion collection time.##
10672
Hersch, Paul A-
CONTROLLED ADDITION OP EXPERIMENTAL FOLLOTANTS TO AIR- Gould-
National Batteries, Inc., Minneapolis, Minn., 2
-------
A commercially available apparatus for dust measurement is
described mathematically. The described instrument, which
measures ionization levels of the dust, is found suitable in
principle for dust measurement. This instrument will measure
practically the whole range of suspended particulate matter™
The effects of air temperature and air pressure upon ionization
are expressed mathematically. When used in conjunction with a
gravimetric measuring instrument, this instrument may be able to
determine the mean radius of an unknown particle size distribution,
10902T
Sprenger, Gerhard
THE SPECTROGRAPHIC IDENTIFICATION OF NITRIC OXIDE OCCURRING IN AN
INTERMEDIATE FASHION IN THE HEACTION BETWEEN NITBOGEN PENTOXIDE
AND OZOEN. ((Die spektorgraphische Identifizierung des in der
Reaction zwischen Stickstoffpentoxyd und Ozon intermediar
auftrendtenden Stickoxydes.)( Translated from German. Z.
Elecktrochem., 37 (S-9) : 6714-678, 1937.
The reaction between nitric pentoxide and ozones was studied
spectrographically at 20-40 degree C and N03 was identified as
an intermediate product. The chain reaction mechanism was
formulated and the calculated rate constant was found in good
agreement with that obtained from kinetic data.**
10960
Chapman, Bu L.
AIE POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEMS., Instr. Control Systems,
41 (8) :79-82, Aug. 1968,
The methods for measuring the major air pollutants are reviewed
briefly.. Some of the problems involved in calibration of
instruments are discussed.,**
11030
Hanst, Philip L. and John A. Morreal
DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT OF AIE FCLLU1AN1S EY ABSORPTION 01
INFRARED LASER RADIATION. Preprint, 21}.., 1968. (Presented
at the 61st Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, St. Paul, Minn., June 23-27, 1963, Paper
68-S1.)
A technique of detecting gaseous air pollutants by means ot
absorption of laser radiation is under development at the NASA
Electronics Research Center. The iodine infrared laser and the
carbon dioxide infrared laser are forced to emit spectral lines
which fall on the infrared absorption bands of atmospheric
454 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
pollutants. The attenuation of a laser line when passed through
an air sample is the measure of the pollutant concentration.
Ihe narrow spectral width of the laser emission permits
sensitive detection, minimizes interference between pollutants, and
allows penetration of atmospheric water bands. The collimation
and high power outputs available from lasers permit transmission
of the radiation over long straight paths through the atmosphere
and over long folded paths in multiple-pass absorption cells. A
sample of absorbing gas placed within the laser cavity forces the
emission of the selected wavelengths. With a one-half kilometer
path to a retro-reflector and back, it is predicted that the
following concentrations of air pollutants will be detected by
means of the indicated laser lines: carbon monoxide at 2 parts per
million in air (ppm), using the 10.53 micron carbon dioxide line;
sulfur dioxide at 1.5 ppm, using the 9.08 micron carbon dioxide
line; and ozone at 0.15 ppm, using the 9.52 micron carbon dioxide
line. It seems feasible tc extend the technigue to other
pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, methane, butane, and peroxy
acetyl nitrate. Continuing effort is being devoted to development
and construction of the laser transmitting and receiving eguipment.
Field testing is planned fcr the near future.##
11043
A. Alvarez
CONTINUOUS DETERMINATION OP TBACIS 01 S02 IN AIR, USING WATER
AS THE ABSORBING SOLUTION. Preprint, New York State Dept.
of Health, Albany, Div. of Air Resources, ((24)) p., 1968.
3 refs. (Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Air
Pollution Control Association, St. Paul, Minn., June 23-27,
1968. Paper 68-69.)
A method for the continous determination of traces of S02 in
air, using water as the absorbing solution is presented, it is
based on measurement of the color yield by the reaction between
sulfur dioxide (as sulfate) and p-rcsaniline hydrochloride-
hydrochloric acid-formaldehyde mixture. The p-rosaniline
methyl sulfonic acid produced in the reaction exhibited a
maximum absorption at a wavelength of 560 millimicrons.
The color was observed to be timperature independent within the
range of 65 degrees F to 76 degrees F and stable for a period
of our hours. Interferences from N02 and NH3 were observed
at levels beyond the concentrations existing in average urban air.
The method described in this paper exhibited a higher degree of
sensitivity than the standard Best-Gaeke method when they were
tested in parallel. (Author's abstract, modified)##
11051
0. C. Taylor, E. R. Stephens, E. A. Cardiff
AUTOMATIC CHROMATOGR&PHIC MEASUREMENT 01 PAN. Preprint,
California Univ., Riverside, Statewide Air Pollution
Research Center, 9p., 1968. 11 refs. (Presented at the 61st
Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, St.
Paul, Minnesota, June 23-27, 1968, Paper 68-70.)
D. Measurement Methods 455
-------
A gas chromatograph which is equipped with an electron capture
detector has been automated for monitoring ambient air for the
smog component peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) . The instrument
injects a sample every 15 minutes and about 1.5 minutes are
required to develop the chrcmatogram. The minimum detectable
quantity is about one ppb although this could be pushed lower if
there were need. In about eleven months of operation the
maximum concentration was 58 ppb. On many occasions substantial
concentrations persisted overnight. (Authors' abstract)#f
11061
H. H. Theones, W. Guse
LATEST STATE OF DEVELOPHENT OF INSTRUMENTS FOfi THE CONTINUOUS
MONITORING OF GAS EMISSIONS. Staub (English translation),
28(3):53-63, March 1968. 17 refs.
CFSTI: TT 68-50448/3
For the neasuremet of gaseous emissions, testing methods using
chemical analysis are used for emission control based on random
sampling while automatic gas analyzers are employed for
continuous concentration control. The different types of
measuring instruments, their possibilities and limitations are
explained, and difficulties occcurring during gas cleaning
are considered. Practical experience is available which has been
gained in many years during the operation of gas cleaning
installations and of analysers for continous measurement of
sulphur dioxide present in flue gas. (Authors' summary)##
11108
Coleman, Paul D. and Roberto Holdan
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS IN THE FAR INFRARED EEGION.
(FINAL HEEOET 1 FEBRUARY 1965 - 31 JANUARY 1967.) ILLINOIS UKIV.
Orbana, Electro-physics Lab., Contract AF-AFOSR-272-65, Proj.
9767-02 AFOSR-68-0465, 8p., (22) refs.
CFSTI: AE 669573
A vacuum monochromator for the 80 to 1000 micron range, under
construction for the past year, is described. Initial data on the
rotational spectra HC1, BBr, 1120% CH3C1 and CH3CN were taken
to test the performance characteristics of the instrument. Perfor-
mance data indicated that the monochromator characteristics are
wavelength reproduction 0.1%; wavelength calibration 0.5?!; relative
intensity measurement 5 to 104; and a resolution of 2% in the 300
to 700 micron range using a carbon bolometer detecter and a scan
time of 1 hour. (Authors' summary, modified)
11130L
Saltzman, Bernard E.
METHODS OF MEASURING AND MONITOEING ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN OXIDES
AND THEIR PRODUCTS. (Part I.) World Health Organization,
Geneva, (Switzerland), HHO/AP/68.31,99p., 1968. (93) refs.
456 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
A working text of NOx measurement methods in common use is
presented. Sufficient details are provided so that no additional
material should be needed to conduct the analysis. However,
abundant references are provided. The actual texts of methods which
have been selected by appropriate organizations are quoted in exact
form. Measuring and monitoring atmospheric nitrogen oxides are
complex because of the fact that many interrelated oxides and
products exist. These undergo chemical reactions and equilibria
both in the atmosphere and in air sampling apparatus. The effects
of the various substances are different. Their interferences also
differ for various analytical procedures. Therefore to fully expound
the problems in making these measurements, an introductory section
is presented giving chemical and physical properties, various
reaction rates, and equilibrium data. In these analyses we are
seeking to measure concentrations that vary both in time and space.
Rational design of a sampling program therefore requires a knowledge
of these distribution patterns. Only then can we clarify the
effects of sampling time, numbers of sampling locations, numbers of
samples collected, and correlate these with the objectives which are
sought. These topics therefore also are included.
11132
Tagaki, Sadayuki F.
NEOKOPHYSIOIGGICAL STUDIES ON THE OLFACTORY BECEPTIVE MECHANISM
(FINAL REPORT). Gunna Univ., Maebashi, Gunman-ken, (Japan),
Grant DA-CRD-AFE-S92-5U4-67-G67, Proj. DF-9777, Task 01-OOUFE
J-271-3, (19)p.f Arpil 1968.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 671678
In the previous experiment of the first year, the ionic mechanism
of the negative slow potential elicited by odors in the cliactory
epithelium (EOG) was negative EOGs are generated by the entry of Na
ions and the exit of K ions through the receptive membrane but not
by the entry of C1 ions. As a continuation of the above experiment,
the ability of mono-, di- and trivalent cations to substitute for Na
ions was examined this year. Hhen Na ions in Ringer's solution was
replaced by one of these cations, the negative EOG decreased in
amplitude and in many cases disappeared. When Na ions and K ions
were exchanged in Finger's solution, the negative EOGs reversed
their polarity. When recovery of these reversed (originally
negative) EOGs were examined in the Singer's solutions in which Na
ions was replaced by one of the cations, they recovered only
partially and the recoveries were not maintained. Only when K ions
was replaced by Na ions (normal Singer's solution), the negative
EOGs recovered completely and could maintain their amplitudes.
Thus, the indispensability of Na ions was proved. The cation
permeability was considered on the basis of the ion size. By means
of a microelectrode, differential sensitivity to various odours of
single olfactory cells were shown. The mechanism of olfactory
fatigue was studied by recording the response of the olfactory nerve
twigs. The result indicates that the olfactory adaptation
essentially occurs in the higher olfactory centers. The importance
in olfaction of the trigeminal nerve was shown by recording the
responses to many kinds of odors. This nerve is more sensitive to
camphoraceous, pepperminty and pungent odors than the olfactory
nerve. In order to clarify the mechanism of odors discrimination in
D. Measurement Methods 457
-------
the olfactory bulb, four camphoracecus and four pepperminty odors
were applied and the numbers of the spike discharges of single cells
to these odors were counted. Good correlations were generally found
between the numbers of spike discharges and the profiles cf the
odorous molecules, although there were some exceptions. (Author's
abstract, modified)
11162
Proctor, T. D.
A LASER TECHNIQUE EOR THE MEASUREMENT OF AEROSOLS. J. Sci.
Instr. 1(6):631-635, June 1968.
The paper describes the use of a continuous-wave helium-neon laser
to measure the surface area of small concentrations less than 3000
particles per cu m of dust particles, of size less than 5 microns,
suspended in air. The suspension is passed through a size-selector
to remove dust particles greater than 5 microns in size and then
into a chamber between one of the laser mirrors and the end of the
laser tube. Scattering and absorption of radiation from the cavity
by the dust particles causes a change in the amount of radiation
reflected back into the laser tube, which in turn produces a
reduction in the intensity of the output beam. The relationship
between the surface-area concentration of the airborne dust and the
change in the output intensity is derived, and experiments with an
instrument of this type are described and discussed. (Author's
abstract)
11197
Hunter, H. H. and R. I. Mitchell
PORTABLE SMOKE PHOTOMETER. Preprint, Battelle Memorial Inst. ,
Columbus, Ohio, Columbus Labs.,pp. 928-940 (1968). 1 ref.
A solid-state photometer has been designed and constructed. This
photometer has a linear response and is suitable for use with
conventional optics used in smoke penetrometers. The instrument
uses solid-state devices rather than vacuum tubes, and requires no
warm-up time. Preliminary results indicate that its sensitivity is
comparable to existing vacuum-tube units. The instrument also has a
constant-intensity light source in which the light intensity varies
only plus or minus 1.i» percent when the line potential varies from
100 folts to 130 volts.The opitcs portion of the instrument is
still under development and needs further modification. (Authors'
summary)
11237
J. C., Chipman, A. J. Hocker, and John chao
MEASURING AND EVALUATING AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST HYDROCARBON
EMISSIONS BY INTERRELATED TECHNIQUES. Preprint,
California lir Resources Lab., Los Angeles, ((19)) p., 1968.
453 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
10 refs. (Presented at the 61st Annual Heeting, American
Institute of Chemical Engineers, Symposium on Besearch and
Developnent in Automotive Air Pollution Control, Los
Angeles, Calif., Dec. 1-5, 1968,, Paper 53-E.)
The smog forming potential of exhaust gas from a 216 car survey
Has determined. This potential is defined in terms of reactivity
units- Exhaust hydrocarbon emissions were measured by
niondispersive infrared, ultraviolet and flame ionization analyzers.
The measurements of these analyzers were correlated with the
reactivity of the exhaust gas. The results show that each
analyzer is capable of delineating the smog potential of gasoline
powered vehicles. Hydrocarbon emissions were also correlated
with engine classes. The emission level differences for
concentration are larger than these obtained on a reactivity or
aass rate basis. (Authors™ summary)f#
11305
Heck, Walter W. ,
John A. Dunning
Frank L. Fox, C. Stafford Brandt, and
TOBACCO, A SENSITIVE MONITOR POP PHOTOCHEMICAL AIR POLLUTION.
Preprint, Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Md., Crops
Besearch Div. and Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control, 30p», 1968.
(Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, St. Paul, Minn., June 23-27, 1968,
Paper 68-192..)
The development of a technigue by which the sensitive tobacco
variety, Bel-H3 is used as a monitor for photochemical air
pollution is discussed. The technigue uses the plant as an
indicator of the oxidant complex in both urban and rural areas.
Two pilot studies that were conducted over a 3-year period during
the development of the monitoring technigue are included in the
discussion. Attention is given to an explanation of the proper
procedures for planting, transplanting, fertilizing, and caring for
aature plants. The methods used in determining and recording
daaage to plant leaves is included; the studies showed almost
daily injury to monitoring plants. (Authors" abstract)##
1W06
V.G. Kunde
THEORETICAL MOLECULAR LINE ABSORPTION 01 COIN LATE
SPECTRAL TYPE ATMOSPBEBES. National Aeronautics and
Space Administration, Greenbelt, Md. , Goddard Space Flight
Center, 33p,, Dec. 1968. ((73)) refs.
CFSTI: NASA IN D-4798
The line positions, line intensities, and collisioral half-widths
have been calculated for the fundamental, first-overtone, and
second-overtone vibration-rotation bands of C12016 and C13016.
D. Measurement Methods
459
-------
The C12016 and C13016 line intensities were computed for
temperatures ranging from 175 to 3500 degrees K and were weighted
in accorance with a terrestrial C12/C13 abundance ratio. All
lines within 5 to 6 orders of magnitude of the maximum line
intensity of a band have been considered (aiout 4500 lines at
3500 degrees K).##
11U76
Andreeshcheva, N. G.
THE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN ABOHA1IC HIDBOCABBONS IN THE AIB-
<(0 sanitarno-toksikologicheskoi otsenke nekotorykh
aromaticheskikh uglevodorodov v atnosfernom vozdukhe.J) Hyg.
Sanit. (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.),
33 (1-6) : 13-17, Spril-June 1968. ((10)3 refs.
CFSTI: TT 68-50
-------
11198
Aigina, E.. Po, G. S. Lopukhova, and S0 S. Khikmatullaeva
SEECTHOPHOTCHETBIC DETEBMINATICN Op THIOPHENE IN AIR.
{(Opredelenie tiofena v vozdukhe spekrofotometricheskim metodom.,))
Hyg. Sanit. (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.),
33(4-63 :it09-«11. April-June 1968. ((1)} lets.,
CFSTI: TT 68-50149/2
The spectral characteristic of thiophene in the wavelength range
220 - 250 millimicron, using ethanol, methanol, heptane, hexane
and octane as the solvents was studied. Heasurements of the
optical densities of methanol solutions of thiophene with
concentrations up to 15 micrograms/ml at lambda = 231 millimicrons
showed these solutions to obey the lambert-Eeer law. Therefore
the concentration of thiophene in the solution can be determined
from the optical density using a calibration graph, or calculating
from an equation. For determinations of thiophene in air in the
presence of benzene, another variant was elaborated making use of
Vierordfs method. This method makes it possible to determine
concentrations of each of the components of a binary mixture from
the optical density of solution- The spectral characteristics of
nethanol solutions of benzene and thiophene are shown. Thus, two
variants of the spectrophotometric method are proposed for the
determination of thiophene in air. The first variant, proposed
for hygienic experiments, is based on measuring the absorption of
UV radiation by the methanol solution of thiophene at lambda =
231 millimicrons. Its sensitivity is 0.5 micrograms per 1 ml
solution™ Benzene in concentrations of up to 20 micrograms/ml
does not interfere with the determination. The second yariant,
proposed for determination of thiophene in air in the presence of
ben2ene, is based on measurements of absorption of UV radiation
by a thiophene — benzene mixture in methanol at 231 and 251.6
millimicrons,, The thiophene concentration in the solution is
calculated from an equation. This variant is used in the presence
of benzene concentrations exceeding 20 micrcgrams in 1 ml methanol,.
11562
Ewald, Herbert and Gustav Enrich
ANALYSIS OF THE INTEBESTING COMPONENTS OF EXHAUST GASES.
< (Die Analytik interessierender Abgasbestandteile von
Auspuffgasen.)) Text in German. Freiberger Forschungsh.,
(A387) :133-161, 1966. 146 refs..
Recent methods for the determination of CO, C02, NO, N02,
hydrocarbons, and hydrocarbon combustion products in air and
exhaust gases are reviewed in detail, with a discussion of their
relative sensitivity, accuracy, and convenience. Data are also
presented on the concentrations of some of these components during
the operation of gasoline and diesel engines under various
conditions. The sensitivity of various methods for the
determination of some of these components and the prices of some
D. Measurement Methods 461
-------
of the analytical equipment (gas chromatographs, mass
spectrometers, photometers, other spectrometers, and gas
analyzers) required are given in tabular form. It is concluded
that rapid testing or testing performed in mobile laboratories
usually must be made by Orsat analysis or test capsules,, while
continuous measurements of exhaust gas components for control
purposes can be done photometrically. For most purposes,
ultraviolet and mass spectrometery have been replaced by gas
chromatography, which is cheaper and more informative; however,
spectrometric techniques are useful for identifying component
detected by gas-chromatograph. Although basically a discontinuous
process, gas chromatography can be automated.i*
11567
Hood, Lu V. S., and J. E. Binefcrder
THINTLAYEB SEPAHATION AND LOH-TEMPEHATOBE LUMINESCENCE
HEASUBEHENT OF MIXTURES OF CAHCINOGENS, Text in English.
Anal. Chin. Acta, «2{2) : 199-205, Aug. 1968. 16 refs-
low-temperature fluorescence and phosphorescence characteristics
of a number of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are reported.
Complex mixtures of hydrocarbons were studied to determine the
selectivity of low—temperature luminescence measurement.
low-temperature fluorimetry is applied to measure several
hydrocarbon carcinogens after ethanolic extraction from thin-layer
chromatograms. The method described permits determination of 0.1
micrograms of most of the potent carcinogens (such as pyrenes,
anthracenes, perylenes, tryphenylenes, etc..),. The results
suggest that the method nay be well suited for environmental
studies of hydrocarbon pollution,##
11573
Lahmann,, Frdwin
STUDIES ON AIR POLLUTANTS. II. MEASUBEHENT TECHNIQUES SND
EVALUATION,. ((Die Untersuchung von luftverunreinigungen.
German. Eundesgesundheitsblatt, (11):161-167, May 26, 1967. 29
German. Bundesgesundheitsblatt, (11) :161-1 68, May 26, 1968. 29
refs.
The second part of a detailed review of techniques for measuring
the concentration of air pollutants deals with various parameters
of the sampling procedure which affect the results of all
analytical methods. These parameters include: the duration of
the sampling period (or frequency of measurements), duration of
the study, season and time of day when the samples are taken,
frequency of discontinuous sampling,, air density at the measuring
sites, height of the sampling sites above the earth, and
distribution of the sampling sites. The effects of some of these
parameters on determinations of atmospheric S02 and CO are
shown by way of illustration- Sampling programs used in the
German Federal Fepublic, Great Britain, and the DSA
(National Air Sampling Network and Continuous Air
462 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Monitoring Program) are described briefly. Finally, some of the
problems arising in the evaluation of experimental air pollution
data are pointed out (such as the skewed rather than Gaussian
distribution of results).**
1157H
lahnann, Erdvin
STUDIES OS AIR POLLDTiHTS. !„ ANAIY.TICSI METHODS. ((Die
Dntersuchung von Luftverunreinigungen. I. Analysenmethoden.))
Text in German. Bundesgesundheitsblatt, (10) : 145-150, Hay
12, 1967. 71 refs.
This detailed review of the apparatus and techniques used for air
pollution measurements deals with both sampling and analytical
methods. A distinction is made between empirical or discontinuous
and continuous methods of sampling and it is pointed out that only
the latter can yield readily interpretable results. In connection
with gas sampling techniques, the value of an iupinger for
increasing the rate of dissolution of gaseous pollutants is
discussed. Methods are then described for the quantitative
deteriination of S02, S03, N02, NO, CO, H2S, HF,
and NH3, and brief mention is made of the techniques of gas
chromatography and flame icnization detection for traces of
organic compounds. The two principal techniques for estimating
the total particulate content of the air are dust-fall and
dust-concentration determinations.. The latter which depends on
photoelectric measurement of the particle density after filtration
is more difficult to perform, but more interesting from the health
point of view.**
11601
Heinz, Binfield B., Naum S. Bers, William Burns, and Lawrence
leyis
HIGHWAY DYNAMICS AND AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION TEST PROCEDURES. In: Air
Pollution Research (Progress Summary). Califcrnia Univ., Los
Angeles, Dept. of Engineering, Kept. 68-39, p. 63-71, Sept. 1968.
8 refs.
Information about the influence of sudden changes in autcmotile
speed on smog formation is being obtained with a portable magnetic
recorder equipped to record as many as 32 channels cf data on three
tracks, while using a fourth track for audio monitoring of tests in
progress. In addition to speed, torque, manifold pressure, and
throttle position, the instrument also records temperatures, fuel
flow, air flow, accelerations, engine rpm, etc. The recorder is
suitable for use in tests exploring the total content of engine
exhaust stream emissions. It is suggested that future research can
evaluate emissions from many different automobiles in a short time
by subjecting each to programs of tape recorded speed and torque.
D. Measurement Methods 463
-------
11622
Charlson, Bo J.
ATMOSPHERIC AEBOSOL BESEiBCH AT THE UNIVEBSITY 05 WASHINGTON.
Preprint, Washington Oniv., Seattle, Coll. of Engineering,
13p., 1968., 10 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control
Association Meeting, St. Paul, Minn,, June 1968.)t#
Useful developments both in instrumentation (in the integrating
nephelometer) and in experimentation are reported. Mass and
visibility are related by the expression: magg x Lv = 1.2 gram/m2,
which is mentioned and explained briefly. Other research
efforts in progress are centered on the atmospheric aerosols,
rather than laboratory aerosols. Size distribution studies are
teing correlated with sinultaneous optical measurements.
Chemical analysis methods are being developed for single
particles via scintillation methods. The spatial variation of
aerosol concentration in the vicinity of cities is also teing
studied, both with the nepheloneter and with laser radar (lidar) .
(Author's abstract, modified)**
11675
Sawicki, E. and C. Gclden
TLC-FLUOEIMETRIC ANALYSIS FOB ATMOSPHERIC SCOEOLETIN. Preprint,
National Air Pollution Control Administration, Cincinnati, Ohio,
Chemical and Physical Research and Developmetn Program, 19p., July
1968. 19 refs.
A method is described for the characterization and assay of
scopoletin, a hydroxycoumarin derivative previously identified in
tobacco and tobacco smoke. The evidence for its presence in
airborne particulates, house dust, and coffee roast effluents
consists of R(f) values obtained with silica gel thin-layer
chromatography and mobility values obtained with paper
electrophoresis, as well as fluorescence spectra obtained from the
chromatogram and from methanolic, alkaline methanolic, and sulfuric
acid solutions. By use of a procedure involving thin-layer
chromatography spectrophotofluorimetry, scopoletin was assayed in
these various samples. Recovery of scopoletin from enriched
airborne particulates was 91%. The various separations and
fluorimetric examinations revealed the presence of a large number
of 'oxygenated' fluorescent unknowns in the various samples; these
substances will te studied for possible allergy significance.
(Author abstract modified)
11738
Nash, T.
CHEMICAL STATDS OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE AT LOH AEBIAL
CONCENTRATION. Ann. Occupational Hyg., 11(3):235-239,
July 1968. 4 refs.
464 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Although the possible existence of nitrous acid as distinct
from nitrogen dioxide in polluted air has been recognized, the two
compounds give the same product with colorimetric reagents and it
has not been believed necessary to distinguish between them in
routine investigations of air pollution or in toxicology. A
simple sampling procedure has been developed using mixtures of
nitrous acid and nitrogen dioxide in the ppm range. The compunds
are separately estimated using Saltzman's reagent. Nitrous acid
can form the major proportion of nitrous fumes from some sources,
while nitrogen dioxide in moist air is slowly converted to nitrous
acid. The method, results, and toxicological implications are
given and discussed.t#
11755
A. S. Denovan, E. W. Ashley
THE DETERMINATION OP OXIDES OF NITROGEN IN EEACTCB LOOP COVEB
GJS. Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd., Chalk River, Ont.,
Chalk Eiver Nuclear Labs., ((11))p., Sept. 1967. 3 refs.
CFSTI: AECL-277C
Procedures have been developed using selective absorbers followed
by gas chromatography which are suitable for the separation and
determination of NO and N02 either from a bulk gas sample or
directly from a flowing gas stream of C02 containing up to 27<
air. Nitrous oxides can also be determined if required. With
synthetic gas samples, recoveries were shown to be quantitative
using the procedures outlined. Calculations from data obtained
for the procedures outlined. Calculations from data obtained for
the preparation of calibration curves showed the standard
deviations to be plus or minus 3.2 microgram for NO, plus or
minus 2.6 microgram for N02 and plus or minus 5.5 microgram for
N20 over the range of 15 - 150 microgram. Limits of detection
were 200 ppb for NO, 60 ppb for N02 and 200 ppb for H20.##
11819
Ereuer, Wolfram
BEW METHODS OF CONTINUOUS TRACE GAS ANALYSIS. (Neue Verfahren zur
kcntinuierlichen Spurenanalyse). Preprint, 23p., 1968. 2 refs.
(Presented at the Interkama Kongre, 4th, Duesseldorf, Germany,
1968.) Translated from German. Franklin Inst. Research Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 23p.
Electrochemical trace gas measuring units for determining the
concentration of pollutants in the open air are described. The
units operate on the principle of a galvanic chain, indicating
concentration changes of ions in a solution caused by reaction
with a sampled trace gas. The sampling gas and the solution are
held by a solid electrolyte cast into a cylindrical silver tube
which serves an an anode. The cathode is embedded in the inner
surface of the electrolyte in the form of a silver helix.
Electrical connections for both electrodes run through a
polyethylene stopper at the bottom of the tube. The flow of sampled
D. Measurement Methods 465
-------
gas reaches the actual measuring zone, the inner surface of the
electrolyte, through a glass line and a polyethylene stopper at
the top of the tube. The measuring ranges of standard units extend
from several ppb (dilution of 10 to the minus 9th power) to several
ppm (dilution of 0,000001, depending on the gas component.
Concentration cells are now available for analysis of hydrogen
sulfide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide,
phosgene, hydrogen cyanide, chlorine, oxygen, and ozone.
11834
W. E. Cobb
ION LOSSES IN THE GEHDIEN CONDENSES INTAKE SYSTEM. J. Appl.
Meteorol., 7 (3) :456-458 , June 1968. 6 refs.
The measurement of atmospheric electrical conductivity, ion
density, or mobility by the aspiration method may result in the
undesired removal of ions within the air-intake system. (The
specialist in atmospheric electricty cannot help but disturb the
natural existence of the very element he wishes to investigate.)
in investigation was made, at a field site 40 mi northwest of
Washington, D. C., to determine the less of small ions in
different length intake tubes and for a wide range in the
air flow rate. Two identical Gerdien conductivity instruments
were operated simultaneously. One unit, with only 10 cm of
intake pipe ahead of the Gerdien condenser, was operated as a
reference standard, and the conductivity measurement was repeated
as 60,200, and 370 cm lengths of 10-cm diameter intake pipe were
added to the second unit. A constant flow rate of 400 cm/sec was
maintained through the control unit, while in the second unit the
flow was increased by steps from 40 to 500 cm/sec. Data
were recorded on a irultichannel oscillograph and the
measurements were repeated many times in clean, winter air.
There was little change from cne measurement ot the next. The
loss of original ions at flow velocities greater than 300 cm/sec
varied from zero to 23% for the three intake lengths, while for
flow rates less than 150 cm sec the loss of ions increased
rapidly in each case. The sampling tines varied from 0.1-10sec.
Although the transfer of ions to the walls by eddy diffusion
should increase for turbulent flow no such effect was detected; the
increasing loss cf ions, even as the flew became laminar, indicates
that ion transit time is the controlling factor rather
than air flow turbulence. A 1:1 ratio of the length to the
diameter for the Gerdien intake system and an airflow without
curves or obstruction is suggested. Since atmospheric
electrical conductivity measurements are made primarily to
determine secular trends in atmospheric fine-particle pollution,
and since long-term changes may be only a few percent, it is
imperative that such measurements be as absolute as possible.t#
11842
V. Vcelak
DETERMINATION OF THE DEGREE OP OXIDAIICN OF BROWN CCAL BY
MEASUREMENT OF LIBERATED HYDROCARBONS. ((Die Bestimmung der
466 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Oxydationsstufe von Braunkohle durch Nachweis freigesetzter
Kohlenwasserstoffe.)) Text in German. Erdoel Kohl
(Hamburg), 21 (6): 344-350, June 1968. (Presented at the 19th
annual meeting of the German Society for Petroleum Science and
Coal Chemistry, Hamburg, 5 Oct. 1968). 35 refs.
The presence of low-temperature oxidation in brown-coal mines is
normally detected by the determination of CO and C02 in the
air. Experiments are now reported which show that even
earlier stages of oxidation can be detected by determining the
concentration of hydrocarbons (especially unstturated hydrocar-
bons) both in the mine atmosphere and adsorbed onto the coal.
Samples of coal from several Czech coal mines were sealed in
polyethylene under N2 and analyzed chemically and by gas chrcmato-
graphy. The degree of autooxidation of the sample was estimated
in 3 ways: 1) from its ehcmical composition and the tar content
following low-temperature coking; 2) irom the course of
degasification in the Brabender apparatus; and 3) from the
hydrocarbons liberated from the coal during low-temperature coking
or thermal decomposition. On this basis, the samples were
classified into 5 groups: fresh coal (not oxidized),
oxidized coal (but not yet glowing), ignited coal (glowing tut not
aflame) , burned coal, and unoxidizable material. Whereas the
amount of hydrocarbons (ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene and
butane) liberated from fresh coal during degasification is
negligible below 200 degrees C, but then increases rapidly with
temperature, the amount liberated from oxidized coal shows two
maxima, the first being a broad shallow maximum at about 150
degrees C followed by a minimum at 280 degrees C and then a rapid
rise.**
11855
Hochheiser, Seymour and Walter F. Ludmann
HELD COMPAKISON OF METHODS OF DETESKINIliG A1MOSPHEEIC NO AND N02.
Preprint, American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C., 17p., 1965.
13 refs. (Presented at the Aierican Chemical Society 150th
national Meeting Atlantic City, N. J., Sept. 13, 1965.)
Atmospheric samples from several cities were used in a comparative
study of the Saltzman and Jacobs-Hochheiser methods of measuring
atmospheric nitrogen dioxide concentrations. Nitric oxide is
determined by these methods after wet oxidation of the NO to N02
in a gas scrubber containing an acid-permanganate reagent. The
reproducibility of the two methods for measuring NO and N02 in
30-min samples was determined by collecting atmospheric samples
in duplicate and analyzing the difference in results. For N02
measurements, the reproducibility of the two methods was about the
same; for NO, the reproducibility of the Jacobs-Hochheiser method
was better. Beproducibility of both methods was better for N02
measurements than for NO measurements, indicating perhaps that a
permanganate bubbler adds to inherent and systematic errors. There
were no appreciable differences in mean concentrations of NO and
N02 measured by either method in any city. The relationship of
measurements obtained by both methods fcr 30-min sampling periods
indicates that if the disproportionation factor for the Jacobs-
D. Measurement Methods 467
-------
Hochheiser method is considered to be approximately 0.6 to 0.8,
the two methods agree at N02 concentrations greater than 0.05 ppa.
Sulfur dioxide or NO at the concentrations encountered did not
appear to affect the differences between N02 measurements obtained
by the two methods.
11903
Gronsberg, E. Sh.
DETEBBINA1ION OF ACBOIEIN AND VINYI-BUIYL ETHER IK THE AIR.
( (Opredelenie akroleina i vinil-butilovogo efira v vozduhe.))
Text in Bussian. Gigien. Iruda i Prof. Zabolevaniya,
12(7):54-56, July, 1968.
Air to be analyzed is passed (rate 20 1/hr) through 2 Petri
adsorbers, each containing H ml of adsorbing-oxidizing mixture
for acrolein (I) (100 ml 28 NH4 acetate + 4 ml 1.5% HI04 or
KI04 in 5% KH2S04 and 4 ml 2% K«n04) , or for vinyl-butyl
ether (II) (100 ml 2% NH4 acetate + 8 ml 1.5% HI04 in
water and 4 ml 2% KBnOt). Both I and II are oxidized at the
double bonds to fornaldehyde. Oxidation is stopped after
15-30 min. by adding a few drops of 30% sulfite ((compound not
specified)) to sample containing I, or 0.1 ml 5? H2S04 and then
a few drops of 30% sulfite to sample containing II. The
samples (2ml) are then treated with 3.5 ml chromotrcpic acid
solution (100 mg dissolved in 5 ml 10% H2S04 to which 125 ml
cone. H2S04 are added), kept for 30 min in boiling water, and
after cooling brought up to 9 ml. Quantitative determinations
are made colorimetrically against standards of I and II
treated in the same way as the samples. The method is selective
for I in mixtures with saturated aldehydes, except formaldehyde,
and also for II in mixture with butyl alcohol and acetylene,
which occur in the air around manufacturing plants. Methanol in
high cone., or compounds that may be oxidized to formaldehyde can
interfere with the test. The sensitivity is 1 mg for I and 5
mg. for II.*#
11922
H. Balisch
MEASURING SYSTEM FOE THE AUTOBATIC ULTHAMICEO DETERMINATION OF
SUIFUR IN OEGANIC COMPOUNDS. ((Bessanordnung zur
automatischen Dltramikrobestimmung von Schwefel in organischen
Verbindungen.) Text in German, (likrcchim. Acta. ((Vienna)),
Vol. (4):748-764, 1968. 15 refs.
A system is described which makes possible the analysis of samples
weighing only 0.5 mg with an absolute accuracy of + or - 0.15S, at
rate of 8 sulfur determinations per hour. The system depends upon
the complete combustion of the organic sample in an empty tube
provided with nozzles and eddy chambers, so that the combustion
products can be driven into an adsorption tube, using 02 as a
carrier, without leaving any residue. In the adsorption tube,
468 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
which is filled with quartz wool, the sulfurous products are
oxidized to sulfate with H202, after which the sulfate is
determined colorimetrically (615 DID) with BaC12 using
"carboxyarsenazo" as the indicator. The endpoint is read by a
photoelectric cell which transmits the abrupt voltage change to a
transistorized difference amplifier feeding the motor of the
piston burette. The lower limit of detection for this
automatic titration system is 0.5 mg of sulfur as sulfate. The
results of 30 determinations by this method on pure sulfur ana
organic compounds containing 12.89-42. 1254 sulfur (sample size of
0.275-1.166 mg) are reported.**
1200«
Deerman, J. C.
COSTINOOOS HASS SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST
FOR NITRIC OXIDE- In: Report on CRC Symposium on
Exhaust Gas Analysis. Coordinating Research Council, Inc.,
New York, N. Y., Group on Composition of Exhaust Gases,
CRC-HN-tOt, pp. 61-64, Sept. 21-22. 1965.
A small, portable mass spectrometer to monitor nitric oxide
concentration in automotive exhaust is described. The combined
response time of the instrument and sampling train is 3 seconds,
which satisfactorily follows the California Motor Vehicle
Pollution Control Board test cycle. The instrument gives
rapid response.. Interference by compounds which have the same
uass as NO, such as a CO isotope, formaldehyde, ethane, and a
nitrogen isotope, is discussed.**
12136
Sltshuller, A. P., L. J. lage, and A. F. Hartburg
SOURCE AND ATHOSPHEEIC ANALYSES FOE FORMALDEHYDE BY CHRCMOTKOPIC
JCID PROCEDURES. Preprint, Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering
Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, Lab. of Engineering and Physical
Sciences, 17p., 1962 (?) . 7 refs.
A variation of the chromctropic acid method of formaldehyde
analysis was investigated, which employs direct collection and
color formation in a 0.1? chrcmotropic acid solution in
concentrated sulfuric acid, instead of the usual method involving
preliminary collection in a bubbler containing an aqueous
tisulfite solution or just water. A brief study was also made of
the use of an aqueous solution of chromotropic acid. The aqueous
procedure is not useable in analyses o± diesel or incinerator
effluents; the acid procedure is not applicable to raw and diluted
auto exhaust, but both can be used to analyze synthetic and actual
photochemical smog. Because of its much higher sensitivity, the
acid procedure is convenient for formaldehyde analysis, even when
the formaldehyde levels are only a few parts per hundred million
ty volume. At these concentration levels and below, the use of
optical cells of 5-cm path length are advisable. Thus, for trace
D. Measurement Methods 469
-------
gas analyses, direct collection in acid solution provides a more
sensitive procedure that those various formaldehyde and aldehyde
analytical methods that involve a 1-to-10 dilution step.
12140
Wartburg, Arthur P. and Bernard E. Saltzman
EEHOVAL 01 INTERFERING SULFUE DIOXIDE IN ATKOSPHERIC OXIEANT
ANALYSIS. Preprint, Eobert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center,
Cincinnati, Ohio, Lab. of Engineering and Physical Sciences,
18p., 196<4 (?) . 7 refs.
In order to improve the accuracy of iodimetric measurements of
total oxidant consisting predouinantly of ozone by manual and
instrumental methods now in use, a solid absorbent material was
developed for conveniently removing sulfur dioxide from an air
sample stream with little or no concurrent loss of ozone.
Chromium trioxide acidified with sulfuric acid, supported on
glass-fiber paper, was the most effective of various scrubbing
chemicals, and should make possible measurements of oxidant levels
without serious interference from 100-fold excesses of S02. The
optimal area of absorbent paper for use in a 100-mm U tube at the
test flow of 14C ml/min was about 6 sg in. A certain conditioning
time is required before ozone is no longer appreciably absorbed;
the concentration of chromium tricxide affected this time but not
final performance. Work is in progress to determine whether the
absorber causes any losses of the oxidant from natural and
synthetic smog mixtures. Field tests completed to date indicate
that the performance of the absorber does not deteriorate during
ordinary continuous use for 30 days.
12148
Southerland, James H.
A SURVEY OF AIB POI1UTION IN THE CHATTANOOGA METROPOLITAN AREA.
Preprint, 11p., 1969. 2 refs. (Presented at the Environmental
and Water Resources Engineering Conference, 8th Annual,
Nashville, Tenn., June 5, 1969.)
The procedures used for the Chattanooga, Tennessee-Bossville,
Georgia Interstate Air Pollution Survey are presented. A
general examination is given of the methods used in the conduct
of the field investigation, including site selection, sampler
selection, and frequency of sampling for particulates (high-vol
samplers), sulfur dioxide (West - Gaeke and continuous automatic
conductivity instruments), nitrogen oxides (Saltzman colcrimetry) ,
oxidants (colorimetry), and carbon monoxide. Brief descriptions
of analytical techniques and procedures used for the study are
presented, including the effects studies for materials, vegetation,
and health, as well as the aercmetric-metecrological network.
Aspects of an emission inventory, air quality standards and
implementation plans, and air quality improvement planning are
discussed. A summary of findings will be presented in a
forthcoming technical report. (Author abstract modified)
470 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
12196
Mueller, James I.
OZONESOHDE, BOBBLEH TYPE. (FINAL REPORT). Mast Development Co.,
Davenport, Iowa, Contract AFSC-F19628-68-C-0092, Proj. 8628, Task
862807, Unit 86280701, AFCRL-68-C409, 25p., July 31, 1968.
CFS1I CDC: AD 676780
A balloon-borne ozonesonde is described that measures ozcne
concentrations by means of an electrochemical reaction in a
bubbler cell and transmits information to the ground by AN/AMT/
IE, AN/AHT-12, or ESSA radiosondes. Test and flight experience
indicate that all components of the ozonesonde are adequate
to accomplish the required task without any modification of
the radiosondes. A switching device provides a continuing
cycle of three seconds of ozone data and seven seconds of
meteorological data. At two and one-half minute intervals,
the switch selects alternately between air pump temperature
data and a calibration function. Sources of error are the
destruction of ozone in the instrument before it can react in
the bubbler; interference by oxidizing agents other than ozone
and by reducing agents in tropospheric and surface air; and
varying efficiency of the gas-liguid interaction with altitude.
With careful handling, instrument destruction is five percent
or less. Temperature effects can introduce a plus or minus
three percent error. The bias cell voltage will decrease 25 mb
during a flight, resulting in a maximum plus two percent error.
The overall calibration factor determined by comparison of
integrated flight profiles and spectrophotometer total ozone
is 1.2 plus or minus 10S. (Author abstract modified)
12240
Nelson, G. 0.
THE EFFECT OF HALOGEN COMPOUNDS OK THE KOLECULAR SPECTBA OF AIR.
In: Hazards Control Progress Report No. 32 (September-December
1968) and Index to Hazards Control Progress Reports Nos. 30 through
32. California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab., p. 38-46,
1969.
CFSTI: TID-H500
nitrogen and nitric oxide spectra produced in an ac spark were
enhanced by the presence of halcgenated materials in air. This
phenomenon was observed, irregardless of the concentration or
species of halogenated hydrocarbons present in the chamber. The
intensity change at a given concentration was greatest fcr
chlorinated materials and decreased progressively for brominated,
iodinated, and fluorinated compounds. Spectral intensity also
increased with an increase in the number of halogens present on
the molecule at a given concentration. The intensity increase ror
the halogenated materials was not altered significantly by the
hydrocarbon side-chain length, configuration, or degree of
saturation. The mechanism of interaction between the halcgen and
D. Measurement Methods 471
-------
nitrogen probably involves ccllisional processes with the nitrogen
after electron attachment to the halogen. Excited N2 and NO
subsequently give up energy as photons. This process makees
possible selective halogen detection and estimation in the low-ppa
range.
12338
Ellsworth, Edward
THE FEASIBILITY OF GLASS CULTUEE TUBES AS DISPOSABLE CUVETTES IK
CCLCEIMETHIC DETERMINATION OF OZONE AND NITROGEN DIOXIDE.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Association, New York City, 19p.,
1969. 5 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control
Association, Annual Meeting, 62nd, New York, N. Y. , June 22-26,
1969.)
Glass culture tubes made of lint or borosilicate glass and
measuring 13 by 100 mm were compared with cuvettes recomiended for
use with the Spectronic 20 Colorimeter. Ozone and nitrogen dioxide
were sampled from exposure chambers, and after standard methods of
analysis, optical densities were recorded. The ovality of the
culture tubes was also compared to that of the cuvette at random
rotated positions. The glass culture tubes showed no more
variation in repeated optical density readings that did the
cuvettes, nor was the culture tube less uniform in shape than the
cuvette. Use of the disposable glass culture tubes can make
manual ozone and N02 colorimetric assays more rapid and economical
without increasing technical variability. (Author abstract
modified)
12362
Altshuller, A. P., S. L. Kopczynski, W. A. Lonneman, and F. D.
Sutterfield
A TECHNIQUE EOS MEASURING PHOTOCHEMICAL EEACTIONS IN ATMOSPHERIC
SAMPLES. Preprint, Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio,
National Air Pollution Control Administration, 15p., May 1969.
12 refs.
Photochemical experiments were conducted on samples collected from
the atmosphere in downtown Los Angeles during the morning traffic
peak hours. The samples were collected in large, plastic
containers fabricated from film transparent to solar radiation.
The samples were analyzed, irradiated with solar radiation for
2-3 hours at ambient temperatures, reanalyzed, irradiated again
for 2-3 hours, and reanalyzed. Analyses were made for aliphatic
hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, total hydrocarbon, nitric
oxide, nitrogen dioxide, oxidant, formaldehyde, peroxyacetyl
nitrate,and carbon monoxide. The separation on the pollutants was
described. The maximum oxidant values obtained agreed reasonably
well with those obtained at several air monitoring stations. The
results clearly indicated the value of large plastic reaction
containers in investigating the kinetic behavior of atmospheric
samples at ambient temperatures with solar radiation.
472 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
12437
Carpenter, H. 0., C. Schuler, and J. Pressman
ATMOSPHERIC NITRIC OXIDE MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES (FINAL EEPOEI) ,
GCA Corp., Bedford, Mass., Technology Div., Contract NAS12-85,
GCA-TR-68-18-N, 87p. , Nov. 1968. 80 refs.
CFSTI: N69 16504
A three-phase program is described to investigate and develop a
suitable laser technique for measuring the vertical number density
distribution of neutral nitric oxide in the atmosphere. A
theoretical study was made to determine transitions of the ambient
atmospheric NO molecule which offered the greatest promise for
laser probing by the resonance scattering mechanism. This study
centered on calculations of the ratio of integrated resonance
scattering cross section to the Eayleigh scattering cross section;
it was concluded that operations would have to be restricted to
the far ultraviolet or far infrared. A developmental program was
carried out to examine various methods for producing laser
radiation from NO gas at transitions where the terminal state both
corresponded to a well—populated state in atmospheric NO and whose
characteristics made probing possible. Results showed that
operating a direct NO laser at either far UV or far IF is not now
practical. Experimental work was performed involving the shift-
tuning of known high power lasers using harmonic generation, sum
frequency generation, stimulated Raman shifting, and parametric
oscillation. These technigues appear to offer reasonable means of
generating radiation at the lines of interest. Detailed
evaluations are given of the two optimum probe wavelengths for
shift-tuning: UV 2155 A and IE 5.33 micron. (Author summary
modified)
12666
J. N. Pitts, Jr.,, G., H. Cowell, D- S. Bur ley
JILM ACTINOMETEB JOB MEASUREMENT OF SOLAB ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
INTENSITIES IN URBAN ATMOSPHERES. Environ. Sci. Technol. ,
2(6): 435-431, June 1968. 17 refs.
A versatile chemical actinometer, suitable for field as well as
laboratory studies, has been developed for the measurement of
radiation intensities in the near-ultraviolet region. The
actinometer is a thin film of poly(methyl methacrylate) in which
the actinic material, o-nitrobenzaldehyde, is dispersed. On
absorption of light in the 2800 to 4100 A. region
o-nitrobenzaldehyde photciscmerizes to p-nitrobenzoic acid with a
quantum efficiency of 0.50. The extent of this reaction upon
irradiation can be related to the intensity of the radiation
source. Ihis actinometer is suitable for measuring solar
radiation intensities within the region 3000 to 4100 A., the
photochemically reactive wavelength region for the production
o£ photochemical smog. (Author's Abstract) ##
D. Measurement Methods 473
-------
12887
ludwig, C. E., H. Bartle, and M. Griggs
STUDY OF AIH POLLUTANT DETECTION EY EEBC1E SEMSOES. General
Eynamics Corp., San Eiego, Calif., (122)p., July 1969. 124 refs.
The feasibility of detecting the major air pollutants by earth-
oriented, satellite-borne sensors is investigated. The major
pollutants considered are carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone,
ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, typical hydrocarbons, and peroxyacetyl
nitrate (PAN) . The spectral region considered extends from the
ultraviolet to the microwave region. Considerations of the number
of species accessible to optical detection, the matter of day
and night detection, and of specificity indicate that the infrared
region extending from 3.5 microns to 13 microns is the most useful
one. A discussion of the pollutant species, their occurrence,
formation, chemistry, concentration levels, and distribution
profiles through the atmosphere is given. The problems of
detection in the UV and visible regions, in relation to aerosol and
molecular scattering, are discussed. Calculations of signal
changes expected for an ideal Bayleigh atmosphere are presented.
Some considerations of aerosol (particulate) pollution detection
are discussed. Then, the radiative transfer of the thermal
emission of the earth and atmosphere under the influence of
meteorological conditions is investigated. Signal changes arising
from the difference in radiation levels due to clean and polluted
atmospheres are calculated and found to be usually more than 1%.
A performance evaluation of eight different spectroscopic
instruments for the remote detection of pollutants is made. These
include radiometers, grating spectrometers, Fourier-transform
interferometer-spectrometers, three instruments based on optical
correlation methods, microwave radiometers, and one active
system—a satellite-based laser. THC instruments, which are
based on optical correlation methods (matched filter and selective
chopper), have the greatest potential for near-future application.
(Authors' abstract modified)
13039
Bamesberger, W.I. and D. P., Mams
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE COLLECTION CI HYEBOGEN SOLFIEE IN CADMIUM
HYDBOXIDE SUSPENSION.. Environ. Sci- Technol., 3 (3) : 258-261,
March 1969., 11 refs.
The technique of collecting hydrogen sulfide at ambient air
concentrations in cadmium hydroxide suspension, in use for more
than 10 years, is reported to prevent loss from sulfide oxidation.
A comparison was made of this procedure with bromine
microcoulometric titration and «ith calculations of the
anticipated hydrogen sulfide concentrations produced in a
laboratory gas dilution system.. An unpredictable and non-
reproducible loss of hydrogen sulfide, as high as 80% during
collection of a 2-hr impinger sample containing cadmium hydroxide
suspension, occurred., Evidence of the photodecomposition of
474 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
cadniui sulfide in the impinger and techniques to reduce loss of
sulfide during sampling and storage are presented. The suggested
nodification provides reproducible hydrogen sulfide recoveries.
Sellable quantitative results Here obtained. (Author
abstract modified)
13087
Gupta, S. K. and P., Ko Bandyopadhyay
NITBODS GASES-A HAZABD IH MINES AND INDUSTRIES. J. Mines Metals
Fuels, 17(2}:50-52, Feb. 1969. 8 refs.
The highly toxic nature of nitrogen oxides demands periodic
checks on the gases in working places where they are likely to
occur. Underground mines, defense installations, and many
chemical factories and industrial shops are important sources of
nitrous funes. Oxides of nitrogen are produced in mines by shot
firing and diesel engines. Incomplete detonation or burning of
nitroglycerine explosives nay produce N oxides in considerable
quantities.. Explosives with improper oxygen balance can produce
these gases on detonation. The exhaust gases from diesel engines
contain N02, N2O4, and NO in addition to CO, S02, and 303.
Concentrations of N oxides and CO must be lower than 1000 and
2000 ppm, respectively, in exhaust gas emissions for
underground vehicles. Attention should be given to the acidic
nature and solubility of N oxides in collecting gas samples.
Samples collected in moist or soft glass bottles by air
displacement are seldom representative- Two practical pieces of
gas-sampling equipment are described. A widely used test to
detect the presence of N oxides employs starch-iodide papers
which turn blue on exposure to nitrous fumes. Sulfur oxides
interfere with this test, as they too liberate iodine from
potassium iodide. Three colorimetric methods of N oxide
determination are reviewed. Recommended first aid measures for
people suspected of inhaling nitrous fumes are listed.
13153
Wisse, J, A. and A. J« Jleerburg
OZONE OBSEPVATIONS AT EASE KING BAUDOUIN IN 1965 AND 1966.
Arch. Het. Geoph. Biokl,, Ser. A., 18 (1-2) :11-54, 1969. 15 refs.
Continuous measurements of surface ozone concentration at Base
King Baudouin, Antarctica were conducted in 1965 and 1966. The
total amount of ozone was observed with a Dobson spectrophotometer
and its vertical distribution was determined by means of the
tJmkehr effect and by launching 27 sondes of the Erewer-Mast type,,
Observations show that ozone concentrations increase at the
surface south of the Antarctic coast and that this increase is
also present in the upper air up to about 100 mbar. The ozone
content is highest in winter and lowest in summer. These
phenomena are tentatively explained as a consequence of the mean
meridional circulation, the cyclonic activity, and the
destruction of ozone at the surface of the Antarctic ocean.
D. Measurement Methods 475
-------
Omkehr observations indicate that above 30 km, the ozone content
at Base King Baudouin is lowest in summer. The springtime
stratospheric warming in 1965 and 1966, as well as a midwinter
warming in 1966, are described. The midwinter warming occurred
simultaneously in all levels down to the tropopause and did not
interrupt the westerly airflow in the stratosphere. The
springtime accelerated warming started in the higher levels and
was propagated downward, accompanied by a decrease or a reversal
of wind speed.
13422
Lahmann, Erdwin and Karl-Ernst Prescher
BYDEOGBN SULFIDE DETERMINATION IH AIE HUH AUTOMATIC SAEPLING.
(Schwefelwasserstoff-Bestiramung in luft mit automatischer
Protenahme.) Text ir German. Hasser luft Betrieb, 12(9) :529-
531, Sept. 1968. 9 refs.
A simple procedure is described for H2S determination based on
photometric measurement of methylene blue formed in the reaction
of H2S with difflethyl-p-phenylenediasiine in the presence of Fe(III)
chloride. Samples of atmospheric air are passed through an
alkaline cadmium hydroxide suspension which blinds the H2S present
as cadmium sulfide., Its usefulness for determination of the H2S
content of contaminated air can be enhanced by automatic sampling
with the aid of a commercially available control device with 12
standard impingers., However, the following conditions must
be met: (1) the cadmium hydroxide suspension in the impingers
must be freshly prepared in order tc maintain its absorption
capacity for at least 2H hrs; (2) the cadmium sulfide suspension
formed upon sampling must remain stable for at least 2t hrs; and
(3) the volume of the air sample must be measured with sufficient
accuracy,. Tests designed to find out whether these requirements
can be met gave positive results* In addition, tests to determine
the cross-sensitivity of the H2S determination to S02 and N02
showed that it is not perceptibly affected by the presence of
1 mg/cum of S02 or N02 in the air sample. However, in the presence
of these guantities of S02 and N02, the cadmium sulfide content
of the absorption suspensions was lowered by about 20%. This
effect could be leiminated by adding 5 ml of a 1.2* solution of
ammonium amidosulfonate to tOO ml of the alkaline cadmium hydroxide
suspension..
13U63
Harmbt, Wolfgang
SULFUR DIOXIEE MEASUREMENTS WITH AN AKPEfiCKElEIC-IODCMETKIC
RECORDING APPABATUS. (S02-Messungen mit einer ampercmetrisch-
jodctnetrischen Eegistrierapparatur.) Text in German. Z.
Meteorol. (Berlin), 20 (1-6) : 43-5S, 1968. 30 refs.
A detailed description is given of a disccntinuously recording
automatic sampling device for determination of the S02 content
of atmospheric-iodometric method. The accuracy of the new
476 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
device was checked by using laboratory air with known S02 contents
as well as by making parallel measurements of atmospheric air
with the Hest and Gaeke method. The slightly lower S02 values
measured by the new device are ascribed to its sensitivity to
the 03 content of air. This effect is negligible in most
applications. The paper also contains extensive statistically
evaluated data cf measurements of the S02 content of air, wind
speed, and wind direction made in the periods from Aug. 1965 to
July 1966 at the Wahnsdorf meteorological station near Dresden.
13932
Bethell, K~ D., J« T. Shaw, and S. C. Thomas
AN IMPEOVED FOBM OF SOLID OXIDISES FOB THE CONVERSION OF NITBIC
OXIDE TO NITROGEN DIOXIDE IN A FLOW SYSTEM. Chen., Ind. (London),
no. 3:91, Jan. 20, 1968. 2 refs.
The oxidizer for accurate NO measurement is prepared by immersing
a quantity of glass wool in a bath containing 15 g of K2Cr207 and
15 g of 98% H2S04 made up to 100 ml with distilled H20. After
soaking, the glass wool is removed and excess solution is allowed
to drain off- The impregnated glass wool is dried in an air oven
at 65 C until the color has changed from orange to dark red.
Eighteen hours suffices for a 30 g sample. After drying, the
material is placed in a constant temperature box in a water bath
at 25 C for a half hour. Tests with NO concentrations up to 100
pfB and flow rates of 1<40 ml/roin showed conversions to the
dioxide in excess of 97% for at least 90 min, and above 95% for
3 hrs.
114076
Ereuer, Wolfram
NEW METHODS OF CONTINUOUS TBACE ANAIYSIS,. (Neue Verfahren zur
Icontinuierlichen Spurenanalyse) „ Text in German. Arch. Tech.
Bessen, no. 396, p. 7-12, Jan., 1969. 2 refs.
S detailed description is given of two electrolytic continuous
recording devices for measurement of small traces of gases
present, for example, in atmospheric air. Sn earlier version
with a liquid electrolyte was based on Nernst's concept of
a concentration chain. The new version uses an organic substance
as an electrolyte which has a high dielectric constant, a low
electric resistivity, a low vapor pressure, is but slightly
hygroscopic, and possesses a high melting pcint. This
electrolyte is solid and is part of a monolithic, small and
rugged unit. The accuracies of measurements made by these
devices vary between dilutions of 10 to the minus 9th power
ana 0.000001, depending on the kind of gas. At present, the
following gases can be determined with these accuracies:
02r 03, C12, N02, NC2 plus NO, H2S, HCN, and COC12.
D. Measurement Methods 477
-------
1K201
fiofmann0 P. and P., Stern
EHOTOMETBIC DETERMINATION OF LOW OZONE CONCENTRATIONS IN WATERS..
(Photometrische Bestimmung Niedriger Ozonkonzentrationen in
Haessern) . Text in German,, Anal.. Chim. Acta, 17 (1) : 113-120,
Aug. 1969- 6 refs.
A spectrophotometric method is described for the determination of
ozone in water down to a 0,,01 mg/1 level. Ozone reacts with the
manganese (II) disphosphate complex to form the manganese (III)
diphosphate complex which is then reacted with o-toluidine. If
ozone is swept out of the sample by a stream of gas and absorbed
in manganese(II) diphosphate solution in the presence of
chromium (III) as a catalyst, the method can be applied to heavily
polluted waters; at the 0.52 mg/1 level, the standard deviation
was 3.1S. The method can be easily adapted to the determination
of ozone in gases. (Author summary modified)
1H213
Haentzsch, Siegfried, Frank Nietruch and Karl-Ernst Prescher
CONTINUOUS DETERMINATION OF NITBOGEN DIOXIDE IN THE AIR WITH AN
AOTCANALYZER., ^Kontinuierliche Bestimmung von Stickstoffdioxid
in Luf t mit dem Autoanalyzer) „ Text in German. Eikrochinu Acta
(Vienna), no. 3:550-556, 1969. 17 refs.
For continuous nitrogen dioxide measurement in air, a Technicon
autoanalyzer was used. A sample gas flow was drawn in through
a reaction zone where it was brought in contact with a Saltzman
solution. After reaction with the nitrogen dioxide, the major
part of the solution went to a colorimeter. The transparency of
this solution was measured and recorded. The following reaction
zones were used: a siphon, a vertical reaction tube of about 6C
en length and 3.2 mm inner diameter, the gas sample and reagent
passed in parallel flow, as well as in counter flow, through the
tube, a helical tube, and a micro frit for continuous flow of the
Saltzman solution. For calibration, a continuously produced
mixture of N02 and air was used. In all types of reaction zones,
reliable N02 measurements were obtained. The measured
concentrations were found to lie in the maximum allowable
concentration range (present long-term maximum allowable
concentration equal 1 mg/cu m)„ With the 60 cm tube, it was
found that neither the flow velocity nor the direction of the gas
sample had any influence on the measured value. An adjustment
time of 2 min was reguired for N02 concentrations between 0.32
and 3.2 mg/cu m. In the 20 m tube, adjustment took about 60 min
at concentrations between 0.11 and 1.10 mg N02/cu m. For the
micro frit, a low-volume container must be used for the
adjustment period to remain short. The detection thresholds were
found to be 5 micrograms/cu m for the 20 m helical tube and 0.15
mg/cu m for the 60 cm tube. The only disadvantage of the
method is the complicated calibration process.
478 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
11)1(08
Rhine, P. E., I. D. Tubbs, and Dudley Williams
NITRIC ACID VAPOR ABOVE 19 KB IS THE EABTH'S ATMOSPHERE.,
Appl. Opt., 8(7) :1500-1501, July 1969. 6 refs.
Atmospheric data obtained fro« balloon flights by other
investigators suggested that previously unreported atmospheric
bands at approximately 30 km and a solar zenith angle of 90
dcg were caused by the association of nitric acid vapor with
the ozone layer. To estimate the amount of nitric acid vapor
in the atmosphere at this altitude, atmospheric nitric acid
vapor was experimentally measured in an absorption cell in the
spectral regions of 12UO-1380 inverse cm and 810-940 inverse cm.
laboratory and atmospheric data were compared by integrated
spectral absorbance. Approximately 10* of the total absorbance
in both laboratory and atmospheric spectra is associated with
Q branches at the overlapping bands 879 and 897 inverse cm, and
it is concluded that any observable nitric acid vapor
contributions to solar absorption spectra at low altitudes would
be connected with these band Q branches. Production of nitric
acid vapor in the ozone layer »ay proceed according to the
reactions H plus 03 yields 02 plus OH*, or OH plus N02 yields
HN03., The second reaction is presumed to be enhanced by
darkness.
1U129
Shaw, Manny
ELECTROCHEMICAL TRANSDUCERS FOB JIB POLLUTION MONITORING.
Preprint, Amu Chem. Soc. , Pittsburgh, Pa., Div. Water, Air,
Waste Chen., Up-, 1969. (Presented at the Am. Chem. Soc.,, 158th
Natl. Meet., Div. Water, Air, Haste Chem., New York, 1969.)
Electrochemical transducers that permit the monitoring of S02,
NO, and N02 in the presence of hydrocarbons, CO, C02, ozone,
oxygen, nitrogen, and water are described. By the proper
selection of electrolyte, membrane, sensing electrode catalyst,
counterelectrode, or potentiostatic control, electrochemical
sensors can be made selective to S02 in the presence of NOx and
vice versa, as well as selective to N02 in the presence of
S02 or HO. Full-scale sensitivities range from 0 to 2, or 0 to
1000 or 5000 ppm. Minimum detectability at present is 0.04 ppm.
Response times of 10 seconds to 90% of steady-state value have
been obtained,, Present sensors are compensated to permit operation
with samples varying from 40-100 F. The technology of the
electrochemical transducer is described. It is a sealed
unit, easily integrated as a component part of the monitor,
the remaining components being electronic in nature. Operation
of the monitor is simple, involving adjustment of only three
control knobs. The use of the electrochemical transducer-type
of monitor for the continuous analysis of nitrogen oxides in
vehicle exhaust emissions is briefly noted, as well as its
possible application for monitoring S02 in certain industrial
emissions. (Author introduction modified)
D. Measurement Methods 479
-------
11(486
Dhi, K.
THE DETERMINATION 0? ACIDIC GASES IN WORKING ENVIRONMENTS B¥
ALKALI FILTER PAPER. (Alkali rcshi ho ni yorn sagyo kankyo chu
sansei gas no sokutei) . Text in Japanese. Nippon Eiseigaku
Zasshi (Japan J. Hyg.}, 2«(1):t9. April 1969.
The alkali filter paper method for determining acid gases in
working environments entails soaking filter paper in a 3015
potassium carbonate solution, drying the paper in air, and
putting it in a vinyl holder having an exposure area of 6U sg cm.
Absorbed gases are extracted with distilled water and determined
qualitatively and quantitatively. The required exposure time is
determined by the type of acid being measured, the production
process, and the sensitivity of the determination method.
Generally, 1 to 8 hrs are appropriate for acidic gases like
S02, HC1, and S02, and 8 to 21 hrs for acid mists of sulfuric,
phosphoric, and chromic acids. One hour is usually required
for S02 measurements by the para-rosaniline formaline method;
the CL-Ba method requires 8 to 21 hrs. Hhen the relationship
between the amount of SO2 adsorbed on the filter paper and the
average gas concentration in the working environment is plotted,
a curve is obtained. Thus, on a per day basis, the coefficient
of conversion depends on the amount adsorbed. However, the
graph for an hour of exposure time is linear, suggesting that
shorter exposure times would be convenient for the calculation.
114502
Her Majesty's Factory Inspectorate, Dept. of Employment and
Productivity
METHODS FOH THE DETECTION OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN AIR., OZONE IN
THE PRESENCE OF NITROUS FUMES. london. Her Hajesty»s Stationery
Office, Booklet 18, 1969, 10p. « refs.
The occurrence, toxic effects, and detection of ozone are
reported. Ozone is present in very small quantities in the
atmosphere, and following and during electrical storms, it may
reach sufficiently high concentrations to be recognizable by
odor. It is used for water sterilization, bleaching of oils,
paper, and flour, and combating odors in place of proper
ventilation. Ozone is formed industrially during high-tension,
non-sparking discharge in air or oxygen, during electrical
etching of polyethylene film, and during electric arc welding
using an inert gas cover. Toxic effects include headache or
respiratory irritation at low concentrations, and pulmonary
edema and inflammation of the lung which are delayed and are
found at concentrations as low as 1 ppm. The method for
detection of ozone is based on the ability of cotton wool to
remove ozone quantitatively from an atmosphere without affecting
its nitrogen dioxide content,, The analysis of an atmosphere both
with and without passage through a cotton wool plug will give
d measure of the ozone concentration present. A starch-iodine
480 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
colorinetric procedure is employed for quantitative estimation
by comparison with glass color standards.
1K550
Hersch, Paul A.
GALVANIC AIR POLLUTION MONITORING, AIDED BY CATALYSIS.
Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Haterials
Science and Engineering Dept. and Public Health Service, Durham,
N. C., National Air Pollution Control Administration, Proc.
First Natl., Symp. on Heterogeneous Catalysis for Control of Air
Pollution, Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 1968, p. 359-362. 3 refs.
Several galvanic systems that can serve as simple, sensitive,
and selective analyzers for continuous air pollution monitoring
operations are briefly described. One such system involves
combining a partly gas-exposed cathode with a stagnant alkaline
electrolyte and a base metal anode; in other systems, the
electrolyte may in some cases be advantageously recirculated,
using the sample air stream for lifting the liquid. Cells
have been developed for monitoring carbon monoxide, nitric
oxide, ozone, and sulfur dioxide.. Thus, all the major pollutants
except hydrocarbons can now be monitored by galvanic systems;
sensors for aldehydes and olefins are likely to follow. The
cells avoid pumping liquid reagents into the analyzer and
disposing of spent reagent. They also avoid the temperature
dependence and inherent instability of membrane-covered
1 polarographic" sensing devices. Without a membrane barrier, a
major portion and sometiies all of the sampled, electromotively-
active species reaches the electrode. The importance of the
relation between galvanic air pollution sensors and catalysis is
discussed. The pollutant may enter a catalytic reaction,
depending on the electrode it contacts, or it may itself act
as a catalyst. Catalysis is involved in calibration procedures
and may help in making an analyzer more specific. Catalysts
also have an important place in precursor-reactors which convert
an analytically intractable constituent to one that is more
readily amenable to determination.
1«607
Skala, H. , F. G.> Padrta, and P. C. Samson
DIESEL ENGINE POLLUTANTS. PART I. IDENTIFICATION. Franklin Inst.
Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Materials Science and
Engineering Dept. and Public Health Service, Durham, N. C. ,
National Air Pollution Control Administration, Proc. First Natl-
Syinp. on Heterogeneous Catalysis for Control of Air Pollution,
Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 1968, p. 209-220.
High molecular weight organic constituents of diesel exhaust
other than unburned diesel fuel were identified.. Samples were
collected by the use of d thermal gradient trap from a slip
stream off the total exhaust effluent. The organic pollutants
were partitioned out with n-hexane. A portion of the diesel
D. Measurement Methods 481
-------
odor concentrate was subjected to additional separation over
silica gel. Identification of the components was made by mass
spectrometry. The pollutants were found to be partially
oxidized components of the diesel fuel over its full molecular
weight range. Five different classes of oxygenated hydrocarbons
were found: aldehydes and ketcres, carboxylic acids, alcohols,
phenols, and nitrophcnols. These yielded a total of over
100 observable species. Aldehydes and ketone derivatives of
paraffins, cycloparaffins, olefins, and aroraatics were observed..
In the aromatic series, benzaldehyde, indanone, cinnamaldehyde,
indenone, naphthaldehyde, acenaphthenone, and fluorenone and
their higher homologues were found. The aromatic carbonyl
compounds were the predoiinant species. The vital role of the
aromatic oxygenates in the diesel odor picture was further
substantiated by the absence of diesel odor in the exhaust when
a fuel consisting of only n-paraffins was used. The precursors
of diesel odor are therefore considered to be primarily the
aromatics present in diesel fuel.. Their observed relative
enrichment is reasonable when one considers the relative rates
for oxidation of a paraffin versus an aromatic. For aromatics,
oxidation to intermediate compounds is faster than for paraffins,
and complete oxidation is slower.
14705
Spumy, K.
PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS AND IMISSIONS,,
(Fyzika a chemie atmosferickych emisi a imisi) . Text in Czech..
Ochrana Ovzdusi, no. 2:22-25, 1969= 16 refs.
This review of the physics and chemistry of air pollution attempts
to define important branches in the field of atmospheric
conservation, e.g., aerosol physics and chemistry, photochemistry
of air pollution, and chemical analysis of air pollutants.
Problems relating to applied physics and chemistry are discussed,
and important methods of evaluating air pollution problems are
summarized. In the field of physics, the importance of
atmospheric dispersion models for the study of atmospheric
aerosols is stressed. In the chemistry of air pollution,
particular attention is given to analytical and measurement
methods for studying the chemical reaction of pollutants and
smog formation, (Author abstract modified)
14817
Abel, Nikolaus, Peter Dinkier, and Christian Junge
STUDIES OF SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS 8NE GROWTH WITH HUMIDITY OF
NATURAL AEROSOL PARTICLES. PART I. A SENSITIVE LARGE-ION
COUNTER FOR STUDYING SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL
PARTICLES WITH RADII SWALLEP THAN 0..1 MICEON. Max-Plank-
Institut fuer Chemie, Mainz, Best Germany, Otto-Hahn-Institut,
Contract AF 61 <052)-965, AFCHL-69-0205, p. 1-UO, Jan. 1969.
17 refs..
AD 689189
482 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
A sensitive large-ion counter Has improved and tested under field
conditions. The instrument and measurements were made at
Schauinsland, Germany, the Bay of Biscay, and on Tenerife,
Canary Islands, areas of relatively clean air. The result
was a large-ion counter which can determine atmospheric aerosol
size distributions over the particle size range of 0.000001 cm
to 0.00001 cm radius, at particle number concentrations down
to about 500/cu en- In this lower concentration range, the
operation of the instrument is rather laborious and the
accuracy of the results still unsatisfactory, depending to a
large extent on the presence or absence of different
environmental perturbations, the influence of which was
investigated. The sensitivity that was reached cannot be
improved very much with the presently available technique.
In order to obtain reliable information on the size
distribution of tropospheric background aerosols, the sensitivity
has to be improved by at least a factor of 5 and the range has
to be extended down to 10 to the minus seventh power cm radius.
Ion mobility measurements are not capable of meeting these
requirements for basic and technological reasons. (Author
conclusions modified)
11831
Begener, Victor H. and Luis Aldaz
STDDIES OF ATHOSPHEBIC OZOHE. New Mexico Univ., Albuquergue,
Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Contract AF 1 9 (628)-593U , Proj.
8631, Task B63102, Bork Dnit 86310201, AFCRL-69-0138, 171p_,
March 15, 1969. 22 refs.
AD 689,813
This report contains three papers on studies of atmospheric
ozone. In "Turbulent Transport Near the Ground as Determined
from Measurements of the Ozone Flux and the Ozone Gradient',
simultaneous measurements of the vertical fluxes of ozone
and heat were made, together with measurements of the vertical
profiles of ozone and tenperature in the first 16 m above the
surface. The eddy flux of ozone ¥as determined by a new method
using the decay of ozone in a box with open bottom, placed
on the ground. The results showed that measurements of the ozone
flux and ozone gradient can be used for determinations of the
eddy transport of atmospheric properties in low-wind situations,
whenever measurements of tenperature or wind profiles and of the
related fluxes are not practical. In 'Flux Measurements of
Atiospheric Ozone Over Land and Water", it was determined
that the downward flux of ozone over Hew Mexico soil averages
3 times 10 to the 11th power nolecules/sg cm-sec, and over
the Atlantic Ocean 0.2 times 10 to the 11th power molecules/sq
ca-sec. Estimates for the global ozone sink range from
5.4-8,.6 tines 10 to the 29th power ozone molecules/sec. In
'Folded Optical Path of Great Length From Multiple Deflections
Between Two Corner Cube Reflectors', the design of a simple
aultiple-path absorption chamber is presented, in which the
light path travels back and forth between two corner cute
reflectors. As a result of the exact beam reversal, which is
automatically provided by these reflectors, precise optical
alignment is unnecessary. Selection of a desired number of
D. Measurement Methods 483
-------
transversals is accomplished by means of suitably placed
aperture stops. The light paths do not cross over each other
anywhere. The report also contains 205 computer-plotted
graphs showing profiles of ozone, temperature, and wind
in the first 16 m above the surface. (Author abstract
modified)
1K837
Forwerg, Walter and Hans-Joachim Crecelius
DETERMINATION OF NITROUS OXIDE IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. Staub
(English translation from German of: Staub, Reinhaltung Luft) ,
28(12) : 16-19, Dec. 1968. 5 refs.
The determination of nitrous oxide content in air was
investigated. Determination is facilitated when two separate
gas flows are studied, into one of which an oxidation agent
is introduced to effect oxidation of NO to N02. The difference
between the two resulting N02-concentrations gives the NO-
concentration.. The degree of oxidation is 973! in a
concentration range between 0.2 and 0.5 ppm NO. The moisture
content of the test gas was reduced by phosphoric acid,
so that an oxidizing mass stability of several weeks was reached.
Since the degree of oxidation depends on oxidant layer thickness
and on rate of flow, the retention time was measured in order
to determine the optimum layer thickness and flow rate. The
maximum allowable retention time in the oxidant was 0.8-1.0
seconds. No linear dependence in the range from 5-50 1/hr
could be established. The temperature range for favorable
oxidation lies between 0-30 C. In the range between 0.2-0.5 ppm
NO in air, no dependence of the degree of oxidation on
concentration could be established. For a steady concentration
of 0.1 ppm N02 and about 0.1 ppm S02, no change in the degree
of oxidation could be detected in industrial air contaminated
with organic substances, ammonia and dust after t weeks and
a throughput of 50 cu m of air. The standard deviation of the
determination is about 5.5?! rel. , for 1 mg NO/cu m; the
determination limit is 0.1 micrograms NO.
1U992
Shaw, John H., Dale Ford, Donald Snider, and Robert Mitchell
RESEARCH DIRECTED TOHARD DETER P.INATION OF RADIOACTIVE PROPERTIES
AND COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE. (Final Report.)„ Ohio State
Dniv. Research Foundation, Columbus, Contract F19628-67-C0216,
Proj. 7670-03-01, Task 767003, AFCRL-69-0062, 70p., Dec. 16,
1968» 13 refs.
AD 685097
Progress in the construction of a Fabry-Perot interferometer
to use in increasing the resolving power of the 2.0 m Ebert-type
spectrometer in the region of U to 6 microns is described,
including the optical alignnent procedures used and the control
system design. A 21-m long, 76-cm diameter stainless steel
484 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
mltiple traversal absorption cell was constructed and its
performance is described. Preliminary measurements of the
abundance of ground level CO in laboratory air were made by using
the line B of the fundamental vibration band; they indicate
that this method of air sampling is accurage, unambiguous, and
rapid. Two related papers are included as appendices: one
presents measurements of the strengths of the N20 bands near 4., 5
microns; the other discusses the infrared spectrum of ozone,
(Author abstract modified)
15171
lamate, Noburu
HANUAL METHODS SND AUTOMATIC CONTINUOUS INSTBUMENTS FOP
MEASUBEHENT OF GASEOUS AIR P01IDTANTS. (Gasujo taiki osenshitsu
no solcutei to sono sokuteikiki} = Text in Japanese. Kogai to
Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 5(10) :785-796, Oct, 1969. 36
In order to prevent air pollution, measurement of pollutant
concentrations must be continuously performed. In this report,
both continuous monitoring and manual analyses of typical air
pollutants are reviewed. Numerous methods are tabulated and most
of them are explained, with particular attention to continuous
methods and apparatus. Sulfides are measured manually by
colorimetric analysis with rosaniline or barium molybdate, by the
lead per oxide method, or by test paper methods. Sulfides are
also measured continuously by means of solution conductance
{Thomas autometer) or by optical absorption with rosaniline or
with iodine-starch. Carbon monoxide is measured manually with
palladium sulfate and ammonium molybdate, by gas chromatography,
or by the hopcalite method. It is measured continuously by
infrared or ultraviolet absorption of reduced mercuric oxide.
Nitrides are measured manually by the Saltzman or the Jacobs
method, or with ortho-tolidine sulfate. Hydrogen sulfide is
measured manually by methylene blue and continuously by a
colorimetric filter paper method. Hydrocarbons are measured
manually by gas chromatography and continuously by flame
ionization detectors,. Formaldehyde is measured manually by
colorimetric analysis with a chrcmotropic acid or with
acetylacetone, or by the HBTH method. Ozone is measured manually
by the phenolphthalein or the potassium iodide method and
continuously by coulometric titration or by optical absorption
with potassium iodide. Fluorides are measured manually by
colorimetric analysis with thorium neothron.(?) or lanthanum
alizarin complex and continuously by filter paper fluorescence,.
Actual Tokyo data on changes in the concentrations of carbon
monoxide, nitric oxide, and nitrogen dioxide are tabulated.
15200
King, H. H,., Jr.
THE CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF HYDROGEN, METHANE, AND HYDFOCABBONS
IN THE ATHOSPHF.BE. Preprint, American Chemical Society,
D. Measurement Methods 485
-------
Washington, D. C., 20p. , 1969, 3 refs. Presented at the
American Chemical Society, 15fith National Meeting, New York, Sept.
8-12, 1969.,
Photochemically inert methane accounts for 90% of atmospheric
hydrocarbons, and its large signal interferes with the flame
ionization detection of active smog-producing hydrocarbons. To
overcome this problem in hydrocarbon monitoring, automatic systems
were developed which use a flame ionization detector or water
sorption detector in conjunction with a selective catalytic
combustor. The programmed combustor unit, consisting of a guartz
tube containing a platinum wire coil, takes advantage of methane's
inertness to analyze for it in the presence of hydrocarbons. The
combustor can be utilized in three ways, each of which was
evaluated for several months in the laboratory and in the field.
One method involves the selective ccmbustor and a flame ionization
detector. in automatic zero level, methane, and total hydrocarbons
are recorded by this method. In the second method, hydrocarbons
are dried, combusted, and converted to water and carbon dioxide.
The water is detected by a sorption detector. Hydrogen, olefins,
paraffins, and methane are recorded. The third method is analogous
to the second, except that carbon dioxide is determined, rather
than water. The second method is preferred since no extra gases
are reguired, calibration is simple, and equipment is portable and
battery-operated., Hith this technique, 1.6 ppm methane, 1-5 ppm
paraffins, and 1.9 ppm olefins and other reactive hydrocarbons have
been recorded. However, it is expected that air monitoring
stations with flame units will prefer the first method. The water
sorption technigue should gain acceptance if hydrocarbon monitoring
becomes important.
15210
Purcell, B., F., E. B. Bennett, and J,, T. Allen
» TEST FOR STABILITY OF SOIVENTS TO OLTRAVI CXET RADIATION. Am.
Chem. Soc., Div. Org- Coatings Plastics Chem., Preprints, 29(2):
iim-UUi), 1969. (Presented at the Am., Chem,, Soc,., 158th Meeting,
New York, Sept. 1969.)
A simple screening test was devised to determine the stability
of solvent vapors to ultraviolet radiation in the presence of N02.
Stability is measured by following the disappearance of the
solvent as shown by gas chromatograms taken at various tine
intervals. Multiple runs were made on most of the solvents and
excellent reproducibility was obtained. The test results
indicated considerable variation in the stability of various
solvents under these static conditions. The test is a simple and
inexpensive method for measuring solvent stability to ultraviolet
radiation. If an egually simple test for eye irritants can be
found utilizing irradiated samples from this method, a useful test
for screening smog-producing potential will be possible.
486 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
15231
Duardo, J,, A.
STODI TO DEVELOP A TECHNIQUE FOR MEASUREMENT OF HIGH ALTITUDE
OZONE PAHAHETEBS. Electro-Optical Systems, Inc., Pasadena,
Calif., Contract NAS12-137, ECS Bept- 7087, 217p., Nov. 12,
1968. 190 refs.
CFSTI: N69-19889
Results ate presented of a two year study and research effort
to evaluate optical techniques for the continuous monitoring
of worldwide atmospheric ozone distributions. Laser techniques
for remote probing of the atmosphere for ozone are analyzed, and
recommendations are made for further study of one specific
technique involving ground-based lasers. The report emphasizes
the practicality of a passive technique for monitoring ozone from
satellites, which relies on the use of the sun as a light source
for absorption measurements through the earth's atmosphere.
Because of the high sensitivity of the photoelectric detectors
used and the high irradiance values of the sunlight in the
uiddle atmosphere, signal-to-noise ratios between 1000 and
10,000 could be achieved by this detector system while
aalntaining the requisite high spatial and spectral resolutions.
The vehicle chosen for the proposed measurement system is the
Kimbus meteorological satellite, whose near polar, sun-
synchronous orbits would allow excellent coverage of the ozone
distributions at high latitudes in both hemispheres™ The
inportance of this type of coverage, from the viewpoint of
understanding complex polar atmospheric circulation patterns,
is also treated in detail. (Author abstract modified)
15301
Liddell, H« F.
» REAGENT FOR SOLPHDR DIOXIDE. Analyst, vol. 80:901, Dec.,
1955. 5 refs.
The author describes the discovery of a sensitive reagent for the
detection of small quantities of sulfur dioxide in smog to be
used on filter paper in conjunction with a suitable pump for
sampling. The bleaching effect of sulfur dioxide on dyestuffs
was investigated and Astrazone Pink FG (Bayer) was found to
be satisfactory as a reagent. A drop of reagent is placed on
the filter paper; some of the reagent will spread beyond the
hole and furnish a background of unchanged color against which
the bleaching effect may be observed- Air is then drawn through
the wet paper at a rate of 250 ml/min until the bleaching takes
place and the volume of air required to produce this effect is
noted. A concentration of 1.5 micrograms of sulfur dioxide
in 500 ml of air will give a definite reaction.
D. Measurement Methods 487
-------
15334
Knipovich, 0= 15. and Yu. M. Enel"yanov
CONTINUOUS DETERMINATION OF OZONE CONCENTRATION IN GAS MIXTURES
EY BEANS OF ITS HEAT OF DISSOCIATION. (Nepreryvnoye opredeleniye
Kontsentratsii ozona v gazovykh smesyakh po teplote yego
razlozheniya)„ Text in Russian. Zavodsk. Lab, (Hoscov),
35 (8) :96t-965, 1969.
An analyzer was designed for continuous measurement of ozone in
gas mixtures. Ozone dissociation is an exothermic process and
the heat in the catalyzer is continuously recorded by means
of a potentiometer. A sulfuric acid manometer was used to
measure pressure drop. It was claimed that the unit operates
effectively for up to two months. (Author abstract modified)
15351)
Bilson, K. V,, Go J. Doyle, D. A« Hansen, and B. D. Englert
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIVITY OF TRICHLOBOETHYLENE AND OTHER
SOLVENTS. Am- Chen- Soc. Div. Org. Coatings Plastics Chenu
Preprints, 29(2):4«5-4«9, 1969. 6 refs. (Presented at the
158th Meeting of the Am. Chem.. Soc,,, Div. Organic Coatings and
Plastics Chemistry, New York, Sept. 1969.)
A special smog chamber was built to study the slowly reacting
solvents which, in the presence of nitrogen oxides, form smog
much more slowly than do automobile exhausts. The chamber has
Pyrex panels with an access wall of cast aluminum. The aluminum
wall incorporates eye ports for measurement of eye irritation,
an access hole for the optics of a miltireflection infrared
cell, and sampling ports through which gas is removed for wet
chemical analysis. An air purification system for the chamber
removes contaminants by catalytic coabustion over platinum
at 5-8 atm and 500 to 600 C and cools the purified air to below
327 C and about 1 atm. Perfornance of the chamber was validated
by charging it with test hydrocarbons, e.g., ethylene, cyclohexane,
tricholoroethylene, xylenes, and paraffins at 1, i», or 8 ppm
and nitric oxide at 0,,25, 1, or 2 ppm. The photooxidation
experiments show that the rate of photochemical smog formation
decreases as the hydrocarbon:nitric oxide ratio decreases
and that eye irritation is caused primarily by formaldehyde.
As judged by its rate of disappearance, trichloroethylene is
less reactive than ethylene. Trends observed with changing
concentrations of trichloroethylene also suggest that average
atmospheric concentrations of trichloroethylene would produce
no eye irritation or other measurable smog symptoms.,
488 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
15476
Zuev, V. E., M. V,, Kabanov, and Bo A« Savel'ev
THE LIMITS OF APPLICABILITY OF THE BOUGUEH LAH IN SCATTEBING
MEDIA FOE COIIIMATED LIGHT BEAMS.. Bull. Acad. Sci. DSSE, Phys.
itmos. Oceans (English translation from Russian of: Izv.
Jkad. Nauk SSSR, Fiz- Atncsfery i OJceana) , 3(75:414-418,
July 1967. 17 refs.
According to existing theoretical investigations, the
attenuation of direct, monochromatic radiation is described
by Bouguer's law, whose limits of applicability are determined
by the strength of the forward-scattered radiation™ In the
present investigation, the limits of the application of the law
were experimentally determined for the propagation of a narrow
collimated beam in different scattering media. Results,
covering a range of optical depths, are given for thermal
sources and lasers. Direct ray scheme measurements for wood
smokes in a cloud chamber show no divergence from the
exponential law over the range of optical depths. The law is
applicable at depths up to tan equals 12. A limit to the law"s
applicability was found when neasurements were made on the
reflected scheme. This occurs at tau eguals 23. The principal
difference between the reflecting and direct ray schemes lies
in the fact that, in addition to forward-scattered radiation,
the receiving system records back-scattered radiation from the
beam travelling from the collimator to the mirror. Measurements
using the reflecting scheme show the limit of applicability is
the same for water fogs and wood smokes. This means that the
brightness of the back-scattered light does not depend on the
optical properties of the scattering medium at these optical
depths,. Applicability of the law in a model medium is
restricted to comparatively small ranges of optical depths.
151184
Lang, Helen «., H. E. 0'Keill, B, A. Coulehan, and B. W. Freedman
CONTINDODS MONITORING OF DIESEL EXHAUST GAS FOB CARBON DIOXIDE,
CARBON MONOXIDE, OXYGEN, METHANE, AND NITHOGEN OXIDES. Bureau
of Bines, Washington, D. C., HI 7241, 14p., March 1969. 9 refs.
CFSTI: PB 183386
A monitoring system was applied to provide rapid, continuous
analyses of diesel exhaust gas. Commercially available
continuous analyzers with strip chart readout were employed for
nitric oxide, carbon dioxide, methane, carbon monoxide, and
oxygen. All five continuous analyzers performed satisfactorily
during the preliminary testing and were 'used successfully during
several actual diesel approval tests,. The results were checked
by two independent analytical methods: gas volumetric and
gas chromatographic analyses. It was shown that the use of
nondispersive infrared analyzers is a generally accepted
technique for on-stream analysis of carbon dioxide, carbon
D. Measurement Methods 489
-------
monoxide, and methane gases. Polarographic analyzers worked
veil for en-stream analysis of oxygen. Mass spectrometry was
used to determine the nitric oxide content. Strip chart
recorders provided permanent records of all concentration changes
during the course of the approval tests. It was believed that
the use of analyzers would speed up the diesel approval testing
procedure.,
15521
Nietruch, Frank and Karl-Ernst Prescher
DI1UTION SYSTEM FOB LOH CONCENTHATIONS OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE AND
DETERMINATION OF THE SALTZMAN FACTOB., (Dosierung kleiner
Stickstoffdioxid-Mengen und Bestimmung des "Saltzman-Faktors") „
Text in German. Z. Anal. Chem. , vol. 241:294-302, 1969., 40 refs.
A dynamic flow system is described by which dinitrogen tetroxide
(N204) is diluted with air in two steps to obtain N02
concentrations in the ppn range. Through thermostatization of
the first stage, the dissociation of the dinitrogen tetroxide
could be taken into account during calculation of the N02 end
concentration. Hith the N02/air mixture obtained by this method,
the Saltzman photometric analysis of N02, which is based on the
formation of an intensely colored azo dye was tested™ The
results obtained with gaseous N02 and with equivalent amounts
of aqueous nitrite solution are compared. At a concentration
of 1.5 micrograms N02 per 25 ml absorbing solution, the dye
formation by 1 mole NO2 equals that of 1 mole of nitrite
'('Saltzman-f actor" 1.0). If the concentration is 10
micrograms/25 ml, the intensity of the color effect due to 1 mole
of N02 equals 0.86 moles of nitrite ("Saltz man-factor" 0..86).
Only half the expected color intensity was found when a N02/air
mixture was used that had been prepared by a dynamic two-step
dilution and oxidation of NO ('Saltzman-f actor" 0..5).
15621
Terabe, Motoji
DETERMINATION OF OXIDANTS IN THE ATMOSPHERE. (Taiki chu no
oxidant (ozone o fukumu) no sokuteiho. Kagaku bunsekiho o chushin
to shite). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution
Control), 4(6} :333-339, June 15, 1968. 8 refs..
Three elementary methods for the chemical analysis of oxidants in
the air are described in detail and compared: the buffered-
potassium iodide method, the alkaline potassium iodide method, and
the phenolphthalein method. Air is passed through the solution
containing potassium iodide, and the isolated iodide is measured.
The neutral buffered—potassium iodide method can measure an
oxidant from several pphm to about 10% and is easier to use and
more accurate than the alkaline potassium iodide method. The
absorbing solution consists of 0.1 M sodium phosphate and O.,1 M
potassium phosphate containing 1% potassium iodide. The optical
490 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
absorption of the isolated iodide is measured a half an hour to
one hour after sampling using a. 352 millimicron light- Iodide is
isolated by chlorine, hydrogen, peroxide, ozone, and so forth.
The alkaline potassim iodide lethod can measure an oxidant from
2.3 pphn to about 20 ppm. The merit of this method is that it
allows analysis a long tine after saipling. The absorbing
solution is 1 N sodium hydroxide containing 1% potassium iodide.
The solution can be stored for several days. To isolate the
iodide a phosphoric acid-sulfamic acid reagent is added.. The
phenolphthalein method can measure 0.01 to 0.25 ppm ozone when
10 liters of air are used. By regulating the air sample, a wider
range of concentration can be covered. Analytical methods for
oxidant determination used in the U.S.A. are also explained.
Heasured values of oxidants in the U.S.A. are tabulated,
particularly those in Los Angeles.
15634
Grasley, M. H., B, H. Appel, I. G. Burstain, J. L. laity, and
H. F. Eichards
THE RELATIONSHIP OF SMOG CHAMEO METHODOLOGY TO HYDROCAHBON
BIACTIVITY IN POLLUTED AIR. An. Chen. Sec. Div. Org. Coatings
Plastics Chem. Preprints, 29(2):422-426, 1S69. 4 refs.
(Presented at the 158th Meeting of the Am. Chem. Soc., Div.
Organic Coatings and Plastics Chemistry, New York, Sept. 1969.)
The influence of relative humidity on the siog-producing
properties of 1.0 ppm toluene and 0.5 ppm NO in ultrapure air
was observed in a stainless steel snog chamber in which the only
variable parameter was the method of cleaning the chamber. The
half-life of toluene decreased from 265 min at 0% relative
humidity to 65 min at 4351. Similarly, the rate of conversion
of NO to N02 increased with higher humidity. Striking
accelerations of the rates of NC2 and ozoue formation and
hydrocarbon disappearance were noted when the chamber was
evacuated and heated overnight prior to irradiation. With
evacuation as the only cleaning step, N02 formation for 1.5 ppm
toluene and 0.6 ppm NO at 21JS humidity was 6.9 ppb/min. Kith
cleaning by evacuation and heating, the rate was 11.0 ppb/min.
Hhen the chamber was dosed with 1 ppm of N02, N02 formation
rose to 15-20 ppb/min. Consistently low formation rates were
obtained when the chamber was washed with trichloroethylene and
water. This cleaning method, followed by N02 conditioning, is
recommended to maintain reproducible chamber behavior. The
humidity phenomenon was also observed with 2.0 ppm toluene and
1.0 ppm NO in a Pyrex flask; NC2 formation doubled in going from
0 to 605J humidity. The disappearance of toluene and the
formation of ozone was also accelerated by high humidity. It is
concluded that when a scale of hydrocarbon reactivities is
being developed for polluted air, the humidity must be known
and held constant throughout a given series of experiments.
D. Measurement Methods 491
-------
15752
flatterer, Andre and Michel Forissier
PSEDDOCHROHATOGBJPHIC HICBOAN1IYSIS UTILIZING GAS-SOLID
EQUILIBRIA. DETEBHINATION OF N02, NOC1, C12, HC1, C02 AND H20.
(Hicroanalyse pseudochromatographigue utilisant les eguilibres
gaz-solide. Dosage de N02, NOC1, C12, HC1, C02, H20) „ Text
in French., Z. Anal. Chem. , vol., 210:266-271, Oct. 1969., 12 refs.
Gas separation was carried out in two stages, condensation and
sublimation,, in a snail metal tube exposed to a temperature
gradient froa 77 to 300 K. A non-condensable gas such as helium,
hydrogen or nitrogen was used as a carrier. In the first stage,,
the components of the mixture were selectively solidified in the
cooled tube under partial pressures below those of the triple
points. In the second stage, heating of the tube with an inverted
temperature gradient caused sublimation and completes the
separation. Catharometers or mass spectrometers were employed
for the detection and determination of the gases. Gases could
be determined in the range of 0.000001 to 0.0001 mole/ml of gas.
(Author abstract modified)
16016
Marsh, K. J.
THE MEASUREMENT OF AIB PCLLUTATICN ABOUtiL OIL BEFINEBIES. British
Petroleum Co., Middlesex, England, Beft. of the Working Group
•Stack Height and Atmospheric Dispersion1. Concawe, The Hague,
Netherlands, 15p., Jan. 1968. 13 refs.
Principles of air pollution measurements are summarized to guide
oil refineries in planning emission measurements and analyzing
emission data. Pollutants considered are sulfur dioxide, hydrogen
sulfide, mercaptans, smoke, solids such as grit and acid smuts,
nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, ozone, and other oxidants. The
advantages of using new commercial instruments for contincus or
consecutive measurements at fixed sites are contrasted with
discontinuous methods using discrete samples. To determine the
long-term pollution pattern around a refinery, data must be
accumulated for a number of years and cumulative frequency curves
derived for various concentrations of a pollutant at each
measuring point. Such a curve can be used to determine the
'dosage' at each point and the damage caused by pollution. The
effect of wind direction en pollution measurements must also be
determined. To do this, measurements at each point are grouped
according to the principle wind directions, a cumulative
freguency curve is derived fcr each group, and concentrations
obtained from the curve are plotted on vector diagrams similar
to wind roses. These vector diagrams will tell whether changes
in freguency distribution of pollutants are due to refinery
operations or variations in weather.
492 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
16022
Ireland, F. E.
A1E POLLUTION IN TEHRAN: COMMISSIONING Of AIB HONITCHING
APPARATUS AND AEVICE ON DEVELOPMENT OF UN SIS POLLUTION COMTROI
PBOGBAHME 18 OCTOBES - 6 NOVEMBEB 1966. World Health Organization,
Geneva, Switzerland, Eegional Office for the Eastern
Mediterranean, Assignment Report, EM/ES/94, Iran 45/Regular,
15p., Jan. 1967.
This report deals with the purchase of eguipment tor monitoring
concentrations of smoke and sulfur dioxide, total oxidants, carbon
monoxide, and nitrogen oxides in Tehran. It is hoped that evidence
of pollution obtained by daily monitoring will convince health
authorities of the need to establish air pollution control
programs. Industrial sources of pollution in Tehran are
represented by plastic works, brickworks, and cement factories.
Recommendations are presented for controlling emissions from
these' sources. Data on power plants and their fuel consumption
and general fuel consumption are tabulated. While the total
mass emission is not high at present at Tehran, it may increase
nith increasing industrialization unless natural gas becomes
available. Factors affecting dispersion are the heights of
chimneys, plume rise due to buoyancy, and the hindering of
dispersion ty stable layers of air in the atmosphere. It is
recommended that the production of smoke should not exceed
Ringelman 2 and that industrial pollution sources be provided with
electricity for mechanical combustion eguipment. A control
laboratory must be set up to analyze samples collected by the
monitoring eguipment, and epidemiolcgical research at Tehran
University should be linked tc air pollution monitoring program.
16085
Golesworthy, R. C. and D. E. B. Ripp
J CONCICAL PROBE FOR SAMPLING IONS FROM HIGH TEMPERATURE GASIS.
Rocket Propulsion Establishment, Westcott, England, TM-486, If.,
Dec. 1968. 2 refs.
CFSTI: SD692057
J method is given for producing a stainless steel conical
sampling probe shell with an orifice of about 0.1 mm made in a
platinum insert at the cone apex. The probe preserves the
composition of highly reactive gases during sampling of ions,
free radicals, or atoms. The cone was usea tc sample flames with
linear velocities cf abcut 30 meter/sec at 1300 to 2000 C and
atmospheric pressures. The maximum sampling rate permitted Ly
pump throughput was about 0.6 std atm cu cm/sec. Estimated
distortion cf the flow field velccites during sampling was nc more
than five percent at a distance of one orifice diameter upstream
of the probe. As formed by spark erosion, the internal surface
of the sampling hole is rough. When in contact with flame gases
under sampling flow conditions, the surface acquires a smooth
D. Measurement Methods 493
-------
finish and long-term dimensional stability. If mounted in a
heatsinlc, no damage to the ccne occurs during four hours of
contact viith flame gases at 2000 C, If the flange is connected to
a water-cooled face-plate, the ccne will operate at temperatures
below 950 C. The normal lifetime of a cone is 60-100 hours of
use, after which contamination cr enlargement of the orifice
renders it unserviceable.
16232
HIGHER OXIDES OF NITBOGEN AS AN IMPURITY IN NITHOOS OXIDE. Brit.
J. Anaesthesia, 39(5) :343-344 , Hay 1969.
In the field of anesthesiolcgy, little is known about the
contamination of nitrous oxide with higher nitrogen. Moreover,
testing for nitric oxide presents at least three problems that are
not widely understood. First, samples of contaminated nitrous
oxide must te drawn from the supernatant gas (although sampling
of the liguid should also be used to detect nitrogen dioxide)..
Secondly, the more sensitive and widely used tests detect only
nitrogen dioxide. The third problem arises from oxidizing nitric
oxide to nitrogen dioxide with gasecus oxygen for detection
purposes. More active oxidizing agents than oxygen at atmospheric
pressure are needed for quantitative determination of nitric oxide.
The effects of inhaling contaminated nitrous oxide can be
considered due to the formation of hydrogen (hydronium) and
nitrite ions by the reaction of nitrogen dioxide with body fluids.
To prevent the distribution of ccntaiinated cylinders,
manufacturers must adopt appropriate measures of purifying,
monitoring, and analyzing nitrous oxide. Furthermore, the limits
of impurities which may be present in cylinder gases must ce
specified.
16306
Jchnson, M. C.
NITEIC OXIDE MEASUREMENTS IN THE FAB ULTRAVIOLET. Eendix Tech.
J-, 2(3):90-93, Autumn 1969. 3 refs.
Future control of air pollution from motor vehicles will require
the accurate detection and control of nitric oxide emissions.
The techniques most commonly used for nitrogen oxide
determinations are based on infrared absorption, visible
absorption, and wet chemical reactions. Infrared determinations
are hampered by water vapor and carton dioxide interference.
Visible absorption and chemical reactions take too much time.
The feasibility of a nitric oxide detector based on absorption at
2262 A (ultraviolet) was studied. Interferences, absorption
measurements at candidate wavelengths, and sensitivities were
determined. This was accomplished by passing various gases and
gas mixtures through an absorption cell of known length and
measuring the decrease in intensity of monochromatic light
passing through the cell. Absorption measurements in the
494 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIOANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
ultraviolet had the advantage of using simple, lew-noise, solar-
blind detectors in contrast to visible and infrared detectors
which are noisier even when cooled. Pre-treatment is far
simpler, since the inorganic gases and lighter hydrocarbons, which
are difficult to remove, do not interfere in the ultraviolet.
The system is relatively simple and can probably be fabricated to
be both rugged and inexpensive. Though other techniques,
particularly those based on emission characteristics, may
ultimately be utilized in more sensitive, more compact, or more
rapid instruments, their potential is not yet demonstrated. If
the advantages of the ultraviolet detector are exploited, it
should be possible to design a detector with operating
characteristics as good as those of the best instruments available.
16335
Heltig, Herbert
USE OF AMPEROMETHY AND BELATED HE1HCDS CF ELECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
IN OPEBATING MEASURING TECHNIQUES. (Die Am percnetrie und mit ihr
verwandte elektrochemische Analysenmethoden in der
Betriebsmesstechnik). Text in German. Chem. Tech. (Berlin),
21 (9) :553-557, Sept. 1969. 53 refs.
After reviewing the theoretical principle of amperometry, the
determination of substances such as oxygen, chromate, nitric oxide,
and sulfur dioxide by this method is discussed. Two metallic
electrodes submerged in the solution to be analyzed are used.
It is important that the reaction at the electrode is so rapid
that only the substance transported from the solution to the
phase boundary determines the reaction speed. The electric
current at the electrode is then directly proportional to the
concentration of the substance to be measured. For measuring
nitric oxide, ampercmetry has the disadvantage that at
concentrations of more than 2%, the substance transport is so
rapid that the current density no longer depends on the
concentration. In this case, it is better to use chronocoulometry.
Potential is applied in jumps to the electrode instead of the
stationary current and the current flowing within a certain time
interval after the jump is integrated. For measuring S02 in
uaste gases, waste gas enters a solution of 0.5 m sulfuric acid
and 0.05 m potassium bromide at constant speed. Current enters
the solution via two platinum electrodes. Bromine develops at the
anode and is reduced by the S02. The redox potential of the
solution is measured with a third platinum electrode and a
reference electrode. Minimum concentrations of 0. 1 to 1 ppm and
maximum concentrations of 1 to 10 ppm can be measured.
16398
Noyes, Claudia Margaret
STUDIES OF THE DETERMINATION AND REACTIONS OF SULFUE DIOXIDE AS AN
SIR CONTAMINANT. Colorado Univ., Boulder, Thesis (Ph. D.), Ann
Arbor, Mich., Univ. Microfilms, Inc., 1966, 56p. 38 refs.
D. Measurement Methods 495
-------
Analytical methods for sulfur dioxide determination, including
colorimetric and conductrometric methods, were evaluated, and the
reactions of sulfur dioxide with hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides
at high dilution in air were studied. Radioactive 5(35)02 was used
as a tracer to follow S02 in the gas phase and after its absorption
in the sampling solution. The West-Gaeke colorimetric method gave
slightly less color but better reproducibility and sample stability
than the Helwig-Gordon method. Liguid scintillation counting
showed that the dilute hydrogen peroxide-sulfuric acid solution
used for absorbing S02 in the Thomas conductometric method was also
less sensitive and less reproducible than the West-Gaeke
colorimetric method. It was emphasized that the use of bubblers
in series is not necessarily a reliable method for measuring
absorbing efficiencies of solutions for gases. None of the
mixtures showed any measurable amount of reaction of S02 in dry or
moist air in the dark during residence times as long as three
weeks. Since there was a reaction of S02 in an irradiated mixture
containing both N02 and hexene in dry air but none with either N02
or hexene alone, it seemed probable that S02 reacts with a product
of the hexene-N02 photolysis. There was no appreciable S02
reaction in an irradiated mixture with benzene alone or in the
presence of N02. ill products of the S02 reactions were absorbed,
since both color and counts were low in the gaseous aliquots
taken from flasks immediately after irradiation. Whether the
S02 is oxidized or held in some form not detectable by colorimetric
analysis is not known. It is definite that those reaction products
which do not react as S02 in the colorimetric determination do not
remain in the gaseous phase. (Author abstract modified)
16516
Eurough, I. G.
ATMOSPHERIC OZONE MEASUREMENTS. (FINAL EEPOET). Dalmo Victor Co.
Belmont, Calif., Contract PH 86-68-55, 50p., Dec. 12, 1967.
1 ref.
CFSTI: PB 187392
Long path infrared absorption measurements of atmospheric ozone
concentrations in Los Angeles were performed using an ozone sensor.
The sensor measures ozone concentrations as a function of time.
It consists of a transmitter and a receiver which are separated by
a line-of-sight path of 800 feet to 1600 feet. Since the ozone
sensor measures ozone in terms of its optical absorption, it was
necessary to provide a concentration, path length, and calibration
factor. The calibration was accomplished by the introduction into
the optical path of a test cell of accurately known length. The
test cell is filled with ozone generated by passing oxygen through
a high voltage electric discharge apparatus. The quantity of ozone
was determined chemically. The concentration of ozone in the test
cell is increased by the ratio of the nominal operational path
length to the test cell length. Data were collected in the
downtown Los Angeles area and from three other ozone sensors. The
correlation between the infrared ozone senscr and the other
instruments was calculated. The correlation coefficient between
the infrared ozone sensor and the three other systems was
consistently the lowest tabulated. The lower correlation was the
496 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
result of two factors: the infrared sensor is specific to ozone
as opposed to total oxidants, and qualitative tests indicated that
the infrared sensor in insensitive tc atmospheric quantities of S02
or N02; the infrared sensor provides an average value by measuring
over a long sample path, as opposed to the ether three instruments
which are point samplers. Ozcne sensor data were given.
16543
Terabe, Motoji
METHODS FOR MEASURING GASICUS AIR POLLUTANTS. (Yudoku gasu nc
kenchi sokutei to sono kanren kiki ni tsuite). Text in Japanese.
Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 2(7):453-459, Aug. 15,
1966. 5 refs.
Measurements of air pollutants are roughly classified as chemical,
physical, and biological. Chemical measurements are subdivided
into test-paper, colorimetric, test tube, titration, gas volume,
weight methods, etc. Physical methods are subdivided into
mechanical, electrical, and optical method. Biological
measurements make use of the human nose, small animals, and
plants. The measuring methods are also classified according to
time interval into integral, instantaneous, and continuous
measurements. The collection method for test samples is divided
into absorption tube, vacuum substitution, air substitution,
liquid substitution, and automatic continuous gas sampler
method. The absorption tube method and gas sampler used ty
National Air Sampling Network of the U. S. are discussed in
detail. Sulfur oxides are measured by the West and Gaeke method,
the lead dioxide method and recorded by the electric conductivity
method. Nitrogen oxides are measured by the Saltzman method, the
Yacobs method, and test tube methods, and recorded by an
automatic recorder. Hydrogen sulfide is measured by the
nethylene blue method and recorded by an automatic recorder.
Carbon monoxide is measured by hopcalite according to a test tube
method, detected by Kitagawa detector, and recorded by an
automatic recorder. Ozone is measured by iodimetry,
phenolphthalein, ferrous thiocianate, the gum crack method, and
an ozone meter. The operation of each instrument is reviewed.
16616
Hiam, Leon and Saul Chaikin
DEVELOPMENT OF A SIMPLE AUIO EXHAUST ANALYZER. (FINAL REPOET.)
Stanford Research Inst., Benlo Park, Calif., Contract PH
86-66-60, SRI Proj. FMU-5859, 18p., Aug. 1966. 23 refs.
The feasibility of applying a heated filament combustible gas
detector for separately analyzing the total hydrocarbons and
carbon monoxide in auto exhaust gases was determined. The first
phase was a detailed study of the filament temperatures required
for oxidation of selected hydrocarbons and CC on a platinum
filament. Additional work was conducted on the effect of 02 and
hydrocarbon concentration on the oxidation initiation temperature;
D. Measurement Methods. 497
-------
the interacting effects in simple gas mixtures were studied. Ihe
data showed that the required analyses cculd not be made on the
basis of the platinum filament temperature. Rhodium, iridiurc,
palladium, palladium-silver, and palladium-gold alleys, oxidized
nickel, gold, and oxidized cobalt were tested in a search fcr
materials which might shew greater selectivity in catalyzing
oxidation of hydrocarbons and CO, None of these materials were
found to make the required analyses feasible on the basis of
filament operating temperature. Two procedures were evaluated for
making a preliminary separation befcre analysis with a heated
filament. Hopcalite catalyst was used to remove the CO from the
gas sample iy selective oxidation. Problems associated with the
adsorption of hydrocarbons on Hopcalite made the procedure of
doubtful use. Silica gel was used to selectively remove
hydrocarbons from the gas sample so that an analysis fcr CO could
be made on the heated filament. The complications it introduced
were such that the basic simplicity of the combustible gas
detector was lost. Since the separate analyses for hydrocarbons
and carbon monoxide did not seem feasible, an effort was made to
construct a detector that would measure total combustibles minus
hydrogen and the lower aliphatic hydrocarbons. The procedure
utilized a platinum wire 'preburner' whose function was to
selectively combust hydrogen. This procedure did not succeed
because carbon ironoxide was found to inhibit the selective
combustion of hydrogen over platinum at low temperatures. It was
concluded that the combustible gas detector does not show any
great potential for auto exhaust analysis. (Author summary
modified)
16721
Kaye, S. and J. E. Koency
A SOLID STATE OZONE GENEEATOB. Bev. Sci. Instr., 40 (3) :505-506,
March 1969. 2 refs.
A small solid-state generator fcr preparing ozone in known
concentrations to 1000 ppm in air for use in laboratory studies
is discussed. Assembled from common electronic components, it
is stable, reliable, inexpensive, and requires no cooling. The
circuit and assembly is described in detail.
16781
Vogh, J. W.
NATURE OF ODOK COMPONENTS IN DIESEL EXHAUST. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc., 19(10):773-777, October 1969. 7 refs.
Offensive exhaust odors are characteristic of diesel engines. One
problem in control and reduction cf odor is lack cf understanding
of odorant sources and mode of formation. The solution of this
problem depends on identification of the odorants so that study
of their formation and control can re undertaken. A human panel
performed odor assessments in studying raw and modified diesel
exhaust and synthetic blends representing portions of diesel
498 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
exhaust. Their assessments were used in determining odorant
identity and quantitative contribution to exhaust odor. Lev
uolecular weight aldehydes appear to contribute little to diesel
odors. The sulfur and nitrogen oxides have been exanined as
odorants but of these apparently only nitrogen dioxide is a
potential odor contributor. (Author's Abstract)
16857
Healy, Thomas E. and Paul Urone
GAS CHEOMATOGEAPHY OF OXIDANTS USING A FLOWING LIQUID CCLC8IKETEIC
DETECTCB. Anal. Chem., 41 (13) : 1777-1780, Nov. 1969. 17 refs.
J flowing liquid colorimetric detector was used for the gas
chrcmatographic determination of hydroperoxides and nitrogen
dioxide for possible application in air pollution studies. Half
the effluent from the column went to a flame ionization detector,
and half to a bubbler, in which the hydroperoxides reacted with
a flowing ferrous thiocyanate liquid reagent. The liquid passed
through a colorimeter, and the transmittance was recorded
automatically. Several stationary phases were studied; the best
uas polyethylene glycol 400 on Chromosorb G, treated with
hydrogen peroxide. The detection limit with the apparatus used
was about nine micrograms of hydroperoxide. Nitrogen dioxide
eluted from the same stationary phases; but, on most of them
the colorimetric detector indicated that only about 1% of the
eluted sample gave the N02 colorimetric reaction. (Author's
Abstract)
16881
Inaba, Humio, and Takao Kobayasi
liSER-RAMAN HADAH TOE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF POLLUTED AIE. Nature,
224(5215) :170-172, Oct. 11, 1969. 8 refs.
A laser-Haman radar system which is suitable as an air pollution
probe in real time is discussed briefly. The technique is based
on measurement of the backscattered energy composed of Eayleigh
and Hie scattering components of the frequency, and the Haman
shifted frequencies due to various Haman active gases in the
atmosphere, which can be detected simultaneously through optical
filtering devices with multi-channel sensitive detectors.
17023
Barren, Gary J. and Gordon Babccck
PORTABLE ETHYLENE CHEMILUHINESCENCE OZONE MGNITOB. Eev. Sci.
Instr. , 41 (2) -.280-282, Feb. 1970. 2 refs.
i portable monitor for ozone makes use of the chemiluminescence
produced by ethylene gas in contact with ozone. The instrument
comprises a mixing chamber, photcmultiplier, nonoamtneter, higli
voltage supply, pump, flowmeters, and ethylene supply. Instrument
operation is simple: air containing ozone is drawn into the mixing
D. Measurement Methods 499
-------
chamber through an inner tube at 1 1/min. Ethylene is injected
at 13 ml/min into an outer tube, and the two streams meet at the
photomultiplier face. The monitor is easily calibrated by the
buffered KI method. One serious problem associated with using the
monitor around an accelerator is its sensitivity to radiation. A
radiation field of 1 mR/b from a radium source, for example,
produces a current equivalent to 6 pphm. This trait can be used
to some advantage by using a small source to check instrument
operations. Bhen lew concentrations are being measured, the
instrument must be shielded or a sample pulled through tubing from
the radiation area.
17024
Eukushima, Tatsuhisa, Hineo Shibano, and Touichi Chtani
SPECTECMET8IC DETERMINATION OF MASS Of HYDRCCABBCNS AND NITE1C
OXIEE IN AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS. (Jidosha haiki gasu chu nc tanka
suiso cyobi chisso sankabutsu shitsuryo bunseki). Text in
Japanese. Jidosha Gijutsu (Automobile Eng-J, 23(1):291-295, 1969.
7 refs.
Hydrocarbons and nitric oxide in automotive exhaust gas contribute
to smog formation. Each hydrocarbon molecule type has a different
smog formation potential. Mass spectrometric analysis for
hydrocarbons and nitric oxide was developed. A continuous
hydrocarbon and nitric oxide batch analysis was also established.
(Author abstract modified)
17047
Wallace, I. D-, D. W. Kohlenberger, E. J. Joyce, E. T. Moore,
M. E. Riddle, and J. A. McNuHy
COMPARISON OF OXIDATIVE AND EEEUCTIVE METHODS FOB THE
MICEOCOULOMETEIC DETERMINATIONS OF. SULFUR IN HYDROCARBONS. Anal.
Chem., 42 (3) :387-394, March 1970. 16 refs.
Two microcoulometric methods for the rapid determination of total
sulfur in hydrocarbons were compared. In the oxidative method,
sulfur as S02 is coulometrically titrated with iodine. In the
reductive method, sulfur as H2S is coulometrically titrated with
Ag(+) . For either method, duplicate determinaticns require only
10 minutes. Precision is in the order of plus or minus 0.2 ppm
or plus or minus 3%, whichever is greater. The oxidative method
is simpler to use and is low in nitrogen interference. However,
it suffers from chlorine and heavy metals interference and
nonstoichiometric conversion of sulfur to S02. The reductive
method is free from chlorine and heavy metal interference, is
stoichiometric for most sulfur types, but suffers from nitrogen
interference. The availability of both methods allows the
determination of total sulfur in nearly every type of hydrocarbon
sample encountered in the analytical laboratory. (Author abstract
modified)
500 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
17018
Robinson, J. H. , C. Woodward, D, K. Bailey, and H. a. Barnes
THE POTENTIAL DETECTION OF POLLD1ANIS IN THE ATMOSPHERE USING A
BEHOTE SENSING DEVICE. Preprint, Am. Chem. Sec., Pittsburgh,
Pa., Div. Hater, Air Waste Chen., 7p., 1969, 4 refs. (Presented
at the American Chemical Society, 158th National Meeting, Division
of Water, Air, Haste Chemistry, New York, Sept. 1969.)
Tentative experimental results indicated the possibility of remote
sensing by means of laser induced fluorescence for the
qualitative and quantitative identification of gaseous air
pollutants. The wavelength of the fluorescent bands of organic
molecules, such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and
tetrathyl lead in the gas phase, coincided closely with the
infrared absorption spectrum of the molecules, thereby permitting
identification of each component by its spectral analysis. The
intensity of the fluorescence was found to be proportional to the
concentration of the fluorescing molecule present, thereby
allowing a means for quantitative determination. In order for
this method to become a reliable analytical tool, the effects
caused by quenching and enhancement on the fluorescence intensity
Bust be examined. Further work is in progress.
17094
Begener, Victor H.
ON A SENSITIVE METHOD FOB THE BECOEDING 01' AIMCSPHEEIC OZONE. J.
Geophys. Hes., 65 (12) :3975-3977, Dec. 1960. 4 refs. (Presented
at the 12th General Assembly of the IUGG, Helsinki, Finland, Aug.
1, 1960.)
A device which uses the luminescence of a dry substance in the
presence of ozone for the automatic guantitive determination of
minute concentrations of atmospheric ozone is described. The
sensitivity of the device is extremely high and the response is
instantaneous. Since there are no liguid chemicals, the method
can be used at extreme heights in the atmosphere; it is egually
applicable to the continuous monitoring of ozone near the earth's
surface. A schematic diagram of the nitrogen dioxide insensitive
ozone sonde in its present fori is given. Operational procedures
are described. A photograph of the original flight reccrd
attained over New Mexico is shewn. The flight reached a maximum
altitude of 33.5 km. The chart shows a considerable amount of
detail of the vertical ozcne distribution in the troposphere.
Above the tropopause, the ozone density begins to rise. There is
a secondary ozone maxiuum at a height of IB km during the ascent,
as well as during the descent.
D. Measurement Methods 501
-------
17128
Saltzman, Bernard E.
PEEPAHATION AND ANALYSIS 01 CALIEBAI1E IOH CONCENTS.ATIONS OJ
SIXTEEN TOXIC GASES. Anal. Chei., 33(8) :1100-11 12, 1961. 20 refs.
The development and testing of analytical methods lor the accurate
determination of low concentrations of various toxic gases are
described. All-glass flow systems were preferred for the
dilution of gases with purified air, since such systems avoid
serious errors from surface adsorption or reaction with impurities.
Several practical flow dilution systems are described and
diagrammed, as well as an asbestos plug flowmeter which was found
useful for metering floss varying from a few hundredths of a
milliliter to a few milliliters per minute; motor-driven glass
syringes can also be used for metering gas (and liguid) flows in
these ranges, but have the disadvantage of intermittent operation.
Botameters are convenient for metering gas flows greater than
10 ml/min, but becuase of calibration difficulties are considered
secondary rather than primary measuring devices. In an evaluation
of chemical analytical methods, it was found that irany of the
methods available were based en assumptions derived from studies
conducted either at high gas concentrations or in liguid solutions;
various difficulties are encountered when such methods are
critically tested at low concentrations. The methods finally
selected were first tested for sensitivity for samples of
reasonable size; results consistent with Doth sample volume and
test gas concentration; adequate absorption efficienty with the
available sampling equipment; and adequate stability of reagents
and final solutions. The role of sampling absorption
efficiency is developed mathematically, and midget sampling
equipment described. Finally, methods are given for each o± the
following gases: ammonia, arsine, bromine, carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ethylene oxide, hydrogen
chloride, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen fluoride, monoethanolamine,
nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, phosgene, and stibine.
17279
Terabe, M.
PBEPABATION OF STANDAED DILUTED GAS FOR CALIEBATION BY TEFLON
PEBMEAIICN TUBES. (Pamieision chutu ni yoru biryc hyojun-gasu no
chosei-ho to oyo) . Text in Japanese. KuKi Seijo (Clean Air J.
Japan Air Cleaning Assoc. , Tokyo), 6 (7):18-21, 1969. 9 rets.
The phenomenon that a liquid gas (sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide,
propane, butane) permeates through the tube wall within a teflon
tube at a constant rate was,studied. The tube had an internal
diameter of 0.062 in., a wall thickness of 0.012 in., and an
internal temperature of 20.1 plus or minus 0.1 C. The permeation
rate of 25 C was 0.58 micrograms/min/cm. By the use of these
permeation tubes, a dynamic calibration of automatic 502 cr N02
measuring instrument, an evaluation of the characteristics of
SC2 monitoring instrument, and an adjustment of automatic NOX
measuring instruments can be performed.
502 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
17283
Okita, loshiichi
SIR POLLUTION CONTBOL BESEABCH IK U. S. A. (PAET I). (Taiki csen
o mguru Amerika no kenkyu taisei). Text in Japanese. Kogai to
Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 6(1):38-48, Jan. 15, 1970.
Personal remarks and opinions cf the approach the United States
takes for air pollution control are presented. The U. S. appears
to be concentrating on experiments of photochemical reactions in
the atmosphere and on the advancement of air pollutant measurement
methods. The general research trend is moving towards dry
methods for lower costs in the labor force and for chemicals.
Some meters and instruments currently devised and some measurement
meters tested were a carbon monoxide meter capable of measuring
CO densities below 1 ppm which can not be analyzed by the ordinary
use of infrared rays, and a carbon dioxide recorder based on a
Photometric Flame Detector. The simultaneous measurement of
oxidants and ozone was also accomplished. Ozone measurement by
use of rohdamine B is to be adapted as a standard meter after
test results prove reliable and sufficient. Size distribution
analysis in atmospheric corpuscles where size determines the
extent of the effect on human bodies is also being tested. The
technique can be applied to atmospheric corpuscles placed through
a filter at the sixth cascade of an Anderson cascade impactor and
collected in reinforced air stream. Other research activities
and instruments were reported.
17347
Savvin, S. B., I. G. Akimova, V. P. Dedkcva, and G. M. Varshal
DETERMINATION OF SULPHATE IONS IN NATUBAL HATERS AND ATMOSPHERIC
PRECIPITATION. (Opredeleniye sul1fat-icnov v prirodnykh vodakh
i atmosfernykh osadkaka). Text in Russian. Zh. Analit Khim.
(Moscow), 24 (12): 1868-1870, Dec. 1969. 10 refs.
A titrircetric method for determining sulfate ion in natural water
and atmospheric precipitation, which utilizes an indicator for
barium ion called orthanilic K, was developed. This method was
demonstrated with samples containing 1.5 micrograms/ml sulfate
ion. Analysis of 1-20 samples, including column purification,
takes 15-60 min, depending upon sample volume and sulfate ion
content.
17351
Osh'erovich, A. L., M. Ya. Rozinskiy, and Sn. A. Furman
i COMPARISON BETWEEN THE M-83 STANDAED OZONOMETER AND AN
OZONOMETER EQUIPPED WITH NARROH-EANE INTERFERENCE EILTEBS. Eull.
lead. Sci. USSE, Phys. Atmos. Oceans (English translation from
Russian of: Izv. ikad. Nauk SSSE, Fiz. Atmcsfery i Okeana) ,
5(10) :593-596, Oct. 1969. 8 refs.
D. Measurement Methods
503
-------
Soviet ozonometer stations are presently equipped with M-83
photoelectric filter ozonometers. These instruments have light
filters consisting cf colored glasses with wide passbands. When
their performance was compared with that of ozonometers having
narrow interference filters constructed of alternate layers of
lead fluoride and cryolite, the M-83 instruments showed spurious
daily ozone variations. One some days, the daily average total
ozone content as read from the M-83 differed from that obtained
with the other instruments by a factor of nearly two. Because of
the large solid angle of the M-83 receiver, total recorded ozone
content was too low. Consideration should be given to eguipping
the Soviet ozonometer network with new and more accurate
instruments.
17380
Freedman, Robert W., B. A. Coulehan, and H. B. lang
KINETIC EVALUATION OF THE FACTOE USED IN THE SALTZMAN ANALYSIS OF
OXIDES OF NITROGEN. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 31(1):76-80, Feb.
1970. 12 refs.
The Saltzman reaction commonly used for analyzing atmospheric
concentrations of nitrogen oxides involves the diazotization of
sulfanic acid by nitrous acid, followed by coupling with N
(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediairine to yield an azo dye. The raw
results are generally divided by a factor of about 0.7 to
compensate for the formation of nitric acid. A modification of
the reac.tion is used at the Bureau of Mines to analyze diesel
exhaust gas in which concentrations of nitrogen oxides are
higher than ambient levels by a factor of 100. The exhaust
gases are collected directly from the engine, mainly in the
form of nitric oxide, in vacuum bottles. This permits rapid
formation of nitrous acid followed by diazotization and coupling
long before the gas-phase oxidation of nitric oxide is
allowed to proceed to completion. To explain the guantitative
yield (factor equals 1.00) obtained with the modified Saltzman
method, the overall reaction kinetics were evaluated. The
overall reaction consisting of the gas-phase oxidation followed
by solution in and with reaction Saltzman's reagent was pseudo-
third order. The overall reaction is guantitative as shown by
comparison with the phenoldisulfonic acid method. Oxides of
nitrogen exist almost exclusively as nitric oxide at engine
temperatures, and very rapid sampling directly into the Saltzman
reagent provides insufficient time for the nitrogen dioxide to
total nitrogen oxides ratio to exceed 0.5. The Saltzman 'factor'
decreases linearly with the log of initial concentration. This
was true over the concentration range measured (100 to 2800 ppm)
starting with either nitric oxide or nitrogen dioxide.
18013
Papa, Louis J.
COICRIMETEIC DETERMINATION OF CAREONY1 COMPOUNDS IN AUTOMOTIVE
EXHAUST AS 2,4-DINITROPHENYLHYDBAZONES. Environ. Sci. Technol.,
3 (4) :397-398, April 1969. 11 refs.
504 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDAMTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
A colorimetric technique was developed for determining the total
molar concentration of carbonyls in a mixture of their
2,it-dinitrophenylhydrazones (DNPH) . The method is based on the
measurement of the colored species formed when alkali is added to
a solution cf the DNPH's in a 70% pyridine medium which
stabilizes the colored product. The method is applied to the
analysis of carbonyls in vapcr mixtures and automotive exhaust
via collection of the DNPH derivatives in scrubbers. The recovery
of the carbonyls by this technique is 98 to 106% and the
teproducibility is plus or minus 3% relative. (Author's Abstract)
D. Measurement Methods 505
-------
E. CONTROL METHODS
00003
HEARINGS - S 306,, A Bill to Amend the Clean Air Act to
Eequire Standards for Controlling the Emission of Pollutants
from Gasoline-Powered or Diesel-Powered Vehicles, to
Establish a Federal Air Pollution Control Laboratory and for
Other Purposes. 89th Congress (1st Session) Senate
Committee on Public Works. Special Subcommittee on Air and
Water Pollution. April 9, 1965. 308 pp.
This document contains Government reports, statements made by
Government officials and industrial representatives, and
communications to Senator Muskie. The following topics are
discussed: (1) photochemical smog; (2) effects of air
pollution; (3) vehicle use trends; (1) recognition by state
governments; (5) exhaust and crankcase emission control; (6)
fuel evaporator loss control; (7) fuels; and (8) diesels. Also
included are reports on causes and control of automotive emissions,
by J-D. Caplan; and descriptions of visits to General
Motors Research laboratories. Ford Motor Co. Vehicle
Emissions Testing Laboratory, American Motors Corp..
(Air-guard system for exhaust control) , and to Chrysler Corp.
laboratories (Clean air package components) .##
00015
I. J., E., Hofer, J. F. Shultz, and J. J. Feenan
EFFECT OF LEAD DEPOSITS ON ACTIVITY OF AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST
CATALYSTS. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D» C., (Report of
Investigations 6213.,) 1963, 26p.
This study, part of a broad program of research in air pollution
related to minerals, was conducted to determine the nature and
extent of the poisoning of catalysts when used to remove certain
air pollutants from exhaust gases.. The poisoning examined in this
investigation occurs when leaded gasoline is used as a fuel for
automotive engines. The smog in the Los Angeles area is
attributed to the effect of radiant energy on the mixture of
hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides found in the atmosphere there.
To prevent the escape of these hydrocarbons into the atmosphere
catalvtic mufflers have been proposed.. In principle, these are
simple and nonmechanical, consisting of a vessel charged with a
catalyst capable of destroying the exhaust hydrocarbons by
catalyzing their oxidation. However, these catalysts are severely
affected by the particulate natter, mainly in the form of lead
sulfate, lead oxysulfate, and lead chlorobromide, contained in the
507
-------
exhaust gas. Deposition of lead on the catalyst restricts
catalytic activity. After 20,000 miles of operation, the
temperature necessary to achieve 50% conversion of isopentane in a
Bixture of 0..2S isopentane, 2!! CO and 4* oxygen, and the
balance ti at 10,000 hourly space velocity has risen from 400 to
500 C. even with a catalyst taken from the exit portion of the
catalyst bed. The rest of the catalyst was more severely
affected.. It would appear that operation for 20,000 miles is
near the limit for a catalyst.##
00097
I.I. Hinkstrom K Nobe
CATALYTIC DECOMPOSITION OP NITEOGEM DIOXIDE. California
Oniv.., Los Angeles, Dept. of Engineering. (Report 63-19.)
Apr. 1963. 10 pp.,
CFSTI, DEC: AD U0683U
Beactions of the oxides of nitrogen are of considerable interest
in current air pollution research. The investigation reported in
this paper is the study of the complete dissociation of N02 in
nitrogen and in air with CuO-Alumina (1:1) and Ce02-Alumina
(1:1) catalysts. The initial concentration of the N02 was
varied within the range ^20-2200 ppm. The reaction was studied in
a steady-state isothermal flow reactor with the temperature varied
in the range 301 - 520 C at gas space velocities (STP) ranging
from 1,400 to 11,200/hr. It was observed that the kinetic data
were best represented by the rate expression, r=ap / (1 plus bp).
At low temperatures and high flow rates the rate reduced to a
zero order reaction. Below 180 C the CuO had a higher
catalytic activity than the Ce02« Above 480 C, however, the
Ce02 had a higher activity. It was observed that there was
considerable decomposition of N02 even in excess air with CuO
catalysts. Since it had been reportd previously that CuO
catalysts were quite satisgactory for hydrocarbon oxidation, the
results of this investigation indicate that both hydrocarbons and
oxides of nitrogen may be simultaneously eliminated to a
considerable degree with CuO catalysts. (Author)##
00107
S. S. Griswold
CONTBOL OF STATIONABT SODBCES (TECHNICAL PEOGHESS KEPT. VOLUME
1). Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District,
Calif. Apr. 1960. 191 pp.
As a result of the intensive source control measures administered
in Los Angeles County, Virtually all industrial operations have
been brought within the scope of the air pollution control
program. From the Belting of metal to the painting of
manufactured goods, specific industrial processes and equipment
have been subject to air pollution control measures. This volume
provides individual discussion of control techniques applied to the
508 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
§ost significant stationary sources of air contamination. Certain
source emission problems, such as those traceable to the operation
of railroad locomotives and ships, are not discussed in this volume
in view of the current unimportance of the source. The material
reported in this volume generally contains only those developments
occurring subsequent to the publication of the Second Technical
and Administrative Report on Air Pollution Control in Los
Jngeles County, 1950-51.
-------
00171
THE CONTROL OF AOTOHOBILE EMISSIONS, (FORD CRANKCASE
EMISSIONS CONTROL STSTEH. FORD THEBMiCTOR SYSTEM FOR EXHAOST
CONTROL.) Ford Motor Co,, Dearborn, Mich., Engineering
Staff- 1966. 6 pp..
An explanation of both Ford's Engine Crankcase Ventilation and
Thermactor Exhaust Emissions Control Systems, complete with
schematic drawings of cross-sections of the automobile engines is
presented., The rationale for its development, the chemistry
involved, and the future implications of the systems are
discussed.#*
C0269
V. H. Luther, Ku Lohner, H., Kuller, and W. Zander
POSSIEILITLIS OF DECONTAMINATING EXHAUST GASES OF OTTO ENGINES.
Koglichkeiten einer Entgiftung der Abgase von Ottcmotoren.
Erdoel Kohle (Hamburg) 18 (12) :96
-------
ratio to increase from 0. 050 tc 0. 065. is the percent of
recirculated exhaust gas increased, so did the temperature of the
recirculated portion of the exhaust increase.. This increase of
temperature is postulated to have increased the peak cycle
temperature within the combustion chamber and thus increased the
B oxides emission. It is further postulated that no reduction
ID N oxides emission will be obtained from recirculating exhaust
gas unless the recirculated gas is cooled. The concentration of
H oxides in the exhaust gas was determined with a
spectrophotometer constructed at Oregon State University.
(Authors' abstract) ##
00959
B. B. Sundaresan, C- I. Harding, F. P. May, and E.
B. HendricXson
A DEI PROCESS FOB THE REMOVAI 01 NITROGEN OXIDES FROM WASTE GAS
STREAMS IN NITRIC ACID HANOFACTOBE. Preprint. (Presented at
the 59th Annual Meeting. Air Pollution Control Association,
San Francisco, Calif.,, June 20-25, 1966, Paper 66-96.)
Experimental studies were conducted using a commercial zeolite
to remove NOx from waste gas streams in a nitric acid plant.
BOx retained in the bed was recovered as enriched NOx and
BN03 gy regenerating the bed at elevated temperatures with hot
air and/or steam. Test results indicate that such a system could
be incorporated into an existing nitric acid plant, thereby
eliminating release of significant quantities of NOx into
atmosphere. The conclusions are enumerated below: {1) A
process to remove NOx from the waste gas streams of nitric acid
plants has been found; (2) Complete NOx removal as proved by
this system will eliminate release of NOx into the atmosphere;
(3) Commercial zeolite used in this process can remove NOx
along with most of the moisture present in the tail gas; (4) NOx
and H20 retained in the bed has been recovered as enriched NOx
and HN03 for possible feedback into the process stream; (5) It
has been estimated that in a 300 ton acid plant by feeding back the
recovered NOx into the process stream, about 4 to 5 tons per day
of 60* HN03 now being wasted cculd be added to production; and
(6) The increased production should offset the additional
investment for such a system, making the process economically
feasible. (Author summary and conclusions) t#
00975
B. I, Heisburd, ^Compiler and Ed.)
AIH POLLUTION CONTROL FIELD OPERATIONS MANDAL (A GUIDE FOR
INSPECTION AND ENFORCEMENT) . Public Health Service, Washing-
ton, D. C., Div. of Air Pollution, 1962. 291p.
Author discusses sources, control methods, training
techniques and related aspects of air pollution. Document is an
excellent source for specific information on equipment being used
in air pollution control. Pictures, diagrams, schematics and
charts are given.#f
E. Control Methods 511
-------
01125
D. Zanon and D. Sordelli
PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS OF AIR POIIUTION PROBLEHS PROM CHEHICAL
PROCESSES „ ^Realizzazioni nel Campo delia Prevenzione dell"
inguinanento Atmosferico di Origine Industrials.) Translated
from Italian™ Chim. Indu {Milan), 18 (2) : 251-261, March 1966.
A strict control of pollutant to be dispersed in the atmosphere
offers technical and econonic problems, both in the design and the
operation of chemical processing units. Three examples of
processes for which pollution control has been established are
described: S02 derived from contact sulfuric acid and from
hydroxylamine sulfate plants, nitrous gas from low and
high-pressure nitric acid plants, and fluorine-containing effluents
from hydrogen fluoride production.. The general approach, kind of
abatement process adopted, materials and construction costs are
discnssed.ft
01167
J. H. Ludwig
PROGRESS IS CC8TBOL OF VEHICLE IHISSIONS. J. Sanit. Eng.,
Eiv., Am. Soc. Civil Engrs., 93 (SA-t):73-79, Aug. 1967.
Control of emissions from motor vehicles is reviewed from the
standpoints of the contribution of vehicles to community air
pollution, present progress in control regulations and application
of devices, and the immediate and Icnger-term cutlcok for
additional controls in the future. '{Author summary) t#
01219
Winhk, A. A.
THE HYGIENIC IMPORTANCE 01 THE IONISED STATE OF THE AIR IN CLOSED
PBEHISES „ Gigiena i Sanit.. 25 (1) : 7S-83, 1960.
DDC: AD U81 527
The problem of the ionized condition of domestic atmospheres and
that of public places is of great significance. However, it is
impossible to attribute to ionization universal sanitary
improving properties, which are,, in fact, not inherent to it or in
any case are not sufficiently proved. One should proceed from the
point that atmospheric ionizaticn is one of the factors connected
with the atmosphere which is manifested in a Background of
definite interrelations with ether physical and chemical factors.
Thus one ought to solve the problem of the physiological
significance of air ionization of premises as one aspect of the
whole problem of atmospheric hygiene. Exessive overrating of the
significance of the factor of air icnization, as is done in certain
512 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
popular scientific Journals, can lead to unnecessary expenditure
anfl discredit ideas regarding the hygienic importance of the
electrical properties of air.**
01528
K. Guthmann
(NEH KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE IN THE PURIFICATION OF AIR IN
FOUNDRIES.) Neue Erkenntnisse und Erfahrungen bei der
Reinhaltung der Luft in Huttenwerken. Radex Rundschau
(Austria} , No: 3: 139-162, June 1966.
German laws, passed by the Federal Government, requiring
naintenance of clean air, are discussed. Maximum allowable
emission values for dusts, gases, and smokes are given. Programs
established for research on the measurement of dust and 502
and warning devices for smog are described. Other research
described is being conducted on the removal of brown smoke in basic
steelworks and oxygen-blowing steelworks, recovery of
converter gas, possibilities for utilizing accumulated dust,
removal of fluorine from exhaust gases and removal of odor from
exhaust gases,,**
01619
NITRIC ACID MANUFACTURE (INFORMATIVE HEFT. NO. 5). J, Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 14, (3) 91-3, Bar. 1964., (TI-2
Chemical Industry Ccmmitteej.
Nitric acid manufacture by the ammonia oxidation process and the
concentration process are described. The control aspects are
discussed.**
01620
THE PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRY AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS AND
CONTROL METHODS .-(INFORMATIVE REPT. NO. 1). J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc. 14, (1) 30-3, Jan- 1964. {TI-3 Petroleum
Committee) .
Possible air-borne contaminants from refining operations are
covered. Control methods for gaseous and particulate emissions,
and the industry's research projects are reviewed.**
0161)5
A. J. Haagen-Smit
THE CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION. Sci. Am. 210, (1) 25-31, Jan., 1961*.
E. Control Methods 513
-------
Using the development of Los Angeles' control program as an
example, smog, dust, fumes, photochemical reactions, automotive
emissions, control methods, emissions standards, and control
devices are reviewed.##
01791
G.A. Jutze E.J. Lewis
A METHOD FOB CHECKING INSTRUMENT PEBJORHANCE AT REMOTE
SAHPIING SITES. J. Jir Pollution Control Sssoc. 15, (7),
323-6, July 1965.
This paper describes a quality control technique used by the
central headquarters operation of the continuous Air
Monitoring Program in an effort to insure valid data
production from instruments located at remote sampling stations.
The procedure consists of preparation of 0.10 to 2,. 00 ppm
mixtures of S02 or N02 in duplicate Mylar bags, each
encased in a corrugated paper box. These mixtures are
analyzed during make-up to insure duplication. One box is
shipped to the field station where it is analyzed on-site. The
control mixture is analyzed in the central lab at the sane time.
Correlation between measurements indicates the usefulness of this
dynamic calibration check. The techniques used are described and
results of the program are presented. (Author abstract)##
01928
J. Nilsen
AIE POLLDTION: COSTLY TO IGNORE, COSTLY TO CONTROL. Chem.
ENGo 73, (15) 90-6, JULY 18, 1966.,
Author discusses the ramifications that will result from the
recent legislation dealing with air pollution control. The
parameters of the pollutants per se, the role of industries
responsible for the pollution, the problems of the municipalities
which must cope with the pollution problem, the effects of
standards and legislation,, the eventual cost of pollution control
and the research programs to be undertaken are discussed. Also
included is a chart of forty-eight major United States cities and
the concentrations {ppm) of nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide
which were found to be present.tf
02051
J. Feist.,
THE CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF NITROUS GASES DURING THE HAtiUFACTUBE OF
NITRIC ACID. Die Katalytische Beduktion Von Nitrosen
Atgasen Sei Der Erzeugung Von Salpetersaure. Proc.
(Part I) Intern. Clean Air Cong., London, 1966. (Paper
VI/15) . pp. 199-202,,
514 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Discusses a catalytic reduction process for reducing nitric oxide
present in the waste gases from nitric acid for manufacture to a
concentration of 100 ppnu Flos sheets illustrate thermal
integration of the catalytic process with the overall process.
Discusses the use of metal and ceramic catalysts., (Author
abstract) ##
02140
G. J. Doyle and H. G. Caldwell
FEASIBILITY OF BEHOVING GASEOUS CONTAMINANTS FROM BANNED
SPACE-CABIN ATMOSPHERES EY IONIC PROCESSES (FINAL REPT- MARo
1-OCT. 31, 1965.) Stanford Research Inst., South
Pasadena, Calif- (Bept. SSD-5396) (AHRL - TR-66-22)
(Project 6373) 67 pp., Feb., 1966
The application of ionic processes to the purification of manned
space-cabin atmospheres was investigated in anticipation of a need
for a radically new atmospheric purification system for some of the
presently scheduled space journeys. Processes considered are (1)
ion-molecule reactions of contaminant molecules with specific added
molecules ions 02(+), 02 (-) and (2) clustering of contaminant
molecules about specific ions
-------
The functioning of chlorophyll in the course of photosynthesis in
leaves of plants serves as a method of air purification of
sufficient importance to consider its use in control. Vegetation,
like men and animals, can sustain a considerable amount of damage
to the point where the threshold limit of absorption of toxic
substances is exceeded. The three gases causing the most
damage to vegetation are carbon monoxide, the sulfur oxides, and
those containing fluorine., Also to be considered are acid
"SBog", toxic "smog", ozone, and nitrogen oxides. Other
industrial pollutants which have a toxic influence, but less
sever and localized, are dusts, hydrogen sulfides, hydrochloric
acid, etc. Ethylene and carbon monoxide cause great damage to the
growth hormones, particularly auxin. The effects of S02,
S03, and H2SOt are related to the quanity of gas emitted, the
degree of resistance of the species, their state of development,
and the various environmental conditions. The sensitivity of
vegetation to the action of sulfur gases varies essentially as a
function of the speed of absorption of the gas by the leaves.
Through experimentation it has teen found that the plant species
which are aost sensitive to SC2 are chickweed, alfalfa, barley,
oats, wheat, rhubarb, lettuce, endive, spinich, cabbage, and
tobacco. Apples, apricots, peaches, grapes, corn, and beans are
less sensitive, whereas the floral species such as gladiolus, rose,
and lilac offer considerable resistance. Aquatic vegetation is
often used as purifying means for polluted streams. Subsoils
purify themselves of pollutant materials in various ways, including
uptake by vegetation and dispersion in the soil with rain water,
etc. In a section on means of decreasing the inhaled pollutants
the following are mentioned: dust collectors, normal methods of
dispersion in the atmosphere, fumes from domestic fires, auto
exhaust funes, fuel additives, improvement of combustion in
engines, recycling of crankcase gases, post-combustion appliances,
and redesigning of motors- Also given in this section (Chapter
3) is some similar information on ingested pollutants and on
problems of noise.**
02648
B. Kuhn and R. Tomingas
ATTEMPTS TO PREVENT THE FORMATION OF POLLUTANTS IN THE EXHAUST
GASES OF IHO-STROKE ENGINES AND DIESEL ENGINES BY ACTIVATING
COBBDSTION SITHIN THE ENGINE. Staub (English Translation)
25 (3) 2-17, BAR. 1965.
CFSTI TT66-51044/3
Combustion in two-stroke Otto engines and the diesel engine can
be influenced by chemical fuel additives in such a way that
oxidation is catalyzed and the side reactions of dehydrogenation
and cyclization are suppressed. In the two-stroke engine it was
possible largely to reduce the formation of benzpyrene ty using
salts and chelates of polyvalent metals, in particular manganese,
and to prevent it completely by means of ether and ether-like
additives. For precipitation of the oil mists and soot particles
the "adhesive oil method" was employed. In the experiments the
two-stroke engine was selected first; checking of the results by
experiments on four-stroke engines is in preparation. In the case
516 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
of the diesel engine it has teen possible to achieve a reduction
in soot formation with overloading by 10 to 15%. (Author
summary) *#
02951
A. C., Stern
AIR POLLUTION AND ITS ABATEHENT IB THE DKITED STATES. De
Ingenieur 77, 129) G83-93, July 16, 1965 and 77, (31) G97-10K,
July 30, 1965. (Presented before the Dept. for Public Health
Engineering, Royal Inst. of Engineers, Hague,
Netherlands, July 3, 196U.)
In the United States, visible smoke is no longer a major
problem. Present concern is principally with gases; their
chemical reactions in the atmosphere; the effects of both gases and
reaction products on humans, animals, plants, materials and
visibility; and their abatement. Considerable emphasis is placed
on the relation of meteorological conditions to air pollution
levels. Forecasting of weather conditions conducive to build-up
of pollution is now done routinely in the United States.
Although air pollution research is conducted nationally, abatement
is on local basis. The new Federal Clean Air Act seeks to
improve the effectiveness of local agencies, and to provide for
Federal abatement of interstate air pollution. (Author summary)
03061
THE ATLANTIC RICHFIELD NITHIC OXIDE REDUCTION SYSTEM.
Preprint. Has now been published by the AFCO Chemical Co.
Sept. 1966, 31 pp. AHCO Chemical Co., Anaheim, Calif. 1966
During the last six years an extensive study of the use of exhaust
gas recirculation has been made and a simplified control system
(Nitric Oxide Reduction System) was developed which
eliminated many problems previously encountered and achieved the
required reduction of nitrogen oxides without impairing vehicle
performance. In this system exhaust gas is taken from the heat
riser at a point directly beneath the carburetor, flow controlled
by means of a butterfly control valve, then distributed to the
individual passages of the intake manifold by means of
distribution tubes. The control valve is actuated by the throttle
linkage and designed to permit recycle flow at part throttle and
cruising operations. For closed throttle operation such as idle
and deceleration, and for wide-open throttle, when maximum
performance is desired, the cycle rate control valve is in a closed
position. The entire unit, with the exception of the rate control
valve shaft and throttle linkage, is enclosed entirely within the
intake manifold. It has been demonstrated that the use of
recycle reduces peak temperatures and pressures. It is
probable that the reduction of nitrogen oxides results from the
reduction in peak temperature. Conceivably, the dilution of the
air-fuel mixture by the presence of inert exhaust slows the rate of
E. Control Methods 517
-------
combustion causing the lower peak temperatures. There are other
possible benefits from the use of the system such as a reduction of
hydrocarbons and cylinder bore near, and less erosion of spark plug
electrodes.##
03204
H. Ehnert.
THE BEHAVIOE OF NITBIC OXIEE DOSING ELECTROSTATIC GAS
PURIFICATION, Dber aas Verhalten des Stickstoffmonoxids bei
der elektrostatischen Gasreinigung. Brennstoff-Chem. (Essen)
9 (7) :273-271, Sept. 1966. Translated from German as JPBS B-
858«-D.
The effects of field intensities, ionizing-electrode diameters,
period of stay of the gas in the electrostatic purifier,
concentrations of nitric oxide in the gas, and the presence of
unsaturated compounds upon the decomposition of nitric oxide were
measured by means of an experimental electro-filter situated in
coke oven plant. Within the range of 3 to 3.8 kv/cm, the
quantities of NO decline with increasing field intensity, this
decline amounting tc only atout 10 to 2031 at the field strengths of
2 to 3 kv/cm which are commonly used in coke-oven installations.
Industrial-economic considerations however place a limit on the
extent to which voltages can be increased in practice. The period
during which the gases remain in the filter is a factor in the
reduction of NO content, but a doubling of this period from 6 to
12 seconds results in a Baximum increase in the decomposition rate
of only 25%. The reduction in NO tends first to decline and
then to increase as the diameter of the ionizing electrode is
increased. The most effective factor in the reduction of NO
contents is the addition of unsaturated compounds; thus the
addition of 2»5 ml cyclopentadiene cu/m of gas increases the loss
of NO by a factor of it under certain experimental conditions.
The experiments show that current commercial coke-oven
practice results in reductions of about 20% in NO content, and
that an increase in the field strengths together with a rise in the
unsaturated-compound contents can effect reductions of 50-60%.##
03U01
F. Bonamassa
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF A PHOTOCHEMICAL-ATMOSPHEBE
ENVIRONMENTAL TEST FACILITY., Am. Soc. Testing Mater.,
Spec. Tech. Publ. 352B 32-9 pp., Dec., 1963. (Presented
at the Symposium on Air-Pollution Measurement Methods,
Los Angeles, Calif., Oct. 5, 1962.)
A photochemical-atmosphere environmental test facility is a
system designed to stimulate in the laboratory conditions
existing in polluted atmospheres. These test environments are
finding increasing applications in studying the effects of
contaminated atmospheres on humans, animals, plants, or
inaminate objects; evaluating air-pollution control systems;
518 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
establishing air quality standards and permissible contaminant-
emission levels; idenitfying atmospheric pollutants and their
reaction products; and investigating the mechanisms of
reactions of polluted atmospheres., Hany interdependent
factors influence the design of a photochemical-environment
test facility. Careful study of the proposed experimental program
and its objectives is needed to determine the required test volume
and operating conditions- The design and choice of
construction materials reflect certain compromises, usually
dictated by the relative importance of the various test conditions™
Although probably no simulated photochemical atmosphere can ever
completely reproduce all the conditions of the natural
atmosphere, enough control over significant variables can be
achieved to enable the test environment to assume an
increasingly important role in increasing our understanding of
the complex reactions and effects of photochemical air pollution
and in providing much needed information for its effective
control.**
03536
AUTOMOTIVE AIR POLLUTION III. (A BEPOET TO THE U., S. COKGHESS IN
COMPLIANCE WITH PUBLIC L»W 88-206, THE CLEAN AIB ACT.)
Preprint. 1965.,
Seduced exhaust emissions of hydrocarbons and CO have
become a reality in California with the introduction of the
1966-model passenger cars and light commercial vehicles.
Eecognition of the need for still further control measures is
evidenced by the adoption of nitrogen oxide standards by the
California Board of Health. The Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare is implementing the new responsibilities
and authorities conferred by the Motor Vehicle Air
Pollution Control Act. Standards for the control of
emissions from gasoline-fuelled vehicles are being developed
accordingly, to become effective with the 1968 models- Some
additional technical information has become available.
Further studies of the effect of ambient temperature on exhaust
emissions indicate that low temperatures tend to increase
hydrocarbons and CO, particularly following cold-engine starts,.
Preliminary results obtained from a study of the effect of leaded
fuels indicate that combustion chamber deposits may not
significantly affect the quantities of hydrocarbons and CO
emitted in exhaust gases. A survey being conducted to measure
CO levels in urban communities suggests that human exposure
to CO may be greater than routine atmospheric monitoring data had
indicated. A number of new projects are being initiated ty the
Government to study the performance characteristics of production-
type exhaust emission controls in varied environments, to develop
more definitive data on exhaust emissions from small cars and
diesel-powered vehicles, to learn more about human tolerance of
lead and CO, and to effect control of oxides of nitrogen.
An expansion of industry research in automotive air pollution
and its control is indicated by the recent activities of
technical associations. (Author summary)##
E. Control Methods 519
-------
03762
Spencer, Eo F0, Jr. N. Fayne, H. F. LeDue and J. H.
Elliott
EXEEBIMEBTAL PBOGHAM FOB THE CONTBOL OF CBGANIC EMISSIONS FBOB
PBOTECTIVE COATING OEEBATIONS (INTEBIH KEPT., NO. 2). Los
Angeles County Air Pollution Control District, Calif.
Jan. 1959. 40 pp.
This report discusses the eguiprcent and procedures used in the
evaluation of control equipment for solvent vapors from surface
coating processes. A pilot plant which was used to recover
organic solvents by means of activated carbon is described, of
the control methods evaluated, adsorption with activated carbon
offers the greatest promise. The advantages of the activated
carbon system are: i{1) recovers solvent vapors in all
concentrations below the flammable range; (2) recovers all types
of volatile solvents; (3) recovers solvents efficiently in the
presence of water vapor; (<4) recovers solvent vapors with high
overall efficiency; (5) operation of the equipment is simple; (6)
the equipment is sufficiently flexible for all types of surface
coating operations. Five complete adsorpticn-desorption cycles
were completed. The adsorption efficiency before reaching
saturation averaged 92 percent, while the desorption efficiency,
based on solvent recovery vs. solvent adsorbed during the
individual run, averaged 57 percent. Poor steam distribution is
believed responsible for the incomplete descrption acd the
equipment is being modified to improve the stripping of the carbon.
It is planned to investigate another fixed bed unit and one moving
bed unit.tf
03796
K. C. Stein, J. J* Feenan, G.. P. Thompson, J. F.,
Shultz, L. J. E. Hofer, and Bo B. Anderson
CATALYTIC OXIDATION OF HYDBOCABEONS (AN APEBOACH TO AIP
POLLUTION CONTBOL) . Ind.. CheE. Eng. 52, (8) 671-11, Aug.
1960. (Presented at the Division of Petroleum Chemistry, 135th
Heeting Chemical Society, Boston, Mass., Apr. 1959.)
The hydrocarbons in the exhaust gases from automobile engines are
a major source of the eye irritating smog occurring in urban
areas.. Catalytic oxidation applied where the pollutants originate
in the individual vehicle is ere cf the methods of control. In a
search for suitable catalyst components, a large number of metal
oxides in granular form, unpromoted and unsupported, have been
investigated by a new microcatalytic technique based on gas
chromatography« The most active of the catalysts were, arranged
in order of decreasing effectiveness, the oxides of cobalt, nickel,
manganese, chromium, and iron. It is probable that different
forms or preparations of the same oxide would have different
activities. In general, the higher molecular weight hydrocarbons
were more easily oxidized than the lower. Hydrocarbons of a
520 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
given carbon number increased in reactivity according to the series
: aromatic, branched paraffin, alicyclic, normal paraffin,
olefinic acetylenic. Fortunately, the olefinic hydrocarbons
generally considered the most undesirable are relatively easy to
remove.**
03798
S. Sourirajan and Ja L~ Blumenthal
CATALYSIS STUDIES FOE ftIR POLLD1ION CONTROL (PART II:
CATALYTIC DECOMPOSITION OF NITRIC OXIDE PRESENT IN LOW
CONCENTRATIONS) „ California DEIV. , Los Angeles, Dept. of
Engineering. (Rept. No.. 60-1<4.) Feb. 1960. 27 pp.
The results obtained on the decomposition of NO present in
concentrations of 300-2100 ppm in diluent N2 in the presence of
catalysts containing CoO or CuO at temperatures in the range
300-1000 C are reported,, The catalysts were prepared either by
decomposing the nitrate impregnated in the carrier or by
precipitating the hydroxide on the carrier held in suspension in
the nitrate solution. CuO deposited on silica gel was found to
be the most effective catalyst for the decomposition of NO
present in low concentrations. The efficiency of the carriers
increased in the order kieselguhr (highest) alumina, silica gel
(lowest). In the presence of CuO-Si02 (30:70) catalyst
using a gas space velocity of 1320/hr (measured at 25 C), the
decomposition of NO (892 ppm) K2 was found to be 69? at 510 C.
The above catalyst was found tc maintain its effectiveness
throughout the tested period of 300 hr even when exposed to
temperatures of 1000 C several times.. The use of the
CuO-Si02 (30:70) catalyst in conjunction with 700-1000 ppm of
nitric oxide mixed with exhaust gases from a two cylinder engine
leaded gasoline fuel was found to result in almost complete
removal of nitric oxide at all temperatures above 350 C at a gas
space velocity of 1000/hr measured at 25 C; no deterioration of
the effectiveness of the catalyst was noticeable even after 100
hours of actual service with engine exhaust gases. (author
abstract) *#
0«200
F_ E. Gartrell
CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION FHOB LARGE THERMAL POWER STATIONS.
Rev. Soc« Roy. Beige Ingrs. Ind. (Brussels) (11) U71-82,
Nov. 1966. (Presented at the Symposium on Air Pollution
Control,, Essen, Germany, Mar. 9, 1966 and at the Belgian
Hoyal Society of Engineers and Industrialists Meeting,
Brussels, Belgium, Mar. 16, 1966.)
Measures for the removal of particulates from stack gases and
reductions in S02 emissions as well as the dispersion of
emissions by high stacks and control by operational procedure are
discussed. The results of air pollution monitoring near large
power stations of the TVA are reviewed. Gas cleaning devices
E. Control Methods 521
-------
have been perfected so that 99.5% of the original ash content of
the coal may be removed, although costs increase rapidly above
95%. In the future, removal of 99.5% of ash may be necessary in
some plants based on combined mechanical and electrostatic
collectors. There is a trend toward using electrostatic
precipitators alone because of the high draft losses with
mechanical collectors,. While there are a number of promising
developments in the removal of S02 from fossil fuels, the
principal reliance for the next few years vill have to be placed on
dispersion from high stacks with possible supplementary
operational controls., The height of TVA stacks varies from 150
to 800 ft, and tables are given of relationship between the
maximum ground level S02 concentration, stack height, and
wind speed. Data are also given of the frequency of occurrence of
various ground levels of S02 in the area around the plants.##
01)338
A. J. Haagen-Smit
BEACTICNS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE AND OTHER JIB CONTAMINANTS IN THE
ATMOSPHERE. Proc. Am,, Power Conf. 26, 117-24, Apr. 1964.
(Presented at the 26th Annual Meeting, American Power
Conference, Chicago, 111.,, Apr. 1U-16, 196IU)
Chemical reactions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides in the
atmosphere are discussed. Photochemical smog is described in
regard to both its relationship to these oxides, and the
reactions which give rise to plant damaging and eye irritating
compounds. Measures for the control of photochemical smog
are discussed.##
0(1351*
G. N. Hadhakrishna
A STUDY OF THE EEMOVAL OF NITEOGEN OXIDES FROM AIE POLLUTING
EXHAUSTS (For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Purdue
Univ.) June 1961. 205 pp.
Aiming to devise efficient methods of removing oxides of nitrogen
from exhaust gases,, hydroxide solutions and solids were
experimentally studied. Nitrogen peroxide was selected as the
typical oxide of nitrogen and was diluted with nitrogen. Dilute
solutions of hydroxides (K, Na and Ca hydroxides) are effective
as absorbents for oxides of N. The process of absorption
involves formation of nitrous and nitric acids which are
neutralized by the hydroxides. When alkalinity is in excess,
nitrite and nitrate are formed in almost eguimolar proportions.
When the alkalinity is completely utilized, the nitrite is
decomposed to form nitrate and NO. At the
concentrations of K02 and the flow rates for gases used, Ca and
Na hydroxides are more effective absorbents than KOH.
Ca(OH)2 is more effective as an acid neutralizing agent than
NaOH and KOH and the ability to neutralize acid decreases
522 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
in that order. The removal of nitrogen peroxide by Ascarite
increases with concentration of the gas and decreases with
increasing flow rates, possibly due to the decrease in contact
time. The removal of nitrogen peroxide by silica gel
increases with the partial pressure as well as the concentration
of the gas- At concentrations of nitrogen peroxide less than
0.79 mole per cent, removals by silica gel are much higher than
those by Ascarite. But, at concentrations above 0.7.9 mole per
cent, removals by Ascarite are higher than those by silica gel.
The removals of nitrogen peroxide by calcium and barium oxides in
dry condition are rather paor.##
01371*
K. Yamazaki and Nenryo Kyokaishi
EXHAUST CONTROLS POP AIR POLLUTION., (J» Fuel Soc. Japan
Tokyo) 44, (1(60) 564-74. Aug. 1965. Jap.
Principal differences in the burning mechanisms cf premised and
diffusion flames are discussed in relation to carbon or soot
formation in order to elucidate the nature of exhaust from
gasoline or diesel engine vehicles. The contents of exhaust
pollutants (carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, hydrocarbons and
their incomplete combustion products) vary extensively according to
the driving mode of vehicle operation, as in idling, acceleration,
cruising and deceleration. It is important to note that
hydrocarbon emission is extremely remarkable in the deceleration
step. Diesel exhaust is rather clean compared to gasoline
exhaust. Exhaust control devices, catalytic and afterburner,
developed in America are briefly reviewed. Improvement of the
engine itself in order to reduce incomplete combustion is
discussed. American estimations of future hydrocarbon emission
under exhaust controls are cited. (Author summary)##
(W17
AUTO EXHAUST STANDARDS HILL TIGHTEN,, Chem. Eng. News 44,
(20) 56-8, May 16, 1966.
Stricter standards regarding automobile exhausts are being sought,
necessitating a more sophisticated approach to control systems by
auto manufacturers. It is conjectured that controls based on
reactive hydrocarbons, rather than total hydrocarbons, are likely.
Many laboratories are presently assembling data on the reactivity
of various hydrocarbons, but much more is needed.. The continuing
work on the modification of engines to reduce the emission of
undesirable exhaust products is described. The reed for
standards regarding the emission of nitrogen oxides is
controversial. However, research is proceeding on possible ways
tc control nitrogen oxides, concentrating primarily on catalytic
systems. A diagram illustrating the formation of photochemical
snog is included.##
E. Control Methods 523
-------
OH592
J. To Biddleton
AIR CONSERVATION AND THE PROTECTION OF ODB NATURAL RESOURCES-
Proc. Natl. Conf. Air Pollution, Washington, D-C.,, 1962.
pp. 166-71. 1963.
The importance and protection of air resources and factors
affecting nature and extent of air pollution are discussed. Two
aspects of control of air pollution are outlined. One is control
at the source and the other is control through proper planning in
the development of communities.##
0«599
R. !„ Chass
THE STATDS OF ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE FOB THE CONTPOL OF AIR
POLLUTION- Proc. Natl. Conf. Air Pollution, Washington,
D_ C.., 1962. pp. 272-80. 1963.
Control programs are discussed and particular the control program
of Los Angeles County, also its demography, urban growth which
is paralelled by increase in automobiles. Los Angeles, in spite
of stringent air pollution regulations, has continued to increase
its industries and to expand existing industries,, In spite of the
growth pattern, the engineering and enforcement functions of the
District have resulted in preventing U,500 tons of air
contaminants from stationary sources, from entering the Los
Angeles atmosphere each day. As it is pointed out in this paper,
the air pollution problems can be solved, using sound technical and
engineering approaches coupled with enlightened administrative and
legislative action,*#
014618
E. A. Baker and B., C. Doerr
CATALYZED NITBIC OXIDE SEDUCTION WITH CARBOH EONOXIDE. Ind.
Eng. Chem. Process Design Develop. 4, (2) 188-91, Apr™ 1965.
(Presented before the Division of Water and Waste Chemistry,
117th Meeting, American Chemical bSsociety, Philadelphia, Pa.,
Apr. 1961.,)
The reductionof nitric oxide by carbon monoxide over a copper
chromite catalyst frcm 115 to 270 C. and up to 1/36,000 hr., space
velocity is discussed™ Seduction of 90% at space velocities of
1/16,000 hr. is obtained at temperatures exceeding 200 C,, At a
given space velocity stepwise NO reduction is observed as a
function of temperature. Partial reduction of NO to N20 takes
place at low temperatures, followed by complete reduction to N2
as temperature increases. At 1/12,000 hr. inlet NO
concentrations between 500 and 9000 p.p.m. do not effect reduction
524 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
efficiency at temperatures exceeding 150 C. Excess CO has no
effect. Mater does not affect NO reduction but leads to ammonia
formation. Oxygen if present preferentially oxidizes CO to
C02, There must be sufficient CO to react with the 02 as
well as NO for effective reduction of the NO. This system
has practical significance for NO removal from automobile
exhaust. (Author abstract) *t
04634
T. P.> Varshavskii,
K. Vu Zolotarev
A- H. Denisov, I. E« Zlatin, and
SMOKELESS CHARGING OF COKE OVENS.
(English Transl.) (6) 26-31, 1965.
Coke Chem. (USSR)
Buss. (Tr.)
» pilot-commercial smokeless charging plant has been built on
No. 1 battery at the Kemerovo Ccke and Chemical Sorks along
the lines of those at VUKhIN and the Magnitogorsk
Integrated Iron and Steel Works. A new smokeless oven
charging system has been devised and introduced on the No., 1
tattery at the Kemerovo Coke and Chemical Works based on
separate consecutive emptying of the charging-car hoppers (t,3,2
and 1) with suction of the charging gases only into the coke side
collecting main. The possibility of the saleable tar being
contaminated with ash or heavy tar products has been eliminated.,
4.0 tons/day of high-ash tar was obtained from the coke side
collecting main. The nitric oxide content of the raw gas from
No. 1 battery is 16-5 cc/cu meter.. Accordingly it is vital to
solve the problem of how to remove the nitric oxide from the
charging gases or how to isolate and utilize them without
purification. The satisfactory operating results of the plant
enable this system to be recommended for works which do not supply
gas to nitrogenous fertilizer undertakings. (Author conclusions)*
04636
JU Bouville and J. Fontan
CAPACITY OF FIBBODS PAPF.B FILTERS TO RETAIN SMALL ATMOSPHERIC
RADIOACTIVE IONS. (Sur le Pouvoir de Retention des Filtres
a Fibres de Papier pour les Petits Ions Eadioactifs de
1'Air.) J. Hecan. Phys. Atmosphere (Paris) 6, (21) 9-11,,
Hay 196H., Fr.
The efficiency of the Schneider-Foelman fibrous paper filters is
reported for radon descendants. In the filtered air of a
disintegration chamber for the dosage of radioactive gases, there
is no possibility of the ions fcrited being absorbed on large
aerosols., The diameter of the ions formed is in the order of 15
A. The efficiency of the Schneider-Poelman filters is better
for ions than for larger aerosols.. This agrees with the theory
that predicts that filtration efficiency increases below 0.1
micron., It is not necessary for the ions to be absorbed on large
aerosols to permit capture and measurement.t*
E. Control Methods
525
-------
01659
POLLUTION BY EXHAUST: U.S. LAW AND A U.K. SYSTEM. Engineering
(London) 203, (5260) 213-6, Feb. 10, 1967.
A British system for the control of toxic exhaust emissions which
is inexpensive promises excellent results and minimum power
loss.. It is emphasized that California's problem with
photochemical smog and the meteorological conditions which result
in the continual recirculation of the air are extremely rare in
Europe. bB-carbon monoxide is considered the more serious
problem. There has been a suggestion that the Los
Angeles atmosphere be analyzed before and after a two-day
ban on motor-cars to determine just how much pollution is caused
by car exhaust. A very important contribution can be made by the
Duplix induction system which employs a hot spot to assist
vaporization in the manifold during part-throttle conditions only.
The Zenith Duplex system vaporizes the fuel in a by-pass or
primary manifold during idling, part-throttle, and over-run
when emissions are at a maximum. At the same time, the primary
manifold is inoperative at full throttle, so maximum
power is virtually unaffected- Charts are given representing
the California regulations based on cold starting, idling,
accelerating, and stopping to resemble normal city driving.
A typical emission trace is given showing hydrocarbon emission
from a standard 1200 cc engine during deceleration, acceleration,
cruising, and idling. The emission with the Duplex induction
system was 377 ppm of hydrocarbons with only a minor peak at
maximum depression compared to 1638 ppm of hydrocarbons with
severe peaks during deceleration-##
OD838
B. D., Feed
CONTROLLED INDO-EXOTHERMIC OXIDATION OF INDUSTRIAL HASTES. Pre-
(Presented at the Oklahoma State Univ. Conference on
Industrial Hastes, Stillwater, Nov. 16, 1965.)
Time, temperature, and turbulence are factors in disposal by
oxidation. The deciding factor for design temperature is the
proximity of molecules of fuel to molecules of oxygen. Complete
combustion, as defined by the author,, does not exist if 500 ppm of
the toxic or noxious material is in the flue gases. Average
target concentration at grade and downwind of the stack is in the
order of 0., 10 ppm or perhaps less. The concentrations of
substances which will cause odor nuisance are restated. The
residence time factor must provide for the time interval reguired
for conversion of the liguid to the gaseous state. In disposal of
liquid streams and when mineral salts are present, the mineral
exits from the furnace in the form of its oxide in sub-micron size
particles.##
526 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
04931
Heiburger, M.
METEOROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF AIB POLLOTIOK CONTROL, Reprinted
from Yale Sci., Hag,, Jan- 1967.,
Everywhere in the United States (and elsewhere in the world)
vhere pollution enters the atmosphere it is carried with the wind
from city to city and state to state. Thus the control of
pollution cannot be carried OD exclusively on a local community or
even a regional basis. States, the federal government, and even
international agencies must act,. In the consideration of the
kinds of control and the relative roles of the various governmental
levels, various meteorological factors, such as vertical
temperature gradient and wind velocity, are involved besides the
vind transport. These factors determine the rate of diffusion of
pollutants, and thus the concentrations of contaminants in the air,
given the location and intensity of the sources,. Meteorological
factors influence the rate of oxidation of sulfur dioxide, the rate
at which 303 picks up water to form sulfuric acid droplets,
etc.. Meteorological factors control the rate at which pollutants
are removed from the air»##
OU962
E,, G. Lunche, E., E. Lemke, R,. L. Weimer, and J. A.
Verssen
SIR POLLUTION ENGINEERING IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY. Los Angeles
County Air Pollution Control District, Califu July 1, 1966.
51 pp.
los Angeles County, the largest heavily-industrialized,
semi-tropical area in the world, is afflicted with a serious and
well-publicized air pollution problem. This problem is
accentuated by average wind speeds of less than 6 miles per hr«,
and temperature inversions on more than 260 days per year, which
restrict dispersion of the air contaminants generated by the
activities of seven million people. Since 1939 population has
nore than doubled, industry has expanded from approximately
6000 establishments to more than 20C000 in 1966, and automobile
registration, gasoline consumption and fuels usage have increased
sharply. In addition to nearly two decades of expenditures by the
District for research engineering and enforcement, industry has
expended during this same period 127 million dollars for the
installation of new control equipment units and 882 million dollars
fcr basic production equipment. This program is preventing some
5085 tens of various air contaminants from entering the Los
Angeles atmosphere each day. Of this total, control measures of
the petroleum industry are responsible for removing some 3425 tons.
The prohibition of burning of high sulfur fuels accounts for
another 535 tons. The ban on single chamber incinerators and open
turning prevents another 605 tons from entering the atmosphere.
The control of air contaminants from mineral and metallurgical
industries accounts for another 120 tons,. Of the 5085 tons of
E. Control Methods 527
-------
various air contaminants now prevented from entering the Los
Angeles atmosphere from stationary sources each day, 1195 tons are
hydrocarbons, 1320 tons are S02, 1945 tons are CO, 1)70 tons
are aerosols, and 155 tons are oxides of nitrogen. The program
will not te complete however, until effective control over the
gasoline-powered vehicle, fuel oil burning and organic solvent
usage is carried out-**
050U8
G. H. Peters, J. E. Aker, and I. I. Morello
A SOLID CHEMICAL AIB GENEBATOR. Amoco Chemicals Corp.,
Seymour,, Ind., Propellants Div. (Kept. No. AMBL-TDB-64-71.,}
Sept. 196U. 55 pp..
The development of a solid chemical air generator capable of
producing a breathable, oxygen enriched atmosphere for possible
space applications was investigated. The direct decomposition of
solid ammonium nitrate to produce the desired atmosphere was
studied. This direct method of conversion was found to he
impractical as the reaction products consisted of nitrogen oxides
regardless of the conditions of decompostion. Various catalyst
systems for decomposition of nitrous oxide were investigated since
the reaction products contained about 405S of this gas and results
indicated this gas could be controlled. Screening of various
catalyst systems produced nickel oxide, 0.5X rhodium on alumina,
0.6% platinum on alumina, and cobalt oxide catalysts all capable
of completely decomposing nitrous oxide at high flow rates. The
level of nitrous oxide in the reaction products could not be
increased sufficiently to provide the desired oxygen level, and it
was necessary to decompose the nitrogen dioxide present in the
reaction gases. Catalyst systems based on barium oxide and sodium
silicate were developed which decomposed pure nitrogen dioxide hut
were found to be partially deactivated by water formed in the
ammonium nitrate decomposition. The oxygen level in the gas was
increased to approximately 12* J36X of theoretical)„ A compact
unit was developed that was capable of decomposing solid ammonium
nitrate at a controlled rate on demand and partially converting
the gases to provide an atmosphere containing about 12% oxygen, tt
05082
TWO MECHANICAL DEVICES ATTACK THE CAUSES OF SMOG. "Prod. Engru
38, (6) 22-t, Mar.. 15, 1967.
The problem of polluted air in most metropolitan areas is the
result of automotive exhaust products. The development of 2 new
mechanical rather than catalytic smog control devices are the
nitric oxide reduction system, NCB, which meters the exhaust
from a car engine and recycles it for further combustion, and
vehicle vapor recovery system to prevent unburned gasoline from
escaping ty evaporation™ The new devices reduce or eliminate the
emissions. Company tests, nitric oxide reduction system, and the
vehicle vapor recovery system are discussed.##
528 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
05119
». F. Hamilton, M.. levine, and E. Simon
SBOG ABATEMENT. Lockheed Aircraft Corp,,, Burbank, Calif.
(Dec. 1, 1959). l»8 pp. (Rept. No. 14163.)
Techniques were developed for simulating typical smog polluted
atmospheres. Methods and materials for reducing or preventing
smog formation as measured by ozone level were studied., Several
classes of materials were found effective in various degrees,,
Best results were obtained by direct addition of iodine to
polluted atmospheres. Additions were effective both prior to smog
generation by irradiation or after smog formation occurred.
Attempts to introduce inhibiting materials in gasoline through an
internal combustion engine were unsuccessful. {Author abstract
aodified)*#
051511
E. A. Kerns
CHEMICAL SUPPRESSION OF NITROGEN OXIDES. Westinghouse Electric
Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa., Headguarters Mfg. Lab. (1961).
6 pp.,
in approach to NO and N02 fume control by eliminating the
fumes before their release from pickling, milling and bright
dipping solutions was investigated. Since classical chemistry
shows a reaction between most primary amines and the oxides of
nitrogen, a study of an available, inexpensive, and readily
adaptable amide, urea, was undertaken. The investigations
included a thorough study of the urea-nitric acid-nitrogen oxides
reactions for both copper and iron-68 analyses of the urea (for
purity), and of the evolved gases; and the effect of the urea-
nitric acid system on the various types of stainless steels and
other metals which could be employed. A thorough study of the
possible hazards of the urea-nitric acid system was undertaken also
In the case of chemical milling urea sucessfully lowered the
N02 fumes to almost undetectable levels, but this treatment did
not suppress the HN03 vapors which coincidentally are released
from these hot chemical milling solutions. Thus a small water
scrubbing apparatus is still required to prevent these vapors
from being released to the atmosphere. The use of a HN03-urea
solution system produces a satin finish in less than half of the
time now required to bright dip and release no toxic fumes to the
atmosphere.##
05250L
K. Nobe, and M. A. Accomazzo
CATALYTIC COMBaSTION OF HYDROCARBONS WITH COPPER OXIDE. I.
Hethane, Ethane, and Propane. California Univ.,Los Angeles,
Cept. of Engineering. (Rept. No. 61-83.) Dec. 1961. 39 pp.
E. Control Methods
529
-------
The catalytic combustion of hydrocarbons present in low
concentrations is of particular interest in the search for methods
to control air pollution. The results are reported of the
heterogeneous oxidation of methane, ethane and propane with a
CuO-A1203 (1:1) catalyst with a BIT surface area of 120 sq
m/gm and a mean pore radius of 65A. The combustion was studied
at initial hydrocarbon concentrations in the range 650 to 5,000
p.p.m.., in the temperature range 313 to 591 C and gas space
velocities 6,000/hr. The hydrocarbon concentrations were
measured with a Carad flame ionization analyzer and detector.
The experimental results showed that for gas space velocities up
to 10,000/hr., 90? combustion was attained at temperatures above
580 C, 500 C and 180 C for methane, ethane and propane,
respectively. The results indicated that the degree of
hydrocarbon oxidation increased with increase in chain length.
The experimental kinetic data was found to fit empirical rate
equations which were one,, three-fcurths, and three-fifths order
with respect to methane, ethane and propane concentrations
respectively™
05300
lodwick, J. R.
CHEMICAL ADDITIVES IN PETROLEUM FDELS: SOME USES ANE ACTION
MECHANISMS. J» Inst. Petrel. (London) 50, (491) 297-308, Nov. 1964,,
(Presented at the Northern Branch Symposium, Manchester, England,
Apr- 23, 1964.)
The paper enumerates the types of anti-oxidants, copper
deactivators, corrosion inhibitors, combustion chamber modifiers,
anti-icing compounds, anti-knock agents, and anti-static additives
in current use or proposed for use in the near future.. Where
possible the action mechanisms whereby these additives operate have
been given and discussed. (Author summary)
05309
E, C. Eetz and H. J,, Eeist
CATALYTIC AFTEBBDENING OP ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS. Technik
(Berlin) 20 (6} , 395-400 (June 1965). Ger. (Tr.)
Newly developed all-metal catalysts are discussed which are
designed on the basis of the building block assembly system; in
practice, they achieve an average running time of 25,000-35,000
working hours. A catalyst, which speeds up a reaction because of
its presence, without itself participating in the reaction,
reduces the decomposition temperature during combustion. A
reaction temperature of 250-350 C was achieved with all-metal
catalysts developed for catalytic exhaust gas purification. The
cold exhaust gases flow through a heat exchanger and are preheated.
Then they are heated by means of oil burners, gas burners, or
electrical heating elements until they reach the catalytic
reaction temperature,. A fan then moves the exhaust gases to the
530 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
catalyst where the irritants are oxidized. The heat released
during catalytic combustion is largely recovered in the heat
exchanger and it is used for heating the cold exhaust gases as
combustion here is exothermal. At a reaction temperature of about
250-350 C, all combustible components are oxidized in the exhaust
gas- As a result of the temperature increase in the exhaust
gas in the catalyst, the positive heat change of this reaction can
measured which gives a figure directly proportional to the irritant
concentration. The catalytic exhaust gas purification unit thus
serves as a measurement instrument for the concentration of the
exhaust gas. A measurement system used for continual surveillance
is presented in diagram. Applications of catalytic afterburning
are discussed in relation to the following: drying and hardening
processes, phthalic acid and maleic acid anhydride production,
nitric acid production, NO/N02 reduction., ##
85323
Jackson, Harvin W.
EFFECTS OF SOME ENGINE VARIABLES AND CONTROL SYSTEMS ON
COMPOSITION AND REACTIVITY 0? EXHAUST HYDHOCABBONS. In:
Vehicle Emissions, Part II, SAE Progress in Technology
Series, Vol. 12, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.,
H. Y,,, 1966, P.
N. Y., 1966, p. 2U1-267. ({41)) refs- (Presented at the
Bid-Year Meeting, Society of Automotive Engineers, Detroit,
Hich., June 3-10, 1966.)
The effects of air—fuel ratio, spark timing, an engine
modification system, and the Air Injection Reactor System on
the composition and reactivity of the exhaust hydrocarbons are
reported. The reactivity index and.composition changes are
compared to those indicated by the nondispersive infrared analyzer.
Either retarding the spark timing or leaning the air-fuel ratio
reduced the hydrocarbon concentration measured by the infrared
analyzer™ In contrast, the reactivity index increased as the
spark timing was retarded and the decrease in the reactivity index
due to leaning the air-fuel ratio was only 1/2 the decrease in the
concentration measured by the infrared analyzer. For egual
reductions in the concentration measured by the infrared
analyzer, the reactivity index with the engine modification system
was 37% higher than that with the Air Injection Reactor
System. Conversely, in order to produce an exhaust with the same
level of reactivity, the engine modification system has to reduce
the concentration measured by the infrared analyzer about 70 ppm
n-hexane more than the Air Injection Reactor System. The
use of the reactivity index points out significant differences in
SBiog-foraing potential resulting from both changes in engine design
variables and exhaust control systems; these differences are not
revealed by measurements made using the infrared analyzer.
(Author"s abstract) ##
05U01
ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FRCM NITBIC ACID MAHUIACTURING PROCESSES.
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div« of Air
E. Control Methods 531
-------
Pollution and Manufacturing Chemists Association, Washington,
B.C. 1966.. 96 FP- (999-AP-27.J
Emissions to the atmosphere from the manufacture of nitric acid
were investigated jointly by the Manufacturing Chemists"
Assoc.,, Inc. and the O.S.P.H.S.; the study was the second in a
cooperative program for evaluation of emissions from selected
chemical manufacturing processes,. The report describes the growth
and potential of the nitric acid industry, the principal processes
for production of nitric acid, process variables, emissions from
plants under normal operating conditions, and the methods and
devices used to limit and control emissions. The sampling and
analytical techniques by which emissions were assessed are
presented in detail. (Author"s abstract)##
C5430
B. Andoh
HITACHI AIB CLEANSE., Kuki Seijo (Clean Air-J. Japan Air
Cleaning Assoc.,, tokyo) U(3):9-17, 1966o Jap.
Hitachi long-term highly efficient filters (having a
dust-collecting efficiency of over 99.97%) have been used
especially in the pretreatment of air. The characteristic common
to the Hitachi cleaners is the use of a multiple ion-radiation
system in the ionization unit. The charing efficiency is
increased by reducing the spreading angle of corona of ion
irradiation by using subelectrodes without increasing
the coronal electric current. The unit exhibits high efficiency,
uses low electric power, and thus does not generate ozone.
Silicone rectifiers are used and entire parts are dipped in oil,
thus giving the high-voltage electric source a semi-permanent life
time.. The safety device penults high-voltage charging parts of
the equipment to be grounded whenever any door of the cabinet may
be opened. Various ways of washing away accumulated dusts are
also described.##
05471
J. Oliver
THE PAINT FINISHER AND AIR POIIOTION. Prod. Finishing
{Cincinnati) pp. 62-9. Apr., 1967-
Bule 66 adopted by Los Angeles County, July 28, 1966
requiring tighter control of the 550 tons of solvent capor
discharged daily appears to be a precursor of regulatory action
in other areas. The rule was based on smog chamber tests of
the photochemical reactivity of various solvent vapors. Rule
66 prohibits the discharge of icre than 15 pounds of organic
material into the atmosphere daily from heat-cured, baked, or
heat-polymerized material unless all organic material has been
reduced 85K or to not more than 15 pounds daily. With air-drying
finishes containing no photochemically reactive solvents
532 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
there ate no restrictions. Control measures include a greater
use of water - based coatings and the substitution of a mixture
of oxygenated solvents and aliphatic hydrocarbons for aromatic
solvents. Where formulation changes do not control the exhausts
from spray booths or baking ovens, alternative controls include
absorption, liquid scrubbing, incineration, and catalytic
combustion,. Substantial tax benefits are under consideration
in some states for companies installing pollution-abatement
equipment.**
05857
D. H., Barnhart and E. K. Diehl
CONTROL OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN ECILEB FLOE GASES EY THO-STAGE
COMBUSTION. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 10 (5) ,
397-U06 (Oct. 1960). (Presente at the 52nd Annual Meeting,
Jir Pollution Control Association, Los Angeles, Calif.,
June 21-26, 1959.)
Two-Stage Combustion with auxiliary-air ports above the
burners is an effective method for controlling the nitric oxide
concentration in boiler flue gases while still maintaining
acceptable boiler performance- While utilizing this method of
operation, with 95% of the coubustion air through the burners, the
nitric oxide level was reduced nearly 30% with both oil and gas
firing. A reduction of 47% occurred during full-lead oil firing
when the air flew through the burners was 90S. The principal
gains made in bringing nitric oxide under control are summarized.,
Two-Stage Combustion together with monor changes to the burner
(approach-cone vanes out and air registers wide open) has given a
total nitric oxide reduction of 56% when firing oil at full load-
is mentioned previously, similar results can be expected in gas
firing. It appears that additional reductions in nitric oxide
would be possible if the air flew through the burners were reduced
another 5 or 10%. The limit would be reached when combustibles
(carbon, CO, etc-} were detected at the furnace outlet, or when
the burners became unstable. The Southern California Edison
Company put the Two-Stage Combustion Hethod into extended test
operation at their El Segundo Steam Station. Although the
fuel-air mixing process requires careful balance between rapid
mixing for best combustion, and delayed mixing for nitric oxide
reduction, the change has not required expensive equipment nor has
it involved any extensive alterations to the boiler. This method
of burning has also been incorporated in the design of two new
boilers for Edison"s Mandalay Station and two for their
Huntington Beach Station. .Two-Stage Combustion is believed
to be a practical operating method for the control of nitric oxide
emission from large gas- or oil-fired boilers. (Author summary
modified)##
05867
A. A» Atkisson, Jr.
NATIONAL MOTOF VEHICLE CONTAMINANT CONTROL REQUIREMENTS.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 12 (5), 23U-«2 (May 1962).
E. Control Methods 533
-------
(Presented at the 5Uth Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, New York City, June 11-15, 1961.)
An attempt has been made to determine the probable existing and
future vehicular pollution problems in the nation, as contrasted to
the problems which actually have occurred in Los Angeles County
and other areas of the State cf California. In the 11
metropolitan areas examined in this study, the data strongly
suggest that atmospheric burdens of vehicular contaminants now
have reached the critical levels necessary for the occurrence of
photochemical smog episodes. Since approximately 20% of total
vehicular hydrocarion emissions are derived from crankcase or
"tlowby" losses, the potential national vehicular contaminant
problem can be substantially minimized by the adoption of blowby
control programs. The county of los Angeles and other agencies
have performed tests on a variety of blowby control devices and
have shown that a virtual 100? control of blowby losses can be
achieved at a cost ranging from six to 18 dollars per vehicle.
These studies also have shown that no adverse maintenance or
operational conditions result from the use of such devices.##
0589U
ti.. A. Bichardson and W. C. Biddleton
EVALUATION OF FILTERS FOB BEHOVING IEBITANTS JflCK POLLUTED AIB.
Heating,, Piping, Air Conditioning 30, 147-51 (Nov. 1958).
(Presented at the Meeting of the Chapters Begional
Committee for Begion 1, American Society of Heating and
Air Conditioning Engineers, Los Angeles, Calif., Hay 6,
1958.,)
Two air-filter media were evaluated by their effectiveness
in reducing human sensory irritation resulting from Los
Angeles smog. The sensory response of one group of
subjects working in a filtered atmosphere was compared with the
response of another similar group working in a non-filtered
atmosphere in identical, adjacent rooms. Sensory response
was measured daily and simulanecus measurements of the physical
composition of the air were obtained. Mcuh of the testing
was with activated carbon filters varying in air detention
time between 0.032 and 0.0030 sec. A significant decrease in
irritation was recorded ever the entire range of air detention
times., Differences in effectiveness with respect to air
detention time were not statistically significant, although a
trend of decreasing effectiveness was observed as air detention
time was reduced. Effectiveness of activated carbon in
removing oxidants was directly related to detention time.
N02 was reduced by activated carbon during its early use. A
particulate filter which effectively removes particles having a
diameter less than 0.05 microns was also tested., No decrease in
sensory irritation was detected., Correlations computed between
measurements taken in the non-filtered atmosphere indicate that
sensory irritation is highly related to oxidant level and
moderately to temperature. (Author's summary)**
534 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
05968
N. A. Richardson, W. C., Middleton, J. D. Isherwood, and
B. Junge
AN INVESTIGATION OF SYSTEMS FCP BEHOVING IRRITANTS FROM POLLUTED
AIH. {In: First report of air pollution studies.)
((California Univ.., Los Angeles, Dept. of Engineering.))
(Sept. No., 55-27,,} (July 1955) , 34 pp.
A study has been initiated to determine the effectiveness of
various types and combinations of filtering devices for removing
the irritants from polluted air. Because the irritants in
"smog" have not been identified, the performance of these systems
will have to be evaluated directly in terms of human response.
For this purpose, a questionnaire which assesses human sensory
response to an air environment has been designed and tested.
Filter effectiveness can be evaluated by measuring the sensory
response of a group of test subjects to a filtered environment and
comparing it to the sensory response which the same test group
«ould exhibit in the absence of the filtering unit. The latter
response roust be ascertained by measuring the concentration of
certain selected chemical substances at the filtering system inlet
and relying upon a correlation between group response and the
concentration of these chemical "indicators." The sensory
response of three test groups to an unfiltered air environment was
being compared to several chemical and physical measurements in
order to establish correlations for use in filter evaluation.
Preliminary results suggest that cxidant concentration as
measured by a phenolphthalein reaction may serve as a good
"indicator" of the severity of "smog" irritation. {Author
abstract modified)##
06105
G. H. P. Bengstorff
A RESEARCH APPROACH TO THE CONTROL CF EMISSIONS FROM
STEELHAKING PROCESSES.. J« Air Pollution Control Assoc., 13
(1), 170-2 (Apr- 1963). (Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting,
Jir Pollution Control Association, Chicago, 111., May 20-24,
1962.,)
A number of studies have contributed toward an understanding of
the iron-oxide-smoke forming processes. One of the most
interesting methods of study has been the use of very highspeed
photography to observe formation of iron-oxide smoke and the
metal bath under various conditions. The motion pictures
obtained in this study are discussed. The mechanism which now
seems most acceptable proposes that metallic iron is vaporized
from an essentially clean surface of liquid metal. This iron
vapor reacts with incoming gas which is at least slightly oxidizing
and forms FeO. The compound FeC is insoluble in the gas (it
has a low vapor pressure) and condenses as fine droplets. This
depletes the iron vapor in the vicinity of the liquid iron, so more
iron is vaporized in an effort to maintain an equilibrium pressure
E. Control Methods 535
-------
of iron vapor. Thus, a continuous pumping action is maintained
for the formation of iron oxide smoke so long as oxidizing gases
are being supplied and the surface of liguid iron is clean enough
for iron vapor to form,, Elimination of smoke at low carton
contents in top blowing is probably the result of suppression of
vaporization of iron., Under other steelmaking conditions, it may
be the result of providing a reducing atmosphere at the surface of
the metal, by cutting off the supply of oxidizing gases such as
carbon dioxide. One suggestion for explaining the elimination of
vaporization of iron at low carbon comes from the pictorial
observation of metal dynamics. Hhen bubbles of CO are no
longer breaking at the surface to expose clean liguid iron, smoke
formation stops. An alternative is that the metal is no longer
able to provide carbon at the surface where oxygen impinges on it
fast enough to prevent the formation of protective higher iron
oxides, (t*
061«it
Hirao, 0.
PROBLEMS OF AIR POLLUTION DDE TO VEHICLE EMISSIONS GASES. J.
Japan Soc. Mech. Engrs. (Tokyo) 69,575, 1568-72, Dec. 1966., Jap.
The reduction of air pollution due to automotive exhaust is
estimated to cost the Japanese tax payer $U2 million. Likewise, a
great expense will be incurred in correcting pollution from steam
power plants. Automobile exhaust causes pollution in local areas
such as heavy traffic circles. The harmful effects of such
pollutants as CO, S02, NO, hydrocarbonds, formaldehyde, and dusts
are discussed, expecially pollution due to CO. A supplement of
secondary air to convert CO to C02, and the even distribution of
gases to the cylinders would be useful in cutting pollution. The
production of various hydrocarbons by the engine is tabulated.
Another possible method for lessening the concentration of
automotive emissions would be in construction of over- and under-
passes to avoid bottlenecks on the highway. This method would be
cheaper than design and installation of engine modifications for
each car. For example, it is estimated that it would cost $900
million per year for cars in the United States to be properly
eguipped to control automotive emissions, which money could more
favorably be used in carefully designed construction of 3000 miles
of highway.
06265
J. P. Krueger, J. C. Beckett, P. C. Andriese, and S.
Kotaka
STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF GASEOUS IONS ON PLANT GROHTH.. (II.
THE CONSTRUCTION AND OPEEATION OF AN AIR PURIFICATION UNIT FOB
USE IN STDDIES ON THE BIOIOGICAI IFJICTS OF GASEOUS IONS).. (J.
Gen. Physiol.) U5(5), 897-901 (Hay 1962).
Air pollutants seriously interfere with the maintenance of
unipolar ionized atmospheres required in experimenting with the
536 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
biological effects of gaseous ions,. The construction and
operation of an air purification unit designed to reduce air
pollution to tolerable levels are described; it has functioned
satisfactorily in conducting experiments with plants and animals.##
06531
I. A.. Chambers
GASOLINE COMPOSITION SS J FACTOB IH AIR POLLUTION. Preprint.
(Presented at the American Chemical Society Meeting, Atlantic
City, N.J., Sept. 16, 1959.)
The evidence accumulated by the Air Pollution Control District
of Los Angeles for modifying gasoline composition as a means of
reducing the formation of smog was illustrated. Studies were made
with exhaust from engine operations using fuels of high, very low
and intermediate olefin content. The evidence included
correlations between the following: Relationships between fuel
composition and eye irritation; gasoline composition to exhaust
composition; fuel olefins to plant damage; gasoline composition to
aerosol formation; and gasoline compositions to ozone, aldehyde,
and other intermediate formations. No fully adequate conclusion
as to the explicit relationship between gasoline composition and
smog can be formulated at present. It is evident that fuel
constituents influence the smog forming properties of exhausts and
that certain blends of gasoline are superior to others in this
respect,f#
06688
8. S. Sease and G. Fn Connell
POT OZONE TO HOBK TREATING PLANT HASTE HATER. Plant Eng.
20 (11) , 126-7 (Nov. 1966) .
Ozone is an extremely versatile chemical used for water treatment,
and waste, odor and air pollution control. In natural states it
occurs in concentrations of 0.01 - 0.02 ppm by volume. Of all
the methods of commercial production, corona discharge is the most
successful technique for industrial application. In
generating ozone, a minimuiD voltage of 1500V is impressed upon a
conductor. Between conductor and ground, there is a non-conductor
and an air gap. The corona discharge occurs in this gap.
Concentrations of 19! by weight, or 6000 ppm by volume can be
produced on a consistent and practical basis. Ozone, as an
oxidizing agent, purifies water from organic matter, bacteria and
viruses and facilitates filtering of solvable ferrous and manganese
salts. In waste treatment plants which employ primary and
secondary systems for waste removal, ozone provides the tertiary
or final polishing treatment of the effluent. Properly handled,
toxicity of ozone presents no greater problem than any normal
compressor or motor,,**
E. Control Methods 537
-------
06711
ELECTROSTATIC FORCES. Text in French. J. Equipment
Electrique Electronigue, No. 201:77-85, 1960. Engl, transl..
Technical Documents Liaison Office, ECLTD, Bright-Patterson
AFB, Ohio, MCL-1206/1+2, 17p«, Sept., 13, 1961.
DDC: AD 268876
Information, taken from reports presented at the International
Ccnference of Grenoble, on practical applications of
electrostatic forces is given. Industrial applications of
electrostatic forces have been classified into four groups: (1)
Capturing permits in particular the treatment of industrial gases
and removal of dust from them, and the purification of air. (2)
Depositing applies to electrostatic painting and to the treatment
of plants.. It also applies to the manufacturing of abrasive paper
and cloth, to flocking of the surface of various objects, to
powdering sheets of metal, and to the manufacture of fluorescent
tubes; also in xerography, enamelling, metallization, lubrication
of laminated steel, smoking of certain food products, and
especially the treatment of cereal grains with insecticides before
storing. (3) Extracting is known for its application to the
draining of paint in installations for drip painting; and (U)
Separating consists chiefly of sorting minerals, and sorting
mixtures of sand and grains of steel coining from ingots. The
most instructive applications are described.##
06778
(INDOSTBY AND ATMOSPHERIC POIIUTICN IN GBEAT ERITAIN.)
Industrie et pollution atmospherigue en Grande Bretagne.
Centre Interprofessionnel Technique d'Etudes de la
Pollution Atmospherique, Paris, France. (1967.,) 6 pp., Fr.
(Kept. No. CI 310.) (C..I.T.E.P..A. Document No., 2K.)
A summary of the basis of governmental action in Great Britain
in the struggle against industrial emissions is outlined.
The regulations imposed by the "Alkali Act" are in most cases
based on "the most practical means." Standards are given for
chimney heights. statutory limits are given for various
materials emitted such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric
acid, nitric acid, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, arsenic,
antimony, cadmium, and lead,. The construction of tall
buildings tends to reduce the benefits obtained by tall chimneys.
A better knowledge of the effects of pollutants should be
obtained so as not to burden industry with unnecessary expense in
their control. It is urged that international standards
for emission be adopted, (tt
068I1H
H. C.. Anderson, P. L. Eomeo and H. J. Green
A NEW FAMILY OF CATALYSTS FOB NITRIC ACID TAIL GASES.
Engelhara Ind. Tech. Bull. 7 (3), 100-5 (Dec. 1966).
538 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
The palladium unitory ceramic catalyst remove oxides of nitrogen
from tail gases produced during the production of nitric acid was
evaluated. The new catalyst, provides excellent abatement at
100 p.s.i.g., using space velocities of 100,000. Even at 150,000,
<)H% of the NOx was removed, with ammonia in only slight excess
over the NOx. Bench-scale and field experience have shown that
the unitary ceramic catalyst is well adapted to the treatment of
nitric acid stack gases. **
06867
fl. !„ Emitriev
IFJECT OF IONIZING BADIATION ON THE COMPOSITION OP THE AIE
SITHIN A FACTOBY., (Vliyanie ioniziruyushchei radiatsii
na sostav vozdukha proizvodstvennykh pomeshchenii.,) Hyg,,
Sanit. JGigiena i Sanit.,) 30 (4), HH-50 (Apr. 1965).. Euss.
(Tr.)
A study was made of the efficiency of the processes leading to
the production of nitrogen oxides and ozone in the air under
the action of ionizing radiation and neutrons. A comparison of
the data obtained with concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and
ozone gases, formed in the air under natural conditions, made
it possible to set the maximum permissible doses of ionizing
radiation and that of the integral neutron current in the air
of industrial premises. The following values of the permissible
absorbed dose and the integral neutron flux were obtained 530 r
and 1.,0x10 to the 12th power neutr./cc for 03 and 70,000r and
1.3x10 to the 14th power neutr./cc for nitrogen oxides. These
values for the maximum permissible absorbed doses and the integral
neutron fluxes may be used as initial data for determining the
capacity of ventilation installations in factories where the
personnel ace subjected ot irradiation. Safe entrance into the
roon after the termination of irradiation (when the radiation
source has been automatically removed into a special well)
will be ensured by a ventilation factor of 36 during the period
of irradiation, at a typical mean dose rate of 10 r/sec. If
the volume of the rocmsis, for example, 150 cu m, the rate of
the removal of air should not be less than 1.5 cu m/sec.##
06877
A. I. stezhenskii and. 0. A. Zagorovskii
POILUTION OF THE DHBAN ATMOSPHEBE BY NITBOGEN OXIDES-
(K voprosu o zagryazenii atmcsfery gorodov okislami azota,,) Hyg.
Sanit,, {Gigiena i Sanit.) 30 (6), U08-10 (June 1965). Buss.
(Tr.)
The emission of nitrogen oxides and a possible measure for
reducing N02 content in the flue gases discharged by the gas
turbine were discussed., Nitrogen dioxide content in flue gas of
different installations are compared and the highest NO2 content
is found in combustion products discharged by the gas turbine.
E. Control Methods 539
-------
The most practicable and efficient method for reducing the
production of N02 is the reduction of the cooling {quenching)
rate of the combustion product by lengthening the gas line leading
from the combustion chamber to the turbine and by a gradual
feeding of secondary air through a series of holes arranged at
uniform intervals along the entire length of the gas line«##
06967
PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION IN THE STATE OF NORTH RHINE-
WESTPHALH. Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare, North
Tthine-Hestphalia, Germany)}. (Report to the Congrss on the
"Prevention of Air Pollution", Duesseldorf, Germany, Apr.
5-7, 1965,,) 78p., Translated from German.
A survey of the activities in North Rhine-Westphalia for the
prevention of air pollution is reported and the results are
summarized. The report included: (1) history, legal basis,
administrative organization, smogwarning network, and economic
problems; (II) Report of the Factory Inspection Dept.
(Enterprises subject to approval and other enterprises and
working places); and (III) report of the State Institute for
Air Pollution Control and Land Utilization (monitoring of air
pollution, techniques for measuring immissions, relationship
between emission and immission, technical steps for the
restriction of emissions, and the effect of air pollution on soil,
vegetation and animals.**
07093
REVIEW OF RESTRICTING GAS EHISSION FROM NITRIC-ACID PLANTS.
((VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure) Kommission Reinhaltung
der Luft, Duesseldorf, Germany,)) (VDI No. 2295.) (July 1963)
Ger. (Tr.) 12 pp..
The control of nitrogen oxides during the production of nitric
acid was discussed- Nitrogen oxides emissions are restricted by
absorption, suitable discharge outlets,, and on the basis of
imissions. Because of the particularities of nitrous gases, the
content of the waste gases cannot be completely controlled., ##
07121
Halliday, E- C.
ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF SHOG ABATEMENT. South African
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria,
HE-19, 13p.,, ((1960)).. 6 refs- (Reprinted from the Eastern
Province Soc. of Engineers J., 1960-1961.)
The current American abstracts indicate that over 600 papers are
being published on air pollution each year, a high percentage of
540 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
then being concerned with engineering aspects of the reduction of
concentration of pollution in the atmosphere™ The topics
discussed include: the pollutants and their sources, the effects of
atmospheric pollution, the dissipation of pollutants in the
atnosphere, the reduction of pollution, pollution from combustion,
sulfur dioxide from combustion, and grit and dust arrestment in
industry. Button's equation fcr the case of the emission of
pollutants at a height above the ground is also discussed. ##
07172
Collier, E. I., M. C. Gourdine, and E. H. Malcolm
ElECTROGASDYNJBICS AND PRECIPITATION. Ind. Eng. Chen.,
58(12) :26-29, Dec.. 1966.,
Electrogasdynamic (ZGD) precipitation is discussed.
Electrogasdynanics is concerned with the acceleration or
deceleration of a flowing gas containing unipolar ions with the
expenditure or extraction of electrical energy. The EGD
precipitator consists of three basic components: an ionizing
section, a dielectric section, and a collector section™ The
entrance to the precipitator is a high velocity duct in which the
ionization of particulate matter occurs. The particles leave the
ionizer through a dielectric section at approximately the same
velocity and expand through a decelerating diffuser into a
collector. The dielectric section separates and electrically
insulates the collector from the ionizer and allows the buildup of
a strong space-charge field. Repulsion of the particles, due to
like charges, drives them to the walls of the collector where they
are precipitated. The thecry cf space-charge collection,
generators, and ion sources is reviewed. A precipitation
system based upon electrogasdynaiic principles is feasible.
Performance levels comparable to those of conventional devices can
he obtained in an installation of considerably lower capital cost-
The geometry considered in the analysis was, for simplicity,
cylindrical. However, i large scale installation would employ a
rectangular plate construction similar to conventional
precipitators, with the greatly increased plate separation that the
space-charge collection system permits.t#
07187
E. C. larson and H. E. Sipple
LOS ANGELES RULE 66 AND EXEBPT SOLVENTS. J.. Paint
Technol- 39 (508) : 258-26« ((May 1967). {Presented at the Los
Angeles Society for Coatings Technology, Calif., Oct. 12,
1966; at the Golden Gate Society, San Francisco, Calif.,
Oct. 17, 1966; and at the Portland, Seattle, abd Vancouver
Sections of the Pacific Northwest Society, Hashington,
Oct. 19, 20, and 21, 1966.}
The implications of Rule 66 of the Los Angeles County Air
Pollution Control District, which controls the emissions of
volatile organic solvents, are reviewed for their effect on the
E. Control Methods 541
-------
paint industry. The various provisions of Rule 66 are discussed
to illustrate the desirability of using exempt solvents.
Saturated hydrocarbons (iso, normal,, and cycloparaf f ins) ,
alcohols, esters, ether-alcohols, and non-branched ketones are
entirely exempt. The exempt limits for photochemical reactive
materials are as follows: olefins - 556, C8 plus aromatics - 8%,
and toluene, ethylbenzene, branched ketones, and
trichloroethylene - 205S-, Hith mixtures of these photochemical
reactives the total allowable amount is 2055, The problem facing
the paint industry is the replacement of the aromatic solvents
which are good solvents, but are photochemically reactive. (igh
solvency napthenic base stocks will help offset the solvency of the
displaced aromatics for the long oil alkyds and many medium oil
alkyds. Small quantities of non-exempt solvents can be used
provided the escaping vapors are condensed or burned efficiently-
The General Services Administration has asked for a revision
of all their purchasing specifications to conform to Pule 66..##
07199
S., Yoshinari
ELECTROSTATIC AIB FILTER. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air J.. Japan.
Air Cleaning Assoc. , Tokyo) 1{1):70-71, 1964. Jap.
Electrostatic air filters are divided into two groups: the 2-step
charging type and the dielectric filter type. Under the charge
type come the automatic flush type, automatic washing type, and
exchange filter type. The dielectric filter type gives a charge
to the filter which has a high dieletric constant in order to
promote efficiency. This type of filter does not produce much
ozone. In the two-step charging type the air resistance is very
small during the operation and the collecting efficiency largely
depends on the velocity of the air (90% for 2.5 cu m/sec and 46?
for 5 cu m/sec., Pre-filtration is recommended because fibrous or
large-size dusts or a short between the charging plates caused by
high humidity will decrease the efficiency. The cost of the
equipment and maintenance for one year is tabulated for air flow of
100 cu m/min and 30 cu m/min.Id
07205
"SHCK-CLEAN" A NEW DEVICE TO ELIMINATE CITY SMOG.,
"Smok-Clean" Nuovo Eepuratcve per Eliminare lo Smog delle
Citta., Fumi Polveri (Milan) 7 (4), S3-6 (Apr. 1967). It.
The smog purifier consists of four parts: a heat exchanger, a
purifier, a basin for the sashing solution, and a ventilator.. The
washing column is filled with inert material. Here, the
combustion fumes corce in contact vith a water solution which
precipitates the carbon particles and physico-chemical atsorption
of the sulfur oxides occurs. The use of a cheap material that
could resist the corrosive action of sulfurous and sulfuric acids
is necessary. It was found that Moplen (a polypropylene product
of Montesud Petrochemical) was suitable. Between the heater
542 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
and the Moplen washer, a metal heat exchanger is placed to cool
the 220 deg. C-230 deg C funes from the heater dcwn to
120 deg C-130 deg C. The advantages of using the "smok-clean"
device are that it is cheap to operate, it does not produce fumes,
and it is safe and relatively noiseless,. It is also efficient,
for it eliminates 98% of the sulfur oxides and 96? of the carbon
particles.#t
07549
M. Yamate
AIR POLLUTION BY TOXIC GAS AND ITS COUNTER MEASURE. Text in
Japanese. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air, J,. Japan Air Cleaning
Assoc., Tokyo) 3 (2): 19-25, 1965. 5 refs.
The present status of air pollution in Japan and its counter
neasures are described according to the chemical composition of
the pollutlants: sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, halogen
compounds, organic compounds, and solid particles (dusts). The
hourly variation of S02 concentration is graphed.. In Tokyo,
there is a peak around noon of about 15 pphm; N02 ranges
froni 1 to 1-5 pphm with little variation. Concentrations of
S02, NO, N02, H2S, and CO were measured in Yokkaichi,
Osaka and Ube as well as in Tokyo. Graphs relating amount
of traffic to CO concentration show almost the same pattern.
Concentrations of HC1 and HF in the air are quite small
(0.35 ppm and 0.3-0.4 micrcgrams/cu m. , respectively) near
chemical plants producing these gases. Counter measures used
against the various pollutant emissions are: the dry method,
wet method, activated carbon method for sulfur oxides; alkali or
oxidation method for nitrogen oxide; dry iron oxide and dry
absorption methods for H2S; and water washing method for
HC1 and HF» Afterburner methods by sparking and heat
concentration are described fcr control of automobile exhausts,.
However, problems encountered with the afterburner methods are
the high temperature reguired and nitrogen oxide increase. The
equipment reguired is also rather large.. Another method employing
catalysts is described in which Icam, molybdenum, white gold,
nickel or vanadium are used effectively.##
07552
Eillings, Charles E-, Charles Kurker, Jr., and Leslie
Silverroan
SIMULTANEOUS REMOVAL OF ACID GASES, KISTS, AND FUMES WITH
MINERAL BOOL FILTERS.. J.. Air Pollution Control Assoc..,
8(3) :195-202, Nov. 1958. 20 refs. (Presented at the 51st
Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Philadelphia,
Pa., Hay 26-29, 1958.)
Investigations have indicated that tuo in. thick filters at four
Ib/cu. ft. packing density will remove up to 80% of acid mist
and up to 99* of acid gases and fumes. Total filter life depends
upon concentration cf contairinant in the entering air. A
E. Control Methods 543
-------
summary of filter performance is given.. Estimated operating life
based upon one use of the filter material can be obtained from the
data given. Hith particulates such as iron oxide and fly ash, it
has been found possible to wash and reuse filters about ten times.
when iron oxide was collected simultaneously with S02, filters
were reused about eight tines. Acid gas collection is
significantly improved by the presence of moisture on slag wool
filters. Mineral wool filters have several features such as, low
cost (about 1 cents/lg.,), snail fiber diameter (i» micron and
ability to withstand high temperatures (1000 deg F.). Slag wool
will simultaneously remove sub-micron particulate materials with
90 to 99% efficiency. Resistance to flow through two in. slag
wool filters (with an HF efficiency of 95%) is on the order of
one or two in. of water, or if continuously moistened, at most 6
in. of water. *#
0755U
Donahue, J. !,„
SYSTEM DESIGNS FOE THE CATALYTIC DECOMPOSITION OF NITBOGEN
OXIDES.. 0. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 8 (3) : 209-212, 222,
Nov., 1958. 6 refs., (Presented at the 51st Annual Meeting,
Air Pollution Control Assoc., Philadelphia, Pa., May 25-29,
1958.)
The control of exhausts from industrial and chemical operations
containing harmful concentrations of nitrogen oxides is
accomplished by catalytic reduction of the gases. Catalytic
destruction of nitrogen oxides, system designs currently in use on
industrial applications, and operating performance are discussed.
Ey mixing a hydrocarbon, or reactive fuel with the gases, and
passing them through a catalyst, the end products are odorless,
color-free, and harmless gases.. Catalytic reduction of nitrogen
oxides can be accomplished at either atmospheric or elevated
pressure. The main components are the preheater, exhaust fan, and
catalyst bed. As the process waste gases enter the system, they
become mixed with and preheated ty the recycled portion of the
stream. The combined stream then passes the preheater.
Following this, the reducing fuel is sparged into the system, and
the combined stream enters the exhaust fan, is thoroughly mixed,
and discharged through the catalyst element. Here, the oxidation
of the sparge fuel and reduction of the nitrogen oxides takes
place, with heat release in prcpcrticn to the sparge fuel supplied.
For elevated pressures designers now incorporate a Catalytic
Pressure Beactor, installed between the process tail gas outlet
and the expansion turbine. A dual result is thus obtained; the
catalyst reduces the oxides of nitrogen to produce a clear, clean,
effluent, and the power recovered through the turbine is increased
many times by the greatly elevated temperature of the gases. To
date, there have been no reports of personnel discomfort, or
corrosion attributed to exhaust streams whose oxides of nitrogen
content has been reduced by processing in a catalytic system- In
every case, users report complete elimination of the characteristic
color and odor, which are otherwise strongly in evidence.##
544 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
07593
Panel on Electrically Powered Vehicles
THE AUTOMOBILE AND AIR POLLUTION: A PROGRAM FOB PBOGRESS,,
Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District, Calif.,
51pu, Oct. 1967.
GPO: 0-278-U82
Air pollution problems fron the viewpoint of automotive
transportation were studied in general and all possible
alternatives to the current gasoline engine were investigated by
the Panel on Electrically Powered Vehicles. The Panel made
sixteen recommendations for the Federal Government with respect
to its role concerning air pollution resulting from automotive
euissions. Technology and the control of automotive air
pollution and the role of industry are also discussed.##
07613
Gidgway, So L- and J,, C» Lair
AUTOMOTIVE AIB POLLUTION: A SYSTEMS APPBOACH. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., 10 (1) : 336-340, Aug. 1960. 1 ref.
(Presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Jssoc., Los Angeles, Calif., June 21-26, 1959.)
The application of systems engineering to the control of pollution
from automotive exhaust is illustrated. First, the design and
conplex mechanical function of the flame afterburner system are
analyzed. The efficiency of the device is discussed. Secondly,
an analysis is made of the natural meteorological modulation of the
concentration of air pollution to form an estimate of the results
that might be brought about by the control of emissions. By
examination of past records, September was found to be the worst
uonth of the smog season. Concentrations of ozone and carbon
monoxide for the month of September froi 1955-1958 were studied.
It «as deduced, on the basis of analysis, that a pollutant which
contributes to smog formation must be reduced in concentration by a
factor of 2 or 3 in order to reduce the worst September
experience to the level of the best. The efficiency of control
devices required to reduce today's pollution is calculated.#t
07881
Gruuer, J., M. E. Harris, V. H.. Bowe, and E. B. Cook
EFFECT OF RECYCLING COPIEOSTION PRODUCTS ON PRODUCTION OF OXIDES OF
NITROGEN, CABBON MONOXIDE AND HYDROCARBONS EY GAS BURNER
FUMES. Preprint, Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa., t2p., 1967. 2H
rets. (Presented at the Symposium on Air Pollution Control
Through Applied Combustion Science, 16th Annual Meeting,
Jserican Inst. of Chemical Engineers, New York City, Nov.
26-30, 1967)
E. Control Methods 545
-------
Gas appliances designed to lessen the emission of oxides of
nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons, are desired., The
formation and decay of oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide in
the secondary combustion zone of gas-burner flames were
investigated as functions of temperature, cooling rate (temperature
gradient), and degree of recycling of combustion products into the
primary combustion zone of the flame; preliminary measurements were
made on hydrocarbons from flames. Eecycling, though effective in
reducing nitrogen oxides concentrations in effluent from gas
appliances, makes the flames longer and less stable.. Nitrogen
oxides may be reduced by keeping the primary combustion temperature
as low as possible, preferably no higher than about 3,000 deg. F.,
and by starting to cool the combustion gases as soon as possible to
about 2,300 deg. F at which temperature concentrations of nitrogen
oxides do not increase within the residence time in most gas
appliances* Concentrations of carbon monoxide are lowered by
recycling of flue gases. The oxidation rate of carbon monoxide is
strongly increased by increasing the oxygen concentration.
Although the point has yet to be proven by future research, it
appears that carbon monoxide concentrations may best be lowered by
appliance designs that allow rapid induction of secondary air into
the secondary combustion zones. Hydrocarbons can escape from gas
burner flames by flowing from the preheat zone of partially lifted
flames through the dead space into the surrounding cold atmosphere.
Eecycling of combustion gases, very low fuel-air ratio, and very
high flow rates tend to promote partial lifting of flames from
burner ports. It is possible that the emission of hydrocarbons by
gas appliances may largely be avoided by designing for well-seated
flames on burner ports..
07884L
H. lew, B. Woodruff, H. Johnson, W. Husa
ION EXCHANGEES IN BEMOVAL 0? AIR CONTAMINANTS. San
Francisco Bay-Naval Shipyard, Vallejo, Calif., Chemical
tab.-802U-66, PB-1, «30))p.. March 1967. {(50)) refs.
DDC: AD 808060L
The ability of ion exchangers to be synthesized, modified,
regenerated, or used in customary form to react with gaseous air
contaminants and effect removal of these contaminants from air
was studied. Results show that treated and untreated ion
exchangers will react with a variety of gaseous materials and
thereby cause removal of these materials from air. Reactions
which occur between ion exchange resins and ionized reactants in
agueous media will likely occur in gaseous systems. The
possibilities of reactions between exchangers and organic
contaminants at nominal temperatures cannot necessarily be
foreseen. Favorable reactions between organic vapors and
exchanged groups on ion exchange resins are being sought. ##
07893
Stern, Arthur C.
AIR POLLUTION CONTEOL - PROBLEMS FOB THE AUTOMOTIVE
ENGINEER- Preprint, Public Health Service, Washington, D. C..,
546 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
National Center for Air Pollution Control, 15p.r ((1967)),,
(Presented at the National West Coast Meeting, Society of
Automotive Engineers, Portland, Oreg., Aug. 16, 1967,,)
The contribution of the automobile and other gasoline power
vehicles to pollution are discussed™ The adverse effects and the
contributing pollutants are cited. Control efforts are being
undertaken under the mandate of the Motor Vehicle Air Pollution
Control Act, which authorizes the establishment of standards for
the emission of substances harmful to public health. Compliance
certification of new motor vehicles and engines and the technical
problens involved are discussed. Approaches to vehicular-emission
control are discussed, specially the inter-relationship of engine,
fuel, and refinery design. The corresponding problems of the
automotive engineer are cited.
07921
Benforado, David H. , Pauletta, Carl E. , and Hazzard, Noel D.
ECONOMICS OF HEAT BECOVEBY IN DIBICT-FLAME IOME INCINEBATION. Air
Ing., 9(3):29-32, March 1967. 3 refs.
Direct-flame fume incineration as an effective and economical air
pollution control process is discussed. Its advantages over
thermal incineration without a flame, its use in conjunction with
heat recovery eguipment are topics also covered. Direct-flame
incineration, economy of heat recovery eguipment, practical
solution to air pollution problem, control eguipment requirements,
design criteria, information required by eguipment manufacturer and
measurement of effectiveness of eguipment are also discussed.
07931
Ertl, D- H..
E1ECTBOSTATIC GAS CLEANING. S. African Mech. Engr.
(Johannesburg), 16 (8) : 159-168 , March 1967.
Electrostatic precipitators are a highly developed and
efficient means of cleaning industrial and waste gases,
satisfying all modern hygienic and industrial requirements. Each
precipitator has to fulfill two functions: (1) electrically
charging the dust and capturing it by electrodes which are at
earth potential; and (2) passing this precipitated dust, with
ninimum re-entrainment losses, into the hoppers underneath the
precipitation field. Parameters influencing the total dust
collecting efficiency are: the ratio of the collecting plate area
to gas flow rate, which is a dimension of the precipitator size;
the migration velocity or the velocity by which the dust is
attracted to the collecting plate under electrical forces, which is
dependent on field intensity; the dielectric constant of the dust;
the dew-point of the gas/dust mixture, high dew-point being better
suited for precipitation than a completely dry gas. Factors
E. Control Methods 547
-------
adversely affecting precipitation efficiency are space charges,
which develop when there are large amounts of very fine dust in
the gas, and dust resistivity, which makes precipitation difficult
when the dust layers have an electrical resistance of greater than
approx. 10 to the 11th power ohm/cm. Precipitators are
important for thermal power stations where the dust fineness must
also be taken into account in design. The use of precipitators
for blast furnaces and steel works, cement works, and in the
chemical industry, is noted. Dust collecting efficiencies of
99., 5* are not exceptional and greater efficiency is advisable in
continuous operation at numerous plants. For optimum dust
collecting results, the specific dust properties have to be taken
into account during the planning stage of the whole plant.##
08036
Hicke, E.
FUNDAMENTALS OF CATALYTIC AFTF.BEUBNING. (Grundlagen der
katalytischen Nachverbrennung-) Chem. Ingr. Tech. (Weinheim) ,
37(9) : 892-901, Sept. 1965. 27 refs. Translated from German.
Joint Publications Besearch Service, Washington, B.C.,
B-8885-E. 33p., Jan. 12, 1968.
Catalytic afterburning proved itself as suitable for the removal
of objectionable and harmful impurities from industrial exhaust
gases in a number of instances. The length of the catalyst
stretch that must be passed by the exhaust gases to attain a
certain degree of conversion {degree of oxidation) can be
characterized in terms of the 'length of a conversion unit"
provided that the reaction is first-crder and proceeds
approximately isothermally. This term encompasses in a rational
manner the effects of reaction rate and catalyst activity
(including catalyst porosity and internal surface), gas
flowthrough, longitudinal mixing, and material transfer between gas
flow and catalyst surface. The material transfer imposes
minimum lengths for a conversion unit; these were explained in more
detail for a particle layer and for insert catalysts with
perpendicular flow within tube clusters. If the conditions
deviate strongly from formal kinetics of first order, this
treatment no longer remains applicable, as has been shown on the
example of an autocatalytic oxidation of CO on a Pt carrier
catalyst. at higher concentrations of components to be
oxidized, increasing temperature profiles develop along the
catalyst layer: these were discussed under the assumption that
the operation is adiabatic. As the heat generation and the
activation energy of the reaction increase, more and more of the
total conversion will crowd into a relatively short layer cross
section with a steep temperature gradient. Under certain
conditions, thermal instabilities may occur here for the catalyst.
These lead to the formation of "combustion zones," which are
stationary only at a characteristic "combustion rate" and gas flo»
rate within the catalyst layer. Curved combustion zones are able
to adapt themselves within wide ranges to changing gas flow rate by
expansion or shrinkage.. Concentration profiles measured in a
combustion zone created with a butane/oxygen mixture indicate the
intensity of the reaction in the steep temperature rise range.
543 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AlR POLLUTION
-------
Coubustion zones could be created at relatively small temperature
gradients (about 200 deg) and relatively low intake temperatures
in the autocatalytic oxidation of CO on Ft catalysts- ASt#
08055
Hardison, L. C.
CONTROLLING COHBUSTIBLE EMISSIONS. Paint Varnish Prod-, 57(7) :t1-
U7, July 1967.
The control of solvent emissions may be handled by adsorption,
thermal incineration, and catalytic incineration™ Adsorption has
the disadvantage of requiring reconstitution of the solvent and
presents a complex addition to the manufacturing procedure.
Adsorption as a means of concentrating solvent into a smaller
stream for subsequent incineration appears attractive for some
paint spray applications., Incineration provides the most nearly
nniversal answer to the solvent emission problem, and perhaps the
uost costly. Catalytic incineration is not universally accepted at
the present time because of the lack of evidence of sustained
performance, and will require a guarantee of service and
replacement in order to gain acceptance for solvent emission
control., Thermal incineration, on the other hand, can be assumed
to sustain a given perfornance level if the flovs, temperatures,
etc., are held constant.. This will be the main tool for solvent
incineration in the coating industries in the near future.
08075
Griswold, S. S.
REGULATION OF NEW MOTOR VEHICLES. Preprint, Public Health
Service, Washington, D» Cu , Division of Air Pollution, 7p_,
1966. '{Presented at the National Conference on Air Pollution,
Bashington, D_ C., Dec. 12-1«, 1966.)
The problem of air pollution from motor vehicles is discussed.
The basis for the discussion is the Motor Vehicle Air
Pollution Control Act., It is an amendment to the Clean Air
Act of 1963 and was signed by President Johnson on October 20,
1965,, It is designed to achieve uniform national control by
limiting the emission from all ne« motor vehicles introduced into
commerce, whether manufactured in the United states or imported
from abroad. It authorizes the Secretary of Health,
Education, and Helfare to establish standards for the emission of
any substance which in his judgment is, or may be, injurious to
public health or welfare and to require compliance with these
standards. At the same time the Act specifies that appropriate
consideration be given to technological feasibility and economic
costs in prescribing standards applicable to new motor vehicles or
engines. Federal emission standards were formally promulgated on
March 30, 1966- These standards are applicable to the 1968
model year and reflect those currently in effect in the State of
California. To implement these standards, to test for compliance
and, generally, to provide the necessary machinery for insuing that
E. Control Methods 549
-------
the public gets the control it needs, the Abatement Branch of the
Division of Air Pollution is establishing a fully equipped
laboratory at the Willow Bun airport near Detroit. This
laboratory also has the responsibility for evaluating the adequacy
of existing standards and the need for more severe standards and
less complex test procedures,. Field surveys of equipped vehicles
in California and elsewhere are also being being conducted.
Initial certification of new systems is approved on the basis of
performance of test vehicles, but the continued approval for
succeeding years will be determined by the systems" effectiveness
when evaluated under realistic driving conditions.t#
08162
Hatsak, V. G.
THE PURIFICATION OF AIR POLLUTED BY VAPOES AND GASES. In: Survey of
D. S» S. B. Literature from Russian by Bu S» Levine. National
Bureau of Standards, Washington, E. C., Inst. for Applied Tech.,
Vol. 3, 177-185, May 1960,
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
Methods for the recovery and purification of noxious substances
ejected by gas exhaust and ventilating installations are reviewed™
It was found easier to purify exhaust gases than ventilating air..
The methods include: Chemical purification method. Condensation
method. Liquid absorption method,, and Absorption by solid
absorbents (adsorption). Present methods for air and gas
purification can be rendered close tc 100 percent free of most acid
and alkali gases, organic solvent vapors and some other gases. But
no effective and cheap method has been found up to the present for
the recovery of carbon monoxide.. Purification of air from solvent
vapors, such as gasoline, acetone, acetates, etc. can be used
effectively only in the case of tail gases and not in the
purification of ventilating air, even though it is effective in
bcth instances; the high cost makes its use for purification of
ventilation air economically prohibitive.. The possibility of using
solid absorbents, such as activated charcoal and silicagel for the
purification of ventilation air may apply to many cases. The
primary obstacle lies in the high cost of adsorbent material and in
the consumption of considerable electric energy in overcoming the
pressure drop of recuperating installations.
08207
Scurirajan, S. and Mauro A. Accomazzo
THE APPLICATION OF THE COPPED OXIDE-ALUMINA CATALYST FOP AIE
POLLUTION CONTROL. Can. J. Chen". Eng. (Ottawa), 39(2):83-93, April
1961. 8 refs.
The catalytic combustion of 1-hexene present in diluent nitrogen in
the concentrations of 1170 ppm and 3000 ppm by excess oxygen, has
been studied in the presence of CUO-A1203 (1:1) catalyst in the
temperature range 212 deg. to U21 deg. C. and gas space velocity in
the range 1000-16,000 hr.-1» The experimental data on the kinetics
550 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
of the reaction were found to fit an empirical half-order law with
respect to the 1-hexene concentration. The presence of water vapor
in the reactants was found to have no effect on the efficiency of
the catalyst at temperatures higher than 400 deg. C. The above
results were similar to those obtained for the catalytic oxidation
of n-hexene studied earlier. The possible use of the above copper
oxide-alumina catalyst for the simultaneous removal of hydrocarbons
and carbon monoxide present in the auto exhaust gases has been
tested, making use of a 1955 six-cylinder automobile engine run on
leaded gasoline fuel. The hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide
concentrations encountered in these studies varied in the range 170-
16,000 ppm and 1-7 percent respectively. It was found that the
minimum initial temperature of the catalyst bed reguired for the
complete removal of both hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide,
simultaneously, was 226 deg. C- under no load condition, 312 deg.
C. under an engine load of 2.5 hp, 400 deg. C. under an engine load
of 5.1 hp or higher, and 236 deg. C. under deceleration conditions..
The catalyst showed no deterioration in performance even after 100
hours of continuous service in conjunction with the above auto
exhaust gases. Authors abstract
08345
Cooper, Jonathan C. and Frank T. Cunniff
CONTROL OF SOLVENT EMISSIONS. Proc. MECAB Symp., New
Developments in Air Pollution Control, Metropolitan
Engineers Council on Air Resources, New York City, p., 30-41,
Ccto 23, 1967.
Four different approaches can be taken toward controlling solvent
vapor emissions fron industrial and commercial operations. One
way is to avoid air pollution entirely by using water as the
solvent. A second approach is to reduce the severity of the
pollution by changing to organic solvents with low photochemical
reactivity. A third control method is to destroy the escaping
solvent vapors by incineration. When properly designed and
installed this method is very effective and the capital costs
involved are moderate. The fourth type of control method is to
capture the emitted solvent vapors so that the solvent can be
recovered for reuse. Three technigues are available -
adsorption of the vapors in a scrubbing liquid, condensation by
cooling, and adsorption on activated carbon. Of these,
activated carbon adsorption is the most generally applicable and is
capable of achieving the highest degree of solvent recovery, with
resulting attractive payout.##
09238
Hader, P. P., and E. S. Mills
CONTAMINANT CONTROL IN SPACE CABINS: APPROACH AND EESULTS.
Aerospace Med., 38(8):822-825, Aug. 1967, 4 refs.
The systematic screening of materials and supplies intended for
use inside space cabins is described. Materials were screened on
E. Control Methods 551
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the basis o± their outgassing properties at 120 deg F- for 72
hrs. in an apparatus consisting of a closed 72-1. Pyrex flask
containing 50 percent 02 and 50 percent nitrogen and equipped with
several inlet tubes through which gas samples were withdrawn for
gas chromatographic and infrared analysis. Pressure within the
flasks was adjusted to 0.5 atm. The test temperature of '\20 deg
F. was selected as the highest level at which the chromatograms
and infrared spectra were still representative of the actual
components in the gaseous system. When paints and finishes were
tested, a water-based methacrylate paint was found to release the
smallest amounts of outgassing products, while epoxy paint and
polyvinyl acetate released considerably larger volumes of
outgassing products. A sound dampener was discarded when tests
indicated the release of substantial amounts of formaldehyde.
Glasswool and asbestos ribbons released large amounts of organic
compounds, although they had been previously flashfired at 700
deg F. One insulating material was selected after 6 were
screened. Trichlorethylene, used as a space cabin cleaner, should
not be used for a final cleaning of a space cabin simulator because
it forms toxicchlorinated acetylenes. Atmospheric contaminants
were also measured during a 30-day test of the space cabin
simulator by t men.t#
09315
Newhall, H. K. and E. S. Starknan
DIRECT SPECTBOSCOPIC DETEBHINATION OF NITRIC OXIDE IN RECIPBCCAT-
ING ENGINE CYLINDERS. Preprint,, Society of Automotive Engi-
neers, 18p., 1967., 35 refs. (Presented at the Automotive Engi-
neering Congress, Detroit, Hich,,, Jan., 9-13, 1967, Paper
670122) .
A theoretical and experimental investigation was carried out to
determine the mechanism whereby nitric oxide is formed, conserved,
and exhausted from the reciprocating engine combustion chamber.
The equipment utilized a magnesium oxide window to transmit the
infrared radiation from the combustion chamber; a monochrometer to
disperse the radiation, and a cryogenically cooled semiconductor to
sense and indicate the nitric oxide produced radiation. The
results confirmed the theoretical prediction based on chemical
kinetics that nitric oxide, once formed in approximately
equilibrium quantities in the combustion process will thereafter
not disappear because the engine expansion takes place more rapidly
than the kinetic processes can accommodate. The theory and
measurements allow more rational explanations for the well
documented influences which mixture strength, spark timing,
compression ratio, and engine speed exert on oxides of nitrogen
concentration in engine exhaust. (Authors abstract)
093UO
Newhall, Henry K.
CONTROL OF NITROGEN OXIDES BY EXHAUST RECIHCDLATION A
PHELIBINAFY THEORETICAL STUDY. Preprint, Society of
Automotive Enigneers, 10p., 1967. 15 refs. (Presented at the
552 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Bid-Year Meeting of the Society of Automotive Engineers,
Chicago, 111., Hay 15019, 1967, Paper 670495.)
The control of nitrogen oxides by exhaust recirculation has been
evaluated theoretically by digital computer simulation of the
engine cycle. Nitric oxide emission, power output, and fuel
consumption have been considered, Preliminary results indicate
that effectiveness of the recirculation method of nitric oxide
control can be accounted for by the attendant shift in the peak
temperature chemical equilibrium species distribution. The
analysis reveals that nitric oxide reduction is highly
dependent on fuel-air ratio, and somewhat less dependent on the
temperature of recycled exhaust gases. (Author's abstract)##
05780
Environmental Science Services Corp-, Stamford, Conn.
JIB POLLUTION CONTROL PBIHEH. 35 p.,, ({1968))-
The main sources of air pollution are combustion processes,
especially internal combustion engines- In a general manner the
following are discussed: causes and effects of air pollution;
legal aspects; automobile emissions; fossil fuels and lead
additives; and control eguipment and its market potential-
09781
Environmental Science Services Corp.,, Stamford, Conn.
SOLVENT EMISSION CONTROL LAWS AND THE COATINGS AND SOLVENTS INDUS-
TRY. (A TECHNO/ECONOBIC STDDY.) 56 p., {(1967)). 6 refs..
The widespread adoption of the strict California solvent emission
laws will seriously effect practices and products in the surface
coating industry. The California codes contain three main
elements: the emission of photochemically reactive solvents is
restricted; the sale of coatings containing these materials is
banned; and the emission of these materials during the manufacture
of coating materials is restricted. Widespread adoption of these
codes would cause changes in the formulation of the coatings, and
would adversely affect the markets for mineral spirits, napthas,
substituted aromatics, branched ketones, olefins, and
trichloroethylene. However, alcohols, esters, odorless mineral
spirits, and glycolesters would gain markets at the expense of the
photochemically active solvents. Emission control methods,
analytical techniques, and measurement methods are outlined. The
effectiveness of various organic solvents in photochemical smog
formation is discussed. An evaluation of existing regulations,
with emphasis on California Rule 66, is presented along with lists
of exempt sources.
E. Control Methods 553
-------
09981
Tikhonenko, A. D. and H. N. Nabiev
NATURAL-GAS CATALYTIC REDUCTION OP NITRIC OXIDE TAIL GASES IEOH
NITEIC ACID PRODUCTION. Translated from Russian. Uzbesk.
Khim. Zh., 11(4):6-9, 1967. 2 refs.
CFSTI: PB 178106T
The catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides is the most progressive
means of purifying tail gas from nitric acid production. The
process of catalytic reduction of nitric oxides by methane in the
term of natural gas at atmospheric pressure with the use of
platinized nickel-chromium foil and a two-layer catalyzer is
described. In operation ever 710 hrs, the nickel-chromium foil
showed sufficient thermal stability under conditions assuring
complete purification of the gas; catalyst activity significantly
decreased and was reduced with H2 at 320 deg. C. The conditions
for complete nitric oxide reduction were found and also those for
achieving the sanitary norm of NO+N02 content (0.02 percent). In a
two-layer catalyst it was possible to decrease the temperature of
the gas entering the catalyzer to <*50 deg. and the resulting CHU:02
ratio was 0.8.
10017
Bloomfield, Bernard D.
CONTROL OF GASEOUS POLLUTANTS. Heating, Piping, Air Condition
ing, 40(1):195-206, Jan. 1968. 26 refs.
Control technology in relation to air pollution involves the
application, singly or in ccmbination, of tall stacks for dispersion
process changes, and control equipment. Most gaseous contaminants
can be controlled using the techniques of absorption, adsorption,
direct flame combustion, and catalytic combustion. The theoretical
principles of design and operation preclude under most circumstances
the use of any of the shelf items for air pollution control purposes
Good design, construction, and proper operation are the requisites
of a satisfactory system. The special characteristics of a number o
systems are described. A table of selected air quality standards is
given for such pollutants as SOx, NOx, CO, H2S, and ozone.
10336
Sebastiani, Enzo
ELIMINATION OF NITEOGEN OXIDES. ((I'eliminazicne degli ossidi
di azoto.)) Text in Italian. Securitas (Rome), 51 (5) : 31-44,
May 1966. 23 refs.
Some processing for eliminating nitrogen oxides (NO and N02)
from industrial flue gases are described. There are
absorption processes in alkaline solutions, possibly in the
554 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND WR POLLUTION
-------
presence of oxidizing agents absorption processes based on the use
cf solid materials with high superficial development; catalytic
reducing processes to elementary nitrogen or ammonia using
palladium, platinum, rhodium or other similarly based catalysts
working under pressure at a high temperature. As such processes
present difficulties from the technical and economic standpoints
nhen put into practice, the author expresses the hope that the
problem will continue to be studied for the purpose of finding
other simpler and more effective processes.##
10539
Bay, Hans and Harry Schulz
1 NEW DISTRIBUTING INJECTION SYSTEM AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR
IHPHOVING EXHAUST GiS EMISSION. Society of Automotive
Engineers, Preprint, 10p., 1968., 24 refs. (Presented at the
Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Mich., Jan- 8-12,
1968, Paper 680013.)
The control principles and the design of a fuel injection system
are described. In this system, injection time and injection
pressure are controlled independent of each other. The injection
tine is controlled by two rotating discs having slots, which are
turnable to each other and which are turned by the influence of
a centrifugal governor in connection with a three-dimensional cam.
Kith the three-dinensional cai, a punctiform scanning of engine
characteristics can be realized. Some results obtained with
this injection system are shown for example, fuel quantity
characteristic, CO and n-hexane characteristic of a 4-cyl
H-stroke engine, injection pressure distribution dependent on
crank angle, and consumption loops for injection and carburetor
operation. (Authors" abstract, modified} ##
1C591
Grigoryan, G. 0. and 8. M. Kirakcsyan
PREPARATION OF AMMONIUM SULPA1E FROM LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF
SUIFUHCUS GASES BY OXIDATION CF 303 IN THE LIQUID PHASE USING
ATHOSPHEBIC OXVGEN IN THE PRESENCE CF NITROGEN OXIDES, USED AS
INITIATORS. (Poluchenie sul'fata ammoniya iz
nizkokotsentrirovannykfe sernistykh gazov okisleniem S03 iona v
zhidkoi faze kislorodom vozdukha v prisutstvii okislov azota, Jtak
initsiatora.) Text in Russian. Army. Khim. Zh. (Erevan),
20(2) : 16U-169, 1967. 10 refs.
lest results are detailed for an experimental installation where
S03 is oxidized into S04 using atmospheric oxygen in the
presence of nitrogen oxides as initiators. The method is a
continuous technological process (with recovery of absorbents and
filtrates) for the utilization of weak sulfurous gases and yields
ammonium sulfate and multiccmpcnent fertilizers. The
technological procedure is flow charted. The procedure starts
vith a mixture of air and 0.6 - 1.0JE sulfurous anhydride, to be
passed through a suspension of magnesium hydroxide. The
E. Control Methods 555
-------
resulting suspension is then oxidized by atmospheric oxygen,
containing 0.002* nitrogen oxides. An almost complete oxidation
of magnesium sulfite into magnesium sulfate takes place in the
reactor at HO Degrees C. The yield, magnesium sulfate, reacts
with ammonia at 60 Degrees C. and pH 7. Magnesium hydroxide
is then returned into the production cycle and the filtrate,
containing ammonium sulfate and Schoenite, reduced to 1/3 of its
volume by evaporation, is cooled to 15 Degrees C. The
Schoenite crystals are then removed (and returned to the
production cycle) and the ammonium sulfate solution evaporated and
crystallized. Results show that 36.9% of the total ammonium
sulfate returns to the production cycle with the magnesium
hydroxide, with 20.8% remaining in the cycle as a Schoenite
component, while 45.2% is extracted as end product.##
1C637
Il'nitskii, A.. P., A. Ya Khesina, So N. Cherkinskii,
and I.. H. Shabad
EFFECT OF OZONATION UPON JRCM8TIC HYDROCARBONS, INCLUDING
CARCINOGENS. ((Vliyanie ozcnircvaniya na aroaiaticheskie, v
chastnosti kantserogennye, uglevodorody.)) Hyg. S Sanit.
(English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.,}, 33 (1-3) : 323-327,
Jan.-March 1968. ((11)1 refs.
CFSTI: TT 68-50««9/1
The efficiency of ozone in the inactivation of carcinogenic
hydrocarbons was studied. Experiments were performed with
1,2-benzanthracene (BA) , 1 ,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene (DBA),
9,10-dimethyl-T,2-benzanthracene (DMBA) , 3,4-benzpyrene (BP)
and pyrene {P( in various concentrations. Ozone concentration
was 0. i* g per liter mixture. Ozonation was performed for periods
1, 2 1/2, 5 and 10 min. Results of experiments demonstrated that:
carcinogenic hydrocarbons are vigorously destroyed by ozone..
Aromatic hydrocarbons vary in their resistance towards ozone,
3,1-benzpyrene appearing to be the most stable. The resistance of
a carcinogenic substance (3,1-benzpyrene) to ozone was found to
vary according to whether it was in solution or adsorbed on
particles of coal, soil, etc., it was found to be less stable in
solution. Ozonation is probably very efficient for the
purification of central water supplies containing dissolved
carcinogens.#f
10660
Laffey, William T. and Robert N. Banning
SOLVENT SELECTION FOR THE REDDCTION OF AIR POILDTION. Hercules
Chem., No. 56:1-6, March 1968. 5 refs.
Regulations restricting the use of solvents which partake in
photochemical smog reactions have caused the solvent and surface
coating industries to develop alternate solvent formulations. 4
system is presented whereby a restricted solvent can be simulated
using combinations of allowable materials. The procedure is
556 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
graphical and depends on the solvent parameters and solubility
characteristics of the materials. Hhen several foraulations are
found which possess the required solvent properties, the choice
of the best one then depends on economic or other factors.##
11033
Gamble, B. 1.
CONTROL OF ORGANIC SOLVENT EMISSIONS IN INDDSTBY. Preprint,
Continental Can Co., Inc., Chicago, 111., ((24)) p., 1968.
4 refs. (Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, St. Paul, Minn., June 23-27, 1968,
Paper 68-48.)
Extensive and careful source testing is required in order to
evaluate a solvent emission pollution problem and to select
suitable emission control equipment. Hhen new equipment is
considered, the system needs which are based upon a study of the
functions to be performed, are determined. Test equipment is
important for appraisal cf performance of emission control
equipment. For on site testing, the hydrogen flame ionization
detector offers a reasonable approach for direct reading
instrumentation design. Control methods for limiting the emission
of solvents can be classified as Process Modification,
Incineration, and Solvent Recovery. Discussion of these
methods are given. Pictures and diagrams of control equipment
and systems used in the control of organic solvent emissions are
presented.##
11087
Eispoli, Jose A.
FIGHT AGAINS1 AIS POLLUTION IN ABGEN'II li A EDUCATIONAL, LEGAL
AND TECHNCLCGICAL ASPECTS. Preprint, Tecnica de Higiene
(Argentina), 20p., June 1968. 31 refs.
Air pollution is an increasing trcblem in the Argentina cities of
Buenos Aires, eosario. La Plata and Bar del Plata. Air
pollution control measures are not keeping pace with the growth o±
industries, which are often located, in neighborhoods of
populated areas. The lunicipie Director o± hygiene
supervisors the proolems of automotive emissions and
industrial and domestic emissions. About one million vehicles
travel daily in Buenos Aires. Traffic throughfares are being
modified in order to eliminate congested traffic areas. The
Director of Hygiene studies Jaily the chemical control of the
pollutants ot hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide diid sedimented
particles. The "Argentina Association for Air Contamination
ot sanitary tducation on dll levels for the population, ft*
115811
Plust, Heinz G.
THE FDEL CELL AS AN ENERGY SODECE FOB VEHICLE DRIVES., ((Die
Brennstoffzelle als Energiequelle fur Fahrzeugantriebe..))
Text in German. Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift, 69 (6): 175-
183, June 1968., 22 refs.
E. Control Methods 557
-------
In the review of the theoretical and practical aspects of fuel
cells as a replacement for the internal combustion engine it is
noted that their use would markedly decrease the urban air
pollution resulting from automobile exhaust gases. These cells
derive their electrical energy directly from the oxidation of
fuels such as hydrogen, hydrazine, or nethanol, and transfer
this energy with a high degree of efficiency to an electric motor.
There is no exhaust, and the construction of these cells has
advanced to the point where the speed and range of electrically
powered vehicles are comparable to those of gasoline-powered
automobiles; however, electric vehicles remain much heavier and
more expensive to operate. The thermodynamic basis, operating
characteristics, and fuel consumption of fuel cells are discussed,
and the relative efficiencies of electrically-driven and
gasoline-powered vehicles are compared. Some recent
successful models of electric vehicles are described, and the
advantages of the fuel cell over conventional storage batteries
are noted. Mention is made of new developments as the Lid, the
NaS and Zn(OH)U batteries. It is concluded that electric
vehicles will play a definite role in the future-particularly for
specialized uses in warfare, industry, and urban transport, but
that it will be 15-20 years before they are in widespread
practical use.f*
12392
Dodd, A. E. and J. W. Wisdom
EFFECT OF MIXTURE QUALITY ON EXHAUST EMISSIONS FROM SINGLE-CYIINDER
ENGINES. Inst. of Mechanical Engineers, London (England),
Automobile Div., Symp. Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control, London,
1968, 16p. 2 refs. (Nov. 25-26, paper 17.)
Tests of the effects of fuel mixtures on the composition of
exhaust gases were performed on 325 cu cm- and 479 cu cm-capacity
engines. On the 325 engine, the most noticeable effect cf an
improvement in mixture guality was tc extend the ,weak limit.
Hydrocarbon levels at full throttle and half lead were lowest with
the fully vaporized mixture and carburetor respectively.
Differences in emissions between the four main systems were not
great, however. Ratios of total to N.D.I.B. HC varied with
mixture strength and reached a maximum at or near to stoichicmetric
air/fuel ratio. Nitric cxide emissions at lull throttle peaked at
about 16/1 air/fuel ratio and the peak moved towards stoichicmetric
mixture strength as the lead was reduced. Minimum mass emissions
cf HC occurred at an air/fuel ratio of about 16.5/1, near to the
peak o± NO emission. CO levels at a given air/fuel ratio were
higher with the fully vaporized mixture at full throttle than with
any other system. On both engines, an increase in engine speed
produced a reduction in HC emissions; CO variations with speed
differed between engines. The effect of an increase in mixture
temperature in the range 35-95 C was generally negligible.
Residence time effects varied with fuel supply system; the -better
the atcmization of fuel, the shelter the residence time for
minimum emissions. At half load with dry mixtures and pert
injection, retarded igniticn fining produced a reduction in
eiissions. (Author conclusions modified)
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
12637
H. Teske
EHISSIONS AND ABATEMENT OP OXIDES OF NITROGEN IN NITBIC ACID
MANUFACTURE.. Chem.. Eng., No. 221, CE263-266, Sept. 1968,.
The emission problen in the manufacture of nitric acid results
from incomplete conversion of nitrous oxide to nitric acid.
Some of the processes for reducing the emissions which are
discussed briefly include: Alkaline absorption with milk of
lime or aqueous ammonia; oxidation with hydrogen peroxide or
ozone; absorption in an aqueous solution of magnesium oxide;
removal as nitrosylsulfuric acid by treatment with a sulfuric
acid, nitric acid mixture; and catalytic reduction processes.##
13029
Sonoda, Noboru, Naotake Hatsumura, Noritaka Miyoshi, and Shigeru
Tsut.sumi
DESULrilRIZING EFFECT OF OZONE OF IIGHT PETROLEUM DISTILLATES.
(Teif utsu sekiyu ruibun no ozon ni yoru datsuryu koka) . Text in
Japanese. Kogyo Kagaku Zasshi '{J. Chem. Soc. Japan Ind. Chem.
Sect..), 72(5J:1099-1101, Hay 1969.. 12 refs.
The desulfurizing effect of ozcne on light petroleum
distillate and on various organic sulfur compounds was studied..
The experimental procedure was to pass a stream of ozone
(about 1o7 wt % of ozone) at a speed of 350 ml/min through
approximately 100g of experimental light petroleum distillate
(bp 95 - 240 C) at 0 C., The experimental results indicate that
more than 80% of the total sulfur in the light petroleum
distillate can be removed by ozonization. Ninety % of the
ozonized petroleum can be recovered- This recovery percentage
can be obtained by dividing the ozonized petroleum by the
experimental petroleum and multiplying by 100. The reactivity
of sulfur compounds for ozone in desulfurization was found to
decrease in the order of sulfides and thiolE, thiphene,
benzothiophene, hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur, and
disulfides.. The result also indicated that the rate of
ozonization was in the order of thiols, hydrogen sulfide
thiophene, elemental sulfur, sulfides, benzothiophene, and
disulfides. Although the rate of ozonization of hydrogen sulfide
is high, its desulfurizing effect is low, while the reverse is
true of the rate of ozonization and desulfurizing effect of
sulfides. Sulfur dioxide was produced in the process of
ozonization of various sulfur compounds. The significant
amount of the gas was observed especially out of hydrogen
sulfide and elemental sulfur.
13068
Trobisch, K.
OXIDATION PROCESSES FOR PURIFYING EXHAUST GSSES OF CHEMICAL
INDUSTRIES- (Procedimenti ossidativi per purificare gli effluenti
gassosi nell"industria chimica) . Text in Italian., Piv., Combust..,
23(1) : 16-21, Jan. 1969.
E. Control Methods 559
-------
Many industrial exhaust gases contribute to air pollution. There
are various systems to purify these gases before they are vented
into the surrounding air. Among them is chemical oxidation at
normal temperature, a process in which the gas is scrubbed with
oxiding solutions such as hypochlorites, chlorites, and
permanganate. This process is used primarily to purify
malodorous gases. Chemical oxidation at high temperature is
achieved by thermic combustion, by torches, by incinerators, or
by catalytic oxidation. Thermic combustion is used when the gas
has a calorific power permitting an open flame combustion™
Torches may be used under conditions of flame steadiness,
smokeless combustion, flame lew brightness, etc. Incinerators
are used for gases without enough power to burn at open flame,
Catalytic oxidation is used for gases exhaled by combustible
materials when their calorific power is insufficient for
combustion unless another substance is added. This system is
used mainly to purify gases eaitted by petrochemical plants.,
The biological oxidation system is used to eliminate the odor
emitted by organic substances. In this caser gases are strained
through a humid, stratified filtering mass containing highly
concentrated bacteria which consume organic substances as food.
13160
Kita, Nobuyuki and Yoshiya Fuse
EXPERIMENTS TO INHIBIT NITROGEN OXIDES DEVELOPED WITHIN THE
EXHAOST SYSTEM CF DIESEL ENGINES. (Diesel haiki gasu chu no
chisso sankabutsu no hassei yokusei ni tsuite no 2, 3 no
jikken). Text in Japanese. Nenryo Kyokaishi (J. Fuel Soc.
Japan), 48(50«) :241-249, April 1969. 10 refs..
Nitrogen oxides are the lain components of harmful gases which
develop within the exhaust system of diesel engines.
Experiments were perforned using a one-cylinder Fulperland E-2
diesel engine (compression ratio of 22, 3 horsepower, 1500 rpm) .
Nitrogen monoxide and dioxide were measured by Salzmann"s
method. Concentration of nitrogen oxides ranged frcm 180 to 550
ppm; the more the load on engine, including the number of rotati
rotations, the more was the concentration of nitrogen oxides
with the maximum concentration of 1200 rpm. The ratio of
nitrogen dioxide to nitrcgen oxides decreased with the
increased load on the engine, and was not influenced by the
number of rotations., The development of nitrogen oxides was
effectively inhibited by sending the exhaust gas partially back
to the pre-engine combustion chamber. Nitrogen oxides were
slightly inhibited by increasing negative pressure within the
engine chamber. However, engine power was decreased by this
procedure. By delaying the fuel injection time, formation of
nitrogen oxides was slightly inhibited without decreasing the
engine power. To confirm these results, these experiments
should be repeated using a larger diesel engine-
560 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
13202
Schmitt, Karl, Hilhelm Ester, Bans Heuraann, and Harry Pauling
NITROGEN OXIDE COHVEBSION. (Hibernia Chemie GmbH,
Gelsenkirchen-Bner, Germany, and Harry Pauling, Munich, Germany)
0. S. Pat. 3,,«53,071. 7p., July 1, 1969. 4 refs™ (Appl. May
16, 1966, 29 claims).
In the production of nitric acid and other nitrogenous products,
exhaust gas is produced which contains significant quantities of
nitrogen oxides, particularly NO and NO2. A process for absorbing
these oxides and recovering then as ammonium nitrite includes
adjusting the nole ratio of NO to N02 to 1 and then introducing
the adjusted gas into an amrconiacal solution of ammonium nitrate.
The ammonium nitrate content of the absorbent solution is
controlled so that the solution viscosity at any given
teiperature is higher than the viscosity of Hater at the same
temperature., When the ammonium nitrate concentration is
maintained at about HO to 50 weight percent and the absorption
process is operated at 20 to 30 C, at least half the ammonium
nitrite formation takes place at the liguid-vapor interface.
The remainder of the ammonium nitrite is produced in the gas
phase by successive absorption of snail amounts of gaseous ammonia
in the vapor space, where it is neutralized with water vapor and
nitrogen oxide to form amoniUB nitrates as well as the ammonium
nitrites. These dissolve in the absorbent solution. By
preventing the development of easily decomposable ammonium
nitrite mists, the process minimizes efficiency losses and
explosion dangers.
13394
Austin, H. C. and »„ L. Chadwick
CONTHOL OF AID POLIDTION FBOM CII-BUKNING POWEE PLANTS- Hech.
Eng., 82(M) :63-66, April 1960. 2 refs.
California lav requires that stack-plume opacity not reach or
exceed Bingelmann No. 2 shade for more than 3 min in any hr. To
comply with this law, the Southern California Ediscn Company
examined their industrial plumes. Gas emissions were measured
for particulates, S02, S03, and NO. Plume opacity was
found to be significantly affected by the amount and size of
particulates, the amount cf S03 present, and the amount of
«ater vapor present- Particulate removal was found to be
most efficient with the use of an electrostatic precipitator which
removes about 90% of the particulate matter. The most effective
removal of S03, S02, and NO, 75-903S, could be accomplished
by the use of a vanadium catalyst at high .temperature, followed
by introduction of ozone and electrostatic precipitation. This
process proves to be economically unfeasible, however. It was
found that NO formation is best limited by delaying the complete
combustion in the boiler and protracting the flame path.
E. Control Methods 561
-------
13535
Straschill, Max
THE REPROCESSING OF NITROGEN OXIDE-CONTAINING W8STE GASES IH
PICKLING PLANTS. (Die Jufarbeitung nitrosehaltiger Afcgase in
Beizereien.) Text in German. Metall-Beinigung Vorbehandlung,
12(11) :210-211., Nov. 1963. 3 refs.
The most practical method for detoxification of the nitrogen
oxides that are present in pickling plant waste gases is through
absorption and decomposition in aqueous solutions of alkalies,
urea, aminosulfonic acid or ammonia. Of these, the ammonia
process, in which a mixture of the waste gases and ammonia is
passed through an activated charcoal filter, possesses the
advantage that the reaction which takes place at the filter
yields stable ammonium salts. These do not attack the activated
charcoal, and may be removed by scrubbing, thus restoring the
efficiency of the filter. Other procedures, such as adsorption
of the nitrogen oxides on activated charcoal, activated alumina,
and activated silica are effective but rather expensive.
13537
Ermenc, E. D.
WISCONSIN PROCESS SYSTEM FOR RECCVERY OF DILUTE OXIDIS OF
NITROGEN., Chem. Eng. Progr. , 52-811) : 488-492, November 1956.
10 rets.
The Wisconsin Process was proven technically feasible as a means of
producing HN03, The recovery system operated in accordance with
design, except for minor modifications made in the field. Total
cost of the nominal HO tpd equivalent 100% HN03 plant, including
engineering and overhead, was slightly over $2,000,000, with about
60% of the cost in the recovery system. The bulk of the operating
costs also occurred in the recovery system. since the system is
not guite economical enough for the production of a cheap chemical
like HN03 in the U. S., it may have eventual use in the production
of N201 or recovery of dilute nitrogen oxides for pollution
prevention., There may still be areas in the world where the
Wisconsin Process may be economic, particularly where ammonia is
expensive or not available.
13538
Childers, Eugene,, Charles W. Ellis, and Donald J. Ryan
METHOD OF REHOVING NITROGEN OXIDES FROM GASES. (Du Pont De
Nemours (E..I.) and Co., Wilmington, Del-) , U. S. Pat. 3a125,408,
March 17, 1964. 6 refs,, (ftppl. Dec- 19, 1955, 1 claim).
A process for the disposal of stack gases containing nitrogen
oxide fumes is presented. The waste gas is first mixed with an
562 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
excess amount of a reducing gas containing 60-90% of an alkane-
The mixture is passed over a platinum catalyst supported on
activated alumina at a reaction temperature between 150 and 1000
C, and a space velocity between 25,000 and 150,000 reciprocal
ht/cu ft of catalyst. The nitrogen oxide fumes are reacted with
the reducing gas to form nitrogen, water, and carbon dioxide
which can be discharged to the atmosphere.
13550
Eent, Franklin A.
PBOCESS FOE THE BEHOVAL OF NITPIC OXIDE FHOH GASES. (Shell
Development Co., San Francisco, Calif.) U.S. Pat. 1,888,517, 3p.,
Nov. 22, 1932- (Appl. Hay 11, 1931, 20 claims).
A process for removing nitrogen oxides, particularly nitric
oxide, from waste gases comprises reduction of the gas with
a chromous compound. The products of the reaction are probably
hydroxlamine or ammonia, depending on the conditions of the
reaction. Chromous salts of organic or inorganic acids may
be used, and the reaction should take place at room temperature
as high temperatures decrease the amount of nitric oxide taken
up by the chromous salt solution. Neutral chromous
compounds which are water soluble give the best results. Under
certain conditions, it may be advantageous to use chromous
compounds in the solid state with or without a support.
13551
Cohn, Johann G. E.
METHOD OF BEHOVING NITROGEN OXIDES FBOH GASIS. (Engelhard
Industries, Inc.,, Newark, N- J.) U. S. Pat. 3,118,727. 1p. ,
Can. 21, 1961. 9 refs. (Appl™ Oct. 12, 1956, 11 claims).
A process is described for recovering heating values and purifying
waste gases produced by the oxidation of ammonia in the production
of nitric acid. Waste gases are mixed with a hydrocarbon fuel and
the mixture is passed over a 0-1 to 5.0% by weight rhodium and/or
palladium supported catalyst at the reaction temperature of
700-725 F. The heat generated in passing the mixture over the
catalyst may be used to,raise the gas temperature or to generate
steam isothermally. Space velocity for the reaction may be in
the range of 60,000-110,000 standard vols of gas/vol of
catalyst/hr. The more hydrocarbon fuel used, the more complete is
the removal of nitrogen oxides.
13662
Ganz, S» N., A. I. Luk"yanitsa and L. A. Bel'china
COMBINED PBODUC1ION OF IBON-NITBOGEN FEBTILIZEBS AND
PURIFICATION OF GASES FBOM NITBOGEN OXIDES. (Kombinirovaniye
E. Control Methods 563
-------
proizvodstva azotnozhelezistykh udobreniy s ochistkoy gaza ot
okislov azota) . Text in Russian. Zh., Erikl. Khim., 37(1): 1609-
1611, 1964,, 2 refs.
Baste pickling solution from metal-working factories with an
approximate content of 25% FeS04 and 4-5% free H2S04 can be used
for purification of waste gases containing oxides of nitrogen..
An unstable complex (Fe (SO) SQ14J is formed when the gases are
passed through the pickling solution, which on heating breaks
down to give FeSOl and pure NO, which can then be used to form
HN03. Treatment of the ferrous sulfate with ammonia and water
gives a mixture of iron hydroxides and ammonium sulfate which can
be used as fertilizer. In this paper, rates of absorption of NO
and NO plus N02 by solutions cf FeSOU were studied at various
conditions and concentrations of SO and NO plus N02.
13689
Atroshchenko, V. I., A. N. Tseytlin, A. E. Zasorin, and V. S.
Zolotarev
UTILIZATION OF NITROGEN OXIDES - EY-ERODUCTS OF CERTAIN
INDUSTFIES. (Otilizatsiya okislov azota - otkhodov nekotorykh
proizvodstv) . Text in Russian. Khim. Prom. (Moscow), 1(1): 79-
80, 1960.
Production of nitric acid from exhaust gas with high NO content
as compared with exhaust gas with lew NO content plus N02 is
discussed. A method is described which involves cooling the
gases to 25-30 C, introducing additional air, and carrying out
oxidation in a cooler-oxidizer. About 8% absorption is
achieved with 35% nitric acid absorbent. Specifications for an
operating installation which produces 2500 kg of 55% acid are
given. A modified version using oxygen rather than air is
mentioned.
13707
Bylov, V. D., lu. D. Znanenskiy, I. P. Kapitonova, and M. S.
Shchedrov
ON THE SDLFUKIC ACID METHOD OF COLLECTING NITBOGEN OXIDES FROM
INCOMPLETELY OXIDIZED GASES. (K voprosy o sernokislotnom
metode ulavlivaniya okislov azota iz nedookislennykh gazov).
Text in Russian. Zh. Prikl. Khim., vol. 35:1503-1505, 1962.. 3
refs.
Incompletely oxidized gases were oxidized with a solution of
HN03 in 93% sulfuric acid in a one-tray bubbling column to study
aspects of sulfnric acid collection of nitrogen oxides. Maximum
removal (79%) was achieved with a 5% HN03 concentration and an
input NO plus N02 concentration of 0.573 volume percent. It is
concluded that effective snlfuric acid removal of nitrogen
oxides with 93% sulfuric acid can be accomplished after
564 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
preliminary oxidation with a 3-1* solution of HN03 in 93* H2S01
when the oxidation and absorption cycles are carried out
separately in the liquid phase.,
13718
Trofimov, i. I.
HEBOVAI OF HITBOGEK OXIDES FROM COKE OVEN GAS. (Ochistka
koksovogo gaza ot okislov azota). Text in Russian, Koks i
Khia.. no. 2:12-13, 1966.
In arrangement for removal of nitrogen oxides from coke gases,
installed at the Yasinovskiy Coal-Tar Chemical Plant, is
described. It converts NO to N02 (in 110-120 sec at 70-80 C
and 15-16 bar), which in turn reacts with olefins to form
a resin which, after cooling to 30-40 C, is washed in a scruhber
filled with residue from 50 x 50 mm Baschig rings. The
installation was designed for operating with a 0-8^ oxygen content
in the coke gas, but Q.1-0.,5% oxygen is found sufficient,
precluding the need for introducing air. Operational reduction
of nitrogen oxides is from 12-18 to 2-3 cc/cu m. This
arrangement was installed at a cost of 231,000 rubles.
13716
Daniels, Farrington, William G. Hendrickson, and Elton Gordon
Foster
NITBIC OXIDE EECOVEEY SYSTEM.. (Wisconsin alumni Besearch
Foundation, Madison). D. S_ Pat. 2,578,671. lip., Dec. 18,
1951. 13 refs. (Appl. Mar. 28, 1919, 18 claims).
A process for the recovery of nitrogen oxides from gaseous
mixtures is presented. The nitrogen oxide-containing gas is first
cooled and then dried by passing it through a body, shower,
stream, layer, or bed of solid adsorbent having a preferential
adsorbability toward water, and the dried gas is then contacted
»ith a catalyst mass having the function of accelerating
oxidation of the nitric oxide content of the gas mixture to
nitrogen dioxide. The dry gas mixture is contacted with particles
of a solid adsorbent, such as silica gel, which separates
nitrogen dioxide from the other components of the gas mixture.
Adsorbed nitrogen dioxide is de-sorted by circulating hot
nitrogen dioxide through and in direct contact with the solid
adsorbent material. The remaining adsorbed N02 is flushed out by
leans of hot dry air contacted with the solid adsorbent.. When
N02 is to be converted to HN03, oxygen-containing air is used,
and when the N02 is to be liguified, hot dry C02 or nitrogen can
be used.
E. Control Methods 565
-------
13899
Varlamov, M. L. , G. A. Manakin, Ya. I., Starosel"skiy, and
1. S. ZbrozheK
INVESTIGATION OP THE AMMONIA METHOD OF REMOVING NITROGEN OXIDES
FHOB THE EXHADST GASES OF A NITROGEN-OXIDE NITBIC-ACID TOSEE
SYSTEM. I. (Issledovaniye ammiachnogo metoda ochistki ot
okislov azota otkhodyashchikh gazcv bashennoy nitroznoy
sernokislotnoy sistemy).. Text in Russian, Nauchn. Zap.
Cdessk., Politekhn. Inst., , vol., UO:24-33, 1962. 1 refs.
Data from laboratory study of the removal of low concentrations
of nitrogen oxides using gaseous ammonia and ammonia water are
presented.. The use of gaseous ammonia, in conjunction with
acoustic coagulation with an aerosol, yielded an average degree
of removal of 85% when incoming gases were highly oxidized.
Nitrogen dioxide, and an eguimolecular mixture of NO and B02,
reacted with 82-933! completeness with gaseous ammonia, this
value increasing slightly with increased reaction volume.. A gas
lift using ammonia water yielded 63.. 6% purification with a
10% content of nitrogen oxides. The degree of oxidation of
industrial exhaust gases is an important factor determining the
degree of purification by this method. The data given
correspond to an equimolecular NO and N02 mixture.
114007
Hsieh, Yu Hsioh
AN EXPERIMENT IN THE PROEOCTION 0? NITROGEN FEOM NITRIC ACID
PLANT TAIL GAS. (Ts'ung hsiao suan wei ch"i chih ch"i t»an ch'i
ti shih yen). text in Chinese. Kno Hsueh 1«ung Pac, vol. 10:
307-308, 1957., 6 refs.
By passing nitric acid tail gas first an alkali scrubbing tower
to remove C02 and then through a catalyst reactor to reduce N02
and 02 in the presence of excess hydrogen, it was found practical
to recover nitrogen. Three types of catalysts were made by
depositing Cu and Hi on soil diatoms: CuO:diatoms, NiO:diatoms,
and CuO plus NiO:diatoms, all in a 1:9 ratio. The highest
absorption rate could be attained with a sodium hydroxide
concentration of 1% and a gas linear velocity of 0U2 m/sec. The
concentration of C02 could be reduced to 30 ppm,, By using CuO
with a firebrick carrier at a temperature of 600-650 C, a space
velocity of 6000 reciprocal hours, and 4-6% excess hydrogen, it
was possible to produce a gas with 1-5 ppm NO, 10-20 ppm 02,
and 400 ppm NH3. By using the copper-nickel catalyst with
diatoms as carriers at a temperature of 300-500 C, a space
velocity of 1500 reciprocal hours, and 5% excess hydrogen, a gas
with 0.4-0.7 ppm NO, 10-20 ppm 02, and 300-500 ppm NH3 could be
produced with the content cf noxious gas within acceptable
limits. The temperature of reaction increases rapidly with
oxygen content of the tail gas and with space velocity. Since
the reactor was of simple construction, there was no way to
control the temperature, and no tests were performed under
conditions of low temperature and high space velocity..
566 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
11025
Fyason, P. B. and J. Barkins
STUDIES ON A NEW METHOD OF SIMULTANEOUSLY REMOVING SULFOR DIOXIDE
AND OXIDES OF NITROGEN FROM COHBCSTION GASES., 0. Air Pollution
Control Asscc., , 17 (12}:796-799, Dec. 1967. 13 rets-
In this study, a high-sulfur fuel was used and S02 concentrations
were measured ahead of and following the catalyst bed to test
the simultaneous reduction of SC2 and NO. Synthetic gas
mixtures of S02 in N2 and CO plus C02 in N2 were combined in
various proportions as the reactant gases. A number of different
metals, supported on an alumina extrudate or on a silica gel,
were tested for the reduction of S02. The test gas contained
twice the stoichicmetric amount of CO. Tests for S03 in the
offgases were negative, as expected in a reducing atmosphere.
The COS concentration depended on the composition of the reaction
gas mixture. Generally the mixtures stoichiometric in CO showed
somewhat less reduction than did the mixtures containing a
twofold excess of CO. Eeactant gas mixtures containing excess
CO deposited sulfur in the cooler parts of the apparatus
downstream from the catalyst bed, but this amount was negligible.
To utilize the reduction reactions in a practical system at
relatively high dilutions requires a catalyst, the most active
being copper supported on alumina.. Substantial reduction (90X or
greater) can be achieved in 0., 35 sec, corresponding to a space
rate of 10,000 vol/vol/hr. A side reaction of carbon monoxide
with elemental sulfur to form COS requires that the initial
amount of CO be stoichiometric for the amount of S02 plus the
SO present. To employ this method for the purification of flue
gases would require near stoichicmetric fuel air operation
of the furnace. Thermodynamic considerations show that the
optimum initial ratio of CO to S02 is somewhat less than 2 to
minimize the production of carbonyl sulfide. Substantial
reduction of undesirable sulfur compounds and essentially
quantitative reduction of oxides of nitrogen are possible with
this method,,
11031
Harris, Samuel Wu, Edwin F« Morello, and Gavin H. Peters
PROCESS FOS DECOMPOSITION OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN.. (Standard
Oil Co. Inc., Chicago) U. S. Pat. 3,155,191. 2p., , Aug. 5,
1969., 1 refs. iJDec. 11, 1966, 10 claims).
A process is claimed that can provide as high as 98 to 100%
decomposition of nitrogen oxides into nitrogen and oxygen.. The
method consists of contacting nitrogen oxides with a high-melting
solid catalyst selected from at least one member of the group
comprised of alkali metal oxides, alkali metal silicates,
alkaline earth metal oxides, alkaline earth metal silicates,
and mixtures of these, at a temperature above 700 C for a time
sufficient to accomplish the conversion., The contact of the
nitrogen oxides with the catalyst should take place between
E. Control Methods
567
-------
about 700 C and 1100 C, and preferably between 800 C and 1000 Cu
The degree of decomposition will depend upon the particular
catalyst and temperature used. Operating details and possible
variations of the process are described. The effectiveness of
the method contradicts previous assumptions of the great
difficulty of carrying out such decomposition, and by eliminating
the use of platinum and paladium as catalysts, reduces the cost
and adds to the commercial significance of this conversion
technique. The high degree of conversion would make possible
the use of the resulting air mixture for human consumption; by
producing a breathable, oxygen-enriched atmosphere, the process
may have applications in space travel, reduction of air pollution
from industrial gas streams, purification of automobile exhaust
gases, and reduced smog formation. lor example a modification
of the process is described which produces automobile exhaust
emissions substantially free of all harmful nitrogen oxides;
it is also contemplated that by use of this method, solid
ammonium nitrate grains may be used as the source of nitrogen
oxides in space exploration.
1U03U
Benson, Jack D.
SEDUCTION OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN AUTOHOBILE EXHAUST., Preprint,
Society of automotive Engineers, Inc., New York, N. Y.. , 17p.,
1969. 11 refs. (Presented at the International Automotive
Engineering Congress, Detroit, Mich., Jan. 13-17, 1969, Paper
690019O
One of the reactants involved in photochemical smog is NOx,
defined as the SUB of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (N02)
concentrations; NO, emitted by automobiles in exhaust gas,
slowly oxidizes to N02 under atmospheric conditions. Although
the control of nitrogen oxides from automobile exhaust is not
yet required by law, several methods were investigated to
determine how much control is possible and what penalties result.
These methods involved spark timing, carburetion, and exhaust
recirculation. On one test car, a control system was developed
which reduced nitrogen oxides 71% while maintaining hydrocarbon
and carbon monoxide control at current (1968) federal levels.
However, a 13% loss in fuel economy was incurred, and driveability
problems were observed. Application to other car models, deposit
accumulation, durability, and performance under extreme weather
conditions are all open questions at this time. (Author abstract
modified)
1K073
lozhkin, A. F. and N. I. Subocheva
RECOVEHY OF NITBOGEN OXIDES FHCB LOW-CONCENTEATION GASES HITH
ACTIVATED CARBON IN A MOVING IAYEB. (Ulavlivaniye okislov azota
iz nizkokontsentrirovannykh gazov aktivirovannym uglem v
podvizhnom sloye). Text in Russian- St. Nauchn. Tr. Pernsk.
Politekhn, Inst., no. 18:€1-7«, 1965. 14 rets-
568 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
The absorbing capacity of grades KAD and AG activated carbon
were found to be comparable when used in a stationary or
moving layer to absorb nitrogen oxides in low concentration
(about 1S) . It was found that the higher the state of
oxidation of the nitrogen oxides present, the greater the
absorbing capacity of the activated carbon. The possibility
of determining the linear rate of carbon motion from data
on the displacement of a point cf constant concentration in a
stationary layer is verified- During thermal regeneration,
the absorbed nitrogen dioxide dissociates into nitric oxide
and oxygen, and there is an accompanying combustion loss of
carbon with the formation of C02. This carbon loss amounts
to about 0.5% of the starting weight for KAE, and O.t% for
AD carbon.
11)159
Thomas, Fred W.
TVA'S AIB QUALITY HANAGEMENT PRCGEAM. Proc, Am. Soc., Civil
Engrs., J. Power Div_ , Paper 6183:131-113, March 1969. 18 refs.
The air quality program of the Tennessee Valley Authority as
related to its fertilizer and coal- and nuclear-fired power
plants is reviewed. Preventive aspects of pollution control are
basic to the program designed for steam-electric generating
plants.. Plants are located at sites where terrain is favorable
to effective dispersion, and air quality measurements are
recognized in planning and designing plant structures. The
program is supplemented by an extensive monitoring system for
measuring sulfur dioxide, fly ash, ozone, and nitrogen oxide
emissions™ Mobile sampling equipment is used in conjunction
with stationary monitoring systems because it appreciably
shortens the period required to define air quality in the
vicinity of a plant. TVJ also conducts extensive research
studies on plume dispersion, levels cf ground level fumigation
during inversion breakup, and chemical processes for the removal
of S02 from flue gas.. At nuclear plants, an extensive network
of instruments monitors airborne particulates, radioiodine, heavy
particulate fallout, and rainwater. TVA has sought to prevent
deleterious effects from S02 emissions primarily through the use
of high stacks designed to limit S02 concentrations at ground
level. As unit size and plant capacity increase, stack heights
are being raised from 170 to 800 to 1000 ft. Hith increasing
worldwide attention focused on techniques for converting S02
to sulfuric acid or fertilizer, TVA is now exploring the use
of limestone in pulverized coal-fired units and cyclone-furnace
units. Where fly ash creates a nuisance problem. TVA is
substituting 95% efficiency precipitators for mechanical
collectors.
14196
Peters, M. s.
CSUSES, IMPORTANCE AND CONTEOI OF NITROGEN/OXYGEN COMPOUNDS IN
THI FIELD OF AIE POLLUTION. (Ursachen, Bedeutung und Kontrolle
E. Control Methods 559
-------
der Stickstoff/Sauerstoff-Verbindungen in der Luftverunreinigung),
Text in German. Chem. Ing. Tech., 41 (10) :593-644, May 1969.
13 refs.
In heavy smog, nitrogen oxide concentrations of 1 to 3 ppm have
been measured over some cities. Physiological effects on humans
have been observed at 3 ppm and 8 hours of exposure™ The
nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere come mostly from motor vehicles
and power plants, as sell as from chemical plants, such as nitric
acid production plants, plants for the recovery of catalysts,
pickling plants, etc. In the gasoline powered engine, a high
nitric oxide concentration is formed at ignition temperature
(2200 C) ,. Since the gases cool rapidly to ambient temperatures,
no equilibrium conditions can be attained and the nitric oxide
concentration of exhaust gas is rather high. There are two
possible methods of avoiding this. The ignition temperature
should be lowered or the gas should be cooled at a slower rate.
Otherwise, a catalyst should be found which speeds decomposition
of nitrogen oxides at low temperatures. There are also several
methods for reduction of nitrogen oxides from stack gases.
Adsorption on zeolites and certain other types of molecular
sieves is a rather promising method., Intense research on these
methods is recommended, since little is known about them.
14212
Beidel, John C.
AIR-POLLUTION CONTSOL IN HOUSTON AHEA. Oil Gas J. , 54(18):107-
109, Sept. 5, 1955. 3 refs.
A 30-ton-per-day sulfur recovery plant to prevent release of
hydrogen sulfide to the atmosphere is described. The design
features are operator control of amine feed to the amine stripper
located at the sulfur recovery unit, release of hydrocarbon vapors
from the stripper to the refinery flare, reactors and scrubber
sections combined in one column, and instrumentation features
allowing the plant to be operated by one man. The basic
principle of the sulfur recovery process is summarized as follows:
3H2S plus 302 yields 2S02 plus 2H20; 2H2S plus S02 yields xS2
plus yS6 plus zS8 plus 2H20. In the final step, sulfur vapor is
condensed and collected as liquid sulfur. Hydrogen sulfide
recovery and the function of the amine stripper are discussed.
Diagrams of the H2S and sulfur recovery processes are presented..
14255
Paleari, C, and F. Renzanigo
COMBUSTION PEODUCTS OF DIES!! FUIL. I. THE EFFECT OF AN
IGNITION IMPROVING ADDITIVE ON THE NITROGEN OXIDE AND CARBON
MONOXIDE CONTENT. (jProdotti di combustione di combustibili diesel.
I. Iffetti di un additive proirotcre di accensione sui contenuti
in ossido di azoto ed ossido di carbonic). Text in Italian.
Riv. Combust., vol. 13:419-431, June 1959. 3 refs.
570 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Investigations were made on the effect of gasoil compositions,
the presence of ignition improvers, and of engine operation
conditions on the nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide content of
a C.F. P. F-5 engine exhaust gas. Hith all the gasoils used during
these tests, the highest nitrogen oxide contents were observed
when the engine was running on intermediate loads. The effect of
additives was seen only when the engine ran at minimum speeds.
It was found that nitrate base additives reduce the exhaust gas
CO content, particularly with low cetane number gasoils in
engines on high loads. {Author summary modified)
14325
lee, G., and A. C. Coulson
EOEOPA 1. THE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF GAS SCROBBEBS FOB THE
EOBOPA 1 UPPER STAGES PBOPELLANT SYSTEMS. Weapons Research
Establishment, Salisbury, S. Australia, Dept. of Supply, TN DHD
22, 65p., Aug. 1968. 24 refs.
CFSTI: N69-27758
The design and development of gas scrubbers for the removal of
N204, unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine, and Aerozine 50 from
nitrogen carrier streams are described. The final scrubber
incorporates eight stages fitted with sieve plates made cut of an
aluminum alloy. At the base of the unit, a stainless steel float
valve controls the water outlet flow and maintains a gas-tight
seal. The water flow-rate can be set at 0.5 gal/min. In the
launcher installation, the umbilical mast vent lines to the fuel
and oxidant scrubbers serving the second stage are fitted with
nozzle plates at the scrubber inlet flange. These control the
gas flow rate™ The vent lines from all the other places are
fitted with a flowrator and control valve, the arrangement being
that manual control can limit the gas flow rate and maintain it
while the pressure falls. To allow for imperfect scrubbing of
N204 in the gas streams, the vent gases are led to 15 ft-high
stacks situated 750 ft from the installations, and the effluent
water is piped to soakage pits located at safe distances from
inhabited areas. Frcm the results, it was clear that high
efficiencies are obtainable when stripping the fuel gases from an
inert stream, but it is not possible at any gas flow rate to
remove N20U down to 5 ppm using this technigue. In trying to
produce a scrubber systei capable of coping with the high impulsive
flows, it is probable that the best compromise for a gas scrubber
xas achieved. The scrubber is best suited to constant flow
conditions or to flow conditions which have a limited range of
variation.
Hale, Edith A.
ACTOBOBILE POLLUTION ERAEICATOR., (Assignee not given.) U. S.
Pat. 3,456,439. 3p., July 22, 1969. 5 refs. (Appl. June 26,
1967, 3 claims) .
E. Control Methods 571
-------
The invention provides an improved means of eliminating the
combustion residue (smog) from automobile exhaust. The fog
is eliminated principally in a refrigeration unit connected to
the muffler and the unburnt particles in the smoke are removed
in a baffle unit which receives the output of the refrigeration
device. Noxious gases which are mostly lighter than air,
are then permitted to escape into the atmosphere. The system
provides a clock device for automatic operation and a special
power source for operating the system when the vehicle is not
being used,
11421
Massa, Victor F. and George P. Gross
METHOD AND APPABATOS FOR TREATING AUTOMOTIVE EXHADST GAS.
(Esso Besearch and Engineering Co., Inc., Linden, N. J.) 0. S.
Pat. 3,160,901. 3p., Aug. 12, 1969.. 6 refs. (Appl. June 11,
1965, 2 claims) .
The invention provides a method for abating air pollution from
automobile exhaust gas. It is concerned primarily with
lowering the emission of unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide
by addition of an oxidation-initiating compound of agueous
hydrogen peroxide which promotes the conversion of the pollutants
to innocuous C02 and H20. The liquid oxidant can be aspirated
into exhaust gas for afterburning or injected in other ways
suitable for dispersing it in carrier gas or directly in exhaust
gas ports. An example of a device used for aspirating comprises
a venturi scrubber and jet stream. This device can be adjusted to
vary the anount of the oxidant in response to engine demand™ The
carrier gas in which the hydrogen peroxide-water mixture is
dispersed can be air or recycled exhaust gas. By a simple valve
mechanism, flow of the oxidant can be controlled and limited
to periods of engine operation when unburned hydrocarbon emission
tends to be highest, e.g., acceleration, deceleration, or idling.
The system described can be used with both spark ignition and
compression ignition engines. Further applications of the method
include the treatment of exhaust gases containing lead residues
or halogen compounds present in antiknock additives.
114148
Agneray, louis, Maurice Eruni, Gerard Vandenfcussche, and
Arlette Clayer
BECCVERY OF NITBOGEN OXIDES FBOM INDUSTRIAL WASTE GAS BY
CCDNTEB-CUBRENT ADSCBETION. (Die Hiedergewinnung von Stickoxiden
aus Industriegasen durch Gegenstrcmadsorpticn.) Text in German.
Dechema Monograph, 59 (1015-1069) : 139-116, 1968. 2 refs.
Nitric acid factories emit waste gases which contain considerable
amounts of nitrogen oxides. Adsorption by silica gel seemed to be
an economical method of recovery, so this method was tested. The
adsorbent descended a vertical column countercurrent to the gas
which was to be cleaned. First the water and then the NC2 were
572 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
adsorbed. Due to the catalytic action of the silica gel, NO is
converted into N203 or N02, which is likewise adsorbed. The
adsorbent is recycled by pneumatic transport, but prior to that,
it is desorbed by the simultaneous effect of heat and dry gas, the
latter being a portion cf the cleaned gas. The desorbed mixture
is similar to the gas entering the column, except that it contains
denser nitric oxide gases, water vapor, and nitric acid. It can
thus be recycled to the nitric acid production line or it may be
condensed to a weak nitric acid. The column gas a diameter of 10
cm and a height of 3 m divided into 3 zones for adsorption,
concentration, and desorption. Silica gel with grain sizes from
0.71 to 0.84 mm was used. The temperature of the incoming water-
saturated gas was about 40 C and its pressure somewhat mere than
1 atnu The gas contained 0.4S by volume N02 and 0. 2% by volume
NO; flow rate of the adsorbent was about 0.25 m/sec. Measurements
of the cleaned gas indicated that it contained less than 50 ppm
of nitrogen oxides. The gas developing upon desorption contained
more than 5% nitrogen oxides. Based on experimental data, a
column with a diameter of 2.50 m and a height of 17 m would be
needed to clean 20,000 cu m/h of a gas of composition similar to
that for the experiments. Such an adsorption column would consume
15 kwhr- The main advantage cf this method is the low operating
cost.
1HU81
Van Der Drift, J.
CATALYTIC HEHOVAL OF NITBOGEN CXIEES FHOM HASTE GASES OF HITEIC
ACID PLANTS. A METHOD FOE THE PBEVENTION OF AIR PCLLUTICH.
(Katalytische verwijdering van N-oxyden uit afgewerkte gassen
van salpeterzuurfabrieken. Eer methode voor de bestrijding
van luchverontreiniging). Text in Dutch., Chem. Tech.
(Amsterdam), 2
-------
11531
Eyzat, P. and J.. C. Guibet
SIMULATION OF THE FORMATION OF NITRIC OXIDE DURING COMBUSTION IN
AN ENGINE. (Simulation de la formation d'oxyde nitrique au
cours de la combustion dans un mcteur) . Text in French. Rev..
Insto Franc., Petrole Ann. Combust. liguides (Paris), 22(10):1530-
1518, 1967. 3 refs.,
Simulation of nitric oxide emission in engine exhaust gases by
calculation from the pressure-time diagram was used in a computer
program to determine the best combustion process with respect
to nitric oxide formation and engine efficiency- The calculation
of the pressure time diagram was first reviewed. Optimum
operation was shown to correspond to rapid and relatively late
combustion* The theoretical calculations of optimum
combustion could be at least partially reproduced in actual
running conditions.
11551
Stezhenskiy,, A. I. and V. S. Luk"yanchikov
NITRIC OXIDE FORMATION IN GAS TDREINES. (Ob obrazovanii okisi
azota v kamerakh sgoraniya gtu). Text in Russian. Fiz.
Goreniya, Akad,, Nauk Dkr. SSR, Respub. Hezhvedom™ Sb. , 1966:91-
93. 5 refs..
It is estimated that existing gas turbines discharge 3 kg of
NC2 per ton of natural gas consumed, or 720 tens of N02 per
1000 kH of useful power per year. The NO concentration in gas
turtine exhaust reaches 0.2 vol %. Calculations indicate that
cooling of the exhaust gases with secondary air at a rate of
1000 deg/sec will assure almost complete dissociation of NO
to N2 and 02.
1H630
Schmidt, Alfred and Ferdinand Weinrotter
PROCESS AND EQUIPMENT FOE THE BEKCVAL OF NITROUS GASES
EROM WASTE GASES.. {Verfahren und Vcrrichtung zur Entfernung von
nitrosen Gasen aus Abgasen). Text in German., (Lentia G.,m,b.H.f
Munich} I- German Pat. 1,075,571., tp., Feb.. 18, 1960.. 1 ref.
(Appl. May 2, 1958, 7 claims).
A process is described for the removal of nitrous gases from
waste gases, primarily from nitric acid factories. These gases
are treated with a solution of magnesium nitrite, nitrate,
and magnesium hydroxide and carbonate.. Magnesium hydroxide and
carbonate bind nitrous gases by forming magnesium nitrite. The
latter is decomposed by heating to temperatures between 110
574 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
and 200 C at 3 to 6 atm according to the equation 3Bg(N02)2
plus 2H20 yields Mg(N03)2 plus 2Mg(OH)2 plus I4N00 A scrubbing
solution concentration of 200 to 300 g magnesium nitrite/1
must be maintained. The solid substance in the solution may not
exceed 20%. The NO liberated in the process can be re-used,
and the magnesium hydroxide which separates in crystal form can
be recirculated. Alkali or alkali earth nitrates are added to
the magnesium nitrite solution prior to re-use of the scrubbing
solution.. The equipment for the process consists of a
conventional scrubber, a container heated by pressurized steam
for decomposition of the magnesium nitrate lye, a reaction
chamber, a chamber for oxidation of NO, and inlet, outlet, and
return pipes.
11)631
METHOD FOB THE COMPLETE REMOVAL OF NITROGEN OXIDES. (Werkvijze
voor het volledig verwijderen van stikstofoxyden). Text in
Dutch. (Hibernia-Chemie G.m.b.H., Gelsenkirchen-Euer, West
Germany and Harry Pauling, Munich) Dutch Pat. 6,606,577. 13p. ,
Nov. 21, 1966. (Appl.. May 13, 1966, 23 claims).
The invention describes a method for the complete removal of
nitrogen oxides from waste gases using ammonia with recovery
of nitrogen as ammonium nitrate. First, the nitrogen oxides
are completely oxidized and the mixture of NO and N02 is sashed
with ammonium nitrate solution of fixed maximum and minimum
ammonia content, i.e.., a maximum water vapor: ammonia ratio
of 2:1 and a minimum ratio of 100:1. The ammonium nitrite-
containing solution obtained is converted intc ammonium nitrate
solution with the help of nitric acid. The concentration of
ammonium nitrate in the solution should be so high that its
viscosity is equal to or greater than that of water at the same
temperature; at a working temperature of 20-30 C, this
concentration should be from HO to 50% by weight. There should
be at least two, and prefereably three or more washers and the
solution passing through the scrubbers should contain at least
0.5-5S by wt free ammonia.. Each washing stage in the gas washer
installations should have its own inlet and outlet so that they
are connected in series in the direction of gas flow and in
parallel in the direction of solution flow. The degree of
oxidation of the gas, after passing through half or 2/3 of the
washing stages, is corrected to 50%. A washing stage with mild
nitric acid should be added after the washing stages with
ammonia. The nitric acid content of the ammonium nitrate
solution is fixed to be 0.. 5-1.5% and never to exceed 3*.. The
solution is vigorously stirred after mixing with air
circulation. The nitric acid ammonium nitrate solution is
circulated with one or more giant air pressure pumps and cooled
if necessary.
E. Control Methods 575
-------
T4664
Jtsukawa, Hasumi, Toshihiko Nishimcto, and Naoyuki Takahashi
STODY ON THE REMOVAL OF NITROGEN OXIDES FBOK EFFLUENT STACK
GASES. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Tech. Hev. ,
5(2}:129-135, May 1968,, 9 refs..
Pilot plant tests of the Mitsubishi process for removing nitrogen
oxides from stack gases deacnstrate that nitrogen oxides can be
economically reduced to less than Oo02!t of gas content. By
limiting threshold concentrations of nitric acid to 200 ppm
or below, the method should meet the removal requirements of the
major sources of nitrogen oxide emissions: metal pickling
plants, nitric acid plants, chemical plants using nitric acid,
nitrate, and nitrite plants. Nitric oxide is converted to N02
by either homogeneous or catalytic oxidation, while nitrogen
compounds are recovered through absorption of stack gases in
wetted-wall towers packed with PVC sheets. Homogeneous oxidation
is a slow process and requires large equipment. However, this
equipment is easy to operate. Catalytic oxidation can be
performed on small-scale equipment, but the catalyst is affected
by water, dust, and mist present in the effluent gas and
regeneration is necessary. The PVC equipment has a large
absorption coefficient and a small pressure drop.
11(727
KcCarty, Bill
SMOG., ...ODE CITIES IS CRISIS. Trucking Business, 63(1):18-21,
Jan. 1969.
Control devices and future designs are discussed which will
reduce smog from vehicle emissions. Efforts «ere made by the
Inter-Industry Emission Control Jrogram to prolong the life of
experimental anti-smog equipment by installing small computers
under the hoods of 24 new test cars. The emission control
hardware is a new type of catalytic converter. A computer control
will divert exhaust fumes from around the converter under certain
driving conditions to slow its deterioration. An international
research program is seeking to find a combination of fuel and
automotive hardware which will virtually eliminate emission as
a problem. Computer systems are also used to evaluate exhaust
emission content of light-duty vehicles. After the vehicle is
plugged in, the system breaks down the chemical content of the
exhaust fumes, and measurements are simultaneously printed on
a graph and a typewriter- Research is being done on diesel
smoke emissions, mainly on prolonging the life of smog devices.
A turbine truck engine is to be marketed with predictions
that it will emit far lower levels of objectionable exhaust
emissions. Two smog-free power concepts are solar power and
natural gas. J liquified natural gas (LNG)-powered automobile
was tested and latest results confirm that LNG vehicles emit
less than half as much smog-producing pollutants as the average
for gasoline-fueled vehicles equipped with smog control devices.
576 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Carbon monoxide emissions from the LNG vehicle amounted to
0.1756 at the beginning and 0.21S after t2,000 miles, as
compared to 1.0% at the start and 1U2% after t2,000 miles for
1968 vehicles operating on gasoline and equipped with smog
control devices. The necessary engine modifications are
relatively simple, and use of LNG as a motor fuel is suitable
for truck fleet operations where vehicles are in constant
operation and where there is a central location for servicing.
11(801
Constantinescu, Bircea, Eugenia Platon, and Olga Tibrea
PROCEDURE FOE ELIMINATING OXIDIS CF NITBOGEN FROH GASES USED IN
JBHONIA SYNTHESIS. {Procedeu de eliminare a oxizilor de azot
din gazele folosite la sinteza amoniacului). Text in
Romanian. (Ministry of Chemical Industries, Bucharest)
Socialist Republic of Romania Pat. 50557. 2p., ?eb. 26, 1968.
1 ref. (Appl- Harch 18, 1967, 1 claim).
The patented improvement consists of adding 5-60 mg/1 sodium
dichromate to the wash water, one advantage thus offered being
the oxidation of NO to N02 and N203, which then dissolve more
readily in the wash water instead of escaping into the air.
U821
Clcott, Thomas H..
DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN OF AN ISOTOPE-HEATED CATALYTIC OXIDIZEH
TPACE CONTAHINANT CCNTBOL SYSTEM (U). Lockheed Missiles and
Space Co., Sunnyvale, Calif., Biotechnology Organization,
Contract NAS 1-7433, NASA CB-66739, 277p., Feb. 28, 1969. 79
refs.
N 69-18755
The development and design of an isotope-heated catalytic
oxidizer trace contaminant control system is described. The
program included establishing pre- and post-sorbent bed
designs to control potentially poisonous contaminants (e.g.,
H2S, N02, S02, and NH3) and to control contaminants that
might produce undesirable products. Lithium hydroxide was
selected as the pre-sorbent material. The sizing of the pre-
sorbent bed was accomplished by establishing the stoichicuetric
quantity of lithium hydroxide required to remove the poisonous
contaminants and by establishing a satisfactory dynamic
performance level. A trade-off was made between the weight
penalty due to the bed and canister fixed weight and the weight
penalty associated with the fan head rise reguired for flow
to establish the bed configuration. To determine the pre-
sorbent bed requirements, a regenerative 'Charcoal main sorbent
bed system, suitable for the proposed program, was postulated,
and its effect on the contaminant lead was assessed. A 180-
day evaluation test of the pre-sorbent bed, catalytic oxidizer,
and post-sorbent bed was conducted. Tests established the
fabrication and joining techniques and the compatability between
E. Control Methods 577
-------
the isotope heat source materials of construction. Additional
tasks included evaluation of candidate electric heater concepts
for use in a simulated isotope heat source and evaluation of
thermal insulation concepts. The insulation performance was
better than expected and resulted in the reduction in the required
insulation thickness from 1.5-1.0 inches. Solid insulation was
selected for the final design.. The detailed design of the
isotope heated catalytic cxidizer system included a stress
analysis of the main structure and a review of the thermal
characteristics. The resistively heated unit is an exact
duplicate of the radioisotope-fueled unit, except that the
thermal power is obtained from a resistively heated element located
in the fuel cavity, and heater element and thermocouple leads
pass through the heat exchanger core. (Author abstract
modified}
1H902
Andersen, L. B. and H. F- Johnstone
GAS ABSORPTION AND OXIDATION IN DISPERSED MEDIA.,
Am. InsU Chem. Engrs- J,f 1 (2) :135-1«1, June 1955. 8 refs.
The absorption and subsequent liquid-phase reaction of oxygen was
studied with two types of dispersion apparatus: the Venturi
atomizer and the fritted-glass disperser. The systems studied
in both devices included the absorption of atmospheric oxygen
by catalyzed sodium sulfite solutions and the simultaneous
absorption of atmospheric oxygen with nitrogen dioxide and
with sulfur dioxide by water. Very large values of the liguid-
film mass transfer coefficient for oxygen absorption were
measured in the atomization zone of the Venturi atomizer.
Over-all recovery efficiencies were less than 2.. 3% for nitrogen
dioxide but reached as much as 2255 for sulfur dioxide. Oxidation
efficiencies for sodium sulfite solutions ranged up to 80%,
depending on the operating conditions. The fritted-glass
disperser gave recovery efficiencies of nitrogen dioxide as high
as 90% from air containing 10?! of the gas. The recovery
efficiency decreased at lew concentrations of nitrogen dioxide
for both the Venturi atomizer and the fritted-glass disperser.
(Author abstract modified)
14955
Rabson, S. B..
THE DEVEIOPHENT OF AN EXTBACTICN PLANT FOE THE ELIMINATION OF
BLASTING FUMES, South African Institute of Mining and
Metallurgy, Johannesburg, Trans. Seventh Commonwealth Mining
and Met all- Cong., vol. 2:159-TJU, 1961. 20 refs.
Nitrous fumes produce acute toxic effects and, when inhaled in
gross concentrations together with siliceous dust, can
accelerate the development of silicosisn Methods for extracting
the oxides of nitrogen from fumes caused by underground blasting
578 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
were investigated. A detailed description is given of laboratory
work to analyze the composition of fumes released in blasting;
the fumes were found to contain nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide/
tetroxide, and nitrogen trioxide, with nitric oxide being the
most significant for the problem of fume elimination. Both
laboratory extraction tests and underground oxidation tests were
carried out; the most successful results were obtained with a
combined method of simultaneously oxidizing the nitric oxide and
absorbing the oxidation products. An extraction plant was
developed, based on the use of alkaline -potassium permanganate
solution impregnated on vermiculite; the performance of the
trial filter showed the effectiveness of a single vermiculite
bed, at least 2 ft thick, impregnated with a solution of 5*
HaC03 and 5% KHnOH in oxidizing and absorbing the nitrous fumes;
extraction is good up to 55 f.p.ro.. Because the bed loses a
considerable portion of its absorbing power after extended use,
the air should be by—passed during normal ventilation between
blasts to reduce decomposition of the permanganate by the air»
Despite the good extraction obtained, air from the filter should
still te mixed with ventilating air to a dilution of not less
than 5 to 1 before supplying the air to working places. The
design of a suitable fume extraction plant is described.
10975
lee, E. C. and D. B. Wimmer
EXHAUST EMISSION ABATEMENT BY FUEL VARIATIONS TO PRODUCE LEAN
COHBUSTION. Preprint, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.,,
Hew York, 20p., 1968. 15 refs. (Presented at the National Fuels
and lubricants Meeting, Tulsa, ckla., Oct. 29-31, 1968,
Paper 680769.)
Differences in the power producing capacities and exhaust
emission characteristics of various spark-ignition-engine fuels
are freguently obscured by interactions involving the particular
engine system used in the comparison. In an attempt to
minimize this problem, gasoline, propane, methane, and a
hydrogen-methane fuel gas were compared in a single cylinder
engine under conditions that were optimum for each fuel.. The
resulting data, coupled with an estimated duty cycle
representative of traffic service, permitted the development
of internally comparable data on fuel consumption and exhaust
emissions. Smog-inducing hydrocarbon emissions from the exhaust
of a propane—fueled engine can be less than 13% of the minimum
value obtainable with a gasoline fueled engine. Such emissions
would te substantially eliminated with a well designed methane
engine. Engines designed for propane and methane should have
substantially no carbon monoxide in the exhaust, and only
tO-505! as much nitric oxide as an engine designed for gasoline.
In addition, lower specific fuel consumptions are possible with
propane and methane. These benefits are primarily the result
of better lean combustion performance with the two gaseous
fuels. It is recognized that a fuel gas that might be
steam-reformed from a liguid fuel would have even better lean
mixture combustion behaviour and lower emissions than propane
or methane. (Author abstract modified)
E. Control Methods 579
-------
15087
Bucskai, Laszlo
THE PROCESS OF OXIDATION OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN THE PRESENCE OF
EQOIMOLECULAR NO + NC2 ABSORPTION IN THE DILUTE TAIL GASES OF
NITRIC-ACID PLANTS. <(Nitrogenoxid oxidacioja hig nitrozus
gazoktan ekviraolekularis NO + N02 folyamatos abszorpcioja mellett)
Text in Hungarian. Hagy. Kern. Folyoirat, 67(11):«88-U90, 1961.
1 ref.
A differential eguation is derived that gives the incremental
change in the partial pressure of nitrogen dioxide as a function
of incremental change in nitric oxide concentration, oxygen
concentration, the concentration of an inert gas, and the total
pressure. The above conditions refer to the tail gas of a stack
at a plant where nitric acid is manufactured from nitric oxide,
sodium carbonate, and water; the tail gas (NO and N02)
concentration is 0.7-1.0 voU. Subsequently, the eguation is
used tc derive another differential equation rendering the time
needed to accomplish an incremental change in NO concentration.,
This latter differential eguation is considerably simplified
so that it can be integrated. The resulting equation is
presented in the form of a nosogram that can be used to
calculate the volume of the absorber column or the oxygen
concentration or the time needed to perform the reaction.,
15100
Szepesy, Laszlo and Allesandro R« Giona
REMOVAL OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF NITRIC OXIDE BY ADSORPTION. (Kis
mennyisegu nitrogen-monoxid eltavolitasa adszcrpcioval). Text
in Hungarian™ Magy. Icen. Folyoirat, 71 (9) : 399-403, Sept.,
1965. 6 refs.
The presence of 0.1-0..8 ppm nitric oxide during the nitrogen
washing of synthesized ammonia might result in an unexpected and
powerful explosion. This study investigated the feasibility of
SO removal by adsorption and selection of the most suitable
adsorbent. For the test work, NO was produced by Emich"s method,
and NO analysis was performed by the Saltzman method using a
Lange Colorimeter. Three kinds of ion-exchange material
(IHA KOO, IMAC A 17, and IHAC C 12), two kinds of molecular
sieves (5A and 13X), silica gel, and activated carbon were used
as adsorbent materials; all materials were in the form of
30-40 mesh sieve fraction. Only the 5A molecular sieve and the
activated carbon (Carlo Erba, Norit) gave appreciable
breakthrough times. Test results of dynamic adsorption
measurements are presented for the two chosen materials, giving
the velocity of progression of the adsorption zone as a function
of NO concentration and linear gas velocity, and the adsorption
isothermal lines in the investigated concentration regime
(0-13 and 21 ppm} for activated carbon.
580 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
15152
Schwanecke, Eudolf
HAS1E GAS CLEANING 1HBOCGH COMEDSTION 01 NITROGEN OXIDES.
(Abgasreinigung durch Verbrennen von Stickstoffoxyden). Text
in German. Zentr.. Arbeitsmed. Arbeitsschutz, 19 (9) : 262-264,
1969., 3 refs.
Various methods for elimination of NO and N02 from waste gases
are reviewed. Absorption of the nitrogen oxides on silica gel
has recently interested the nitric acid plants. Water vapor
is used for desorption, and the recovered nitrogen oxides are
returned to the nitric acid plant. If DO recovery of the nitrogen
oxides is desired, they can be removed from waste air by
scrubbing with water or bases such as sodium hydroxide or
ammonia water., The reaction follows the equation 3N02 + H20 yields
2HN03 t NO. Ss can be seen, only N02 is removed. A patented
process for dissociation of NO and N02 in the reducing part of
the flame is based on the reaction of carbon monoxide with N02
and NO in a flame sustained in an atmosphere of low air. The
reaction follows the equation 2NO + 2CO yields N2 + 2C02,, It
has also been discovered'that the nitrogen oxides dissociate
in an atmosphere of 20% or more excess air. The process depends
on the thorough mixing of the gases with the flame, as
accomplished by atomization. In a chemical plant, NO and N02 are
eliminated bj a combination of scrubbing and combustion. Nitric
oxide escapes from the scrubber at a rate of up to 30 cu m/hr with
a temperature of 30 C. It is mixed with air and atomized with
the fuel oil in a muffle furnace; it serves as combustion air and
as an atomizing agent for the fuel oil. About 3 to 5 ppm of
NO and N02 were measured in the waste gas of the furnace.
15219
Girden, Barney B.
METHOD OF CONTROLLING SBOG. (Assig.nee not given.) D. S. Pat.
3,«65,964. Up., Sept. 9, 1969. 2 refs. (Appl. Nov. 9, I960,
3 claims) .
A method for controlling and substantially eliminating smog is
directed toward effecting the ascension above coastal cities
of thermal inversion belts which trap and retain pollutants
near the surface of the earth. On-shore breezes which cause
a thermal inversion belt to rise can be initiated and sustained
by mixing cool, deep offshore water with warm surface water to
reduce the temperature of the surface water to a value less
than that of the adjacent earth surface. When the thermal
inversion layer ascends, the ccol, clean, and heavier oceanic
atmosphere can then be substituted for the warmer, lighter,
and polluted air by the phenomena of thermal convection. The
invention proposes to achieve the turbulent intermingling of
ocean water by installing pumping apparatus in selected
submarine canyons bordering coastal areas. It has particular
E. Control Methods 581
-------
implications for Southern California, where a chain of
submarine canyons and basins are located adjacent to the
coastline. Best results will be obtained by initiating the
on-shore breeze just before smog occurs, that is, in the early
morning hours when the temperature of the earth"s surface
usually decreases to a point lower than that of the ocean.
15270
Schmidt, Karl-Heniz
METHOD TOE BEHOVING NITROGEN OXIDES FEOM GASES THROUGH CATALYTIC
BEDDCTION OP THESE SUBSTANCES TO NITROGEN- (Verfahren zur
Entfernung von Stickoxyden aus Gasen durch katalytische
Reduction derselben zu Stickstaft). Text in German. Hamburg
Gaswerke, Goin.b., H. , Hamburg) W., German Pat. 1,259,298. 2p.,
Jan. 25, 1968. 1 ref. (Appl. Aug. 29, 1961, 2 claims) .
A method for removing nitrogen oxides from waste gases, flue
gases0 etc. involves catalytic reduction of these oxides to
nitrogen at high temperatures in the presence of ammonia or
compounds which liberate ammonia. Appropriate catalysts are
oxides of the sixth to eighth subgroup of the periodic table
of elements. Because these catalysts are resistant to sulfur,
sulfur-containing gases, primarily flue gases, can be freed of
their nitrogen oxides. Chromium and/or iron oxides are
particularly effective catalysts,, The reaction follows the
equation N02 + HO + 2NH3 yields 2N2 + 3H20. The reaction
temperature can range from 150 tc 300 C; about 250 C is
preferred for dry gas and above 300 C for very moist gas. The
advantages of this method are that (1) any concentration of NO
and N02 is removed completely, even when sulfur is present, (2)
no scrubbing process is necessary, (3) no by-product
accumulates, and (4J the nitrogen oxides are converted in
oxidizing atmosphere. Two practical examples are given. In the
first case 250 kg catalyst were used per 300 cu m flue gas/hour.
The dirty gas had a NO content of 120 ml/cu m and a N02 content
of 15 ml/cu m., After catalytic reduction the nitrogen oxides
concentrations were less than 0.01 ml/cu m. In the second case
the gas contained 3000 ppm which were reduced to less than 0.1
ppm.
15271
Andersen, Holger C.
CLEANING OF INDUSTRIAL GASES HITH PBECIOUS METAL CATALYSTS.
(Industrielle Gasreinigung mit Edeluetallkatalysatoren) . Text
in German. Dechema Monograph., HO (616-641) :325-33, 1962™
28 refs.
The applications of platinum metals as catalysts for removing
acetylene from clefins, cleaning coke-oven gas, and treating
residual gases from the nitric acid production are reviewed.
Of the family, platinum palladium is particularly suited for the
582 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIOANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
hydration of acetylene so that only a few ppm remain. Recent
laboratory tests indicate that at gas throughputs of up to
U500 standard cu m/hr/cu m catalyst, the addition of hydrogen
can be reduced to a mole ratio between hydrogen and acetylene
of 2. In the case of coke-oven gases, acetylene, nitrogen oxides,
carbon oxysulfide, and diolefins are converted into harmless,
easily removable compounds by palladium and ruthenium catalysts.,
Catalytic treatment of residual gases from nitric acid
production has three goals: the removal of noxious components,
recovery of the nitrogen in pure form for re-use at the ammonia
synthesis, and production of heat. Eecent laboratory tests show
that the process can reduce the nitric oxide content of waste
gases to 9 ppm«
15321
Eberan-Eberhorst, P0
FORWARD-LOOKING EXHAUST GAS RESEARCH FOR THE AUTOMOTIVE PETROL
ENGINE. (Abgasforschung zukunftsweisend fuer den Fahrzeug-
Otto-motor) „ Text in German. Botortech. Z. (Stuttgart),
30(9) :315-323. Sept. 1969. 18 refs,
The influence of engine operation modification on the emission of
such exhaust gas components as CO, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides
is discussed. The use of an evaporator helps reduce carbon
monoxide emission to the lowest possible concentration. A spinning
motion in the air intake pipe also reduces the CO content. The
type of carburetion has almost no effect on the CO or hydrocarbon
emission. Study of the influence of temperature cooling agent on
hydrocarbon emission showed that emission could be considerably
reduced by raising the temperature of the agent. When the engine
acts as a brake, hydrocarbon emissions jump to high concentrations
due to misfiring., Spiral-like intake pipes or vortex-imparting
installations in the intake system, tangential inlets or deflector
valves have a considerable influence on hydrocarbon emission, which
is decreased because the wall layer is completely burned due to
the higher turbulence. This hcwever, costs power. Compression
of the intake air and spark timing also reduce these emissions.
Kith a commonly used idling mixture containing 3% CO, the
hydrocarbon emissions of a 1-liter four cylinder engine were
reduced from 1720 ppm at 30 degree ignition advance to 180 ppm
at 18 degree ignition delay. The emission of nitrogen oxides can
be reduced by exhaust gas return to the fresh air which reduces
the caloric value of the fuel/air mixture and by water injection
into the intake pipe,. Tests with the latter method showed that
nitrogen oxide emissions could be reduced from 2000 ppm to 583 ppm.
At lamda equal to one, a 20% addition of exhaust gas has the same
effect as water injection at a water to fuel ratio of 1:2.
15640
Sullivan, Eillie R.
SMOG REDUCING CARBURETOR., (Automotive Development Corp., Calif.)
U. Su Pat. 3,1*71,132. 6p.,, Oct., 7, 1969. 11 refs. (Appl. Dec.
11, 1967, 9 claims) .
E. Control Methods 583
-------
A venturi-less carburetor is described in which the movement of
the throttle valve controls the rate of fuel discharge and in
which fuel is discharged into the engine induction system
through the throttle valve shaft., The carburetor embodies
several features for improving combustion in internal coictustion
engines and for reducing the emission of smog-producing
constituents from the induction system. The smog-reducing
features include an accelerating pump with a discharge circuit
responsive to an induction system vacuum for bleeding fuel into
the carburetor during severe decelerations, an improved fuel
discharge nozzle bar,, and a system for retarding the spark
advance on such decelerations., (Author abstract modified)
15650
Case, Carl D., Daniel L. Bear, and Tunis Shrewders
PUBLICATION METHOD OF GAS CONTAINING NITROGEN OXIDES. (Chisso
sankatutsu o ganyu suru gasu no seiseiho). Text in Japanese.
(Engelhard Industries, Inc., Newark, N. J.) Japanese Pat. Sho 44-
13002, 13 p., June 11, 1969. 3 refs. (Appl. March 18, 1965,
claims not given) .
In the production of nitric acid, harmful gases such as nitric
oxide or nitrogen dioxide are produced. To prevent air pollution,
nitrogen oxides must be eliminated completely from the final
product. One way of eliminating the gases is by catalytic
reduction, using reducing agents such as hydrogen, carbon
monoxide, and so forth. In this invention, excessive back
pressure, occurring in the conventional process using granular
catalysts, and wear loss of expensive platinum metal catalysts are
reduced to a minimum. The catalyst consists of a ceramic having
more than one ditch for gas flow extending along the flew
direction. The ceramic has pcre diameters of 2000 A and is
supported on outer surfaces opening into the ditches. Eefractory
metal oxide which has a surface area of at least 25 sg m/g
precipitates on the ditches and also on the outer surfaces.
Platinum metals precipitate on the refractory metal oxide.
Several practical examples are shewn for the terminal gas
containing 0.9% nitric oxides. The nitric oxide content was
lowered to 1 ppm. Pressure decrease was 0.508 (1.52) atm under
40,000 Vg/Vc/hr, 0.762 (5.33) under 10,000 Vg/Vc/hr, and 1.52
(14.2) Vg/Vc/hr, where Vg/Vc/hr means volume of gas per catalyst
vclume per hour. The values in parentheses are for a catalyst
having a diameter of 0,635 cm.
15772
Okuno, Tosihide
THE REACTION BJD ODOB SUBSTANCES WITH OZCNE. (Akushu seibun to
ozon no hannosei). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J,
Pollution Control), 5 (8) :633-639, Aug.. 15, 1969. 8 refs.
The removal of industrial odors by the use of ozone oxidation was
studied, and their properties and behavior were described with the
584 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
introduction of electron theory. Malodorous components are amine-
annoniacal compounds, lower aliphatic acidic compounds,
sulfurous compounds, ofefin-paraffin hydrocarbons,, and other
organic compounds. Olefinic hydrocarbons have a characteristic
odor and a reaction mechanism for olefinic hydrocarbons and ozone
»as described. One of the most general reactions of the carbon-
carbon double bond is an addition of ozone and rearrangement of
the resultant ozonide whereby the ozonide is directly
hydrolyzed by boiling with water.. Secondary and tertiary amines
were employed to examine reactivity and reaction products.
Reactivity was determined by measuring residual ozone quantity,
and reaction products were monitored by gas-chromatography.
Tertiary amines reacted extensively with ozone and formed various
compounds. Acrylic ester lonomer, used as a raw material of
acrylic acid resin, is very odorous. An oxidation experiment
using acrylic ester and methacrylate was done for the removal of
this odor. Acrylic ester reacted faster than methacrylate; a
reaction of acrylic ester with ozone proceeded relatively fast,
so this odor can most readily be removed by selecting appropriate
reaction conditions™ In conclusion, not all odorous components
can be removed by ozone oxidation, due to the difficulty in
reducing 1 ppm of malodorous conponents to 1 ppb (99,,9/t removal
rate) . Optimum reaction conditions and apparatus must be found
for the use of ozone reaction aethods on odorous sources.
15941
Tow, Philip S.
CONSIDERATIONS OF THE FEASIBILITY OF CCNTHOL OF OXIDES OF
NITROGEN. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., vol. -7:23t-2«0, Nov.
1957. 28 refs.
a review of existing theories of the role of nitrogen oxides and
hydrocarbons in ozone and smog formation is followed by a
consideration of the nature and contribution of various sources
of nitrogen oxides in Los Angeles County and an evaluation of
methods for controlling the oxides. In Los Angeles, nitrogen
oxide emissions are primarily the result of nitrogen fixation in
combustion processes, according to the eguilibirum N2 plus 02
equals 2NO. Variables in combustion processes are temperature,
excess air, and in the case of automobiles, engine acceleration
rate. Theoretical and experimental data show that there is no
ready solution for the control of nitrogen oxides as a general
atmospheric contaminant. Much experimental work needs to be done
before satisfactory devices are developed. The importance of
research on the catalytic decomposition of nitric oxide is
stressed. It is also suggested that methods of accelerating vapor
phase reactions of NO may have applications for controlling
nitrogen oxide emissions from stationary sources. Other possible
roethods of control discussed are absorption, adsorption, and
changes in the design of combustion equipment or its operation or
changes in fuel.
E. Control Methods 585
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15948
Nakano, loshihiro
THE EXAMPLE OF ODOE CCNTEOL HUH OZONE. (Akushuh taisaku to shite
no ozon riyo no jissari rei: Nagcya shi Horidome shorijoh ni
oXeru ichi rei). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J.
Pollution Control), 4 (6):359-363, June 15, 1968. 6 refs.
Eeodorant and ventilation facilities at a sewer treatment plant
at Horidome, Nagoya city are described. The volume of air treated
is 11,910 cubic meters. The air can be changed eight tines an
hour, since the ducts and ventilator handle 1600 cu m per min.
Because the sewer odor is a mixture of many gases, its analysis is
difficult. Among the principal ingredients are hydrogen sulfide,
indole, skatole, and ammonia. Deodorizing methods considered
were adsorption, absorption, masking, counteraction, combustion,
autotrophy, and oxidation. Because of space limitations, the
method of oxidation by ozone was chosen. The amount of ozone
required is about 1 ppm, i.e., 1.75 nig per cu m air. Total ozone
used is 168 gr per hour. The amount of raw material is 269
liters air per min, and the rate cf ozone generation is 7.6
liters per min. Four seconds are required for the mixing of
cdor and ozone. The reaction takes place in the exhaust duct of
the ozone generator. Operating costs of the process are 101,520
yen ($290) per year. Ammonia has decreased about 60 percent.
Other components can not be measured because of their lew
concentration. Factors affecting the continuous operation of
the ozone generator will be reported later.
16157
Kipot, N. S-, A. I. Erodovich, and B. S. Filippov
REMOVAL OF NITRIC OXIDE FECM COKE-OVEN GAS. Coke Chem. (USSR)
(English translation from Russian of: Koks i Khira.), no. 3:38-43,
196S. 47 refs.
Although the amount of nitric cxide in coke-oven gas is small,
even the slightest trace reduces the efficiency of equipment for
fertilizer manufacture and creates the risk of explosion.
Current methods of nitric oxide removal are those that involve
compression of coke-oven gas or those that are carried out at
normal pressures (800-1000 water guage). When the compression
method is carried out in hollow reactors, 70-90% of the nitric
cxide can be removed at 100 C and 10-12 atm. When carried out
with molybdenum or tungsten sulfide catalysts, nitric oxide is
virtually entirely removed at 180-250 C and 16 atm. The best
available method for removing nitric oxide from uncompressed gas
is purification in electrostatic brush-discharge precipitatots.
In this process, nitric oxide is oxidized inside the precifitator,
on an almost stoichicmetric basis, to nitrogen dioxide. The
nitro-resins formed by the reaction of the nitrogen dioxide with
the unsaturated hydrocarbons present in the gas are speedily
deposited inside the precipitatcr. The nitric oxide content of
586 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIOANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
the coke-oven gas is reduced from 0.5 to 0.006 ppm. This method
should receive further study in the Soviet Union where the
introduction of smokeless coke has increased the nitric oxide
content of coke-oven gas.
16233
Kingston Chemicals Ltd.
BANUF1CTUHE OF NITROUS OXICF. APPENDIX II. Erit. J. Anaesthesia,
vol. 39:443-444, May 1969.
Production of pure nitrous oxide by the closed circuit method is
described. Ammonium nitrate is liquified in a preheating retort
by gas cylinders and then transferred to the main retort which is
heated only until the nitrate is able to generate its own heat.
the pressure in the main retort pushes gas through a purification
system, eliminating the risk cf impurities being entrained in the
system. After partial cooling, the gas is scrubbed with caustic
soda and passed through beds of finely divided iron where nitrogen
dioxide is removed and nitric oxide reduced to nitrous cxide. Ihe
gas is then passed through sulfuric acid, a water scrubber, ana
is dried by lump caustic before entering a gasholder designed to
balance the rate of gas produced and the rate of gas compressed.
From the compressors the gas passes through another bed of finely
divided iron and additional lump caustic. It is liquified by
cooling. The cylinders to which the liquid is passed are
overfilled by approximately six pounds of liquid and allowed to
stand before being 'blown back" to the required weight. This
eliminates the more volatile impurities: nitrogen and nitric
oxide.
16299
Schwanecke, R.
ELIMINATION OF NITROGEN OXIDE EY MEANS CF CCMEUSTICN. (Verr.ichtung
von Stickstoffoxid durch Verbrennen). Text in German. Wasser,
Luft Betrieb, 12 (6) -.372-3, June 1968. 3 refs.
The elimination of NO and N02 by scrubbing with water or sodium
lye and their elimination by thermal decomposition are briefly
contrasted. The former method has the disadvantage of just
removing the N02 according to the equation 3N02 + H2C yields
2HN03 t NC. Thermal decomposition of NC and N02 between 150 and
620 C in a reducing flame maintained with a lack of air follows the
equations 2ND + 2CO yields 2N2 + 2C02 and 2N02 t 4CC yields N2 t
1C02. The oxides are also reliably destroyed at 20% and more
excess air. A third method for eliminating NO and N02 is discussed
in greater detail. It is a combined process of absorption of N02
and combustion of NO. The waste gases of a chemical oxidation
process are first passed ccuntercurrent to a scrubbing liquid
through a scrubbing tower, where the N02 is converted to nitric
acid. The NO which escapes from the scrubbing tower is mixed with
the threefold amount of air and turned in an oil-fired muffle
furnace. The furnace consists of two concentric, sheet steel
E. Control Methods 587
-------
shells. In the space between the two shells cooling air is
circulated with a speed of 12 re/sec. The nitrogen oxide-containing
air is used for atomizing the fuel.
163<41
Schischlcov, D., M. Kojcharova, C. Iwanov, Z. Galunski, G. Dinov,
K. Gruev, and D. Grueva
A STUDY OF THE CONVERSION OF CARBON MONOXIDE AND THE SIMULTANEOUS
REMOVAL OF NITBIC OXIDE AND OXYGEN FROM THE SYNTHESIS GAS WITH THE
AID OF LCW-TEMPEHATURE CATALYSTS. (Studie ueber die Kcrvertierung
von Kohlenoxid und die gleichzeitige Entfernung von Stickoxid und
Sauerstoff aus Synthesegas mit Hilfe von
lieftemperaturkatalysatoren), Text in German. Allgem. Frakt.
Chem. (Vienna), 20(3):68-70, 1969. 8 refs.
Tests with low-temperature catalysts developed by the Technological
Institute of Sofia concerning the conversion of carbon monoxide
were performed in an experimental plant with a capacity of 20
standard cu m per hour. The synthesis gas contained 88% hydrogen,
3.5% nitrogen and argon, 5.4% carbon monoxide, 2.5% methane,
0.6% carbon dioxide, up to 5 ing/hydrogen sulfide/cu m, 0.5 ppm
nitric oxide, and 1000 ppm oxygen. The pressure at the activity
tests was 28 to 29 atm gauge; the throughput speed, 2000 to 500C
cu m/cu m/hr; the steam/gas ratio, 0.5; and the temperature less
than 250 C. With all types of catalysts tested, the same carbon
monoxide concentration was obtained. The throughput speed exerts
considerable influence at low temperatures on the residual carbon
monoxide concentration; at higher temperatures, this influence
becomes weaker. The catalysts were able to reduce nitric oxide
and oxygen considerably, which means that they are able to convert
and clean the synthesis gas in one process.
16365
Tuerkoelmez, S.
NEW METHOD OF WASTE GAS CLEANING. ELIMINATION OF ODORS THROUGH
EXCHANGE ADSOBPTION WITH ARTIFICIAL ION EXCHANGERS. PAST II.
(Neues Verfahren der Abgasreinigung. Beseitigung der
Geruchbelaestigungen durch Austausch-Adsorption mittels Kunstharz-
lonenaustauschern. Teil II). lext in German. Hasser Luft
Betrieb, 9 (12) : 812-8 16, 1965.
Experiments in the laboratory and in a pilot plant were conducted
with waste gases containing nitrogen oxides. Removal by exchange
adsorption with artificial resins (such as amberlite IBA-410 and
IR-45) using air or nitrogen as the carrier gas showed that the
capacity of the resins was lower in the presence of air. for 1
kg nitrogen gas, 27 1 amberlite IHA-410 were needed. Tests on
the stability of the artificial resins by saturation in 15?t nitric
acid for 132 days brought positive results. Experiments with
various scrubbing liquids such as water, sodium lye, and
dimethylsulfoxide showed that the scrubbing process, which is
actually an oxidation process, is improved by the presence of
588 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
sufficient oxygen. Eleven tests with dimethylsulfoxide solution
were performed. The waste gas was first cooled to 20 C and then
passed over dimethylsulfoxide solution. The solution was
regenerated over artificial resins which bound the HN03 and
possibly also the HN02 through exchange adsorption. The
efficiency of this method was between 80 and 98%. For
regeneration of the scrubbing lignid, 300 liters of artificial
resin per week were needed. The resins in turn had to be
regenerated once a week with 1058 sodium lye. During the
experimental period, the resins suffered no decline in capacity.
16555
Fukui, Syozo
EXAMPLES OF GAS INJUBY BY HYDBGFIURCIC ACID AND NITBOGEN DIOXIDE,
AND REMOVAL OF THE GASES FROM HASTE GAS. (Pukka suiso oyobi
nisanka chisso ni yoru kogai to sono jogai jisshirei). Text in
Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku, (J. Pollution Control), 2 (7) : 481-486,
Aug. 15, 1966. 3 refs.
Among the methods of nitrogen-dioxide removal, washing by water
or alkaline solutions are only 50% effective. The author
investigated a method based on ammonia gas. For the sake of
comparison, an experiment using water alone was conducted.
nitrogen dioxide concentration was about 200 to 300 ppm; gas
velocity, 0.6 1/min; and water volume, 20 ml. Eemoval efficiency
was only 30 to 40%. Next, washing by a caustic soda solution was
examined. The caustic soda concentration was 10% under identical
experimental conditions. The rate of removal was 40 to 503t. Ihe
rate of nitrogen dioxide removal by ammonia was 85 to 95%. The
drawback of this method, however, is that it generates white smoke
cf ammonium nitrite or nitrate. In the experiments conducted at a
plant site, washing by water removed only 12 to 5556 nitrogen
dioxide while ammonia removed 70 to 93%. Hydrofluoric acid is
harmful to silkworms. Mulberry leaves containing 1 mg of fluorine
per 100 g of leaves completely killed silkworms. Elimination of
hydrofluoric acid was comparatively easy. Satisfactory results
were achieved by alkaline washing. The removal rate of this
method was higher than 99% and the acid concentration of tail gas
was lower than 1 ppm. The mortality rate of silkworms fed
untreated mulberry leaves was 3-0 percent; that of controls was
2.0.
16691
Ladu, «. , M. Pellicioni, and M. Eoccella
FBODUCTION AND DISCHARGE OF TOXIC ANE RADIOACTIVE GASES IN IKE
'LINAC' TUNNEL IN FEASCATI. (Prcduzione e scarico di gas
tossici e radioattivi nel tunnel del Linac di Frascati).
laboratori Nazionali di Frascati del CNEN, Italy, LNF-65/21, Nota
interna: no. 282, 12p., June 28, 1965. 8 refs. Translated from
Italian. National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, National
Science Library. I.I. 1332.
CFSTI: N 69 10248
E. Control Methods 589
-------
Among the hazards associated with high-power linear accelerators
are the production of N02 and 03 plus the nuclides 0 15, N 11, and
Cl 38, For the sake of production and the safety of personnel,
production of the gases and nuclides in the Frascati Linac tunnel
was calculated. Results show that the maximum allowable
concentrations of the gases are reached in approximately 20 min.
If the air in the tunnel is changed every 10 minutes,
concentrations can be kept belcw the admissible levels. This can
be accomplished by ventilation on the order of 60 cu m/min.
Production of the nuclides is less than 20% of the allowable
maximum, which for lungs is 4 rem in 13 weeks, corresponding to
the value 7 to 0.001 rad/hr for <*0 hrs/week. Badiation levels at
points where radioactive gases are discharged do not appear to te
serious.
16699
British Oxygen Co. ltd., Glasgow, Scotland
CURRENT METHODS OF CCMHERCIAI EBODUCTIOK OF NITROUS CXIDE.
APPENDIX 1. Brit. J. Anaesthesia, vol. 39:HHQ-HH2, Hay 1967.
Nitrous oxide is produced on a commercial scale by passing an
ammonium nitrate solution through a primary scrubbing tower to a
gas-heated reactor. As decomposition takes place, nitrous oxide
leaves the reactor, together with steam, ammonia, nitric acid,
nitrogen, and traces of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide.
Initial cooling of the merging gases causes most of the ammonia
and nitric acid to revert to ammonium nitrate, which is returned
to the reactor. Residual ammonia and nitric acid are removed by
a water scrubber; higher oxides, by caustic/permanaganate
scrubbers; and ammonia traces, by an acid scrubber. When free
of all impurities except moisture and nitrogen, the gas is
compressed and dried in an alumina drier battery. The dry,
compressed gas is next liquefied to release nitrogen and evaporate
pure nitrous oxide. The evaporated nitrous oxide is then
compressed to cyclinder pressure and passed through a second
alumina drier battery to a cylcinder filling line. In purity tests
for nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide determination, the gas
leaving each drier is passed through a visual bubbler containing
an acid potassium permanganate solution and a Saltzman reagent.
An alarm is automatically sounded if nitric oxide and nitrogen
dioxide concentrations reach 1 vpm.
16726
Kazakova, E. A., H. Z. Khiterer, and V. E. Bomshtein
PURIFICATION OF EXHAOST GASES FBCM NITRIC ACID PLANTS. Erit.
Chen. Eng., 14 (5) :667-668, Hay 1969.
The presence of unatsorbed nitrous gases in the tail gases from
nitric acid plants created a serious pollution problem and efforts
to deal with it have followed various lines. In this article a
pilot plant that applies the principle of adsorption of the
nitrogen oxides by a fluidized stream of silica gel particles is
590 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
described. The pilot plant consisted of an adsorption column
operating at 5.5 atm and a descrber operating at atmospheric
pressure. In the adsorption column, fluidized silica gel flews
counter-current to the gas stream. The NO is partly oxidized to
N02 and adsorbed on the silica gel. The adsorbent saturated with
N02 is withdrawn from the adsorber base and passes to the
desorption column. Here the adsorbent is heated with steam to
180 to 190 C while a current of air desorbs the silica gel. The
desorption products, after dedusting in a cyclone are returned to
the process.
16777
Starkroan, Ernest S.
ELIMINATING EXHAUST CO AND NO - IT'S POSSIBLE. S. A. E. (Soc.
Jutomot. Engrs.) J., 77(7):28-29, July 1969.
Direct reaction between CO and NO, when mixed in egual amounts in
the presence of a catalyst, produces N2 and C02. In the combustion
process of a spark ignition engine egual amounts of both gases can
te supplied to the exhaust by burning a lean fuel mixture. Ihis
requires solving the problems associated with running an engine
on lean mixtures, especially mixture control so that the maximum
amount of time is spent at the CO-NO match point.
1705U
Starkman, E. S. , E. F. Sawyer, E. Carr, G. Johnson, and L. Huzic
ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOB CONTEOL 01 ENGINE EMISSION. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc., 20(2):87-92, Feb. 1910. 16 refs.
The possibility of reducing carbon monoxide and nitric oxide
emissions through modifications of spark ignition engine fuel
composition was investigated theoretically and experimentally.
Ammonia, alcohols, hydrogen, reformed hexane, and a few
representative hydrocarbons were considered. Calculations of
exhaust gas composition and the influence of composition en
equilibrium peak cycles were based on ideal Otto cycle processes.
The agreement between predicted and measured exhaust concentrations
was good in the case of chemically correct mixtures. At leaner
or richer mixtures, there was considerable divergence. The results
show that carbon monoxide and nitric oxide concentrations are
ftotoundly influenced by fuel composition, with the production
of the pollutants determined equally by carbon to hydrogen ratio
and iuel energy content. Predictions of relatively lower nitric
cxide concentrations with ammonia were not confirmed. It is
suggested that the nitric oxide produced by ammonia combustion is
largely a ccnseguence of oxidative pyrolysis. This is unlike the
case with hydrocarbons, where the nitric oxide is formed by
thermodynamic equilibrium.
E. Control Methods 591
-------
17248
Hatanabe, Susumu, Yukihiro MizuKami, and Isutomu Takuma
THE SITUATION AND CONTBOI OF AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST EMISSIONS IN
SAPPOfiO CITY. (Kanreichi ni ckeru jidosha haikigasu ni yoru
taikiosen to sono taisaku). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku
(J. Pollution Control), 4 (11) :721-727, Nov. 15, 1968.
Data obtained by a survey o± air pollution by motor vehicles in
Sapporo city was analyzed. Automotive emissions are currently
recognized in the city, where previously the major constituent
o± air pollution was smoke dust and dust fall from boilers and
furnaces burning coal for heating. The recent air pollution did
not appear to be consistent with smoke dust control acts with a
main purpose of promoting the use of smokeless fuel and cokes
instead of coal and controlling large boiler furnaces. The number
of registered vehicles in 1967 doubled the amount in 1962 and tuel
demand was about 4 tines the amount in 1962. The amount of
traffic at major intersections was estimated to be 15,000 to
35,000 vehicles, which shows an increase of 2.4 times that of
five years ago. Roads are alsc poorly paved and traffic is
delayed in winter due to heavy snow. The automotive exhaust
emissions, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen
dioxide, and airborne dust do not indicate high densities despite
the traffic increase; but at intersections in main streets, a
high density was measured. The result of a control device tested
on slow throttle timing of an engine system showed a decrease
from 20% to 14X of CO exhaust emissions and in a secondary test,
the figures decreased to 4.3% of average CO exhaust emissions.
Countermeasures which are now planned to control automotive
emissions involve composition of a Motor Vehicle Exhaust Control
and a Noise Block Council, reaearch en control devices appropriate
for cold weather, and promotion of road heating to solve the
traffic delay in the snow season.
17262
Yanagihara, Shigeru
AIE POLLUTION AND PUTUBE AUTOMOBILE ENGINES. (Kogai mondai to
shorai no gendoki). Text in Japanese. Jidosha Gijutsu
(Automobile Eng.), 23 (11): 1174-1183 , 196S. 7 refs.
The prospects for reducing emissions from internal combustion
engines or developing alternative engine systems are reviewed.
Internal combustion engines, which include Otto, Diesel, and
Brayton cycles, are divided into reciprocal and rotary types.
The engines have 2 or 4 cycles cr in the case of hybrid engine,
a mixed cycle. Theoretically, the exhaust gas composition can
be less than 25 ppm hydrocarbons, 0.25% carton monoxide and 100
ppm nitric oxide. In practice, however, the minimum reduction
attainable is twice as much, with control devices costing trora
$50 to $300. Replacement of the gasoline engine with other
types of internal combustion engine is not realistic, and
improvements in the control of exhaust gas are aimed at the
592 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
present-day gasoline engine. Gas turbines emit fewer pollutants
than other prime movers, but their use, especially for vehicles
less than 200 hp, is rather limited. Steam engines and Stirling
cycles are remote alternatives; they will not replace gasoline
engines in the near future. For the electric car, an
alternating-current motor is promising. Advantages and
disadvantages, of lead-acid, Na-S, and Li-C12 cells are
discussed, together with a fuel cell of H2-02, hydrocarbons,
aethanol, ammonia, or hydrazine. An energy-to-weight ratio of
fuels is another important factor is considering future
automobiles. Gasoline or kerosene have the best value.
Hydrogen has a value of 1/2 the ratio of propane, even when
used as a magnesium hybrid. In conclusion, improved exhaust-gas
cleaning techniques are required for the internal combustion
engine.
17114
Nakajima, Keitaro and Yoshio Yamakawa
RECENT DEVELOPMENT OF CONTBOL TECHNIQUES OF AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS.
(Saikin no jidohsha haishutsu gasu seigyogijutsu) . Text in
Japanese. Jidosha Gijutsu (Automobile Eng.), 23(11):1164-1173,
1969. 19 refs.
Progress in automotive exhaust control from 1966 through 1969 is
reviewed. The main innovations in American and European
automobiles are presented, followed by an explanation of the
throttle positioner system developed by Toyota. In this method,
the throttle valve is kept open by a certain amount during
deceleration. The hydrocarbon exhaust at deceleration is greatly
reduced without affecting the efficiency of engine brake. The
1970 U. S. federal regulation on auto exhuast is 30% more severe
than that of 1968. New devices for meeting the current standards
are reviewed. Technigues for controlling evaporation frcm
gasoline tank and carburetor float chambers are explained in detail,
since the method of sealed housing for evaporative determination is
employed. A control technique for nitric oxide designed primarily
to pass the California regulation in 1974 is also discussed.
Devices for processing exhaust from the exhaust port are surveyed,
including a reactor, afterburner, and catalytic converter. An
attempt to employ extremely low fuel-to-air ratio to reduce carbon
monoxide and hydrocarbons by a layered combustion is also explained.
It is concluded that further research is needed in the exhaust
control field.
E. Control Methods 593
-------
F. EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
00007
Rn J,, Anderson
EPIDEMIOLCGIC STUDIES 07 SIB POLLUTION.. Diseases Chest
i»2(5) :f7«-t81» Nov. 1962. (Presented at the 27th annual
Meeting, American Coll. of Chest Physicians, New York City,
June 1961..)
Supplementing existing data which indicate an association between
disease and air pollution, new epidemiologic studies provide
evidence on the relationship of malignant neoplasms of the lung to
air pollution, the distribution of deaths resulting from emphysema
and the apparent increase in this disease, the relationship of
asthmatic attack rates to air pollution as measured by sulphur
dioxide, and the effects of air pollution exposure on pulmonary
function in a nornal population™ Since epidemiologic studies
cannot provide "cause-and-effect" proof, the author postulates that
they must be supplemented by laboratory and other studies to
strengthen the evidence,, In order to establish "proof" that air
pollution adversely affects huian health, one must have: (1)
statistical evidence that a certain disease condition exists in the
population; (2) epidemiologic evidence of the association between
this disease condition and a certain factor or factors present; (3)
laboratory demonstration that such factors can produce a condition
in experimental subjects similar to that found in the population;
and (it) the ultimate demonstration that protection from such
factors will lessen the amount or severity of the disease
condition™ (Author)##
00020
J. P. Goldsmith and 1. H. Hogers
HEALTH HAZARDS OF ADTOHOBILE EXHAUST. Public Health Kept..,
7K(6) : 551-558, June 1959.,
Of the substances which occur in automobile exhaust and their
reaction products, hygienic standards have been established for
industrial exposure to carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, lead, and
ozone. Establishing a full set of levels for community exposures
to these substances is very difficult because of the sensitivity of
frail or ill individuals, the indeterminate period of exposure, the
effect of agents in combination, and the cumulative effect of
exposure from other sources, such as cigarette smoking.. The
hazard of automobile exhaust to the population of a large community
will depend, among other things, on the extent and way that
595
-------
vehicles are used, and the meteorology of the area. In the
absence of effective control for air pollution from automobile
exhaust, the public health hazard should be evaluated- (Author) t#
00033
R* E., Swann, Jr. „ D. Brunol,, C« J. Balchum
PULHONABY RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT OF GUINEA PIGS. Arch.
Environ. Health,, 10
-------
acceptance of the need for prudent action in air pollution control
is needed. Ir pollution should be controlled because of its
potential effects upon health, particularly its influence upon the
development or aggravation of chronic respiratory disorders.
However, the evidence in this country is conflicting and
detailed studies in the laboratory, clinical, and epidemiologic
fields to attain more direct evidence are needed.##
00017
H., Heimann
THE AID POLLUTION PROBLEl^IN THE UNITED STATES. Proc,, of the
Boy- Soc., Med.w Symp. 6, Section II, Medical and
Epidemiological aspects of Air Pollution, 57(10-Part 2)
1000-1005, Oct., 1964,
This article gives a general review of the air pollution problems
in the United States, summarizing the effects of the air
pollution episodes in Donora, Pennsylvania, and Los Angeles,
California. Local, state, and federal legislative efforts
and the role of the Public Health Service of the U.. S. Dept.
of Health, Education, and Helfare in controlling air
pollution are discussed- f #
00084
G.J. Doyle, No Endow, J«L. Jones
SDIFOP DIOXIDE BOLE IN EYE IRRITATION., Arch. Environ.,
Health, Vol. 3:657-667, Cec,, 1961.
An eye-irritation panel was exposed to steady-state reaction
•ixtures generated in a 520 cu. ft- irradiated stirred-flow
reaction chamber. The reactants for one set of exposures were
usually 0.2 to 2.0 ppm by colume of olefins and N02 in
purified air.. Reaction residence times ranged from 1 to 2 hrs.,
S02 was used as an additional reactant (at a concentration of
about O.,1 ppn) in a comparable set of experiments. The
reacting mixtures were evaluated for relative eye-irritating
ability, with and without S02. Aerosols derived from the
co-photo-oxidation of SO2 and from 302 itself probably have
little effect on the eye-irritating ability of irradiated reaction
mixtures,, The net effect of the addition of S02 to the olefin
reaction mixtures is a slight decrease in eye irritation
accompanied by the appearance of an aerosol. Trace concentrations
of branched internal olefins, specifically 2-ffiethyl-2-butene,
and of a cyclic olefin, cyclohexene, van produce significant
anounts of irritants other than fcrualdehyde and acrolein. While
no conclusions on the identity of these irritants can be drawn from
the data, it is speculated that they may be compounds of the PAN
type and/or reactive or unstable reaction intermediates., The
use of dynamic <(stirred-flow) conditions considerably enhances
the sensitivity of subjects to the irritants. Indications are
that small changes in the flew field about a subject's eyes may
tare large effects on response to the irritants in the
F. Effects - Human Health 597
-------
flowing air. Adding isobutane, a branched-chain paraffin having
a tertiary hydrogen atom, to a photooxidizing isobutylene-N02
mixture produced no significant effect, either on the course
of the reaction or on the eye irritation. This finding held
true both with and without S02» A small decrease in eye
irritation was experimentally observed, but there are not
sufficient data to demonstrate that this effect is statistically
significant. The rate of response to an eye irritant is
a function of the chemical nature of the irritant or
irritants., Ethylene and proylene, olefins important in auto
exhaust,, can produce significant eye irritation at realistic
atmospheric concentrations.lt
00100
R., E. Granda and B. Savage
HUMAN REACTIONS TO AIB ICNS. PAST III: THE EFFECT OF
ATMOSPHERIC IONS ON HUMAN PERFORMANCE - A FDETHEH EXPERIMENT.
General Electric Cou Ithaca, N.Y.,, Advanced Electronics
Center at Cornell 1niv., Jan. 11, 1963.. 19 pp.
CFSTI: AD 2931TO
The second of 2 experiments was conducted to investigate effects
of air ions on human performance., Twenty-four subjects worked on
2 psychomotor tasks under experimental stress while exposed to
positive ions, negative ions, and no ions (control case). No
significant differences between treatments were found.. Evidence
from both ion experiments strongly supports the conclusion that
icns (at least up to concentrations of about 60,000 ions/cc) have
no apparent effect on psychomotor performance in either stress or
ncnstress situations- (Authors" abstract)##
00123
R. Do McDonald, C. H. Bachraan, and P. J. lorenz
SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL EIFECTS OF AIR ION TREATMENT WITHOUT ION.
(EXPERIMENT NO. 2 OF BIOLOGICAL ACTION OF IONIZED PARTICLES IN
THE ATMOSPHERE.,) Intern. J.. Bicieteorol. 9, (2) 111-7,
July 1965.,
A companion paper describes experiments in which only the nostrils
of rats were exposed to ionized air. This paper gives results
obtained from similar experiments, except that the bridge of the
animal's nose was exposed to ions but inhalation of the ionized
atmosphere was prevented. The heart rate was unaffected by
negative air ion exposure, positive air ions caused depressed
heart rate. Respiration rate was generally unaffected by ions
although there was a possible final difference under negative air
ion treatment., (Author) ##
598 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
00132
J_ H. Stolk and R. P» Smith
SPECIES DIFFEBENCES IN METHEMOGIOBIN BEDDCTASE ACTIVITY.
Biochem. Pharmacol. 15, 313-51, 1966. {Presented in part at the
meeting of the American Society for Pharmacology and
Experimental Therapeutics,, Aug. 1965.)
Sodium nitrite induced equivalent levels of methemoglobin in
sashed erythrocytes from cat, dog, and man, all suspended in
Krebs-Binger phosphate—glucose (pH 7o1). The same levels
occurred in human cells with or without added substrate fglucose or
lactate).. In all these incubations, reduction of methemoglobin
was minimal or absent over a 2-hr period.. When 0..00001 M
methylene blue was added with glucose, equivalent increases in
rates of methemoglobin reduction occurred in the cells of all three
species. Similar rates were seen in rabbit and mouse red cells
even without added methylene blue, as long as lactate or glucose
was present., Bethylene blue further enhanced reductase activity
in mouse cells but only in the presence of flucose. Babbit cells
responded much less dramatically,, if at all,, to methylene blue-
lysates of human, rabbit, and mouse cells were equally sensitive
to nitrite, and no spontaneous reduction occurred- These findings
suggest that the high reductase activity of rabbit and mouse
erythrocytes is NADH-dependent., The mouse but not the rabbit
appears to possess also a NAEPH-dependent reductase like man,,
dog and cat. (Author)**
00165
H, Kleinfeld
ACUTE PULMONABY EDEMA Of CHEMICAL ORIGIN., Ind., Hyg., Pev-
7, (J2) 1-10, Dec.. 1965.. (Beprinted from the Arch, Environ..
Health 10,, 942-6, June 1965,,)
Six instances of pulmonary edema due to toxic exposure to ozone,
nitrogen dioxide, cadmium oxide fumes, dimethyl sulfate, hydrogen
sulfide and hydrogen fluoride are presented. The problems of
diagnosis are discussed* In view of the unusual severity of these
cases, the following points were stressed: (1) the need of the
physician to be aware of the possible industrial origin in all
instances where the cause of the pulmonary edema is obscure; {2J
the importance of careful observation of the patient known to be
exposed to an agent capable of producing a delayed pulmonary edema,
even in the initial absence of any symptoms; (3) since certain of
these agents, such as ozone and hydrogen sulfide, can act on the
central nervous system tc produce respiratory depression, it is
contraindicated to administer morphine in these instances.,
Digitalis likewise has no place in the management of pulmonary
edema caused by exposure to the chemicals mentioned- The
effective treatment is primarily preventive, which calls for proper
ventilation of the work environment and an adequate knowledge of
the operational processes and procedures.. The immediate treatment
F. Effects -Human Health 599
-------
should include the following: <(1) oxygen under controlled
positive pressure to the inspiratcry cycle, (2) nebulized bronchial
dilators for the bronchial spasm,, (3) steroids in the more severe
cases,, |4) broad-spectrum antibiotics for superimposed bacterial
infection, (5) nebulized ncnirritant bronchial detergents for
increasing mucous secretion, and (6) tracheostomy as indicated.
(Author) ##
00180
J. A. Sirs
THE USE OF CARBON MONOXIDE TO PREVENT SICKLE-CELL FORMATION.
lancet 1, 971-2, Bay 4, 1963.,
The study was undertaken to establish whether ligands such as
ca-rbon monoxide and nitric oxide would reverse sickling, and to
explore the possibility of reducing the degree of sickle-cell
formation in vivo by supplementing oxygen with a low concentration
of CO., Both in vitro and in vivo studies are discussed.. In
order to study the effects of CO,, a mask was placed over a
patient suffering from the sickle cell disease and during the
period of controlled breathing, he was given a total of 25 ml of
CO, corresponding to an estimated 4? saturation of COHb in the
red cells- Blood sampling revealed an initial concentration of
1Co2% sickle cells with a standard deviation of plus or minus
2.,5? and only 3.9 plus or minus 1.5X sickle cells after the
addition of CO |P less than 0..05) . A more detailed examination
of this approach is suggested.*#
00189
T. Dalhamn and J. Sjoholm
STUDIES ON S02, N02, AND NH3: IJBICT ON CILIARY ACTIVITY IN
RABBIT TRACHEA OF SINGLE IN VITRO EXPOSUBE AND RESORPTION IN
RABBIT NASAL CAVITY. Acta Physiol. Scand. (Stockholm) 58,
287-91, 1963.
One of the factors which determine the toxicity of pulmonary
irritant gases, etc., presumably is their action on the ciliated
epithelium of the respiratory tract. The degree to which such
gases are resorbed in the mucous layer of the respiratory passages
must also be taken into account when hygienic limits and allied
guesticns are discussed. The present paper illustrates these two
factors,, viz., ciliostatic action and resorption, by experiments
with three common respiratory irritant gases—sulphur dioxide,
nitrogen dioxide and ammonia- As regards concentration required
tc arrest tracheal ciliary activity in vitro, the three gases
varied considerably. The degree of resorption in the upper
respiratory tract also showed wide variations. It seems probable
that a gas which even in low concentration rapidly impairs ciliary
activity and which is resorbed to a relatively slight degree can
penetrate deeper into the bronchial tree and thus, on the stated
assumptions, be more toxic than gases with the reverse
characteristics. {Author)t#
600 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
00204
J. F., Goldsnith, Lo Greenburg, A. P. Altshuller, W., S.,
Spicer, Jr.,,, E., Ju Cassell, and H. E» Landsberg
AIB POLLUTION AND HEALTH. Am. Bev. Bcspirat. Diseases,
93(2} :302-312. Feb. 1966.
In order to assess the health hazards of air pollution and to cope
with them, it is necessary: ^^) to understand the conditions that
give rise to a polluted atmosphere; (2) to have reliable and valid
techniques for measuring the presence and concentration of various
pollutants individually and combined; and (3) to assess the
biologic effects of exposure to various forms and levels of air
pollution on human organisms.. The article discusses each of these
aspects in detail and summarizes the established information
relating to air pollution. It is suggested that current knowledge
and hypotheses about air pollution health effects be used as a
basis for air pollution standards and for control measures
directed at specific sources of pollutant emissions.i#
00228
E.G.. Eiley K. L. Eiley
AIH CONDITIONING AND HEALTH. Arch. Environ. Health,,
7(3) :359-365. Sept. 1963.,
The control of indoor environment (air conditioning) under the
varying influences of temperature, humidity, air motion and gnality
is discussed. Air guality is dependent upon nany factors, some of
which are particulates, gases and ions. These and other factors
lust be taken into consideration when making air guality
Measurements.tt
00259
H. E. landsterg
HIATHEE AND DISEASE. Environmental Science Services
IdniniEtration, Hashington, D.C., Heather Bureau.
(Technical Note 33-EDS-1) (IZBEPT. (ZNO. 1) IZFEB. 1966. 7 PP..
CFSTI
The-atmospheric environment can cause sunburn, heatstroke, and
frostbite- Air pollution may provoke or aggravate asthma-
Weather changes often influence scar and arthritic pains. There
are suspicions that the course of respiratory and certain heart
ailments is influenced by atmospheric conditions. Indirectly,,
through influences on disease vectors, the climate plays a role
in tropical diseases™ Favorable climatic conditions, on the
other hand, may alleviate the symptoms of various diseases.
(Author»s abstract) *#
F. Effects-Human Health 601
-------
00281
H. Heimann, L» 0,, Emik, B,. A., Prindle, and H. M.
Fisher
PEOGEESS IN HEDICAL RESEARCH OH AIR POLLUTION. Public Health
Rept,,, 73 (12) :1055-1069<, Dec., 1958. (Presented at the National
Advisory Committee on Air Pollution, Cincinnati, Ohio, Aug.
28, 1958.)
GPO: 3303
For 3 years the Air Pollution Hedical Branch of the Division
of Special Health Services has been working in the increasingly
more important but relatively unexplored field of air pollution
in its specific relation to human health™ The work began with a
search for and a systematic appraisal of the scattered sources of
knowledge, followed closely by tentative explorations into those
parts of the problem holding promise of significant findings.
Sufficiently successful results of initial activities helped
chart the present course of action, which, in turn, points toward
ideas reguiring emphasis in the future. (Authors'1 abstract) ##
00284
R. A. Prindle
AIR POLLUTION AS A PUBLIC BEALTH HAZARD- Arch. Environ.
Health, U(U) :«01-U07, Apr. 1962.
Author makes case for education on problem of air pollution.
Generally alludes to diseases caused by air pollution and
stresses need for community awareness and control. Author shows
the trends (urban living versus rural conditions, population
increase) as being directly related to problems of air pollution.
Emphasis is placed upon two immediate approaches: Action program
tasic elements; substantially increased research into the sources
and wider application of present knowledge.tt
00303
0. J. Ealchum
INSTRUMENTATION AND METHODS FOR MEASURING THE PHYSIOLOGICAL
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION., Biomed. Sci. Instrum. 1, 39-«4,
1963.,
Air pollutants, noxious agents, and particles alter the function
of the lungs. The prime physiological functions affected are
the resistance of the airways ((bronchial tubes) to air flow, the
elasticity {compliance} of the lungs, and the rate of diffusion of
a gas from the lungs into the blood. Methods and apparatus for
making measurements of the physiological changes which occur are
described, with examples of each. {Author)##
602 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
00306
E. A. Prindle E. Landau
HEALTH EFFECTS FROM REPEATED EXPOSURES TO LOW
CONCENTRATIONS OF AIE POLLUTANTS,. Public Health Hept.
77, (10) 901-9, Oct. 1962.
To determine the chronic effects caused by substances polluting
the atmosphere, clinical tests on man and animal were
performed. Special attention has been given to S02, N02,
photochemical smog, oxidants and CO. The effects of the
individual substances as well as the combined effects were
tested. Preliminary results, based on both laboratory and
epidemiologic studies, show that long-term exposure to low
concentrations of air pollutants results in adverse health
effects. There is only qualitative evidence at present.
Much more work will have to be done before the necessary
quantitative answers are formed on whcih to base rational
control standards.!*
00307
E. C. Schoettlin E., Landau
SIR POLLUTION AND ASTHMATIC ATTACKS IN THE LOS ANGELES AREA.
Public Health Rept- 76, 56) 5U5-8, June 1961.
During the autumn months of 1956, a study was undertaken
in Pasadena, Calif,., to ascertain the effect of community
air pollution (smog) on persons having bronchial asthma..
One hundred and thirty-seven asthma patients under the care
of five physicians maintained a daily record of each of
their asthma attacks for 98 days.. Total atmospheric oxidants,
particulates, and carbon monoxide, relative humidity and
temperature, and plant damage were measured concurrently.. The
study indicated the peak period for attacks was midnight to
6 a.,m.., but the macimum oxidant levels were recorded between
1C a.m. and 4 p.m.. Asthmatic attacks occurred with equal
frequency among males and females. Low positive correlations
were found between chemical measures of air pollution and
number of persons having attacks. Low correlations were also
noted for temperature, relative humidity, and water vapor
pressure. A significantly greater number of persons had attacks
on days with high enough oxidant values to cause eye irritation
(25 pphm) than on other days as well as on days with plant
damage. Of the study group, it was decided to characterize
eight as smog reactors because their attacks corresponded
nost often to days showing plant damage. These patients
showed no other common characteristic, although seven of the
group were females.. (Author)**
F. Effects - Human Health 603
-------
00308
H.. Heimann
EFFECTS OF AIK POLLDTION ON HUMAN HEALTH. World Health
Organization Monograph Set., , No. 46 (Air Pollution), p..
159-220,, 1961.
As one chapter of a WHO Monograph on "Air Pollution," this
paper covers the state of knowledge and world trends in research
on the effects of such pollution on human health. The acute air
pollution episodes in the Beuse Valley, Donora, London, and
Poza Eica are reviewed. Data, causes, and effects for each
episode are discussed. The symptoms of illness and organic
and systemic effects resulting from major pollutants such as
carbon monocide, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, o-zone, beryllium,
fluorides, aeroallergens, carcinogens and pesticides are
described., Further research to demonstrate that specific
pollutants or combinations thereof can cause ill health is urged
in order to obtain data to balance health effects against
economic aspects for the purpose of clearing the air. The
maximum allowable concentrations for community air, published by
the Russians, are considered inadequate to solve the air pollution
problem. However, studies already made of the effect of low-level
concentrations have been used as a base,, despite controversy, to
reduce pollution in many locations,. ##
00310
P., J., Lawther, A., Eo Martin,, and E.. T. Wilkins
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AIE P01IUTIOM (BEET., ON A SYMPOSIUM).
Public Health Papers, No. 15, 1962, 32p.
This symposium held in Copenhagen in December 1960, was
attended by participants frcni fourteen European countries.
Although in some areas current methods of control are
resulting in cleaner air, in others air pollution is increasing
both in the chemical complexity of its composition and in
the extent of the areas affected., Hotor traffic is the cause
of growing anxiety in many areas because of the emission of
carbon monoxide, of lead compounds, and of polycyclic
hydrocarbons with suspected carcinogenic properties. Air
contaminants are also discharged in wide variety in many chemical
and other industrial processes and may be responsible for local
problems of a specialized character. The Symposium, however,
was primarily concerned with the general pollution of urban areas
resulting from the use of domestic and industrial fuels, of
which the most frequently used indices are dustfall, suspended
matter, and sulfur dioxide. (Author)##
00312
W. S., Spicer, Jr., P.. B. Storey, W., K. C- Morgan,
H. D. Kerr, N., E. Standiford
604 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
VABIATION IS BESPIBATOBY FUNCTION IH SELECTED PATIENTS
AND ITS BELATIOH TO AIB POLLOTION. Am.. Bev.
Bespirat. Diseases 8, 705-12, Sov. 1962. (Presented at the
fleeting of the American Thorac Society, Cincinnati, Ohio
Hay 22-24, 1961 and at the Air Pollution Medical Besearch
Conference, Los Angeles, Calif. Dec- 4, 1961,)
Authors present data froi samples collected from a group of 150
patients with chronic obstructive airway disease who reside in
a 10 by 20 block area in the city of Baltimore. The results
obtained are as follows: '(1) The patients become better and worse
together. This is in the presence of possible non homogeneity
of the group and strongly" suggests to authors that they are
influenced by something common to their common environment; and
(2) It would appear that the patients physiologic changes are
related to environnental factors. However, at the present the
authors are unable to accept a sisple cause and effect
relationship with any one pollutant. Bather, this appears to be
a complex problem involving combinations of factors with subtle
variations aroand the theme of environmental changes. (Author)##
00313
B. E~ Harkush
ENVIBONMENTAL ASPECTS OF CHBOHIC LONG DISEASE.
Preprint. (Presented to the Mew Jersey Tuberculosis and
Health Association, Somerville, Hov.. 10, 1960.)
Contents: Acute episodes-Donora, Pennsylvania, 1948; Heuse
Valley of Belgiun, 1930; British Isles, London, 1952, 1956,
1957; Poza Bico, Mexico, 1950; Yokohama, New Orleans, Los
Angeles; chronic effects-lungs cancer; chronic bronchitis,
emphysema; hay fever, asthma; and communicable diseases;
Becomnendations for finding a solution to air pollution
problems.#*
00338
J. I. Davidson, G.. A- Lillington, G. Haydon, and K.
Wassernan
THE ANATOBICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IS THE LUNGS OF PABBITS
EXPOSED TO N02. Preprint. {Presented at the 59th Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, San Francisco,
Calif-, June 20-24,, 1966, Paper No. 66-6.)
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of
continuous exposure to N02 on pulmonary function and to seek
physiological elucidation of the nature of pulmonary lesions.
Pulmonary function studies under general anaesthesia were carried
out on 20 normal rabbits aged between 6 months and 1 year (control)
and on 13 experimental animals of the same age after 3 to 4 months'
exposure to N02. In addition, some of the experimental animals
were restudied t days to one acnth after the termination of the
F. Effects - Human Health 605
-------
exposure period- The overall picture which emerged from
respiratory function tests on rabbits exposed to 8 to 12
parts/million N02 continuously for 3 to 1 months, was one of
severe airway obstruction with narked hyperinflation and arterial
oxygen desaturation- The hypoxemia was not associated with
hypercapnia and most likely was the result of abnormal
ventilation-perfusion ratios associated with nonuniform airway
obstruction rather than hypoventilation. Although the static
pulmonary compliance recorded in the experimental animals was not
statistically different from that of the controls, it tended to be
reduced.. A clue to the nature of the lesion associated with the
physiological derangements described here, can be obtained from the
results of the recovery experiments. The major and rapid reversal
in airway obstruction, oxygen desaturation, hyperinflation and
decreased pulmonary compliance points to an inflammatory lesion or
plugging of the smaller airways by mucus rather than to the
destructive process which persists after the animals are removed
from the N02..tt
00339
G. C. Euell, Yo Tokiwa, and P. K. Mueller
LUNG COLLAGEN AND ELASTIN DENATUBATION IK VIVO FOLLOWING
INHALATION OF NITBOGEN DIOXIDE.. Preprint. (Presented at the
59th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
San Francisco, Calif™, June 20-214, 1966, Paper No. 66-7.)
The conversion of excised rabbit lungs to a lipid-free
powder immediately following inhalation of nitrogen dioxide is
described. From this material, the structural proteins collagen
and elastin were isolated by a combination of solvent extraction
and enzymatic hydrolysis. From the spectra obtained
by differential DV spectrophotometry, evidence is presented
to show that each of the proteins underwent a change in
conformation following the inhalation of one ppm N02 for one
hour.. This change appears to be reversible. The relationship
of respiratory function to in vivo alteration of molecular
structure is discussed. (Author"s abstract)##
00364
G. D. Brinckerhoff
SOLAS FADIATION AND SKIN CANCEB DEATHS. Environmental
Science Services Administration, Washington, D.C.,
Heather Bureau.. '(Bept» No. 1 and Technical Note 33-EDS-1.)
Feb. 1966. 5 pp.
Skin cancer death rates {other than malignant melanoma) in the
United States metropolitan areas were compared with data on
solar radiation intensity. A statistically significant positive
correlation was found but it explains only 10 percent of the
variance.. For more meaningful work in this field measurements
of ultraviolet radiation and incidence rate of this disease
complex are needed. (Author) ##
606 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
00375
B. A. Prindle
AIR POLLUTION AND COHMUNITY HEALTH (CHAPTER EIGHTEEN)-
Hedical Climatology 505-18, 196«.
In this chapter author reviews major pollution episodes which
have occurred since 1930 in various parts of the world. These
episodes have demonstrated the danger and the lethality that may
result when certain meteorologic phenomena occur in geographical
areas where potentially high concentrations of air pollutants may
form. Certain pollutants that might be tolerated in low
concentrations in some inhabited areas might become dangerous when
Bixed with pollutants from other sources that could exert an
accentuating or synergistic action. S02, particulates, CO,
beryllium, lead, fluoride, photochemical, and allergenic
pollutants and their effect on man and animals are discussed. The
most important animal experiments as well as other research are
reviewed.##
00392
Ciocco, A. and D., J. Thompson
A FOLLCH-DP OF DONOBA TEN YIABS AFTEB: METHODOLOGY AND
flNDINGS. Am- J. Public Health 51 (2) : 155-16U, Feb., 196«.,
Analyses of illness or lack of illness among citizens involved in
the acute air pollution episode, Donora, Pa., in 1948 are
discussed. Persons who reported acute illness at the time of the
snog episode denbnstrated subseguently higher mortality and
prevalence of illness than the other persons living in the
community at that time. Those with more severe acute illness in
19H8 demonstrated greater subseguent morbidity and mortality than
persons with mild complaints. Seme evidence indicates that this
greater morbidity and mortality is related to the cardiorespiratory
system. This study of air pollution and its relationship to
health and disease raised three central questions: (1)
relationships among persons who first became ill or complained
during the episode to those presenting prior complaints, (2) to
what extent is greater morbidity and mortality a direct consequence
of short-term massive exposure to air pollutants, before and after
continual exposure and the two combined, (3) specific relationship
of illness to the Donora pollutants. Persons with no heart
disease history prior to October, 1919, who became ill had a
higher subseguent morbidity rate than those who did not become ill,
roortality being somewhat grater in the first group., A clear
relationship between illness and environment was no established.
Differential mortality, ages 21-50, indicates that smog played a
role among those persons with impairments antedating the episode.
Particular pollutants were not proven tc be connected with
specific respiratory symptoms, therefore, it was difficult tc
distinguish between those whose disease conditions resulted from
air pollution exposure and other factors. The lack of knowledge
as to which syndrome (s) results from air pollution is a vexing
problem for researchers in this area., (Authors" abstract, edited)!*
F. Effects -Human Health 607
-------
001(28
C. H.. Hine, B. D.. Cavalli, and B. B. Bright
RESEARCH ON THEBAPY OF PULHONABY EDEMA ASSOCIATED WITH
OXIDIZEES. Hine Labs., Inc.., San Francisco, Calif.
{Kept., No. AKBL-TB-65-178) ., Nov. 1965., 40 pp..
CFSTI, DDC: AD 628 593
An evaluation was made of candidate therapeutic agents for the
treatment of acute pulmonary edema resulting from nitrogen
dioxide exposure. Treatments consisting of hypdrbaric air and
oxygen; tracheal toilet; ethyl, isopropyl, and octyl alcohol
vapors; hydralazine; bethanechol; physostigmine; and isoproterenol
aerosols produced no change in the mortality, survival time, or
lung/body weight ratios of rats suffering from N02-induced acute
pulmonary edema. Eutin in large doses caused a decrease in
mortality and an increase in survival time of exposed rats.
Intravenous infusion of isoproterenol caused a decrease in
mortality in rabbits exposed tc N02., The effectiveness of
hypenbaric oxygen, hydrocortisone, rutin and tethanechol against
moderate exposure to N02 was determined by solvent uptake
measurements with rats. Oxygen administered 1 hours after
exposure increased solvent uptake., There were nc significant
effects due to the other compounds. {Author Abstract)f#
00029
A.. A.. Thomas
ICW AMBIENT PEESSUBE ENVIRONMENTS AND TOXICITY. Arch..
Environ. Health Vol., 11:316-322, Sept.. 1965..
CFSTI, CDC: AD 628 566
A unigue inhalation exposure facility has been built to study the
effects of low atmospheric pressure and oxygen-rich atmospheres on
the characteristics of truly uninterrupted, long-term, continuous
exposure to toxic chemicals. The first experiments reported
herein include exposure of a large number of mice, rats, dogs, and
ironkeys to graded doses of ozone, nitrogen tetroxide, and carbon
tetrachloride in a 100% oxygen atmosphere at 5 psi pressure for 2
weeks duration. Further, a 90-day exposure to 5 psi 100* oxygen
of a similar animal complement is also reported. Biochemical and
enzymatic changes related to toxic exposure are discussed together
with the future experiments planned for this facility. ##
0. Fry, J.E., Dillane, L. Fry
SMOG: 1962 V 1952.. Lancet (Letters to the Editor) No.
(7269):1326, Dec. 22, 1962,,
Article compares the smog incidents of 1952 and 1962 in London
insofar as chest disorders, morbidity and mortality are concerned.
In general, article compares the severity of the two smog episodes.,**
608 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
00173
F.G. Hueter, G.Lo Centner, K..A., Busch, R=G. Hinners
BIOIOGICAI EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERES CONTABINATED EY AUTO EXHAUST.,
Arch. Environ. Health 12. 553-60,, Hay 1966., -{Presented at
the 58th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Toronto, Canada, June 20-21, 1965.-3
This report represents a status summary of the biological results
obtained from the chronic exposures of experimental animals to
various concentrations of irradiated and nonirradiated auto
exhaust for periods of 6 weeks to 23 months.. The chronic exposure
of experimental animals to various concentrations of irradiated
and nonirradiated auto exhaust-air mixtures resulted
in significant biological effects indicating the following:
irradiated auto exhaust {1) increases the susceptibility to
pulmonary infection and chronic disease during the latter
half of the animal" s lifetime, and (2) markedly decreases mouse
fertility and decreases the survival rate of infant mice;
both raw and irradiated auto exhaust cause a stress and adaptation
response in mice as measured via spontaneous activity, increase
hone lead concentrations, and increase the amount of nonfunctional
or abnormal lung tissue- No experimental atmospheric effects
vere observed concerning: mortality; histopathology; growth-
bodyweight; immunology; hematology restricted to erythrocyte count,
erythrocyte cell size distribution, hematocrit or hemoglobin
concentration; blood 02 and C02 values; oxygen consumption; or
pulmonary function in relation to permanent impairment. Further
studies are indicated to elucidate more fully the affected
biologic parameters. ##
00180
D. Vn Bates
AIR P01IDTION AHD CHEONIC BRONCHITIS. Arch™ Environ., Health
11(1) :220-1, Jan. 1967. {Presented at the American Medical
Association Air Pollution Medical Besearch Conference, Los
Angeles, Calif.,, Bar. 2-1,, 1966.,)
Author deals with air pollution as it generally relates to
pulmonary functions and discusses the effects of smoking and
chronic bronchitis. These effects are equated to geographic
areas* Study includes eight charts summarizing the results in
Toronto, Winnipeg,, Montreal and HalifaXo#t
OC199
H. Corn and G., G. Burton
THE CONCENTRATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF IRRITANTS IN POLLUTED
ATMOSPHERES. Preprint. (Presented at the American Medical
Association Air Pollution Medical Research Conference, Los
Angeles, Calif., Mar. 2-1, 1966.)
F. Effects - Human Health 609
-------
Consideration of maximum recorded U.S.. concentrations of single
gaseous or particulate pollutants indicated that alterations in
airway resistance and lung compliance in animals or man have not
been demonstrated after inhalation of single irritants at these
concentrations. At this time it is difficult to speculate on the
acute or chronic changes produced, if any, in these functional
measurements by inhalation of coiplex mixtures of low
concentrations of individual irritants. Certainly, eye
irritation demonstrates that effects which are not predictable on
the basis of the action of a single irritant are produced by
mixtures of irritants. Airborne particulate irritants should be
assessed with respect to aerodynamic particle size, because (1)
chemical composition of particles has been demonstrated to vary
with size and <2l only certain particle sizes present in polluted
atmospheres are capable of reaching receptors after inhalation by
man. Among the defects of present routine sampling methodologies
are: (1) size distribution of sampled particles is not known; (2)
the optimum density of sampling stations for the procurement of
reliable results is unknown, and (3) the irritant potential of
pollutant mixtures is not taken into account when single pollutants
are evaluated. '(Author summary) *#
00501
E. J. Fairchild, II
TOLERANCE MECHANISMS AS BIOLOGIC DETERMINANTS OF LONG RESPONSES
TC INJURIOUS AGENTS. Arch. Environ. Health, 1« (1) : 111-126,
Jan. 1967,. {Presented at the American Medical Association
Air Pollution Medical Research Conference, Los Angeles,
Calif.,, Mar., 2-4, 1966..J
This presentation has attempted to focus on the conditions and
characteristics of tolerance developmentas a biologic factor
relative to the response of the lung to injurious agents.
Besides insight to the possible mechanism accounting for
tolerance, attempt was made to point out practical implications
of the tolerane phenomenon.. Thus, the protective mechanism of
tolerance is primarily directed atainst the acute and subacute
effects of deep-lung irritants. The realization of the
degree of tolerance and cross-tolerance which develops in
animals, duringintermittent exposures of varied concentrations,
brings up the fate of lung tissue, as well as the whole
organism, which is protected against the edema producing
properties of irritants. Besides edemagenesis, irritants provoke
another lung reaction, i.e., proliferation of cellular
elements in the deeper reccesses, which in some instances may
prove fatal,. The alterations induced by more subtle, chronic
exposure which should be of concern since tolerance does not
appear to inhibit these; if anything, the tolerance mechanism
may permit provocation of conditions such as emphysema,
fibrosis, and may permit provocation of conditions such as
emphysema, fibrosis, and other aging phenomena., Studies have
shown that chronic exposures of 0.1-0., 2 ppm of produced
myocardial tissue damage in rabbits and mice, as well as
significant increase of first and second generation neonatal
mortality. In animals, at least, repeat exposures to low
concentrations of deep-lung irritant such as are not innocuous
even though tolerance mechanisms are operative. (Author"s
summary) #t
610 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
00508
P.E., Morrow
ADAPTATIONS OF THE BESPIBiTOBY TEACT TO AIE POLLUTANTS.
Arch., Environ, Health 11 (1) :1 27-136, Jan. 1967.
(Presented at the American Medical Association Air Pollution
Medical Besearch Conference, Los Angeles, Calif,,,
Mar. 2-1, 1966.,)
this paper briefly describes the criteria for establishing certain
biological responses as adaptations- The adaptations of the
respiratory tract to air pollutants discussed in this paper are:
increased endocytosis to the adaptagents, insoluble dusts;
increased mucous secretion to the adaptagents, respiratory
irritants; and the development of tolerance to the actue edema
produced by the adaptagents,, cxidants. Some other adaptates
of less significance are also discussed. For each of the
principal adaptations, an attempt was made to provide some
mechanistic basis. An increase in long term research on low
dose effects and an epidemiolcgic approach to the procurement
and assessment of normal physiological parameters are needed.
(Author's Abstract} ##
00509
Q. N.. Hyrvik D.,G. Evans
METABOLIC AND IMMUNOLOGIC ACTIVITIES OF ALVEOLAR MACEOPBAGES.
Arch,, Environ., Health 11{1):92-96, Jan. 1967., .(Presented
at the American Medical Association Air Pollution Medical
Research Conference, Los Angeles, Calif., Mar., 2-1, 1966..)
Normal alveolar macrophages develop a marked increase in
metabolic activity of the gluccnic shunt pathway following
phagocytosis of heat-killed BCG. A rise in lysozyme and
acid phosphatase also was observed about 5 to 7 days after
intratracheal injection of ECG» A similar lag in the
occurrence of a bactericidal factor against Mycobacterium
smegmatis was observed following intratracheal
injection of living B., smegmatis. These observations suggest
that alveolar macrophages respond adaptively to
their phagocytic load and that metabolic stimulation may he a
prerequisite to immunolcgic expression. Nitrogen dioxide
was found to suppress metabolism of alveolar macrophages as well
as their phagocytic function,. It is proposed that
certain pollutnats could impair the immunologic capacity of the
respiratory tract leading tc chrcnic low grade pulmonary
infections- Allergic responses, as well as primary tissue
damage caused by proliferating microorganisms, may contribute to
the pathogensis of air pollution disease. (Author abstract)##
F. Effects - Human Health
-------
00511
B. E. Pattle P. Down
LUNG SUBFACTANT AND ITS POSSIBLE REACTION TO AIB POLLUTION,
Arch. Environ. Health 1 it (1) =70-76, Jan. 1967., (Presented
at the American Medical Association Air Pollution Medical
Research Conference, Los Angeles, Calif., March 2-U, 1966.,)
An outline is given of the knowledge of the alveolar
surfactant, its function and the possible reaction of the
surfactant with atmospheric pollution, of which there is no
experimental evidence available. The difficulty of
obtaining such evidence, with special reference to an imaginary
investigation of the effect of nitrogen dioxide on the surfactant,
is discussed in this paper.*#
00515
E., D. Eobin
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF BASIC RESEARCH IN AIB POLLUTION.
Preprint., (Presented at the American Medical Association
Air pollution Medical Research Ccnference, Los Angeles,,
Calif., March 2-U, 1966.)
The interest of the clinical physician in the relationship of
lung to air pollution disease involves several guestions:
(1) To what extent are specific identifiable substances in
polluted air capable of producing specific identifiable
abnormalities of lung structure and/or function? (2) To what
extent is polluted air involved in the pathogenesis of chronic
nonspecific obstructive pulmonary disease?, and (3) What are
the therapeutic and prophylactic implications of the relationship
between air pollution and lung disease? The answer to the
first question is reasonably clear. There are a number
of specific situations in which there appears to be a direct
cause and effect relationship between the presence of specific
substances in the ambient environment and the precipitation
of overt pulmonary manifestations,. The category includes the
well-known ability of high concentrations of oxides of N
to provoke intense lung damage in silo workers. Likewise,
the mass deaths observed in the Meuse Valley in Belgium and
in Donora,, Pa., co-existent with high concentrations of
pollutants in the air fit this pattern. The role of chronic
air pollution in chronic lung disease, is a much more complicated
situation.. In this case, one deals with a heterogeneous
group of agents acting en a heterogenous set of
subjects- One consequence of this complicated relationship
is that research approaches whichhare essentially descriptive
are unlikely to provide data of basic etiological importance
and the major breakthroughs in this field have not yet occurred
and may never occur with the use of standard methodology.,
Thought should be given to the development of more basic
approaches, such as laboratory models for the study of long
612 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
term impact of air pollution on the biology of the lung and of focusing the
tools of the modern molecular biochemists and molecular geneticists on the
problem of lung disease. As to therapeutic and prophylactic implications
of air pollution and its control, the answer to this question is relatively
simple. Any lack of basic understanding need not paralyze a vigorous
approach to air pollution control.
00521
S. H.. Tromp
BIOMETEOHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF HESPIRA10H* DISEASES. Preprint.
(Presented at the Anerican Medical Association Air Pollution
Bedical Research Conference, Los Angeles, Calif,, March
2-4. 1966.}
The influence of short (weather) and long periodical (climate)
effects of the atmosphere surrounding man in relation to
respiratory diseases are discussed.. Examples of biometeorological
application are given, demonstrating studies of the influence of
weather and climate both on healthy and sick population. These
studies may give clues to deeper physiological mechanisms involved
and to the methods to cure certain diseases without use of drugs..**
C0570
«„ P. Do Logan
MCBTAIITI FROM FOG IN LONDON, JANUARI, 1956.. Brit- Ked. J..
'(London),, No. 4969:722-725, March 31, 1956.
Dense fog during January 4 to 6, 1956, caused almost 1,000
additional deaths in Greater London. The distribution of these
deaths by age,, cause, and geographical area is described. This
is the third major fog mortality incident in London since 1948.
Outhor" s abstract) ##
00609
A. P. Krueger, S« Kotaka, P. €„ Andriese
STDDIES ON THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF GASEODS IONS - A REVIEW.
Biometeorological Research Centre, Leiden, Holland (Special
Monograph Series, Vol. 1)., Mar. 8, 1966. 14 pp.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 637 230
This report summarizes and evaluates experimental findings of
the past ten years on the physiological and pathological changes
produced in a variety of living forms as a result of exposure
to gaseous ions. The aspects of gaseous ion research which
are included in the fields of physics, meteorology, medicine and
environmental engineering are recognized to be intimately linked
with the biological aspects. Some of the conclusions
F. Effects - Human Health 613
-------
cited: 1. Comparable concentrations of positive air ions
accelerate the growth of higher plants but cause a moderate
increase in the death rate of bacteria and fungio 2. Carbon
dioxide ions have an inimical effect on certain functions of the
respiratory tree in the mouse while oxygen ions reverse
these changes, f*
00617
S« Dn Hurphy B« A, Prindle
EFFECTS OF AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST ON POLMONAEY FUNCTION.
Preprint., .{Presented at Symposium on Air Foliation and
Pulmonary Disease, American Medical Association, los
Angeles, Calif-, Nov. 25, 1962.)
This investigation has demonstrated that at least two
qualitatively different types cf functional pulmonary responses
are elicited in guinea pigs exposed to experimental atmospheres
of irradiated auto exhaust. One type is characterized
by rapidly reversible increases in pulmonary flow resistance
and decreased respiratory rates, and resembles the
response produced by irritating aldehydes. A second response is
characterized by increased respiratory rates, is more slowly
reversible, and resembles effects produced by oxidant-type
irritants. Continuous exposure of guinea pigs to auto exhaust
for several weeks did not appreciably alter baseline values for
pulmonary function when the animals were tested while breathing
clean air; however, guinea pigs exposed to irradiated exhaust were
less responsive to respiratory stimulation by carbon dioxide. The
possible interaction of pulmonary infection and chemical effects
of exhaust in the mediation of this latter effect reguires further
study- {Author summary} #*
00622
A.P. Altshuller, D. Klosterman, P.H. Leach, and
J., E-. Sigsby, Jr.
THE IRRADIATION OF SINGLE AND KUITI-COWEONENT HYDROCARBON -
ABE ALEEHYDE NITRIC OXIDE MIXTURES IN AIR DNDEK DYNAMIC
AND STATIC FLOW CONDITIONS.. Preprint., 196t.
An investigation has been made of the chemical, aerosol plant
damage, and eye irritation effects of irradiating various single
hydrocarbon aldehyde or multi-component hydrocarbon NO
systems under dynamic flow conditions., The systems investigated
included the following individual hydrocarbons which were
irradiated in the presence of NO (and traces of N02) :
ethylene, 1-butene, 1,3-butadiene, toluene, xylene, and
1 ,3,5—trimethylbenzene, n-hexane, 3-methylpentane,
2,4,4-trimethylpentane,, and cyclchexane.. Mixtures of hydrocarbons
including ethylene and 1-butene; ethylene, 1-butene, and
trans-2-butene; and ethylene, 1-butene, trans-2-butene, and mixed
xylenes also were irradiated in the presence of nitrogen oxide in
air.. In addition the photooxidation of the formaldehyde - oxygen.
614 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
propinaldehyde — oxygen, forualdehyde - NO and propionaldehyde
- NO systems were investigated. In these dynamic
irradiation experiments the H paraffinic hydrocarbon - DC systems
produced neither oxidant nor plant damage., In all of these
systems NO was only partially converted during irradiation and
N02 did not peak. when 0« 5 ppm of ethylene, 0..5 ppra of an
ethylene - butene-1 mixture, or 0..5 ppm of xylene was
irradiated with 1 ppm of NO no net oxidant and no plant damage
occurred. fit ethylene or toluene concentrations between 3 and 6
ppm with 1 ppm of NO, irradiation produced oxidant but no plant
damage of either the ozone or FAN type. Many of these
mixtures did react somewhat with the disappearance of part of the
hydrocarbon and the formation of significant yields of
formaldehyde or aliphatic aldehydes. Propionaldehyde when
irradiated in the presence of small traces of nitrogen oxides
produced severge plant damage. ([Author abstract) f#
00632
C. Xintaras, C., E., Ulrich, M. 7,, Sobecki,, and B. E_
Terrill
BEAIN POTENTIALS STODIED BY CCKFUTEE ANALYSIS. Arch.
Environ., Health 13, 223-32, Aug. 1966.
Eesponse morphology. Computers, Data analysis
Brain responses to flashes of light in a freely moving rat
have been examined with on-line summation technigues.. The
present study uses this method tc obtain information on response
morphology as it varies from alertness to drowsiness to spontaneous
or induced sleep. Its purpose was to determine the biologic
significance of initial changes in evoked response in rats exposed
to carbon monoxide and ozone previously reported by the authors.
Photic stimuli were presented to male rats implanted with
cortical recording electrodes. Cortical potentials evoked in
response to each light flash were averaged by computer. Changes
induced by carbon monoxide and pentobarbital were compared with
normal changes from wakefulness to spontaneous sleep. The
findings suggest that alterations in the evoked response during
light spontaneous or induced sleep may be associated with a
lowering of vigilance level and may te related to the integrative
functions necessary to awareness and for processing sensory
signals into meaningful perception., ##
CC637
S., D. Murphy,, C. E. Ulrich» S. H. Erankowitz, and C.
Xintaras
ALTERED FUNCTION IN ANIMALS INBAIING LCH CONCNETRATIONS Of OZONE
ANE NITEOGEN DIOXIDE. An. Ind., Hyg., Assoc. J. Vol.,
25:216-253, June 196«..
Quantitative measurements of respiratory function of guinea pigs
were made before, during, and after exposure to low concentrations
F. Effects -Human Health 615
-------
of ozone, and nitrogen dioxide- The earliest effects detected
during exposure to either of the gases were increased respiratory
frequency and decreased tidal volume. These effects were noted
during 2-hour exposures to concentrations of ozone as low as 0.34
ppm or within 4 hours of exposure to N02 at a concentration of
5.2 ppffi- Previous exposure to ozone did not result in tolerance
to the respiratory function changes produced during exposure to a
1»5—ppm concentration of the gas.. Voluntary running activity of
mice was depressed during exposure to concentrations of ozone
between 0..2 and 0-7 ppm and to N02 concentrations of 7.7 to 20..9
FFB. {Author abstract) ##
00638
P. A. Kenline
OCTOBER 1963 NEK ORLEANS ASTHMA STUD!- Arch. Environ-
Health Vol., 12:295-301, Mar™ 1966.
This paper reports on aerometric activities carried out in
New Orleans from Oct. 3 through Nov., 5, 1963., The objectives
of these activities were to establish any difference in air
guality between asthma outbreak days and other days,, evaluate
geographic and temporal variation in pollution characteristics, and
evaluate various uncommon methods of measuring air pollution.
(Author abstract) ##
00639
B., B. Gardner
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF URBAN AIR P01IUTICN., III. LUNG TUMORS IN
MICE.. Arch., Environ. Health Vol., 12:305-313, Bar., 1966.
This paper reports the long-term effect of inhaling Los Angeles
ambient air upon the incidence of lung adenomas in several inbred
strains of mice.. Despite the absence of histopathologic evidence
for any specific acute effect related to ambient air pollution in
the experimental mice colonies, the statistical evidence of this
study indicates a strong likelihood that ambient Los Angeles
atmosphere does possess a definite though slight activity in
promoting pulmonary adencmatous tumors in aging inbred mice.
These findings offer further evidence that some lung tumorigenic
activity does exist in the indigenous respiratory environment.. #0
.00645
H. Wu Phelps
EOLLOW-UP STUDIES IN TOKYO-YOKOHAKA BESEIBATOBY DISEASE.
Arch. Environ., Health Vol., 10 (2) : 143-147, Feb., 1965.
(Presented at the Seventh Annual Air Pollution Medical
Besearch Conference, Los Angeles, Calif., Feb. 10-11,, 1964.,)
616 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Tokyo-Yokohama Bespiratory Disease appears to be a bronchitic
illness induced most often by the combined effects of cigarette
sBoking and the severe air pollution present in the
Tokyo-Yokohama areau It is characterized by severe cough,
vheezing, persistent shortness of breath, reduced one-second
forced expiratory volume (FEV sub 1), hyperventilation, reduced
oxygen saturation. Since the patient suffering from this disease
usually shows at least some symptomatic relief when away from the
Kanto Plain, the preferred method of treatment at this time is
removal fron the Tokyo-Yokohama Area.**
G0649
I. E., Smith
PEKOXYACETYL NITRATI INHALA1ICN., Arch. Environ. Health Vol.
10(2} : 161-164, Feb., 1965., (Presented at the Seventh Annual
Air Pollution Medical Research Conference, los Angeles,
Calif.,, Feb. 10-11, 1964.,)
The acute toxicity of ozone has been demonstrated to be strikingly
enhanced if animals, during exposure to non-injurious levels of
ozone, are concurrently subjected to intermittent exercise- As
the present experiment demonstrated a significant effect of the
pollutant peroxyacetyl nitrate {PAN) upon the oxygen uptake only
iihen the subjects were exposed to the additional stress of
exercise, it is suggested that investigators who study the
problem of the effect of atmospheric pollutants upon the
respiratory efficiency of man include the phase of exercise in
their experimental design.**
00650
B.C. Battigelli
EFFECTS OF DIESEL EXHAUST. Arch. Environ. Health Vol.
10(2)165-167, Feb., 1965. (Presented at the Seventh Annual
Air Pollution Hedical Research Conference, Los Angeles,
Calif., Feb. 10-11, 1964.)
Over the past three years the author"s work at the School of
Public Health in Pittsburgh has been directed to the possible
detrimental effects brought about through exposure to diesel
motor exhaust. Attention was directed to railroad workers
enployed in locomotive repair shops. Neither respiratory
complaints nor impaired pulmonary function, could be related
to this type of occupational exposure- As a second phase in
this investigation, volunteers were exposed to diesel exhaust
gas for short periods and pulmonary resistance was measured. The
levels utilized for these controlled exposures are
comparable to realistic values such as those found in railroad
shops.. No effect could be measured in these volunteers after
they had been exposed at these varying levels of pollution
from diesel exhaust for short periods up to one hour.**
F. Effects -Human Health 617
-------
00656
j. E.
RESPONSES OF ENZYME SYSTEMS TO AIR POLLUTANTS- Arch.
Environ. Health Vol. 10 (2) : 201-206, Feb.. 1965. (Presented at
the Seventh Annual Air Pollution Medical Research
Conference, Los Angelesc Calif.,, Feb. 10 11, 1961,,)
Peroxyacetyl nitrates and ozone can oxidize the reduced forms
of nicotiuamide adenine dinucleotides. The oxidation product
obtained by reaction with peroxyacetyl nitrate is biologically
active whereas the reaction product from the ozone oxidation
is an enzyme inhibitor. Peroxyacetyl nitrates inactivate
enzymes, but protection can be afforded by substrate and co-
factor. The characteristics of protection are the same as
those required for protection from sulfhydryl reagents. It
has been concluded that enzyme inactivation is due to oxidation
of the enzyme sulfhydryl group. Peroxyacetyl nitrate inhibits
the incorporation of acetate into fatty acids more
than it inhibits incorporation into water-soluble acids.
This result is consistent with a physiological role for
either the mechanism of oxidation of reduced dinucleotides
or the mechanism of oxidation of enzyme sulfhydryl groups.
(Author Summary)##
00658
FoL., Estes, C.. H. Pan
RESPONSE OF ENZYME SYSTEMS TC PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION
PRODUCTS- Arch. Environ,, Health Vol.. 10 (2) : 207-212, Feb.
1965., {Presented at the Seventh Annual Air Pollution
Medical Research Conference, Lcs Angeles, Calif., Feb.
10-11, 1960.)
Exposure to photochemical reaction products inhibited the activity
of glutamic dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli. Hith a
glutamate substrate the inhibition increased at a rate comparable
to the inhibition of the growth of the cells. Considerably less
inhibition was observed for the reaction in the reverse direction.
With increasing formaldehyde concentrations, the reaction of
glutamic dehydrogenase from mamnalian source was more rapidly
inhibited in the reverse than in the forward direction. From
the data to date, it appears that only at very low concentrations
could formaldehyde produce the relationship of the reactions
observed with the photochemical reaction products., There is no
evidence, however,, that such concentration would produce
comparable magnitudes of inhibition with time. (Author
summary) ##
618 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
00659
G.,C~ Buell, Y. Tokiwa, P. !!„ Kueller
POTENTIAL CROSSLINKING AGENTS IK IUNG TISSUE. Arch-
Environ. Health Vol., 10 (2) :213-219, Feb. 1965., (Presented at
the Seventh Annual Jir Pollution fledical Eesearch Conference
, los Angeles, Calif., Feb. 10-11, 196H,,)
An investigation of analogous molecular changes in vivo after
exposure to ozone was undertaken in the hope that a better
understanding of ozone toxicity would emerge. The interaction
of lung tissue and ozone in vivo results in the formation of
carbonyl compounds,, which are most likely derived from lung
proteins.. Structural changes in lung tissue must have
occurred- The aldehydes formed may effect an intra- or
intermolecular crosslinking of protein molecules, further
altering normal lung structure. Exposure to ozone apparently
affects the ground substance.. The data suggest an oxidative
degradation of hyaluronic acid. The findings reported here give
•evidence for explaining on a molecular basis pulmonary events
caused by polluted air., ##
00660
H.D., Buckley O.J.. Ealchum
ACUTE AND CHRONIC E7POSOBES TO NITROGEN DIOXIDE. Arch-
Environ- Health Vol. 10<2J:220-223, Feb. 1965. (Presented at
the Seventh Annual Air Pollution Medical Research
Conference, Los Angeles, Calif., Feb. 10-11, 1964.,}
This study was an attempt to measure some of the metabolic
effects of the air pollutant N02 on lung and other body tissues,.
To relate changes in oxygen consumption and enzyme activities in
organs to length of exposure it would be well to subject a series
of animals to a single concentrtion of NC2 (15 ppm, for example)
and study tissues from animals tfexposed and control) during regular
intervals after the initiation of the regimen. This would
clarify the observations in oxygen consumption of liver horoogenate.
It would also be of value to expiess enzyme activity in terms
of substrate utilization in order to obtain more information about
the specific activity of the tissue homogenates.tt
00665
D.,E« Rounds F«F. Bils
EFFECTS OF AIB POLLUTANTS ON CEILS IN CULTURE. Arch. Environ-
Health Vol. 10(2) :251-259, Feb. 1965, (Presented at the
Seventh Annual Air Pollution Medical Research
Conference, Los Angeles, Calif.,, Feb. 10-11, 196D.)
F. Effects - Human Healtl) 619
-------
From an analysis of oxygen consumption rates, all cell types
tested in vitro showed a partial but reversible inhibition in
oxidative activity during treatment with NaN02., Morphological
studies of living cells with phase contrast microscopy and of
fixed material with the electron microscope revealed that the
alveolar wall cell showed changes in the shape of the nucleus and
the ultrastructure of the mitochondria during N02 treatment.
These changes may offer the opportunity to describe and
guantitate the biological effects of N02 and possibly,, of ether
air pollutants., (Author summary) ##
00668
O.,0.. Balchum, H.D., Buckley, B. Sherwin, M. Gardner
NITROGEN DIOXIDE INHALATION AND LUNG ANTIBODIES., Arch.,
Environ- Health Vol. 10 (2) : 2714-277, Feb. 1965- presented
at the Seventh Annual Air Pollution Medical Research
Conference, Los Angeles, Calif.., Feb. 10-11, 1964.)
A circulating substance or lung tissue antibody has been
found to appear in the serum of guinea pigs inhaling
nitrogen dioxide in concentrations of 5 ppm and of 15 ppm., It
can be detected in dilutions of serum greater than 1:100,000
by its property of agglutinating latex particles coated with
normal lung proteins.##
00672
W.Y.. Hallett
FFFECT OF OZONE AND CIGARETTE SMOKE ON LONG FUNCTION. Arch-
Environ.. Health Vol., 10 (2> : 295-302, Feb.. 1965,, (presented at
the Seventh Annual Air Pollution Medical Research
Conference, Los Angeles,, Calif- , Feb., 10-11, 196U-)
Ozone exposure levels between 1 and 3 ppm for up to half an
hour produced changes that were more definite than those produced
by smoking one cigarette,, and in a greater proportion of
subjects., The bronchoconstriction produced as measured by the
ventilatory capacities was of a magnitude similar to changes
produced in diffusion capacity and minute ventilation. The ozone
levels were from two to six times as high as the highest
"alert" levels experienced during the year in Los Angeles.
The exposure of these subjects was very brief and their awareness
of similarity to effects of smog is worthy of remention.. ##
00681
J., B., HcCarroll, E. J. Cassell, H., Ingram, and D.
Welter
HEALTH AND THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT (AIE POLLUTION AND TAMIIY
ILLNESS: I. DESIGN TOR STUDY)., Arch., Environ,, Health
Vol. 10{2) :357-363, Feb., 1965., (Presented at the Seventh
620 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Annual Air Pollution Hedical Besearch Conference, Los
Bngeles, Calif., Feb.. 10-11,, 196H.O
Absorption of harmful air pollutants has exacerbated preexisting
pulaonary disease during "acute" air pollution episodes toth in
the urban United States and in various European cities.
Evidence for the initiation of permanent disease in previously
well persons is fragmentary. To study this relationship a
careful longitudinal study of a significant group of normal city
dwellers together with simultaneous monitoring of the environment
to which they are exposed has been undertaken., Our goal is to
follow daily variations in health of a group cf urban families of
diverse backgrounds living in the same geographic
area and to correlate these over a period of time with variations
in the atmosphere to which they aie exposed.##
00738
B.B. Purvis, S.. BillerB E. Ehrlich
EFFECT OF ATHOSPHEHIC POLLDTABTS ON SDSCEPTIBILITT TO
BESPIRATOBY INFECTION 1.. EFFECT OF OZONE. J~ Infect..
Diseases 109, 238-42, 1961.
A 3-hour exposure to 1 parts per million of ozone significantly
decreased the resistance of mice to respiratory infection
initiated by challenge with an aerosol of Klebsiella
pneunoniae administered less than 19 hours after exposure to
ozone.. The sane phenomenon was observed in infected animals
exposed to ozone up to 27 hours after challenge with the
infectious aerosol. The decrease in resistance was demonstrated
by an increase in mortality rate and shortening of survival time.
{Authors" abstract}##
00742
D.I. Hammer, B. Portnoy, F.. H. Bassey, W..S. Wayne,
I. Oelsner, P.F. Wehrle
IOS ANGELES AIR POIIDTION AND BESPIBATORY SYMPTOMS -
RELATIONSHIP DOSING A SELECTED 28-DAY PERIOD. Arch.
Environ. Health Vol. 100 «7U-«80, Mar., 1965. (Presented at
the Seventh Annual Air Pollution Medical Research
Ccncerence, Los Angeles, Calif., Feb. 10-11, 196«),,
Two populations of student nurses, one in Los Angeles and one in
Santa Barbara, reported selected respiratory symptoms by means
of daily symptom diaries. The prevalence of these symptoms and
their relationship to a single air pollutant during a 28-day
period is described. These data are part of a 32-month study
ending in June, 1961. A time-associated relationship between
daily oxidant levels and the mean daily frequency of eye
discomfort in the Los Angeles group was observed during
the study period. This relationship was not observed for any of
the other symptoms. The Bean 28-day freguencies of all symptoms
F. Effects - Human Health 621
-------
reported by the Los Angeles student nurses were equal to, or
greater than, those reported by the Santa Barbara student
nurses,. (Authors11 abstract) ##
00779
H.E., Swann, Jr.. „ D., Brunei, I..G. Sayne, Ou J. Balchum
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF URBAN AIR POLLUTION. II., CHRONIC EXPOSURE
OF GUINEA PIGS. Arch,, bSenvircn. Health. Vol. 11:765-769,
Dec- 1965.,
Guinea pigs have been directly exposed to ambient Los Angeles
air for two years.. Monthly ireasurements of their total expiratory
resistance were made plethysmographically, and compared with those
of guinea pigs breathing air filtered through activated-charcoal-
Variations in resistance occurred from month to month, but no
difference in resistance was noted between guinea pigs residing
in ambient air and these living in filtered air. Total
pulmonary resistance appeared to increase with aging., During the
second year of their life span, the mortality of guinea pigs
living in ambient air was slightly greater than of those living
in filtered air, but this difference was not significent at the
5X level by the chi sguare test. {Author summary)##
0079«
H.A., Young,, B. E., Shaw, D»V.. Bates
EFFECT OF LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF OZONE ON PULMONARY FUNCTION IN
BAN. J. Appl. Physiol., , 19 («) :765-768, July 1965.,
Eleven subjects in sixteen experiments breathed 0..6-0.8 ppm of
ozone through a mouthpiece for 2-hr periods. Keasurements of
pulmonary function were compared with those observed after a
control experiment in which air was breathed through the same
circuit for a similar period. In this concentration, ozone was
found to produce a highly significant reduction in steady-state
DL sub CO of 5.U ml CO/min mm Hg, a change about four
times larger than that of the air control experiments. The vital
capacity, FEVO-75 X 10, and maximal midexpiratory flow rate
decreased by about 10J after ozone breathing, the change being
statistically significant in the first two of these only. Gas
distribution, and dynamic and static pulmonary compliance
were measured in two subjects and were not affected by ozone.
Thickening of the alveolar wall by edema fluid is suggested as
the most likely explanation of the fall in DL sub CO that has
been observed. The vital capacity and expiratory flow rates may
be limited in part by tracheobronchial irritation that follows
inhalation of 0.6 ppn of ozone for 2 hr. (Author abstract)##
00825
AID POLLUTION AND HEALTH. Bull.,
12, <7) 588-619, July 1966.,
N.Y., Acad. Bed..
622
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIOANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Acute episodes of mortality and morbidity furnish strong
support for a casual relationship between air pollution and
injurious effects.. The following conclusions were established:
(1) Air pollution in episodes of high levels is harmful and
can be lethal, (2) Although chronic effects have not yet been
denonstrated,, it si reasonable to presume that since episodes
brought acute sickness and death, exposure to lesser
concentrations for prolonged periods will have effects. (3) Not
all the injurious pollutants have been identified, nor have their
adverse effects been definitely and specifically established.
Becommendations are made based on the conclusions., (Author"s
summary) ##
00836
E» Gross, LoD. Scheel, H»E» Stokinger
OZONE TOXICITY STUDIES: DESTRUCTION OF ALVEOLAB SFPTA—A
PBECURSOB OF EHPHYSEBA,, Preprint. (Presented at the
Seventh Aspen Conference, Colo,.,, June 10-13, 196K..)
Chronic exposure of hamsters and rabbits to lew concentrations
ct ozone results not only in an obvious chronic pneumonitis, but
also in a less obvious destructive process, the latter resulting
in contraction of alveolar septa. These contracted alveolar
septa may be seen as rounded, cushion-like cellular agtregations of
overlapping cells; or short, thick mushroom-shaped structures
containing a peripheral button-like mass of condensed
reticulin; as well as a uniformly thick cellular structure with
attenuated axial reticulin. Occasionally the septum, though
greatly shortened, may have a normal thickness and cellularity
but the axial reticulin is attenuated and has a terminal button-
likethickening. These septal abnormalities are not
associated with enlargement of air spaces.. Although contracture
of alveolar septa is suggestive of early departitioring of lung
tissue, this is not a certainty- It seems logial, however, that
findings such as these are proper intermediate steps to the
disappearance of alveolar walls and hence, to emphysema.. Further
study using more prolonged exposures to low concentrations of ozone
followed by long—term survival, may provide more definitive
conclusions- (Author summary)**
00852
H.E« Stokinger
OZONE TOXICOLOGY - A REVIEW OF P.ESEAFCH AND INDUSTRIAL
EXPERIENCE, 1954-1964.. Arch- Environ. Health 10, 819-31,
(lay 1965.
The rise of ozone as an important air pollutant and component
cf oxidant smog serves as the cause for this review of research
and industrial experience in ozcne toxicology for the period
1954-196t« After a brief introduction, the author discusses
the material under the following subject headings: Effects on
"an; Extra-pulmonary Effects on Man; Effects in
F. Effects - Human Health 623
-------
Animals - Acute Toxocity; Factors Affecting Toxicity;
Tolerance Development; Cross-Tolerance; Chronic Toxicity;
Effects in lower Organisms and Cell Structures;
Interactions; and Mechanisus., ##
00851
G..C., Buell P.K. Mueller
TOXICITY OF OZONE ,(S SUPPLEMENTAI REVIEW) „ California Dept.,
of Public Health, Berkeley, Division of Labs- (AIHL Rept.
No,. 18).. Sept.. 1965,. 21 pp..
This review was prepared as an aid in the possible writing of a
technical report concerning air quality standards for ozone*
It supplements a siiilar report by stokinger and presents familiar
and perhaps unfamiliar data in different perspective on the
effects of ozone in various concentrations on man, animals, and
microorganisms, and discusses perspectives concerning modes of
action., ##
00919
G. Freeman and G,, B., Haydcn
EMPHYSEMA AFTER LOW-LEVEL EXPOSURE TO NC2., Arch. Environ..
Health, Vol. 8:125-8,, Jan. 1964., (Presented at the Sixth
Annual Air Pollution Medical Research Conference San
Francisco, Calif.,,, Jan- 28-29. 1963..)
Biological seguelae of long-term exposures to low concentrations
of nitrogen dioxide have become of interest because oxides of
nitrogen are a regular constituent of smog.. Current studies have
determined the maximum nitrogen dioxide concentration in air that
does not cause death frou acute pulmonary edema and allows rats to
survive for several months. At this and at lower concentrationa,
long-term effects are being studied initially, with particular
attention to the pulmonary pathology.##
CC932
T. E- Hucer, S. Wu Joseph, E. Knoblock, P. L..
Eedfearn, and J. A. Karakawa
NEH ENVIRONMENTAL RESPIRATORY CISEASE (YOKOHAMA ASTHMA)
(PRELIMINARY REPORT). Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occupational Med,,,
Vol.. 10:399-408, 1951. -{Presented before the National Academy
of Sciences-National Research Council, Eivision of Medical
Sciences, Subcommittee on Atmospheric & Industrial Hygiene,
1951, and the Committee on Sanitary Engineering and
Environment,, 1951.)
The clinical features are presented of a new environmental
respiratory disease occurring in certain areas of Japan during the
winter months among the United States military personnel. From
624 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
preliminary atmospheric data there appears to be a correlation
between the incidence of this environmental respiratory disease
entity, the concentration of air contaminants, and smog
formations. Of the air contaminants investigated, only the
ether-soluble aerosols and dust appear to have significant
correlation with the incidence of this respiratory entity..
Additional investigations will be required to corroborate the
above suggested correlations. '(author summary) tf
00933
B. B. Purvis and Bu Ehrlich
EFFECT OF ATHOSPHERIC POLIDTANTS ON SUSCEPTIBILITY TO BESPIBATOBY
INFECTION- II,. EFFECT 01 NITBOGIN EIOXIDE. J. Infect.
Diseases, Vol., 113:72-76. lug., 1963.
A 2-hour exposure of mice to as little as 3.5 ppm of nitrogen
dioxide significantly increased their susceptibility to respiratory
infection initiated by challenge with an aerosol of Klebsiella
pneumoniae,. This effect was observed up to 27 hours after
exposure. Infected animals exposed to 25 ppm of nitrogen
dioxide for 2 hours showed an increased mortality rate and
decreased survival time. This effect was evident up to 72 hours
after infection. Exposure to 2.5 ppm of nitrogen dioxide for 2
hours did not induce any changes in susceptibility to infection.
(Author summary) ft
C0980
I.S., Jaffe
THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PHOTOCHEMICAL AIB POLLDTASTS ON MAN
AND ANIMALS., Am. J. Pub,, Health, 57 ,(8) :1269-1277. Aug.,
1967. {Presented at the Annual Meeting, American Public
Health Association,, San Francisco, Calif., Oct. 31 - Nov., 4»
1966™)
Common manifestations of atmospheric photochemical smog are eye
irritation, respiratory distress, haze formation (reduction in
visibility), peculiar odors, .characteristic vegetation damage, and
excessive cracking of rubber' products as well as the presence of
unusually high levels of oxidizing substances identified as
photochemical oxidants.. The photochemical oxidants are a major
class of compounds found in photochemical smog. They consist
of a complex mixture of atmospheric oxidizing substances
whichvary in tine and place and which are not completely defined
chemically. They can be measured routinely in community
atmospheres,, however, and analyzed collectively for "total
oxidant", the net oxidizing effect of all such substances in the
atmosphere, thus serving as useful indices of effective levels
of photochemical pollution. Ozone and perocyacyl nitrates
(PAN compounds) have been identified as important oxidants found
in photochemical smog. A review of the important adverse effects
of atmospheric photochemical smog on man and animals expressed in
terms of atmospheric "total oxidant" concentrations is presented
F. Effects -Human Health 625
-------
based on published reports and seme yet unpublished reports and
research findings. Additionally, data based on laboratory
exposures of man and animals tc ozone and PAN compounds are
reviewed. An understanding of the effects of these individual
oxidants in pure form contributes substantially to our knowledge
of the effects of the ambient photochemical "total oxidant"
mixture. The photochemical oxiflants, particularly ozone, are
severe respiratory irritants which cause temporarily impaired lung
function in man and animals in short exposures. In prolonged
exposures, there is an increase in mortality of newborn animals as
well as of animals exposed to respiratory infection. Secent
studies indicate a decreased birthrate of laboratory animals
in ptolonhrf rxpodures to synthetic photochemical smog.
Additionally, late studies have shown that an increase in lung
tumor formation occurred in aging mice exposed to atmospheric
photochemical smog over a 16-month study period when compared to
controls exposed to filtered air. (Author abstract)##
00983
H.U., Phelps
AIR POLLUTION ASTHHATIC-BBONCHITIS AMONG UNITED STATES
PERSONNEL IN JAPAN,, Japan Heart J., , 2(23:180-186, April
1961. (Presented as a part of a symposium on "Yokohama Asthma,"
June 24, 1960.)
Asthmatic bronchitis, presumably due to air pollution, has been
a major case of sickness among D. S, forces personnel in the
Tokyo-Yokohama area since 19«6. The most prominent symptoms
are nocturnal cough,, wheezing, and shortness of breath in an
individual who has a negative history of asthma prior to coming
to Japan. The attacks of coughing and wheezing occur most
frequently at night and during periods of increased smog
concentration. Perhaps most characteristic of this disease is the
marked subsidence of symptoms when the patient leaves the Kanto
Plain- Our treatment has been outlined with special
emphasis on bronchodilators, hydration, and liguefaction of
bronchial secretions. Adrenal steroids are used in the
seriously ill patient and have been very useful in relieving
symptoms.. Patients with marked shortness of breath, with airflow
obstruction by pulmonary function studies and with frequent
occurence of coughing and wheezing are usually sent back to the
United States. Follow-up studies show that almost all of these
patients dramatically improved as soon as they are sent back to the
Dnited States. (Author abstract)f#
00989
J.H.. A. Erant
HDHAN CABDIOVASCOL DISEASE AND ATHOSPHEBIC AIB POLLDTION IN LOS
ANGELES, CALIFORNIA.. Intern. J. Air Water Pollution
(london) 9 (4) : 219-231, April 1965.
626 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
A multiple regression technique is used.. This allows
atmospheric {Predictor} variables to predict a hospital
(Predicted) variable, and incorporates a concurrence-latency
hypothesis which allows the dependent variable this week to be
related to independent variables this week, last seek, 2 weeks
earlier, and U weeks earlier- Hence, for this study hospital
admissions of Los Angelenos of all ages for diagnosed
cardiovascular dysfunction (the Y) is related to and predicted
by multiples of '(the X"s): oxidant, relative humidity,
temperature., Significant findings are: (1) Sustained high
oxidant: low relative humidity: low temperature conditions are
related, on a post-exposure basis of 4 weeks, to increased
cardiovascular disease. These atmospheric conditions presented
a formidable and potentially catastrophic danger to public
health in Los Angeles, California. Significantly, partial
correlation coefficients ranged from plus or minus 0..9891. (2)
The system of atmospheric variables explains to a significant
degree variation in the cardiovascular incidence, that is
cardiovascular admissions into the hospital,, Significantly the
multiple regression coefficient is B equals 0..9922, the
coefficient of determination, R to the 2nd power eguals 0»98a5.
(3) The system of variables has a linear effect as proved by the
F-criterion, also the residuals between actual and predicted
values of the dependent variable are nonsignificant as proved by
the alpha-criterion, meaning that the prediction equation
(multiple regression system) is valid. (4) Post-exposure to
atmosphere, in this instance tth-week post-exposure, is a
significant consideration when evaluating the effects of
atmosphere upon human health- {Author abstract)##
00992
HoJ. Jacumin, D.,H. Johnston, L-A,. Eipperton
EXPOSURE OF MICROORGANISMS TO LOW CONCENTBATIONS OF VARIOUS
PCLIDTANTS.. Ind. Hyg., J,.,, 25 (6) : 595-600, Dec. 1961,,
A technigue for exposing microorganisms to air-borne
toxicants was developed- Serratia marcescens were exposed to
irradiated atmosphere of clean air, No2 at 0.5 ppm, hexene-1 at 2
ppm, and No2 plus hexene-1. Only those containing No2 differed
significantly from clean air, suggesting that hexene-1 played no
major role™ The technique has inherent difficulties,, limiting
its application pending further development. (Author abstract)**
CC99U
S»D, Murphy,, HoV.. Davis, V.,L. Zaratzian
BIOCHEBICAL EFFECTS IN RATS FROM IRRITATING AIR
CONTAMINANTS., Toxicol. Appl- Pharmacol. , 6 (5) : 520-528,
Sept. 1961..
The effect of inhalation of acrolein vapors on the activity
of several enzymes of male rat tissues was investigated.
Elevated hepatic alkaline phosphatase activity occurred following
F. Effects -Human Health 627
-------
continuous tO-hour exposure to acrolein at concentrations as lew
as 2., 1 ppnu Exposure to higher concentrations for shorter
periods of time also increased liver AP activity, but the
effect was not constant with a constant Ct. Inhalation of
ozone, nitrogen dioxide, formaldehyde, and sulfur dioxide also
increased liver AP activity™ It appears that the hepatic AP
response is a nonspecific effect and may be a symptom of the
alarm-reaction to stress. (Author summary) ##
CC995
E.E. Pattle
StJBIACE LINING OF LONG ALVEOLI- Physiol. Bev. 15 (1) : (18-79,
Jan. 1965.
The alveoli of the mammalian lung are lined with a film of
lipoprotein, about 50 A thick. This film has the function
of lowering the surface tension, especially if the surface
area is reduced, and so enabling the alveoli to remain open.,
This film is underlain by a layer of a lipoprotein of high
molecular weight, the "lining complex," from which the film is
formed.. The thickness of this layer is unknown, but it is too
thin to detect histologically.. In the respiratory distress
syndrome of the newborn, formation of the lining film is defective
and collapse of the lung ensues. This paper reviews the knowledge
of the alveolar lining. The effect of surface tension of the
mechanics of the long is covered less fully than other aspects of
the subject, as it has recently been reviewed by Mead. The
present review is divided into two main parts. One {section II)
deals with those matters that, in the reviewer"s opinion,, are well
established; the other (section III) discusses various points
on which the evidence is less certain. Only in section III are
progress reports,, private communications, or unpublished items of
the reviewer's own experience quoted and then only if they are of
particular interest.,!*
01019
J.. «., A. Brant and S.. B. G. Hill
HUMAN RESFIBATOBY DISEASES ANE ATMOSPHEHIC AIR POLLUTION IN LOS
ANGELES, CALIFORNIA.. Intern. 0. Air Water Pollution Vol
8:259-273, 1964.,
By an analysis of hospital data from Los Angeles County
General Hospital and atmospheric data from the downtown Los
Angeles air pollution monitoring station, the authors conclude
that there is a cause-effect relationship between atmospheric
pollution and health. Intensive laboratory investigations to
clarify this physiologically are recommended.##
628 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
01021
G. Dean
10HG CANCER AMONG WHITE SOUTH AFRICANS. British Med. J. „
852-7, Oct., 31, 1959o
inalysis of the 1947-56 male lung cancer deaths in South Africa
by age, country of birth,, and place of residence has shown that
aiong those dying aged 45 to 64 (but not among those dying aged 65
and over) British immigrants have had much higher lung cancer
mortality rates than Onion-born men cr immigrants from other
countries. Further, among all three categories in South
Ifrica—Union-born len, British male immigrants, and male
iaiigrants from other countries—the lung cancer mortality rates
have increased approximately with the level of urbanization and
industrialization. Neigher the differences between the lung
cancer mortality rates of these three groups nor the urban/rural
gradient can be attributed to differences in smoking habits..
Instead, both would seem to have been due to the exposure of the
sen concerned to different degrees of atmospheric pollution. The
eicess lung cancer mortality among British immigrants aged 45-64
vould seem to have been due to their exposure in Britain to some
form of atmospheric pollution to which those emigrating before 1910
had not been subject.. The urban/rural lung cancer mortality
gradient in South Africa would appear to reflect the increasing
atmospheric pollution that is encountered in passing from rural
areas to areas of increasing industrialization, (Author
summary)#*
01030
P. Kotin and H., L. Falk
THE EXPERIHEKTAL INDUCTION OF PUIHCNABY TOHOBS IN STPAIN-A
HICI AFTER THEIR EXPOSURE TO AN ATMOSPHERE OF OZONIZED GASOLINE..
Cancer Vol. 9(5):910-917, Oct. 1956.
Strain-A mice have been exposed to an atmosphere of ozonized
gasoline and to a washed-air ccntrol atmospheric environment. A
significant difference was found in the test-chamber mice both in
nultiple-tumor-bearing animals. After forty weeks of exposure
there were 21 per cent tumor-bearing animals in the control mice
compared with 63 per cent in our test mice. Differences between
the multiple-tumor-bearing-aniisalE have been more marked and
greater significance is attached to this variation in terms of
ascribing carcinogenic powers to the polluted atmosphere in our
test chamber.. Mice housed in a polluted atmosphere showed a
consistent weight deficit when contrasted with their washed-air
controls. Shile no statistical significance has been attributed
to this in relation to tumor yield, the role of calorie restriction
in depressing spontaneous and induced-tumor yield has been noted.
The ubiquity of gasoline and the presence of its reaction products
in urban atmospheres suggest that it be further investigated as a
possible etiological influence in the increasing
incidence of huaan lung cancer. Finally, the absence of aromatic
F. Effects - Human Health 629
-------
polycyclic hydrocarbons from the test chamber may be properly
regarded as establishing the innate tumorigenic powers of the
chemical substances in the test chamber. (Author summary
modified)##
010UO
GU B.. Haydon,, G. Freeman, and N., J. Furiosi
COVEHT PATHCGENESIS OF N02 INDUCED EMPHYSEMA IN THE BAT..
Arch, Environ, Health 7ol. 11:176-783, Dec., 1965.
The authors previously have reported effects on rats from exposure
to 25 ppm N02., Additional studies of the pathogenesis of
emphysema induced by 12 ppm and of ether effects resulting from it
and 0., 8 ppm of N02 are reported- Also, reversibility of the
process following exposure to 25 ppm are described. Bats
exposed to 12 ppm developed respiratory disease similar to
emphysema in humans. At the lower concentrations, the process vas
relatively covert and survival longer. A relationship appears to
exist between concentration X time to the degree of pulmonary
disease. In discussing extrapclaticn of their results to humans,
it was indicated, the combination of widespread low level
concentrations of N02 in the air and the transient intermittent,
very high concentrations inhaled with tobacco smoke may contribute
tc chronic obstructive respiratory disease.##
C1060
J.B., Hudd
ENZYME INACTIVATION EY PEEOXYACE1YL NITHATE. Arch.
Biochem. Biophys. Vol. 102 (1) : 59-65, July 1963.
Isocitric dehydrogenase (NADP linked) , G-6-P dehydrogenase,,
and malic dehydrogenase were inactivated by peroxyacetyl nitrate.,
The enzymes could be protectrd in so'me cases: isccitric
dehydrogenase by isocitrate and HADE, the former being more
effective, and G-6-P dehydrogenase by NADP but not by G-6-P.,
Malic dehydrogenase was not significantly protected either
by substrate or coenzyme. Inhibition of these three enzymes
by cadmium ion or p-chloromercuribenzoate was prevented in the sane
order by the presence of substrate or coenzytne. The
conclusion that peroxyacetyl nitrate inactivated the enzymes by
oxidizing sulfhydryl groups was further supported by the
resistance of ribonuclease,, containing no sulfhydryl groups, to
peroxyacetyl nitrate. (Author abstract)##
01062
D.E., Bounds
HNVIBONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON LIVING CELLS. Arch. Environ.
Health Vol.. 12:78-81, Jan. 1966., (Presented at the Second
American Medical Association Congress on Ervironmental
Health Problems, Chicago, 111., Apr.. 26-27, 1965..)
630 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
This study included a consideration of only two environmental
factors on an established human cell line: (1) hydrocarbon
mixtures, which form a major contribution to air pollution in the
IDS Angeles area, and (2} a small portion of the spectral
emission of sunlight. fiabient air volumes were scrubbed
through either distilled water or chloroform in gas washing
bottles. The resulting pollutants were suspended in water,
flash sterilized, and added to double strength medium., These
test solutions were compared with dilutions of a carcinogen,
3°-Me»DAB with respect to responses of an established line of
human conjunctival cells in vitro.. All test media produced
(1) a growth stimulation, (2) an increase in chromosomal
stickiness and scattering during mitosis, and (3) a decrease
in a positive staining reaction for phospholipid. Treatment of
conjunctival cells with either a chloroform extract of auto exhaust
or a five-minute exposure to near ultraviolet light produced no
larked morphological change., The combination of these treatments
induced cytolysis within two hours. (Author summary
modified)##
0107?
I. !„ lubowe
THE EFFECT OF AIB POIIUTANTS ON THE SKIN., "DEBHATITIS URBIS."
General Practice 27{5):10-1, 27, May 1964.
In older individuals the visible signs of aging skin may become
more apparent when continuously exposed to air pollutants. Thus,
the existence of a condition which may te referred to as "city
skin" is conceivable. It appears justified to conjecture that the
pollutants which present respiratory hazards, with continuous
long-term exposure, will also affect the epidermis and cutaneous
system. The deposition of soot and dust on the skin affects
hacterial growth and subseguent physiological activity. Contact
dermatitis due to airborne contactants such as smoke and
insecticide sprays is common, as well as industrial dermatoses
related to acids, organic sulfides, and other substances. It
seems logical to attribute the dermatoses of the hands and face to
the irritating pollutants of industrial cities. Prophylactic as
well as remedial topical formulas must be devised to overcome this
insidious effect of air pollution., ##
01090
S. D,. Murphy
A REVIEW OF EFFECTS ON ANIMALS OF EXPOSURE TO AUTO EXHAUST AND
SOME OF ITS COMPONENTS. J., Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
11(8):303-8, Jug. 1964. (Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting,
Air Pollution Control Association, Detroit, Mich., June
9-13, 1963.)
The several series of experiments that are summarized in this
report have demonstrated that respiratory function and
activity patterns of experimental animals are altered during
F. Effects - Human Health 631
-------
brief exposure to irradiated airiauto exhaust mixtures at
concentrations of total exhaust that were only two to three times
those that occur in certain urban communities during maximum
periods of photochemical air pollution- These physiological
alterations are reversible following a single exposure of a few
hours duration- Qualitatively different effects on respiratory
frequency and tidal volumes occurred as a biphasic response during
a single four-hour exposure to exhaust., The data indicated that
the qualitative nature of the physiological response was dependent
upon the relative concentrations of individual constituents with
qualitatively different physiological actions,. This may be
important to the development and evaluation of control devices or
methods,, since the elimination of one or a class of chemical agents
may shift the physiological-effect balance toward that produced by
another agent or class of agents that still remain. (Author
summary modified) t#
01168
E. F- Lutmer, K. A. Busch, and P. L, DeLong
EFFECT OF NITRIC OXIDE, NITROGEN DIOXIDE, OB OZOKE ON BLCCE
CARBOXYHEMOGLCBIN CONCENTRATIONS CUEING LOW-LEVEL CARBON MONOXIDE
EXPOSURES . Atmos. Environ., 1, 1*5-8, 1967..
Compared to exposure to CO alone, no enhancement of blood
carboxyhemoglobin concentrations was observed following 8-hour
exposures of rats and mice to low levels of CO plus NO, No2,
or 03. (Author abstract) ##
01218
I. K., Emel'ianov
OZONE IN THE SERVICE OF LARGE-SCALE CHEHISTRY. (Ozon—na sluzhbu
bol" shoi fchinii) . Nature (Priroda) (12) 106-8, Dec,, 1963.,
CFSTI.DDC: AD 600 928
Author discusses ozone as an oxidizer in the chemical industry-
The advantages of ozone over other cxidizers are elucidated. As
an indirect use to air pollution the document reveals those
industries that use ozone and ultimately would be involved in
occupational health hazards.i#
01319
C.H- Thienes, E..G- Skillen, A,, Hoyt. E- Eogen
EFFECTS OF OZONE ON EXPEEIKENTAI TUBERCULOSIS AND ON NATURAL
PDLMONABY INFECTIONS IN MICE.. Am. Ind., Hyg. Assoc. J.,,
Vol.. 26:255-260. June 1965.
Rice exposed to 1.5 ppm czone for four hours per day, five days
per week for two months exhibited no pathology of the lungs-
632
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Other mice, similarly exposes, exhibited no increased
susceptibility to intravenously administered Mycobacteriurt
tuberculosis nor to BCG vaccine., Exposure of mice to 1-5 ppm
ozone for two hours per day for nine to twelve months increased
incidence of fatal natural pulmonary infection. The acute four
hour ED50 of ozone for producing pulmonary edema was 3., 66 ppm.
(Author abstract) #t
01323
P.I. Estes
ANALYSIS OF SIB POLLUTION HIXTOHES: A STUDY OF BIOLOGICALLY
EFFECTIVE COHPONEHTS. inal. Chenu , Vol., 3
-------
01327
Mills, C. A.
RESPIRATORY AND CARDIAC DEATHS IN LCS ANGELES SMOGS. Am. J.
Med. Sci., Vol. 233:379-386, April 1957.
Ozone or oxidant-type smogs, known to be formed by the action of
sumlight upon stagnant inversion air masses containing unturned
hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides from liquid-fuel motor exhaust
fumes, have been present in Los Angeles for more than a decade
and are appearing with increasing frequency in other American
cities as the density of motor transport vehicles increases.
Although ozone was formerly considered a harmless (and perhaps
beneficial) atmospheric ingredient, it is recognized that concen-
trations of it above 0.2 ppm are potentially harmful to exposed
plant and animal life. Its maximal allowable limit for industrial
in-plant workers has been reduced from 1.0 ppm down to 0.1 ppm
(barely detectable by a keen sense of smell). A clearly signifi-
cant association between Los Angeles smogs and rises in day-by-
day respiratory and cardiac deaths in the exposed population has
been shown. There no longer exists a reasonable doubt that this
smog-death relationship is real and o± significant proportions.
The community health hazard thus generated calls for prompt and
energetic measures to lessen pollution of urban atmospheres uith
liquid-fuel motor exhaust gases, as well as establishing the best
possible control over all other known polluting sources. (Author
summary) ##
C1330
J- L» Svirbely and B. E. Saltzman
OZONE TOXICITY AND SUBSTANCES ASSOCIATED WITH ITS PRODUCTION.
A.M.. A. Arch. Ind., Health 15, 111-8, Feb. 1957.
(Presented at the 17th Annual Meeting, American Industrial
Hygiene Association, Philadelphia, Pa-, Apr. 26, 1956.)
The data obtained from acute inhalation studies indicate that
czone per se is a highly toxic substance to rats, mice, and
hamsters. The ozone used in these exposures was generated from
various gas mixtures and with two different ozonizers varying in
current density. nfrared analysis of the scrubbed compressed
air used for the toxicity studies indicated that no traces of
organic impurities could be detected. Tests for possible ozone
contaminants, such as oxides of nitrogen hydrogen peroxide, and
free radicals (H02, OH, H03, Oil, etc..) , in a specially
constructed mass spectrometer failed to reveal significant amounts
of these substances, and, consequently, it is improbable that they
affect the toxicity of ozone in laboratory animals. The injurious
effects of ozone appear to be lessened by a previous exposure to
relatively low concentrations of ozone for a short period. This
tolerance was apparent for at least four and one-half weeks after
exposure.. ({Author summary) f #
634 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
01335
D. I- Coffin and E» J» Blcmner
ACUTE TOXICITY OF IRRADIATED AUTO EXHAUST INDICATED BY ENHANCEMENT
OF MORTALITY FBOB STEEPTOCCCCAI PNEUMONIA. Arch. Environ.,
Health, 15 (1) : 36-38, July 1967. (Presented at the 59th
Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,, San
Francisco, Calif., June 20-25, 1966, Paper Mo™ 66-22.,)
Exposure of mice for t hours in each of 10 replicated experiments
in atmospheres of auto exhaust yielding 100 ppm carbon monoxide,
0..35 to 0.67 ppm oxidant, 0»50 ti 1.00 ppm nitrogen dioxide, and
C.,03 to 1-96 ppm nitric oxide and subsequent exposure to
streptococcus aerosol produced a fivefold increase in mortality
over those receiving only filtered air and identical simultaneous
exposure to streptococci. Actual mortality for mice exposed to
auto exhaust was 107 out of 200 and for those exposed to ambient
air, 22 out of 200. Studies to determine the end point of effect
showed that mortality was enhanced by exhaust containing as little
as 25 ppm CO and 0«15 ppm oxidant. These results indicate
toxicity of auto exhaust for mice at levels for these two
components well below peak ambient concentrations. {Author
abstract}##
01316
J. Ho McNerney and J. D. Maclwen
COMPAEATIVE TCXICITY STUDIES AT REDUCED AND AHEIENT PRESSURES.
I. ACUTE RESPONSE. Am. Ind. Hyg., Assoc. J., Vol.
26:568-573,, Dec.. 1965.,
Comparison of the acute response to toxicants at ambient and
reduced pressures (5 psia; 100?t C2J were made by exposing monkeys,
dogs, rats,, and mice for 2 weeks of continuous inhalation exposure
to NC2, 03 and CCIt,, The experimental results show a
definite reduction in the toxic response to the pulmonary irritants
N02 and 03 a-t reduced pressure when compared with ambient
pressure exposures. With CC1t, a systemic toxicant, no
significant differences between the animals exposed at ambient or
reduced pressure vere observed. (Author abstract)##
01368
B.N.. Matzen
EFFECTS OF SEROTONIN ON PDLBONABY EDEMA PRODUCED BY OZONE IN
MICE. Guthrie Clin. Bull- , Vol., 29:102-106, 1959.
It is reported that 5HT (serotonin) given to mice following
exposure to ozone is capable of decreasing the amount of edema
present.. When 5HT is given prior to exposure, it protects
the mice from developing edema to the same extent as the
F. Effects -Human Health 635
-------
controls.. One would suspect that the action of 5HT would cause
a decrease in the mortality, as ozone only causes
demonstrable damage in the pulmonary system and presumably causes
death through producing pulmonary edema. Other experiments, in
which animals were sacrificed serially after exposure and
treatment, show that the action of 5HT lasts only about two
hours.. It may be that the action here was too transient to affect
the final outcome in terms of death, or that right heart strain
caused by the edema is accentuated by the constricting action of
serotonin on the pulmonary vessels and results in
circulatory failure. The decrease in the amount of edema is
probably a result of a shift in blocd volume from the lesser
circulation and a drop in the hydrostatic pressure of the
pulmonary capillaries., Although the data does not demonstrate
the mechanism,, this same pattern and degree of the response was
seen by us in mice treated with hexamethcnium,, which has been
shown to be of benefit in pulmonary edema by virtue of a blood
shift to the greater circulation,, *#
01369
J..R.. McCarroll, E..J.. Cassell. H.T. Ingram, D.
Wolter
HEALTH AND THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT: HEALTH PROFILES VEESUS
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS. Ai., J., Public Health, 56(2) -.266-
275, Feb., 1966. (Presented at the 92nd Annual Meeting,
Epidemiology Section, American Public Health Association,
New York City, Oct. 7, 196
-------
this study show that significant differences do occur in the
chemical results obtained. Under dynamic chamber conditions,
irradiated higher molecular weight paraffinic hydrocarbon-nitrogen
oxide systems appear to be unreactive. The amounts of individual
olefins consumed in irradiated multi-component olefin-nitrogen
oxide nixtures are the same as in single component olefin-nitrogen
oxide mixtures. when aromatic hydrocarbons also are included in
the multi-component mixtures, interaction effects are observed.
The results of the present study show that irradiated aromatic
hydrocarbon nitrogen oxide mixtures not only undergo chemical
reactions but also cause appreciable levels of eye irritation,
plant damage and aerosol formation. It also has been shown that a
representative higher molecular weight aliphatic aldehyde,
propionaldehyde, when irradiated with nitrogen oxide will produce
eye irritation, and moderate to heavy plant damage. The
corresponding irradiated formaldehyde-nitrogen oxide mixtures did
not cause damage to any of the plant varieties investigated.
Using dynamic chamber conditions irradiated synthetic mixtures
containing nitrogen oxides and the initial concentration levels of
both olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons present in an irradiated
automobile exhaust system will reasonably well reproduce the
oxidant, aldehyde, eye irritation and plant damage levels measured
in the irradiated automobile exhaust mixture. It is not possible
to reproduce these results obtained for an irradiated automobile
exhaust system, by irradiating nitrogen oxides and the initial
olefin or aromatic hydrocarbon levels only. These results prove
that aromatic hydrocarbons as well as olefins contribute a
significant portion of the reactivity of irradiated automobile
exhaust mixtures-#t
01t55
D. A. Fraser
IBS DEPOSITION OF UNIPOLAH CHARGED PARTICLES IN THE LUNGS CF
ANIMALS. Arch. Environ. Health, 13 (2) : 152-157, Aug., 1966.
(Presented at the American Industrial Hygiene Conference,
Philadelphia, Pa.,, Apr. 30, 196it.)
The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether
electrically charged airborne particles were capable of causing a
difference in amount of dust deposited in respiratory tracts of
animals through inhalation as compared with the amount deposited
when uncharged particles were inhaled. Large New Zealand white
rabbits were tested with 8 different dusts - silica of three types,
vanadiun pentoxide, anthracite coal, cobalt blend, cobalt fume,
and graphite. Experimental and exposure methods are described.
Results showed that degree of retention of particles in the
respiratory tract of animals could he doubled by placing a charge
of 1,000 electrons per particle on these aerosols. A qualitative
analysis of mechanisms which account for the deposition of
airborne aprticles in the respiratory tract indicates that, in each
case, the effect of placing a unipolar electrical charge on the
particles would be to increase the rate of deposition of the
particles. Increase in retention does not appear to be related to
the size of the particles inhaled, within the limits of size
investigated 80% were between 1.7 microns and 7.0 microns in
diameter. Findings suggest that it may be possible to increase
F. Effects - Human Health 637
-------
effective dose and perhaps direct the deposition of therapeutic
aerosols so that a greater deposition occurs in the alveolar
region of the lungs- However, the corona discharge technique,
which produces ozone and oxide of nitrogen, would not be suitable
for use in obtaining the high electrical charges reguired.
Another technique needs to be devised- It is noted that
particles bearing charges of 10 to 20 electrons do not increase
deposition more than one or two percent, an amount not ordinarily
significant.**
01163
G. S. Doyle, N. Endow, and J. I. Jones
THE EFFECTS OF PHOTOCHEMICAL AEROSOLS ON EYE IRRITATION .(FINAL
REPT»). Stanford Research Inst. , South Pasadena, Southern
California Labs. June 1961.
An eye-irritation panel has benn exposed to many steady-state
reaction mixtures generated in a 520-cubic-foot irradiated
stirred-flow reaction chamber., The reactants for one set of
exposures were trace concentrations (usually 0-2 to 2.0 ppm by
volume) of various hydrocarbons, predominantly olefins, and
nitrogen dioxide in purified air. Reaction residence times
ranged from one to two hours. Sulfur dioxide was used as an
additional reactant (at a concentration of about 0. 1 ppm) in a
comparable set of experiments- The reacting mixtures were then
evaluated for relative eye-irritating ability with and without
sulfur dioxide. In addition, the reactants and some of the
reaction products, especially formaldehyde, were determined, and
the light-scattering and particulate content of the mixtures were
measured. Some of the conclusions drawn on the basis of the
conditions of reaction and exposure used in this study are: (1)
Aerosols derived fron the cophotooxidation of sulfur dioxide and
from sulfur dioxide itself probably have little, if any, effect on
the eye-irritating ability of irradiated reaction mixture; (2)
Trace concentrations of branched internal olefins, specifically
2-methyl-2-butene, and of a cyclic olefin, cyclohexene, can
produce significant amounts of eye irritants other than
formaldehyde and acrclein- (3) The use of dynamic (stirred-flow)
conditions considerably enhances the sensitivity of subjects to the
irritants; (1) Adding isobutane to a photooxidizing
isobutylene-nitrogen dioxide mixture produced no significant
effect; (5) The rate of response to an eye iriitant is a
function of the chemical nature of the irritant or irritants; and
(6) Ethylene and propylene can produce significant eye irritation
at realistic atmospheric concentrations. (Author summary
modified) *#
01183
H. F. Serat, J. Kyono, and P. K. Mueller
FEASURING THE TOXIC EFFECT OF AIE POLLUTANTS HITH LUMINESCENT
BACTERIA: AN IMPROVED PROCEDURE. Preprint. 1966.
638 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Measurements on bacterial luminescence loss in the presence of
polluted atmospheres and the assessment of toxic effects have been
siraplifled. The procedure is applicable for studies in the
laboratory or on ambient air. The sensitivity of Photobacterium
cells to photochemical oxidants allows measurements to be made when
concentrations approximate those associated with eye irritation
(0.15 microliter/liter) . Kesults show this bioassay to detect
0.2 to 0.1(5 microliter/liter of oxidant for only a 15 min exposure.
Thus, a bioassay can measure pollutants at levels approximate to
those known to produce effects or man. (Author abstract) ##
01588
U.S. Wayne, P. F- Wehrle, R.E. Carroll
OXIEANT AIH POLLUTION AND ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE. J. Am. Ked.
issoc., 199 (12) :901-904, March 20, 1967.
The effect of Los Angeles" oxidizing type of air pollution
on athletic performance was studied in 21 competitive meets of
high school cross-ccuntry track runners from 1959 to 19611..
Since running times tend to improve throughout the season, team
performance at a meet was evaluated by the per cent of beys
who failed to iiprove compared to their time in the previous
meet on the same course. The highest correlation to team
performance is that of the oxidant level in the hour before the
race {correlaticn coefficient (r) eguals 0.945 in both 1959-1961
ana 1962-1961*} „ Neither carbon monoxide, temperature, nor
humidity shows any relationship to performance. The
specificity of the effect to a biologically meaningful time and
the very high correlation are convincing evidence of a cause and
effect relationship. The mechanism by which oxidants affect
performance may be directly physiological or te decreased
motivation due to discomfort. (Author abstract) ##
C1520
I. D., Sterling, J. J. Phair,, S. V., Pollack, D. A.
Schumsky, and I. DeGroot
URBAN MORBIDITY AND AIR POLLUTION (A FIRST REFT.). Arch.
Environ. Health, Vol. 13:158-170, Aug. 1966.
Hospital admissions in Lcs Angeles were correlated with air
pollution measurements and meteorological data. Once the effect
of the day of the week was corrected, fluctuations in air pollution
and morbidity correlated extremely highly for relevant diseases.##
F. Effects -Human Health 639
-------
01591
J. L. Jones, N. Endon, E. A» Schuck, E. G. Caldwell,
C.J. Doyle
A PROGRESS REPORT OH THE CHEMISTRY OF COMMUNITY AIR POLI0TICN.
Stanford Besearch lust. , South Pasadena, Southern
California Labs. Jan. 5, 1962- 59 pp.
When mixtures of propylene and nitrogen dioxide in
concentrations of 0,1 to 1.0 part per million (ppm) were
photochemically reacted by irradiation with near ultraviolet light,
the reaction products were irritating to the eyes of human test
subjects. The intensity of the ultraviolet light used in these
laboratory experiments was comparable to 7:00 to 8:00 a.m. fall
sunlight.. Preliminary additional work on ethylene reaction
mixtures, which were irradiated with near ultraviolet light
corresponding tc 12:00 noon summer sunlight intensity,
definitely produced eye irritating reacton product mixtures.
The evidence frcm infrared spectra of precipitated model aerosols
formed by the photccxidation of lower olefin homologs - nitrogen
oxides - sulfur dioxide mixtures at 50% relative humidity indicated
that the principal constituent of the aerosol was sulfuric acid.
A study of the dark reaction of ozone with olefins has been
initiated. Preliminary experimental results indicate that a
kinetic reaction mechanism based on a simple bimolecular
reaction between ozone and an olefin cannot account for the
experimental results obtained to date. Some the-oretical
guantum mechanical calculations have been made that
satisfactorily account for some of the experimental rate constants
in the literature. (Author summary modified) ##
C1596
N,,A. Eenzetti E.A. Schuck
PRE1IMINAEY OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELATIONSHIP EETKEEN EYE
IRRITATION IN SYNTHETIC SYSTEfIS AKD IN THE ATMOSPHERE.
Stanford Research Inst,, South Pasadena, Southern California
Labs, 1960. 17 pp. Also published in J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc. 11, (3) 121-1, Kar. 1961.
The eye irritation values found in Los Angeles smcg were
tentatively related to the values found in laboratory mixtures.
In the synthetic systems, the major irritants appear to te
formaldehyde, acrolein, and, possibly. Compound X. Because of
the insufficient and inconclusive nature of the data obtained
from atmospheric sanpling, a definitive statement cannot be made
on this matter. (Author summary modified)##
640 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
01603
E.S. Schuck, G.Jo Doyle, B. Endow
J PHOGBESS BEPOFT ON THE PHOTCCHEMISIRY OF P01IUTED
1THOSPHEHES. Stanford Besearch Inst., South Pasadena,
Southern California labs,, Dec. 1960. 122 pp
During the photooxidation of clefins, three reactions appear
inportant: the reaction of olefins with oxygen atoms, with ozone,
and with active intermediates. The active intermediates may be
free radicals or zwitterions. The rate of disappearance of
olefin, over and above that accountable ty reaction with oxygen
atoms and ozone, has been termed the "excess rate.," The
inportance of active intermediates in the mechanism of olefin
photooxidation is suggested by these observations: I- Some
products cannot be accounted for by simple rupture of the double
bond. 2- The excess rate is proportional to the square root of
the light intensity and to the square root of the initial nitrogen
dioxide concentration. The major products of the photooxidation
are produced by rupture of the double bond, leading to various
carbonyl compounds. However, significant amounts of
formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are formed from olefins in certain
cases in which these compounds could not be formed by simple bond
rupture- Secondary photooxidation of the initial products can
also contribute to the products. Alkyl nitrites were identified
among the miner products of olefin photooxidation.. These
nitrites are probably contributing to olefin oxidation since, as
«as shown previously, alkyl nitrites promote destruction of olefins
as well as does nitric oxide or nitrogen dioxide. Medium to
severe eye irritation was obtained with photooxidation of mixtures
containing 0.5 ppm each of certain olefins and nitrogen
dioxide., These concentrations are comparable to those existing
in the Los Angeles atmosphere. The amount of eye irritation
caused by photocxidation of auto exhaust probably may be reduced
Host efficiently by control of olefins rather than by control of
oxides of nitrogen. This statement is based on studies of olefin
Mixtures of the type found in auto exhaust; these studies show
that, under certain circumstances, reduction of the oxides of
nitrogen can lead to an increase rather than a decrease in eye
irritation- (Author summary) #t
C16C9
J. Ipsen C.F. Eohan
RELATIONSHIPS OF ACUTE BESPIBATORY DISEASE TO MEASUREMENTS OF
ATHOSPHEBIC POLLUTION AND IOCAI KETECBOLOGICSL CONDITIONS (FINAL
KEPT.}. Pennsylvania Oniv. , Philadelphia, Henry Phipps
Inst.Henry Phipps Inst., Pennsylvania Univ. Mar., 1965.
38 pp.
Three years' studies of the relationship between industrial
absenteeism to upper respiratory infections and concomitant air
pollution measurements and climatological data are summarized.
The purpose is primarily to investigate methods of handling
F. Effects -Human Health 641
-------
available data, and there are no attempts to hypothesize causative
mechanisms between the several components. The variables
considered are related in time to a fixed geographical location,
which is Metropolitan Philadelphia. The study period began in
September, 1960 and ended in December, 1963,##
01692
J.Ho Weisburger E. K. Weisburger
CHEMICALS AS CAUSES OF CANCER- Chem. Eng. News UH. <6) 124-
12, Feb., 7, 1966.
Cancer research falls into two broad groupings-diagnosis and
treatment, and etiology and prevention. Diagnosis and treatment
relate to the methods leading to the discovery of a cancer
already present, so that appropriate remedial measures can be
used. Etiology and prevention deal with attempts to discover the
causes and origins of neoplastic diseases, to understand the
mechanism of their formation, and to delve into their inherent
nature. The underlying idea for research on the etiology and
prevention of cancer is that the disease can be prevented by
modifying its ccurse or by eliminating causative or accelerating
factors. This report covers a portion of cancer research
pertaining to etiolcgy and prevention. In particular, the article
discusses cancer induction by aromatic amines, azo dyes,
nitrosamines, and mycotoxins. (H
C1698
H.L. Motley H.I. Phelps
POTHONAHY FUNCTION IMPAIBMENT PBODUCED BY ATMOSPHERIC
POLLUTION. Diseases Chest 45, (2) 154-62, Feb. 1961.
(Presented at the 29th Annual Meeting, American Coll., of
Chest Physicians, Atlantic City, N.J., June 13-17, 1963.)
Studies on three types of air pollution and the effects of
breathing such air on pulmonary function measurements are
discussed.. The types are: the Los Angeles smog, allergic types
related to air pollution such as seen in Tokyo-Yokohama, and
industrial exposures and cigarette smoking. The Los Angeles
smog was found to aggravate the severity of emphysema by
increasing the residual air and impairing still further air
distribution in the lungs. The Tokyo-Yokohama asthma type
probably should be referred to as an allergic bronchitis, and this
condition probably exists in many parts of the world- The control
of the military personnel in Japan by the armed forces is unique,
and this method of studying the effects of air pollution is not
available in most ether areas. Air way .obstruction was a
consistent finding, often associated with increased residual air
and hypoxia. The present outlook is less favorable than at
first thought regarding complete reversibility when the subjects
stay too long innthe Tokyo-Yokohama area after the condition has
become manifest. The use of treatment rooms with air filtered
642 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
over activated carbon has been demonstrated to protect patients
against air pollution in Los Angeles and in the Tokyo-Yokohama
areas. An allergic type of bronchitis was demonstrated in a
rubber works frcrc the introduction of two chemicals in the
manufacturing process, and the clinical and physiologic findings
in the sensitive patientE were similar to the Tokyo-Yokohama
asthma type. Cigarette smoking ^personal air pollution)
irritates the branchial epithelium and appears to be an
important factor in rendering individuals more susceptible
to allergic factors in air pollution. Cigarette smoking impairs
the transfer of oxygen to the blood from the lungs in severe
emphysema. (Author summary modified.)##
C1699
J.B. Hudd, R. Leavitt, H., H. Kersey
REACTION OF PEROXYACETYL BITKATE HITH SDLFHYDRYL GROUPS OF
PROTEINS. J. Eiol. Chem., 241, (17) 4081-5, Sept. 10, 1966..
Peroxyacetyl nitrate does not react with the sulhydryl groups of
"native" ovalbumin, but does react with those of reduced
glutathione in the presence of ovalbumin. At pK 4.5 all of the
sulfhydryl groups of human hemoglobin react with peroxyacetyl
nitrate, whereas at pH 7.2 the reaction is slower and is limited
to two to three sulfhydryls per mole of hemoglogin.
Bibonuclease in the reactive form is not inactivated by
peroxyacetyl nitrate even when the oxidant is in 300-fold molar
excess. Amino acid analysis of the protein shows a decrease
in cystine and increase in systeic acid. Reduced ribonuclease is
prevented from regaining activity if exposed to peroxyactyl
nitrate in the sulfhydryl form. The inactivation of papain by
peroxyacetyl nitrate depends on the amount of free protein
sulfhydryl at the time of gas exposure. (Author summary)##
01737
Eachman, C. H., R., D. McDonald, and P. J. Lorenz
SOU! EFFECTS OF AIR IONS ON THE ACTIVITY OF RATS. (EXPERIMENT
SO. 3 OF BIOIOGICAL ACTION OF IONIZEE PARTICLES IN THE
ATMOSPHERE™) Intern. J. Bioclimatol. Biometeorol. (Leiden),
10(1): 39-46, July 1966. 14 refs-
In order to determine the effects of measured concentration of
ionized air (mobility, about 1..0 sg. cm./v.sec..) upon the gross
motor activity of rats, a chamber was used with a flexible
dielectric floor which made possible the electrical detection of
motor activity. Exposure of 9 groups of 11 rats each to various
positive and negative ion concentrations produced pronounced
effects in grcss motor activity, attacks on the aluminum foil
ground plate, urination, defecation, sleeping during the
experiment, and respiration. The lowest ion concentrations were
the most effective.. The ion current drawn by each rat varied
markedly, indicating the delicate balance that exists between a
biological system, the electrostatic charges of its surrounding,
and the aerial icns.##
F. Effects - Human Health 643
-------
C1738
B. D. McDonald, C. H. Bachman, and P. J. Lorenz
SOME PSYCHOMOTOB AND PHYSIOLOGICAL TESTS ON HUMANS EXPOSED TO AIR
IONS. Aerospace Bed. 38 (2), 1145-8 (Feb. 1967) „
Humans were exposed to air ions by inhalation only. The ion
current to each subject was measured. Both psychcmotor and
physiological tests were performed with ions of both polarities.
Reaction time measurements were ambiguous. In a vigilance task
both negative ions and positive ions reduced the number of
omissions, the positives being most effective.. Neither polarity
affected the heart rate, Fefluction in respiration rates occurred
for both polarities of ions and the control during the ion
exposure- The reduction for positive ions was greater than for
the control, the reduction for negatives was less than for the
control. Measurements of d.c. potential between forehead and ear
showed no correlation with ions. Eesults of a mood questionnaire
also showed no correlation. '(Author abstract)##
01753
K. Luomanmaki
STUDIES ON THE METABOLISM OF CABBON MONOXIDE, Ann. Ked.
Exptl. Biol. Fenniae (Helsinki) Suppl. U4, (8) 1-55, 1966..
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the
metabolism of CO in regard of the distribution of CO between
the major CO pools and the possibility of oxidation of CO in an
intact organism- The dog was used as an experimental animal.
All the experiments were done under barbiturate anesthesia and
using a closed rebreathlng system. The main results obtained were
concerned with the following aspects: distribution of CO;
oxidation of CO; and endogenous formation of CO at rising
COHb.. The body of CO stores was discussed in the light of
previous and present findings. The validity of a rebreathing
method for measuring the rate of endogenous formation of CO was
considered in view of the present findings. An approach to study
the function of myoglobin applying the Haldane technique on the
present results of the distribution of CO was described.,
(Author summary) ##
01773
P. Drinker
HEALTH ASPECTS OF AIH POLLUTION. Arch. Environ. Health
4, 11-19, Mar. 1962., (Presented at the Management Conference,
26th Annual Meeting, Industrial Hygiene Foundation,
Pittsburgh, Pa., Oct. 25-26, 1961.)
644 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Jir pollution is essentially a problem of overcrowding. The
offensive pollutants, by and large, are present in very low
concentrations. Given a reasonable chance nature can dispose of
the objectionable substances, but when the load of aerial garbage
becomes excessive frcm too much human activity in too small an
area, objections are prompt. For a community to act as a unit
generally takes legislation. There is no way to make a law
popular which tells modern man that we propose to curtail his
freedom. He can"t get in his car and drive anywhere he wishes.
Perhaps the law will limit the number of cars on the road, just as
the fire department limits the size of the audience in a theater or
the building inspector limits the passengers on elevators. We
control pollution today by controlling the emission of pollutants.
Factories, steel mills, power plants, locomotives, and ships have
been living under control laws for some time, but they are enforced
only to the extent the public demands. Until recently we had no
restrictions on emissions by motor vehicles. Because its problem
was severe, Los Angeles County and later the State of
California adopted restrictive measures designed to control
objectionable exhausts from motor cars. There is no convincing
evidence that air pollution is presently endangering the public
health ia the United States, Be"d like to blame unsolved
problems like the increase in bronchogenic cancer on air pollution,
but the available evidence is unconvincing. California has not
shown that the health of its public is impaired by the pollution
resulting from its heavy motor traffic, yet they propose to reduce
this pollution. Pittsburgh was among the first of our large
dirty cities really to clean up. Los Angeles County (and
California) intend to control emissions from motor cars. These
are examples other communities can and must follow. (Author
summary) ft
01785
B. Zhrlich
EFFECT OF AIE POLLUTANTS ON BESPIBAIORY INFECTION. Arch.
Environ. Health. 6, (5) 76-80, May 1963.
It is apparent from the experimental data that ozone and nitrogen
dioxide increase the susceptibility of laboratory mice to
respiratory infection caused by inhalation of Klebsiella
pneumoniae. Sufficient information is available which indicates
that exposure to air pollutants can reduce and make the
tracheobronchial tree more vulnerable to airborne bacteria.. If
the concentration of the pollutant is sufficiently high, permanent
damage can occur. The experimental data obtained are
compatible with a picture of transient damage of approximately
one day, varying with concentration, followed by essential
recovery, insofar as mortality is concerned.. At lower
concentrations this damage is probably only temporary, and
recovery follows. (Author summary modified)##
F. Effects - Human Health 645
-------
01794
V, Pirila, L» Noro, A. Laamanen
JIB POLLUTION AND ALLERGY. Acta Allergol. (Copenhagen) 18,
113-30, 1963
After describing some examples of acute air pollution
episodes, the authors give a brief review of natural air
pollution from the allergological point of view. Cultural air
pollution is considered under two headings; indoor or local, and
outdoor or general. The capacity of some chemical present in
outdoor air-S02, H2S, NH3, Be and F-to provoke allergic
diseases is discussed on the basis of the literature and
personal investigations. Finally some figures and examples are
given regarding the guality and degree of air pollution in the
DSA and in Finland. The authors stress the difficulty which
arieses in fixing the maximum allowable concentrations for general
air pollution, owing to the wide variations in physiological
response in general and in allergic reactivity in particular.
(Author summary modified)##
P. Kotin
AIR POLLUTION WITH CANCIRIGEN1C SUBSTANCES. Acta, Unio
Intern. Contra Cancrum 19, (3-4) 469-71, 1963.,
Polluted urban air must seriously be regarded as one of the
factors responsible for the increased incidence of lung cancer.
Carcinogenic agents have been identified in polluted urban air,
and extracts have resulted in the induction of malignant tumors
following skin painting or subcutaneous injection in inbred strains
of mice.. Further, aerosols of ozonized gasoline, in conjunction
with multiple influenza infections, have resulted in the induction
of human type sguamcus cell carcinomas in C57 black mice
following inhalation exposure. Evaluation of the carcinogenic
potential of polluted urban air requires an assessment of the role
of (a) respiratory tract irritants, (b) the physical aspects of
particulates in relation to deposition in the tracheobronchial
tree, and (c) chemical compounds potentially acting as
anti-carcinogenic agents. (Author summary) ##
01855
O.E.. Bemmers O.J. Ealchum
EFFECTS OF LOS ANGELES URBAN AIR POLLUTION UPON FESPIEATOBY
FUNCTION OF EMPHYSEMATOOS PATIENTS (SEPT- ON STUDIES DOHE FBOH
JULY 1, 1964 - FEE. 1, 1965.) Preprint., 1965.
646 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Four patients with chronic brcnchc-pulmonary disease have been
studied under conditions during which they breathed either highly
filtered air or the ambient Los Angeles air. Patients residing
in the filtered air rooms and who had moderately severe emphysema
showed improvement in lung measurements,. Oxygen consumption
declined steadily while the patients were residing in the
filtered air rooms. The significance of this is not known and
will be studied further. (Author abstract} tt#
01883
D. A. Lynn
PEPORT OF CHEMICAL MUTAG1NESIS, Preprint. 19614.
Author discusses the science of genetics as it relates to the
following: (1) chemical mutagenesis, (2) molecular genetic
mechanisms, (3) mutations, (4) birth defects, (5) somatic mutations
and aging, (6) chemical mutations, and (7) extrapolation to man.
It is shown that airborne chemicals (as pollutants) influence the
mechanism of mutagenesis in man.d#
01893
0. J. Ealchum, R. Euckley, S. Levey, 3,, Bertolino,
H. Swann, and 1. Hall
STUDIES IN EXPERIMENTAL EMPHYSEMA. Arch. Environ. Health 8,
132-8, Jan. 196tu .([Presented at the Sixth Annual Air
Pollution Medical Research Conference, San Francisco,
Calif., Jan. 28-29, 1963.)
Serum antibodies to lung tissue are produced in guinea pigs
injected with lung homogenate from animals exposed to noxious
gases and from normal animals. Microscopic sections of the
lungs revealed the presence of an interstitial pneumonitis.
Guinea pigs administered the supernatant obtained by low-speed
centrifugation of homologous lung homogenate, and others injected
with the sediment obtained by high-speed centrifugation of this
supernatant, developed marked changes in the pulmonary vasculature
and interstitial pneumonitis. These pathological alterations of
the lungs are presumed to be a result of antigen-antibody
reactions. Morphological alterations resembling those of human
emphysema were not detected. (Author summary)##
C1916
V., A» Fjazanov.
CRITERIA AND METHODS FOR ESTABLISHIHG MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE
CONCENTBATICNS OF AIR POLLUTION- Hull. World Health Organ.
(Geneva) 32, 389-98, 1965.
F. Effects-Human Health 647
-------
Experience in the USSB in establishing standards for air
pollution control is described. It is emphasized that health
considerations must be main criterion in deciding permissible
concentrations, which constitute the "hygienic" standards
ultimately to be achieved. Economic and technological reasons may
dictate temporary "sanitary" standards, vhich modify the
requirements for a limited period.. "Technological" standards
relate to the economic and technological consequences of air
pollution and do not concern health. The maximum permissible
concentrations of toxic substances used in toxicology and
industrial hygiene are not sufficiently stringent for general use,
and control standards are therefore based on the results of tests
carried out on animals and human subjects. Tests on animals show
that certain concentrations of toxic substances cause functional
changes {e.g., in higher nervous activity, cholinesterase
activity, and excretion of coprcporphyrin) as well as a number of
protective adaptational reactions.. The results are used to
establish maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants within
a 2tf-hcur period., Tests on human volunteers provide a basis for
determining the maximum average concentrations at a given time.
Beactions to odorous substances give the olfactory threshold and
the level of concentration causing respiratory and visual
reflexes, as well as subsensory effects such as changes in light
sensitivity and in the activity of the cerebral cortex.
Morbidity statistics also provide evidence of harmful pollution,
but cannot serve as a basis for establishing maximum permissible
concentrations, which should aim not only at preventing illness
but also at avoiding pathological and adaptational reactions.
(Author abstract)**
01957
A. P. Krueger, P. C. Andriese, and S. Kotaka
THE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISM OF AIH ION ACTION: THE EFFECT OT C02
PLUS IN INHALED AIB ON THE ELOOI IZVIL OF 5-HYDBOXYTBYPTAMINE
IN MICE. Intern. J., Bicnetecicl. 7, (1) 3-16, 1963..
Mice inhaling positively ionized air exhibited a significant rise
in the blood level of 5-hydrcxytryptamine (5-HT)BL. This
effect was duplicated by non-ionized air to which C02(plus) was
added tut did not occur when the same amount of either nonionized
C02 or C02(-) replaced C02(plus). The rise in (5-HTJBL
was associated with physiological changes that parallel those
appearing after the injection of 5-HT or after administration of
iproniazid. Some of the animals exposed to C02(plusJ in air
became ill and suffered tissue damage attributable to excessive
concentrations of 5-HT. A few cf the mice died and at autopsy
pulmonary and enteric lesions were found which also were reasonably
ascribed to the increased 5-HT BI. The physiological,
pathological and biochemical changes described furnish additional
aupport for the 5-HT hypothesis of air ion action presented in
earlier publications. There is good reason to believe that some
of the known biological effects of gaseous ions involve other
mechanisms,, (Author abstract) (ttt
648 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
01977
H. A. Young, D. B., Shaw, and D., V. Bates
PULMONARY FUNCTION IN WELDERS EXPOSED TO OZONE. Arch., Environ.
Health 7, 337-i»0, Sept. 1963.
Seven men engaged in argon-shielded electric arc welding were
examined clinically for evidence of respiratory damage
attributable to ozone. The lean concentration of ozone in the
tielding shop was 0.2 to 0»3 ppm. One man had symptoms
associated with the argon-shielded electric arc welding. Three
had a slight cough associated with smoking, and two of these,,
both of whom gave a past history of pneumonia, had abnormal
physical signs in the chest. The measurements of pulmonary
function were: vital capacity, functional residual capacity
(FHC) , maximal midexpiratory flow rate, indirect maximum
breathing capacity, and carbon monoxide diffusing capacity at rest
and on exercise. Four of the seven showed no abnormality in any
of the pulmonary function measurements. Three men had vital
capacities below those predicted. In one, the only subject with
symptoms possibly attributable tc O2one, it was an isolated
finding. In a second it was accompanied by a diminished PEC and
in a third by a slight-to-moderate diminution in all the other
measurements. However the history and physical examination
suggested that this man had seme pre-existing pulmonary disease.
These findings indicate that exposures to these low concentrations
of ozone do not cause impairment of air flow or of pulmonary
diffusion. However, recent evidence that slightly higher levels
of ozone produced a decrease in the cne-second forced expiratory
volume suggests that they are approaching the limit of safety.##
01987
B. G. flinners
ENGINEERING THE CHRONIC EXPOSDHE OF ANIBAIS 1C LABORATORY
PRODUCED AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST. 0. Air Pollution Control
Assoc. 12, 527-30, Nov. 1962. '(Presented at the 55th Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Chicago, 111.,
Bay 20-24, 1962.)
A laboratory facility designed for studies to determine the
effects of lifetime exposure of experimental animals to auto
emissions is described. The emissions produced simulated
atmospheric concentrations and conditions generally found in the
air of a city like los Angeles.**
C1992
P. V. V. Hamill
ATHCSPHEBIC POLLUTION, THE PROBLEM - AN OVEE-ALI VIEW.
Arch. Environ. Health 18 241-7, Sept. 1960. (Presented at
F. Effects -Human Health 649
-------
the 12th Annual Meeting, Anerican Academy of Occupational
Medicine, Williamsburg, Va. , Feb. 12, 1960.)
Some epidemiological and laboratory studies are reviewed.
Statistical evidence suggests a relationship between air pollution
levels and mortality rates froi lung cancer notwithstanding
smoking habits. Health statistics regarding air pollution
episodes in the United States and Europe are given.
-------
02122
Y. Palti, E. De Sour, and A0 Abrahamov,
THE EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC IONS ON THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF
INFANTS. Pediatrics 38, (3) 405-11, Sept. 1966.
Atmospheric ions produced by air-flew friction or ionizing
radiation have an effect on ncn-ccntagious diseases. In this
study, infants were placed in close contact with a source of
negative or positive ions and their reactions, particularly of the
respiratory system were noted. Negative ions reduced the duration
of spastic attacks in children suffering from asthmatic
-------
From observations of an apparent aggravation of a hereditary
defect (Wilson's disease) by exposure to vanadium and from
work on laboratory animals made tolerant or susceptible to ozone
and nitrogen dioxide, the conclusion has been drawn that the
susceptibility of the individual in relation to environmental
exposure should be a matter of concern. It is pointed out that
tests for detecting susceptibility to hemolytic effects from drugs
and other chemicals have been developed which can also be useful
in predicting na individual's response to conditions associated
with his employment. A number of factors such as stress, diet,
and disease are known to affect erythrocyte and tissue enzyme
activity and are discussed in relation to their contribution to
the physiologic burden imposed by the working environment.
Tests for detection of chemically sensitive red blood cells are
considered in reference to their use in distinguishing persons
hypersusceptible to effects from exposure to substances encountered
in industrial operations. (Author summary) ##
02223
S.D.. Mprphy, C,,E. Ulrich, U.K. leng
ALTERED FUNCTION IN ANIMALS INHALING CONJUGATED NITRO-OLEFINS.,
Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol, 5, (3) 319-30, May 1963,
(Presented in part at the Third Inter-American Conference on
Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, Miami, Fla., Aug.
1961.)
Increased total pulmonary flow resistance and tidal volumes and
decreased respiratory rates of guinea pigs and decreased
voluntary activity of mice occurred during inhalation of the
vapors of conjugated nitro-olefins at concentrations near or below
the threshold for human, sensory detection. Increasing
concentrations increased the magnitude of the effects. Comparison
of the effects of 2-nitro-2-butene, 3-nitro-3-hexene, and t-
nitro-4-nonene indicated that the effectiveness on pulmonary
function was inversely related to the carbon chain length.
However, U-nitro-4- nonene was slightly more active than the
butene and hexene in producing depression of mouse activity.
At the low concentrations tested, the effects of nitro-olefins
were reversible when the animals were returned to clean air.,
Injection of atropine sulfate overcame the increased pulmonary
flow resistance induced by t-nitro-t-nonene.. The response of
animals to inhaled nitro-rolefins gualitatively resembles
effects which have been observed when animals inhale high
concentrations of irradiated automobile exhaust. These effects
are, however, relatively nonspecific and are produced by several
other irritating vapors and gases which have been shown to be
present in measurable quantities in exhaust mixtures. (Author
summary) ##
02247
P.K. Das, P.S. Sinha, H.K., Srivastava,, A.. K. Sanyal
STUDIES ON CILIARY MOVEMENT, PART II. EFFECTS OF CERTAIN
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FACTOJS ON CILIARY MOVEMENT IN FROG"S
652 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
OESOPHAGOS. Arch., Intern. Pharmacodyn,, 153, (2) 367-78,
Feb. 1965.
The effects of some physical and chemical factors viz. atmospheric
temperature and seasonal variations, osmotic pressure, hydrogen
ion concentration, seme cations and anions, have been studied on
one type of ciliated epithelium concerning the esophagus of a
frog. All experiments were designed so that only one factor
remains variable keeping all others constant.##
02263
S. S. Wilfcs
TOXIC PBOTOOXIDATION PEODUCTS IN CLOSED ENVIRONMENTS.
Aerospace Bed. 31, 838-U1, Sept., 1963
The evidence of carbon monoxide production from the action of
light and oxygen on many classes of organic substances and
compounds indicates the necessity for adequate protection of
susceptible materials from the ravages of the combination of light
and oxygen in small, sealed environments designed for human
occupancy. Materials to be used in spacecraft should be
thoroughly tested for their stability to effects of radiation-
Materials within the vehicle should, as far as possible, be
shielded from certain components of the spectrum. Appropriate
methods for CO elimination should be a permanent installation-##
02266
M. C., Battigelli, T» F.. Hatch, F. Hengstenberg, and
R» J- flannella
TBITIATED TBYHICINE LABELING IN THE STUDY OF ACUTE INJUBY FBCM
AIR POLLUTANTS., Arch. Environ. Health 12, 747-50, June 1966.
(Presented at the Eastern Section Meeting, American
Thoracic Society, Hartford, Conn.,, Oct. 22, 1965.)
The need to quantify pulmonary injury in small laboratory animals
exposed to irritant aerosols has suggested the use of DNA
synthesis rate as indicator of cellular homeostasis. Labeling
DNA synthesis by an autoradiographic technique employing
tritiated thymidine, the effects of inhaled mixture of diluted
diesel exhaust, of nitrogen dioxide, and of phosgene, in separate
experiments, were followed over a period of a few days from the
inhalation. The preliminary results indicate that the DNA
synthesis rate offers the advantage of a simple numerical index,
veil suited to quantifying injury. However the sensitivity of
this method appears limited to the effects accompanied by
histological abnormalities. The first evidence of change
appears within cne cr two days from the exposure and it tends to
disappear a week or so after the exposure. (Author summary) ##
F. Effects - Human Health 653
-------
02277
B. E. Swann, Jr O.J. Balchum
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF URBAN AIR POLIUTION. UV. EFFECTS 0"! ACUTE
SMOG EPISODES ON RESPIRATION CF GUINEA PIGS.
Arch Environ. Health 12, 698-701, June 1966 (Presented at the
25th Annual Meeting, American Industrial Hygiene Association,
Philadelphia, Pa. Apr. 30, 196U.)
Measurement of total expiratory flow resistances were made
on guinea pigs on days of unusual conditions of weather and smog..
When these resistances were compared with routine monthly
measurements on the same animals, significant increases in
resistance sere found at oxidant levels of approximately
0..30 ppm or more. Also, significant increases in resistance
were observed when approximately «0% of alert levels of the
oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons were
present. Only when high temperature was accompanied by
approximately 0..30 ppm oxidant did a significant increase in
resistance occur. During a smog episode when alert levels of
oxidant and 25% of alert levels of carbon monoxide and
hydrocarbon were recorded on two successive days, older gunea
pigs breathing ambient air had highly significant increases in
resistance. Alert smog levels apparently act as a respiratory
stress which was more obvious in the older animals. Some
animals had little or no response to the smog while some
animals greatly responded and had guick recovery; other
animals greatly responded to the smog and had a slow
recovery or no recovery and died. This suggests a possible
individual difference in sensivity to smog among animals of the
same species. The pathological findings on the two animals that
died during the episode indicated severe pulmonary
abnormality. Also, some animals that died within t5 days
following the episode and had high resistances during the episode
also had pathological pulmonary changes. Gowever, others that had
high resistances and died had no such alterations. Although high
smog levels produced a significant increase in pulmonary
resistance, this response may or may not be related to the
degree of impairment. ##
02288
H.C. Hueper
ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL CANCER HAZARDS. PART I OF
SYMPOSIUM: CHEHICA1 CARCINOGENESIS, Clin. Pharmacol.,
Therap. 3, <6) 776-813, Dec. 1962
The growth of an environmental carcinogenic spectrum composed
of recognized, suspected, and potential human carcinogens of
chemical, physical, and parasitic nature should provide an
impressive warning to all concerned with the maintenance and
protection of the health and sell-being of mankind to exert all
possible effort to develop methods and facilities by which sources
of production, channels of dissemination, routes of
654 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
exposure, prospective and actual target organs and tissues, and
number and types of individuals exposed to natural and man-made
carcinogens can be more readily and reliably identified. It is
essential that, where possible, human contact with environmental
carcinogens be totally eliminated or, whenever such a stringent
measure appears impractical or impossible, reduced to a minimum
with respect to degree, frequency, duration, and number of persons
exposed. While the presently available methods of identifying
carcinogenic agents are admittedly slow and not totally adequate,
experimental observations and their implications in man demand
that first and dominant consideration be given to the protection
of the coinunity against actual or potential cancer hazards™ In
such a decision, the health and life of the general public should
receive the benefit of doubt sithout any reservation. (Author
summary modified)##
02306
K»B. Sancier, G.. Freeman, J..S. Bills
ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE OF NITRIC OXIDE-HEKCGLOBIN COMPLEXES IN
SOLUTION. Science 137, (3532) 754-5, Sept., 7, 1962.,
The electron spin resonance spectra of solutions of nitric oxide-
hemoglobin and nitric oxide-methemoglobin, and whole bleed treated
at room temperature with nitric oxide, all exhibit resonance with
a line width of 83 gauss, a g-value of 2.03r and a spin intensity
corresponding to one unpaired electron spin per heme. The
minimum detectable concentration of these nitric oxide complexes
in solution is 0.00001 M. Solutions were stable in a nitrogen
atmosphere but when exposed to air in the absence of nitric oxide
the spin intensity decreased with z half-life of about 5 hours.,
A preliminary examination of blood of rats exposed for 1 and 9
days to 10 ppm of nitric oxide in air showed no electron spin
resonance. (Author abstract} ##
02332
T. Ro Lewis, F. G. Hueter, and K. A» Busch,
EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERES CONTAMINATED WITH IRRADIATED AUTOMOBILE
EXHAUST ON REPRODUCTION OF MICE™ Preprint*. 1966.
The exposure of mice to irradiated automobile exhaust prior to
mating significantly impaired reproductive function in male
members of sexual pairs. The impairment was expressed at various
stages of reproduction: conception, fecundity, and infant
survival. These effects imply that the chromatin content of the
sperm was altered. This experiment suggests mutational effects on
mammalian cells froi components or subsequent products of
irradiated automobile exhaust- Significantly, the concentrations
of these pollutants were similar to those present in many urban
communities today. A direct toxic effect on infant mice was noted
during postnatal exposure to irradiated automobile exhaust.
Death rates during the first 8 days of life were higher compared
to those for controls. (Authors" summary) ##
F. Effects -Human Health 655
-------
02357
E.G.. Giel
SIB POLLUTION AND YOUR LUNGS. Preprint. (Presented at
the Symposium on Respiratory Diseases, Syracuse, N.Y™, May
11, 1961.)
The adverse effects of ian-made air pollu
-------
seem to correlate best with periods of increased smog. The
Kanto Plain area is geographically and climatologically
ideal for the formation and retention of smog. (Author
abstract) *#
02437
0. B. Eush, Jr.
JIR POLLDTION ASTHMA IN OSAKA, JAPAN (FINAL SEPT. DEC. 15, 1964
TO DEC. 14, 1965}. Yodogawa Christian Hospital, Osaka,
Japan., Jan. 6, 1966. 36 pp. (Bept. No. J-222) „
A relationship of air pollution and respiratory illness has been
shown in the Kanto Plain area among the armed forces but there is
still no agreement as to the exact relationship and whether or not
the disease as seen in the yokohama area is a distinct clinical
entity. The probability is that it is not; however, the
relationship of asthma and air pollution is very striking and
certainly causes an increased amount of difficulty in those who
have had a previous history of allergy. Ten cases out of 77
studied during cne year, were rejected because of disease
processes other than chronic or acute bronchitis, or bronchial
asthma.. Sixty-seven cases were studied by questionnaire and
pulmonary function tests were completed on 54. One case showed
definite relationship of air pollution to his respiratory illness.
Further studies of forthcoming seasonal incidence of acute
respiratory illness, and of more cases of acute bronchitis may
prove that the type of disease known as Tokyo-Yokohama asthma
does occur in other areas as veil, probably on the basis of
industrialization and climate producing the smog which in turn
produces exacerbation of the respiratory illness. (Author
abstract modified) ##
02483
G. Freeman, N. J. Furiosi, and G. B. Haydon.
EFFECTS OF CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE OF 0., 8 PPM NC2 ON RESPIRATION
OF RATS. Arch. Environ. Health 13, 454-6, Oct. 1966..
Sats were exposed during their natural lifetimes to 0»8 ppm of
No2 and examined for clinical and anatomical changes. They grew
normally and their behavior was similar to that of controls,
except for a sustained elevation in respiratory rate of atout 20%,
Tachypnea began almost immediately upon exposure and became
exaggerated during the latter part of life. Occasional minimal
changes in morphology of bronchiolar epithelial cells were not
accompanied by either microscopic or gross criteria of obstructive
disease. The persistent tachypnea suggests, however, that
exposure of a species with a longer life span might develop lesions
like those in the rat breathing concentrations greater than 0.3
ppm. Also, adjunctive pollutants and diseases in man may enhance
the effects of low concentrations. (Author summary)##
F. Effects - Human Health 657
-------
02185
I. Schuck, E. R,, Stephens, and J. T. Middleton.
IYE IRRITATION BESPONSE AT LOS CONCENTBATIONS OF IFRITANTS.
Arch. Environ. Health 13, (5) 570-5, Nov. 1966.
The linear relationship between reported eye irritation and
formaldehyde concentration in simulated atmosphere experiments does
not hold when the formaldehyde concentration is below 0.3 parts per
million (ppn)o Subjects may experience equal irritation at
irritant concentrations differing by an order of magnitude. Thus
most subjects experienced the same irritation intensity at On05 ppm
of formaldehyde as they did at 0»5 ppm., At irritant
concentrations less than 0.3 ppm, the rate of blinking determines
to an important extent the intensity of eye irritation which the
subject detects,. The eyes of human subjects can readily detect
and react to as little as 0-01 ppm formaldehyde.. From these
simulated atmosphere experiements, one can predict that the
concentrations of formaldehyde and peroxyacetyl nitrate found in
atmospheres polluted with photochemical air pollution can account
for most of the detected eye irritation. It should be noted that
the experimental design used in these experiments does not preclude
the postulated presence of an unknown short-lived irritant formed
in the early stages of the photochemical reactions. However,
these results indicate that such postulated irritants are not
required in order to account for the observed irritation™ (Author
summary)##
02533
M. Sim and B. E. Pattle
EFFECT OF POSSIBLE SMOG IREITANTS OF HUMAN SUBJECTS. J. Am.
Med. Assoc, 165, (15) 1908-13, Dec. 1«, 1957
Various aerosols and gaseous mixtures were administered to adult
male volunteer subjects by two methods, one using a mask, the
other involving a chamber large enough for all subjects to occupy
at the same time- The main effects of sulfur dioxide gas and
sulfuric acid mist inhaled in this way were an increase in airway
resistance and appearance of rales, with rhinorrhea and
lacrimation. Two subjects exposed to sulfuric acid mist
developed long-lasting bronchitic symptoms; the addition of water
vapor increased the mean particle-size of the sulfuric acid
mist and intensified its irritant effects. These acid substances
were neutralized and their irritant effects abolished by adding
either ammonia gas or magnesium oxide smoke to the atmosphere.
While acrolein and crotcnaldehyde were highly irritant,
formaldehyde was less so, acetaldehyde and its higher
hemologues were almost ncnirritant. It was evident that neither
the concentration of sulfur dioxide nor the total aldehyde
content of an atmosphere is an adequate index of its irritant
action, especially on people handicapped by disease or old age-
(Author abstract}**
658 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
02539
(INHALED NOXIOUS POLLUTANTS..) Pollutants nocifs inhales™
(Part of Chapter 1: les pollutions et "nuisances d'origine
industrielle et urbaine. Tome 1., leur prevention et les
problemes scientifigues et techniques qu"elle pose en France.)
Premier Hinistre, Delegation generale a la recherche
scientifigue et technique. 13-7, June 1966.
This information on inhaled noxious pollutants, which is
presented in brief semi-outline form, deals with: chronic and
acute effects, influence of dusts on the lungs, influence of
non-carcinogenic pollutants, influence of bacteria and viruses,
and principal areas of concern in research. Pollutants must be
considered both for their independent effect and for that which is
conditioned by the state of health of the person such as that of
persons with cardiovascular impairment or chronic bronchitis.
Reactions from a number of pollutants, including ozone, nitrous
vapors, and carbon monoxide, are of great concern. Research
studies are being pursued with synthetic atmospheres in relation to
synergistic actions; with studies of the atmosphere in certain
areas of Paris during a normal period and during a period of
smog; with toxicological studies of certain chemical agents,
particularly sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and various fluorine
compounds, with a view of fixing their limits of tolerance; with
the carcinogenic potential of chemical agents as pollutants; and
with consideration of the respiratory tree as influenced by inhaled
chemical agents and studies of respiratory insufficiencies. This
information is given in a section of Chapter 1 of this monograph.
02617
H. G. Eoren
CARBON AS A CBBHIEH HECHAWISM FOE IBBITANT GASES. Arch,,
Environ™ Health 8, .(1) 119-21, Jan. 196U. (Presented at the
Sixth Annual Air Pollution Medical Eesearch Conference,
San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 28-29, 1963.)
The question of whether focal areas of lung damage can be
produced by mechanisms which concentrate relatively large amounts
of irritant gases in sharply localized portions of lung has been
investigated by exposing mice to carbon with absorbed N02.
Neither a group cf control nor mice exposed to inhalation of
carbon alone demonstrated any anatomic abnormality of the lung.
Mice inhaling N02 in concentrations of 250 ppm or greater
developed pulmonary edema, but neither single nor repetitive
exposures produced parenchymal lung lesions. Mice exposed to
inhalation of carbon upon which N02 was absorbed developed focal
destructive pulmonary lesions. The thesis is presented that
carbon acted as a carrier mechanism whereby high local
concentrations of N02 within the lung were achieved. Carbon is
not considered to be a unique particulate carrier nor is N02
considered to be a unique absorbed irritant to produce the
observed effects. The significance of carbon insofar as air
pollution is concerned is not only that it indicates the
inhalation of potentially polluted air but also that it at times
F. Effects - Human Health 659
-------
may allow the transport of damaging substances into the lung,
depending upon the conditions present when the carbon was formed
and the subsequent history of the newly formed carbon particle
before it is inhaled. (Author summary) ##
027«2
E.. J. Cassell
THE UNSOLVED PROBLEM: THE EFFECT Of AIR POLLUTION ON HUMJN
HEALTH. Preprint. 1963
The danger of air pollution to human health was dramatically
demonstrated at Donora, Penna.. in 19t8. In the 15 years that
have passed a great deal of research has been done to elucidate the
nature of the effects on human health as well as their cause.
Several substances often found in our air have been shown to have
harmful effects but it has always required greater concentrations
of these substances than are naturally found in air to cause ill
effects., While some morbidity and mortality studies have given
suggestive results again the specific goal has eluded
investigations. The results of some well designed studies of more
recent years are reviewed for their usefulness but they too fail
to solve the problems. The solid conclusions that it is
presently possible to make are given, but the implications of the
unsolved problems for further research in air pollution are
discussed. The impact on air pollution control of the present
state of knowledge is presented., (Author abstract} ##
C2781
J. L. Finkner,, J» Monroe, and J. Fleischer
DESIGN OF A HOUSEHOLD SDBVEY FOB AIR POLLUTION EESEARCH NASHVILLE
MORBIDITY SURVEY. Preprint. 1959.,
A sample of 3,032 sampling units having an expectation of 3,060
households was drawn in Nashville, Tennessee, and parts of its
urban fringe to collect, by personal interview, morbidity and
mortality data from eligible households in the area. Interviewers
were unable to contact 171 households and had refusals from 135
others to account fcr.most of the non-response. A total of 282
sampling units failed to have any eligible households within them.
The interviewing began January 19, 1959 and was completed by
Harch 11, 1959. The field force consisted of two full-time
supervisors, twc part-time supervisors and 29 interviewers. In
general, the quality of the interviewing was high. Relative
sampling errors for a few selected items varied from 0.52 percent
for estimated total number of people in eligible households to
2.11 percent for estimated total number of deaths occurring in
eligible households during the previous five years from date of
interview. As light be expected, in the estimation of proportions
of households exhibiting specified characteristics, the variance
of the binomial is a good approximation to the variance of the
ratio estimate., (Author summary)##
660 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
02811
C. E. Ulrich and M. F. Sobecki
EFFECT OF OZONE OH BODY TEMPERATORE REGULATION IN THE PAT.
Preprint. 1965
The effect cf ozone on rectal temperature in the rat was studied.
Dose response, time response, and rate of recovery were
investigated. Data indicate that ozone induced hypothermia is
rapidly initiated and is maintained only during the exposure, and
that recovery begins promptly upon termination of the exposure..
Additional information derived from the study indicates that
pre-exposure to ozone or thyroidectomy does not significantly
affect ozone-hypothermia, but pretreating with dinitrophenol will
completely block the response. (Author abstract) ##
02826
J. M. Lagerwerff, Gn L., Kane, and G. H. Thornberg
THE EFFECTS OF REPEATED AND PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO HIGH
CONCENTRATIONS OF OZONE ON THE VISION OF AIHLINE PILOT.
(Minnesota Dniv., Minneapolis, Inst. of Tech. May 1961.
80 pp.
Twenty-eight human volunteers viere exposed to ozone concentrations
of 33, 58, and 83 parts per hundred million, by weight, for a gross
total of 709..75 hours in three and six hour periods. Twenty-two
of the subjects completed the entire series of six experiments.
These experiments were designed to determine if prolonged exposure
to atmospheric ozone in concentrations expected to be present
inside the cabin of future high altitude commercial aircraft, when
outside air is being used for cabin pressurization and ventilation,
has any direct or indirect influence on the visual parameters of
flight personnel. Three hundred and two vision test batteries,
comprising a total of 3426 separate vision tests, were accumulated.
Comparison of the pre—and post exposure data indicated significant
changes in lateral phoria, divergence, convergence, visual fields
and night vision in the majority of subjects. The effects are
considered to constitute a safety hazard for future commercial
aviation, and further study is urgently recommended.. In addition
to the human experiments, thirty rabbits, divided into five equal
groups, were exposed to similar ozone concentrations for
twenty-three hours per day and to higher concentrations for eight
hours per day, up to a maximum period of four and a half months..
Three of the rabbits developed corneal nebulae and maculae, while
all animals exhibited marked lethargy during periods of actual
ozone exposure. (Author abstract)t#
F. Effects - Human Health 551
-------
02802
H. Hu Korth
EFFECTS OF THE BATIO OF HYDHOCARBON TO OXIDES OF NITROGEN IN
IRRADIATED ADTO EXHADST., Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution, 64 pp., Oct. 1966
HEW 999-AP-20
As a part of a series of investigations of the problem of vehicle
exhaust as an air pollutant, photochemical reactions are being
studied in detail by the use of large dynamic irradiation chambers.
In these studies exhaust, generated by test vehicles on a
dynamometer, is diluted with air and irradiated to simulate the
effects of sunlight under mixing conditions similar to those in the
atmosphere. The irradiated mixture is used to study chemical
reactions and to evaluate plant damage and human eye irritation,.
In this second series of irradiation tests performed by the
Public Health Service, the ratio of total hydrocarbon (HC) to
oxides of nitrogen (NOx) was varied between 1-1/2 and 2U.
Hydrocarbon concentrations were varied from 3 ppm to 12 ppm total
carbon; oxides cf nitrogen concentrations were varied from 1/t ppm
to 2 ppm. Greatest plant damage occurred when both the HC/NOx
ratios and hydrocarbon concentrations were high. The levels of
eye irritation were highest at the higher chamber hydrocarbon
concentrations. For a given hydrocarbon level, chemical reaction
rates were highest at the high HC/-«NOx ratios. (Author
abstract)##
02969
H. Petri
ASSESSING THE HEALTH HAZAEES OF GASEOUS AIB POLLUTIONS,, Staub
(English Transl.,3 25, <10) 50-7,, Oct. 1965..
CFSTI: TT 66-51010/10
Many gases and vapours in molecular dispersion have
pathophysiologic effects, that is, effects dangerous to health.
Various substances can be detected by smell even if present in air
in small guantities, and at a certain concentration they may
become a nuisance; these substances are,, for instance, mercaptans,
butyric acid, acrolein and amines, such as trimethylamine; hydrogen
sulphide, carbon disulphide, pyridine, etc. cause nuisance at
slightly higher concentrations.. Sulphur oxides, hydrogen fluoride
and other acid aerosols,, further, ozone,, chlorine,, bromine and
nitrous gases are dangerous to health, because they irritate body
tissue. As a result of the increase in road traffic the
odourless carbon monoxide has become very important. The
biological assessment of gas or vapour emission with regard to
their effect on man, and special effects of these substances are
discussed in detail. (Author summary) f#
662 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
03076
S.D,, Murphy, J.K. Leng, C..E. Olrich, H.V. Davis
EFFECTS ON ANIHALS OP EXPOSUBE TO AUTO EXHAUST., Arch.
Environ, Health 7, 60-70, July 1963 (Presented at Air
Pollution Research Conference, Los Angeles, Calif,., Dec.
5-7, 1961.)
The effects en experimental animals of brief exposure (2-6 hrsu)
to exhaust polluted atmospheres were studied. The
concentrations of exhaust gases in the experimental atmospheres
were varied between levels which approximated polluted ambient
atmospheres and concentrations several times greater than
present community pollution levels™ Changes in physiological
function of experimental animals, which could be objectively
measured, were produced during exposure to these polluted
atmospheres. Analyses presented are for comparative purposes.
Comparison of concentrations in irradiated and nonirradiated
atmospheres of approx. equal dilution ratios shows the
photochemical formation of aldehydes, nitrogen dioxide, and total
oxidant at the expense of nitric oxide and olefin. Measurements
of pulmonary function, spontaneous activity, and mortaility of
impaired aniamals were the most-sensitive indicators of effects-
Most of these effects rapidly returned to preexposure
normal when the animals were returned to clean air.##
03082
I.D. Scheel,, O.J, Dorbrogorski, J.T. Mountain, J.I.
Svirbely, H..E. Stokinger
PHYSIOLOGIC, BIOCHEMICAL, IMMUNOLOGIC AND PATHOLOGIC CHANGES
FOLLOWING OZONE EXPOSURE. J. Appl. Physiol. 1 q, (1) 67-80,
Jan. 1959
A detailed study of physiologic, biochemical, immunologic and
pathologic changes resulting from acute and repeated acute
injuries due to inhalation of ozone is reported. This study
defines the pritrary chemical reaction of ozone with constituents
of the body, the response of the tody to the presence
of the toxic substance, the physiologic functional alterations
produced by acute and repeated acute injuries due to
inhalation of this gas and the pathology produced by these
injuries due to inhalation of this gas and the pathology produced
by these injuries in rabbits, mice and rats. The data presented
show that ozone reacts with the proteins of lung tissue
ot produce a severe cellular irritation which alters cell wall
permeability and leads to severe pulmonary edema.. Hepeated acute
injuries are shewn to cause the development of fibrosis of the
bronchioles and alveolar ducts, which limits the reserve
capacity of the lung by causing the Hering-Ereuer reflex to stop
inspiration before complete inhalation can take place..
Immunologic and biochemical changes observed which are
characteristic of this type of injury are reported.. It has been
F. Effects - Human Health
663
-------
shown that ozone reacts in a random fashion with proteins to
produce a heterogeneous antigen which will stimulate an antibody
response in rabbits. The antigen created was shown to have
characteristics similar to denatured protein.. The severe
limitation of pulmonary function by reduced tidal volume and
edema and the resulting pathologic changes are reported
and discussed. (Author abstract)##
03083
U.S. Spicer, Jr., H-A. Heinke, H.D. Kerr
EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT 0PON BESPIHA10HY FUNCTION. II., DRILY
S1DDIES IN PATIENTS HITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE.
Arch. Environ. Health 13, 753-62, Dec. 1966
The effects of selected metecrologic changes and air
pollutants upon the mean daily values of ten respiratory
function tests obtained from small groups of patients with chronic
bronchitis or bronchial asthma have been assessed for two
seven-week study periods. A logical biostatistical approach,
which places chief reliance upon the multiple regression
technigue, has been used to sort out major effects from a mass
of data. The mcst important environmental-physiologic
relationships appeared to be those associated with temperature,
wind speed, barometric pressure, and sulfur dioxide levels. Two
distinct patterns of physiologic response were found. In the
final analyses, total lung capacity (TLC) and residual volume
(RV) were used to exemplify the volume group and airway
resistance at functional residual capacity and percentage of the
forced bital capacity exhaled in three seconds (FEV 3..09) the
"resistance" grcup. Airway resistance and TLC increased as
temperture decreased. Airway resistance increased and
FEV 3..0^ fell in both patient groups and RV increased
in patients with asthma either 14 or 38 hours (or both)
following a rise in sulfur dioxide in the second study where the
range of sulfur dioxide levels was greater than in the first
study.. Airway resistance increased and FEV 3»Q% decreased 24
hours after a fall in barometric pressure while TLC and RV
rose in patients with chronic bronchitis 14 hrs. after a drop in
wind speed. Particular care has been taken to point out that a
direct cause and effect relationship cannot be implied from these
significant findings., (Author summary) ##
03115
F.L. Petrilli
THE EFFECTS OF AIP POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH., European
Conf., on Air Pollution, Strasbourg, 196*4.. pp. 5-24.
A summary is presented of the situation in the countries listed
below, as given in the replies of national Rapporteurs to
guestionnaires. The countries included: Belgium, France,
the Federal Republic of Germany, Ireland, Italy,
664 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the
Dnited Kingdom. European research on the effects of air
pollution on human health is summarized under three main headings:
(1) Epidemiological Research which takes into account immediate
or short-term effects and the effects of long-term exposure; (2)
Experimental Research; (3) Current Research, in Belgium,
France, Italy, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom.#t
03151
H. Corn and G. Burton
THE IRRITANT POTENTIAL OF POLLUTANTS IN THE ATMOSPHERE. Arch..
Environ. Health 1«, 54-16, Jan. 1967., (Presented at the
Eighth Annual American Medical Association Air Pollution
Hedical Research Conference, Los Angeles, Calif. Mar.. 2-t,
1966.3
Irritant substances have been thought of as producing acute, and
eventually chronic, surface inflammation of tissues. Over the
last ten years the meaning of the term "irritant" has been
altered; it is now used to describe a group of substances which
elicit other types cf human and animal responses, as well as
inflammation. Concentrations, size and distribution of irritant
substances in polluted atmospheres and the concept of the nature of
irritants are described. Author recommends that airborne
particulate pollutants should be assessed with respect to
aerodynamic particle size because chemical composition of
particles has been demonstrated to vary with size, and only certain
particle sizes present in polluted atmospheres are capable of
reaching receptors after inhalation by man. Among the defects
of present routine sampling methodologies are size distribution of
sampled particles, the optimum density of sampling stations for the
procurement of reliable results, and the irritant potential of
pollutant mixtures when single pollutants are evaluated.,**
03252
B. G., Tucker
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION AND TEMPERATURE ON RESIDENTS OF NUBSING
HOMES IN THE LOS ANGELES AREA. Preprint. 1961.
The general problem considered in this study is the determination
of the immediate effects of air pollution and temperature of air
pollution and temperature on the health and well-being of human
populations. In order to determine the existence of any
immediate effects a very special population consisted of
residents in certain nursing homes in Los Angeles County. The
advantages of using such a population are that it is a fairly
complete records are kept of its mortality and morbidity.. A
most important advantage in using this population is that if there
are any human aubpopulations which are immediately adversely
affected by air pollution and/or temperature, this one should
certainly be included among then. It has already been shown that
F. Effects -Human Health 665
-------
mortality and morbidity among nursing home patients have increased
during periods of extremely high temperature, suggesting that
this aged, chronically ill population is generally sensitive to
environmental influences on health. The data used in this study
were the total number of deaths recorded each day over a four
year period from the beginning of 1956 through the end of 1959; the
total number of transfers from rest homes to hospitals due to the
onset of illness during this same time period; daily maximum
temperature measurements; and daily measurements of levels of two
air pollutants, total oxidant and carbon monoxide»##
C325K
B. P. Sherwin, S. Binnick, and R. D. Buckley
TEE RESPONSE OF LACTIC ACID DEHYDEOGENASE POSITIVE ALVEOLAE CELLS
IN THE LDNGS OF GUINEA PIGS EXPOSED TO N02. Preprint. 1966.
A method has been developed for determining the ratio of alveolar
cells to alveoli, utilizing lactic acid dehydrogenase reactivity
of alveolar cells to identify the cells and gelatin inflation of
the lung to permit counting of the alveoli. Eatios have been d
determined on the lung sections from guinea pigs previously exposed
to N02 (15 ppm continuously for three months) and have been
compared with those of lungs from control animals- Significant
differences were found between the two animal groups and the ratios
within each group have been found to be consistent. Applications
for related areas of investigation have been suggested. (Author
summary) f #
03257
E. D. Buckley and 0.. J. Balchum
EFFECTS OF NITBOGEN DIOXIDE ON LACTIC DEHYDHOGENASE ISOZYMES.
(Arch,, Environ. Health 11, 42«-8, Mar- 1967,,) 1965
Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) isozyme patterns were examined in
guinea pigs after 260 33 and 40 days continuous exposure to 15 ppm
nitroge dioxide (N02) . Isozymes were separated from lung,
liver and kidney tissue hoioogenates from exposed and unexposed
animals by disc electrophoresis. Gel samples were incubated with
NAD and lactate, and nitro-BT tetrazolium was employed as
coupling agent. Belative distributions of the isozyme was
determined by dehsitcmetry. Inhalation of N02 resulted in a
decrease in the relative amounts of the fast-moving {aerobic)
isozyme and an increase in the slow-moving (anaerobic) isozyme in
lung™ Isozyme patterns in liver and kidney were not significantly
altered following any of the exposure periods. (Author summary) ##
666 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
03258
E. D., Buckley and 0.. J. Balchum
ENZYHE ALTERATIONS FOLLOWING NITROGEN DIOXIDE EXPOSURE. (Arch
Environ. Health 14, 687-92, Hay 1967.,) 1966
Oxygen consumption aldolase and lactic dehydrogenase
determinations were performed on guinea pig lung, liver, kidney and
spleen tissue homogenates following continuous exposure to 10 ppm
nitrogen dioxide for varying periods of time. Inhalation of
H02 resulted in increased oxygen consumption values in lung but
also in kidney tissue for each exposure period. Oxygen
consumption in liver and spleen homogenates was significantly
elevated following thirty-two days exposure but did not show a
consistent increase after other exposure periods. Aldolase
activity was significantly elevated in lung following twelve days,
and in lung and liver following thirty-two days exposure to N02-,
Significant decreases in aldolase activity were noted in lung,
kidney and spleen after twenty-six days exposure.. LDH values
vere increased in lung, liver and kidney as a result of inhalation
of N02. The possibility of the presence of circulating
substances resulting from the interaction of H02 and lung or
blood tissue, and/or a general physiological 'stress" reaction
nere suggested as possible explanations for enzyme and oxygen
consumption alterations observed in kidney, liver and spleen. The
possible effects of respiratory infection on the metabolism of
lung tissue was also discussed. (Author summary)##
03261
V. Hichters, H. P., Sherwin, B. D. Buckley, 0. J.
Balchum, and Ivler
PSEUDOHONAS: DELAYED OCCURRENCE IN LUNG TISSUE CULTURES FROM
GUINEA PIGS EXPOSED TO N02. An.. Rev. Respirat. Diseases
9U, (4) 569-73, OCT., 1966.
In a tissue culture study of the lungs of guinea pigs previously
exposed to 10 ppm of N02, it was noted that numerous cultures
produced Pseudomonas aeruginosa after one week or more of in
vitro life,, This previously unreported phenomenon is considered
to be unigue since bacterial contamination or the use of infected
tissud for culture results in diverse types of bacterial growth,
either shortly after explanation or after the use of contaminated
media., Furthermore, lung cultures of non-exposed guinea pigs were
only occasionally positive for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and there
were no instances of bacterial growth of any type in the numerous
cultures of various other tissues, human and animal, prepared
simultaneously in an identical manner. Finally, the number of
guinea pig lungs yielding cultures positive for Pseudomonas
increased in accordance with the duration of prior exposure of the
animals to N02. (Author abstract)##
F. Effects - Human Health 667
-------
03269
G. C.. Buell, E. Jeung, and W. Fenninger
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN HESPIRATORY TISSUE FOLLOWING OZONE EXPOSURE.
Proc., Tech. fleeting Hest Coast Section, Air Pollution
Control Assoc., 3rd, Monterey, Calif,, 1963. 140-52 pp.
Four female white rabbits, approximately six months old weighing
between five and six pounds, were used in each experiment. One
served as a control, two were exposed simultaneously to ozone at a
concentration of 1 ppm for one hour, and the fourth rabbit was
exposed to a concentration of 5 ppm for one hour. Immediately
following exposure the animals were sacrificed. The interaction
of inhaled ozone in vivo with proteins in lung tissue results in
the formation of carbonyl compounds. This does not eliminate
other tissue components as potential sources of carbonyls,. The
carbonyls are most likely derived from the proteins collagen and
elastin,, There is a possibility that the aldehydes among the
carbonyls may be further oxidized to acids. Those carbonyls
already identified by means of gas chromatography include
acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, isobutyraldehyde, methyl ethyl
ketone, isovaleraldehyde and acetone.,##
C3270
W. J.. Hamming and R» G. Lunche
FFFICTS OF EMISSIONS OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS ON LOS ANGELES
PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG. Proc. Tech. Meeting West Coast
Section, Air Pollution Control Assoc.,, 3rd Monterey, Calif.,
1963 153-81 pp.
Irradiation of mixtures of solvents and nitric oxide or solvents
and auto exhaust will produce ozone, aerosols and eye irritation.
The aromatic solvents produce the most eye irritation, and their
effectiveness is about 6/10 of that of auto exhaust. The mixed
ketones and chlorinated hydrocarbons are the next most active in
producing eye irritation, and their effectiveness is about 1/5 that
of auto exhuast; methyl ethyl ketone, the low-boiling alkanes, and
the mixed alcohols are on the average, much less active in
producing eye irritatiqn., The high-boiling alkanes are
unreactive. Relative to their effect on aerosol formation, or
growth of aerosol, the solvents tested may tentatively be listed in
the following order: 1,, Aromatic Solvents, at 2 ppm - 1.2 ppm
auto exhaust - greater increase in growth of aerosols 2.
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons = Next in crder half the effect of
aromatics or less 3. Mixed alcohols = Questionable effect on
aerosol growth U. LE Alkanes = Questionable effect 5., Mixed
Ketones = May have slight effect 6. MEK = No effect 8. HB
Alkanes = No effect. There is a general tendency for high
concentrations cf solvent to form more ozone than low
concentrations. The quantities of ozone formed by irradiation of
various solvents have the following orders of magnitude: (a.)
Aromatics and HE alkanes produce about 1/15 ppm ozone per ppm
of solvent. (b.) LB alkanes and chlorinated hydrocarbons
668 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
produce about 1/20 ppm ozone per ppra of solvent. (c.,) Mixed
fcetone (probably the active cne is isobutyl ketone), 1/25 ppm ozone
per ppm of solvent. (d.) Mixed alcohols and HER form about 1/30
ppn ozone per ppm solvent. When mixed with auto exhaust at only
it ppm the LB alkanes, HB alkanes and mixed ketone show ozone
formation that has significant difference from that of auto
exhaust alone. Inder sisilar conditions both aromatic and
Cl-HC show positive, but significant effect on ozone formation.
A larger and more significant effect might be shown is 8 ppm of
these solvents had been used. The effect of solvent on the
formation of ozone when mixed with auto exhaust is much less than
when they are mixed with nitric oxide and irradiated.##
0339H
Z.J., Catcott
EFFECTS OF AIB POLLUTION ON ANIMALS. Horld Health Organ.,
Monograph Ser. l»6 {Air Pollution), 1961. pp. 221-31,
The report of animal morbidity and mortality which followed
major air pollution episodes would be regarded critically.
The investigations of these acute and intense exposures to air
pollution have been done retrospectively. It is significant
that the owners" reports of injury to animals could not be
corroborated by professional observers at the Donora disaster.
The high rate of animal mortality which allegedly occurred at
Poza Pica is generally in contradiction to the
information concerning the relative susceptibility to air
pollutants of animal species which have been studied
experimentally. The synergistic roles of physiological and
of external environmental influences on reactions to air
pollution indicate that the interactions of many factors may be
necessary to produce critical situations. In contrast to the
paucity of information concerning natural exposure to most air-
borne pollutants, the effects of fluorides on animals have been
defined well. Laboratory research has provided important
information concerning the effects of specific pollutants on
animals. Mice, rabbits, guinea-pigs,, rats and monkeys have been
utilized to demonstrate the toxic properties of such air pollutants
as sulfur dioxide,, sulfuric acid, hydrogen sulfide, ozone, nitrogen
dioxide, organic compounds, and some dusts. Information which has
been obtained by artifiicial exposure of animals is providing
some indices of both human and animal effects to be expected from
natural exposures. A well-integrated attack, in the field and
in the laboratory, will be necessary to divulge the true details
of the biological effects of polluted air. (Author summary
modified)##
03121
H. H., Schrenk, H. Heimann, G. D. Clayton, w. M.
Gafafer, H. Hexler
AIR POLLUTION IN DONORA, PA. .(-iSPIDEMIOLOG Y OF THE UNUSUAL
SMOG EPISODE OF OCTOEEH 19«8, PBELIMINAET BEPOFT). Public
F. Effects -Human Health 669
-------
Health Bulletin No. 306.. 1919. 203 pp.
GPO, HHH
In the latter part of Octoner 1918, Donora,, Pennsylvania, a
town of about 13,000 population, containing a zinc plant and a
steel and wire plant, experienced a large number of acute illnesses
and 20 deaths during a heavy smog. This report is based upon a
carefully made epidemiological study,, approached from the
biological, the engineering, and meteorological point of view.
The data collection began after the episode was over and included:
(1) studies of acute morbidity by house-to-house vanvass, records
of fatal and hospitalized patients, and finally, study of general
morbidity; (2) Study of chronic morbidity by dental
examinations of school children, by certain chest
roentgenograms, and morbidity of selected groups of
individuals; (3) Study of mortality records of the community
and comparing them with siuilar records of neighboring towns; (4)
atmospheric studies of air pollutants; {5} Evaluation of
industrial plant effluents; (6) Evaluation of air contaminants
from other sources; :{7) Description of the topography of the
valley in which the town is located; {8) Bicrometeorological
studies of the valley; J9) Description of the weather during
the acute episode in October, 1948., Detailed descriptions
of the methods used are presented since it was believed they
would be useful to other making similar studies. The study
showed that the cause of the episode was an accumulation
in the atmosphere of chemical irritants, this accumulation
resulting from the weather inversion which existed in this
part of the country during the fateful days. The parts played
by all sources of chemical air contamination are discussed. 4
section is devoted to discussing the specific agent or agents
probably responsible for the illnesses, and it is deduced that
no one agent can be indicated. It was likely that it was due
to a chemical irritant (possibly sulfur dioxide) plus particulate
natter, although, because of the lack of knowledge about the toxic
effects of low concentrations of the irritant gases, this cannot be
said with certainty.#»
03127
D. Jo Thompson-
MORTALITY, 1918-1957, AND MORBIDITY, 1957, AMONG PERSONS
RESIDING IN DONORA, PENNSYLVANIA DURING THE SHCG EPISODE OF
OCTOBER, 1948,, Pittsburgh Dniv.., Pa., Graduate School of
Public Health., 1957. 257 pp.
Following the acute episode of air pollution in Donora, Pa., in
Oct. 1948, the Pulbic Health Service conducted a community
survey on a systematic one-third sample of the households of
Eonora listed in the 1917 files cf the tax assessor of the
borough.. Information was obtained on 4092 residents at that
time,, Early in 1957,, by use of mailed questionnaires and
personal interviews, slightly more than 99% of these same
individuals were contacted and information was obtained on the
1957 prevalence and 1948-57 incidence of certain chronic
hospitalization and medical services received, place and cause of
670 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
any deaths, residence, occupation, smoking history, and other
related information. Earlier data for these persons were not
known by the interviewers in 1957., The essential findings of the
follow-up study were that persons who reported acute illness at the
time of the smog episode demonstrated subseguently higher mortality
and prevalence of illness than did other persons living in the
community at that time. Furthermore,, persons who complained of
rccre severe acute illness in 19U8 demonstrated greater subsequent
morbidity and mortality than persons sith milk complaints, with
some evidence in the data that this was related to the
cardiorespiratory illness which antedated the 1948 episode are
removed from the comparisons, the differentials in subsequent
illness experience between the acutely ill and those who did not
experience illness, are narrowed considerably. Finally,, no
substantial or consistent relations between environmental variables
and health experience could be demonstrated. Some of the
questions arising from this study are discussed briefly. ##
03H63L
F.. lewis, Mn M. Gilkeson, Jr. , and Eu W. Bobison
SIB POLLUTION AND NEW ORLEANS ASTHAM CPART I - THE STUDIES,
PESDLTS,, DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS) „ Tulane Univ., New
Orleans, La-, School of Medicine and Tulane Univ., New
Orelans0 La., June 1962. 130 pp-
A series of investigations was carried out by Tulane
University,, to detect the substances and sources of specific air
contaminants which affect susceptible persons to produce outbreaks
of asthma™ Several methods were tried with regard to the
effectiveness of methods of measuring the severity of asthmatic
attacks, and found to be of nc particular value toward evaluating
severity.. Analysis of data from the clinic which pertained to
asthma, and analysis of meteorological data, disclosed that asthma
outbreaks were most commonly associated with winds of low speed
from south to southwest. Occasional outbreaks occurred with wind
from the north and northeast. A number of air pollutants were
collected and analyzed and their prevalence was compared with the
prevalence of asthma outbreaks. A statistically significant
relationship was found between the daily asthma admissions at
the Charity Hospital emergency clinic and the prevalence of air
pollutant, a poor-combustion particle with associated silica.
All possible sources of this material were not examined; however,
samples taken at the city dump revealed large quantities of this
particle.. Differences in attack rates were observed for two
groups of people, with a higher attack rate among the group
residing closer to the city dump.. To confirm the above
conclusions it would be necessary to collect materials from the
smoke plumes, isolate the various constituents, and test them in
known human responders to identify the particular substance causing
the outbreaks, or to take action to prevent the smoldering of the
dumps. ##
03i»90
K., F., Lampe, T,, J. Mender W,, E,. Deichmann, M., G..
Eye, and L» F., Palmer
F. Effects -Human Health 671
-------
EVALUATION OF CONJUGATED NITBO-CIEFINS AS EYE IEBITANTS IN AIR
POLLUTION.. Ind- Bed., Surg. 27. (83 375-7,, Aug. 1958.
Distinct eye irritation owing to 2-nitro-2-olefins at low
concentrations in air has been observed by two laboratories. For
the butene and hexene derivatives, concentrations between 0.1 and
0..5 parts per million by volume have been shown to produce
irritation within three minutes. For the corresponding nonene,
irritation was observed only at concentration above 1.0.*#
03519
H., H- Rechter and J., B. Goldsmith
AIR POLLUTION AND DAILY HOBTAIITY,, Am. J.. Med. Sci. 2U1 , 65,
581-72. 588. Hay 1961.,
Analysis has teen made of the relationship between various
environmental factors and daily cardiac and respiratory deaths in
Los Angeles County from 1956 to 1958. It was found that the
variables, when studied over time, exhibited a distinct seasonal
pattern plus some irregular oscillations., The seasonal component
from each series was isolated and removed by the techniques of
harmonic analysis™ A correlation analysis,, adjusting for the
autocorrelation remaining in the residuals, indicated that
changes in the daily air pollution level,, as measured by the
oxidant and carbon monoxide concentration, exerted no detectable
influence upon the day-to-day mortality pattern. It is emphasized
that these findings, which deal only with the acute terminal
response of man to variations in the daily air pollution level, do
not mitigate the importance of air pollution as a possible menace
to the health and well-being of man., 5*uthor abstract)**
03529
H.. «„ Phelps
PULMONABY FUNCTION STUDIES USED TO EVALUATE AIR POLLUTION
ASTHMA DISABILITY. Military Bed. 126, («) 282-6, Apr. 1961.,
Since 1950 an unusual asthmatic condition has been observed
with increasing frequency throughout the Kanto Plain
•(Tokyo-Yokohama region) , and has become one of the
major causes of morbidity for U.,S. military personnel and
their dependents in the area,. The incidence is greater in
the dry winter months; this time of the yr. there are also
increased occurrences and concentration? of smog.. The condition
which was originally known as Yokohama asthma, since it 1st was
noted around that city in 1916, is now becoming known as
"air pollution astham.,- The symptcns of wheezing,
coughing, and shortness of breath usually begin at night or in the
early morning hours, with the onset from 2 weeks to 1 1/2 yes..
after entry into the area, and usually occur in normal
healthy individuals without a past history of asthma or other
allergic states. The individual's military effectiveness is
672 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
greatly reduced and in some cases it has been necessary to
evacuate such personnel frcm the area., To aid in predicting
which personnel should be evacuated and which could safely remain,
a series of pnlaonary function tests were undertaken. The 1st
100 patients treated constituted the 1st group to be
studied; the control group was of 52 paratroopers
located in an area in the Plain where the incidence of asthma
«as considerably loner. Three other groups studied were
those patients seen only as out-patients, those who were
hospitalized,, and those requiring evacuation to the
continental U. S. ill patients with the disease showed
a marked airflow obstruction; those of the hospitalized
group indicated considerabbly more obstruction than the other
groups. Studies of the vital capacity of the lungs of persons in
the study groups,, however,, indicate very little variation
from the normal,, It is concluded that pulmonary function testing
would provide the element of objectivity needed in determining the
individual personnel to be evacuated, ft
03530
V, Dn Dagner, 0. J. Dobrogorskie H., E. Stokinger
ANTAGONISTIC BCTIOH OF OIL MISTS ON AIR POLLUTANTS (EFFECTS ON
OXIDANTS, OZONE AND NITROGEN DIOXIDE}., Arch. Environ. Health
2, 523-34, Hay 1961
Both mineral and motor oil mists are capable of reducing acute
lethal effects of the respired oxidants, ozone and nitrogen
dioxide, in mice. The protection is demonstrable only after
a latent period following exposure to the oil mist; simultaneous
exposure to oil mist and cxidant results in a moderate
intensification of toxicity. The protection following a single
few hours* exposure to the oil list persists for several days,
but is no longer demonstrable after 8 or 9 days. The protection
is not markedly dependent on concentration above a minimal time-
intensity of the oil mist exposure; 1 ppm oil mist,, if inhaled
for a few days, will provide measurable protection. The
effective particle-size range of the oil mist for the mouse
was found to lie between 0«5 and 1.2 micron mean diameter at a
standard geometric deviation of 1.6. Histologic examination of
the respiratory tract was characterized by marked macrophagic
mobilization and infiltration following an oxidant or oil-plus-
oxidant exposure, but not frcm an oil exposure alone. Despite
protection of the lung from the acute effects of potent respired
oxidants, tolerance ot ozone developed.,, indicating incomplete
protection (surface covering} of the lung by oil. Repeated
inhalation of oil mists for a few weeks appears to result in a
decrease in the protection. A tentative mechanism of oil-mist
protection against the oxidants, 03 and N02 has been
proposed., ! Author summary)##
F. Effects - Human Health 673
-------
03593
H. Cullumbine, Hn E. Pattle, and F- Burgess
THE TOXICITY OF FOG., Cu I). E-E,, , Porton, England, Medical
Division™ 195«. If pp..
The effects on humans and cattle due to air pollution episodes are
reviewed., Health statistics are presented dealing with
respiratory and cardiac diseases in relation to these episodes.
Experimental data are given relative to the toxicity of sulfuric
acid mist and sulfur dioxide as primary toxic components of
contaminated fog.**
03603
H. Mo Diggle J» C. Gage
TBE TOXICITY OF OZONE IN THE PRESENCE OS OXIDES OF
NITBOGEN., Brit., J» Ind- Bed. '{London) 12, 60-U, 1955.
The concentration of ozone which causes 50JI mortality to rats
and mice exposed for one period of four hours has been found
to be in the region of 10 to 12 p.p.m. The cause of death
is acute pulmonary oedema. Dilute mixtures of ozone and
nitrogen dioxide in air react in part to give nitrogen
pentoxide, the amount produced depending on the concentrations
of the reactantSo The toxic effects of ozone and nitrogen
pentoxide are qualitatively similar, though the latter is about
three times as active as the former. The effects are
additive and the abserved increase in the toxicity of an
ozone atmosphere brought about by the presence of oxides
of nitrogen can be adequately attributed to the
nitrogen pentoxide present. The effect of these abservations on
the assessment of the toxic hazard from industrial ozone
concentrations is discussed,. (Author summary, modified} ##
03606
C. Eo Goldsmith 1. Breslow
EPIDEMIOLCGICAL ASPECTS OF AIB POIIUTION. J,, Air Pollution
Control Assoc,. 9, {3) 129-32,, Nov. 1959.,
The studies described are concerned with how air pollutants
damage the health of groups of people, and the basic problems
that recur in all of these studies. Five potentially
measurable health effects of air pollution are now of concern:
air pollution may cause acute sickness and death; or
aggravate chronic diseases such as chronic bronchitis,,
emphysema, or lung cancer; thereference with important
bodily functions such as the exchange of gases in the lung
or gas t*ansport by the blcod; adverse bodily symptoms such
as eye irritation and difficulty in breathing; groups
674 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
of persons may become dissatisfied with or leave their places
of residence or work. Air pollution is a threat to health
including social health. Epidemiolcgic studies can provide a
well rounded picture of all of these effects, and thus a basis for
their prevention through sound community planning and
rational controls,,**
03619
H. E. Stokinger
EVALUATION OF THE HAZATtDS OP OZONE AND OXIDES OF HITEOGEN
(PACTOBS HODIFYING TOXICITYJ ., An B» A., Arch- Indn
Health No. 15:181-90,, March 1957,, (Presented at the
International Ozone Conference, Chicago, 111-,, Nov. 30,
1956.,)
Experimental evidence is presented that ozone in single
acute exposure is a highly poisonous substance to laboratory
animals. No experimental evidence was found that this
toxicity is modified to a significant degree by the presence
of nitrogen oxides that nay accompany ozone production™
Seven factors have been experimentally found that may modify
the toxicity of ozone. Four of these, youth,, physical exertion,
alcohol, and respiratory infection, tend to augment the
injurious response or act to the detriment of the host; the
remainder, intermittent exposure, premedication, and
pre-exposure, either reduce or eliminate the injurious effects
of ozone,. Consideration has been given these factors in the
evaluation of possible hazards to populations from ozone-
containing smogs.. {Author summary} ##
03620
H., Do Wagner, O.. J. Dorbrogorski, and H. E. Stokinger
OZONE TCXICITY STUDIES. Ill- CHRONIC INJURY TO LUNGS OF ANIMALS
FOLLOWING EXPOSDBE AT A IOW LEVEL., A. B. A. Arch. Ind.
Health, No- 19:514-22, Dec. 1957.
Chronic injury has been shown tc result in the lungs of small
animals following repeated inhalation of a common pollutant,
ozone, at concentrations only two to three times greater than
currently reported in urban areas. The injury is characterized
pathologically as chronic bronchitis and bronchiolitis. In this
disease the terminal airways of the lungs of the animals were
thickened,, the air passages narrowed, with fibrotic tissue
response extending into surrounding areas of the lung and
consequent emphysema, resulting in lessened capacity to move
air in and out of the lungs. The dog showed none of the deep
lung changes seen in the smaller animals but only mild irritation
of the trachea and major bronchi. Ban's relative position in this
range of pulmonary response of ozone was judged to be between
that of the dog and the smaller animals, on the basis of
calculations involving dimensions of the trachea, larger air
F. Effects-Human Health 675
-------
passages, and ventilation rates, and assuming equal cellular
susceptibility of man and dog0 Reference made to man"s response
to low-grade ozone exposures further substantiates this position.,
Statistical evidence is given that rigorous control of the
exposure concentration was maintained at plus or minus 1-0 ppm by
volume as determined by the alkaline potassium iodide method.
(Author summary} f #
03625
C. £., Throp
INFLUENCE OF NITBOGEN OXIDES ON THE 10XICTTJ OF OZONE. J. Am.,
Chenu Soc. pews Ed.,) 19 (12) : 686-688, June 25, 1941.
This report points out a possible cause of discrepancy between
investigators of the toxicity of ozone, shows how the source of
ozone influences the toxicity,, and illustrates with test data
which have been obtained over a period of years in this laboratory.
Tests on B. coli0 weevils, and algae show a large difference of
tcxicity between pure ozone and ozone containing nitrogen oxides.
The variance of opinion in the literature on ozone toxicity is
probably due to results obtained with ozone containing varying
amounts of nitrogen oxides. Ozone free of oxides of nitrogen is
non-toxic in concentrations below 20 parts per million- Ozone
plus nitrogen oxides may be more toxic than nitrogen oxides alone
and should be investigated further. Ozone containing t7 percent
nitrogen oxides has bactericidal properties in concentrations over
3 parts per million,, but pure ozone does not exhibit bactericidal
properties below 50 parts per million™ ##
03708
S. G. Burgess, and C. W. Shaddick
BBONCHITIS AND AIE POLLUTION. Boy., Soc. Health J. 1,
10-2H, 1959. (Presented at a Sessional Meeting, London,
England, Oct. 23, 1958.)
Considerable care and attention to details of standardization are
necessary to obrain records of atmospheric pollution sufficiently
consistent in accuracy to be useful to correlate with mortality
figures. The figures obtained, which are restricted to smoke and
acidic gases (mainly S02), show that smoke in the air of London
has decreased over the last 1 years, but the concentration of
acidic gases has remained fairly consistent. This result
accords with a decreased consuacticn of coal by
residential and, to a lesser extent, industrial and commercial
users, but an overall fuel consumption that has remained
relatively constant. There is little doubt that living in London
for a long period increases the risk of dying from respiratory
disease, particularly bronchitis: furthermore, since these
diseases are often suffered over a number of years, morbidity too
is associated iiith the length of residence. It must, however, be
remembered that the index used - percentage born in London
is somewhat crude and gives no indication of internal movement. A
676 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
significant relationship between mortality and the two types of
ataospheric pollution measured - smoke and "sulphur dioxide" has
not been demonstrated, though the former looks the more dangerous.
This does not preclude there being a critical level of one or both
in coibination that would be directly associated with increased
icrtality or morbidity, but equally there may be other types of
pollutant nore dangerous than either. In the short-term, whilst
it is difficult to disentangle the effects of duration and
intensity of atmospheric pollution and temperature from any
seasonal trend, the threshold level above which a smog incident is
likely to occur in London is when the mean level for London
attains a daily value of 200 milligrams of black suspended matter
per 100 cubic metres of air and 10 parts of "sulphur dioxide" per
100 Billion parts of air, i.e., about four times the customary
winter level. When such a level is reached its proportionate
effect is most marked on bronchitis, but there is as yet
insufficient evidence to say which of the two pollutants measured,
or even which component of the sukphur dioxide group, has the
greater effect. '{Author summary and conclusions) ##
03723
V. A. Gordieyeff
SOME PROPERTIES OF DNIPOLARLY CHARGED AEROSOLS (A REVIEW).
J.B.J. Arch., Ind. Health 11, (5) 171-81, Nov. 1965.
The nature of atmospheric ions is discussed. Methods are
presented for electrically charging liquid mists and dust. The
practical therapeutic applications of unipolarly charged aerosols
are indicated. The major significant effect of inhalation of
unipolarly charged aerosols was the lowering of blood pressure.##
03726
1. P. Krueger, P. C. Andriese, S. Kotaka
THE EFFECTS OF INHALING NON-IODIZED OB POSITIVELY IONIZED
SIR CONTAINING 2-4% C02 ON THE BLOOD LEVELS OF 5-
HYDBOXYTRYPTABINE III BICE. Intern. J. Biometeorol. 10, (1)
17-28, 1966.
It has been previously reported that the inhalation of positively
ionized air by mice produced a characteristic rise in 5-
hydroxytryptaaine-(serotonin) blood levels (5-HT). This effect
was duplicated when C02 was supplied as the sole ionic component
of the ambient atmosphere and was not produced by C02 minus,
02 plus, or 02 minus. It was concluded that at least some of
the inimical physiological effects of positively ionized
air described in earlier papers depend upon the ability of
C02 cluster ions either to release 5-HT from the bound
form or to inhibit its destruction by monamine oxidase. In
the experiments reported here the conditions existing aboard
submarines during long underwater patrols were approximated to
the extent of providing an atmosphere containing more than the
F. Effects - Human Health 677
-------
normal concentration of C02 found in outside air. Mice were
maintained in atmospheres of 2% or 4S C02 and in identical
atmospheres subjected to positive ionization. Their reaction was
evaluated in terms of the changes produced in 5-HT.#t
03785
E. L. Gasteiger and So A. Belling
X-HAY DETECTION BY THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM: OZONE SS 8 MASKING
ODOBANT., Science 15t, (3752} 1038-U1, Nov. 25, 1966.
The technique of masking was used to test the hypothesis that
x-ray detection is mediated by an odorant produced in irradiated
air., Eats conditioned to cease licking during exposure to x-ray
(conditioned suppression) did not display this conditioned response
in the presence of ozone and strong volatile oxidants. #)t
C3791
CHBONIC BBONCHITIS - THE ENGLISH DISEASE., Pfizer Ltd- „ Kent.
England. 1959,, 72 pp.
Monograph outlines the problem of chronic bronchitis. The
origin of the disease, factors which encourage its development,
ways in which the disease progresses, and the final state of the
patient are the salient points of discussion. Statistics on
mortality and morbidity, socio-economic factors, and a discussion
of the relationship between air pollution, fog, and chronic
bronchitis also are included. Information is provided on the
management of the disease and the role of drugs in its treatment™
03812
HacEwen, J. D.
CONTAMINANT GENEHATION METHODS AND TECHNIQUES. In:
Proceedings of the Conference on Atmospheric Contamination in
Confined Spaces: 30 March 1 April 1965, Aerospace
Medical Besearch Lab.,, (6570th), Wright-Patterson AFB
Ohio, Contract AF 33 (657)-11305, Proj- 6302, AMBL-TE-65-230,
p. 18-26, Nov. 1965. 12 refs.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 6929622
The contaminant generation methods used in the Toxic Hazards
Besearch Unit (THBU) laboratory are described.. The entire
contaminant generation system used is made of corrosion resistant
stainless steel. Generation techniques for gases, liquids, dusts,
gas-off mixtures, and nominal contaminant concentrations are
discussed. Some of the difficulties encountered which require
modifications of standard equipment for successful contaminant
generation to produce uniform animal exposures in experimental
chambers are pointed out. The concept followed in the production
of chamber concentrations at reduced pressure has been described
in detail.##
678 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
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03813
Vernot, E.. H.
ANALYTICAL CONTROL OF CONTAMINANT CONCENTRATION IN EXPOSURE
CHAMBEBS. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Atmospheric
Contamination in Confined Spaces: 30 March - 1 April 1965,
Aerospace Medical Research Lab., (6570th), Bright-Patterson
AFB Ohio, Contract AF 33 (657)-11305, Proj. 6302.
AHRL-1R-65-230, p. 27-33, Nov. 1965. 4 refs.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 629622
Methods used at the Toxic Hazards Research laboratory in the
control of low concentrations of contaminants introduced into
exposure chambers of various sizes are outlined. For ozone the
nethod consists of pumping through a glass sampling tube or
tonometer, and isolation of the sample after sufficient pumping
for equilibration. The tonometer has a sidearm which can be
capped for sub-sampling by syringes or which may be used for the
addition of reagent solution- This method of sampling has proved
superior to fritted bubblers.. For nitrogen dioxide, the
Saltzman method is used. For carbon tetrachloride, gas
chromatography is used. Analytical techniques described require
relatively simple operations which a technician can carry out with
ease and precision. With this system, satisfactory control was
naintained over contaminant concentrations in exposure chambers.##
C3820
McNerney, J. H.
PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF TOXICITY STUDIES IN 5 PSI A 1005E OXYGEN
ENVIRONMENT. In: Proceedings of the Conference on
Atmospheric Contamination in Confined Spaces: 30 March - 1
April 1965, Aerospace Medical Research Lab., (6570th),
bSwright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Contract AF 33 (657)-11305,
Proj. 6302, AMRL-TR-65-230, p. 98-123, Nov. 1965.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 629622
A 90-day continuous exposure cf mice, rats, beagles and monkeys to
a 5 pounds per square inch absolute and 100% oxygen environment
produced the following pertinent results: A Wistar-derived
strain of rats proved to be sensitive to altitude conditions early
in the exposure (15% mortality within 14 days of exposure) whereas
a Spragiie-Dawley-derived strain proved resistant. A possible
association of increasing serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase
levels in beagles with length of exposure was found. Except for
these factors, the experimental animals gave no apparent indication
of being stressed throughout the expsoure. A one-year study has
been initiated to determine if the enxyme change was due to
sampling or is indicative of an accumulating stress. No
significant increase in the toxic response of animals to inhaled
atmospheric contaminants (carbon tetrachloride, nitrogen dioxide,
and ozone) under conditions of 5 psia and 100?! oxygen was noted
when compared with animals exposed under normal atmospheric
conditions (except in the case of mice exposed to carbon
F. Effects - Human Health 679
-------
tetrachloride) „ Based upon mortality data,, a definite reduction
in toxic response to pulmonary irritants was found in the presence
of reduced pressure (5 psia) and 100% oxygen when compared with
ambient pressure at the same concentration for two weeks continuous
exposure. This difference in toxic response may be a beneficial
effect derived from the increased partial pressure of oxygen in the
experimental chambers even though total pressure has been reduced.
Specifically, this is an increase in oxygen partial pressure from
approximately 150 millimeters Hg p02 to 255 millimeters Hg
p02. This increase in oxygen tension at the pulmonary surface
Bay be acting therapeutically against the pulmonary edema
produced by the lung irritatns, ozone and nitrogen dioxide. In
the case of carbon tetrachlcride,, a systemic toxicant, no such
benefits were observable.##
03a21
Back, K. C,
BE7IEH OF AIR FOBCE DATA FBCM IOHG TEHH CONTINUOUS EXPOSDBE AT
JHEIENT PRESSURE. In: Proceedings of the Conference on
Atmospheric Contamination in Confined Spaces: 30 March 1
April 1965, Aerospace Medical Research Lab., (6570th),
Bright-Patterson AFE, Ohio, Contract AF 33(6575-11305,
Proj. 6302, AMRL-TE-65-230, p. 124-133, Nov. 1965.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 629622
Hork which was performed under Air Fcrce sponsorship in the area
of environmental toxicology of space cabin atmospheres over the
past 5 years is described. This work gave the warning that
materials in trace guantities could prove toxic when presented to
animals over long continuous exposure periods. Four exposure
chambers were constructed for this work. This permitted use of
one for a control group cf animals and three for contaminant
exposure chambers. All animals were followed by a number of
clinical laboratory examinations before, during and following the
90-day exposure, and the animals were terminally given stress
tests and then necropsied with both gross and microscopic
examination of tissues. Carbon tetrachloride, while not causing
death at 25 ppm, did cause serious clinical and microscopic liver
changes in all animals exposed. The livers of the rats were so
much involved that the pathologist made a diagnosis of "cirrhosis".
Phenol caused absolutely no problems whatsoever at the 5 ppB level
Hydrogen sulfide (20 ppm) did produce death in rats and mice,
but none in monkeys. Methyl mercaptan (50 ppir) caused serious
problems and death in 10% of the monkeys and 439! of the irice..
Tests were conducted to find out whether animals could perform
strenuous tasks following the 90-day exposure and to compare the
long term, continuous toxicity of some propellants and propellant
types in which the Sir Force has an interest. Hydrazine,
unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine, nitrogen dioxide and
decaborane were tested as candidate materials. The results are
discussed.f#
680 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
03822
Siegel, J.
BEVIES OF AMBIENT PPESSDEE ANIHAI EXPOSURE DATA FROM SELECTED
NAVY COMPOUNDS. In: Proceedings of the Conference on
Atmospheric Contamination in Confined Spaces: 30 March 1
April 1965, Aerospace Medical Research Lab. , (6570th),
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, bScontract AF 33 (657)-11305,
Proj. 6302, AMBL-TB-65-230, p., 13ii-1U7, Nov., 1965.
CFSTI, DEC: AD 629622
Studies have been oriented toward operational requirements in a
resolution of existing or anticipated problems, although basic
research aspects are included in the Navy mission. For example,
there was, and still is, a constant need to search for tetter
methods of contaminant generaticns, for more reliable methods of
analysis and monitoring, for new bio-chemical predictors, and for
new ways of getting more information from the exposed animal.
Some chamber modifications, animals used, parameters studied, and
classes of materials studied are discussed. Experimental results
and plans for the future for the Navy Toxicology Unit are
summarized.##
03823
Hueter, F. G.
LONG TEHM INHALATION EXPOSURE EXPERIENCE WITH REFERENCE TO AIR
POLLUTION. In: Proceedings of the Conference on
Atmospheric Contamination in Confined Spaces: 30 March 1
April 1965. Aerospace Medical Besearch Lab.,, (6570th),
Bright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Contract AF 33(657J-11305,
Proj. 6302, ABHL-TR-65-230, p. 118-165, Nov. 1965.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 629622
As part of the overall program by the Division of Air Pollution
the Laboratory of Medical and Biological bSsciences has been
charged with studying the biological effects of plants and
animals, including nan, of chronic exposures, long term exposures
to air pollution as it exists in the ambient atmosphere of
communities. The concentration has been on mixtures of normal
air pollution, not single agents or simple mixtures of pure gases-
The initial studies discussed primarily are concerned with
chronic exposure to auto exhaust-contaminated atmospheres, both
raw auto exhaust as it comes from the tail pipe, as well as
irradiated auto exhaust which simulates the photochemistry that
occurs due to sunlight. The results with laboratory animals are
discussed.##
03853
H. Ehrlich
EFFECT OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE ON RESISTANCE TO RESPIRATORY
INFECTION. Eacteriol. Rev. 30, (3) 601-14, Sept., 1966
F. Effects - Human Health 681
-------
The effects of acute and chronic exposures to nitrogen dioxide,
one of the most abundant atmospheric contaminants in many
communities, on the resistance to infection produced
ty respiratory challenge with airborne Klebsiella pneumoniae is
discussed. The reduction in the resistance to infection by a
synergistic effect provides a sensitive indicator of the
biological effects of nitrogen dioxide, A single 2-hr exposure of
inbred nice to 3.5 ppm of B02 before or after respiratory
challenge with aerosol of K. pneumoniae significantly
increases the mortality. The same effect produced in
squirrel monkeys and hamsters required 35 ppm for 2 hr. The
effect of a single 2—hr« exposure «as not persistent and a return
tc normal resistance to infection occurred in 2t hr after the
N02 exposure,. Exploratory studies of the mechanism of the
increased susceptibility to infection suggests that the
N02 permits better colonization in the lungs of mice and
hamsters. Fxtrapolation of this work to man or to the resistance
to other species of pathogenic organisms can be only
speculative.##
03883
E. A., Schuck and G., J. Doyle
A STUDY OF IBRADIATED AUTO EXHAUST. Stanford Research Inst.,,
South Pasadena, Calif,, Southern California Labs- (Rept. 9
and Technical Kept- 11.,) Feb., 1958. 65 pp.
Aerosol was formed by irradiation of exhaust-air mixtures. The
aerosol thus formed was in the submicron size region but was of
sufficient concentration to reduce visibility appreciably—in some
instances from around to miles down to 2 or 3 miles™ The
severity of eye irritation is dependent on the concentrations of
hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. More particularly, a
relationship has been established between the concentration ratio
of hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen and the degrees of eye
irritation, the degree of irritation being dependent on the
concentration ratio. This ratio also influences the rate of
formation of the aerosol, oxidant, and indicated nitrogen dioxide..
Varying the relative humidity in the exhaust-air mixtures between
«0t and 80% and the temperature between 26 C and UO C had no
detecta le effect on any of the measured symptoms. Eye irritation
increased as the light intensity was increased from zero to 3/4 the
intensity of noonday sunlight, but did not appear to increase with
a further increase in intensity up to about twice that of noonday
sunlight. Eye irritation intensity was found to be a function of
residence time under irradiation,. The results indicate that the
length of time that pollutants reside under irradiation has an
effect on the severity of smog symptoms, i.e., leads to an increase
and then a decrease in eye irritation with time. The smog
potential from an auto exhaust mixture appears to be intimately
associated with hydrocarbon concentration, oxides of nitrogen
concentration, the concentration ratio of hydrocarbons to oxides of
nitrogen, light intensity, and residence time under irradiation.
The half life of the eye irritant produced by irradiating dilute
auto exhaust was determined to be in the order of 2t hr, indicating
the presence of a rather stable irritant. The half life of the
682 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
aerosol was found to be 12 hr, ana that of the oxidant or indicated
nitrogen dioxide was less than one hoar™ Thus, from the measure
of half life, the aerosol, oxidant, and indicated nitrogen dioxide
do not appear to be intimately associated with eye irritation.##
C3890
C. H. nine, F. H.. Beyers, F. Ivanhoe, S. Walker, and
G» H. Takahashi
SIMPLE TESTS OF RESPIRATORY FUNCTION AND STUDY OF SENSORY RESPONSE
IS HUMAN SUBJECTS EXPOSED TO RESPIRATORY TRACT IRRITANTS.
Proc. Symp. Human Exposures tc Air Pollutants, Fifth Air
Pollution Medical Research Conf., los Angeles, Calif.,
Eec. 1, 1961. pp. 20-38.
This report summarizes two basic studies regarded by the
investigators as necessary antecedents to the orderly development
of research in chronic obstructive ventilatory disease. One study
evaluated the degree of sensory responses and the threshold of
detection for several agents. The sensory responses in this study
were carried out primarily to determine whether changes in
respiratory function would be achieved at levels at which there was
no significant sensory response to irritant gases. ##
03978
S. V. Nicksic, J. Harkins, L. J. Painter
STATISTICAL SURVEY OF DATA REIATING TO HYDROCARBON AND OXIDES OF
NITROGEN RELATIONSHIPS IB PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG. Intern. J. Air
Water Pollution 10, (1) 15-23, Jan. 1966.
Results from various photochemical irradiation chamber experiments
were examined by statistical procedures to determine the effect
of hydrocarbon and oxides of nitrcgen concentrations on eye
irritation. The regression equations are given together
with graphs drawn from these equations. Some aspects of the
practical interpretation of the results are discussed. Data on
existing ambient concentraticns of hydrocarbon and oxides of
nitrogen in the Los Angeles atmosphere are compiled. (Author
abstract}##
01(031
H. D. Chiles, J,, M. Cleveland, and R. E. Fox
A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF IONIZID AIE ON BEHAVIOR.
Engineering, Chemistry Corp.,, Boulder, Colo. (HADD
Technical Rept- 60-598.) Nov., 1960. 24 pp.
Physics,
The effect on human behavior of an atmosphere containing excesses
of unipolar ions was investigated. Fifteen subjects were tested
F. Effects - Human Health
683
-------
on a complex metal task, aD additional fifteen performed a
vigilance task, and twenty subjects indicated their attitudes
through marking an adjective check list while exposed to five
levels of air ionization,, The ion conditions for each study were
varied from a high excess of positive ions through a medium excess
of positive ions, low ion (netural), medium negative, and low
negative. None of the differences found among the ion conditions
for these tests were statistically significant. {Author
abstract)ft
04048
J. B. Dixon,, J. T. Mountain, and H« E. Stokinger
HOLE OF HISTAMINE AND BELATED SUBSTANCES IN TOLEBANCE TO
EEIMAGENIC AGENTS. Preprint. {Presented at the Third Annual
Meeting, Society of Toxicology, Silliamsburg, Va_ , Bar. 11,
1964.)
To determine whether histamine plays a significant role in
tolerance development of mice tc norially lethal doses of ozone,
the following were investigated: (1) Release of histamine from
lung by tolerance doses of ozone; (2) The duration of the
depression of lung histamine content; (3) Whether induction of
lung histamine release by the drug 48/80 would induce tolerance;
and <4) Whether tolerence development could be blocked by
anti-histaminic drugs. In addition, it was decided to
determine whether aspirin alcne or in combination with the
anti-histamine promethazine hydrochloride (Phenergan) could be
employed to block tolerance induction by slight ozone exposure, or
reduce edema or lethality caused by severe ozone exposure.
Administration of the histamine-release drug 48/80 lowered
histamine content of mouse lung for 24 hours, whereas mild
exposure of mice to ozone had depressed lung histamine for up to 25
days- Phenergan and aspirin administered together during a mild
exposure to ozone were partially effective in blocking development
of tolerance to ozone; the drugs given singly under identical
conditions had no effect on tolerance development.
Ederaagenic, sub-lethal, exposures to ozone were mitigated by drug
treatment prior to exposure. It was concluded that the edema
response in mice exposed to ozone may be mediated, in part, by the
action of histamine and related substances such as kinins and
slow-reacting substance-A. Reasons are advanced for proposing
that sulfhydryl system,s and cofactors related to the glucose
monophosphate pathway are involved. (Author summary modified)##
04054
?., L. Petrilli and G. Agnese
THE BOLE OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT CF AID
QUALITY. STANDABDS. Le Hole des Etudes Epidemiolcgiques dans
le Development des Jugements de la Qualite de L'air.
Preprint. (Presented at the Inter-Begional Symposium on
Criteria for Air Quality and Methods of Measurement, Geneva,
Switzerland, Aug. 6-12, 1963.) Fr.
684 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
The problems involved in epidemiological studies of air pollution
are reviewed, particularly with regard to mortality and
morbidity studies. In the case cf mortality due to all causes,
the correlation of nortality statistics with smog (London and
elsewhere) incidence,, makes a mortality curve a veritable smog
register. The attempt to establish a correlation between air
pollution and mortality due to respiratory disease is complicated
by the lack of precise diagnostic criteria, as in the case of
bronchitis which may have different connotations in England and
Italy, for instance. From the authors' investigation of lung
cancer mortality in Italy, the following statistical data were
derived: (1) approx. 85S of the lung cancer deaths are due to
cigarette smoking; (2) approx. 10-15% of lung cancer deaths are due
to vehicular emissions; (3) approx. 10» of the lung cancer deaths
are due to occupational hazards. In regard to morbidity studies,
it was believed that the most sensitive groups of the population,
the aged and children, were the most desirable subjects.. Studies
of children made in the city of Genes took into consideration the
incidence of grippe, tonsillitis and bronchitis of school children
living in two different zones cf the city, one having more air
pollution than the other. Those from the more air polluted area
showed greater incidence cf bronchitis. Studies of 722 female
inhabitants of Genes of over 61 years of age living in four very
differently polluted areas (302 and suspended particulate data
are given) confirmed that there is a correlation between
respiratory ailment frequency and air pollution incidence. It is
concluded that although there is no precise means of deducing the
quality of air from epideBiological observations, the indications
and complexities of the problem are evident.t#
OM205
G. !„ Freeman
WHEEZING ASSOCIATED WITH BESPIBAIORY. TBACT INFECTIONS IN
CHILDREN
-------
CU2C8
H. L., Hotley and E. Yanda
ENVIRONMENTAL AIH POLLUTION, EHPHYSEBA, AND IONIZED AIB.
Diseases Chest 50, {«} 3U3-52, Get. 1966.
The aim of the original work was to determine if there is any
basis for the use of commercial generators in treating chronic
pulmonary disease and, if so, what the indications are. Small
negative and positive ions (velocity 1-2 cm./sec,/volt/cm..) were
measured with the Beckman micro-micro-ammeter and Hesix ion
collector, Tubin and HCA ion generators were used. Ion
densities of approximately 500,000 ions per ml. sere delivered at
the level of the nose of the subject., The ion generators were
mounted above the patient's face and the ions allowed to drift
down like a cloud. The patients were grounded. No significant
changes in lung volume measurements were observed in severe
emphysema and or fibrosis patients after breathing negative ions
(500,000 ions per ml™) in one study of 13 cases for one hour,, and
in a second study of 33 cases after three hours. No significant
differences were observed in lung volume measurements obtained
on 19 cases of severe pulmonary emphysema before and after
breathing negative ions (500,000 ions per ml.) at home seven to 12
hours a day for two weeks; also the data were no different from
those obtained on seven controls studied in a similar fashion
except for the ions. Some of the patients reported subjective
improvement. However, the subjective sensations were not borne
out by changes in the pulmonary function tests employed in this
study, as there was no correlation. No significant changes in
blood gas exchange measurements were observed in <*4 cases of severe
emphysema and/or fibrosis after breathing negative ions (500,000
ions per ml.) for 30 minutes. Previous studies revealed no
significant change occurred in 35 cases of chronic pulmonary
disease after breathing positive ions (500,000 ions per ml.) for
3C minutes.. It was felt that there is no good evidence to
recommend the use of air ions, either negative or positive, in the
treatment of chronic pulmonary diseases in man. The evidence of
air pollution and cigarette smoking as factors in some people
developing pulmonary emphysema is also reviewed.#t
OM221
V. P., Paribok and F. A. Ivanova
AI5 TEKPEBATDBES AND THE TOXIC EFFECTS Op NITHOGEN OXIDES.
Fed. Proc, (Transl, Suppl.) 25, '(5) {Part II) T851-3,
Oct. 1960, Buss. (Tr.) (Gigiena Iruda i
Professional'nye Zabolevaniya (Moscow) 9, (7) 22-4, 1965.)
The influence of temperature on the toxicity of the nitrogen
oxides to mice is reported. The nitrogen oxides were produced
by the action of nitric acid on copper and the proportions of
NO and N02 were estimated. The mice were exposed tc various
concentrations of nitrogen oxides over the temperature range
10 to 35 degrees C in desiccators. The toxic effects were least
686 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
at 15 degrees C. There was less methemoglobin in the blood
at high temperatures. The toxic effects of the nitrogen oxides
are greater at high temperatures because of the disturbance of
heat regulation and reduced oxygen consumption. At low
temperatures the toxic effects are increased by increased
methemoglobin formation and the disturbance of heat regulation. ##
Goldstein, Bernard D., and Oscar J. Balchum
EBPECT OF OZONE ON LIPID PEROXIDATION IN THE BED BLOOD CEIL.
Proc- Soc. Exp. Biol., Bed.., Vol. 126,, p.. 356-358, 1967., 12
ref So
A study was made concerning the possibility that the deleterious
biological effects of ozone are mediated by lipid peroxidation
caused by the interaction of ozone with the double bonds of
unsaturated fatty acids., To investigate this hypothesis, an in
vitro system employing human erythrocytes as a target organ was
utilized in preference to aniital lungs, because of the difficulty
in comparing control non-exposed lungs with exposed lungs heavily
infiltrated with peripheral leukocytes.. Erythrocyte osmotic
fragility was measured as an indication of spherocyte formation.
Irythrocyte fragmentation may be due to direct membrane damage,
short of overt hemolysis,, for which the normal reparative cell
process cannot compensate; or, to interference with the
intracellular metabolic processes necessary for membrane
integrity- The increase in TEA reacting substances suggests
that the former mechanism is operative with peroxidation of
unsaturated fatty acids contained in the cell membrane and the
formation of free radicals perhaps causing damage to neighboring
protein.. However, interference with biochemical pathways
necessary for the maintenance of the cell membrane cannot be
excluded™ It is speculated that the hypothesized involvement of
lipid peroxidation in the aging process is related to the
frequent observation of generalized aging in animals
chronically exposed to ozone,. A further speculation is that if
emphysema be considered a normal aging change, the increase in
chronic respiratory disease in areas of urban air pollution found
in epidemiologic studies is due to the acceleration of aging in the
lung by air pollutant-induced lipid peroxidation., ##
CK321
I, S. Jaffe
THE NATURE AND EFFECTS OF PHOTOCHEMICAL AIR POLLUTANTS ON MAN AND
ANIMALS.. I., GENEBAL CHARACTERISTICS AND COMMUNITY
CONCENTBATIONS., Preprint., 1967.,
Photochemical smog consists cf trixtures of gaseous and
particulate products resulting from atmospheric photochemical
reactions of gases evolved frcm the combustion of organic fuels
for heat and power, Dltraviolet radiation from sunlight initiates
a series of atmospheric reactions between the oxides of nitrogen
F. Effects - Human Health 687
-------
and photochemically reactive organic substances, such as the
olefins,, aromatic hydrocarbons and effluents- The photochemical
oxidants are a major class of compounds found in community
photochemically polluted air. They consist of a dynamic complex
mixture of oxidizing substances which vary in time and place.
Nonetheless, they can be measured routinely as "total oxidant",
i.e.,, the net oxidi2ing effect of all substances in the atmosphere.
Czone and the peroxyacyl nitrates (PAN compounds or PaNs), a
homologous group of organic peroxidic nitrogen compounds,, have
been identified as important oxidants formed in photochemical smog.
ambient "total oxidant" levels serve as useful practical indices
of the intensity of photochemical smog and of various biological
and physical manifestations of photochemical air pollution.. The
sources, characteristics and methods of measurement of the
photochemical oxidants are described. Specific aerometric data on
the oxidant concentrations found in various urban communities in
the United States are provided. These levels are sufficiently
high to cause specific adverse effects on man, animals,
vegetation and certain materials (rubber and textiles). (Author
abstract) ##
04322
Jaffe, I., S.
THE NATURE AND EFFECTS OF PHOTOCHEMICAL AIB POLLUTANTS ON MAN AND
ANIMALS., II., ADVERSE EFFECTS OF PHOTOCHEMICAL SKOG ON HAN AND
ANIMALS. Preprint. 1967.
When concentrations of photochemical oxidants are used as measures
of photochemical smog intensity,, a number of specific biological
effects on man and animals based on both atmospheric and
laboratory studies have been dccunented.. Photochemical oxidants,
such as routinely found in urban communities as measured by
continuous air monitoring instruments used by Federal, State and
local agencies, cause a repeated and continuing biological impact
on man and animals in every region of the country.. The degree and
types of the documented biological effects are dependent on the
local community atmospheric level attained and the frequency of
occurrence.. Concentration, ppu/pollutant, chemical method of
measurement, exposure period and effects are presented in the
following tables: {!) Effects of short-term exposures of
photochemical oxidants on man and animal,, and {2) effects of
proponged exposures of photochemical oxidants on man and animal™**
OH323
Jaffe, !„ S.
THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF OZONE CM MAN AND ANIMALS., Preprint.,
Am. Ind. Hyg., Assoc.. J. Vol. 8, 267-277p, June 1967,,
The more recent literature on the physiologic and pathologic
effects of various concentrations of ozone in short-term and
prolonged exposures on man and animals is reviewed. Particular
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
enphasis is given to recent data on the effects of low
concentrations of ozone (0..05 tc O.,20 ppmj . Such ozone
concentrations are commonly encountered in community atmospheric
photochemical or "Los Angeles-type" smog, in arc-welding
operations, and under certain conditions in cabins of jet aircraft
flying at high altitudes and in confined work spaces where high
voltage electrical equipment and instruments are used. Adverse
effects such as the irritation of the mucouc membranes of the upper
respiratory tract,, a decrease invisual acuity and other changes in
ocular parameters,, an enhancement in mortality of respiratory
infected test animals,, the sphering of red blood cells, structural
changes in the nuclei of myocardial tissue, and an increase in
sortality of newborn animals have been reported within this range
tiith the particular effect depending on the specific concentration
and length of exposure. At higher concentrations such as those
occurring during severe photochemical smog (0.06 to 0.08 pptn for
two hours), ozone will interfere with lung function for the
duration of exposure and beyond,, Other effects of ozone on man
and animals at various concentrations and exposure times such as
distinct respiratory distress,, coughing,, choking and severe fatigue
occur at concentrations at or below 1..0 ppm {the maximum level of
ozone ever measured in dense atuospheric photochemical air
pollution}., {concentration, method of measurement, exposure period,
and effect are presented in following tables: (1) Effects of
short-tern ozone exposures on man and animal, and {2) Effects of
prolonged ozone exposures on man and animals. AAM#*
01416
H., F. Bils
DLTBASIBOCTDBAI AtTIBATIGNS OF AIVECIAB TISSUE OF KICE (I. DUE
TO HEAVY IOS ANGELES SMOG)- Arch., Environ- Health 12, (6)
689-97, June 1966.
Three animal exposure stations have been in operation for 3 years
in the Los Angeles area to ascertain the effects of smog on mice.
During the course of this study alterations in the fine structure
of the alveolar tissue have been observed. Control animals were
kept in rooms with well filtered air,. Similar groups were in
other rooms continually breathed the ambient air.> The lungs of
groups of mice ranging from 2 tc 21 months old were prepared for
electron microscopy. Each particular "group" of animals
represented at least four or five mice, and the results are
illustrated in this report-**
04480
I., t. Vasil"yev
THEORY AND PRACTICE OF IONIZEE-AIB THEBAPY- Leningradskogo
Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta iieni A..A. Zhdanova,
Leningrad- (Sept., No. FTD-TT-65-590/1 + 2.,} 1951., 142 pp.,
Buss.. |[Tr.}
DEC AE-630 415
F. Effects -Human Health 689
-------
The aim was to make the nuierous special works on aeroionization
readily accessible to the ordinary reader. The brochure is
intended mainly for physicians and biologists, but nay prove to be
understandable and not without interest for every sufficiently
educated reader. Moreover,, an attempt has been made to present
the factual and theoretical material on questions of
aeroionization and aeroiontherapy, but also to teach as far as
possible how to work experimentally in this promising area of
knowledge.. Parts of this paper are under the headings: (1)
Natural lonization of Air, its Climatological and Hygienic
Significance, {2) artificial lonization of Air. Aeroion
Generators and Counters, '(3) Therapeutic Use of Aeroionization
(Aeroiontherapy), (4) Experimental Bases of Aeroiontherapy and
(5) Paths and Mechanisms of the Physiological Effect of
Aeroions.*#
OU194
Hn E., Stokinger
OZONE TOXICITY |A EEVIEW OF THE IITEBATUBE THEOUGH 1953).
A., H.A., Archo Ind., Hyg. Occupat., Bed. 9, 366-83, Bay 1954.
The purpose of this review is to reevaluate research on the
toxicity of ozone to determine wherein the difficulty lies in the
opposing view-points and to present a clear picture of our
knowledge on ozone toxicity.. The review includes information
on six aspects of ozone: 1. Preparation and properties of
ozone. 2. Analytic procedures in common use. 3. Toxicity and
physilogic responses in animals.. 4» Physiologic effects in man.
5- Limited presentation on the effects of ozone on microorganisms
and carbon monoxide. 6. Sources of human exposures. This
review is concerned chiefly with the factual portions of
scientific reports relating to ozone toxicity,,**
01495
H« E« Stokinger,. W, D. Hagner, P. G. Wright
STUDIES OF OZONE TOXICITY (I. POTENTIATING EFFECTS OF
EXERCISE AND TOLERANCE DEVELOPMENT). A. M. A,. Arch. Ind.
Health 14, 158-62, Aug. 1956..
A striking enhancement of the toxicity of ozone has been
demonstrated in rats and mice when they are exercised
intermittently during exposure. Ozone concentrations of 1 ppm are
fatal in 6 hours in thse species when accompanied by exercise
for 15 minutes each hour during exposure. A marked tolerance to
ozone has also been developed in these species.. The
tolerance is rapidly developed {within 2U hours) and persists for
4 to 6 weeks, as shown by survival from challenging
exposures of lethal magnitude cr upon reexposure to
multilethal doses of ozone and by the absence of characteristic
pulmonary edema and hemmorrhage that regularly follow- such
exposures.. (Author summary)**
690 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
(W98
J, I., Svirbely, 0., J. Dobrogorski, H. E. Stokinger
ENHANCED TOXICITY OF OZONE-HYEBCGHN EEBOXIDE MIXTURES- Am..
Ind., Hyg.. Assoc- J. 22. {1) 21-6, Feb. 1961.
Concern over enhanced toxicity of air pollutant mixtures has led
to the experimental demonstration that hydrogen peroxide
(H202) in concentrations of a few ppm killed animals after
a brief exposure when inhaled with a nonlethal concentration
<(1 ppm) of ozone (03). It was possible also to demonstrate a
moderate degree of protection against otherwise lethal doses of
H202, by a single prior exposure to H202. Moreover, cross
tolerance against the organic peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide
was afforded also by a prior exposure to H202. Particularly
noteworthy, was a tolerance produced by a prior exposure to 03 to
mixtures of H202 and 03, despite the fact that such
mixtures normally show enhanced toxicity.##
OU588
«„ S. Spicer, Jr.
THE COMPLEXITY OF THE RELATIONSHIP EITWEEN SIB POLLUTION AND
BESPIEATOBY HEALTH- Proc. Natlu Conf.. Air Pollution,
Washington, D.C.. 1962., pp., 126-36.. 1963.,
The research reported is based on actual studies. It represents
one way of evaluating the relationship between air
pollution and respiratory health. However, the results obtained
have direct application to ether methods of study now in use.,
The unraveling of the pressing problem of the relationship between
air pollution and respiratory health will reguire the combined
coordinate effort of many disciplines.##
OU6U5
L. G. Hayne
EYE IBBITATION AS A BIOLOGICAL INDICATOB OF PHOTOCHEMICAL
REACTIONS IN THE ATMOSPHEBE. Atmos. Environ. 1, (2) 97-104,
Mar- 1967., (Presented at the Symposium on Photochemical
Aspects of Air Pollution, Cincinnati, Ohio, Apr. 1965,,)
Studies involving the guantitation of eye irritation produced by
experimental exposure of humans to synthetic atmospheres are
discussed.. The principal methods used are panel measurements of
intensity,, threshold, or response delay. Advantages and
difficulties of each method are reviewed, as well as
characteristics of the data generated and appropriate means of
manipulating the data., Evidence regarding the possible chemical
identity of irritants in photochemical smog is discussed, leading
to the conclusion that not all observed eye irritation is accounted
F. Effects - Human Health 691
-------
for by additive effect of formaldehyde, acrolein, and peroxyacyl
nitrates. Implications of the findings for air pollution control
policies are considered- As one of the undesirable manifestations
of photochemical smog, eye irritation has been the subject of a
number of studies in recent years. This article reviews several
of these studies with particular reference to those aspects
relevant to air pollution research and air pollution control
policy. (Author abstract}##
04650
Fo L. Estes
THE EFFECT OF INITIAL CONCENTSATIOH OF BEACTANTS ON THE EIOLOGICAL
EFFECTIVENESS OF PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION PRODUCTS. Atmos.
Environ. 1, (2) 159-71, Mar. 1967.,
Synthetic air pollution mixtures were produced ty the
irradiation of air containing nitrogen dioxide and butene-1 in
an all-glass flowing system. The percentage of butene-1 consumed
increased with the initial nitrogen dioxide concentration in
the range of 2.. 3 to 4,,5 ppm. Further increase in the nitrogen
dioxide concentration led to less butene disappearance.,
After the first 40-60 min of irradiation, the amount of
butene and of nitrogen dioxide which disappeared was constant..
This observation, along with the small variations in oxidant
analysis,, suggested that photochemical products were not
markedly changed with time., The amount of the reactants consumed
and the inhibition of the subsequent growth of E.coli was a
function of the initial ratio of the reactants. A butene-nitrogen
dioxide ratio of 20 was most inhibiting. On doubling the
concentration of the reactants, the inhibition factor
'doubled also.. When the activity was determined with a
glutamate substrate, the decrease in activity of glutamic
dehydrogenase was linear vith tirce cf exposure of the enzyme.,
The activity of the enzyme was less inhibited in the reverse dir-
ection with an alpha-keto glutarate substrate. (Author abstract) ##
04698
S. D. Murphy
MECHANISPI OF THE EFFECT OF ACROLEIN ON BAT LIVER ENZYMES.
Toxicol. Appl. Fharmocol. 7 (6) 833-43, Nov. 1965.
(Presented in part at the Third Annual Meeting, Society of
Toxicology, Williamsburg, Va. , Mar. 9-11, 1964.)
Liver alkaline phosphatase and tyrosine-a-ketoglutarate
transaminase activities were markedly increased in rats at 5-12
hours after injection or inhalation of acrolein. These
effects could be prevented or substantially reduced by prior
adrenalectcmy or hypophysectomy or by pretreatment of the animals
with chemicals which inhibit protein synthesis. The data
suggest that the irritant action of acrolein stimulates the
pituitary-adrenal system, leading to hypersecretion of
glucocorticoids which act to induce or stimulate the sythesis of
increased amounts of the enzyme proteins by the liver.##
692 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
OD709
?„ H. Pigdon and J. Neal
ABSORPTION AND EXCRETION OF EENZPYRINE OBSERVATIONS IN THE DUCK,
CHICKEN, MOOSE AND DOG. Texas Heft. Biol. Bed. 21, (2)
217-61, 1963. {Presented at the Annual Meeting, American
Association for Cancer Research, Southwestern Section, New
Orleans, La., Nov. 16-17, 1962.)
Large amounts of benzpyrene crystals and/or benzpyrene suspended
in a physiologic solution of sodium chloride with a 1 per cent
solution of polysorbate 80 have teen given orally to ducks,
chickenc, mice and dogs and intratracheally to ducks with no
noticeable acute injurious effect, Benzpyrene has been
demonstrated spectrophotcmetrically in the blood and bile of the
chickens and dogs and in the blood of the duck. The presence
of this hydrocarbon in the blood and biles is influenced by the
interval elapsing between the injecting of the benzpyrene and the
tiae the sample was obtained. The skin of the chicken and mouse
has a definite blue fluorescence with ultraviolet light following
oral administration of benzpyrene. The mesentery, gallbladder,
kidney and urine of the mice fluoresce. The kidney of the chicken
and duck likewise fluoresces. Macroscopic observations of tissues
with ultraviolet light and photography of the specimen may be
helpful in the biological study of hydrocarbons. (Author
summary) #f
01738
S. A. Thomas
AEROSPACE TOXICOLOGICAL RESEARCH. Proc. NATO AGARD Conf.
(Paris) (2) 259-78, Sept. 1965.
The major areas of aerospace toxicology such as propellant
toxicology, environmental pollution, and space cabin environment
are reviewed. Because of the short duration, high level, and
infreguent exposures, the industrial Threshold limit Values are
meaningless. The philosophy of emergency exposure assumes that no
one will be intentionally exposed to high concentrations of
propellant vapors under ordinary conditions; if there is
exposure, subjective and objective symptomatology may occur, but
pathology should be reversible and the performance of the operator
must not be impaired. Valuable information from the aerospace
toxicological research projects include: exposure data that can be
applied to community air pollution problems, new high-energy
propellants which are potential pharmacological research tools, and
a tetter understanding of the oxygen toxicity problem. ##
F. Effects -Human Health 693
-------
04852
K. I. Campbell, G. I. Clarke, I. 0. Emik, and R. L.
Plata
ACDTE INHALATION TOXICITY OF THE ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINANT
PEKOXYACETYI NITEATE TO MICE. Preprint. 1967.
The acute inhalation toxicity of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), a
photochemical air pollutant, was studied using A-strain mice-
The median lethal concentration (LC50) based on 2-hour
exposures at 80 F and mortality observed for 4 weeks was
estimated at 106 ppi. Lethal potency of PAN appears to be
approximately comparable tc that of N02, greater than that of
S02 and less than that of 03,. Exposures at concentrations near
median lethal potency characteristically produced a delayed
mortality pattern, most deaths occurring in the second and third
week. Lethal toxicity was greater in older than in young mice,
and at higher than at lower temperatures, but was not influenced
appreciably by relative humidity,, #t
04964
S- N. Bokaw and F. Hassey
AIR POLLDTION AND CHRONIC RESPIEATOFY DISEASE. Am. Rev.,
Hespirat. Diseases 86, (5) 703-4, Nov. 1962., (Presented at the
Fifth California Air Pollution Medical Research Conference,
Los Angeles, Dec, 4, 1961.)
This report summarizes 18 months of a longitudinal study of the
effects of environmental variables en pulmonary function in a
relatively stable group of severely involved, chronic respiratory
patients.. Concurrently, a partial study of pulmonary responses
to environment was made in subjects with no known respiratory
impairments, selected from hospital personnel. The study was
conducted at the Rancho Los Amigos Hospital, a chronic disease
center for the County of los Angeles. The data resulting from
the studies of the patients and collected from the environmental
monitoring eguipnent were validated and transmitted for
biostatistical analysis at the Western Data Processing Center.
Programing designed for the IBM 7090 was employed. Methods of
combinatorial analysis and multiple regression were employed to
detect relationships between the observed variations in pulmonary
function test results and the conditions at the time of and during
various periods preceding the time of testing, i.e., 24, 48, or 82
hours prior time blocks.##
04966L
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA FOR THE PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS. Public
Health Service, Washington, D.C., Division of Air
Pollution. Sept. 1966. 276 pp.,
694 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
This document surveys published (and about to be published)
scientific information on the occurrence of photochemical oxidants
in polluted air and the effects of those oxidants on various
receptors. On the basis of this survey, criteria are presented
for the informational use of municipal. State, and interstate air
pollution control agencies. The sources of the photochemical
oxidants, methods of measurements, and typical atmospheric
concentrations in various communities are described.. Current
information on the relationship between the
photochemical oxidants and eye irritation and other effects on
humans, various effects on animals and plants, effects on
materials, and effects on visibility (haze formation) are
summarized. This review includes results of both laboratory
studies and ambient air exposure studies, and, for man, the
results of industrial and experimental exposures and the findings
of clinical and epidemiological studies. Tables summarize the
reported effects of ambient photochemical smog. Supplemental
data are provided to cover the effects of pure ozone or peroxyacyl
nitrates—both important atmospheric photochemical oxidants—on
plants, animals, and humans exposed in laboratory studies by
various investigators. A bibliography at the end of the document
lists the important references reviewed in its preparation.
(Author introduction modified)**
05116
«. F.. Serat, F. E_ Budinger, Jr., and P. K. Mueller
EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS BY USE OF
IUMINESCENT BACTERIA . J. Bacteriol. 90, (3) 832-3, Sept. 1665.
There is a need for an objective and rapid method for measuring
and defining cytclogical damage caused by air pollutants.
Bioluminescent bacteria fulfill well the requirements of a test
subject in bioassay, insofar, as they are easily cultured, stable
tc normal experimental procedures, and produce a response light,
the intensity of which can be measured with great sensitivity.
Experiments were performed using two complete Pyrex glassware
systems- One allowed closed circulation of irradiated gas
mixtures over the bacterial cells on agar, and the other
circulated a nonirradiated mixture. Neither clean ambient air
nor irradiated synthetic air produced significant losses in
luminescence of bacterial cells. Cn two separate occasions when
visible air pollution was evident in the local atmosphere, ambient
air was drawn over the cells, resulting in significant losses in
luminescence. Thus, luminescent bacteria respond to toxicants in
polluted air.##
05161
S. Hiyata
THE INTERACTION EETVEEN ALBUMIN AND HEAVY METAL IONS. Japan
0. Ind. Health (Tokyo) 2, (6) U9-55, June 1960. Jap.
F. Effects - Human Health 695
-------
EDTA and Ca-EDTA were found to have the ability to form stable
complexes with Cd, Pb, and Hn stoichiometrically at pH 700 in
a polarographic study of the interactions between albumin and heavy
albumin and heavy metal ions.. The effect of Ca-EDTA upon the
combination of the metals with albumin was studied under various
conditions for the purpose of clarifying the significance of
CaEDTfl as an accelerator of heavy-metal excretion. Cadmium
combined with bovine serum albumin at the imidazol group, but this
combination was inhibited by tris {hydroxymethyl} -aminomethane..
The combination of plumbus ions with albumin was completely
inhibited oy tartaric ions. EDTA CaEDTA reacted also with
the cadmium or lead combined with bovine serum albumin. (Author
summary modified) #t
05176
!„ G. Wayne
THE" CHEHISTEY OF DHBAN ATMOSPHEEES ([TECHNICAL PBOGEESS
BEFOET-VOLUME III). los Angeles County Air Pollution
District, Calif. Dec., 1962.. 223 pp.
A major part of the research conducted by the Los Angeles
County Air Pollution Control District has been concerned with
the effects of fuel composition on smog, potencies of various
compounds as precursors of eye irritation, identification and study
of reaction products in photochemical systems, and plant bioassay
of polluted atmospheres. These studies have been supplemented by
research projects of other institutions., The objectives, methods,
and findings of such recent research in smog chemistry comprise the
subject matter of the following chapters. The status of research
dealing with eye irritation as a manifestation of photochemical
smog, including some discussion of the biometric concepts involved
in the measurement of eye irritation are discussed in Chapter 2.
Various suggestions as to the chemical identity of the eye
irritants are critically considered. Harmful effects of smog on
plants are discussed in Chapter 3. Participation of various
primary and secondary contaminants in the photochemical reactions
in smog is studied in Chapter 4. Detailed consideration is
given to the light-absorbing characteristics of primary pollutants
and the chemical consequences of light absorption. Evidence
about the development of photochemical products as secondary
pollutants is critically reviewed, with special attention to the
role and identity of a unigue class of compounds, first discovered
in the course of smog research, known originally as "Compound
X". A reaction catalogue has been compiled (Chapter 5) listing
the elementary reactions known or suspected to be important in the
development of photochemical smog. The experimental evidence
regarding the importance of airborne particulate matter in the
chemistry of air pollution is reviewed-in Chapter 6., ##
05203
H. McDermott
AIP POLLUTION AND PUBLIC HEALTH. Sci. Am. 205, 49-57, Oct. 1961..
696 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Sir pollution as it affects human health is discussed in broad
terns. Incomplete combustion is regarded as the major source of
pollutants deleterious to nan, and the automobile contribute
heavily in this regard. Topography and geography combine to
produce thermal inversions causing the formation of smog as seen
particularly in Los Angeles. Research and epidemiological
studies indicate a continually increasing connection between air
pollution and respiratory disease, such as bronchitis and
emphysema. The incidents which occurred at Donora and London
showed conclusively that air pollution can have a profound effect
on persons with a pre-existing respiratory ailment. It is
suggested that a citizens' movement is required to provide the
impetus necessary to minimize air pollution.##
05211
A. P. Krueger, S_ Kotaka. and P. C. Andriese
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OP GASEOUS IONS.
Intern. J. Eioueteorol. 6, (1) 33-48, 1962.
This paper reviews seme of the evidence pertaining to the
biological effects of gaseous ions. Experimental data now
available warrant the conclusion that reproducible biological
effects occur in a variety of living forms including
microorganisms, higher plants, insects, animals and man. The
responses generally are limited in extent and to indict air ions as
their sole cause requires great care in defining the experimental
conditions. Some progress has been made in detecting the
fundamental biochemical reactions associated with ion-induced
physiological changes. The ready availability of excellent
apparatus for generation and aeasureroent of air-ions, coupled with
present-day knowledge about their properties, makes critical
experimentation possible. eSAuthor abstract modified)
0529K
05294
C. H. Pan, J. H- Cast, and F. L. Estes
A COMPARATIVE PROCEDURE FOE EVALUATING ANTIBICROEIAL ACTIVITY CJ
GASEODS AGENTS . Appl. Hicrobiolo 9, (1) «5-5«, Jan., 1961..
(Presented at the 59th General Meeting, Society of American
Bacteriologists, St. Louis, Bo., Kay 1959.)
A dynamic method for comparison of the antimicrobial activities of
gaseous agents is proposed. Specially designed apparatuses for
multiple exposure and growth of organisms are described and the
validity of the method is discussed. Three gases, ethylene oxide,
methyl bromide, and formaldehyde, and five bacteria, Escherichia
coli. Bacillus cereus. Bacillus megaterium. Bacillus
licheniformis, and Staphylccoccus aureus, were tested and compared
; typical data are presented to demonstrate the results.
Application of this dynamic method for the investigation of the
nechanism of action of gas sterilization is suggested.##
F. Effects - Human Health 697
-------
05295
D. B. Pace, J. K. Thompson, E. T. Aftonomos, and H.
G. 0, Hoick
THE EFFECTS OF N02 AND SALTS OF N02 UPON ESTABLISHED CELL
LINES . Can J. Biochem. Physiol. (Ottawa) 39, 1247-55,
1961.
The effects of several concentrations of "N02, NaN03, and
NaN02 respectively, upon strain L, mouse liver cells, and
HeLa cells, were studied and a modified system designed to permit
continuous exposure of cells to air pollutants is described. In
NCTC medium 109 containing serum, cells tolerate concentrations
of N02 up to 1100 p.p.m. and some may even tolerate 8600 p.poUi.
Removal of the serum lowers the lethal concentration of N02 to
less than 100 p.p.. «„ If the cells were covered only by a thin
film of BSS (balanced salt solution) medium, a concentration of
100 p.p.m. N02 proved toxic within 1/2 hour. If, however, the
N02 concentration was reduced to 5 or 10 p.p.m., cells survided a
daily 8-hour exposure but many, if not most, of the cells were dead
after several days. The presence of as little as 25 mg* NaN02
retarded proliferation. On the other hand, NaN03 was
tolerated well in the three cell lines tested; HeLa cells seemed
to be the most sensitive of the cell strains with respect to these
salts. {Author abstract)t#
05297
J. Pemberton
AIB POLLUTION AS A POSSIBLE CAUSE OF BRONCHITIS AND LUNG CANCER.
J. Hyg., Epidemiol.,,, Hicrobiol., Immunol. (Prague) 5, 189-9
-------
effects of a sudden increase in air pollution. In a very large
city the daily deaths from bronchitis may be obviously increased as
they were in London after the great four day smog of December
1952 when the weekly deaths ascribed to bronchitis went up from 7U
in the week preceding the sicg to 704 in the week of the smog. It
was known that men who already have chrnoic bronchitis are often
made worse when the level of pollution increases suddenly. It
was found that on two occasions when there was a sudden rise in
the pollution level that there was a marked increase in the
number of men with bronchitis whc became more ill. The third
index used was the number of men with new attacks of bronchitis
each day. also the annual incidence of deaths from bronchitis and
from lung cancer in different wards of Sheffield and of Belfast
in relation to mean pollution levels was studied. The fact that
bronchitis and lung cancer are commoner in the more polluted parts
of some cities does not of course establish that air pollution is a
cause of these diseases. There are ether conditions associated
with high levels of air pollution such as low income and
overcrowding and these may be the real causes™ When the method of
partial correlation was applied to a much larger amount of data
from 28 big towns however, the positive correlation that remained
(at the 1 percent level) were: 1. Lung cancer mortality and smoke pollution;
2. Lung cancer mortality and persons per acre; and 3. Bronchitis mortality and
smoke pollution. To sum up, the observations and the publications of other
workers strongly suggest that air pollution is one of the causes of death from
bronchitis and of exacerbations of it. Air pollution may also be one of the
causes of lung cancer although the evidence for this is not conclusive.
0536K
H. T.. Freebairn
THE TOXICITT OF OZONE, ft CONSTITUENT OF "SHOG". J. Sppl.
fiutr.. 12. «1) 2-13B 1959.,
Ozone among other toxicants has been conclusively demonstrated to
be present in abnormally high concentrations in the polluted
atmospheres of a number of American cities. In Los Angeles,
concentrations of ozone are present during repeated attacks of
air pollution which, under controlled laboratory experiments, have
been shown to affect aninals and damage plants.. These
concentrations are Fresen'tly at the border line of man" s
susceptibility and an increased concentration or duration of
exposure to ozone in the Los Angeles atmosphere could cause
injury to human beings. Ozone can be classified as a specific
inhibitor and it possesses a "toxic activity" which indicates that
it is more active than hydrogen cyanide as a poison. Ozone not
only destroys the outer cell membranes'of living organisms but also
reversibly and irreversibly inhibits mitochondrial oxygen uptake.
There is a suggestion that the reversible inhibition is enzymatic
and that the natural resistance of a cell is related to the size
of the metabolic pool of reducing substances capable of countering
the oxidizing effects of ozone. (Author conclusion modified)##
F. Effects -Human Health 699
-------
05391
Saric, M.
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE AS A FACTOE IN BESPIBATOEY IMPAIBMENT. Arhiv.
Hig. Bada Toksikol (Yugoslavia). 1U, 327-60, 1963.
A review of the literature data on the effect of specific
substances common in industry as environmental pollutants upon
respiratory organs is presented. Included are such topics as
respiratory diseases caused by gases, vapors and mist, the
physiological action of irritating chemicals, and occupational lung
cancer. Chronic bronchitis in industry is discussed separately,
especially from the point of view of long-term effects of irritant
gases and inert dust exposure. A part of the review relates to the
diagnostic problems of bronchitis, as well as to the study of the
so-called obstructive ventilatory diseases of the lung in relation
to occupation.
0553D
Amdur, (!„ 0.
THE BESPIBATOBY BESPONSE OP GUINEA PIGS TO HISTAMINE AEEOSOI. Arch.
Enviorn. Health 13, 29-37, July 1966.
The effect of histamine aerosols on the respiration of guinea pigs
was measured. The response, which was graded with the level of
histamine, consisted of an increase in pulmonary flow resistance, a
decrease in compliance, tidal volume, and minute volume. The
effect on respiratory frequency depended on both the concentration
and the duration of exposure. Lower concentrations tended to
increase the frequency while higher concentrations produced an
initial increase followed by a decrease.. The changes in respiration
could be quite major and yet were very quickly reversed when the
exposure terminated,. The overall effect on respiration was
qualitatively different from that observed in response to irritants
such as sulfur dioxide, acetic acid, formaldehyde, or formic acid.
The response to ozone is similar to that of low levels of histamine
as is the response of animals with acute hypersensitivity when
challenged with an aerosol of the protein to which they are
sensitive. '(Author summary}
05538
Coffin, D. L,., Gardner, D. E. , Holzman, E. So, and
Wolock, ?. J.
INFLUENCE OF OZONE ON PDLMONABY CELLS. Arch. Environ. Health,
16(5) : 633-636, Kay 1968. 16 refs. (Presented at the 60th Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Cleveland, Ohio, June
11-16, 1967, Paper 67-23.)
Previous studies have shewn that exposure to ozone enhances the
mortality from experimental infection and prolongs the survival of
700
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
bacteria within the lung. To determine the mediators of these
phenomena, the conposition and phagocytic activity of pulmonary
cells were studied by lavaging the lungs of rabbits exposed to
varying amounts of ozone. A marked influx of heterophilic
leukocytes resulted frca ozone exposure- This change was
accompanied by a complementary decrease in percent of alveolar
«acrophages with no appreciable alteration in lymphocytes. Hhen
streptococci were instilled into the lungs of ozone exposed,
anesthetized rabbits 30 minutes prior to lavage, a pronounced
inhibition of phagocytic activity was noted. (Authors] abstract)
05584
P. Kotin and H. L. Palk
IOCAL AND SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO EXPERIMENTAL EXPOSURE TO
ATMOSPHEBIC POLLUTANTS. Proc. Natl. Air Pollution Synp.,
3rd, Pasadena, Calif,, 141-9 (1955).
Eats, dogs, rabbits, and huoians were exposed to artificially
produced smog. The smog was first produced by exposing
hydrocarbons to oxides of nitrogen in the presence of artificial or
natural sunlight. This method was subsequently superseded by
using gasoline and ozone. Exposure periods in most cases were
short, being measured i'n hours rather than days. Sollutant
concentrations were high, with concentrations being increased from
ten to a hundred times those seen in naturally occurring polluted
air. The first part of the report is concerned with studies on
the acute and* subacute responses and the second with the chronic,
cumulative, prolonged, or carcinogenic responses. It is concluded
that smog in naturally occurring concentrations produces no
demonstrable physiologic or morphologic changes in presumably
healthy animal species. Studies on humans, using 100 1 plastic
tags filled with snog, indicate that exposure to realistic
concentrations produces negligible blood gas changes with minimal
alterations in residual air. In contrast to the acute level,
however, the data suggest that the atmosphere as a source of
biologic morbidity is capable of being incriminated from a chronic
or potentially carcinogenic viewpoint.##
05637
Hine, C. H. and Meyers, F. H.
THE HUHAN SUBJECT AND AIR POLLUTION FESESRCH. Preprint. (Presented
at a Session of the Air Pollution Medical Research Conference on
"Epidemiologic Studies of Obstructive Pulmonary Disease," Los
Angeles, Calif., Dec, 4, 1961.)
In evaluating the possible effects of air pollution on the
community, a variety of situations have been studied. Measurements
have been made of meteorological, chemical and physical phenomena,
the possible effects on vegetation, changes in morbidity, and
behavior of domestic and laboratory animals™ However, when it
cones to a study of the effects of air pollutants on man, there is
no experimental sodel which will substitute for a study of man
F. Effects - Human Health 701
-------
himself, A number of methods have been applied by investigators in
studying man. These may be divided into two general approaches,
epidemiological and individual. Hith regard to the former, it has
been possible to gain some objective data relative to responses
among select portions of the population, not necessarily confined
to laboratory setting. Thus, it has been possible to study the
individual in an ambulatory state, at his home or in special places
of confinement, such as in hospitals and rest homes. This approach
has the advantage of studying relatively large groups of subjects
in their natural, or not too artificial, setting. It has the
disadvantage of being difficult to regulate the environment to
which they are exposed. Methods used in evaluating sensory
threshold responses consist of summation of subjective impressions
of trained subjects to their degree of response in terms of eye
irritation, nose irritation, pulmonary discomfort, olfactory
cognition, and central nervous system effects. These are recorded
at appropriate time intervals during the exposure period on a check-
off chart, the measurements of which extend over a five-fold scale
ranging from "absent" to "extreme", A summary of these data for
acrolein, ozone, and sulfur dioxide are presented. It is concluded
from this data that measurements of pulmonary function by standard
techniques is unlikely to give significant responses in the
presence of air pollutants in realistic concentrations, and that a
more sensitive technique for recording changes in respiratory
mechanics, such as the body plethysmograph, will be required.
Similar studies applied to persons both diseased and well, and
exposed over a long period of time are needed.
05680
E. B, Darley, J. T, Middleton, and B. J. Garber
PLANT DAMAGE AND EYE IRBITATIOH EBOH OZONE-HYDEOCARBON REAC-
TIONS., Agr. Food Chem. 8, (6) 1)83-5, Dec. 1960. (Presented
at the 136th Meeting, American Chemical Society, Atlantic
City, N. Jo, Sept. 1959.)
Gas phase reaction products of several ozone-hydrocarbon mixtures,
including mono-olefins, a diolefin, and aromatics, were assessed
for their relative ability to damage pinto bean plants and to
irritate eyes. Plant damage was obtained from all reactions whose
products, after cleavage at the double bond, contained three or
more carbon atoms; ozone reactions with propylene and 2-butene
produced no phytotoxicant. Injury was markedly reduced by
attaching a methyl group at the double bond of a straight-chain
olefin; however, there was no difference in injury between cis- and
trans- forms of a given olefin. None of the reactions irritated
eyes above that amount reported for clean, carbon-filtered air.##
05752
Princi, F.
BEDICA1 PEBSPEC1IVE IN ATMOSPHERIC HYGIENE. J. Am- Med.
Assoc., Vol. 182, p. 650-655, Ncv. 10, 1962. .(Presented at the
111th Annual Meeting,, American Medical Association, Chicago,
111.,, Oune 25, 1962.)
702
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Hedical literature on air pollution has become overwhelming and
persuasive.. By implication, the practicing physician is advised
that crippling and death-dealing disease is being produced, on all
sides, by both known and unknown chemicals in the atmosphere™ An
outstanding example of this is the confusion concerning chronic
bronchitis- The disease is not only poorly defined,, but there is
also confusion concerning its cause- For years, tobacco smoking,
sinusitis, postnasal drip, alcoholism,, infection, organic and
inorganic irritants, and so forth have been regarded as causative
agents in its production. It is said to be characterized by
changes in the epithelial mucosa of the tracheo-bronchial tree, and
by the expectoration of increasing amounts of sputum of variable
consistency. Yet, even this common definition is interpreted
differently by different observers. To suggest merely that the
incidence of a disease or disease condition is related
mathematically to the increase in soot-fall or lower visibility is
not helpful to either patients or physicians. The substance in the
air that is under suspicion must be examined critically from the
point of view of both chemical and physical characteristics.. When
the component has been identified and classified, its effects must
then be measured both in the atmosphere and in the laboratory.
There are times when laboratory results are not confirmed in
environmental exposures, and vice versa. A remarkable example of
this is the fact that acrolein and formaldehyde do not account for
all eye irritations in smog, although they appear to do so in
simple laboratory systems.. About a year ago the steps essential to
decisive statesmanship in t-he field of atmospheric hygiene were
listed as follows: (a) ft precise statement of the essential
characteristics of the environmental problem; (b) An appraisal by
competent professional groups of the real and apparent health
aspects of the various factors involved; (c) The development of
suitable standardized methods for the analysis of exotic chemicals;
(d) The design and promulgation cf criteria of health,, safety, and
comfort in the environment; and {e) The toxicological effects of
the substances finding their way into the environment must be
assessed on a continuing basis by professional groups, preferably
rooted in voluntary health agencies rather than government.
05792
P. R. Merrifield and 1,. M. Graham
THE STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF EYE IEEITATION. Air Pollution
Control Assoc. Proc., Seni-Ann- Tech. Conf., San
Francisco, Calif.., 1957., pp. 17-36.
In the growth of air pollution research, the measurement of eye
irritation has become increasingly important. The indices of eye
irritation would appear to have the functions of serving as:
criteria of the intensity of air pollution or as indicators of the
extent to which control procedures must go to minimize the
reporting of eye irritations by the relatively sensitive segment of
the population. The desirable characteristics and procedures for
their use are discussed.. Froi review and analysis of previous
investigations of methods of measurement, a study was begun with
plans to collect the aercmatic and eye irrational data in terms of
a multrivariate design for correlation and analysis. The aim of
the study was to find the lowest concentration of atmospheric
F. Effects - Human Health 703
-------
variables that was sufficient to produce eye irritation- A
dilution technique was employed to obtain different stimulus
levels., The statistical analysis of reports of irritation was
performed for each subject separately. The stimulus level for
each presentation was computed as the product of the measured
amount of constituent in the ambient atmosphere and the
proportion of the unfiltered air in the mixture being presented
when the subject reported eye irritation. A table showing
threshold values for each atmospheric constituent, obtained using
the method of minimal change is given., A forced method of
determining thresholds was also begun. Although the data
processing is incomplete, impressions of the possible effects of
particulate matter on the threshold indicate that removal of
particulates and gaseous irritants are necessary to decrease eye
irritation.##
05811
M. Sherman
TOXICITY OF NITROGEN OXIDES (SITH SUGGESTIONS FOE FUBTHEB
RESEARCH}., Preprint. (1961).
A general survey of the known facts and suggestions for further
research are included- The topics discussed are nitric oxide,
nitrogen dioxide, acute and chronic toxicity, pathologic features,
studies of eye irritation, and nitrogen pentoxide. Considerations
for future research include: acute and toxicity studies, effect of
concentration and time, and nitrogen oxides with other smog
components.##
05819
Schuck, E. A. and N.. A, Renzetti
EYE IBRITATIONS FOBBED DDRING PHOTOOXIDATION OF HYDBOCRBEONS IK
THE PRESENCE OF OXIDES OF NITSOGEN. (J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc.,) 10 (1J, 389-92 (Oct. 1960). (Presented at the 53rd An-
nual Conference, Air Pollution Control Association, Cincinna-
ti, Ohio, May 22-26, 1960.)
Individual hydrocarbons were irradiated with near-ultraviolet light
in the presence of nitrogen dioxide., Two products of the
photooxidations, formaldehyde and acrolein, were found to be eye
irritents and to account for the majority of the observed eye
irritation found in the photooxidized systems studied. At the
concentrations present in the photooxidized mixtures, epoxides,
most aldehydes, ketones, nitrites, Ketene, ozone, alkyl nitrates,
and acyl nitrates were not eye irritants. Terminal olefins in
general led to the greatest amounts of irritation. Internal
olefins were of lesser importance in the formation of eye irritants
in spite of their rapid rates of reaction. Saturates did not
contribute to eye irritation because of their slew rates of
reaction. (Author summary modified)
704 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
05833
Goldsmith, J, B.
AIR CONSERVATION—THE BIOLOGIST'S VIEH. Preprint. (Presented at
the American Association for the Advancement of Science Meeting,
Cleveland, Ohio, Dec., 29, 1963.,}
The biologist's choice choice of the relevant facts that have been
established as well as related hypotheses which represent plausible
questions for additional study are indicated in outline form- In
addition to these findings,, there is suggestive evidence leading to
the hypothesis that air pollution may be associated with life
shortening in experimental animals and perhaps also in humans,, and
the possibility that air pollutants lead to the increased body
burden of potentially harmful substances has been much discussed.
Han'fls biological heritage is one of adaptability. He have adapted
physically and biochemically, we have adapted to cultural change we
have developed intellectual resources to understand what goes on
about us, and to derive predictions from this understanding. We
now have the grave obligation to adapt our attitude in light of our
knowledge about the atmosphere, and to set to work on air
conservation while time permits..
05901
Penzetti, N. A. and Bryan, B. J.
ATMOSPHEBIC SAMPLING FOB JLDEEYDES AND EYE IBBITATION IN LOS
ANGELES SMOG - 1960., J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 11 (9) , M21-4,
127 (Sept., 1961) .
The purpose of the experimental program reported in this paper is
to provide an intensive test of the model (rationalizing the
observed eye irritation with experimentally determined irritation
frcm formaldehyde and acrolein) by extensive analyses of smog in
situ for aldehyde concentrations with simultaneous observations on
severity of eye irritation. Czone and oxidant production was
demonstrated to take place in natural ground-level air which had
been drawn into a 72-liter flask. This production was sufficient
to produce a concentration of cxidant of the same order of
Magnitude as that found in the ambient outdoor air. Oxidant
production occurred both in natural air which was irradiated with
visible light in the laboratory and in that which was not
irradiated. A similar dark phase oxidant production was observed
in synthetic atmospheres. In these cases the reactants were first
irradiated in the laboratory and oxidant production was observed in
the subsequent dark phase. The use of carbonyl compounds in these
experiments holds promise, and one of the synthetic atmospheres
utilized in this study which showed dark phase oxidant production
was clean air plus 1 1/2 ppm of isobutyraldehyde. (Author summary
nodified)
F. Effects -Human Health 705
-------
C5913
Carey, G» C. R.,, Phair, J. J«, Shephard, B« J., and Thomson, M..
I.
TBE EFFECTS OF All POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH-
Am., Ind., Hyg. Assoc. J. J9, 363-70 (Oct. 1958),.
This paper presents a preliminary report of the third survey of a
group of three undertaken in 1955-56 in Cincinnati. Cardio-
respiratory cripples were selected as subjects and each was visited
three times a week by a nurse who obtained the necessary clinical
and environmental measurements. Smoke, gaseous acid, temperature,
and humidity were measured hourly at three different areas of the
town and in the patients homes. Each patient was asked to complete
a diary sheet six hourly regarding symptoms such as shortness of
breath,, coughing, and wheezing., At each visit a series of lung
function tests were carried out including: (a) maximum inspiratory
and expiratory pressures, {b} timed vital capacity, and (c) carbon
monoxide diffusion. It was found that average daily indoor smoke
values of 50 percent or more in excess of mean values were
experienced during the periods October 12 to 17, and November 18 to
20» One day of very high smoke (150 percent in excess of normal)
was experienced on December t.. The patients appear to have reacted
significantly to the October and December episodes, although their
reactions to the November episode are mixed. In both the October
and December episodes, the most striking feature seems to be a
prolonged fall in CO uptake commencing about five days after the
peak of pollution and persisting for about a week., Measurements of
timed vital capacity and of pulmonary pressures do not show clearly
defined changes in the patients as a group. However, about 110,000
observations of environmental conditions and patient reactions were
obtained and another year will be required before final conclusions
can be drawn.
0592U
Elum, Ho F..
FFFICTS OF ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT ON KAN., In: Seminar on Human
Biometeorology. National Cancer Inst., Princeton, N. Jn (PHS Publ.
No., 999-AP-25..) {Presented at the Seminar on Hunan Biometeorology,
Cincinnati, Ohio, Jan., 1«-17, 1961*,.) 1967., pp., 73-9,,
Ultraviolet light produces a variety of changes in the skin, the
relationships between which are obscure™ These include the
erythema and tanning of sunburn, the production of vitamin D, and
the induction of skin cancer., Rore than one photochemical reaction
is concerned, but the site of these must be in the epidermis. The
injurious effects of ultraviolet light probably outweigh any
beneficial ones., (Author;js abstract)
706 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
05927
Kornblueh, I. H.
AIP IONS AND HUMAN HEALTH. (In: Seminar on Human Biometeorology.)
Pennsylvania Univ.t Philadelphia, Dept. of Physical Medicine and
Rehabilitation. (PHS Publ,,p No, 999-AP-25.) (Presented at the
Seminar on Human Bicmeteorology, Cincinnati, Ohio, Jan. 14-17,
1964.) 1967,. pp.. 145-59.
Air ions in relation to health and medical treatment are discussed..
Distribution: In the outdoors environment one finds both positive
and negative polarities. Polluted city air shows excessive amounts
of large ions, both positive and negative, at the expense of small
ones, which are common in clean air in the country. A greater
concentration of small icns of both polarities is found in the
mountains because of increased U7 and cosmic radiation. Outdoor
conditions with respect to polluted air are similar to those found
indoors, i.e., the number of light, small ions of both polarities
decreases in relation to the intermediate and large Langevin types
with decrease in ventilation.. Medical applications: Hay fever
victims show substantial but not lasting improvement and ionization
does not cure this disease. Patients with bronchial asthma due to
airborne allergens also benefit from ionization., In the case of
burn treatment, ionizaticn produces sedating, drying, and
deodorizing effects. Treatment of postoperative patients with
negative ions indicated pain-relieving and sedating gualities.
06011
H. A. Partridge, J. H. Stebbings, Jr., H. E. Elsea,
and H. Winkelstein
ODTBHEAK OF ACDTE EYE IEKITATICN ASSOCIATED WITH AIB POLLUTION.
Public Health Eept. (0. S.) 81 (2): 153-8 (Feb. 1966).
(Presented at the Annual Convention, Medical Society of the
Sate of New York, New York City, Feb. 14, 1964.)
An outbreak of acute, severe eye irritation in Buffalo, N.Y.,
occurred on September 18, 1963. In a random sample of the
residential population of the industrial neighborhood where the
initial complaints arose, the attack rate was 15 percent. The
rate was 48% for persons exposed outdoors 10 minutes or more and
only 255 for those remaining outdoors less than 10 minutes. A
stagnating anticyclone associated with five consecutive nocturnal
inversions dominated meteorologic conditions in Buffalo for 6
days before the episode. Twenty-nine egually strong inversions
and 15 instances of 5 or more consecutive nocturnal inversions
had occurred, however, during the previous 2 years without
evidence of illness associated with air pollution. It was
hypothesized that on the morning of the episode a Hewson
fumigation brought a concentrated layer of irritating pollutants
abruptly to ground level, causing the eye irritation. (Authors"
summary) ##
F. Effects -Human Health 707
-------
06020
L. E, Smith
INHALATION OF THE PHOTOCHEMICSI SMCG COKPOUND PEBOXY ACETY.L
NITRATI. Am. J., Public Health 55 (9) : 1460-1468, (Sept.
1965) .
The objective of this project was to determine whether the
photochemically produced compound PJN, a natural component of
Los Angeles-type smog, affected the oxygen uptake of young men
under conditions of moderate exercise of short duration. Since no
data were available to define actual ambient levels of PAN, a
level expected to be roughly at the diurnal maximum for a day of
smog was selected. Thus, the conditions tested might be roughly
equivalent to a brief outdoor exercise period for college students.
The data were arranged to allow an analysis of variance with the
subsequent F test being used to determine the statistical
significance of the differences. The results of the present
experiment demonstrated a significant effect of the pollutant PSN
upon the oxygen uptake of the subjects occurred when they were
exposed to the additional stress of exercise. Therefore, future
investigators who study the problem of the effect of pollutants
upon the respiratory efficiency of nan would be advised, wherever
possible, to include the phase of exercise in their experimental
design. There is now evidence available which conclusively
demonstrates that smog - especially the specific smog compound
PJN - is causally associated with the extensive damage of plants-
The results of the current study demonstrate that PAN can
significantly affect the oxygen uptake of human beings during
exercise and the maximal expiratory flow rate during the recovery
phase following exercise. ##
06048
M. C, Battigelli, F. Hengstenberg, E» J» Mannella, and
A. P. Thomas
MUCOCILIJRY ACTIVITY., Arch. Environ. Health 12 (4) : 460-466
(April 1966). (Presented at the 30th Annual Meeting,
Industrial Hygiene Foundation, Pittsburgh, Pa., Oct. 20-21,
1965.)
The mucociliary activity' of respiratory epithelia, although well
known over many years, has only quite recently assumed new
importance, being recognized as one of the basic functions that the
respiratory apparatus applies in responding to unfavorable
environments. Physical, chemical, and biological "noxae" have
been studied in their effects on the mucociliary activity of lower
animals, mammals, and in nan as well, with techniques that have
proved accurate and reproducible. In this paper a brief review is
given of these methods and of the results of investigations
particularly related to the effects of air pollutants, Results of
investigations on the effect of diluted diesel exhaust on the
tracheal escalator of rats are summarized. An important finding
is that exhaust dilutions that are without measurable effect on the
708 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
respiratory resistance of human subjects are actually able to
induce changes in tracheal clearance in some of the animals exposed
for prolonged duration. With higher levels of exposure tracheal
clearance of snail mammals is affected with greater frequency.
The removal of animals from the exposure invariably restores the
original level of activity within a few days. The particulate
content of the exhaust appears to play an important role in this
type of respiratory injury. (Authors' summary) #t
C6053
W. C., Cooper and I. B. Tabershaw
BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE IN GELATION TO SIP QUALITY
STANDARDS. Arch. Environ. Health 12 (1) :522-530 (Apr- 1966).
Data on the biological effects of nitrogen dioxide on man and
lower animals over a wide range of concentrations is reviewed and
tabulated. Present evidence suggests that long-continued
exposures should not exceed the range 0.5 ppm to 1.0 ppm. This is
based on the evidence of increased mortality in lower animals
exposed to aerosolized micro-organisms after N02 exposures and
the pathologic effects demonstrable in animals continuously exposed
to levels in the range of 4.0 ppm to 5.0 ppm. Brief exposures of
a general population should not exceed 3 ppm over a period of 1 hr..
this is based on the possible potentiation of infections and on
the odor threshold. The recommendations relate to the possible
effects of N02 on health alone. They do not consider
potentiation or additive effects nor any contributions to plant
damage and visibility. (Authors" summary modified) ##
06055
HEALTH PBOBLEHS RESULTING FROH PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO AIP
POLLDTION IN DIESEL BUS GARAGES. Ind. Health (Japan) «(1):
1-10 (1966)..
An environmental and a health survey of two diesel bus garages in
Alexandria (Egypt) have shown an air pollution problem due to the
exhaust of engines containing S02, N02, aldehydes and
hydrocarbons within permissible levels and a relatively higher
concentration of SBoke. The examination of workers revealed the
occurrence of upper respiratory tract disease, chronic bronchitis,
asthma, peptic ulcer, gastritis, and high blood pressure in
prevalences higher than expected. Respiratory diseases were
probably due to a synergistic effect of smoke and irritants as well
as the presence of acrolein and adsorbed hydrocarbons and the
sacking habits of workers. Cases of chronic dyspepsia and peptic
ulcers were probably related to the nervous tension of night
shifts, and other factors as the irregularity of meals and the
probable swallowing of dissolved irritants. The blood pressure
was relatively "higher" among night shift workers. (Authors"
abstract, modified)ft
F. Effects - Human Health 709
-------
06099
E. J. Bryan
INSTBDKEUTATION FOE AN AMBIENT AIE ANIMAL EXPOSUEE PBOJECT.
J» iir Pollution Control Assoc. 13 (6), 254-65, June 1963.,
(Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, Chicago, 111., May 20-24, 1962.)
A comprehensive physiological study on the problem of air
pollution from automobile exhaust was started by the
University of Southern California under a contract with the
U.S. Public Health Service. Several different types
of experimental animals, including mice, rats, guinea pigs, and
rabbits, were to be exposed at four separate locations
in the Los Angeles Basin, In determining the possible
biological effects of automobile-related air pollution on test
aniamals, the planned studies included those for cancer, lung
function, blood analysis, enzyue determinations, and tissue
tests. The animals were divided into 2 groups, one being
supplied untreated ambient air, and the other purified air
for a control. All other environmental conditions were
designed to be as nearly identical as possible. The design
of facilities, including asbient air room ventilation and control
room air purification systems, is discussed™ In the design of
facilities, the most important problem encountered was that of
existing limitations on air purification systems. The
experimental design concept used in this project called for no
alteration of the breathing air provided to control animals
except for the removal of air contaminants- It was not
possible to provide such a system in which removal of CO, lower
molecular weight hydrocarbons, and NO, could be
accomplished effectively. Experience to date, however, indicates
that the air purification systei selected does remove 03, higher
molecular weight hydrocarbons, NC2, and filterable black
aerosols quite effectively. The conclusions to date are
limited. However, it is concluded that additional design
and evaluation projects are necessary in order to improve
ventilation and air purification equipment design for
environmental exposure projects.##
06163
G,, !„ Smith
SMOG - ITS OEIGIN,. Eocky Kt., Bed. J., 64, (3) 55-8, Mar.. 1967
Volatile materials produced by vegetation may be responsible for
smog as well as man-made products,. It has been calculated that
one billion tons of volatile organic substances (terpenes) are
released per year by vegetation over the surface of the earth.
Throughout the world the terpenes are present in the air at con-
centrations of 2 to 20 parts per billion.. It has been postulated
that the dissipation of terpenes passes through the same cycle
as that of gasoline vapors in producing d pollution haze. These
blue hazes are seen especially in the mountain and desert regions
710 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
in the U.S. There is some evidence to suggest that these
terpenes may be toxic.. In Beno, Hevada there was a close
correlation between the occurrence of asthma attacks and the con-
centration of terpenes in the air as determined by monitoring with
a gas chromatograph» Hhite rats exposed to 1*0-60 parts per
million of alpha terpene became lethargic in 10 nun., Symptoms
progressed through agitation, staggering, and finally convulsions
in 25 min with death in 30 rain.. At autopsy, the rats had focal
less of tracheal mucosa, pulmonary edema, and cerebral edema.. The
adult guinea pigs weighing more than the rats died on the first
exposure in 35 to H5 rain- The pilot study showed that alpha
pinene is toxic in high concentrations to both humans and labora-
tory animals™ The investigation is being continued to study the
long term effects of lower concentrations found in nature to
determine if pulmonary lesions are produced by prolonged exposure,
06201
Steadman,, B. I., E. A. Jones, E. E. Bector, and J. Siegel
EFFECTS ON EXPEBIMENTJL ANIMALS OF ICNG-TERK CONTINUOUS INHALATION
OF NITBOGEN DIOXIDE. Toxicol. Appl. Eharmacol. 9 (1), 160-70 (July
1966) .
One preliminary acute 8-hour study at a concentration of 123 mg/cu
m of nitrogen dioxide, and one 30-day repeated study at a level of
67 mg/cu m were conducted- -Both exposures produced marked lung
irritation and high mortality in all species. The gross pathologic
findings in the lungs of surviving animals indicated hemorrhagic
pulmonary edema in the 123 mg/cu m study, and vascular
congestionand focal hemorrhage in the 67 mg/cu m study. Five 90-
day continuous studies were run at 0.9, 1..0, 9.2, 21.3, and 21.6 mg/
cum,of nitrogen dioxide. Except for a possible slight weight loss,
there were no effects noted at 0.9 and 1.0 mg/cu m. At 9., 2 mg/cu m
there was a significant increase of mortality in guinea pigs and
rabbits, and at the 21.3 and 21.6 mg/cu m levels there was a
significant increase in mortality in all species except the dog.
Minimal pathologic lung changes were seen at the highest
concentrations.. Cumulative 30-, 60-, and 90-day mortality data for
the continuous exposure studies indicate that one cannot safely
extrapolate from the 30-day results to anticipate the effects which
may occur after 90 days.. Care should also be taken in extrapolating
continuous-exposure guidelines from data obtained in repeated-
exposure studies., It is believed that the submarine guideline of
0.5 ppm {0.9 mg/cu IB) will not cause any untoward effects in
personnel exposed continuously fcr 60 days. The choice of
analytical procedure is critical in measuring the concentration to
which animals are exposed. Absorption of samples in 0.1 N NaOH is
not satisfactory., Absorption directly into the nitriting reagent
is the method of choice. (AuthorsJ summary)
06261
S. P., Krueger
flIE ICNS AND PHVSIOLOGICAI FUNCTION. J. Gen. Physicl.
45(q), 233-t1 (Mar. 1962).,
F. Effects -Human Health 711
-------
Studies on air ions and physiological function were designed to
determine air ion effects on bacteria and the mammalian trachea..
In bacteria, the only clear-cut action attributable to air ions
was an increase in the rate of death. Observations on excised
tracheal strips and on exposed tracheas of anesthetized rabbits,
mice, rats, guinea pigs, and monkeys indicated that positive ions
produce; (a) decreased ciliary activity, (b) contracture of the
posterior tracheal wall, (c) exaggerated vulnerability to trauma,
(d) vasoconstriction, and {e) increased rate of respiration. All
five effects are seen in the anesthetized tracheotomized animal
and the first three are seen in the isolated strip. In studies
of gaseous ion effects on the catalytic activity of a modified
Keilin-Hartree pig heart homogenate, we found that oxygen anions
have a direct effect on cytochrome oxidase and accelerate the
cytochrome-linked conversion of succinate to fumarate. This
would suggest that the sane actioTi nay produce a cytochrome-linked
oxidation of 5-HT.##
06276
Henry D. Ogden
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE OUTBREAKS OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
IN N. 0. JJ. Louisiana State Med. Soc.), 116 (9) : 338-341,
Sept. 1964. 8 refs. {Presented at the 84th Annual Meeting,
louisiana State Medical Society, Lafayette, May 5, 1964.J
Observations on the episodes of asthma in Sew Orleans
affecting many individuals in a few hours are presented.
attacks of asthma occurred in ether parts of the country at the
same time of a major flare-up in New Orleans. Air
pollution may be a definitely aggravating factor. Possible
meteorologic causes may also be associated (magnetic storms,
solar phenomenon, air ionization, etc.). There also may be a
relationship between a falling humidity and a rising barometric
pressure. (Author's summary, modified) ##
06341L
TOLERANCE CRITERIA FOR CONTINUOUS INHALATION EXPOSURE TO TOXIC
MATERIALS (III.. EFFECTS ON ANIMALS OF 90-DAY EXPOSURE TO
HYDRAZINE, UNSYMMETEICAL DIMETHYIHYDEAZINE (UDMH) , EECABCEANE,
AND NITROGEN DIOXIDE),, Midwest Research Inst., Kansas City,
Mo., (Feb.. 1964). 92 pp. (Technical Kept. ASD-TR-61-519
(III)
DDD: AD 440275L
Monkeys, rats, and mice were exposed for 90 days to: (a) hydrazine
(1.0 ppm) , (b) unsymmetrical dirnethylhydrazine (ODKH) (0..5 ppm) ,
(c) decaborane (0..05 ppmj , and i(d) nitrogen dioxide (5.0 ppm), to
determine the inhalation toxicity of these agents after continuous
exposure. Mortality was high among the animals exposed to
hydrazine and decaborane, whereas the losses of aniirals exposed to
UDMH and nitrogen dioxide were relatively low. All three
712 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
species exposed to hydrazine developed fatty changes in the liver.
In addition, rats and mice had lung lesion. Liver degeneration
was involved in monkeys exposed to UDMH, whereas kidney and heart
lesions were predominant in rats, and brown pigments, probably
hemosiderin, were deposited in the liver of mice. Monkeys on
decaborane exhibited fatty changes in the liver and occasional
involvement of the kidney and heart. The most marked pulmonary
lesions in rats were found in those exposed to decaborane, and lung
involvement was also prevalent in mice. The least pathological
changes were observed in animals on nitrogen dioxide. Monkeys
showed liver degeneration occasionally, whereas both rats and
mice had lung lesions. No trace of any of the test compounds was
found in the blood of monkeys. Mite infestation of the lung,
prevalent among controls as well as treated monkeys, masked
possible lesions in this organ which may have been caused by any of
the four chemicals. Changes in physiological state of animals as
determined by clinical laboratory evaluations, including functional
tests and/or hematology, blood chemistry and urinalysis,, were
relatively few in number. (Author abstract)##
06367
B. F. Eils
RESULTS OF EXPOSURE OF 1ISSDES TO ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS.
Preprint. (Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-16,
1967, Paper Ko. 67-62,)
Numerous exposure studies have been made using the gaseous
constituents of smog. Laboratory animals and tissues have been
exposed to nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, phosgene,
hydrocarbons and automobile exhaust in various concentrations
and under various conditions. Definite morphological or
functional changes have been observed only when concentrations are
many times that in the atmosphere. Four animal exposure stations
have been in operation in the Los Angeles area to ascertain
the effects of smog on various laboratory animals. During the
course of this study alterations in the fine structure on the
alveolar tissue have been observed. Control animals were kept
at each site in rooros with well-filtered air. Similar groups of
aniials in other rooms continually breathed the ambient air.
Different ages of mice were sacrificed during and after heavy smog
periods (2-3 hours over 0»4 ppm total oxidants). Both the
control and ambient animals of the 5-month-old groups showed
normal alveolar tissues. Typical mitochondria
and lamellar inclusions were evident in the alveolar
"corner" of wall cells in all ages of the control mice, however,
the-relative number of these cells seemed to decrease with age. A
significant difference was observed between the 9-ncnth-old groups..
In the lung tissues taken during the heavy smog few normal
Mitochondria were present in the epithelial wall cells. The
cytoplasm was generally disrupted and contained many lamellar
inclusions or fragments. Since the exact time of heavy smog
episodes is unpredictable, the possibility of using
synthetic photochemical smog was investigated. The total
oxidant concentration and reaction patterns approximated those
F. Effects - Human Health 713
-------
of a heavy smog day- Many of the wall cells of 8-month-old smog-
treated lungs contained substantially fewer normal mitochondria
than the controls. Repeated doses of synthetic smog for 3-4 days
enhanced the alterations and also resulted in some rupturing of
red blood cell membranes and many more alveolar phagocytes. The
extent of cellular damage increases significantly from 14 to
16-aonth-old mice indicating a threshold age of
sensitivity to photochemical smog. The 16- and 18-month-old
animals were severely edematous. Alveoli were nearly full of
phagocytes containing many large membrane-bound crystalloids,
some over 3 microns in lengths. In the older animals, electron
dense lipoidal substance was seen accumulated on some
epithelial lining surfaces.**
06415
J. B. Mudd
OXIDATION OP AMINO ACIDS E"Y OZONE. Preprint. (Presented at
the 60th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-16, 1967, Paper No. 67-59.)
The following amino acids are susceptible tc oxidation by ozone in
decreasing order: cysteine, methionine, tryptophan, tyrosine,
histidine, cystine, and phenylalanine. Oxidation takes place
whether the amino acids are free or in peptide linkage.
The amino acid residues of pancreatic ribonuclease most
susceptible to oxidation by ozone are tyrosine and histidine:
at the time of oxidation there is a concomitant decrease in enzymic
activity. (Author abstract)##
06552
A. Goetz
AS INTEBPBETATION OF THE S 7.NEBGISTIC EFFECT OF AEROSOLS EASED UPON
SPECIFIC SOHFACE-ACTION OF THE AIRBORNE PARTICLES.. Preprint.
(1956) .
Experiments to determine the survival time of test animals (mice)
exposed to toxic vapor without and with the addition of an aerosol
of defined particulate constitution were conducted. As toxic
vapor, three different substances were used, (each for itself, i.e..
not as mixtures): two aldehydes (formaldehyde and acrolein) and
evaporated nitric acid; the concentration of these vapors was kept
constant in the presence and absence of the aerosol addition, and
it was selected so that the vapor alone caused commensurable
survival periods of the animals,. None of the aerosols caused, in
the absence of the toxic vapors, any significant change in the test
animals. However, when co-existent with.the toxic vapors the
aerosols caused very marked differences in the mean lifetime of the
test animals and proved that certain types of particles produce a
Substantial identification of the toxicity of the vapor
(shortening of the lifetime), while others had an attenuating
effect (lengthening of the lifetime) , and also that the
attenuating, or the intensifying properties of a particular
714 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
aerosol, depended to a large extent on the nature of the toxic
vapor. These investigators have attempted to interpret their
results qualitatively (and to some extent even quantitatively) by
assuming that the vapor be absorbed by the aerosol, i..eu by the
gradual incorporation of the vapor into the particle. In view of
the fact that the experimental data as well as the manner in which
they were obtained, appear to have an unusually significant
bearing upon the mucous irritation caused by smog, the present
investigation has attempted to interpret this data in terms of
nuclear condensation of the toxic vapor, (i.e. of a surface
accumulation on the airborne particles).##
06600
Bils, B. F. and J. C^ Bomanovsky
DLTBASTBUCTUBAL ALTERATIONS OF AIVE01AB TISSUE OF BICE. II.
SYNTHETIC PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG. Arch. Environ,, Health, 14(6):
84I4-85E, June 1967. 15 refs.,
The possibility of using artificial photochemical smog was
investigated. Hale A-strain mice were exposed for three hours to
previously irradiated synthetic atmospheres which initially
contained propylenec nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and water
vapor to simulate the oxidant concentration produced during a heavy
snog peak. The lungs of these treated mice showed a pattern of
ultrastructural alterations of alveolar tissue similar to that
of tissues in heavy natural smog. Hall cell lamellar bodies
generally increased in size and number in exposed 8-month-old mice,
but only temporarily. Delaying death only 12 hours allowed the
lungs to return to normal. Some permanent changes seemed to occur
in exposed respiratory tissue cf 15-month-old mice.. Seasonably
good recovery of smog—disrupted alveolar and capillary lining
cells took place, but few wall cells remained. More extensive
disorganization of wall cell cytoplasm and disruption of lining
membranes occurred when the 20-rconth-old mice breathed the
synthetic smog and delayed death allowed further damage and
revealed cell debris in the alveoli. Since the synthetic smog
produces cytological effects similar to the heavy Los Angeles
smog, it »ay prove to be a useful tool in further studies
concerning the effects of photochemical smog on biological systems.
06608
Goldstein, Bernard Do, Brion Pearson, Charlotte Lodi0
Bamon D.. Buckley, and Oscar J= Ealchum
THE EFFECT CF OZONE ON MOUSE BICCD IN VIVO. Arch. Environ.
Health, 16 {5) : 648-650, May 1968.. 1
-------
intracellular constituents and would also support the possible
role of lipid peroxidation in the mechanism of ozone toxicity.
The finding of a decreased red cell acetylcholinesterase in
mice exposed to ozone in vivo supports the conclusion that ozone
has extrapulmonary effects-##
06618
Kelly, Frank J. and Wallace E. Gill
OZONE POISONING: SERIOOS HUHAN INTOXICATION™ Arch. Environ.
Health, 10 (3):517-519, March 1965. 10 refs.
A case of serious human ozone poisoning is presented. The
inadequacy of relying on detection by odor on the part of even an
experienced worker is well illustrated. After the onset of
clinical manifestations progression to loss of consciousness can be
alarmingly rapid. The response to inhalation oxygen may be of
considerable diagnostic help as well as an effective therapeutic
measure. The rapid clinical response to the administration of
oxygen is of special interest as this case confirms the extensive
experimental evidence of Hittler et al. In their study it was
found that rats exposed to ozone in oxygen were apparently
protected from death by the 100* oxygen present in the chamber,
because they survived high concentrations during the exposure but
died within a matter of minutes when brought into room air.
However, the protective action of oxygen in the case of mice
persisted even after the animals were brought into room air.##
06635
H. Spotnitz
THE EFFECTS OF AIS POLLUTION ON BILITAKY PERSONNEL IN JAPAN
(ftNNUAI PBOGEESS SEPT. JULY 1, 1962-JUNE 30, 1963)„ Zama
Army Hospital, Japan,, Pulmonary Lab- (1963). 20 pp0 (Hept.
No. RCS-HEDDH-288,,)
DDC: AD 107081
An investigation was undertaken to determine if the same air
pollution bronchitis could be detected in Osaka and Kobe, Japan,
that was present in the Tokyo-Yokohama area. Twenty-eight
patients in that area were given a questionnaire and had pulmonary
function tests performed on them. No cases among the asthmatics
in that area resembled that in the Kanto Plains. A prospective
study to determine incidence, physiological changes, effects of
treatment and possible residuals cf Yokohama was begun. Patients
(783) were evaluated with a questionnaire and pulmonary function
tests after arrival in Japan. A number of these patients were
noted to have abnormal pulmonary function tests on arrival in
Japan and of these the majority were heavy smokers,. Eight
patients with Yokohama asthma were treated in a specially
constructed room with air filtration by electrostatic
precipitators, air conditioners and charcoal filters.. This
treatment induced a remission of the disease in the eight patients,
which was only temporary in several after they were returned to
716 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
duty. Several patients Kith Yokohama asthma were found to have
an increased residual volume. These patients, even after
treatment which succeeded in making them asymptomatic, were found
to have persistently elevated residual volume determinations.
(Author abstract)##
06610
H. C. Battigelli, E.. J. Hannella, and T. P. Hatch
ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLINICAL INVESTIGATION OF HOHKHEN EXPOSED 10
DIESEL EXHAUST IN RAILROAD ENGINE HOUSES. Ind., Bed,, Surg. , 33,
121-U (Mar. 1964).
Bithin the limits of exposure to diesel exhaust products, of
locomotive repairmen in three representative railroad engine houses
over a period up to 15 years (average duration of 10 years), 210
workers (average age — 50 years) did not show any significant
difference in pulmonary function performance from a group of 154
railroad yard workers (average age -- 50 years) of comparable job
status but without history of exposure to diesel exhaust products.
Environmental studies in two engine houses revealed levels of
exposure to several known constituents of diesel exhaust which were
well within the tolerable limits of these substances considered as
separate agents. These low values support the negative medical
and physiological findings. In contrast, this investigation
suggests higher frequency of respiratory complaints, physical
exaaination of abnormalities of the chest, and decreased pulmonary
function and performance of cigarette smokers compared to
ncn-smokers regardless of occupation. (Authors" summary)##
06669
A. A. Binkh
IONIC STATE OP AIR IN LIVING QUARTERS AND IIS HYGIENIC
SIGNIFICANCE , U.S.S.B. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, Vol. 7, 219-55, 1962= (Gigiena
i Sanit.,) 25 (1J 78-83 (1960). Buss. (Tr.)
CFSTI: 62-11103
An attempt was Bade to evaluate the physiological significance
of the changes produced by air ionization of living quarters and of
the public buildings. Factors affecting the state of indoor air
ionization are discussed,. Arguients are presented for and
against the theory that fluctuations in the ionic state of indoor
air affect the human body. The guestion of the advisability of
artificial air ionization is considered, and it is concluded that
the problem requires further study.##
F. Effects - Human Health 717
-------
06680
Hervy E. Elkins
EXCRETORY AND BIOLOGIC THRESHOLD LIMITS., Am. Indn Hygu
Assoc.. J.0 28{K) :305-31H» July-Bug. 1967,. 27 refs..
"The Industrial Hygienist today recognizes that the peril
incurred by the inhalation of harmful dust is a function of two
variable factors - the degree cf harmful exposure and the specific
susceptibility of the exposed individual to .,«., injury." The
preceding statement was made by Don Cummings in a paper published
in 1938. The following year he repeated a suggestion he had
discussed previously., "--.It is also suggested that for each
hazardous industrial dust two Uniting concentrations should be
established.. The first, to be designated as the primary
threshold,, should express that concentration of dust in which a
healthy man may be employed for a working lifetime without
incurring a disabling injury. The second, to be designated as
the secondary threshold,, should express that concentration of dust
in which a healthy man will inevitably contract silicosis if
regularly employed for many years." Practically all
industrial hygienists presently pay lip service to the principle
stated in the first of these statements. The suggestion in the
second statement has been only half adopted. Threshold limits,
so-called, or under a different name, have been prepared for over
100 industrial hazards by various organizations in this country and
abroad.. There seems to be some confusion outside, if not within,
the profession, however,, over whether these values correspond to
the primary or secondary limits- Certainly, when the observation
that one or two workers can endure concentrations well above the
Threshold Limit Value for a few months, without obvious ill
effects, leads to the conclusicn that the threshold limit is too
low, it would seem that the observer has the secondary
threshold in mind,, rather than the primary one- The only
biologic fluid finding much application for exposure tests is
blood; limited use has been made of biopsy specimens of lung,
skin and fat, but these are not very practical for periodic
sampling.. The excretory products most frequently analyzed are
urine and breath; sweat, the ether- major excretion product, is not
well adapted for exposure tests.,##
06689
Sterling, T. D., S.. V, Pollack, and J. J. Phair
UBBAN HOSPITAL MORBIDITY. AND AIS POLLUTION. (A SECOND PEPOHT.)
Arch., Environ. Health, 15 (3) : 362-374, Sept.. 1967,, 3 refs..
This analysis deals with morbidity as indicated by the length of
stay in the hospital of admitted patients™ Length of stay
represents a measure of severity of illness which might be more
indicative of stresses encountered than admission rate in itself.
Also, responsiveness of a hospital patient to a particular
pollutant can be related meaningfully especially if the latter is
measured in close proximity to the place of confinement. This
718 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
method may be more sensitive than studying hospitalized cases
cowing from various areas of the city, albeit that the service
areas of individual hospitals have a tendency to be fairly
restricted and specific. The investigators were given access to
large data-sets in Cincinnati, CJiio and Los Angeles,
California. The data were in such a form that they could
readily and cheaply be processed by automatic data equipment. The
Cincinnati data recorded accorded them the opportunity to test
out some of their hypotheses on a relatively small volume of data.
Additionally, they were able to develop the relevant computer
techniques and programs- The acquired facility in understanding
and technique was then applied to the more voluminous Los Angeles
data. Thisreport concerns itself with the analysis of the
relation between air pollution and length of stay of patients in
the larger Los Angeles hospitals serving Blue Cross
admissions.##
06691
B. J. Sabaroff
TGE BIO-PSYCHO-SOCIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE ENVIBOUBENT ON MAN
(AN ANALYSIS OF CUEEENTLY AVAILABLE INFOBMATION). ((Rhode
Island School of Design, Providence, B.I-J) 111 pp. (Apr.,
1966) .
This study is designed to obtain reliable information
concerning the effects of the environment on man so that designers
can provide the optimum environment in the buildings that are so
desperatley needed by our ever increasingly complex urban society.,
The literature was carefully searched to locate studies which
investigate these effects. An annotated bibliography of selected
studies is included in the report. Because individuals are so
varied in their physiological, psychological, and sociological
lakeup, and because man is so wonderfully adaptable, measuring the
effects of various stimuli is extremely difficult. In addition,
because most studies in this area are burdened with the ususal
restrictions of inadequate funds, staff and equipment, the normal
procedures of scientific methodology are all too often neglected,
and hence the conclusions reached are completely unreliable. This
study outlines the variations (both permanent and changeable) that
are found in man0 classifies the various environmental phenomena
that affect his well-being, and proposes a systematic program of
thorough research which will prcvide the data which are so
desperatley needed, and which are not now available. (Author
summary} ##
06717
Hagner, «. D., B. E. Duncan, I,. G., Wright, and B. E.
Stokinger
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THEESBOLD LIMIT OF N02. Arch. Environ.,
Health, 10 (3) : 155-466, March 1965.. 34 refs. (Presented at the
Annual Meeting, American Industrial Hygiene Assoc.,
Sashington, D.C., May 17, 1962.)
F. Effects -Human Health 719
-------
In an attempt to provide inforiration on long-term nitrogen
dioxide toxicity, three chronic animal studies that both included
and bracketed the present threshold limit of 5 ppm were
performed. Six species of laboratory animals (dog, rabbit, guinea
pig, rat, hamster, mouse) were exposed daily for periods up to 18
months to pure nitrogen dioxide at closely controlled
concentrations of 5 ppm, the present threshold limit.,, and levels
one fifth as high, 1 ppm, and five times greater, 25 ppm., Control
groups were used throughout the studies. At no exposure level did
changes in body weight, hematologic values, or biochemical indices
deviate significantly from the control data. Studies with a
spontaneous pulmonary tumor-susceptible strain of mice suggested,
under these conditions of exposure, a possible tumorigenic
accelerating capacity for N02. Bespiratory function test
results on exposed rabbits were equivalent to the controls, with
the exception of the 25 ppm group, which indicated a slight and
transitory elevation in mean 02 consumption™ Tolerance in aging
rats and mice to acute lethal effects of H02, following
extended periods of development from exposure at 5 ppm and 25
ppm,- was achieved to a significant degree. Detailed histologic
evaluation of tissues of serially sacrificed exposed animals and
their controls presented no evidence, with any of the animal
species used, that nitrogen dioxide, in the concentrations
employed and in the duration of exposures, had any demonstrably
morphologic effect on either production of pulmonary lesions or the
susceptibility of the animals to a pulmonary inflammatory process.
These data present reliable evidence for the present 5 ppm
threshold limit value for nitrogen dioxide, with the added caution
that 5 ppm should represent a ceiling on the basis of suggestive
lung tumorigenesis.##
06745
G. B. Haydon, J. T.. Davidson, G. A. Lillington, and K.
wasserman
NITEOGEN DIOXIDE-INEOCED EMEHYSIKA IK BABBITS. Am.. Pev.
Eespirat. Diseases 95, (5) 797-805, May 1967.
A study was made of the pulmonary pathology in rabbits after
exposure to an atmosphere containing 8-12 ppm of nitrogen dioxide.
This work is an extension of similar work done with rats by
Freeman et al., in which anatomic changes associated with
emphysema developed with exposures to nitrogen dioxide at levels
below those that cause acute pulmonary edema,. Babbits were
continuously exposed to an atmosphere of 8-12 ppra of nitrogen
dioxide for 3 to 1 months. Histopathological examination was
made of the lungs of 18 rabbits that survived and of 3 rabbits who
were allowed to recover for one week to,a month. Irreversible
destructive changes in the alveolar walls, accompanied by an
abnormal enlargement of the distal air spaces were seen in the
lungs of the exposed rabbits. The changes were compatible with
diagnosis of emphysema. Beversible histopathologic changes in the
bronchioles appeared to account for the increase in the non-elastic
resistance measured in some of these rabbits. Two processes are
postulated which might initiate the pulmonary emphysema. In one,
the principal injury produces focal tissue necrosis in the alveolar
720 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
walls that leads, perhaps, to elastic tissue destruction followed
by abnormal enlargement of the peripheral air spaces., In the
other, the principal injury causes a chronic airway obstruction,
leading to hyperinflation of the lungs, which may be followed by
tissue injury and various degrees of tissue disruption.**
06716
J, T. Davidson, Go A. Lillington, G., B. Haydon, and K..
Hassernan
PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES IN THE LONGS OF BABBITS CONTINUOUSLY EXPOSED
TO NITBOGEN DIOXIDE. Am. Bev. Bespirat. Diseases 95, (5)
790-6, Hay 1967.
Experiments were carried out to determine the effect of prolonged
continuous exposure to 8-12 ppa of nitrogen dioxide on the
pulmonary function in rabbits and to obtain a physiologic
explanation of the nature of the lesion. Rabbits were exposed
continuously to 8-12 ppm of nitrogen dioxide for 3-1 months.
Pulmonary function studies were carried out on anesthetized
controls and experimental animals studied 1 days to one month after
the termination of the exposure. The functional residual capacity
increased as did the nonelastic resistance. There was no
significant change in the carbcn dioxide tension. On removal from
the exposure chamber, the physiologic changes were completely
reversed. Pathologic studies suggest that the obstructive changes
are caused by bronchiolitis. Destructive changes that persisted
daring the recovery period resettle emphysema, but were not
sufficiently severe to have resulted in significant physiologic
abnormality.t#
06786
K. Kato
i(IONS IN AIR: 3., IONS AND EN7IBONMENTAL HYGIENE AND t. EFFECT
OF IONS ON THE LIVING BODY-) Kuki Seijo (Clean Air-J.
Japan Air Cleaning Assoc. , Tokyo) 2 (2), 18-50 (1964.,) Jap.,
The relation between the number of ions in air and their
effect on the human body is discussed- The number of ions is
tabulated in clean air, in dirty air in summer and winter, in
a heated room with a multipanel, dust collector or electrical
precipitator, and in an air cooled room with a:n electrical
precipitator. In the heated rcoi with the multipanel collector,
the ion concentration is smaller than in clean or dirty air,
whereas in the heated room using an electrical precipitator, the
concentration of positive ions is increased and that of negative
ions decreased. Concerning the effects of ions on the human
body, tests indicated that negative ions have a calming effect
whereas positive ions tend to stimulate. With an ion
concentration of more than 10 to the 7th power/cc, high blood
pressure, giddiness, discomfort, and fatigue result. Exposure
to a concentration of negative ions for 15 to 20 min/day for 5
•onths resulted in a decrease in absences due to illness in
F. Effects - Human Health 721
-------
working men and exposure of ten children (living in an
industrial area) under the same condition showed a curative effect
on headache and sore throat. The effects of concentrations of
ions on various parts of the body are tabulated™ The
calming effect of negative ions on the heart and respiratory
system after exposure at a concentration of 10 to the 6th. power
ions/cc for 30 Bin/day for 2 or 3 days/week is demonstrated.tl
06840
E. E. Sounds
THE EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON CELLS IN VITRO. Preprint.
(196K) .
In this study the areas of investigation fell into three
categories: (1} The effect of hydrocarbon mixtures on cells in
tissue culture, <2) The effect of air pollutants on respiratory
activity, and (3} Considerations of a vital constituent
(surfactant) of the lung under normal and pathological or treated
conditions. Since mitotic events are interrelated with the rate
of increase of the total cell population, it was concluded that an
evaluation of the effect of auto exhaust on cell number can provide
a simple, reproducible, and sensitive test system for estimating
the relative concentrations of physiologically active components of
automobile emissions. It was observed that serial dilution of
hydrocarbons stimulated the growth rate of human fetal lung cells
and an established line of conjunct!val elements in a linear
fashion. Anaphase and telophase figures which resulted from a
24-hour treatment with 3°Ke-DAB and air pollutants revealed a
twofold increase in the incidence of bridged or lagging
chromosomes. Time-lapse cinematographic records of the
mitochondria of cells treated with ozone in culture revealed that
these organoids undergo morphological alterations which suggested
a loss of respiratory function of these cells. Oxygen depletion
with time was proportional to the cell number with 250,000 to
500,000 control cells shewing a decrease of 35 to 50 mm Hg of
02 pressure over a two-hour period. A careful comparison of
uitochondrial images of alveolar vail cells, taken before and after
treatment with 20 ppm NaN02, suggested some degree of
transformation of the filamentous morphology of the globular form.
Studies on surface tension of mixtures of normal and oxygen
poisoned lung extracts and studies using ultraviolet fluorescent
microscopy, suggest that oxygen poisoning results in both absence
of surfactant and presence of an inhibitor.##
07098
Soro, L., V« Pirila, and A, Laamanen
AIR POLLUTION AND ALLEBGY. (Work Environ. Health
(Helsinki),} Vol»,1. p. 2-15, Oct. 1962.
The authors current knowledge regarding the problem of air
pollution and allergy is reviewed and observations made in
Finland are presented. Air pollution is divided into natural and
722 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
cultural the former deriving froit wind pollinated plants and the
latter from industrial sources. Emphasis is on cultural pollution
and major pollutants such as S02, beryllium, and fluorine are
treated individually. It is pointed out that there is a disparity
between maximum allowable concentrations, as commonly set, and
concentrations tolerated by allergic individuals.##
07099
Peterson, D. C. and H- 1. Andrews
THE ROLE OF OZONE IN RADIATION AVOIDANCE IN THE MOUSE.
Badiation Res., 19:331-336, May-Aug. 1963. 6 refs.
The experiments reported here are designed to assess the role of
ozone in the avoidance reaction. Mice subjected to ozone in
one-half of a test cage show a decreased activity and an avoidance
reaction similar to that seen with radiation. With ozone alone,
the reaction is elicited only when the environmental concentrations
are several times as great as those produced by an effective
X-ray beam. No change in the radiation avoidance reaction is
observed when the oxygen concentration in the cage is raised to
95X. (Authors' summary, modified)##
07162
Bo G. Ferris, Jr., and N» R. Frank
AIB POLIOTION ADD DISEASE. Anesthesiology 25545:470-478
Aug. 1964.
Atmospheric pollution can be classified under three headings:
general,, occupational and personal. The components are complex
and variable so that it is difficult to extrapolate the prevalence
of disease in one area to that of another unless the two have
similar chemical compositions. Significant exposures can occur at
work and may produce impairment of respiratory function. It is
emphasized that tobacco smoking, and particularly cigarette
smoking, is a most important factor in the causation of chronic
nonspecific respiratory disease. Much research has been done to
elucidate the mechanism whereby such changes are induced but
specific answers concerning the mechanisms have not been
forthcoming- Tables are included showing types of atmospheric
pollution; comparison of Los Angeles and London types of
pollution; categories of airborne materials with selected examples
that may occur in industry and that may cause disease; age
standardized rates of respiratory diseases by tobacco usage and
sex; age standardized rates (S) of respiratory disease by current
cigarette smoking habits and sex. ##
F. Effects - Human Heap 723
-------
07173
D, Henschler, E. Hahn, and W. Assmann.
CONDITIONS FOB AN INCREASE IN TOLERANCE UPON REPEATED
INHALATION OF IRRITATING GASES HHICH CAUSE PULMONARY EDEMA.
{(Wirkungsbedingungen einer Toleranzsteigerung bei wiederholter
Einatmung von Lungenodem erzeugenden Reizgasen.,) ) Arch,
Exptl. Pathol. Pharmakol. Vol. 2U9:325-342 (Nov. 6, 1964).
Ger,
Opinions are divergent concerning the effect of long-term
inhalation of low concentrations of gases and aerosols which can
cause pulmonary edema. This paper investigates the time
relationships in the formation of increased tolerance to such
gases, its duration, the influence of time and concentration, and
the pathological-anatomical reaction of lung tissue to the
preliminary treatment. After the protective mechanism was
proved to be independent of the -chemical structure of the
irritant, N02 was chosed as representative of the gases causing
pulmonary edema. Host of the laboratory animals used were
inbred mice of the CFW and NMPI families (Zentral-institut fur
Versuchstierzucht, Hannover), which were brought into the test
weighing 18-22 gm. Increased tolerance to high concentrations of
N02 was obtained by exposing the specimens to to ppm NO 2 for
one 6-hr period. The protection reaction first appears within 2H
hr. Maximum protection occurs in 2-5 days and is largely gone
after 10 days. Repeated preliminary exposure with the same
concentrations at 4-day intervals does not increase the amount or
duration of protection.#«
C717«
H. W. SchlipXoter and A. Brockhaus
TESTS ON THE EFFECT OF GASEOUS AIR POLLUTION ON THE DEPOSITION AND
ELIMINATION OF INHALED DUSTS. ((Versuche uber den Einfluss
gasformiger Luftverunreinigungen auf die Deposition und
Elimination inhalierter Staube.)) ZBL Bakt. 191 (12) :339-34«
Dec. 1963. Ger.
To be injurious to men, suspended particles in the atmosphere must
be inhaled and deposited in the lungs. Only particles smaller
than 5 microns and especially smaller than 1 micron can
penetrate into deep sections of the lungs. Other important
factors are the type and dissolvability of the dust as well as the
volume and freguency of respiration. To determine the deposition
of dust in lungs, it is necessary to determine the difference
between the dust content of inhaled and exhaled air., A test
conducted to determine the effect of gases found in large cities
on the amount of dust deposited in lungs utilized a mixture of 2
types of soot aith air which was sprayed and measured with a
special apparatus. Spectrophotometric and quantitative methods
were used to determine the aaount of dust deposited in the lungs of
test persons who respired at a rate of 18 breaths per minute,
temperature of 23 deg™ C, and a humidity of about 68!}., Typical
724 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
gases nixed with the test suspension in the dust chamber were
S02 and C02 or N02 in concentrations which correspond to the
HAK values. An increase in dust deposition in the lungs was
observed only when nitrogen gases were inhaled simultaneously.
Further tests showed that the elimination of deposited dust from
the lungs is hindered by S02 and S03n##
072«0
Petr, B. and P. Schmidt
THE INFLUENCE OF THE ATMOSPHERE CONTAMINATED BY SULFOH DIOXIDE
AND NITROUS GASES ON THE HEALTH OF CHILDREN. ((Der Einfluss
der durch Schwefeldioxid und Nitrose Ease verunreinigten
Atmosphare auf den Gesundheitszustand der Kinder.)) Translated
from German. Z. Ges. Hyg. Grenzg. (Berlin), 13 (1) :34-38,
Jan. 1967. « refs.
Evidence that sulfur dioxide and nitrogen gases which are
effective in low concentrations also produce changes in the
individual indicators of group diagnostics is demonstrated.
Differentiation was made between effects on control groups and
the group from the polluted atmosphere as well as between the
influence of both the combined effect of sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen peroxide and the effect of sulfur dioxide alone. The
Method of the erythrogram is also described. This method is
based on the increase of the number of erythrocytes in children
living in air-polluted areas. The methemoglobin level in the
blood of children is significantly increased by the air pollution
caused by nitrogen peroxide in the surrounding of large chemical
works. Thus, another possible cause of the development of
inapparent methemoglobinemia in school children between the ages of
8 to 10 is explained. {Authors' summary, modified)t#
07251
TOLERABLE LIMITS FOR TOXIC MATERIALS IN INDUSTRY. DIVERGENCES
AND POINTS OF AGREEMENT AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL. J1) ((Les
linites tolerables pour les substances toxigues dans 1
'Industrie divergences et points d'accord a 1'echelle
Internationale. (1))) ((Arch. Baladies Profess. Med. Trav.
Securite Sociale (Paris))). 26 'J1-2) : 41-56. Feb. 1965. Text
in French.
The report of the International Committee on the Study of
Tolerable Limits presented to the XIV International
Symposium on Maximum Tolerable Concentrations of Toxic
Materials in Industry held in Paris in 1963, which are given,
represent a summary of the present knowledge on maximum allowable
concentrations. The chief difficulty in establishing
international standards involves the widely different views of the
concept of tolerable limits and the methodologies of the U.S. and
Eussia. The study of the effects of many toxic materials on the
central nervous system by Russian workers has led to the
establishment of standards that are much more rigid than the U.,3.
F. Effects - Human Health 725
-------
standards for many materials. The Hussian and O.S. limits for
some toxic materials is mg/cu m,, respectively are: ethylene oxide
1 and 90; chlordane 0.01 and 2,0; carbon tetrachloride 20 and 160.
lor 34 gases and 8 dusts, fumes, and mists, the Soviet standards
are at least one fifth of the D.S. limits and in most cases even
less. Some workers object to the methods used by the Bussian
experts on the grounds that they are too sensitive and show
physiological rather than pathological effects. Because of the
differences in concepts, the objective approach should be a
discussion of the interpretation of the results obtained by both
groups to understand and reconcile the different approaches.
Fortunately, there are 21 gases and vapors and 19 dusts, fumes,
and mists in which there is practical agreement and which can serve
as a core for international standards which can be amplified with
an exchange of information and results. There is a necessity for
further research to obtain data to permit the establishment of
zones of tolerable concentrations rather than rigorous limits. ##
07270
Advisory committee on Tetraethyl lead, Hashington, D» C.
PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS OF INCREASING TETRAETHYL LEAD CONTENT IN
MOTOR IUEL., ({Public Health Service, Washington, D.. C..,
Occupational Health Program,,)) FHS Publ,. no- 712, 49p.,
1959.. ^ refs.,
GPO: 526258-59-2
The advice of the Pulbic Health Service was sought on
increasing the maximum concentration of tetraethyl lead (TEL) in
auto gasoline from 3.0 to 4-0 cc per gallon. An ad hoc committee
was appointed to determine whether the proposed increase
represented a public health hazard. Data on technical reasons for
the increase, the results of research, the consumption of TEL by
year, and a review of the medical problems are presented by the
Ethyl Corp, Pepresentatives of the duPont Co. supplied
production figures, and information on actual and estimated TEL
demand on U. S. producers,, The Committee concluded that (1)
a change in the maximum concentration of tetraethyl lead in motor
fuel from 3..0 to 4.0 cc. would not 'increase the hazards involved
in the manufacture and distribution of leaded gasoline and (2)
available data do not indicate that such change would significantly
increase the hazard to public health from air pollution.**
C73U7
C., Choffel
PNEUMOCONIOSIS OF ARC WELDERS. ((La Pneumoconiose de
Soudeurs a 1'Arc.J) Text in French,, Gaz- Med. France
(Paris), 73 (21) :4171-4172, 1*175-4176, 4179-4180, Nov. 1966.,
Pneumoconiosis from exposure to the fumes of arc welding is
discussed and the information in the literature is reviewed.
The true arc welder's pneumoconiosis results from inhalation of
the very fine fumes given off during the fusion of the metals.
726 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
In operations carried on in confined spaces with poor ventilation,
there is * possibility of serious pulmonary exposure with acute
edema from the exposure to ozone and the oxides of nitrogen. The
clinical development of welder"s pneumoconiosis, a type of
siderosis, is gradual and benign in nature. In some cases,,
a fibrosis develops and eventually an alveolar emphysema occurs
which nay produce a respiratory insufficiency of the
obstructive type.. The clinical symptoms in some arc welders
are the result of inhalation of noxious dusts in the course of
their work., Whether or not the condition can be considered
to be sidero— silicosis,, the pneumcconiosis of arc-welders should
be placed on the schedule of legally recognized occupational
diseases.##
07541
P. Polu, P.. Laurent, C. H. Guyotjeannin, D. Thin
AS OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE OF CHIMNEY SWEEPS CLEANING OIL-FIHID
FURNACES. (Pathologie professionnelle des fumistes
effectuant le ramonage des chaufferies a mazout,,) Text in
French.. Arch. Haladies Profess. Bed. Trav. Securite
Social (Paris), 26 <4-5) : K35-UI46,, April-Hay 1967. 8 refs.
The frequent and consistent symptoms experienced by chimney
sweeps cleaning oil-fired furnaces appear to present a new
specific syndrome. Most of the efforts of industrial
hygienists have been concentrated on the pollution in the air and
not much has been done on the chemistry of soots. Findings,
hypotheses as well as suggestions for control are presented.
A table is given which compares the symptoms of the workers
such as irritation of the eyes, the upper respiratory tract, the
mouth, and skin as well as serious deterioration of their clothing™
The men also complained of loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting,
lack of coordination of movements, amnesia, and headache. In the
same table in parallel columns are listed the symptoms of exposure
to vanadium, sulfur dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen. Based on
an examination of the soot involved it was concluded that the
vanadium was not involved in the symptoms of the chimney sweeps
and that the sulfur content of the fuel was an important factor.
It is recommended that fuels low in sulfur be used, that the
optimum combustion conditions be maintained by keeping the
temperature of the flame down by a high excess of outside air.
Electrostatic precipitatcrs can cut the emission of S03 by
50%. The injection of magnesia in the vicinity of the flame can
neutralize the S03< The use of industrial-type vacuum cleaners
offers a method of furnace cleaning without an occupational
exposure., t#
OT591
Horai, Z., M. Yokoi0 M., Shibata, B. Okazaki. and
H. Watanaie
AIR POLLUTION IN OSAKA AND ITS CHRONIC EFFECT UPON THE HUMAN
F. Effects - Human Health 727
-------
BODY. J., Nara Bed. Assoc., 17 '(5-6) : UQ3-U1U, Nov. 1966. 17
refs.
Eesults are tabulated for suspending and settling dusts and sulfur
dioxide measurements in the city of Osaka over several years. A
comparison is given of the number of days of smog occurring in
Tokyo and Osaka. The chronic effects of air pollution were
studied by examining male and female residents of Osaka age 60 and
older. A comparison was made between smokers and nonsmokers of
the following: occurrence of coughing and expectoration; forced
expiratory volume; and abnormal linear shadows on x—rays. Also
reported are the results of studies made of lungs from 2600
autopsy cases in Osaka regarding the degree of black-dust
deposition, grouped according to age.##
07598
Bonnevie, P.
ATHOSPHESIC CONTAMINANTS AHD HUMAN HEALTH. Preprint,
Copenhagen Univ., Denmark, 5p., 1963. (Presented at the
Inter-Begional Symposium on Criteria for Air Quality and
Methods of Measurement, Geneva, Switzerland, Aug. 6-12, 1963,
Paper No.. KHO/AP/7.)
The manner in which atmospheric contaminants are harmful to human
health is briefly considered. When the normal limit of
adaptation is surpassed, some disorder arises and this
disturbance of the balance between man and his environment results
in a deterioration of the health status. Therefore, the effects
of man-made air contaminants have to be estimated as harmful or
injurious to health, not only when they provoke signs or symptoms
of illness, but also when they disturb the healthy balance
between the organism and the atmosphere in contact with it.. The
adaptative forces may be overburdened or be overstimulated, the
result being deficient reaction cr too strong a reaction. Many of
the respiratory reactions provoked by aerosols may also be provoked
by pure air containing different amounts of gaseous ions- Air
pollution research ought also to comprise the effects of the
ionization of the air on man, his wellbeing and susceptibility to
diseases, in addition to research on other basic physiological
responses to different compositions of air.##
07657
Easton, Bichard E. and Sheldon D. Murphy
EXPERIMENTAL OZONE PREEXPOSUBE AND HISTAEINE. EFFECT ON THE ACUTE
TCXICITY AND PESPIBATOBY FUNCTION EJIEC1S 01 KISTAHINE IN GUINEA
PIGS. Arch. Environ. Health, 15 (2) : 160-166, Aug. 1967. 22
refs. (Presented in part at the 5th Annual Meeting, Society of
Toxicology, Hilliamsburg, Va., Harch 8, 1966.)
In a preliminary study the action of various drugs en the
723 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
respiratory effects of air contaninants in guinea pigs showed that
ozone-exposed guinea pigs were more susceptible to the toxic action
of histamine than animals which had not been exposed to the gas.
The data presented in this report confirm and extend that
preliminary observation. Random-bred male guinea pigs (250 to 400
gm) were used. The animals were housed in air-conditioned
laboratories and were fed a standard guinea pig diet supplemented
with greens twice weekly. For the mortality studies the animals
were individually caged and placed in six cu ft stainless steel
exposure chambers. Ozone was produced by metering filtered, dried
air or oxygen (for high concentration experiments) through a
dielectric ozone generator. Histamine dihydrochloride was
administered subcutaneously in saline (0.9 percent sodium chloride)
solution. The histamine concentrations of the solutions were
adjusted so that an injection volume of 0.5 ml/kg contained the
desired dose. For administration as an aerosol, a 0.5 percent
aqueous solution of histamine dihydrochloride was aerosolized in a
generator operating under 15 Ib/sg in pressure. The plethysmograph
-intrapleural catheter technigue of flmdur and Mead was used for
measuring the effects of ozone and histamine on the pulmonary flow
resistance (FR) , lung compliance (1C) , respiratory f reguency (f) ,
and tidal volume (TV) of guinea pigs. For measurements of lung
water, the lungs were dissected just above the tracheal
bifurcation, trimmed, gently blotted, weighed, and dried at 130 C
plus or minus 5 C for 24 hours, and weighed again. Analyses of the
histamine content of lungs were performed by the fluorometric
method described by shore et al. The results are expressed as
micrograms of histamine base per gram of lung. Increased
susceptibility to histamine was detectable for as long as 12 hours
after the end of a two-hour exposure to 5 ppm of ozone. The effect
of injected histamine on the respiratory mechanics of guinea pigs
was greater in ozone—preexposed than in control animals at a time
when residual functional effects of ozone were no longer
detectable.
077U6
Frey, Allan H.
HODIFICA1ICN OF THE CONDITIONED EKCTIONAL RESPONSE BY TREATMENT
HITH SMALL NEGATIVE AIR IONS. J- Camp. Physiol. Psychol.,
63(1} :121-125, 1967., 12 refs.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 6V9133
From the hypothesis that treatment with small negative air ions
causes a depletion of brain 5-hydrcxytryptamine, it is predicted
that a measure of mood or emotion will be affected by air ion
treatment. The conditioned emotional response technigue described
by Brady provided the dependent variable. Results cf 2
experiments, the 2nd essentially a replication of the 1st, are in
accordance with the prediction. The inhibition of response in the
anima-l was reduced by treatment with small negative air ions, as it
was with reserpine. (Author's abstract)
07821T
Gilgen, A,. and H. 0. Wanner
F. Effects - Human Health 729
-------
THE TOXICOLOGICA1 AND HYGIENIC SIGNIFICANCE OF OZONE. ({Die
toxikologische und hygienische Bedeutung des Ozons.)) Arch-
Hyg. Bakteriol. (Hanich) , 150 (1-2} : 62-78, 1966. 62refs.
The toxicological and bactericidal properties of ozone are
reviewed. The acute toxicity of ozone to laboratory animals is
reported as being diverse and variable from species to species.
Chronical exposure results in damage to the respiratory organs,
i.,e», in bronchitis and lung emphysema, limitation in weight
increase of young animals and reduced urine acidity. When man is
exposed to t to 5 ppm, a lung edema develops within a few hours.
Lower concentrations primarily affect respiration by irritation and
cause headaches and nausea. In animals, the exposure to low ozone
concentrations produces immunity to subseguently applied lethal
doses. Tolerance to ozone has also been brought about by germanium
oxide. Conversely, ozone has been shown to produce tolerance for
ketene, H202 and N02. The mode by which ozone becomes biologically
effective is not yet fully elucidated. Presumably free radicals
causing oxidation processes are formed, similar to those produced
by nuclear radiation. These processes, in turn, set free
adrenalin, noradrenalin and bradykinin. The strongest bactericidal
effects of ozone are obtained at high relative humidity and low
temperature. In practice the germicidal effect of ozone can only be
applied to sterilizing water. The deodorizing effect is generally
accepted but reguires concentrations exceeding the maximum
allowable concentrations.,
0783i»
Wanner, H. U. and A. Gilgen
INVESTIGATIONS OF ROOM OZONIZERS AND OF OZONE IN FHEE AIB AND
INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES. ((Ontersuchungen uber Eaumozonisatoren und
uber Ozon-Vorkommen in der Aussenluft und in
Industriebetrieben.) ) Text in German. Arch. Hyg. Eakteriol.,
(Munich), 150(1-25:78-91, 1966. 26 refs.
Ozone in concentrations above 0.05 ppm causes headaches, nausea and
respiratory discomfort. Nunerous toxicological investigations have
indicated that the maximum allowable concentration for ozone should
be 0.05 ppm. Twenty-six references on the measurement of ozone in
the atmosphere are reviewed and the properties and the occurrence
of ozone are summarized. Small amounts of ozone are detected
chemically by the amount of iodine generated in a solution of
potassium iodide. Ozone production by various kinds of industrial
eguipment such as generators, electrofilters and film projectors
has been found to produce concentrations of 0.0« to 0.1 ppm.
Ozonizers can cause concentrations of between 0.02 and 0.03 ppm.
Ozonizers should not be used in rooms since no evidence of
favorable effects can be found for concentrations within the limits
of human tolerance. Furthermore, an increase in ozone
concentration may not be perceptible and therefore health may be
negatively affected. Ozone concentrations measured in urban areas
are reported for different sites in and around Zurich. Comparisons
are made with reported ozone concentrations from Los Angeles,
Alpine resorts and Helsinki.
730 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
07842
lewis, T. H., F. G. Hueter, and K., A. Busch
IRRADIATED AUTOMOBILE EXHADST. (ITS EFFECTS ON THE
REPEODUCTION OF HICI.» Arch- Environ. Health, 15(1):26-35,
July 1967. 20 refs.
This study attempts to define the relative importance of
pre-exposure of each member of the sexual pair to irradiated auto
exhaust, and exposure of the feirale partner and her litter,
following removal of the male with regard to conception, fetal
development, fecundity, and infant survival. There were 150
virgin female mice preconditioned to either filtered air or
irradiated automobile exhaust for 46 days, who were randomly paired
with 150 similarly preconditioned males. All mice were 12 to 13
weeks of age at the time of mating and were caged individually
during tie preconditioning period. Males and females were
paired randomly to form approximately equal numbers of sexual pairs
(18 or 19) in each of eight treatment groups. The experiment was
repeated with a new population of mice of the same strain 15 days
after completion of the first investigation. The adverse effects
of pre-conditioning male mice with irradiated auto exhaust on
conception, implantation of fertilized ova, fecundity, and infant
survival appear to be induced by a common mechanism. This is the
first experiment the results of which imply mutational effects on
mammalian cells by components or subseguent products of
irradiated auto exhaust. fin effect of the alteration of one
environmental factor in this investigation, i.e. atmospheres to
which the females were exposed, was evidenced by mild stress on
litter sizes. Litters born in an atmosphere of irradiated auto
exhaust showed a marked increase in mortality in both experiments,
but the magnitude differed.##
07847
Coffin, D. L.. , E. J. Blcmmer, D. E. Gardner, and R.
Holzman
EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ON ALTERATION OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO
PULHONARY INFECTION. Preprint, Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control,
((18)Jp., ((1967}). 20 refs.
Exposure to ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and artifical auto smog
increases the susceptibility of mice to experimental infection by
K. pneumoniae. Streptococcus, and D. pneumoniae. Minimal
effective concentrations for 2- to 4-hour exposure are: 3.5 ppm
for N02, 0.08 ppm for 03, and 0., 15 total oxidant for auto smog..
The effect appears to be augmented by alterations of the
environmental temperature; tolerance to ozone is manifested.
Continuous exposure to 0.5 ppm H02 for 6 months produced
similar results. Exposure to the pollutants results in increased
survival time of aerosolized bacteria within the lungs, an effect
also noted from treatment with cold, hypoxia, and alcohol.
Studies of cells washed frcm the bronchial trees of rabbits
F. Effects - Human Health 731
-------
exposed to ozone indicate that exposure is followed by an influx of
polymorphonuclear leukocytes and a corresponding diminution of
pulmonary alveolar macrophages. The latter cells also
exhibited a reduced ability to phagocytize streptococci when the
organisms were applied in vivo. (Authors' abstract)##
07995
s. H., Parry
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS. A MAJOR HEA1TH PROBLEH. Nursing
Times, Vol. 61, p., 255-257, Feb. 19,, 1965.,
A review of chronic bronchitis in relation to causation,
treatment and prevention is presented™ The clinical disease,
assessment of patients with brcnchitis/emphysema, treatment,
air pollution, smoke control areas, smoking and bronchitis, and
health education are discussed-##
08021
C. J., Kensler, S,. P., Battista
CHEMICAL ADD PHYSICAL FACTORS AFFECTING MAMMALIAN CILIAFY
ACTIVITY- Am,. Rev™ Respirat. Diseases- 93 (3) :93-102, March
1966,, 18 refs., {Presented at the Symposium on Structure,
Function and Measurement of Respiratory Cilia, Duke Univ.
Medical Center, Durham, N.. C., , Feb. 18-19, 1965..)
In studies on immersed tracheal preparations, optimal ciliary
transport activity was observed when the temperature was
maintained between 36 degrees C and HO degrees C and the
pH was between 6.5 and 8.,5., Conditions outside these limits
resulted in significant decreases in transport rate. A variety
of neurohormones ((cholinergic, adrenergic, serotonin,, et cetera)
have been found to produce slight increases (10-15 per cent) in
transport rate at low concentrations and decreases at high
concentrations {0..0001 H)., No clear-cut evidence for
neurohormonal control of mammalian ciliary transport activity
has been obtained under experimental conditions in which possible
effects on volume,, composition, and physical properties
of mucus have been minimized- A number of agents such as formic
and acetic acids appeared to inhibit ciliary transport
activity only a concenraticns which altered the pH» so that
alteration in pH would appear to be the primary factor involved
in inhibition. Ciliary transport activity has been studied on
tracheal preparations frcm rabbit, dog, cat, monkey, rat, and
chicken. With the moist {air} chamber and tracer particles
employed, all species exhibited transport rates of greater than
20 mm per minute and were similar in their response to the
inhibitory effects of cigarette smoke,. Gas-phase components of
tobacco smoke, such as hydrogen cyanide, formaldehyde, and
acrolein, but not phenol, appeared to be responsible for the bulk
of the inhibitory activity of the total smoke., The removal of the
gas-phase components by activated charcoal filters markedly reduced
the ciliostatic activity of the total smoke. An examination of
732 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
reversibility of the inhibitory activity of a number of gas-phase
components of cigarette smoke and air pollutants has shown that
inhibition is rapidly reversed on termination of the exposure to
some of these components,, whereas recovery from ethers occurs
less readily or not at all. The impingement of positively or
negatively charged air ions produced by a tritium of polonium
210 radioactive source was withont effect on ciliary transport
activity. AS#t
08026
HacEwen, James D. and Robert P. Geckler
COMPARATIVE TOXICITY STUDIES OS ANIMALS EXPOSED CONTINUOUSLY FOB
PERIODS OP TO 90 EAYS TO H02, 03% AND CC14 IN AMBIENT AIR
VS. 5 PSIA 100* OXYGEN ATMOSPHERE. In: Proc,, 2nd Ann.
Conference Atmospheric Contamination in Confined Spaces,
1 and 5 Bay 1966, Aerospace Medical Research Labs.,
Bright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Aerospace Medical Div,,,
AMRL-TR-66-120. p. 238-257, Dec. 1966. 6 refs_
CFS1I, DDC: AD 6K6512
The data obtained from a 90-day continuous exposure of animals to
the industrial threshold liuit value (TLV) of N02, 03 and
CC1<* are presented. Animal exposure facilities of the
Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories were used for the
90-day continuous experiments. The atmosphere compositions were
100% oxygen at 260 mm Hg pressure and air at either 820 Jrho 02
1514 mm Hg)" or 7tO mm Hg (rho 02 = 148 mm Hg) pressure. The
data are unremarkable except for the deaths at 720 mm Hg pressure
in the ozone exposures. Mice appear somewhat more
sensitive to ozone than the other species. Guinea pigs also
showed mortality upon exposure to ozone, which was the only
material to which this species was exposed. Note that most of the
deaths occurred during the first half of the 90-day exposure
suggesting some degree of adaptation in the survivors. The data
are consistent with the hypothesis that the animals first respond
to the atmospheric contaainant and then adapt to the changed
environment. The data do not, however, reveal significant
differences between those animals exposed to contaminants at
reduced pressure in 100S oxygen and those exposed at normal
atmospheric pressure {7HO mm Hg). Hith respect to the clinical
data, although the values of serum enzymes of exposed animals were
different from the control values, no adverse effects on the
experimental animals were noted. It appears clear that the TLV
for space applications may not be radically different frcm
industrial TLV if only the factors of continuous dosage,
reduced pressure, and pure oxygen atmosphere are considered.##
08027
Patrick, R. L.
PATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO PULMONARY IRRITANTS AT AMBIEHT
AIB VS. 5 PSIA 100% OXYGEN ATMOSPHERE FOB PERIODS DP TO 90
DAYS.. In: Proc. 2nd Ann. Conference Atmospheric
Contamination Confined Spaces, 4 and 5 May 1966,
Aerospace Hedical Besearch Labs., Wright-Patterson
F. Effects -Human Health 733
-------
AFB, Ohio, Aerospace Medical Div., AKBL-TB-66-120, p»
260-262, Dec., 1966.
CFSTI, DDC: AD646512
A study to compare the toxic effects of contaminants under
conditions of 5 psia (pounds per square inch, absolute) and 100S
oxygen and under normal atmospheric conditions is described.
Mortality and pathologic alterations were evaluated in monkeys,
rats, and dogs exposed continuously to various concentrations of
nitrogen dioxide and ozone for 1<4 days,. Animals were exposed to
these compounds, sacrificed, and examined grossly at the Toxic
Hazards Besearch Dnit. Tissues were sent to the Laboratory
for Experimental Biology to be examined microscopically. All
three species exposed to two concentrations of N02 and ozone
showed greater mortality at ambient conditions that at altitude,
Animals dying early showed similar changes under both conditions.
Survivors of each group showed similar changes except in isolated
instances. Alveolar hemorrhage and edema were the most
prominent changes associated with early death.. It would seem that
5 psiz, 100S oxygen offered some degree of protection against
alveolar hemorrhage and edema. In some groups inflammatory
changes were more marked under altitude conditions; however, this
is thought to reflect the longer survival of this group. #ff
08051
Gross, Paul, William E. Binehart, and Bobert T, P.
deTreville
THE PDLMONABY REACTIONS TO TOXIC GASES. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc.
J., 28 (i») :315-321, July-Aug. 1967. 8 refs. (Presented at the
Annual Meeting, American Industrial Hygiene Assoc., Chicago,
111., May 1-15, 1967,)
The deep pulmonary response to toxic gases depends upon which of
the two components of the alveolar wall is responding, the
capillary or the alveolar membrane. Injury to the capillary
results in pulmonary edema or brcnchcpneumonia, whereas a dose of
irritant injuring substantially only the alveolar membrane causes
the latter to respond with the development of a multi-layered cell
mass that is supported by argyrophilic fibers. Because
collagenization of this stroma does not usually occur, such septal
lesions caused by noxious gases resolve. The respiratory
bronchiole is the site of predilection of lesions caused by deep
lung irritants because of delayed clearance in this region.
(Authors" abstract)##
08100
Gregory, Arthur B., Lyman A. Hipperton, and Bradford Miller
EFFECT OF NEONATAL THYKECTCMY OS THE DEVELOPMENT OF OZONE TOLERANCE
IK MICE.. Am. Ind. Hyg. AESOC. 3. , 28 (3) : 278-282, May-June 1967. 16
refs.. Presented at the American Industrial Hygiene Conference,
Houston, Texas, May 3-7, 1967.
734 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Bale white Swiss mice, thymectomized at birth, were unable to
develop tolerance to ozone when pre-exposed to sublethal
concentrations of 0.3 and 5.0 ppm of ozone for one hour. On the
other hand, tolerance was readily induced in sham-operated animals.
Thus the thymus appears to be necessary during maturation for the
development of tolerance to ozone. No statistical difference in
mortality was shown between mice pre-exposed to 0.1 ppm. of ozone
and those not so pre-exposed, despite the fact that a larger
number of pre-exposed animals survived.
08151
Borisova, M. K.
EXPERIMENTAL DETEBHINATION OF THE LIMIT OF ALLOWABLE CONCENTEATION
CF EICHLOBETHiNE IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. In: Survey of 0., S. S., E.
Literature on Air Pollution and Belated Occupational Diseases
Translated from Russian by E. S. levine. National Bureau of
Standards, Washington, D. C.., Inst. for Applied Tech., Vol.. 3, p.
110-118, Hay 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
Data were obtained regarding the intensity and other
characteristics of dichlorethane air pollution by industrial
production and manufacturing plants; parallel with this some
experimental data were secured regarding the effect of low
dichlorethane concentrations on man. Chlorethan determinations were
made by the raicrocombustion method in a gas analyzer. The results
obtained for each plant investigated show that the average
concentration ranged form 3o5 tc 19.t mg/cu m. The effect of low
concentrations of dichlorethane on man was studied by the method of
threshold of odor perception of dichlorethane by the adaptometer
method and by the methods of plethysmography and spirography.
Twelve test subjects sensed the odor of dichlcrethane in 23=2 mg/cu
i concentrations, 6 in 17.5 mg/cu m concentration and one each in
12.2 and 24.9 mg/cu m concentrations. The results of experiments
indicate that a 6 mg/cu m concentration was the threshold
concentration of dichlorethane affecting the functional state of
the vision analyzer and of the vascular and respiratory reactions
which was below the threshold concentration sensed by the olfactory
organs in Russia that the limit cf maximal single concentration of
dichlorethane in atmospheric air should not exceed 4 mg/cu m.
08153
Izmerov, N. F»
HYGIENIC STANDARDIZATION OF THE IIHITS OF ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS
CF VAPCES OF GASOLINE IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. In: Survey of U., S. S. R.,
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine. National Bureau of
Standards, Washington, D..C., Inst. for Applied Tech., Vol. 3, p.
126-134, May 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
F. Effects-Human Health 735
-------
The physiological effects of low air concentrations of gasoline
were studied. On the basis of the experimental results it can be
concluded that the inhalation of gasoline vapors in 100 mg/cu m
concentration under conditions of chronic exposure elicited in
white rats clear cut changes in the higher nervous activity, the
intensity of which increased with the duration of the exposures,
and which disappeared only two weeks after exposure was
discontinued- In the case of man the inhalation of gasoline vapors
in concentration of 217 nig/ cu to for a brief period of time
elicited reflex changes in the optical analyzer so far as
sensitivity to light was ccncerned. The threshold of gasoline odor
perception was considerably below the concentrations which elicited
the previously noted changes in the functional state of the
cerebral cortex; the odor perception threshold concentration was
letween 6.5 - 10-0 mg/cu m. It appears safe to conclude that the
threshold of olfactory gasoline odor perception is the most
sensitive index for the determination of limits of allowable
concentrations of gasoline vapors in atmospheric air. It is
proposed in Russia that a concentration of 5 mg/cu m calculated as
C be adopted as the allowable limit cf a single maximal
concentration of the three grades of Groznensk gasoline
investigated.
08154
Kelekhina, V., P.
KftXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION OF FORMALDEHYDE IN ATMOSPHERIC
JIB. In: Survey of D,. S. Sa B., literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases,, Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine., National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.. C. „ Inst. for
Applied Tech.,, Vol. 3, p. 135-1*40, May 1960.
CFSTI: IT 6C-21t75
The atmospheric air in the vicinity of the chemical plant under
investigation was systematically polluted with formaldehyde, the
concentration of which was as high as O.OU mg/cu m even at a
distance of 1000 meters from the plant. Investigations of
atmospheric air polluted with fcrmaldehyde caused by auto traffic
and the exhaust of diesel propelled motor vehicles varied from 2 to
10 mg/cu m and 49 - 378 mg/cu m formaldehyde respectively.. The
threshold concentration of olfactory sensitivity to formaldehyde
for the majority of persons under observation was 0..07 mg/cu m. A
concentration of 0U05 mg/cu m was non-perceptible to most sensitive
persons. The threshold formaldehyde concentration affecting reflex
reaction as determined by the chronaxy method was 0.08 mg/cu m, and
0=07 mg/cu m was the subliminal concentration. The formaldehyde
thresholed concentration of cortical reflex effect obtained by the
adaptometric method rested in most sensitive persons at the level
of C.098 mg/cu m. In studying the influence of small or low
formaldehyde concentrations on man the method of determining
threshold concentration of odor perception was the most sensitive,
the result being 0-07 mg/cu m.. Maximum permissible single
formaldehyde concentration in atmospheric air should not exceed
0..035 mg/cu m.
73G PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
08164
Ilotnikova, PI., B.
ACROLEIN AS AN ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTANT. In: Survey of 0. S. S. E»
Literatnre on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases.
Translated from Russian by E. S. levine. National Bureau of
Standards, Hashington, D., C., Inst. for Applied Tech-, Vol. 3, p.
188-19U, Hay 1960.
CFSTI: IT 60-21115
Atmospheric air pollution with acrolein discharged from a drying
oil factory in Bussia was determined colorimetrically. It extended
as far as 100 meters froi the source of pollution in concentrations
exceeding the allowable limit.. Its hygienic effects in different
concentrations were studied- The threshold of olfactory acrolein
perception for the majority of the test individuals was at 0..8 mg/
cu m. The threshold of acrolein effect on the reflex reaction and
on optical chronaxy was at 1.75 mg/cu m, and at 1.5 mg/cu m in the
case of respiratory rhythm and wave amplitude. The threshold
effect of acrolein on the functional state of the brain cortex as
indicated by changes of reflex reaction and determined
adaptometrically was established at 0..6 mg/cu m, which is below the
threshold of acrolein odor perception. Tests indicated that o.3 mg/
cu B of acrolein can be taken as the limit of allowable maximal
single concentration-
08231*
DISCUSSION ON BESPIKATOHY DISEASE AND POLLUTANT EXPOSURES.
II,, LABORATORY RELATIONSHIPS. Arch. Environ., Health,
Vol. 8, p. 1U7-152, Jan. 196U-
A discussion on the laboratory relationships of respiratory
disease and pollutant exposures is presented. Latex
agglutination text in N02 exposed animals, relationship between
skin sensitivity and sensitivity of the bronchial mucosa, and
mechanism of action in chronic lung disease are discussed.##
C8238
DISCUSSION ON SESPIEATOEY DISEASE ANE POLLUTANT EXPOSURES.. I.
LABORATORY RELATIONSHIPS. Arch. Environ. Health, Vol. 8, p» 129-
131, Jan. 196«.
A discussion on the laboratory relationships of respiratory disease
and pollutant exposures is presented. The fate of the reatsorbed
carbon in these animals exposed to inhalation of carbon alone,
effects on circulation of exposure to N02 plus carbon, differen-
ces in circulation with different sized carbon particles, mechanism
material and the possibility of using carbons from different
sources are discussed.
F. Effects - Human Health 737
-------
0821*3
Kotin, Paul, and Hans 1= Falk
POLLUTED DBBAN SIR AND BUSTED ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN THE
PATHOGINESIS OF PULMONARY CANCIB,. Diseases Chest.,,
1(5(3} : 236-216, March 19611., 21 rets- (Presented at the 29th
Annual Meeting, American College of Chest Physicians,
Atlantic City. June 13-17, 1963.,}
Data from several spheres of laboratory investigation lend
support to the belief that the epidemiologic association between
urban residence and lung cancer is of pathogenetic significance™
Admittedly, the identification of carcinogenic agents in pollutant
sources and in the atmosphere does not inevitably connote an
adverse biologic effect- Nevertheless, the findings of the
present investigation unite to form a constellation that strongly
implicates the atmosphere as one dominant factor in the
pathogenesis of lung cancer. The data are accorded additional
significance by virtue of their congruity with the epidemiologic
pattern of lung cancer. Epidemiolcgically, a reduction
in lung cancer incidence may be properly anticipated as a result
of reducing or eliminating the concentration of any of the
environmental factors discussed., However, predictions as to the
extent of reduction when but one of the factors is eliminated are
meaningless in light of the multiplicity of factors described- It
is wholly unwarrented to anticipate a guantitative reduction in
lung cancer rates equal in number to the percentage showing a
statistical association with any environmental source or specific
carcinogenic agent. While atmospheric pollution is advanced as
but one potential source of agents carcinogenic to the lung, proper
evaluation of its contribution to the pathogenesis of lung cancer
will be possible only in terms of its relation to the action of
ether significant environmental sources. ASM##
08276
CU C,, Deleanu
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY OF AIB IONIZATIOS AS AN ENVIHONMENT&L
FACTOR AND ITS EFFECT ON THE BODY., ((Beitrage zum Studium der
Luftionisation als Umweltfalctor und ihrer Wirkung auf den
Organismuso)) Text in German. Z., Ges. Hyg.. Ihre
Grenzgebiete (Berlin), 12(5) :3
-------
open air, while the reverse was true of inhabited rooms with
closed or open windows. The small ion density of inhabited rooms
with cross-ventialation is equal to that of open air- As a
measure of the effect of small ion concentration on the train,
liver, and kidney of chick embryos, the alkaline phosphatase and
glycogen of these organs were determined. Moderate densities
of small ions caused an increase, due to irritation of embryonic
processes, while stronger icnic concentrations markedly decreased
the amount of these substances in the organs, indicating serious
ailments in the developing embryo. Feeding 0.3 gins, of
cholesterol per kg, bodyweight per day to rabbits induced a
spontaneous decrease in mobility. This effect was compensated
by air ion therapy™ These and ether data in the literature
indicate that the effects of air ions on the organism involve the
nervous system. However some effects cannot be explained by this
influence and it is postulated that air ions can influence
different receptors and structures of the organism. ##
08320
Shiota, K. A, Hamada, Y. Maeda, Y. Oka, M. Emura,
K. Hitani, M. Matsuda, T. Inoue, M. Sawai, S.
Kawamura, and n. Okubo
STUDIES ON CHHONIC BRONCHITIS IN OSAKA. Text in Japanese.
Nippon Naika Gakkai Zasshi (Tokyo), 55 (<*) :283-289, July 10,
1966. 20 refs.
A group of 68 cases {aged H5-65;F. E. V.. 1 less than 70%; and
vith no serious complicating illness) was selected from 218
respiratory clinic patients. The results were compared with those
compiled by Fletcher and Burrow in London and Chicago. The
Osaka patients included more professionals, and smoked more
cigarettes per day. The severity and duration of respiratory
symptoms, such as cough, sputum and subjective dyspnea were less
severe and shorter in the Japanese patients. Climatic influence
on respiratory symptoms was observed in the Osaka group during
winter, and especially during days of smog (worst days, from
October to March). Disabling due to acute pulmonary diseases
was significantly different from that found in London; absenteeism
was very rare. Other differences (ventilatory function) and
similarities (in chest X-ray changes) between the two studies are
discussed.f #
08334
Campbell, Kirby I., George I. Clarke, L. Otis Zmik, and
Boger L. Plata
THI ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINANT PEROXYACITYL NITRATE. ACUTE
INHALATION TOXICITY IN MICE. Arch,, Environ. Health, Vol.
15, p. 739-7«(t, Dec. 1967, 19 refs..
Acute lethal toxicity of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) expressed as
median lethal concentration, or LC50, was estimated at 106 ppm.
F. Effects -Human Health 739
-------
Hale A-strain mice were exposed for 2 hours and mortality was
observed for 28 days. The potency of PAN is apparently much
greater than that of sulfur dioxide, similar to that of nitrogen
dioxide, and less than that of ozone. Median lethal exposures
characteristically produced a delayed mortality pattern, most
deaths occurring in the second and third week following
exposure. lethal toxicity was greater in older mice than in
young mice, and at higher than at lower temperatures, but was not
influenced appreciably by relative humidity. (Authors' summary,
modified) ##
08403
Hamming, Walter J. and Robert D. HacPhee
RELATIONSHIP OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN AUTO EXHADST TO EYE
IRRITATION—FURTHER RESULTS OF CHAMBER STUDIES. Atmos.,
Environ.,, 1 (5) : 577-584, Sept- 1967 10 refs.
Two 1100 cu ft environmental chambers were utilized for
irradiation of low concentrations of auto exhaust under static
conditions. The chambers were constructed of glass panels with
aluroinum frames- Artificial lights were used. Eye irritation
was determined by human panels at various times during the
irradiations. Two irritation maxima occurred during a static
test. The first peak has not teen correlated with any functions
of the reactants or products.. However, the second eye irritation
peak is shown in this paper to be related to several entities,
among which is the NOx defect. (Authors' abstract)##
C8415
Lawther, P. J.
AIR POLLUTION, BRONCHITIS AND LONG CANCER. Postgrad. Med.
J. JLondon) , Vol.. i»2, p.. 703-708, Nov. 1566. 13 refs.
The emission of pollutants at levels close to the ground and
during adverse meteorological conditions, such as temperature
inversion, contribute to low altitude air pollution,, Particulate
matter in the air can be measured by optical and electron
microscopy.. An electron' micrograph of common solid pollutants and
a table showing the average and maximum winter concentrations of
common gaseous pollutants in central London during 1954-1964 are
provided. The results of various field and laboratory tests
indicate that irritants in smoke, rather than S02, were the
causative agents for the exacerbation of existing chest diseases.
While simple bronchitis may be caused by cigarette smoking,
chronic bronchitis is related to urban factors. Tests further
support the theory that the rise in the incidence of lung cancer
is correlated with the incidence of cigarette smoking rather than
with the level of polycyclic hydrocarbons in coal tar, coal smoke,
and soot. Urban factors are also involved in the genesis of lung
cancer. As a remedial measure it appears reasonable to recommend
that fuel be turned centrally, and that the effluents be dispersed
from tall stacks™**
740 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
08123
Gross, Paul, Robert T. P. deTreville, Mary A. Eabyak,
Marianne Kaschak, and Ethel B. Tclker
EXPERIMENTS! EMPHYSEMA. EFFECT 01 CHRONIC NITROGEN DIOXIDE
EXPOSURE AND PiPAIN ON NORMAL AND PNEUMOCONIOTIC LONGS.. Arch.
Environ. Health, 16{1):51-58, Jan. 1968. 7 refs.
The extent to which pneumoconiosis may determine or affect the
development of emphysema in snail animals was investigated.
Quartz, coal, and blast furnace dusts were injected
intratracheally into hamsters, guinea pigs, and rats. One group
of animals was pastured for two weeks and another group for 10
weeks. Animals from the latter group were injected
intratracheally with papain. Both groups were then exposed for
one year
-------
equivalent to N02 gas. The use of NaN02 was decided upon to
facilitate the introduction of N02 to the cells. Cell types could
be recognized for 5 days or more in electron microscopic
preparations. After 1 day of exposure to 40 ppm N02, swelling and
tlebbing of the surface of the epithelial cells was seen; none was
found in the control. More extensive involvement was apparent
after 1-day exposure to 100 ppm, and after 3 days of exposure to40
ppm N02. The beating rate of myocardial cells was found to be an
objective and convenient endpoint for testing the characteristics
of the exposure system. A ccirparison of the response of cells in
the gas phase with that of elements in the fluid phase within the
same chamber suggested that this system can serve as a model for
evaluating the effect of an increasing diffusion barrier.
08461
Il'nitskaya, A. V.
PROBLEMS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE AND HEALTH MEASURES IN PLASMA
SPRAY-COATING OF METALS. ((Voprosy gigieny truda i
ozdorovitelnye meropriyatiya pri plazmennom napylenii metallov.,))
Text in Russian- Gigiena Truda i Prof. Zabolevaniya
(Moscow). 10(7):21-27, July 1966. 7 refs.
Plasma spray coating of metals is accompanied by health hazards,
such as high-frequency noise, the presence of aerosols, nitrous
oxide, and ozone, as well as the ionization of air and ultraviolet
radiation.. The aerodynamic noise levels nay attain 128-130 db.
A special polyclinical and physiological examination of workers
showed disturbed vascular tone with a tendency towards hypotension,
slowed-down pulse and abnormal cardiac rhythm, as well as an
increased threshold of auditory sensitivity by the end of the work
day. Workers with a service record cf 2-5 years exhibited
impaired hearing with distorted perception of high-pitched tones.
Recommendations are made for reducing the health hazards of
operators. (Author's summary, modified)##
08499
Gualtierotti, Rn, and G. Ghini
ION AEROTHERAPY MODIFIES PULMONARY EDEMA RESULTING FROM OZONE.
((L"aeroionoterapia modifica 1'edema polmonare da ozono.)) Text
in Italian. Arch. Med. Interna (Anselmi) , 18(2):66-71,
Rarch-April 1966. 11 rets-
Results are compared for two groups of male white rats which were
subjected to ozone intoxication. For 20 days before poisoning
with ozone, one group was subjected for one hour daily to a stream
of negative ions (measured by a galvanometer at a distance of 20
cm., 2 x 10 (to the 10th power) ions/sec.). Subsequent to
exposure to ozone for 45 min., using a bell jar, two animals from
each group were decapitated and examined. The relationship
between the dry and wet weight cf the lungs of each animal was
analyzed. It was concluded that the negatively ionized air
742 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
significantly reduced the edematous infiltration into the lungs
caused by inhaling ozone* The negative ions uere shown to
stimulate the endocrine system and improve the general
metabolism of the organism, probably as a result of enhanced
utilization of oxygen at the cellular level.**
08511
Anderson,, Donald 0,
THE EFFECTS OF AIR CONTAMINATION ON HEALTH: A BEVIES). PAFT II.
Can., Med.. Assoc. J. .(Toronto) , Vol. 97, p. 585-593,, Sept., 9,
1967., 103 refs.
The literature on the health effects of specific pollutants is
reviewed. Included are studies en dustfall, sulfur dioxide,
oxidizing pollution [as a mixture, or when broken into these
components: carbon monoxide, cxides of nitrogen, ozone, and
peroxyacetyl nitrate}, polycyclic hydrocarbons, industrial sources
of community air pollution {especially arsenic, beryllium, and
asbestos) , and several other pcllutantSo The effects of low levels
of common air pollutants, classified as particulate matter,
irritants, oxidants,, and systemic poisons, are not known precisely.
According to one study, high and significant correlations were
obtained between lung cancer 'mortality in men,, and levels of
beryllium, arsenic, zinc,, molybdenum, vanadium, cobalt, manganese,
lead, and titanium.. No correlation was observed for nickel and
antimony. In terms of magnitude of the effect, the hazard of long-
term exposure to levels of urban pollution is much less than that
of personal air pollution by cigarette smoking- The biological
effect, however, is similar to that of smoking, and is documented
in excess mortality, respiratory conditions, and possibly also in
respiratory cancer. The most important constituent currently
measured in the air is dust.,
08570
Boren, Hollis G.
PATHOBIOLOGY OF AIB POLLUTANTS., Environ,. Res. 1(2):178-197 Oct
1967. 100 refs.,
Results of inhalation exposures of guinea pigs to carbon followed
by N02, or to N02 followed by carbon, are presented to exemplify
both specific and general problems inherent in using animal systems
to determine injurious effects of environmental agents,, Inhalation
of carbon alone is followed by a macrophage response. Subsequent
exposure to N02 results in lung destruction. Inhalation of N02
followed by carbon gives a macrophage response of lesser degree..
These findings are interpreted to mean that the sequence of
exposure may determine a given response. The limitations of this
study indicate the necessity of using approaches which control or
measure multiple biologic factors operative at different levels of
organization of diverse animal systems. (Authorts abstract}
F. Effects -Human Health 743
-------
08646
Lloyd, D., H.
A NOTE OK FACTOFY PEOCESS SMI IS AND TOXIC HAZARDS., Sheet Metal
Ind., '(London), <*iHi»81) : 311-31 8, May 1967..
Developments in Bianufacturing process mean the continual
introduction of new chemicals, many of which have a characteristic
and often powerful odour. This article discusses the effects of
some of the toxic and odoriferous materials on the human body8
their detection and the importance of adequate safeguards.
08668
Pryor, William H., Jr., Harold 1. Bitter, and Eaymond J. Eertler
THE EFFECT 01 NITKOGEN DIOXIDE-NITECGEN TETBOXIBI OH OXYHEMOGLOBIN
DISSOCIATION. School of Aerospace Hedicine, Brooks AFE, Tex.,
Aerospace Medical Div., Task 630207, SAM-TE-67-33, p. 1-5, April
1967. 6 refs.
CFSTI: AD 655595
Twelve dogs were exposed to 180 parts per million nitrogen diox-
ide-nitrogen tetroxide until death occurred. Oxyhemoglobin
disscoiation curves were plotted on each subejct before and after
exposure. Percent saturation was thus used as a measure of ability
to transport oxygen. It was determined that N02/N20U exposure
reduced the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin by 10 percent to
15 percent throughout the physiologic range. There was a rise in
methemoglcbin concentration that was not sufficient to account for
the shift in the oxyhemcglobin dissociation curve, despite its
being statistically significant. Although chronic exposures were
not a part of this study, it i= suggested that a similar reduction
in hemoglobin function could result from long-term inhalation of
air polluted with these gases. (Authors* abstract)
08801
Hogger, Dieter
EFFECTS OF THE MOTOB VEHICII 1XBAUST GASES ON HUMANS, ANIMALS
AND PLANTS. ((Auswirkungen der Motorfahrzeugabgase auf
Benschen, Tiere und Pflanzen.)) Text in German. Z.
Praeventivmed., Vol. 11, p,, 161-178, March-April, 1966., 20
refs,,
The various toxic components in automobile exhaust gases are
reviewed. To determine the amount of carbon monoxide inhaled by
the population, the carbon monoxide hemoglobin content of 331
policemen and 597 automobile drivers was determined during a test
for alcohol. The nonsmoking policemen did not exceed the 55!
limit, but 255S of smoking policeuen and 10% of the drivers did.
The amount of lead in the street, in windowsill dust, and in the
744 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
street air was well as in the blood of office workers, metal work-
ers and garage workers was determined in Zurich between 1948-1963.,
Hhile the amount of lead in the dust of the street, air, and win-
dow sills increased significantly by 1955, the amount found in the
blood increased only slightly- Soot is considered deleterious as
a carrier of other water soluble toxic substances into the lungs.
The hygienic limit of 0-5 cc./cu m for oxides of nitrogen is only
seldom exceeded. Sulfur dioxide emissions are negligible.
Hydrocarbons and polycyclic hydrocarbon emissions from motor
vehicles contribute only a few percent to the rise in lung cancer..
The paraffin and olefin hydrocarbons are nontoxic to humans,
animals and plants, while ethylene is highly toxic to plants.
Hhile in Europe oxidants do not contribute significantly tc air
pollution, compounds such as ozone and peroxyacylnitrite
contribute to air pollution in tropic and subtropic climates with a
high concentration of motor vehicle traffic, particularly under
adverse meteorological conditions. The psychological problems
caused by air pollution are discussed and it is concluded that
the psychological effects cannot be dismissed lightly.##
08812
nuller, T. H.
AIR POILUTICN PBOM AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUSTS. OBSEBVATIONS IN BASEL.
((Die Verunreinigung der Atmosphere durch die Abgase der
Motorfahrzeuge. Beobachtungen in Basel.)) Text in German Z.
Praeventivmed. , 11 (2) :157-160, March-April, 1966., 5 refs..
CO level was sampled in air taken from 8 areas of dense traffic
during the period 1961-1961. Levels found ranged from 0 to 45
p.p.m., with occasional peaks to 90 p.p.m. These levels were
about the same each year, in contrast to the sharp increase in the
number of automobiles during that period. No conclusions are
drawn from this observation, but the ambient air concentration of
other exhaust gas components is pointed out as also significant-
Averages are given for ammonia, S02,, N02, and aldehyde. In
order to clarify the possibility of eventual harm from lead
additives in gasoline, urine samples from all traffic policemen
were examined in 1965. There was no evidence of lead
accumulation in any of the samples. #
-------
However, the need was apparent for a specific ion generator with a
vastly reduced gas flowrate. Such a device was designed,
fabricated and tested for gas flowrates as low as 5 cc per rain and
appears to have wide experimental applicability. Ion pairs are
formed in a pure gas within a tritium-lined duct where ion
separation is effected by the applied bias voltage- Unipolar ions
are projected from the generator by the bias voltage and the
moving air stream. A peripheral air supply acts as a carrier
stream in addition to diluting the selected gas to normal levels.
The instrument is capable of high unipolar ion production or the
production of experimental atmospheres where both types of gaseous
ions are present. A plexiglass exposure apparatus was developed.
This equipment was designed to house small animals in experimental
atmospheres modified only by the addition of selected gaseous
ions to the slowly-moving and unobstructed air stream. A research
summary includes: a. Study of the effects of gaseous ions on
higher animals. b. Study of the effects of gaseous ions
on the infectious process™ c. Studies of the effects of air ions
on protozoa. d. Studies of the effects of air ions on higher
plants,. e. Studies of the effects of air ions on insects. ##
C8897
Felmeister, Alvin, Mohammad Amanat, and N. D. Weiner
INTEKACTION OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE — CLEFIN GAS MIXTURES WITH LECITHIN
MCNCMOIECULAR FILMSo Environ. Sci. Technol. , 2(1):HO-«3,
Jan., 1968. 15 refsu
The interaction of nitrogen dioxide-olefin gas atmosphere with
saturated lecithin nonomolecular films were investigated using
surface pressure measurements. Films of dipalmitoyl lecithin, a
saturated phospholipide,, showed no interaction with any of the test
atmospheres used. Films of egg lecithin, an unsaturated
phospholipide, showed significant changes in the urface pressure
surface area curves in the presence of all atmosphere containing
nitrogen dioxide. The ctserved effects appear to be the result of
a chemical interaction of N02 with the double bonds of the egg
lecithin rather than a simple physical penetration of the film.
Biological implications are discussed. (Authors' abstract.)
08965
Veninga, Ijeerd Simon
TOXICITY OF OZONE IN COMPARISON «ITH IONIZING RADIATION.
Strahlentherapie (Munich}, 13«(3) : 469-177, Nov. 1967. H1 refs.,
Exposure of living organisms to relatively low concentrations of
ozone can lead to detrimental effects, C black mice were
treated with 0.2 p. p. m. of ozone, for 7 hrs./d., 5 d./wk,. during
gestation and then for the first 3 weeks of life. Unlimited
incisor growth rose from 0.9 percent in untreated newborn mice to
5.4% in the treated mice; neonatal death increased from 9 percent
to 34 percent. Tabulated results show that frogs treated with
0.8 p.p.m. of ozone evince an increase in urine serotonin level.
746 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Rabbits exposed to 0.2 p.p.m. of ozone for 60 min. showed a slight
but significant drop in total blood serotonin immediately after
termination of the ozone treatment. This drop must originate from
a loss of plateletbound aniine, since no alteration in free
circulating plasma serotonin could be detected. Control rabbits
demonstrated no significant modification of blood serotonin values.
Ozone is considered radicmimetric, but O2one levels as low as 0.05
p. p.m.,, which is very close to observed natural values, with
exposure to sublethal doses of X-rays one hr. later, lead to
additive mortality rates in aale mice.##
08997
Porter, J. K., S. Valdes, G. H. Schepers,
Joaquin del Valle, and Gustavo Viniegra
RESPIRATORY AILMENTS FSCH AIR POLLUTION. II. ANSWER TO PROLONGED
EXPOSURE, CLINICAL PICTURE. ( (Enfermedades respiratorias for
ccntaminacion del aire. II. Bespuesta a la contaminacion pro-
Icngada, cuadros clinicos.)) Text in Spanish. Neumol. Cir.
Torax (Mexico), 28 (6) : 395-U03, Nov.-Dec. 1967.
Factors relevant to the medical effects of prolonged exposure to
air pollution are discussed, followed by a summary of the clinical
symptoms which result from such exposure. Individual suscepti-
bility, the influence of previous exposures, smoking habits, aller-
gic sensitization, and concommittant illnesses (bronchitis, empny-
sema, cancer) are mentioned. Air pollution crises which have
occurred in the Meuse Valley, Eonora, London, Yokohama, New
Orleans, and Poza Rica are cited. Industrial smoke and motor
vehicle exhausts are important agents in the production of respira-
tory diseases. If atmospheric pollution continues at its present
rate of increase, human life will be impossible by the year 2000.#*
09024
Tried, Josef and Dorothy E. Schumm
ONE ELECTRON TRANSFER OXIDATION OF 7 , 1 2-DIHETHYLBENZ ( A) ANTHRACENE,
A MODEI FOR THE METABOLIC ACTIVATION OF CARCINOGENIC HYDROCAR-
BONS. J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 89<21):5508-5509, Oct.. 11, 1967.
((15)) refs.
In the study of carcinogenicity of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons, there is a basic question of whether it is the
hydrocarbon itself of some metabolite produced in vivo that is
the primary trigger for biological activity. A chemical model
system is described which is converting the potent
7,12-dimethylbenz(a}anthracene (CUBA) into biologically more
active products. The action of one electron transfer agents,
manganese dioxide, ferricyanide and Ce(IV) on DHBA was
investigated. Fractionation of the manganese dioxide products
yielded in addition to DMBA, five compounds, which were
identified with several procedures. The biological activity of
each was investigated using an E. coli bacteria phage assay.##
F. Effects - Human Health 747
-------
09060
ludwig, John H.
SOHE RAMIFICATIONS OF AIE CONTAMINATION. Public Health
Sept. (U.So), 75(5) : 113-1(19, May 1960. t refs. (Presented at
the 47th National Safety Congress and Exposition, Chicago,
111., Oct. 20, 1959.,)
The ramifications of air pclluticn are discussed in terms of
health effects, urbanization, and economic losses. Particulates,
benzo(a)pyrene, sulfur oxides and photochemically reactive species
are discussed.t#
09061
Jaffe, Louis S.
PHOTOCHEMICAL AIR POLLUTANTS AND THEIS EFFECTS ON MEN AND
ANIMALS. II. ADVERSE EFFECTS. Arch. Environ. Health,
Vol. 16, p. 211-255, Feh= 1968. 91 refs.
The literature related to recent findings on the adverse effects
of photochemical smog on man and animals is reviewed. Pecent
studies on the effects of ozone and peroxyacyl nitrate (PAN)
compounds, based on short-term and prolonged laboratory exposures
to these individual oxidants are also presented. An understanding
of the effects of these individual agents on man and animals in
concentrations such as those found in community atmospheres
contributes substantially to our knowledge of the effects of the
ambient photochemical total oxidant mixture.##
09232
Eogala, H. and Malinowski, E.
A CASE OF NITROGEN OXIDE POISONING. ((Przypadek zatrucia tlen-
kami azotu.J) Text in Polish. Polish Tygod. Lekar.
Biadomosci Lekar. 23(1): 18-19, Jan. 1968. 9 refs.
NC2 poisoning in a 3
-------
09239
Pavlik, I.
THE FATE OF LIGHT AIH IONS IN THE BESPIEATOBY PATHWAYS.
Intern. J. Bioclimatol. Bionetecrol. (Leiden), 11 (2) : 175-185,
July 1967. 10 refs.
Based upon the assumption that the muccsa of the respiratory tract
are conductive surfaces with no electrical potential, equations are
derived by which it is shown that light air ions (electrical
mobility 2.0 sq. cm./v. sec.) will he deposited in the
respiratory tract, being completely deposited between the
intraseqmental bronchi and the bronchioles. The ions, according
to the calculated results, will be deposited in great numbers in
the nasal passages. Thus, all theories deriving the
physiological action of air ions from their penetration into
alveoli are not valid for light ions. Further study of the
bioelectric potential of the mucosa in the upper respiratory
tract, however, indicated that there is an electrical gradient,
falling generally in the forward-backward direction. The highest
negative potential was found regularly on the upper surface cf the
tongue, and the lowest negative potential, on the tonsils, the
tack walls of the pharynx, and the soft palate. The ability of
this electric field to control the density of microbial flora on
the mucosa was experimentally established in 15 cases. This
natural electrostatic filter collects light ions upon the tongue,
and especially during mouth breathing. Art increase in the ion
retention rate in the isthmus faucium, however, although quite high
in comparison with the condition present in the theoretical absence
of any electric field, does not radically change the deposition
pattern in the rest of the respiratory tract.*#
09211
Peacock, P. E. and J. E. Spence
INCIDENCE OF LUNG IDMOUBS IN IX MICE EXPOSED TO (1) J"SEE
RADICALS; (2) SO2. Brit. J. Cancer (London),
21 (3) : 606-618, Sept. 1967. 4 refs.
Three groups of LX mice cf both sexes were examined for primary
lung tumors and other lesions: 80 untreated controls, 60
exposed to inhalation of free radicals; and 65 exposed to
inhalation of 500 p.p.m. S02 for 5 min. five days a week. No
lung tumors were observed in mice below 300 days of age, so cnly
those surviving this age are considered in assessing the
tabulated results. The incidence of primary lung tumors in both
sexes exposed to S02 was almost doubled, compared with the
controls; carcinoma of the lung in females was observed cnly in
those mice exposed to S02. There was a slight increase in lung
tumors in both sexes exposed to free radicals. The incidence of
hepatoma and lymphomatosis, the next most frequent tumors in the
controls, was unaffected by the exposures to radicals or
S02. There was an association between persistent lymphatic
F. Effects - Human Health 749
-------
engorgement and alveolar hyperplasia and the development of
progressive neoplasia, papillary adenoma and carcinoma in all
groups. Repeated exposure to S02 apparently accelerates the
unexplained sequence of events which leads to the spontaneous
growth of lung tumors in this strain. (Authors' summary, modified
)##
09242
Pruller, P., and J. Eeinet
LONG-TERM INVESTIGATIONS 01 ATMOSPHERIC IONI2ATION IN TABTU,
ESTONIAN SSR. Intern. J. Bioclimatol. Biometeorol. (Leiden)
10 (2): 127-133, Nov. 1966. 13 ref s.
Density of positive and negative aerial ions was measured during
1951-1963, and correlated with meteorological measurements and the
incidence of deaths and cardiovascular disease for 1960-1963.
There is a seasonal variation, with a maximum density of small
ions (ionic mobility greater than 0.1 sq. cm./v. sec.) from
January to Barch and a minimum density from May to July; the
density of large ions (ionic mobility less than 0.1 but greater
than 0.00025 sg cm./v. sec.) varied inversely, with a maximum from
May to July- Diurnal variation of the small ions was evident,
with the small ions was evident, with the highest freguency after
midnight and the lowest freguency at 7:00 A.M. The average
density of small ions at 1:00 P.M. any day in the year was at a
peak when the duration of sunshine was at least 60 percent of the
possible daily sunshine. Natural aerial ion density is lew
compared with that cf artificially icnized air or electro-aerosols.
General mortality and incidence of cardiovascular diseases
(angina pectoris, myocardial infarcts, thromboses and embolisms)
are correlated with a low density of small ions and during the
winter months. During a steep rise or fall of barometric
pressure (64 times in 1960-1962), cardiovascular crises, angina
pectoris and myocardial infarcts occurred more freguently than
expected, with an excess of deaths.##
09244
Nasr, Ahmed N. M.
BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF OZONE INTOXICATION: A REVIEW. J.
Occupational Bed., 9 (12) :589-597, Dec. 1967. 47 refs.
The physical and chemical properties of ozone, the effects of
ether cxidants with effects similar to those of czone, and
other characteristics of the action of ozone upon man and
experimental animals are reviewed. Ozone is a highly reactive gas
and when breathed, is unlikely tc reach far beyond its port of
entry. The main effect of ozone is thus on the respiratory tract,
but other manifestations (drowsiness and headache) are probably
secondary to its asphyxiant action. Mice exposed to 1 p.p.m.
ozone exhibit depressed lung histamine for 25 days; ozone
exposure also depresses glutathicne content of the lungs, which
can be prevented by inhalation of oil mist prior to exposure.
750 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Animals also exhibit premature aging when exposed to ozone.
The mechanism of action at the cellular and subcellular levels,
while not clear, could be to interfere with the function of
electron-transfer systems in biological oxidation, and with enzymes
which require for their activity chemical groups that are
readily oxidizable. High pressure oxygen may have a similar mode
of action. Hydrogen peroxide is found, at levels of a few p.p.n.,
to enhance the toxicity of nonlethal levels of ozone or SC2.
N02 studies in animals and in vitro are mentioned, as are studies
with peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN). Vitamin C may play a
protective role against the oxidizing effects of ozone or PAH,
but the mechanism is unknown. Ozone has a radioimetric effect, as
shown in studies with root tips and finger epidermis.
Intermittent exercise, youth, alcohol, and respiratory infection
are mentioned as augmenting the effects of ozone exposure. Prior
intermittent exposure to ozone does not appear to protect animals
against the chronic effects of bronchitis ar.d bronchiolitis that
follow continued exposure to ozone, although drugs (promethazine
and aspirin) or thyroidectomy appear to enhance survival of
animals exposed to lethal levels of ozone or ozone and N02.**
C9368
Thomas, Heriberto V,, Peter K. Hueller,, and Bichard L.
lyman
LIPOPEBOXIDiTION OF LONG LIPIES IN FATS EXPOSED TO NITROGEN
DIOXIDE. Science, 159 (3810):532-531, Feb. 2, 1968. 7 refs.
Absorption spectra characteristic of diene conjugation and
typical for peroxidized polyenoic fatty acids can be induced in rat
lung lipids after the rats have teen exposed to a scant amount of
nitrogen dioxide (1 part per Billion) for 4 hours. The
peroxidative changes do not occur immediately but appear to reach a
maximum between 24 and 48 hours after exposure. The peroxidant
effect of this atmospheric pollutant in rat lung lipids may be
partially prevented by prior treatment of the animal with large
doses of alpha-tocopherol. (Authors" abstract)##
09412
Banier, W., Gerald, David L. Kelble, James P. Newby, and M. Sanchez.
EXPEBIMENTAL FMPHYSEMA. Ann. Thorac,, Surg., 3 (6) : 539-548 , June
1967., 40 refs. (Presented at the 3rd Annual Meeting, Society of
Thoracic Surgeons, Kansas City, Mo., Jan. 23-25, 1967.,)
Chronic sublethal exposure to 75-125 ppm N02 for 30-min. periods
combined nith selective expiratory airflow obstruction is
investigated in the rabbit. Similar histological effects were
produced by both the Venturi principle and aeronautical flew
obstruction tubes. Mortality of the exposed aniirals was guite
high., Of 53 rabbits exposed to N02, only 21 survived 1-6 months
after last exposure; of 62 animals with obstructive tubes only, 7
survived 1-6 months after surgery; of 41 rabbits undergoing both
gas exposure and surgery, 14 survived 1-6 months. Exposed animals
F. Effects -Human Health 751
-------
exhibited diffuse alveolar destruction, with minimal fibrosis and
reparative changes in the bronchiolar epithelium. There is a
definite correlation between the lenght of the delay period prior
to sacrifice and the degree of alveolar destruction, provided the
animals were subjected to at least 20 N02 exposures. Fxposed
rabbits with obstructive expiratory tubes developed expiratory
wheezing, increased respiratory rates, and intolerance to even
minimal exercise as delay periods were lengthened.
Orcutt, James A.
THE QUANTA! RESPONSE IN ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY.
PAST .!!„ NOEMALITY OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF QUANTA! MEASUREMENTS OF
EYE IRRITATION DETAINED IN DOWKTOWB IDS ANGELES., J. Am.
Osteopath. Assoc..,, 66 (12) : 1383-1385,, Aug. 1 967., 1 ref_
Data gathered half-hourly by county office workers on the presence
or absence of eye irritation is grouped into ranges, and
statistical analysis performed. The probit (normal deviate plus 5)
percent incidence of eye irritation is shown to be both a
normalizing and a linearizing statistical transformation (when
correlated with log concentration of irritant). The probit percent
eye irritation, among a representative sample of the population in
response to Los Angeles air pollution, is tius found to be normally
distributed.
09U16
Orcutt, James A-
THE QUANTAL KESPCNSE IN ENVIRON MINT AI TOXICOLOGY.
PABT I. THE MEASUREMENT OF EYE IPHITATION AS A QUANTAL RESPONSE FOR
CORFELATION WITH AEHOHETEIC DATA FROM POLLUTED ATMOSPHERES. J.
Am. Osteopath,, Assoc.,, 66 (12) : 1376-1383, Aug. 1967. 19 refs<
The correlation of human eye irritation with a specific, measured
pollutant of the Los Angeles atmosphere (ether-soluble aerosols),
as well as with measured concentrations of diluted, irradiated
automobile exhausts in the laboratory, is demonstrated by a quantal
procdedure. When probit (normal deviate plus 5) percent incidence
of eye irritation is plotted against log concentration, a straight
line can be fitted in each case. Observed deviations from
linearity were not statistically significant. The fallacies that
might be encountered in presuming a causal relationship are
discussed. This study serves mostly to illustrate the application
of the guantal response to the quantitative evaluation of toxic,
irritating effects of air pollution.
752 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
09110
McCarroll, Janes, Hichael Iebo¥itz, Boris Wolter,
Iric Cassell and Donovan Thcifson
AIH POLLUTION AND JCDTE RESPIRATORY ILLNESS- Preprint,
Washington Dniv., Seattle, School of Hedicine, ((28))p.,
1967. '(Presented at a joint aeeting of the Pacific Northwest
Section, Aaerican Industrial Hygiene Association and
Northwest Association of Occupational Medicine, Portland,
Oregon, Nov. 12, 1967,,)
A three year study was conducted in New York City to determine
what variations in the health of a normal urban population might be
related to variations in their environment. The population
studied included whites, Negroes, and Puerto Ricans from upper,
middle, and lower income groups, and was divided into four
categories: children (those under 15 years of age); adults;
heavy cigarette smokers; and non-cigarette smokers. The total
number of participants in the study was 1747 and each was observed
for an average of 15 weeks. A guestionnaire was developed
containing approximately 120 items regarding variations in health-
Each faiily was visited each week by a trained health
interviewer who orally asked the guestions in the guestionnaire;
questions were asked for each of the seven preceding days. An air
pollution monitoring station was established in the center of the
study area and measurements were made of 302, particulates,
carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons- Also, monitoring records of a
variety of other pollutants were obtained from the City.
Continuous records were maintained on common meteorologic
variables. The association between the daily prevalence rates of
various health symptoms and the levels of air pollution are
examined by several methods. The multiple correlation
coefficients and the multiple regression coefficients of some of
the symptom prevalence rates with air pollutants and meteorological
factors are summarized. It is concluded that: a) there are
associated relationships between symptoms in a normal urban
population and a variety of environmental factors and b) no one
factor, including air pollution, acts alone to produce most of the
common illnesses.##
09565
Jaffe, I. S..
PHOTOCHEMICAL AIR POLLDTANTS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON MEN ANE
ANIMALS. II. ADVERSE EFFECTS. Arch. Environ., Health. Vol.
16, p. 211-255, Feb. 1968. 91 refs.,
Recent findings on the biologically adverse effects of atmospheric
photochemical smog on man and animals, using "total oxidant" as an
index of this type of pollution are reviewed. Additionally,
recent studies on the effects of ozone and peroxyacyl nitrate
(PAN) compounds, important oxidants identified in photochemical
smog, on man and animals based on short-term and prolonged
laboratory exposures to these individual oxidants are also
presented.##
F. Effects - Human Health 753
-------
09937
Britz, William E., John L. Steele, Charles E. Dasher,
and August E. Banknieder
A DYNAMIC FLOW GASSING CHAMBEH FOE TOXICOLOGY STUDIES WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO IIS USE WITH N02. Schccl of Aerospace Medicine,
Brooks AFB, Texas, Aerospace Medicine Div., Proj. 6302,
Task 630207, SAM-TRC-67-80, p. 12, Sept. 1967. 6 refs.
1o test the toxicity of nitrogen dioxide / nitrogen tetroxide and
other gases, it was necessary to construct an exposure chamber for
small laboratory animals. This repcit describes the construction
and operation o± a small dynamic flow gassing chamber for studying
toxic gas inhalation. Special attention is given to its use with
N02/N204 and the system for monitoring the concentration of gas.
Several accessories for the chamber include a special harness for
monitoring chest sounds of the subjects being gassed; a system for
endotracheal intubation for allowing the subject to breathe the gas
conecntration while being manipulated surgically outside the
chamber; and, a small "by-pass" chamber for small laboratory animal
species being utilized in timed-dose studies. (Authors' abstract)
C9958
Strandberg, lars
CHANGES IN THE N02-ABSORPTION 01 THE RESPIRATORY TRACT WHEN EXECS-
ING RABBITS TO N02 TOGETHER WITH CARBON PARTICLES. ((Forandrad
N02-absorbtion i luftvagarna hos kanin vid samtidig koldammtill-
forsel.)) Text in Swedish. Nerd. Hyd. Tidskr. (Copenhagen),
<48(1):8-12, 1967. 10 refs.
Groups of rabbits were exposed to N02 (15-65 ppm) . One group was
exposed to N02 without particles, another group to N02 plus carbon
particles (most particles over 0.25 micron. The third group was
also exposed to N02 plus carbon particles (most less than 0.25
micron. Gas absorption was then studied using a method previously
described. Babbits exposed to N02 and Carbon particles absorbed
more N02 in the upper respiratory tract than the N02-exposure
group. Differences in the absorption pattern and the respiratory
pattern when comparing the twc carbon particle groups could also be
observed. The changed N02 absorption pattern in the presence of
carbon particles may be the result of synergistic actions.
(Author's summary, modified)
0999U
Eils, Robert F.
ULIBAS1RUCTURAL EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON LUNG CELLS. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., 18(5):313-314, May 1968. 9 refs.
754 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
The lungs of exposed mice taken during 2- to 3-hour heavy smog
periods (over 0. i) ppm total oxidants) showed various degrees of
cytoplasmic damage in the alveolar epithelial cells. The extent of
damage was markedly age-dependent. Alveolar walls cells taken
during heavy smcg frcm 5-month-cld animals contained slightly more
lamellar inclusion bodies than corresponding animals kept in clean
air. The cytoplasm of alveolar cells of 9-month-old animals
sacrificed during heavy smog was severely disorganized; however,
animals of this age showed a marked recovery 14 hours following
the smog peak. In a group of older mice (21 months), similar
cytoplasmic damage was obvious, and those sacrified 2t hours after
the heavy smog peak showed even more cellular disruption,
suggesting irreversible damage in the older animals. The effect of
synthetic photochemical smog showed a pattern of ultrastructural
alterations similar to that of the heavy natural smog. Some
permanent changes occurred in alveolar cells of 15-month-old mice.
Partial recovery of lining cells took place, but few wall cells and
phagocytes remained. If older lung tissue has relatively fewer wall
cells as is indicated, recovery is decreased to the point of
permanent damage. Coupled with extensive disruption of lining
membranes, exposures of this nature may well cause the death of
elder animals. (Author's abstract)
10071
lawson, 8. H. Jr.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND PH ON THE RAT! OF REACTION OF CA8BOH
MONOXIDE AND OXYGEN WITH RED EICCD CELLS IN NORMAL AND ANEMIC
SUBJECTS, AND THE EFFECT OF HYPOXIA ON PULMONARY DIFFUSION OF CO IN
NORMAL AND ANEMIC SUBJECTS* State Univ. of New York, Research
Foundation, Contract DA-<49-192-?:-2701, (6) p. , 1965., 9 refs.
CFS1I, DDC: AD 623029
Investigations of the physiological adaptations and limitations of
tissue oxygen delivery under streeses such as hypothermia, hypoxia,
and exercise were made by studying in vitro measurements of red bloo
cell-gas kinetics and in nine studies on effects of hypoxia on
pulmonary circulation. Results of red-cell gas kinetics demonstrate
that rates of oxygenation and deoxygenation were increased in
microcytic hypochronic anemia but were unchanged in macrocytic and
sickle-scell anemia. The rate carbon monoxide combines with
oxygenated red cell was reduced with a decrease in temperature but
vas unaffected by changes in pH» Alterations in pulmonary capillary
diffusion in acute hypoxia were demonstrated to be greater in anemic
subjects than in normal subjects.
10390
A. Spinazzola, L. Marraccini
OZONE INTOXICATION - RECENT FINDINGS IN THE IIILDS OF PATHOLOGY
AND PREVENTION. (Intossicazicne da ozono. fiecenti
acguisizioni in tema di patologia e di prevenzione.) Text in
Italian. Rass. Bed. Sarda (Cagliari), 69 (4) :383-398,
July-Jug. 1966. 30 refs.
F. Effects - Human Health 755
-------
Chemical characteristics of ozcne, as well as sources of
production, toxicology, pathology, diagnosis, therapy and
prevention of ozone intoxication are reported. The most recent
findings in this area of occupational medicine are stressed
(including American research), and beginning with 1967. The
increase in poisoning from ozone, especially at busy urban
streets, leads to increased danger to drivers and passengers.
Various laboratory tests new being studied are mentioned; none
of these tests appears promising thus far. Continued study of
the problem of ozone poisoning and of the control of ozone
poisoning is recommended.##
101416
Domingo H. Aviado, and Harry Salem
ACUTE FIFECTS OF AIE POLLUTANTS ON THE 1UNGS. Arch. Environ.
Health, 16 (6) : 903-907, June 1968. 38 refs.
The inhalation of chemicals initiates responses which can be
grouped into four areas: (1) the airways which respond ty
bronchoconstriction to initiate the cough reflex; (2) the
bronchial blood vessels which undergo changes to reduce absorption
of the chemical substances via the bronchial mucosa; (3) the
pulmonary blood vessels which respond to reduce absorption of the
toxic irritants via the alveolar capillaries; and (4) the heart
and systemic vessels which retard the distribution of the
chemical substance to the vital organs. (Authors' abstract)##
10448
Smith, Ealph G.
AN ANALYST'S VIEW OF OUR POLLUTED PLANET. Anal. Chen.,
40(7):24A-32^A, June 1968.
The analysis of our environment in the interest of reducing
pollution levels is a challenging and expanding activity that is
attracting more analytical chemists as the field continues to expand.
The natural skepticism of the analyst is badly needed as numbers
all kinds tend to proliferate, even though standard methods are jus"0
now beginning to appear. The iiplicaticns of threshold limit valu
and ambient air quality standards are of such great consequence to
society that every analyst should be most concerned with validity
these numbers and their correct incorporation into laws. (Author1
abstract)
10456
Wayne, Lowell Gu and Leslie A. Chambers
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF URBAN AIH P DILUTION. Arch. Environ.,
Health, 16 (6) : 871-885, June 1968,. 14 refs.
75C PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Rodents exposed to the ambient atmosphere of Los Angeles
throughout their lives have been studied in comparison with animals
maintained in smog-filtered atmospherees. In aging inbred mice of
certain strains, there was an increased incidence of pulmonary
adenoma. In one strain mortality of males (but not females) during
the first year of life was increased. Severe smog episodes caused
lung tissue alterations at the ultrastructural level, especially in
mice older than 15 months. Severe episodes produced transient
increases in pulmonary resistance in old guinea pigs but no
demonstrable chronic or cumulative effects on this parameter. In
guinea pigs sensitized by prior stress treatment, urinary excretion
of 17-ketogenic steroids was enhanced by ambient atmosphere exposure
After two or three years of exposure, rabbits exhibited reduced
activity of glutamic oxalcetic transaminase in blood serum.
(Authors' abstract)
10190
Riddick, J, H. Jr. K. I, Campbell, and D. L. Coffin
THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC NITROGEH DIOXIDE EXPOSUPE ON DOGS: I.
HISTAPATHOLCGT OF THE LONG. Preprint, Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control, (14) p..,
1968. 17 refs.
The experiments reported were instituted to determine whether a
larger species, the dog, would react similarly to nitrogen dioxide
(N02). Hesults indicate that such exposure produces pulmonary
enphysema and associated interstitial fibrosis, increased reticulum
fibers, and elastic fibers. No significant regression of these
lesions was apparent in two dogs examined 8 months after termination
of exposure.
10U92
Holzman, P.S., D. E.. Gardner, and Do L. Coffin
IN VIVO INACTIVATION OP LYSOSZIME EY OZONE. Preprint,Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air
Control, 1968,. (13) p.,, 17 refs.
Bronchial mucus contains large quantities of the antibacterial
enzyme lysozyme. Acutely exposing mice or rabbits to ozone reduced
the amount of active lysczyme attainable by bronchopulmonary lavage.
The effect was proportional to ozone concentration as well as to
duration of exposure. Enzyme activity returned to normal levels
during the 12 hours following exposure. Five parts per million ozon
for 3 hours reduced lysozyme levels approximately 30 percent-
Studies of the release of lysozyme by alveolar cells support the
theory that loss of activity is due to in vivo oxidation of lysozyme
(Authors" abstract)
F. Effects - Human Health 757
-------
Gregory, Kenton 1., Victoria F. Malinoski, and Charles P.
Sharp
CLEVELAND CLINIC FIRE SURVIVORSHIP STUDY 1929-1965. Preprint,
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air
Pollution Control, (22)p. , July 22, 1968. 7 refs. (Presented at th
9th American Medical Association Air Pollution Medical Research
Conference, Denver, Colorado, July 22-21, 1968.)
A long-term study was conducted to determine if there was an
effect on the mortality experience of persons exposed to gases, such
as HCK, CO, and NO, produced by the decomposition of nitrocellulose
ray filro. Such exposure occurred in a fire at the Cleveland Clinic,
Cleveland, Ohio on Bay 15, 1929. Information was gathered concernin
the 1965 survival status of all persons who were in the building or
«ho helped with the rescue efforts. These data were categorized by
exposed and unexposed groups and were analysed by modified life tabl
methods.. The results of these analyses and the problems incurred in
this type of study are presented. (Author's abstract, modified)
10611
Bernard D. Goldstein, Charlotte Lodi, Charlotte Ccllin-
son, and Oscar J. Balchum
OZONE AND LIPID PEROXIDA1ICN. Preprint, University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, School of Bedicire and
Los Angeles County General Hospital, Calif., lip., 1968.
(Presented at the American Medical Association Air
Pollution Medical Research Conference, Denver, Colo. ,
July 22-24, 1S68, Paper 3.)
Lung lipid extracts of mice exposed to 0.4 0.7 ppm ozone for
four hours demonstrated ultraviolet absorption patterns
consistent with the formation of lipid peroxides. The attendant
UFA breakdown would lead to the formation of free radicals and
ether intermediates capable of causing cellular injury.
Similar reactions with the carbon double bond of UFA can also
be instigated by free radicals or ty oxygen in an entity known
as lipid peroxidaticn. It is therefore conceivable that the
breakdown of UFA and the production of free radicals could
be initiated either by direct ozonclysis or by free radicals
derived from another ozone reaction. Significantly decreased
ert
erythrocyte enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity
was also found in mice exposed to toxic levels of ozone in vivo.
In this same experiment there was only a slight depression in
mouse erythrocyte intracellular -SH which was not statistically
significant. Signs of early aging in animals chronically
exposed to ozone is of interest in regards to a hypothetical
role of ozone in producting lifid peroxidation. Ozone
concentrations present in urban areas can produce lipid
peroxidation.**
758 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
10613
Anthony !„ Thomas
SPACE CABIN TOXICOLOGY. In: NASA, Marshall Space Flight
Center 5th Annual Meeting, Air Force Systems Command,
Wright-Patterson AFE, Ohio, p. 207-217, March 3, 1967.
18 refs.
NASA: H68-17369
Space cabin toxicology is a new and challenging area of
research in life support. The unique problem of this branch
of toxicology is the truly uninterrupted continuous nature
of exposure to chemical toxicants,. Fundamental research in the
last two years has answered the following most urgent basic
questions.. Continuous exposure can lead to a "summation of
interest" type of toxic effect because daily recuperative
periods from exposure are non-existent- The exotic atmospheric
environment can influence the outcome of toxic damage; reduced
barometric pressure and oxygen-rich atmosphere are influencing
factors., All cabin materials can and must be screened
by analytical and biological methods to increase the health and
performance of the crew in future manned space missions.
To answer these questions, experiments were conducted with
animals in controlled atmosphere chambers at reduced pressure-
Various contaminant materials were introduced for long
exposures times™ The tests themselves lasted up to eight
months, thus giving a good indication of the effects of
long-term exposure to a "space cabin" atmosphere.##
10623
B. E. Eglite
A CONTEIBUTION TO THE HYGIENIC ASSESSMENI OF ATMOSPHEBIC
OZONE. ((K voprosu o gigienicheskoi otsenke atmcsfernogo
ozona.)) Hyg. G Sanit. (English translation of: Gigiena i
Sanit.), 33 (1-3) :18-23, Jan.-March 1968. 13 refs.
CFSTI: I 68-504U9/1
The toxic effect of ozone on man and animals affects the
respiratory organs and the central nervcus system, and less
frequently the cardiovascular system, the basal metabolism and
the functioning of the liver. The atmospheric concentration
of ozone in large industrial cities in the Soviet Union was
studied and health implications were assessed. In experiments,
animals inspired ozone in a concentration of 0.2 mg/cu.m. for
6 hr. The experiments were carred out 268 times over a
period of 133 days. Host of the animals developed chronic
bronchitis, bronchiolitis and emphysema. In addition to
pulmonary changes, the animals exhibited a decrease of lipoids
in the suprarenal cortex. The effects of lew ozone concentrations
on man were studied by determinations of its olfactory
threshold and its effects upon elecrical activity of the
cerebral cortex. The olfactory threshold of ozone was found to be
0.015mg/cu.m., and with respect to effect on electrical activity
of cerebral cortex, the concentration was 0.005 mg/cu. iu. #4
F. Effects -Human Health 759
-------
10670
Goldsmith, John E. and Jay J. Nadel
EXPERIMENTAL EXPOSURE OF HUHAN SUBJECTS 1C CZCNE. Preprint,
California Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley, Environmental
Hazards Evaluation Unit and California Univ. Medical Center,
San Francisco, Cardiovascular Research Inst., 6p., 1968. 8
refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association
Meeting, St. Paul, Hinn., June 23-28, 1968, Japer 68-126.)
Four presumably healthy irale subjects were exposed for one hour
to ozone at 0.1, 0.4, 0.6 and 1.0 ppm. Airway resistance
increased slightly but significantly after exposure in two subjects
at the lowest concentration, in one each at the two intermediate
concentrations and in all four at 1.0 ppm. The increases were
physiologically small and generally less than those in norial
subjects inhaling the sicke from a single cigarette. (Authors'
abstract) ##
10685
Bils, Robert F. and Michael J. Ivans
THE EFFECTS OF OZONE, NITROGEN DIOXIDE AND OTHEfl GASEOUS AIR
POLLUTANTS ON MAMMALIAN RESPIRATORY TISSUES — A REVIEW OF LIGHT
AND ELECTION MICROSCOPE STUDIES. Preprint, Allan Hancock
Foundation and University of Southern California, Los Ange-
les, Dept. of Biological Sciences, 2Cp., 1968,, ((49)) refs.,
(Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution
Control Association, St. Paul, Hinn., June 23-27, 1968,
Japer 68-83.)
Morphological changes associated with the toxicity of ozone,
nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and other gaseous
air pollutants are reported. Microscopical investigations have
been made using concentrations of ozone ranging from 0.2 to 50 ppm
on mice, rats, hamsters, rabbits, and dogs. Methods of exposure
varied from single doses for 1 to 6 hours, to multiple or
continuous doses for up to 433 days,. Morphological changes seen
with the light microscope after a single dose are accumulation of
edema fluid and migration of leukocytes into the alveolar space.,
Electron microscopy has revealed swelling and rupture of
endothelial and epithelial cells and accumulation of cell debris
in the alveoli™ In prolonged studies chronic pneumonitis and
contracted alveolar septa are seen.. The effects of nitrogen
dioxide on mammals are seen mostly in the respiratory tract.
Experimental exposures as high as 400 ppm cause fcronchopneumonia
and death within minutes in laboratory animals,. At 40-80 ppm
severe ultrastructural alterations were seen in middle-aged mice
exposed to N02 for about 1 hour. The same age aniirals exposed
for 24 hours at 25 ppm showed slight damage to lung lining
membranes. A similar effect was produced at 15 ppm for four
hours each day for six weeks, but such changes are easily
reversible. Very slight histopatholcgy is evident with levels in
the 0.5-5 ppm range continuously for 12 months or more. Sulfur
760 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
dioxide produces little cr no morphologic change in lungs even with
daily exposures of 25-50 ppm for a month. Severe ultrastructural
damage to the lungs has been reported after 15-30 minutes of
0.5-1.0% carbon monoxide. Natural Los Angeles smog affected
mouse lungs much like the ozone at 1.3 ppm.##
10752
Hore, Terry and David E. Gibson
OZONE EXPOSURE AND INTELLIGENCE TESTS. Arch. Environ. Health,
17 (1) :77-79, July 1968.
The effect of ozone on mental functioning was studied by
administering intelligence tests to 99 university students. The
subjects were divided into treatment (exposed to 0.2 to 0.3 ppm
ozone during the writing of the test), placebo, and control (not
exposed to ozone) groups. After statistical adjustment had been
made for the effects of the covariants (age, sex, anxiety, and
initial intelligence test score) no significant difference was
found between the groups. This study indicated that exposure to
concentrations of 0.2 to 0.3 ppm ozone over a period of 70 minutes
had no noticeable effect on mental functioning during the exposure
period. (Authors' abstract)##
10731
Anon.
COBBUNITY AIR QUALITY GUIDES. CZCNI (PHOTOCHEMICAL
OXIDANT}. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc, J. , 29(3):299-303,
May-June 1968.
The effects of ozone on humans, plants, and animals at various
concentrations are reviewed. A maximum allowable concentration
in the range of 0.01 to 0.10 ppn is recommended, depending on the
length of exposure and on the species to be exposed.t#
107781
Truche, M. P..
THE TOXICITY OF OZONE. (La toxicite de 1*ozone.)Translated from
French. Arch. Maladies Profess. Med. Trav. Securite Sociale
(Par-is), 12(13:55-58, Jan- - Feb., 1951.
The characteristic odor of ozone is noticeable about 1 p. p. m.. below
t p.p«m., ozone induces non-syiptcmatic effects, such as a 10 -20%
drop in basal metabolism, reduced pulse rate and marked drop in
arterial blood pressure in hypertensives (not in young persons or
in hypotensives). At higher, symptomatic levels, the characteritic
synptoms appear: substernal pressure, or a feeling of oppression,
but no irritation of the mucous membranes. The oppressive feeling
F. Effects -Human Health 761
-------
disappears as soon as the ozone level drops below 4 p.p.a. Symptoms
of the higher irritant, but non-toxic levels are: cough, itching of
the nose and throat, aggravation of symptoms by tobacco smoke, and
general mucosal irritation. This irritation and sore throat may
persist for several days. One source believes that ozone is non-
toxic to man in levels up to 1,000 ppm for a short period, or 20
ppm for long periods of exposure. Occupational examples of
irritation by ozone are mentioned, specifically in a test
laboratory of a factory for electronic insulators.
10779T
Henschler, D. and W. Laux
ON THE SPECIFICITY CT THE TOLEBJNCE INCREASE UPON REPEATED
INHALATION OF GASES THAT PRODUCE PULMONAEY EDEMA. (Zur
Spezifitat einer Toleranzsteigerung bei wiederholter
Einatmung von Lungenodem erzeugenden Gasen.) Translated from
German. Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol., 239 (5) : 433-441, 1960.
16 refs.
Sub-lethal doses of irritant gases will protect against the
formation of lethal pulmonary edema upon subsequent inhalation of
highly toxic levels. Groups of 20 Histar rats each were
pre-treated for 6 hr. with low levels of phosgene (1 ppm), N02
(20-40 ppm), or ozone (1.6-20 ppm) and four days later were
exposed for a half-hour to lethal levels of one of the three gases.
Survival rate, survival time, and relative lung weights are used
as criteria of protective effects for the pre-treated animals
and for the controls. Ozone protects against subsequent ozone
exposure, and also slightly against subsequent N02 or phosgene
exposure. N02 protects against itself and ozone; pre-treatment
with Phosgene produces the relatively most powerful tolerance
increases, specifically, and in ascending order, to phosgene,
, and NOi. Pre-treatment with N02 is without any definite
effect on phosgene poisoning. Since the protective effects are
thus not specific for one kind of gas, an antigen-antibody reaction
is ruled out. The large variations in degree and duration of
the protection give rise to the belief that several unknown
processes are involved.##
10780T
Schulz, Hugo
CHRONIC OZONE POISONING. (Ueber chronische Ozonvergiftung.)
Translated from German. Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol.,
29(5-6) :364-385, 1892. 6 refs.
Either separately or in pairs, a total of 3 rabbits, 5 cats, and
6 dogs were exposed repeatedly to ozone for 1-2 hours at a time.
The bell-jar apparatus used for exposure is described. Ozone
concentrations were not determined, but 'some of the rubber hosing
was repeatedly eaten away. The aninals died after totals of 2-62
hr, exposure over periods of several days. Autopsy details are
given. Descriptive details are also given of behavior and
symptoms observed while exposed to the ozone.#*
762 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
107901
Eassleer,, E.
CCNTBIBUTIOU TO THE STUDY OF THE INTOXICATION BY OZONE.
((Contribution a 1'etude de l°intoxication par 1'ozone.)) Trans-
lated from French, Acta Belg. Arte Med. Pharnu Mil. 4(2)-
253-269, June 1958.
1958.
Experiments where white rats (300 gm) were exposed to the acutely
toxic level of 60 ppm indicate that ozone produces major changes in
the alveoli. Effects on cardiac and respiratory rhythms and on
hemoglobin saturation are graphed. Survival times was about 5 hr.
The effects of numbutol, morphine, largactil, lobeline, adrenaline,
and digitalis are also noted. The many characteristics common to
poisoning with ozone and with oxygen lead to the conclusion that an
identical mechanise involved in both events.
10791T
Henschler, D., A. Stier, H. Beck and W. Neumann
CLFACTCBY THEESH01E OF SCMF. IMPOBTiNT IEEITANT GASIS (SULFUB
DIOXIDE, OZONE, NITECGEN DIOXIEI) AND MANIFESTATION IN MAN BY
LOW CONCENTEATIONS. ( (Geruchsschwellen einiger wichtiger
Eeizgase (Schwefeldioxyd, Ozon, Stickstoffdioxyd) und
Erscheinungen bei der Einwirkung geringer Konzentrationen auf
den Menschen.)) Translated from German. Arch.
Gewerbepathol. Gewerbehyg., 17 (6) : 5U7-57C, March 1960. 46 refs.
A 8 cu m exposure chamber and auxiliary equipment are described
for use in exposure experiments. After a review of the effects
of low levels of S02, nitrogen oxides, and 03 on human beings,
work is described using groups of 10-11 male volunteers. S02
was smelled and/or tasted by subjects at 0.5 ppm, by 75% at 1.0
ppm, and by all at 2.5 ppm; 5 ppm reproduced cough and irritation.
The initial odor slowly changes into a sensation of flavor.
Increased humidity has no effect on the sensations. The
olfactory threshold lies below the lowest tested concentration of
0.02 ppm. Odor perception diminished rapidly and 0.5-12.0 min.
exposure to 03 no longer led tc an olfactory perception.
Increased humidity also has no effect on perception. N02 is
smelled by some at 0.1 ppm, and by all at 0.4 ppm. The olfactory
sensation disappears upon continued inhalation of higher levels
(up to 20 ppm) for several minutes. Local irritations appeared
during initial exposure to N02, but subsequent exposures led to
rapid adjustment. Increased humidity with 1 ppm H02
increases the number of irritant syoptoms. A rapid increase in
the threshold of perception to relatively strong N02 levels is
observed. Eesults, including subjective effects, are tabulated.##
F. Effects -Human Health 763
-------
107921
Flury, Ferdinand and Franz Zernik
NOXIOUS GASES, FUMES, VAPOHS, FOG, AND VAEIE1IES OF SMOKE AND
DOST: OZONE. ((Schaedliche Case, Daempfe, Nebel,
Eauch- und Staubarten: Ozone.)) Translated from German.
Eerlin, Julius Springer, 1931, p. 115-116. 14 refs.
The chemical properties of 03 are described. Based on the
literature, the symptoms of acute and chronic poisoning are
summarized tor animals and man. Death usually occurs from
pulmonary edema, usually with convulsions. In man, brief
inhalation of 5-10 ppm leads to accelerated pulse, sleepiness, and
lasting headaches.##
10970
G. Freeman, B. J. Stephens, S. C. Crane, °L. J.
Furiosi
LESION OF THE LUNG IN RATS CONTINUOUSLY EXPOSED 1C TWO FABTS
PEE MILLION OF NITBOGEN EIOX3DI. Arch. Environ. Health,
17 (2): 181-192, Aug. 1968.
Eats exposed continuously to 2 ppm of nitrogen dioxide in air
survived their ordinary lifetimes with persistent tachypnoea and
usually died of nonpulmonaiy diseases. Eesistance to airflow and
dynamic compliance were not different frcm those in controls.
Terminal and respiratory bronchiolar epithelium was affected
mainly fcy a loss of exfoliative activity, reduced blebbing of
cytoplasm into the airways, reduction in or loss of cilia, and
the appearance of rod-shaped intracytoplasmic crystalloid
inclusions. Morphologic evidence suggests that rats exposed to
2ppm would have reduced cleansing function of the periphery of
the lung. Pulmonary tissue was embedded in plastic and sections
were cut at 1 micron for light microscopy and thinner sections for
electron microscopy.##
11045
L. S. Jaffe
ABE AMBIENT LEVELS OF OXIDANTS HAZAEEOUS TO BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS.
Preprint, Public Health Service, Arlington, Va., National
Air Pollution Control Administration, ((21))p., 1968. 47 refs.
(Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution
Control Association, St. Paul, Minn., June 23-27, 1968,
Paper 68-58.)
when concentrations of photochemical oxidants are used as measures
of photochemical smog intensity, a number of specific
biological effects on man and animal based on both atmospheric and
laboratory studies have been documented. Photochemical
764 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
oxidants, such as routinely found in urfcan communities as measured
by continuous air monitoring instruments used by federal, state,
and local agencies, cause a repeated and continuing biological
impact on man and animals in every region of the country. The
degree and types of the documented biological effects are dependent
on the local community atmospheric level attained and the frequency
of occurrence. The results of many studies are included and
discussed. (Author's summary, modified)##
11241
E. M. Both, W. H. leichner, and A. 0. Mirarchi
CONTAMINANTS S1ANDABDS. (SECTICN 13.,) In: Compendium of
Human Besponses to the Aerospace Environment, Volume ITT,
Sections 10-16, Emanuel M. Both (ed.), Lovelace Foundation
for Medical Education and Besearch, Albuquerque, N., Hex.,
CONTBACT ^HAS-115, p. 1-115, Nov., 1968. 233 refs.
CFSTI: NASA CB-1205(III
Toxicological problems in space operations cover three
situations: (1) the acute, short term, high-level exposure either
in ground support or space cabin conditions; (2) the 8-hour work
day exposure found in manufacturing and ground support
situations; and <3) continuous, long tern exposure to trace
contaminants, such as would be anticipated in extended space
missions. In view of the necessity for provisional limits of
Banned space flights of 90 to 1000 days duration the following
criteria for trace contaminant control in manned spacecraft have
been derived: Contaminants must not produce significant adverse
changes in the physiological, biochemical, or mental stability
of the crew. The spacecraft environment must not contribute to a
performance decrement of the crew that will endanger mission
objectives. The spacecraft environment must not interfere with
physical or biological experiments nor with medical monitoring.,
Based en these criteria air quality standards for prolonged manned
missions have been established. The following topics are
discussed: kinetics of contaminants in space cabins; toxicolcgical
factors; toxicology in the spacecraft environment; source of
contaminants; particulates and aerosols; microbial contaminants.
Tables presenting chemical analysis of all contaminants with
standard levels for space cabins are listed™##
11297
Buckley, Bamon D. and Clayton G. loosli
EFFECTS,OF R02 INHALATION ON GIBMFBEE MOUSE LUNG. Preprint,
Dniversity of Southern California, los Angeles, School of
Medicine, 19p., 1968. 1"? refs. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Medical Besearch Conference, Denver, Colo.,
July 22-24, 1968, Session IV: Animal Toxicology, Paper 3.)
Structural and metabolic responses of germfree and gnotobiotic
souse lung to nitrogen dioxide were studied. The course of
F. Effects - Human Health 765
-------
respiratory infection in mice mono-contaminated via aerosol Clauds
of bacteria or virus was also determined. Histological
observations showed that germfree mice exposed continuously to
NC2 developed changes in the bronchial epithelium. Tissue
localization and relative activity of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)
acid and alkaline phosphatase enzymes were used to study
alterations in lung metabolism induced by N02 at the cellular
level. The lungs of NO 2 exposed mice showed intense LDH
activity. The results of oxygen consumption studies on lung
slices of N02 exposed germfree nice showed a significant
increase in oxygen consumption after 15 min. incubation and from
each time internal thereafter. The lung clearance rate of
germfree N02 exposed mice to bacteria was not impaired. Studies
indicated that germfree control and N02 exposed animals
responded similar to virus infection.**
11306
Henry, Hary C., Richard Ehrlich, and William H. Blair
EFFECT OF N02 ON RESISTANCE OF SCOIBBEL MONKEYS TO K.
PNEDNONIAE INFECTION. Preprint, {(22)) p., 1968. 9 refs.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Medical Research
Conference, Denver, Colo., July 22-2H, 1968, Session IV:
Animal Toxicology, Paper 2.)
There is an effect of nitrogen dioxide on the resistance to
respiratory infection in monkeys. Exposure to nitrogen dioxide
may permit better colonization of bacteria in the lungs of
monkeys by inhibition of the mechanism of bacterial clearance from
lungs and thus resulting in increased mortality.**
11307
Emik, I..O. and R.I. Plata
DEPRESSION OF RUNNING ACTIVITY IN MICE EY EXPOSORE TO POLLUTED
AID. Preprint, California Dniv.,, Riverside, Statewide Air
Pollution Research Center, 12p., 1968. 6 refs. (Presented at
the Air Pollution Medical Research Conference, Denver,
Colo., July 22-24, 1968, Session IV: Animal Toxicology,
Paper 1«)
Mice in activity wheels were exposed continuously to diluted raw
or irradiated and unirradiated auto exhaust for a period of 8
weeks, using a diurnal cycle simulating Los Angeles conditions
in heavy smog. Those in irradiated exhaust showed an immediate
depression greater than those in raw exhaust, each gradually
recovering and finally surpassing the controls by the end of the
experiment. A balanced half each of control and irradiated
exhaust groups was switched to the other exposure for the second
1 weeks.. The controls later placed into irradiated exhaust ran
significantly less than any ether group. On a daily basis, no
significant treatment effects were found although the LAF males
always ran significantly (P less than .01) farther than their
BALE chamber mates. The exhaust atmospheres appeared to modify
766 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
the diurnal cycles of activity, generally flattening the usual
night peak, but no detailed analyses were made. The mice
exposed to ozonized gasoline fumes gradually recovered their
control level of activity when continually exposed for several
weeks. With this background of experience, mouse activity was
included as one measure of the effects of ambient air pollution
exposure.#t
11308
Freeman, Gustave
THE SUB-ACDTE N02 LESION OF THE RAT LUNG, Preprint, Stanford
Besearch Inst., Henlo Park, Calif., Dept- of Medical
Sciences, 5p., 1968. 9 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution
Hedical Besearch Conference, Denver, Colo., July 22-24,
1968.. Session IV: Animal Toxicology, Paper 6.)
Two main issues were explored in studies with N02 in rats. One
was the highest level of H02 in ambient air that would not
acutely injure the respiratory tract, and the other was the
contribution N02 might make in the pathogenesis of pulmonary
emphysema in man. Investigations were limited to concentrations
below which N02 could incite acute effects such as edema,
destruction of cells, and inflammatory reaction in the lung-
Bats grew normally and survived natural lifetimes in an atmosphere
containing the realistic concentration of 0.8 plus or minus 0.2 ppm
N02, but they consistently exhibited a moderate degree of
tachypnoea without apparent distress, A similar series was
exposed to 2 plus or minus 1 ppm, with similar results. In both
cases, the lungs appeared grossly normal and contracted on exposure
to the atmosphere- Microscopically, however, sections revealed
changes of the terminal bronchiolar epithelium in the latter group
that were seen only rarely in the Oo8 plus or minus 0.2 ppm group
but not in controls. The development of emphysema-like lungs was
accompanied by enlargement of the thoracic cage, with dorsal
dyphosis.. The unrelenting effect of continuous N02 might not
allow time for much pulmonary tissue to be destroyed before death
but this might occur with somewhat less persistent exposures., t#
11331
T.D. Sterling
MEASURING THE EFFJEC1 OF AIR POLLUTION CM UBBAN MORBIDITY.
Preprint, Washington Univ., St. Louis, Ko., Dept. of
Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, 19p., 1968. 6 rets.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Kedical Besearch Conference,
Denver, Colo., July 22-24, 1968, Session I: Problem
Formulation and Analysis, Paper 4.)
The relationship between hospital morbidity and day to day
pollution was analyzed. Results were given for relevant disease
which were giben for relevant diseases which were given for
relevant diseases which were allergic disorders,
inflammatory diseases of the eye, upper respiratory infection.
F. Effects - Human Health 767
-------
influenza, bronchitis, diseases of the heat, rheumatic fever and
muscular diseases. The pollutants used were oxidant, CC2,
SC2, N02, NO, 03, oxidant precursor, and particulate matter.
A pattern was apparent by which pollution affects diseases with
strong respiratory or circulatory components with allergies.
The differences between the effects of different pollutants were
less important, since each one of the pollution measurements was a
general index of pollution rather than specific for a particular
effective contact chemical. Correlation between pollutants
and relevant diseases were in general positive. They were highest
for oxidants, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone. There
were significant correlations between length of hospital stay in
regards to relevant diseases and pollution.t#
11335
H. K. Dry, A. C. Hexter
STATISTICAL PEOCEDUBES FOE BELATING PHOTOCHEMICAL POLLUTION
10 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGIC REACTIONS UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS.
Preprint, California Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley,
Environmental Hazards Evaluation Quit, 29p., 1968. 16 refs.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Medical Eesearch Conference,
Denver, Colo., July 22-24, 1968, Session I: Problem
Formulation and Analysis, Paper 2.)
A study of the relationship between lung function and air quality
was conducted in a specially equipped air filtered room in
Los Angeles County General Hospital using 16 subjects who had
relatively severe pulmonary emphysema. During the first and
third week, each subject breathed the ambient air of the hospital;
during the second week this air was filtered through activated
charcoal and filter paper. Patients normally entered or. Saturday
and did not leave the room until conclusion of the three-week
period. The filtering period was Saturday through Friday of the
second week, so for each week they had two days to adjust to
conditions of the room before measurements were begun. Each
weekday the patients were given a series of 20 pulmonary function
tests at various times during the day including airway resistance,
oxygen consumption, forced expiratory volume and other, both
resting and after exercise, plus associated measurements of the
pulse rate. In addition, four air pollutants were measured four
times daily (oxidant, NO, N02 and particulates. The suggested
statistical procedures for investigating the relationship between
lung function (LF) and air quality (AC) for this filtered
air study are discussed. Several basic descriptive methods for
the purpose of obtaining some insight into the magnitudes of the
data and the shapes of the underlying distributions are considered.
Seme univariate analytical procedures, essentially a series of
Wilcoxcn two sample tests and some correlation tests are used.
Stepwise regression and some multivariate analysis of variance
(MANOVA) procedures are employed. Stepwise regression will
enable us to determine the order of importance of the effects of
the effects of the pollutants on each of the LF tests; these 20
tests are once again considered separately. All test are iinaliy
considered jointly in the NANOVA procedures, in which the
pollutants can be treated either "jointly" (filtered and not
filtered) or individually.##
768 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
11337
N.K. Weaver
ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINANTS AND STANDARDS: ARE SYNESGISTICS F.FFECIS
SIGNIFICANT? Proc. Am. Petrel. lust.. Sec. V., Vol.
MB, pp. 718-760, 1968. 8 refs. (Presented at the 33rd Midyear
Heeting of the American Petroleum Institute's Division of
Refining, Session on Air and Hater Conservation, Philadel-
phia, Pa., May 16, 1968. Paper 11-68.)
Regulations are being adopted by governmental authorities for the
control of air pollutants, and an orderly, reasoned and
scientific approach is desirable in the promulation of such
standards. The relationships between ambient air criteria,
ambient air standards and emission standards are discussed. The
major contaminants in the air of urban communities are analyzed
with respect to the effects produced by various concentrations
of the agent, the level attained in ambient air, and standard which
have been adopted. Ongoing experimental work which was designed
to elucidate possible synergistic effects in certain airborne
systems is described. A Clear understanding of the
evolving abatement methodology, and of the adverse reactions—
and possible interactions—of atmospheric contaminants is needed in
order to develop and implement an effective program for the
control of air pollution. (Author's summary)**
11346
E. J. Cassell, H. D. Lebcwitz, I. H. Mountain, E. T.
lee, D. J. Thompson, I. V, Holter, J. R. McCarroll
AIR POLLUTION, HEATHER, AND ILLNESS IN CHILDREN AND ADULTS IN
A NEW YORK POPULATICN. Preprint, Mount Sinai Medical and
Graduate Schools, New York, and Hashington Dniv. , Seattle,
((30)) p., 1968. 19 refs. (Presented at the 9th Air Pollution
Medical Research Conference, Denver, Colorado, July 22,
1968.)
The results of multivariate analyses of some of the complex and
interacting variables in the environment that appear to
participate in the production of adverse health effects are
presented. These analyses represent steps in the larger process
of analyzing multifactorial problems and delineating complex
mechanisms. A daily record of the prevalence of a number of
common symptoms or illnesses was maintained for a panel of New
York City families living within a restricted geographic area for
a period of 3 years. 1848 persons participating in the study
were followed by weekly interviews for an average of forty-five
weeks each, providing 61,000 person weeks of information. Air
pollutants were measured in the study area and meteorologic
measurements were available from both the study laboratory
and from the city. The first step in the analysis included the
symptoms "common cold", cough, headache and eye irritation. The
four pollutants under consideration were particulate matter, total
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide. The seven
F. Effects -Human Health 769
-------
meterologic factors considered initially were wind speed,
precipitation, solar radiation in calories per unit area.
Temperature, relative humidity, sky cover, and barometric
pressure.##
11317
I.E. Tabershaw, F. Ottoboni, H. C. Cooper
OXIDANTS: AIH QUALITY CHITEEIA EASED ON HEALTH EFFECTS.
(Presented at the Symposium on Air Quality Criteria, June 5,
1968.) J. Occupational Med., 10 (9) :161-181, Sept. 1968.
51 refs.
Based on a review of the literature and the experience of the
State of California in smog control, it is pointed out that
oxidant concentrations known to be harmful to man on continuous
exposure have been exceeded for many hours during short peak
periods on many days in Los Angeles, without producing
significant evidence of serious cr sustained adverse effects
except eye irritation. Nitrogen dioxide has never reached
harmful levels in smog although it does sometimes produce
decreased atmospheric visibility. The fear is expressed that
the mechanisms leading to the production and localization of smog
are so complicated that they may never be unraveled, and that
attempts at oxidant control, with overemphasis on the first
few hours of the photochemical process, may he generating new
health problems. Discrimination against reactive hydrocarbons
as a method of oxidant control may be ill-advised, and the criteria
for air guality should take into consideration the self-cleansing
capacity of the air. Emphasis should also be placed on improving
combustion technology to make possible the conversion of organic
matter to energy without polluting the atmosphere.##
11125T
Nakamura, K.
RESPONSE OP PDLMONABY AIBWAY RESISTANCE BY INTEBACTION OF
AEHOSOLS AND GASES IN DIFFERENT PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL NATURE.
Translated from Japanese. Japan. J. Hyg. (Tokyo), 19 (5): 322-
333, 196«. 37 refs..
Inhalation tests were conducted on 25 healthy males to determine
their response in pulmonary airway resistance to the interaction of
aerosols and irritant gases. The subjects were divided into 3
groups; Group 1 inhaled 302 for 5 minutes, followed by a
misture of S02 with a large-size Nad aerosol; Group 2 inhaled
N02 for 5 minutes, followed by a small-sized Nad aerosol; and
Group 3 inhaled N02 for 5 minutes followed by a mixture of
N02 and a large-size NaCl aerosol. The airway resistance
(AHR) values immediately after inhalation were measured by the
airway interruption technique, and the intensities of the
reactions were compared. The control values for the RWR were
those prior to the tests. The AHH increased synergistically in
Groups 1 and 3. In Group 2 the A«R for N02 and N02 plus
770 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
aerosol was higher than the control value, and practically no
change in reaction was observed when the N02 was mixed with the
Had aerosol. The synergistic effect of an irritant gas and an
inactive aerosol is greatest when the aerosol particle size is
around 1 micron, and the increase in airway resistance in this
case is believed to be due to reactive constriction of the
respiratory bronchiles and alveolar ducts.##
11«53T
JIB POLLUTION. ((La pollution de l°air.J) Translated from
French., Chambres d* Agriculture, 35(301; Suppl») :1-16,
Nov. 1964.
The effects of air pollution in rural and urban areas are
reviewed. The effects of pollutants on plants and animals and the
effects of radioactivity and pollution due to chemical products are
considered for rural areas. In urban areas the consequences of
air contamination on man, plants, and materials are considered™
Particular emphasis is devoted to air contamination in Paris,
which is principally due to enissions from domestic furnaces
(3 million combustion units), industrial fumes, and automobiles
(1.2 million)™ These three sources are discussed in detail, with
a tabulation of sources of C02, S02 and fumes produced, and a
discussion on the influence of pollution on materials, urban
vegetation and man. A regulation concerning the fight against
air pollution and odor in France is presented, including the
establishment of "protection zcnes" and strictures on type,
condition and operation of combustion equipment allowed.##
11U70T
Henschler, D.
PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF PRETPFATHF.NT WITH SMALL GAS CONCENTRATIONS
SGAINST FATAL PULMONABY EDEBA CADSED BY IRRITANT GASES.
((Schutzwirkung einer Vorbehandlung mit geringen
Gaskonzentrationen gegen todliche Reizgas-Lungenodeme.,) )
Translated from German. Arch,, Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol,,
(Berline} , Vol. 238, p. 66-67, 1960., « refs.
In order to elucidate the node of effect of irritant gas, the
mechanism of a tolerance increase was studied, as it develops
following the effect of snail gas concentrations. This effect,
which is known for phosgene and ozone, was determined also for
nitrous gases. These three gases exert a protective effect of
differing intensity with respect to each other, with the exception
of the combination of nitrous gases and phosgene. This protection
is consequently neither a principle valid for all conbimaticns of
irritant gases, nor is it specific for any one type of gas., This
finding permits exclusion of an antibody-antigen reaction as the
mechanism involved. The following working hypothesis regarding
the mechanism of the protective effect is proposed: irritant gases
diffuse through the alveolor wall and only that portion which is
not hydrolytically disintegrated exerts an edema-inducing effect,
fcy reacting with structural elements of the pulmonary capillaries.
The hydrolysis of acid gas is consequently not, as has often been
assumed, the.basis for the formation of an edema, but an essential
factor of detoxication. ##
F. Effects -Human Health 771
-------
11489
Gol'dberg, Bn S.
BIOIOGICAL EFFECTS OF ATKOSPHEBIC POIIUTANTS AND HYGIENIC
STSNDABDS FOB ATMOSPHERIC PCLIUTANTS OUTSIDE THE USSB.
-{(Problema biologicheskogo deistviya atmosfernykh zagryazneii i
ikh gigienicheskogo normirovaniya za rubezhom. )) Hyg.. Sanit.
(English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.), 33 (4-6) : 215-250,
April-June 1968. ((13)) refs.
CFSTIt TT 68-50449/2
A brief discussion is presented of a fen achievements in the
biological effects of pollutants and standards in the U.S.A.,
Great Britatin, and Germany. Studies being conducted on the
effects on man of prolonged exposure to low concentrations of
atmospheric pollutants are mentioned. Air pollution episodes in
New York (1953) and London (1952) are briefly mentioned. Also
discussed is the problem of the effect of the dispersity of dust
particles containing 3.4 benzpyrene upon carcinogenic activity.##
11490
Shandala, H. G.,
ON FOLABOGBAPHIC STDDIES OF OXYGEN EXCHANGE IK EXPEBIMENTA1
HYGIEHIC INVESTIGATIONS. ((K voprcsu o primenenii
polyarograficheskogo metoda pri izuchenii kislorodnogo obmena v
eksperimental1nykh gigienicheskikh issledovaniyakh.)) Hyg.
Sanit., (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.J, 33(4-6):
259-260, April-June 1968.
CFSTI: TT 68-50449/2
Epshtein's method (electrode pairs Au-Zn and Pt-Fe) was
used without an oxygen load in conjunction with determinations of
the total oxygen consumption at rest and the oxygenation of venous
blood, in experimental studies of the effects of different
conditions of air ionization on oxygen exchange. Data pertaining
to high concentrations of air ions in bipolar ionization are
listed in thousands per cc (first chamber, n positive = 183., 6
positive or negative 4.9, n negative = 180.0 positive or negative
6.2; second chanber, n- positive = 50..2 positive or negative 2., 1,
n negative = 56., 9 positive or negative 3.0; third chamber, used a
control, n positive =0.3 positive or negative 0.01), The
experimental male albino rats (three groups of 20 rats each)
were placed in the chambers for 8 hr daily for 90 days. Aninals
in the first chamber for 60 days exhibited statistically
comparison with the controls, naiely a higher oxygen exchange lev-
ccmparison with the controls, namely a higher oxygen exchange level
el, a higher oxygen consumption at rest,, lover venous oxygenation
and a lower oxygen tension (higher degree of utilization) in
muscle tissue. The differences were still present on the 90th day
of exposure; the effect was due to the concentration of air ions
in the first chamber. Aninals in the second chamber did not
differ from those in the third chamber (controls) with respect to
7Z2 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
oxygen consumption changes and venous oxygenation during the entire
exposure period. Only the determinations of oxygen tension (p02)
in nuscle tissue revealed that the lower air ion concentration in
the second chamber had an effect.. The method of electrochemical
recording of oxygen in intact suscle tissue without batteries, even
viithout an oxygen load (Isaakyan) , is sufficiently sensitive for
long-term experiments.t#
11535
Campbell, Kirby !.„ L« Otis Effiik, George L. Clarke, and
Eoger I. Plata
INHALATION TOXICITY OF THE AIB POLLUTANT PEROXYACETYL NI1BATE:
DEPRESSION OF VOLUNTARY ACTIVITY IK HICE. Preprint, California
Dniv., Riverside, Statewide Air Pollution Research Center,
and Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Air
Pollution Control Administration, ((14))p., ((1968)). m refs-
Sublethal acute toxicity, in terns of depression of voluntary
physical activity (wheel-running), was determined in mice
inhaling the photochemical air pollutant peroxyacetyl nitrate
(CAN) for 6-hour per ods at concentration of 2.8, 3.7, 5.5, 6.4,
and 8.6 parts per million by volume (ppm). All concentrations
tested depressed both 6-hour (test period) and 24-hour activity,
following which recovery to standard level reguired 2 to 4 days.
The concentration depressing activity by 50% (teemed
"ictivitySO") was estimated at 4.5 and 4.1 ppm for the 6- and
24-hour activity respectively. By use of ActivitySO index the
toxic potency of PAN was compared with that of other pollutants
as follows (descending rank): ozone, acrolein, nitro-olefins,
ozonized gasoline vapor, ?pan, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide,
irradiated and non-irradiated auto exhaust. The criterion of
activity depression at threshold exposures is discussed briefly..
(Authors' abstract)t*
11539
RacEwen, J« D. and B. P. Geckler
COHPARATIVE STUDIES OF 90-DAY CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE TO 03, N02
AND CCI4 AT REDUCED AND AMBIENT PRESSURES. (FINAL EEPOBT.)
Aerosjet-General Corp., Azusa, Calif., Contract AF
33(657}-11305, Proj. 6302, Task 630201, AMBL-TB-67-68, 67P.,
Feb. 1968. 25 refsm
CFSTI, DDC: AD 669079
Ninety-day continuous animal exposures to ozone, nitrogen dioxide
and carbon tetrachloride at Threshold Limit Values were
conducted under ambient pressure and 100S oxygen-reduced pressure
•{5 psia) conditions. Four species, dogs, monkeys, rats, and mice
were exposed to each material. Guinea pigs were also used for
ozone exposures due to their reported susceptibility to this
pulmonary irritant. Minimal biologic responses were observed
with exposure to each of the compounds tested and, consequently,
lower tentative exposure limits are recommended for space cabin
environnents. The recommended limits, based on the time period
tested, are 1 ppm for nitrogen dioxide, 0.01 ppm for ozone, and 0.5
ppn for carbon tetrachloride. {Authors' abstract)*!
F. Effects - Human Health 773
-------
11565
Freeman, G., S. Co Crane, R. J. Stephens and N. J.
Furiosi
PATHOGENESIS OF THE NITHOGEN DIOXIDE-INDUCED LESION IN THE HAT
LUNG: J BEVIES AND PSESENTATION OF NEW OBSERVATIONS. Am.,
Eev. Bespirat. Diseases, 98 (3) : H2S-HH3, Sept- 1968. 50 refs..
The induction of an emphysema-like condition in rats by
continuous exposure to nonedema-producing and non-necrotizing
levels of N02{10 to 25 ppm) is described. The increased weight
of the voluminous, air-containing lungs was shown to result from
widespread hypertrophy of respiratory epithelium, especially in
alveoli closely associated with alveolar ducts and in terminal
bronchioles. Neither excessive fluid nor areas appeared
compressed. Concentrations of 2+1 ppm during the natural lifespan
of the rat (about two to three years) did not cause grossly
emphysematous lungs but were associated with either reduction or
disappearance of bronchiolar cilia, clear inhibition of normal
exfoliation and blebbing of the epothelial cells, and the
appearance of cytoplasmic, crystalloid inclusions of uncertain
nature.#t
11568
Horn, K.
AN UP-TO-DATE BEVIES) OF THE EFFECTS CF AIR POLLUTION ON THE
POPULATION. ((Uber die Auswirkung der Luftverunreinigung
auf die Bevolkerung - Bine neure Ubersicht-)) Text in
German. Z,, Ges. Hyg. , 14 (6) :«10-
-------
11575
Laurence, K. M., c. o. Carter and P. A. David
MAJOR CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEH BAIFCRMATIONS IN SOUTH WALES- I.
INCIDENCE. IOCAL VARIATIONS AMD GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS.. Brit.
J. Prv. Soc., Bed., 21:146-160, 1967. 47 refs.
The total births, 1956-62, for 12 areas in South Hales are given
in a table. The incidence per 1,000 total births of anencephaly,
spina bifida, and hydrocephalus (and the number of cases) is given
in a table for the 12 areas studied. The bulk of the population
lives in townships which are mostly industrial and in straggling
industrial communities and villages,. Certain towns with light
industry and an average population density of 4.8 persons/acre
have incidences of malformations of about 11.7/1000 live births.
In a relatively flat agricultural area (three small country towns
with a total population of less thn 7000) with a population
density of less than 0.6/acre the malformation incidence was 5-6
and I™3 in the two districts studied. There seemed to be a
rural-urban gradient in incidence. In Port Talbot, with a large
steelworks, the incidence in wards which do not get the
prevailing winds from the steelworks was 5.0/1000 live births
while in the remaining wards it was 8.0/1000 live births.. The
local incidence, population density, type of locality (industrial,
agricultural,), area, number of cases, total births, population
density, and incidence/1000 births are all given in a table.
Local variations are discussed in the light of geological
background, water supply, rainfall, sunshine, background
radiation, radioactive fallout, population density, and
urban/rural areas. None seems to explain the local differences.##
11593
Thomas, A. A.
BAN'S TOLEPANCE TO TRACE CONTAMINANTS. Aerospace Medical
Research Lab., Bright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, AMRL-TR-67-146,
38p., Jan. 1968., 9 refs,,
CPSTI, DEC: AD 669356
Atmospheric contaminants in sealed cabins originate from a
multitude of sources: off-gassing from cabin materials,
production of contaminants by the life support system components,
continuous exposure,, a combination of physiological stress from
problem increases with progressing mission duration and can become
the limiting factor for nan's tolerance to extended space flight.
Several important aspects must be considered: truly uninterrupted,
, continuous exposure, a combination of physiological stress from
the use of artificial atmospheres and the chemical stress imposed
by the trace contaminants, and the great potential of
synergistic toxic effect by various constituents of the highly
complex mixture of many contaminants. Superimposed on these
factors are the other aggravating characteristics of prolonged
space flight: logistics problems of life support and psychological
effects of isolation on performance- Clearly, these factors must
F. Effects -Human Health 775
-------
be weighed singly and in combination to allow safe design of future
manned systems. Validation of human tolerance to trace
contaminants can be accomplished by prolonged animal exposures
coupled with mathematical nodel verification. Tradeoffs in life
support system design can extend tolerance to contaminants and
long range logistic tradeoffs should be considered by utilizing
extra-terrestrial resources for contaminant removal purposes.
{Author's abstract)#S
11632
Vaughan, Thomas R.0 Jr., Lesta F. Jennelle and Trent P«
lewis
EFFECTS OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ICW IEVELS OF SIB POLLUTANTS ON
EDLMONABY FUNCTION IN THI BUGLE. Preprint, Public Health
Service, Cincinnati, Ohio National Sir Pollution Control
Administration, ((19})P-. ((1968)). 29 refs..
One hundred and four beagles have been exposed for 18 months to
natural and photochemically reacted auto exhaust, oxides of
nitrogen and oxides of sulfur. No differences in single breath
carbon monoxide diffusing capacity, dynamic pulmonary compliance
or total expiratory pulmonary resistance were found between
exposed and control animals. Removal of reactive gases in the
upper airway was studied during brief exposures in an additional
small group of animals. Under these conditions, 100% removal of
03 and S02, 90% removal of N02, 73% removal of NO and no
removal of CO or hydrocarbon sere found. (Authors" abstract) ##
11670
Donald E. Gardner, Bobert S. Hclzman,, and David L.
Coffin
EFFECTS OF NITBOGEN DIOXIDE OK PULMCNAFY CELL
POPULATION. Preprint, Public Health Service,, Cincinnati,
Ohio, National Sir Pollution Control Administration,
<(11))P.., ((1968)). 11 refs.
Studies have shown that ozone has produced changes in the
number and function of cells obtained by pulmonary lavage. In
similar experiments, rabbits exposed to levels of N02 from
ambient to 60 ppm demonstrated increased numbers of
polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the lung washings. This
phenomenon persisted for more than 72 hours fallowing a single
3-hour exposure. Hhen streptococci were instilled in the lungs of
NC2-exposed anesthetized rabbits 30 minutes prior tc lavage, a
pronounced inhibition of phagocytic activity was observed. Using
these criteria, N02 appeared less effective than ozone as a
pulmonary irritant. {Authors" abstract, modified)##
11679
N. D. Weiner, K. Amanat, D« Blondo, B. Caprioli, N.
Dinerman, and A. Felmeister
776 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
INTERACTION OF N02 WITH HONOLAYERS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS
EXTRACTED FKOH £„ COLI AT 15 EIGBEI C AND 37 DEGEEE C.
Preprint, Columbia Dniv., New York, Coll. of Pharmacy, 12p_,
March 29, 1968. 10 refs..
Phospholipids were extracted from E. coli grown at 15 degree C
and 37 degree C. The fatty acid residues of the 15 degree C
phospholipids were found to be considerably more unsaturated than
the 37 degree C phospholipids. These phospholipids were spread
as nononolecular films and exposed to N02 containing
atmosphere. Hhereas the 37 degree C phospholipid films
showed no interaction, N02 was found to expand considerably the
15 degree C phospholipid films. The results demonstrate that
simple changes in environmental conditions may affect markedly
the interaction of air pollutants such as N02 with biological
neatranes. (Authors' abstract)f#
11682
11682
llvin Felneister, Mohammad imanat and Norman D. Weiner
INTERACTION OF PHOTEIN ASD LIPOPBOTIIN MONOLAYEHS HITH
NITROGEN DIOXIDE-TBANS 2-BUTENE GASEOUS MIXTURES. Preprint,
Columbia Univ., New York, Coll., of Pharmacy, ((8»P-r
1(1968)}. « refs.
The interactions of pollutant atmospheres with oriented protein
and lipoprotein filas was studied. A gas train assembly. Teflon
coated trough, and Hilhelmy plated method of surface pressure
aeasurement was used. The fills were then exposed to a standard
atmosphere (i.e., air flowing at the rate of 300 ml/min} or to
the following test atmospheres, all flowing at this same rate of
300 ml/Bin: (a) 0.33X nitrogen dioxide in air; (b) 0.08% trans
2-butene in air; and (c) 0.33* nitrogen dioxide and 0.08% trans
2-butene in air. Significant changes in the -A curves for
the pure protein films were observed in the presence of all
atmospheres containing nitrogen dioxide,, while the trans 2-butene
did not interact with the film, nor did it appear to influence the
nitrogen dioxide film interaction. However, whereas exposure of
unsaturated phospholipid films to nitrogen dioxide containing
atmospheres resulted in a large expansion of the film, exposure
of bovine albumin film to these same test atmospheres resulted in
a significant contraction of the film. The data obtained suggest
that the effect of N02 on the lipoprotein films studied, appears
to be a function only of the phospholipid component of the film.,
In general, membrane lipoproteins contain a large proportion of
unsaturated phospholipids attached to structural and functional
protein. In vivo interaction of the supporting phospholipid with
nitrogen dioxide, or other reactive pollutants, could result in an
expansion of the exposed cell membrane. This expansion would then
lead to a change in the conformation of the attached protein.
In the case of a functional protein, changes in conformation would
be accompanied by changes in en2yme activity. ##
F. Effects - Human Health 777
-------
11801
Eoss, Joseph C.
TflACE CONTAMINANTS. In: Physiolcgy in the Space Environment.
Washington, D. C., National Academy of Sciences National Eesearch
Council, 1968, Chapt. 15, p. 113-121. 8 refs.
Studies of sealed environments have identified numerous trace
elements in the atmosphere of confined spaces. The contaminants
originate in the degradation and off-gassing of materials within
a space, from endogenous production within the body, or from
some breakdown of equipment or system. As expected, carbon
monoxide is one of the trace contaminants in a closed-system.
The rate of carbon monoxide production observed in one closed system
study was 0.37 ml/man/hr. The threshold limit value in industry
for an eight-hour day is 0.01!i (100 ppm) for 480 min. Other
studies show that ozone is much more acutely toxic than N02.
Nevertheless, exposures to N02 are common and can cause both
injury and death. With exposures of 150 to 200 ppm, bronchiolitis
fibrosa obliterans develops; 50 to 100 ppm induces bronchiolotis
with focal pneumonaia. Chronic exposure to 10 to 40 ppm can
result in chronic pulmonary fibrosis. Animal studies of other
trace contaminants suggest that industrial threshold limit values
cannot be used as criteria for long-term exposure. This is true
for carbon tetrachloride, phenol, indole, skatole, and hydrogen
sulfide. However, the knowledge of man's tolerance to trace
contaminants over long periods is not complete, nor is enough
known about individual hypersensitivities to inhalation of many
trace elements.
11806
Gindi, Gene and Caron Boman
OST OF A BIOLOGICAL KODEI JOB SMOG INDUCED DEATH. In: Air
Pollution Project: An Educational Experiment in Self-Directed
Research, Summer 1968. Associated Students of the California
Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, p. 33-50, 1968. 12 refs.
A mathematical model which links smog-induced deaths to the
genetic theory of aging was tested by application to two New
York smog episodes and by comparison with the results obtained
when the model was applied'to the London smog episode of 1952.
In the model, death rates were considered to form a fraction of
the original population of a particular age group dying in a
given interval of time. Therefore, it was necessary to calculate
the population of each group at birth. Therefore, a weighted mean
age was assigned to a certain age group by weighting each age
according to the population of that age in a city at the time of
a smog episode. With the population of an age group, and the
specific death rate known for a particular year, the cohort
population at birth was calculated. Mortality rates were expressed
in terms of cohort deaths, and were used to compute the background
death rate for each age group. The values obtained for New York
were in good agreement, but differed significantly from the London
values. It is concluded that they reflect differences in public
health levels as well as the effect of contaminants on human
biological functioning.
778 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
1 1807
Litt, Robert S., Sarah Vaughan, Patti Birkinshaw, Holly Coit,
and Barbara Sanders
EFFECTS OF LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF OZONE Ci TEMPORAL DISCRIMINATION.
In: Air Pollution Project: An Educational Experiment in Self-
Directed Research, Summer 1968. Associated Students of the
California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, p. 51-64, 1968. 12 refs.
The effects of ozone on temporal discrimination and learning
time in rats was investigated. Six rats were separated into
two groups, as nearly equal as possible, and run on variable
and fixed interval schedules, alternately in ozone and ozone-
free air. The criteria for switching a rat frcm one schedule
tc another was a uniform response rate within runs, consistency
between runs, and the character of the response patterns.
Almost consistently, learning tine decreased in ozone, whether
it came between ozone-free runs or after them. The results
supported the hypothesis that ozone significantly affects
learning time. (Author abstract modified)
11916
A. T. Silakcva, and S. A. Kosendz
BIOOD PBOTEIN AMIDE NITROGEN AND ITS POSSIBLE DIAGNOSTIC VALUiJ
IN INTOXICATION WITH fiLECIRO-KEIDING ALtiOSOL. (Amidnii azot
belkov krovi i ego vozmczhnoe diagnosticheskoe znachenie pri
vozdeistvii na organize electrcsvarcchnogc aerosolya.) Text in
Russian. Gigien. Truda i Prof. Zabolevaniya, 12(8):56-58,
Aug. 1968. 16 refs.
The aerosol obtained from automatic electro-welding, using
An-bO agents, contained in mg/cu u 0.83-1.15 HF, 2-3.18 N205,
and 120-150 dust—of which 14.1 mg/cu ffi was flu, 72-90 tag/cu in fe,
6-7.5 mg/cu m CaF, and 8.6-10.5 mg/cu m SiO^. Rats placed in
exposure chambers were subjected to daily 4 hi aerosol
inhalations for 1, 3, 6, or 9 months. The blood from the animals
was subjected tc acid (1N Li2S04) hydrolysis during which
ammonia derived form the blood protein amide groups was
measured. The one-month aerosol inhalation reduced the
amide group .stability: of the total amide K, in the first 10
minutes of hydrolysis, 31% was released as ammonia in controls,
as compared to 41-54% in the treated aniaals. Complete
hydrolysis was obtained in the controls in 2 nr and in the
treated animals in 30 min. These cnanges are believed to be
caused by an. The hydrolysis curves show a characteristic
pattern of change in the 1-month F«riod/ dud stability in the 3, b,
or 9-month period. The curves may be of jiaguostic value in cases
of intoxication with the electro-welding aerosol.
-------
12038
HISLTH AND AIR POLLUTION SUBJECT OF NEW STUDIES.. Environ.. Sci.
Technol., 2 («) : 246-249. Apr. 1968.
For the next seven years, Hazleton Laboratories Inc. will be
studying the effects of air pollutants on laboratory animals,
including guinea pigs and monkeys. One study financed by Edison
Electric Institute and National Coal Association is intended
to provide data useful in setting criteria for the three most
conspicuous pollutants emitted from stacks of coal-burning plants:
502, H2S04 mist, and flyash. Test animals exposed to the
pollutants are being checked regularly to determine whether their
respiration is being affected and if so, how much., The second
study, financed by the American Petroleum Institute will
emphasize the possible role of synergism in air pollution.. This
study will cover various concentrations of five air pollutants:
CO, N02, S02, lead chlorobrcmide., and CaS04.##
12079
Ehrlich, E. and Mary C. Henry
CHRONIC TOXICI1Y OF NI1ROGEN DIOXIDE. Arch. Environ. Health,
17(6) :860-865, Dec. 1968. 11 refs.
Continuous (24 hr/day) exposure to 0.5 ppm nitrogen dioxide for
three months or longer significantly increased the susceptibility
of mice to airborne Klebsiella penumoniae as demonstrated by
enhanced mortality. Intermittent exposure to 0.5 ppm N02 for
6 or 18 hr/day for six months also resulted in a significantly
increased mortality. After 12 months exposure to NC2, mice
in the three experimental groups showed a reduced capacity to clear
viable bacteria from the lung. The reduced rate of clearance was
also apparent in the 24 hr/day group after six months' exposure and
in the 6 and 18 hr/day groups after nine months' exposure. Serum
lactic dehydrogenase isoenzymes showed a shift from the
predominately anaerobic band to the aerobic bands after M02
treatment. (Author's Abstract)##
12157
Smith, Leoh E.
CAHDIO-BESPIRAIORY EFFECTS OF PAN INHALATION DURING EXERCISE.
Preprint, California Univ., Riverside, Dept. of Physical
Education, 11p., 1964. 11 refs. (Presented at the Seventh
Annual Air Pollution Medical Research Conference, Los
Angeles, California, Feb. 10-11, 1964.)
Athletes in many cities have often reported pulmonary discomfort
during and following competitive activity throughout periods of
high concentrations of snog. An experiment was therefore designed
in which human subjects, under controlled conditions, were exposed,
during rest, exercise and recovery, to a specific constituent of
780 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
photochemical smog, namely peioxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) . The
object of the investigation was to discover if, at concentrations
of 0.3 parts per million, (estimated to be the concentration of
heavy atmospheric smog) the pollutant, PAN, as contrasted to
filtered air, had a significant effect upon specific
cardio-respiratory responses of young males. The results of the
experiment demonstrated a significant effect of the pollutant
P!H upon the oxygen uptake of the subjects occurred when they
vere exposed to the additional stress of exercise.##
12158
Slcte, Lawrence
JN EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF MAN'S BEAC1IOK TO AN IONIZED 4IE
ENVIRONBEHT. Preprint, Nev York Univ., N. Y., 22p.,
1961. 17 refs. In: Proceedings of International Conference
colonization of the Air, Oct. 16-17, 1961.
The motor responses, sensory-motor responses, and sensory
responses of 16 males between ages 24 and 56 years were tested in
an ionized air environment. The test area was an air
conditioned room having a volume of approximately 2000 cubic feet.
Ihe temperature in the test area was maintained between 20 degree
C and 25 degree C while the relative humidity was maintained
tetneen <10 and 60 per cent. The normal ion content of the test
area was measured and found to be 150 small negative ions per cc of
air and 187 small positive ions per cc of air. The room was
lighted Hith overhead fluorescent fixtures having an overall light
intensity of 50 foot-candles. Ambient noise was measured and
found to be 60 decibles. Constant levels of both light and noise
were maintained during this study. The nasal inhalation of 20,000
snail positive ions per cubic centimeter of air for a period of 15
to 25 minutes produced a statistically significant effect of a
detrimental nature on: (1) the functional state of the
retino-cortical neural system, (2) the motor activity of a
relatively small group of muscles, and (3) simple visual reaction
time. The nasal inhalation cf 20,000 negative ions under the same
conditions produced beneficial results on the responses tested.
The data presented definitely pcints to the fact that the
inadvertent production of positive ions by such factors as air
conditioning, air pollution and hot air space heating could
produce immediate effects of a detrimental nature on man £
performance.##
12160
Campbell, Kirby I. and Halter L. Crider
ALIEN CONSTITUENTS IN EXPEBIHENTAL ATMOSPHERES. *«P^nt'
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio National Center
for Air Pollution Control, 5p., ((1967?)). <• refs.
F. Effects -Human Health 781
-------
cited in which the particle count index indicated formation of
alien particulates when dogs were being exposed to nitrogen dioxide
gas with or without an intentional particulate component, ferric
oxide dust. Some possibilities are mentioned with regard to the
nature of the cited phenomenon, influential factors, and
bioligic implications. (Authors' summary)##
12173
Gustave Freeman, and Glen E. Haydon
EFFECT OF CONTINUOUS LOW-LEVEL EXPOSURE TO NITROGEN DIOXIDE.
Preprint, Stanford Research Inst., Benlo Park, Calif.,
Dept, of Medical Sciences, 10p., 1963. 3 refs. (Presented
at the Sir Pollution Medical Research Conference, San
Francisco, Calif., Jan. 28-29, 1963.)
The maximum nitrogen dioxide concentration in air that does not
cause death from acute pulmonary edema and allows rats tc survive
for several months was determined. At this and at lower
concentrations, long term effects were studied with particular
attention tc the pulmonary pathology. Four identical exposure
chambers were used. On two occassions, rats exposed to 100 ppm
N02 died within 24 hours. One group of 9 rats was placed in a
chamber with a constant level of 50 ppm of N02. Six
animals died between 18 and 68 days. Six rats were exposed to
25 ppm N02 and all survived the acute phase, but failed to gain
weight. Voluminous lungs were seen in all the rats. Pulmonary
pathological changes of significance were hypertrophy and
hyperplasia of the bronchial and brcnchiolar epithelial cells.
Proliferation of goblet cells tc secrete mucous and
proliferation of new connective tissue at the junction of the
terminal bronchioles and alveolar ducts were found in rats
sacrified after forty days of exposure to 25 ppm of nitrogen
dioxide.l#
12175
L. S. Jaffe
BEVIEW ON CHEMICAL MUTAGENESIS. Preprint, Public Health
Service, Hashington, D. C., Div. of Air Pollution, ((10))p.,
Oct. 4, 1S63. 19 refs.
Chemical mutagenesis is the process whereby the somatic cells
of an organism are induced to produce a change (mutation) by
chemical means or by exposure to chemical substances, wherein
as a result of this exposure the cell themselves or the daughter
cells, formed upon dividings, function less efficiently or
differently from the parent cells. In chemical mutagenesis we
are concerned with the influence of certain chemicals found in
air pollution to form deleterious mutations in the somatic cells of
the individual (or animal population) causing it to age more
quickly; to change the appearance and nature of the cells
anatomically or in function; or tc act carcinogenetically and
782 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
fern cancers in the organism. The prime effects of chemical car-
eers mutagenesis are of three bread categories: (1) a change in
the aging process induced by chemical means; (2) change in the na-
ture and ajpearance of the cell and/cr its function (metaplasia);
(3) carcinogenesis. ##
12102
Carson, Steven and Bichard E. Goldhamer
BIOCHEMICAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS AGAINST PULMONARY IRRITANTS.
Food and Drug Research Labs., Inc., New York, Contract AF
33 (615J-5309, Proj. 7163, AHRL-TB-67-212, 130p., Oct. 1968.
20 refs.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 680823
Studies were performed in which mammalian mucociliary apparatus
was characterized under normal conditions following exposure to
three irritant gases: 100 percent oxygen, ozone and nitrogen
dioxide. Investigations were made in normal and treated animals
providing physical, electrophysiological, biochemical, and
morphologic data of effects due to exposure. A method for in
vitro microscopic observation of viable cilia and adjacent mucus
blanket was described in terms of ciliary beat and movement of
particles embedded in the mucus. In vitro volumetric estimation
of mucus thickness was compared to electrical resistance
measurements in the attempt tc provide an in vivo method to
determine mucus depth alterations in treated animals. Pclarographi
studies of oxygen dependent enzyies were carried out on pooled
stripped epithelial tissue of untreated animals and comparison
made with tissues exposed to ozone and nitrogen dioxide. Exposure
to 100 per cent oxygen caused a significant but self-limiting
decrease in mucus velocity and viscosity. Acute exposure to
nitrogen dioxide (35 and "75 micrograms per kilogram) caused marked
dose dependent changes in velocity and viscosity. Exposure to
0.5 ppm ozone for a 14 day period resulted in general mucostasis
and elevated viscosity levels. (Author abstract modified)
126U6
BEHAVIORAL TOXICOLOGY LOCKS AT AIS POLLUTANTS, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 2 (10) :731-733, Oct. 1968.
Behavioral toxicology research attempts to relate subtle
chemical and physiological changes induced in the brain to
changes in behavior. A research group under Dr. Charles
Xintaras, head of the National Air Pollution Control
Administration's behavioral toxicology unit, is studying the
effect of various air pollutants on the neurochemistry,
neurophysiology, and behavior of rats and monkeys. The
Cincinnati group has concentrated its studies on three commonly
occurring pollutants: Carbon monoxide which appears to interfere
with the subjecfs awareness of his environment; ozone vhich
may impair vision and depress body temperature; and lead which
appears to interfere with brain function. The preliminary
studies are discussed and a brief review of the work to be
undertaken is presented-t#
F. Effects -Human Health 783
-------
13058
Menet, Jean-Paul and Edmond lagarde
EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC OZONE ON THE EACTEHIAL POPULATIONS OF A
SOBANTARCTIC BIOTOPE. (Effets de 1'ozone atmcspherique sur les
peuplements bacteriens d*un biotope subantarctique). Text in
French., Compt. Rend. Read. Sci- Ser. D. (Paris), 267:201(1-2043,
Dec. 4, 1968- 7 refs0
Aerobic bacterial populations were determined in sarcples cf pond
water taken near Port aux Francais in the Kerguelen Islands at
which high ozone levels have been recorded for several years. One
series was exposed to the ambient air, the other protected by
rubber stoppers. The series exposed to atmospheric ozone (varying
froic approximately 300-550 milli-atmos cm over a year's period)
had lower bacterial counts than the series protected from ozone
in -70% of the samples. Destruction attributable to ozone varied
from 7-100% with an average of about 40S. The amount of
destruction was directly related to increase in the ozone
concentration-
13446
Anbar, H., and M., Inbar
THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN BETAIIIC CATICNS OK THE IODIDE UPTAKE IN THE
THYROID GLAND OF MICF.. icta Endocrinol. (kobenhaven) , 46:61(3-652,
Aug. 1964. 21 refs..
It has been reported that certain metal ions interfere with the
iodine uptake in the thyroid. The effect of various metallic
cations on the iodine uptake irtc the gland was studied. Ten
experimental mice were used for each material to be examined. The
metallic cations to be tested were administered in isotope form
and traced by a radioactive tracer. The iodine uptake was
calculated in terms of % of injected dose accumulated in the gland
or as a concentration ratio. Ferric, cupric, mercuric, zinc,
cadmium, and nickel ions at the dose level of 0.1 millimoles per
kg body weight were found to decrease the uptake of iodine in the
thyroid gland. Manganous ions exhibited a similar effect when the
dose was doubled. A parallel decrease in fluoroborate could be
demonstrated. This suggests an interference at the stage of iodide
accumulation. Cobaltous, cobaltic, magnesium, beryllium,, and
zirconium ions were shown to have not effect on iodine uptake at
the same dose level. The extent of influence upon thyroxine
production was discussed.
13525
Kilburn, Kaye H.
CLEARANCE FROM ALVEOLI TO THE CILIASY ESCALATOR: IMPLICATIONS FOB
PULMONARY DISEASES. In: Tenth Aspen Emphysema Conference: Current
Research in Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, p. 3-25, June 1967™
784 PHOTOCHEMICAL OX1DANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Experimental data indicate that clearance of inhaled material from
the lung depends upon endocytosis, alveolar clearance by surface
forces, and mucociliary clearance along the tracheobronchial
epithelium. Experimentation with frog lung suggested that alveolar
clearance occurred due tc movement of dilute and thin (sol) mucus
from its point of secretion in type B alveolar cells and Clara
cells to various levels up the airway where it is reabsorbed.
Hicrovilli of the ciliated cells may be important in maintaining
optimal thickness of the sol layer of the viscoelastic mucus
transport system,. observation of the evaginated frog lung
supported this model. Damage to such a transport system with
reabsprptive failure may help to explain the occurrence of large
quantities of secretions in patients with airway disease.,
138U6
Sapse, A. T., B. Bonavida, «. Stone, Jr., and En E. Sercarz
HUHAN TEAS 1YSOZYHE III. PBELIMINABY STUDY ON LYSOZYHE LEVELS
IN SUBJECTS WITH SHOG EYE IBBITATION. Am. J. Ophthal., vol.
66:76-80, July 1968. 11 refs.
Human tear lysozyme (HTL) levels were measured in 21 subjects
complaining of eye irritation while in smog-polluted areas
of Los Angeles, primarily the San Fernando Valley and Azusa.
later, tear specimens collected from 12 patients were compared
to those taken from the same patients after an interval of
several hours in a pollution—free, air-conditioned room. HTL
content in subjects with eye irritation was found to by 60%
below normal. Under smog-free conditions, HTL levels were
about 60% higher than normal. The reason for the decrease
is unknown but may be attributed to several possibilities:
(1) the total protein may have decreased due to the increased
flow in tears, (2) HTL may be removed from the eye fluids
either from destruction or binding to the tissues, or (3)
smog or fumes may have inhibitors which inactivate HTL.
13852
Buckley, Bamon D. and Clayton G. Loosli
EFFECTS OF NITBOGEN DIOXIDE INHAIATION ON GEBBFBEE MOUSE LUNG.
Arch. Environ. Health, 1 8 (i») : 588-595, April 1969. 16 refs.
The role of nitrogen dioxide (N02) alone as a causative agent
of structural and metabolic alteration to lung tissue,
without the synergistic effects of superimposed bacterial or
viral infections, was investigated by exposing germfree mice
to pure N02 in sterile chambers and then killing them after an
appropriate exposure period. This method made possible the
production and characterization of a chemically induced lesion
not altered by the presence of respiratory disease-causing
organisms. Examination of the B02-exposed tissue showed that
alterations involved primarily the bronchiolar epithelium
and alveolar tissue near terminal bronchioles and suggested that
F. Effects -Human Health 785
-------
a stimulation in cell activity, rather than damage and
destruction, results from N02 inhalation, at least at the
exposure levels involved,. Results also suggested that
only cells in direct contact with N02 undergo structural and
metabolic change. In an additional study, both germfree and
conventional Bice, after N02 exposure, were contaminated
with either staphylococcus aureus bacteria or with influenza
virus. Although there was greater deposition of organisms in
the lung of N02-exposed animals than in the germfree control
group, the lung clearance rates for S. aureus of both groups
were nearly identical. Control and N02-exposed germfree mice
both responded to virus contamination with significantly
increased resistance, much the same as conventional mice, a
phenomenon which is not understood at present.
13860
Eeldstein, M.
TOXICITY AND ANALYSIS OF AIS POLLUTANTS- J. Forensic Sci,, ,
14(3):337-351, July 1969. «U refs.
The emission of solids, liquids, and gases from industrial
operations, power and heat generation using fossil fuels,
combustion of organic waste materials, and auto exhaust
constitute the major sources of air pollution. Carbon
monoxide, as a community air pollutant, is emitted to the
atmosphere from most combustion operations where incomplete
combustion of organic matter occurs. Exposures to 30 ppm for
four to six hours may result in tlood carboxyhemoglcbin
concentrations as high as 8% of the total pigment. Nitrogen
dioxide is the primary reactant in photochemical smog, and is
found to cause acute pulmonary edema- Physiological response
to low concentrations of both SC2 and S03 is similar and involves
bronchial constriction. The response with S03 is U to 20
times greater in experimental animals than with S02 on an
equal concentration basis. It is now believed that there
is no tolerable dose of a carcinogen.. Skin tumors were
produced in animals by as little as O.t micrograms of
benzpyrene. Part of the reason for increased lung cancer is
ascribed to carcinogens present in air pollution. Several
other pollutants and the various ways of analyzing pollutants
are also discussed.
13868
Yokoyama, Eiji
VARIATIONS OF VENTILATORS DY.NAMICS IN EXPERIMENTAL EXPOSURE
TO 302 AND N02. (S02 oyobi N02 jikken-bakuro-ji no kanki-
rikigaku-chi no henkaj. Text in Japanese. Arerugi Nippon
Zasshi (Jap. J., Allergy), 16(103:56-60, Oct. 1967. .17 refs.
Six healthy adults aged 20 to 36 were experimentally exposed
to S02 gas, and five healthy adults aged 18 to 37 were exposed
to N02 gas. Pulmonary flow resistance, pulmonary compliance.
786 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
FHC, and respiratory rate were measured. Concentrations of S02
during the experiment were 36 to 40 ppm; those of N02 were 6 to
17 ppm. Experimental exposure to these two gases and similar
analyses Mere made in anesthetized dogs and guinea pigs. Flow
resistances of the lungs and thorax because of bronchoccnstriction
were commonly increased by both S02 and N02 in three experiments.
The following response to these gases, however, differed.
Increase of pulmonary flow resistance to S02 was inhibited
by the subcutaneous administration of d.,7 mg cf atropine
sulfate, but no inhibition by atropine was observed with N02.
Bespiratory rate was increased by N02 and decreased by S02 in
an experiment with guinea pigs. Variation in pulmonary
compliance was more marked with N02 than with S02. The 502
was found to stimulate mainly the upper respiratory tract
(nose, throat, and upper trachea) because it is water-solutle
and because more than 95% of it is absorbed within the upper
respiratory tract. The N02 was found to stimulate mainly the
peripheral portion of the lung because it does not dissolve
easily in water and thus is easily brought to the peripheral
portion of the respiratory tracts. Nitrogen dioxide was found
to have an oxidizing action and to damage the pulmonary
mucosae more markedly than the reductive action of S02.
14050
Gregory, Arthur R. and Charles H., Hine
NEONATAL RESISTANCE TO LUNG EDEMA.. Proc. SOC. Exp. Biol. Med. ,
vol. 128:693-695, July 1968.. 15 refs»
The resistance of newborn rats and mice to lung edema was
determined by simultaneously injecting adult rodents and their
newborn offspring with thiourea and by comparing the toxicity of
inhaled NC2 in adults and newborn. Newborn rodents survived
injections in good health but the mothers, in grooming their
young, ingested fatal amounts of thiourea. Their deaths were
characterized by pulmonary edema and hemorrhage. The median
lethal dose .(LD50) of thiourea for adult rats was 47 mg/kg; that
for newborn rats was 1.2 gin/kg. Resistance to N02 was also high
in the young. These results are in direct contrast to both
original data and data from the literature on the ordinarily
increased sensitivity of newborn animals to most drugs and toxic
agents. It is theorized that immaturity of the pituitary-
adrenal axis, together with thyroid deficiency and thyroid
insensitivity, is important in the resistance of newborn animals
to these inducers of lung edema. Hypoventilation is also
suggested as a possible protective mechanism.
14065
Heiner, N. D., «- Amanat, D. Elondo, R. Caprioli, N. Dinerman,
and A. Felmeister
INTERACTION OF N02 WITH MONOLAYERS OF PHCSPHOLIPIDS EXTRACTED
FROM E. COLI AT 15 AND 37 DEGREES. J. Pharm. Sci., 57(8):1398-
1100, Aug. 1968. 10 refs,,
F. Effects -Human Health 787
-------
The purpose of the study was to determine whether the membrane
phospholipids extracted from Escherichia coli grown at 15 and 37
deg would exhibit differences in their interaction with an air
pollutant such as N02., The fatty acid residues of the 15 deg
phospholipids were found to be considerably more unsaturated than
the 37 deg phospholipids. These phospholipids were spread as
monomolecular films and exposed to N02-containing atmospheres.
Whereas the 37 deg phospholipid films showed no interaction, N02
was found to expand considerably the 15 deg phospholipid films,
probably the result of the interaction of N02 with the double
bonds of the unsaturated fatty acid groups. The results
demonstrate that simple changes in environmental conditions may
markedly affect the interaction of air pollutants such as N02 with
biological membranes. (Author abstract modified)
14079
Abe, Mutsuo
EFFECTS OF MIXED N02-S02 GAS ON HUMAN POIMONABY FUNCTIONS. Bull.
Tokyo Med. Dental Univ., It (4) : 1115-133, 1967., 30 refs.
Experimental studies were carried out on the effects of S02, N02,
and a mixed S02-N02 gas on the huian pulmonary functions by
measuring the values of ventilatory mechanics, by spirometry, and
by peak flow rate. The effects of 302 are immediate but not
durable. Those of N02, on the contrary, are late-acting and
durable. The effects of a mixed SC2-N02 gas are intermediate
between those of N02 and 302 alone, showing no cumulative effects
of the two gases, only additive ones. Such differences of the
effects between two gases are supposed to be attributed to the
grade of water solubility of each gas; 302 is readily soluble
and N02 difficultly soluble. (Author abstract modified)
14119
Heuss, Jon M. and William A. Glasson
HYDROCAHBON BEJCTIVITY AND EYE IRRITATION. Environ™ Sci-
Technol.. 2(12) : 1109-1116. Dec. 1968.. 21 refs.
Twenty-five hydrocarbons and nitric oxide were irradiated in a
smog chamber. Eye irritation and various chemical reaction
rates and product yields were used to measure hydrocarbon
reactivity. Although the chemical measurements of reactivity
correlated ¥ith one another to a fair degree, there was no
correlation between any of the chemical measurements and
eye irritation. A correlation was found between hydrocarbon
structure and eye irritation; a hydrocarbon reactivity scale
based on eye irritation is presented™ The most potent
precursors of eye irritation were benzylic hydrocarbons and
aromatic olefins. A new and extremely potent eye irritant,
peroxyben2oyl nitrate, a lachrymator 200 times as potent
as formaldehyde, was identified as a product from the
irradiation of benzylic hydrocarbons and aromatic olefins..
(Author abstract modified)
788 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
11*377
Freeman, Gustave, Sheldon C, Crane, Eobert J. Stephens, and
N. J. Furiosi
ENVIBONMENTAL FACTOBS IN EMPHYSEMA AND A MODEL SYSTEM WITH H02.
Yale J,. Biol, Med., «0 (5-6) : 566-575, April-June 1968., UH refs.
A model of an emphysema-like disease based on the covert effects
of environmental N02 is described. The model suggests how
some of the features that define emphysema in man may occur.
Twenty-one month-old rats were exposed to concentrations of
0.8 ppm of N02, a level already achieved in smog. They and an
equivalent control group lived out their natural lives of 2-3
years and died of similar commonplace diseases of old age
apparently unrelated to N02 exposure. The only difference
between the groups was a sustained tachypnoea of about 20%
above normal in rats exposed to N02. Microscopically, lungs
were essentially without blemish except for occasional evidence
of bronchial epithelial changes. A similar experiment with
2 ppm of N02 produced the same results. The bronchial
epithelial cells exposed to N02 were more uniform in size and
the lumenal surfaces were smoother than in the controls.
Functionally, it was suggested that inhaled particles,
infectious or not, might be retained due to deficient ciliary
cleansing of alveoli and bronchioles. The next higher
concentration, t ppm, was terminated after 16 weeks. Grossly,
the lungs were not clearly different from the controls, but
the terminal bronchiolar epithelium was hypertrophic,
characterized by increased height acd uniformity of the cells.
In all cases, continuous breathing of 10 ppm N02 gave rise
to large, air-containing lungs that did not collapse under
atmospheric pressure,, Animals exposed to 10 ppm began to die
of respiratory failure after 16 months. They grew less well
and developed thoraces with increased anterior-posterior
diameters. Lungs of rats dying of exposure to 12 or 25 ppm
N02 looked alike, except that the longer survival of 16-30 months
of the former allowed changes in them to become more advanced
than in rats that died after 5-6 months from 25 ppm,. It was
concluded that by selective tilling and dosage of N02, lesions
of the lung may be achieved that resemble more closely the
generalized destructive, bullous-forming stage of the disease
recognized by many pathologists as the determining symptom
of terminal emphyserca in man,
UH93
Chen, C., K. Okamoto, and T. Nakajima
THE HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STDDY ON THE LUNG CF BICE EXPOSED TO
0.7-0.8 PPM N02 GAS FOE A MONTH., (N02 gas (0.7-0.8 ppm) ni
renzoku ikkagetsukan bakuro shita mausu hai no byori soshiki gaku
teki kenkyu)„ Text in Japanese., Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi
(Japan J. Hyg.), 2«(1):91, April 1969.
To study the effect of exposure to nitrogen dioxide gas on lungs
and trachea, mice four weeks of age were placed in a exposure
chamber and continuously exposed for 30 days to 0.7 to 0.8 ppm
F. Effects - Human Health 789
-------
concentrations of nitrogen dioxide gas, supplied by heating
liquid N02., Air for dilution was passed through a dehumidifier,
filter, and activated carbon. Sir velocity in the chamber was
5 cm/sec, temperature 24 to 26 deg, relative humidity 40 to 70%,
and the light transmission rate of dust was less than 1?. The
mice were given ample food and water. A control group of mice
was raised under siiilar conditions but in the absence of N02.
Do statistically significant difference in growth rate vas
observed between groups. On the 15th day of exposure to the gas,
accelerated secretion of mucus, degeneration, and desguamation
were observed at the mucus epithelium of the trachea. lung
congestion and increased secretion of mucus in bronchial tubes
was also noted.. By the 30th day, advanced negative and
degeneration of the mucus epithelium was evident in both lungs
and trachea. The results show that catarrhal changes in lung and
trachea occur following exposure to less than 1% (sic; 1 ppm/J
N02 gas.,
14553
Ichdnosawa, A., H. Takahashi, v« Tsunetoshi, and T,, Shimizu
ETIOLOGICAL CONSIDEHATIONS WITH BISEHCT TO CHBONIC ESONCHITIS
IN JAPAN- (Honpo ni okeru mansei kikanshien no byoin-teki
kosatsu).. Text in Japanese. Nippon Einsho (Japan Clin.,),,
25(9) :2054-2063 , Sept. 1967., 34 refs.
The etiological influence of air pollution on the incidence
of chronic bronchitis is discussed.. Six areas in Osaka and
its vicinity were classified into three severely, one moderately,
and two mildly polluted areas. Concentrations of 302, N02, and
ozone and amount of settling dust were measured. Incidence of
chronic bronchitis in the severly polluted areas was higher
(twice as great in males and three times as great in females)
than that in the mildly polluted areas. Males were more
frequently and severly involved than females.. Smoking and S02
concentration were the most important causes of this disease in
any district, and the correlation between the concentration of
S02 and occurrence of chronic bronchitis was demonstrated
mathematically. In younger age groups, certain constitutional
factors influence the occurrence of the disease, while in older
age groups, environmental factors are more influential.. It
was difficult to determine the minimal predisposing conditions
necessary to provoke chronic bronchitis, since there were so
many variations in physical conditions among the subjects.
14732
Hueller, Harald
POWER ECONOMY AND RIP POLLUTION., (Energiewirtschaft und
Luf tverunreinigung). Text in German. Electro-Techniek (The
Hague), 46 (20) : "21-430, Oct. 3, 1968.. 89 refs.
Types of pollutants, the effects of air pollution on humans,
animals, plants, and materials, as well as control measures
790 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
taken by power plants are reviewed., About 20 to 35% of the
solid pollutants in the atmosphere comes from domestic
heaters, 35* from industries, and 25% from automobile exhaust
gases. Of the gaseous pollutants, the most dangerous is SOS-
Regulations in Russia limit their concentration in the
atmosphere to 0.06 ppnu In Gelsenkirchen in the Euhr valley,
Germany, a concentration of 0.12 ppm has been measured. The
threshold limit value (TLV) referred to eight-hour daily
exposure has been set at 5 ppm for N02, Electrostatic
precipitators, mechanical separators, centrifugal separators,
scrubbers, and bag filters are all used by power plants.
Desulfurization of flue gases and of the fuel is also mentioned
as a possible solution. High stacks positively influence the
dispersion process. The power output by the plants erected in
1950 rose 375% by 1963. Dust emission, however, has been
reduced to T0% of the 1950 value.
15206
Pagnottoff L. D» and So S. Epstein
PBOTECTION EY ANTIOXIDANTS AGAINST OZONE TOXICITY IN MICE..
Experientia, 25(17} :703, 1969., 11 refs..
The role of free radical injury in ozone toxicity and the
practicality of chemical protection against the toxic effects of
ozone and atmospheric oxidant pollutants were investigated., A
total of 16 antioxidants was administered to 6-8 week old mice
weighing 20-22 g. Four daily injections of 0., 1 ml solutions or
suspensions in saline or tricaprylin were given. Dosage of
antioxidants was based on maximum sub-lethal levels which were
determined by preliminary toxicity tests., Egual numbers of test
and control mice were exposed to ozone for U hrs in two stainless
steel chambers 1 hr after the last injection of antioxidant.
Ozone concentrations were maintained at 9-11 ppm, producing
mortalities of 80-90% in the untreated controls. Experiments were
replicated using groups of 10-20 mice in each experiment.
Protection by antioxidants against ozone toxicity was measured ty
the reduction in mortality of the test in relation to the control
mice. Significant protection was produced by six antioxidants,
particularly AHQ, primaguin, and EHQ. It was concluded that the
practical implications of such protection should be explored..
15211
Terry, B« A-,, D« G., Harden, and A» M. Bayyasi
EFFECTS OF NEGATIVE AIR IONS, NOISE, SEX AND AGE ON BA7E
IEABNING IN EATS. Intern,. J. Biometeorol., 13<1):39-49, 1969.
4 refs.
The effect of negative air ionization, noise, age, and sex on maze
learning in rats was investigated; 240 rats were tested.. Egual
numbers of males and females were divided into two age groups:
the young group was 21-30 days old and the adult group was 90-100
days old.. The age of the rats was held constant during the five
F. Effects -Human Health 791
-------
weeks of the experiment by weekly supply from the breeding
colony- They were exposed to t«o levels of noise; 30 and 90
decibels,, and three levels of negative air ions: zero
concentration, 7,000,000, and 70,000,000 ions/cc. Time and error
scores of the rats running in a modified Lashley left-right maze
with an escape-from-water motive served as criteria* A
randomized complete blocks design (2 times 3 times 2 times 2 times
10) with replications was selected for treatment by analysis of
variance. The results indicated that males show significantly
lower error score in negatively ionized air and females swim
significantly faster than males under all investigated
conditions with no apparent effect of noise or ions on their
performance.
15215
Freeman,, G.,» S. C., Crane,, and S« J. Furiosi
HEALING IN RAT LONG AFTER SUBACDTE EXPOSUHE TO NITROGEN BICXIDE.
An. Bev. Bespirat. Disease, 100 55) : 662-676, 1969. 13 refs.
The nature of healing was observed in rats after "\, 4, 10, 16, and
2C weeks of continuous exposure to 15 + or - 2 ppm nitrogen
dioxide.. Animals from each group were allowed to recover for 0,
8, 20, and 52 weeks and were compared with control rats of the
same age. Lung weights increased at two different times as
compared with those of the contrcl animals. The first was
associated with hypertrophy of bronchiolar and adjacent alveolar
epithelium., This tended to return toward normal during recovery..
The second occurred in aging, recovering rats, long after contact
with N02 had ceased. This was consistent with an increase in the
staining property of collagen and elastic tissue in the alveolar
parenchyma, which was most noticeable in the ductal areas.
Between the two increments,, lung weights were equivalent to those
of control animals.. Healing in the longer-exposed rats left some
inhomogeneity of the air spaces of the parenchyma and some
partial or possibly complete closure by fibrosis of the
terminations of the bronchioles., Septal walls were sometimes
attenuated and fractured.. Both atresia of terminal bronchioles
and discontinuities in altered elastic tissue may account in part
for the apparently reduced elastic recoil of lungs of exposed
animals., (Author summary modified)
15383
Krueger, A., p., p. c« Andriese, and S. Kotaka
SHALL AIR ICNS: THEIR EFFECT OK BLCOD LEVELS 07 SEROTONIN
III TERMS OF MODERN PHYSICAL THEORY. Intern., J. Eiometeorol..
.(Leiden). 12 (3) : 225-239,, 1968» 25 refs,.
The relationship between air ion density and the blood levels of
5-hydroxytryptamine {5-HT) in mice was studied. Eight-week
old male mice were kept in cylindrical plexiglass holding
chambers and exposed to ionized atmospheres for varying amounts
792 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
of time- Under stringently controlled environmental conditions
in which only the small air ion content of the ambient air was
varied, positive ions raised blood levels of 5-HT in the mouse
and negative ions depressed them. Examination of the
experimental evidence in terms of the modern physical theory
of air ion formation and composition led to the hypothesis that
the ions H(+}{H20) and {H3Q) (+) .{H20) n were the physiologically
active constituents of positively ionized air, while 02(-)(H20)n
and OH(-)(H20)n were the active agents in negatively ionized
air- Further tests were conducted with positive molecular ions
of C02, 02 and N2 and with negative molecular ions of C02 and 02
emitted separately into pure air containing water vapor- The
effects on the blood level of 5-HT in mice support the initial
hypothesis and are in accord with physical theory.
15U90
Holland, George Ja, David Benson, Albert Bush, George Q. Rich,
and Robert P. Holland
JIB POLLUTION SIMULATION AND HtirAH PEBFOBMANCE. Am.. J. Public
Health, 58 (9) : 1 681-1691, Sept., 1968.. 35 refs..
The effect of short-term exposure to moderate levels of
photochemical air pollutant constituencies on the efficiency of
various types of human motor performance was determined. Reaction
time, vital capacity, and suhmaximun work performance on the
bicycle ergometer were measured in 11 college student volunteer
subjects™ The subjects were randomly assigned to one of two
groups according to the Latin square method of experimental
design- They served alternately on two occasions as either
control subjects in a normal atmospheric environment or as
experimental subjects in an air pollution environment. In order
to simulate the conditions of the Los Angeles Basin, a test
facility was designed. Irradiated exhaust gases from an automobile
were pumped into an exercise booth near the reaction tunnel., A
ventilation system was used to replace the exhaust gases with
filtered atmospheric air during the control experiments. Air
samples were analyzed for carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitric
oxide, nitrogen dioxide, oxidants, hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and
formaldehyde. It did not appear from the study that the
performance of fine neuromuscular tasks such as reaction time or
cardiorespiratory work efficiency were significantly altered by
short—term exposure to moderate levels of air pollution. More
study is required to elucidate the effects of air contaminants on
other types of human psychomotor performance, especially maximum
work capacity. Many atmospheric pollutants may have an insidious
qualitative biochemical effect on human physiological processes
which can only be identified through carefnl longitudinal study.
Future studies involving higher levels of contamination with more
precise measures of airway resistance are recommended.
F. Effects -Human Health 793
-------
15579
Coffin, David L. and Earl J. Elcmmer
ALTERATION OF THE PATHOGENIC BOIE OF STEEPTOCOCCI GROUP C IN MICE
CONFESSED EY PEEVIODS EXPOSURE TO OZCNE. Preprint, Public Health
Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Air Pollution Control
Administration, 10p., 1969. 13 refs. (Presented at the
International Symposium Aerobiology, Third, Sussex University,
Brighton, England, Sept. 15-19, 1965.)
To obtain data on the influence of ozone on clearance rate,
bacterial growth, and mortality, pathogen-free mice approximately
20 days old, were divided into two groups, one of which was
exposed to ozone for three hours. After the ozone exposure, both
groups were exposed to an aerosol consisting of diluted Group C
streptococci following which the clearance rate, bacterial
growth, and mortality studies were conducted. A marked decline
in the number of cultivable organisms followed the introduction
of pathogenic streptococci in mice not exposed to ozone.
Three-hour exposure to 1-5 fpm ozone increased the number or
organisms cultivable at four hours. At levels of 0.11 ppm or
below, bacterial counts for the ozone treatments could net
be distinguished from the controls. Beyond four hours after
aerosol exposure, marxed variability in the number of
cultivable cells was noted mice except those exposed to the
highest ozone concentrations with them raortaiities approached
100X. It is concluded that exposure of mice to ozone increases
the possibility of death from subsequent infection by aerosolized
streptococci. Associated with the increased mortality is prolonged
retention of intrapulmonary bacterial viability, a shortening
of the lag phase, and an increased rate of bacterial
multiplication. The diminished lag phase and enhanced bacterial
growth contribute to the slowing of the so-called bacterial
clearance rate. Bacterial invasion of the blood appears to take
place from two tc four days inclusively and equates with
subsequent mortality. Bacteria present in the blood are in
insufficient numbers to appreciably affect the total lung counts.
15680
Yokoyama, Eiji
A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF S02, S02, AND 03 ON THE PULMONARY
VENTILATION OF GUINEA PIGS., (S02 to N02 oyobi 03 no kankino
moyobosu eikyo no hikaku—monumotto no okeru bakuro jikken)., Text
in Japanese. Sangyc Igaku (Jap.. J.. Ind.. Health) „ 11 (11) :563-568,
Nov. 20, 1969., 21 refs-
Ventilatory functions of guinea pigs were quantitatively measured
before, during, and after 2-hour exposure tc S02, N02, and 03.
The gases caused an increase in the flow resistance of the animals,
although the degree of change varied for the three gases, A
significant difference was observed in the direction of change
in the respiratory rate. Sulfur dioxide caused a decrease in
the respiratory rate while N02 and 03 caused a decrease. The
794 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
tidal volume changed in a direction opposite to the change in
the respiratory rate- The changes in the ventilation function
of the respiratory system were attributed to differences in
lung area between exposures., [{Author abstract modified)
15725
Krueger, A- P., and S.< Kotaka
THE EFFECTS OF JIB IONS OH EBAIN LEVELS OF SEBOTOKIN IN MICE.
Intern., J,. Eiometeorol.„ 13(113:25-38, 1969, 42 refs..
Experiments performed to determine the influence of high, moderate
and low densities of positive or negative air ions on serotonin
(5-hydrcxytryptamine,, a neurohormone) in mice are descrited.
Hice were placed in a controlled pollutant-free microenvironment
and exposed for 12,, 2U, 48, and 72 hours to 3 different
concentrations of small positive or negative air ions., The
concentrations were 2000-4000 ions/cu cm, 30,000-40,000 ions/cu cm,
and 350,000-500,000 ions/cu cm. Spectrofluorometric assays of
brain serotonin levels of air icn-treated mice showed
statistically significant differences as early as 12 hrs from
those of mice kept in untreated pollutant-free air. Essentially
no deviation from control values were observed at 21 and 48 hours..
ftfter 72 hours of exposure sharp decreases took place in all
groups with the single exception of the animals exposed to
30,000-UO,000 positive ions/cu cm. The hypothesis that
alterations in mood and affect associated with certain
meteorological conditions might depend upon air ion-induced
changes in brain levels of serotonin was examined in the light of
recent advances in neurophysiolcgy and neuropharmacology., Since
the air ion content of the atmosphere is the only known variable
associated with shifts in serotonin in the brain,, the hypothesis
»as accepted,, This does not signify the attainment of insight
into a reasonable physiological mechanism which would account
for the uniformity of serotonin reduction brought about by ions
of either charge and by varying dosages of these icns,, nor was
these a satisfactory correlation established between reported air
ion effects on mood,, affect on behavior,, and air-ion induced
alterations of serotonin in the brain.
15732
Won, William D. and Harold Boss
REACTION CF AIBBOBNE BHIZOEIUH KE1I1CTI TO SOME ENVIBONMF.N1AL
FSCTOBS. Appl.. Microbiol.. , 18 (4): 555-557, Oct. 1969. 9 refs.,
The laboratory findings on the behavior of airborne B.. meliloti
(102F5) in relation to relative humidity JEH), ultraviolet light
radiation, and certain ccmnon gaseous atmospheric pollutants
were reported. Survival of E» meliloti in aerosols at 20 C was
maximal at high EH and nininal at lew EH- Belatively high
concentrations of nitrogen dioxide,, sulfur dioxide, or
formaldehyde were needed to significantly reduce viability of Bn
F. Effects -Human Health 795
-------
meliloti in aerosols at 50% HH. Except for the reduction in
activity of formaldehyde by 502, there was no additive or
antagonistic effect of mixing pollutants., High environmental RH
enhanced bactericidal activity of NC2 and 302. High RH
minimized and lew HH accentuated the biological effect of
ultraviolet light of 300 to 100 nm wavelength., {Author abstract
modified)
15747
Belanger, Hilliam E.
1 STUD? OF THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS.,
Preprint, Philadelphia Dept., of Public Health, Pa., Air
Management Services Div., 8p», Sept., 1969. (Presented at
Air Pollution Committee Meeting, Philadelphia County Medical
Society, Philadelphia, Oct. 27, 1969.,}
A preliminary study on the effects of air pollution on health was
conducted.. Total oxidants, soiling index, sulfur dioxide, and
nitrogen oxides were measured near the hospital. Hospital data
were drawn directly from the patient-card files. Hospital
admissions, after elimination of admissions not directly concerned
with pollution effects, were broken into total respiratory
admissions,, respiratory infections only, respiratory infections
including undiagnosed cases, respiratory growths, total respiratory
for children under 10^ total respiratory for adults over 60, eye
irritation, cardiac patients, and vascular patients™ Sixty-three
visual comparisons yielded one very strong correspondence between
soiling index and total respiratory admissions.. An additional
relationship between sulfur dioxide and total respiratory
admissions was weak,, The breakdown of respiratory admissions
into subcategories yielded numbers of admissions too low to
make a comparison,, and so the prediction of the sensitive areas
of the population was not possible. Coefficients of correlation
were calculated for individual ncnths for total respiratory
admissions against air pollution variables. Eata showed
significant correlations for soiling index, sulfur dioxide,, and
nitrogen oxides., The correspondence between soiling index and
respiratory admissions was especially marked. This effect
occurred as low as 0.75 COH. It was apparent that the
correspondence of soiling index peaks and peaks in respiratory
admissions should be further investigated. It was recommended
that the soiling index be related to air guality standards with
a maximum of about 0.75 COB.,
15794
Gottlieb, Sheldon F., Allen Cymerman, and Albert V. Hetz, Jr.
EFFECT OF XENON, KRYPTON AND NITROUS OXIEE OK SOBIUM ACTIVE
TBANSPOHT THROUGH FROG SKIN WITH ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS IN
SCIATIC NERVE CONDUCTION. Aerospace Bed., 39 (5) :449-453, Cay
1968, 19 refs.
796 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
In an attempt to understand the cellular basis of the biclogical
effects induced by the helium group of elements, the effect
of xenon and krypton on the sodium active transport (NaT) across
frog skin was determined. Experiments using the short-circuit
current technigue indicated that approximately 200 psig Xe,
950-1000 psig Kr, and 200 psig N20 reversibly inhibited sodium
active transport. The inhibiticn was not due to pressure per se.
The pressures of the gases which reversibly inhibit NaT in the
frog skin also induce reversible conduction blockade in frog
sciatic nerve. A linear relationship was found to exist between
the log of the pressure required to produce nerve conduction
blockade and the molecular polarizability of the gases. The
involvement of sodium ions in membrane depolarization and in
controlling important physiological phenomena suggests that
inhibition of sodium ion transport by N20, Ye, and Kr may re
only one of several gas induced effects. Thy gases probably
produce other functional and structural cellular changes.
15812
Thomas, Heriberto V., Peter K. Mueller, and Robert Wright
HESPONSE OF HAT LUNG MAST CEIIS 1C NITROGEN DIOXIDE INHALATION.
J, Air Pollution Control Assoc., 17 (1):3J-35, Jan. 1967. 16 refs.
The hypothesis that irritant gases in concentrations occurring
in polluted atmospheres might play a role in the degranulaticn
and histamine release processes of mast cells in lung tissue was
tested. Young rats weighing 140-150 g were exposed to 1 ppm
nitrogen dioxide for 2 hr. One group was killed immediately,
another group 24-27 hr after exposure. A third group was exposed
to 0.5 ppm nitrogen dioxide for 4 hr and killed immediately.
Animals serving as controls were placed for 1 hr into the
exposure chamber ventilated with ambient air. Standard
histolcgical preparations were made after Carnoy's fixative and
subsequent staining with toluidine blue. The mast cells of the
control animals appeared relatively intact with no evidence
of disorientation. The cells of the animals exposed to N02 and
sacrificed immediately revealed rupture and loss of cytoplasmic
granules with some disorientaticn. These changes were observed
in the pleura, bronchi, and surrounding tissue with the effects
more marked in the mediastinum. In some cases, the mast cells
of exposed animals sacrificed about 24-27 hr after discontinuing
the exposure showed a combination of ruptured and intact cells
with a predominance of the latter: in other cases, the cells could
not be differentiated frcm those of the controls. The findings
indicated that 24 hr or more are required to reverse the acute
effects of N02 inhalation. The toxicological implications are
discussed: Loss of cell integrity caused by nitrogen dioxide
is followed by the release of the proteolytic enzyme
chymotrypsin, the hydrolytic enzyme phospholipase A, and other
substances. In acute reactions, the released granules are
ingested by fiberblasts with the formation ci new cells. In
chronic situations, the formation of new cells gives way to
fibrillo enesis and, ultimately, fibrotic tissue.
(Author abstract modified)
F. Effects -Human Health 797
-------
16055
Vaughan, Thomas B., Jr., William J. Moorman, and Trent E. Lewis
CARDIOPUIMONAEY RESPONSES 10 ACUTI OZONE EXPOSUEf. THE ECIi CF
HISTAKINE. Preprint, Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio,
National air Pollution Control Administration, 24p. , 1969..
30 refs.
Cardicpulmonary responses in acute exposure to ozone, and the role
of histamine in tolerance production, was studied. Anesthetized,
tracheostomized dogs were exposed to high concentrations of ozone.
Mechanisms of physiological responses tc ozone were studied by
prior vagotomy, prior treatment «ith a histamine-depleting agent,
and concomitant exposure tc an aerosol of isoproteronol.
Inhalation of 50 ppm ozone produced transient apnea, followed by
tachypnea, decreased dynamic compliance (CL), increased pulmonary
resistance (EL), mild hypotension, and bradycardia. The apnea
occurred after ozone was inhaled for about 2 minutes and lasteed
approximately 1 minute. After a 30-60 minute recovery period,
re-exposure to ozone failed to produce apnea although the other
responses did occur. The apnea, hypotension, and bradycardia
could be prevented with prior vagotomy. Pretreatment with compound
48/80 prevented apnea and hypotension, and lessened the degree of
tradycardia produced by ozone. Neither prior vagotomy nor
pretreatment with 48/80 prevented the decrease in CL or the
increase in EL. It is suggested that acute exposure to high
concentrations of ozone releases histamine in the lung and thus
leads to apnea, hypotension, and bradycardia via a vagal reflex.
Decreases in CL and increases in EL were probably partly due tc
direct effects of ozone on the airways. (Author abstract modified)
16066
Toothill, C.
THE CHEMISTRY OF THE IN VIVO REACTION BETWEEN HEMOGLOBIN AND
VARIOUS OXIDES CF NITROGEN. Brit. J. Anaesthesia, vol. 39:405-
412, May 1967. 29 refs.
Nitric oxide reacts with hemoglobin in the same way as oxygen and
carbon monoxide to form a ligand to the iron atom. The
methemoglobin formation during the administration of nitric oxide
and nitrogen dioxide in the concentration range 0.1-2% tc
anesthetized dogs was investigated. Massive conversion of
cxyhemcglobin to methemcglcbin was found in a series of
anesthetized dogs exposed to 2% nitric oxide or nitrogen dioxide.
One hundred percent conversion occurred in one case. Less
marked changes occurred with inspired concentrations in the range
C.1-0.5%. Eeduction in oxygen capacity contributed to the death
of some of the dogs. Alircst complete reconversion tc
oxyhemcglobin was accomplished with the administration of
methylene blue. In all eight dogs, the only abnormal pigment
found was methemoglcbin. Nitric oxide-hemoglobin and nitric
oxide-methemcglcbin are unlikely products or the in vivo
798 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
reaction of nitric oxide and hemoglobin according to literature.
Since no nitric oxide-hemoglobin was formed, it was supposed that
the methemoglobinemia that is produced results from nitrite
formed as a result of oxidation and hydration reactions.
16155
Krueger, A. P.
PRE1IMINAEY CONSIDERATION OF THE BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Of Alfi
IONS. Scientiae, 54 (689-690) :460-476, Sept.-Oct. 1969. 34 reis.
The biological activity of air ions was investigated over a six-
year period by observing changes in blood level of
5-hydroxytryptainine (serotonin-5HT) in mice during exposure to
positive and negative charges of unipolar air. The experiments
were conducted in plexiglas exposure chambers on which tritium-
powered generators were mounted, eguipped with a rectifying
circuit for selection of ion change. When air ion densities were
between 400,000-500,000 negative ions/cu cm, blood 5HT decreased.
With equal concentrations of positive ions, blood 5HT increase^.
The experimental results are compatible with physical theories
which indicate that specific physiological reactions are due to
sirall air ions and predict that positive ionization of air
containing water vapor results in the formation of the oxoniura
ion, H(+)(H20), and the hydronium ion, (H30) ( + ) (H20) n whil€
negative ionization produces 02(-) (H20) n and OH(-) (H20) n ions.
These four ions are assumed to be responsible for the shifts in
blood 5HT levels. Other experiments on the mechanisms cf air
ions are reviewed, and data en air ions are discussed in terms of
their applications for the control of the individual living and
working microenvironment, the treatment of disease, and the
enhancement of food production.
16302
Guillerm, Roger, Rene Eadre, Jean Hee, and Claude Hazouls
EFFECT CF LIGHT ATMOSPHERIC IONS ON THE CILIASY ACTIVITY OF THE
TRJCHEAL MUCOUS OF SHEEP AKD BSEEIT IN VITRO. (Effets des ions
legers atmospherigues sur 1'activite ciliare de la mugueuse
tracheale de Mouton et de Lapin in vitro). Text in French.
C R Acad. Sci., Paris, Ser. D, vol. 262:699-671, Feb. 7, 1966.
4 refs.
A section of sheep trachea, freshly excised and placed in a
thermostatic environment, was swept by a 2 1/min current ct water-
saturated air. Ciliary activity was microscopically observed.
Neither positive ions nor negative ions in this air current had any
effect on ciliary vibration. Similar results were obtained with
rabbit trachea.
F. Effects - Human Health 799
-------
16441
Inst. of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
HEALTH ASPECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. In: Outline of Study of Air
Pollution in Japan. Japan Air Pollution Panel, 2p. , 1965.
(Presented at the U. S. Japanese Conference on the Development
and Utilization of Natural Hesources, 1965.)
Studies being conducted on the diffusion of air pollution,
measurement methods, monitoring methods, and the effects of air
pollution on human health were reviewed. An automatic filter
paper sampler was invented to neasure and monitor pollutants.
The relationship ietween changes in air pollution and wind
velocity and solar radiation and Between vertical distribution of
pollutants and meterological conditions were investigated.
Experiments were conducted on dogs to determine the effects of
sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide en respiratory function. It
was observed that S02 in low concentrations has only an irritant
effect, but N02 in low concentrations affects the respiratory
system. An epidemiological study was conducted on school pupils
in Tokyo. The results showed that there is an increase in
respiratory flow resistance in pupils in polluted areas. The
effects of pollutants on pulmonary mechanisms and hercatolcgy is
being determined. The size-distribution of particle composition
and the mutual effects among particles and gases are also being
studied.
16515
Hylyi, B. F., D. 0. Melnychuk, and H. D. Klymenkc
EFFECTS OF SODIUM BICARBONATE, MM (2+) , MG(2+) AND ZN(2+) CN THE
INTENSITY OF THE RENEWAL Op PBOTEINS, GLYCOGEN AND IIPIDS IN THE
LIVER AND MUSCLES IN RABBITS. (Vplyv biocarbonatu natriiu,
Mn(2+), Hg(2+) i Zn(2+) na intensyvnist onovlenniia bilkiv,
hlikohenu ta lipidiv u pechintsi ta m'iazakh kroliv). Ukr.
Eiokhim. Zh., 40 (2):167-172 , 1968. 19 refs. Translated from
Ukranian. Franklin Inst. Research labs., Philadelphia, Pa.,
Science Info. Services, 9p. , Sept. 1S, 1969.
Studies of the influence of sodium bicarbonate and the bivalent
metal ions Bg(2 + ), Bn(2 + ). and Zn(2 + ) substances favorable to
CC2 fixation processes in animal tissue, on the intensity of
the renewal of proteins, glycogen, and lipids of the liver and
muscles of rabbits are reported. Male rabbits were fed a diet
of sodium bicarbonate and sulfuric acid salts of the indicated
metals for ten days. The diet caused no noticeable changes in
the interrelation of dry substance, lipids, glycogen, and proteins
in the liver and muscle tissues. Among changes in the intensity
of metabolic processes in substances was the considerable removal
of carbohydrates in liver and muscles; this was manifested by the
rapid inclusion of acetate-2-C 14 in glycogen and its exclusion.
There was a considerable activation of the inclusion of
radioactive carbon the tissue proteins, especially in muscle
800 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
protein. It is concluded that the stimulation of carboxylation
processes visibly activates the renovation of carbohydrates
and the intensity of the incorporation of radioactivity of
protein. Lipid metabolism is influenced to a lesser degree.
16520
Speizer, Frank E. and Gary L. Huber
SOME PHYSIOLOGIC, BIOCHEMICAL AND CELLULAB BESPONSES OF THE LUNG TO
AIR POLLUTANTS. Milbank Men. Fund Quart., 47 (5) : 256:268, July
1969. 28 refs.
Applied physiologic experiments in the laboratory animal and man
can demonstrate the acute effects of pollutants; but they are
difficult to relate to the development of chronic human respiratory
disease secondary to environmental air pollution. Therefore, more
fundamental approaches to the pathophysiologic mechanisms of the
production of respiratory disease must be sought. The two air
pollutants that have been studied at concentrations comparable to
those found in the ambient air are ozone and nitrogen dioxide.
These pollutants appear to injure the pulmonary parenchyma
directly and to impair the mechanisms by which the lung inactivates
and destroys inspired bacteria. The complex role of diminished
clearance and recurrent infection in the role of chronic
respiratory disease and the pulmonary pathology in man associated
with high levels of exposure must involve some breakdown in the
host defense mechanism, The alveolar macrophage has been
implicated as the key factor in the maintenance of the integrity of
the host defense mechanism. In experimental animals, significant
structural changes in the pulmonary alveolar macrophage have
followed exposure to one ppm ozone; these alterations appear to
correlate well with alterations in functions. It is hoped that
studies of low levels of pollutants, combined with a
multidisciplinary approach to basic biological phenomena, will
yield some insights into the development of chronic respiratory
disease.
16512
Saruta, Namio, Nobnru Ishinishi, Yasushi Kodama, and Eizaburo
Kunitake
EFFECTS OF GASEOUS POLLUTANTS ON HUHSN HEALTH. (Yugai gasu ni
ycru taiki osen no jintai ni oyotosu eikyo). Text in Japanese.
Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 2 (7) :Uit5-«50, Aug. 15,
1966. 12 refs.
In London, the average daily death rate has increased 1.3- to 2.6-
fold on days of dense smogs. For instance, the death rate
during tte smog episode cf 1952 was 2.6 times higher than average.
About 6000 persons, mostly over HO, who had chronic
respiratory difficulties were affected by the smog. The symptoms
they exhibited were severe cough, throat pain, labored
respiration, harsh voice, fever, headache, and vomiting. The
F. Effects - Human Health 801
-------
death rate due to air pollution in London or other northern
European countries is of particular interest because heavy smoggy
days are frequently characteri2ed by the absence of wind. This
has not been the case in Japan. A comparative medical survey of
industrial and rural areas showed a higher incidence of
respiratory organ disease and lung cancer than in industrial
areas. Though suggesting that lung cancer has a close
relationship with air pollution, the finding should be reconfirmed
in connection with cigarette smoking, since 3 ,4-benzpyrene,
supposedly responsible for causing lung cancer, is contained in
both smoke dust and cigarette smoke.
16606
Shiel, F. O'M.
MORBID ANATOMICAL CHANGES IN THE LUNGS CF DOGS AFTEH INHALATION OF
HIGHEB OXIDES OF NITBOGEN DURING ANAESTHESIA. Brit. J.
Anaesthesia, vol. 39:413-424, Bay 1967. 13 refs.
Twelve dogs were anesthetized with pentobarbitone and exposed to
nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide. Three dogs recovered. One
dog was sacrificed after 24 hours and the other two were
sacrificed after 48 hours. Autopsy was performed and the
pathological changes of the lungs were described in detail.
Changes in the lungs included edema, focal collapse and
hyperinflation, diffuse and focal intravascular congestion,
desguamation of bronchiolar mucosa, intra-alveolar hemorrhage,
focal inflammatory and mucosal cell plugging of bronchioles,
hyperplasia and regeneration of terminal brcnchiolar mucosa,
cellurlarity and necrosis of alveolar walls, intra-alveolar
and peribronchial histiocytes, and focal and bronchopneumonia.
Generally, the severity of the lesions was a function of the
duration and concentration of the gaseous exposure. The most
severe effects were seen in two of the surviving dogs. The
acutely lethal exposure appeared to lie between 22 and 35
minutes at a concentration of 0-5?! nitrogen oxide. While
metabolic alterations are of primary relevance to the deaths
of the non-surviving dogs, the pathological features were
apparently the acute results from highly irritant gases. The
areas of alveolar hyperinflation tended to occur adjacent to
these lesions and were attributed to an acute compensatory
effect. In the surviving dogs, the florid inflammatory
cellular response was an expected progression and there was
no sign of secondary bacterial infection at the stage of
examination. The possibility of local increase in irritant
concentration was postulated on the basis that the nitrogen
oxides form solutions of nitrous and nitric acids in quantity
and concentration in those acini which first begin to flood
with transudate. In addition, decreased or absent ventilation
in the flooded alveoli will lead to capillary endothelial
ancxic necrosis resulting in focal hemorrhage.
802 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
16613
Prys-Roberts, C.
PRINCIPLES CP TREATMENT Or POISONING BY HIGKIE OXIDES 07
NITROGEN. Erit. J. Anaesthesia, vol. 39:432-439, Way 1967.
39 rets.
The main methods of treatment for patients exposed to the noxious
effects of nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, or the fumes of
nitric acid are outlined. High concentrations of nitrogen oxides
cause reflex inhibition of breathing with laryngospasm. Intense
cyanosis develops rapidly. Therefore, severe hypoxia may occur.
There is a tendency for the ventilatory frequency to increase,
and pulmonary edema may occur in the acute phase. Oxygen therapy
is recommended which consists of administering 100% oxygen,
either by spontaneous or artificial ventilation in order to
compensate for the decreased oxygen capacity and content of the
arterial blood. Reconversion of methemoglobin by the use of
methylene blue (2mg/kg) initially is advocated, with subseguent
dosage titrated against the methemoglobin concentration in the
blood. Prevention and treatment of chemical pneumonitis combines
endobronchial and parenteral administration of corticosteroid
preparations, together with bronchial lavage and suction. The
metabolic component of acid-base derangement is corrected by
intravenously administering sodium bicarbonate. Artificial
ventilation by intermittent positive pressure ventilation may
be indicated in patients who demonstrate ventilatory failure
manifested by a rising arterial carton dioxide pressure.
Circulatory therapy is accomplished by the use of vasopressor
agents to combat severe systemic hypotension. Associated drug
therapy using dimercaprol is advocated in severe cases in view
of the protective action of this type of agent against the
higher nitrogen oxides. Bronchodilators may be indicated in
order to alleviate bronchospasm arising from the irritant
effects of the inhaled gases. (Author conclusions modified)
16614
Greenbaum, R., J. Bay, M. D, Hargreaves, M. L. Kain, G. E. Kelman,
J. F. Nunn, C. Erys-Boberts, and K. Siebold
EFFECTS OF HIGHER OXIDES OF NITROGEN ON IHE ANAESTHETIZED DOG.
Brit. J. Anaesthesia, vol. 39:393-404, Hay 1967. 19 refs.
The physiological derangements during and after the administration
of nitrogen oxides were studied in dogs anaesthetized with
pentobarbitone. The dogs were exposed to concentrations of nitric
oxide or nitrogen dioxide between 0.1-2.0% over 5-136 minute
periods. Despite the inhalation of 98% oxygen, death was always
associated with a critical reduction in arterial oxygen content.
However, the mechanism of the hypcxemia varied between one dog
and another. Three mechanisms were distinguished.
Methemoglobinemia caused a reduction in blood oxygen capacity
which was incompatible with life in certain dogs. low arterial
F. Effects - Human Health 803
-------
p(02) was sufficient to cause a serious and probably lethal
reduction of arterial oxygen content in some dogs, even if the pH
was normal and methemoglobinemia was absent. Low arterial pH
played an important part in the causation of diminished arterial
oxygen content. At normal arterial P(02) , a moderate acidemia
does not cause significant desaturation because of the flatness
of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve in that region. However,
if the arterial P(02) is within the range of 15-30 mm Hg where
the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is steep, a moderate acidemia
causes a marked, and possibly critical, reduction of arterial
saturation and content. The reduction of arterial P(02) was
caused by an outpouring of fluid into the alveoli. The causation
of alveolar flooding may be related to both passive transudation
and the cellular response to the acid formed by the action of
nitrogen dioxide on the alveolar lining fluid.
16661
Sherwin, Bussell P., Valda Eichters, Harcia Brooks, and Ramon
D. Buckley
THE PHENOMENON OF MACBOPHAGI CONGREGATION IN VITEO AND ITS
BILATIONSHIP TO IN VIVO N02 EXPOSURE OF GUINEA PIGS, Lab.
Invest., 18(3):269-277, 1968. 27 refs.
Cultures of lung tissue from 23 guinea pigs exposed to low
level nitrogen dioxide (10 ppm) and 31 control guinea pigs
were evaluated for macrophage congregation, a phenomenon defined
as the presence of three or more 'spread' macrophages on a
single epithelial cell. There were about 63SS more instances
of this phenomenon in the exposed group than in the controls,
7.6X vs. 4.5%. The number of macrophages participating in each
instance of congregation was also much greater in the exposed
group. Congregation apparently represents a special role of the
macrophage in the defense system in response to a variety of
organisms, including infectious organisms, as judged by a high
response in a pneumonia-affected control group. The tissue
damage incurred cannot be considered specific for N02 since it
involved control as well as exposed cultures, and not all
aibient pollutants were filtered out of the air supply system.
Evidence is cited strongly indicating an important role for the
macrophage in immunopatholcgic reactions independent of
conventional antibody responses, and a close relationship among
N02 exposure, bacterial infection, and macrophage response.
(Author abstract modified)
16705
Pace, Donald K., Paul A. Landolt, and Byron T. Aftonomos
EFFECTS OF OZONE ON CELLS IN VITBO. Arch. Environ. Health,
18(2) :-165-170, Feb. 1969. 16 refs.
Even low concentrations of 03 (<4 ppm) appear to retard cell
proliferation and interfere with mitctic activity. The effect
804 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
of 03 seems to depend not only upon concentration of the gas and
length of exposure, but also upon cell density: The greater the
numbers, the greater the resistance. It is probable that 03
may damage the cell membrane, as is shown by the increased
vacuolar content and consequent "swelling" of the cells.
Furthermore, it alters the collagenous-like substance by means
of which cells attach themselves to the substratum so that they
tend to become detached. Results also suggest that cells in
vitro may develop a tolerance to 03. No explanation can be
given at present but the possibility suggested by Stokinger, the
stimulation of activity of the pentose phosphate pathway, could
apply- (Author's Abstract)
16707
Blair, William H., Mary C. Henry, and Bichard Ehrlich
CH10NIC TOXICITY OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE. II. EFFECT ON HISTOPATHOLCG*
CF LUNG TISSUE. Arch. Environ. Health, 18(2) :186-192, Feb. 1969.
9 refs.
Mice were exposed to 0.5 ppm nitrogen dioxide (N02) for 6, 18, and
21 hrs. daily. The lung alveoli were expanded in all mice exposed
to N02 from three to twelve months, with the highest degree of
involvement at 12 months; thus the number of expanded alveoli
appeared to increase with exposure time. The general impression
was of early brcnchiolar inflammation with reduction of distal
airway size and a concomitant expansion of alveoli. The overall
lesions appeared to be consistent with the development of early
focal emphysema. Examination of the heart, liver, kidney, and
spleen did not reveal any unigue pathology. Mice exposed to N02
and challenged with Klebsiella pneumoniae exhibited a marked
reduction in functional lung tissue. (Author's Abstract)
16738
Vaughan, Thomas S., Lesta F, Jennelle, and Trent E. Lewis
LONG-TEEM EXPOSURE TO LOW LEVELS OF AIE POLLUTANTS. Arch.
Environ. Health, 19 (1) :«5-50, July 1969. 29 refs.
One hundred and four beagles have been exposed for 18 months to
natural and photochemically reacted auto exhaust, oxides of
nitrogen and oxides of sulfur. No differences in single-breath
carbon monoxide diffusing capacity, dynamic pulmonary compliance,
cr total expiratory pulmonary resistance were found between
exposed and control animals. Hemoval of reactive gases in the
upper airway was studied during brief exposures in an additional
small group of animals. Under these conditions, 100X removal of
03 and 302, 90% removal of N02, 13% removal of NO, and no removal
of CO or hydrocarbon were found. (Author's Abstract)
F. Effects - Human Health 805
-------
16739
Stokinger, Herbert E.
THE SPECTRE OF TODAY'S ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION—USA ERANE: MEW
JIBSPECTIVES FBOM AN OLD SCOUT, Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 30(3):
195-217, May 1969. 128 refs.
A comprehensive toxicologic evaluation of the potential human
health hazards from man-made and natural environmental pollutants
(except radiation) from air, water and food has been made to
highlight the areas of greatest concern for health agencies in
the U.S.A. The judgments are predicated on pollutant levels
existing now or in the foreseeable future, and on the hereditary
milieu of the population of the continental United States.
(Author's Summary)
16712
Cassell, Eric J.
THE RIGHT TO A CLEAN ENVIEONHENT. Arch. Environ. Health, 18(5):
839-843, Hay 1969.
Since the Donora, Pa. smog in 1948, research aimed toward
understanding the health effects of air pollution has increased.
Substances in the atmosphere have been investigated one by one
for their effect on both man and animals. Although experimental
evidence supporting a relationship between specific pollutants
and any index of disease is sparse, clues to the existence of
some causal relationships are often observed. The synergistic
action between S02, H2S04, and certain animals has been clearly
demonstrated. Similar examples cf synergism can be hypothesized
or demonstrated in the complex chemical system that is the
atmosphere. There is now recognition o± the need for consideration
of the total environment when establishing standards and criteria.
The attitudes of society and cf science are changing so that now,
although control of S02 and particulates appears probable, a
more comprehensive view of the problem will be reguired.
16780
Peak, M. J. and William L. Belser
SOME EFFECTS OF THE AIB POLLUTANT, PEBOXYACE1YL NITBATE, UPOK
DEOXYBIBCNUCLEIC ACIE ANE UPON NUCLIIC ACID EASES. Atmos.
Environ., 3(4):385-397, July 1969. 19 refs.
Some reactions between the air pcllutant peroxyacetyl nitrate
(FAN) and isolated bacterial deoxyritonucleic acid (DMA) are
presented. PAN causes a reduction in genetic transforming
activity, melting temperature and viscosity of the ENA. PAN
also reduces the infectivity cf bactericphage. It is shown
806 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
that the intensity and type of reaction is pH dependent, and
that the reaction depends upon the presence of a rapidly
dissipated transient molecule produced from PAN as it enters
solution. Furthermore, PAN modifies some nucleic acid bases,
when freshly gassed into agueous solutions of the base. The
susceptibility sequence to PAN attack is thymine, guanine,
uracil, cytosine, adenine. No reaction was detected above pH
5, and the reaction rate increases as the pH is lowered. One
of the reaction products is C02, which is excised from the
2-carbon of thymine. This reaction predominates at pH 4,
whereas at pH 2 at least 5 reaction products are produced,
including C02. (Author's Abstract)
16794
McMillan, Russell S., Daniel H. Wiseman, Bernard Hanes, and
Paul F. Hehrle
EFFECTS Of OXIDANT 5IH POLLUTION ON PEAK EXE1BATORY FLOW BATES IN
IOS ANGELES SCHOOL CHILDREN. Arch. Environ. Health, 18 (6):
941-949, June 1969. 10 refs.
Lung function of two samples of Los Angeles elementary school
children was assessed twice monthly for 11 months by two
examiners using the peak flowmeter. The two samples of children
were located in areas with different average levels of oxidant
air pollution. No significant changes in peak expiratory flew
rate (PEFH) were found which correlated «ith acute changes in
air pollution. Higher PEFH means and greater variance were
found in the school exposed to higher ambient oxidant
concentrations. These differences may have been related to the
difference in the frequency cf upper respiratory infections in
the two groups. (Author's Summary)
16830
lolkonsky. Peter Balia
PULMONABY EFTECTS OF AIR POLLDTION. Arch. Environ. Health, 19(4):
586-592, Oct. 1969. 35 refs.
Current research on pulmonary effects of air pollution is
reviewed. The roles of particulates (benign or pathogenic),
carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides and oxidants are
discussed. Synergisrc, epidemiology, and pathology are other
featured topics. Much useful, though often puzzling, information
is being gained on the pulmonary effects of various pollutants.
It appears that, if action is to be taken to curb air pollution,
it will have to be done in part on the basis of intuition and
extrapolation from current research results.
F. Effects -Human Health 807
-------
16840
Bright, George Vi.
AN APPRAISAL OP EPIDEHIOLOGIC DATA CONCERNING THE EFFECT 01
OXIDANTS, NITROGEH DIOXIDE AND HYDROCARBONS UPON HUMAN
POPULATIONS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 19 (9) :679-682,
Sept. 1969. 14 refs.
Eye irritation is related to sudden increases in the concentration
of oxidants, carbon monoxide, aldehyde, and particulates but not
tc nitrogen dioxide. The respiratory system of healthy persons
has not been demonstrated to react to any of these agents at the
concentrations thus far reported in community air- There is some
evidence that oxidants at levels found in community air aggravate
the symptoms and airway resistance of persons who have preexisting
chronic obstructive lung disease. The existing evidence does not
support the belief that this type of aggravation accounts for
fluctuations of mortality in the general population. There are no
data upon which to base a judgment of whether or not oxidants,
nitrogen dioxide, or hydrocarbons at levels now existing in
community air play any role in causation of respiratory disease.
(Author's Abstract) This article is followed with a discussion
by Robert H. Albrecht.
16905
Holzman, R. S., D. E. Gardner, and D. L. Coffin
IN VIVO INACTIVAIION OF LYSOZYME BY OZONE. J. Bacteriol., 96(5):
1562-1566, Nov. 1968. 12 refs.
The effect of exposure of oxidant air pollutants on pulmonary
lysozyme in mice and rabbits was studied. Acute exposure of mice
or rabbits to ozone reduced the amount of active lysozyme obtained
by bronchopulmonary lavage. The effect was proportional tc ozone
concentration, as well as to the duration of exposure. After 3 hr
at 5 ppm, activity decreased approximately 30%. These findings
were confirmed in rabbits exposed to 10.ppm ozone for 3 hr. Under
these conditions, a 65% reduction in lysozyme was observed. Forty
mice were exposed to 5.5 ppm of 02 for 3 hr and sacrificed
immediately and at 3 hr intervals thereafter. After 12 hr,
extractable lysozyme returned to approximately pre-exposure levels.
dice exposed to 30 ppm nitrogen dioxide for 3 hr showed no change
in extractable lysozyme activity. This failure of N02 to react
with lysozyme in the lungs of exposed animals was duplicated.
Studies of the release of lysczyme by alveolar cells support the
theory that loss of activity is due to in vivo oxidation of
lysozyme.
16907
Albright, Handall L. and John A. Eabett
POISONOUS EFFECTS OF THE IBPDBITIIS OF MITROUS OXIDE. J. Oral
Surg. Anesthesia Hosp. Dental Serv., vol. 26:1643-1645, Oct. 1966.
2 refs.
808 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Contaminants of nitrous oxide create poisonous effects; proper
treatment requires a knowledge of the chemistry involved, its
ettect on systems, and diagnosis. The formation of nitrous
oxide is usually accomplished by heating anfmonium nitrate.
Contamination may occur from NO, N02, and N2. If any NO proceeds
through the filtering process, it becomes liquid, along with any
N20 in the tanks. since NO is about 30 times more volatile than
N20, it will be the first gas to be let off from the tank. Under
normal temperatures, such as during the administration of an
anesthetic, nitric oxide may react with oxygen to form nitrogen
dioxide which is involatile. Although a given tank may be
contaminated with NO, the abundant supply of 02 in the system may
actually cause the patient to be poisoned by N02. The effects of
the inhalation of 0.5-2.0% NO or N02 for five to ten minutes were
described. Formation of methemcglcbin appears to be one of the
greatest problems. This is followed by a drastic fall in P02,
increased PC02, and a resultant drop in the pH of the blood.
Poisoning of the respiratory system may result in hypoxia,
hypotension, acidosis, and death. Intense cyanosis may also occur.
Treatment includes oxygenation of the patient using 100!? oxygen,
reconverting methemoglobin with intravenous methylene blue,
restoring acid-tase balance with intravenous sodium bicarbonate,
and the use of vasopresscrs to ccmbat severe hypotension.
Chemical pneumonitis may be treated by bronchial lavage of a basic
medium such as corticosteroids. Bisulfide and sulfydrite groups
are used to combat the effects of poisoning, and bronchodilators
may also be used to alleviate bronchcspasm.
16916
Alpaugh, E. L., K. A. Phillippc, and H. C. Pulsifer
VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS FOR GSS-ME1A1-ARC ViEIDING VERSUS
COVERED-ELECTROEE WELDING. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 29 (6):551-557,
Nov.-Dec. 1968. 6 refs.
Comparative tests were undertaken of the amounts of particulate and
gaseous byproducts generated by gas-metal-arc welding and
covered-electrode welding processes to determine if the same
ventilation requirements apply tc both processes. Solenoid values
set for inhalation and exhalation times observed in the normal
adult male were used to stimulate breathing by a plaster dummy
head mounted on a movable welding head carriage. Air samples were
taken concurrently inside and outside the welding helmet worn by
the dummy. Samples were analyzed for iron oxide, nitrogen dioxide,
ozone, fluorides, and carbon monoxide. The gas-metal-arc welding
process was represented by five wire electrodes, three of which
were flux-cored, and five shielding gases. A standard covered
electrode was used for comparison purposes. Contaminant levels
generated by the two processes were comparable, and it is
concluded that more stringent regulations for either process would
be unreasonable. In addition, the study offers evidence that the
welding helmet is an effective barrier against the particulate
and gaseous byproducts. Consequently, air samples taken adjacent
to the helmet yield exaggerated exposure results in welding
surveys. Contaminant concentrations are tabulated.
F. Effects -Human Health 809
-------
1691(8
Gottlieb, Sheldon F. and Stephen V. Savran
NITROUS OXIDE INHIBITION OF SODIUH IBANSPOHT. Anesthesiology,
28(2):324-326, March-April 1967. 11 refs.
Sacs made of inverted frog skin were filled with an electrolyte
solution and exposed in a pressure chamber to nitrogen or nitrous
oxide with a small concentration of oxygen. Changes in sodium
ion concentration were measured after 20 to 22 hours. With
increasing concentrations of nitrous oxide in the range of 100 to
200 psig., inhibition of sodium transport increased. Inhibition
of sodium transport was shewn not be to due to pressure per se
since 175 psig. nitrogen did not result in inhibition. Inhibition
of sodium transport paralleled previous reports of nitrous oxide
depression of nerve excitability. (Author abstract modified)
17027
Yokoyama, Eiji
UPTAKE OF S02 AND NC2 BY THE ISOLATED UPPEB AIEWAYS. Koshu
Eiseiin Kenkyu Hokoku (Bulletin cf the Institute of Public Health),
17 (14) :302-306, 1S68. 9 refs.
The penetration rates of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide in the
respiratory system were studied by isolating the upper airways of
two dogs and three rabbits anesthetized with intravenous
pentobarbital sodium. The airway of nose, pharynx, larynx, and the
uppermost trachea were isolated from the remainder of the
respiratory system by fitting a glass mask to an animal's head.
The mask was connected to a glass cannula through which the gases
were sucked in for 10-15 min. The rate of uptake was found to be
nearly constant during the period of gas passing and 99.751 for
7-87 ppm S02 and 4-41% ppm, N02. The differences in the rate of
uptake may partly explain the different responses in the
ventilatory functions of experimental animals exposed to S02 and
N02. (Author abstract modified)
17055
Yokoyama, Eiji
EFFECT OF EXPOSURE TO THE MIXTURE CF S02 AND N02 ON VENTIIATCEY
FU6CTICNS OF GUINEA PIGS. Koshu Eiseiin Kenkyu Hokoku (Bulletin
of the Institute of Public Health), 17 (4) : 3 15-321, 1968. 13 refs.
Six guinea pigs, 280 g-440 g in body weight, were exposed to
mixtures containing 18 ppm- sulfur dioxide-17 ppm nitrogen dioxide
and 37 ppm S02-32 ppm N02 and studied for the effects of exposure
on their ventilatory function (flow resistance of the lung plus
thorax, tidal volume, and respiratory rate). No significant
810 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
changes were observed in either respiratory rate or tidal volunie.
In general, the time course of respiratory rate and tidal volume
changes was midway between that caused by exposure to the
individual gases, which brought about statistically significant
percent changes. The results are discussed in terms of complicated
interactions between flow resistance, compliance, and lung air
volume. It is hypothesized that S02 and NO2 in combination exert
their action independently at different lung sites, with changes
in flow resistance determined chiefly by the component SC2. Below
a certain level, a mixture may cause fewer overall changes than
individual gases. Beyond a certain level, a mixture may become
lethal in short intervals of exposure. As a result of exposure
to 50 ppm S02-50 ppm N02, all animals died from pulmonary
hemorrhage. None had died during exposure to 50 ppir S02 or K02
alone. (Author abstract modified)
17056
Yokoyama, Eiji
COMPARISON OP THE VENTILATOBY EFFECTS ON GUINEA PIGS OF EXPOSUBE TO
S02 AND N02. Koshu Eiseiin Kenkyu Hckoku (Bulletin of the
Institute of Public Health), 17 (4) :307-314, 1966. 26 refs.
Quantitative measurements of ventilatory function of guinea pigs
were made before, during, and after two-hr exposure to 6 to 90
ppm of sulfur dioxide and 6 to 57 ppm of nitrogen dioxide. A
significant increase in the respiratory (lungs plus thorax) flow
resistance was caused by exposure to both gases; the rate of
increase was generally higher for S02 than for N02. However, the
direction of respiratory rate response was guite different at
concentrations above 6 ppm; it decreased following S02 exposure and
increased following N02 exposure. A similar pattern was observed
for tidal volume response. Five of the 15 guinea pigs exposed to
57 ppm of N02 died from lung hemorrhage within 48 hrs after
exposure. It is suggested that the differences in the ventilatory
effects of S02 and N02 are due to the gases reaching different
areas of the lungs. Within the range of concentrations studied,
it appears that N02 penetrates deep into the lungs, causing
a decrease in compliance and a smaller increase in flow
resistance. Sulfur dioxide, being taken up by the mucosa of the
airway before reaching the peripheral portion of the lungs, could
cause increased flow resistance without a significant change in
compliance. (Author abstract modified)
17061
Yokoyama, Eiji
EFFECTS OF ACDTE CONTROLLED EXPOSUBE TC K02 Gfi MECHANICS CI
BEEATHING IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS. Koshu Eiseiin Kenkyu Hokcku
(Bulletin of the Institute of Public Health), 17 (4) :337-34fc, 1S68.
34 refs.
The effect of short term exposure to 2.7, 6.2, 12.6, and 16.9 ppm
concentrations of nitrogen dioxide on the mechanics of breathing
F. Effects -Human Health 811
-------
was studied in eight healthy males from 18 to 37 years of age.
The subjects were seated in a volume-displacement body
plethysmograph and exposed to each concentration for 10 min.
Pulmonary flow resistance, pulmonary compliance, and functional
residual capacity was measured before, during, and after each
exposure period. No subject showed a significant change in flow
resistance after exposure to 2.7 ppm; the average increase in flow
resistance became significant only at 16.9 ppm. Recovery of the
average flow resistance observed at 16.9 ppm was essentially
complete 10 min after exposure ended. Combined data on 16.9 and
12.6 ppm exposures showed that the significant increase in flow
resistance occurred within 5 min of the onset of exposure. So
subject showed a significant reduction in pulmonary compliance.
Similarly, functional residual capacity, respiratory rate, tidal
volume, and pulse rate were found to be unaffected by all
concentrations. Atropine, 0.7 mg in dose, administered
subcutaneously prior to exposure did not inhibit the increase of
flow resistance. No difference was found between response to
N02 alone or in combination with a submicronic NaCl aerosol.
(Author abstract modified)
17072
Bruchhausen, Dieter, Georg Geissler, and Jamil Haschem
ON THE INACTIVJTION OF THE DOMESTIC DUST ALLERGEN BY UV-
IRHADIATICN. (Ueber Inaktivierurg des Hausstauballergens durch
DV-Bestrahlung)- Text in German. Z. Immunitaltsforsch. Allerg
Klin. Immunol., 138 (5):431-438, Nov. 1969. 1 ref.
Extracts from bed feathers, mildew, mixed sorts of flowers, pollen,
and domestic dust with and without phenol were exposed to UV-
radiation. The domestic dust extracts were irradiated for 30,
6C, 90 and 120 minutes. After irradiation, allergic test persons
received an interdermal injection of 0.02 ml of the extract. UV-
radiation influenced solely the domestic dust extract. The
erythema developing after injection were clearly smaller. In a
second series of experiments, the influence of UV-radiation on
phenol containing domestic dust was studied. Already 30 mm or
UV-radiation reduced the erythema developing after intradermal
injection. Since the same results were obtained with phenol
containing as well as with phenol lacking domestic dust, it can
be assumed that inactivation of the allergen is not due to the
phenol. Rather, it is the irradiate energy which is absorbed
by the allergen which changes the molecular structure of the
latter, reducing the allergenic effect.
17311
Yokoyama, Eiji
COMPARISON OP THE VENTILATORY EFFECTS OF SC2 AND NC2 EXPOSURE
OF HUMAN VOLUNTEEBS. (S02 oyobi N02 no kankino ni oyobosu eikyc
no hikaku hito shigansha ni okeru bakuro jikken). Text in
Japanese. Sangyo Igaku (Jap. J. Ind. Health), 12(1):4-8, Jan. 20,
1970. 20 refs.
812 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Respiratory mechanisms were studied in eight healthy male
volunteers during and following exposure to 36 ppm sulfur dioxide
or 15 ppm nitrogen dioxide. An esophagus balloon was inserted
through the ncse of each subject who was seated in a body
plethysmograph. A Dubois pressure type plethysmcgraph was
employed for S02 exposure, and a Mead variable volume type 71-
Krogh spirometer for N02 exposure. In both cases, the mean value
of the pulmonary flow resistance increased significantly at the
end of the exposure. No significant difference was observed in
other measures of respiratory mechanisms except for one subject,
no difference was seen between responses to S02 and N02.
Additional groups of subjects were exposed to S02 and N02 with or
without pre-treatment with atropine sulfate. The atropine
markedly inhibited the increase in the pulmonary flow resistance
during exposure to S02, but not during exposure to K02. The
result suggests, as regards the cause of airway narrowing, that
reflex bronchoconstriction plays a role in the exposure to S02,
whi-le ether mechanises are also involved in the case of N02.
18031
Heissbecker, Ludwig, Eobert D. Carpenter, Peter C. Luchsinger, and
Thomas S. Osdene
IN VIIEO ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGE VIABILITY. EFFECT OE GASES. Arch.
Environ. Health, 1 8(5) :756-759, Bay 1969. 11 refs.
A simple, rapid method was developed tor the determination of in
vitro alveolar macrophage viability after exposure to gases. Air
pollutants such as ozone, sulfur dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen
killed alveolar macrophages, as determined by the dye exclusion
test. 03 was effective at very low concentrations. Other gases
such as C02, CO, CH4, CH3C1, acrclein, acetaldehyde, acetone,
isoprene, benzene, and HCN had no effect on cell viability.
(Author's Abstract)
F. Effects -Human Health 813
ft U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1971 O - 422-893
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