PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS
      AND AIR  POLLUTION:
      Ar. A,-,nc:a:=d Bibliography
      PART 1. CATEGORIES A THROUGH  F
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

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        PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS
            AND AIR  POLLUTION:
      AN  ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
                    PART  I.
       Office of Technical Information and Publications
         Air Pollution Technical Information Center
       U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
               Air Pollution Control Office
          Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
                    March 1971
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
 Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price $6.25 per set of 2 volumes. Sold insets only.

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The AP series of reports is issued by the Air  Pollution Control Office to report
the results of scientific and engineering studies, and information of general interest
in the field of air pollution.  Information reported in this  series  includes coverage
of APCO intramural activities and of cooperative studies  conducted in conjunction
with state and local agencies,  research institutes,  and industrial organizations.
Copies of AP reports are available free of charge to APCO staff members,  current
contractors and grantees, and nonprofit organizations - as supplies permit - from
the Office of Technical Information and Publications, Air Pollution Control Office,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, P.O.  Box 12055, Research Triangle  Park,
North Carolina 27709.
               Air Pollution Control Office Publication No. AP-E
                                        11

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                                     CONTENTS
PART I.
 INTRODUCTION	     1
 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
   A.  General	     3
   B.  Emission Sources	    19
   C.  Atmospheric Interaction	   115
   D.  Measurement Methods	     269
   E.  Control Methods	   507
   F.  Effects - Human Health  	   595

PART II.
   G.  Effects - Plants and Livestock   	   815
   H.  Effects - Materials  	   917
   I.   Effects - Economic	    921
   J.  Air Quality Measurements	   925
   K.  Legal and  Administrative	  1019
   L.  Standards and  Criteria	  1045
   M.  Basic Science and Technology	  1063
   N.  Social Aspects	  1335
 AUTHOR INDEX	  1337
 TITLE INDEX	  1373
 SUBJECT INDEX	  1475
 GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION INDEX  	  1525
   United States (States, Cities)	  1525
   Foreign (Countries, Cities)  	  1527
                                          iii

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                 PHOTOCHEMICAL  OXIDANTS


                      AND  AIR  POLLUTION:


               AN  ANNOTATED  BIBLIOGRAPHY



                              INTRODUCTION

     This bibliography is the result of an effort to collect,  condense, and organize
the literature on photochemical oxidants in relation to air pollution.

     Abstracts of approximately 1,900 documents are presented here.  The docu-
ments were collected from many sources,  and all are included in the information
retrieval system of the Air Pollution Technical Information Center (APTIC).  Most
of them are from recent literature (1959-1970); however, some abstracted docu-
ments date from the early part of this century.

     Abstracts are arranged in the categories listed on the Contents page of this
bibliography.  Each category is  designated by a letter of the alphabet; each abstract
is designated by its APTIC accession number.  Numbers within each category are
arranged in ascending order.  Accession numbers are assigned as literature is
received in APTIC.  No structure is designed into the numbering system; however,
recent literature is more likely to have higher accession numbers.

     An author index, a title index, a subject index, and a geographical location
index .follow the abstracts; they refer to the abstracts by category letter and APTIC
number. The author index lists the first two authors individually when there are at
least that many. The first author is indicated by an asterisk (*).  The geographical
location index is divided into two sections: United States (states, cities)  and Foreign
(countries, cities).

     This compilation of abstracts is intended as a balanced sample of available
literature; it is composed of selected references, and no claim of all-inclusiveness
is made.

     All documents  abstracted herein are currently on file at the Air Pollution
Technical Information Center, Air Pollution Control Office,  Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, P.O. Box 12055, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.
Readers outside the Air Pollution Control Office may seek duplicates of documents
directly from libraries, publishers, or authors.

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                             A.   GENERAL
00233

W.L. Faith
THE NATURE, SOURCES, AND FATE OF AJH CONTAMINANTS.,   J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 13, (10) 483-5, Oct.. 1963.
(Presented at the 56th Annual Heeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Detroit, Hich., June 9-13,
A brief synopsis of air pollution specifying the types of
pollutants, their habitat, the importance of aerosols and gases,
and effect of meteorology on a'ir pollution is presented.  In
broad terns, the problem of air pollution as it relates to health
impairment is discussed. it
 00539

 H. Stephany


 TYPE AND EMISSION  QUANTITIES  OF  INDOSTRIA1  AND  DOMESTIC  FLDE GASES
 AND VEHICLE EXHAUST  GASES.   (Art und  Emissionsmengen von
 Industrie-, Hausbrand-und  Kraftfahrzeug-Abgasen,,)   Erdoel
 Kohle  {Hamburg)  19{6) : 457-461, June  1966.


 Types  of air  pollution  which  occur in Germany are  discussed..
 The Clean Air Committee of  the Association  of German
 Engineers is  described.  The  committee"s program and published
 regulations for  the  limitation of emissions are tabulated.t#


 00896

E. Heber
tANNUAI REVIEW OF THE PURIFICATION OF THE  AIE  (SECOND  SERIES).)
Jahresubersicht Reinhaltung der luft  (2. Folge) . Giesserei
(Dnesseldorf) 53(12) : 405-410, June 9, 1966


This a comprehensive review of air purification  problems  with  116
references, mainly from the Geman literature.   Articles  reviewed
include government regulations in various  countries, aspects of
dust and gas accumulations, disposal of  fluorine and sulfur
compounds in the air, maxiaum concentration  permissible in working
areas, and measurement of emission of gases. #t

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00981

S. Tilson


AIH POLLUTION.   Intern. Sci- Technol.  No.  42:22-31,  1965.


The problem and the approaches  to solving  it  are reviewed.
Pollution sources, research,  air quality criteria,  the need for
controls, social attitudes, standards,  photochemical  reactions,
and future prospects are included.##
01000

J« T., Hiddleton
THE AIR - A POLLUTED ENVIRONMENT.   Preprint.  .{Presented at
Syracuse Univ., N.Y., Bay  9,  1967.)
   HEW
A description of the air  pollution  problem,  both currently and
future implications, is presented™   The  sources of pollution,
their deleterious effects,  and  measures  to control them are
discussed.f#
03058

A. P. Altshuller.,
AIR POLLUTION:  PHOTOCHEMICAL ASPECTS.    Science  151„  (371 U)
1105-6, Mar. U, 1966


This paper gives a brief summary of  presentations at  the
Symposium on the photochemical  aspect  of  air  pollution,  which was
held April 1965 in Cincinnati,  Ohio.   Topics  ranged from the
neasurement of solar radiation  in  the  ultraviolet region of the
biological aspects of irradiation  of model  systems in the
laboratory to the relation between meteorological parameters and
chemical effects in polluted atmospheres., #t
03085

A. C«  stern
PRESENT STATUS OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN  THE  UNITED  STATES.
Am. J. Public Health (Presented at the 86th  Annual
Meeting, American Public Health Association,  St.  Louis,
Ho., Oct. 29, 1958.) 50, (3) 346-56, Mar., 1960
                  PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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The status of air pollution in the United States is reviewed
in terms of knowledge availabe and action taken to deal with
this problem.  Studies by the National air Sampling
Network, state, and local health agencies are reviewed.
Facilities for training persons for air pollution work are
discussed, and the Federal Air Pollution Engineering
Research and Technical Assistance Program is surveyed.
(Author abstract)*#
03372
TRACE SUBSTANCES IS SON-POLLUTED ALB.  S1AUB  (English
Transl.)  26,  (8) 40-1, Aug.  1966.
   CFSTI, TT 66-b1159


An international convention  took place at St. Moritz-Bad, June
1966, to honor Prof. Dr. med. Fritz Verzar  (frof.  tferzar
is a physiologist and the designer of the tully automatic recording
condensation-nuclei counter  named after him).  The subject  was:
"Tracer Substances in Non-Polluted Air and  Their Possible
Effect upon Human Beings."   Prof. Dr. Ch. Junge of Mainz
occupied the chair.  Lt was  intended to survey available knowledge
on atmospheric condensation  nuclei and then  possible physiological
effect.  Prof. Junge of Mainz commenctici by  demonstrating that,
within the size distribution of atmospheric aerosols, the so-called
"Aitken nuclei" occupy the range from r is  less than or equal
to 0.007 to 0.055 microns.   Only these are  detected by the
condensation-nuclei counter  of Verzar and oy  the Scholz counter.
The condensation nuclei form approximately  1/10,000 of the  total
substance of atmospheric aerosols.  Cyclic  changes of condensation
and evaporation processes to which the nuclei are  exposed in  the
atmosphere affect particle size distribution  and its changes  by
factors of up to 10.  Prof.  H.W. Georgil of Frankfurt/S. ,
dealt with the air chemical  effects or condensation nuclei.
Prof. Israel of Aachen lectured on the principles  of natural
radioactivity, especially on its sources ana  distribution in  tne
ground and m the atmosphere.  Mr. tieiter.  Director of the
Biocliuatic Research Center, Partenkirchen, demonstrated the
multiciplicity at atmospheric electrical phenomena in the
mountains, as well as those connected witn  neutral aerosols as a
factor of meteorological conditions.  Jacoci  of the Hahn-Meitner
Institute at -berlin Wannsee  reported on the penetration of
finely dispersed aerosols into the human respiratory tract.
Poetzl (Forschungsstelle Partenkirchen)  dealt with the identical
problem and described the design ana functioning of the respiratory
tract model which he developed (retention only) .   Reifterscheid
reported en airborne germ studies in tne open air  and in rooms usea
for various purposes, using the "Biological Konimeter" developed
by him.  Amelung discussed the effect of dust content on the  air
quality or resorts as a factor of orcgraphic  conditions, en tnc one
hand, and a plurality cf meteorological relationsnips, on the
ether.   Prof. Fleckenstein, the Freiburg physiologist, reported
on the electro-physiological investigations of cell membranes, iti
                               A. General

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03556

H.. Katz.


SOHE TOXIC EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON PUBLIC HEALTH.,   Med.
Serv. J. (Can.)  16, 50«-25, June 1960.


Nature of atmospheric contamination is reviewed.  Brief
descriptions are given of air pollution episodes, legislation,
epidemiology, sources of air pollution and their effect on health.
Air pollution research in Canada is summarized.##

0367H

Jo P. Lodge, Jr.,


AIB POLLUTION (REVIEH OF APPLICATION OF ANALYSIS).   Anal.
Chem., 33(5) :3R-13H, Apr. 1961.


This review covers the years 1959 and 1960, which have  seen  great
activity in the air pollution research field.  It supplements  the
previous review, with the exception that the growth  of  the
literature has been so great that explicit coverage  of
radioactive pollutants has been omitted from this review.  The
trend toward increased interest in automotive exhaust and
atmospheric carcinogens, noted in the previous review,  has
continued.  In addition, there has been a renewal of interest  in
atmospheric lead.  For the most part, these observations hold  only
for the United States.  The bulk of research in Europe
continues to be directed toward improved methods for measurement
and control of sulfur dioxide and dust.  Meetings and conferences
were numerous.  The annual symposia organized by the Committee  on
Air Pollution, American Chemical Society, featured sessions
on automotive exhaust and on polynuclear hydrocarbons in 1959,  and
on photochemistry and fine particles in 1960.  The Air  Pollution
Control Association continued its regular schedule of meetings.
A conference on air pollution research was sponsored by the  U.S.
Public Health Service in New Orleans in early 1960,
continuing a series of meetings intended primarily for  the Public
Health Service contractors and grantees in the field.   More
specialized meetings included a conference on dust in Vienna,  one
on adhesion of fine particles at Leatherhead,
England, and a symposium at Oxford on atmospheric diffusion  and
turbulence..  Increasing public interest in air pollution resulted
in the publication of a large number of papers intended primarily
for public consumption.  These are too numerous and  in  general  too
lacking in novelty to warrant mention here.  On the  other hand,  a
substantial number of books and review articles of a general nature
were published having high scientific merit., ##

0«172

G. P. Gushchin
ATHOSPHEBIC OZONE AND ITS EFFECT ON SOHE VEGETATION SPECIES.
                 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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U.s.S.B™ Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, Bo S. Levine, Vol.. 13.   (Part II -
Atmospheric Ozone.  Data Presented at the Hay 21-23, 1963
Conference on Atmospheric Ozone-) pp. 229-32. 1965. Buss- (Ir.)
   CFSTI:  TT 6662191
The problem of atmospheric ozone effect on man, plant and
materials is briefly reviewed.  Harmful ozone concentrations can
be expected in the atmosphere at certain heights-  This is of
particular importance to present day and future aviation, in view
that external air is used for passengers and crew.  Special
measures for the protection of passengers and crew become
necessary at 10 km and higher.  Decomposing effect on rubber is
also demonstrated, although ozone affects various rubbers
differently.  Some types of tobacco leaves are sensitive to ozone
effect and could serve as indicators.t#
04381

R. X. Lehman
THE BIG POLLDTION PBOBLEB.   Kinzoku  {Metals}  (Japan) 18,
(6) 679-84, June 1966.


This is a general review  of  the  problems of air  pollution,  past,
present and future.  The  different types of pollution arising from
different geographic and  economic factors which  occur in Los
Angeles and New York are  discussed.  The outstanding factors in
Los Angeles pollution are the  great  number of  motor vehicles in
the area and the geophysical phenomena  which  ultimately combine to
contribute to the well-known smog in the area.   The problems of
New Tork are more directly related to domestic heating, waste
disposal, power production,  transportation  (airplanes and
shipping), and air  invasion  (from New Jersey) „   Pittsburgh,
which was once considered the  worst  example of air pollution in
the nation because  of the steel  industry there,  is cited as an
example of what can be  done  about air pollution.  In this city,
there has been a reduction of  90% in homes heated by coal,  gas
heating having taken over.   Of the vast amount of capital
investment for air  pollution control ($360 million up to 1964),
almost $50 million  involved  the  steel industry.  The need for more
research and technological development  in this area, cost
control, and new approaches  are  seen as the means of resolving the
many aspects of the problem.#f

04487

B,, T. Commins


CHEMISTRY OF TO«N AIR.    Research  (London)  15, 421-6, Oct.,
1962.


A review of the chemistry of urban air  pollution in London  and
other cities is presented.   Topics briefly discussed and
                               A. General

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 summarized included:  sources of  air pollutants;  fuel combustion
 principles;  pollutant measurements; concentrations;  air
 pollutant properties; chemical reactions affecting air
 pollution.   Chief sources of air pollution are seen  to be
 fuels  burnt for domestic, industrial and commercial  heating,  and
 for power generation  and  transportation.  The more important
 pollutants are  considered to be  smoke (and associated particulate
 matter including H2SO4 and tar)  S02, C02, oxides of
 nitrogen,  hydrocarbons, and ground deposits.   The more important
 meteorological  factors affecting pollutant concentration are  seen
 to be  timperature (highest in cold weather),  turbulence and wind,
 and temperature inversion-   Factors which illustrate the
 differences in  air pollution characteristics  to be found in
 various cities  are evident in a  comparison between London and
 Los Angeles,  the latter being more affected by vehicular
 exhaust contaminants  and  photochemical  reactions than London  where
 the atmosphere  contains more heating fuel exhausts such as S02
 and smoke.*#
 04584

 N.  Nelson
 EFFECTS OF  MOTOR VEHICLE POLLUTANTS-   Proc.  Natl,  Conf.
 Air Pollution, Washington, D.C.r  1962.. pp. 54-9.  1963.,


 This  is a brief survey of some  of the effects of  air  pollution
 from  motor  vehicles and photochemical smog.   Results  of  past
 investigations and of research  being organized are  also
 discussed.**
04595

A. T. Bossano, Jr.


THE HEEDS, OBJECTIVES, AND CAPABILITIES OF AIR POLLUTION
HEASURING ADD MONITORING PROGRAHS.   ProCo Natl. Conf. Air
Pollution, Washington, D.C., 1962.  pp. 212-9. 1963.


Atmospheric pollution can precipitate or aggravate many kinds of
respiratory diseases, plant and material damage, and its represents
a heavy economic burden-  With few exceptions, adequate means
exist today for evaluating local air pollution conditions and for
sharply curtailing emissions.  Community air pollution is
increasing at an alarming rate and it would be a serious mistake
to delay positive constructive action until all the complex
questions are answered.   Community air monitoring and measurement
practices indicate a need for greater participation on the
community level, improvement in technique and instrumentation, and
a freer exhange of air quality and emission information.**
                 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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05746

Ourusoff, !.„


CLEANER AIR  AND THE  GAS  INDUSTRY  (PART 1} „  Am.  Gas J..  191 (3),  32-
5; 38; 40; 42  (Mar.  1967).


The background of air  pollution  is  briefly  reviewed from both  a
universal and a gas  industry  viewpoint.   The  principal causes  and
sources of air pollution in the  United States are discussed.   The
physiological effects  of air  pollution are  considered.   Current
methods and  means of controlling  air pollution are reviewed.
Hegional aspects of  the  problem  are examined  as they affect its
severity and bear on the attitudes  of the public,  the federal  and
local authorities, commerce,  and  Industry,  and more specifically
the public utility companies.


05844
THE EFFECT  OF  ORGANIC  HATEBIALS  IN  THE  ATMOSPHERE ON VEGETATION.
Preprint.   California  Dniv,,  Riverside.   (This  is a
continuation of  the  report  dated Jan., 21,  1957.,)


a study on  the effect  of  irradiated auto  exhaust  on plant damage
is presented.  No  satisfactory amount of  plant  damage was produced
in any of the  combinations  of conditions  available.  These
included varying residence  time, light  intensity, plant exposure
time, ratios of  the  auto  operating  cycles,  and  additions of
nitrogen dioxide,  ozone or  raw gasoline.   In a  few experiments,
very slight, but typical  oxidant damage was produced along the
margins of  some  leaves, but the  amount  was too  small to be of use
in evaluating  fuels.   Of  particular interest is the fact that when
ozone was added  to the exhaust,  no  damage occurred.  Similarly,
when raw gasoline  and  nitrogen dioxide  were irradiated o-zone was
formed, but no oxidant damage was obtained.   No explanation for
the failure to obtain  plant damage  can  be offered until the test
facilities  are made  available for intensive trials.ft

05932

Halliday,  E.. C.


THE PRESENT STA1DS OF  RESEARCH ON AIE POLLUTION.    (In:   The
Implications of Air Pollution Control.  Vol.  1.,)   ((Council
for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria,  South
Africa,  National Physical Research  Lab,,))    (Presented  at the
Council for Scientific and  Industrial Research  Conference,
Durban,  South  Africa,  Sept. 1964).   p. 1-1    1-21.,   1964.


During the last few years no  development comparable with the
Haagen-Smit work on the nature and  causes of  Los  Angeles
Smog,  has taken place.  Considerable development  has  taken  place
                               A.  General

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in the devising of improved methods of detecting and measuring
chemical pollutants in the atmosphere,.  The measurement of smoke
and fine particulate pollutants is still a. problem, for no precise
monitoring method has yet been found.  Considerable work has been
done on the control of the emission of pollutants from industries
and in particular the fabric filter has been adapted for use with
hot gases and in circumstances where previously fabric filters
could not be used.  Studies of the effects of pollutants on man
are being actively prosecuted bat results are still a matter for
considerable debate.  Work on the dissipation of pollutants by
atmospheric processes is receiving more attention than formerly.
It is realized that the theoretical dissipation equations need
considerable modification when city conditions are under
consideration and in several places extensive measurement
programmes are in hand to produce some parameters by use of which
calculated dissipation figures will approach more closely to the
actual experimental values.  AA#t
06722

A, Goetz


PAHAMETEBS.   Symp. Environ. bSmeasurements, Cincinnati, Ohio,
1963.,  (PHS Publ. No. 999-AP-15.)  {July 1964).  pp. 29-3U.


Air and water as gaseous and liquid components of the environment
are considered essential ingredients for human, animal, and plant
life — ingredients that are also acted upon by these live forms.
Air and water are evaluated in terms of chemical and physical
parameters relating to their occurrence in the natural regenerative
and degradative cycle and to their physiological assimiliation.
Particulate pollutants and reactive gases are discussed.
Emphasis is given to the physical and chemical characteristics of
aerosols and their potential role as pollutants of environmental
significance.  (Author's summary) ##
07535

W. Leithe
CLEAN AIR MAINTENANCE - AN IMPORTANT TASK FOB CHEMISTRY AND
ECONOHT.   (Reinhaltung der Luft - ein dringendes Anliegen
fur Chemie und Hirtschaft.)  Text in German.  Allgem. Prakt.
Cheau ^Vienna), 18 ( 8) : 239-241, Sept. 10-17, 1967.  It refs..


This article is a summary of two lectures given at meetings
of chemical societies.  The problem of air pollution and
some control methods are outlined.  Typical examples of well-known
air pollution problems are mentioned:  London"s smog chiefly
caused by domestic heating, the smog of Los Angeles due to
automobiles, the sun, and temperature inversions, and the
industrial air pollution of the Ruhr Valley.  Some
characteristic data for all three examples are quoted.  The
10               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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techniques for the control of dust emissions are farthest
advanced.  This is verified by the fact that in Germany, emission
of cement dusts decreased to one third while the production of
cement tripled in the last 17 years.  Far less satisfactory is
the control of S02 emissions.  About twice as much sulfur is
blown into the air than is used for the production of sulfuric
acid.  Some vet and dry processes for the elimination of S02
from smoke are mentioned, but no method is known today which
is both effective and economical.  The chemical industry tackled
its problems mostly by reducing the emission of air polluting
substances by increasing the efficiencies of the relevant chemical
processes.  Examples are the production of sulfuric acid
and nitric acid.  Organic compounds can be recovered by either
absorption on activated charcoal or oxidation by catalytic
afterburners.tt


07845

Parker, A.


HHAT°S IH THE AIH   J. Inst. Fuel, 40 (315D : 173-175. April
1967.,
we each breathe about 35 Ib of air in a day, consume 3 to 1 Ib of
drinking water and 1 1/2 Ib of dry food.  This provides energy by
oxidation of carbon and hydrogen of which the thermal value is
about 12,000 Btu. equivalent to that provided when 1 Ib of coal is
burnt.,  Some of this energy is given out as heat, say about 400
Btn/ho  Records of smogs in various countries since 1873 exist,
but that in London in 1952 had great effect leading to the
bSbeaver Beport and the bSclean Air b8act, 1956.  2.7 million ton
of smoke were discharged into the air during 1938 in Britain, of
which 63% was from domestic sources, 10% from railways and 21% from
industry-  This was reduced to 1.1 million tons in 1965, of which
0.9 million, 80%, was from domestic sources.  This reduction was
also helped by the rationing of coal during the years of World
Bar II and by the desire for cleaner domestic heating methods.,
4.1 million tons of sulphur dioxide were discharged into the
atmosphere in Britain in 1938 and 6.4 million tons in 1965, but
the concentration of S02 in the air near the ground has stayed
the same.  The problem is not yet solved.,  About 14 million
motor vehicles in the 0. K. emitted perhaps 5 million tons of
carbon monoxide and 1/4 million tons of hydrocarbons in 1965.
The interaction of hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen and ozone, in
sunlight causes the smogs of Los Angeles in which visibility is
scarcely reduced and so they are of a different character from
London snogs.  The International Union of Air Pollution
Prevention Associations was recently founded.  Its first
international clean air congress was held in London in October,
1966.  (Author's abstract)**


08237
DISCUSSION OK TRENDS IN AIH POLLUTION. Arch. Environ, Health, Vol.
8, p. 31-38, Jan. 1964.
                               A.  General                            11

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A discussion is presented, verbatim, from the 6th Annual Air
Foliation Medical Research Conference held Jan. 28 - 29, 1963, in
San Francisco. Among the participants were: Dr. Arie Haager-Smit
(chairman); Professor albert Bush; Dr. A. P» Altshuller; and Dr. J-
T. Hiddleton.  The topics discussed include: mortality from
respiratory and other diseases in California; diesel and gasoline
engine emissions; plant damage and aldehydes; cigarette smoking;
and air-borne allergens,


09094
AIR POLLUTION — A SPECIAL REPORT.  Power, «8p.,  ((1967?))-


The results of research on each phase of air pollution are
reviewed.  The nature of this planet's atmosphere, its natural
pollutants and the mechanics of their transport are outlined.
The contribution to air pollution made by man as  he lives and
works is described.  The effects of air pollution on man°s social
and economic existence are examined.  Constructive approaches are
given to help communities meet the challenge of air
pollution control effectively and economically.   It is shown how
intelligent plant design and location can eliminate pollution
problems from the start and then how problems of  existing plants
can be mitigated.ff
09278

National Swedish Inst» for Building Research, Stockholm, Sweden


BUILDING CLIMATOLOGY:   LIST OF LITERATURE.   PART !!„  AIE. Rept. 8,
81p., Aug.  1967.
   CFSTI:  PB 176776
On July 1st 1966 a department for Building Climatology was started
at the National Swedish Institute for Building Research.  The
program for this department is to define the human requirements for
indoor climate and to classify the outdoor climatological stresses
in order to provide the basis for the climatological performance
required for the house.  To achieve this aim much basic knowledge
has to be transferred from adjoining disciplines such as
physiology, psychology, physics and meteorology.,  In order to find
the basic work suitable for being carried further into applied
research it is necessary to make rather extensive literature
surveys.,  This literature survey has been focused on two important
parameters of the air: air pollution' and air movements.  (Author) s
introduction)
09903

Governor's Committee on Air Resources, Minnesota
52 p., Sov.  1966.   17 refs.
12                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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MINNESOTA AIE POLLUTION:  THE REPORT 01 THE GOVERNOR'S COMMITTEE ON
AIR RESOURCES.
Air pollution in Minnesota is discussed including the following
categories o± air pollution control involving politics, economics,
technology and health;  effects of air pollution on health,
agriculture, industry and individuals; sources of air pollutants;
behavior of pollutants in the air; air pollution forecast for
Minnesota; legal and jurisdictional problems in control of air
pollution; air pollution and law; air Duality measures; and
metropolitan area problems.  The following legislative
recommendations were made:  and effective air pollution control
program should utilize resources of both the state and its
political subdivision; a comprehensive air pollution control
program must deal with matters that emissions or ambient air
quality should not be included in legislation;  control programs
for air pollution should not be delayed until problems are severe.


10260

Prince-Epstein, D.

STUDIES ON ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN THE SOVIET UNION.
( (Recherches sur la pollution atmospherigue en union
Sovietigue.))  Text in French.  Bull. Inst. Natl. Sante
Rech. Med.   (Paris), 23(1): 63-H2, Jan.-Feu. 1968.  57 rets.

In this W.H.O.-financed survey and visit to four institutes
each in Moscow and Leningrad, the state-of-the-art in
Russian air pollution control is reviewed.  The principal
centers for research are the Institute of General and Urban
Hygiene "A. N. Sysin", several medical institutes, sanitary
and epidemiological stations, and other centers such as the
Institute for Industrial Hygiene and Professional Diseases
in Leningrad.  Air pollution control consists essentially of
the following measures:  definition of air purity standards
(much stricter than standards in America), and the determination
of minimal permissible levels by means of very precise
physiological tests, such as the olfactory threshold test,
encephaloqraphy, and dark adaptation.  Chronic tests are
conducted on animals in specially designed exposure chambers, with
special attention to effects on the conditioned reflexes, muscular
coordination, cholinesterase activity, urinary coproporphyrins, as
well as hematological, biological and other physiological data.
A Russian commission was created in 1949 to uetermine norms
for air pollutants.  Principal laws promulgated by the
Committee for the Sanitary Protection of the Air are:
construction of industries with some provision for removal or
capture of toxic substances, prohibition ol emissions of dusts
and toxic gases into the atmosphere, and a classification of
industrial centers according to their haruifuiness to health,
with corresponding zones of protection between the plant and the
inhabitants.  The analytical methods used in the determination
of CO, 302 and H2SO4 aerosols, nitrogen oxides, ozone, and
permissible levels for bcth daily and one-time exposures.  The
general results of 18 Russian studies on CO and nine studies
on sulfur oxides are tabulated, and rereiences given for work on
nitrogen oxiaes, 3,4-benzopyrene, and ozone.  The theoretical
basis for the combined effects of pollutants is discussed.**
                               A.  General                            13

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10551

Gilbert, Daniel L.


THE INTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN THE BIOSPHERE AND THE ATMOSPHERE.
Resp. Physiol. (Amsterdam). 5(1):68-77, June 1968.  50 refs.


The origin of life on earth probably occurred when there was a
reducing atmosphere composed in part of hydrogen.  The biosphere
developed antireductant mechanisms to resist hydrogen toxicity.
As hydrogen escaped from earth and the photosynthetic production
of oxygen began,  the atmosphere changed to an oxidizing one
composed in part  of oxygen.  The oxygen in the atmosphere
gradually increased until it reached its present value.  As a
conseguency of the presence of oxygen, the biosphere continuously
developed antioxidant mechanisms.  Organisms which developed
antioxidant mechanisms under relatively high oxygen concentrations
and then migrated to environments of lower oxygen concentrations
would possess an  advantage in having very well developed
antioxidant mechanisms for their low oxygen environment.  The
atmosphere is being clianged today by the activities of man.  It
seems that carbon dioxide is increasing.  Eventually, it is
speculated that due to the continued dehydrogenation of the earth,
the atmosphere will be composed of only carbon dioxide and
molecular nitrogen.  It is further speculated that life will not
be able to survive on earth at this time.   (Author's abstract) ##


107S8T

Harries, C.   and K. Langheld


THE BEHAVIOF  OF PRODUCTS OF PBOTEIN CLEAVAGE AND OF SEVERA1
SUGARS TOWARD OZONE.    ((Uber das Verhalten der
Eiweissspalt-produkte und einiger Zuckerarten gegen Ozon.J)
Translated from German.  Z. Physiol. Chem. , 51:372-373,
1907.  10 refs.


The chemical  effects of ozonization on the fatty products of
protein cleavage  (glycocol, alamine, leucine, serine, asparagine,
guanidine) are experimentally explored.  No oxidation products
for these substances could be detected.  Ozonization of aromatic
cleavage products  (phenyl-alanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan) is
also explored.  Derivatives were found after ozonization of these
last three compounds.  Chemical properties of the derivatives and
cleavage of the benzene ring to yield these products are discussed,
Chemical properties of compounds derived from the oxonization of
sugars (dextrose,  mannitol, and dulcitol)  are described.##

12177

John T. (liddleton


1IB QUALITY AS A CONTROLLING FACTOR IN LIFE PROCESSES.   In:
Biometeorology, Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Annual
14               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Biology Colloquium,, 1967, William P. Lowry  (ed.,) p.  67-79,
1967.  {«) refs.


The quality of air is determined by the uses made of it  and by
the pollutants injected into it by man.  The quality of  air
varies for a number of reasons, but principally because  of
contaminants arising from economic and social developments
throughout the world..  iir pollution is one of the  undesirable
side effects of this growth and development.  The extent,
severity,, and character of man-made air pollution are determined
by the kind, number, and location of contaminant sources, the
chemical reactivity and interaction of the  pollutants, the
topography of the land, the weather, the nature of  the
community, and the characteristics of the airshed.##


13182

Slcnim, No Balfour and N., Karen Estridge


OZONE - AN UNDERESTIMATED ENVIHONHENTAL HAZARD-  Environ., Health,
31(63:577-578, May/June 1969.,


The widespread use of ozone has lead to increasing  exposure to
this gas..  Equipment producing sparks, arcs, or static discharge,
as well as ultraviolet or other ionizing radiation,  produces
ozone from molecular oxygen.  Commercially  available "air
purifiers", and "deodorizers' in homes, hospitals,  offices,
elevators, and meat storage plants generate sufficient ozone to
be hazardous under certain conditions of use and ventilation..  The
biochemical mechanism of ozone toxicity is  under active
investigation.  Free radicals are probably  the basic biochemical
mechanism of ozone-induced cell damage.  Ozone destroys
sulfhydryl-containing compounds, and in this process free
radicals may be produced.  However, a more  important theory of
ozone toxicity involves an oxidative attack on the  carbon-carbon
double bond of unsaturated fatty acids, i.e., lipid
per oxidation..


13494

Dryden, I. G. C.


CHEKICAL CONSTITUTION AND BEACTIONS Of COAL.  In: Chemistry of
Coal Utilization, Suppleraenta c j Volume, H.  H. Lowry (ed.) ,
National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C., Committee on
Chemistry of Coal, p. 232-295, 1963.  J92 refs.


Various methods of determining the chemical composition  of coai
are surveyed.  Solvent extraction yields little information about
the coal molecule, apart from a molecular weiglit distribution.   If
solvent extracts contain more than 1 to 5%  of the parent coal,
they resemble it closely, provided they are prepared below 250 C.
If prepared above this temperature, pyrolysis has clearly
                               A. General                            15

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their composition.  The best specific solvents for coal contain  a
nitrogen atom with a readily available pair of electrons.  Evidence
from polarography has suggested that certain nuclei containing onu,
two, and three rings play an important part in coal structure.
X-ray histograms suggest that about one-half of the carbon in  the
nuclei is almost equally distributed between one, two, and three
rings, but these estimates may be biased toward the larger ring
systems.  In the polarography of coal extracts, the freguent
occurrence o± half-wave potentials, for the reduction of
aromatic systems, points to the presence of a considerable
proportion of biphenyl, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and triphenylene
structures.  The extent of reduction suggests a minimum
polycyclic aromaticity between 0.35 and 0.5.  Methods of functional
group analysis and polarography at lower potentials have shown
that the hydroxyl and carbonyl group concentrations account for
70 to 90% of the 02 in bituminous coal.  Hydrogenation, extensive
oxidation, hydrolysis, pyrolysis, and fluorination are the most
interesting reactions of coal, but furnish only limited information
about the structure of coal itself.
13952

Lindberg, Walter


AIR POLLUTION IN NORWAY*  I. THE GENERAL AIR POLLUTION IN
NORWEGIAN CITIES AND INDUSTRIAL TOWNS.  (Den alninnelige
luftforurensning i Norge.  !„ Genereit om luftforurensning i
byer og tettbygde strok.)  Translated from Norwegian.  Oslo Dniv.
(Norway), ?„ 1-65, 19680  12 refs


General information is presented on air pollution in Norway
with attention focused on (1) the sources and types of
pollutants:  motor vehicles, heating plants, incinerators,
(2} air pollution levels in the cities, including dustfall,
S02, and smoke measurements in Oslo, Sweden, (3J  special
investigations (sulfuric acid fog), the chemical composition
of solid particulates in smoke and suspended dust,
polynuclear hydrocarbons and particulates, trace elements,
(HI pollutants in Norwegian cities other than Oslo,
(5) directions for nedicohygienic evaluation of pollution
levels in cities and other densely populated districts and
industrial regions, and  (6)  an evaluation of the economic
consequences of air pollution.


16251

Haagen-Smit, A. 3.
AIR CONSEBVATION.  Science,  128 (3329) :869-878, Oct.  17,  1958.
11 refs.
At the present time, air pollution  control  is  concerned  with
pollutants present in concentrations  of a few  parts  per  million;
in the future, it will need to consider the  removal  of  pollutants
16               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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present in quantities smaller by a factor of ten,  Effective
cleaning procedures will require advances in the f,ield of
enqineering and in theories of inorganic, physical, physiochemical,
and photochemical processes.  In addition, solutions will lie
needed tor legal and economic problems, as well as those involving
the physiology and pathology of plants and animals.  The
complexity of air conservation problems is illustrated by smog,
which contains ozone concentrations 20-30 times higher than those
present in unpolluted air, where the normal amounts are  1-3 pphm.
It may take years to unravel relatively simple reactions, such  as
the photodecomposition of acetone, tiacetyl, etc., that
contribute to ozone formation.  In the air, these reactions are
complicated by the presence of oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, and
other compounds from the evaporation of gasoline and the burning of
trash.  The application of new mejbhods of calculating pollution
distribution and movement would permit determination of  the
future development of smog at different locations and a
comparative analysis of the effects of removing different
pollutant sources.  To establish valid pollution levels, more
epidemiological studies roust be undertaken.
16878

Commoner, Barry


EVALUATING THE BIOSPHERE.   Science  J., 5A(4):67-72,  Oct.  1969.


The biosphere—the earth's  thin skin  of air,  water,  and soil—
provides the necessities of life for  man.   At the same time, the
impact of man's technological  developments  has  been  felt
increasingly by the biosphere.  From  an evaluation of some  of
the effects of modern technology on  the biosphere, it is  shown
that technology as it is currently  construed forms an
intrinsically unstable relationship  with the biosphere.   Since
the stability and integrity of the  biosphere are essential  tor
the continued operation of  technology, the  present situation
represents a threat to the  survival  cf our  present system of
technology, and, indeed, of man himself.  A further  discussion
of this unstable relationship  is presented.
 17260
CHEMICAL  ASPECTS  OF  ATMOSPHEBIC  P01LUTION.   (Les aspects
chimigues  de  la  pollution  atmospherigue).   Text in French.
Ind. Chim.  Beige,  34 (9) :739-744,  1969.   21  refs.   (Presented
at a Symposiom Sponsored by  the  International  Union of  Pure
and Applied Chemistry,  Cortina d'Ampezzo,  Italy,  July 9-10,
1969.)


The symposium papers to be published  in the journal 'Pure and
Applied Chemistry1 covered the following  topics:  the toxic
aspects of  atmospheric  pollution  and  recommended limits on
                               A. General                           17

-------
 concentrations  of  2U  pollutants;  a  method  ot  determining  the
 surface  area of  very  small  particles;  simple  methods of
 separating  aerosols by  particle  size;  the  influence  of  certain
 substances  on the  transport of hydrohysable ions;  the deleterious
 effect of fluorides on  the  flora  and,  indirectly,  on the  fauna as
 well; techniques for  sampling, isolation,  and quantitative
 analysis of F compounds;  different  varieties  of  'smog"; a method
 for  correcting  benzo(a)pyrene determination for  the  concomitant
 benzo(k)fluoranthene; polycyclic  aromatic  hydrocarbons  in the
 exhaust  gas of  internal-combustion  engines; applications  of
 analytic methods for  determining  polycyclic compounds;  several
 methods  of  determination  of Pb compounds in air;  and a  survey of
 the  distribution of traces  of pollutants in the  atmosphere.
 Oxygen obtained  by distillation  of  liquefied  air  is  polluted by
 automobile-exhaust and  industrial waste gases.   The  application ot
 the  interface electrode of  extremely high  sensitivity in  air
 pollution studies  and the use of  mathematical models in air
 pollution investigations  which would reduce the cost and
 expenditure of  time required for  an extensive test program were
 also covered.
 18005

 Hinch, Sylds


 AIK POLLUTION.  J. Chem. Educ. , 146(2) :93-95, J?eb.  1969.   H  refs.


 The consideration of the air we breathe has been one of  the most
 fundamental and profitable endeavors in scientific, philosophical,
 and medical thought.  This is  a discussion of the  historical
 aspects of air pollution.  Many of the specific substances  that
 have been identified as air pollutants are discussed briefly.
18               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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                       B.  EMISSION SOURCES
00023

F. E. Gartrell, F. H. Thomas,  S. B. Carpenter,  F.
Pooler,  B. Turner,  and J. H. leavitt
FOLL-SCALE STUD! OF DISPERSION OF STACK GASES (A SUMMABi
EEPOBT)   Tennessee Valley Authority, Chattanooga, Division
of Health and Safety, and Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio, Division of Air Pollution.  Aug. 1964.  110 pp.
   CFSTI:  PB 166679
During fiscal years 1958-1962, the Tennessee Valley Authority
conducted an air pollution research project under the sponsorship
of the Public Health Service.  In this project, advantage was
taken of unique opportunities for full-scale appraisal of
dispersion of air pollutants from large coal-burning,
steam-electric generating plants.  Advantages offered for
diffusion studies included:   (1) large isolated sources where
intermixture iiith extraneous pollutants is not significant;  (2)
complete plant operational data and emission rates;  (3)  sufficient
fly ash emission to provide a visible plume aloft out to distances
of 10-15 miles under meteorological conditions of special interest;
(t) a helicopter equipped with special instruments for sampling
and recording S02 concentrations, as well as extensive
auxiliary instruments;  (5) tower-mounted meteorological instruments
for providing basic information on wind and temperature parameters;
and (6) computer facilities for data analysis.  In addition to the
primary studies to determine diffusion parameters, a limited
investigation was made of plume rise or effective stack heights.
An extensive investigation ¥as made of the oxidation of 302 in
the atmosphere after emission from the stack.  Oxidation was
studied with ground-based facilities and also in the plume at
various distances and travel times, and under various weather
conditions.  In the course of this investigation
interrelationships among S02, H2S04, and fly ash also were
studied.f#

000-211

V., G« RacKenzie
THE POHER INDUSTRY AND AIB POIIUTION,,  Public Health Service,
Washington, D.C., Div. of Air Pollution, Nov. 28, 1962.,
12 pp.


The relation between the pover industry and air pollution is
discussed concerning its role in meeting high energy production and
                                   19

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its obligation toward meeting the national problem of air
pollution.  The following topics are discussed:   (1) nature of
power industry emissions, (2) the sulfur dioxide  problem,  (3) means
of controlling emissions, and ^<^) control of nitrogen and  sulfur
oxides.  (A paper based on remarks made by V. G.  MacKenzie at
the 1962 Annual Meeting,, Association of Edison Illuminating
Companies, Boca Baton, Fla. , Hov. 28, 1962.)##
00027

A. H. Bose, Jr.,,  H. Corn,  R<. R. Horsley,  D.  R.
Allen,  and P. ». Kolp


AIR POILOTION EFFECTS OF IHCINERATOB FIRING PRACTICES  AND
COMBUSTION &IB DISTRIBUTION.,  3, Air Pollution  Control
Assoc.. 8 (i») : 297-309, Feb.1959.


The relationships between  incinerator  design  criteria  and
resulting atmospheric contaminant discharges  were  investigated-
Tests were made by  burning  a  fuel of constant composition in a
prototype, multiple-chamber incinerator  under controlled
conditions.  Effects of variables were measured  by analyzing the
flue gases for solids, hydrocarbons, oxides of  nitrogen, and CO-
The series of tests reported  was made  to (1)  provide information
on the relative importance  of such  variables  as  stoking  and amount
of fuel per charge  insofar  as they  affect the production of
atmospheric pollutants, and (2) evaluate the  chosen levels of
variables such as excess combustion air, underfire and secondary
air distribution, and fuel  charging rate.   Production  of
particulates was highly dependent on the amount  of excess
conbustion air and  the percentage of this air entering under the
fuel bed.  At the 50% excess  air level,  particulate discharge
increased when underfire air  was increased  from  151! to 30% of the
total combustion air.  This did not hold true for  the  150^ excess
air level.,  Reduction of hydrocarbons  and CO  appeared  to be
Bore dependent on the level of excess  combustion air available than
on its distribution between overfire,  underfire, and secondary air.
These pollutants were produced under combustion  with 50% excess
air but not with 150% excess.  Production of  oxides of nitrogen
depended on the rate of fuel  charging, the  amount  of excess air,
and the gas temperature in  the ignition  zone.  '(Author) ##
 00030

 W.  S.  Smith
 ATMOSPHERIC  EMISSIONS  FBOM  FUEL OIL COMBUSTION (AN INVENTORY
 GUIDE)..   Public  Health Service, Cincinnati,, Ohio, Div. of
 Air  Pollution,  (999-AP-2.,)   Nov.,  1962.   102p.


 This review  provides a guide for the inventorying and control of
 emissions arising  from the  combustion of fuel oil.  Information
 was  collected  from the published literature and other sources.
 20                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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The report is limited to infcreation on oil  used  as  a  source  of
heat or power (exclusive of process heaters).   The data  were
abstracted, assembled, and converted to common  units of
expression to facilitate understanding.  From these  data,  emission
factors were established that can be applied to fuel oil combustion
to determine the magnitude of air-contaminating emissions.  Also
discussed are the compositions  of fuel oils; the  preparation  and
combustion of fuel oil; and the  rates of emission, their variables,
and their control.  ^Author) #t


00052
MOTOR VEHICLES,  AIR POLLUTION  AND  HEALTH  (A  REPORT  0?  THE
SDRGEON GENERAL  TO THE  D., S.  CONGRESS  IN COMPLIANCE  WITH  PUBLIC  LAW
86-H93, THE SCBENCK ACT).    Public Health  Service,
Washington, D.C., Div»  of  Air  Pollution.   June  1962.,   463
pp.


"Motor Vehicles, Air Pollution,  and Health"  is  a  report
prepared by the  Division  of  Air  Pollution  of the  Public  Health
Service as directed by  the Congress in Public Law 86-193.
The Report is presented  in three parts as  follows:   Part I.
Summary—A Review of the  Problem;  Part II.   Effects of
Hotor Vehicle Pollution  on Health;  Part III. Air
Pollution from Motor Vehicles.   Part  I summarizes current
information and  theories  of  the  nature of  air pollution
resulting from emissions  from  motor vehicles.   It also
examines approaches to  the reduction  of snch pollution,  and  some
of the problems  associated with  control measures.   Finally,  it
presents an appraisal of  the biological effects,  proven  or
potential, of such pollution.  Part II reviews, in  detail,
information which has been reported concerning  the  influence
of air pollution on health,  with particular  reference  to the
effects from pollution  arising from the operation of
motor vehicles.  The results of  mortality  and morbidity  surveys,
of laboratory research,  and  of other  pertinent  investigations
are given..  The  responses  of vegetation and  animals, as  well as of
humans, to individual contaminants as well as to  mixtures,  such
as are encountered in the  atmosphere, are  examined..  Part III
describes, in some detail, how motor  vehicle operation elates to
emissions of pollutants,  the magnitude of  the pollution  problem,
the nature of chemical  reactions in the atmosphere,  factors
affecting concentrations,  methods  for reducing  pollution, and
the subject of ambient  air and emission standards. #t
00081

P.T. Arnest
ATMOSPHERE CONTROL IN CLOSED SPACE ENVIRONMENT  (SUBMARINE) .
Naval Medical Research Lab., New London, Conn., Bureau
of Medicine and Surgery, (Hept. No. 367.)  Dec. 1t,  1961.   39
pp.
   CFSTI, DDC:  AD 270896
                          B.  Emission Sources                          21

-------
The purpose of this work was to make a general summary of the
toxicological problems associated with the closed space environment
of submarines and to review the current state of development of
tools for measuring and removing the problem substances involved,
Hore than twenty-five atmospheric contaminants are listed, their
sources, and their saximum allowable concentrations (MAC) are
given, as well as the symptoms they cause, the long-term effects;
tools for measuring the anounts of contaainants present are
described and methods of removal indicated, in so far as known.##
00109

A. P. Altshuller


REACTIVITY OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES IS ATMOSPHERIC PHOTOOXIDATION.
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Division of Air
Pollution., [{999-AP-1H.)  July 1965.  29 pp.


The organic vapors enitted to urban atmospheres by motor  vehicles
and other sources of emissions consist not only of paraffinic,
acetylenic, aromatic, and olefinic hydrocarbons, but also of
aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, phenols, and chlorinated
hydrocarbons.  To estimate the contribution of each of these
classes of compounds to photochemical smog, one must know both
their atmospheric concentrations and their relative reactivities in
atmospheric reactions-  A review of the available literature  on
concentration levels of organic vapors in urban atmospheres
indicates that much more analytical work is needed.  The  existing
data are adequate, however, for the formulation of useful
estimates.  Reactivities of organic substances in photooxidation
reactions can be considered froa many standpoints.  Rates _of
disappearance of the organic substances, rates of disappearance of
nitric oxide or of formation and disappearance of nitrogen dioxide,
and rates or maximum yields of various products such as oxidant or
organic nitrates all can be used as chemical measurements of
reactivity,.  Eye irritation, various types of plant damage, and
aerosol formation are indicators of reactivity that can be related
only to a limited extent to chemical measurements of reactivity.
The problems of developing a sin.gle index of reactivity are
considered.  The application of reactivity measurements to
automobile exhaust composition, to control devices, and to
improvements in atmospheric purity is discussed.   (Author) ##


00140

J. Ho  Fernandes,   J_  D.  Sensenbaugh,  and D.  G»  Peterson


BOILER EMISSIONS AHD THEIR COHTROL.  Combustion Engineering,
Inc.,,  Windsor,  Conn., and Air Preheater Co.,  Wellsville,
N.Yo   (Presented at Conference on Air Pollution Control,
Hexico City,  Apr.  28, 1966.)


Emissions from combustion sources that are significant from the
standpoint of air pollution include (1)  particulate matter, (2)
22                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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sulfur oxides, and <3) nitrogen oxides.  Particulate matter is
objectionable on esthetic grounds.  The technology for its control
well developed, although effort is constantly being made to
improve collection equipment and reduce the cost of a
nonproductive operation,.  Techniques have been developed for
control of S03 in oil-fired units by means of low—excess air and
additives.  Bethods for control of S03 in coal-fired boilers
have not been as well developed as for oil-fired units, but there
is less S03 present with coal firing.  1 great deal of work has
been done on control of S02, both by fuel desulfurization and by
removing the S02 from the stack gas.  Oxides of nitrogen are
important as air pollutants because of their participation in the
reactions leading to photochemical smog.  Since the localities
most subject to photochemical smog are in oil and gas burning
areas, most of the work has been done on these fuels.  The
emission of oxides of nitrogen can be significantly reduced by
using gas fuel or by use of a suitable firing method and low-excess
air with oil fuel.#t
00186

J™ H. Ludwig


SEHINAH ON AID POLLUTION BY MOTOB VEHICLES.  Public Health
Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Division of Air Pollution-  1966.
52 pp..


The contribution of motor vehicle emissions to community-wide air
pollution is discussed and related to other factors involved in air
pollution such as commercial and industrial sources, the size of
-he community and source distribution, topographical and
meteorological factors, and the degree of control exercised on
the sources-  In particular, one section of the publication
analyzes the different pollutant types emitted from diesel and
gasoline engines.  Another section discusses the photochemical
reactions in the atmosphere known to produce air pollutants-**


00220

J. P. Sheehy,  J. J. Henderson,  C. I. Harding,  and A.
L. Danis
AIB POLLUTION IN JACKSONVILLE,  PLORIDA  (A PILOT
STUDY - AUG.-SEPT.  1961).  Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution  (AP-3)-   Apr.
1963.,  65 pp.
   GPO:  802-899-6
The objectives of this pilot study  were:   (1) To develop  a
preliminary opinion as to whether the city of Jacksonville  has  a
generalized air pollution problem.   (2) To determine  whether
certain pollutants - fluorides  and  S02, were present  in the
atmosphere in concentrations capable of producing the damage  to
vegetation that had been experienced in the Jacksonville-Duval
                          B. Emission Sources                          23

-------
 County  area.   To  accomplish  the  first  objective,  a  one-week
 intensive  investigation  was  carried  on in  downtown  Jacksonville,
 at  (emming Park,  from  August 3  to  10,  1961.   To  accomplish to
 second  objective, additional studies were  conducted during the
 periods August 4  to  12,  and  September  5 to 13, 1961, in the area
 in  which damage to vegetation had  occurred.   The  two fertilizer
 plants,  located in the industrial  area of  Jacksonville, were not
 in  production  during the first  phase of this  study.   Pollutants
 sampled in this study  included  fluorides,  302, H2S,  N02,
 nitrogen dioxide, and  particulates.  As a  result  of the
 investigations it was  concluded  that;  (1j  Photochemical smog was
 being produced in the  air  over  Jacksonville.   (2)  Concentrations
 of  fluorides occurred  in certain parts of  Jacksonville during the
 period  of  the  study  that could  cause damage  to sensitive plants.,
 (3)  Pollutants from  the city of  Jacksonville  can  be transported
 across  the St.  John's  Hiver.  H2S  concentrations  measured
 during  this study were not of the  magnitude  known to cause
 discoloration  of  paints containing lead pigments  and/or mercury
 base fungicides.   Subsequent to  the  study, an incident of
 darkening  of paints  occurred in  the  arlington area.   Therefore, it
 is  evident that an H2S problem  exists  in this area.   SO 2
 concentrations observed  during  this  study  did not reach levels
 known to cause damage  to vegetation.   However, it appears
 possible for S02  concentrations  to reach levels during the
 heating season capable of  causing  damage to  sensitive plants,
 particularly in localized  areas  downwind of  major sources of
 S02.*#

 00250

 L.  C. McCabe   and 3, S. Lagarias


 AIR  POLLUTION  AND THE  PAINT  INDUSTRY,,   J.. Paint Technol. ,
 38(495)  :210-216,  Apr.  1966.   '(Presented  at the 13rd  Annual
 Meeting, Federation  of Societies for Paint Technology,  At-
 lantic  City, N- J.,  Oct. 29,  1965.


 The  manner  in  which  regulations  on gaseous and particulate
 emissions  affect  the paint industry is  reviewed with special
 emphasis on proposed new legislation concerning solvent emissions..
 Factors  which  influence the establishment of  emission standards
 and  ambient air quality are  discussed.   The inconsistencies from
 community  to community on emission standards  do not  appear to be
 related  to  meteorological  or  local conditions.  It  is suggested
 that the setting  of  standards for  air  quality should depend upon
 establishing the  effects of  air  pollutants on humans,  animals,  and
 vegetation as  well as economic and meteorological considerations.
 A review of existing codes shows that  this has not always been
 done.  In the  case of  organic solvents,  proposed  legislation could
 result  in substantial  changes in the use of certain  solvents.##

 00271

W.  F. HcHichael  and J.. E.  Sigsby,  Jr»


 AOTOHOTIYE  EMISSIONS AFTER  HOT AND COLD STAHTS IN SUMMEP  AND
24               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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SINTEH.  J. Air Pollution Control Assoc,,. 16 (9) :U8U-U88,
Sept- 1966.  {Presented at the 59th Annual Meeting,  Air
Pollution Control Association, San Francisco,  Calif., ,  June
22, 1966,,)


The D. S» Public Health Service, as part of its continuing
investigations of automotive emissions, began  a study  early in  1965
to determine the effects of hot-start and cold-start engine
operation on exhaust emissions.  This study vas conducted in  the
Cincinnati area in summer and winter ambient temperatures..  The
effects of hot and cold starts on the mass and composition of
exhaust gases were compared*  Emissions from the test  vehicles
were measured in actual traffic  with a proportional  sampler.  The
test route was developed in earlier work to represent  average urban
driving conditions.  Data from this study reflect the  effects of
traffic density, route, and climate on hot-start and cold-start
engine operation.  {Authors" abstract)**

0032H

G. C.. Hass,  F., Bonamassa,  P. Neward,  N. Kayne


THE  INFLUENCE OF VEHICLE OPEBATING VARIABLES ON
EXHAUST EMISSIONS.   J. Air Pollution Control  Assoc. 17(6)
384-7, June 1967,,  ((Presented at the 59th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution  Control  Assoc., , San Francisco,
Calif., June 20-24,  1966, Paper  No.  66-69.}


This paper is a report  of the operating variables and  emission
characteristics of a 1964 283 cubic  inch V-8 Chevrolet
automobile.  This  vehicle was used as a laboratory  tool  in  a
project to develop an improved driving cycle to represent Los
Angeles peak hour  driving.  As a result it became necessary to
run  many expoloratory tests to determine the relationships
between the primary  variables of intake manifold vacuum,
engine rpm, and vehicle speeds and acceleration rates.
Emissions  of hydrocarbons,  carbon  monoxide,  and nitrogen oxides
were also  determined for the entire  range of operating conditions.
The  effect of prior  operating modes  on closed-throttle
unburned hydrocarbon concentrations  was also determined.
The  results of  these tests  are presented in  tables  and
graphs which sake  a  comprehensive  picture of one typical
automobile as a generator of air pollutants.   (Author"s
abstract) #*
00325

J. N» Pattison  and M. P. Sweeney


A STUDY OF LOS ANGELES DRIVING  AS IT RELATES TO  PEAK PHOTOCHEMICAL
SHOG FOBHiTION.  Preprint.,   (Presented at the  59th  Annual
fleeting. Air Pollution Control  Association, San  Francisco,
Calif., June 20-24, 1966, Paper Ho. 66-68.,}
                          B. Emission Sources                          25

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In order to characterize driving as it affects smog  formation,  the
philosophy of having adequate control of smog peaks  was  chosen™
Vehicle emissions during the morning rush hour in  downtown Los
Angeles in the fall were found to be responsible for the largest
smog peaks.  A study was made of this type  of driving,  using a
single 1964 Chevrolet that was instrumented  to record its
operating conditions.  Using this mode data  obtained,  a  street
route was developed on which this same car  reproduced in adequate
detail the operating conditions found in the traffic study.   The
street route can then be used to compare the effect  of  various
vehicles on emissions, and thereby derive an adequately  based
dynamometer cycle which correlates therewith-   (Author) ##


00337

«. E,, Grouse  and N. E., Flynn


SOURCE INVENTOBY IBM SYSTEM FOE PARTICU1ATE  AND GASEOUS
POLLUTANTS.  Preprint.  (Presented at the 59th annual
Fleeting, Air Pollution Control Association,  San Francisco,
Calif... June 20-2H, 1966, Paper No., 66-10,,)


A source inventory IBM system of air pollutants is described
which makes use of an existing IBM card index-registration
system in an established air pollution control district  and which
employs efficient utilization of engineering time, including
computer services, to establish and maintain current a  detailed
source inventory of point sources of emissions.  An  emission
inventory specifies the fl)  amounts, and (2) sources of  air
pollution in a community.  The knowledge of  air pollution can be
relegated to three simple questions:  (15 "What" the pollution
problem is in terms of primary air pollutants,  (2) the  "where"  of
the problem — i.e., a description of the industrial, commercial,
or domestic sources by tabulation of either  (a) types and location
of basic equipment discharging pollutants,  (b) a description in
broad source categories of industry, or  (c)  actual tabulation of
locations of plants in the community, and (3) the  "how
much" or extent of air pollutants.  In the case of gases, namely
organic compounds, the oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, and CO,
future regulation and enforcement of invisible gaseous  emissions
requires an inventory which predetermines or estimates  levels of
emissions and directs enforcing officers or  inspectors  to point
locations.  This capability is discussed as  well as  the
description of the method of construction of a recent source
inventory, calculated on the basis of average emission  factors  and
known plant throughput data and plant locations  (registered plant
equipment).#*
001(6(1

C.F., Ellis
CHEMICAL ANALYSES O? AUTOMOBILE EXHATJST GASES  TOR  OXYGENATES.
Bureau of Mines, Washington, B.CU  (Bept., of Investigations
No., 5822).,  1961.  39 pp.
26                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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This report presents procedures for chemical analyses of
certain oxygenated compounds, procedures for sampling the
exhaust gases for these analyses, and the analytical results
of some experimental work in which these procedures vere
used,  A stationary 1956 model, 170 horsepower, V-8,
dynamometer-mounted engine, operated to simulate vehicular cruise
conditions, was used for the study.  Exhaust gsees produced
from a regular-grade Bidcontinent gasoline during 15- , HO- ,
and 60-mile-per-hour cruise operations were analyzed by chemical
methods for formaldehyde, total aldehydes, total carbonyls, total
alcohols, carvon associated with the oxygenated compounds, and the
oxides of nitrogen.  Experimental results indicate:  (1)  The
range of concentrations of the total of the functional
groups of oxygenated compounds, expressed as moles per million
moles of water-free exhaust gases, is about 90-100; the
concentrations increase with engine speed; (2}  Sldehydes
comprise about 80-90 mole-percent of the total of the
oxygenated groups, and formaldehyde accounts for about
50 mole-percent of the total aldehydes; (3}  The order of
magnitude of the concentration of the carbonyls is the same as
that for the aldehydes, indicating that ketones are not a
major group.  A colorimetric test indicates that methyl ketones
consititute about 2 mole-percent of the oxygenated compounds;
(1) The concentration of the alcohols is of the order of 10
mole-*percent of the oxygenated compounds;  (5} The total
carbon associated with the oxygenated compounds is about 175 moles
per million moles of water-free exhaust gas for all 3 speeds;
and <{6)  The concentration of N oxides, expressed as
•oles of BO2 per million moles of water-free exhaust gas,
is about 150, 1,600, and 2,800 at 15, l»0, and 60 miles per hour,
respectively,ft

0050U

D..A. Jensen
SEPARATIHG FACT FROH FICTION IH  AUTO SHOG CONTROL.   Arch-
Environ. Health, It dl): 150-155,  Jan. 1967.   (Presented at
the American Hedical Association Air Pollution Hedical
Research Conference, Los Angeles, Calif., Harch 2-H, 1966.)


Author gives a status state-of the -art summary of the various
sources of emissions from automobiles.  Topics covered are:
crankcase emission controls; servicing and maintenance; requirement
of a "closed" system or one egually effective, exhaust emission
controls; evaporative emissions; oxides of nitrogen emission
controls; diesel smoke and odor  emission controls; cars and
fuels of the future.  In addition, author discusses the impending
vehicle emission control which will be put into effect for
1968 motor vehicles. f#


00673

H.H. Hovey,  A. Wisnan,  J.> F. Cunnans


THE DEVELOPBENT OF  AIB CONTAMINANT EHISSION  TABLES FOR
HOHPROCCESS EHISSIONS    J« Air  Pollution Control Assoc.
                           B. Emission Sources                        27

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Vol. 16(7} :362-366, July 1966.  presented at the 58th
annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Toronto,
Canada, June 20-21, 1965, Paper Bo., 65-17.)


In New York State, the calculation of air contaminant
emissions from a variety of sources is an essential part  of
comprehensive air pollution studies.  The tables used to
calculate emissions were obtained from an extensive
literature search and modified to apply to New York State
conditions..  For example, sulfur dioxide emission factors  for
coal were selected to reflect the average sulfur content  of  the
coal sold in New York State.  Since the literature contains  a
wide array of emission factors,**


00679

H. E., Jackson


AIR POLLUTION FBOM AUTOMOBILES IN PHILADELPHIA.  Preprint™
(Presented at the 58th innual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, Toronto, Canada, June 20-24, 1965,
Paper No, 65-137.,)


This report has been prepared with the objectives of describing
the problem created by automobiles in Philadelphia and
recommending the action which must be taken.  The action
recommended is as follows:  <1)  Positive crankcase ventilation
systems and exhaust control systems should be required on  all new
cars registered in Pennsylvania.  A well planned program of
controlling only the new cars with factory installed devices will
minimize the problem over a ten year period.  If initiated
immediately, this reasonable approach would eliminate the  need for
a crash program at some future date.  All mechanical devices
require maintenance to insure proper and efficient operation; and
<2) The State-wide inspectional system should require a
maintenance check of all appropriate parts of the automobiles to
insure satisfactory operation '(as related to pollution emissions)
and to reject those cars with visibly excessive exhaust emissions..
This should apply to both new and used automobiles and all other
types of motor vehicles.#*

00693

G. Walker
EQUILIBRIUM DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF THE COMBUSTION PRODUCTS  OF
A GASOLINE ENGINE OPERATING ABOUT THE .STOICHIOMETRIC  CONDITION.
Preprint.,  (Presented at the 58th Annual Heeting,  Air
Pollution Control Association, Toronto, Canada,  June  20-24,
1965, Paper No. 65-18.,)


The operation of a C..F.R. internal combustion engine  was
simulated on a digital electronic computer.  A  study  was made of
the effect of variation in the air-fuel ratio on the  equilibrium
28               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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distribution patterns of combustion products at the end  of  the
expansion stroke.  The combustion  products  sere assumed  to  consist
of 10 chemical species at instantaneous equilibrium during  both  the
finite combustion period and subsequent expansion.  The
equilibrium composition of the 10  species throughout the whole
period is presented graphically for six different air-fuel  ratios
both greater and less than the stoichiometric value.  Other
parameters of engine performance,  including thermal efficiency,
m.e.p. , work done per cycle and the heat transferred, are given
for the same air-fuel ratios-#t
00798

P.I. Larsen
VEHICLE EMISSIONS AND EFFECTS, A SUMMARY OF THE DECEMBER 1961
AIB POLLUTION BESEABCH CONFERENCES.   Preprint.   (Presented
at the New England Section annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, Worcester, Bass., Spr. 25, 1962).


In December 1961 air pollution research findings to that date
were presented at two conferences held in Los Angeles.  The
conferences were the Fifth Air Pollution Hedical Research
Conference and the Joint Besearch Conference on Motor
Vehicle Emissions and Their Effects.  A few highlights follow.
Air pollution damages plants, animals, and property, and is
harmful to people.  Plant damage in the United States exceeds
$25 million per year..  Present community air pollution levels
weaken an individual's resistance to respiratory diseases such
as colds, pneumonia, and lung cancer.  Smoking and air pollution
age and deteriorate lungs.  In one study, smokers" lungs aged
50% faster than non-smokers' lungs.  In another study, 907E of
heavy smokers -(more than two packs per day) had respiratory
disease.  The disease rate for several respiratory ills was 3 to
5 times greater in these heavy smokers than in individuals who had
never smoked.  The death rate from emphysema (deteriorated lungs)
has increased tOO% in the last 10 years.  A recently identified
photochemical pollutant, peroxyacyl nitrate (PAN), at
concentrations as low as 5 parts per billion (ppb), damages
plants.  It is quite possible that this pollutant is responsible
for most "oxidant-type" damage in Los Angeles.  Five times as
much exhaust gas from low-olefin fuel was required to produce
similar damage.  Russian air quality standards probably have
at least one present use in the United States.
In a given community, pollution concentrations that do not
exceed the Russian standards tentatively could be considered to
not be problems.  The contribution of the internal combustion
engine to smog could be reduced significantly by improved
carburetor design, improved production control, and imporved
carburetor and ignition system maintenance.  If the
conventional engine without an afterburner is considered beyond
redemption, a lean—fuel engine '(such as gas urbine, stratified
charge, or diesel) could be used to meet present emission
standards.  If an automobile that does not contribute to smog is
to be achieved, a new sense of mission, a lot more money, and
additional competent researchers will be required.  (Author
abstract modified) #f
                            B. Emission Sources                       29

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00858

E. Venezia  6. Ozolins


INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION STDDY - PHASE II PROJECT  REPORT.   II-
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORY.   Public  Health  Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution.  May  1966.  51  pp.


An emission inventory was conducted 1963-1961  as part  of the
St. louis - East St. Louis Interstate Air Pollution
Study.  The Study covered an area of 3,567  square  miles  and
included the City of St. Louis and the six  surrounding
counties - St. Louis, St. Charles, and Jefferson Counties
in Missouri and Madison, St. Clair, and Monroe Counties
in Illinois.  Bore than 95% of the population  and  almost
all of the industrial activity are located  in  the  400  square  miles
of the centrally located urbanized part of  the Study area.  The
pollutant emission data presented can be almost entirely
atrributed to this urbanized portion of the area.  Population
density and land-use maps, which provide an excellent  index
to the areal distribution of most pollutant emissions, are
also presented.  The pollutants considered  in  this survey are
those emitted in large quantities from a variety and multitude of
sources dispersed throughout the area.##
00892

H.D. Norwood,  D»E. Hisehart,  C-A,, Earl,  FUE. Adley,
D.E., Anderson
BITROGEH DIOXIDE POISONING DOE TO METAL-COTTING WITH
OXYACETYLENE TORCH..   J. Occupational Med,. 8(6) :301-306,
June 1966.


Several hours after the use of an acetylene torch for metal-
cutting in a poorly ventilated water main, a worker became so
short of breath that he could not sleep.  He reported to the
plant physician 18 hr. after the exposure and an X-ray film
revealed pulmonary edema.,   Reenactment of the event
produced a level of nitrogen dioxide of 90 ppm in «0 rain., the
total oxides of nitrogen being in excess of 300 ppm.  Such a
level might well be expected to produce pulmonary edema.  The
accident was typical of the insidious action of nitrogen dioxide,
which can so easily occur under some conditions and may cause
death.   Recognition of the latent period between exposure and
the development of pulmonary edema, tinely treatment with bed
rest, and, if necessary, the administration of oxygen under
pressure can be life-saving.  A greater awareness of the sources
and toxicity of nitrogen dioxide is also needed to prevent
unnecessary exposure.    (Author summary)**
30                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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00962

H. I. Larsen
AIR POLLDTION FEOH MOTOR VESICLES.   inn.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,
136(12) :275-301, Aug.  26,  1966,,   (Presented  at  a  meeting  of  the
Hew York Academy of  Sciences,  April  6,  1966»)


Motor  vehicles  are a  major source  of urban air  pollution.  They
emit carbon monoxide  that  reduces  man°s ability to transport oxygen
to his  tissues; lead  that  increases  man's body  burden of  this toxic
metal;  cancerigenic hydrocarbons;  and reactive  hydrocarbons  and
nitrogen oxides that  combine  with  sunlight to  produce
eye-irritating, plant-damaging,  visibility-obscuring photochemical
smog in New York as  well as in California.   Present and
predicted air pollutant concentrations  are compared with  pollutant
effects and air quality standards.   Emission-reduction features
presently used  in new cars sold  in California  will improve air
guallty, but will not completely solve  the problem.  Indications
are that 95 percent  reduction  in emissions of  carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides  from  new cars sold in the  United
States  may be needed  by 1975™  Such  a "clean-air  car" by  1975 is
suggested as a  research goal for automobile  manufacturers.   At
present, improved fuel cells  or  improved battery  power seem  to be
the most likely Beans for  achieving  this goal,   (Author
abstract) #*

00969

P., A» Leighton


HAN AHD AIR IB CALIFORNIA.  Preprint.   (Presented  at  the
Statewide Conference  on Ban in California, 1980°s,
Sacramento,  Calif., Jan- 27, 196t.)


Author  discusses polluted  air  in respect  to  automobile emissions
and projects the concentrations  that  can  be  expected  by 1980..
Presented are charts  and tables  which easily delineate the
salient points of the article.*f


01002

E. S»  Starkman,   H.  K« Sewhall,  Bn  Sutton,  T0 Baguire,
and L..  Farbar
AMMONIA AS A SPARK IGNITION ENGINE FDEL:  THEORY AND
APPLICATION.  California Oniv-, Berkeley.   (Presented at the
Society of Automotive Engineers Congress, Detroit, Rich-,
Jan,, 10-1«, 1966, Paper No. 660155.)


Anhydrous ammonia has been demonstrated to  operate successfully
as a fuel for spark ignition engines.  Principal requirements  are
that it be introduced in the vapor phase and partly decomposed
                           B.  Emission Sources                         31

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 to hydrogen and nitrogen.  Spark timing for  maximum  performance
 must be  advanced slightly for  ammonia but  sensitivity  to  sparK
 timing is little greater than  with  hydrocarbons.   Increasing  the
 cylinder ¥all temperature aids in effecting  successful  and
 reliable operation.  The maximum theoretically  possible indicated
 output using ammonia vapor is  about 77% of that with hydrocarbon.
 Specific fuel consumption increases twofold  at  maximum  power
 and 2-1/2 fold at maximum economy when using  ammonia as a
 replacement for hydrocarbon.   {Author abstract)##


 01076

 E. F.  Barley,   F.  H- Burleson,  E.   H,. Mateer,   J.  T.
 Middleton,   and V.  P. Osterli


 CONTRIBUTION OF HORNING OF AGRICULTURAL WASTES  TO  PHOTOCHEMICAL
 AIR POIIDTIOH.   J.  Air Pollution Control Assoc. Vol.
 16 (12) : 685-90,  Dec.  1966..  (Presented at the 59th  Annual
 Meeting,  Air Pollution Control Association, San Francisco,
 Calif..,  June 20-25,  1966.)


 Agricultural wastes from orchards,   grain fields, and range lands
 are burned each year in California  as the  most  practical  means
 of ridding the  land  of these wastes.  In order to  determine the
relative contribution of the burning of such material to
 photochemical air pollution, the effluent  from  123 fires  of known
 weights  of range brush, both dry and green, barley and  rice
 stubble,  and prunings from various  fruit and nut trees  were
 monitored in a  special tower which  provided an open burning
situation.   Analyses were made for  total hydrocarbon, expressed as
C, by flame ionization detection, and for  24 individual
hydrocarbons by gas  chromatography,  as well as for CO and C02
by infrared spectroscopy.  A few analyses  were  made for oxides of
 nitrogen™  These data, coupled with  temperature and airflow
measurements,  allowed calculations  to be made on pounds of
effluent per ton of  material burned  and demonstrated that the
emissions from  agricultural burning  are much less than  those from
the automobile,  a  principal source  of such emissions.   (Author
abstract) #f
01228

I- Eispler  and C. R. Ross


VENTILATION FOR ENGINE EXHADST GASES.  Occupational  Health
Rev. Ottawa 17, (4)  19-22, 1965.,


Engine exhaust gases are capable of affecting  health in  varying
degrees, and confusion as to their relative importance often
arises.  This is partly because most exhaust analyses are reported
only as concentrations within the exhaust system,  without
specifying the total exhaust volume.  For clarification, a
comparison is made of the actual amounts in which  these  components
are emitted from various engines..  These data  exemplify  the
32               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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difference in ventilation requirements  for  diesel  engines and
gasoline engines.  The toxic  effects of carbon  monoxide  and  some
basic ventilation considerations  are outlined.   (Author  abstract) #

01306

L., E.. Peed  and C. R. Barrett
AIR POLLUTION FROM ROAD TRAFFIC -  MEASUREMENTS IN  ARCHWAY  ROAD,
LONDON.   Intern., J. Air Water Pollution, No* 9:  357-365,
1965.,
Measurements of smoke near a busy  main  road  in  London  showed
concentrations  (up to micro grams/cubic meter)  ten  to  twenty
times greater than those at a site  about one hundred yards  away
from the road.  These high concentrations  are considered  to be due
to diesel vehicles.  Correspondingly high  values  for sulphur
dioxide and oxides of nitrogen  at  the roadside  site are
attributed to road traffic generally.   (Author  abstract) ##


01362

E.K. Diehl  E. A. Zavadzki
CONTAMINANTS IN FLUE GASES -  AND  METHODS  FOB  REMOVAL.    Coal
Age, Vol. 70:70-74, Dec.  1965.   (Presented  at Technical
Sales Conference, national Coal Association and  Annual
Meeting of Bituminous  Coal Research,  Inc.,  Sept.  1965.)


The relative importance  of the harmful  pollutants in  stack
gases fron coal combustion is described.  polynuclear
hydrocarbons,  ocides of  nitrogen,  particulates,  and  sulfur  oxides
are considered.  Sulfur  dioxide removal methods  are  described.##
01375

E.S. Starkman  H.K. Newhall
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EXPANSION OF REACTIVE GAS  MIXTURES AS
OCCURRING IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE CYCLES.   California
Univ., Berkeley, Dept., of Mechanical Engineering, 1965,  13  p.
(Presented at the Mid-Year Meeting, Society of Automotive
Engineers, Chicago, 111., May 17-21, 1965, Paper  No. 650509.}


The influence of nonequilibrium in the expansion  gases of
spark ignition engines has been studied theoretically to determine
how power output and exhaust gas composition might be affected.
Comparing a gas which is frozen in composition during
expansion with a composition which continuously is in
equilibriun shows the difference in expansion work can be as
large as 10%.  Maximum influence is in the fuel-air ratio range
of chemically correct mixture.  It was found that carbon monoxide
                           B.  Emission Sources                         33

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and nitric oxide concentrations in the exhaust more nearly reflect
the frozen conposition than the equilibrium expansion.  This is
particularly true for the range of mixture ratios - from lean to
chemically correct.##

01377

R.Gn Mastin


COMBUSTIBLES VERSUS NITROGEN FIXATION IK GAS  ENGINE OPERATION
AND LUBRICATION.   J. Eng. Power, April 1965. p~ 175-80.
(Presented at the Oil and Gas Power Conference and Exhibit,
Dallas, Tex., Apr., 12-16, 196l», of the American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, Paper Ho. 6H-OGP-I*.)


Nitration is preferable to combustibles in the operation of  the
gas engine because it affects only the lubricating oil.
Combustibles affect, in addition to lubricating oil,  engine  parts
by the deposition of carbon, and cause expensive fuel waste.
The data were gathered with the aid of an exhaust gas
analyzer and a spectrophotometer.,  The gas engine should never
be operated with combustibles in the exhaust  gas.  In many
instances, the wasted fuel will equal the cost of several oil
changes during the year.  The naturally aspirated, 1-cycle,  gas
engine should not be operated with 2 to 3 percent excess oxygen
content in the exhaust gases, in order that the peak  incidence
of N02 may be avoided.  R - 0 - N02 was found in varying
degrees in used oils from all types of gas engines.   Deposits  from
the crankcase parts of gas engines contained  R - 0 -  N02.
Gas engine crankcase oils should not be used  too long,,  The  oil
soluble K - O - N02 compounds progress to the insoluble form.
This form then appears to be the nucleus for  the attraction
of all foreign material present which forms the deposit.  Fuller's
earth filtration does not remove oil soluble  R - 0    N02
compounds from the crankcase oil.,**


01382

P.H., Hum,  T.C.. Davis


GAS CRROMATOGHAPHIC ANALTSIS SHOHS INFLUENCE  OF FUEL  ON
COMPOSITION OF ADTOBOTIVE ENGINE EXHAUST.   Proc- Am. Petrol.
Inst. 38(3J :353-375, 1958.  {Presented at the 23rd Midyear
Meeting, American Petroleum Institute's Division of Refining,
Los Angeles, Calif., Hay 12, 1958.)


Chemical differences in the exhaust products  from different  fuels;
and the effect of engine speed and load on these differences are
reported.  Experimental data were obtained with the use of a .late
model automotive Y-8 engine on a dynamometer  block.   Fuels which
were used included pure isooctane, commercial LPG  (butane and
propane, separately), and seven gasoline stocks from  different
refining processes.  Analytical data obtained by gas
chromatography show that exhaust composition  varies with engine
speed and load according to consistent trends.  These trends are
34               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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influenced by fuel composition, and the degree of fuel influence
depends upon mode of engine operation—some basic fuel
characteristics are more heavily reflected in the exhaust than are
others.  Generally, differences in the composition of exhausts
front different fuels are quantitatively small, but they are
reproducible.  (Author abstract modified)ft


01383

H.W. Hum,  T.C. Davis,  P«E° Tribble


DO AUTOMOTIVE EHISSIONS IBHEHIT FOEL CHARACTERISTICS?
An- Petrol. Ins., Proc i»0 (3) : 352-357, 1960.   (Presented
at the 25th Midyear Heeting, American Petroleum Institute's
Division of Refining, Detroit, Mich., Hay 11, 1960.)


In general, the composition of the hydrocarbon component of
exhaust produced during engine deceleration is closely related to
the fuel.  However, daring acceleration and cruise the
hydrocarbons emitted may be quite dissimilar  to the fuel.  In
this latter instacne the amount of olefin emitted bears no direct
relation to fuel olefin.  Moreover, reduced fuel olefin with
increased paraffinicity generally results in  increased emissions
of olefin.  In all engine cycles, the aromatic content of the
exhausts follows the aromatic content of the  fuel.  Thus,
hydrocarbons which are emitted inherit the fuel"s characteristics
during only a portion of the average driving  cycle.  During the
remainder of the cycle many of the original fuel characteristics
are erased and the emissions become no more than characteristic
mutations.  i(Author abstract modified) t#


0138t

R.W. Hurn,  C.L. Dozoisff  J.O. Chase,  C.F. Ellis,
P.E. Ferrin


THE POTPOOHRI THAT IS EXHADST GAS.   Proc. Am. Petrol. Inst. ,
<»2(3]i: 657-664, 1962.  {Presented at the 27th  Midyear Meeting,
American Petroleum Institute's Division of Befining, San
Francisco, Calif., May 17, 1962.,)


Information concerning the myriad compositions and hydrocarbon
distributions that accompany changes in engine mode and that define
the variable character of an exhaust gas stream is given.  Data
were obtained on exhaust gases produced using an engine
dynamometer cycled through steady-state and transient modes to
simulate demands on the engine in city traffic.  Test procedures
were designed to optimize reproducibility of  the tests.  Moreover,
analyses were scheduled in a manner to permit determination of all
components on the same or on comparable samples.  Carbon
hydrocarbons by major types, oxygen, oxides of nitrogen, and
hydrocarbon-derived ocygenates were determined.  Concentrations
that were measured fell within a range of values that had been
reported in the literature.  However, the analyses are unique in
                            B. Emission Sources                        35

-------
that they provide information on the simultaneous, concurrent
concentrations of materials that constitute the exhaust gas flow
and on how these concentrations vary with steady-state and
transient engine operation.  The data also show the manner in
which both absolute and relative distributions of hydrocarbon in
the exhausts vary with change in engine mode-  (Author abstract
modified) ##
 011811
 AUTOMOTIVE AIR POLLUTION (A REPORT TO THE D.S. CONGRESS IN
 COMPLIANCE WITH PDBLIC LAH 88-206, THE CLEAN AIR ACT)„
 Preprint.  Dec. 1961..


 fhotocheiaical air pollution or smog is a problem of growing
 national importance and is attributable largely to the operation of
 the motor vehicle.   Manifestations of this type of air pollution
 are appearing with  increasing frequency and severity in
 metropolitan areas  throughout the United States.  Biological
 studies of animals  show that the photochemical reaction products of
 automotive emissions produce adverse health effects.  There is
 substantial evidence that these effects may appear in humans after
 extended exposure to air which is known to be polluted with these
 same products in many of the larger urban areas.  Laboratory
 experiments have demonstrated that reductions of atmospheric
 hydrocarbons, an important emission from motor vehicles, can reduce
 photochemical air pollution and such manifestations as eye
 irritation and plant damage,,  Other automotive emissions such as
 nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide have also been determined as
 significant.  Nitrogen oxides, which appear in engine exhaust
 gases as well as the effluent of other combustion processes, also
 play an important role in photochemical air pollution.  Technical
 procedures for reducing these emissions are not so clearly
 established as for  hydrocarbons-  Carbon monoxide, although not a
 contributor to atmospheric photochemical reactions, is a directly
 toxic substance. Technical procedures have been developed which
 substantially reduce emissions of this pollutant.  The current
 problem and progress in its resolution are reported.  (Author
 summary modified) t#
 01188

 Ludwig,  J.  H.


 SEMINAR  ON  AIR POLLDTION  BY  MOTOR  VEHICLES.    Technology
 Research and Development  Programs,  Washington,  D.C.
 {(51)) P-. 1968..   1  ref..


 The  contribution  of motor vehicle  emissions  to community-wide air
 pollution levels; emissions  from gasoline  and diesel engines; and
 photochemical reactions in the  atmosphere  are reviewed. ##



36               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
A.. C. Stern
HOW THE UNITED STATES LOOKS AT  THE  AUTO  EXHAUST  PROBLEM.
Public Health Service, Washington,  D.C.,  Div.  of Air
Pollution.   
-------
of Public Health, Berkeley, Bureau of lir Sanitation-
Jan., 1966.,  1-6 pp.


Chapter briefly describes the chemical and physical  properties
of the oxides of nitrogen.  Mention is nade of the role  the
nitrogen oxides play in automotive air pollution  (this facet  is
more deeply covered in subseguent chapters).  Three  graphs  are
presented:  (1J effect of spark timing on oxides  of  nitrogen
concentration; (2)  effect of compression ratio on oxides of
nitrogen concentration; (3) effect of manifold air pressure on
oxides of nitrogen concentration.#t


01572
OXIDES OF NITROGEN IN THE flTHOSPHEEE  (CHAPTER V  OF  THE  OXIDES
OF NITROGEN IN AIR POLLDTIOH).  California State Dept.,  of
Public Health, Berkeley, Bureau of Air Sanitation,  p. 33-51.
Jan. 1966.


This article discusses the air monitoring systems in  California
which detect the concentrations of nitrogen oxides.
Concentrations are given for hourly,  daily, monthly and seasonal
variations-  Statistics are also stated for hydrocarbon emissions
but not in as much detail as for the  oxides of nitrogen.##


01573
COLOR EFFECTS OF NITROGEN KIOXIDE IN THE ATHOSPHERE  (CHAPTER  VI
OF THE OXIDES OF NITROGEN IN AIR POLLIJTION)„  California  State
Dept., of Public Health, Berkeley, Bureau of Air Sanitation.
p.. 53-63, Jan.. 1966.


The coloration effect of H02 in the atmosphere depends  on
N02 concentration, viewing distance, and aerosol concentration.
The effect of 0.5 ppn N02, »ith a viewing distance of 10  miles,
is postulated to be acceptable on days of 10 mile visibility.
In an aerosol-free atmosphere, with the same viewing distance of
10 miles, the acceptable N02 concentration is about  0.1 ppm.  In
reality, an aerosol-free atmosphere does not occur in metropolitan
areas, and a visibility of 20 miles would represent  a reasonable
goal for atmospheric clarity.  On such days, the acceptable NO2
concentration would be about 0.25 ppm.  (Author summary)##


0157U
PHYTOTOXICITY OF KITBOGEN DIOXIDE  (CHAPTER VII OF THE OXIDES  OF
NITROGEN IN AIR POLLUTION)„  California State Dept.  of  Public
Health, Berkeley, Bureau of Air Sanitation.  p.. 65-67.,
Jan.. 1966.,
38                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
A brief resume of the effects nitrogen dioxide has on plant
species is presented.  The conclusion is that concentrations in
excess of 2-2,5 ppm are necessary to cause appreciable plant
damage.**


01575
PHOTOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF KITKOGEN OXIDES  {CHAPEH  VIII OF  THE
OXIDES OF NITROGEN IB AIR POLLUTION).   California  State
Dept- of Public  Health, Berkeley, Bureau  of Air
Sanitation.  p.  69-89,  Jan,,  1966.


The chemistry of the  photochemical  reaction is reviewed,  with
emphasis on the  role  of nitrogen oxides.   It is concluded that
quantitative predictions cannot be  made about the changes in  the
photochemical smog effects  that would  result from various degrees
of control of either  hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides from motor
vehicles.f#
01576
BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF  NITROGEN  DIOXIDE  (CHAPTER  IX OF  THE  OXIDES
OF NITROGEN IN  AIR POLLUTION).    California  State  Dept.  of
Public Health,  Berkeley,  Bureau  of  Air  Sanitation, p..  91-112
Jan., 1966.
Article reviews the toxic effects  that  nitrogen  dioxide  has  on
man and animal™  A chart specifying  the concentration  (ppm)  of
nitrogen dioxide, the effects on man and lower animals,  and  a
reference for this data is presented.   The  concentration range
is 0.05 ppn to 500 ppm.#*
01583

E,. H. Gerstle  RuF. Peterson
ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FROM NITRIC ACID MANUFACTURING  PROCESSES  -
A COMPREHENSIVE SDMHARY.   Preprint.   (For  Presentation  at
the American Inst. of Chemical Engineers, Detroit, Mich.,
Dec. 8, 1966.)


Atmospheric emissions from nitric acid plants depend  on  plant
operating conditions, production rates, and the  use of control
devices..  Data in this article show that  plants  operating within
design capacities and producing 55-60% nitric acid can limit the
nitrogen oxides concentration to 0.3X in  the stream leaving the
absorption tower.  This is equivalent to  about 50 pounds of
nitrogen oxides per ton of nitric acid  (100% basis) produced.
Installation of scrubbers or catalytic reduction equipment
                            B. Emission Sources                        39

-------
can reduce these emissions by 50 to 11%.  Emissions  during  startup
or shutdown usually do not create any special problems.
(Author summary modified)#*
0162K

D.. A. Jensen
SOtJPCES AND KINDS OF CONTAMINANTS FROH HOTOE VEHICLES
(INFORMATIVE EEPT., NO. «).   J. Air Pollution Control  Assoc.
1H, <8) 327-8, Aug. 196i».   (TA-10 Vehicular Exhaust
Committee).


The sources of the pollutants, the important compounds,  and  the
magnitude of the several contaminant sources from  both gasoline
and diesel powered motor vehicles are indicated.*#
C17UO

K. Grosskopf


THE PROBLEM OF PROVIDING ADEQUATE VENTILATION AT THE  POINT  OF
HORK DDRING GAS AND ARC HELDING.,  Zum Problem der
Ausreichenden Beluftung des Arbeitsplatzes bein Gas-  und
Lichtbogenschweissen.  Schweissen Schneiden  (Duesseldorf)
18, (7) 323-5, July 1966.


Safety regulations governing welding require that adequate
ventilation should be provided at the point  of work.   This  rather
unprecise formula can be clarified by localizing one  of the gases
cahracteristic to the welding process concerned, taking into
account in each case the permissible MAK value.  In the case
of gas welding and open arc welding with coated electrodes  the  gas
recommended is a nitrous gas, for plasma welding and  TIG  and
KIG welding it is ozone.  If C02 is used for welding  then
special attention must be paid to the carbon monoxide content in
the room atmosphere.  The controls can be carried out in  a
simple manner through the use of suitable detector tubes.   (Author
summary) #*
018K2

D. F. Halters  and D., 0,. Martin
AN EVALUATION OF THE AIR POLLOTION ASPECTS OF THE PROPOSED
STEAB-ELECTRIC PLANT AT OAK PARK, HINNESOTA.  Preprint.   1965.


The installation and operation of the 550,000 kilowatt
steam-electric plant at Oak Park, Minnesota, will generate
large quantities of air pollutants, principally sulfur  dioxide.
40               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POL LUTION

-------
nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter.  A 785-foot stack will be
installed to permit dispersion and dilution of gaseous pollutants.
Calculations indicate that ground level concentration of sulfur
dioxide may cause acute damage to vegetation.  However, existing
information is inadequate to predict with assurance whether
long-term chronic effects will be experienced by long-lived
vegetation such as trees.  It is expected that the human
perception threshold for S02 will be exceeded occasionally.
Inversion breakup fumigation may produce ground level
concentrations exceeding the human perception threshold at
distances of ten miles or more.  The installation and operation
of a second unit of 750,000 kilowatt capacity will more than double
air pollution emissions..  If the 550,000 kilowatt unit is built
and operated, a S02 monitoring network should be activated.,
This will assist in determining the effects of S02 on the
surrounding vegetation and people, as well as provide guides for
future installation design.  Prevailing winds in this area are
such that air pollutants will often be carried into Wisconsin.
Therefore, officials of that State should take part in air
pollution activities connected with the proposed plant.  Plans
and studies should be started now to obviate future air pollution
problems indicated by plans for expansion of this plant beyond the
initial 550,000 kilowatt capacity.**
018U8

A.. H., Hose
SUMMARY REPORT OF VEHICULAR EMISSIONS  AND THEIR  CONTROL.
Preprint.   (Presented at the Hinter  Annual  Meeting,
American Society of Mechanical  Engineers, Chicago,  111.,
Nov. 1965.,)


The report  summarizes average emissions  from  the four  sources  of
contaminants in the present day  automobile:   the exhaust,  the
crankcase,  the fuel tank, and the carburetor.  Levels  of
contaminants presented are for emissions under average urban
driving conditions, in contrast  to earlier  work  in  which values
were based  on cyclic dynamometer tests.  Emission levels are
expressed as pounds per day emitted  and, where applicable,  as
concentration.  Emissions are considered by general chemical
classes to  indicate the relative photochemical reactivities of
compounds from each of the four  sources.  Control approaches are
briefly discussed.  {Author abstract)*#
01863
AUTOMOTIVE AIR POLLDTION;  (SECOND REPORT OF  THE  SECRETARY  OF
HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE TO THE D.S. CONGRESS  PURSUANT
TO PUBLIC LAW 88-206 - THE CLEAN AIR ACT.)    89th  Congress
(1st Session  (Document 12) July 15, 1965.  17  pp.
                            B.  Emission Sources                        41

-------
Progress is reported on the resolution of the following  problems;
exhaust emissions, crankcase emission, fuel evaporative  losses,
maintenance, fuel, and diesels.  The relevant literature is
reviewed-tt
01868
AUTOMOTIVE SIR POLLUTION.  (THIRD REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF
HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE TO THE U.S. COHGHESS PURSUANT
TO PUBLIC LAW 88-206 - THE CLEAN AIH ACT.)   89th Congress
(2nd Session} (Docusent 83) Mar. 25, 1966.  17 pp.


Reduced exhaust emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide
have become a reality in California with the introduction of the
1966-model passenger cars and light commercial vehicles.
Recognition of the need for still further control measures
is evidenced by the adoption of nitrogen oxide standards by
the California Board of Health.  The Department of Health,
Education, and Selfare is implementing the new responsibilities
and authories conferred by the Motor Vehicle Air Pollution
Control Act.  Standards for the control of emissions from
gasoline-fueled vehicles are being deveoped accordingly, to
become effective with the 1968 models.  Some additional
technical information has become available.  Further studies of
the effect of ambient temperature on exhaust emissions indicate
that low teiperatures tend to increase exhaust hydrocarbons and
carbon monoxide, particularly following cold engine starts.
Preliminary results obtained from a study of the effect of
leaded fuels indicate that combustion chamber deposits may not
significantly affect the quantities of hydrocarbons and carbon
monoxide emitted in exhaust gases.  1 survey conducted to measure
carbon monoxide levels in urban communities suggests that
human exposure to carbon monoxide may be greater than routine
atmospheric monitoring data had indicated.  A number of new
projects are being initiated by the Government to study the
performance characteristics of production-type exhaust emission
controls in varied environnents, to develop more definitive
data on exhaust emissions from small cars and diesel-powered
vehicles, to learn more about human tolerance of lead and carbon
monoxide, and to effect control of oxides of nitrogen.  An
expansion of industry research in automotive air pollution and its
control is indicated by the recent activities of technical
associations.  ((Author summary) f#


01890

Hilliams, J- D,,   G. Ozolins,  00 »„ Sadler,,  and J., 5.
Farmer
INTERSTATE AIR POLLOTIOH STDDY:  PHASE II PHOJECT REPORT.
VIII.  A PROPOSAL FOB AS AIR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM.
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center
for Air Pollution Control, 132p., May 1967.  7 refs
42               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
This report is devoted to the development of an air use  plan for
the St. Louis metropolitan area.  An air use plan may be
thought of as a link between the potential pollutant emissions of a
community and the air quality goals.  Its function is to optimize
the use of the air vith respect to the amount of pollutants
emitted, by considering the dilution capacity of the air basin and
the configuration of the pollutant sources in the area.   The air
use plan may then be used as the basic framework for achieving the
desired air quality by the various means available such  as limiting
the emissions from individual sources, limiting the emissions from
sources in certain areas, or even disallowing new pollution
sources in overburdened areas..  In short, it provides the basis
for enacting control regulations and provides a guide for future
planning activities.M


01902

H. Hukai,  J. F. Thomas,  and B« D. Tebbens-


AROMATIC HYDBOCJBBONS PBODDCED DURING COHBOSTION OF SIHPLE
ALIPHATIC FDELS.   Anal. Chem. 37, 398-403, Bar. 1965..
(Presented before the Division of Water, Air and Waste
Chealstry, 1t8th Heeting, American Chemical Society,
Chicago, 111., Sept. 1965.)


The combustion of simple aliphatic fuels such as methane and
propane at atmospheric pressure results in the formation of a wide
array of products.  Previous work has been concerned with
arene-type products.  Current work has shown the relative
production of benzene, toluene, ethybenzene, as well as  other
simple alkyl substituted derivatives of benzene.  The practical
aspects include an index of relative abundance of the latter type
of compounds that might be found in polluted atmospheres as well as
indicating a method for predicting the relative contribution of
automobile exhaust to atmospheric pollution.  (Author abstract)##

01958

P. W» Leach,  L. J. Leng,  T. A., Bellar,,  J. E. Sigsby,
Jr.,  and A. P. Altshuller
EFFECTS OF I1C/HOX HATIOS ON IRRADIATED ADTO EXHADST, PART II.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 1ft, (5) 176-83, Hay 1961.
(Presented at the 56th Annual Heeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Detroit, Mich., June 11-13, 1963.)


The relative concentrations of individual hydrocarbons have been
shown to be independent of autoexhaust concentration in dynamic
irradiation experiments.  The absolute concentrations of the
individual hydrocarbons are linearly related to total hydrocarbon
concentration.  The decrease in the concentration of reactive
hydrocarbons during irradiation is found to be independent of
whether a 120- or a 180-minute average irradiation time is used.,
A fourfold reduction in initial hydrocarbon concentration at
constant hydrocarbon to nitrogen oxide level causes a slight
                           B.  Emission Sources                         43

-------
increase in the relative  amounts  (percent}  of  hydrocarbon consumed
during irradiation.  The  sane  fourfold  reduction  in initial
hydrocarbon concentration at constant nitric  oxide  level results in
a  decrease in the percent of olefins reacted,  but does not affect
the percent of aromatics  reacted.   If the  hydrocarbon level is
kept constant, while the  nitrogen oxide level  is  varied, an
increase in nitrogen oxides causes  a marked reduction in the
percent of olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons  reacted during
irradiation.  The aldehyde yields are linearly related to the
total hydrocarbon level.   No significant effect on  aldehyde yields
was found when the average irradiation  time was varied from 120 to
180 minutes.  The aldehyde yields did vary with a decrease in
yield both at very high and very low ratios of hydrocarbon to
nitrogen oxide.  The individual hydrocarbon and aldehyde
concentrations are shown  to fall well within the  range of
atmospheric concentrations.  although the  aldehydes may be
responsible in part for the eye irritation, the presence of other
eye-irritating species must be postulated  to explain the shape of
the eye-irritation response curves  when plotted against nitrogen
oxide concentration.*#


02066

Ho Breuer,  and K. dinkier,


SOURCES AND DISTRIBUTION  OF AIR POL1UTIONS ASCERTAINED BY
STATIONARY RECORDING OF GASEOUS COMPONENTS.    Herkunft Und
Ausbreitung Von Luftverunreinigungen, Ernittelt Durch
Stationare Registrierung  Hehrerer Immissionskomponenten.
Proc.  (Part I) Intern. Clean Sir Cong., London, 1966,.
(Paper VII/10).  pp. 239-42.


Simultaneous, continuous  and stationary measurement of the
concentration of gas components 
-------
biological effects show:  (1) The rate of N02 formation
increased proportionately with both exhaust concentration and
olefin content of the fuel.   (2) The percentage of N02 reacting
with unreacted fresh exhaust components and with secondary reaction
products varied inversely with the increase of the exhaust
concentration level,.  (3) No consistent change in oxidant
concentration level (primarily ozonej resulted from an inarease
in the hydrocarbon concentration level at which the irradiation
was made..  (4) Formaldehyde formation increased in direct
proportion to the increase in hydrocarbon concentration at
irradiation-   <5) Plant effects indicate a shift in the type
of phytotoxicant developed and a decrease in damage level
with increase in the hydrocarbon concentration level at which
the irradiation was made™  (6) Bacterial effect showed a
significant increase in degree of kill with increase in
hydrocarbon concentration level at which the irradiation was
made.  {Author summary} ft


0211(8

T. Taga


(N02 GAS GENEBATED IN THE COHBDSTION CHAMBER OF COAL BURNING
BOILEES.)   Clean Air Heat Management  (Tokyo) 15  («) , 5-9
(Apr. 1966).  Jap.  (Translated  as JPBS-B-8588-D..)


The author emphasizes the importance of N02 in air  pollution
and urges that as much effort should be exerted in  abating
pollution due to this gas as to S02  or S03 which are
currently under extensive study.  The paper describes the
experimental study done  by the  O.S»  Bureau of nines, and
discusses the results of a similar study by the author.**

02312
AIR RESODFCES OF DTAH.,   Dtah Legislative Council, Salt
Lake City, Air Pollution Advisory Committee.  June 1962..
32 pp.


A survey was made of the available information concerning air
pollution problems in Utah.  No evidence was found to indicate
that Dtah has a major air pollution problem at this time; however,
a few perisistent problems exist in restricted areas.  Over the
years three air pollution situations in Dtah have produced injury
to plant and animal life or have constituted a public
nuisance.,  These are:  (a)  sulfur dioxide in Salt Lake Valley
(non-ferrous smelters, burning of coal, gasoline combustion, and
petroleum refining are the principal sources) ; (b) smoke and smog
along the Wasatch Front and in other localized areas  {burning
of coal, open burning on municipal dump grounds and in junk yards,
and waste disposal around private homes constitute the major
sources); and (c) fluorides (processing of Dtah ores  by steel
mills in Dtah County, brick and ceramic plants, phosphate
fertilizer plants, and general combustion processes are the
                           B. Emission Sources                        45

-------
principal sources.  Industry has made substantial progress in
alleviating sulfur dioxide, fluorides, snoke, and hydrocarbons .by
installing expensive control equipment and By supplementing
this equipment with extensive research, survey, and monitoring
programs.,  legislation authorizing the state, or cities and towns,
to deal with public nuisances if ound in the Utah Code.  There
is no definition of air pollution, however, and its treatment
as a nuisance is guestionalbe.  Enabling legislation should define
the problem, permit study of its effects, and permit actions to
control injurious practices-  
-------
gasoline-powered passenger car accounts for the major share
of auto exhaust enissions associated with production of
photochenical snog.  Of the various sources of emissions from
all types of vehicles, tailpipe enissions from gasoline-powered
vehicles are the most significant, followed by crankcase
02375

J. E. Sigsby, Jr.,  and «„ W. Korth,


COMPOSITION OF BLOWBY EMISSIONS.   Preprint.   {Presented at the
57th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Houston, Tex., June 21-25, 196U, Paper No. 6H-72.)


The composition of blowby emissions was evaluated from ten
different cars with displacements ranging fron 52 cu in. to 365
chromatographic analyses were made of the blowby hydrocarbon
composition covering a group of approximately 75 components.
Dondispersive infrared and flame ionization equipment were also
used to determine CO, CO2 and hydrocarbon concentrations.
(Author abstract}*t
02610

C. V- Ranter,  and B. G. lunche


EMISSIONS AND POLLUTANT LEVELS '{TRENDS IN LOS ANGELES).
Arch., Environ. Health 8, (1) 5-1U, Jan. 196U.  (Presented at
the Sixth Annual &ir Pollution Medical Besearch Conference,
San Francisco, Califo, Jan. 28-29, 1963.J


For accurate assessment of the problems, needs, and progress of an
air pollution control program, accurate information must be
obtained on emissions of contaminants from sources, and on
contaminant levels.  This is a very large task, reguireing the
acquisition of a great mass of data on a continuing basis.  In a
large community suffering the blight of smog, the acquisition of
data is imperative in order to take effective action to stop the
advancing menace and to begin a trend back toward clean air.  In
Los Angeles total air pollution surveys and air monitoring
activities have provided the means for understanding the basic
causes of the snog problem, and for guiding actions which have
slowed the advance of smog and which will turn it back.
Inspection of trends of emissions and contaminant levels in Los
Angeles County affirms that a vigorous control program on
stationary sources can slow and even reverse trends.  It is clear
though, that permanence of these effects cannot be achieved until
the increasing emissions fron motor vehicles are controlled.  Of
the major contaminants discussed, only sulfur dioxide, which is not
significantly affected by motor vehicles emissions, has regressed.
                           B.  Emission Sources                        47

-------
02635

J. H. Boddy  and D<, Turner


A DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM AND SIGNIFICANCE OF  AIR  POLLUTION  FROM
PETROL-ENGINED VEHICLES  (PART I OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION:   A
SURVEY OF SOME ASPECTS OF THE EMISSIONS FROM PETROL-ENGINED
VEHICLES AND THEIR TREATMENT),.  British Technical Council  of
the Motor and Petroleum Industries, England.  Sept.  1965.,
pp. 1-3H.


World-wide legislation is reviewed; the existing and  probable
restriction on vehicle use and design is presented.   The motor
vehicle pollutants are detailed.  The public health  significance
is examined.  Automotive emissions are compared  to those from
other sources.  Existing legislation in the western  and
non-Communist world, other than the Californian  legislation,
imposes negligible restrictions on the gasoline  engine at  present,
but shows indications of imminent action.  Legislation in  many
countries is framed in such a way that regulations against emission
from gasoline vehicles could be enforced without major revision of
legislation-  This is most apparent in recent revisions of
legislation, e.g. Ireland, France, and Belgium.  When and  if
the present legislation in the U.K. is successful in  controlling
pollution from industrial and domestic sources,  more  attention must
inevitably focus on the motor vehicle.  The gasoline-engined
vehicle makes a major contribution to the following  pollutants:
carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons, and oxides of  nitrogen.
Of these pollutants referred to, carbon monoxide is  certainly  the
most undesirable.  Oxides of nitrogen may be more damaging in
respect to chronic exposure but evidence is limited.  Unburnt
hydrocarbons in vapour form appear significant only  in relation to
photochemical smogs.  Heavy hydrocarbons in association with
non-particulate matter, like oxides of nitrogen, have possible
significance in relation to effects of chronic exposure.   The  use
of lead in gasolines appears to have minor significance as a health
hazard in respect to its pollution of the atmosphere.  Major
attention should be immediately devoted to the reduction of carbon
monoxide emission from automotive vehicles.  In  the  interests  of
clarifying the situation and, as a safeguard against  possible
legislation of an unnecessarily restrictive nature, the motor  and
petroleum industries should support research into the significance
of such emissions as oxides of nitrogen and heavy hydrocarbons and
methods of reducing these., ##
03113

E.W. Gerstle,  S.T« Cuffe,  A.A. Orning,  C.H- Schwartz
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM COAL-FIEED POWER PLANTS,, BEPOBT
NO., 2.   J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15,  (2) 59-61,
Feb. 19659
The Public Health Service and the Bureau of Mines are
conducting a joint study to evaluate a number of flue-gas-stream
48               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
components from coal-burning power plants.  Emissions  of  fly
ash, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, polynuclear  hydrocarbons,
total gaseous hydrocarbons, formaldehydes, certain  metals,
and carbon dioxide are determined-  A previous paper
covered air pollutant emissions from vertical-fired and front-wall-
fired poirer plant boilers.  This paper includes a comparative
evaluation of emissions from a tangential-fired and a  turbo-fired
power plant boiler.   {Author abstract) f#
 031 6<1

 M.  E.  LePera
 INVESTIGATION  OF  THE ADTOXIDATION OF PETROLEDH FDELS (INTERIM
 KEPT.).   Array  Coating and Chemical lab., Aberdeen Proving
 Ground,  Hd,.  (CCL  Sept.  204)  (Project 1C024U01A106) „
 JUNE  1966.   21 PP.,
    CFSTI,DDC   AD 641270


 The deterioration of petroleum fuels was studied by investigation
 of  their autoxidation susceptibilities.   Federal and Military
 Specification  fuels  and commercial gasolines were subjected to a
 six-week accelerated aging test with analyses for generated
 hydroperoxides determined at weekly intervals.  The resulting
 peroxide-time  curves revealed autoxidation tendencies to vary
 considerably,.   Under the conditions of this aging technique, there
 is  evidence  that  the bulk storage supply of combat gasoline
 
-------
standards of emissions control apply to two contaminants,
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide, and to two possible emission
sources, crankcase and exhaust systems.  It is probable that
nitrogen oxide, lead, sulfur dioxide, odor, and particulate
components of motor vehicle exhaust will become the subject of
future standards; the fuel system and evaporation losses
associated with it is the subject of study for early inclusion
among systems requiring control.  Research studies upon which
revised standards and procedures will be based are reviewed.  The
policy which will prevail in the establishment of new emission
standards on a national level is one which will recognize the needs
of the most susceptible members of the population at risk and the
quality of the air where the risk is highest.  Sections of this
report deal with the air quality as it refelcts the extent of the
automotive air pollution problem in many cities across the United
States and its potential influence on the health and well-being of
their citizens.   (Author summary modified)##
03202

V. Del Vecchioo


THE PHOBLEHS OF BASIC URB1N AIR POLLUTION.    II problema
dellDinguinamento di fondo urbano dell'aria atmosferica.,  Fumi
Polveri (Hilan)  6, (6)  177-8,  June 1966.


Basic urban air pollution refers to the discharge into the air of
exhaust gases from motor vehicles and from  heating units, which
are prevalently inefficient.   Both sources  discharge respirable
dusts and gases, the latter including some  aliphatic and aromatic
hydrocarbons which have proven carcinogenic in experimental
animals.  The problem arising from the incomplete combustion of
motor fuels is aggravated by the presence,  in Italian cities, of
narrow streets and relatively high buildings which become
repositories of emitted fumes and dust from slow-moving vehicles.
As much as 12 to 13% CO may be present in gasoline-driven motor
car exhaust.  Hhile gross measurement of pollutants present in the
urban air is of high indicative value, public health aspects of the
problem demand that granulometric studies of the dust particles
also be conducted, since size is a factor in respirability..   In
addition,  photochemical studies involving the interaction between
the pollutants in the air and the sun°s rays indicate that solar
radiation transforms the originally present contaminants into
biologically more receptive compounds, quite different from their
precursors.  Thus peroxacetylnitrate (PAN) is produced from
BOx, and the new substance is a powerful irritant of the mucus
membranes.  The dramatic episodes of mass illness resulting from
smog in various places in recent years were caused by the
phenomenon of thermal inversion which prevented the dispersion of
the irritants present in the air. *#

03233

5J. Thurauf  and H. Ehnert
      FORMATION OF HITBIC OXIDE DOHIHG COKING.))   uber die


50                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
Bildung von Stickstoffmonoxid bei der Verkokung nnd seine
Bestimmung in Koksofengas.  Brennstoff-Chem.  {Essen)
9{48) : 270-273, Sept.  Translated from German  as
JPHS H-8582-D.
Experiments vere undertaken in order to settle the question of
where and when nitric oxide is formed during the coking process,
and the manner in which the nitric oxide content of coke oven gas
changes during the process of coking.  The experiments were
conducted on a snail scale, employing specially designed apparatus
with the thermal energy being provided by an electric heater, in
order to eliminate the possibility that coking fuels are
responsible for the formation of nitric oxide-  It was found that
nitric oxide begins to form during the first state at which gas is
driven off; and that the extent to which it continues as the
temperature is raised depends on the type of coal, its granular
structure, and the temperature rise.  Formation appears to be
complete by the time that the coking coal reaches a temperature of
HCO Co  In the case of ground coals, the finer the grains the
lower the formation of nitric oxide, and vice versa; the reverse
being true for coal dust obtained by sifting coal that had been
stored in the open air.  The NO contents of subseguently
heated alcohol extracts from coals are approximately the same as
those of the same coals directly heated in a helium atmosphere, and
are from four to twelve tines as great as the volumes contained in
the distillation gases obtained during the coking process.  This
indicated that approximately 90* of the NO which is formed
during coking is subsequently decomposed by reactions with the
other distillation products.  NO is not formed,, as formerly
believed, through oxidation during coking, but rather from the
decomposition of substances which are formed when coal is stored in
the open air.ft


03255

H. 1. Cummins  and V., J. Konopinski


HOTOF VEHIC1E EXHAUST COHCEHTBATIONS IN A ROAD TUNNEL.
Preprint.  (Presented at the Conference of the American
Industrial Hygiene Association, Philadelphia, Pa., Apr., 29,
I960.)


The contribution of motor vehicle exhaust to ambient air pollution
was studied by using a vehicular-road tunnel as a sampling site.
An intensive aeronetric study was conducted April 20 through 28,
1963, at the Sumner Tunnel in Boston, Hassachusetts.  The
tunnel is now operated as a one—way tube.  Air guality was
determined on the fresh air supplied to the tunnel (inlet air), on
the air exhaust from the tunnel {exhaust air) „ and at three sites
within the tunnel.  Particulate pollutants were analyzed for total
suspended particulates, benzene-soluble organics, sulfates,
nitrates, metals, and polycyclic hydrocarbons.  Concentration of
S02, oxides N, N02, aliphatic aldehydes, and CO were also
determined.  The average concentration of total suspended
particulates in the inlet air was 86 micrograms/cu m while that of
the exhaust air was H2<» micrograms/cu m.  The concentrations of
                           B. Emission Sources                         51

-------
total particulates, ben2ene-soluble organics, sulfates, and
nitrates for the inlet and exhaust air were less than reported  in a
previous study,,  The ranges o£ concentrations of oxides N, N02,
and aliphatic aldehydes in the tunnel were, respectively, 11.3  to
13.0, 3.5 to 8.8, and 3.1 to 12.6 parts per hundred million
(hereafter referred to as pphn) .  S02 concentrations ranged from
0.1 to 0.5 pphm, and were less than ambient concentrations.  The
Bean daily concentration of CO was 2.3 ppm in the inlet air and
50.8 ppm in the exhaust air.  Mean concentrations in the tunnel
ranged from 20.5 to 5i»., 2 ppm and increased with increasing
distance into the tunnel.  Other pollutants exhibited a similar
gradient..  The particulate pollutant concentrations measured
during April 1963 study are less than those measured in 1961.,
This decrease may be attributable to operation of the tunnel with
one-way traffic and the concomitant piston effect, and to a 36
percent decrease in the average number of motor vehicles using the
tunnel.  Values for polycyclic hydrocarbons reported for the 1961
study were in error; corrected values are given in this report.
(Author abstract) ##


03265

A., F., Bush,  P.  A., Glater,  G. Bichards,  and J. Dyer


EFFECT OF ENGINE EXHAUST OS THE ATMOSPHERE WHEN AUTOMOBILES ABE
EQUIPPED HITH AFTEHBUBNEBS.  Proc. Tech. Meeting West Coast
Section, Air Pollution Control Assoc., 3rd, Monterey,
Calif.,, 1963.,)


"Typical" smog damage of the conventional type if induced in
Nicotiana glutinosa when the ratio of pure air to automobile
exhaust is in the range of 1000 to 1 in the test facility.  A
specific cycle of engine operation involving acceleration, cruise,
deceleration and idle produced typical damage.  The absence of
cruise in the cycle caused no damage to occur.,  With an after
burner on the exhaust of internal combustion engines, it becomes
apparent that a  new type of injury was being induced in
Hicotiana glutinosa plants.  Fumigations with afterburner
exhausts consistently produced atypical plant damage, whereas
automobile exhaust fumigations, without afterburner devices,
usually produced typical oxidant damage.  2t is considered that
since the concentration of hydrocarbons is reduced using the
afterburner, one of the principal air polluting agents has been
eliminated; typical air pollution therefore, does not occur.  This
does not mean that plant damage is eliminated, only that the usual
type of plant damage appears to have replaced it  (atypical)..
Some of the exceptions to the trends described in #1 above can  be
explained on the basis of lack of sweep of the tunnel so that
residual smog-forming materials may have remained behind.,  The
tunnel must therefore be carefully swept with air passed through
beds of activated charcoal for at least 15 hours before the
fumigation can have validity.  Plant damage does not correlate
well with measured concentrations of nitric oxide.  Atypical
damage is produced however in almost every instance of
afterburner exhaust fumigation.  Since the fumigation period
includes the period when the oxides of nitrogen are high  (ppm  or
so) it may be speculated that the new damage is due to oxides  of
52               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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nitrogen in the absence of high hydrocarbon.  There is fair
correlation between hydrocarbon concentrations and the appearance
of typical damage when no afterburner is used.   Afterburner
exhaust in the chamber showed no appreciable human eye irritation
resulting from the new atmosphere while automobile exhaust without
afterburner produced eye irritation of the type  described by
Bnchberg.  ^Author conclusions) *t
03355

1. Sutton  and Eo S« Starkman
OXIDES OF NITBOGEN IN ENGINE EXHAUST WITH AMMONIA FUEL.
California Dniv., Berkeley, Dept. of Mechanical
Engineering™  (Technical Sept,, No. 7 and Kept- No.
TS-66-to)  June 1966.  28 pp.
   CFSTI,  DDC   61tOI»«t
At maximum output,, more oxides of nitrogen are produced by
combustion of ammonia than with hydrocarbon fuels.  This is
partly a result of peak power occurring at low mixtures with
ammonia-  Disproportionate quantities of nitrogen oxides which are
encountered with ammonia at lean mixture ratios indicate a
probable result of the direct production of NO in the ammonia
pyrolysis scheme,#f
0312«

G.V. Sheleikhovskii
SMOKE POLLUTION OF TOWNS*   Academy of Municipal  Economy,
Bussia.  (Translated by the Israel Program for
Scientific Translations.)  19U9.,  206 pp.
   CFSTI:  OTS 60-5107U
This book contains the theoretical basis for a quantitative
treatment of the pollution of air by industrial and domestic
smoke, and provides numerous formulas for the calculation  of air
pollution and its influence on the microclimate of populated
areas™  The author also discusses the protection of urban
vegetation from polluted air and its corrosive action on
building materials.,  He indicates practical ways of purifying
the atmosphere of thickly-populated areas-  The fundamental
propositions of the author's theory were tested experimentally
on a model; they accord with the results of actual
observations.  This work is intended as a handbook for engineers
and sanitary inspectors concerned with solving the practical
problems associated with city planning, particularly the
relative location of residential and industrial areas.
(Author abstract) #t
                           B.  Emission Sources                        53

-------
03U38

B. Co Blakeney  and H. D. High.


CLEANER AIB FOP NORTH CAROLINA (A SURVEY AND APPRAISAL FOE  AIR
POLLUTION PBOB1EHS)*   North Carolina State Board of
Health, Baleigh, Div. of Sanitary Engineering and Public
Health Service, Washington, D.C. Div of Air Pollution.
Sept. 1959.,  62 pp.


The most frequently occurring air pollution problems attributed  to
industrial and municipal establishments results from emissions of
smoke, soot, or fly ash from fuel burning equipment.  The
lumber, wood and furniture industries are frequently sources of
dust.  Asphalt paving material plants create more acute
air pollution problems than any other industry.  Pulp and paper
mills are the cause of odor complaints and are considered the cause
of some property damage.  A variety of Baste disposal operations
emit excessive smoke and odors.  In eight cities, open dumps have
caused complaints and in five cities semi-landfills  (burning before
covering) have resulted in public request for relief.  Control
of gases, dusts, and other pollutants cannot be legally required
by the State except through the Nuisance Code or indirectly
through some other statue.  The lack of specific State
legislation limits the control of air pollution to the
jurisdictional area of a few cities, whereas pollution of community
air is not confined to man-made boundaries or jurisdiction-
Existing and potential air pollution problems requiring further
investigation are discussed.**
04212

S. Abe
THE PRESENT STATUS OF AIR POLLUTION..  Clean Air Heat
Management  (Tokyo) 15,  (7-8) 7-J8, Aug. 1966.,  Jap.


The present status of air pollution in Japan is given naming the
kinds of contaminants and their origin, factors affecting
contamination density, and various types of smog.  The types of
contaminants are:  1) minute particles {less than  1 micron in size)
such as found in soot, carbon, ashes, dust; 2} coarse particles
(greater than 1 micron in size), as found in dust, ashes, and
minerals; 3) reactive substances found in mist, fog, and vapor
such as S02, S03, H2S, C02, CO, N02, N203, 03,
aldehydes, HC1, NH3, HF, Pb, Hg, Cd, As, Be and 3,
i»-benzpyrene<.  The contaminants originate from factories, chemical
plants, power stations, domestic heating, public baths, hotels,
laundries, dry cleaning establishments, hospitals, schools, and
public buildings.  Also discussed are the human factors affecting
air pollution such as public awareness and interest, seasonal,
weekly, and daily changes in heating and cooking.  Beteorological
aspects are covered such as wind direction and velocity, turbu-
lence, temperature, rain and snoa. The types of smog found in New
54               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AMD AIR POLLUTION

-------
York, London, Los Angeles, Pittsburgh, and Yokkaichi are
described.  Graphs and tables list symptoms and diseases affecting
plants and humans and give the density of dust particles and
S02 in the main cities of Japan.  Data on the sulfur content
of various oils produced by Japanese refineries and on the number
of Japanese automobiles produced is included for information on
eiission sources of pollutants., t#


03584

G. B. Cann,  W. H. Noble,  and G» Po Larson


DETECTION OF SMOG FOBBING HYDROCARBONS IN ADTOHOBILE EXHJDST
G5SES USING PLANTS AS INDICATORS,,  Air Repair H,  (2) 83-6,
Aug., 1954.,


Following the identification of hydrocarbons in the H, 5 and 6
carbon atom range in automobile exhaust gases, it became necessary
to determine whether these hydrocarbons, nixed with other exhaust
gases, could produce typical smog effects.  A study was carried
ont in which the atmospheric reaction of hydrocarbons was
duplicated in the Air Pollution Control District's plexiglas
house.  Certain plants, which had already been proved susceptible
to smog damage, were used as indicators.  Gasoline vapor was used
as the standard against which the plant damaging effects of
automobile exhaust gases were compared.  Results show that
automobile exhaust hydrocarbons are capable of producing effects
equivalent- to those resulting from smog.  (Author abstract) ##
 03759

 H.  Linville  and  Y.  S.  Lee
 A  PRELIMINARY  REPORT  ON  GASOLINE  EVAPORATION  LOSSES.   Los
 Angeles County  Air  Pollution  Control  District,  Calif.
 Jan.  1959.   50  pp.


 The objective  was to  determine  (1)  the  rates  of evaporation loss
 per hour from  motor vehicles  and  (2)  the  total  evaporation losses
 occurring on smoggy days.   The  findings of  an S.A.E.  article,
 "Carburetor  Evaporation  Losses,"  by J.  T.  Hentworth,  General
 Motors Corporation  were  applied to  the  conditions surrounding  the
 Los Angeles  basin for the  deterrcination of  carburetor losses.
 The evaporation losses from gasoline  tanks  were determined
 experimentally  by using  both  freeze-out and weighing  techniques.
 The maximum  total evaporation losses  from carburetor,  hot soak and
 fuel  tank on any single  day during  the  year of  1956 was
 approximately  213 tons.  The  maximum  total  evaporation rate loss
 from  carburetor, hot  soak  and fuel  tank at  100  F ambient
 temperature  was approximately 50  tons per hour.  The  percentage
 contribution from carburetor, hot soak  and  fuel tank  is as
 follows:   (A)  Carburetor evaporation  losses amount to
 approximately  65 percent of the total (total  of 50 tons per hour at
                           6. Emission Sources                        55

-------
100 F);  (B) Hot soak evaporation losses amount to  approximately
12 percent of the total  (total of 50 tons per hour at  100  F);  and
(C) Fuel tank evaporation losses amount to  approximately  23
percent of the total  (total of 50 tons per  hour at  100  F) .   Of
the evaporation losses occurring from the carburetor,  approximately
20 percent was olefinic.  Of the evaporation losses  occurring  from
the fuel tank, approximately 18 percent was olefinic.##

03760

P. P. Hader,  H, G. Hayne,  J. A. Orcutt,  1. A.
Chambers,  and W. M. Noble.


EFFECTS OF FDEL OLEFIN CONTENT ON COMPOSITION AND SHOG  FOBBING
CAPABILITIES OF ENGINE EXBADST (INTEEIM EEPT. NO.,1).   Los
Angeles County Air Pollution Control District, Calif.
Sept. 10,  1958.  100 pp.


In the dynamometer studies the greatest emphasis was put  upon the
eye irritation-fuel relationship.  The levels of hydrocarbon
concentrations studied ranged from 0.75 to 35 ppm.   All 1  cycles
of engine operation plus a composite sample blended  according to
the relative total volumetric contribution of individual cycles
were evaluated.  Total aldehydes and formaldehyde  were  studied
using 3 fuels, 3 to 5 engine conditions, and 3 to 9  levels of
hydrocarbon concentration.  A total of 85 samples were  irradiated
and analyzed for both total aldehydes and formaldehyde.   Ozone
determinations were made with 2 fuels at 4 engine operating
conditions, and also using the composite mixture.  Thirty-five
samples in all were taken.  Hydroperoxides were determined for the
same fuels and engine operating conditions as was ozone.
Twenty-two separate determinations were made.  In the  road tests
eye irritation was investigated for the deceleration cycle with 7
different fuels.  Only 3 fuels were used for the other  3 cycles.
Whenever a response time less than 10 seconds was observed
at 5 ppm hydrocarbons, no higher levels were used.   A  total of
248 samples for eye irritation were collected.  Aldehydes  were
determined at 5 ppm hydrocarbons and 1 ppm of N02.   34  samples
in all were run.  Ozone and hydroperoxides were determined in a
total of 36 determinations.  In the plant damage experiments three
fuels were evaluated.  Calculated input hydrocarbon  concentrations
ranged from 1.1 ppm to 170.0 ppm.   Measured residual
concentrations ranged from O.t5 to 30.0.  Plants used  were
spinach, petunia, poa annua, pinto beans, and oats.  Damage  was
reported in terms of the presence or absence of typical or atypical
symptoms.  Damage was also reported in percent of injury  for poa
annua.  Substantial increase in olefin concentration of gasolines
used in Los Angeles would result in increased eye irritation and
higher concentrations of reaction products, and low  olefin fuels
would result in improved visibility in the Basin.  Low  oletin
fuels would result in lessened plant damage.##

03761

P. P. Mader,  H, Eye,  J. A. Orcutt,  and L. A, Chambers


EFFECTS OF FDEL OLEFIN CONTENT ON COMPOSITION AND  SHOG FORMING
56                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
CAPABILITIES OF ENGINE EXHAUST {INTEBIH KEPT. 2).  Los
Angeles County Air Pollution Control District,, Calif.  Apr.
1959.  2U pp.


A proportionate sampling systea was used which made it possible to
collect continuously representative composite exhaust samples from
all all driving cycles in proportion to exhaust volume, under
actual driving conditions.  Six gasolines, with olefinic contents
ranging fron 1»01S to 30^9% were used (bromine number 1.6 to U9nt).
The exhaust was irradiated for one hour by means of mercury lamps.
A panel of laboratory personnel (usually eight in number, but
never less than six) was then exposed to the contents of the flask
by the use of a specially designed eye mask, which fitted the mouth
of the flask as well as the eyes of the individual.  The eye
piece was built with a shutter to open and close quickly, thereby
enabling an exact measurement of time of exposure.  The number of
seconds required for each individual to detect the initial eye
irritation was recorded, and the arithmetic mean of the
observations was calculated as an index of the eye irritation
potential of the exhaust sample.  The olefin content of the fuels
used to drive the automobiles is directly related to the quantities
and relative distributions of olefins in the exhaust.  The
amount of olefins present in the exhaust is directly related to the
intensity of eye irritation which is produced when the exhaust
gases are irradiated.  Since a direct relationship exists between
olefins in fuels and olefins in the engine exhaust on the one
hand, and between exhaust olefins and eye irritation on the other,
it is reasonable to assume that the determination of total exhaust
olefin indicates the intensity of eye irritation that can be
expected froni a given fuel composition.f#
F. Inove,  T. Iritani,  H. Yanagisawa,  G.  Saito,   and
E. Raeda
ANALYTICAL STUDIES ON THE ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS  INDUCED  BY  C02-
02 ARC WELDING.  Japan. J- Ind.  Health  (Tokyo)  1,  (3)
218-23, June 1959.,  Jap.


A rise in temperature and a decrease in humidity  were  more
noticeable with a C02-02 arc  welding process  using  a new  gas-
shielded metal arc-welding method  than with manual  welding with
covered electrodes.  Experiments were conducted in  a small cabin
to analyze the atmospheric conditions created by  this  new method.
The increase in carbon dioxide  was not great  although  it  was
greater than in manual welding;  this increase was caused  by  the
natural ventilation associated  with the rise  in temperature.   The
level of carbon monoxide was  raised, but  only a little more  than
in other welding processes.   The production of  ultraviolet
radiation was less than in other welding.  The  production of
ozone and nitrogen dioxide was  so  slight  that they  would  not cause
poisoning..  The quantity of dnst produced was rather large,  but
was less than with welding with  covered electrodes.  In using
C02-02 arc-welding processes  in  a  small room, one must pay
                           B. Emission Sources                        57

-------
attention to good ventilation  of  the  room,  but  since  this welding
process is usually used in a large room  with  good  natural
ventilation, there are very few hygienic problems  with  regard to
the process.  {Author sastmary  modified) ##
01310

R. W. Gerstle  and P. Fn Peterson


CONTROL OF NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM NITRIC  ACID
BANDFACTURIHG PROCESSES.   Air Eng. 9,  (tj  24-8,  Apr.,  1967.,


Abatement methods for the nitrogen oxide emission control  nitric
acid manufacturing plants are discussed.  Presently available
methods include catalytic reduction with certain  fuels,  absorption,
adsorption and flaring.  The catalytic  reduction  process is
particularly suited to the pressure process of HN03 manufacture
in which the absorption tower tail gas  is of  uniform composition
and flow, is under pressure, and can be reheated  by heat exchange
to the necessary reduction system inlet temperature.
Efficiencies of above 90% are possible.  In operation,  the tail
gases from the absorber are heated to ignition temperature,  mixed
with a fuel such as hydrogen or natural gas and  passed  into  the
reactor and through the catalyst.  A number of reactions take
place which result in the dissociation  and  decomposition of
nitrogen oxides.  Absorption towers with water as the  absorbing
medium are useful when N02 emissions are in excess of  2*.
Absorption in alkaline solutions such as Na2C03  or NaOH is
more effective than water, and nitrogen oxide removal  may  be as
high as 90% with a well designed system.  Adsorption of nitrogen
oxides on silica gel or commercial zeolites is possible but  not
in use commercially.  Flaring of higher concentrations  of  nitrogen
oxides has found application commercially when there is an
intermittent discharge of these gases.  Plant operating
variables which may affect the tail gas concentrations  adversely
include insufficient air supply to the  system, low pressure  in the
system, especially in the absorber, high temperatures  in the
cooler-condenser and absorber, production of  excessively high
strength acid, operation at high through-put  rates, and faulty
eguipment.*t


04315
AUTOHOTIVE AIR POLLUTION  
-------
insuring the national application of currently available technical
knowledge for reduction of such emissions;  (2) That the need
should be recognized for an expanded automotive vehicle air
pollution research program to accelerate further development of
emission criteria and improve technical capabilities for controls
on automotive vehicles; (3) That means be developed through
vehicle inspection programs or otherwise to insure appropriate
•aintenance of vehicle emission control systems; and (4) That
all practicable measures should be taken to expedite the flow of
traffic in urban areas, since this will, in itself, accomplish
significant reduction in vehicle pollutant emissions.#t


04609

H. Kennebeck, Jr.,,  Ho Betherington,   D.  1.  Hole,   H.
Boby,   and  B. Y. Longley


TOXIC  HAZARDS EVALUATION OF  TITAN  II  TEST  FIBINGS:   HETHODS  AND
BESOLTS OF  LABOBATORY  AHD  FIELD  INVESTIGATIONS.   Aerospace
Bedical Research Labs., Wright-Patterson  AFB,  Ohio,
Aerospace Bedical Div. and Aerojet-General  Corp.,  Azusa,
Calif.   (Technical  Documentary Bept.  AHBL-TDB-63-52.J
•(Aerojet-General Sept., 2552..)  June  1963.   79 pp.


Toxicologically significant  environmental  contaminants near
Titan  II test-stand facilities were  studied,  with  specially
developed field and laboratory techniques,  primarily  to determine
the  degree  of hazard associated  with  exhaust  constituents.  For
exhaust products that  were identified and  quantitatively evaluated,
it was found that nomal test  firings create  no  significant
personnel hazard in test areas and that,  with proper  treatment
procedures, no significant water-pollution  problems are created.
A method for determining Titan II  test-firing contributions  to
a community-air-pollution  situation  was also  developed.   This
study  emphasizes the need  for  investigation of more refined
atmosphere  analysis techniques and instruments to  determine  trace
contaminants resulting from  static and dynamic missile firings.
Detailed analytical methods  for  field samples containing
unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine,  hydrazine,  and  nitrogen dioxide
are  presented.   {Author abstract) ##


 Olt808

 J.  H. Ludwig


 THE  VEHICLE POLLUTION PROBLEM.   Preprint.   (Presented at  the
 American Public Power Association Conference, Denver, Colo.,
 Hay  8-11,  1967.


 The  problem of emissions from motor vehicles  is reviewed  from
 the  standpoints of  the contribution of vehicles to community air
 pollution,  present  progress in control regulations and application
 of devices, and the immediate and longer-term outlook for
 additional controls.   (Author abstract)*#
                            B. Emission Sources                        59

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04995

E. L. Hall


PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION OF GASEOUS FDELS.   Proc.  Natl.  Air
Pollution Symp. , 2nd, Pasadena, Calif.,  1952.   pp.  8H-9.


Data on the coabustion products of fuel  gases  is
reviewed.  Work on the photochemistry of  smog  is  related  to work
on vapor phase gum produced in manufactured  gas by
hydrocarbons and N02 catalytically oxidized  from  NO in  the
presence of butadiene, ##


05007

Ju H. Ludwig


SEMIHAB OH 1IH POLLUTION BY MOTOH VEHICLES.  Preprint-  1967.
51 pp.


The various facets of the vehicle pollution  problem from  the
standpoint of both effects on community  atmospheres nationwide  and
the source of variables are summarized.   The problems that
remain today encompass a number of considerations,  which  may be
enumerated as follows:  {1)  The importance  of the  diesel problem
as it relates to smoke and odor control,  the means  for  securing
reduction of smoke and odors, and the development of test
procedures for the setting of standards;  (2)   The importance of
relative reactivity of the various organic species, particularly
hydrocarbons, and the effects of reactivity  on both standards and
control methods; <3)  The importance of  various emission  sources
(exhaust, crankcase ventilation, fuel tank evaporation  and
carburetor evaporation losses) in relation to  reactivity  and need
for control and the development of test  procedures  for  these
sources from all types of vehicles (passenger  cars, trucks and
buses) ; •{*!)  The need for control of nitrogen  oxides from
vehicular sources, both gasoline engine  and  diesel  engine power
sources and concurrently for stationary  sources;  (5)  The
importance of instrumentation in measurement of pollution
parameters for research, enforcement  (certification) procedures,
surveillance and inspection;  (6)  The problems of maintenance of
devices on vehicles to insure their continued  operation
(surveillance and inspection), and/or the upgrading of  such devices
such that they will be essentially maintenance free; and  (8)   The
importance of in-traffic carbon monoxide levels,  particularly
their significance relative to driver fatigue,, ff

05011

A., A., Orning,  C. H. Schwartz,  and J. F, Smith


MINOH PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION IN IAEGE COAL-FIBED  STEAM  GENEBATOHS
   American Society Mechanical Engineers  New York Paper 6t-
wA/FU-2,,
60                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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(Presented at the Winter annual Meeting, American Society
of Mechanical Engineers, New York City, Nov. 29-Dec, 4, 196U
An analysis is given of the minor products of combustion from
large coal-fired steam generators in relation to thermodynamic
eguilibria, unit design and operating conditions™  Concentrations
of nitrogen oxides and the ratios of sulfur trioxide to total
sulfur oxides are near equilibrium values at the furnace outlet.
Significant amounts of low molecular weight organic acids and
comparatively small amounts of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
are found under good combustion conditions.  (Author abstract) ##


05097

H. E.. Beligan


i COHPARISOH BETHEEN THE HYDROCARBONS IN AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST AND
THOSE FOUND IN THE 105 ANGELES ATMOSPHERE,,   Preprint.
(Presented at the Joint Research Conference on Motor Vehicle
Exhaust Emissions and Their Effects, Los Angeles, Calif.,
Dec. 5, 1961.)


Ambient air samples obtained from the central Los Angeles
business district were analyzed by gas chromatography.
Hydrocarbons in the C2-C7 molecular weight range were
identified and their concentrations determined-  The results
obtained from these analyses are compared to those obtained from
diluted automobile exhaust and diluted automobile exhaust that
had been irradiated for a period of four hours.  Gas
chromatography was found to be an accurate reproducible
procedure for the analysis fo C3 to C7 hydrocarbons present in
the atmosphere.  The procedure is limited by the inability to
determine the methane concentration as well as the C8
hydrocarbons.  In the sixteen samples analyzed, it was found that
the relative concentrations of the individual hydrocarbon groups
did not change significantly with total concentration.  This
would indicate that the hydrocarbon emissions to the atmosphere
are relatively constant-  A linear relationship was also found to
exist between total hydrocarbons recovered and the sum of the
nitric oxide — nitrogen dioxide levels.  Comparison of
atmospheric hydrocarbons to those produced by automobile exhaust
indicates that natural gas could be a major source of the low
boiling hydrocarbons present in the atmosphere.  The
relatively low acetylenic level found in the ambient air samples,
as compared to diluted automobile exhaust, also indicate
significant contributions are made by automobile blowby emissions
as well as carburetor and fuel tank evaporation losses. #t
05157

Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District, Calif.
(Sept.  1960},,  83 pp.,
                           B. Emission Sources                         61

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EMISSIONS OF OXIDES OF HITEOGEN FROH ST&TIOH1BY SOURCES  IN LOS
ANGELES COUNTY  ((REPORT 2:  OXIDES OF HITROGEN EHITTED BY SHALL
SOURCES) .


This program was organized to study source groupings
classified according to the discharge of oxides of nitrogen  per
unit of equipment, as follows:  (1) large  (those emitting over
100 lbs/hr«); (2)  median  (those emitting 5 to  100 Ibs/hr.);  and
(3) small JJthose emitting less than 5 Ibs/hr.).  This report
discusses the evaluation of data obtained from tests made on small
sources-  It was calculated that the total weight of NO2 and NO
emitted into the atmosphere in Los Angeles County from all
small stationary sources averages 59 tons/calendar day during the
6  months" heating season  (November through April) and 32 tons/
calendar day during the remainder of the year-  The weighted
average of these amounts is 46 tons/calendar day.  Of this
weighted average daily discharge of N02 and NO from all  small
stationary sources, slightly over half  (27 tons) originates  from
gas-fired commercial and domestic appliances and the remainder
(19 tons) from small industrial sources.  Host of the N02 and
NO discharged from small industrial sources (approximately 16
tons/calendar day, weighted average) is produced by boilers  of less
than 500 horsepower rating.  Most of the seasonal variations in
the total weight of N02 and NO discharged from small
stationary sources are ascribable to the nearly two million
residential space heaters, which vent 19 tons/calendar day during
the heating season and none during the remainder of the  year,,  A
summary of N02 and NO emissions for all small stationary
sources is presented.  Investigations of the sampling and
analytical techniques employed showed that the chosen procedures
and techniques produce reliable analytical results.#t


05312

Chironis, N. P.


SMOG:  THE DEADLY POISONS PERIL LIFE IN ALL CITY AREAS.  Prod- Eng.
37, 33-
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atmospheric wastes, by weight.  Moreover, government figures
indicate that vehicles are responsible for about 97 percent of  the
olefin hydrocarbons and 40 percent to 60 percent of the  nitrogen
oxides.  Controls are aimed at three specific targets:   emissions
from the tailpipe, from crankcase ventilations, and from carburetor
and gas tank evaporation.  The tailpipe is by far the greatest
source of emissions, accounting for up to 65 percent of  the
hydrocarbons and almost all the carbon monoxide and nitrogen
oxides.  But the crankcase emission is the easiest to control,  and
California chose it as the first target six years ago.   These allow
275 ppm of hydrocarbons and 1.5 percent carbon monoxide  by volume.
Effective Jan. 1, 1970, however, California will cut these
allowables to 180 ppn hydrocarbons and 1 percent CO.  The state is
also considering a proposal to adopt a standard of 350 pp» of
nitrogen dioxide.
051111

E. S. Starkman
VARIOUS COHPOHENT GASES OF ENGIHE  GENEBATED  POLLUTION  POSE
DIFFERING HEALTH HAZARDS.   S.A.Eo  (Soc.  Autoiot.  Engrs.)
J. 75,  (3) 85-7, Bar- 1967


Unburned hydrocarbons, oxides  of nitrogen, carbon  monoxide,  and
carcinogens are among the emissions  generated  by engines.,  Each
produces hazards of varying importance  and each presents  a
different control problem.  For example,  the ultimate  method of
reducing the hydrocarbon emissions is to  supply a  completely
stratified charge.  As with the hydrocarbons,  many engine
variables influence the concentration of  nitric oxide.  Carbon
monoxide concentration follows directly the  fuel-air ratio,  and  a
rich mixture operation must be avoided  at all  times-   Reduction
in carcinogen content should occur as the concentration of
unburned hydrocarbons is reduced.ft


05477

K. Gasiorowski


(ENERGY GEHEPATIOH FROM LIQUID FUELS.)    Energieerzeugung  aus
fluessigen Brennstoffen.   Gesundho   Ingr. {Munich)  86  (4) ,
116-22 (Apr.  1965.)   Ger-


Air pollution due to oil-fired installations is caused by
sulfur dioxide,  carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and products of
incomplete combustion (carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons,  ashes, and
soot).  Percentual share of these  agents in  flue gases produced
from different fuel oils under various  combustion
conditions is giben»  Efficiency of  high smoke stacks  in
dispersing S02 is discussed and presented graphically.
Statistical data are presented on  share of automobile  engines,
domestic furnaces, and industrial  furnaces in  cities"  air
pollution due to S02.f*
                           B. Emission Sources                        63

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05«79

A. Goetz


AEFOSOI FOBMATIOH IN NATURAL AND POLLUTED  iIH»
{Aerosolbildung in naturlichen und  verunreinigten Luftmassen.)
Preprint.  Ger. Tr.  (Presented at  the
Internationales Immissionsschutz Forum, Essen,  Germany,  1966.)


The nature, type, and the effects resulting from modifications  by
aerosols of reactive gaseous constituents  contained  in  the
biosphere are reviewed-  Aerosols modify the  physical as well
as the chemical reaction pattern of the molecular-disperse
gaseous phase to a considerable degree in  spite of the  fact
that the total mass of this colloid substance is minimal
10 to the minus 7th to 10 to the minus 8th compared  to  that
of the gases which suspend the colloids.,   The increase  in
concentration of aerocolloids becomes obvious through a  rapidly
increasing visibility restriction due to contrast reduction  by
light scattering should also be considered..   The growth  of
aerosols demonstrates the presence  of reactive  emission  components
by increased haze formation.  It also has  to  be realized that the
origin of the haze production is not necessarily tied to the
locality of the pollution source because such reactions
proceed relatively slowly, especially when different Reaction
partners originate at different localities or when a high
particulate level* is already present due to climate  conditions..
The formation of aerocolloids is by far not restricted  to
industrial and other man-made pollutions but  results also from many
processes in nature which go on continuously  over the earth's
surface in large variety.  Consequently the final effect
of emissions depends to a large extent on  the geographical
and climatic conditions and the natural aerosol levels,  so that
knowledge about their origin and formation rate is necessary to
judge the final effect of various emission types over specific
population areas.  The sources, chemical and  physical interactions
, and methods for determining the size distribution  of  aerosols
are considered.#t
05599

Jo Harkins  and J,, K. Goodwine
OXIDES OF NITEOGEN IH DIESE1 EXHAUST.  J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc. 11, ?1)  3<»-8, Jan. 1964.


Equilibria NO-U02 values for air-fuel ratios of 20,  25, and  30
at temperature-pressure conditions which bracket true engine
conditions were obtained from diesel exhaust analyses.  Even at
the temperature of t950 deg P, the H02 values were only HO to 80
ppm..  The corresponding NO values were an order of magnitude
higher than those found in an operating engine.  Both N02 and
NO concentrations decreased as temperature decreased, so that at
intermediate temperatnres, more  in line with engine  temperatures.
64                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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 very  low N02  values  are  to  be  expected-   In the tests,  truck
 engines were  run on  d  chassis  dynamometer.   Both four-stroke
 cycle and two-stroke cycle  engines were  included.
 Both  the total  oxides  of nitrogen and H02 were
 determined by an DV  SPECTBOPHOTCMETBIC
 method.  The  exhaust probe  was a  1/iJ-inch stainless steel line
 inserted into the  exhaust stream-  The exhaust was passed through
 an  ice water  condensate  trap,  then through two loosely  packed glass
 wool  filters, and  was  then  pushed directly into the UV
 spectrophtometer by  a  carbon vane pump.   Nitric oxide
 concentrations  were  1100 ppa or less depending on  engine load.
 Ho  N02 concentrations  greater  than 60 ppm were found..  Higher
 values can be obtained when the exhaust  flow is interrupted and
 held  in a sampling system.  Extreme care must be taken  in handling
 diesel exhaust  if  correct neasurements for N02 are to be made.
 Also, it was  found that  S02 emissions in diesel engines are
 much  lower than reported by others and are, in fact, more in line
 with  equilibrium predictions.#t


 05649

 Smith, I.  D.


 NITROGEN TETBOXIDE DISPOSAL UNIT  COHBDSTION PBODDCTS. national
 Aeronautics and Space  Administration,  Las Cruces,  N.  Hex.„  Manned
 Spacecraft Center. Hay 1967. 7pp.  (Bept.  No.  NASA  TN D-3965,,)


 A test program  was conducted to determine the identity  of the
 combustion products  released to the atmosphere by  the vapor
 disposal units  which dispose of nitrogen tetroxide by burning with
 propane.  The burner unit,  which  is designed to dispose of  at least
 10  Ib of nitrogen  tetroxide per minute,  consists of an  injector
 system for the  propane and  the nitrogen  tetroxide, a mixing
 chamber, a burner  head constructed to  minimize flashback,  and a
 spark-plug igniter systeit controlled from a blockhouse. Samples of
 the combustion  products  were collected and  analyzed by  infrared
 spectroscopy.   When  the  unit was  operated in the normal, slightly
 fuel-rich node, the  detectable combustion products were carbon
 dioxide, water  vapor,  and unburned propane  or other carbon-hydrogen
 bond-containing materials.  The hydrocarbon emission, which would
 be  undesirable  in  a  smog-prone area, can be controlled  to a degree
 by  adjustment of the propane feed.   The  propane adjustment  becomes
 important when  disposing of an oxidized  feed that  continuously
 diminishes in nitrogen tetroxide.   The combustion  products  do not
 contain any materials  which present any  toxicity problems.   After a
 year  of usage,  the Shite Sands Test Facility concludes  that the
 disposal units  provide a convenient, rapid, and safe method for the
 disposal of excess nitrogen tetroxide.
05815

C.  G.  segeler


THE  GAS  INDDSTKY ASD ITS  CONTBIBDTION TO  AIB  POLLUTION  CONTBOL.
Preprint.   {Presented at  the 54th Annual  Meeting,  Air
Pollution  Control  Association,   New  York City,  June  11-15,
1961.,)
                           B.  Emission Sources                        55

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Two facts are demonstrated here:  first that the use of natural
gas produced negligible air pollution if any; and second that
natural gas is available under such economic conditions that its
use will expand.  Beginning with the first fact, the constituents
of natural gas are discussed.   A trace constituent of primary
concern in utility delivered gas (B~l% natural gas)  is sulfur wnich
is the result of an odorant added for the detection of gas.
Sulfur is present at a concentration of approximately six  parts
per Million.  Total sulfur in the combustion products of a million
Ibs.  of natural gas amounts to only 37 Ibs.  The formation of NO
at high flame teaperatures and its subsequent oxidation to N02 at
lower temperatures is not an intrinsic fuel property but is
influenced by the conditions of combustion.  Values for
residential, industrial and commercial production of nitrogen
oxides by combustion of natnral gas are given, based on utility
company gas distribution.  Information on eaission of nitrogen
oxides vehicles is given as a frame of reference.  Application of
laboratory investigations of emissions from equipment and  their
interpretation are discussed.   1 proposed plan for improving
industrial safety using group organization with annual
inventories and reports is discussed.  The following specialized
application of gas in air pollution control are discussed:   (1)
domestic incineration, (2)  destroilet, i{3)  flue fed apartment
incinerators, (^  industrial boiler plants, and (5) commercial and
industrial incinerators.   Application in smoke control by
reclaiming operations, research on an appliance for consuming
kitchen grease vapors; and catalytic fume oxidation systems are
discussed.  As for the availability of natural gas, a brief
survey of its consumption and reserve statistics is presented.##
05864

S. S. Griswold,  H. L. Chass,  H. E. George,,  and E. G.
Holmes
AN EVALUATION OF NATURAL GAS AS A HEANS OF SEDUCING INDUSTRIAL AIR
POLLUTION.  J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.  12  (14), 155-63,
208 (Apr. 1962).  (Presented at the 5Hth Annual Meeting,  Air
Pollution Control Association, New York City, June 11-15,
1961.)


Fuel oil burning contributes greatly to the  total atmospheric
loading of significant air contaminants.  Fuel  oil also is a major
source of oxides of nitrogen, an important participant in
photocheaical smog occurrences and a toxic substance in itself..
The cleanliness of the atnosphere is affected by the aerosols
emitted directly from fuel oil burning sources  and particularly by
such large fuel users as power plants.  The  presence of sulfur
dioxide greatly increases the amount of aerosols created  by the
photochemical reactions between hydrocarbons and oxides of
nitrogen.  Burning fuel oil acts in three ways  to impair  the
visibility:  (1) it emits aerosols directly;  (2) it emits oxides
of nitrogen to take part in the photochemical reaction;  (3) it
provides sulfor dioxide to help make these photochemical  reactions
•ore potent producers of still more aerosols.   In addition to the
deleterious effects on visibility, fuel oil  burning results in
66               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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(1)  esthetically offensive opacity violating plumes, and  (2)
damage to vegetation.  The contribution by power plants to  these
typical manifestations of snog in Los Angeles County would
measurably be reduced by the substitution of natural gas  in place
of fuel oil.tt
05893

J. Vo Scaletti,  C. E. Gates,  B.  A,.  Briggs,  L«
Schuman
NITROGEN DIOXIDE PRODUCTION  FROH  SILAGE.   I.  FIELD SURVEY.
i(Agron. J.) 52, 369-72  (1960).


Since exposure to silage  gases  constitutes a  distinct
occupational hazard to  farmers, a study  was undertaken  to determine
the extent and frequency  of  N02 production from  silage  in
Hinnesota through a state-wide  silage  survey  and to relate,
if possible, production of this gas  with various agronomic
practices and environmental  conditions existing  during  the
period of the study.  In  the survey  (1957 and 1958)  1,219
questionnaires were completed for individual  silage crops*
Actual objective H02  determinations  were made shortly after
filling time on 332 silage crops.  The remaining 887 (mail}
guestionnaires were presumably  biased  and consequently  were  not
weighted heavily.  H02  gas was  found in  U2X of the 332  silos in
the detailed study.   The  presence or absence  of  N02 was
found to be significantly related to county for  corn and
oats as well as for both  years.   Those counties  with the
heavier soils showed  a  greater  response  rate. The level
of organic natter and potassium present  in the soil at  the  time
of ensiling affected  N02  production  consistently over crops
and years for organic matter, but to a lesser extent for
potassium.  The higher  the amount of organic  matter, the
greater the number of positive 'tests for H02  obtained.
Intermediate levels of  available  potassium ion in soil
appeared related to H02 production.  Although not as clearly
demonstrable, lower levels of phosphorus led  to  an excess of
positive tests for N02.   Only 1 of 21  silos containing  sodium
metabisulphite as a preservative  showed  evidence of N02
production.  No relationship to the  objective measure of the
production of N02 was shown  by  the following  factors: crop,
amount and method of  application  of  other preservative, amount
of organic  (manure) or  inorganic  fertilizer added to the soil at
time of planting, crop  condition, time elapsing  after cutting
before ensiling, and  method  of  chopping.  (Author summary
modified) f#

05912

Larsen, R.  I.


HOTOB VEHICLE EMISSIONS AND  THEIR EFFECTS  (CONFERENCE
REPORT).  Public Health  Rept.  (O.S.)   77(11), 963-9 (Nov.  1962)
(Presented at  the Annual  Meeting, New  England Section,  Air
Pollution Control Association, Worcester,  Mass.,  April  25, 1962.)
                           B. Emission Sources                        67

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Highlights of the papers presented at the Fifth  Sir  Pollution
Hedical Research Conference on December U,  1961,  and at  the Joint
Besearch Conference on Motor Vehicle Emissions and Their Effects on
December 5-7,, 1961 are presented.,  Current  research  findings on
quantities and types of air pollutants from  motor vehicles and the
effects of these pollutants on the health of man, plants,  and
laboratory animals are reviewed.


05970

To J. Connolly  and K.. Nobe


INCINERATION STUDIES:  FOHHATION OF OXIDES  OF NITROGEN IN  GAS
FIHED HESTERS.   tfln:  First report of air  pollution studies.,)
((California Dniv» , los Angeles, Dept. of Engineering.))
(Sept. No. 55-27.) ^Julj 1955).  29 pp..
The results are presented of an investigation  of  the  possibilities
of reducing the production of these oxides.  A review of the
thermodynamics and kinetics of oxides of nitrogen formation and
decomposition has been made.  Measurements  of  the concentration  of
these oxides in the flue gases of a household  gas-fired  water
heater were made.  Experiments were performed  to  collect data on
possible variation in oxide concentration  within  the  flue pipe of
the heater.  The principal constituent of  oxides  of nitrogen
within a heater or furnace appears to be nitric oxide,  NO,.   This
compound is probably oxidized to nitrogen  dioxide, N02,  in  the
atmosphere-  Eguilibrium concentrations of  these  oxides  in  flue
gases at various temperatures have been calculated and  are
presented.  Measurements Bade in this work, as well as  in
previously published information, show that the actual
concentration of oxides of nitrogen are far in excess of
equilibrium concentration,.  The water heater tested here emitted
about 8 pounds of oxides per ton of fuel.   A study of some
reaction rate data indicates that the formation of nitric oxide  at
flame temperatures can be explained by the  homogeneous  reaction
kinetics.  It appears, however, that any decomposition  that may
occur at lower temperatures must be surface-catalyzed or
heterogeneous since the homogeneous reaction rates would not
account for significant decomposition.  The data  obtained on
measurements of oxides of nitrogen concentration  at various points
in the flue pipe of the water heater did not furnish  conclusive
evidence of any change.,   (Author summary modified) *#

06086

R. L. Stenburg,   R. H. Horsley,  R, A. Herrick,   A. H,
Hose, Jr.
EFFECTS OF DESIGN AND FUEL BOISTDRE ON INCINERATOR EFFLUENTS..
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 10  (2) „ 114-20  (Apr.  1960).
(Presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting, Air Pollution  Control
Association, Los Angeles, Calif., June 21-26, 1959-)
Tests were made to determine the effects of fuel  moisture
68               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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content on pollutant emissions from an experimental incinerator
of fixed dimensions while varying  (1J the amount and distribution
of combustion air, and (2) the burning rate as measured by the
amount of fuel charged per hour.  Overfire combustion air was
introduced into the front of the ignition chamber at the grate
level, and swept the surface of the burning fuel bed,
Dnderfire air entered through the ash pit and passed up
through the fuel bed.  Secondary air was introduced through
a duct built into the top of the bridge-wall and was
discharged through a series of ports opening into the top of the
aixing chamber.  Dry components of the fuel include egual parts,
by weight, of newspaper and corrugated cardboard, mixed in a ratio
of three to one with wood chips..  Chopped potatoes were
substituted for leafy vegetables as the wet component
because of their year-round availability.  Five-pound charges
were prepared with the wet-to-dry components adjusted to provide
a fuel with an average moisture content of either 25 or 50S-
Particulate, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons,, carbon monoxide,
and.smoke were measured.  Because of the basic physical and
chemical laws involved, factors demonstrated by this study
as affecting the increase or decrease of air pollutants
shoul'd be the sane as those affecting production of pollutants
from larger scale incinerators, tf
06101*

Swartz, D. J. ,  K. H. Wilson  and  W. J.  King


MERITS OF LIQUEFIED PETBOLEUH GAS  FUEL  FOB  AUTOMOTIVE  AIB  POLLUTION
ABATEMENT J. Air Pollution  Control Jssoc. 13  («) ,  15U-9  (April
1963)„  (Presented at the 5Hth  Annual Meeting,  ftir Pollution
Control Association, New York City, June 11-15,  1961..)


The purpose of this investigation  is to establish  trends and  to
present some material which sould  be both interesting  and  revealing
as regards the use of LPG as a  motor fuel.  Particular emphasis is
directed towards its potential  for reducing atmospheric air
pollution.  A major result  of this investigation is to provide new
data emphasizing the striking differences in the composition  of
exhaust gas from similar engines operating  on Liguefied Petroleum
Gas fuel as contrasted with their  operation on  gasoline. Tests show
that in the case of LPG exhaust there are essentially  no heavy
hydrocarbons (C!» or greater} present.   Since the olefins are  the
worst offenders as regards  smog formation from  gasoline exhaust,
the absence of heavy olefins in LPG exhaust suggests the
possibility of a significant reduction  in automotive smog  if  enough
vehicles in a given area use LPG fuel™   The scaled fuel system
offers an additional advantage  by  eliminating the  evaporation of
fuel to the atmosphere, which is currently  a source of added
expense to the motorist as  well as adding to the total amount of
air pollution from cars.
06280

Folke Hedlund,  Gustav Ekberg,  Sten  Erik  Hortstedt



                           B.  Emission Sources                         69

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DIESEL EXHAOST GASES.  INVESTIGATION WITH PEOPOSALS FOB  ACTION.
(Communications Dept., Stockholm, Sweden, Guidance Group
Concerning Development Work in the Field of Motor
Vehicle Exhaust Gas, Sept. 1967.  Translated from Swedish.
Joint Publications Research Service R-8943-D, 7<*p. , Dec.  12,
1967-  27 refs.


Diesel exhaust emissions and methods of controlling these
emissions in Sweden are reviewed.  The diesel engine differs
from the gasoline engine in several respects^ which have a decisive
influence on the pollution it emits.  It uses a fuel that is
less volatile than gasoline.  It normally works with a higher
excess of air {leaner mixture)  and the devices for feed  and
ignition of the fuel are quite different.  Due to the discharge
by individual vehicles of dense smoke and by the discharge of
foul-smelling substances they have been pointed out by the
public as qualified air polluters.,  Poor maintenance of  the
engine or intentionally wrong pump adjustments can result in the
giving off of such dense smoke that this can constitute a hazard
for overtaking vehicles due to impaired or obscured visibility.
Diesel engines can give off various types of smoke.  One type is
the heavy load smoke, which arises through load on a hot engine.
Exhaust gases fron diesel vehicles, especially under certain
driving conditions, contain substances that are irritating
to eyes, nose and throat.  These include: oxides of nitrogen,
hydrocarbons, polycyclic aronatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide
and sulfur dioxide.  The smoke from a diesel engine can
be limited by various measures, undertaken on the engine or the
fuel pump, the fuel, and finally on the exhaust gases™
Regular naintenance of the engine is necessary to keep the smoke
values at the lowest possible level.  Current and proposed
regulation of diesel exhaust emissions are discussed,,**
 06300L
CHARACTERISTICS AND PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIVITY OF  VEHICULAR
EMISSIONS.    (Section VII of air pollution research  progress
report for guarter ended December 31, 1966.,)  Bureau of
Bines, Pittsburgh, Pa., Coal Research Center, 1966,  pp.,
The effects of halogens, S02, and humidity on reactivity  of  a
standard ethylene plus NO  plus air  mixture were studied..  The
results showed no effects  on the system's chemical  reactivity  as a
result of the presence of  halogen and 302; the ozone  meter" s
response to oxidant and N02, however, was reduced in  the
presence of S02,  Humidity was found to interfere with  the
chemical processes in a way that affected significantly
the reactivity-measure mnt  results.  Further studies on
background reactivity in the irradiation chamber showed that
the background oxidant formation result of photochemical
reactions involving HOx and hydrocarbon at extremely  low
concentrations.  (Author summary) *t
70                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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06627


G. B. Phillips


POSSIBLE APPLICATIOHS FOB RESEARCH OS ATMOSPHERIC  AIB IONS  AT
THE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORIES.  Amy Biological Labs. ,
Frederick, Hd., Safety Div.   (Feb. 1962).  
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The aerosols in the exhaust-air  mixtures  were  studied  by means of
a counter  photometer and  a  nuclei  counter.   Aerosol can be formed
by irridiation of  dilute  auto  exhaust..  within the  range of
concentrations studied, aerosol  formation is favored by increasing
the concentration  of deceleration  exhaust,  and, to  a lesser
degree, by increasing the concentration of oxides of nitrogen..
The aerosol so formed is  in the  submicron size region  but is of
sufficient concentration  and size  to  reduce visibility appreciably
and to increase the mass  concentration of aerosol-#*
 07151

 Scharf, P. B«,  E. B. Goshgarian,  H_  H.  Nelson,   and  G.
 I. Hody


 THE HEASOREHENT OF THE EXHADST COMPOSITION  OF  SELECTED HELICOPTER
 ARHAMENT.  Air Force Rocket Propulsion Lab™, Edwards
 AFB, Calif, and Army Aeromed.. Res- Unit,  Fort  Rucker,
 Ala.., Projo No. 3AO 2560 1A 819, Task  Ho. 051,  Kept. No.
 AFBPL-TR-67-203 and USAARU-67-10, 46p. , June 1967.,  1  refs.


 A study of the exhaust composition of  rapid fire  machine  guns and
 rockets has been conducted.   Methods of analysis  were  evaluated
 and exhaust compositions for  the 50 cal and 7.62mm machine gun and
 the 2,, 75" rocket were determined.,  A rapid  scan infrared
 spectrophotometer was used for immediate  examination of
 effluent gases in order to detect reactive  species.  The  exhaust
 gases were analyzed at concentrations  as  high  as  1000  times those
 present in helicopters to minimize the chance  of  missing  any
 significant toxic product.  A qualitative and  quantitative
 analysis of gas phase and aerosol components is given.   It may
 well be that the proportion of carbon  monoxide  in the  exhaust is
 so high that permissible exposure times can be  selected  on the
 basis of its concentration alone while still limiting  exposures to
 all other toxic materials to  safe leevls-   However, significant
 amounts of nitrogen dioxide,  ammonia,  carbonyl  sulfide,  hydrogen
 cyanide, lead and copper were found, tit
07623

Larson, Gordon P., „  John C. Chipman,  and Erwin K. Kauper


DISTBIBUTION AND EFFECTS OF AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GASES IN
LOS ANGELES.  In:  Vehicle Emissions, SAE Tech. Progress
Series, Vol, 6, Society of Automotive Engineers, New York,
196«o p. 7-16.  12 refs.   (Presented at the Annual Heeting,
Society of Automotive Engineers, Jan. 1955)


Hydrocarbons or gasoline vapors are known to be an important factor
in producing several of the deleterious effects of smog, however,
one question to be answered is whether or not the removal of
hydrocarbons from all other sources in the community would relieve
72                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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the burden on the air sufficiently to avoid any control measures on
auto exhaust., The measurements of the quantity of hydrocarbons
emitted by internal combustion engines another source of
hydrocarbons contributing to the buildup were explored.  The areas
of exhaust gas concentration buildup were determined by a study of
Los Angeles traffic.  Studies now clearly show that removal of all
other sources of hydrocarbons from refineries and from the
distribution of gasoline will not lower the concentration of
hydrocarbons in downtown Los Angeles area and the north-central
section of the County sufficiently to relieve the eye irritation,
crop damage effects, and high ozone content of the air in those
areas.  The Air Pollution Control District recommends that
engineering studies seeking to remove hydrocarbon vapors from
exhaust gases should strive for a 90X overall removal under
conditions of operation experienced in heavy traffic.

07625

Haas, G.  Co


THE CALIFORNIA MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSION STANDARDS.,  In:  Vehicle
Emissions, SAE Tech. Progress Series, Vol. 6, Society of Automotive
Engineers, New York, 196U, 39-l»l»o  5 refs.  (Presented at the
National flest Coast Meeting, Society of Automotive Engineers, Aug.
1960).,


The legal and technical bases of the California standards are
reviewed and the air pollution laws of California summarized.  The
evolution of air quality standards is described™  The translation
of air quality standards into motor vehicle emission standards is
described along with a statement of the underlying assumptions
concerning the relationship of the photochemical smog effects to
the atmospheric concentrations of primary pollutants emitted to the
atmosphere from motor vehicles and other sources.  Driving cycles,
analytical methods, evaluation of device warmup characteristics,
and related problems are also discussed.,
07629

Way, Gilbert,   and H. S. Fagley


FIELD SURVEY OF EXHADST GAS COMPOSITION.  In: Vehicle Emissions
SAE Tech.  Progress Series, Vol. 6, Society of Automotive Engineers,
New York,  1964, 102-120.  (Presented at the Annual Meeting, Society
of Automotive Engineers, Jan. 1958.,)


The operations and results of a comprehensive field survey
conducted  in Los Angeles are reported.  The purpose was to measure
exhaust emissions from a representative group of cars during
operating  conditions encountered in metropolitan driving.
Two hundred and ninety-three cars were tested under a schedule of
driving conditions which included a variety of accelerations,
cruise speeds, decelerations, and idle.  During the test cycle,
exhaust gases were continuously analyzed by the Hodel 28 Liston-
                           B.  Emission Seurces                         73

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Becker spectrometer for CO, CO2, and unburned hydrocarbons and by
Hodel 15 Liston-Becker spectrometer for hydrocarbons.  Airflow
was measured continuously by the viscous airflow meter.  Indica-
tions from these instruments were registered by a recording oscil-
lograph.  An oscillogran processor was used on location for deve-
loping the 10,000 ft of recordings taken during the test.  Oxides
of nitrogen were determined by analyses of grab smaples taken dur-
ing the acceleration and cruise cycles.  A description is given of
preparatory operations; survey operations including
instrumentation, test procedure, test cycle, and supporting
operations; data handling and calculations; and test results,,
Details and exanples of calculations of results and confidence
intervals, along with calibration charts for the instruments used
are appended.


07690

Coninelli, A.


AN EASILY CONTROLLABLE AIR POLLUTION SODRCE:  NAPHTHA
ENGINES,  «Dna fonte di inquinamento atmosferico che e
relativamenta facile controllare:  i motori a nafta.))  Text in
Italian.,  Ann. Sanita Pubblica  (Rome), 28 (2) : 367-375, March-April
1967.  9 refSo


The exhaust fron diesel engines (naphtha engines) in contrast to
that from gasoline engines is not usually an important source of
air pollution* When in good condition and operated properly it
enits less toxic gases (CO and hydrocarbons) than a spark ignition
engine,, Atmospheric pollution from diesel engines depends to a
large extent upon the driver as well as on the mechanical condition
of the vehicle.  Public education is needed and punitive action
against offenders.  Switzerland has established norms to prevent
vehicular air pollution:  rapid acceleration and deceleration must
be avoided, overloading is forbidden, the vehicle must be
frequently checked and kept in excellent working condition. Black
exhaust funes quickly identify an offending vehicle-  Haximum
permissible opacity for the exhaust fumes can be established by the
use of opacineters.  The ideal opacimeter should be ruggedly made
to withstand all road conditions and the 700 deg. C temperatures of
the gases emitted, it should be easily installed and easily read on
either a stationary vehicle or a moving one.  The most frequently
used types  (Hartridge, UTAC, Bosch) and the advantages and
disadvantages of each are discussed. Permissible values  (Hartridge)
are given for different types of vehicles.  A schematic drawing is
given of the Bosch opacineter.
07979

I. Go Austin
FUEL CELLS:  A REVIEW OF GOVEBNHENT-SPONSORED RESEARCH,
1950-196t.   North Carolina State aniv.,, Raleigh, Dept. of
Chemical Engineering, NASA-SP-120, H39 p.. 1967.,
                 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Fuel—cell investigations funded by Government agencies of the
United States of America are reviewed.  Primary Navy interest
is in more buoyant submarines; Army interest concerns silent
frontline power and more efficient use of fuel for motive power-
Both services need silent, portable electric generators.  The
Air Force and NASA share the desire for minimum-weight
spacepower systems-  The Advanced Eesearch Projects Agency
of the Department of Defense considered direct energy
conversion important enough to carry multimillion-dollar Project
Lorraine for several years, which included sizable funds for
fuel-cell work.  In addition, the Atomic Energy Commission is
looking into theraally regenerative fuel cells as possible adjuncts
to nuclear power plants.  The high fuel efficiency of fuel cells
is a major advantage in vehicle propulsion.  The fuel efficiency
of military vehicles is probably no greater than 15 to 25 percent
and a fuel cell unit with an efficiency of 50 percent would have a
great impact on the logistics of fuel supply.  3nly cheap fuels
with a high specific energy  (Btu/lb or Btu/gal) can be
considered.  The powerplant must be efficient and capable of
(-5H degrees C), and have reasonable weight and size.  Electric
motors have excellent overload capability and can be run at
several times its continuous rated capacity for periods of
minutes.  Therefore, electric motors probably need only about
one-fourth of the nominal rating of gasoline engine; e.g., 28
kilowatts to replace 150 bhp.  Power densities of 2kw/cu ft and
22 B/lb for fuel cells have been cited as requirements for vehicle
propulsion {assuming 60 percent efficiency), but could be too low
by a factor of 3.   (o present direct or indirect hydrocarbon fuel
cells satisfy these requirements, ft
08033

J. V. Pustinger Jr.,  and F. H.  Hodgson


IDENTIFICATION! OF VOLATILE COSTAKINANTS OF SPACE CiBIN
HATF.BIALS.   Honsanto Eesearch Corp. , Dayton, Ohio, Contract
AF 33<615)  - 3377, Proj. 6302, Task 630202, AHHL-TH-67-58,
16
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degrees C.  In addition to the gas-off experiments, a cryogenic
system for serial trapping of atmospheric contaminants was
constructed.  Gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analyses
were performed on four samples of atmospheres from
bio-environmental systems.  (Authors0 abstract, modified)##


08165

Nedogibchenko, M. K.


PBESENT EAY CONDITIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC AIH POLLUTION  BY
ADTOHOBILE EXHAOST GASES  IN CITIES  AND PEOBLEMS OF ITS
CONTROL,,  In:  Survey of  TJ.S.S.B. Literature  on Air
Pollution and Belated Occupational  Diseases.   Translated  from
Bussian by B.. S. Levine.  National  Bureau of  Standards,
Washington, Do C., Insto  for  Applied Tech., Vol.,  3,  p.,
195-199,  Hay 1960.
   CFSTI:  TT 60-21175


Air quality measurements  in Russian cities  indicated  that  carbon
monoxide  «as the most important  automotive  exhaust pollutant™   In
HoscoWj, maximum concentrations of carbon monoxide reached  100  -
200 mg/cu m; in Leningrad 1t5 to 164 mg/cu  m;  in  Saratov  20  to 60
mg/cu  m;  In Perm <*0 to 60 mg/cu  m,  and in Ivanova 18  to  88
mg/cu  m.  In Sverdlovsk the lead content in the exhaust  gases
ranged between 0..069 to 3.70  mg/cu  m, depending upon  the  made  of
the motor vehicle.  Investigations  in 7oscow  in connection with
the utilization of ethylated  gasoline by the  passenger auto
transport revealed only from  0.001  to 0.003 mg/cu m  of lead  in the
street air<,  Investigations disclosed in auto  transport  exhaust
gases  the presence of a polycyclic  hydrocarbon, 3, H—benzpyrene,
generated at the rate of  0.75 mg/min.  According  to  most  recent
reports auto transport exhaust gases were polluting  atmospheric air
also  with nitrogen oxides; the more incomplete was the gas
combustion  the greater was the quantity of  formed carbon  monoxide
and less  of nitrogen oxides were emitted into  the air; vice  versa,
the more  complete the gas combustion the less  CO  was  formed  and
the more  nitrogen oxides  were discharged into  the air.   Next in
importance to air pollution with carbon monoxide  is  air  pollution
with  soot discharged in large quantities with  automobile exhaust
gases.  The cause of this type of atmospheric  air pollution  lies
in the unsatisfactory technical  construction  and  mechanical  and
functional adjustment of  the  engines.  The  reduction  of  city air
pollution caused by auto-transport  exhaust  gases  should  be
carried out along the following  basic lines:   Improvement  in the
design of automobile motors and  carburetors with  a view  to
increasing degree of combustion  and of gasoline utilization.
Development of methods to render harmless exhaust gases  emitted
by auto-transport engines, preferably by oxidizing them  to smaller
non-harmful or less harmful molecules.. #t


08376

Fiero, George H.


SOLVENTS, SHOG AND BOLE 66. J. Am.  Soc. Lubrication Engr..,



76               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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23<11) :448-458, Nov. 1967.  29 refs. (Presented at the  22nd ASLE
Annual Heeting, Toronto, Canada, Hay 1-1, 1967.)


Solvents and cleaners evaporate into the air and some of them  may
become pollutants.  Their quantity, however, is relatively small
and their photochemical reactivity is relatively low.   Since,
however, certain solvents when tested in smog chambers  at
relatively hihg concentration <4ppm) do produce eye irritating
products, their use is restricted in Los Angeles by Rule 66 and in
the San Francisco Bay area by Regulation 3.  These are  discussed in
detail.  The topographical and meteorological characteristics  of
these locations are unique.  Therefore, such restrictions should
not be imposed in other localities until a thorough study is made
to determine the extent, if any, which solvents may contribute to
smog.,


08377

Parker, Charles H.


PLASTICS AND AIB POILUTIOH. Soc. Plastics Engr. J., 23 (12) :26-30,
Dec. 1967.  2
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The various pollutants present  in  the  smoke  produced  by diesel
engines were measured and discussed.   The  results,  illustrated in
tables and graphs, show that CO emission is  only  1/10 that
allowed for gasoline engines and is therefore  of  minor importance.
Aldehydes with their characteristic irritating odor are also
produced in small guantities and are considered annoying,  but
medically unimportant.  The nitrogen oxides, NO and N02,  are
produced in sufficiently large  quantities  to cause  lack of oxygen
in the blood, and inflammation  of  the  respiratory tract.   The
antechamber motor produces fewer nitrogen  oxides  than the  direct
injection motor.  Amount of S02 produced is  negligible.
3,f»-Benzopyrene is emitted in significant  quantities  when  an
engine emits a large quantity of snoke and then only  if the motor
is run under high pressure,,  As a  control  measure a reduction in
smoke quantity is recommended.  The smoke  characteristics  can
also be greatly influenced by the  design of  the combustion chamber
and proper maintenance of the engines., #t
08521

Kapkaer, E. A.,  I, V. Trofimova,,  B. A. Evikeeva,   and
A. K. Monkevich
HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF SOBE PETBOCHBHICSI
INDUSTRIES.    ((Gigienicheskaya otsenka nekotorykh  nef tekhimiches-
kykh proizvoflstv.))  Text in Russian.  Gigiena Truda i  Prof.
Zabolevaniya (tloscow) , 10 (11) : 22-28, Nov.  1966.  10 refs_


Deficiencies in planning and actual operation of petrochemical
plants are responsible for the discharge of acetylene,,
polyethylene, phenol, acetone, methylstyrene, isoprene,  divinyl  and
other toxic complexes which are products of decomposition,
oxidation, and hydrolysis.  Desorption of  toxic substances  from
construction materials (concrete brick) plays an important  part.
The authors recommend methods for improving working conditions in
petrochemical production facilities.   {Authors* summary,  modified)
08553

Coffman, Q. H.


SODTHEPN CALIFORNIA AEBOSPACE INDUSTPY«S  PROGRAM  TO  CONTROL  SMOG
PRODUCED EY CHEMICAL HILLING BASKANTS AND  SHOP  PROTECTIVE
COATINGS.  S.A.E.,  (Soc. Automovite Engrs.,) , Preprint 670816,
10p., 1967.   (Presented at the  Aeronautic  S Space Engineering  S
Manufacturing fleeting, Los Angeles, Calif., Oct..  2-6^ 1967.)


The materials, test criteria results, and  conclusions for chemical
milling maskants an  d hand-peelable shop  protective coatings  which
comply with Rule 66 of the Los  Angeles  County  Air Pollution  Control
District (APCD), and are used by  the aerospace  industry in Southern
California are discussed..  The  raaskants were evaluated to determine
78               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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the material best suited under Rule 66 to perform chemical  milling,
and the shop protective coatings were evaluated to determine the
material best suited for protecting metal surfaces during
fabrication, adhesive bonding, and assembly operations.   (Authorfcs
abstract, modified)

08557

George, J. C.  and G« R. Horris


AVAILABILITY AHD EVALUATION OF NONPHOTOCHEHICALLY HEACTIVE  PRIHEBS
ASD TOPCOATS FOR AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS.  S»A.Z.  (Soc. Automo-
tive Engrs,), Preprint 670811*, 7p. , 1967.   (Presented at the
Aeronautic S Space Engineering and Hanufacturing Heeting, Los
Angeles, Calif., Oct. 2-6, 1967.,)


New coatings with low smog producing potential have been and are
continuing to be evaluated for use in the aerospace industry.
These new coatings have been  proved in laboratory and shop  testing
to be equal in quality to the conventional coatings they are
replacing. Environmental exposure tests to date are satisfactory
and are continuing.  However,  difficulty has been encountered in
obtaining consistent quality  in large production batches.   Some of
the new coatings contain solvents that are slightly more  toxic.
Also, some of the modified coatings have lower flash points™  These
new materials, which include  both proprietary and military
coatings, appear to be readily available. Coating costs of  the new
materials generally are higher, but vary from a reduction of
approximately 7 percent to an increase of 35 percent.  (Authors!
abstract)


08591

Yamaki, N.


SEVERAL PHOBLEHS ON CONTROL OF MOTOR VEHICLE EXHAUST POLLUTION.
Text in Japanese.  J. Japan.  Petroleum Inst. (Tokyo), 8 (9) : 686-696,
Sept. 1965,,  31 rets- {


Effedcts of Automobile exhaust gases upon air pollution in  Tokyo
and Osaka are evaluated. Numbers of vehicles, population density
of automobiles,and average amounts of gasoline consumption  per
square kilometer per day for Tokyo,Osaka,and Japan are tabulated
Average and maximum amounts of carbon monoxide and lead
concentrations in Tokyo and in Japan are discussed, with reference
to those of Los Angeles.  Snogs are more frequent in Tokyo  and
Osaka during winters and they have been known to be caused  by stack
gases and smokes from factory chimneys.  The effects of automobile
exhaust gases upon smogs for both cities have not been clarified.
The frequencies and distributions of smogs, year to year, in Tokyo
and Osaka have been  changing in recent years, as petroleum  fuels
have replaced coal.   Subjects such as quality of auto exhaust gas
for different driving conditions, actual field survey of exhaust
gases, exhaust control devices, and other activities being
conducted in the United States, are reviewed.
                           B. Emission Sources                        79

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08633

Cleary, Graham J.


AIR POLLUTION AND THE AUTOHOBILE.  Clean Air i(J. Clean  Air
Sec- Australia New Zealand) 1 {1):7-9,11, June 1967.   18 refs.


The magnitude and nature of the emissions from automobile engines
are examined™ Host of the pollution is discharged through the tail
pipe (about 60 percent on a total hydrocarbon basis)„ but crankcase
emissions (30 percent) are also appreciable.  The remaining  ten per
cent is made up of evaporation losses from  the fuel  tank and from
the carburettor after the engine has stopped™  Eye irritation,
plant damage and cracking of typre rubber have been  found in
communities heavily polluted by automobile  exhaust products.
Control measures to minimize pollution are  considered.  These
involve burning the exhaust gases from the  tail pipe by means of
either thermal or catalytic afterburners, and recycling the  vent
gases from the crankcase to either the air  manifold  or  the
carburettor.  statistics about the current  car population in Sydney
and the anticipated future growth rate are  presented, and an
estimate is made of the future date (1998)  when the  volume of
exhaust products in Sydney will be the same as that  in  Los Angeles
in 19H2, when conditions of smog were first experienced. (Authortfs
abstract)


08663

Starkman, Ernest S.


CHEMICAL POLLUTION FKOH IRANSPOHTATION VEHICLES. Preprint,
California Univ., Berkeley, Coll. of Engineering,  16p.,  1967.
 (Presented at the 134th Annual Meeting,  American Assoc.  for  the
Advancement of Science, Interdisciplinary Symposia on Han and
Transportation, New York, N. Y., Dec. 30, 1967.)


The gasoline engine will probably be the principal power plant for
passenger cars for at least the next decade.  Chemical  pollutants
discharged by the gasoline engine are now under partial control.
Carbon  monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons from  1968  model cars are
approximately 30 percent of that frcm prior production.  Further
demonstrated reductions can reduce this  number  to  less  than  10
percent in a decade.  Additionally, in ten  years,  oxides of
nitrogen can be reduced to about 20 percent of  existing levels.
Theory  shows that carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and oxides
of nitrogen ultimately can be completely removed from gasoline
engine  exhaust. Present designs of gas turbines for  aircraft and
tor future projected application to ground  vehicles  yield pollutant
 (except for smoke) at levels below that  of  the  gasoline engine of a
decade  hence.  It has also been shown possible  to  eliminate  smoke
as well as odor from  the gas turbine.  Thus with proper effort,  it
is feasible to effectively reduce pollution of  the atmosphere  due
to transportation to  an acceptable level, even  it  electrically or
alternatively powered vehicles cannot be developed for  a  decade.
 (Author#s summary, modified)
80                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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08735

Mourik,  J.  H.   and C.  Van
THE FOBMATION OF NITROUS FUMES IN GAS FLAMES.   Ann. Occupa-
tional Hyg.   (Oxford), 10 (4) : 305-315, Oct. 1967.  9 refs.


When a mixture of gas and air is burned, only small quantities of
NO and N02 are formed.  If extra oxygen is supplied, the pro-
duction of NO increases rapidly.  The change/over frcm ccke oven
gas to natural gas in the Netherlands was accompanied by a con-
siderable increase in the level of nitrous oxides in spaces where
gas flames are used, especially in glass-blowing shops.  Data on
the burning  of gas/air and gas/oxygen flames are tabulated.  The
main cause of NO production is linked to the different flame
characteristic of natural gas so that one is inclined to add too
much oxygen  to a natural gas flame, leading to the production of
N/ which far exceeds the permissable concentration.  A better
ventilatory  or exhaust system is then needed.  In practice, an
Emergency Exposure Limit of 63 mg./cu m of N02 for 5 minutes
is recommended.
08802

Hoffmann, H.
THE COMPOSITION OF EXH1DST GASES FBOH DIESEL MOTOBS.   ({Die
Zusammensetzung der Auspuffgase bei Dieselmotoren.))  Text in
German,   Z.  Praeventivmed.  Vol. 11, p. 10V-121, March-April
1966.,
The smoke emission of different types of diesel motors was
determined and the results presented in a series of graphs.  Under
full load little difference in smoke emission was observed between
chambered engines and direct injection engines, while the latter
were superior under partial load.  The various factors in engine
development which influence smoke emissions are discussed.  The
carbon monoxide, aldehyde, and nitrogen oxide content of the
exhaust gas vas determined and it was found that the CO content
is of no concern in diesel motors, since the concentration is not
over 0.1-0.15 Vol.* and in many cases below 0.05 Vol.%.  The
same is true for aldehydes whose odorous annoyance has a
psychological but not medical effect at the emitted concentrations.
The nitrogen oxide content was found to be higher with direct
fuel injection engines.  The amount of 3,4-benzopyrene emission is
influenced by the fuel composition and the combustion system and is
only of concern if the motor is operated under high mean pressure,
when as much as 0.5 gamma benzopyrene in 500 liters of exhaust gas
was found at 1200-1500 U/min. under 3/H load.  It is concluded
that by proper construction and development and particularly by
proper care of the engine, the smoke from modern diesel engines
can be reduced to an unobjectionable amount.f#
                           B. Emission Sources                        si

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09026

Burckle, J. 0«,  J» *„ Dorsey,  and Bo To Biley


THE EFFECTS OF THE OPERATING VARIABLES AND BEFOSE TYPES ON  THE
EMISSIONS FBOB 1 PHOT SCALE TRENCH INCINERATOR.  Preprint,
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center
for Mr Pollution Control, {{28)) p., 1968.  19 refs.
(Presented at the National Incinerator Conference, New York,
N. Y., Bay 5-8, 1968.)


This work defines the air pollutant emissions from a Trench
Incinerator burning three types of refuse material:  low  ash,
moderately high heat content materials characterized by cord wood;
high ash, high heat content material characterized by rubber tires;
high ash, low heat content material characterized by municipal
refuse.  Dse of a trench incinerator for the disposal of  the high
ash content materials studied generated particulate emissions
which, in all cases, exceeded 1 grain per standard cubic  foot at 12
per cent carbon dioxide and is therefore not recommended.   For
disposal of low ash, high heat content materials, the data  indicate
that, except for nitrogen oxides, emission levels from the  trench
incinerator may be acceptable if rigid operating controls are
predetermined for the specific refuse material.   (Author's
abstract)**
09028

G. G. Esposito


QUANTITATIVE HEASUEE OF FHOTCCHEMICALLY REACTIVE  AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS IN ENAMELS AND THINKERS.   (INTERIM REPORT.)    Army
Coating and Chemical Lab., Aberdeen  Proving  Ground,  Md.,
Contract ABCMS-5025.11.29500,  Proj.  1T024401A329 ,  CCL-241,
12p., Dec. 1967.  5 refs.  Also: J.  Paint Technol. ,  10(520):
214-221, May 1968.  9 refs.
   CFSTI, DDC:  AD  663813


Recently enacted air pollution abatement laws  regulate  the  amount
of photochemically  reactive solvents at can  be used  in  paint
products.  Aromatic solvents  possess the strongest solvency of  the
hydrocarbon types,  bat their  use in  paint must now be
restricted in order to comply  with air contamination laws.
This report describes a suitable gas chromatographic
procedure for the determination of toluene,  ethyl benzene  and total
aromatics in enamels and thinners.   The solvent is isolated by
vacuum distillation.  High boiling and low  boiling internal
standards are added and the analysis is conducted on six  and
eighteen foot columns containing N,S-Bis(2-cyanoethyl)
fcrmamide as the liquid.   (Author's  abstract)##
82               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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09216
Bess, W.
SDHVEY OP AIR ANALYSES IN THE CITY OF ZURICH IN 1961-9165.
((Obersicht nber die Luftuntersuchungen in der Stadt Zurich von
1961 vis 1965.t)  Text in German.,  Z, Pr aeventivmed. , 11<2) : 114-156,
Harch -April, 1966.,  5 refs.


Extensive measurements of CO and N02 levels were made during 1961 -
1965 at several intersections and a tunnel in Zurich.  COHb levels
in the blood of traffic policemen were also measured and  plotted
against time; wind velocity and the nuaber of vehicles passing the
measuring points were noted.  A check of diesel trucks showed that
15-20 percent had an excessive soot content in the exhaust gases-
The S02 level was strongly dependent on atmospheric humidity,

09323

T. A. Hills,  H. A. Nickol


INFLUENCE OF ENGINE VARIABLES ON EXHADST OXIDES OF NITFOGEN
CONCENTRATIONS FROB A BOLTI-CYLINDEB ENGINE.   Preprint,
Society of Automotive Engineers, 12.,, 1967.,  12 refs.
(Presented at the  Bid-Year  Beeting  of the Society of
Automotive Engineers, Chicago,  111., Bay 15-19, 1967.
Paper 670482.,)


The influence of engine variables on the concentration of
oxides of nitrogen present  in the exhaust of a
multicylinder engine was studied.   The concentrations of  nitric
oxide  (NOJ were measured with either a mass spectrometer  or
a non-dispersive infrared analyzer.  The CO
concentration was  low for rich  operation  (deficient in oxygen)
and increased with air-fuel ratio to a peak value at ratios
slightly leaner than stoichiometric proportions.  A furthsr
increase in air-fuel ratio  resulted in reduced NO concentrations.
Advanced spark timing, decreased manifold vacuum, increased
coolant temperature and combustion  chamber deposit buildup were
also found to increase exhaust  NO concentration.  These
results support either directly or  indirectly the hypothesis
that exhaust NO concentration is primarily a result of the
peak combustion gas temperature and the available oxygen,. The
NO concentration of the exhaust from an individual cylinder
is a function of the air-fuel ratio of the charge that the
individual cylinder receives.   Since the NO concentration as
a function of air-fuel ratio is highly non-linear, it was
concluded that the NO concentration of the conglomerate
exhaust is a function of distribution as well as overall  air-fuel
ratio.  The NO concentration of the gases expelled from  an
engine cylinder varies with time.   The last portion to be expelled
is, at least under some operating conditions, lower in NO
concentration than the average  of the well mixed exhaust  gas
from that cylinder.  These  results  can be explained by flame
quenching resulting from the relatively cold combustion  chamber
walls.  {Anthers0  Abstract)ft
                           B.  Emission Sources                        83

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093«1

Oberdorfer, Po E.


THE DETERMINATION OF ALDEHYDES IN AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST  GAS..
Preprint, Society of Automotive Engineers,  10p»,  1967.   114
refs.,   (Presented at the Automotive Engineering Congress,
Detroit, Hich., Jan. 9-13, 1967,  Paper 670123.)


A method for the sampling and determination of exhaust
aldehydes and ketones is described.  The procedure consists  of
absorbing and converting these compounds to the solid 2,H
di-nitrophenylhydrazone derivatives.  Results are reported as
total aldehydes and/or the derivatives separated into individual,
identifiable components by chromatographic  techniques.   Exhaust
emission data employing this procedure are  presented  for a limited
number  of vehicles with and without exhaust control systems.
To'tal aldehyde levels (as formaldehyde} were found to range  from
about 20 to over several hundred parts per  million depending on
the mode of operation and the adjustment of such variables as
air-fuel ratio, spark timing, and exhaust emission control
devices..  Effects of these variables on aldehyde emissions are
discussed.  The relationship of the chemical structure  of
inducted fuel to aldehyde emissions is also touched upon.  The
amount  of individual aldehydes was found to be related  to the
parent  fuel to a considerable extent for pure individual
hydrocarbon fuels.  This relationship is greatly diminished,
however, within the design limitations of current full  boiling
practical gasolines-  (Author's abstract) ##

09355

Pahnke, Alden J.  and Edward C. Sguire

LEAD IN GASOLINE:  NO EFFECT ON EXHAUST EMISSIONS FOUND  IN
18-MONTH CONSUHER-CAR TEST.   Oil Gas J. , 6<4 (50) :106-110 „
Dec., 12, 1966.


Dse of  tetraethyl lead in gasoline does not significantly affect
exhaust enission characteristics of vehicles driven by  the
motoring public.  This is the conclusion reached after  a test of
leaded  and unleaded gasoline in 122 privately owned and
operated cars spanning a period of 18 months and covering a  total
of 2,500,000 miles.  Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon-emission
levels  of the cars operated on leaded gasoline were essentially
equivalent to those of the cars driven on unleaded gasoline.
Photochemical reactivity and nitrogen oxide levels for  the two
car groups were also equivalent, further demonstrating  the
absence of any effects of tetraethyl lead on vehicle  emissions
either  positive or negative.*#


09393

Hettche» 0.
MB POLLUTION IN LOCALITIES HITH HEAVY TRAFFIC  IN
84               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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METROPOLITAN CITIES.  «Die Verunreinigung der Atmosphare an
verkehrsreichen Punkten in Grossstadten.)J  Text in German.  Z.
Praeventivmed. 11 <2) : 122-133, Harch-April 1966™  27 refs.


Data on the variations in time of CO, S02, NO, N02, hydrocarbons,
polycyclic hydrocarbons, lead compounds and dust in various
European cities such as Stuttgarg, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Essen and
London are discussed and compared with data from Los Angeles.   In
heavy traffic, concentrations of up to 20 mg» CO, 0.2 mg. NO,  0.. 1
mg.  H02r 0.05-0.U mg S02, 2-10 mg. hydrocarbons and U microgram of
lead per cubic meter were found. Polycyclic hydrocarbons such  as
benzpyrene and coronene can be determined accurately only in
tunnels by analysis of the intake air and the air in the tunnel™
In Germany, more diesel engines are in operation than the 0-3
percent in Los Angeles.  Diesels generate only about 1 percent  CO
but maintenance must be frequent and soot emission must be
controlled.,  Two-cycle engines give a very low CO emission.
Methods used in Germany for the determination of pollutants are
outlined.   Standardization of analytical methods is emphasized..

 09715

 Eyzat,  Pierre   and  Jean—Claude  Guibet


 THEORETICAL  AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY  OF  THE FORMATION  OF  NITROGEN
 OXIDES  IN INTERNAL  COMBUSTION ENGINES.   ((Etude  theorique  et
 experimentale  de la formation des oxydes d'azote dans  les  moteurs a
 combustion interne.)}  Text  in French.   Ingrs-  Automobile
 (Paris, 
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as recently as 1967, and, on the basis of these data:  estimates
the atmospheric pollution burden to be expected by the years  1980
and 2000 provided present fuel policies remain essentially
unchanged; summarizes some of the major technological developments
that could have an impact on energy source selection and  total
energy requirements; identifies and discusses some of the major
government policies that affect both fuel source and energy demand;
outlines some approaches to an evaluation on a benefit/cost basis
of alternative policies that would reduce atmospheric pollution and
completes the analysis for the solvent refined coal process,,
09785

Dickinson, Janet,  Robert L. Chass,  and H. J. Hamming


AIR CONTAMINANTS.  In:  Air Pollution Engineering Manual-
(Air Pollution Control District, County of Los Angeles.)
John A., Danielson i(comp. and ed.). Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control,
PHS-Pub-999-AP-tO, p. 11-21, 1967.
   GPO:  806-61l»-30


The parameters of an air pollution problem, particularly the
problem in Los Angeles County; the measures taken to eliminate
the problem; and control measures still needed are described.  The
air contaminants include:  organic gases (hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon
derivatives) ; inorganic gases <(N03t, SOx, CO) ; miscellaneous
inorganic gases i(NH3, H2S, C12, F2) ; particulates '{carbon or soot
particles, metallic oxides and salts, oily or tarry droplets, acid
droplets, metallic fumes)„ Each is discussed indicating the sources
and significance in the air pollution problem.
09830

Netzley, Arthur B.


WIRE RECLAMATION.   In:  Air Pollution Engineering
Manual. (Air Pollution Control District, County  of Los  Angeles.)
John A. Danielson i(comp. and ed.). Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control,
PHS-Pub-999-AP-ltO, p. 1195-503, 1967.,
   GPO:  806-61H-30


Scrap copper wire, with a diameter in the range  11 gage to  one
inch, which has combustible insulation is reclaimed by  burning  off
the insulation in an incinerator,,  A great variety of materials
composes the combustible insulation: Rubber,  paper, cotton,  silk,
and plastics such as polyethylene and polyvinyl  chloride.
Moreover, the wire itself may have a baked-on coating of plastics,
paint, or varnish.  As received for burning,  the total  combustible
content of the insulated wire may vary widely from several  percent
to over 50 percent by weight. Most commercial wire contains  from  20
to 35 percent insulation.  Burning in the open is accompanied  by
36                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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copious quantities of dense snoke, disagreeable odors, inorganic
materials, and oxygenated hydrocarbons- Burning in single-chamber
incinerators produces somewhat less smoke, odors, and other air
contaminants than open burning does, since combustion air can be
regulated.  The only practical industrial equipment available today
for controlling emissions from single-chamber insulation-burning
incinerators is an afterburner or secondary combustion chamber.
The composition of stack gases from eguipaent with and without
afterburners is presented.  Design methods, materials of
construction, and operating procedures are discussed and
illustrated.
09831

Walsh, Eobert I.


GASEOUS AND LIQUID FUELS.   In:  Air Pollution
Egineering Manual.  (Air Pollution Control District, County of Los
Angeles.)   John A. Danielson  (comp. and ed.), Public Health
Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution
Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-UO, p. 507-514, 1967.
   GPO:  806-610-30


The burning of gaseous and liguid fuels is so commonplace that it
enters directly into a vast number of air-polluting processes.  The
burning of any fuel under less than optimum conditions  produces
some quantities of carbon, ash, and unburned and partially burned
hydrocarbons.  In addition, many fuels contain sulfur and metallic
compounds that are, even in the oxidized state, air pollutants. Air
contaminants generated from fuel burning fall into three
categories:  (1) Carbon and the unburned and partially oxidized
organic materials that result from incomplete combustion,  (2)
sulfur oxides and ash directly attributable to fuel composition,
and  (3) oxides of nitrogen formed at firebox temperatures from
oxygen and nitrogen of the air. Incomplete combustion products can
usually be held to tolerable minimums with proper operation of
modern burner equipment. Sulfur and ash emissions are governed .by
the fuel makeup.  Nitrogen.  Nitrogen oxide concentrations are
primarily functions of firebox design and temperature.  The causes
of such phenomena as black smoke, white smoke, sulfur and nitrogen
oxides, and particulate emissions are discussed.  Compositions of
common fuel gases, fuel oils, and their combustion products  (both
gaseous and solid) are tabulated.  Sulfur removal from  fuels and
municipal regulations limiting sulfur compound emission and sulfur
content in fuels are discussed.  Combustion products of any given
fuel may be determined by the method illustrated.


09833

Walsh, Robert T.


BOILERS, HEATERS, AND STEAM GENEBATOBS.   In:  Air
Pollution Engineering Manual.  (Air Pollution Control Dis-
trict, County of Los Angeles.)  John A. Danielson  (comp. and
                           6. Emission Sources                        87

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ed.}» Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio,  National  Cen-
ter for Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40,  p.  525-
558, 1967.
   GPO:  806-610-1*0


Boilers, heaters, and steam plants which burn fossil  fuels  (oil  or
gas) produce large quantities of particulates oxides  of  sulfur and
nitrogen, and acid mist due to hydrolysis of 303.   Particulate
emission during normal operation and tube cleaning is discussed.
The formation, reactions, kinetics, and equilibria for NOx  and SOx
are presented which form the basis for recommendation on firebox
temperatures, combustion oxygen concentrations,  and burner  design
for optimum performance.  Pollution control equipment, such as
cyclones, filters, electrical precipitators, alkaline additives,
metal oxide and carbon filled adsorbers, afterburners, and  various
scrubbers are described and evaluated.  Experimental  data is given
for several methods of control.  Lowering excess air,  catalytic
decomposition of NOx, reducing flame temperatures, and eliminating
air preheat are also discussed.  Consideration  is  given  to  the
economics of emission control, especially SOx,  and to thermal
efficiency.
 10135

 Brubacher, Hiles !„  and Donel B,,  Olson


 SHOG TDNE-TJP FOB 01DEE CSBS.   In:  Vehicle  Emissions,  Part II
 SAE Progress in Technology  Series,  Vol.  12,  New  York
 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., 1966,  p.,  268-290.   20
 refs.   (Presented at the SAB  Southern California  Section,
 April  196«o)


 Surveys of smog forning pollutants  from  the  exhaust  of the
 California car population have shown a tremendous range of
 emissions between the worst and  the best cars.   ft study was
 conducted to determine the effectiveness and cost of various  tune-
 up approaches to the auto exhaust  emission  problem.   Poor  phases of
 tune-up were explored and pertinent facts and data are included in
 this paper.  Three  major engine  systems  affecting emissions of
 older  cars are ignition, carburetion, and exhaust valve leaks..
 Exhaust control is  predicted  to  be  d $150,000,000 annual business
 and the incentive exists to develop more effective and cheaper
 control systems.  The average annual tune-up cost was about $30.
 (authors  abstract, modified)


 10388

 M. Serruys,  and G. Darrieus


 THE COMPOSITION OF  EXHAUST  GASES FEOM GASOLINE ENGINES.
 (Sur la composition des gaz d'echappement des moteurs a essence
 ((a pleine charge)).  Text  in French.  Compt. Kend.  (Paris),
 264 (15) :1C53-1055,  April  10,  1967.
83               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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In a study of carburation  and  of  fuel mixture loss after
carburation, fuel was  admitted into  a 2,000  cps motor with four
cyclinders of 1,100  ml.  each and  the amount  of hexane produced
by the combustion was  noted.   Graphed data indicates that
hexane level increases with increasingly rich fuel mixtures.
Hexane level also rises  slightly  when increasingly thin fuel
mixtures are used.   This data  is  incompatible with the thesis that
a chemical equilibrium exists  where  the combustion temperature
decreases with  increasing  leanness of the fuel mixture and
increasing oxygen mixture.  This  incompatibility may be
explained by the presence  of incomplete combustion in the
neighborhood of the  cooler walls  of  the combustion chamber.##
1047m,

Meldau,  E.


EVOLUTION OF FUHES FROM STEEL BATHS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES. Stahl
Eisen, 80^19} : 1288-1289,, 1960,,  11 refs.  Translated from German.
Henry Brutcher  Technical Translations, iltadena, Calif„, HB-1938,
9p., 1960.  Available from Henry Brutcher Technical Translations, ?„0
Box 157, Alatadena, Calif.   91001


International literature on the causes of fume formation in
various steelmaking processes is critically reviewed™  Although  the
theories and mechanisms presented differ, most researchers agree tha
fume development is somehow connected with carbon elimination-
Oxygen- lance temperature is also suggested as a factor in smoke
formation.  In addition, the effects of CO, bubbles, alloying
materials,  and  impurities on fume production are discussed.
101175

Sage, B.  H.


PARTIAL OXIDATION PRODUCTS FORKED DURING COMBUSTION.   (SUMMARY
REPORT.)  California Inst. of Tech.,, Pasadena, Chemical
Engineering  Lab., 26 p., 1968.  3 refs.


A research program dealing with the influence of oscillatory
combustion of various fuels on the residual quantities of nitrogen
oxides and other partial oxidation products is summarized.
Experiments  were conducted at a pressure of 50 lb./sq., in. employing
air and a range of fuels including natural gas, ethane, propane, and
butane.  The highest NOz levels occurred at near stoichiometric
mixture levels, with a sharp decrease at richer mixtures, and a more
gradual decrease at leaner mixtures.  The budget of the program,
along with a list of publications and reports and personnel
requirements, is presented.
                           B. Emission Sources                        89

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 10639

 Vengerskaya, Kh. Ya.,   G. N.  Nazyrov,   L»  S_  Bodrova,   S.
 Ya,, Dubrovskii, and V.  P. Dumko


 HYGIENIC  ASSESSHENT OF  NEW  SYNTHETIC  HATEHIALS  BHEN DSE IB A HOT
 CLIH1TE.   ((Sanitarno-khinicheskaya otsenka  primeneniya novykh
 sinteticheskikh nateriolov  »  nsloviyakh zharkogo klimata.)   Hyg.  t
 Sanit.   (English translation  of:  Gigiena i Sanit.), 33(1-3):3UO -
 311, Jan.-Harch 1968.   3  refs.
   CFSTI:  TT 68-50KK9/1


 When synthetic polymer  materials  are  used  in  the construction of
 buildings  in a hot clisate, there is  a  potential hazard from entry
 of volatile substances  into the air.  Several synthetic materials
 used in  interior decoration of premises in a  building  were studies.
 They were  artificial chanais, a cotton  fabric with  a paste
 consisting of polyvinyl chloride  resin  and dibutyl
 phthalate; "Trimaza," a plastic material made of foamed rubber,
 which is coated with rubber latex adhesive and  a layer of  cut
 viscose  fibers; emulsion  paint, containing vinyl acetate,  polyvinyl
 alcohol  and butyl phthalate.  The  channel of the air conditioner was
 lined with "Hlpor"  (microporous rubber), which  contained phenol
 formaldehyde resin™  Investigations showed that the synthetic
 materials  used in the interior finish  (chamais, "Trimaza," and
 emulsion paint) did not release volatiles. "Mipor"  released carbon
 nonoxide,  carbon dioxide, and formaldehyde "Mipor"  should  not be
 used for the noise—proofing of air conditioners.
 106U9

 Boubel, Bichard W.,  Ellis F.  Darley,   and  Edward  A.
 Schuck
EHISSIONS FEOM BURNING GRASS  STUBBLE AND  STBAH.   Preprint,  23p.,
1968.  5 refs.   (Presented at  the 61st  Annual  Meeting  of  the
Air Pollution Control Association,  St.  Paul, Minn.,  June
23-27, 1968, Paper 68-28.)


The emissions from burning the  residue  following  grass-seed
harvest were determined  by means  of a  combined laboratory-field
study.  Samples  of the straw  and  stubble  residue  were  burned  in  a
laboratory burning tower.  Complete analyses were determined  for
gaseous and particulate  emissions frcm  the  important grass  species
from the Willamette Valley of  Oregon.   Particulate emissions
averaged 15,6 pounds  per ton  of fuel burned.   Carbon monoxide
averaged 101 pounds per  ton of  fuel burned.  Hydrocarbon
emission averages, in pounds  per  ton of fuel burned, were 1.74 for
saturates plus acetylene, 2.80  for  olefins, and 1.68 for  ethylene.
The oxides o± nitrogen expressed  as N02,  at the temperature
peak during the  burn, averaged  29.3 ppm.   Previous field  studies
measured only particulate emissions, carton dioxide, and
temperature over the  burn.  The carbon  dioxide values  were  found
to be similar to those obtained in  the  burning tower and  it was
90               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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therefore assumed that the other gaseous emissions  were  similar
and could be used for reasonably accurate emission  inventories.
The temperature values obtained in the laboratory and field  were
also similar and further justifies extrapolating the burning  tower
data to field situations.  The particulate matter collected  in the
field studies averaged 15.6 pounds of particulate per ton  of  fuel
burned.  This is the same average obtained for the  burning tower
data.  Much more variability was found in the particulate
emissions obtained in the field which reflects the  wider range of
environmental conditions encountered in the field.   (Authors'
abstract, modified)##


10958

Brewer, A. B.  and &„ W,, Wilson


THE REGIONS OF FOPHATIOH OF ATMOSPHERIC OZONE,  Quart. J.  Poy.,
Beteorol,, Soc., 94(101) :2«9-265, July 1968..


The nature and magnitude of the source of the natural ozone  of
the atmosphere is discussed and the results of calculations  of the
local rates of production in the periods January-February  and
July-lugust are given.  The effect of different assumptions  and
models on the deduced source regions and source strengths  is
demonstrated.  It is concluded that the most satisfactory  result
is obtained using solar ultraviolet intensities recently measured
in the stratosphere.  It is possible that there may be some
catalytic destruction of ozone by water vapour, but below  35
km the effect must be small.   (Authors0 summary)tf
11008

Shah, I-  S.
AIR POLLUTION.   PULP PLANT POLLUTION CONIJJOL.  Chem. Eng.
Progr.   64(9) :66-77, Sept. 19Gb.


In Kraft process,  chemicals in the form of solids, mists,
odorous and iionodorous gases are being emitted to the atmosphere.
The source of  emission,  the theoretical explanation for  the
emissions, and the various processes and equipment used  to reduce
the chemical and heat losses are discussed an detail.**

11109

Cook, N. A.


ANALYSIS OF FUEL CELLS FOB VEHICULAE APPLICATIONS.   Preprint,
Society of Automotive Engineers, 23p.,  1968.  8  refs.   (Pre-
sented at the Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit,  Mich.,
(Jan. 8-12, 1968.   Paper 680082.)
Paper 680082.)
                           B.  Emission Sources                        9]

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The recent increase in smog and other air pollution problems
traceable to internal combustion engine exhausts have created  public
interest in the search for new power sources for automobiles.  An
old favorite, the electric car, has received renewed attention, tut
battery technology is unable to offer a power source for  a  vehicle
that will meet contemporary consumer demands for speed, range, and
acceleration. The fuel cell has emerged from the laboratories  as a
practical electrical power source with much promise for vehicular
application.  This paper presents the State-of-the-art of fuel
cells as related to electric automobiles and discusses fuels and
economics.   (Author's abstract)


11263

Reamer, H. H. ,  Joan Jacobs,  and B0 H. Sage


OSCILL4TOBY COHBDSTION AT ELEVATED PRESSURE.  EFFECT 07 FUEL.
Preprint, California Inst. of Tech.,, Pasadena, Chemical
Engineering Lab.„ ({29))p., ((1966})  10refs.


The effect of varying thd fuel from natural gas to ethane,  propane
and n-butane upon oscillatory combustion in a cylindrical chamber
1 in. i.d. and approximately 21 in™ in length was investigated
experimentally.  A significant effect upon the residual
quantities of nitrogen and upon the double amplitude of the
perturbation in normal stress was noted.  Little, if any, effect
upon the freguency of the longitudinal perturbations was
experienced.,  The results are presented in tabular and graphical
form.   (Authors' abstract)##
11326

E.A. Shuck
AIR QUALI1Y IN THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA.   Preprint,
California Univ., Riverside, Air Pollution Besearch Center,
30p., 1968.  15 refs.   (Presented at the 16th Meeting of the
Detroit Analytical Chemistry Conference, Detroit, Mich.,
Sept. 1968.)


Curing the past 20 years the guantity of combustion emissions
which are discarded into the air mass over California has teen
increasing at,an alarming rate.  These increases are the direct
result of the population increase and the attending demands for
power and products which are the ultimate source of most
emissions.  The daily tons of major emissions as reported on the
county level are correlated tc the undersirable aspects of air
guality.  Analysis of the reports from 14 counties indicates that
California reguires a substantial increase in awareness and effort
en the county, regional, and state level in order to cope with the
complexity of emission  problems.  Today the increases in emissions
resulting from rapidly  growing population are largely offsetting
the decreases in emissions resulting from application of
reductive control methods.  The advantages to be gained by use
92               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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of atmospheric dilution and dispersion factors are being
destroyed as a result of the growth and coalescing of cities.
Many undesirable aspects of our air quality are caused by
atmospheric interactions of the emissions of hydrocarbons and
oxides of nitrogen.  A very important source of these emissions
in California is the automobile.  However, if we overemphasize
this point we are in danger of neglecting the 25-3551 of these
emissions which arise from other sources.  Such neglect can only
result in further deterioration of air guality.ftt
 11603

 Bush, A., J. Burke, B, Carlson, and S. Boss


 EFFECT ON THE ATMOSPHERE WHEN AUTOMOTIVE  EXHAUST  EMISSIONS  ARE
 CONTROLLED.  In: Air Pollution Besearch  (Progress Summary).
 California Univ., Los Angeles, Dept. of Engineering,  Kept.  68-39,
 F- 39-59, Sept.  1968.


 'Clean air1 criteria were applied  to investigate  the  atmospheric
 effects of exhausts from vehicles  driven  on  different driving
 patterns  (freeway, commuter, city  driving) and  the effects  of
 different control devices on emissions during these driving  cycles.
 A transparent polyethylene 6000-cu ft reaction  chamber utilizing
 natural solar radiation and equipped with a  filtration temperature,
 and humidity control systems was used as  a miniature  Los  Angeles
 basin in  which variables could be  controlled and  effects  tested.
 To supply the exhaust, vehicles were run  on  a magnetic
 tape-controlled  chassis dynamometer.  Experimental results  are
 given for new and older cars with  respect to nitrogen oxides,
 carbon monoxide, ozone, and hydrocarbons.  Results indicate  that
 newer vehicles have not brought about an  improvement  in the
 condition of the atmosphere and have increased  atmospheric  N.O
 levels.   Control devices are designed to  meet official tests, such
 as the 7-mode cycle, but meeting the test does  not guarantee clean
 air-  The Kopa recirculation device is under investigation  and  is
 being  tested for effectiveness under all types of driving
 conditions.
 11606

 Robinson, L.  B.  and J.  D.  Pinkerton


 COMBUSTION PROCESS ANALYSIS.   In:  Air  Pollution Research (progress
 Summary).  California Univ.,  Los  Angeles,  Dept. cf Engineering,
 Eept.  68-39,  p.  81-90,  Sept.  1968.   16  refs.


 The  formation of exhaust  gas  pollutants in the Otto cycle engine,
 and  methods for  predicting actual  engine performance including
 friction, heat transfer,  and  irreversible  chemical reactions,  are
 under  investigation.  A comparison of  nitric  oxide emission levels
 calculated from  kinetic data,  with experimentally  measured values
 reported by other investigators,  indicates that current formation
                           B. Emission Sources                        93

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mechanisms provide adequate explanation for the NO present in
engine exhausts.  Experiments are suggested to examine the validity
of the theory that hydrocarbon exhaust emissions are formed in a
quench zone next to the wall cf the combustion chamber in Otto
cycle engines.  Despite the difficulty of calculating the
hydrocarbon exhaust emission from an engine, current understanding
of the hydrocarbon mechanism suggests that turbo-compounding an
Otto cycle may prove a very effective way to maintain high thermal
efficiencies while utilizing the low emission characteristic of
low compression ratios.  A literature review concerning engine
friction is in progress.
 11619

 Auckland Air Pollution Research Committee, New  Zealand


 NINTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ADCK1AND AIR  POLLUTION  RESEARCH
 COMMITTEE FOR YEAH ENDING 31 MARCH 1968.  12?..  1968.   27 refs.


 Data are presented pertaining to the pattern of  fuel  use, future
 sources of electrical energy, and meteorological conditions  in  the
 Auckland area.  The relative importance  of the  different fuels  used
 for domestic, commercial, industrial, and transportation purposes is
 considered, and an attempt is made to evaluate  the  probable  rates
 of emission from their combustion.  Seasonal and regional
 variations in the use of fuels are noted.  In the  case  of domestic
 fuels, there are also daily variations.  Maximum emissions cf smoke
 and other pollutants from domestic sources occur during the  early
 morning and late afternoon.  These emissions often  coincide  with
 periods of little or no air movement.  However,  the use of coal,
 wood, coke, and briquettes is declining  in the  Auckland area and
 more reliance is being placed on cleaner methods of heating, such
 as electric heating appliances and oil-fired central  heating units.
 Upward trends in the production of sulfur dioxide  and nitrogen
 oxides may be offset to some extent by increasing  electricity
 consumption.  Sulfur dioxide levels could be reduced  by fuel
 desulfurization processes.  Another factor affecting  Auckland's
 air pollution is the advent of natural gas.  Increased  usage of
 this fuel will assist in reducing levels of all  pollutants.
 11803

 Fuller, Louis J., Ralph E. George, and  John E.  Williamson


 SCME OBSERVATIONS ON AIR POLLUTION IN NEW YORK  CITY:  A  BEPOH1  TO
 THE MAYOR.  Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control  District,
 Calif., 30p., Jan.  17,  1966.


 Air pollution in New York City has attained serious proportions
 as a result of the  incineration of rubuish and  garbage,
 combustion of fuels, motor vehicle emissions, and  the growth of
 industries, both within the city and in adjacent areas.  Precise
94                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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information on the quantities cf pollutants emitted by each  source
are needed.  However, incineration and fuel combustion are so
serious that abatement measures cannot await further studies.
Rapid and substantial improvements in rubbish and fuel combustion
pollution should be achieved by applying known techniques.
Rubbish disposal pollution can be relieved by substituting
sanitary landfills for incineration; installing baghouse  type
control devices on municiple incinerators; replacing single-
chamber and flue-fed incinerators with gas-fired multiple-chamber
incinerators; and permitting the use of domestic garbage  grinders.
Fuel combustion pollution can be relieved by substituting natural
gas for coal and oil; prohibiting the use of coal and grade  No  6
residual fuel oil by Consolidated Edison; requiring the
installation of two-stage combustion controls on the power
company's fossil fuel-fired boilers; and prohibiting further
installation of fossil-fired power plants in or near the  city.
Specific information must be obtained on the nature and quantity
of pollutants from all sources.  In addition, the behavior and
motion of pollutants in the atmosphere must be determined.   lo
accomplish these objectives, emission inventories and d
comprehensive meteorological survey should be undertaken  and a
comprehensive air monitoring program instituted.   (Author summary
modified)


11828

D. R. Lamb,  R. D. Shriner


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN EEGIONAL CONFERENCE ON  AIR
POLLUTION  (NOVEMBER 15-17, 1967.)   Wyoming Univ.,
Laramie, Coll. of Commerce and Industry,110p,,1967.   ((140))
ref s.
The purpose of the Conference was tc bring  together
representatives of government, industry, and research for  a
meaningful discussion of air pollution and  its causes, effects,  and
cures.  The following topics were discussed:  Industrial Gases,
Particulates, Industrial Solid Haste Management, The
Internal Combustion Engine and Smog, Banquet Session, Air
Pollution Effects on Meteorology and Visibility, Air
Pollution Effects on Humans, Air Pollution  Effects on
Animals, Air Pollution Effects Plants, Air  Pollution
Effects on Materials, Economics of Air Pollution, Air
Pollution Control by Feed Lots, Air Pollution Control by
Petroleum Plants, Air Pollution Control by  Power Plants,
Air Pollution Control by Wood Products Plants, and Air
Pollution Control by Mineral Processing Plants.##


11835

K. I. Dishart,  W. C. Harris


THE EFFECT OF GASOLINE HYDROCARBON COMPOSITION ON AUTOMOTIVE
EXHAUST EMISSIONS.   Proc. An. Petrol. Inst., Sec. V.,
U8(No) :612-6i»2, 1968.  11 refs.
                           B.  Emission Sources                         95

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The exhaust emission characteristics of 15 gasolines
covering the commercial range cf low-high olefin and  aromatic
levels (5-20% and 10-35%, resp.) were compared  in  a variety  of
test vehicles (4 laboratory vehicles and 12 commercial
automobiles).  The premium-grade, leaded, test  fuels  all  had
similar octane and volatility characteristics and  included  10
commercial gasolines and 5 special blends of refinery components.
The test vehicles were equipped with various types of exhaust
control systems  (an air-injection system, a modified  combustion
system utilizing a lean mixture and modified timing,  and  the
Du Pont experimental exhaust manifold reactor system).  The
exhaust was analyzed for CO, nitrogen oxides, and  total
hydrocarbons by conventional chemical methods.  In addition,
concentrations of individual hydrocarbons prevent  in  the
exhaust were determined by gas chromatography and  used to
calculate the photochemical reactivity of the exhaust according to
the scales proposed by Altshuller (USPHS), the  State  of
California  (MaGa) , Glasson+Tuesday  (GMC) , Jackson
(GMC) , and Heuss+Glasson (GMC eye-irritatior, scale) .
analysis revealed that gasoline hydrocarbon composition has  no
significant effect on either the chemical composition or  the
photochemical reactivity of the exhaust.  The small effects
of fuel aromatic content on photochemical reactivity  and  nitrogen
oxide levels can be attributed to changes in fuel  density affecting
carburetor metering characteristics.  Cars equipped with  the
Du Pont reactor produced exhaust with the lowest hydrocarbon,
CO, NO and reactivity levels on all fuels.  While  the modified
combustion system reduced the hydrocarbon and CO levels in  the
exhaust, it apparently resulted in higher NO levels.##


12011

Sweeney, M. P.., GD C. Hass, J. N. Pattison, and F. Bonamassa


STATE OF CALIFORNIA HOTOB VEHICLE POLLUTION CONTPOL EOAPD:  PROGRESS
REPOHT ON DYNAMOBETEH CYCLE DEVELOPMENT HORK.   In:  Report  on
CRC Symposium on Exhaust Gas Analysis.  Coordinating  Research
Council, Inc.,, New York, N. Y. r CRC-RN-(»OU, pp. 125-143,  Sept-
21-22, 1965.  9 refs.
A study was undertaken with the purpose of designing  a new street
route and chassis dynamoneter test cycle equivalent to each  other
and which represent peak morning smog driving in the  central area
of Los Angeles,  The test route should be designed to be  as  free
as possible of seasonal, traffic and driver variations, so  that
its off-peak driving simulates morning peak commute driving  in
the fall..  A study of traffic surveys indicated that  the  heaviest
traffic is centered in downtown Los Angeles, therefore, a six-mile
radius was chosen for study.  From city traffic counts which
included peak counts, and a.m.., p., m« peak hours, it appeared that
the a.m. peak hour ends about 8:00 a.,m. and the greatest  traffic
density appears to be in the downtown area.  All traffic  within
the central six mile radius was classified according  to the  type
of road and the direction of travel.  An attempt was  then made to
determine the amount of traffic in each category for  the  morning
peak hour.  These data were converted to sample trips.  Sample trip
percentages were obtained for; freeways, arteries  and capillaries.
The requirements for a proper dynamometer cycle are outlined.  The
dynamometer cycle comparisons were not complete at this time..
96                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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12176

Landen,  Ernest W0


HITBOGEH OXIDES AND VARIABLES IN PRECOHBtJSTION CHAMBER TYPE DIESEL
ENGINES.,  Preprint, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.,, New
York, lip.,, 1963.   8 refs»  (Presented at the Soc- Automotive
EngrSn  International Summer Meeting, Montreal, Canada, June 10-11,
1963,}


Nitrogen oxides produced in the combustion of compression ignition
engines  are of some significance because they are quite reactive
and can  attack lubricating oils and engine parts-  Measured amounts
in the exhaust gases of diesel engines can be used to evaluate
those factors in operation and design which are important in
controlling the quantities produced.  In the precombustion chamber
type of  fliesel engine, the local peak combustion temperature
influences the formation of nitrogen oxides,,  These localized peak
temperatures are controlled by such factors as fuel-air ratio of
combustion, duration of fuel injection, timing of fuel injection,
inlet manifold air temperature, engine speed, and supercharging™
Data presented indicate how these variables affect the formation of
nitrogen oxides as measured in the exhaust gases.  Higher inlet
temperatures and more rapid mixing of the fuel and air than is used
in today"s precombustion chamber engines are conducive to the
formation of larger quantities of nitrogen oxides.
12557

Hood, F.. A.


SOURCES OF PLANT-PATHOGENIC AIR POLLUTANTS.  Phytopathology,
58^8) : 1075-108«, Aug. 1968.  27 refs-


Sulfur dioxide, fluoride, ozone, and peroxyacetyl  nitrate  are
currently the most important plant-pathogenic air  pollutants in  the
USA.  These or their precursors emanate from transportation,
industry, or generation of electricity.  The increase  in
population and in our demands for energy will result in increased
activity within each of these categories and attendant increases
in pollutant emissions™  Thus,, in all instances, the problem is
going to worsen within the next 20 years.,   By 2000 AD  or shortly
thereafter, there should be a reduction in  the levels  of 502 to
present levels; the fluoride pollution problem will probably be
worse; ande unless a power plant such as the electric  engine is
developed to take the place of the gasoline engine, our major
problem will probably be one of photochemical air  pollutants™  It
is also quite likely that pollutants such as hydrogen  chloride and
chlorine will increase in importance in the future.  Finally,  it
should be kept in mind that the accuracy of predictions of this
type is subject to changes in attitudes and technology.   (Author's
summary) t*
                           B.  Emission Sources                         97

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12588

Eyzat, P. and J. C.  Guibet


A NEW LOOK 41 NITROGEN OXIDES FOBMA1ION IN INTERNAI COMBUSTION
ENGINES.  Preprint,  Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. , Men
York, 18p., 1968.  29 refs.   (Presented at the Automotive
Engineering Congress, Detroit, Mich., Jan. 8-12, 1968, paper
680124.)

The theory presented allows forecasting of nitric oxide emissions
in spark ignition engines.  Following preliminary review of
possibilities of obtaining the equilibrium state, as well as
the basic concept of medium temperatures, the use of kinetic
calculations for estimating the NO content of both unburned and
burned mixtures is suggested.  After good correlation is obtained,
particularly for lean mixtures, the calculation is used to
determine the best combustion process by simulation on a computer.
Since experiments show an important effect of the fuel-air
heterogeneity, complementary simulating work is conducted in
order to define the best fuel stratification laws.   (Author
abstract modified)

12990

Gruson, G. and E. Hanke

PROBLEMS OF uHE EEHOViL OF NITBIC OXIDE IN ELECTROSTATIC
PHECIPITATORS.  fProbleme der Stickoxidentfernung beim
Elektrofilterbetrieb).,  Text in German.  Freiberger Forschungsh,
A, no. 1*13:37-73, 1967.  36 rets-
The problen of the nitric oxide formation in electrostatic
precipitators was studied both by an extensive literature search
and by experiments.   It is well known that NO is involved in the
precipitation of tars and rosins in electrostatic precipitators
used in gas works.  However, it is less known under what
circumstances NO is produced or destroyed by the effect of high
potentials.  Nitric oxide measurement techniques and theoretical
understanding of the processes are therefore of economic
significance for gas works.  After a discussion of the partially
contradictory results reported in the literature, measurements
in a gas and a coke plant are described which prove that
electrostatic precipitators for tar increase the NO
concentration and thereby the tar content of the gas.  The Ilosvay
method used for the NO measurenents is described, as well as the
preparation of BO samples for its calibration.  In this method,
the NO in the gas is first oxidized to N02 by KMnOi*.  The N02 is
then scrubbed by the Ilosvay solution consisting of sulfanilic
acid and alpha-naphthylamine.  The reaction produces
p-benzenesulfonic acid-azo-alpha-naphthylamine, which is
measured photometrically.  This method detects 50.01! = or - 1.2%
of the N0n  As results of experiments with electrostatic
precipitators, the formation of NO as a function of the potential
with various model gases is reported.  It 02 concentrations
between 0UU and 1-55!, both HO and N02 are formed at potentials  up
to 60 kV.  In the presence of up to 8 g ammonia per cu m, only
BO (up to 80 cu cm/cu m) was  formed..  The significance of these
results, together with the research findings reported in  the
literature, is discussed.
93               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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135H7

Spindt, a. S., Court L. Solfe, and Donald H.  Stevens


NITROGEN OXIDES, COMBUSTION, AND ENGINE DEPOSITS.   J.  Air
Pollution Control Assoc., 6(3) : 127-133, Nov.  1956.   (23) refs.


Experimental studies were conducted with single and multiple
cylinder engines to determine how the concentration of  nitrogen
oxides in the exhaust gas varied with operating conditions.
Chemical analysis of the exhaust gases verified theoretical
conclusions that appreciable nitric oxide should be formed in
the combustion process.  It was found that nitric oxide  always
increases with increasing intake pressure, independently of any
other fixed variable-  In general, the effect of increasing
speed is to reduce the anount of nitric oxide because  of the
decrease in reaction tinea  The amount of nitric oxide  present
is controlled by throttle settling and air-fuel ratio.   The
amount is low at full throttle, rich mixture  conditions, but
increases at part throttle due to leanness of the mixture.
It is concluded that engines operating under  normal spark timings
with mixtures on the lean side of stoichiometric will  produce
appreciable nitric oxide, the amount formed depending  on the
load applied.  There appears to be little hope of reducing
nitrogen oxides by changes in engine conditions, since
optimum economical operation seems to be in the range  of
high nitrogen fixation.


13628

Shibuya, Toshikazu


ENGINE PERFORHANCE SEEN FROM THE EXHAUST SMOKE DENSITY OF SINGLE
CYIINDEB DIESEL ENGINE.  2ND REPORT.  DEPENDENCE OF AIR-FUEL RATIO
AND PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION ON THE EXHAUST SMOKE DENSITY.,  (Haikien
nodo yori mita tanto diesel kikan seino.  Dai 2 hou   (Haikien nodo
to kuicu-nenryo hi, oyobi haiki gasu sosei.,)    Text in Japanese.
(Shiga Kenritsu Tanki Daigaku Gakujutsu Zasshi (Scientific Reports
of Shiga Prefectural Junior College}), no. 8:1-5, March  1967.   12
refs.
Relationships among air-fuel ratio, smoke density and concentration
of some components of exhaust gas from a single cylinder  diesel
engine running at low speeds were investigated with an air-fuel
ratio meter and a gas detector.  The measurement of exhaust  smoke
density vs. air-fuel ratio at 900, 800 and 750 BPM shows  that, for
each speed smoke density increases rapidly from relative  minimum
points.  These minimum smoke densities are between 2.7 and  2.8 at
air-fuel ratios of 26, 28 and 33:1 for 900, 800 and 750 RPM,
respectively.  Decreasing engine speed increases smoke density for
any given air-fuel ratio.  The results of the experiments on  the
effect of air-fuel ratio on CO, SO2, and NO2 emission showed  that
CO is minimum at an air-fuel ratio of about 26:1.  It increases
rapidly at lower ratios and at 22:1 reaches 0.01J, the so-called
maximum permissible value for CO.  Carbon monoxide concentration
                            B. Emission Sources                        99

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exceeds 0.01% at light engine loads.  Sulfur dioxide rapidly
increases and exceeds 10 ppm (maximum permissible value)  at air-
fuel ratios lower than about 22:1.  It decreases at higher ratios.
Nitrogen dioxide concentration is minimum at an air-fuel  ratio  of
about 23, increasing at both higher and lower ratios.   Its
concentration is always lower than 25 ppm, the maximum  permissible
value..  It is proposed that an output at a smoke density  of 2.7-2., 8
or an air-fuel ratio of 26-27 be used as a normal output  and an
output at a smoke density of 3.3-3., 4 or an air-fuel ratio of 22 be
used as a maximum, when determining emissions from small  diesel
engines.


13698

Kohrnheim, Anton F,,


AIB POLLUTION AND THE METAL FINISHING INDUSTRY..  Plating, March
1969.,


The role of nitrogen oxides in air pollution is discussed in
order to inform those who work with nitric acid and aqua  regia
of their capacity for creating or preventing air pollution..
Nitrogen dioxide itself is toxic and, in addition, contributes
to chemical smog production through a photochemical chain
reaction.  Even though the metal manufacturing and finishing
industry uses larger quantities of nitric acid than the precious
metal industry, the latter may release comparable amounts of
nitrogen dioxide.  This is demonstrated by the guantititive
reaction of gold and nitric acid.  In the precious metal
industry, closed systems should be used with only stoichiometric
amounts of aqua regia.  For pickling and similar work in  the
metal manufacturing and finishing industry, mist collectors or
air scrubbers should be used.
13951

Sorenson, S. C. and H.. K. Newhall


KINETICS OF HYDBOCA8EONS IN ENGINE EXHAUST SYSTEMS.  Preprint,
Combustion Inst.,, Central States Section 5p., 1968.  (Presented
at the Meeting of the Central States Section of the Combustion
Inst.,, Columbus,, Ohio, March 1968,.)


Chemical reactions possibly occurring in engine exhaust  systems
are oxidation of hydrocarbons with an attendant reduction  in
emissions and modification of hydrocarbon structure giving rise
to a change in photochemical reactivity or smog-forming
potential of the exhaust products-  This work consists  of  a
theoretical estimation of the various hydrocarbon  reactions
which might be of importance.  A mathematical model of  an
isothermal, well-mixed steady-flow system was used.  Theoretical
results indicate that pyrolysis and oxidation mechanisms may
both be of importance in exhaust gas reactions, and that the
hydrocarbons ultimately found in the exhaust gas  may be
100               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POL LUTION

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significantly different from the parent hydrocarbons.  The
results also indicate that the tine required for complete
oxidation is approximately 1 nillisec at the high temperatures
and free radical concentrations employed.  These are extreme
values and representative of only a completely insulated
exhaust system.  The oxidation process is accompanied by a large
increase in the rate of energy release due to chemical reaction.
Preceding oxidation, a large increase in the concentrations
of free radicals and non-fuel hydrocarbons occurs.  Significant
pyrolysis products building up prior to oxidation include
ethylene, acetylene, and methane.  All of these are ultimately
destroyed in the oxidation process, given sufficient time.
(Author abstract modified)


1H127

Stone, B. K« and B. H. Eccleston


VEHICLE EMISSIONS VS. FDEL COMPOSITION.  Preprint,  American
Petroleum Institute, Montreal, Can-, Div. of Refining, 50p.,,
,1968.  9 refs.  ^Presented at the Session on Air and Water
Conservation, 33rd Midyear Meeting of the American  Petroleum
Institute Division of Hefining, Philadelphia, Pa.,  Bay 16, 1968,
Preprint No.. «3-68.)


Reduction of evaporation losses from motor vehicles was
investigated as a means of lessening the amount of  pollutants
reaching the atmosphere.  The effect of  fuel volatility  and of
front-end fuel composition on the quantity, composition, and
photochemical reactivity of vehicle emissions including  both
tailpipe and fuel-system losses were studied..  In addition, the
test variables included engine fuel-system features and  ambient
temperature,, which was varied over a range of 20-95 T?.   Results
of tests on eight 1966 model cars are given.  Driving cycle and
instrumentation typical of current practices for emission studies
were used..  Test results showed that at  high ambient temperatures,
a large reduction in evaporation losses  accompanied a reduction
in front-end fuel volatility.  However,  there was also a small
adverse effect on exhaust emissions from volatility reduction.
Beactive hydrocarbon emissions from evaporation were reduced
substantially by either volatility reduction or saturation of
light olefins.  Light olefin reduction also reduced exhaust
reactivity.  Carbon monoxide emissions showed a small increase as
fuel volatility was reduced, while nitrogen oxides  and aldehydes
showed no significant fuel effect.  (Author abstract modified)

1K895

Sallee, Elgin D.


FODR TYPES OF AIR POLLUTION.  Mod- Lithography, 36(9):79-81,
8M, 87, Sept. 1968,,


Air pollution emissions and control methods involved in  the
operation of coating ovens for metal decorating are reviewed.
                           B. Emission Sources                       101

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 Particulates or smoke from  litho  or  coating oven  exhaust  stacks
 consist  primarily of breakdown  by-products of  the  resin or
 drying oil  in  the coating or  ink  during  the bake.   Several methods
 of  reducing plume density are mentioned;  it is noted,  however,
 that  these  apply mainly  to  diluting  stack gases and simply
 reducing their visibility,  rather than to decreasing the
 absolute amount of  emissions.   Odorous pollutants are  the most
 difficult to control; the bulk  of the odors from  coating  ovens
 come  from aldehydic and  other resin-breakdown  products that have
 very  low odor  thresholds despite  their low concentrations in
 stack air,  rather than from the more frequently blamed solvent
 vapors which have much higher concentrations but  also  higher
 thresholds.  No one method  of odor control has been found
 completely  satisfactory, but  the  most success  has  been obtained
 by  incinerating stack gases at  1300  F or more. Vapors of many
 of  the solvents and thinners  used in coating ovens are
 photochemically reactive and  thus of major concern in  areas
 where other conditions tend to  promote smog formation.  Because
 of  stringent regulations in the Los  Angeles area,  all  coating
 ovens must  have solvent-elimination  devices if the solvent
 amounts  to  more than 15  pounds  per day.   Some  general  discussion
 is  given to the problems of applying various control methods to
 coating  ovens, including high and low temperature  incineration,
 catalytic oxidation, and scrubbing and adsorption  systems.


 1H92U

 Sawyer,  B.  Fn, L. S. Caretto, and E. S.  Starkman


 THE FORMATION OF NITRIC  OXIDE IN  COHBUSTION PROCESSES.  Preprint
 Abstract, Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 2p.,a  1968.  7 refs.
 (Presented  at the Combustion  Inst.,  Central States Sect,,,  Tech.
 Meet, on Pollut. Problems Associated with Combust.. ,  Columbus
 Ohio, March 1968.)


 Nitric oxide 
-------
RO at greater than predicted equilibrium concentrations.  The
singular role of nitrogen from ammonia in the formation of
oxide is under current investigation.  NO concentrations in a
well-stirred reactorr ammonia combustion in a. reciprocating
engine, and HO infrared emission during the expansion process
were recently measured.  High NO levels were indicated.
Measurement of nitric oxide from gas turbine combustors indicate
that NO concentrations depend strongly upon the combustor
configuration and even possibly upon the temperature-time
history of the products in the turbine and exhaust systems.
Studies of piston engine expansion processes show NO levels to be
frozen early in the expansion process; concentrations are not
simply related to the equilibriui levels predicted for peak cycle
temperatures.  i([Author abstract modified}


15043

Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District, Calif.


INITIAL BRIEF OF THE  AIH POLLUTION CONTHOL  DISTRICT  OF THE  COUNTY
0? LOS ANGELES.  ^Presented before the 0. S. Federal Power
Commission in the Hatters  of Transwestern Pipeline Co.,  Docket
no. CP63-204, CP64-91 ; El  Paso Natural Gas. Co.,  Docket  no.
CP64-76; Gulf Pacific Pipeline Co.,  Docket  no.  CP63-223.   46p.,
1965.)


Evidence is presented indicating that fuel  oil  burning by
industry and power plants  is seriously affecting  public  health
in Los Angeles and could lead to a major disaster.   To combat
this acute air pollution problem, industry  and  power plants
must be provided with year—round natural gas service at  higher
levels than those of  Pacific Lighting's Tailored  Supply  Program..
Unless the power plants and industry can change to a cleaner
fuel, sulfur dioxide  and nitrogen oxide levels, which already
exceed most modern recommended standards, will  increase
dramatically in the  next 15 years.   These pollutants in
combination with sulfates  and particulates  are  contributing
causes of severe respiratory illness.  Other air  pollution
problems wholly or partially attributable to fuel oil burning
are damage to vegetation and property, reduced  atmospheric
visibility, and aggravation of photochemical smog.   If natural
gas were substituted  for fuel oil, daily emission of nitrogen
oxides could be reduced by 85 tons,  sulfur  dioxide by U10 tons,
and particulates by 31 tons.  The peak periods  for these
pollutants are December, January, and February, refuting the
contention of oil and gas companies  that pollution is not  a
problem in winter.
15310

Friedlander, S- K. and J, H. Seinfeld


» DYNAMIC BODEL OF PHOTOCHEMICAL SHOG.  Environ. Sci. Technol.,
3(11) : 1175-1181, Nov. 1969.  19 refs.
                            B. Emission Sources                       103

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A simplified kinetic scheme is proposed as a dynamic model  for
photochemical smog reactions-  Unlike previous diffusion  models,
which have been concerned with nonreacting pollutants, the
formulation of this model takes into account both the chemical
reaction and turbulent mixing aspects of the photochemical  smog
problem.  In the first part of the paper, a simplified kinetic
mechanism is presented for the formation of photochemical smog
from nitric oxide and unburned hydrocarbons.  In the second part,
diffusion models based on the general equation of conservation of
species are discussed.  The model is a combination of the
transport and chemical kinetic equations and predicts the
behavior of a reacting pollutant cloud.  The roles of sulfur
oxides and aerosols are not considered.  Calculations basedon the
model lead to concentration dependence on time, similar in  form
to the experimental results for laboratory reaction chambers.  The
Lagrangian similarity hypothesis for the diffusion of nonreactive
components is extended to reacting species to take into account
the effect of atmospheric mixing-  This leads to a set of
ordinary differential equations for the reactive species  of the
type describing a chemical reactor of variable volume.  As  a
preliminary example of the application of the model, a
calculation was made for d single bimolecular reaction.
15351

levy, Arthur, Salo E. Miller, and Francis Scofield


PHOTOCHEMICAL SHOG:  AN APPRAISAL OF KETONE REACTIVITY.
Am. chem. Soc., Div. Org. Coatings Plastics chem.. Preprints,
29{2) : U27-i»«0, 1969.  10 refs.  ^Presented at the 158th fleeting
of the Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Organic Coatings and Plastics
Chemistry, Sew York, Sept.  1969.}


The photochemical smog reactivity of ketones and the
relationships between structure and reactivity among ketones
were determined.  Twelve ketones were injected into a reaction
mixture in a smog chamber.   It was concluded that all aliphatic
straight chain and branched ketones are only mildly eye
irritating.   Hithin one standard deviation, all aliphatic ketones
yield the same response time..  Ketone-like materials such as
mesityl oxide and isophorone are more eye irritating than other
ketones.  This was attributed to their unsaturated structures.
The data showed that branched chain ketones are chemically more
reactive than straight chain ketones.  Branched chain ketones
are only slightly more reactive than straight chain ketones with
respect to photochemical smog products and eye irritation,,  Ozone
production is also more pronounced in the photooxidation of
branched chain ketones.

15352

Scofield, Francis


AIB POLLUTION FBOH SOLVENTS.  Am. Chem. Soc.,, Div. Org., Coatings
Plastics Chem,,, Preprints, 29(2) :393, 1969.   (Presented at the
104               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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158th Meeting of the Am, Chem. Soc., , Div. Organic Coatings and
Plastics Chemistry, Hew York, Sept., 1969.)


The organics and plastics coatings industries are among the major
contributors to photochemical smog.,  A significant contribution
arises from the evaporation of organic solvents.,  The reactivity
of solvents varies over a wide range and a substantial reduction
in the amounts of reactive materials contributed by solvent
evaporation may be achieved without a corresponding reduction
of the total solvents.  The only effective way to date of
establishing the relative reactivity of these compounds is an
empirical method which exposes a mixture of the solvent and
nitrogen oxides to irradiation.  A number of photochemical
reactors of this type are in operation and many of them provide
for the direct determination of eye irritation,,  It is very
difficult to predict reactivity of individual solvents, and
since there is a wide variety of reactions which may take place,
not all of which lead to eye irritation or other damaging
products, even a high degree of reactivity is not necessarily
an indication that a solvent is objectionable.  An accepted
order of reactivity by classes of compounds is that, in general,
olefins are the most reactive and should be controlled at the
lowest level.  Aromatic compounds are less objectionable but
still reguire control, while most oxygenated and aliphatic
materials are relatively innocuous and under present conditions
do not appear to require control.  However, within each of these
classes a wide range of reactivity can be encountered.  More
information in this area is necessary in order to guide the
writing of future regulations and possibly the revision of current
controls.,


15U52

Smith, Ralph I.


AIP-POILDTION PROBLEMS OP TBE PHOSPHATE INDDSTET.   (Bureau of
Mines and Geology, Montana, Western Phosphate Region, Proc™
Ind. Seminar West., Phosphate Beg., Butte, Mont-, 1966, p. 
-------
of the nose, throat, and lungs by the inhalation of  gases;  a
toxic effect in the stomach of animals who eat contaminated
vegetation)„  Methods for the removal of solids are  listed  as
follows:  a long flue eguipped with baffles and settling  chambers;
a filtering system such as a bag house; and the cyclone™  The
aost economical and effective way of removing noxious  gases is
by scrubbing™  Sulfur gases may also be sent through a sulfuric
acid plant.  Fluorine gases may be removed by forcing  the
gases through a bed of limestone; the absorption causes a chemical
reaction to take place, forming inert calcium fluoride.   Other
removal methods mentioned include the following; electrostatic
precipitation; and sonic precipitation.

15625

Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Japan,, Public Nuisance  Control Div..


THE EHISSION SOURCES OF NITROGEN OXIDE AND CHROMIC ACID AND THEIR
STANDARD CONTROL EQUIPMENTS.  (Chisso sankabutsu oyobi kuromusan
tnisuto no hasseigen to sono hyojun jogai setsubi ni  tsuite) .
Text in Japanese.,   Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control}, 3(7):
411-119, July 15,  1967..


Nitrogen oxides are emitted by nitric acid plants, sulfuric acid
plants, certain kinds of chemical reaction apparatus,  and metal
surface treating plants.  The metals which are treated  with nitric
acid are copper, aluminum, nickel, iron, and so forth..  The
nitrogen oxides which are generated by the reaction  of metal  and
nitric acid are nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen  dioxide,
nitrous anhydride, nitrogen peroxide, and nitric anhydride, the
primary air pollutants being nitric oxide, nitrogen  dioxide,  and
nitrogen peroxide.  Nitric oxide is slowly oxidized  by oxygen in
the air.  Poisoning from nitric oxide only has not been reported,
but it is said to change active hemoglobin into an inactive one.,
Nitrogen dioxide and peroxide have a stinging odor,  lower the
blood pressure, and paralyze the nerves..  High concentration  of
nitrogen dioxide above 100 ppm could cause human death..   The
allowable concentration of nitrogen dioxide is 5 ppm..   Nitrogen
dioxide is easily absorbed by water and becomes nitric acid,
but nitric oxide must be oxidized before washing with  water.
Since the reaction rate of nitric oxide is very slow,  some
catalysts such as activated coal must be used.  Chromic acid  is
generated almost exclusively by a chromium plating process.
Hydrogen and oxygen gas generated by electrolysis release chromic
acid into air, mainly in the form of chromium trioxide which  is
poisonous and injures the kidneys.  The allowable concentration is
0.1 mg/cu m..  Chromic acid mist can be absorbed easily by washing
with water..  The results by the above methods are the  following:
nitric oxide was reduced from 70,,000 ppm to 36 ppm;  nitrogen
dioxide, from 650,000 ppm to 70 ppm; and chromic acid  mist, from
12.65 mg/cu m to 0.077 mg/cu m.
15723

Faingold, Sn G., A.. B. Stanetskaya, !„ A. Tretyakova,  and  N.,  S.
Kipot
106               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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CRUSES OF THE FOBHATION OF NITBIC OXIDE IN THE CABBONIZATION OF
COM3.  Coke Chen™ (USSE) {English translation from Bussian of
Koks i Khim..) , no. 2:23-28, 1969.  10 refs.


While confirming that nitric oxide is an inevitable product of
coal carbonization, previous research has not established the
extent to which carbonization participates in nitric oxide
content of coke oven gas or its relationship to the nitrogen
content of coal.  To resolve these questions, as well as
determine the nitric oxide content of coke-oven gas during
carbonization, varions coal blends and different grades of coal
were carbonized in a gas-tight oven chamber at a pressure of 600-
800 mm water gauge.  The evolution of nitric oxide followed the
same pattern for all blends and coals: the content reached a peak
at 200-399 C,  the beginning of carbonization, and the peak lasted
until i»00 C.  The quantity of nitric oxide evolved was unrelated
to the nitrogen content of the blends and coals,.  For example, one
blend contained 2.36% nitrogen, and the dynamic mean nitric oxide
content of the coke-oven gas equalled 2.83-3.67 ppm or 0.96-1.10
ml/kg for the blend..  The nitrogen content of the blends ranged
fron 1.5-2.36%.  The nitrogen content of coals varied less and
the volatile matter differed sharply, but nitric oxide formation
was the same as for blends.  It is concluded that nitric oxide is
formed as a result of reactions involving the liberation of
oxygen from the air, introduced with the blend or coal and the
oxygen-nitrogen-containing compounds in the coal.


15769

Pursall, B. P.


POLLUTION IN BOAD TUNNELS.  Consulting Eng., 33(8):57-58, Aug.
1969.  9 refs..


The sources and causes of the build-up of pollutants in road
tunnels are discussed.  The two main sources of poisonous exhaust
gases are gasoline and diesel engines.  Diesel exhaust emits a
smaller percentage of carbon monoxide than the gasoline engine,
but because the diesel engine is larger, it emits a larger volume.
The diesel engine also produces more nitric oxide and nitrogen
peroxide..  Vehicles emit up to 50% more carbon monoxide on the
up-gradient than on the level; on the down gradient, they emit
10% less.  In calculations for two-way tunnels, an average figure
for carbon monoxide emission can safely be taken..  Tests showed
that the amounts of carbon monoxide and other combustion
products vary directly with speed.  Differences in tunnel
concentrations for the Suntner Tunnel in Boston and the Central
Tunnel in London were attributed to different vehicle speeds and
variations between British and American vehicles and fuels..  The
variations resulted in higher concentrations of lead anS
hydrocarbons in the Sumner Tunnel; carbon monoxide concentrations
were similar for average daytime periods in both tunnels.  The
effects of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and lead compounds
are briefly discussed.  It was concluded that if the concentration
of CO can be diluted to below 100 ppm, the concentration of
nitrogen oxides and other gases should be relatively harmless..
                           B.  Emission Sources                        107

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Visibility should also be satisfactory under these conditions.
In a 2 way tunnel, the Baxinum ventilation rate was calculated
to be 200 cu ft/Bin/ft.  Vith one way traffic, ventilation is
induced from the portals by the moving vehicles, but additional
artificial ventilation would be necessary when the traffic is
stopped or moving slowly.  In most large tunnels, alarms operate
if the CO concentration exceeds 250 ppm..


16135

Hashimoto, Michio and Masahiro Fujiwara


EFFECTS OF AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST GAS EMISSION CM AIR POLLUTION.
(Jidoshahaikigasu no taikicsen eno eikyc).  Text in Japanese.
Jidosha Gijutsu  (Automobile Eng.), 23 (11) : 1 151-1163 , 1969.   25
ref s.


In 1968, automobile production in Japan  was almost 4,100,000 cars,
a million more than produced in West Germany, and second only to
the United State's production of 11,000,000 cars in the same year.
While the United States, West Germany, France, England, and
Italy show no annual increase, automobile production in Japan is
increasing at an annual rate of 25-30>.  If this rate is
maintained, the approximate annual output should match that  of
the United Stated by 1974.  It is difficult to imagine the extent
of pollution by automobile engine exhaust when automobile
production in a country approximately the area ol California
approximates that of the United States.  Based ou the results of
measurements in several cities, the following aspects of pollution
by automobile exhaust are discussed in detail: carbon monoxide
emissions; dust fall including lead and  pyrene; photochemical
contaminations; hydrocarbon emissions; and odors.  The toxicity of
air pollutants for humans and vegetation is also examined.
Although worX on carbon monoxide began late in Japan, air
guality criteria are now being formulated with respect tc carbon
monoxide.  Air pollution from automobile exhaust is found to be
increasing by approximately 10-155S.  It is hoped that control
policies will be in effect belcre automobile production reaches
one car for every tto individuals.
16263

Ludwig, John H.


SEMINAR ON AIE POLLUTION BY HOIOE VEHICLES.  Preprint, Assistant
Commissioner, Science and Technology, Washington, D. C.  64p.,
1970.  27 refs.
The contribution of motor vehicle enissions to community-wide air
pollution problems depends on several related factors:  the
extent of community, commercial, and industrial sources as
compared to vehicle sources; the size of the community and the
distribution of these sources; topographical and meteorological
factors; and the degree of control exercised for sources.  The
108               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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relative importance of motor vehicle emissions can be approached
ty evaluating specific effects, specific pollutants, and sources
«ith respect to pollutant emissions of all types.  Average
emissions by sources are presented fcr Los Angeles County,
Louisville, Detroit, and 11 Pennsylvania counties.  Sources  of
gaseous emissions frcm motor vehicles are reviewed, as well  as
the sources of hydrocarbon and smoke emissions from diesels.
California standards are reported for vehicle smoke and odor
emissions, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides levels.  Also
reported are 1970 Federal Standards for exhaust emissions from
automobiles and light trucks.  An attempt is made to assess
specific hydrocarbon constitutents in gasoline engine exhaust,
crank case ventilation, and evaporation losses, and diesel
exhausts and their relationship tc photochemical reactions occuring
in the atmosphere.  The need of continued laboratory research
and detailed examination of exhausts produced by control devices
is stressed.


16539

Sone, Akira


THE SITUATION AND CONTROI OF AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST EMISSIONS IN THE
MIDDLE CITY  (II)  IN SENDAI CITY.  (Chutcshi ni okeru jidosha
haikigasu to sono taisaku (II)  Sendai shi ni okeru ichirei).
Text in Japanese.  Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control),
H (7) :437-44C, July 15, 1968.


Sendai city is a business and industrial center in northeastern
Japan with a population of more than 500,000.  The rate of
increase of automobiles has nearly doubled since 1963, the total
number in 1968 teing 130,000.  Present heavy traffic and
automotive exhaust emissions are attributed to poor city and
residential planning.  Interstate highways run through the city
and the total number of cars on the highways averages 13,000 per
day.  In a traffic survey conducted from 1961 to 1967, the average
number of cars was found to be 1700 per hour.  The increase in
auto traffic has been accompanied by a proportional increase of
CO, Pb, N02, and dust fall.  The effects of engine exhausts
became apparent when the number of cars reached 2000 per hour.
Carbon monoxide concentrations exceeded the emission standard of
5 ppm of Miyagi Prefecture.   The maximum concentration was 31 ppm
and the average,  8 to 13.5 ppm.  The maximum Pb concentration was
4.26 gamma/cu m,  far beyond the emission standard.  Maximum dust
fall was 6.8 mg/cu m, exceeding the emission standard of 2.0
mg/cu m.  Before the survey, Sendai city «as more concerned with
industrial pollutants such as smoke and dust.  The survey
indicates that the effect of engine exhausts is more severe than
that of industrial pollution.


16627

Eyzat, P. and J. C. Guibet


EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDY ON THt FOKMATIOK OF NITRCG3N
CXICES IN ENGINES.   (Etude experircentale et thecrique ae la
                           B. Emission Sources                       109

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formation des oxydes d'azote dans les moteurs).   Text  in  Trench.
Bev- Inst. franc. Petrole Snn. Combust. Liquides  (Paris),
22 (4) : 689-712, April 1967.  28 refs.


in experimental and theoretical study of the concentration  of
NO + N02 yields  (NOx) in the exhaust gas of two spark-ignition  and
two diesel-type internal-combustion engines of specified
characteristics lead to a numerical method for its  calculation
under a large variety of operating conditions.   (NOx)  was
measured with about  10% accuracy by a variant  of  the
spectrocolorimetric azo-dye method varying the richness  of  the
air-fuel mixture, the inlet pressure, the degree  of advancement
of ignition, the compression ratio, the speed  of  rotation,  and,
in the diesel-type only, the operation without or with the  use  of
an antechamber.  Curves illustrating the variation  of  (COx)  with
these parameters are shown in graphs.  Chemical-eguilibrium
methods of analysis were inapplicable within the  short combustion
period in the combustion engine, for a theoretical
interpretation of their data, thus the evolution  of the  process
N2 + 02 yields 2NO was determined throughout that period.   The
propagation was determined within the combustion  space of volume
V of a reaction-front separating a region of volume Vf occupied
by the fresh air-gas mixture from a region of  volume VB equals
V-vr occupied by the burnt mixture as determined  by the
richness of the fresh mixture; by the rate of  formation of  NO at
any given NO-concentration, temperature ana volume; by the
time-variation of the cylinder volume V, via crankangle,
connecting rod/crank length ratio, and rpm; and by  that of  the
cylinder pressure P, by the thermostatic relations  between
volume, temperature and pressure of either mixture  for small
adiabatic changes of state considering either  as  an ideal gas
 (of different heat capacity), as well as the amount of heat
released during this change.  The set of known interrelations
among these, and other, variables was programmed  for numerical
computation on computer of the variation of  (NOx) in the exhaust
gas with the richness of the air-gas mixture under  different
operating conditions, as well as of other functional relations of
interest.,  The agreement between the calculated and measured
values tor the same conditions was satisfactory.  The  program
for determining the operating conditions for which  (NOx) is  a
minimum is under preparation.


16722

LaMantia, Charles H. and Edwin L. Field
TACKLING THE PROBLEM OF NITHOGEN OXIDES,  Power,  113(4) :63-66,
April 1969.  9 refs,


The National Air Pollution Control Administration  (NAPCA),  an
agency of HEW, is now sponsoring a program  to define  sources,
magnitude, and character of the nitrogen oxide problem,  and  to
consider various methods for the control of NOx emissions  frcm
stationary sources.  NOx emissions are objectionable  because of
the brownish color that nitrogen dioxide givts the  atmosphere,
and also because of their tendency to promote formation  of  the
110               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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photochemical smog generally associated with automobile exhaust,
resulting in various eye-irritating compounds such as formaldehyde,
acrolein, and peroxyacyl nitrates.  The sources and emission
factors of NOx and various approaches to control, destruction,  or
removal are discussed.
17171

Myers, Phillip S.


NATION'S COST/BENEFIT RATIO  WEIGHS  HEAVILY  ON  AUTO  EMISSIONS.   S.
A.E.  (Soc. Automot. Engrs.)  J.,  78(3):20-27, March  1970.   1  ref.


The urgency and size of the  automotive  air  pollution  problem,
solutions to the problem,  and  effect  of  controls  on the  problem
were discussed.  Han-caused  additions of pollutants to  the
atmosphere are large with  respect  to  natural contributions for
participate matter and hydrocarbons.   Man already produces
almost all the carbon monoxide,  90% with autos.   The  only
oxides of nitrogen that are  significantly man-caused  are  nitric
oxide and nitrogen dioxide.  These  two  represent  only a  small
fraction of the total nitrogen compounds.   Sixty  per  cent of the
pollution in the United States ccmes  from automobiles alone.
One obvious source is blowby past  the rings.   However,  most
cars are equipped with PCV valves  which  eliminate this  source
in well-maintained cars.   The  largest contributor is  the  exhaust,
both in guantity and smog  forming  potential.   Nitrogen  oxide and
carbon monoxide form in the  bulk gases;  hydrocarbons  are  formed
in the quench zone.  Nitrogen  oxides  are controlled by  recycling
the exhaust or by burning  a  mixture that is either  guite  rich  or
guite lean.  A rich mixture  is undersiraisle; it  increases CO and
unburned hydrocarbons.  It is  difficult  tc  burn  a mixture lean
enough to decrease NO to the desired  level.  One  combination
would be to run rich, then destroy  the  HC and  CO  in the  exhaust
system.  This plan could be  expanded  to  include  two-stage
combustion, but at a sacrifice in  fuel  consumption.  Other
solutions were presented.   It  takes 3 to 5  yrs to place  a
technologically feasible control technique  involving  significant
modifications into universal mass  production.  There  is  an
additional time lag of 4 to  7  yrs  to  eguip  enough cars  with  the
control device so that noticeable  reductions occur.  Ultimately,
it will be simple economics: what  is  the cost/benefit ratio  for
further reductions compared  to steam, turbines,  Stirling  engines,
batteries, and fuel cells.
17327

Kitagawa, Tetsuzo


CONTROL OF AIH POLLUTION CAUSED BY EXHAUST  GAS  OF  AUTOMOEIL£S_
(Jidosha haikigasu ni yoru taiki osen  no  boshi  taisaku).   Text
in Japanese.  Kogai to Taisaku  (J. Pollution  Control),  2(11} :7«1-
7U9, Dec. 15, 1966.  8 refs.
                           B. Emission Sources                        111

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The most practical means to control automotive exhaust gas
varies frcm country to country according to geographical and
meteorological conditions.   Attempts to compare the status
cf pollution from auto exhaust gas in Los Angeles, where air
pollution is widely known as photochemical smog, with that of
Japan should be rejected.  Photochemical smog is endemic to los
Angeles, where a heavy layer of atmospheric temperature
inversion is present 80% a year.  The Los Angeles atmosphere is a
chemically-oxidized atmosphere containing substantial amounts of
nitrogen, oxides, ozone, ozonated olefins, and organic peroxide
compounds in addition to compounds from partially—burned fuels
and aerosols formed fay polymerization.  In Japan, air pollution
caused partially by auto exhaust gas is conditioned by relatively
shorter periods of temperature inversion, the constituents of
which, for the most part, result frcm heat radiation frcm ground
surfaces, (the so-called night temperature inversions).  This is
quite contrary to the vast expanse of polluted atmosphere in
Los Angeles.  The production of photochemical smog is clcsely
related to nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons.  Air pollution by
motor vehicles in Japan is strictly confined to carbon oxides
alone which are measured in air space surrounding a highway only,
in the horizontal range of less than 100 m and at a vertical
height of about 10 m.   It is concluded that carburetor controls
are the most practical way to reduce emissions of carbon oxides
in Japan.
 17335

 Lavoie, George A., John E. Heywood, and James  C.  Keck


 EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDY 01 NITRIC OXIDE  FORMATION IN
 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES.  Combust. Sci. Technol.,  1(4)313-
 326, Eeb. 1970.  15 refs.


 The noneguilibrium formation of nitric oxide within the  internal
 combustion engine cylinder was examined.   A thermodynamic  model
 which predicts the properties of  the burnt and  unburnt gases
 during the combustion process was developed.   A  set of reactions
 which govern the formation of nitric oxide was  proposed, and
 rate eguations for nitric oxide concentrations  as a function
 of time in the post-flame gases were derived.   The  results  of
 time-resolved measurements carried out on  a CFR  engine were
 described, where emitted light intensities at  wavelengths  selected
 to record radiation from the CO + 0 and NO + 0  continua  were
 used to determine the nitric oxide concentration.   Results
 showed that both the formation and decomposition  of nitric  oxide
 in the post-flame gases are rate  limited at the  conditions  under
 which internal combustion engines normally operate.  In  the lean
 case, the nitric cxide formed in  the flame front  is negligible.
 The state of the burned gas is not uniform.  A  substantial
 temperature gradient and nitric cxide concentration gradient
 exists behind the flame zone.  The comparisons  between theoretical
 and experimental results for fuel-lean mixtures  confirmed  that
 the important features of the model were correct.
112               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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17339

Dimitriades, Basil, B. H. Eccleston, and R. ti. Hum


AN EVAIUAIION OF THE FUEL FACTOR THECUGH BIBECT MEASUREMENT  OF
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIVITY OF EMISSIONS.  J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc., 20 (3): 15C-160, March 1970.  11 refs.


Photochemical reactivities of vehicular emissions are reliably
measured in laboratory experiments in which smog manifestations are
observed directly.  Results of the direct smog-chamber measurements
revealed that the photochemical behavior of emissions may  differ
significantly from the behavior that is predicated from the  exhaust
composition using reactivity scales.  The concept of direct
measurement of reactivity was applied to determine differences in
characteristics of emissions from 20 passenger vehicles, each
tested using 10 different fuels.  The primary objective of the fuel
study was to assess the over-all effect on vehicle emissions of
fuel modifications designed to reduce the photochemical pollution
associated with automotive evaporative losses.  A similar, brief,
comparative study of leaded and ncnleaded fuels was also made.
Reducing volatility was found to reduce the over-all smog  potential
of vehicle emissions but involved some penalty by way of increased
exhaust emissions.  Replacing light olefin with the corresponding
paraffin also reduced over-all smog potential and in this  case
exhaust reactivity was not affected.  In general greater smog
potential was found to be associated with prototype nonleaaed fuels
than with leaded fuels typical of products currently marketed,
(Author abstract modified)


17357

Chovin, Paul


CHEBICAI POLLUTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE.   (La pollution chiuigue de
1'atmosphere).   Text in French.  Sci.  Progr.  Decour., no.  3117;
35-40,  Jan.  197C.  6 refs.


A systematic general review is presented of the origin and nature
of chemical pollutants of the atmosphere, of their action  on
living beings,  and cf the battle against atmospheric pollution.
Principle sources of pollutants are the industrial and domestic
heating plants.   In regions of high industry concentration,  steel
plants and chemical plants  emit specific pollutants.  Principal
pollutants are sulfur dicxide, sulfur trioxide, carbon dioxide,
carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, fluorine, and
light and heavy hydrocarbons.  Sulfur dioxide is a byproduct of
combustion of fossil fuels  containing, on the average, 3%  S
(coal in France has about 1% S, some foreign coals have up to 6%
S) .  Estimated emission of  S is as follows:  in France, 2  million
tons, in England, 5 million tons, and in the U. S., 40 million
tons a S per year.  Sulfur  trioxide is largely due to oxidation
of 302; it combines with moisture to torn. H2S04 which is very
noxious.  Rain has a beneficial effect by scrubbing the polluted
air.  Carbon dioxide is the product ct complete combustion of C;
                           B. Emission Sources                       113

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500 to 600 million tons are estimated to be emitted in  England.
Carbon monoxide is the product of incomplete combustion,  rather
rare in industry, but invariably present in automobile  exhaust gas,
Nitric oxide and N02 are present in low concentrations,  but  a
complex photochemical reaction produces one type of smog,  ozone,
and new chemical compounds such as peracetylnitrate,
CH3-CO-00-N02,  which has a very strong physiological effect.
Fluorine and its compounds, such as HF, are emitted by  fertilizer
and by aluminum plants.  Dusts are emitted by industrial  and
domestic heating plants.  The action of air pollutants  en  bronchi
and lungs is disucssed at length.  The reaction of  the  cardio-
vascular system and the incidence of broncho-pulmonary  cancer are
also considered.  In the battle against atmospheric pollution
laws alone are  insufficient, means o± measuring emissions, and
enforcing compliance are essential.
17365

Ellen, Richard P.


OUB AUTOMOBILE: A CONTRIBUTION TO AIR POLLUTION.  Air Pollution
Control Assoc, Pittsburgh, Proc.  Air Pollution Control Assoc. aid-
Atlantic States Sect., Semi-Annu. Tech. Conf., Philadelphia, Pa.,
1969, p. 1414-514.  24 refs.  (March 21.)


The harmful effects of pollutants on human health and current
concepts of automotive emission control are considered.  Systems
to reduce engine exhausts, carbureter,  and fuel tank emissions are
reviewed.  Attention is also called to  the ability of fuel
injection engines to cut hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions
in half and to the use of alternate fuels as a possible remedy for
the exhaust emission problem.  Federal  and California emission
standards for automobiles are compared.  Human health responses
are considered with respect to the following pollutants:  carbon
monoxide, nitrogen oxides, oxidants, and lead compounds.
114               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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                  C. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
00070

G.B.  Bell
METEOBOLOGICA1 CONDITIONS DUBING OXIDANT EPISODES IN COASTAL
SAN DIEGO COUNTY IN OCTOBER AND NOVEHBEH, 1959.
California Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley, May 23, 1960.
22 pp.


Evaluation of regional and local air circulation patterns,
temperature inversion conditions and marine air  stability over
coastal waters,  as well as the estimation of wind
trajectories for air parcels present in Oceanside and San Diego
at the  time peak oxidant concentrations occurred, has resulted
in the  following conclusions:  (1) A large-scale barometric
pressure pattern affecting the western states region occurred prior
to and  during the San Diego County oxidant episodes in
October and November, 1959;  (2) This pressure pattern, which
is believed to occur principally during the fall season, is
characterized by the presence of a large high-pressure
circulation over the Great Plateau states with an extensive
trough  of lew pressure extending northwestward along the
California coast from a low-pressure.area over western
Mexico; (3)  The  above pressure pattern is associated with
extensive landbreeze development during the night in the Los
Angeles and Santa Ana Biver basins, a condition  which
favors  movement  of surface air toward coastal water areas;  (U)
The high oxidant concentrations recorded in coastal San Diego
County  on October 14 and November 20,  1959, occurred several
hours after onset of the sea breeze, indicating  that the
oxidant-laden air was brought from the seaward area; (5) During
the over-water transit,, air parcels containing oxidant-producing
reactants were embedded in a shallow,  stable marine air layer
characterized by low-speed air ci culation, and  dispersion  of the
reactants was minimized; and (6)  The two high oxidant episodes
and the associated wind-transport mechanisms considered in  this
study usually occur infrequently during the fall season.##

00086

L. Elterman
ATMOSPHERIC ATTENUATION MODEL, 196t, IN THE ULTRAVIOLET VISIBLE,
AND INFRARED BEGIONS FOB ALTITUDES TO 50 KM.   Air Force
Cambridge Research Labs., Bedford, Mass., Office of
Aerospace Besearch, AFCRL-6U-7«0, EHE-16, Sept. 196U. U8 pp.
   CFSTI, DDC: AD 607859
                                 115

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A model of a clear standard atmosphere, for determining
attenuation in the ultraviolet, the visible, and the infrared
windows, is derived.  The derivation is based on a Bayleigh
atmosphere combined with aerosol and ozone components.  The
format of thre model is a series of tabulations for 22  wavelengths
with Payleigh, aerosol, and ozone components arrayed at
kilometer intervals to an altitude of 50 kilometers.
Exploratory calculations pertaining to horizontal, vertical, and
slant-path transmission from sea level, transmission between two
altitudes and transmission to space are readily made from the
tabulations.  Because of its more extensive coverage and improved
computational programming, this report, including the
tabulations, fully replaces the earlier publication, "A Model
of a Clear Standard Atmospbre for Attenuation in the
Visible Region and Infrared Windows."   (Author)##

 CC089

 J. A. Curcio   L.F.  Drummeter,  Jr.


 EXPERIMENTAL  OBSERVATIONS  OF  FOBflARD  SCATTERING  OF  LIGHT  IN  THE
 LOWER  ATMOSPHERE-    Naval  Research  Lab.,  Washington,  D.C. ,
 SRI  6152.   Sept.  30,  1964.  41  pp.
    CFSTI,  DDC:  AD 6071)87


 This report deals in  part  with  the  experimental  results from
 seven  measurements on  the  forward scattering  of  light  by  the
 atmospheric aerosol.   Partial  results  follow:   !„ light scattered
 forward  from  a  50,000-w  omnidirectional light  source,  when  viewed
 from a  point  45  km away below  the horizon,  was  distributed  on  the
 horizon,  was  distributed  on the  horizon in  a  field  5  degrees high
 and  10  degrees  wide,.   2»   light  scattered forward from a  10,000-w
 collimated  carbon-arc  light source  which  had  a  1/2-degree
 beamwidth,  was  directed  tangentially,  and was  observed from  a
 pcint  45  km below the  horizon  was distributed  on  the  horizon in  a
 field  5  degrees  by 10  degrees..   3,  Airborne  observations  of
 forward  scattered light  from  a  searchlight  beam  1/2  degree  wide
 yielded  on  on-axis irradiance^  at a  range of  35  km  from a
 horizontally  pointed  source,  550 times the  irradiance  at  a  point
 115  meters  above  the  geometrical edge  of  the  beam.   4.  Ground-
 based  comparison  of direct-line-of-sight  irradiance  and small-angle
 fcrward-scattered-light  irradiance  showed that  in the  wavelength
 interval  7500A  to 9500A  the direct  light  was  200  times the
 scattered  light  at a  distance  of US  km when the  meteorological
 range  was  40  km,,   5-   Ruby laser light was  transmitted at  night
 over the  horizon  to a  distance  of 45  km when  both receiver  and
 projector  were  6  ft above  water  and  were  pointed  at  one another
 with 0-degree elevation.   The  laser  output  was  0.10  joule  and
 the  signal-to-noise ratio  in  the system was 45.   It  is
 estimated  that  the surface transmission of  the  45-km  path  at
 6943A  was  about  0.00001.##

 00095

 F.N.  Frenkiel


 ATMOSPHERIC DIFFUSION IN AIR-POIIDTICN STUDIES.    David Taylor



 116                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Model Basin, Washington, E.G., applied  Mathematics
laboratory.(Beport 1t18«)  (Reprinted from Proceedings  of  the
Seventh Hydraulics Conference, June 16-18,  1958.3   Hay 1960
22 pp.
   CFSTI, DDC: AD «362H9


This report discusses studies in which  an urban  area is
represented by a mathematical model,,  Such  a  model  takes  into
account the general meteorological and  topographical conditions
as well as  the distribution and nature  of the pollution sources-
The mean concentration  patterns are then forecast for  the
mathematical model of the  area.  Although Los Angeles  County  is
used as an  example, the results refer to a  mathematical model
rather than to the exact physical situation in Los  Angeles.   The
purpose of  the discussion  is to describe a  mathematical method
rather than a specific application.##


00102

H. W. "Erandli
 ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION BY OZONE:   ITS  EFFECTS AND  VARIABILITY
 (MASTER'S THESIS).   (Submitted  for  the  Degree of  Master of
 Science at the Massachusetts  Inst.  of Tech.)   May 1,  1965.
 79 pp.


 Surface ozone concentrations  were measured  in the
 Boston-Cambridge complex for  the  months of  November and
 December, 1964 and January, 1965.   The  instrumentation used was
 a Mast ozone meter and recorder;  a  chromium trioxide  filter was
 fitted to the air inlet of the  meter  to remove negatively
 interfering sulphur  dioxide.  The effectiveness of this filter was
 remarkably apparent  in that removal of  the  filter caused ozone
 reductions of 50-1005!.  The overall range of ozone levels for the
 3 months was 0.1 to  6.t pphmv Jcart per hundred million by
 volume), well below  toxic limits  discussed  in detail  in this
 thesis.  The average values for each  of the 3 months  indicate a
 possible correlation with the total ozone trend..   Variation of the
 daily values is discussed with  some meteorological factors as well
 as source strength.  Seven simultaneous measurements  of some of
 the halogens, obtained from a separate  study by a colleague, are
 related to ozone concentrations.   (Author's abstract) ##

 00130
 AIR  POLLUTION  AND HEALTH.   Am.  Rev.  Eespirat.  Diseases
 93,  (2)  1-12,  Feb.  1966.   (A  statement  by the  American
 Thoracic  Society Committee  on Air Pollution).


 The  health hazards  of  air  pollution  are discussed in connection
 with the  meteorological  conditions that help to bring them about,
 techniques of  air pollution measurement,  and research on the
 biologic  effects of exposure  to air  pollutants.##
                          C. Atmospheric Interaction                     TI7

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00139

E. H. Allen  and H. D. Cadle


A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF BOLECUIAB CXYGEH ON  ATOMIC
OXYGEN-HYDROCARBON BEACTIONS.  Photochem.   Photobiol.   4,
979-87, 1965.


Investigations of the systems atomic oxygen-methane  and atomic
oxygen-n-butane have been iade, using techniques for producing
atomic oxygen in the presence and absence of  ground  state  molecular
oxygen.  The results indicated that the initial rate of removal of
atomic oxygen from both systems was accelerated by the  presence of
molecular oxygen, whereas the initial rate  of removal of
hydrocarbon, for n-butane, was affected little if at all»##
00177

H,. Buchberg,  H. H. Jones,  K- G» Lindh-,  and  K»  W.
Hilson
AIR POLLUTION STUDIES WITH SIBOIATEB ATMOSPHERES.   California
Univ. , Los Angeles, Dept. of Engineering.   (Kept.  No.
61-111.,)   July 1961.  185 pp.


Part I of this report deals with the statistical relations
among interacting atmospheric variables.  Also contained  in  this
report are the results of several auxiliary or supporting studies
as follows:  Air Purification Studies; Development  of  an  Eye
Bask for the Measurement of the Threshold of Eye
Irritation; Development of an Omnidirectional Solar Radiometer
for a Limited Spectral Region Centered about 0.36  microns; A
Comparison of Concentration and Duration as Measures of
Threshold for Eye Irritation; A Comparison of Threshold  to
Eye Irritation Resulting from Reacted Air Mixtures  Sampled
at Different Points in the Exposure System; A Comparison  of
Odor Threshold and Eye Irritation Threshold for Formaldehyde,
Acrolein, and Ozone.,   (Author)**
 00191

 R.  A.  BcCormiclc  and K.  R.  Kurfis
 VERTICAL DIFFUSION OF AEROSOLS OVER A CITY.  Quart., J.. Roy.
 Meteorol.  Soc..  (London)  92, (393)  392-6, July 1966-


 Vertical exchange coefficients for aerosol material, K sub A,
 were determined from measurement of atmospheric turbidity at
 lambda = 0.5 micron following the motion of air flowing over
 Cincinnati,  Ohio.  Values of the coefficient for sensible heat,
 K sub H, were also obtained at the same time in some instances.
118               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Host of the values of K sub A were in the range  10,000  to
1,000,000 sq cm per sec with a  marked seasonal variation of  the
average values.  No significant variation of  K sub  A  with
height (100 to 600 m)  was found.   (Author) ##
00226

K. Koenuma
ON THE STABILITY AND VARIATION OF FOG PARTICLES.
Geophysics,  Vol. 23, 373-377, 1952.


Condensation in the atmosphere takes place on some hygroscopic
substances which suspend in the atmosphere in abundant number and
absorb the water vapour even below 100% of relative humidity.
These hygroscopic substances may be considered to be NaCl,
BgC12, S03 and etc., though details are not yet known.
Such being the case, fog particles may be thought to be
aqueous solutions of these salts whose saturation vapour
pressure at  a given temperature is lower than that of pure water
and depends  on the concentration of the solution.  It has been
frequently observed that relative humidity in the foggy air
mass is below 100S.  This may be explained by considering that the
fog particles are aqueous solutions of some salts.  In this
paper, considering fog particles to be agueous solutions of some
salts, the stability and the variation of magnitude of a fog
particle are discussed.  For the complete discussion of this
problem,,the electric charge of fog particle must naturally be
considered,  but it may be left for the future.  (Author's
abstract} ##


00236

H., Neuberger


CONDENSATION NUCLEI - THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN ATMOSPHERIC
POLLUTION,,  Mech. Eng. 70, 221-5, Mar. 1948.   (Presented at
a Joint Fuels Conference of the American Inst. of Mining
and Metallurgical Engineers and The American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, Cincinnati, Ohio, Oct. 20-22, 1917.)


Author discusses the constituents of the atmosphere and refers to
the suspensions in the atmosphere as "aerosols".  Explanations of
dust and condensation nuclei including their chemical and physical
nature are included.  Also included is a section on the sources
of nuclei as well as biological effects of aerosols.  Charts
include:  Sulphur content of air and average number of nuclei
in representative cities; Average ultraviolet
radiation and number of condensation nuclei for clear skies;
Average number of condensation nuclei per cubic millimeter for
clear and cloudy skies; Mean number of condensation nuclei for
various ranges of dust concentration in city air; and
Retention of condensation nuclei in human respiratory system for
various concentrations of nuclei in air.tt*
                          C. Atmospheric Interaction                     119

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00242

W.H. Heck,  CnS. Brandt,  O.A. Dunning,  F-L. Fox


ECOLOGICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING PLANTS AS MONITORS OF
PHOTOCHEMICAL AIR POLLUTION.   Preprint.   (Presented at the
59th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, San
Francisco, Calif.,, June 20-24, 1966, Paper 66-18.)


The response of plant systems to the oxidant complex of the air
must be interpreted in terms of the influence of the total
environment..  Photoperiod, light intensity, carbon dioxide
concentration, soil conditions, time of day, plant age, and
frequency of exposures affect the response of pinto bean and
tobacco to ozone-  Tobacco is suggested as a relatively simple
monitoring system for obtaining seme data on photochemical
pollution.  (Authors" abstract}##
002H5

PoH. Hiller


THE RELATIONSHIP OF OZONE TO SUPPRESSION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
AND TO THE CAUSE OF THE CHLOBOTIC DECLINE OF PONBEROSA PINE
(DOCTOR'S THESIS).   (For the degree of Doctor of
Philosophy in the Dept. of Plant Pathology, California Univ.,
Berkeley.)   1965.  135 pp.


The possible causes of a chlorotic decline and death of
ponderosa pine in the San Bernardino mountains of southern
California have been investigated.  Fungi, bacteria, viruses,
insects, nutrient deficiency or toxic mineral excess, mechanical
damage to roots and drought have been considered and rejected as
possible causal agents.  Photochemical air pollution (smog) has
been confirmed to be commonly present in the forest area  both
by photographic record and ambient air analysis.  Ozone,  a
principal phytotoxicant in smog, caused an intensification of the
typical chlorotic mottle needle symptom and loss of chlorophyll
when enclosed portions of trees were fumigated in the field.  The
needle appearance improved and the chlorophyll content increased
when similar enclosed branches were maintained in filtered air.
Enclosed branches treated with ambient air also exhibited
intensification of symptoms and loss of chlorophyll relative to
unenclosed branches used as a control.  There is adequate evidence
to conclude that photochemical smog, principally ozone, is the
primary cause of the chlorotic decline of ponderosa pine.  The
loss of chlorophyll or associated f actor (s) due to ozone  damage to
leaf tissue suppresses photosynthesis which results in less stored
food available for growth of roots and shoots, and for other energy
requiring processes essential to life.   (Author's abstract) ##
120               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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00285

V.,  H. Begener


ATMOSPHERIC OZONE (CHAPTER VIII}.  Proc.. First Intern.
Symposium of Physics and Medicine of the Upper Atmosphere,
San Antonio, Tex., 1951.  pp. 109-122.  1952.


Author discusses the physical characteristics of the atmosphere
in relation to the ozone content..  There is a general discussion
of "atmospheric ozone" and subsequent portions of  the article
discuss the following:  Total amount of atmospheric ozone;  The
vertical distribution of ozone; Absorption of ultraviolet  sunlight
by ozone; Toxic and chemical effects of atmospheric ozone;  and
Transport of ozone between stratosphere and troposphere.##
00302

A. P. Altshuller
ATMOSPHERIC REACTION  STUDIES  BEISTEB  TO AIR POLLUTION.    Arch.
Environ. Health 8, 27-30,  Jan.  196«.


Studies of air pollution in urban  and adjacent rural areas by
particles and trace gases  need  to  be  related to studies of
composition of the earth's atmosphere.   Man's activities generate
pollutants which in themselves  or  through photochemical reactions
contaminate the general atmosphere-   Cooperative efforts need to
be made by air pollution and  atmospheric science laboratories to
obtain monitoring data.  Areas  of  such research in
measurement of pollutants  and nonpollutants, measurement methods,
instrumentation, and  biological and  chemical effects are reviewed
by the author.  The proper selection  of synthetic atmospheres
for laboratory studies so  that  real  conditions are reflected is
emphasized.  An important  problem  still reguiring solution is the
obtaining of support, personnel, and  facilities for research and
development on instrumentation  for specialized applications.##
00344

H. I. Faith
RELATIVE REACTIVITY OF HYDROCABECNS  IN  PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG
FORMATION AND ITS PRACTICAL  IMPLICATIONS.   Preprint.
(Presented at the 59th Annual  Meeting,  Air  Pollution Control
Association, San Francisco,  Calif.,  June  20-24,  1966, Paper
No. 66-40.)


Adeguate and intelligent control  of  photochemical smog requires a
knowledge of the relative  reactivity of the hydrocarbons emitted
                          C. Atmospheric Interaction                      121

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from motor vehicles and a method of measuring them..   An extensive
survey of the literature yields the following general
classification of hydrocarbons:  (1) reactive {all olefins  and  all
aromatics except benzene and toluene)  and  (2) nonreactive  (all
paraffins, acetylene, benzene and toluene) .  Within the olefin
series, there is a side range of reactivity; ethylene  is far  less
reactive than other olefin species.  In fact, ethylene provides a
good line of denarcation between reactive  and unreactive
compounds, so far as photochemical smog formation is  concerned.  A
simple method of analysis that will distinguish between reactive
and non-reactive hydrocarbons is sorely needed.  At present,
an instrument that would distinguish between olefins  and
nonolefins would be useful.  (Author) ##
 00345

 J.  C..  Bomanovsky,,   R.  M.  Ingels,   and B.  J.  Gordon


 ESTIMATION  OF  SMOG  EFFECTS  IN  THE  HYEBOCARBON-NITBIC OXIEE
 SYSTEM.   Preprint.   (Presented at  the Air
 Pollution Control Assoc=  Annual  Meeting,,  June 20-21, 1966,
 San Francisco,  Calif.,  Paper  No.  66-42)™


 The complex role of nitric  oxide  in  photochemical smog has led to
 conflicting conclusions concerning its relationship to end effects.
 The confusion  has not  been  dispelled  by the  tendency to employ
 kinetic  parameters  of  the photochemical reactions accompanying the
 formation of smog as indicators  of the end effects.  In an attempt
 to  resolve  these differences  a detailed study was carried out to
 examine  the effects of  varying the concentrations and reactant
 ratios of NO and "hydrocarbon" en  a  number of smog effects as
 well as  on  various  functions  of  the  reaction rate.  Hydrocarbon
 components  increasing  in complexity  from  propylene through a
 simulated auto  exhaust  to authentic  auto  exhaust were irradiated
 in  the presence of  NO  in large chambers instrumented for
 measurements of numerous variables.   Eye  irritation was
 measured using  a selected panel  of human  subjects; formation of
 ozone  and formaldehyde  was  followed  analytically.  From ether
 analytical  data it  was  possible  tc derive half-lives for NO,
 N02, and hydrocarbon,  as well  as  maximum  reaction rates for
 propylene,  either as the sole  hydrocarbon or as a component of the
 exhaust. The  various  dependent  variables are presented as
 functions of the reactant concentrations  by  means of contour
 diagrams derived by computer  treatment.  The effect of
 "hydrocarbon"  and NO levels on smog  effects  are discussed; the
 observed relationships  between end effects and reaction rates are
 considered. The study  simulated  the effects of varying degrees of
 vehicular emissions control over  one or both reactants and has a
 bearing  on  the  establishment  of  vehicle emission standards in
 California,  (Author)**
 00360

 A.  T. Stair,  Jr.,   J.  P.. Kennealy,  S. P. Stewart



 122               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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OBSERVATION OF THE DELTA NO EQUALS 1 SEQUENCE  OF
OH PBODUCED IB THE H FLOS 03 HFACTICN.,    Planetary  Space
Sci.  13, 1005-8, 1965.,
The Delta Nu eguals 1 sequence of OH  was  obtained  with
10cm to «he minus one resolution from the H  plus 03
reaction.  A Hichelson interferometer was used  because
of the relatively weak source.   The spectra,  in combination
with overtone data, are of interest for studies of the
hydroxyl emission of the upper atmosphere.   (Author)##
 00362

 H. I Schiff
 KINETICS OF ATMOSPHERIC  GASES  (FINAL  REFT.)    McGill Univ.,
 Montreal, Canada, Upper  Atmosphere  Chemistry Group (Sept.
 No. AFCBL-66-1).  Nov. 1965.   «
-------
heights near 300 meters are compared with surface  winds  obtained
from the network of the Air Pollution Control  District.
During the day the tetroon-derived modal direction  is  backed  25
degrees from the model surface wind direction  but  the  modal  speeds
are practically the same.  During the night the agreement  is
poorer..  Illustrated are tetroon trajectory reversals
associated with land and sea breeze flows-  These  reversals  are
considered from the point of view of the recirculation of
air within the Basin, and evidence is presented for a  diurnal
recirculation.  The average root mean square vertical  velocity
derived from tetrocn height fluctuations is ,5H/ms  over
land and .21/ms over the sea.  The average predominant period
of vertical oscillation tdefinea as the period at  which  the
spectral peak occurs) is 17 minutes over land  and  9 min  over the
sea..  Broadly speaking, the predominant period appears to  be a
function of lapse rate, in agreement with the  Brunt-Vaisala
formulation.  The tetroon-tracking aircraft reported considerable
turbulence when the root mean square vertical  velocity was
a-nomalously high (0.4-0., 5/msJ  in comparison with the predominant
period (6-7 min), i.e., when there existed waves of large
amplitude and short wave length.  Tetroon flights  over the
Palos Verdes Hills exhibit a variety of vertical motion
patterns, with a general tendency for the tetroon  height to be a
maximum just over the hilltop but for slight downward  motion to
occur about 1 km upwind from the hilltop-  Two flights released
simultaneously yield good evidence for the existenc of helical
circulations over the land.  These helices have lateral  and
vertical dimensions of about 600 meters and the tetroons complete
a circuit in 20-30 irin.  (author" s abstract) ##
00132

H.  E. Morrison,,  R.  G.. Hinker,   and  W.  H.  Corcoran


RATE AND  HECHANISH  OF  GAS-PHASE  OXIDATION  OF  PABTS-PEP-BILLION
CONCENTRATIONS  OF NITBIC  OXIDE.   Ind.  Eng.  chero.  Fundamentals
5(2} :175-181, May 1966.


Hates of  the  air oxidation  of  parts-per-millicn concentrations  of
nitric  oxide  were studied homogeneously at atmospheric pressure and
ambient temperatures in  a constant-volume  batch reactor.   The
initial concentration  of  nitric  oxide  was  varied from 2 to 75
p.p-rn., while the oxygen  concentration ranged frcm 3 to 25 volume
55.,   The initial order  of  the oxidation reaction in the absence  of
nitrogen  dioxide was determined  to be  2.00 plus or minus 0.09
for nitric  oxide and 0.97 plus or minus 0..11  for oxygen.   From
initial rate  data at 26.5 C.,  a  third-order rate constant of
 (1.297) plus  or minus  0.051) x 100,000 (104)  liter 2-squared g.
mole 2-sguared  sec.  was  obtained.  The addition of nitrogen
dioxide increased the  initial  oxidation rate, and that compound
showed  an auto-catalytic  effect  throughout the course of the
reaction.   A  nonlinear least-squares analysis was used to develop
a  mechanism involving  six reactions, with  N03, N203, and N205
as  intermediates..   Use of that mechanism gave a minimum standard
deviation of  1,,6  p.p.m.  for the  predicted  concentrations of nitric
oxide relative  to the  experimental data.#t
 124               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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00414

E.  deBary,  B. Eraun,  and K. Eullrich


TABLES BELATED TO LIGHT SCATTEBING IN A 1UBBID  ATMOSPHERE,  VOLUME
II.   Ait Force Cambridge Research Labs,, Bedford,  Mass.,
Office of Aerospace Research, Sept.  1965.  pp.,  353-58C.
(Sept., No, AFCHL-65-710 (-II).,
   CFSTI, DDC: AD 629 123


The tables present the results of computations  of  the  intensity
and the degree of polarization of sky radiation and  radiation
scattered by a unit volume of air containing  natural aerosols.
The tabulated data are based upon new values  of the  scattering
functions i sub and i sub 2 and the  scattering  cross sections,
derived usint the Hie theory uith m  egual  1..5.  In the case of
primary scattering of radiation, the results  are valid for  a turbid
atmosphere.  The tables of the scattering  coefficients and  optical
thickness, the absolute scattering functions, the  intensities, and
the degrees of polarization are computed for  various wavelengths
between 0.4 and 1.2 microns and for  discrete  scattering  angles
between 0 and 180 degrees.  Aerosol  size distributions of the
form dn (r) egual c.r sup minus rv dlogr, with DV egual 2.5, 3.0,
and 4.0,  are assumed.  The lower and upper limits  for  the size
range chosen as r sub 1 egual 0.04,  0.06,  and 0.08 micron and  r  sub
2 egual 3,5, and 10 microns respectively.##
 00446

 A.  Hiratsuka   and  K.  Magonje


 PHYSIOLOGICAL  EFFECTS OF THE AIR IONS.  Mitsubishi Denki
 Giho  {Tokyo) 40 (3) : 473-475, Bar. 1966.  Text in Japanese


 A  review  of the  field of air ions is presented.  Studies on this
 subject made in  Japan and other countries are described.**


 00453

 J,P.  Detrie


 (MFTHOBS  AND TECHNIQUES CARRIED OUT IN FRAHCE IN THE FIGHT
 AGAINST ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION.)   Methodes et Moyens en
 Oeuvre en Prance pour Lutter centre la Pollution
 Atmospherigue.  Rev.  Soc. Roy. Eelge Ingrs. Ind.  (Brussels)
 No.  (5):207-217, May 1966.  Text in French


 legislative  proposals put into effect in the Paris region over
 the last  five  years are reviewed.,  There is a close liaison
 established  between private organizations, representing the
 hygiene specialists and private industry and public powers.
                           C. Atmospheric Interaction                     125

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Studies carried out to determine the extent of pollution,  that  is,
emission, dispersion, type of environment and its effect  on
pollution, demonstrated the profcleois involved with  means  of
combating pollution.  The solution cannot be found  in
generalized formulas which are too often recommended,  and  which
mask the detailed effort necessary to obtain good carburetion
and combustion of fuels and proper construction  of  buildings
and equipment.  (Author summary) ft*
00455

E, deBary,  B. Braun,  K. Bnllrich


TABLES RELATED TO LIGHT SCATTEBISG IN A TUEBID ATMOSPHERE
(VOLUME III.)    Air Force Cambridge Research. Labs, Bedford,
Mass.. , Office of Aerospace Besearch.  JRept. No. AFCBL-65
- 710(III)and Special Bepts., No. 33)., pp. 581-860. Sept.
1965.
   CFSTI, DDC:  AD 629 127


The tables present the results of computations of the
intensity and the degree of polarization of sky radiation and
radiation scattered by a unit volume of air containing natural
aerosols.  The tabulated data are based upon new values of the
scattering functions i sub 1 and i sub 2 and the scattering cross
sections, derived using the Hie  theory with m equal 1.5»  In the
case of primary scattering of radiation, the results are valid for
a turbid atmosphere.  The tables of the scattering coefficients
and optical thickness, the absolute scattering functions, the
intensities, and the degrees of  polarization are computed for
various wavelengths between 0=4  and 1,,2 microns and for discrete
scattering angle's between 0 and  180 degrees.  Aerosol size
distributions of the form dn(r)  equal c.r to the minus nu
power dlogr, with nu equal 2.5,  3-0, and 1.0, are assumed.  The
lower and upper limits for the size range were chosen as r sub 1
equal 0.0«, 0.06, and 0..08 micron and r sub 2 equal 3,5, and 10
microns respectively.  (Author abstract)##
OOD65

A.P. Altshuller
AN EVALUATION OF TECHNIQUES FOB THE DETERMINATION OF THE
PHOTOCHEMICAL BEACTIVITY OF OBGANIC EMISSIONS.  J.  Air Pol-
lution Control Assoc. 16 (5) : 257-260, May 1966.


The concept that control of organic substances  in emissions
should be based on the relative ability to  cause the effects
associated with photochemical air  pollution  (reactivity)  rather
than on gross emission levels has  gained wide acceptance.
Two general types of reactivity response scales have been
proposed.  One of these is based on rates of hydrocarbon
126               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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reaction or nitrogen dioxide formation.  This scale covers a wide
range because of the very high rates associated with
olefins having internal dougle-bondSo  The other scale is based
on product yields combined with biological measurements.  This
type of scale is considered superior to one based on rates.  This
latter scale covers a narrow response range because olefins with
internal double bonds have only slightly higher product yields and
biological effects than do other reactive olefins and
alkylbenzenes.  Use of a response scale based on product yields
and biological effects also permits use of less detailed
instrumental procedures.  A simple subrractive column technigue
combined with a flame ionization analyzer should be sufficient
to estimate hydrocarbon emissions.  Gas chromatographic analyses
of hydrocarbon emissions are of value when used with either type of
reactivity response scale.  However, detailed gas chromatcgraphic
analyses are essential for a response scale based
on rates.  The response scale based on product yields and
biological effects indicates much less improvement in reactivity
from fuel composition changes than would be predicted from a
response scale based on rates.  The most desirable approach is
to use a variety of control and engine modification techniques
to reduce all reactive organics to the lowest level possible.#8
00502

H., J. Hamming,  W.G. HacBeth,  B.I. Chass


THE PHOTOCHEMICAL AIS POLLDTION SYNDHOME 4S EXHIBITED  BY THE
ATTACK OF OCTOBER 1965.   Arch. Environ™ Health.,
1I4(1):137-149, Jan.. 1967.,   (Presented at the  American
Medical Association Air Pollution  Medical  Research
Conference, Los Angeles, Calif., March 2-U, 1966.)


The photochemical air pollution syndrome which  occurred on  the
days of October 26, 27, 28, 1965,  was typical and it followed
the pattern set by previous smog attacks.  These factors
are: .(1) low wind speeds to concentrate the pollution  in one
area, (2)  low inversion heights so that little  vertical
mixing can occur to dilute the emitted materials,  (3)  a
trajectory which carries the emitted pollution  to Los  Angeles
Civic Center and to Pasadena and Azusa or  Burbank in the
afternoon, and (4)  sufficient sunlight to  photodissociate
the N02 formed, and to font nitric oxide and  atomic oxygen.
The results are high oxidant or ozone and  large quantities  of
sub-micron size particles.  In addition, eye  irritants and
"plant damaging" chemicals are formed,.  Some  of these  are,  it
is believed, formaldehyde, acrolein, PAN,  chemical  free
radicals, other nitrates or nitroso compounds,  and  a peroxyformyl
activated complex.  Authors present sixteen  (16) charts and tables
to substantiate the events in this air pollution episode.   They
include meterology, concentrations of various oxidants,
pulmonary blow resistance, and variations  in  eye irritation™##
                          C. Atmospheric Interaction                     127

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00510

M. Neiburger


HETEOBOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SIR POLLUTION IN EELATION TO  BIOLOGICAL
BESPONSES.   arch. Environ. Health 14 (1) : 41-<*5, Jan. 1967.,
(Presented at the American Medical Association Air Eollution
Medical Research Conference, Los Angeles, Calif., Mar.  2-4,
1966.)


This report presents a brief review of the meteorological
aspects of air pollution, as a background for the implications
they have on biological and medical effects.  The
meteorological factors enter because they determine the  rats
of diffusion of pollutants, and thus the concentrations  of
contaminants in the air, given the configuration and intensity
of the sources.  The two factors which enter are the wind velocity
and the vertical temperature gradient or lapse rate.,
Meteorological considerations will have to enter into the
final determination of the air purity standards which will
have to be met.  Much research will be needed regarding
the rates of diffusion from line and area sources, and
especially the rates of removal of pollution.  Much data will
te required to define the air pollution potential of regions
throughout the world.  But we cannot await the anwsers  to
this research before requiring controls to the full extent
presently feasible.  Regulations are needed to enforce  limiting
every emission into the atmosphere to the lowest possible level,
at the same time as we push research and developemnt programs
seeking means of reducing further the contamination of  the
atmosphere.##


OC602

J.N. Pitts, Jr., J.K. Foote,  J.K.S.  Wan


SOME CORRELATIONS BETWEEN  SPECTRCSCOPIC AND PHOTOCHEMICAL
PROCESSES.   Photochem.  Photobiol. Vol. 1:323-333,  1965.
(Presented at  the Photochercistry and  Photobiology Symposium,
Fourth International Congress of Photochemistry  and
Photobiology, July 26-30,  196«, Oxford, England.)


By applying the modifier  "Space1 to  the terms  'Photochemistry'
and "Spectroscopy" one implies a concern with  electromagnetic
radiation of wavelengths  less than that found  at the earth"s
surface and with energetic particles, particularly electrons.
It has been observed that  for certain classes  of organic
compounds useful empirical correlations exist  between reactions
induced by electron  impact, non-ionizing ultraviolet radiation
and ionizing radiation.  These correlations allow gualitative
or semi-quantitative predictions of  specific reactions  and/or
reaction  mechanisms  which  will occur  during photolysis  or
radiolysis, based on known optical or mass spectra.  In accord
with recent spectroscopic  evidence,  benzene and  toluene do  not
significantly  react  photochemically  in  their first absorption
128               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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band (at about 2500 angstroms); however, they react with a quantum
yield approaching unity in their second and thired absorption
bands (at about 2000 and 1850 angstroms respectively).  The
products of this decomposition are primarily carbon and/or
polymer which deposit on cell windows, however, small yields of
stable products have been isolated.  Another example of this
extrapolation from one technique to another deals with the
correlation of cyclic elimination reactions observed in the
mass spectra, photochemistry and radiation chemistry of various
classes or organic compounds.  classic examples of this type
of reaction are the photolytic and radiolytic elimination of
olefins from esters and ketones having a hydrogen gamma to the
carbonyl group (i.e., the elimination of ethylene from ethyl
acetate and of propylene from methyl n-butyl ketone).  Eased
on mass spectral correlations with the above reactions, the
same type of elimination should be expected from a great
number of compunds which contain hydrogens gamma to unsaturated
groups.  In those cases where the photochemistry or radiation
chemistry of these compounds have been studied, an intra-
molecular cycloelimination of olefin has been observed to be
an important process.  It is suggested that mass spectra are a
useful diagnostic tool for at least gross predictions in
•space photochemistry" and "space photobiology", as well as
in considering reactions of importance under primitive earth
conditions.  (Author abstract)##
00611

!„ J. Leyshon  D. H. Volman
THE PHOTOCHEHICAL REACTION OF  HYEKOGEN  PEROXIDE  WITH
AILTL ALCOHOL -3,3-D2.   J. Chem.  Soc.  Vol.  87:5565-
5568, 1965.   (ABOD No. 3861:3.
   CFSTI, DDC:  AD 628 086
 The reaction of  hydroxyl  radicals,  derived  from  the photolysis
 of hydrogen peroxide,  with  allyl  alcohol-3,3-d2  in the  frozen
 state  at 77 K. and  in  liquid  solutions  in  the  range 253-350 K.
 has been studied..   An  analytical  method based  on the gas phase
 reaction of water  with  sodium mirrors  has  been developed.   For the
 reaction with sodium,  the isotopic  separation  factor for
 protium and deuterium  in  water was  found to  be 1.8 in the  range
 of 0-35% deuterium.  For  all  the  photochemical experiments,
 abstraction of deuterium  atoms was  shown to  occur with  804 plus
 or minus 2.5% of the hydroxyl radicals  formed; the remainder
 was considered to  add  to  the  olefinic  bond.   Electron
 spin resonance spectra  of irradiated frozen  samples showed that
 absorption of light by  the  deuterated  allyl  alcohol leads  to
 cleavage of the  carbon-oxygen bond  and  that  the  reaction of
 hydroxyl radicals  with  the  alcohol  is  consistent with the
 interpretation that deuterium atoms are abstracted.  (Authors
 abstract)##
                           C. Atmospheric Interaction                    129

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00613

L. S. Jaffe


EFFECTS OF PHOTOCHEMICAL AIB POLIDTICN ON VEGETATION  WITH
BEIATICH TO THE AIB QAULITT BEQOIBEMENTS.   J.  Air  Pollution
Control Assoc., 17(1)38-12, 1967.  38 refs.   (Presented
at the 59th Annual Heeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, San Francisco, California, June  20-25, 1966,
Paper No. 66-H3) .


For purposes of clarification, a new term "PAN-type"  oxidant,
is recommended which more precisely defines,  the phototoxicant
complex found in photochemical sucg formerly  identified  as
"oxidant" causing silvering or bronzing of the  lower  leaf
surfaces of vegetation.  Since ozone has been identified as a
phytotoxicant and is also an oxidant, it is recommended  that the
term "oxidant" be used only as a general term,  identifying any
oxidizing air pollutant.  Based on current knowledge  the oxidizing
phytotoxicants present in photochemical smog  can be classified
into at least two types according to the syndromes  formed:   (1)
Ozone, and  (2} "PAN-type" oxidants.  The "PAN-type" oxidant
injury syndrome of plants can be caused by two  classes of presentl}
identifiable phytotoxicants:  (1) The peroxyacyl nitrates, a
homologous series of organic peroxidic nitrogen compounds isolated
from photochemical smog (designated as PaNs); (2) the
reaction products of ozoneolefin reactions, as  yet  unidentified.
Each of these classes of phytotoxicants produces lower leaf
surface injury (jbronzing and silvering) »  The PaNs  also  cause
lower leaf surface banding; the products of ozone-olefin reaction
products, however, do not.  Other oxidizing phytotoxicants, yet
unidentified, may also be present in photochemical  smog.   (Author
Abstract Hodified)#3
00618

E« A. Schuck,  J, H. Pitts, Jr.,  J«K.,S. Han
BELATICNSHIFS BFTBEEN CERTAIN HETEOFLOGICAL FACTOBS AND
PHOTOCHEMICAL SHOG.   Intern. J. Air Hater Pollution Vol.,
10(10) :689-711, Oct., 1966.   (Presented at Photochemistry
Symposium, Bobert A» Taft Sanitary Engineering Center,
Cincinnati, Ohio, Apr. 20-22, 1961.)


By a method of averaging, involving a large amount of
atmospheric monitoring data, it has ieen shown that
interesting and perhaps valid information on  the formation
and intensities of smog symptoms can be obtained.
For example, it has been shown that the concentration  of
maximum daily oxidant is a function of day of the week
and that this function might be related to automotive
traffic patterns.  Thus for certain time periods maximum
daily oxiflant was at a mininua en weekends at stations in  the
northern protion of the Los  Langeles Basin  (Burbank, Pasadena,
Azusa).  Curing this same time period the maximum daily
130               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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oxidant was found to be at a maximum on weekends near
certain cities in the southern portion of the Basin  (Inglewood,
Long Beach)„  These two distinctly different weekend patterns
correspond in part to the recreational activities of the
populace, and in addition, indicate that mixing is less than
conplete in the Los Angeles Basin.  In spite of this lack
of complete mixing the macimui daily oxidant at stations
within a 600 to 800 square Bile area are directly proportional
to each other in a predictable fashion.  The weekend
daily temperatures are also affected presumably by the same
factors which influence the weekend oxidant intensity.  changes
in inversion height and wind speed appear to account for
twofold changes in aacimum daily oxidant values-  Haximum
daily oxidant concentration was also found to be directly
related to the square root of light intensity with little
if any dependence on temperature.  This study also indicates that
pollution levels are proportional to each other over large
areas of the Basin™  The analysis of atmospheric data indicates
that variable hydrocarbon to oxides of nitrogen rations do exist ii
the atmosphere and that there exists a dependence of atmospheric
smog symptom intensity upon this ratio,. ##
OC629

P.  Ausloos   and S<,  G.  Lias
H2S AS A TREE-RADICAL INTERCEPTOR IN THE GAS-PHASE EADICLYSIS
AND PHOTOLYSIS OF PFOPANH.,   J. Chem. Phys. Vol.
«U (2} : 521-529, Jan.  1966.


The gas-phase photolysis (1236 Angstrom units) and the gamma-ray
radiolysis of C3D8 has been investigated in the presence of
varying concentrations of H2S.  Bhen 10? or more H2S is
added to C3D8, the majority of the D, CD3, C2D3, and C2D5
radicals abstract an H atom from H2S to form HD, CD3H,
C2D3H, and C2D5H, respectively.  The fully deuterated
molecules formed in  these mixtures result from the unimolecular
elimination of a stable molecule from C3D8 or C3D8(plus) and
from fast bimolecular processes such as ion-molecule reactions.
The mechanisms of the radiolysis and the photolysis proposed in
earlier studies have been re-examined in the light of the
information derived  from the C3D8 - H2S experiments and of
some additional photolysis experiments on CD3CH2CD3 - NO
mixtures.  The modes of decomposition of the neutral excited
propane molecule are indicated.  The internally excited C2B1,
C2D5, C3D6, and C3D7 species formed in these primary
processes decompose  to for» D, CD3, C2D2, C2D3, and C2D1
unless they are collisionally stabilized.  In the radiolysis of
C3D8 - H2S mixtures, yields of the free radicals can be
adequately accounted for by taking into account the modes of
fragmentation of the parent ion and of the excited propane,.  The
C2D5  (plus)  ions are shown to react with H2S in part by the
deuteron-transfer reaction.  The effect of pressure and the
effectiveness of HI  as a free-radical interceptor in the
radiolysis have been examined.,   (Author abstract)##
                          C.  Atmospheric Interaction                     131

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00748

D.M. Baulch
BELATICN OF GUSTINESS TO SULFDB DIOXIDE CONCENTEATION.   J-
Air Pollution Control Assoc., 12(113:539-542, Nov.  1962.


Sulfur dioxide concentrations are related to variations of
horizontal wind direction, classified according to criteria of
gustiness developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory.  Five
gustiness classes (A, B1, B2, C, and D)  are established
in order of decreasing amplitude of the azimuthal fluctuation of
the wind.  In Nashville, Tennessee, 302 concentrations were
measured at 7 selected sites, and concurrent samples form these
sites vere averaged to obtain an approximation of the mean S02
concentrations over the study area.  Data from the 6-mon study
period indicate an inverse relationship between freguencies
of type Bl and "S02 concentration, and a direct relationship
between occurrence of gustiness type D, the stable wind class,
and.302 concentration.  Relationships of the less freguently
occurring types (A, B2, and C) were indeterminate, indicating
a need for application of the method over a longer period of time.
(Author"s abstract)##

00757

A..P. Altshuller  J. J. Bufalini
PHOTOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF SIB POIIUTICN:  A EEVIEW.
Photochem- Photobiol., Vol. 4, 97-1146, 1965.


Materials that are emitted in the atmosphere are subjected to a
number of interesting and unusual reactions.  These reactions
lead to many products whose deleterious effects have now been
recognized as one of the most pressing problems in urban areas
throughout the world..  These effects can be observed in reduced
visibility, eye irritation, plant damage, cracking of rubber, and
corrosion of metals.  This paper is concerned with the present
state of the problems in air pollution, with emphasis on recent
literature.  The chemical aspects are covered in seme detail
through 1963..  The biological effects are surveyed more briefly,
with literature reviewed up to the fall of 1963.##


00764

E.A, HcCormick
HEATHEP PEEDICTION AND SHOG ATTACKS.    Preprint,   (Presented
at the A.s.C.E. Environmental Engineering Conference,
Salt Lake City, Utah, May 11-15,  1964.)


The paramount contributions that  meteorological  science  can  make
to the solution of air pollution  problems are  in the  areas  of
 132               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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forecasting air pollution potential and air pollution
concentrations.  Systematic programs and services have been
accomplished to provide the former on both local and nationwide
scales.  Imporvement in those services can be expected to follow
the progress in weather forecasting in general.  Methodologies
to predict air pollution concentrations will develop more slcwly,
largely because of the paucity cf non-meteorological input data on
pollutant emissions.  Following the success of pilot studies,
comprehensive projects that may lead to schemes for forecasting
pollutant concentrations are under way in St. Louis, Missouri,
Chicago,  Illinois, and New York City.  (Author abstract)  ##
00773

JaJ. Bufalini   a.P.. Altshuller
 KINETICS OF VAPOR PHASE  HTDBOCABEON  -  OZONE  BEACTIONS.    Can.
 J. Chem. 13,2203-2250,  1965.


 The reaction  of  nine  olefinic  and  aromatic hydrocarbons with
 ozone in the  vapor  phase  have  been investigated in static and
 dynamic systems-  Some  of the  rate constants for the olefin-
 ozone reactions  are in  good  agreement  with previously published
 data, whereas others  are  larger  than values  previously
 reported.  Rate  constants fcr  trans-2-bueene-,  isobutene-, and
 ethylene-ozone reactions  were  measured between  30 and 100 degrees
 C.  The activation  energies  for  the  reaction of ozone with
 trans-2-butene,  isobutene,,  and ethylene are  0.2 plus or minus  0.3,
 2.8 plus or minus 0.4,  and  t.2 plus  or minus 0..4 kcal/mole.   In
 general, the  reactions  of hydrocarbons with  02one are
 nonstoichiometric.  However,  these reactions do appear to be
 second order.  The  rates  of  reaction between alkylbenzenes
 and ozone are too low to  be  of importance in air pollution
 studies™  .(Author abstract) ##
 00783

 D.Ao Lynn,  B.J. Steigerwald,   J. H.  ludwig


 THE NOVEMBEfi-DECEMBEB 1962  AIP  POLLUTION  EPISODE  IN  THE
 IASTEBN UNITED STATES.   Public  Health  Service, Cincinnati,
 Ohio, bSdiv, of Air Pollution.  (999-AP-78)   196U.   28pp.


 This report documents the subject  "episode"  with  respect
 to meteorology, air quality,  and  public reaction-   Particulate
 and gaseous air quality  data  are  reported and  discussed.
 Meteorology and public reaction  are  discussed  with reference to
 the Public Health Service program  of Air  Pollution
 Potential Forecasts.  Epidemiological aspects  are not
 considered.   (Author abstract)##
                          C. Atmospheric Interaction                     133

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00787

I.S. Jaffe  H.D. Estes
OZONE TOXICITY HAZARD IK CABINS OF HIGH ALTITUDE AIECBAFT -  A
BIVIER AND CORRENT PROGRAM.  Aerospace Med. , 3« (7) :633-6U3,
July 1963 and J. Aircraft, 1 (3) :157-158, June 196«.
(Presented at the AIAA Summer Meeting, los  Angeles, Calif.,
June 18-20, 1963.)


Ozone is present in significant quantities  in the  atmosphere
starting above the tropopause and in toxic  concentrations in the
stratosphere reaching a peak at about 70,000-90,000 feet.
Height ambient zone concentrations of 5-10  ppm are found at
altitudes of 65,000-80,000 feet through which the  supersonic
transport will cruise.  The air used for cabin pressurization
passes through the compressors very quickly, too guickly
to destroy all the ozone present by adiabatic heating.
Dnacceptable concentrations of ozone will be present in the cabin
environment of the SST unless devices are employed.  It
is recommended that additional research be  performed in the area
of time/temperature relationships of air compressors of turbo-jet
turbo-ramjet and/or other proposed types of SST propulsion to
develop adequate techniques of ozone destruction.  (Author
summary modified)##
00789

J.N. Pitts, Jr..,  L.D. Hess,  F.. J. Baum,  E. A.  Schuck,
J. K. S. Van


THE TRANSFER AND CONVERSION OE E1ECTHONIC ENERGY  IN  SOME  "MODEL"
PHOTOCHEMICAL SYSTEHS.,   Photochem. Photobiol. ,  Vol.  4:305-21,
1965..   (Presented at the Rapporteur Session,  the  Fourth
International Congress of Photobiolcgy, Oxford,  England,
July 26-30, 196U.)


Becent studies of the effects of molecular structure and
reaction environment on the mechanism of primary
photochemical processes involving  transfer and conversion
of electronic energy in relatively "simple*  organic  molecules
are presented and discussed.  A quantitative  i-r.
spectroscopic method for studying  intramolecular  and intermolecular
photoprocesses of u.v.. irradiated  substrates  dispersed in solid
alkali halide matrices at rocn temperature is described.
Current data for the substrates ortho-nitrobenzaldehyde,
anthracene and benzophenone-tenzhydrcl  are presented.  A  series  of
'model' ketones containing cyclopropyl  groups have been  synthesized
and while their adsorption spectra are  similar,  the  efficiency of
vapor-phase photodissociation into radicals  is shown to  be
strongly dependent on molecular structure.   Eutyrophenone and  a
series of ring substituted derivatives  have  been  photolyzed  in the
liquid phase using the quantum yield of the  photo-elimination  of
ethylene (Type II split) as a "probe" to determine the effect
of substituents on the internal H  atom  abstracting power  of  the
134                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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excited carbonyl chromophore.  Phi sub C2H1 is very
sensitive to ring substitution, dropping grom 0.24 in
butyrophenone to 0,20, 0.058 and 0.00 in the p-CH3, p-OCH3
and p-NH2 derivatives respectively, and to 0.00 in both ortho and
para hydroxy derivatives.  This effect is correlated with their
absorption spectra in terms of the lowest states of these alkyl
aryl ketones,,  Hhile several 'classic' photochemical
reactions, unimolecular and biaclecular, proceed efficiently in
solid KBr matrices giving the same product as in liquid systems,
the 'model1 cyclopropyl compounds and the alkyl aryl ketones did
not undergo their usual intramolecular processes.  Implications
of this molecular environment effect are pointed out.   (Author
abstract) ##

00834

C.S- Benson
ICE FOG:   LOW TEHPEHATUBE AIR POLLUTION  (DEFINED HITH
FAIRBANKS, ALASKA AS TYPE IOCAIITY)„   Alaska Univ.,
College,  Geophysical Inst. Nov. 1965.  196 pp.
   CFSTI,  DDC:  AD 631553


±je fog crystals are an order of magnitude smaller than
diamond dust, or cirrus cloud crystals,  which in turn are
an order  of magnitude smaller than common snov crystals
(0901, 0.1 and 1 to 5 mm respectively).  The differences in
size are  shown to result from differences in cooling rates over
5 orders.of magnitude-  Host of the  ice  fog crystals have
settling  rates which are slower than the upward velocity of air
over the  city center.  The upward air movement is caused
by convection cells driven by the 6 C "heat island" over
Fairbanks.  This causes a reduced precipitation rate which
permits the density of ice fog in the city center to be three
times greater than that in the outlying  areas.  The inversions
which occur during cold spells over Fairbanks begin at ground
level and are among the strongest and most persistent in the
world,,  They are three times stronger than those in the
inversion layer over Los Angeles.  Thus, the low-lying air over
Fairbanks stagnates and becomes effectively decoupled from the
atmosphere above, permitting high concentrations of all pollutants.
The combustion of fuel oil, gasoline, and coal provides daily
inputs of: 4.1 x 10 to the sixth power kg C02; 8.6 x 10 to the
third power kg S02; and 60, <*6 and 20 kg of Pb, Er and Cl
respectively, into a lens-like layer of  air resting on the surface
with a total volume less than 3 x 10 to  the ninth power cubic
meter.  The air pollution over Fairbanks during cold spells
couldn't  be worse, because the mechanisms for cleaning the air
are virtually eliminated while all activities which pollute the
air are increased.  (Author abstract modified}##

00840

D.G..  Murcray,   F.H.  Murcray,   W.J.  Williams


BALLOON  BORNE  IHFRABED  STUDIES  (FINAL  REPT.).    Denver  Univ.,
Colo., Physics  Dept., Sept.  30,  1965.   26  pp.
   CFSTI,   DDC:   AE  625319
                          C. Atmospheric Interaction                     135

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The primary objective of this program was to obtain experimental
data concerning the infrared spectral transmittance of  the
earth's atmosphere at high altitudes..  Data pertinent
to this objective were obtained by studying the variation of
the infrared solar spectrum Kith altitude.  Instrumentation
capable of measuring selected portions of the infrared  solar
spectrum while it is carried aloft by balloons was constructed and
flown a number of times as part of this program.  A description
of the instrumentation used to obtain these data and a  summary of
the flights made during the program are given.  A secondary
objective was to measure the variations with altitude of the
infrared radiation emitted by the earth and its atmosphere.  These
measurements were also made with balloon borne instruments,,
The instrumentation used for making these measurements  is
described and a sunmary is also given of the flights made with
this instumentation.  (Author abstract)#f
00851
MONTHLY REPORT OF METEOROLOGY, AIP POLLUTION EFFECTS AND
CONTAMINANT HMIMA (MARCH 1966 WITH OUTLOOK FOE MAY).
Air Pollution Control District, Los Angeles, Calif.,
Technical Services Division,  Mar. 1966, 15 pp.


Contains data for the Los Angeles County area for March
1966 on inversicn base heights, nixing heights, average
wind speed, precipitation, visibility, number of smog
warning days, and a daily leg of selected weather conditions.
Six pages are devoted to daily maxima for carbon monoxide,
nitrogen oxides, ozone, sulfur dioxide, and beta-radioactivity.
Cumulative totals for selected meteorological and air
pollution data through March are given plus average pollution
and weather conditions for May {1950-1965); statement on the
outlook for May 1966 is also provided.#t
CC921

Altshuller, A. P.,,  I. R., Cohen,  and T. C.  Purcell
PHOTOXIDATION OF PROPIONALDEHYDE  AT  LOW  PARTIAL  PRESSURES  OF
ALDEHYDE.,  Can. J. Chem. , H<1 (2
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00929
CONTINUOUS AIE MONITORING PROGRAH IN CINCINNATI,,  1962-1963.,
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div.  of  Air
Pollution, (999-AP-21).  Jan.,  1965.  193 pp.


This report presents results of the operation  of  the  Public
Health Service Continuous Air  Monitoring Program  (CAMP)  in
Cincinnati, Ohio, during 1962  and 1963.  Data  on  atmospheric
levels of sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen  dioxide,  total
oxidants, total hydrocarbons,,  and carbon monoxide are
analyzed and discussed.  The data are  tabulated as hourly,  daily,
and monthly mean concentration.  Background  information  about
Cincinnati and descriptions of the instrumentation are included.
(Author abstract)##
00935

J. N, Pitts, Jr.,  R. Simonaitis,   and  J.  B»  Vernon
LIQUID PHASE PHOTOLYSIS OP Y-BUTOOIACTONE.   Tetrahedron
letters. No. 36:3209-3213,, 1965.


In view of the variety of interesting  photochemical reactions
reported for saturated eyelid  ketones  and  acyclic  esters and the
lack of similar studies on lactone,  the  authors have photolysed
representatives of the latter  class  of compounds and report here
preliminary results with ganma-butyrolactone.   Vacuum degassed
butyrolactone was irradiated in  a  guartz cell (9 ml) with a
Hanovia medium pressure SH lamp, and gaseous  products were
separated by conventional high-vacuum  technigues.   The major
products, carbon monoxide, carbon  dioxide,  cyclopropane and
ethylene (relative amounts 2.5 : 0. 9 : 0.9  :  1..0) ,  were
identified by comparison of gas  chromatographic retention times
(Hexadecane, 25 degrees) and mass  spectra  with  those of authentic
materials.  In addition, traces  of ethane,  propane and propylene
were characterised by gas chrcmatographic  comparisons.##
 00952

 A. C.. Harkness   and  F.  E.  Hurray


 GAS  PH5SE OXIDATION  OF  METHYL SUIFIDE.   Preprint.  (Presented
 at the  59th  Annual Meeting,  Air Pollution Control
 Association,  San Francisco,  Calif.,  June 20-25, 1966, Paper
 No.,  66-58..)


 Methyl  sulfide  and oxygen react explosively at temperatures as low
 as 210  degrees.   At  195 degrees, the nonexplosive reaction
 exhibits an  initiation  stage and a main stage.  The rate of the
                           C. Atmospheric Interaction                     137

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lain stage as determined from pressure-time curves  is  linearly
dependent on initial oxygen pressure, but substantially  independent
of initial methyl sulfide pressure.  The activation  energy  of  the
main stage is H2 kcal/mole.  The extent of the  initiation stage  is
reduced by increasing oxygen pressure.  The main oxidation
products are sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide.  Even with  an
excess of oxygen not all methyl sulfide reacts.   (Author
abstract) t*
 D0955

 3.  Kovitz
 GAINING PUBLIC  ACCEPTANCE  FOR  CALIFORNIA'S  ADTO  SHOG CONTROL
 PROGRAM.  J..  Air Pollution Control  Assoc., 17,,  <1)  26-7,
 Jan.  1967.   (Presented at  the  «9th  Annual Meeting,  Air
 Pollution Control  Association,  San  Francisco,  Calif.. June
 20-25, 1966,  Paper  No. 66-67.,)


 Author discusses the  Motor Vehicle  Control  Board (MVCB)
 action in California.  The emphasis is  placed  on
 co«munity/individual  awareness  and  acceptance.   Releases by all
 news  media and  the  use of  billboards are the salient avenues being
 attempted.*#
D1027

R. 0., Gordon


PHOTOCHEMICAL MEASUREMENTS  OF  ULTRAVIOLET  SUNLIGHT.   Preprint.
(Presented at the 59th  Annual  Meeting,  Air Pollution Control
Association, San Francisco,  Calif.,  June  20-24,  1966, Paper
No. 66-38.)


Measurements of solar ultraviolet  radiation intensity were made,
using two  photochemical reactions.   These  were  the gas-phase  bag
photolysis of N02 in nitrogen  and  the  photoisomerization of
o—nitrobenzaldehyde in  liquid  solution.   Results of the two
methods  were converted,  as  nearly  as possible,  to absolute light
intensities.  The two sets  were  compared  and, as applied, it
appears  that the solution method is  simpler and  gives more
consistent results.  It should be  noted,  however, that atmosphere
N02 will affect the two methods  to different degrees.  A
continuous recording actincmeter -based on  the  solution method was
developed  and gave  satisfactory  initial trial runs.#t
 138               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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01103

F.  A« Lombardo
DISCUSSION OF THE MOELLER BADIATION CHABT  («ASTEB°S THESIS).
(For the degree of Master of Science, Dtah Univ.  (Salt  Lake
City)  Dept. of Meterology.  June  1966.  29 pp.
   CFSTI:  AD 48064C
Holler's assumptions for the carbon dioxide-water  vapor  overlap
region, which lead to the construction of his radiation  chart,  are
reinvestigated in the light of ncdern theory.   A new  radiation
chart is constructed using water vapor and carbon  dioxide
absorption data as furnished by Holler and Elsasser respectively.
The results of the radiative fluxes computed from  the new  chart
are compared with equivalent results using the  original  Holler
and the revised Elsasser radiation diagrams, as well  as  with
•easurements.  (Author abstract)f#
01106

I. Burak  and A« Treinin
THE PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF N3<-) IN AQUEODS  SOLUTION  AT  254
MILLIMICRONS.  J. An. Chem. Sec., 87 (18) :«031-
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RELEVANT 10 THE STUDY OP THE DEFER  ATMOSPHERE  .   Harvard Univ.,
Cambridge, Mass.  Final Rept. AFCBI-63-612  May 6,  1963.  23p.
   CFSTI,DDC:  631 410


Electron-molecule and molecule-molecule collisions at energies of
a few volts or less were studied  with  applications to atmospheric
reaction.  Ion-molecule and molecule-molecule  collisions in the
range of 200-2000 ev energy were  studied  with  applications to
meteor physics..  Excitation of  metastable states  in 02,  N2, and
0 by electron impact, and of the  subsequent  reactions of these
metastable states with other gases, including  excitation transfer
and also actual chemical reaction were studied with a thermal
molecular beam technique.  The  production of negative ions at
heated surfaces were studied with the  purpose  of  resolving a
controversy over the value of the electron affinity of atomic
oxygen.  Recent data on electron collisions  was used to  study the
problem of electron heating by  electric fields in  the ionosphere,
investigating, in particular, which features of the airglow and
aurora may be caused by electron-impact excitation by the heated
electrons.  The red lines of atomic oxygen,  6300-6364 A, are
almost certainly excited by this  means in low-latitude auroral
forms, but no other emission in the airglcw  or aurora is so
excited.  In the higher energy  range excitation and charge
transfer were studied in collisions of N  plus  2,  Ar plus, Ne
plus, K plus, Na plus, Hg plus, and Ca plus  with  N2 and  Ar.
The excitation and ionization which is produced by micrometeorites
too small to be observed individually  on  their entry into the
atmosphere were considered.#t

01115

i. Zdunkowski,  D.  Henderson,   and J. V. Hales
THE INFLUENCE OF ATMOSPHERIC CONSTITUENTS UPON LONG  WAVE
BADIATION IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE FORMATION OF RADIATION  FOG
Intermountain Weather, Inc.., Salt Lake City, Utah  (Final
Bept., June 1961   Mar. 1966, Sept. No. 3)   (Sept.
ECOP-00122-F).,  April 1966, 99 p.
   CFSTI.DDC:  AD 631490
This project deals with the prediction and maintenance of
radiation fog.  A system of physical equations, modelling the
atmospheric boundary layer, is solved by numerical  means.
Temperature changes in fog-free air and within fog  are discussed.
The significance of soil parameters and exchange  coefficients  is
studied systematically and shortcomings of the classical  theory
are pointed out.  (Author abstract)#t

C1194

F..  Grovenstein, Jr.
PHOTOCHEMICALLY INDUCED BEACTIONS OF ACETYLENES WITH  AROMATIC
COMPOUNDS {FINAL REPT.)  Georgia Inst. of Tech.,  Atlanta,
Engineering Experiment Station.  Aug. 1965. 30 pp.,
   EDC:  AD .470946
140               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Irradiation with ultraviolet light of a mixture of benzene and
acetylene under a variety of experimental conditions gave, at best,
only a trace of cyclooctatetraene.  No photo-adduct could be found
of acetylene with dinethyl phthalate, naphthalene, or anthracene.
Vinylene carbonate underwent no detectable photochemical
reaction with benzene.   Chlorovinylene carbonate, however, upon
irradiation in benzene  or cyclohexane solution undergoes reduction
to give vinylene carbonate in good yield.  Benzene with a solution
of the monopotassiun salt of acetylenedicarboxylic acid gives,
upon ultraviolet irradiation, a different product from that
obtained with dimethyl  acetylenedicarboxylate..  Naphthalene, upon
irradiation with a solution of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate,
gives a complex mixture of products which appear to be the result
of an initial 1,2—addition of the acetylenic ester to the various
aromatic multiple bonds of naphthalene.  From the reaction
mixture a crystalline derivative has been isolated which seems to
have been derived from  addition of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate
to the 1,2-position of  naphthalene.  Furthermore, vapor phase
chromatography  (v.p.c™) provisionally indicates the presence of
dimethyl phthalate, dimethyl naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxylate,
dimethyl cycloooctatetraene-1,2-eicarboxylate, as well as
napthalene and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate in the purified
reaction product.  Since it was demonstrated that all of the
naphthalene should have been removed by the purification process,
the v«p.c. results indicate that the naphthalene adducts are
undergoing pyrolysis under the conditions of the v«p..c.
analysis.  Reaction schemes are proposed to account for the
otserved products.  Preliminary experiments show that
phenanthrene reacts readily with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate
upon irradiation with ultraviolet light.  In experiments in which
benzophenone was added  as a photo-sensitizer, benzophenone was
found to undergo addition of alcohol, especially methanol, to give
considerable amounts of mixed pinacol.   (Author abstract)##

01203

R. J. Eilie
PROJECT FOG DPOPS: INVESTIGATION  CF WARM FOG PPOPEKTIES  ANE  FOG
HODIFICATION CONCEPTS .  Cornell  Aeronautical Lab.,  Buffalo,
N. Y,.  Jan. 1966-  78 pp.,
   NASA:  CB-368


Dynamic models have been formulated for advection,  radiation  and
steam fog for various temperature, roughness and stability
conditions.,  For each of the fog  types, height distributions  of
temperature, liquid water content and visibility are  given.   These
models have contributed significantly to our understanding of
warm fog and the mechanisms that  act to determine  fog properties.
In the laboratory, ionic surfactants were found to  substantially
inhibit the coalescence of water  droplets with a plane  water
surface.  On the other hand, coalescence of treated  300  microns
radius drops colliding in air was not appreciably  influenced  by
the presence of surfactant.  It will be necessary  to  conduct
experiments with colliding drops  having sizes more  nearly
representative of natural fog  (i.e. approximately  50  microns
diameter).  Surface treatment of  sodium chloride crystals  (a  type
cf condensation nucleus found in  the atmosphere) with hexadecanol
                           C. Atmospheric Interaction                     141

-------
and octadecanol was shown to substantially retard the  growth  rate
of droplets formed on such nuclei.  Nuclei could not,  however,  be
prevented from participating in droplet growth except  when
impractically thick layers of surfactant were present.,
Heasurements were made of the drop size distributions  in  fogs
occurring in the Buffalo area-  Evaluated data were in  good
agreement with the values given ty the physical fog models.   In
future observations, the measured average drop size is  likely to be
somewhat lower owing to a recent improvement in sampling
technique designed to reduce preferential capture of larger
drops.,  (Author summary) #*


0120U

K. V. Bakestraw
CACB SYMPOSIUM ON ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY, CIHCUIATION  AND  AEHO-
SOIS.  Office of Naval Research, London, England  (Sept. No.
ONRL-C-28-65).  Dec. 30, 1965.  26 pp.
   DDC:  AD 1*76-981
A scientific meeting at which 80 papers were read by  research
workers in meteorology and atmospheric chemistry and  physics, on
such subjects as:  the evolution of the atmosphere, atmospheric
constituents - natural and artificial, radioactivity  and nuclear
"debris" in the atmosphere, cheiical and physical processes
taking place in the atmosphere.  (Author abstract)##
01241

J. J. Eufalini  and Jn C. Purcell
NITROGEN:  FOBMATION BY PHOTOOXIDATION  OF ETHYLENE  IN  THE
PRESENCE OF ITS OXIDES .  Science  150,  {37005  1161-2,  Nov.  26,
1965.
The apparent lack of nitrogen balance  for  the  phctooxidation
systems containing olefin and nitrogen oxides  can  be  explained  by
evidence for the production of  molecular  nitrogen;  molecular
nitrogen was identified by gas  chromatography  and  mass
spectrometry.   (Author abstract)##
01261

F. C,, Alley,  G. B. Martin,   and  W.  H.  Ponder


APPARENT BATE CONSTANTS  AND  ACTIVATION  ENESGIES FOP THE
PHOTOCHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION  OF  VAHIOUS  OLEFINS .   J.  Air
Pollution Control  Assoc.  15,  (8)  3H8-50,  Aug.  1965.


The  photochemical  reaction of various olefins  and nitrogen dioxide
142               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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was studied under conditions of controlled temperature,  pressure,
and humidity in a 200 liter stirred glass reactor.  The
hydrocarbon concentration in the reactor during four and  five hour
irradiation periods was monitored with a flame ionization
chromatograph.  Beaction rate constants, based on three
consecutive first order reactions, were calculated for reactor
temperature of 20, 25, 30, and 35 degrees centigrade.  Activation
energies for the three consecutive reactions were calculated from
the Arrhenius equation.  Branched and straight chain olefins were
studied at initial concentrations of 5.0 to 10-0 parts per million.
(Author abstract) ##
 C1305

 B. lindzen  R.  Goody


 RADIACTIVE AND  PHOTOCHEMICAL  PROCESSES  IN MESOSPHEHIC DYNAMICS:
 PART I, MODELS  FOB  RADIATIVE  AND  PHOTOCHEMICAL PROCESSES.    J.
 Atmospheric Sci. , 22 (t) : 341-348,  July 1965.


 The equations for the  photochemistry  of ozone and radiative
 heating in the  mesosphere are,  for  certain regions,  reduced from
 differential-integral  equations to  much simpler differential-
 algebraic equations which are more  readily incorporated into
 hydrodynamic models™   The simplified  equations are first solved
 for joint radiative-photochemical equilibrium; the distributions
 obtained are in  fair agreement  with the more detailed calculations
 of Leovy  (1964J.  The  equations for temperature and  ozone,  with
 advection'included, are  linearized  in terms  of perturbations
 on the equilibrium  fields,  and  a  brief  discussion of the effect
 of photochemistry, radiative  transfer and their interaction on
 the thermal response to  a field of  motion is presented.  Finally,
 the problem of  the  joint photochemical-radiative relaxation of
 perturbations in the absence  of motion  is investigated™  It is
 found that the  coupling  sharply accelerates  thermal  relaxation
 above 35 km, and appreciably  accelerates photochemical
 relaxation and  decelerates  thermal  relaxation in a region  in the
 neighborhood of  26  km.   The coupling  also leads to oscillating
 relaxation in the neighborhood  of 30  km.  (Author abstract)t#
 01326

 Haagen  Smith,  A.  J.


 PHOTOCHEMISTRY  AND  SHOG.    J.  Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
 13 (9) :444-446,  1454,  Sept.  1963.   (Presented at the 56th Annual
 Meeting,  Air Pollution  Control Association, Detroit, Michi-
 gan., June  9-13,  1963.)


 Photochemical  reactions in  smog are reviewed.  The roles of
 concentration,  sunlight,  reaction kinetics, ozone, activation
 energy,  ultraviolet radiation, nitrogen dioxide dissociation,
 chain reaction,  olefins,  free  radicals, and peracyl nitrates are
 considered.##
                           C. Atmospheric Interaction                     143

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01396

J.B. Hodkinsoc


CALCULATIONS OF COLOUR AND VISIBILITY IS URBAN  ATMOSPHERES
POLLUTED BY BASEOUS N02.   Intern. J. Air Hater Pollution,
Vol. 10:137-1«4, 1966.


Calculations are made of the optical effects of persistent
gaseous N02 pollution at 0.2-2 ppm in a city atmosphere  in
both the presence and absence of a polluting aerosol  which  does not
absorb light or N02.  It is concluded that the colouring  of  the
horizon sky and of distant white objects would resemble  whisky, tea
or cola-drinks, and the visual range would be markedly reduced.
(Author abstract)*#
C1K05

B. M. Eerman  and I). H. Yarger


SOBE EFFICTS OF MULTIPLE SCATTERING OK  HEATING  RATES  IN  THE  OZONE
IAYER.  J. Atmospheric Sci. 23, 320-4,  Hay  1966.


The effects of multiple scattering on the heating  rates  in the
ozone layer are investigated.  Computations  are performed for two
wavelengths, one rather highly absorbing, 3112A, and  one rather
weakly absorbing, 3323A, and for three  solar elevation angles.
These results are compared with heating  rates computed on the
basis of a Beer"s law type of exponential absorption, neglecting
all scattering.  It is shewn that, at the weakly absorbing
wavelength, and for small zenith angles, the effect of scattering
is such as to increase the heating rate  by  about 10 per  cent.
At the more highly absorbing wavelength, scattering effects  are
small and may safely be neglected,   (Author  abstract)#f
01H06

R. S. Lindzen
RADIATIVE AND PHOTOCHEMICAI  PBCCFSSES  IN  MESOSPHIRIC  DYNAMICS:
PART II, VEETICAL PROPAGATION OF  LONG  PERIOD  DISTURBANCES AT THE
EQDATOE .  J. Atmospheric  Sci., Vol. 23:334-3«3,  flay  1966.


This paper considers the vertical propagation of  a  long-period,
small-amplitude perturbation in a medium  in which radiative
transfer and photochemistry  play  important roles.   The
perturbation and the basic field  are assumed  to  be  axially
symmetric and symmetric about the equator; the basic  wind field is
geostrophic and the basic  temperature  field is in radiative
equilibrium.  It is found  that  long-period perturbations can only
144                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
propagate by virtue of the physical effects of radiative  transfer
and photochemistry.  The computed wave propagates downwards  and,
for a period of 2.2 years, the phase speed is close to the observed
speed of 1.5 km/month for the "26-month" equatorial oscillation.
The observed relative phases of velocity and temperature  fields,
and the sharp attenuation of the oscillation below 20 to  25  km  are
also found in the model wave.  There are discrepancies between  the
model and the observed "26-month" oscillation, which are  to  be
expected in view of the nonlinearity of the observed phenomenon.,
However, it appears that, for complex reasons, the observed  wave
may satisfy equations similar to those occurring in the linear
theory.  (Aothor abstract)**

01407

R. S. lindzen
RADIATIVE AND PHOTOCHEMICAL PROCESSES IN  MESOSPHERIC  DYNAMICS:
PART III, STABILITY OF A ZONAL VORTEX AT  MIE-LATITUDES  TO AXIALLY
SYMMETRIC DISTURBANCES .  J.  Atmospheric  Sci.,  Vol.  23:3«il-3t9,
Bay 1966.


The stability of a baroclinic, axially  symmetric  vertex on an
f-plane to axially symmetric  disturbances is  investigated.  It is
found that with photochemistry and  radiative  transfer acting,  such
disturbances are unstable regardless of the  value of  the
Richardson number.  The growth rates under conditions relevant to
the mesosphere are, however,  very small.   (Author abstract)##
01108

P., S., Lindzen


RADIATIVE AND PHOTOCHEMICAL  PROCESSES  IN  HESOSPHERIC DYNAMICS:
PART IV, STABILITY OF A  ZONAL  VORTEX AT MID-LATITDDZS TO
BARO-CLINIC WAVES .  J.  Atmospheric Sci,,,  Vol.,  23:350-359,
May 1966.


The models developed in  Part I for radiative  transfer and ozone
photochemistry in the mesosphere  are incorporated  into a two-level
model for baroclinic flow, and the effect  of  radiative and
photochemical processes  on the stability  of  the flew is separately
investigated for radiative and photochemical  conditions obtaining
at 30 km and 52.5 km.  In each case it is  found that the flow is
unstable for all non-zero values  of shear,  in contrast to the
adiabatic case where instability  required  that
the shear exceed some critical shear.
At 30 km the instabilities at  low shears  differ
considerably from the instabilities for higher  shears near  the
critical shear of the adiabatic theory.   The  latter have a
dominant wavelength of the order  of 10,000 km and  a phase speed
relative to the mean zonal wind of about  - 20 m/sec.  The
former have a dominant wavelength of about 5000 km and a relative
phase speed of about-2 a/sec.   The effect of  the advection  of
                           C. Atmospheric Interaction                     145

-------
ozone on the heating appears to Jbe responsible for the  low  shear
node.  This effect is negligible at 52=5 km where there are no
significant differences  (apart frcm growth rate) between  low and
high shear instabilities.  The instabilities at this level  have a
dominant wavelength of about 7900 1cm and a relative phase speed of
about   20 m/sec.  (Author abstract}#*

01112

H., Zdunkowski,  D. Henderson,  and J. V. Hales


THE EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC HAZE ON INFHARED RADIATIVE COOLING
BATES .  J. Atmospheric Sci. , Vol. 23:297-301, May 1966.


The radiative flux divergence is computed for the lower few
centimeters of the atmosphere assuming a water vapor-haze mixture.
Some additional computations are made for higher altitudes  also.
The haze model, based on Deimendjian"s formulation, is  used to
obtain the scattering and absorption coefficients from  Hie  theory,
which are employed in radiative transfer equations.  This new
formulation of the radiative transfer equation takes into
consideration the combined effects of water vapor and  particle
absorption, as well as primary particle scattering.  The  influence
of the albedo of the earth and the interface temperature
discontinuity is taken into consideration.  Results show  that the
incorporation of a reasonable interface temperature discontinuity
of the earth's surface is of higher order of importance than the
haze influence near the surface.   (Author abstract)##
 01181

 Nader,  J.  S.  (ed.J


 PHOT  STUDY  OF  DLTRAVIOLET RADIATION IN LOS ANGELES, OCTOBER
 1965..   (A  REPORT OB COHCDRRFNT BEASDBEHENTS HADE BY COOPERATING
 ORGANIZATIONS BY VARIODS BETHCDS.)    Public Health Service,
 Cincinnati,  Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control,
 PHS-Pub-999-AP-38, 91p. ,  (Presented at the Fourth
 International Biometeorological Congress, Rutgers Univ. ,
 New Brunswick,  N.J. , Aug.  26 - Sept., 2, 1966.,)


 Reasurements of 300—380—nm DV radiation in Los Angeles were
 conducted  under varying conditions of smog environment, below and
 above  the  urban smog layer, and at various elevations through the
 smog atmosphere in October 1965.  The DV energy incident on a
 horizontal plane surface detector near ground level at solar noon
 on a clear day {no snog) was 31 w/m square meter or 37% of the
 maximum possible for that date based on the value of 85 w/sg m of
 DV radiation entering the earth's atmosphere.  Attenuation of
 DV radiation varied with smog intensity.  Transmission through
 the atmosphere from 5700 feet  (Kt» Hilson) to 350 feet
 (Laboratory rooftop) above sea level, average through the  day,
 was ST% for a clear day and 655 for a moderate-to-heavy-smog day.
 Outgoing radiation was significantly increased by the smog
 environnent.  In heavy smog, values were higher by a factor of
 146               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
about 2 than those obtained in a no-smog environment.  Outgoing
radiation also tended to increase exponentially with elevation.
DV scatter or transiission measurements appear to offer
potential as a sensitive method of monitoring environmental smog
levels as an alternative to visibility which is subjective and
seniguantitatire.   The high scattering capability of a smog
atmosphere points  to the need of measurements of UV radiation in
all directions, particularly as this applies to photochemical
reactions in the atmosphere, and a correlation of such measurements
with neasurements  of vertical components.   (Author's summary)f#

 01H58

 5.  G.  Bunt


 PHOTOCHEHISTHY  OF OZOHE  IN  A  BOIST  ilHOSPHEBE.   J.  Geophys.
 Bes.,  71(5):1385-1398,  Bar.  1,  1966.


 A detailed  investigation has  been  made into the  photochemistry  of
 ozone  in  an  atmosphere  containing hydrogen.   It  is  shown that  for
 such an  atsosphere  a  satisfactory ozone profile  can be obtained,
 unlike the  situation  noe existing for an oxygen  only atmosphere.
 Equilibrium  vertical  distributions  are calculated  for nine gas
 concentrations, and  the  influence of  atomic hydrogen in the
 mesosphere  and  the  hydroxyl and  perhydroxyl radicals in the
 stratosphere on the  ozone concentration are shown  to be significant
 factors.  A  non-equilibrium investigation is also  made in which
 the variations  of the gas concentrations are calculated as a
 function  of  the time  of  day.   In particular, the results
 illustrate  the  variations of  the gas  concentrations at night  and
 indicate  that the altitude  range 70 to 80 km appears to be very
 active photochenically  at this  time.   The rate  of  formation  of
 hydroxyl  is  analyzed  to  obtain  an estimate of the  diurnal variation
 of the hydroxyl airglow  enission,  as  well as the vertical
 distribution of the  emission.   The  theoretical  results are shown
 to agree  satisfactorily  with  observation, and it is concluded  that
 the hydrogen-ozone  reaction can  adequately account  for most  of  the
 observed  features of  the hydroxyl emission.   Finally, the need  to
 incorporate  some  form of molecular  and eddy diffusion into the
 •odel  is  clearly  indicated  by the  results.  (ftuthor abstract) ##


 01501

 H.  J.  Hamming   and  J. E. Dickinson


 COHTBOL  OF  PHOTOCHEMICAL SHOG BY ALTEBATION OF  INITIAL BF.ACTAN1
 PATIOS.   J.  Air Pollution Assoc.,  16(6) :317-323, June 1966.


 A study  of  the  variation in eye  irritation with  irradiation  time
 demonstrates that the time  at which eye irritation  measurements are
 taken  is  important  in understanding the entire  photochemical
 mechanism underlying  the smog problem in the summer in Los
 Angeles.  The data  analyzed were obtained from  5 experimental
 studies conducted under  a variety  of  conditions.   Analysis of  the
 data from chamber irradiation experiments indicate  that eye
                          C. Atmospheric Interaction                     147

-------
irritation is noted at the same time as the max. concentration of
nitrogen dioxide,,  The chamber data have shown that the  initial
concentrations of the 2 principal reactant contaminants,
hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, and the relationship between
them, must be considered in studying the production of eye
irritation from photochemical smog.  To determine how the initial
reactant concentrations affect the degree of eye irritation which
can be produced, the available data from several experimental
studies were analyzed.##


 01567

 G.J. Doyle


 HODEL  AEBOSOLS FOB  ATflOSPHEBIC SMOG.    Stanford  Research
 Inst.,  South Pasadena, Calif,,, Southern California.   1961.,
 18pp.


 One  model reaction  for formation of aerosol in the atmosphere
 requires the presence of sulfur dioxide at fractions  of  a part
 per  million in photoxidizing mixtures of olefin  and nitrogen
 oxide  at part per million concentrations.  An experimental  study
 of this type of reaction and the results to date are  described,
 with particular emphasis on 2-methyl-2-butene as the  olefin.##
01602

E.A. Schuck


THE NATDBE OF EYE IBBITOTS IN  SMOG.    Stanford  Besearch
Inst.,  South Pasadena, South Pasadena,  Southern  California
labs-   1961.  8 pp.


Three ppm of individual  hydrocarbons  were  mixed  in  pure  air  along
with 1  ppm of nitric oxide or nitrogen  dioxide.   During  the
subsequent two hour irradiation with  near-ultraviolet  liqht  the
mixture was monitored  with a long-path  infrared  spectrophotorceter.
The major products formed by photooxidizing  many individual
hydrocarbons were readily identified  and their concentrations
measured.  In general, it was found that most olefins  react
rapidly and generate irritation while saturated  hydrocarbons
are relatively unreactive and do not  result  in irritating
mixtures.  In the absence of specific knowledge  of  the types and
concentrations of the  components of smog-producing
atmospheres, control of  olefins rather  than  oxides  of  nitrogen
appears to be the more practical approach  to control of  eye
irritation.  The effect  of control  measures  on eye  irritation
will be a function of  several factors.  Some of  these  factors
are:  the olefin—to-oxides of nitrogen  concentration ratio;  the
type of olefin or olefin mixture involved; and the  length
of irradiation time and  intensity of  sunlight.   To  the extent
that these auto exhaust  mixtures are  typical, it is concluded
that ethylene and propylene are the most important  precursors  of
eye irritation in such mixtures, lit
 148               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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01610

G.M.  Keating,   J.A. Hullins,  C.H. Coffee,  D.S..
HcDougal


DETERMINATION  01 BEAN ATMOSPHERIC DENSITIES FHOH THE EXPLORES IX
SATELLITE.   National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
Langley Station Hampton, Va,, , langley Besearch Center.
(SEPT. NO. IN  D-2895).  JDIY 1965.  35 PP.
   CFSTI,  NASA   TN D2895


A method is developed for determining mean atmospheric
densities  from changes in the orbital elements of the Explorer
IX (1961 Delta 1)  Satellite, a 12-foot-diameter balloon.
The decay  of the total energy of the satellite orbiting about an
orlate spheroid is evaluated and the energy change due to the work
done by radiation force upon the satellite is subtracted to yield
the energy decay attributed to atmospheric drag.  The direct
solar radiation force upon Explorer IX is determined from
measured vectorial reflectance of the satellite material..
Equations  are  given for the effective coefficient of drag of
Explorer IX, and mean atmospheric densities at heights from
310 km to  765  kn are tabulated for the entire lifetime of
the satellite  (February 1961 through March 1964) from changes in
the orbital elements of Explorer IX.  (Author summary)**
016«0

B. Katz
SOBE ASPECTS OF THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL NATURE OF  AIH
POLLDTION.  Horld Health Organization  Monograph Ser»
(Air PollutionJ.  No. W6 1961.  pp. 97-158.,


This chapter of the VHO Monograph reviews works on air
pollution accomplished within the last ten to  15 years.   The
subject of the physical and chemical nature of air pollution  is  so
broad and covers many fields of physics, chemistry and  medicine
that only the most important works have been highlighted.
Discussed among others were the following problems:  The
development of improved methods and techniques for the  measurement,
separation and identification of air contaminants, the
standardization of methods of sampling and analysis  of  common air
pollutants, the application of meteorological  concepts  and
diffusion theory to the study of the dispersion of pollutants in
the atmosphere, the formation of smog  and the  prediction  of
pollution levels, the development of improved  analytical
techniques, instrumentation and studies of motor vehicle  exhaust
gas composition under various operating conditions and  the
development of catalytic and other exhaust gas system control
devices, the study of the action of sunlight on motor vehicle and
traffic gas and of photochemical atmospheric reaction in  general,
the determination of the health and other effects of irradiated
gaseous and vapour pollutants, the continued study of carcinogenic
and other toxic substances presented in the urban environment and
                          C.  Atmospheric Interaction                    149

-------
the evaluation of their effects on health, and the study  of
radioactive pollutants and their effects in connection  with  the
development of industrial uses of nuclear energy for power and
transportation.ft


016149

C. H. Nicol  and J. Go Calvert
DELATIONS BETWEEN PHOTODECOMPOSITION  BODES  AND  MOLECULAR STEUCTUBE
IN THE SERIES OF CABBONYL COMPOUNDS,  H-  C3H7COR.   Preprint.,
 (Presented in part at the Gordon  Conference on  Organic
Photochemistry, Tilton, N. H. ,  July  1965.)


The vapor phase photolysis  of  a series of carbonyl compounds  of
general structure n-C3H7COB  was studied  at  3130 A  as a
function of temperature and  pressure.  The  B group was  varied
in the series, H, CH3, C2H5, n-C3H7.  iso-C3H7,  n-C«H9,
iso-C4H9, sec-CtH9, tert-C«H9, in order  to  evaluate the
effect of structure upon the individual  primary photodissociative
processes and the relationship between these processes.  Quantum
yields of carbon nonoxide and  ethylene products were used as
measures of the type I  (n-C3H7 COB  +  h mu yields n-C3H7CO
+ R and n-C3H7 + COB) and type II  (n-C3H7COB +  h mu
yields C2H1 + CH2=C (OH)B primary  photodissociative modes
in the ketones.  A number of correlations were  noted between  the
structural features and the efficiency of the Type II
rearrangement.  One striking effect was  the relation between  phi
II and the extent of alkyl  substitution  on  the  alpha-carbon aton
of the R group.  An empirical  rule  was formulated  which relates
molecular structure and the  phi II  values for the  n-propyl
ketones.   (Author abstract}#f
C1650

B.  E. Saltzman , A. I. ColemaD,  and C. A., demons


BALOGENATED COMPOUNDS AS GASEOUS METEOROLOGICAL TBACEBS:
STABILITY AND ULTRASENSITIVE ANALYSIS BY GAS CHBOMATOGBAPHY.
Anal. Cheinu 38, 753-8, May 1966.


Tracer compounds added to noving air masses are useful for
demonstrating the transfer of pollutants from one local area or
city to another.  A study of gaseous compounds resulted in  the
selection of three suitable materials: sulfur hexafluoride,
bromotrifluoroiethane, and octafluorocyclobutane.  These  materials
are non-toxic, are rare in the atmosphere, and can be readily
dispersed from weighed tanks containing them in liquid form under
pressure.  An appropriate mixture can be employed if necessary to
reduce possible errors caused by interfering emissions, and the
components in air can be determined with high sensitivity in a
single 10-minute run,,  An ultrasensitive gas chromatographic
procedure with an electron-capture detector was developed
which utilized carefully purified carrier gas and optimized
150               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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colunns, detectors, and operating parameters.  Sensitivity  of
10 to the minus five power ppm was achieved for sulfur  hexafluorid<
without concentration of the sanple0  Convenient procedures for
sampling and calibration were established.  Reactivities
of these materials with ordinary atmospheric pollutants such
as automobile exhaust, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen dioxide,  ozone,
and sulfur dioxide were studied at various humidities,  both with
and without irradiation equivalent to sunlight.  Good stability
was indicated.  losses by washout due to rainfall appeared  to be
negligible..  These techniques should be very useful both for
tracing local eaissions and for long-range meteorological studies
of movement of air masses,  (Author abstract) ##
01675

E. P. Stephens


TEHPERATUBB INVEESIONS AND THE TRAPPING OF  SIB  POLLUTANTS.
Heatherwise 18,  («) 172-1, Aug.  1965


Author discusses the parameters  in the lower atmosphere  which
contribute to the flow of atmospheric currents  which  results from
solar heating of the earth"s surface  (photochemistry) .##
01710

A. P. Altshuller  and I. H. Cohen
PHOTO-OXIDATION OF ACHOLEIN-NITHOGEH OXIDE MIXTURES  IN  AIR.
Intern. J. Air Hater Pollution.   7,  10U3-9,  1963.


The photolysis of acrolein and  the  photo-oxidation of acrolein  in
the presence of oxygen have been  investigated  at  high
concentrations of acrolein.  Both reactions  have  been reported  to
proceed very slowly when the ultraviolet  radiation used is  in the
solar region (less than 2900 A).  The present  study  was made
of acrolein-nitrogen oxide mixtures  in the ppm range when
photooxidation is initiated by  solar type radiation. The acrolein
was varied between 1 and 12 ppm and  the nitrogen  dioxide or nitric
oxide between 0 and 50 ppm with the  reactants  diluted in one
atmosphere of air.  The results are  of interest as related  to
photochemical reactions in the  atmosphere.   (Author  abstract) f #
01752

G. I. Kouznetzon,  and A. Kh« Khrgian


ATMOSPHERIC OZONE AND ITS VARIATIONS CONNECTED  HITH  CIRCULATION
OVER THE ATLANTIC OCEAN.  Atmosfernyi  Ozon  i  Ego  Izmeneniia,
                          C. Atmospheric Interaction                    151

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Sviashehannyi s Tsirkuliatsiei nad Atlanticheskim  Okeanom.
Fiz. Atmos. i Okeana  (Moscow) 2,  (8) 859-71,  Jug.  1966..


Atmospheric ozone determination and meteorological observations
made during a voyage of the research ship  "K. lomonsov"  to  the
South Atlantic and back during Aug.-Nov. 1963 are  analyzed.
Daily radiosonde and wind observations were also made.   The
amount of ozone in the atmosphere was highest in October when the
ship was at the latitude of greatest solar radiation,  south  of the
equator.  An area approximately 10 degrees N  and S of  the
equator had the minimum concentration of ozone.  A decrease  in
atmospheric pressure usually resulted in an increase  in  ozone
concentration, and vice versa.  Ozone concentration increased in
association with frontal weather, as indicated by  analysis of
data from several frontal situations.  A decrease  in  the height
of the tropopause was also associated with increased  ozone
content,,**
01758

V. A, Bazhenov,  B. N., Ivanova,  and M. H. Miroshnikov


DETEBMINATION OF THE HASS OF H20, C02, AND C3 IN  VABIOUS
ATMOSPHEBIC LAYEBSo  Atmos Oceanic Phys. English  translation
2, (3) 185-7, Bar., 1966.


A mathematical method for estimating the mass of  R20, C02 and
03 in various atnospheric layers is given.  The mass may be
calculated easily if the zenith angle, z lies within the limits of
100 and 80 degrees.  Otherwise, it is necessary to take  into
account the earth's curvature and refraction distortion  using a
nomogram devised by the authors.  The vertical distribution of the
concentration of the gases is assumed to be known.  The  mass of
absorbing gas may be calculated from the following formula:  Q
equals A (sub H1}f(Z sub 1J-Q(sub H2)f(Z sub 2) where Q sub
H is the mass of absorbing gas in a vertical column of the
atmosphere for a height H to infinity; f (Z) is a  function
describing the dependence of the mass of absorbing gas on the
zenith angle.  The function f (Z) may be determined by an
empirical formula.,  Altschuler's graphical method may be used for
calculating the quantity of absorbing gas in the  vertical
direction. ##
01825

S.  L., Kopczynski
PHOTO-OXIDATION OF ALKYLBENZENE-NITBOGEN DIOXIDE HIXTDBES IN
AIB.,   Intern. J. Air Water Pollution.  8,  107-20,  1961.
Heasurements of the relative reaction rates of various
alkylbenzenes in photo-oxidative reactions with N02 in the  air
152               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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arc reported.   The reaction rates are compared with the relative
basicities of  the compounds-  A partial analysis of the gas
phase and condensed phase products is also reported.  It  appears
that as much as 50 per cent of the reacted carbon atoms may be
contained in the condensed phase.  The several irradiation and
analytical techniques employed are compared.  The
photo-oxidation reactions of olefins and alkylbenzenes are
compared.  Free radical chains appear to play a more important
role in the photo-oxidation reaction rates of certain alkyl-
benzenes than  in the reaction rates of olefins.  Hyperconjugative
interaction of the eethyl groups Kith the aromatic ring is
proposed as a  possible explanation of the order of reactivity of
various isomers of the methylsubstituted benzenes.   (Author
abstract)#f

 01828

 A.  P.  Altshuller,   G.  C.  Ortman,   B.  E.  Saltzman,   and
 B.  E.  Neligan


 CONTINUOUS  MONITORING  OF  HETHANE  AND  OTHER  HYDROCARBONS  IN
 DRBAN.    J. Air  Pollution Control  Assoc.  16,  (2)  87-91,
 Feb. 1966.
 Continuous  measurements  of  total hydrocarbons (and other organic
 substances) and of  methane  were  made in Cincinnati and Los
 Angeles for three-month  periods.  Some of the measurements were
 made  during episodes  of  photochemical air pollution.   Two
 instruments, one for  measurement of total hydrocarbons and the
 other for aethane,  were  operated in parallel.   Both incorporated
 flame ionization detectors  having greater sensitivity than
 commercial  flame ionization instruments.   The flame ionization
 analysis for methane  was made  specific by use of an adsorbent
 carbon column  preceding  the analyzer to retain all organic
 substances  except methane.   Subtracting the methane concentration
 values from those for total hydrocarbons gave nomethane
 hydrocarbon concentrations.  The data showed diurnal patterns of
 concentrations of methane and  nonmethane hydrocarbons in the
 atmosphere.  Average  hourly values for methane were
 strikingly  similar  in Los Angeles and in Cincinnati (2.6 and
 2.1 ppm, respectively);  those  for nonmethane hydrocarbons were four
 times as high  in Los  Angeles (3,0 and 0.8 ppm, respectively)»
 A  bimodal frequency distribution pattern of the concentrations
 suggested that atmospheric  ventilation was either good or poor,
 with  less than a random  amount of time in intermediate stages-
 The width of the methane frequency distribution peak was about
 half  the width of that for  nonmethane hydrocarbons, indicating a
 different and  more  constant source for the former.  (Author
 abstract)##

 0198U

 A.  P. Altshuller  and I. R- Cohen


 STRUCTURAL  EFFECTS  ON THE RATE OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE FORMATION IN
 THE PHOTO-OXIDATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUND-NITRIC OXIDI MIXTURES IN
 AIR.   Intern. J. Air Water Pollution, 7, 787-97, 1963.
                           C. Atmospheric Interaction                     153

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The rapid conversion of nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide  occurs
in the presence of certain organic species and of ultraviolet
radiation below 1000 A.  The reaction is an important and
critical step in the over-all reactions of organic compound-nitric
oxide photochemical systems.  These systems in tarn are an
important part of the reaction complex associated with the
photochenically initiated type of air pollution.  The eye
irritation and plant damage effects found in photo-chemical "smog"
have been simulated by the irradiation of certain
hydrocarbon-nitrogen oxide systems (Leighton, 1961).  Dntil
recently the available experiiental data on the photochemically
initiated conversion of nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide has been
restricted almost entirely to work on olefinic hydrocarbons
including isobutene, trans-2-butene, and 1,3-butadiene
(leighton, 5961; Tuesday, 1961).  Eecently, preliminary work has
been reported on other organic species including the aromatic
hydrocarbons (Jltshuller et al. 1962a).  It was shown that a
nuaber of dimethyl and trimethylbenzenes participate in this
reaction about as effectively as do the 1-alkenes and appreciably
acre rapidly than tehylene.  In the present work this study is
extended to additional aroeatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones,
paraffinic hydrocarbons, and alcohols.  Analyses for oxidant
concentrations have been made on some of the systems studied..
Some data have been obtained on the formation of aliphatic
aldehydes in the reactions of aromatic hydrocarbon-nitric oxide
systems.  (Author abstract)ft

02201

A.B. Pittock
i THIN STABLE LAYEB OF ANOMALOUS OZOSE AND DDST CONTENT.   J.
Atmospheric Sci. 23,  (5) 538-42, Sept., 1966.


Coincident observations of a layer of volcanic material
and a sharp minimum in the vertical distribution of ozone over
Boulder, Colo.  (i*ON) , are presented and discussed.  The ozone
minimum was observed at an altitude of 20—21 km for a month  during
the spring of 1961.  Quasihorizontal advection of a thin
stable layer of tropical air into which volcanic debris was
injected when Ht. Agung (83) erupted on 17 March 1963 is
thought to be responsible.  The layer is characterized iy a
"quasi-vertical" eddy diffusion coefficient less than or equal to
250 sq ca/sec.  Significant destruction of ozone by the volcanic
debris is not indicated.   (Author abstract)##

02268

P. T. H. Collis
CLEAB AIB TURBULENCE DETECTION.  IEEE  (Inst.  Elec.  Electron.
Engrs.)  Spectrum 3, (l») 56-61,  Apr.  1966.


Although it is difficult to describe the  nature  of  clear  air
turbulence  (or CAT) , its effect  is  known  as the  sudden  vibration
experienced by an aircraft in  flight in a stormfree,  cloudfree sky.
It is evident that  this turbulence  is  an  eddy motion  of the  air
154                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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that disrupts its uniform flow, a motion such as that associated
with jet streams; however, it is not known exactly how it is
generated.   Because the effects of CAT can range from passenger
discomfort  to actual loss of an air-craft, it is important to
devise sone nethod of warning the pilot of turbulent areas to  be
avoided.  Various indirect and direct detection systems,
employing both active and passive technigues, are currently being
investigated, but thus far all have exhibited serious limitations
on effective perfor»ance.  One reason for this is the lack of  data
concerning  the phenoienon they are designed to detect.   (Author
abstractl*t

02285

A.J.  Drumaond
TECHNIQUES FOE THE HEASOREMENT  OF  SOLAR  AND  TERBESTBIAL
BADIATION FLUXES IN  PLAHT  BIOLOGICAL  RESEABCH:   A EEVIEW WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ARID ZONES.    Proc.  Montpellier
Synp.: Methodology of  Plant  Ecophysiology 13-27,  1965.


It is clear that although  individual  specialized  measurements of
radiative transfer in  the  vicinity of plants,  etc.,  must be
afforded every encouragement, the  main body  of  radiation material
upon which the biologist and his associates  must  depend has to be
provided in the generalized  patterns, laid down by
international agreeaent, for the network stations of the
official meteorological organizations.   This article presents a
modern view of the technigues and  their  capabilities, for such
standard aeasnreients, and of possible modification  from the
threshold of plant physiological studies in  arid locations.##

 02305

 F. Pooler,  Jr.


 THE AIE OVEB CITIES.   Bull. Am.  Heteorol.  Soc.  438  (6)  234-7,
 June 1962.


 This paper reviews  the symposium  of  the  same title,  held 1961
 in Cincinnati,  Ohio, which  was attended  by  meteorologists and
 other interested persons.   Papers  presented in following sections
 are briefly discussed: Heather, climate  and air  pollution in
 urban areas;  Dispersion  and deposition  of  air pollutants over
 cities;  Present and future needs  for meteorological and air
 quality observations.**
 02344

 G. B« Spindler.


 OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELEASE OF NITRIC OXIDE  IN  THE  E-PEGION.
 PLANETARY SPACE SCI. 14, 53-64,  1966.
    CFSTI   AD 632867
                           C. Atmospheric Interaction                    155

-------
Observations on four nitric oxide releases in the  E-region  are
described..  Is a result of these observations, some  changes are
suggested in the current kinetic theory of the NO-0  reaction, and
a reaction model is presented-  It is proposed that  the  NO-0
reaction, at least at E-region pressures, is bimolecular, and, in
line with the findings of other experimenters, that  the  effective
rate constant there nay be faster than the value obtained for this
reaction in the laboratory-  Relative atomic oxygen  profiles for
two different latitudes are presented as well as evidence for a
latitude effect on the profiles,.  The atitude at which
atmospheric flow changes from turbulent to laminar is also
different at these tvo latitudes.  It is probably  that atomic
oxygen concentration drops sharply below 80 km, but  above the peak
of the profile, concentration falls with a first decadis scale
height of 11 km, in agreement with photochemical theory,.
Observations on the wind-distorted luminous trail  show a
relatively strong wind shear present in each case  near 100  km.
'(Author abstract} &#


02352

J.J, Bufalini   A..P. Altshuller

SYNEHGISTIC  EFFECTS ID THE PHOTGOXIDATION  OF  MIXED
HYDROCARBONS.   Environ.  Sci. Technol.  1,  (2)  133-8, Feb.,
1967.,

Since  there  is  considerable  disagreement  in the  published  values
for rate  constants for olefin-atomic  oxygen and  olefin-ozone
reactions, the  reality of  the so-called excess rate has  teen
questioned.  If the excess rate  is not  real,  then  the  rate
of oxidation of a given olefin  should depend  only  on light
intensity and  N02 concentration.   If  a  second  olefin of
different reactivity is added to  a given  olefin, then  no effect
other  than the  influence  of  different 0-atom  and ozone
concentrations  should  be  observed  on  the  given  olefin  and
the hypothesis  that the principal  mode  of  disappearance  of
oleflns is due  to O-atom  and  ozone reactions  is  correct.   As a
test of this hypothesis,  1-butene  was irradiated at three  light
intensities  with NO2,  both alone  and  in the presence of  trans-2-
butene and 1,3,5-trinethylbenzene  separately.   Synergistic
effects were observed  that could  not  be explained  by 0-atom
and ozone reacrions alone.   '(Author  abstract) ##


02359

S.I. Kopczynski  A.P. Altshuller

PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS WITH SDLFUR  DIOXIDE.
Intern- J- Air Hater Pollution, 6, 133-135, 1962

Gas mixtures of S02 and hydrocarbons  n-butane, isobutane,
neopentane, 3-methyl-1-butene irradiated by either a mercury
arc or sunlamp, produced appreciable  quantities of condensate
on the walls of the experimental flasks.  A carbonyl band
was present at 5.7 microns.,  In several experiments  with
isobutane as the hydrocarbon, a strong band at 5.7 microns  was
observed along with other IR bands assigned to the acetone
molecule.  A set of 3 strong bands in the 9.5 to 10  micron
156               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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region characteristic of methanol was observed also,,  At  1  mm
partial pressure of 502 and n-butane or isobutane, a slight film
of condensate could be observed when the Hg arc was used, but
not when the sunlamp orovided the UV radiation.  Acetone  and
methanol were indicated by spectral data on the more dilute
mixtures.  At concentrations of 0.05 to 0.1 mm, no film could
he detected from S02 and isobutane or 1-pentene mixtures
irradiated by sunlamp; with the Hg lamp only weak IE bands
could be obtained after 20 hours.  Evidence indicates that
photooxidation of 302 in the presence of saturated hydrocarbon
at concentrations found in the atmosphere does not
significantly contribute to formation of aerosols in air
pollution situations in comparison with aerosol results
from other reactions involving SC2 in combination with NO and
olefins.##


02360

G.C. Holzworth  J., A. Maga


THE VISIBILITY TREND IN THE CEHTRAL VALLEY OF CALIFORNIA.
Preprint. 1960


A method of analysis has been introduced for the treatment  of
visibility trends.  This method is based on the
assumption that with a trend of deteriorating visibility, the
resultant changes  (with tine) in the percent frequencies  of
visibilities in given ranges shift downward to each next  lower
range of visibility.  A relationship between wind speed and
visibility indicates that with intermediate speeds there  is a
smaller percent frequency of poor visibilities than with  both
higher and lower wind speeds.  This is interpreted as due to
dusts becoming air borne at wind speeds, and atmospheric  dispersion
of pollutants being reduced at lower wind speeds.##


02158L

J.S. Bandhawa
OZONE HEASUBEMENTS SITH ROCKET-BORNE OZONESONDES.
White Sands Missile Range, Nu Hex., Atmospheric Sciences
IAB.,, (REFT- ECOM-5039) PP. 22, 1966.
   DDC   AD U82328
A rocket-borne ozonesonde has been developed which utilizes
the chemiluminescent principle for the measurement of the
ozone concentration in the atmosphere.  This has been fired  with
the ARCAS rocket at White Sands Hissile Bange, New Mexico.
The instrument, as it descends with the parachute, measures
the ozone concentration.   In addition to the main peak  ozone
concentration generally gound near 22km, a secondary peak has been
observed close to 10 kilometers.  A gross detailed structure of
ozone distribution in the upper stratosphere has been measured
which could not be obtained by the Hmkehr method.  7Author
abstract)*t
                          C.  Atmospheric Interaction                    157

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02165

P. H., Sticksel


THE VEBTICAL DIS1BIBDTIOK OF OZONE OVER TALLAHASSEE,  FLOEIDA
(SCIENTIFIC BEPT. HO. 1).   Florida  State Univ., ,  Tallahassee,
Dept., of Heteorology.   (Sept,, 66-3)  (Eept.  AFCRL-66-351)
June 15, 1966,,   155 pp.


Between January, 1963,  and February,  1965,  158  Regener
chemiluminescent ozonesondes were launched  from Tallahassee,
Florida, (30.5 degrees  N, 84 degrees  W), as  part  of  a three-
year synoptic sounding  program for the investigation  of  the
vertical distribution of ozone over  North America.  These
ozonesonde flights consisted of regular flights at one week
intervals, several series of daily and bi-daily flights
and a number of  unscheduled flights  at irregular  intervals.  In
general, there was a single naximum  of ozone density  located near
23 km above Tallahassee throughout the year.  The increase to
this maximum betan at the tropical tropopause and at  least 80  per
cent of the total amount of ozone was located above this
tropopause.  Belative naxima below this level occurred during  the
first half of the year  and their appearance  could be  related to the
presence of the  subtropical jet stream south of Tallahassee and
to the horizontal movement of "ozo   clouds"  within the layer
between the tropical and subtropical  tropopauses.  The
formation process of these secondary  naxima  was investigated by
constructing isentropic trajectories  to trace the movements
of the maxima.   An inquiry into the  cause of a  10 per cent
variation of total ozone during a 10-day period indicated that it
resulted primarily from horizontal and vertical motions  between
16 and 21 km and secondarily from horizontal advection between
12 and 16 km.  In both  layers these  processes were found to be
under the control of middle latitude  circulation  systems.  The
procedures followed at  the Tallahassee station  and the performance
record of the ozonesonde flights ma<3e during this period are also
discussed.  (Author abstract}#*
02176

E. P. Stephens.


BERCTIONS OF OXYGEN ATOHS AND OZONE IN AIR POLLUTION.   Intern.
J. Air Hater Pollution 10, 619-63, Oct. 1966  (Presented at
the Symposium or Photochemical Aspects of Air Pollution,
Cincinnati, Ohio, April 1965.)


The reactions of free oxygen atoms and ozone as they apply to air
pollution and the factors which govern the oxygen atom and ozone
concentrations are reviewed.  The role played by reactions of
oxygen atoms with oxides of nitrogen is discussed as it affects the
determination of light intensity by photolysis of nitrogen dioxide.
The realtionship of these inorganic reactions to the attack,  on
hydrocarbon molecules is discussed along with the various attempts
which have been made to account for the rate of disappearance of
158               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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hydrocarobon in tens of its reactions  with oxygen  atoms  and  ozone.
Since most of these attempts have indicated that  these  two
reactions fall short of accounting for  the observed rate  of
reaction, it has been suggested that free radical attack  may  play  a
role.  Some difficulties with this concept are  pointed  out.
Experiments on the reaction of olefins  with ozone have  produced
discordant results and are discussed.   (Author  abstract modified) t

0252«

P. L. Eoney


OS THE INFLUENCE OF WATEB VAPOH ON THE  DISTBIBUTION OF
STHATOSPHEBIC OZONE.  J. Atmospheric Tereest. Phys.  27,
1177-90, 1965«
   CFSTI, DDC:  AD 632871


Using the chemical mechanism proposed by Hampson  for the
formation of the ozone layer in the presence  of stratospheric
water vapour, it is suggested that the  latitudinal  and  seasonal
distribution of total ozone concentration may be  explained as
readily by the controlling effect of water vapour as by
circulatory mass motions.  Water vapour catalytically reduces
lower stratospheric ozone, and, on the  assumption that  the
stratosphere is much wetter at the equator than at  the  poles,  it
is possible to account for the higher total ozone content at  the
poles above that at the equator.  An apparent seasonal  variation
of water vapour content in the tropics  would  then be in accord with
complementary seasonal variations of total ozone  content  .*
(Author abstract)##
 02677

 J.  Joubert,   B.  Fontanges,  J.M.  Guerne,  L.  Colorbert,
 Ch.  Eyraud


 INVESTIGATIONS ON  THE  ACCUMULATION OF HICBOOBGANISMS IN
 IODIZING  FIELDS.    Staub  (English Translation)   25,  (8)
 11-7,  AUG.  1965..
    CFSTI    TT 66-510HO/8


 Theoretical  and  experimental investigations into the accumulation
 of  microorganisms  in an  ionizing field have shown that the paths
 are  deterained by  electric  charges acquired by micro-
 organisms under  the effect  of ion bombardment and thermal ion
 diffusion.   In the case  of  elliptical or cylindrical
 micro-organisms  the thermal ion  diffusion may,  in general, be
 disregarded.  The  viability of numerous types of these
 organisms is  changed in  passing  through an ionizing field.
 It  appears  that  ozone  has no harmful effect.  It is evident that
 it  is  difficult  to distinguish to what extent the harmful effect
 is  due to ions,  electrons and photons.  In contrast to this
 the  resistance of  sone types of  bacteria is remarkable.   (Author
 summary!) *#
                          C. Atmospheric Interaction                     159

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02777

A. P., Altshuller,  I. P., Cohen,  and T. C. Purcell


PHOTOOXIBATION OF HYD50CASBONS IN THE PEESENCE OF AIIPHATIC
ALDEHYDES.  Science 156  (3777), 937-9,  (May  19,  1967).   1966.


1 new group of gas-phase reactions has been  shown to contribute
to the photooxidation of hydrocarbons.  The  photooxidation of
aliphatic aldehydes in the part-per-million  range at wavelengths
below 3tOO A produces intermediates that react with olefinic and
aromatic hydrocarbons.  The reactions have been  investigated with
laboratory ultraviolet radiation sources and solar radiation.
Although the reaction rates are slower than those
associated with the corresponding nitrogen oxide induced
photooxidations, the rates are significant in terms of  the time
scale of interest in urban atmospheric reactions.  These  results
may cause modifications of current considerations of whether
control of nitrogen oxides will effectively reduce photochemical
air pollution.   (Author abstract) ##
C2869L

A.L. Berlad
PHOTOCHEMICAL PEOCESSES IN EXPLOSION  OF  OZONE.    Defense
Research Corp., Santa Barbara, Calif.,   (Bept.,  Nos.
AFBPL-TB-66-129)  15 PP., JUNE 1966.
   DDC   AD 1*83589
Examination is made of cheaical  kinetic  schemes  proposed  for
the thermal and photoinitiated decomposition  rates  of  ozone.,
A kinetic schene capable of representing both the observed
ultraviolet quantum yields in pure ozone and  the thermal
decomposition rates in 03-02 mixtures is selected.   The scheme  is
intended for calculation of temperature-composition histories
during photoinitiated ozone explosions.   Such calculations
are now in progress.  Preliminary results indicate  a close
correspondence between the calculated results and the  observed
explosive behavior of 03 under photolysis.  Application is  also
planned for calculation of photochemical steady-states in ozone,
and their relation to explosion  limits.   (Author abstract) *#


02938

M. Neiburger


SEATHEB MODIFICATION AND SMOG.   Science  126,  (3275)  637-1(5,
Oct. 4, 1957.  {Presented at the Technical  Conference,  Inst.
of Geophysics, Nov. 1956.)


The 3 essential ingredients in the Los Angeles type of smog  are:



160                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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(1)  Sources emitting pollution into the air;  (2) atmospheric
conditions which deter or prevent rapid transport of these
pollutants in the atmosphere; and (3) solar radiation for the
photochemical reactions which transform the relatively innocuous
pollutants into substances which cause irritation to the eyes  and
the respiratory tract and damage to plants.   In this article,  the
various proposals for modifying the weather in order to
eliminate smog are discussed.,  Eliiination of smog by weather
uodification is more difficult or costly than control at the
sources,.  Proposals for meteorological modification are
ordinarily aimed at increasing the volume into which the
contaminants may spread, either by raising or eliminating the
inversion or by causing the air to move more  rapidly across the
basin.  Methods have bees proposed for reducing the solar
radiation below the level required for photochemical
reactions.  Only a completely new and unigue  approach to weather
modification could have any hope of success in eliminating or
ameliorating smog.  It is reasonable for the  agencies concerned
with the solution of the problem to devote their efforts to the
detection and control of the sources of pollutants responsible for
the obnoxious and deleterious effects of smog, (ft
 03022

 B,S. Narcisi0  E.Ao Langley,   H.A.  Cohen,   a. H.  Elwell


 BALLOON-BOBNE MASS  SPECTBOHETEB  MEASUREMENTS OF  THE
 CONSTITUENTS OF THE ATMOSPHERE TC 28 KILOMETERS.    Air
 Force Cambridge Research  Labs-,  I.Go Hanscom Field,
 Bass.,,  Upper Atmosphere Physics  Lab., (Bept.  No.  AFCRL-66-
 339) 31 pp.. May  1966


 To  determine the  feasibility  of  making  mass spectrometric
 measurements of the lower atmosphere, balloon flights have
 been made to an altitude  of 28 km with  a time-of-flight mass
 spectrometer.  Composition measurements were obtained, and some of
 the problems of extending the range and accuracy of measurements
 resolved.   (Author  abstract)f#
 0306U

 Cadle,  R.  D=   and  J.  W.  Powers


 SOME  ASPECTS  OF  ATMOSPHERIC CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF ATOMIC CXYGEN.
 Tellus  (Uppsala),  18 (2) : 176-186, 1966.  KU refs.


 Sone  features of atmospheric atomic oxygen chemistry that have
 received  little  attention, that need to be re-evaluated in the
 light  of  recent  data, that have been studied in the author's
 laboratory,  or that encompass some combination of these three are
 discussed.   Newly-calculated values for the concentrations of
 excited atomic oxygen below 100 km are so low that it is unlikely
 that  its  reactions contribute appreciably to the concentration  of
                           C. Atmospheric Interaction                     161

-------
any ataospheric component in  that  region  with the possible
exception of excited molecular  oxygen.  Reactions of ground state
atomic oxygen may constitute  a  sink  for methane  and a source of
sulfate in this ataospheric region.   Many chemionization reactions
probably occur in the atmosphere,  and three  possible types are
considered in detail.   (Author  abstract)##
03068

G. C. Holzworth  and C. Bo N. Bao


STUDIES OF SKYLIGHT POLARIZATION.   J, Opt- Soc,, Am. 55,  (4)
H03-8, Apr., 1965.  (Presented in part at the Fall Meeting,
Optical Society of America, Chicago, 111., Oct., 23—25,
1963.)


The results of a series of systeaatic measurements  of skylight
polarization are presented and discussed.  The measurements  were
made at Los Angeles during spring,  1963.  A photoelectric
skylight polariaseter employing ac light modulation  was employed in
these measurements which were confined to the plane of the sun's
vertical.  Three spectral intervals (bandwidth about 150 A)
centered around 4000, 5100, and 6000 A were studied.  An attempt
was made to account for the departure of location and dispersion
of the neutral points and the polarization maximum  from the
cosputed values for a purely molecular atmosphere in terms of the
local turbidity.  The effect of the variable reflectance of  the
ground OB the «agnitude of the polarization maxima  was included in
these studies.  (Author abstract)##
 03102

 E. K. Kauper  C.J. Hopper


 THE UTILIZATION OF  OPTIHDH  HETEOHOLOGICAL  CONDITIONS FOE THE
 SEDUCTION OF LOS  ANGELES  AUTOMOTIVE  POLLUTION.    J.  Air
 Pollution Control Assoc.  15,  (5)  210-3,  Hay  1965


 Advantage can  be  taken  of optimum conditions of turbulent mixing
 to decrease the intensity of  automobile-caused  pollution in the
 Los Angeles Basin.   Changing  the  summertime  peak traffic
 hours—will result  in an  improvement of  21 percent for an
 eight-hour day, in  terms  of oxidant  concentrations.   Greater
 improvements  (up  to 54  percent)  are  possible by use  of seven
 or six-hour days, should  they be  found to  be economically
 feasible.   (Author  abstract)#*
 03133

 J.  H.  Bosen


 THE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF DUST (ANNUAL PBOGRESS SEPT.).



 162               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
Minnesota Univ., Minneapolis, School of Physics.  June  1966..
PP.  37-<»1.
   CFSTI, DDC   AD 636593


The first flight data obtained Kith the coincidence dust counter
is a good illustration of the layered character of the
stratosphere.  The region between the tropopause and the 03
maximum is frequently characterized by dust and 03 rivers.,  On
this sounding the data show good correspondence between the two
lower dust and 03 peaks.,  It 19,5 km however, there is  an 03
river but no corresponding dust river.  This observation can be
understood by referring to the lines of constant mixing ratio on
the sounding.  Since the mixing ratio of a trace constitutent
is preserved in vertical displacements a riser will not appear in  a
sounding for that constituent in a region where the mixing ratio is
constant with altitude.  The river in this case is in a location
where the dust follows a constant mixing ratio with altitude but
the 03 does not.  Thus, only the 03 profile should show the
river.  Above the E3 maximum where both the dust and 03 nixing
ratio is constant with altitude, a river cannot be observed in a
sounding for these constituents.  A casual inspection of the dust
and 03 layers at about 17 km would suggest that it is also a river
, but upon closer examination a number of peculiarities appear
normally not associated with rivers.  First, the dust layer is
about 1 ka lower than the 03 layer. Second, the mixing  ratio of
dust in this layer is greater than at any point in the  atmosphere
above it.  In addition, the size distribution in this layer is
considerably different from that of the surrounding atmosphere.
It nay be possible that the layer at 17 km is connected with
radioactive debris.  The dust distribution above 17 km  is
characterized by layers in which the mixing ratio is constant with
altitude but discontinuous at the boundaries.  Another  peculiar
layer appears at 26 km.  The size distribution in this  layer is
extrenely different from the surrounding atmosphere.  This layer
is also marked in the 03 by a change in the profile structure, not
by a change in concentration,**
 03188
 INFORMATIONAL  FACTORS  INFLUENCING HIGHWAY SAFETY - VISIBILITY
 (PURT  II  OF  THE  STATE  OF  THE AST OF THAFFIC SAFETY   A CRITICAL
 REVIEW AHD ANALYSIS  OF THE TECHNICAL INFOBHATION ON FACTORS
 AFFECTING TEAFFIC  SAFETY)..    Little (Arthur D..J, Inc.,
 Cambridge, Bass,   June 1966.   pp. 149-57,


 Given  a physically unobstructed view of the roadway and the
 illumination necessary to see it, there are a number of factors
 both natural and manmade  which affect the driver's ability to
 perceive  the roadway and  his intended path™  Meteorological
 factors such as  fog, rain, snow, and dust can interfere with such
 perception.  In  a  study of road accidents in the Melbourne,
 Australia, metropolitan area it was found that fog, mist, haze,
 and smoke, which are rather frequent weather phenomena in the
 Melbourne area,  were accompanied by reductions in the casualty
 accidents.   The  author attributed this accident reduction, in
                           C. Atmospheric Interaction                     163

-------
spite of a greater specific hazard of accidents, to safer
driving practices during these atmospheric conditions-   These
findings on fog and haze are at variance with measurements  made in
the Stuttgart, Germany, area which showed t* increase in accident
numbers daring fog conditions.  The State of California
Highway Transportation Agency has reported (1965) on a study of
reduced visibility in fog conditions based on an analysis of 1961
and 1962 accidents in the State of California.  Something less
than 0-2% of all accidents are classified as multiple vehicle fog
accidents during this period, but the authors note that  many
accidents have been coded as fog on the accident report, when
actually the visibility due to the fog was not limiting  to  the
driver.  However, fog is believed to be a leading factor in
multiple (four or more vehicle) accidents and fatalities.   In the
period examined, 17.3S of the multiple vehicle accidents and 35.7)1
of the multiple vehicle fatalities occurred under fog conditions-
The study concludes that the fog itself produces a response from
the driver in terms of the speed he uses in driving rhough  the fog.
In general the literature on the subject of visibility is not
complete enough to shed much light on visibility as a factor
affecting accident rates.  Of the various visibility factors
considered the subject of illumination appeared to be the best
studied.  Bith regard to the factors of visual clutter, glare,
weather effects, and other visibility modifiers the evidence
presented in the literature is adeguate for a qualitative
appreciation of the nature of the influence of these factors but
inadequate for a quantitative assessment of the contribution of
each to the hazards of the highway transportation system.f#
033U2

H. Dolezalek  and A- L- Oster.
SPECTRCKETEE FOE ATHOSPHEBIC IONS IN THEIB UPPEBHOST BAHGE OF
MOBILITY (PBOJECT:  MEASDBING IOMIC MOBILITIES IN THE
TEEEESTBIAL DPPEB STBATOSPHEBE AND KISOEHEBE   PHASE I) .
Avoc Corp., Wilmington, Mass.,, Research and Advanced
Development Division™   (Bept. No. HAD-TB-65-25.)  Sept,, U,
1965.  186 PP.
   CFSTI, DDC   638 761


In the past, the mobility of atmospheric ions and the  number
density in different mobility ranges  (ion spectrum) have been
measured in the terrestrial atmosphere in the heights  from ground
to about 5 km-  Electric conductivities of the atmosphere have
been measured up to about 30 km and ion number densities tc about
75 km-  To extend the possibility of ion spectrum measurements up
to the sane height, a new method has been developed and tested in
the laboratory.  Its application in the free atmosphere is being
prepared-  The instrument may be used in planetarian atmospheres.
The method consists of a GERDIEH-type "differential ion
counter of the second order, "which provides a predetermined
location of ion intake and a number of separate receiving
electrodes for the ion impact.  The driving voltage is ac; its
amplitude is increasing downstream in the chamber.  A  lew-pressure
wind tunnel for continuous operation, mostly in the subsonic range,
has been developed and constructed for the laboratory  experiments.
164               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
This tunnel and its possible applications for other purposes  are
discussed.   An outline of the theory of the different GEBDIEN
type ion counters is communicated-  The laboratory experiments  are
described,  and ion spectrums obtained in the low-pressure wind
tunnel are  presented.  (Author abstract) ##


03373

H. E- Landsberg, "Chairman."


CITY JIB - EETTIR OB HOUSE?  Air  Over Cities Symp.. ,
Cincinnati, Ohio, 1961.  pp. 1-22,,
   HEW  A 62-5
 Human activity has caused considerable  changes  in local climates.
 These modifications in turn have  affected  the temperatures of the
 lowest layer of the atmosphere, the  diurnal  temperature range,  the
 shape of the diurnal temperature  curve,  the  local relative
 humidity,, the local electric  field,  the patterns and amounts of
 precipitation, and the speed  and  direction of winds.  These
 effects have probably only  Kinor  influence upon human wellbeing.
 Other changes, however,  have  potentially harmful effects..   The
 rccst radical effect has  been  on atmospheric  suspensions and
 admixtures.  None of these  changes  have been beneficial.  The
 growth of nearly all urban  areas  and industrial complexes  has
 out-paced the engineering and legal  efforts  to  minimize the
 nuisance and the possible dangers of contamination..   Already the
 ill winds from one settlement can influence  the next town  downwind.
 The day of planning in terms  of single  communities is over, and
 whole regional patterns  now must  be  viewed together.  Knowledge of
 air quality and its effects on health is not yet adequate,,   n  the
 interest of public hygiene  an intense effort in biometeorological
 and medical research is  reguired.  {Author summary) ##


 03381

 H. Neiberger, "Chairman."


 THE DISPERSION AND DEPOSITION  OF  AIR POILUTANTS OVER CITIES.
 (Air Over Cities Symp,,,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  1961.)  pp. 155-71.
   HEW A 62-5


 In setting limits for the control of pollution  sources in
 industrial and urban complexes, limits  must  not be established
 solely on the basis of individual stacks and plants; the basic
 concept must be the area-source strength,  in terms of total
 emissions per square mile,  since  the emissions  from separate
 stacks and plants are additive as the air  mcves across them
 toward residential and commercial communities.   The
 dispersion of pollutants from  vehicle exhaust along congested
 streets and roads deserves  attention.   Such  questions as the
 influence of heat from motor  and  the motion  of  the vehicles need
 examination.,  Studies of dispersion  have generally assumed
 flat uniform terrain and wind  conditions in  which the direction
 is steady and the average speed is  high compared to turbulent
                          C. Atmospheric Interaction                     165

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fluctuations.  Studies must be performed on the dispersion of
pollutants over an irregular somplex of buildings and under the
influence of wind conditions in which the average speed is low and
the magnitude of windspeeds in fluctuations is as great or greater.
(Author summary)##

03382

F.V.Brock


ASALOG COMPUTING  TECHNIQUES APPLIED  TO  ATMOSPHERIC  DIFFUSION:
CONTINUOUS  ABEA SODHCE.    Air  Over Cities  Symp.,  Cincinnati,
OHIO.  1961.  PP.  173-88.
   HEW A 62-5


An electronic  analog computer  has been  used to  obtain
solutions ot the  diffusion equation.  The  model  is  that of a
continuous  area source located on the ground  in  steady-state
conditions.  The  crosswind-integrated concentration is
obtained as a  continuous function of distance downwind  for
discrete height intervals.  The  versatility of  analog  simulation
is demonstrated by introducing a variety of boundary conditions
and other parameters into  the  basic  model.  Hith this
approach the effects of an inversion, radioactive decay,
gravitational  settling, ground reflection,  ground absorption,
etc. are conveniently included.  Windspeed and  eddy
diffusivity can be arbitrarily caried with height.   Analog
simulation  may be extended to  treat  the problem  of  photochemical
reactions that occur during the  diffusion  process.   (Author
summary) f #


03386

E. Robinson
THE  RELATIVE  IHPORTANCE  OF  SOME  METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS IN URBAN
AIR  POLLUTION.    Air  Over Cities Symp.,  Cincinnati,
Ohio,  1961.   pp.  229-38.


Hind patterns and inversions  or  stability conditions are
important  meteorological factors affecting urban air pollution.
Popular  attention is  usually  focused on  inversion,  even though
wind conditions can be shown  to  be more  significant  in many
situations.   The  relative importance of  winds and inversions
is examined in terms  of  theoretical, statistical, and
climatological considerations.,   (Author  summary) f#
03558
AIBOSOLS—THEIB COMPLEX HOLE  IN  RAINFALL.    NCAR  Quart.  (9)
1-5, Jan. 1965.
 166               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Theories concerned with one of the major roles of aerosols,  that
of nucleation of water droplets and ice crystals in cloud-forming
and precipitation processes, are reviewed.  Size and concentration
are important factors in the cloud formation and subsequent
rainfall.  It has been established that the concentration of
cloud nuclei in a given area is a dominant factor in the
determination of the microstructnre of a cloud.  Freezing
nuclei are unlike cloud nuclei in that they are insoluble and
possess areas of wettability; in size they are considered to be
similar, i.e., in the 0.1-1 micron range.  There appears to  be a
difference between the activity of silver iodide and organic
nuclei in bringing about ice formation.  It is thought that  the
silver iodide particle may have hydrophilic areas, although  it is
basically hydrophobic, since photo-dissociation in certain areas of
the particle may take place™  On the other hand, the organic
particles are believed to collide with water droplets in the
nucleation process.  Various other theories of the nucleation
processes which are under investigation are mentioned as well  as
some pertaining to the origin of nucleation particles.t#
03649

H, Harmbt
SUBFACE OZONE AND ABTIFICIAI BETA ACTIVITY IN DBESDEN-WAHNSDORF.
Tellus (Uppsala) 18,  (2-3} 441-9, 1966.


In the German Democratic Republic ozone and radioactivity
networks at 5 stations, simultaneous measurements of surface ozone
were made by the chemical method of Cauer and of artificial
activity by filter sampling.  The daily maximum values of surface
ozone and the daily mean of radioactivity show relations in their
seasonal trend.  The results of these investigations at Dresden-
Hahnsdorf station (51..1 degree N, 13.8 degree E) are discussed.
In years without nuclear tests (1963 and 1964) there was a
statistically significant positive correlation between ozone and
radioactivity from Harch until September.  In a year with fresh
fission production (1962)  there was such a correlation during the
time of decreasing activity from June until August™  From
October until February the correlation in the years 1962 to
1964 was mostly negative, in part statistically insignificant.
The relation of ozone and radioactivity data for large-scale
weather systems and during periods with and without
precipitation was investigated for daily deviations of ozone and
radioactivity from their seasonal trend, smoothed by overlapping
ten-day averages.  From March until September there are
deviations from the seasonal trend for both ozone and radioactivity
From October until February there is an inverse trend due to
the influence of large-scale weather systems with a stable
stratification  (central high pressure systems)„  Ozone decreases
due to the accumulation of reducing trace constituents in surface
air, while radioactivity decreases due to the increased rate of
scavenging by dust.  (Author summary modified)ft
                          C.  Atmospheric Interaction                    167

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C3650

K.  G. Bohra,  M. C., Subbaramu,  and A- M.. Hohan Rao


A STUDY OP THE MECHANISM OF FORMATION OF RADON DADGHTER
AEROSOLS.   Tellus (Dppsala) 18,  (2-3) 672-8, 1966.


The formation of radon daughter aerosols in air is found to be
markedly influenced by the presence of charges and vapours.
Experiments have been carried out with natural radon in the air to
show that radon daughter products behave as single ions of high
mobility in filtered dry air whereas they are attached to cluster
aerosols formed in the presence of certain charges and vapours.
In  these experiments the cluster aerosols have been formed with
ethanol vapour in the presence of snail negative ions.  Knowledge
of  this mechanism of attachment of radon daughters to cluster
aerosols has also been used for the estimation of airborne radon.
The radioactivity of these aerosols is studied by filtration
through membrane filters.  The degree of equilibrium between
radon and its daughters in atmospheric air has been studied on the
basis of this mechanism™  The mechanism is of fundamental
importance in understanding the nature of radon daughter products
in  the air under different environmental conditions.  (Author
summary) f #
03657

J., W. Winchester  and H.. A. Duce
COHERENCE OF IODINE AND BROMINE IN THE ATMOSPHERE  OF  HAWAII,
NORTHERN ALASKA, AND MASSACHUSETTS.,  Tellus  (Uppsala)
18(2-3) :287-91, 1966..


Previous reported analyses of  rain,  snow,  aerosols, and  gas  from
Hawaii, Maska, and Hassachusetts, and new analyses of
Antarctic and  Alaska snow and  ice, are compared.   Both  I and
Br appear to be associated with aerosols  of  smaller particle  sizes
and longer residence times than Cl-rich aerosols.   In most suites
of samples there is a clustering  at  I/Br  about  0.1-0.2,  and
Br/Cl  exceeded the sea water ratio  (0.0034)  several-fold .
Aerosols collected over open sea  water in Hawaii,  however,  show
Er/Cl  several-fold lower than  in  sea water.   The latter
particles are  identified as "sea  salt" aerosols whereas  the
Br-rich aerosols are smaller in size and  may be basically
different in composition, e.g. ammonium sulfate as discussed  by
JONGE  (1963).  It is suggested that  Br is "distilled" from the
sea spray droplets, possibly by photochemical oxidation  to Br2,
and then "condensed" onto the  smaller  particles, possibly by
participating  in the oxidation of S02  to  sulfate.   Iodine may
engage  in similar reactions, and  the resulting  I and  Br-rich
particles exhibit a world-wide constancy  in  I/Br..   Precipitation
analyses show  a similar constancy in I/Br.   (Author summary)##
168               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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03717

G.  M. B.  Dobsoo
SOME METEOROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ATHOSPHEKIC  POLLUTION.    Quart.
3.  Boy.  Heteorol. See. 1H,  (320}  133-43, Apr.  19148.
(Presented before the Royal Meteorological  Society,  Jan,,  21,
19U8.)


The relationship between meteorological conditions  and  air
pollution is examined.  Among the points covered  are:   movement of
smoke and S02 in the atmosphere;  loss of daylight;  convection,
temperature gradients and inversion; and formation  of fog.##
03777

F., E. Gartrell,  F. W. Thomas,  S. B. Carpenter,   F.
Pooler,  B.  Turner,  and J,, B«, Leavitt


FULL SCALE STUDY OF DISPERSION OF STACK  GASES  (PART  IV.
COROLLARY STUDIES OF S02 OXIDATION).   Tennessee  Valley
Authority, Chattanooga, Div. of Health and  Safety and  Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air  Pollution.
June 1965.  56 pp.


While the primary objective was determination  of  the extent of
oxidation of S02 in a power plant plume, initial  investigation
under semi—controlled conditions at  ground  level  was considered  to
offer a number of advantages, particularly  some flexibility for
varying environmental conditions.  Principal  phases  of the  S02
oxidation studies are characterized  as follows™   -(1.)  Develop
equipment and techniques for the collection of representative
samples of flue gas and fly ash from  steam  plant  ducts or stacks.
(2)  Collect and analyze sufficient  samples of flue  gas  and fly
ash to establish the relative proportions and  concentrations of
S02 and S03, as well as pertinent physical  and chemical
characteristics of fly ash.   (30)  Develop  facilities  for
controlled dilution and cooling of flue  gas simulating
atmospheric dispersion and cooling.   (t.)   Develop instrumentation
for evaluating changes in sulfur oxides  and fly ash  subjected to
controlled dilution and cooling,   (5.)   Hodify instrumentation
and technigues developed in the preceding step for study  of sulfur
oxides and fly ash in the dispersed  plume.   (6.,)   Collect and
analyze sufficient plume samples to  establish  the relative
proportions of S02 and SO3.,   (7.)  Interpret  and  analyze  data
and observations.  In steps 1 through 4, flue  gas and  fly ash
samples were taken at ground level from  the duct  section  connecting
the mechanical fly ash collectors and the induced draft  fan, or
from the dilution chamber.**


0381(2

M. H. Hilkening,   M.,  Kawano,  and  C»  Lane
                          C.  Atmospheric Interaction                    169

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HADOH-DADGHTER IONS AND THEIR BEIATICN TO  SOME  ELECTRICAL
PBOPEETIES OF THE ATMOSPHERE.  Tellus  (Uppsala)  18,  (2-3)
679-84, 1966.


The mobilities and concentrations of the short-lived  decay
products of radon existing as positive small  ions  in  the  lower
atmosphere are measured and compared with  corresponding  values  for
ordinary small ions in the atmosphere.  Seventy five  percent  of
the radon-daughter ions with mobilities greater than  0.06
sg cm/(sec-volt)  are found in the range of  0.25 to 1»50
sg cm/(sec-volt).  Ion characteristic curves  give  no  evidence for
distinct mobility groups within the resolution  available.
Eadon-daughter ions on the average are present  in  the ratio of
three  parts per 100,000 of ordinary small  ions  in  the atmosphere.
A good correlation between radon-daughter  ion concentration and
total  snail-ion content is found over a range of 100  to  1200  small
ions per cc_  Radon-daughter icns are found to  disappear  almost
completely at ground level under an active  thunderstorm  due to
upward migration of the ions under the influence of strong electric
fields.  The importance of radon-daughter  ions  in  the study of  the
electric environment of thunderstorms is indicated.   (Author
summary) #f


03857

H. Israel  G.. H. Israel
 A NEH  METHOD  CF  CONTINUOUS  HEASDEEMENTS  OF BABON (RN222)  AND
 THOEON  (BN220) IN THE  ATMOSPHEBE.    Tellus (Uppsala)  18,
 (2-3)  557-61,  1966.


 The  principle  of measurement  and  its use for the determination
 of the  radon  and thoron  content of  the  lower atmosphere is
 given.  To  achieve  continuous measurements,  an aspiration
 process was developed, permitting  a direct measurement of the
 radon  (Bn222)  and thoron (Rn220)  contributions to the
 ionization.   After  passing  through  a filter  that holds back all
 aerosols  and  radon  and thoron daughter  ions, the air streams
 through an  approximately 300-liter  ionization chamber.  The
 current,  measured with a cibrating  reed electrometer, is composed
 of three  parts:  background, radon  contribution, and thoron
 contribution,  with  each  component resolved by appropriate methods.
 The  sensitivity  limit  amounts to  some 0.8x10 to the minus 14th
 power  c/liter  for radon  and 0»5x10  to the minus 14th power c/liter
 for  thoron  with  a resolution  time  of about 220 sec.  (Author
 summary modified) #i


 03858

 A. P. Altshnller,  S. L.   Kopczynski,  W.  A.  Lonneman,
 T. L- Becker,  R. Slater
CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF THE PHOTOOXIEATICN  OF  THE  PEOPYLENE—
NITROGEN OXIDE SYSTEM.   Environ.  Sci,,  Technol..,  1 (11) : 899-914,
Nov. 1967.  29 refsn
 170               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Although it is not possible to fully represent  all  of  the
diverse effects associated with  photochemical air pollution
by studies of a single hydrocarbon, propylene was chosen as  a
representative reactive hydrocarbon.   The  propylene-nitrogen
oxide or propylene nitrogen oxide-sulfur dioxide system  when
irradiated reacts readily to  produce oxidant, formaldehyde,
acetaldehyde, carbon monoxide, peroxyacetyl  nitrate (PAN),
and methyl nitrate, along with light scattering, and causes  ozone
and Pin-type plant damage and eye irritation.   Thus, all of
the major "smog" manifestations  are reproducible, but  not
necessarily at the intensities experienced in the ambient
atmosphere.  The chemical and physical measurements of the
photooxidation of propylene-nitrogen oxide or of propylene
nitrogen oxide-sulfur dioxide over a range of reactant
concentrations, at several light intensity levels,  and under
static or dynamic flow conditions are  reported..  Biological
indicator measurement s will  be  reported in  another paper.
(Authors' abstract, modified)**
03953

H. D. Bojkov  and A« D. Christie


VERTICAL OZONE DISTHIBOTION OVER NEW ZEALAND.  J. Atmospheric
Sci, 23, (6)  791-8, Hov. 1966.


Seasonal ozone profiles, representative of the autumn and
winter-spring periods, are computed from 20 ascents, made using
electro-chemical sensors in sondes, for Christchurch, New
Zealand.  The seasonal changes between the autumn and
winter-spring seasons are discussed in terms of changes in
successive layers at different levels of the atmosphere, and are
qualitatively similar to the well authenticated changes in
nidlatitudes in the Northern Hemisphere.  The seasonal profiles
at Christchurch  (43S) are compared with the corresponding
vertical ozone distributions in the Northern Hemisphere, and the
results interpreted as suggesting that the vertical  mass exchange
processes are more effective in the middle stratosphere in  the
Southern Hemisphere during the spring ozone build up, but the
trans-tropopause exchange is greater in the Northern
Hemisphere.  A sequence of profiles between 1t and 23 June  is
used to estimate vertical velocities using an appropriate ozone
continuity equation and the results compared for consistency with
vertical notion inferred from the thermal profiles.   (Author
abstract) **
L. A..  Kudryavaseva
EOCKETEOENE MEASUREMENTS OF VERTICAL ATHOSPHEEIC OZONE
DISTRIBUTION.  U.S.S.E. Literature on Air Pollution and
                          C. Atmospheric Interaction                     171

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Belated Occupational Diseases, B. S. Levine,  Vol.  13.,
(Part I - Atmospheric Ozone.,  Results of U.S.S.R.
International Geophysical Year Studies Presented at  the  Oct.
28-31, 1959 Conference.  Reports and Resolutions.)   pp.  3-8.,
1961.  Russ.  (Tr.)
   CFSTI:  IT 66 62191
Recorded ozone data were secured by means of a spectrograph  with a
tracking system mounted on a meteorological rocket;  using  the
method of successive approximations in processing such  data  the
vertical atmospheric ozone distribution was determined  up  to an
altitude of 2t km.  Results painted to a single concentration
maximum from 21 to 23 km.  In computing ozone concentrations by
a specific equation, it was established that the factor which
allowed for molecular scattering decreased rapidly  with the
altitude and could be disregarded above 35 km.  The  correction
factor in the first approximation could be disregarded  above 2U km;
it did not exceed 2% of the ozone content at 13 km.  Comparison of
rocket recorded and ground made measurements indicated  that  ozone
concentration values were of the same order for both.   (Author
conclusions} ##
01152

1. S. Gol'm
TIME-DEPENDENT VARIATIONS IN TOTAL ATMOSPHERIC OZONI OVER  DIXON
IE. AND ITS CORRELATION HITH METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENTS.
D.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, B. S. Levine, Vol. 13.   {Part I -
Atmospheric Ozone.  Results of U..S.S.R. International
Geophysical Year Studies Presented at the Oct. 28-31, 1959
Conference.  Reports and Resolutions.)  pp. 28-37.   1961™
Russ.   (Tr.)
   CFSTI:  TT 66 62191
Systematic observations of total ozone in the atmosphere  of  Dixon
Is. began with the delivery of a spectrophotometer equipped  with
a quartz optical system.  The total ozone determinations  were  made
using direct solar light or full moon lunar light.   A  brief
analysis on total atmospheric ozone was done with the  following
results:  Annual variation in total atmospheric  ozone  accorded
generally with the Bean annual variations for high latitudes.  An
appreciable increase in total atmospheric ozone  had  been  observed
during noon hours, although at times, total ozone variations
persisted during the day.  Correlation of total  atmospheric  ozone
with tropopause height, temperature, and pressure in the  upper
troposphere and lower stratosphere was most distinct during  summer
months, and very weak during spring and fall.ftt
CH154

G., I. Kuznetsov



172                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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OZONE AND GENERAL ATMOSPHERE CIRCULATION.  0. S.S.R.
literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational
Diseases, B. S. levine. Vol. 13.   (Part I -  Atmospheric
Ozone..   Hesults of U.S.S.R. International Geophysical
Tear Studies Presented at the Oct., 28-31, 1959  Conference.
Reports and Resolutions.) pp., 57-72.   1961.   Russ,,  (Tr.)
   CPSTI:  TT 66 62191
The following subjects are discussed in this  paper:   Daily  ozone
fluctuations; circulation index; general relationships  between
ozone concentration and atmospheric circulation;  speculations
concerning the mechanism of connection between  atmospheric  ozone
and circulation; and southern hemisphere characteristics  studies.
The conclusions reached are not final, since  accumulated  data have
not been evaluated.  It is hoped that conclusions reached may
suggest future investigation of relationships between atmospheric
ozone and weather conditions.##
 01156

 R. S. Steblova
 ATMOSPHERIC OZONE TEMPERATURE  REGIME ACCORDING TO SPECTEOSCOPIC
 GROUND OBSERVATIONS.   U.S.S.R.  Literature on Air
 Pollution and Related  Occupational  Diseases, E.  S.  Levice,
 Vol. 13.  (Part I - Atmospheric Ozone.   Results of
 U.S.S.R., International Geophysical  Year Studies Presented
 at the Oct. 28-31,  1959 Conference.   Reports and Resolutions.)
 pp. 86/101.  1961,.  Russ.  (Tr.)
   CFSTI:  TT 66 62191
 This report discusses  studies  aimed at finding the correct answer
 to the problems related  to  ozone layer temperature and the
 connection between factors  causing  changes in ozonosphere
 properties, including  temperature and vertical distribution changes
 in relation to lower atmospheric layers and to solar activity..
 The brief preliminary  experimental  results presented are basically
 intended for the description of  observation methods.##
 01158

 Gn  P.  Gushchin


 REGULARITIES  IN  HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION OF AND SEASONAL CHANGE
 IN  ATMOSPHERIC  OZONE.    U.S.S.B.  literature on Air
 Pollution  and Related  Occupational Diseases, B. S- Levine,
 Vol. 13.   (Part  I  - Atmospheric Czone.  Results of U.S.S.
 R.,  International Geophysical Year studies Presented at the
 Oct., 28-31,  1959 Conference.  Reports and Resolution..)  pp.
 107-22.   1961.   Russ.  (Tr.)
    CFSTI:  TT  6662191
                           C. Atmospheric Interaction                     173

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The author's purpose was to analyze the basic  principles  of
horizontal ozone distribution and its seasonal changes  from
observed data and, to study basic factors and their interactions
which determined the mean and instantaneous  horizontal  ozone
distributions.  The mean horizontal distribution of total
atmospheric ozone can be defined by two basic  factors:  solar
radiation and turbulent diffusion.  The pattern of instantaneous
horizontal atmospheric total ozone distribution was associated
closely with high-altitude baric fields and, in particular, with
jet streams.  Naturally, principles which governed latitudinal
jet stream distribution can also affect the  average pattern of
horizontal ozone distribution.##


014159

A. S. Britaev  and A. P. Kuznetsov
CONNECTION BETSEEN ATMOSPHERIC CZCNI AND METEOROLOGICAL
CONDITIONS.   D.S.SoE. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, E. S. Levine, Vol. 13,,
(Part I - Atmospheric Ozone.  Results of U.S.S.R.
International Geophysical Tear Studies Presented at the
Oct. 28-31, 1959 Conference.  Reports and Besolutions.J  pp.
123-6. 1961.  Puss-  (Tr.,(
   CFSTI: TT 6662191
Atmospheric ozone and its relation to atmospheric physical
processes can be used in investigating basic factors which form
weather and govern the sun°s effect on our planet.  The
relationship between ozone and horizontal air advection has been
investigated.  Author reviews briefly work undertaken following
this subject,.  He concludes that vertical currents constitute a
basic factor which regulates the amount of atmospheric ozone.
This conclusion is compatible with data obtained by other
investigators and the material presented leads to the conclusion
that the relationship between ozone fluctuations and meteorological
conditions can be expressed primarily in terms of horizontal and
vertical atmospheric current. ##
01161

A. Kh. Khrgian  and G. I. Kuznetsov
DIURNAL COURSE OF ATMOSPHERIC OZONE.
Literature on fiir Pollution and Related Occupational Dis-
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases
eases. Bo S. Levine, Vol. 13.  (Part I - Atmospheric Ozone.,
Results of D.S.S.R. International Geophysical Year Studies
Presented at the Oct. 28-31, 1959 Conference.  Reports and
Eesolutions.,) pp. 132-3.  1961. Russ.  (Tr.J
Author tried to determine magnitudes of diurnal ozone changes
from observation data of several IGY observatories.  The  most
reliable and comprehensive data were obtained  by the Vigma-di-
174               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Valle observatory, and the less detailed, although  still  reliable,
by the Reikjavik observatory.  The frequently occurring
nonperiodic diurnal ozone concentration changes should be
attributed primarily to atmospheric movements, and  possibly  to
observation errors.  However, calculations of mean  values  (x) for
individual hours during any season enable the investigator to
distinguish systematic diurnal ozone content variations.##
0«163

G. P. Gushchin
CAUSES OF RAPID SINTER TEMPERAT0BE VARIATIONS  IB THE  ARCTIC
STRATOSPHERE.  U.S.S.B. literature on Air Pollution and
Belated Occupational Diseases, B. S. Levine, Vol.  13.
(Part II - Atmospheric Ozone.  Data Presented  at the  Hay
21-23, 1963 Conference on Atmospheric Ozone.)  pp.  113-63.   1965.
RusSo (Tr.)
   CFS1I: TT 66-62191
The observed zonal circulation in the stratosphere  was  more
regular in the Southern Hemisphere  than  in  the  Northern
Hemisphere.  Therefore, intrusions  of warm  ozone-rich
stratospheric air masses into the polar  region  were unlikely  in
the Southern Hemisphere during winter, indicating that  the
Antarctic received ozone frcn loser latitudes to a  lesser degree
than did the Arctic, thereby affecting the  mean ozone
distribution meridionally; less ozone was found over the South
Pole than over the North Pole.  It  should also  be noted  that  in
the above-compiled calculations no  allowance was made for
cloudiness and for ice cover.  Generally, the foregoing  indicated
that the radiative and turbulence processes and, in particular,
atmospheric ozone played an important role  in the complex
phenomenon of stratospheric heating.  However,  these
processes fail to explain the total complexity  of the discussed
phenomenon; problems of its dynamics and the possibility of  solar
activity effect on these processes  still remain unexplained.##
0<416«

A. Kh.  Khrgian  and G. I. Kuznetsov


SOHE RESULTS OF OZONE OBSERVATIONS HADE 15 FEBRUARY  1961
CORING  A TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE.  DoS.S.H. Literature on  Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,  E.  S. Levine,
Vol. 13.  {Part II - Atmospheric Ozone-  Data Presented  at
the May 21-23, 1963 Conference on Atmospheric Ozone.)  pp. 16t-
9.  1965. Huss. 
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conducted on board a search-plane.  The point was  located  along
the path of total solar eclipse.  The search plane executed  20-
min forward and reverse flights along the total solar eclipse  belt
on a base of approximately 70 km and at a 3000 m height.
Observations were made through open illuminators on the  port and
starboard sides of the plane.  A filter-equipped universal GGO
(Government Geophysical Observatory) ozonometer was used.
The filter band centers were at:  I—3120ra and II—3700A.
The instrument was calibrated at the GGO by means  of a Dobson
spectrophotometer.  Ozone content was determined from nomograms
computed for the corresponding flight altitudes.##


01165

I. M. Dolgin  and G. D. Karimova


EFFECT OF CIBC0LATION CONDITIONS ON THE DIS1EIBDTION OF  TOTAL
OZONE IN THE ARCTIC.  UoS.S-R. literature on Air Pollution
and Related Occupational Diseases, B. S. Levine, Vol. 13.
(Part II - Atmospheric Ozone-  Data Presented at the Hay
21-23, 1963 Conference on Atmospheric Ozone..)  pp., 170-7.  1965.
Buss. (Tr.J
   CFSTI: Tl 6662191
The following relationships were established by calculations of
total ozone deviations from the mean of different types  of  synoptic
processes over Dixon Is-  Greatest deviations in the ozone
content (+ 0.026 cm) occurred under cyclonic conditions  over the
Dixon ISo region, resulting from the C-type circulation.  Under
similar synoptic conditions, induced by W-type circulation, ozone
content deviations amounted to a mere + 0-002 cm; deviation in
ozone content was intermediate in the case of E-type circulation™
Ozone content deviation was small for all circulation types and
did not exceed -0.012 cm for the E-type circulation under
anticyclonic conditions even in the Dixon Is. Region-  The
authors' conclusions were based on a limited volume of
materials for a summer period when synoptic processes in the
Arctic were less intense.  The results must be considered as of
preliminary nature, and incomplete for the solution of the
problem.,  However, the observations in conjunction with  similar
observations by others point to the need of continued efforts in
this direction.i#
04166

Kh. P. Pogosyan  and  A.  A.  Pavlovskaya
CHARACTERISTICS OF  WINTER  AND  SUHHEH  AIR  CIECOLATION IN THE
NORTHERN  HEMISPHERE STRATOSPHERE.   D.S.S.B.  Literature on
Air Pollution and Related  Occupational  Diseases,  E»  S.
levine. Vol., 13.   (Part  II -  Atmospheric  Ozone.   Data
Presented at the (lay 21-23, 1963 Conference  on Atmospheric
Ozone,.)   pp. 177-85.   1965,   Buss-  (Tr.)
   CFSTI: IT 6662191
176                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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The basic reasons for differences in the nature of  stratospheric
processes during winter and summer are:  During winter, between
the intermediate and high stratosphere latitude, the  horizontal
temperature gradient increases with height, the temperature
contrast increases, winds become intensified, and in  the  50-70
degree region at heights from 25 to 35 km, attain velocities  of
lO-SOm/sec.  Wind velocities above the tropopause decrease during
summer becoming easterly with height; at 25 to 35 km  in the region
(50-70 degree), the winds normally do not exceed 10-15 7/sec.
Consequently, horizontal and vertical air circulation intensity
in the lower stratosphere increase with height during winter  and
decrease during summer.  Stratospheric processes which occur
during winter and summer exhibit an incomparably higher activity
than those which occur during summer and fall.  It  also explains
the frequent temperature increases in the stratosphere during
winter and at the beginning of spring, which are completely
unrelated to the radiative air heating.##


01167

I. K- Karol1
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF OBSEBVED FLANETABY DISTRIBUTIONS
OF OZONE AND CEETAIH BADIOISOTOPES IN THE ATHOSPHEBE.,
O.S.S..B. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, B. S. Levine, Vol. 13.   {Part II -
Atmospheric Ozone.   Data Presented at the May 21-23, 1963
Conference on Atmospheric Ozone.)  pp. 185-205.  1965 Buss.
(Tr.)
   CISTI: TT 6662191
The relationship between observed meridional distribution of and
seasonal changes in total atmospheric ozone and the world-wide
distribution of radioactive fallout due to nuclear explosions was
noted in 1956.  Records of such observations contain no detailed
analysis or comparison of existing ozone data with radioactive
debris in the atmosphere.  The present study represents an  attempt
to analyze and compare data published on meridional and
vertical distributions of mean monthly ozone concentrations in
relation to some radioisotopes released by giant  nuclear
explosions in the troposphere and lower stratosphere of the
northern hemisphere™  Results of the analysis should be helpful
in arriving at some preliminary gualitative conclusions regarding
the nature of world-wide ozone and fallout distribution in  the
atmosphere and on the special characteristics of  universal
atmospheric movements.ft
 01168

 I. A. Govorushkin
BESULTS OF 1962 ATHOSPHEEIC OZONE  OBSEBVATIONS  IN  OMSK  IK
JDXTAPOSI1ION HITH SOME  BETEOBOICGICAL  ELEMENTS.
D.S.S.E. Literature on Air Pollution  and  Belated
Occupational Diseases, B. S. Levine Vol.,  13.   (Part  II  -
                          C. Atmospheric Interaction                     177

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Atiospheric Ozone-  Data Presented at the May 21-23,  1963
Conference on Atmospheric Ozone,.) pp. 205-12. 1965. Buss-

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distributions along a meridional cross section extending from the
Canal Zone to Greenland.  A brief statistical analysis
indicates that approximately 35 to 50 percent of the  variance
in the total ozone aaount at middle and high latitudes  is given
by the fluctuations in ozone density in the 11- to  13-km or 13- to
15-kn layers.  (Author abstract)f*


01335

I. A. Bipperton


EFFECT OP LOCAL HETEOHOLOGICAL AND CLIHATOLOGICAL FACTOBS ON THE
BESPONSE TO JIB POLLUTION.   Eroc. Am. Power Conf.  27,  123-5,
Apr.  19*65.  (Presented at the 27th Annual Heeting,  American
Pcver Conference, Chicago, 111., Apr,, 27-29, 1965.}


An objection is raised against the manner by which  air  quality
standards are derived.  It is contended that meteorological and
climatological factors which influence the action of  airborne
chemicals Bust be considered.  The effects of temperature,  wind,
humidity, pressure and sunlight are discussed.  It  is concluded
that these local factors, in addition to the effect of  mixtures of
pollutants, will have to be taken into account if fair  judgments
are to be made on air quality standards.f#


01355

J., B. Harrington, Jr.,


ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION BY AEBOLLEBGENS:  KETEOBOLOGICAL
PHASE.  (FINAL BEPOBT)  VOI. II.  ATBOSPHEBIC DIFFUSION
OF RAGWEED POLLEH IS DBBAN ABEAS:  TEXT.  VOL- III. TABLES.
Thesis  (Ph.D.} Michigan Oniv. , Ann Arbor, Dept., of
Meteorology and Oceanography DBA Proj.  06342, Nov. 1965.
629p.,


The poisoning of the atmosphere by biological materials
constitutes a serious health hazard-  It is estimated that 18 to
27 million Americans suffer fro» asthma and hayfever  caused by
ragweed pollen alone.  Computation of the concentration of
ragweed pollen over an urban area reguires a satisfactory
mathematical model, a knowledge of the appropriate  parameter values
and boundary conditions and a method of solution which  does not
require overly restrictive assumptions.  A technique  for
predicting the concentration of ragweed F°Hen within an urban area
and the comparatively relative contributions to that
concentration form internal and external sources is developed
in this study.ft
OU161

Du Goloiib,  No «. Bosenberg,   C.,  Aharonian,   J.  A.  F..
Bill,  and H. L. Alden
                          C. Atmospheric Interaction                     179

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OXYGEN ATOH DETERMINATION IN THE CPPEB  ATMOSPHERE  E¥
CHEBILUMINESCENCE OF NITRIC OXIDE.   J., Geophys., Ees.,  70,
(5)  1155-73, Bar., 1, 1965.


Atomic oxygen density profiles in the 90-140  km  altitude  region
have been obtained by analyzing the radiation  intensity of
chemiluminous nitric oxide trails deposited by rockets into  the
upper atmosphere.,  The trails consist of a  very  bright headglow
and a dinner afterglow.  The headglow is believed  to  originate in
the mixing zone around the NO jet expanding into the  atmosphere.,
A gasdynamic model is given defining the reaction  volume  and time
for the NO-0 reaction in the headglow.  Oxygen atom densities
are evaluated by applying the gasdynamic model to  the radiation
intensity of the headglow.  The resulting altitude profiles
indicate maximum oxygen atom densities  in the  103-107 km  region,tt


04527

I. fl. Donahue
IONOSPHEBIC BEACTIOH HATES  IN  THE  LIGHT  OF  EECENT MEASUREMENTS
IN THE IONOSPHEBE  AND THE LABOBSTOBY.   Planetary Space Sci.,
11, 33-48, 1966.


An attempt is  made  to obtain a set of  ion-molecule reaction  rates
and recombination  coefficients consistent  with recent mass
spectrometric  data  obtained between 120  and 220 km.  It is found
that the daytime ionospheric data  at  130 km are explicable in terms
of the processes all in  good agreement with the most recent
laboratory data..   To account for the  ion densities at higher
altitudes it is  known that  many rates  must  have strong temperature
dependences.   In particular the 0  (plus) removal rates cannot
increase with  temperature and  the  N2(plus), 0 ion-atom
interchange rate must decrease with increasing temperature.  The
recombination  coefficient for  NC  (plus)  decreases with electron
temperature, while  that  for 02 -{plus)  decreases more slowly, and
that for N2  (pins)  probably decreases  very  slowly with
temperature,.   To account for the  nightime  ionosphere with the
reaction rates implied by the  daytime  data  there must be weak
sources of ionization above 180 km and below 140 km with rates of
the order of 5-10  ion pairs/cc. The  data  also indicate that 02
(plus) NO charge exchange must be  very rapid with a rate of  the
order of 5x10  to the -10th  power cc/sec.  (Author abstract
modified) ##
C4548

D. B. Turner
1ILATICNSHIPS BETWEEN 24-HOUE HEAN AIR  QUALITY  MEASUREKFKTS
AND ME1EOEOLCGICAL EACTOBS IN NASHVILLE,  TENNESSEE.   J.  Air
Pollution Control Assoc.  11,  (10) 483-9,  Oct.  1961.,
(Presented at the 54th Annual Meeting,  Air  Pollution Control
Association, New York City, June  11-15,  1961.)
180               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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This study was undertaken to determine hov well  daily city-Hide
air quality measurements can be related to some  easily obtained
meteorological parameters affecting source strength, dilution,  and
dispersion of pollutants.  As part of the Community Air
Pollution Study in Nashville, Tennessee, 24-hour air quality
measurements of sulfur dioxide and soiling index were made  at 32
locations in the urban area.  It may be concluded that the
meteorological variables of temperature, wind speed, and  stability
are sell related to the sulfur dioxide concentrations and soiling
indices.  A system for classifying stability on  an hourly basis
for research in air pollution is provided in an  appendix,, ##


OU677

G. H. Hidy  J. B. Brock


PHOTOPHORESIS AND THE DESCENT OF PARTICLE-S INTO  THE LOWER
STRATOSPHERE.  Jo Geophys. Bes. 72,  (2) 455-60,  Jan.  15,
1967.                             "
 Calculations are presented  for  the  photophoretic  force  acting
 on an opague spherical  particle  moving  in  the  free molecule
 regime.  The theoretical results are  used  to estimate the time
 of descent of small  particles from  high levels of an idealized
 stagnant atmosphere  to  the  lower stratosphere. The theory
 indicates that a difference in  settling timesshould exist between
 nonmetallic particles of low thermal  conductivity and metal
 particles of higher  conductivity..   Despite such differences,
 the estimated descent times, for example,  of 0., 1-micron
 radius particles ranging from conductivities of 0.0008  to 0.08
 cal/(sec cm deg K),  traveling from  100  to  20 km altitude, remains
 approximately the  same, the order of  1000  days..  The
 photophoretic effect on particles of  low conductivity can become
 appreciably below  30 km altitude.   Nevertheless,  this force
 does not appear to contribute significantly to decreasing the
 total time required  for material to settle from very high
 altitude to the lower stratosphere.   (Author abstract)##


 01866L

 Arthur,  H.  and  A-  Beiser


 METHODS  OF  PROMOTING THE  BEMOVJI OF FEE! ELECTRONS FROM AN
 IONIZED  &ND DISSOCIATED ATMOSPHERE.   Nuclear  Research
 Associates, long  Island City,  N. Y.,  (Nra   Sept.
 113-aOO-t.)   (Rept.  AFCBL-63-380 and  DASA  MIPS 55«-61.)  June
 1963.   25 pp.


 This is  the final report  of a  study of methods of  promoting  the
 removal  of  free  electrons  from  an ionized and  dissociated
 atmosphere.   It  included  an analysis  of the atomic and ionic
 processes relevant to  the  above and a quantitative assessment of
 the various possible means for  removal of free electrons from such
 an atmosphere, including  estimates  of time scales, efficiencies,
 and power requirements.##
                          C. Atmospheric Interaction

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04977

H., Neuberger  H. Gutnick


EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE
PERSISTENCE OF FOG.   Proc. Natl. air Pollution Symp.,
1st, Pasadena, Calif., 1949.  pp. 90-6..


Fog characteristics were determined by the measurement of
transmitted light through artificial fog.  Considering the time
necessary for various fogs to dissipate completely, a
continuous increase in fog duration was found with increasing
air pollution.  The concentration of condensation nuclei
was considered a criterion of the degree of air pollution.  The
effects of electric charge on nuclei were studied.  Although fog
density was only slightly influenced by the quality of
combustion, the fog duration was greatly increased by poorer
combustion.  Also studied were the relationships between nuclei
concentration, decay tine, percent light transmission, and the
size and number of droplets in fog.*#


04987

H. D. Thomas
THE PRESENT STATUS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION FOE THE
STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION.   Proc. Natl. Air Pollution Symp.,
2nd, Pasadena, Calif., 1952.,  pp. 16-23.


Numerous instruments are discussed for the study of
sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, other sulfur-
containing gases, hydrogen fluoride, smog gases, particulate
matter, wind, and other meteorological parameters.#S


C4988

E., D. Cadle  H. S. Johnston
CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN LOS ANGELES SMOG.   Proc. Natl,, Air
Pollution Symp,,, 2nd, Pasadena, Calif., 1952.  pp. 28-34.


Chemical reactions in smog are either reactions between two
or more man-introduced contaminants or between an impurity
and the natural components of the atmosphere.  This paper
discusses (1) certain well-known reactions which must certainly
occur, (2)  experiments to determine the nature of other reactions
expected to occur under conditions which exist in the Los
Angeles atmosphere, and (3)  speculations about seme reactions
which may occur.  Several investigators have discussed
certain types of reactions which possibly occur in smog.
Haagen-Srcit has suggested that reaction products of olefins  with
ozone and oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight are
responsible for some of the unpleasant properties of smog.
182                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Johnstone has discussed the oxidation of sulfur dioxide  to  sulfur
trioxide in the atmosphere, which Mould result in the
formation of a mist of sulfuric acid.  Blacet has proposed  several
photochemical reactions which could contribute to the  ozone
content of smog; in particular, he considered photoactivation
and photolysis of nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide,  and
aldehydes.f#

CH991

P.  Eo  Church
SOME NEH DEVELOPMENTS IN MICHOMETEOHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE
ATMOSPHERE-    Proc.  Natl. Sir Pollution Symp., 2nd,
Pasadena,  Calif.,  1952.   pp. H7-53.


The following studies are considered  incoming radiation at
Seattle;  concentration of pollution from filters; temperature
distribution in turbid air; nightime cold layer; small-scale  air
motions; frequency and magnitude of lapse rates; and dew-point
gradients,##


05034

&.  V. Borisov
THE SIBERIAN SHORE HAZE OF  1959.   Priroda  (5)  65-56,  May 1961.
Buss.  (Tr.)  (Translated as  JPRS  14250}


The extensive redaction in  visibility  in mid-July 1959  is
reviewed.  The source of  the  reduction in  direct solar  radiation
and the increase in the percentage  of  scattered radiation was
smoke from a forest fire.##


05055L

G. B. Spindler


RESULTS OF THE NITRIC OXIDE SEEDING FROGBAH.    Canadian
Armament Research and Developnent Establishment, Valcartier,
Canada.  Sept. 1965.  8«  pp.   (CAFDE Technical Kept.  No.
538/65.,)


Observations on a series  of nitric  oxide releases in  the
E-Region are described.   As a  result of these  observations,
changes are suggested in  the current kinetic theory  of  the NO - 0
reaction and a new reaction model is presented.   It  is  proposed
that the SO - 0 reaction, at least  at  E-Region pressures, is
biaolecular and, in line  with  the findings of  other  experimenters,
that the effective rate constant there may be  faster  than the
value obtained for this reaction in the laboratory.   Atomic oxygen
profiles for two different  latitudes are presented as well as
                           C. Atmospheric Interaction                     183

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evidence for a latitude effect on the  profiles.   The
altitude at which atmospheric flew changes  from  turbulent  to
laminar is also different at these two  latitudes.   It  is
probable that atomic oxygen concentration drops  sharply below  80
km, but above the peak of the profile,  concentration falls with a
first decadic scale height of 11 km, in agreement with
photochemical theory.  Observations OD  the  wind-distorted
luminous trail show a strong wind shear present  in  each case near
100 km.,  (Author abstract) ##


05085

G, F,,  Schilling


COMMENTS ON "THE SECULAR INCREASE OF THE WORLD-HIDE FINE PARTICLE
POLLUTION ".  Band Corp., , Santa Monica, Calif.  (1964}  7 pp.


Shipboard measurements of atmospheric conductivity  away from land
should be a valid indication of the magnitude of  an persistent
degree of radio-active contamination of the air  itself.  It can be
reliably inferred from Sunn's {1964J  results that any  radioactive
contamination of the free air had indeed by May  1962 returned
to such small values that it was not detectable  as  a secular
increase in the electrical conductivity.  This should  have been
the case again, following the last series of nuclear explosions
in the atmosphere in 1962., ##
05087

H. S. Spicer, Jr.


AIR POLLUTION AND METE050LOGIC FACTORS  (EFFECTS ON NOBMAL
SUBJECTS AND PATIENTS WITH RESPIRATCBY  DISEASE)..   Arch.
Environ. Health T*, (1)  185-8, Jan. 1967   (Presented at the
Eighth Annual American Medical Association  Sir Pollution
Medical Research Conference, Los Angeles,  Mar. 2-1, 1966.)


Small groups of normal subjects and diseased  individuals  were
monitored physiologically with the expectation that patterns of
respiratory functional variations, which are  common to groups of
subjects, may become apparent; that the nature of these patterns
may give an indication as to the identity,  intensity, and  duration
of the stimuli and physiologic responses;  and that this may lead
to the physiologic grouping of certain  individuals which  may allow
the detection of a segment of the population  which is
particularly susceptible to acquiring chronic obstructive
respiratory disease.  Subjects were studied predominantly  with
the whole body pressure plethsmograph and  spirometer«  In  a group
of young adults, respiratory function varied  between October and
May; this variation resembled a single  cycle  with poorest
function occurring in February to March; the  vast majority of
these subjects underwent parallel changes  in  function,
maintaining the same physiologic position  one to another  from
study to study; and, after correction of intergroup differences.
 184               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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these respiratory functional changes correlated significantly,
ana best,  with temperature so that airway resistance  increased
as temperature decreased,##
05205

H. Nicolet
IONOSPHERIC PROCESSES AND NITRIC OXIDE.  Pennsylvania  State
Dniv,,, University Park, Dept. of Electrical  Engineering
(Scientific Sept. No. 228.J   (Rept. No. AFCHL-64-9U8.)
Dec. 20, 196«.  29 pp.,


Analysis of ionic processes in the ionosphere  leads  to the
conclusion that nitric oxide  and its ion are produced  by  a
reaction between nitrogen molecules and molecular  oxygen  ions.
Such a process implies a substantial increase  of  NO  in the  E
layer to a value greater than the  photochemical concentration.   In
the lower D region, N plus 2  and 0 plus 2  ions produced by
cosmic rays are transformed into NO plus ions.  A  quantitative
estimate shows that these conclusions are  consistent with
observational data in the chemosphere and  ionosphere and  also
suggests the explanation of the night airglow  continuum.   (Author
abstract)##


05228

Jo J. Fuguay


NATURAL REMOVAL PROCESSES IN  THE ATMOSPHERE.  Hanford  Labs.,
Sichland, Wash. 1963. 16 pp.   (Kept. No. HH-SA-31 
-------
PRECIPITATION POTENTIALS IN A HOHOGENEOUS AEHOSOL.    J.
Colloid Sci. 23, (1) 52-61, 1967.


Aerosol particles immersed in an ionized environment,  accumulate
through ionic diffusion free electrical charges  that  control a
number of fundamental aerosol characteristics.   The distribution
of free charges among the aerosol particles has  been  worked out.
It is assumed that ion production is just balanced by  the
consumption due to recombination between the  ions plus ion
diffusion onto the aerosol particles.  This permits a  calculation
of the positive and negative light ion conductivity ratio in the
environmental air.   This ratio, in turn, determines the  magnitude
of the particle free charge averaged with respect to  sign.  The
analysis leads to useful expressions for the  electrical
conductivity within the aerosol space-  The foregoing  estimates
permit a determination of the free electrical charges  per unit tine
and per unit area transferred toward the earth by gravity.  This
charge transfer by precipitation establishes  an  electric field
that builds up to an equilibrium which produces, in turn, a
reversed ionic current.  The intensity of the generated electric
field is determined from aerosol constants and the derived basic
relationships.  The potentials established by the charge transfer
process are calculated by integrating the electric field between
limits set by the applicable geometry.  The potential  differences
in a stable nonprecipitating clcud may be thousands of volts.
Numerical values for five different typical aerosol clouds are
tabulated to illustrate the principal properties of such clouds and
the scope of this investigation.  (Author's abstract)##


05282

B. A. HcCormick
ATMOSPHEBIC TURBIDITY..  Preprint.   (Presented  at  the  60th
Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-16,  1967,  Paper  No. 67-32.)


The optical effects of air pollutants which determine atmospheric
turbidity are reviewed and methods  currently utilized for  turbidity
measurements are outlined.  The  utility of such data  for
characterizing the aerosol loadings of urban pollution envelopes is
discussed.  Implications are  drawn  with respect to  the
significance of a suspected secular trend in atmospheric
turbidity as it may affect the heat balance of the  earth-atmosphere
system.   (Author abstract) f #
05451

K. Kato
IONS IN AIB.,  IONS AND METEOROLOGY.   (LECTURE  2) .    Kuki
Seijo  (Clean Air-J. Japan Air Cleaning  Assoc.,  Tokyo)
1(1) 19-56, 196«.  Jap.
186               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
Ions are produced when a metal surface is irradiated with light
of a certain wavelength, when ultraviolet rays pass through gas,
when water drops break up in a gas according to the Lenard effect,
or when radiation passes through air.  Cosmic rays also ionize
air.  One of the characteristics of the ions is their mobility,
expressed as K = D/E, where 0 = average velocity of the ion
and E = electric field strength.  K was measured using a
concentric cylinder.  The mathematiclal derivation of K using
this cylinder is given.  Both antcmatic and non-automatic ion
counters are described and schematic diagrams given.  Since ions
affect health, the daily change in the quantity of ions formed is
given with data gathered at lida-Shi, Nagano-Ken, and
Tanashi-Cho, Tokyo.  The relationship between ion concentration
and temperature is explained.  The number of ions produced
depends a great deal on weather.  The size and kinds of rain
drops influence the number of both positive and negative ions.
Hhen visibility is reduced, the concentration of small ions is
also usually reduced.  A higher concentration of small ions is
generally found on a clear day.ft*


05459

Shafrin, Yu.  A.
 FUNDAMENTALS OF THE STATISTICAL METHOD  OF  SOLVING  THE  INVERSE
 PROBLEM OF OZONE HEASDREMENT.  Atmospheric  Oceanic  Phys.  {English
 Translation), 2<11}:710-5, 1966.   Euss.  (Tr.)


 A mathematical validation of the statistical  method  of computing
 the thermal, conservative, and dynamic  characteristics of  the
 atmosphere from data based on  the  ozone concentrations from  10
 North American ground stations is  presented.   The  basic difficulty
 in interpreting ozononetric data is  overcome  if  the  nonperiodic  and
 short periodic disturbances from unknown causes  and  discharges  are
 eliminated. Satellite ozonometry has the advantage of  giving within
 a few hours a simultaneous indication of the  global  ozone  field.
 Interpretation of the ozorometric  data  could  provide an aid  in  the
 synoptic short-term and mathematical long-term weather forcasting.
 05171

 A. A.. Townsend


 BIND AND THE FORMATION  OH  INVERSION.    Atmos.  Environ.  1,  (2)
 173-5, Mar. 1967.


 The author presents his views  on  the  formation of nocturnal
 inversions to provide a theory for  discussion  since there
 is no general agreement regarding the conditions that permit
 their growth and  persistence.   These  layers of stably-stratified
 air near the ground have considerable influence on the
 diffusion and transport of pollution.  While it is obvious that
 the surface wind  is light  or negligible,  it is not necessary
 during an inversion that the wind over the top of the inversion
                           C. Atmospheric Interaction                     187

-------
be unusually small.  The wind over a nocturnal inversion  is
comparable with the maximum surface wind of the  preceding day,
and values up to 15 meters/second are likely.  The suppression
of turbulence is based on the removal of solar heating and a
cooling of the ground which reverses the convective flux  of
sensible heat within a layer whose depth increases with time
at a rate comparable with friction velocity.  For an
inversion layer to last over several days, no considerable
quantity of solar radiation may reach the surface and in
consequence, the radiative cooling of the ground is prevented.
Without a downward heat-flux into the ground, the mechanism for
suppressing outbreaks of wind will not operate,  and over
level terrain, the surface wind will be near the gradient
wind.  In valleys the acceleration may be prevented by tilting
of isothermal surfaces.t#
 05H82

 A.  F.  Hidalgo   C. Orr,  Jr..


 HYSTEBESIS  IN  SMOG  AND  FOG  DISAPPEARANCE  (FINAL BEPT-  JUNE  1,
 1964-SEPT.  31,  1966).,    Georgia  Inst.  of  Tech., Atlanta,
 Engineering Experiment  Station.   (Sept. 31,  1966.)  224 pp.


 The  behavior of an  artificial  fog  produced  by the
 adsorption  of  water vapor upon Nad  nuclei  in the Aitken  range,
 i.e.,  from  0.01 to  0«1  micron  in diameter was studied. The object
 was  to obtain  information on  the size  of  particulates  as  a
 function  of relative humidity  following a given time lapse  after
 equilibrium humidity was achieved.   Special emphasis was  given
 to  a determination  of the relative  humidity at which supersaturated
 solution  droplets nucleate  and crystallize  as a function  of the
 time delay.  An ion counter affords  a  satisfactory technique
 for  studying the homogeneous  nucleation of  solutions.   Hysteresis
 as encountered  in the disappearance  of an aerosol of NaC1
 solution  droplets is a  function  clearly dependent on the
 residence time  of the aerosol  after  achieving equilibrium
 relative  humidity conditions.  The  interfacial tension between a
 NaC1 nucleus of crystallization  and  the mother liquid  phase is
 estimated to be 12.9 ergs per  cm2  at a solution concentration
 9.0  molal.   Estimations of  the embryo  critical size range
 from 31 A at a  solution concentration  6.5 molal to 5 A at 8.5
 molal.  These  sizes appear  to  be low,  although the values are
 of the correct  order of magnitude.   Droplets of a given size and
 concentration  undergo nucleation in  accordance with a  log-normal
 function  of time.   Besults  obtained  suppor  t the position that
 hysteresis  in  the disappearance  of  natural  fogs, especially in
 the  absence of  organic  atmospheric  contamination, is controlled
 by homogeneous  nucleation.  Estimations of  the properties
 of  supersaturated solution  a  of  potassium chloride by  means of a
 guided extrapolation of experimental osomotic coefficients
 give results that agree very  well  with the  available fragmentary
 vapor  pressure  data,##
 188               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
05533

Rltshuller,  ft.  P.,   S. L. Kopczynski,  »„ Lonneman,  and
D.  Hilson
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIVITIES OF EXHAUSTS FEOM 1966 HOEEL
ADTOHOBILES EQUIPPED TO EEBDCE HYDHOCABBON EMISSIONS.   J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., 17(11}:734-737, Nov. 1967.
(Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association,  Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-16, 1967, Paper 67-6.)


In the summer of 1966, some automobiles from the Cincinnati phase
of the GSA study were used in an irradiation chamber study to
evaluate the photochemical air pollution potential of
representative models of equipped and unequipped automobiles.
Only one set of automobiles, the unequipped Chevelles,  produced
exhaust capable under irradiation of forming significant  levels of
oxidant and PAN.  Neither the equipped Chevelles nor any  of the
Fords or Plymouths, whether equipped or unequipped, produced
exhaust having the characteristics necessary to form oxidant or
PAN upon irradiation.  The eye irradiation level reported by the
panel upon irradiation of exhaust from unequipped Chevelles was
much higher than that produced by the irradiated exhausts from any
of the other types of automobiles.  Overall, there does appear to
be some small improvement with respect to eye  irritation  in
comparing equipped automobiles with unequipped automobiles.  To a
large extent, the improvement in the air pollution potential of
exhausts from equipped Chevelles compared to the unequipped
Chevelles can be attributed to the reduction in the hydrocarbon to
nitrogen oxide ratio.  The irradiated exhaust  from equipped
Chevelles, except for aldehyde levels, is about the same  in
photochemical air pollution potential as are the exhausts from
unequipped Fords and Plymouths.  Such irradiation chamber
measurements are related to exhaust reactivities.  Hydrocarbon
reactivities can be obtained by direct measurement of reactive and
nonreactive hydrocarbons in the automotive emissions.*#
05575

G. P. Larson,  J. B. Taylor,  and W. J. Hamming


STUDIES OF POLLUTION LEVELS IN BEIATION TO AIB MOVEMENT  IN THE
LOS ANGELES ATMOSPHERE.,  Proc. Natl. Air Pollution Syrnp- ,
3rd, Pasadena, Calif., 1955.  pp. 33-42.


Samples were collected in dustfall  jars from a large  number  of
stations in the Los Angeles Basin.  The results are plotted  in
tons per square mile for S02, salt, total dustfall, and  water
insoluble solids-  The results of a nitrogen dioxide  survey  are
also plotted showing surface trajectories for air, cross sections,
and area distribution.  Subsequent  to  these studies,  50  wind
stations were established throughout the basin making it possible
to demonstrate the effects of two separate source areas  on
adjoining areas.  To determine the  variations that could occur
                          C. Atmospheric Interaction                    189

-------
during smoggy periods when one source area  might  influence the
other, the variations in air flew trajectory  were studied.  CO,
nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons were  measured hourly  at several
locations in both areas.  The oxidation of  hydrocarbons to produce
eye irritation was also studied.  These investigations  illustrated
the importance of relating the air movement to the sources of
pollution, in order to anticipate influences  that may be effected
in the surrounding areas., ##
05576

B. Stair
THE SPECTBAI BADIANT ENEBGY FEOH THE  SUN  THBOUGH VARYING CEGEEES
OF SMOG AT LOS ANGELES.  Proc.  Natl«  Air  Pollution Symp.,
3rd, Pasadena, Calif.,,  pp..  48-55   (1955)


Studies have indicated  that ozone  and/or  combinations of the
oxides of nitrogen as well  as a number  of other compounds  are
present in deleterious  amounts  in  the Los Angeles smog.   The
present research was set up to  examine  the possibility of
determining the amount  of  these or other  pollutants present, in
terms of their ultraviolet, visible or  near infrared absorption
spectra.  In connection with the evaluation of  the spectral
distribution of the radiant energy from the sun, a
spectro-radiometer had  been set up.   Data on the spectral  radiant
energy from the sun were available for  two stations having clear
atmospheres free from smog.  Similar  measurements within the Los
Angeles area were compared  with these previous  data to display
selective spectral absorption characteristics of some of the
pollutants present in significant  amount  in the smog«#t
 05683

 Dmitriev,  B«  T.


 SOME PHYSICAL AND  CHEMICAL  PBOCESSES IK AIB CAUSED EY IONIZING
 BADIATION.  Atmospheric  and  Oceanic Physics (English Transl.)
 1  <3) ,  179-81 (Bar.  1965).  Puss..  (Tr.)


 A  study was  made of  the physical  and chemical processes which are
 of  geophysical interest.   In  order to simplify the presentation,
 only the data which  bear  on the components of air are given.   Some
 physical and  chemical  process in  air such as ionization, molecule
 dissociation, production  of ozone, nitric oxides and carbon dioxide
 caused  by ionizing radiation  and  in particular by nuclear
 processes,  are analyzed.   The data obtained can be used to evaluate
 the effeciency of  different ionizing radiations in the atmosphere.


 05711

 E.  Hesstvedt
 190               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIOANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
ON THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOME HYDHOGES COMPONENTS  IN  THE
MESOSPHEHE AND LOWER THEBMOSPHERI.   Tellus  (Uppsala}  17 (3)
311-9 (Aug., 1965}.


On the basis of a photochemical oxygen-hydrogen  atmosphere
model, the concentrations of OH, H02, H20 and H  were
computed as a function of height, latitude and season.   The
computations were made for two values of the hydrogen-air  mixing
ratio, differing by a factor of about 100.  Atomic  hydrogen was
found to be the major hydrogen constituent above about 85  Jem,
while water vapor takes up almost all hydrogen at levels below
about 85 km.  In the shallow layer between these two  regimes
molecular hydrogen enters as the aajor hydrogen  component.   The
seasonal and latitudinal variation was found to  be  relatively
small.  The effect of the air notion is discussed.  An ascent of
1 cn/s near the high latitude summer mesopause seems  to  be
necessary to keep the moisture content high enough  for ice  clouds
to form.  {Author abstract)ft
05801

Chambers,  L.  A.   and Mader, P, P.


SOME PROPERTIES  AND RELATIONSHIPS OF ETHER SOLUBLE ORGANIC
PARTICULATES  IS  THE LOS ANGELES ATMOSPHERE. Proc. Air Pollution
Control Assoc.,  Semi-Ann. Tech,, Conf., San Francisco, Calif.,  1957.
pp.  273-81.,


Attention  has been drawn to the possible relationship between  the
organic aerosols observable in Los Angeles atmosphere and the  eye
irritants  and reduced visibility characteristic of the local air
pollution  problem,, While no intensive study of the nature of the
aerosols,  or  of  the conditions of their formation, or their exact
relationship  to  other smog circumstances was maintained, members of
a research staff have made sporadic studies of the
amounts,  and  superficial chemical properties, of the organic
particulates  and have speculated on their possible role in smog and
its  more obvious effects.  A more systematic analysis of the
temporal variation in organic aerosols has resulted in sufficient
accumulation  of  data to permit statistical correlation with eye
irritation, atmospheric transparency, and other factors related to
air  pollution.  While the facts available, as discussed in this
document,  are insufficient to establish many firm conclusions, they
are  provocative  enough to justify the present summarization, and
should stimulate much more extensive and detailed consideration of
the  properties of organic aerosols as related to smog.


05810

H. J.  Pilat  and Rn J. Charlson


THEORETICAL AND OPTICAL STUDIES OF HUMIDITY EFFECTS ON THE SIZE
DISTRIBUTION  OF A HYGROSCOPIC AEROSOL.    ((J» Rech.
Atmospheriques  (France) 2, 165-70  (1966).
                          C.  Atmospheric Interaction                    191

-------
The effect of humidity upon the light  scattering coefficient and
correspondingly the size, of a NaCl aerosol  was  calculated and
observed.,  The aerosol radius was calculated as  a function of
relative humidity using a physical adsorption eguation for the
solid NaCl particles and a combination  of  Etaoulf's law and the
Kelvin eguation for the liguid solution droplets.   The Rayleigh
eguation was used to calculate the ratio of  the  scattering
coefficient at some humidity to the scattering coefficient at
zero humidity.,  The predicted increase  in  the ratio of scattering
coefficients is between one and two orders of magnitude for the
phase transition of a solid salt particle  to a saturated solution
droplet, which agrees favorably with the ratio optically measured
with an integrating nephelometer.   (Authors'  abstract)#t
05817

E. B. Stephens


THE BEACTIONS OF AUTO EXHAUST  IN  SUNLIGHT.    Preprint.
(Presented at a Session of the  Conf.  Air  Pollution Research
on "Atmospheric Reactions of Constituents of Motor Vehicle
Exhaust," Los Angeles, Calif.,  Dec-  5,  1961.,)


when auto exhaust is diluted with air and exposed to sunlight
chemical changes take place which lead  to a  variety of  noxious
products.  Among these are eye  irritants, plant toxicants, and
aerosols.  These effects can also be observed when dilute
mistures of hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide with
air are irradiated.  A number  of  the noxious products have been
identified..  Ozone and a new series  of  compounds called the
peroxyacyl nitrates  (PAH) are  the principal  plant toxicants
formed by this reaction*  The  various members of the PAN family
are powerful eye irritants as  are the formaldehyde and  acrolein
produced in this oxidation reaction.  The formation of  products
such as PAH and alkyl nitrate  indicates the  presence of organic
free radicals since  these compounds  most  probably arise through  the
reactions of the appropriate radicals with nitrogen dioxide..  The
corresponding reactions with nitric  oxide probably lead to its
oxidation to nitrogen dioxide,  a  phenomena which is observed and
which is reguired to account for  the formation of ozone.
(Author abstract) t#
 05818

 E.  R.  Stephens,   w.  E.  Scott,  P. L. Hanst,  and P. C.,
 Doerr
 BECEBT  DEVELOPMENTS IB THE STUDY OF THE ORGANIC CHEMISTRY OF THE
 ATMOSPHERE.    Preprint.  (Presented at 'a Session on Smoke and
 Fumes,  21st  Midyear Meeting, ((American Petroleum Inst.,
 "Division of  Befining, Montreal, Canada)), Hay 16, 1956.)


 A long-path  IR cell, with which it is possible to detect many



 192               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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conpounds in the air at concentrations in the parts-per  million
range,  is being used to study reactions of air pollutants.  Field
studies of the los Angeles smog by other investigators have
shown that photochemical reactions caused by sunlight play an
important role in its development™  In the laboratory it has been
demonstrated that 03 is formed when mixtures of N02 and  an
organic compound in air are irradiated with artificial sunlight.
This paper presents the results of further studies on this and
other reactions of air-pollution chemistry..  IR analysis of the
products of the photochemical reaction between N02 and an organic
compound frequently reveals, in addition to bands of known
compounds, several unidentified absorption bands which apparently
belong to a single compound produced in significant quantity..
Although this compound is unstable, moderately pure samples of it
can be condensed if the reaction products are drawn through a cold
trap.  Physical and chemical properties of this condensate,
referred to as compound X, are consistent with the belief that it
is an acyl-nitrogen compound, but its structure is not
unequivocally determined.,  The importance of compound X  in an
explanation of the chemistry of the atmosphere is stressed.  03 is
formed when compound I is irradiated, with or without added
gasoline.  03 formation is slower with added gasoline, perhaps
because the olefins present in the gasoline react with some of the
03.  03 is also formed when nbutyl nitrite is photolyzed in 02..
The rate of formation of 03 was only slightly changed when S02
was present in an irradiated nixture of olefin and U02.  Since
the S02 disappeared very slowly, it was concluded that neither
the 03, the free radicals, nor any peroxides which are formed will
oxidize S02 to S03 at a significant rate.  (Author abstract
modified)ft


05821

Subbaratnam, N. B.  and J. G. Calvert


THE PHOTOOXIDATION OF AZOMETHSBI AT 25 DEGREES C. Preprint.
 (1961) .


Recently Kutschke and co-workers have reported the identification
of methyl hydroperoxide  (through mass spectrometry) in the products
of azomethane photooxidation.  The work  reported here was initiated
to test  he observation of the Kutscheke  group.   Jzomethane
photolysis was the source of methyl radicals in  this work.
Measured pressures of azomethane in the  introduction system were
expanded into the evacuated glass tank which effected a  calculable
dilution; the desired atmosphere of oxygen, or acetaldehyde and
oxygen,  was added, and a period of 15 min. was allowed to ensure
homogeneity of the mixture.  In the usual experiments a  continuous
irradiation of the selected mixture was  made;  the IR spectrum of
the desired region was scanned at measurable intervals.  A
continuous recording of the "oxidant" concentration was  made  with
the ozone recording equipment. Results established that  the
formation of methyl hydrcperoxide in the  methyl  radical-oxygen
system in oxygen-rich media at 25 deg C  is probably formed either
in a reaction involving nontherially equilibrated methyl peroxyl
radicals and some source of abstractable  H-atoms or in a reaction
of disproportionation between two radicals.  Hethyl hydroperoxide
is a relatively minor primary product of  the reaction between
                           C. Atmospheric Interaction                     193

-------
•ethyl radicals and oxygen in oxygen-rich media at  25 deg.  C.  The
major products, methanol and formaldehyde, reported previously for
these systems, are confirmed. Sons evidence for the formation of an
unknown oxidant other than CH302H was observed in experiments at
very low azomethane concentrations and in runs with added
a cet aldehyde™


05920

A.  V.  Ravens


HICHOCLIHATOLOGY.    In:   Seiinar on Human Biometeorology.
((Rutgers - The State Dniv., New Brunswick, N.. J., Dept,
of Heteorology.})   (PHS Publ,, No- 999-AP-25.)   (Presented
at the Seminar on Human Bioneteorology, Cincinnati,  Ohio,
Jan- 1U-17, 1961.)   1967. pp. 61-72.


This discussion of microclimatology is concerned with the
boundary layer of air where the earth"s surface energy exchange is
effective.  In this area, which may vary in height  from a few
hundred feet to several thousand feet, the relationships of
pressure gradient, coriolis effect of the earth's rotation, and
wind speed and direction as expressed in classical  principles do
not apply.  The microclimate is modified by various activities of
man (e.g., crop-protection technigues of heating and windbreaks,
construction of structures, and the build-up of urban areas) and by
topography, including all variations in altitude and slope,
however slight.  Figures are given that illustrate  the inversion
temperature phenomenon, important in any study of air pollution.
(Author sui«ary}*#


06013

H. Neiburger


HETEOROLOGICAL ASPECTS Of OXIDATION TYPE AIR POLLUTION.   (In:
The Rossby Memorial Volume.}  California Univ., Los
Angeles, Dept. of Heteorology.   1959.  pp. 158-69.


The replacement of coal by petroleum products  as an energy  source,
instead of eliminating air pollution, has led  to a  new type of air
pollution characterized by the presence of oxidizing substances,
chiefly ozone, and the occurrence of eye irritation, damage to
vegetation, and reduction to visibility.  It has been shown that
photochemical reactions  involving hydrocarbons and  nitrogen dioxide
in concentrations of a few parts per  million can produce  all these
manifestations.  The photochemical reactions require the
combination of (1) sources of reagents,  (2) conditions which
prevent their dispersal, and  (3) adequate solar radiation.  The
tremendous concentrations of automobile traffic, the exhaust from
which is estimated to contain 7  percent of the hydrocarbons put
into the fuel tank, in all  metropolitan centers in  the D.S.
constitute sources which are at  least as large as  industrial
sources  (refineries).  However,  only  on the subtropical  west
coasts of continents do  the  meteorological conditions  for
 194               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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accumulation of pollutants, namely persistent light winds  and
teeperature inversions, occur consistently  together with adeguate
solar radiation.  The outstanding example of this combination  is
Los Angeles, California.  Studies of the relationship of air
trajectories to the smog manifestations in  Los Angeles  are
presented.  These studies demonstrate the contribution  of
automobile exhaust as a principal source.   (Author»s abstract)##

060K7

J. V. Dave  and P. H. Furukawa
THE EFFECTS OF SCATTERING AND GBOUND REFLECTION ON THE  SOLAR
ENERGY ABSORBED BY OZONE IN A RAYLEIGH ATMOSPHERE.  J.
Atmospheric Sci.  2«(2) : 175-181, March 1967™


The effects of Hayleigh scattering and Lambert ground reflection
on the solar energy absorbed by ozone in the  earth's  molecular
atmosphere are evaluated on the basis of a complete solution  of the
transfer equation.  The results show that these processes  increase
the following over that for a purely-absorbing atmosphere:   (1) the
total solar energy absorbed by ozone in a unit atmospheric column,
(2) the energy absorbed per unit mass of air  at all levels (except
below 100 mb at low sun), and (3) the heating rates due to the
absorption of solar energy by ozone.  In each case, the magnitude
of the increase can vary considerably depending on the  solar
zenith angle and the reflectivity of the underlying surface.
(Authors' abstract)**


06069

G,. Pfefferkorn


(PHOTOCHEMICAL FORMATION OF DROPLETS  HITH  LOW EVAPORATION  BATE
FROH ORGANIC VAPOR IN THE AIR.)  Photochemische  Eildung
schwerfluchtiger Tropfchen aus crganischen Dampfen in Luft-
STAOB  (DuesseldorfJ 27 (3) : 138-1 HO  (Harch  1967}.   Ger.


Hhen solid surfaces in air containing organic vapours are
irradiated with soft X-rays or ultraviolet rays,  liguid phases  are
formed which appear in the fern  cf  droplets.  They have such  a  low
vapour pressure that they remain stable  in the high  vacuum of an
electron microscope.  The formation  cf droplets  depends on the
steam content of air and on gas  traces.   Further, the surface
condition also plays an important  role.   This formation of
droplets is similar to smog formation by  photooxidation,,
(Author's summary)**

06080

F. P. Terraglio  B, H.  Hanganelli


THE ABSORPTION OF ATMOSPHERIC SULFUR DIOXIDE  BY  HATZR
SOLUTIONS.  J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 17  (6),  103-6
(June 1967) .,
                          C. Atmospheric Interaction                     195

-------
Eesults of a laboratory study indicate that the rate  of
solution of atmospheric S02 in distilled water, over  the
range of atmospheric concentrations of 0.81-8.73  mg S02/cu  m,
is a function of the concentration of S02 in the  atmosphere,
with saturation being reached more rapidly at the higher
concentrations.  This would indicate that rain water,  with
constantly renewed surfaces, can be very effective in  the
removal of atmospheric S02o  The pH of the exposed
water samples reached values of 1.0 or less, comparable to
values observed in fog and cloud near large industrial areas.
Overall solubility of S02 in distilled water did  not follow
the lav of partial pressure,  it the atmospheric  concentrations
used it was found that over 98.5% of the sulfite  in
solution was in the form of the HS03 ion with the remainder
present as unionized H2S03 acid.  Computations using the
concentration of unionized H2S03 acid in the solution  showed
that the solubility of this portion of dissolved  sulfite did
follow the law of partial pressure,. (t#

06235

Goetz, A.  Stoeber, H.  and T. Kallai


SYNEBGISTIC PROPERTIES OF AEROSOIS  (FINAL PROGRESS REPT. JAN.  20,
1961-Nov. 15,  1961)   California Inst. of Tech.,  Pasadena,
19 pp. Nov. 15,  1961.


The general subject of this Report is the interaction  of air-borne
particulates with gaseous trace components of the atmosphere  which
leads to their accumulation upon these nuclei and causes what  is
commonly called  "aerosol formation". An understanding  of these
processes is important because this accumulation  of irritating
substances may produce their  synergistic intensivation, and  the
growth of these  particulates increases their capacity  for diffuse
light scattering and causes the well-known  visibility restriction
by smog-like aerosols.  The studies reported center on the  physical
aspects of aerosol formation, particularly on those resulting  from
photochemical  reactions between R02 and olefinic   hydrocarbons.
Instrumentation  and methods, especially developed for the synthetic
production of  such aerocolloid systems, are described  in detail —
as well as the procedures resulting in the guantative size  and mass
distribution of  such aerosols.  Experiments of exploratory  nature
are discussed  which demonstrate that su  ch reaction  products  form
temporary condensates on artifically introduced  particulates
whenever present during photoactivation.
 06325

 Schlier,  8.,,   H.,  Penndorf,  H.  Ceccon,  E. Neister,  H.
 Dolazalek,   and J«  Culbert
 A STDDY OF METHODS TO MEASURE THE EFFECTS OF A CONTAMINATED
 ATHOSPHERE ON THE TRANSMISSION OF A EIGH ENERGY LASER EEAK.,
 (FINAL REPORT.)   AVCO Missiles, Space, and Electronics
 Group, Wilmington, Mass., Space Systems Div., Contract
 19C               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
DA-18-001-»HC-957(X), AVSSD-0183-67-BK, 138p., Bay 1967.
6 rcfs.
   CFS1I,  DDC:   AD 651(786


The laser  system used is composed of an oscillator-amplifier
system.  The oscillator utilizes a 5/8 by 6 inch, flat-ended, ruby
rod pumped by four EG+G FX 17 flash lamps in a multielliptical
cavity*  The flash lamps are energized by a pulse-shaping network
that shapes the input electrical energy.  A simple aerosol
generator  »as developed that uses concentrated hydrochloric acid
and ammonia hydroxide.  By mixing these vapors, ammonium-chloride
salt is  formed consisting of fairly uniform particles of sizes
normally under a micron,.  The experimental chamber designs were
constructed of 2-inch-dianeter Pyrex tubing of various lengths..
The measurement of attenuation of the laser beam is discussed.
Typical  beam profiles that were constructed by using a
photographic technique are presented.  The creation of an aerosol
of stable  concentration is discussed.  laser firings were carried
out at various peak powers.  The upper curve is the optical
density  of latex sphere aerosol at the time of peak laser power.
In the vicinity of one billion watts/sg cm, the optical density
undergoes  a sharp increase.  The latex spheres, at breakdown,
produce  an ionized vapor.  Since this ionized vapor can trigger an
air breakdown, the sharp increase in attenuation is to be expected.
Boron indicated a decrease in attenuation as the power was
increased.  Boron particles are very small compared to a
wavelength of light.  They are small enough so that they would be
partially  evaporated by the laser energy, but the vapor thus
created  would not become absorbing.  No breakdown effect was
noted when the boron was used.##
06382

Enhalt,  D.  H.


METHANE  IN  THE ATMOSPHERE.  J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
17 (8) : 51t-519, Aug.  1967. 13 refs. (Presented at the 60th
Annu.  Meeting  Air Pollut. Contr. Assoc., Cleveland, Ohio,
June 11-16, 1967.)


Methane  is  present in the troposphere with a volume concentration
of about 1.5 ppm.  Estimates of Koyama  (1963) indicate a
predominantly  biological origin with a total production rate of
about 2.7 times 10 to the 14th power g CHI per year; he estimated
the  atmospheric lifetime of methane to be around 20 years.
Measurements cf the  C-1 H in methane by Libby and later by
Bainbridge  et  al. (1961)  gave a -14 content of 75% of recent
wood and, therefore, confirm the predominant biological origin, the
addition of inactive CHt from industrial sources being only about
25%.  Much  less is known about atmospheric sinks of CHU.
Cadle (1966) reported fairly high destruction rates by atomic  0,
a reaction  which should  be important at high altitude.  Bainbridge
(1966)  indeed  reports a  decrease in the measured methane
concentration  above  the  trcpopause.  He, houever, considers this
decrease too small to account for the destruction rate of  20 years
estimated by Koyama. Our measurements on air samples collected on
                          C. Atmospheric Interaction                    197

-------
aircraft flights at various altitudes show a high  variability  of
the CHI content both with time and altitude.   (Author
abstract)##

06480

E. Turner,  D. H. J. Compton,  and J. H. flcGowan


EIECTHONIC AND IONIC REACTIONS IN ATMOSPHEBIC GASES   (YEAELY
TECHNICAL SDHHABY BEPT.  SEPT.  1, 1965-AUG. 31, 1966).
General Dynamics Corp., San Diego, Calif., General Atomic
Div. 83 pp. (Nov. 14, 1966) (Sept. Nos. DASA-1863  and
GA-7419.,)
    CFSTI, DDC:  AD  643 093


The explosion of a nuclear device in the atmosphere  results in a
high degree of ionization in the surrounding atmosphere.   Because
the free electron concentration corresponding to this ionization
largely controls the transmission of radar and radio waves, the
Banner and rate with which the free electron concentration
decreases is under intensive investigation.  The electrons are
lost by recombination with ions and by attachment  to neutrals;
these processes have rates which may vary by several orders of
magnitude, depending strongly upon the identity of the  positive
ion or the neutral species with which the electron combines.  The
cross sections for charge transfer in collisions between nitric
oxide and atomic and molecular positive ions of oxygen  and nitrogen
have been measured in the energy range from 3 to 200 eV in a
crossed beam experiment.  A technique to determine the  fractional
concentration of the excited ions in an ion beam as  a function of
source electron energy has been developed.  The determination is
made approximately 20 micron seconds after formation of the ions,
so that only long lived states remain in the beam.   Basically, the
method consists of attenuating the ion beam in a gas-filled
chamber where, in general, the excited ion attenuation  is
different from the ground-state ion attenuation.   The study was
completed for the case of an 02-+ ion beam, and only  one excited
state appeared to be important.   (Author abstract)**
06481

J. 1. Karney,  I. A. Lea,  and Co A. Knudsen
LASEH BADAR RETURNS FBOM THE LOSER TROPOSPHERE COMPARED  WITH
VERTICAL OZCNE DISTRIBUTIONS.  Pacific Missile Range. Point
Hugu, Calif.  (Mar. 27, 1967). 11 pp.  (Kept. No.
PKE-TM-67-2.)
    CFSTI, DDC:  AD 649 700
The ambient atmospheric structure was delineated  by various  direct
conventional and nonconvenlioral measurement techniques  to permit
empirical interpretation of the laser returns.  From  May  through
December 1965, a series of ozone soundings  were conducted at
Point Bugu using balloon-borne chemiluminescent ozonesondes.
The soundings frequently revealed significant ozone in the lowest
198
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
few kilometers, presumably associated with occasional influx of
polluted air froa the Los Angeles Basin 50 to 150 kilometers to
the east.  The ozone profiles are compared with simultaneous
aerosol-backscattered returns from a laser beam.  Preliainary
comparisons of laser radar returns with vertical ozone
distributions in the lower troposphere suggest an inverse
relationship, especially in smoggy air advected from the nearby
los Angeles Basin.   Enroute to the observing site, the ozone
content of the polluted air is presumably depleted in discrete
layers by destructive contact with stratified layers of aerosol
and cloud from which the laser pulses are backscattered.fi
06503L

I. Cantor  and A. Petriw
 ATMOSPHERIC LIGHT TRANSMISSION  IK  A  WISCONSIN  AREA.   Army
 Electronics Command, Fort  Bonmouth,  N.J,  Atmospheric
 Physics Division.   (Tech Sept.  ICOM-2726.J   (iSJONE 1966).
 •71 pp.


 Air to surface transmission  measurements  were  carried out to help
 fill a gap caused by unavailable data  on  total and direct
 transmittances from a point  light  source  over  relatively  long
 slant ranges and low altitudes  in  a  real  atmosphere  with  and
 without cloud cover and over two widely different  surface albedos.
 This information is necessary to ascertain  probable  thermal
 radiation damage criteria  under diverse weather and  geometry
 conditions.  Air to surface  transmission  measurements were carried
 out to maximum slant range of 100,000  yards  at different  altitudes
 and weather conditions over  Lake Michigan and  Wisconsin farm
 land during March 1965.  Total  transmittance versus  slant range
 for the visible and near infrared  regions is introduced as
 smoothed, average curves and simplified exponential  equations
 representing the least sguare fit  to the  experimental data under
 specific weather conditions,  leak transmittances  in  excess of 200
 percent are observed under cloud-snow  surface  conditions  alone.
 Criteria for evidence of surface albedo differences  are
 introduced, from which limited  albedo  effects  are  noted under
 cloudy, snowcovered surface  conditions.   The relationship between
 the total and direct attenuation coefficients  can  be  simply
 expressed for clear sky conditions,  good  to  excellent surface
 visibilities, and zero to  about 80 percent  snow cover.   (Authors'
 abstract, modified)*#
 06601

 K. W., Wilson


 NITROGEN OXIDES AND PHOTOCHEMICAL  SHCG  FORMATION  - A  LITERATURE
 SURVEY.  California Oniv. ,  Los  Angeles,  Dept.  of
 Engineering.   (May 1962.)   20 pp.  (Hept.  No.,  62-20.)


 Considerable work has been  done to elucidate  the  role of
                           C. Atmospheric Interaction                    199

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hydrocarbons in photochemical smog formation.  In contrast,  no
concentrated effort has been made to study the details  of  the
reactions of the nitrogen oxides.  Using a summary, by  Leighton,
of all of the significant work to date on the chemistry of  smog
formation, the attention is focused on the nitrogen oxides.  an
attempt is made to learn about the conversion of nitric oxide
to nitrogen dioxide, studying the role of hydrocarbons,
photochemical characteristics and possible reaction paths of the
reaction.  Also questioned is the influence of non-hydrocarbons on
the rate of oxidation.  The reactions of nitrogen dioxide  to form
stable end products were studied.  Included are the chemical
structures of these end products and the mechanism involved in
H02 disappearance.  Dp to the present time, no experiments
simulating smog formation have been performed in which  all  of the
nitrogen oxides present initially could be accounted for in terms
of final products which were identified and measured.   This may
indicate that unknown compounds are formed or merely the lack of
precision in measurements.  On the basis of the present evidence,
it appears that nitric acid, alkyl nitrates and acyl and peracyl
nitrates are the most probable reaction products. ft#


06632

A. Goetz  and E. Pueschel
BASIC MECHANISMS OF PHOTOCHEMICAL AIHOSOL FOEMATION.   Atmos.
Environ. 1, 287-306 {1967).


A photochemical reactor was applied to studies of the effects of
sulfur dioxide humidity, and order of mixing of reactants on the
photochemical production of aerosol from 1-octene and nitrogen
dioxide in air.  The effects of all three parameters are complex
but explainable from a few reasonable assumptions, the most
important of which is probably that initial contact between the
aerosol nuclei and the more polar reactants has a governing effect
on the nature of the product.   The experimental results presented
are obviously still lacking in sufficient detail for formulation
of an adeguate description of the complex reaction patterns which
lead to the formation of photochemical aerosols in the presence of
S02 under various humidity conditions.  Nevertheless, the data
definitely indicate that the presence of stable particulates is
a dominant factor, not only as centers of accumulant formation,
but also as loci for the concentration of reactant gas molecules
(H20, NOx, S02) in their immediate environment.  The
subsequent photoactivation will thus be more efficient at these
centers than in the free volume between then.  The existence of
such localized statistical "order states" appears to be the most
likely interpretation for the effect of the contact sequence order
between reactants and particles.##


06777
 (CHIMNEY PLUME PISE AND DISPERSION-)    Elevation  des
Panaches de Fumees et Dispersion.,  Centre  Interprofessionnel
Technique d« Etudes de la Pollution Atmospherigue,  Paris,
200               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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France-   <1967.,)  5 pp. Pr.  (Kept™ No. CI 316.)
(C.I.I.E.P. A.  Document No. 2«.)


The symposium  held at Letherhead, England on October 7, 1966
on chimney plume rise is reported which includes two surveys of
the 302  in the neighborhood of electric power houses and  the
chimney  plume  rise under various meteorological conditions..  The
height of  the  plume was measured in one case by the signal
reflected  from the plume of a luminous beam directed at the  plume
from the ground.   The reflection is measured by a
photoelectric  cell on the ground.  The use of lidar, which uses a
laser beam instead of light permits the observation of an
invisible  plume 1200 meters from the source.  It also detects  the
level of inversion.  The lidar permits the total scanning of a
plume in 3 min..  The S02 values for dispersion were made  for
different  plume heights, but were not given.  Two formulas were
derived; one gives the height of plume of smoke and the other
the maximum concentration at ground level. ##

06785

K.  Kato
 IONS IN  AIB:  2.  IONS  AND AIB POLLUTION;  AND 3 - IONS AND
 PUBLIC HEALTH.   Kuki  Seijo (Clean Air-J.  Japan Air
 Cleaning Assoc.,  Tokyo}  2 (1).  18-53. 196«.  Jap.


 In  Part  2 of  the study  on ions  in air, data are given on the
 relations between ions,  dusts,  exhaust gas, and smoking.
 The author measured dust, C02,  and small positive and
 negative ions at five locations.   Generally, in industrial areas
 there is a greater concentration of positive ions than negative
 ions and the  reverse  is true for residential areas.  It is
 graphically illustrated that the amounts of C02 and dust present
 in  the air are  directly proportional to each other but the
 quantities of dust and  ions present are inversely proportional.
 As  for exhaust  gas, an  experiment; was performed in which gas
 was released  into a room for 10 min.  The ion concentration
 was reduced from 1110/cc to 120/cc.  Other experiments
 indicate that the presence of people in a room diminishes
 the number of ions.   Also, it was shown that in air conditioned
 rooms twice as  many small ions  are present as in outdoor air.
 As  for filters,  the concentration of small ions was reduced to
 about one tenth  by using polyethylene and vinyl filters and
 to  one fifth  or  one third by polyurethane and glass fiber
 filters.  In  Part 3,  the relation between ions and heating
 devices  is covered, mentioning  the infrared oven, gas stove, and
 electric stove.   Some mention is made of the effects of ions on
 the human body.   The  ion concentrations of some hot springs are
 given indicating that from seven to twenty times as many ions
 are present in these  areas compared to city
 environment. ##
 06839

 H.  A.  Prindle



                           C. Atmospheric Interaction                     201

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LONDON TRIP EEPOET DECEMBER 1962 DURING A SMOG EPISODE.
Preprint-  (1962).


This report is a result of a trip, of ten days duration,  made  to
london during a smog episode there which had  resulted in  deaths
and increased illness.  The report represents the  opinion of the
trip reporter.  The conclusion is reached that S02 values were
about as high as those in 1952, but smoke was considerably
reduced..  Several factors appear to be operating which  produce
this result:  (1)  the meteorological conditions were similar to
1952, (2) fuels used still have high sulphur  content,  (3)  more
"smokeless fuels" are in use as the result of the  Clean  Sir Set,
and  (i*)  social and technical changes have resulted in new, tall
buildings with central heating plants.  The mortality and
morbidity were substantially lower than in 1952.   This is
partially a result of the shorter duration of the  episode, but it
is evident that this alone could not account  for the reduction.
There is evidence, herein presented, and supported by laboratory
studies at Harvard showing that aerosols affect the ability of
302 to produce deleterious effects on animals, to  lead to the
conclusion that the marked reduction in smoke was  an important
factor in the diminution of human distress and death. ##

06841

B, J. Steigerwald  and D. A. Lynn


AIH IONS AS AN INDEX OF AIH POLLUTION-   Preprint.  (1962).


This report details the results cf an 18 month investigation of
the effect of air contaminants on atmospheric ions.  The
relationships between air contaminants and atmospheric icns were
studied  both by the use of field sampling activities and  through
controlled laboratory investigations.  Results indicate  that urban
air contains high concentrations of intermediate and large ions ant
low concentrations of small ions compared to  rural atmospheres.
The positive large ion concentration was used to study
quantitatively the relationship between air contaminants  and
atmospheric ions.  The data were analyzed statistically  using
correlation and regression methods..  Temperature,  humidity, C02
and 302  at ambient concentrations had no effect on large  ions.
Large ion concentration correlated only silghtly with particulate
stain concentration, but correlated very strongly  with  automobile
exhausts.  It appears that in complex urban atmospheres  the
concentration of automobile exhaust is the dominant factor in  the
alteration of natural atmospheric ion levels.   (Authors0  abstract)
I*

06916

A. J. Dyer


ARTIFICIAL RADIO-ACTIVITI, OZOSE AND VOLCANIC DOST AS
ATHOSPHEBIC TRACERS IN THE SODTHERN HEHISPHERE.   Tellus
(Uppsala), 18(2) : 416-419. 1966.  12 refs.  {Presented at  the
CACR Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry, Circulation and
202               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
Aerosols,  Visby,  Sweden, Aug. 18-2U, 1965.,)


The use of artificial radioactivity measurements to study
atmospheric transfer processes is particularly attractive in the
Southern Hemisphere because of the absence of atomic testing
at other than equatorial regions.  Observations of volcanic dust
at Aspendale {38  degrees S) following the Bali eruption of
1963 show that the bulk of the material arrived in these latitudes
after about six months at a height of 20 km.  Simple diffusion
theory would imply a horizontal transfer coefficient of « x 10 to
the 9th power cu. en., sec/1.  1 similar value would be
inferred fron the initial appearance of artificial radioactivity
in rainfall following the 1962 series of atomic tests at the
equator.  However, stratospheric sampling carried out at Mildura
(35 degrees S) indicates the poleward transfer of fission products
to be rather complex..  The first arrival after about six months is
well demonstrated at a height of 18 km; but other, stronger
centers of activity appeared at 33 km after 6 to 9 months, and at
25 km after 12 months..  Seasonal effects are observed in all
tracers, but with the various maxima occurring at slightly
different times of the year, presumably due to the different
height involved in transfer fros an equatorial reservoir.
(Author°s abstract)##

06918

H. S., Bering


OZONE AND ATHOSPHERIC TRANSPORT SUCCESSES.   Tellus

-------
06925

R. Siksna
THE RECOMBINATION OE COHBINATION TIME IN  EXPEESSIONS  FOE VOLUME
RECOMBINATION AND COMBINATION OF AIB IONS AND  OTHER  AEEOSOI
PARTICLES.   Tellus '(Uppsala) 18 (2), 619-22  (1966).,
(Presented at the CAGE Symposium, Atmospheric  Chemistry,
Circulation and Aerosols, Tisby, Sweden,  Aug.  18-25,  1965.)


Mathematical expressions for the volume recombination coefficient
of air ions and aerosol particles were derived.#i


06982

L. Elterman
AEBOSOL MEASUREMENTS IN THE TROPOSPHERE  AND  STRATOSPHERE.
Appl.. Opt. 5  (11), 1769-76  (Nov.,  1966).


Light scattering measurements from a  searchlight  beam were  carried
out in New Mexico to determine the aerosol properties of the
atmosphere.   Although data were acquired to  an  altitude  of  about
70 km, the results show the aerosol attenuation parameters  to be
significant to about 35 kit.  The  expression  for the  aerosol
attenuation coefficient is derived based on  the field geometry
in conjunction with Rayleigh and  aerosol scattering  considerations
   The results are categorized into moderate-structured  aerosol
profiles.  Examples of each are discussed and  measurements
presented which show variation over a 6-h period.   A quantitative
examination is made of the 20-km  aerosol layer.   Also, a medium-
structured profile is selected and treated more extensively
to provide preliminary information pertaining  to  atmospheric
scattering and transmission.  Ultimately, the  data accumulated
will provide  a substantial number of  profiles  that will  form a
basis for various atmospheric studies.   (Author's abstract)##
06993

S. Millman,  ¥. Tank,  J., Pressman
STDDY OF PERTURBATIONS IN IMPORTANT  UPPEE  ATMOSPHERIC CHEMICAL
SYSTEMS.  Geophysics Corp. of  America,  Bedford,  Mass.
(Dec. 1962).  55 pp.   (GCA Technical B.ept.,  No.  62-5-G.)
'(Scientific Eept. Ho.,  «.J
A fundamental preparation is  presented  for a  later phase of
machine computation of some of  the  basic  photochemical
systems of the upper atmosphere which may be  perturbed by
rocket pollution.  The present  knowledge  of these systems and
their equilibrium in the upper  atmosphere is  reviewed..  The
oxygen system, the hydrogen-oxygen  system, the nitrogen-oxygen
204               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
system and the carbon-oxygen system have been analyzed-   Of
these it is felt that only the latter is at present  not  suitable
for machine computation.  Some computations (hand) are
presented for the hydrogen-oxygen system at extreme  altitudes
where atonic hydrogen dominates and also some calculations
have been performed with improved rate constants for the  nitrogen-
oxygen system.**

0699«

S. Hillman,  G,, Pressman,  P,, Barneck
OZONOSPHERIC FIODIFICATION BY HISSILE EXHAOST.    Geophysics
Corp. of America, Bedford, Mass™   (GCA Technical Kept-
No. 62-1U-G,,  Scientific Sept.  No.  9.)   65  pp.  (Dec.  1962)-


A possible consequence of the increased  launching of  large
rocket missiles is the large-scale  local or worldwide
modification of the atmosphere,  in  particular  the occurrence of
perturbations that might disturb the existing  eguilibria by
causing chain, cyclic, or catalytic processes-   This  report
considers these possible missile exhaust chemically  induced
changes in the ozonosphere, the lower reactive portion  of the
atmosphere.  The possibility of chain, cyclic  or catalytic
processes initiated by one of the components in a rocket's
exhaust trail that might cause  appreciable  changes in the
composition of the atmosphere is studied.   Chain, cyclic, and
catalytic type processes are of greatest interest since
destruction {or creation) of ozone  on the basis of 1  molecule
of ozone per molecule of initiating material would require
immense amounts of material released into the  atmosphere. In
particular, possible reactions  that occur when large
quantities of OH or H radicals  are  uniformly released into the
atmosphere at a height of 30 kms from hydrocarbon -  lox
systems are considered..  Suggestions for experimental work are
made in order that some of the  preliminary  estimates  may be
rendered less tentative.  The results obtained indicated that
large scale perturbations of the ozonosphere are possible under
certain circumstances., ##
07000

I. Elterman
SN ATLAS OF AEROSOL ATTENUATION AND EXTINCTION PROFILES  FOB  THE
TROPOSPHERE AND STRATOSPHERE.  Air Force Cambridge Research
labs.,  1. G.  Hanscom Field, Bedford, Mass., Optical
Physics Lab.   {Bept. No. AFCRL-66-828.)  Dec. 1966, 134  pp.


Light scattering measurements were carried out to determine  the
aerosol properties of the atmosphere.  First the expression  for
the aerosol attenuation coefficient is derived, based on  the field
geometry in conjunction with Rayleigh and aerosol scattering
considerations.   Then the results derived from the measurements
are discussed.   The paper concludes with an atlas of  105  profiles
                          C. Atmospheric Interaction                     205

-------
for altitudes to about 35 km (the data does not exclude  the
presence of aerosols with low number density between  35  to 80 km).
These profiles consist of aerosol attenuation and extinction
coefficients as a function of altitude.  Since the coefficients
are proportional to aerosol number density, the profiles yield
information concerning aerosol stratification,.  A plot for the
computed mean of the 105 vertical profiles is included.
(Author°s abstract)##


07198

Y. Kawanami
 AIR POLLUTION  IN TOKYO.   Kuki  Seijo (Clean iir   J.  Japan
 Air Cleaning Assoc.,,  Tokyo)  l»(2):11-22  (July 1966).  Jap™


 A definition of smog  is  given  as  the  restriction of  visibility  to
 less than  2 km in  the city and vicinity,  excluding the restriction
 by rain.   Out  of 151  days when smog occurred  in Tokyo in 1965,
 6U were caused by  heavy  fumes  and 90  by  mist  or haze.  The
 differences in times  of  occurrence of heavy fume-type smog  and  mist
 or haze-type smog  is  discussed.   The  yearly variation of the
 number of  "smog days" is graphed  indicating seasonal influences.
 Smog decreases in  winter but increases in summer and fall.  The
 current status of  air pollution in Tokyo  is also covered with
 respect to dust and soot fall, floating  dust, sulfuric acid,
 nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and lead  compounds.  Measurement of
 dust and soot  fall in Tokyo began in  1955 and yearly variations
 are graphed through 1965.  Dust fall  reaches  a peak  between
 February and Hay and  then again in August and September.
 These peaks are related  to the meteorological influence of  strong
 winds in spring and large amounts of  rain in  spring  and late
 summer.  Therefore, July and December are considered the best
 times to investigate  air pollution without meteorological
 influence.  Lengthy discussion is given  to daily and hourly
 variations of  pollution  peaks  in  urban,  industrial,  and suburban
 areas.f#
C7257

Khan, A.. 0.,  J- N. Pitts, Jr.,  and E. B. Smith
SINGLET OXYGEN IN THE ENVIBONMENTAL SCIENCES:  THE HOLE  CF
SINGLET HOLECDLAB OXYGEN IS THI PBOEUCTION OF PHOTOCHEMICAL AIR
EOLLDTION.    ((Environ. Sci. Technol.)}, 1(8):656-657,  Aug.
1967.  Hi ref.
   CFSTI; DDC   €75 969
A new mechanism is proposed to explain the rapid conversion of SO
into No 2 with a concurrent disappearance of hydrocarbons  and
appearance of oxidants in photochemical air pollution.   Singlet
oxygen generated by triplet energy transfer from strongly
atsorting polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons to  normal  oxygen
produces excited singlet molecular oxygen which attacks  olefins to
 206               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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give unstable peroxides.  A mechanistic chain is  set  up  involving
free radicals generated by decomposition of these peroxides.   A
solution of differential eguaticns relating to the  proposed
nechanisB yields a set of rate-time curves for NO-N02-03  which
have the same general characteristics as those observed  in actual
smoggy atmospheres.   The presence of singlet oxygen in urban
atmospheres has potentially great implications in the
environmental sciences.  (Authors' abstract)##
0726H

Juda, J.  and K. Budzinski
 ATBOSPHEBIC POLLUTION.    ((Zanieczyszczenia  Atmosfery.))
 Text in Polish.  Wydawnictwa  Naukowo-Techniczne,  Warsaw,
 1961, 256 p. 29 refs.  Engl.  transl.  by  JPRS:   18,455,  Mar. 31,
 1963.
   OTS:  63-2Il»60
Information about the sources,  dispersion  and investigation of
atmospheric pollutants is  reported.,   Results of studies from
foreign sources are given,  and  an  attempt  is made to analyze these
data in the light of conditions prevailing in Poland.   The work
is intended for engineers  who plan industrial plants and supervise
the operation of machinery  and  industrial  installations, as well
as for the safety and work  hygiene service employees.   Subjects
discussed are:   (I) Systematic  Classification of Atmospheric
Pollutants; (II) Sources of Atmospheric  Pollutants; {III)
Damage Caused by Atmospheric Pollution;  (IV)  Aerosol
Mechanics;  (V) The Influence of Meteorological Conditions on
the Dispersion of Pollutants;  (VI)  Dispersion of
Pollutants in the Atmosphere;  (VII)  Methods of
Measuring Atmospheric Pollution;  (VIII)  Determination of
Pollutant Emission;  (IX) Estimation of  Dustfall; (X)
Determination of Particulate Matter Concentration;  and (XI)
Determination of Gaseous Air Pollutants.##
07310

Fedorov,  M.  M.


EFFECT OF SMOKE OH CITY LIGHT.   Gigiena i Sanit.,  23(8):11-18,
1958.  9  refs.   Translated from Eussian by B. S. Levine,
D.S.S.B.  Lit.  on Air Pollut. 6 Helat.. Occup. Dis.,  Vol.
2, p. 213-217,  (larch 1960.
   CFSTI    TT60-21188


In 1950 - 1953  a study was made of light conditions of  the  town  of
Zaporozh'e by  deteraining factors which affected total  light
absorption and  degree of dispersed light absorption.  The studies
were made with  the aid of photoelectric luxometers  equipped with
selenium  photoelements designed by the U. S. S. E.  Academy  of
                          C.  Atmospheric Interaction                    207

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Sciences.  The luxometers were standardized  at  the  Institute  of
Physics at the Academy.  The stadium "Locomotive" and  the
physical training grounds of the Pedagogical Institute,  located
in the old section of the twon, constituted  the basic  centers of
observations,, where illumination intensity measurements  were  made
systematically at 9, 12, and 4 o"clock.   Another observation
point of illumination intensity was located  on  the  grounds  of the
steel plant Zaporozhstal.  The control observation  point  of
light intensity was located in village Kushugum 25  kilometers
from the factory grounds.  Illumination determinations at  these
points were made at the same hours of the day.   The height  of the
sun over the horizon, atmospheric clarity, the  shape and  number of
clouds, the presence of snow on the ground,  etc., all  have  an
effect on the intensity of natural light  striking a horizontal
surface.  The interaction between the factors mentioned  determines
the annual course of noon-day illumination intensity.   Data shows
that the total illumination in the region of villages  surrounding
the metallurgical plant grounds was lowered  by  the  smoke  by 5  18)1
as compared with the total illumination of t\s  old  section  of the
town; the total illumination of the latter,  in  turn, was  lowered
by 5% as compared with the suburban total illumination;  therefore,
it can be stated that total illumination of  the factory  villages
was 8 - 20% below the total illumination of  the control
observation points.  These are only average  values.  It  should be
noted that shifts in the wind direction considerably affected
total illumination of any particular observation point or
locality.  In the data presented in this report such effects  were
taken into consideration.**
07456

Bagman, Jack
CURRENT RESEARCH ON ATMOSPHERIC SULPHUR COMPOUNDS AHD THEIR
TRANSFORMATIONS.  In:  Air Pollution,,  Proceedings  of the
Symposium on the Physico-chemical Transformation of  Sulphur
Compounds in the Atmosphere and the Formation of Acid Smogs.
Organization for Economic Co-operation and  Development,  Paris
Directorate for Scientific Affairs, Paper 1, Dec. 1967,  p.
1-15.  17 refs.
All aspects of the disposition of sulfur compounds in the
atmosphere are of great importance in view of the vast  quantities
of these materials that are being emitted into the air.  Previous
studies on mechanisms for the oxidatrion of  S02 in the  atmosphere
and of its possible involvement in photochemical reactions  with
hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen lead to  the conclusion  that
oxidation may proceed by several types of reactions  with the
predominant route governed by the prevailing conditions of
concentration, humidity, temperature, presence of other pollutants,
incident radiation, terrain, etc.  A few of  the relevant research
projects now underway are selected for'discussion.   These
include (a) a study of the particle-size distribution of suspended
sulfate particulates in urban air with an evaluation of the
influence of some atmospheric variables,  (b) studies of
interactions between gases, especially S02,  and particulates.
203               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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(c)  an  investigation to define the reactions that sulfur compounds
undergo in stack plumes from coal- and oil-burning  power plants,
and (d)  the_development of a metal-film technique for the
identification and size analysis of acid aerosol droplets. ##
 07518

 Yantovskii, S. A.,,  I.  Yu.  Sidorina,   and H.  V.  Chernyak


 CONDITIONS OF SJFE OXIDATION  OF  TOLUENE BY ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN.
 Text in Russian.  Nef tekhimiya,  6 (1} : 105-111,  1966.   22 refs.
 Engl. transl. Intern. Chem. Eng.,  7(1):1t|4-149,  Jan.  1967..


 The maximum permissible amount  of  oxygen and  the limiting
 temperature to assure safe  conditions for the liquid-phase
 oxidation of toluene at pressures  from 1 to 20 atmospheres was
 determined.  In  order to assure  safe  conditions  for the
 liquid-phase oxidation  of toluene  on  an industrial scale it is
 necessary to maintain minimum oxygen  concentration after the
 reactor at about 6%.  In order  to  maintain a  constant safe
 concentration of the toluene  +  air mixture in the reactor,  in
 which the amount of oxygen  can  be  brought up  to  21%,  it is
 necessary to maintain the temperature above the  limiting
 temperature.  At 10 atm.  the  temperature of the  reactor should not
 te less than 130 deg.   This value  is  35-45 deg below the oxidation
 temperature of toluene,  which is recommended  for the optimum
 conditions. ##
07693

Kettner, H.,   H,, Altvater,  H. Gromzig,  and H.,  Spelleken


ON THE INFLUENCE OF HEATHER CONDITIONS ON THE  CONCENTRATION  OF
SUSPENDED PARTICULATES IN FREE AIR.  <(Uber den Einfluss  der
Witterungsbedingungen auf die Schwebestaubkonzentration  in der
Aussenluftn)}   Text in German.  Stadtehygiene  (Uelzen/HamburgJ ,
15(6) : 125-128, June 1964.  11 refs.


Particulates with diameters between  0.5 and 5  microns  are of
special medical and hygienic importance because  of  their deep
penetration into the lung.  In Duisburg, dust  measurements were
made from Hay until December, 1962,  with a konimeter which retains
only particles in the indicated range of sizes.  The measurements
were made in five series.  For each  measurement  the weather
conditions are described and the average particle number per cubic
centimeter is reported.  Some measurements were  made in  the
windward side and the leeward side of dust emitting industries.   As
a result, a marked relationship between the weather and  the  dust
concentrations was found.  Dp to 1000 particles/cu  m were found
during a smog situation, while the average number of particles in
normal  weather was 200/cu m.  The dust concentration was found to
be uniforn over the city except near dust emitting  industries.
                           C. Atmospheric Interaction                     209

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Maximum allowable concentrations  are  cited.   It  is noted that while
there are maximum allowable concentrations  for work areas, there
are none for the open air0
07701

Stante, C.,  N. Virtu".  and A.  Vitti


RESEARCH ON THE HYDROATMOSPHERIC P01IUTION  OF  THE  CITY 0? TfiRAN-
T0«     ( (Indagine Sull'inguinamento  Idroatmosgerico Delia Cit-
ta di Taranto,,))  Text in Italian,,  Fumi  Polveri  (Milan),
7(5» :1-2-108, Bay 1967.  18 r€fs_


The degree of air pollution and  the effects  of micrometeorological
conditions are reported.  The quantities  and the composition of
settling materials are tabulated in tons/sg  km month for summer and
winter of 1965 and 1966™  The locations of three sampling stations
are given on a map and data are  given for each site.  One was in an
industrial section.  Some of the materials  collected were ashes,
Ca, Fe, Mn, and silicates. The diameter of the particulates varied
between 1 to 5 microns.  More than  50% measured less than 1  micron.
 The gaseous pollutants were 302, H2S, CO, and traces of N.
(Hydrocarbons were not investigated.)  The Gulf of Taranto forms a
"small sea0 and the composition  of  the water in the sea (the big
sea)  and the Gulf  (the small sea) was studied  also.
07716

Hampson0 John
ATMOSPHERIC ENERGY  CHANGE  BY  POLLUTION  OF THE DPPER ATMOSPHERE.
Canadian Armament Research and  Development Establishment,
Valcartier, Canada,  Proj.  D48-95-10-1I2,  TR-1738/66, 14p_, Nov.
1966.
   DDC:  AD 810790
The problem of  upper  atmospheric pollution is reexanined on the
basis of chemical  kinetics  postulation in which water vapor
products are found  to play  a  dominant role in controlling the
component of atmospheric  energy  balance due to oxygen allotropes.
It is noted that pollution  from  rockets carrying relatively exotic
materials into  the  upper  atmosphere may be important, but in
general rockets do  not pollute the atmosphere, aircraft,
specifically supersonic transports, may be a more important problei
for the future.   (Author's  abstract)
07872

E. W. Hewson,  L. E. Olsson



 210               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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1AKE EFFECTS OH AIB POIIDTION DISPERSION.   J. Sir Pollution
Control  bSassoc.  17(11) : 757-761, Nov. 1967. 15 refs.,   (Based on
a paper  presented at the  6th Annual Sanitary ana Water
Resources  Engineering Conference sponsored by Vanderbilt
Univ.. and  the Tennessee Deptn of Public Health, Nashville,
Tenn.,, June 1-2,  1967.)


local wind regimes induced by a lake or a shoreline may have
a major  influence on air  pollution dispersion.  Pressure
differences due to differential heating of the air, e.g. , that due
to differences in surface characteristics, are the driving forces
of lake  and land  breeze circulations and slope and valley winds.
Differences in roughness  between land and lake surfaces will
cause wind shear  and aerodynamic downwash effects at a shoreline.
Stability  changes in the  air result from differences in surface
temperature and roughness between land and lake, e.g., when
wan unstable air moves out over a cool lake a temperature
inversion  will develop near the surface giving very poor dispersion
conditions in this lower  layer.  Pollution released in this
stable layer may  be carried in high concentrations for many miles
and cause  severe damage as the air moves across a dcwn wind
shoreline  and advances inland.  The information presented is
designed to permit an assessment of the probable complexity
of the dispersion patterns near a shoreline so that possitle
requirements for additional meteorological and dispersion
information may be determined.  Brief descriptions of  two actual
lakeside sites, one on lake Erie and the other on Lake
Michigan,  are given and their relevant characteristics are
presented,  natural ventilation was above averate at both sites.
 (Authors11  abstract) #t
079761

Bojkov,  H.  D.


VERTICA1 DISTHIBUTION OF OZOKI IB THE EAHTH'S ATMOSPHERE..
Beteorol.  i Gidrol.B  No. 10:3-11, 1965.  20 rets. Engl.
transl.  by  Georgia Inst. of Tech., Atlanta, Engineering
Experiment  Station,  Contract AF 19 (628)-503U, G.T.K. 66-22,
20p.,  Oct.,  1966.
   CFSTI, DDC:   AD 812927


The average vertical distribution of ozone along the meridian, and
its seasonal variation, based on more detailed data obtained in
recent years are  considered.  The layer with the highest
concentration  and the highest percentage content of ozone is on the
average  26  km  at  the equator and 19 km in the polar regions.  The
most significant  variations of concentration and percentage content
of ozone are observed in the layers telow 25 km.  The layer of
greatest ozone concentration increases in depth very rapidly from
the tropic  zone northward, drops down toward the tropopause, and
includes the middle  as well as the Icwer stratosphere, especially
in winter - spring.   The major variation in total ozone content in
extratropical  latitudes is identified with the variation in the
layers below 25 km.   These results can be used to check models of
stratospheric  circulation, the characteristic pattern of which is
                          C. Atmospheric Interaction                     211

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given in other works, and these largely agree  with  the  views
expressed by Kh. P» Pogosyan.  The data on  ozone  variation
confirm the presence of meridional transport,  directed  toward th5
pole in the middle stratosphere, mainly in  winter and spring.
Intensive descending motions lead to an abrupt  increase of  ozone
north of the subtropics and in polar latitudes  at layers below
the concentration maximum,,  Summer and autumn  meridional transport
is weaker and sometimes is even directed from  pole  to equator.
At this time descending motion in the lower stratosphere
introduces ozone into the troposphere, where it is  destroyed more
quickly by oxidation processes.  Upward motion  into the part of
middle and upper stratosphere in polar regions  conducts ozone to
levels above 30-33 km., where it is destroyed photochemically.
Thus, even if only qualitatively, confirmation  of an approximate
model of stratospheric circulation is obtained.##
08197

Bushtuveva, K. A.
KATIO OF SD1FDH DIOXIDE AND SDIFDBIC ACID AEEOSOL  IN  ATMOSPHERIC
AIF. IN RELATION TO HETEOROIOGICAI CONDITIONS.   Gigiena  i
Sanit., No. 11:11-13, 195«»  6 refs.  Translated from Russian
by B., E. levine, D« S, S. E.  literature on  Air Pollution
and Belated Occupational Diseases, Vol. t, p.  193-196,  Aug.
1960.
   CFSTI:  TT 60-21913
The atmosphere of Moscow was analyzed for the  presence  of
sulfuric acid aerosol in an attempt to determine  whether or not its
presence was in any way related to the oxidation  of  sulfur dioxide.
At the same time an attempt was made to determine what  correla-
tion, if any, existed between the concentrations  of  these two air
pollutants and to find the conditions which  determined  their
ratios.  One-hundred-ninety-eight 24 hour samples and 50 single
concentration samples were collected simultaneously-  A study was
also made of the relations between the ratio of  H2SOU aerosol
and S02 concentrations and meteorological conditions, such as
relative humidity, velocity of wind and the  type  of  weather.  The
results of the investigation agree with the  assumption  that
sulfuric acid aerosol can accumulate in the  atmosphere  of a city
during calm foggy days.fHf


C7980

Griggs, M.


ATMOSPHERIC OZONE.  In:  A,. E. S. Green,  (ed.).  The
Middle Ultraviolet:  Its Science and Technology,  New York,
John Siley 6 Sons, 1966, Chapt, 4, p. 83-117=   86 refs..


A review of atmospheric ozone is presented.  Optical properties
of ozone, photochemical theory cf atmospheric  ozone, methods of
neasuring atmospheric ozone, observed characteristics of
212               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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atmospheric ozone,  further considerations of atmospheric ozone and
effects of solar heating and cooling on the radioactive equilibrium
temperature structure of the earth are discussed.##


C8330

Jaffe, L. S.


PHOTOCHEMICAL AIR POLLUTANTS AND THEIR EFFECTS  OH  HEN  AND
ANIMALS. I. GENERAL CHABACTEBISTICS  AND COMMUNITY  CONCENTRATIONS.
Arch. Environ. Health.  VoJ. T5,  c. 782-791,  Dec.  1967.
8-8 rets-


The physical and chemical characteristics of photochemical  smog
and the photochemical oxidants are described.   Aerometric data  on
the "total oxidant" concentrations found in  the large  urban
communities affiliated  with the  Public Health  Service,
Continuous Air Monitoring Program  (CAMP) network  are
documented for 196t and  1965.,  Similarly, the  number of  days on
which the "total oxidant" concentrations egualled  or exceeded 0.05,
0.1, and 0»15 ppm, respectively, has been delineated for  each of
the affiliated cities in this network-  The  0.05  ppm and  0.1
ppm levels are routinely found and are exceeded in all  of the
cities affiliated with  this network  for highly  significant
percentages of days of  the year, while the  0.15 ppm level is
exceeded only in Los Angeles thus far for a  significant
percentage of the total  number of days of the  year.  However,
much higher maximum hourly and maximum five-minute levels are
attained in all of the  cities (but one) during  the year.
(Author"s summary, modified)**
 08625

 Angell, J. K.,  and  H.  Korshover


 BIENNIAL VARIATION IN  SPRINGTIME  TEMPERATURE AND TOTAL OZONE IN
 EXTEATROPICAL LATITUDES-   Monthly Heather Rev., ,  95 (11) :757-762,
 Nov. 1967.  10 refs-


 During  the past decade in  extratropical latitudes, springtime
 stratospheric temperatures tended to be relatively high during the
 even years and relatively  low  during the odd years,  with some
 evidence for a phase reversal  in  the troposphere.  In the Southern
 Hemisphere this even-year   stratospheric temperature excess appears
 to  have progressed poleward with  time,  with the  maximum excess
 occurring near the Tropic  of Capicorn in 1955 and near the Antartic
 Circle  in 1965, where  the  excess  averaged 8 C.  even at 100 mb.
 Total ozone measurements in both  hemispheres tend to confirm such a
 poleward trend.   Furthermore,  in  agreement with  a period of order
 20  yr.  implied by the  stratospheric temperature  differences, the
 difference between  '{springtime)  even-year and odd-year total
 amounts at Arosa, Switzerland, exhibits a 20-yr. periodicity from
 1028 to 1966, with czone amounts  averaging 10 percent higher during
 the spring of the even years around 1960.  Springtime surface
                           C. Atmospheric Interaction                     213

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temperatures in ScaDdinavia have  undergone  a  similar (15-to 20-yr.)
periodicity since 1850, with odd-year  temperature  excesses
averaging 2 deg C. around 1959.   after  1920,  European stations
exhibit like variations, but there  is  little  evidence for such
surface-temperature fluctuations  in  north America  or in the
tropical and temperate latitudes  of  the  Southern Hemisphere.  It is
suggested that there is an association  between  the cycling interval
of the guasi-biennial tropical oscillation  and  the above
fluctuations of period of order of  20  yr.   BS.
0874U

Chamberlain, A.. C-


RADIOACTIVE AEBOS01S AND 7APOURS.  Ccntemp.  Phys.,
8 (6) : 561-581, 1967.  11 refs,,


Radioactive substances nay be present in  air as  dust,  fume,  or
vapor, very often they are attached  to the natural  aerosol  (salt,
soil rock products, volcanic material, combustion  products,  etc.).
Condensation of vapor, radon, and thoron  upon nuclei  is  described
mathematically.,  Badioactive aerosols produced by cosmic radiation
and by nuclear explosions in the loner atmosphere are  not
transported downwards at any significant  speed.  The  particles are
too small to have appreciable terminal velocity  and vertical eddy
diffusion in the stratosphere is slight.  Removal  of  lower
atmospheric radioactivity is partly  by washout in rain and  partly
by direct "dry" deposition-  The behavior of radio-iodine and
methyl radio-iodine is discussed.  The transport of radioactive
aerosols to surfaces, important in filters and scrubbers, is also
described mathematically; work in this area  is reviewed  and  applied
to problems such as the travel and deposition of spores  and
pollen.##


08758

Hess, B.  E.


EFFECTIVENESS STUDY OF REFLECTIVE CLOUDS.    Battelle  Memorial
Inst., Columbus, Ohio,Bemcte Area Conflict Information Cen-
ter, Contract SD-171, RACIC-TB-57, 18p.,  Feb. 28,  1967,  6 refs.
   CFSTI, DDC:   AD 650509


Quantitative data frcm which first-cider  estimates  of  the reflec-
tive power of chemically induced clouds could be made  were  provided
The means of making first-order estimates related to  weapons
effects in general was also provided.  A  computer  program was
developed.  Input data consist of the spectral distribution  of the
incident energy, the ccupositicn of  the scatter, and  the size dis-
tribution of the scatterer.  The program  computes the  volumetric
scattering intensity.  Preliminary results obtained with the pro-
gram indicate a very prominent degree of  lateral scattering.##
214               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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08805

Fnauer,  A.


1BODT  THE  RELATIONSHIP EETSEEN JIB POLLUTION AND SELECTED
METEOROLOGICAL HEASDBEMENTS - PBESENTED AS AN EXAMPLE  HEASDEEHENT
SERIES OF  S02 AND N02 OVEB A PERIOD OP SEVEBAL YEARS.
((Oeber Beziehungen zwischen luftverunreinigung and ausgewahlten
meteorologischen Messgrossen - dargestellt am Beispiel
mehrjahriger 302 und N02-Messreihen.))   Text in German-  Z.
Ges.  Hyg.  Ihre Grenzebiete (Berlin), 13 (7J : 473-476, July
1967.


A sulfur dioxide pollution measurement series of 10 months
duration (about 7,500 individual measurements) and nitrogen  dioxide
measuring  series of 31 months duration (about 6,000 individual
measurements)  were evaluated.,  The measurements were taken hourly
between March 1963 and June 1966  (N02 from December 1963)
during all workdays from 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. at the
Hygiene-Institute of the Humboldt University.  The minimum
and maximum of the monthly mean values for S02 and N02  occur at
approximately the same times and are repeated in a yearly rhythm.
The maximum of pollution invariably coincides with the  minimum of
air temperature and vice versa.  The air—hygienic exposure
conditions and the frequency with which the hygienically admissible
limit  is exceeded are described.  During heating periods S02
rates  exceed the limit by an average of 17.2%, while during
nonheating periods the average exceeding value is 1.7)6.,  NO2
emissions  never exceeded the hygienically admissible limit value.
The proportion of the monthly mean value for N02 and
S02 also changed periodically.  Low values of horizontal wind
velocity and low air temperatures increased the S02 emission
values.   The least favorable air hygienic hygienic conditions were
recorded during heating periods, when the wind velocity was  below  3
Bft.  (8-12 mph)  and the air temperature below or at +  or   0 deg
C.   The S02 emissions exceeded the admissible limit by  an
average of 455! under these conditions.   (Author" s abstract,
nodif ied) #*
08834

Eldridge, Ralph G.


A COMPARISON OF COMPUTED  AND  EXPERIMENTAL SPECTRAL TRANSMISSIONS
THROUGH HAZE.  Appl- Opt.,  6 (5) : 929-933,  Hay 1967.  13 refs.


Spectral transmissions through  haze  are computed using
meteorological observations to  specify aerosol scattering and
water vapor, carbon dioxide,  and ozone absorption.  The computed
spectral transmissions are  sompared  with the appropriate
experimental transmissions  to evaluate the degree to which a
natural spectral transmission can be simulated by a computed
spectral transmission,,  The comparison indicates that the
dominant atmospheric attenuating parameter is the absolute
distribution of aerosols.   (Author's abstract)ft
                           C. Atmospheric Interaction                     215

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08868

Kattawar, George W.  and Gilbert N. Plass


INFLUENCE OF PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION ON  REFLECTED  AND
TRANSMITTED LIGHT FBOM CLOUDS.  Southwest Center  for
Advanced Studies, Dallas, Tex., Contract AF19 (628) -5039,
Proj. 4076, Task 407604, iFCRL-67-4028, SE-5, 4 Op.., Aug.
24, 1967.
   CFSTI, DDC:  AD 660604


The light reflected and transmitted from clouds with  various drop
size distributions is calculated by a Monte Carlo technique.
Six different models are used for the drop  size distribution:
isotropic; Rayleigh; haze continental; martiine; cumulus;
nimbostratus,,  The scattering function for  each model  is
calculated from the Hie theory.  In general the reflected  and
transmitted radiance for the isotropic and  Rayleigh models tend
to be similar to those for the various haze and cloud  models.
The reflected radiance is less for the haze and cloud  models than
for the isotropic and Hayleigh models, except for an  angle of
incidence near the horizon when it is larger around the
incident beam direction.  The transmitted radiance is  always much
larger for the haze and cloud models near the incident direction;
at distant angles it is less for small and  moderate optical
thicknesses and greater for large optical thicknesses  (all
comparisons to isotropic and Eayleigh models).  The downward
flux, cloud albedo, and mean optical path are discussed.   The
angular spread of the beam as a function of optical thickness is
shown for the nimbostratus model-*#
09113

Kee, Thomas R.


DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEORETICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL PREREQUISITES TO
FIELD INVESTIGATION OF PARTICULAR AGENT BEHAVIOR.   VOLUME  III.
TEST TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT.   (FINAL EEPOET).   Travelers
Research Center,, Inc., Hartford, Conn.., Contract
DA-18-035-AKC-399(Aj , Proj. 1C025001A128, TRC-4, 98p.,,
Kay 1967.,  3 refs.
   CFSTI:  AD 817967
The development of test technology is reported.  The basic
system considered was one that would produce,  disperse,  and  sample
monodisperse particles.  A number of separate  runs  were  conducted
for each different test series using monodisperse particles  of a
selected size for each run,,  A device was conceived for  continuous
particle sampling with temporal resolution,  and  an  associated
automatic data-reduction device.  An experimental model  of the
sampling device, the Continuous Filament Rotary  Impactor,  was
built and experiments were conducted with variations of  it.  The
device incorporates a continuous sampling technique for  collecting
both liguid and solid airborne particles and for giving  time
resolution to the collected sample.  The sampler consists  of a
216               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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rotating arm that continuously exposes a fresh surface of
specially treated sanpling filament to the airstream.  Several
methods of permanently fixing the sampled particles  to the
sanpling filament were investigated.  The most promising method
consists of encapsulating the particles in a substrate contained
on the filament, resulting in a permanent record of  particles
collected as a function of time.,  As an auxiliary to the sampler,
an experimental model of an automatic data-reduction device was
built.  The data-reduction device can process a sampling
filament, typically about 1000 ft long, in about 10  minutes,
and the device will count all fluorescent tracer particles
contained on the filament.##
09171

Ballington, C« E.


AN ATHOSPHEBIC DIFFUSION SLIDE-BUIE. Meteorological  Office,
London, England, Met. 0.774, 32p. , 1966. 5  refs.  (Scientific
Paper 2t.)


A slide-rule that can be used to calculate  concentrations  and
dosages in clouds of aerosols being transported  and  diffused by
atmospheric wind and turbulence is described-  The slide-rule
includes scales for incorporating into the  calculations  several
methods of assessing depths and widths of diffusing  clouds, but  the
relative merits of the methods are not discussed  in  detail; the
main purpose of the paper is to present the slide-rule as  a
calculating aid.  The slide-rule is not intended  for laymen to the
subject of atmospheric diffusion; it is more  for  those who have  at
least a little understanding of the theoretical  background.  For
such user the slide—rule provides a means of  predicting  or
assessing experimental diffusion observations; it facilitates
comparison of various methods of diffusion  calculations  and it
enables a user to compile tables or graphs  suitable  for  use by
laymen.   (Authorjs summary, modified)


09283

Stein, Arthur C.


TESTIMONY.   Preprint, Public Health Service,  Washington,
D. C., National Center fcr Air Pollution Control, 19p.,
1967.  1 ref.   (Presented at the Air and Water Pollution
Subcommittee, Committee on Public Works, United  States
Senate, Washington, D. C. , Feb. g, 1967.)


A discussion of the problems involved in using meteorology as  a
tool in the control of air pollution is presented by the
National center for Air Pollution Control.   Specifically
discussed are:  the concept and definition  of air sheds; the  effect
of man produced pollution in modifying the  weather;  the  prediction
cf atmospheric conditions conducive to pollution build-up; and the
prediction of pollution concentration levels  and system  for  using
                           C. Atmospheric Interaction                    217

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such prediction as an air quality management  tool.   The  progress
and future plans regarding these problems are  described.
Included in future plans are; the development  of  small  scale
mathematical models for pollution concentration studies  and  of  a
comprehensive weather data network.  The DHEH  program  in
meteorology is discussed with mention of its  program with
ESSA.   A study of ice nuclei from auto exhaust and  iodine  vapor
is attached.##
09306

Drummond, A- J.  and  Angstrom  A«  K.


SOLAB BADIATION MEASUREMENTS ON  MAUNA  LOA  (HAWAII)  AND THEIH
EEABING ON ATMOSPHERIC THANSMISSION.    Solar Energy,  11(3):1-9,
1967.  10 refs.


The  essential results are  presented  of an  analysis  of solar
radiation measurements carried out  during  the period  1 March
1961 to 30 June 1962, at the Mauna  Loa High-Altitude
Observatory.  Four  precision filter  pyranometers (the outputs of
which were recorded continuously  on  strip-chart millivolt poten-
tiometers) and a normal  incidence pyrhelicmeter (on an automatic
equatorial mount) were read at certain times during the day, cor-
responding to dixed solar  elevations.   The basic records were of
total integral wavelength  sun  and sky  radiation and its spectral
components and also of the integral  wavelength direct solar radi-
ation.  The  maximur intensity  of  the direct solar radiation close-
ly approaches the values previously  measured at other very high-
level stations such as Mt.  Whitney,  Pice de Teyde (Tenerife)
and  Mt. Everest, for  conditions  of  extremely pure air, viz about
1.67 cal./sg. cm. min.   The spectral composition of the sun and
sky  radiation for cloudless skies appears  to be remarkably constant
at all solar elevations.   Infrared  radiation (i.«.  lambda greater
than about 700 mu)  constitutes 50.5  plus or minus 1 percent of the
total flux,  which means  that the  energy cf shorter  wavelengths has
a similar constant  proportionality  (49.5 plus or minus 1 percent),
Hith regard  to the  influence of  clouds, high and thin sheets like
cirrostratus do not introduce  significant  changes in  the relative
composition  of the  total  radiation.  On the other  hand, the pre-
sence of  low cloud  masses   like  cumulus seems to cause a decrease
in the relative value of the   longer wavelength radiation, to
approximately 45 percent,  corresponding to an increase of about
3 to 5 percent in the shorter  wavelengths.  The mean  value derived
for  the Angstrom atmospheric turbidity coefficient  beta is low as
0.015.  The  atmospheric  water-vapor  absorption is found to ce 0.13
cal./sg.  cm. min.,  with  a  slight  annual variation indicating a
maximum in the summer months and  a  minimum in winter.##
 09310

 Kalika, Peter W.



 218               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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THE GROWING PROBLEM.  Mach. Des. , 39(171-19-21
.Inl v 70. 1Qfi-r.
July 20, 1967..


The facts, figures, and concern about the national  problem of air
pollution are covered-  Past air pollution episodes,  sources and
types of pollutants released in the atmosphere,  and the  mechanisms
and characteristics of tenperatnre inversions  are reviewed,.
 09311

 lowry, Hilliam P, and Eichard  H.  Boubel


 HETEOROIOGICAL CONCEPTS IN
 AIR SANITATION.  Oregon State  Oniv.,,  Corvallis, 59p., 1967.,


 This book is based upon notes  developed  for a series of
 meteorological lectures.,  Any  willing student of physical science
 or engineering can quickly  grasp  the  concepts presented after the
 sophomore year. Chapters are included on:   the pseudoadiabatic
 chart:  theory; the pseudoadiatatic chart:   application;
 atmospheric radiation; wind and convection  transfer;  the energy
 budget concept; atmospheric notion; air  pollution meteorology; and
 the climate of cities.
09U26

Bracewell,  J.  M.   and D.  Gall


THE CATALYTIC  OXIDATION OF SOIPHUR EIOXIDE IN SOLUTION  AT
CONCENTRATIONS OCCURRING IN FCG DBOPLETS.  In:  Air Pollution.
Proceedings of the Symposium on the Physico-chemical
Transformation of Sulphur Compounds in the Atmosphere and  the
Formation of Acid Smogs,  Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and  Development, Paris, Directorate for
Scientific Affairs,  Paper 2, Dec. 1967, p. 17-26.  1U refs.


A preliminary  study  of the oxidation of sulphur dioxide  in  aqueous
solution was made by using aqueous solutions of known sulphur
dioxide concentration..  Two hundred ml was then taken in a  flask
in a bath at 25 degrees C and purified air was passed through  it
to maintain a  constant (saturated) oxygen concentration.   Catalyst
was added in solution and the conductivity measured with bright
platinum electrodes  was recorded against elapsed time.   At  25
degrees C the  uncatalyzed oxidation of sulphur dioxide  at  a
concentration  of  .,000036 moles/liter was found negligible  over a
period of 16 hours.   The effect of sulphur dioxide concentration
in the range 1 to .000034 moles/liter was therefore explored in the
presence of manganous sulphate at a constant concentration  of
.00009 moles/liter.   Plots are given for the experimental  data
obtained with  sulphur dioxide concentrations of 1-95 and .0000243
                          C.  Atmospheric Interaction                    219

-------
moles/liter.  The calculated value of conductance which  would
have been reached if the reaction had gone to completion  is
indicated.t#
 09027

 Persson,  Goran
 A  STUDY  OF  THE RATIO SULPHATE:   TOTAL SULPHUR AND SULPHURIC
 ACID:  TOTAI SOIPHOE IN GOTHENBURG DURING DIFFERENT
 METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS,   In:   Air Pollution..  Proceedings
 of the Symposium on  the Physico-chemical Transformation of
 Sulphur  Compounds in the Atmosphere and the Formation of Acid
 Smogs, Paris,  Organisation  for  Economic Co-operation and
 development, Paris,  Directorate  for Scientific Affairs, Paper
 3, Dec.  1967,,  p., 27-30.


 The oxidation  of sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere was
 investigated to determine if it  gives an important contribution to
 the amounts of sulphates and sulphuric acid in the Gothenburg air.
 Two stations were selected  for  the study.   Station A represents
 the central area of  the city and station B a residential area,
 not far  away from the center.  The only difference in pollution
 between  the two stations is that at station A the traffic is a
 great  source of suspended matter and smoke.  Daily means of
 sulphur  dioxide, sulphuric  acid, sulphate, suspended matter, srooXe,
 humidity and wind speed were measured during
 November 1963  - April 1964.,  Sulphur dioxide was measured by
 the hydrogen peroxide method and the pararosaniline method.,  The
 two procedures gave  identical results.  Sulphates and sulphuric
 acid were sampled with a membrane filter.  The filter was then
 washed with distilled water and  the sulphate determined by
 colorimetric titration using Thoron as indicator.  Suspended
 matter was  sampled by High  Volume Samplers on glass fiber
 filters.  Smoke was  determined  by the standardized reflectcmetric
 procedure.   The concentrations  of sulphur dioxide, suspended
 natter and  smoke are given  in a  table.  The percentage of total
 sulphur  present as sulphate and  sulphuric acid is given.
 Sulphates and  sulphuric acid in  the Gothenburg air are emitted
 mainly from oil heated furnaces, and the portion formed in the
 atmosphere  is  apparently small.#»
 09429

 Ccmmins,  B..  T.
 SOME  STUDIES ON THE SYNTHESIS OF PAETICULATE ACID SULPHATE JROM
 THE PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION OF FUELS AND MEASUREMENT OF THE ACID
 IN  POLLUTED  ATMOSPHERES..   In:  Air Pollution.  Proceedings of
 the Symposium on the Physico-chemical Transformation of Sulphur
 Compounds in the Atmosphere and the Formation of Acid Smogs.
 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris,
 Directorate  for Scientific Affairs, Paper 5, Dec. 1967, p.
 39-46.   10 refs.
 220               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Coal was burnt on an experimental open fire, and the effluent  from
its chimney blown rapidly into polythene bags.  Particulate  acid
was detected with a cascade impactor loaded with gelatin-coated
slides impregnated with thymoltlue.  Measurements using  standard
techniques showed that for initial concentrations of sulphur
dioxide in the range 50 tc 100 p.p-m. and smoke 10 to 15 mg/cu m
the particulate acid concentration rose from a range of  2=5  to 3.5
mg/cu m to between 16 and 85 ng/cu m in thirty minutes.  When  the
coal was burning well it was found that large amounts of the
sulphur dioxide were oxidised to particulate acid in less than one
minute, and in periods of five minutes very large amounts of acid
were detected.  Hhen the fire was producing black smoke, less  acid
was manufactured in the bags,.  Bo acid was made in the bags
when all the particulate matter from any stage of burning was
removed by filtration.  At tines of high air pollution accompanied
by fog, many of the particles that can be collected on thymolblue
slides used in a cascade iupactor show an acid reaction
indicating that they are pH 2 or more strongly acid.  An
analysis of the concentrations cf pollutants during periods  of
high pollution over the past ten years showed for a given type of
pollution that there was a good correlation between hourly
concentration of particulate acid in excess of 50 microgram/cu m
air and the product of sulphur dioxide and particulate matter
concentrations.  Data for several periods of high pollution  during
the past ten years provide a relationship between particulate  acid
sulphate for concentrations in excess of 50 microgram/cu m and
sulphur dioxide.  There is a correlation coefficient of  0.90
between particulate acid concentrations and the square of the
sulphur diox.ide.#t

09430

Liberti, Arnaldo  and Giuseppe Devitcfrancesco


EVALUATION OF SOLPHCH COMPOUNDS IN ATMOSPHEBIC DUST.   In:
Air Pollution.  Proceedings of the Symposium on the
Physico-chemical Transcrmation of Sulphur Compounds in the
Atmosphere and the formation of Acid Smogs. Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris Directorate for
Scientific Affairs, Paper 6, Dec., 1967, p. 47-51.


Extensive research on the physical constitution and chemical
composition of atmospheric dust and physico-chemical transformation
of sulphur compounds is discussed.  Surface area  was determined
for dust collected in various Italian cities by using  a  gas
adsorption technique..  The surface area was found to be  about
6.2 sg. uio/g.,  Volatile compounds were analysed by  infrared
spectroscopy-  C02, CO, CHU, NH3, N20, nitro-compounds,
and ethylene were detected.  Sulphur content of atmospheric
dust was determined by combustion and the sulphate  by extraction
with dilute mineral acid.  No detectable amount of  sulphur
dioxide and of free acidity was found.£#
09131

Junge, Chr.,  and G. Scheich
                           C. Atmospheric Interaction                     221

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MEASUREMENTS OF THE HYDROGEN  ION  CONCENTRATION OF ATMOSPHERIC
AEROSOLS,   In:  Air Pollution.   Proceedings of the
Symposium on the Physico-chemical Transformation of Sulphur
Compounds in the Atmosphere and the  Formation of Acid Smogs.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation  and  Development, Paris,
Directorate for Scientific Affairs,  Paper 7, Dec- 1967, p.
53-61.  2 refs.


Measurements were made of the  total  soluble matter, free hydrogen
ions, sulfate, ammonia, chloride,,  and nitrate content of various
si-ze participates.  The aerosols  were collected in one or two
stage impactors at a flow rate of  about 2 cu in/hour daily between
8 and 12 o'clock in the morning,  except on  Sundays and holidays.,
the samples were washed off with  3 ml of double distilled C02
free water, corresponding to  natural rainout of clouds with a
liquid water content of 0.5 ml H20/cu m air.  The following
analytical methods were used:   <1) conductivity measurements; (2)
pH measurements; (3)  nepholometric determinations; ((*)  Nessler"s
reagent; (5)  Bergmann and Sanik's  method;  (6)  K-Na-tartrate
method; and (7) West and Gaeke's  method. Large particles
contain considerably higher fractions of soluble constituents than
the giant particles.  Hydrogen icn  (H+)  concentrations vary by
two orders of  magnitude..  High values of H+ in Mainz and low
values in Holfsheim occur during  fog and/or calm winds.  High H+
concentrations in Hainz as well as in Holfsheim occur if cold
continental air masses arrive  with north-easterly winds and with
temperature inversions below  1.5  km-  A comparison of the mean
ion concentrations for different  places is  given.  Scatter
diagrams are given for the concentrations in Mainz and Wolfsheim
of total soluble matter, sulfate  and S02 against that of the
hydrogen ion.#t
09K33

OKITA, 10SHIICHI
MEASUREMENTS OF THE CONCENTRATIONS OF SDLPHUR  COHPODNDS  IN  THE
ATMOSPHERE AND LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS OK THE OXIDATION  OF SULPHUB
DIOXIDE AT THE SURFACE OF PARTICLES.   In:  Air  Pollution.
Proceedings of the Symposium on the Physico-chemical
Transformation of Sulphur Compounds in the  Atmosphere and the
Formation of Acid Smogs. Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development, Paris, Directorate for
Scientific Affairs, Paper 9, Dec-  1967, p.  75-86.


Measurements of the content of sulfate and  other inorganic
components in cloud and fog water  at Asahikawa,  Shiobara, Mt.
Tsukuba, and Mt. Norikura show that at Asahikawa the  sulfate
was mainly present as calcium sulfate.  At  Mt.  Norikura,
ammonium sulfate and sulfuric acid were main constituents of  cloud
water.  At lower levels of the atmosphere the  concentration of
sulfuric acid decreased and sulfate was associated  with  ammonium
and other cations.  The S02 concentrations  in  the country and
mountain air ranged from 1.4 to 6.0 micrograms/cu  m.  A  membrane
filter method for measuring the concentration  of atmospheric  H2S
and sampling of H2S at Yellowstone was developed.   The
 222               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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atmospheric concentration of H2S was usually below  1 ppb.
Measurement of sulfate and ether inorganic components in
atmospheric particulates by a high volume two stage impactor
indicated  that at Tokyo the weight ratios of sulfate to ammonium
were 1.1 and 2.3 for giant and large particles, respectively.   The
ratio of the SOU to 302 concentration ranged from 1., 9 to  69,.
The maximum sulfate concentration was 63 micrograms/cu m..
Measurements of acid particles in the atmosphere and laboratory
experiments of the oxidation of S02 on the surface  of particles
by the Thymolblue indicator method frequently detected acid
particles  in Tokyo and Osaka.  Manganese compounds, active
carbon and some materials in coal soot were effective in  producing
sulfuric acid mist.  Iron and calcium carbonate apparently reacted
with S02 to form sulfate in unsaturated air.  Daily averages  of
dust and sulfate loading for a three-month period at three
stations are summarized.*#


 09«38

 Petrenchuk,, 0.  P.   and  V.  H.  Drozdova


 ON  THE CHEMICAL  COMPOSITION  OF  C10DD  WATER.   Tellus 18(2):280-
 286,  1966.  20  refs.


 The chemical  composition  of  the  cloud  water  collected  in  the
 different  regions  of  the  USSR is  considered.   On  the  basis of
 their  analysis  and  generalization the  main  characteristics of
 chemical content have been obtained.   The total ion amount of
 cloud  water  is  slightly different frcm that  of atmosphere
 precipitation and  there is a remarkable  difference  in  their
 chemical composition,   Subinversion clouds  are peculiar  filters
 capturing  different contaminations from  the  atmosphere  and
 stimulating its  refinement to seme extent.   A  great influence of
 industrial  pollution  on the  chemical composition  of cloud water is
 noted-#t


 09U39

 Mrose, H.


 MEASUREMENTS OF PH, AND CHEMICAL  ANALYSES OF RAIN-, SNOW-, AND
 FOG-WATER.,   Tellus,  18 (2» : 266-270, 1966. 7  refSo


 Since  1957 more than 200  samples  of rain water  have been  analysed
 at  the Meteorological Observatory  of Dresden-Wahnsdorf
 (51,1  degrees N, 13,7 degrees E)„  At four mountain  summit
 stations and one coastal  station  fog water  was  sampled and
 analysed.   The yearly mean of the  pH has remained constant since
 1958, while in western  Europe Jessel found  a decrease in  the pH.
 There are  no differences  in  the  pH between summer and winter and
 between shower and rain.  There  are no differences  in  the
 concentration of chemical  traces  between shower and rain,  the
 seasonal difference is  unimportant.  The concentration of traces
 including  the artifical beta radioactivity  in  fog water  is larger
 by  one order of  magnitude.   It  is  possible  to  estimate  the trace
                           C. Atmospheric Interaction                     223

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content of one cubic  meter  of  air from the trace concentration of
the fog water and the water content of the fog, if the fog persists
for a long time™   (Author's abstract)##


09U65

Kartell, E. A.


THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION ANE INTERACTION  OE RADIOACTIVE AND NATURAL
AEROSOLS IN THE STBATOSPHEBE.    Tellus, 18(2):486-498, 1966.
54 refs.
Artificial radioactivity  which  persists in the stratosphere on a
time scale of years is shown  to be  associated with particles below
0.02 micron radius above  27  km  and  with particles very nearly 0.1
micron radius between 21  km  and the tropopause.   Assuming the
artificial radioactivity  to  be  associated with natural aerosols at
each level, the radioactive  particle size data provide insight on
the size distribution of  micrometeorites and other particulates in
the upper stratosphere and their interaciton with sulfate particles
in the lower stratosphere.   The decrease in specific radioactivity
with increased sulfate particle radius near 20 km suggests that the
photochemical oxidation of S02  may  not be the important mechanism
for large particle formation  at this level.  Chemical factors and
residence time considerations support the view that Aitken nuclei
in the upper troposphere  are  sulfate particles of sufficient size
and population to account for the production of  large sulfate par-
ticles near and above the tropopause by Aitken nuclei coagulation.
Approximate estimation of the total sulfate mixing ratio with
altitude above 5 km indicates a broad maximum in the upper tropo-
sphere.  Photochemical and radiochemical evidence for the rapid
oxidation of S02 in the stratosphere reinforces  these views.
It is tentatively concluded  that Aitken particles in the tropo-
sphere account for most of the  sulfate in the atmosphere and that
there is no stratospheric sulfate layer but only a stratospheric
"large particle" layer.   (Author's  abstract)##
09466

Plass, Gilbert N.  and George H.  Kattawar


CALCULATIONS OF REFLECTED AND TRANSMITTED  RADIANCE FOE EARTH'S  JT-
HOSPHEBE.  Southwest Center  for  Advanced Studies,  Dallas,
Tex., Contract AF19(628) -5039,  iZp-ROJ.  4076,  U1ASK  407604,  -SE-L,
27 p., Sept. 13, 1967. 11 refs.,
   CISTI, DEC:AD 661267


The reflected and transmitted radiance of  the earth s atmosphere is
calculated by Monte Carlo techniques..  The  exact scattering func-
tion for the aerosols is used as calculated  from the Hie theory™
The aerosol vs. height distributions  proposed by Elterman  and by
Kondratiev et al are compared.   The Eayleigh and aerosol scattering
events are included in the calculation, as well as the ozone
absorption, where appropriate,,  Besults are given at wavelengths of
224               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
0.27,  0.3,  O.t,  0.7, and 1.67 micron™ The mean optical  paths  of  the
reflected and transmitted photons, the flux at the  lower  boundary,
and the planetary albedo are tabulated.  (Authors  abstract)


09549

Leone, Ida A.,  Eileen Erennan,   and Eobert H. Daines


THE RELATIONSHIP OF WIND PARAMETERS  IN DETERMINING  CXIDANT
COMCENISATIONS IN TWO NEW JERSEY  COKKUNI1IES.  Atmospheric
Environ., Vol. 2, p. 25-33,  1968.  20  refs.


A two-year study of the relationship of  wind  speed  and  direction to
total cxidant (including ozone) concentration  and  phytotoxicity  was
made of two Hew Jersey communities,  Carlstadt  and  New  Brunswick,
where air pollution damage to vegetation has  ireguentiy been
observed.  Eesults obtained  during   a  U-hr  period  from  11 AM  to  3
PH indicated a negative correlation  between wind  speed  and
significant oxidant concentration during all  months of  the year.
Hinds originating from the directions  of heavily  populated and
industrialized areas with respect to each community were  associated
with oxidant concentrations  which were significantly higher than
those occurring when winds proceeded from suburban  or  residential
areas.  While wind speed was not  demonstrated  to  be related to the
build-up of the very low concentrations  reguired  to injure
extremely sensitive tobacco  plants  (0.035 ppm), higher
concentrations  (above 0.060  ppm)  correlated very  well  with changes
in wind speed.  Whereas 46 percent of  all the  oxidant
concentrations in excess of  0.035 ppm  occurred when the wind  was
less than 4 mph in velocity,  90 percent  of  the concentrations above
0.060 ppm occurred when wind speed was at this low  level.  As with
earlier results for sulfur dioxide concentrations,  the  majority  of
potentially phytotoxic oxidant  concentrations  in  Carlstadt or these
which could be injurious to  sensitive  crops if grown in the area
were associated with the winds  originating  from the NE  and SH.
Concentraticns at this level rarely  occurred  when  the  wind was from
due N.
09567

Faith, W.  D.


THE PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF SOLVENT VAPCBS.   Air  Eng.,
10(2) :16-17,  Feb. 1968.


The development of photochemical smog in the  Los  Angeles  Basin  and
the photochemical reaction taking place in  smog formation are
reviewed.  In  the Los Angeles Basin, San Francisco  Bay  Area,  Denver,
St. Louis, Philadelphia, Cincinnati, Washington D.C.,  and Chicago,
the annual frequency of smog days is 200, 50,  14,  7, 6,  5,  4,  and
none respectively. To produce photochemical smog  the following  are
needed:   (1)  reactive organics;  (2) NOx well  mixed with  the
organics;  (3)  a stagnant atmosphere; and  (U)  intense sunlight.   The
elimination of any one of these  four, eliminates  the photochemical
                          C.  Atmospheric Interaction                    225

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smog problem.  The chief source of atmospheric organics  is  the
automobile.  Since most communities are well saturated  with  motor
vehicle exhaust, the main difference between Los Angeles  and other
cities must be meteorology.  Los Angeles needs mere control  than
the San Francisco Bay area which in tur  needs more than  Eastern
cities. It follows that Rule 66 fcr organic solvent emission
control in Los Angeles is more strict than Regulation 3  in Sac
Francisco.  Local situations must be evaluated before any community
contemplates organic solvent control for it may produce  little
public good.
09601

Bourguin, K. E.  and F.  H. Shigemoto
INVESTIGATION OF AIR-FLOH VELOCITY  BY  LASEB  BACKSCATTER.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration,  Koffett
Field, Calif., Ames Research Center, 21p, , April  1968.   7
ref s.
   CFSTI:  NASA-TN-D-««53
 An investigation of laser  light  backscatter  properties  from  an
 atmosphere emphasized the  effect  of  frequency  shift.  The
 detection scheme described is  based  on  this  effect  and  proved
 successful in the laboratory determination of  flow  velocity  of a
 contaminated atmosphere.   The  results agree  well  with
 measurements taken with  a  hot  wire anemometer.  This
 investigation used a continuous  wave laser radiating in the
 visible region.  The velocity  of  an  air stream containing  a
 small concentration of contaminants  was measured.   Using this
 technique to detect clear  air  turbulence would require  that
 Hie scattering  predominate in  the turbulent  region.  This
 technique does  not presently appear  practical  for airborne
 detection of clear air turbulence considering  the available  laser
 transuitters and detectors, and  the  uncertain  knowledge of the
 contaminating particle content in a  turbulent  region.##
10018

Fensterstock, Jack C_  and Robert  K. Fankhauser


THANKSGIVING  1966 JIH POLLUTION  EPISODE  IN  THE EASTERN  UNITED
STATES.   Public Health Serivce,  Durham,  N.C.,  National  Cen-
ter for Air Pollution Control, Publication  N/. AP-15, «5p,
July  1968.  12 refs.


The Thanksgiving 1966 Air Pollution  Episode in the  Eastern  United
States is documented in  terms of daily  meteorology  and  ambient air
quality.   Analysis of the available  air  quality  data indicates that
the Air Pollution Potential  Forecast Program (APFP)  of  the  Public
Health Service and Heather Bureau  did forecast the  stagnation.
Meteorological data  for  selected cities  were based  on the diurnal
average tenperature, cloud cover,  afternoon mixing  depths,  average
 226               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Mind speed  through mixing depth, ventilation, resultant wind
direction  and the average surface wind speed.  Air quality
Beasurenents on the gaseous pollutants sulfur dioxide, oxides of
nitrogen,  hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide were made daily.  Suspende
and settling particolate of solids and liquids were also measured
diurnally.  The high level of air pollution in the eastern u. S-
during the  period Nov. 24 through 30, 1966, created adverse health
effects.  Researchers in Sew York City found an increase in the  death
rate of approximately 24 deaths per day during the period.,
 10182

 Junge, Christian
THE MODIFICATION OF AEHOSOL SIZE DISTRIBUTION  IN  THE  ATMOSPHERE.
 (FINAL TECHNICAL BEPORT JULY  1,  1963 THHU  JUNE 30,  1964.)
Gutenberg - Dniversitaet,  Hainz, Germany,  Heteorologisch
Beteorologisch Geophysikalisches Institut,  Contract Da  91-591-
EVC 2979,   ((90)) p., July 1964.   17 refs.
   DDC: AB 415873
 A comprehensive quantitative  study is  made  of  the  various processes
 in the atmosphere which are  known to have an effect  on  the size
 distribution of natural aerosols.  One of the  most important
 processes is the coagulation  of  aerosol particles  by Brownian
 motion which is always in operation inside  and outside  of coulds.
 Smoluchowski s expression for  this process  is  evaluated for various
 model distributions of atmospheric aerosols.   The  results indicate
 that particles smaller than  10-6 cm radius  disappear rapidly out
 that the concentration of particles larger  than 10-5 cm is not much
 influenced.  Estimates show  that necessary  refinements  of
 Suoluchow£ki"s expression do  not effect these  results very much.
 The processes of aerosol modification  become more  complex in the
 presence of water clouds. Most particles go through  several cycles
 of water condensation and reevaporation before they  are removed by
 precipitation. In this study  a first attempt is made of a
 quantitative formulation of  all  those  processes which modify the
 aerosol distribution in the  course of  these condensation cycles..
 Important parameters which enter these calculations  are the
 fraction of troposheric air  occupied by clouds, the  number of
 condensation cycles, the life  time of  clouds and the concentration
 of cloud droplets*  The calculations are performed for  various
 combinations of these parameters.  The results show  that
 continental aerosol distributions "age" by  decreasing in
 concentration and by assuming  a  more uniform size  distribution with
 peak concentrations somewhat  smaller than or around  10-5 cm radius.,
 Observations seem to indicate  that troposheric "background"
 aerosols have similar characteristic.  The investigations are
 continued.  (Author s abstract)
 10227

 Petrenchuk, 0. P.,   V.  M.  Drozdova,   and M.  A.  Belyashova



                           C. Atmospheric Interaction                     227

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CfiEMICAL COMPOSITION OP CLOUD HATER  AT  DIFFERENT  HiCEOSTHOClUHJiS
OF THE CLOUDS.   (Khmicheskii scstav  oblachmoi  vody pri pazliclinoi
mikrostrukture oblakov.)  Text in Bussian.   Tr.  Gl.  Geofiz.  Observ.
(Leningrad), No, 207:82-86, 1968.  8  refs.


Samples vere taken from different types  cf  clouds (stratus,
stratocumulus, numstratus) using an  airplane and  the water was
analyzed for SOI, C1, N03, HCO, NB4,  Na,  K,  Kg,  and  Ca.   Stratus aim
stratocumulus clouds contained acre  nineial  substances than
nimbostratus.  Generally these findings  agree  with previous
conclusions that the mineral content  in  clouds is indirectly
proportional to the droplet size.  Experiments were  also made hy
taking samples in the sane type cf clcud  but at  different altitudes
ranging from 600 to 1,000 m.  This experiment  did not show a
relationship between the electric conductivity (mineral  content) and
the altitude of sample withdrawal.   A dependence  of  the  mineral
content on microphysical structure (type  cf  cloud) is definitely
established.
10228

Bastorgueva, G., P.  and I. !„ Solcmatina


HEAT BALANCE OF THE EFFECTIVE SOIL SDEFACE IN  THE  BEGION  01 THE
HOIDAVA THEEEAL POHEB PLANT.  ((Teplovoi talans  deyatel"noi
poverkhnosti v raione aoldavskoi GEES.))  Text in  Russian.
Tr. Gl. Geofiz.. Observ. (Leningrad), No. 207:179-187,  1968..
3
Comprehensive meteorological and soil measurements  were  made in
the Moldavia region to obtain data necessary  for  calculating a
heat balance in this region.  The daily variations  of
radiation flux, convection into the  soil, turbulent convection and
heat loss due to evaporation are plotted.  The  results  show that
in September 51£ of the radiative heat flux incident on  the soil
is used for heating of air and t«S for evaporation.##
1C285

Galtally,  Lan


SOME MEASUREMENTS OF OZONE VARIATION AND DESTRUCTION  IN  TBZ
ATKCSFHEEE SUEFSCE IAYEE.  Nature, 218 (5140) :456-457,  May  4,
1968.  2 refs.


A preliminary investigation into the variation  and  destruction cf
ozone in the lower atmospheric layer is reported.   The
measurements were made at Hay, New South Wales,  Australia
during an expedition in Aug.  1967.  The measurements  of  03 wees
made with a Mast-Brewer ozone-sonde suspended frcm  a  tether
balloon.  The measured destruction rates or  03  at  the earth's
223               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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surface are in substantial agreement with  Eegener,  but
considerably larger than estimates of average  destruction rates
obtained from 03 considerations summarized by  Junge.##
10436

Leipper,  Dale F»


THE SHARP SMOG BANK AND CALIFORNIA FOG DEVELOPMENT.    Hull.
ABU Meteorol. Soc., U9 («) : 354-358, April 1968.   4 refs.


Meteorological conditions associated with the  observance  of  a
sharp smog bank near Biverside, Calif., are  compared  with those
previously shown to be related to the development of  winter  fogs in
California. The conditions are similar.  Thus, it is  proposed  that
three simple indices found useful in the prediction of  west  coast fo
be used also to predict situations favorable to  the shallow, sharp
tanked smogs which have been observed.  The  indices measure  the
influence of the sea surface temperature field upon air  warmed in
dosnslope flow associated with easterly winds  in the  area.,   (Author1
abstract)
 1050U

 Public Health Wervice, Cincinnati,  Ohio,  National Center for
 Air Pollution Control
IHONTON, OHIO - ASHIAND,  KENTUCKY -  HUNTINGTON,  WEST VIBGINIA AIR
POLLUTION ABATEMENT ACTIVITY-   PRE-CCNFEBENCE  INVESTIGATIONS.
(TECHNICAL REPOBT.,)  85p. ,  May  1968   8  refs..


An extensive area survey  of air pollution  was  conducted in the
Ironton, Ohio; Ashland, Kentucky; Huntington,  Best Virginia region
for the period of September 1965 to  August 1967.   The following
topics are discussed: topography; climate; materials deterioration;
industrial, uunicipal, and  private emission sources; geographic
distribution of pollutants; and measurement methods and locations.
The pollutants of interest  were particulates,  NOx, SOx, and H2S.  An
emission inventory is included, along with discussions of some of th
major pollution sources.
 10605

 Environmental Science Services  Administration,  Silver Spring,
 nd.. Air Resources  Labs.


 METEOROLOGICAL FUNDAMENTALS  FOB ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT AND
 DIFFUSION STUDIES.   In:  Meteorology and Atomic Energy 1968,
 David H. Slade  (ed.) p.  13-63,  July 1968.   5 Refs.
   CFSTI:  TID 21190
                           C. Atmospheric Interaction                     229

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The variety of subdisciplines of meteorology of which have
some bearing on the understanding of transport and diffusion
processes in the atmosphere are discussed for non-meteorologists.
Concepts and terminology used in atmospheric transport and
diffusion studies are presented.  Basic physical atmospheric
processes and the weather systems that result from these processes,
climatology and conventional weather data and the fundamental
concepts related to transport and diffusion studies are
discussed.t#
 10682

 Hamilton, Harry L., Jr.,  Janes J. B.  Horth  and  Luraan  A.
 "Bipperton


 AN ATHOSPHEBIC PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY STDDY ON PIKES  PEAK  IN
 SDPPOET OF PULMONARY EDEHA KESIAECH.   Research Triangle Inst.,
 Durham, N. C., Contract DA-HC19-68-C-00298, 5H.,  Hay
 1968.  10 refs.,
   CFSTI, DDC:  AD 680989


 Measurements of atmospheric trace gases on the summit of  Pikes
 Peak  •(14,110 ft) from late July through mid-October  1967  were
 made  in support of pulmonary edema research.  Suporting
 meteorological data were also collected.  Local intermittent
 contamination by corcbustion products afforded an  opportunity to
 examine conditions corresponding to those which might be
 experienced by troops in encampments.  Concentrations of  ozone
 (03), in uncontaminated air showed a maximum at night and a
 minimum during the daytime.  The daytime minimum  is  attributed to
 mixing of the air from the altitude of the peak with ozone-depleted
 air from near ground level in adjacent valleys and plains.  In
 contaminated air, ozone concentration  on the average showed
 no maximum, and mean values for each hour were considerably lower
 than  in uncontaminated air»  This reduction results  from
 destruction of ozone by NO from combustion products; measured
 concentrations of HO appear adequate to account for  the decrease
 in ozone.  Auxiliary stations for ozone measurement  on  the
 mountainside  (10,840 ft) and at the base of the mountain  (7,780 ft)
 showed the daytime maximum and nighttime minimum  normally
 experienced in the lowlands.  The station at 10,840  ft  showed
 consistently higher ozone concentrations than did the valley
 station, with daytime values approaching the maximum (nighttime)
 values recorded on the summit; no explanation can be offered for
 this  anomaly,  A trend from high concentrations of ozone  in
 July  to lower concentration in October is apparent,  conforming
 with  the normal pattern of tropospheric ozone.  A dampening of the
 diurnal wave patter of ozone concentrations is evident  as the
 average concentration decreases.   (Authors' abstract)#*

 10683

 Bruce, Eufus  James Mason,  Kenneth White,  and Richard B.
 Gomez
AN ESTIMATE OF THE ATMOSPHERIC  PBOPAGATICN  CHAEACTEBISTICS  CF
 230               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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1.54 HICBCN LASER ENERGY.   Army Electronics Command,  Fort
Monmouth,  N. J.  Task  1to14501b53a-13, ecom-5185  ,  ((41)) p.,
March 1968.  22  refs.
   CFSTI,  DEC:   AD 670931


Potential  atmospheric effects on the propagation  of
electromagnetic  radiation at 1.54 micron wavelength are  examined.
The results of  transmission measurements by various investigators,
as reported in  the literature, coupled with theoretical
calculations are applied to estimate the transmission
characteristics  for erbium ion (Er+ + +) laser radiation in this
region.   The output of the Er+++ laser at 1.54 micron is
discussed  in some detail.  Predominant attenuation  mechanisms are
found to be aerosol absorption and  aerosol scattering.
Contributions from five investigations cf atmospheric  transmission
in this  region  are summarized.  Nonlinear effects are  not
considered.##
1072U

Selezneva, Ye. S.  and 7. M- Drozdova


THE NATURAL BACKGROUND OF ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINATION  AND THE
COMPOSITION OF PRECIPITATION OVER THE TERRITORY OF THE USSR.   In:
Modern Problems of Climatology  (Collection of  Articles)
(Sovremennyye Problemy Klinatologii)„  Translated from Russian.
Foreign Technology Div., Wright—Patterson AFB, Ohio, Translation
Div., Contract F33657-67-C1455,  TT8000039-67, FTD-HT-23-1338-67,  p.
316-324, Nov. 29, 1968.  7 refs.
   CFSTI, DDC:  AD 670893


The basic results of investigation  of the chemical composition of
atmospheric precipitation over  the  territory of the  USSR  are
discussed. Data was collected and analyzed from 70-75 stations, 32
of them located in the Asiatic  territory of the USSR,  The
relationship between the composition of precipitation and natural
zones is clarified.  The contribution of natural sources  and
industrial effluents to the total background level of atmospheric
contamination is estimated.
10737

Jean Bricard,  Francois Billard,  and Guy  Madelaine


FORMATION AND EVOLUTION OF NUCLEI OF CONDENSATION  THAT  APPEAR
IN AIR INITIALLY FREE OF AEROSOLS.   J.  Geophys, Res.,
73(14) :4487-4496, July 15, 1968.


The formation of nuclei cf condensation  in air  initially
cleansed of aerosol particles by filtration has been
investigated.  Such formation may be achieved in the  dark.   The
formation process is accelerated by the  action  of  sunlight  or  by
the introduction into the chamber of thoron free from active
                           C. Atmospheric Interaction                     231

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 deposit.   The  evolution  of  these  particles in time, as well as
 their  state  of charge, has  been studied,  and an important
 influence  of coagulation of the process has been found.
 The  possible role  of  such particles  as regards the origin and
 behavior of  the properties  of  natural aerosols must be
 considered.   (Authors' abstract) ##
107871

Fabry, Ch.  and H. Buisson


THE ABSOHPTION CF RADIATION IN THE LCWER  ATMOSPHERE  AND  THE  AMOUNT
OF OZONE  .   ( (Sur 1'abscrpticn des radiations  dans la  basse
atmosphere et le dosage de 1'ozone,))   Translated from Erench.
Compt. Bend.  (Paris),  192: «57-461, 1931.   <» refs.


Optical density is computed for different  wave  lengths in  order to
show that absorption of visible radiation  by the atmosphere  is
produced  by an ozone layer of 0.0022 cm./km. air.  An  increased
absorption in the short wave lengths is probably due to  the
presence  of oxygen.  The calculated concentration of ozone
required  to produce the observed absorption  (or 4.3  mg/100 cu m
air at 15 degrees C.)  is of the same order of  magnitude  as can be
obtained  by chemical analysis.  If the  atmosphere contained  the
same proportion of ozone at all heights,  the total density of
ozone in  the earth's atmosphere would be  0.18  mm..##
10937T

Grafe, K.  and C. Schlunk


MEASUREMENT OF GLOBAL RAEIATION AS A CONTRIBUTION TO THE AIR
POLLUTION PROBLEM.,  ({Globalstrahlmessungen als Eeitrag zu
lufthygienischen Probleraen.))   Translated from German.
Gesundh.. Ingr. , 86 (2) :5t-60, 1965.  13 refs.


"Global" radiation is the combined radiation impinging on the
earth's surface directly from the sun and diffusely from the sky.
In global radiation measurements in the Hamburg area considerable
differences in radiation were observed between the stations on
individual days.  On the average the urban and industrial
district showed reductions  in radiation as compared to the
immediate vicinity of Hamburg, the level of which differed
between summer and winter and with varying weather conditions.
These reductions in global  radiation are attributed to urban and
industrial air pollution and make possible an indirect check on
the pollution of the air.   In the interpretation of the
statistical data the complicated interaction of air pollutions and
meteorological parameters is taken into account.  In conclusion
attention is called to the  economic aspects of the air pollution
situation.f *
232               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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10980

J.  E, Lcvill,   A. Miller


THE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF OZONE OVER THE SAN  FRANCISCO
EAY ABIA.    J.  Geophys. fies. 73(16):5073-5079, Aug.  15,  1966,


Observations of the vertical distribution of  ozone  were  made
during February 1967 on the San Francisco Bay  area  with  the
Carton-iodine  (Komhyr)  ozonesonde.  Horizontal and  vertical
velocity components were obtained by simultaneous  tracking
with an M33 radar.  In the  lower troposphere,  two  peaks  of ozone
were found near 1 and 1.5 km within the west  coast  subsidence
inversion; the  lower maximum coincides in position  with  a  wind  jet.
2n the middle and upper troposphere there are  significant  time
variations of ozone, believed to be caused by  intrusions of
stratospheric air.  Undulations in the ozone,  temperature, and
wind profiles in the stratosphere suggest laminas  of  air masses.
The mean profile of ozone suggests that there  are  several
distinct zones  that are related to czone production  and  vertical
mixing.   (Authors' abstract)##
11013

Stephens, Edgar R.
THE MARINE LAYER AND ITS RELATION  10  A  SKCG  EPISODE  IN
RIVERSIDE, CALIFORNIA.  Atmos.  Environ.,  2 (4) :393-396, July
1968.
The arrival of a polluted air  icass  with  a  sharp  boundary was
recorded on five chemical recorders.   The  records of
temperature, humidity and wind  suggest that  this
pollution was contained in a layer  of  marine air which had
penetrated about 40 miles inland.   (Author's abstract)##
 11052

 R. 0. Heedfall,  B. Linsky


 A MESCCLIMATOLCGICAL CLASSIFICATION  SYSTEM  FOR AIR POLLUTION
 ENGINEFRS.   Preprint, West  Virginia Univ.,  Morgantown,
 Dept. of Civil Engineering,  59p.,  1968.   21  refs.   (Presented
 at the 61st Annual Meeting,  Air  Pollution Control
 Association, St. Paul, Minn.,  June  23-27, 1968,  Paper 68-53.)


 A method of deriving 3 air pollution potential indexes based on
 selected climatic data and meso-climate  topographic factors has
 teen deteloped, through  not  yet  adequately  field tested, for use
 by engineers in choosing  between alternate  factory sites.
 Three indexes, one for general air  pollution,  one  for
 photoreactive air pollutants,  and  one for fog-reactive air
                          C. Atmospheric Interaction                     233

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pollutants, the latter two based en the first one  plus  sunshine
and humidity factors respectively, are presented.   These  indexes
vary with locations, not with air pollutants or time.   Weaknesses
and possible uses of the various stagnation indexes  are discussed.
(Authors' abstract, modified)#f
11221

Rent, F. H.


ON THE NATUBE OF AITKEN CONDENSATION NUCLEI.  Tellus  (Uppsala)
18(2) : 549-556, 1966.  7 refs.,


The number of Aitken condensation nuclei in the air is  strongly
influenced by human activities which increase the  natural  number
nanifold through release of combustion products from  fires and
combustion engines.,  The natural condensation nuclei  near
ground level increase during day decrease daring night; there is a
general decrease with increasing altitude in the atmosphere.
These natural Aitken nuclei are produced in light  from  volatile
products released by the vegetation  (mainly terpenes) and  therefori
are organic macromolecules™  They disappear again  mainly by
agglomeration, or near the inversion layer, and are then removed b
precipitation.  (Author's abstract) t#
11230

A. P. Altshuller
COMPOSITION AND REACTIONS OF POLLUTANTS  IN  COMMUNITY
ATMOSPHERES.   Preprint, Public  Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, National  Air Pollution Control
Administration, ( (21))p., 1968.   ((33)) refs.   (Presented  at  the
Symposium on Urban  Climates and  Building Climatology,
Brussels, Belgium,  Oct.  15-25, 1968.)


This paper is concerned  with the composition  of  gaseous and
particulate substances  in community  atmospheres.   The
available measurements  of rates  of reaction of  various pollutants
with oxygen, ozone, atomic  oxygen and in nitrogen oxide
sensitized photooxidations  are tabulated and  discussed.   The
formation, composition  and  size  distribution  of  atmospheric
particulates in the community environment has received
considerable investigation  recently.   The possible mechanisms for
sulfate  and sulfuric acid formation  are  considered.   The biosphere
as  a source as well as  a sink for pollutants  is  discussed.   The
large contribution  of biosphere  in terms of emissions  of methane,
terpenes, nitrogen  oxides,  ammonia and hydrogen  sulfide reguires
much additional investigation.   Improvement of  understanding of
these aspects of  atmospheric chemistry,  physics  and
meteorology will  necessitate well-designed experiments in both
the atmosphere itself and the laboratory.  (Author's abstract,
modified)*t
 234               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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1127K

Lea,  Duane A.,   James L. Sarney,  and Cecil A. Knudsen


IASER RADAR RETURNS FROM THE 10HEH THOPOSPHERE COMPARED  WITH
VERTICAL OZONE  DISTRIBUTIONS.   Preprint, Pacific  Missile
Range, Point Hugu, Calif., i((12))p., 1966.  8 refs.  (Presented
at the 12th Conference on Radar Meteorology, American
Meteorological  Society, Norman, Okla., Oct. 18-20,  1966..)


From May through December 1965, a series of ozone  soundings were
conducted at Point Hugu using balloon-borne chemiluroinescent
ozonesondes.  Preliminary comparisons of the laser  radar returns
with vertical ozone distributions in the lower troposphere suggest
an inverse relationship, especially in smoggy air advected from
the nearby Los  Angeles Easin.  Enroute to the observing  site,
the ozone content of the polluted air is presumably depleted in
discrete layers by destructive contact with stratified layers of
aerosol and cloud from which the laser pulses are bactcscattered.
Differences in  observing paths and times, as well as accuracy
limitations of  the instrumental methods, preclude rigorous
analysis of the present data, and resulting conclusions  are
admittedly speculative.  Nevertheless, the results  indicate
that ozone soundings can provide a useful supplement to
conventional radiosone data in interpreting laser  returns  from
polluted air.,  A systematic program of coordinated  laser and ozone
measurements should permit improved delineation of  striations in
atmospheric structure and provide insight into some of the
complex physical processes involved in metropolitan pollution
regimes.t#
11280

Irvine,  William M.


DIFFUSE  REFLECTION  AND TRANSMISSION BY CLOUD AND DUST LAYERS.
Preprint,  Harvard Coll. Observatory Cambridge, Mass, and
Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Mass.,
((26)) p.,  Feb.  1966.  35 refs..


The problem of  radiative transfer in a medium with a strongly
anisotropic phase function is considered.  Traditional  methods  of
solution of the transfer eguation have not proved practicable.
Recent calculations using the Neumann solution, Borcanova"s
method,  and the "doubling method" of van de Hulst are described.
To facilitate the study of absorption features under conditions
of multiple scattering, the probability distribution of  photton
optical  paths is introduced.  Hhen appropriately normalized, this
distribution satisfies a transfer eguation.   (Author"s  abstract)##
 11310

 Keng, Edward Y. «„  and Clyde  Orr,  Jr.



                          C. Atmospheric Interaction                     235

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CHABACTEBISTICS OF ATMOSPHERIC HYDKOSCOPIC PABTICULATES UNEEK
CHANGING HUHIDITY CONDITIONS.  Preprint, Georgia Inst. of
Technology, Atlanta, Engineering Experiment Station,  ((15))p.,
1968.  {(6))refs.  '(Presented at the 156th ACS National
Meeting, Atlantic City, N. J. , 1968.,)


It has been established on the basis of experimental  and
theoretical investigations that airborne hydroscopic  particles,
such as sodium chloride, undergo size changes when the relative
humidity increases or decreases.  Open an increase in the
environmental relative humidity, the process of moisture accretion
proceeds with little change in particle size up to the point where
the particle actually dissolves forming a solution droplet.  There
is then an abrupt increase in size.  Further increase of relative
humidity causes the droplet size to increase by condensation of
moisture.  If at this point, the relative humidity is decreased,
evaporation of moisture from the droplet occurs and the size
decreases.  However, recrystallization of the hydroscopic nucleus
will not occur immediately at the relative humidity at which it
first dissolved.  A time lag exists in the process.  Vaporous
contaminants in the environment may either be condensed on  the
particulate surface or absorbed by the droplet, giving a
homogeneous solution.  Nucleation time is altered when compared to
the nucleation time for non-contaminated conditions,.  (Authors1
abstract) ##
11505

Gajzagc, L.


VARIATIONS OF GLOBAL EAEIATIONS IN BUDAPEST.   Preprint,
Central Inst. of Meteorology, Budapest  (Hungary),
Biometeorology Besearch Group.  (("))p.,  1968.  1 refs.
(Presented at the World Meteorological  Organization  Sympcsiui
en Urban Climates and Building Climatology, Brussels, Oct.
15-25,  1968.)


Seme characteristics of the variations  of global radiation  in
towns are presented, on the basis of data of  the  10  winter  months.
The decrease of radiation of  the town stations and  the  territorial
variations of radiation on days with different wind  directions are
shown.  The mean radiation deficit of the City is in winter
13%, while at the Central Institute it  is  18*.   The  latter  data
are almost in full conformity with the  deviations found  by  previous
measurements.  The gradual air pollution  taking  place during the
passage of the air over the town causes  in  the average  a  radiation
decrease of about 11% on days with NW Kinds which are as  a  rule
mere vivid and turbulent.  On days with  weaker and  almost laminar
SI winds, the decrease of the radiation  in  the city  is  22%  and
the Central Institute 333E.  On days with  HE,  SW  and  changing
wind directions the rate cf the variation  01  radiation  is also
corresponding to the air pollution to be  expected on the  casis of
the structure of the town and orography.   The decrease  of the
radiation has been investigated also for  days without sunshine.**
236               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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11516

T.. J. Chandler
URBAN CIIMA1ES:   INVENTORY ABE PECSPZCT.   Preprint,
University Coll., London, England,  (20} p., 1968.,   11  refs-
(Presented at the World Meteorological  Organization
Symposium on Brian Climates and Building Climatology,
Brussels, Oct.,  15-25, 1968.)


Factors determining urban climates  are  discussed.  The
most important meteorological element controlling  levels  of
atmospheric pollution is wind.  It  is the basic  parameter of  urban
climates as a vhole. It helps to control pollution concentrations,
temperatures,, fog freguencies, evaporation rates and
humidities, cloud amounts and precipitation.   Another important
factor in determining urban climate is  radiation,.  Short  wave rad-
iation is scattered and absorbed by pollution  particles  and  the
surface receipts are highly differentiated by  the  varied
geometry, aspect and albedo of city fabrics.##
11521

P., F. Fuggle,,  1. R. Oke


INFRA-BED FIOX DIVERGENCE AND THE URBAN  HEAT  ISLAND.    Preprint,
McGill Univ., Montreal,  (Quebec),  (10) p.,  1968.   17  refs-
(Presented at the World  Meteorological Organization  Symposium
on Urban Climates and Building Climatology,  Brussels,  Oct.
16, 1968.)


At night, when the urban heat island  effect  is  best  developed,
there are two energy exchange processes  acting  to heat the
urban atmosphere.  Firstly, there is  the turbulent diffusion of
sensible heat away from  the warm city buildings,  and secondly,
there is the absorption  of long-wave  radiation  emitted by  both  the
city and its pollution cover.  The  sensitivity  of the  heat  island
intensity to wind speed  and cloud cover  is obviously a reflection
of these two processes.  A scheme is  outlined for studying  the
effects of long-wave radiation upon the  intensity of the heat
island in Montreal..  In  particular, it is stressed that it  may
be unreasonable, in the case of the polluted  urban atmosphere,  to
assume the usual constancy of the flux with  height.   A programme
for the direct measurement of this  infra-red  flux divergence is
described, including the possibility  of  its  use in urban heat
island studies.##
 11522

 I. Jenkins


 INCREASE IN AVERAGES OF  SUNSHINE  IN  CESTEAL LONDON.   Preprint,,
 Meteorological Office, Lender,  England,  (1«)  p., 1968.  6 refs.
                           C. Atmospheric Interaction                     237

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(Presented at the World Heteorological Organization Symposium
on Urban Climates and Building Climatology, Brussels, Oct.
15-25, 1968.)


Over recent years the sunshine in winter months was almost
invariably above the long term normals published for
Kingsway.  For this study, London Heather Centre was used as
the city center, Kew Observatory as the suburban site and the
Eoyal Horticultural Society's gardens at Bisley as the
rural site.  Kew Observatory is 9 miles nest-south-west and
Hisley 21 Biles south-west of Central London.  Although
London Heather Centre moved to High Holbofn, w.C.1» in
Janurary 1965, the new office is within 1/t mile of the old site
at Kingsway so that a comparison with the 30 year normals of
sunshine at Kingsway is still valid.  The values of duration of
sunshine given for the three sites in the Monthy Heather Report
were used for this study.  The duration of bright sunshine at
London Weather Centre since 1958 has increased by about 50K
of the long term average {1931 to 1960}  during the months
November to January and this is probably associated with the
decrease in smoke since the Clean Air Act came into force.##
11523

H. E. Landsberg


CLIMATES AND UR PAN PLANNING-   Preprint,  Maryland  Univ.,
College Park, Inst. for Fluid Dynamics and  Applied
Hathematics, (175 p., 1968.  13 refs.   (Presented at  the
World Meteorological Organization Symposium  on  Urban Climates
and Building Climatology, Brussels, Oct.  15-25,,  1968.)


Urbanization brings about several reasonably well-documented
micro-and meso-climatic changes.  Some of these  can  be
advantageous, such as the heat island effect in  cold climates.,
Others include highly undesirable atmospheric consequences,
principally air  pollution,  which is aggravated  by  reduction in
ventilation and  in some areas by insolation.  Planning
for new towns or for redeveloptrent of  old cities and for  their
expansion should include climatic facts to  minimize  adverse
effects.  Through layout, architecture and  engineering  measures
microclimates may be turned into assets rather  than  liabilities.
Advance climatic studies are particularly necessary  in  proper
siting of airports and industrial installations.   Adequate
provision for green spaces  is always essential.
Hydrometeorological studies of flood plains  and drainage
requirements are also mandatory.  Micrometeorological
conditions can be mitigated or cleared by judicial arrangement
of street orientation, building  heights and  spacing, hedges,  water
surfaces, and suitable adaptation to orographic conditions.
Begional nacroclimatic circumstances,  such  as snowfall,  sunshine
duration, wind regime, may  dictate  different countermeasures  in
town construction..  Knowledge gained from poor  adaptations  to cli-
mate in established settlements  can be profitable  applied to  ne«
arban developments.  Several case studies have  been  made.  Note-
worthy are those of Kitimat, B.C.,  and Columbis,  Md.
 238               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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I 1529

Peterson,  James T.


MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC AEECSOIS AND INFHJRED  RADIATION  OVES
NORTHWEST  INDIA AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP.  Wisconsin  Univ.,
Madison,  Dept. of Meteorology, Contract CNR  1202(07)  and
NSF GP-5572X, Task  NR 387-022, TH-38,  ((169)) p.,  Jan.
1968.   ((65)) refs.
   CFSTI,  DDC:  AD  673212


Airborne  measurements were made of atmospheric aerosols  and
infrared  radiation  over northwest India up to 30,000  feet.
Simultaneous observations of infrared  radiation were  also  made by
balloon-borne net economical radiometers.  The instrumentation,
which  detected both the particle size  distribution  and  vertical
variation  of the dust concentration as well  as the  directed
infrared  radiative  flux, is described.  The  vertical  distribution
of the aerosol density was measured on five  separate  ocassions.
A mineralogical analysis of the collected aerosols  indicated  that
quartz was their major constituent.  The nocturnal  radiation
measurements showed several features which suggested  that  the
infrared  radiation  was being influenced by the atmospheric  dust.
Radiative  transfer  equations were formulated in an  attempt  to
compare the difference between the observed  and calculated  upward
infrared  flux data  to the simultaneously measured aerosol  values.
Based  on  the assumption that all the particles were composed  of
quartz, the Hie theory was used in conjunction with the  observed
aerosol size distributions and mass concentrations  to calculate  the
wavelength dependent optical parameters of the particulates (i.e.,
efficiency factors, scattering albedoes and  phase functions).   The
radiative  transfer  equations were developed  in terms  of  a  model  in
which  the  pertinent parameters could be varied so that  their
effect on  the infrared radiative flux  could  be investigated.
Regression analysis was then used to re-examine the relation
between the observed-calculated flux differences  and  the
atmospheric aerosols by using the radiation  observations as input
into a slightly modified form of the transfer equations.   This
study  indicated that these differences were  largely explained by a
positive  contribution from aerosol scattering.  Finally, an
expression was presented which relates the amount of  atmospheric
dust to the additional radiative diabatic cooling resulting from
this dust.tt
11597

Bullrich, K.,   w.  Blattner,   T.  Conley,  R. Eiden,  G..
Hanel,  K0 Heger,   and  H.  Nowak


CONTRIBUTION TO THE POLARIZATION OF THE SKY RADIATION..   In:
Research on Atmospheric Optical  Eadiation Transmission.
(Interim Scientific Eeport No.  6.)  Johannes Gutenberg-Dniv™,
Mainz  (Best Germany), Heteorologisch-Geophysikalisches
Institut, Contract F 61052 67 C  0016, AFCEL-68-0186, p.
51-55,  81, Jan., 1968.   28  refs.
   CFSTI, DDC:  AD 670210
                          C. Atmospheric Interaction                     239

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The variation  of  the  maximum  degree  of  polorization of the sky
light  is  discussed  as a  function  of  each of the following
parameters:  turbidity,  wavelength,  exponent of the aerosol
particle  size  distribution, zenith  distance of the sun, and albedo.
The conclusions drawn are  of  qualitative nature.  New
measurements of the degree of polorization have teen carried out at
Mainz  to  get an insight  in the dayly variation of the atmospheric
aerosol size distributions and other parameter which influence the
spectral  distribution of the  sky  radiation.  It could be shown the
significance of the behaviour of  the two polarization maxima
in the sky radiation.tf
 11599

 Bullrich, K,.,  W. Blattner,   T.  Conley,   H.  Eiden,   G.
 Hanel,  K. Heger,  and H.  Nowak


 THE INFLUENCE OF SECOND  ODDER  SCATTEHING  ON  THE  SKY RADIATION  AND
 ON THE RADIATION EMERGING  FEOH THE  EARTH'S  ATMOSPHERE UNDER
 THE ASSDMPTION OF A TURBID ATMOSPHERE.    In:   Research  on
 Atmospheric Optical Radiation  Transmission.   (Interim
 Scientific Report No. 6) Mainz Univ.  (West  Germany),
 Beteorologisch-Geophysikalisches Institut,  Contract F 61052
 67 C 0046, AFCRL-68-0186,  p.  63-83, Jan.  1968.   28  refs.
   CPSTI, DDC: AD 670210


 The influence of second  order  scattering  on  the  sky radiation  and
 on the radiation emerging  from the  earth's  atmosphere under
 assumption of a turbid atmosphere has been  investigated
 comprehensively.  The great  influence in  the  case of short
 wavelength and high turbidity  can be seen.   The  amount  of the
 secondary scattering near  the  horizon is  80%  of  the primary
 scattering.  The theory  of scattering is  discussed, and graphs of
 data are presented.##
11621

Berger, An S. ,  Co E, Billings,  B» Dennis,   D» Lull,
and P. Warneck
STUDY OF REACTIONS OP SULFUR IN STACK PLUMES.   (FIRST  ANNUAL
REPORT APBIL 12, 1967 TO APRIL 11, 1968,.)   GCA  Corp.,
Bedford, Mass., Technology Div. , Contract PH-86-67-125,
GCJ-TR-68-19-G, 129p-, March 21, 1969.,   30  refs.


The overall objective was to provide an  improved  rationale  for
predicting the concentration levels of sulfur oxides  in  the
atmosphere.  The study has been divided  into two  major phases;
(a) a field program in which real plumes from coal  and oil-fired
power stations can be tracked by aircraft to determine plnme
composition as a function of downwind distance, environmental
factors and source parameters; and  (b) a laboratory program in
 240               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
which flue gas  effluents generated by a pilot plant furnace  (oil
and coal  fired)  can be studied under simulated field conditions-
Bench scale experiments to investigate several alternative
mechanisms (cheuical and/or physical) contributing to observed
S02 losses in the atmosphere are also included in the first-year
program-   Two Boston area power plants, one coal fired and the
other oil fired, are allowing measurement of source parameters.
The selected coastal stations are located such that no
interference between their respective plumes takes place during
periods of off-shore winds.  Plume sampling was conducted under
pre-selected meteorological conditions which would allow for
maximum plume stability..  Plume location beyond the visible range
was determined  by an automatic conductivity analyzer.  A 12-cu
ft reaction chamber was constructed to investigate atmospheric
behavior of S02 from stack plumes under controlled temperature,
humidity, and simulated solar irradiation.  Bench scale
experiments were performed in which quantum yields were determined
for pure S02 and mixtures of S02 for various uv excitation
levels, 2537 and 3100A, at ambient pressure.##
 11635

 Altshu.ller,  A. P.


 COMPOSITION  AND REACTIONS OF POILD1ANTS IN CCdMUNITY ATMOSPHERES.
 Bull. World  Health Organ. (Geneva), 40 (4):616-623,  1969.   26  refs.


 Data are presented showing the composition of gaseous  and
 particulate  substances in community atmospheres, based on
 measurements in various cities in the United States.   Many  of  the
 pollutants react further, usually to produce substances  as
 undesirable  as the original ones, or more so; most  of  these
 reactions involve thermal oxidation or photooxidation.   Because
 of the importance of considering air pollution on a regional
 or even continental scale, a general framework of residence
 times of pollutants is postulated; up to several days  under
 adverse conditions in many regions, but less than 2t hours
 across large urban areas under more usual conditions of  wind  speed
 and movements of weather fronts.  Pollutants and other atmospheric
 substances are categorized as either reactants-those substances
 emitted directly into the atmosphere from combustion,  industrial,
 and biosphere processes; or products such as nitrogen  dioxide and
 sulfates.  Some substances may fall into both groupings.   Data
 are given on rates of various reactions, and the nature  of  the
 products is  described.  In general, the measurements showed 1% to
 15X conversions of gaseous to particulate species on a long-term
 basis; rates of conversion of nitrogen dioxide to nitrate  were
 consistently lower than those cf sulfur dioxide to  sulfate.
 Recent work  on particle size distributions of various  metallic and
 non-metallic ions in particulates in U. S. cities is reviewed,
 with data given in terms cf mass median dianeters.  It is  pointed
 out that the biosphere is a source of, as well as a sink for,
 pollutants,  and that urban levels of methane or nitrous  oxide,
 for example, reflect to a considerable extent biosphere, rather
 than urban,  emissions.  Reactions originating in biosphere
 processes may contribute significantly to regional  pollution,
 particularly during periods of stagnation.  The need for increased
                          C. Atmospheric Interaction                    241

-------
emphasis on atmospheric investigation, as  opposed  to  laboratory
work, and for improved sensitivity  and specificity in monitoring
and sampling is discussed.
11713

Bornstein, B. D.


OBSEBVATIONS OF THE URBAN HEAT ISLAND F.FJECI IN  NEH  YOPK  CITY.
J. Appl. Meteorol. 7 (4) : 575-582, Aug. 1968.  13  refs.


Differences in the temperature fields through the  lowest  700  m of
the atmosphere in and around New York City during  the  hours
near sunrise are analyzed.  Data were obtained by  an instrumented
helicopter on 42 predetermined test mornings from  July 1964 to
December 1966.  The flight  (shewn on a map) began  at Westchester
County Airport, continued over Manhattan, Brooklyn,  Staten
Island, and ended at linden Airport.  Results show urban
surface temperature inversions to be less intense, and far less
frequent, than those in the surrounding non-urban  regions.  A high
frequency of weak elevated inversions layers at  an average height
of 310 m was observed over the city.  The average  intensity of the
urban heat island, i.e.,  urban temperature excess, was a  maximum
near the surface and decreased to zero at 300 m.   On mornings with
relatively strong urban elevated inversion layers  the  heat island
extended to well over 500 m.  For more than two-thirds of the test
mornings there existed an elevated "cross-over layer"  in  which
rural temperatures were higher than urban temperatures.   The
magnitude of the cress-over effect was less than that  of  the  heat
island effect.##
11714

K. Bullrich,  B. Eiden, H. Jaenicke,   H.  Nowak


SOLAS RADIATION EXTINCTION, SKY BADIATICN,  SKY  LIGHT
POLARIZATION AND AEEOSOI PABTICIE TOTAL  NUMBEB  AND SIZE
DISTBIBUTION ON THE ISLAND MAUI  (HAWAII).    Pure  Appl.
Geophys.  (Milan) 69 (1) : 280-319,  1968.  29 refs.


Solar radiation within the wavelength  range of  0.4 micron to  1.0
micron undergoes extinction due to  the air  molecules  as  well  as
to the aerosol  particles suspended  in  the atmosphere.   If the
absorption bands of water vapor are avoided 'by  suitable
interference filters,  the extinction measured at  solar  elevations
(which are not  very low) is almost  all due  to scattering.  There
is evidence that the specrral  distribution  and  the degree of
polarization of diffuse sky radiation  are sensitive to  the number
and size of atmospheric particles.   The  island  of Maui  is
suitable for such an investigation  since measurements can be  taken
above the trade wind inversion on the  summit and  below  the
inversion at the foot.  Inversion almost completely prevents  a
direct exchange of  aerosol particles between sea  level  and an
 242               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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elevation of  3,050 m.   During April 1964 and August and
September 1965,  field  studies with regard to the total
number of particles per cu cm, the aerosol particle size
distribution  per cu cm, and spatial distribution of the  spectral
degree of polarization, were carried out.  The results are  given
in 26 figures and discussed in terms of theoretical values.
It was found  that the  measured aerosol size distribution of  a
volume of air on the summit follows a power law only approximately
with the exponent v*=3.  At sea level the exponent is between  2
and 3,*#
11721

I. Foitzik,   D.  Spankuch,  E. Unger


COMPUTATION  OF THE SCATTERING FUNCTIONS OF THE HAZE FHOM
SKYIIGHT MEASUREMENTS, CONSIDEBING THE MULTIPLE SCATTERING
Pure Appl.  Geophysics (Milan), 69 (1) :260-279,1968.  11 refs.


The primary  scattering of atmospheric haze is computed by
modification of  an approximative method evolved by De Bary,
tasing on skylight measurements carried out on a  mountain
(3,000 m high in Bulgaria)  at various altitudes of the sun and
in different horizontal circles at a wave length  of 450 nm.   This
measured total radiation is reduced by the radiation induced  by  the
scattering  at molecules as well as by secondary or multiple
scattering  at turbidity aeroscl.  The single scattering of the
atmospheric  haze thus computed is discussed for various assumed
Linke turbidity  factors.  Haze scattering functions are compared
with theoretical scattering functions.  The results attained  agree
closely with superimposed logarithmic Gaussian distributions  and
only partly  with the scattering functions computed by Bullrich.
These deductions prove optically the increase of  larger particles
during forenoon.  The analysis o.f the scattering  functions shows a
shortage of  particles in agreement with other investigations.##
 11902

 Groll, A.


 DETERMINATION OF A RADIATION  INEIX  NEEDED  FOR  THE  ESTABLISHMENT
 OB DIFFUSION TYPES FROM SYNOPTIC  WEATHER DATA.   ((Bestimmung
 eines fur die Festlegung von  Ausbreitungstypen
 erforderlichen Strahlungsindex  aus  synoptischen
 Hetterbeotachtungen.))  Text  in German.  Meteorol.
 Edsch., 21(3):69-72, 1966.  1 refs.


 The radiation index NRI which is  used  together  with the wind
 velocity to determine the diffusion  type in  Turner's method is
 calculated from data on cloudiness,  the  solar  height of the cloud
 cover.  As shown by an analysis of  hourly  data  obtained from the
 Hamburg airport and the Hamburg Meteorological  Observatory in
 1965, however, the NEI index  correlates  poorly  with measured
 values of total insclaticn.   A  new  radiation index (GI) is
                           C. Atmospheric Interaction                    243

-------
therefore proposed which increases stepwise from 0 to  t  as  the
measured total insolation increases froni 0 to 6.7, 20.2,  33.9, and
44.7 cal./cm2 hr. or higher.  In crder to obviate the  need  for
measurements of total insolation, an empirical relationship was
derived between it and data on cloudiness and solar height.
When the total insolation calculated in this way is used  to
calculate the radiation index GI and the diffusion type,  the
results show a better correlation with the measured insolation
data.  As exemplified by calculations for both Hamburg and
Frankfurt, the net result of this improvement in Turner's method
is a decrease in the relative frequencies of diffusion types 3 and
1 and an increase in types 1 and 2,##
 11911

 K. Eeiter
AN EXPANDED TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM FOB  RECORDING  AEHOLOGICAL
DATA FROM CABLE-CAB GONDOLAS: STUDIES WITH  AEEOSOLS  IN
INVERSIONS.    ((Die erweitert Fernutertragungsanlage zur
Eegistrierung aerologischer Daten von Seilbahngondeln
Aerosolstudien an Inversionen.)) Text in German.   Meteorol.
Rdsch., 21(3):73-81, 1968.  11 refs.


Further details are given on a measurement  and communications
system which makes possible the continuous  measurement  and
transmission to the control station in  the  valley  (a difference of
1050 meters), of not only the temperature  readings on the dry and
wet thermometers in the gondola, tut also  the  positive  and
negative air conductivity and the potential  gradient as a function
of atmospheric pressure.  In the control station,  these data ace
automatically graphed against air pressure  as  the  gondola makes
its ascent.  Circuit diagrams and block diagrams are provided
for the devices used to measure polar conductivity and  potential
gradient, as well as for the electronic equipment  in both the
gondola and the receiving station.  Recording  techniques and the
basic principles underlying the interpretation of  the results
are also reviewed, after which seme representative data obtained
during the tall of 1967 are analyzed.   Using data  recorded  during
inversions it is shown how the vertical distribution of the
aerosol particles can be derived from the  vertical gradient of air
conductivity, and how this makes possible  the  calculation of
vertical exchange coefficients ±cr intervals of altitude which
can be as small as desired.  These partial  exchange  coefficients
can be related to the meteorological fine  structure  in  the  same
thin layer of the atmosphere.  It is demonstrated  that  the
vertical exchange coefficient is related to the slope of the
temperature gradient in the area of the inversion, not  the
absolute temperature difference.##
 12077

 Dave, J.  V.,   and  Co L.  Mateer



 244               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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THE EFFECT OF STRATOSPHERIC DUST ON THE COLOR OF THE TWILIGHT
SKY.   0-  Geophys., Res., 73 (22) :6897-6913, Nov.  15,  1968.
35 refs.
The chronaticity of the scattered radiation received by  a
terrestrial observer from different farts of the sky during
twilight has been evaluated for six different model atmospheres.
The first model is free of atmospheric ozone and dust, the
second one contains Oo212 atu cm of 03 but no dust, whereas  the
remaining four models contain both 03 and dust.  The
evaluation method involves rectilinear propagation  (no refraction)
and the single scattering of direct sunlight.  The computed
chromaticities for the various models are discussed in terms of
certain classically observed features of the tvilight, namely, the
purple light  (Main and secondary) , the increased blueness of the
zenith sky during twilight, and the anti-twilight arch and the dark
segment.,  The main purple light phenomenon cannot be explained by
single scattering in a purely molecular atmosphere; the  presence of
stratospheric dust is found to be essential.  Although certain
features of the secondary purple can be explained by primary
scattering in an upper stratospheric dust layer, chromaticities
based on accurate calculation of both primary and secondary
scattering will be required before a selection can be made between
the secondary-scattering explanation and the upper dust-layer
explanation of the secondary purple.  The increase in zenith sky
blueness during twilight reguires the presence of O3 in  the
atmosphere; dust contributes to an increased blueness at all
twilight solar zenith angles.  The observed chromaticities of the
anti-twilight arc and the dark segment cannot be reproduced  in the
model calculations and, therefore, must be produced by multiple
scattering.   (Author°s Abstract)**


12105

levine,  Myron


ATMOSPHERIC CHEMICAL REACTIONS-AIB POLLUTION.  Lockheed  Aircraft
Corp., Burbank, Calif., Rept. 15055, «5p., let>. 17, 1961.  37 refs.


The smog process in the Los Angeles Easin is summarized  and  the
reduction of ozone by iodine is proposed.  As determined in  an
aluminum-covered reaction chamber, the thermal decay rates of
ozone at 54-119 F are 0.53 to 1.59 times 0.001 reciprocal min.
The decay is a first-order surface-catalyzed reaction having an
activation energy of 5.2 kcal.  In dark and in sunlight, ioaine
reacts with ozone in purified air with an Oj;12 ratio of aiout
1.51, which is equivalent to that required for the formation oi
iodous iodate.  The reaction rate in sunlight is faster  than in
the dark, probably because of the increased dissociation fcy
photoenergy of the iodine icolecule to energetic iodine atons
prior to the reaction with ozone.  In a photochemical smog
atmosphere, iodine reacts to reduce the ozone concentration  by
an 03:12 ratio of approximately 7:1.  It is postulated that  the
increased effectiveness of the iodine in reducing ozone  in smog
atmosphere over that in purified air is the result of the
quenching by the iodine of the free radical chain which  geneiatts
ozone.   (Author summary modified)
                          C. Atmospheric Interaction                    245

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12165

E.T»H. Keng,  C.C. Bellons,  C. Crr, Jr.


HTSTEBESIS IN SHOG JND FOG DISAPPEARANCE  (FINfil TECHNICAL
BEPOBT,,)    Georgia Inst. of Tech.,  atlanta. Engineering
Experiment Station, Proj, B-330, 63p., Feb. 1969.   26  refs.


The behavior of sodium chlcride aerosol particnlates under
various huiidity conditions was investigated.  The  effects
of foreign vapors such as methylamine and sulfur dioxide
were studied.  A snail quantity of  methylamine in the  aerosol
was found to promote condensation on the sodium chloride
particulates when the relative humidity was increased  and was found
to retard evaporation of sodium chloride solution droplets  when the
relative humidity was decreased.  This is because the  dew point
temperature of the aerosol is increased by the presence of  the
methylamine.  Sodiun chloride crystals at a room temperature of
75 degrees F will dissolve into droplets when the dew  point
temperature of the nethy la mine-free aerosol is above 66.5 degrees
F.  This would not occur until the  dew point of the aerosol was
above 70.5 degrees F when the aerosol contained only 0.1 per cent
methylamine by volume.  This is because the solubility and  the
dissolution rate of sodium chloride are retarded by the presence
methylamine in condensed water.  Evaporation of sodium
chloried solution droplets in air containing sulfur dioxide
seemed to be slower than in air alone when the
concentration was high.  No difference was detected on the
growth of dry crystals, however.  Ethanol vapor and Alpha-pinene
did not affect either evaporation or growth for the conditions
tested.  Aerosols generated from sea water behaved  similarly to
those generated from sodium chloride solutions.   (Authors'
summary) ft
12524

Pilipowskyj, S-,   J.  A. Weinman,  B. E. Clemesha,   G.  S.
Kent,  &  B. W.  Wright


INVESTIGATION OF THE  STBA10SPHEBIC AEROSCL BY INFBABED ANE LIDAE
TECHNIQUES.  J.  Geophys.  Hes., 73(24):7553-7560, Dec.  15,
1968.  19 refs.
Analysis of downward directed infrared irradiances measured
in the tropical stratosphere indicated that reasonable limits on
the gaseous composition of the atmosphere could not account for
the irradiances observed between 11 and 24 km.  Additional
emitters were therefore assumed tc exist at these altitudes.  The
altitude dependence of the additional emitter compared reasonaDly
well with aerosol profiles derived from lidar backscatter
measurements conducted siirultanecusly in the same region.  Mie
theory is applied to model aerosol size distributions; the results
of such analysis are compared with data obtained at lambda   0.694
micron and 3 micron less than lamtda, less than 100 micrcn to
provide estimates of the size distributions and mass  density of
the stratospheric aerosol at altitudes ci atout 18 km.   (Author's
Abstract) ##
 246               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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12626

0.  I.  Gordon
MODEL FOB A CLEAB ATMOSPHERE.   J. Opt. Soc. im., , 59(1) : 1 <»-
18,  Jan.  1969.  1» Kef.


A model of a clear atmosphere is presented based upon two
assumptions:  (1)  The point-function equilibrium radiance
for  a given path of sight does not change with altitude;  (2)  there
is no absorption™   As a result of these assumptions, the
equation of transfer can be integrated. The path radiance for any
slant path becomes a function of the equilibrium radiance
and  the bean transmittance of that path.  In addition,  the
equilibrium radiance is a function of the scalar irradiance  from
the  sun,  sky,  and earth and the proportional directional
scattering coefficient for ground level.  Sky radiances,  and  path
radiances through the atmosphere for both upward and downward paths
are  determined by four parameters; the proportional directional
scattering function for ground level, the total  vertical
beam transmittance of the atmosphere, the scalar albedo,  and
the  solar zenith angle™  There is evidence that  the real
atmosphere does on some days conform to the above two assumptions
to a useful extent for the visible portion of the spectrum.
(Author's Abstract) ##
12627

B. B. fierman,   D»  N,, larger


ESTIMATING THE VERTICAL ATMOSPHERIC OZONE DISTRIBUTION  BY
INVERTING THE  RADIATIVE TRANSFER EQUATION FOR POBE  MOLECULAR
SCATTERING.    J.  Atmospheric Sci., 26 (1J : 153-162, Jan.  1969.
18 Hef.


A method  of estimating the vertical distribution of ozone  by
inverting the  equation of radiative transfer is  presented.
The method allows  for all orders of scattering as well  as
polarization of the diffusely reflected  sunlight.   The
information content of the reflected sunlight as a  function of
observation angle  is examined for the case where perfect
neasurements are assumed, and also for the case  where a 1% random
error is  introduced into the measurements.  Inversion results
utilizing simulated satellite measurements are presented for
several different  ozone soundings.  (Author's Abstract)##
12632

J. J. Kelley,  Jr.


INVESTIGATIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC TRACE GASES  AND  SUSPENDED



                           C. Atmospheric Interaction                     247

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 PARTICDLATE  HATTER  ON  HODNT  OLYMPUS,  WASHINGTON.    J-  Geophys.
 Hes.  74  (2),  435-13 (Jan.  15,  1969).   11  Bef.


 atmospheric C02,  Hater vapor,  net  oxidant,  and suspended
 particulate  matter  were measured at  the  Blue glacier field
 station,  Mount  Olympus, Washington,  during  the summer  of 1966.
 Diurnal variations  of  C02, net oxidant,  and water vapor are
 related to mountain and valley wind  transport.  Diurnal
 variations of C02 and  net  oxidant  have a  phase nearly  opposite
 to the typical  diurnal variations  in  the  rural lowlands,.
 Concentrations  of suspended  particulate  matter are lower
 than  the  concentrations of the urban  and  industrial areas of the
 Puget Sound  region  but generally follow  the fluctuations of
 lowland concentrations.   (Author's Abstract)##
1263H

C. B. Leovy


ATMOSPHERIC OZONE.  AN ANALYTIC MODEL FOE PHOTOCHEHISTRY  IN THE
PRESENCE OF HATER VAPOR.  J. Geophys. Res., 71 (2) : 417-1126,
Jan. 15, 1969.  22 Hef0


An approximate analytic model of stet photochemistry including
reactions with hydrogen compounds is developed for the
atmospheric region between 15 and 60 km-  The reaction
scheme is a simplified version of that used by B. G. Hunt.
The model is used to study time-dependent processes, the
sensitivity of the equilibrium-concentration values to
uncertainties in reaction rates, and the variations in the
eguilibrium ozone concentration with latitude and season.  There
are five main results.  (1}  03 loss in the model  depends  on the
ratio of the rate of production of 0(1DJ and the  rate of
dissociation of H20 by 0(11), but the loss rate and
eguilibrium 03 concentration are not very sensitive to this
ratio.   (2}  Below 40 km the model is quite sensitive to the
rates of reaction of 03 with OH and H02; these unknown
reaction rates are the weakest link in the theory.  (3) Above 40
km the relevant reaction rates are comparatively  certain  and the
03 concentration is very likely to be controlled  by reactions
of atomic oxygen with OH and H02.  (4) As a consequence of
(3), the 03 concentration near the stratopause is probably not
sensitive to temperature, and the dynamical damping sometimes
attributed to this temperature sensitivity is likely to be
unimportant,   (5)  If the model is correct, the photochemical time
scale for 03 is much less than it would be if only 02
reactions control 03; consequently, in low latitudes, 03  may be
subject to significant photochemical influence down to as lew
as 15 km,.    (Author's Abstract) ##
12644

H.  N. Ballard,  R.  Valenzuela,  B. Izguierdo, J. R.



248              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Bandhawa,   P.  Horla,  J. F. Bettle


SOLAE ECLIPSE.   TEMPERATURE, HIND, AND OZONE IN THE
STBATOSPHEBE.   J.  Geophys. Res., 74 (2) :711-712, Jan.  15,
1969) .   «  ref.


The occurrence of a total eclipse at lartagal, Argentina,  on
November 12, 1966, prompted a rocket sounding experiment  to
determine  temperature, wind, and ozone perturbations  in  the
stratosphere caused by the eclipse.  Soundings were made  in the
65- to 30-km region of the atmosphere before, during,  and  after
the total  eclipse.  Twelve rockets were successfully  fired;
nine of the rocket instruments were designed to measure  temperature
and three  were designed to determine ozone  concentration  in the
atmosphere.  Hind speed was determined for  each sounding  from  the
trajectory of the radar-reflective parachute.   (Author's
Abstract)**


13758

Narita, Getsuei


METEOROLOGICAL STUDIES ON AIH POLLUTION IN  MOBOKAN, HOKKAIDO
(FUST BEPOBT)»   (Huroran-shi no taiki osen ni kansuru
kisho-chosa (daiichi ho}).  Text in Japanese.  Kishocho
Kenkyu Jiho (Journal of Meteorological Eesearch,  Tokyo) ,
19(10):552-556, Oct. 1967.,  1 ref.


In January, 1966, the city of Huroran was designated  an  air-
polluted area.   During the period of investigation  (June  1965  to
Hay 1966), two large iron industry plants located in  the  eastern
part of the city emitted smoke which included S02.  Mist  and/or
smog was most frequently observed between 9:00 p., a. and
9:00 A.M., disappearing in the morning.  A  weak north-northeast
wind was most frequently seen during periods of smog,  while a
west-north-west wind, which was slightly stronger than the former,
was most frequently seen during the period  of absence.  An
air-layer  inversion, which caused the wide  spread of  smog, was
clearly observed when the surface wind was  north-east or
southeast  in direction, or when the temperature difference between
air and sea water was great™  High concentrations (more  than
0.5 ppm) of S02 were most frequently observed between 12:00
noon and 10:00 p.m., , especially in  November and March and  when
there was  a strong  (7 to 10 m/sec) northwest wind.  Concentrations
of S02 were highest in the area within 1 km downwind  from  these
plants.


1U019

Altshuller, A. P.


COMPOSITION AND BEACTIONS OF PCIIUTJNTS IN  COMMUNITY  ATMOSPHERES.
Bull. World Health Organ,  (Geneva), 10 (4) : 616-623,  1969.   26
ref s.
                           C. Atmospheric Interaction                     249

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Data are presented showing the composition of gaseous and
particulate substances in community atmospheres, based  on
measurements in various cities in the Cnited States.  Many of the
pollutants react further, usually to produce substances  as
undesirable as the original ones, or more so; most  of these
reactions involve thermal oxidation or photooxidation..   Because
of the importance of considering air pollution on a regional
or even continental scale, a general framework of residence
times of pollutants is postulated: up to several days under
adverse conditions in many regions, but less than 2t hours
across large urban areas under more usual conditions of  wind
speed and movements of weather fronts.  Pollutants  and other
atmospheric substances are categorized as either reactants-
those substances emitted directly into the atmosphere from
combustion, industrial, and biosphere processes; or products
such as nitrogen dioxide and sulfates.  Some substances  may fall
into both groupings.  Data are given on rates of various
reactions, and the nature of the products is described.  In
general, the measurements showed 1% to 15X conversions of
gaseous to particulate species on a long-term basis; rates
of conversion of nitrogen dioxide to nitrate were consistently
lower than those of sulfur dioxide to sulfate.  Recent work on
particle size distributions of various metallic and non-metallic
ions in particulates in U. S. cities is reviewed, with data
given in terms of mass median diaueters.  It is pointed  out
that the biosphere is a source of, as well as a sink for,
pollutants, and that urban levels of methane or nitrous  oxide,
for example, reflect to a considerable extent biosphere, rather
than urban, emissions™  Beactions originating in biosphere
processes may contribute significantly to regional  pollution,
particularly during periods of stagnation.  The need for increased
emphasis on atmospheric investigations, as opposed to laboratory
work, and for improved sensitivity and specificity  in monitoring
and sampling is discussed.
McKay, H_ A. C.


AMMONIA AND AIB  POLIDTION,   Chem. Ind. (London), 1969:1162-1165,
Aug. 23, 1969.,  15 refs.


The main oxidation product of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere
is often ammonium sulfate rather than sulfuric acid.  The presence
of ammonium sulfate aerosol has been previously demonstrated by
chemical analysis and by identification of individual particles
as ammonium sulfate crystals.  There is experimental evidence
that at typical  atmospheric levels, the reaction between ammonia
gas and sulfuric acid droplets is very fast so that the two
cannot coexist for more than a few seconds.  It is doubtful
whether neutralization of free sulfuric acid represents the
principal route  to ammonium sulfate and a sufficiently fast
mechanism for the oxidation of sulfur dioxide was difficult to
explain.  If oxidation in the presence of ammonia is considered,
further possibilities arise, and the expected product is
ammonium sulfate.  This might occur in the gas phase, in water
droplets, or in  solid particulate matter.  Different reaction
250               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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•echanisas are discussed.  It appears that atmospheric ammonium
sulfate is produced when ammonia contacts sulfur dioxide from
combustion in the presence of a water droplet phase.  About half
the ammonia may react before a falling pH virtually stops the
reaction.   When no vater droplets are present, the reaction may
perhaps occur on solid particulates.
14698

Fletcher,  J.  0.
MANAGING  CLIMATE  RESOURCES.   Band Corp., Santa Monica, Calif..,
30p.,  Feb.  1969.   H5 refs.
   CFSTT,  DDC:  AD 684386
Human  activity  is  influencing climate on a global scale to the
extent that  purposeful  management of climatic resources will
become necessary.   The  influencing factors most frequently
lentioned  are carbon dioxide, smog (dust), and heat pollution.
High C02 concentrations decrease the radiative loss to space
because the  radiation comes from a higher, and hence cooler,
level  in the atmosphere.   Increases in C02 thus increase the
•greenhouse* effect and cause global warming.  For the next few
decades, the effects of heat pollution will be insignificant
on the global scale.  They will be important sometime in the
next century.   Smog,, which includes all forms of industrial
pollution, is probably  responsible for a 30% turbidity increase
per decade and  for the  temperature decline of recent decades.
The nost theoretically  effective approaches to weather
modification are not within the range of present day technology™
On the other hand, various ways of influencing thermal losses
and inputs to the  atmosphere are presently achievable.  The
diversity  of thermal processes that can be influenced in the
atmosphere,  and between the atmosphere and ocean, offers promise
that climatic resources can be maximized and unwanted changes
avoided.   Engineering proposals for altering the pattern of
thermal forcing of circulation indicate that a technological
threshold  has been reached fron which progress can be
proportional to the investment of effort.  Scientific and
government leaders must organize the necessary resources.
15308

Bockian, A. H.,, Frank Bonamassa,  Herbert  Faigin,  and  Herman
Pinsky


DSE OF THE INTEGRATING NEPHELOKETEB  TO  HEASUBE  AEROSOL FORMATION
FROM HYDROCARBONS.  Preprint, California  Air  Resources Board,
Los Angeles, 9p., 1969.   (Presented  at  the  Am.  Chem.  Soc., ,
158th Natl. Meet., New York,  1969.)


A recently-designed integrating  nephelometer  was  used in



                          C. Atmospheric Interaction                     251

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environmental chamber experiments  to  measure  light  scattering
resulting from the irradiation of  different hydrocarbons in the
presence of nitric oxide at  ppm levels.  In some  of the
experiments, 2 ml of gasoline were  used; in others,  several
individual alkene and aromatic components  of  gasoline, in
concentrations of 2 ppm each, were  irradiated separately in the
presence of O-'J ppu nitric oxide for  about 5  hrs.   Six ppm  of
some alkanes found in gasoline were also allowed  to react
individually with 0-l.ppm NO.  Several other  experiments were
performed in which the hydrocarbon  Mas allowed to react  with
ozone in the dark.  Agreement in the  amount of light scattering
between duplicate runs Has excellent.  In  several cases,  large
amounts of aerosol were produced while the net oxidant
concentrations were at a fairly low level.  It was  shown that
some short-chain olefins, which may be very reactive in  producing
oxidant and eye irritation,  produced  little or no aerosol;  in
contrast, many paraffins which were found  to  be non-reactive
in eye irritation studies produced  aerosol..   S great many aerosol
producers contain seven or more carbon atoms  and  do not  seem
to be restricted to any class of hydrocarbon;  a possible
syn'ergistic action between a short-chain high  oxidant producer
and a large molecule which produces aerosol remains to he
investigated.  The agreement between  nephelometer readings
and visual measurements of visibility was  excellent.
 153U7

 Heyer,  Erich


 SULFUR  DIOXIDE  EMISSION AND SHOG FOEMATION.
 (Schwefeldioxid-Emission und Smog-Bildung) .   Text in German.
 Chem..  Ing.  Tech.,  1)1 (19} : 1056-9, 1969.  13 refsn


 In  1962,  35?  of atmospheric S02 in West Germany was emitted by
 thermal power plants,  U6^ by other industrial sources, and 19S
 by  domestic heaters.   In 1965,  power plants emitted 295, the
 remaining  industrial  and domestic sources 71%.,  The atmospheric
 S02 concentration  (mg  S02/cu m)  depends on stack height, the
 amount  emitted,  distance from the source of emissions, and on
 meteorological  factors.  Among  the latter, temperature-lapse
 rates  have  great importance.  The formation of smog depends
 not only  on S02 levels  and  inversions, but also on the catalytic
 activity  of finely divided  solid particles,  intense solar
 radiation,  and  high relative humidity.  Measures for limiting
 S02 emissions are  outlined..  These fall into three categories:
 decontamination of fuels or removal of the toxicants from waste
 gases,  the  use  of  low-sulfur fuels, 'and curtailment of industrial
 operat ions.
15390

Peterson, James T.


THE CLIHATE OF CITIES:  I SURVEY OF RECENT  LITERATUBE.,



252               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Public Health Service, Durham, N. C», National Air Pollution
Control Administration, Pub. iP-59, 18p., Oct. 1969.  127 refs.


The meteorological aspects of urban-rural climate are reviewed
with respect to temperature, humidity, visibility, radiation, wind,
and precipitation-  The "heat island" effect  {due to the center
of a city being warmer than its environs) is discussed with
reference to possible reasons for its occurrence; diurnal, weekly,
and seasonal variations; relation to city size; and dependence
on topography.   The average relative humidity in towns is lower
than that of rural areas; the average absolute humidity is
only slightly lower in built-up regions.  The differences in
humidity are due to lower evaporation rates in a city because of
the different surfaces.  Variations within metropolitan areas
resemble those  of temperature, since the spatial temperature
changes of a city are greater than those of vapor pressure.  The
atmosphere of metropolitan areas is characterized by increased
concentrations  of pollutants, such as smoke, which cause a
difference between the visibilities of urban and rural regions..
Jog is more freguent within urban regions because of the
hygroscopic property of atmospheric particulates.  The blanket
of particulates over large cities causes the solar energy that
reaches an urban complex to be less than that observed in
rural areas, the particles being most effective as attenuators of
radiation when  the sun angle is low.  The differences in wind
speeds in city  and country occur because the surface of a built-up
city is rougher than that of rural terrain and because the heat
island of a city causes horizontal thermal gradients..  The
excess heat and friction also produce more turbulence over the
urban area.


155«5

Duncan Eulon Cook
THE DISTRIBUTION OF OZONE POLLUTION IN THE SALT LAKE VALLEY:  A
PBELIMINAEY  GEOGRAPHICAL STUDY.   Utah Dniv., Salt Lake City,
Dept.  of Geography, Thesis '(MS}, Aug.  1968, 122p..  70 refs..


The horizontal and  vertical distribution of ozone in the Salt
Lake Valley  was determined, and the distributional pattern related
to man's activities and existing meteorological conditions.
Sampling was carried out during eleven airplane flights in August
and September, 1967, and June, 1968»  A Hast Ozone Meter was
used to measure the concentration of ozone in the air brought
into the plane"s cabin through glass tubing.  The horizontal
distribution was assessed by flying a series of transects over the
valley.  Vertical profiles of ozone concentrations were determined
by spiralling over  specific locations,  A comparison
of ozone levels wass also made in outlying areas to those in the
Salt Lake Valley..  Results show a buildup of ozone during the
day througout the valley with distributional patterns of high
and low concentrations dependent on wind direction and its
relation to  the source area.  In the morning, local down-valley
winds  carry  the higher concentrations north and northwest of the
city.   In the afternoon, when winds, are up-valley, maximum
concentrations are  observed in the southern part of the valley.
                          C.  Atmospheric Interaction                    253

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tinder strong southerly gradient winds, concentrations  are  lower
than during local winds.  They renain low in the southern  part
of the valley throughout the day, increase slightly  northward
in the region of greater human activity, and reach a maximum
north and northwest of Salt Lake City.  In thy valley,  a buildup
in the vertical distribution of ozone in the lower elevations
is evident.  During midday, the ozone shows higher concentrations
near the ground under stable atmospheric conditions  and low wind
velocities.  Kith greater wind velocities, higher ozone
concentrations are mixed to a higher altitude.  Ozone
concentrations in Salt Lake City are two to three times greater
than those in outlying areas. (Author abstract modified)

15712
SHERE DOES IT ALL GO.  Stanford Ees. Inst. J., 23:4-8, Dec.  1968.


The Environmental Research Department of Stanford Research
Institute undertook a global study of the atmosphere.  The world
and its surrounding atmosphere were considered as a complete
system.  Estimates were made of the amount of sulfur compounds,
nitrogen compounds, organic compounds, and anorganic carbon
compounds discharged to the air by automobiles, home furnaces,
or power plants.  Calculations were made of the amount of the
material in the atmosphere.  By comparing the two figures it was
possible to estimate how effectively nature removes pollutants
from the atmosphere.  Included in the atmospheric balance was the
amount of material contributed by nature since there are natural
sources for a wide variety of gaseous materials and particles
which are classed as air pollutants when they are emitted by man's
activities.

15713

Raff, E. A. and G. fl. Meaburn
PHOTOCHEMICAL  REACTION  MECHANISMS  FOE  PRODUCTION  OF ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS IN A  PRIMITIVE  EARTH  ATMOSPHERE.   Nature, 221(5179):
159-460, Feb.  1,  1969.   19 refs.
Thermodynamic considerations dictate the existence  of  a  reducing
atmosphere on the earth during the synthesis  of  prebiological
organic compounds.  Some of the reactions by  which  a  primitive
atmosphere might have given rise to reduced compounds  of C  and S
are explored.  The assumptions on which the discussion is based
are:   (1)  The total amount of hydrogen on the  earth was  larger
than it is now and was present primarily as water;  (2)  the  gases
of the atmosphere were produced in the crust  of  the earth at high
temperatures by the reaction of water with metals,  carbides,
nitrides, etc. ; (3) the outgassing occurred over a  considerable
span of geological time.  The outgassed atmosphere  was subjected
to a variety of reactions induced by solar radiation  and
electrical discharges.
254               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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15729

Kozyrev,  B.  P.  and  V0  A-  Bazhenov


THE ROLE  OF  H20,  CH« AND  CO IH ATMOSPHERIC ABSORPTION IN THE
IHFRARED.   (Pol"  malykh atnosfernykh primesey v pogloshchenii
infrakrasnoy radiatsii),,   Text in Russian.  Fiz- Atm. i Okeana
(Hoscow) ,  5J7) :738-744, 1969.  8 refs.,


The transparency  of minor atmospheric impurities is interpreted
in the  form  of  a  function of the mass of absorbing gas divided by
the equivalent  mass of gas needed for 50% absorption at a given
wavelength..   This function fits available data with a scatter of
not more  than 8%»  When taking into account, the non-uniformity
of the  atmosphere by the  effective mass method, the selection of
the fitting  parameter  (n)  nay lead to significant error in
calculating  transparency  (I).  If the average radiation absorption
(1) at  the center of the  nitrcus oxide methane and carbon
monoxide  and bands  varies from 10-90X, then (n} may be selected
so that the  maximum absolute error in calculating transmission
Hill not  exceed plus or minus '\H%.  Taking into account the
variability  of  '(n)  with the mass of the gas and the pressure
reduces the  error in calculating the transparency of minor
components to plus  or  minus 5-7J.  Calculating the transparency
of various air  masses  in  the centers of N20, CHU and CO
absorption bands  indicates the significant role of minor
atmospheric  components in the attenuation of infrared radiation.
15831

Lea,  Duane A.
VERTICAL OZONE DISTRIBUTION  IN  THE LOWER TROPOSPHERE NEAR AN
URBAN  POLLUTION COMPLEX.   J.  Appl. Meteorol., 7(2):252-267,
      1968.  38 refs.
From May  to  December 1965 and frcm June 1966 to June  1967,
balloon-borne  ozonesondes were flown from Point Mugu, California
once each week to study ozone in the stratosphere.  High  ozcne
amounts  were frequently observed ever low altitudes.  To  examine
the apparent relationship between ozone fluctuations  and  local
circulation  variations, the lower tropospheric portion of
each sounding  was hand or computer reduced and analyzed for
maximum  detail.   The highest ozone concentration cases presumably
associated with  the influx of smoggy pollution from the nearby
Los Angeles  Basin.   But even when the arriving air's  trajectory
was more  obscure, distinct ozcne maxima were frequently measured
in association with stable strata aloft.  Urban pollution is
thought  to be  the major source for at least the stronger  maxima
observed.   Subsidence may be a lesser contributing factor.  The
soundings showed a pronounced tendency for the maximum ozcne  to
occur above  the  base of the low-level temperature inversion.  A
possible  explanation might involve lifting of the Los Angeles
pollutant into the inversion by convection and orgraphy,  followed
                          C. Atmospheric Interaction                    255

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by modification enroute to Point  Kugu by differential  erosion
across the marine boundary layer  and by differential advection
in mesoscale circulations.  From  the persistence  of observed ozone
maxima in the soundings, the semipermanent  temperature inversion
over coastal southern California  appears to be  an effective
reservoir for atmospheric ozone.  It seems  likely that the stored
ozone can be brought down to the  surface by inversion
undulations or by penetrative convection so as  to contribute to
existing surface pollution.  The  data obtained  suggest that
ozone sampling offers promise in  deducing local airmass
histories and as an indirect indicator of air flow over
noninstrumented areas.  To the extent that  ozone  gradients may
be characteristic of local airiass boundaries near urban  pollution
complexes.  Ozone measurements might offer  feasible means of
delineating such local circulation features as  land and sea
breezes, Santa Ana wind systems,  and mesoscale  eddies.


16131

Charlson, H. J. and M. J. Pilat


CLIMATE:  THE INFLUENCE OF AEBOSOLS.  J. Appl.  Meteorol.,
8(6):1001-1002, Dec.  1969.  4 refs.


A method is presented for estimating the relative effect  of light
scattering and absorption of particles on the climate.  The
atmosphere is considered to be a  flat, nearly transparent, thin,
uniform scattering and absorbing  layer above  the  earth's  surface.
The  incoming radiation from the sun in the  zenith is presumed to
be affected by aerosols while outgoing radiation  is not.  The
amount of energy absorbed  (H) in  unit time  by the earth-
atmosphere system is  the sum of the absorption  at the  surface and
by the atmosphere.  It is shown that the a  backscattering, non-
absorbing aerosol would clearly decrease W, thereby cooling the
earth-atmosphere system.  The effects of the  extinction
coefficient of absorption, however, are two-fold. Since  the
fractional absorption of the surface is less  than 1, any
increase in the extinction coefficient of absorption results in an
increase in W for a given extinction coefficient  of backscatter.
The  location of heating is removed from the surface to higher in
the  atmosphere, resulting in increased static stability as well as
increased H.  The effect of a secular increase  in aerosols night
be an increase or a decrease in W, depending  on the relative
magnitudes of the extinction coefficients due to  absorption and
backscatter and the absolute magnitude or the extinction
coefficient due to abscrption.  It is possible  to estimate
relative values for the extinction coefficients due to absorption
and  backscatter in order to determine which dominates. The net
climatclcgical effect of industrial smoke,  which  contains light-
absorbing substances  such as carbon and iron  oxide could  well be
to heat, not cool, the earth.
16342

Khrgian, A. Kh.



256               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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BECENT  INVESTIGATIONS ON ATMOSPHERIC OZONE.   (Noveyshiya
issledovaniya  po  atraosfernomu ozonu).  Text in Russian.   Fiz.  Atm.
i Okeana  (Moscow),  5 (4) : 435-438, 1969.


The Symposium  of  the International Commission on Atmospheric
Ozone,  held  September 2-7, 1968 at Monte Carlo, Monaco is
reviewed.   Brief  comments are made regarding contributions
touching  upon  the following subjects:  a photometric model  of  the
czone  layer; reactions occurring in the dry and moist stratosphere;
the role  of  fast  electrons on 03 dissociation; the process  of  ozone
formation;  the role of the troposphere as a strong czone  source;
the precision  and usefulness of the reversal method of ozone study
instances of observed secondary reversal; studies of the  absorption
coefficient  of ozone and precision of its determination;  diurnal
ozone  variations  in southern latitudes; the role of vertical
movement  and activation on ozone photochemistry; effects  cf
intrusions  of  cold  ozone-rich air in a thin layer over isentropic
surfaces; the  distribution of ozone in high-altitude cyclones  and
anticyclones;  the relationship of stratospheric flows to  sharp
changes in  ozone  content in lower layers; ozone concentration  over
the North Atlantic; and photochemical and advective factors
affecting ozone redistribution.


16390

Bullrich, K.,  E.  Eiden,  G. Escheltach, K. Fischer, G. Haenel,
K. Heger, H. Schollioayer, and G. Steinhorst


ELLIPTICAL  POLARIZATION OF THE SKYLIGHT AND THE ATMOSPHERIC
AEROSOL.  In:  Hesearch on Atmospheric Optical Eadiation
Transmission.  Dec.  1,  1967 - Nov. 30, 1968.   (Final Report.)
Johannes  Gutenberg-Universitaet, Mainz, Germany, Inst. fuei:
Heteorologie,  OAE Contract J 61052 67 C 0046, AFCEL-69-0266, p.
1-4, 108-111,  Jan.  1969.  38 refs.


Elliptical  polarization of skylight was measured in the heavily
polluted  Rhine-Mainz area.  The ellipticity tan Beta was  plotted
as a function  of  the azimuth angle alpha, with tan Beta defined
as the  ratio cf the greater to the smaller axis of the ellipse
which  is  traced by  the electrical vector.  Measurements taken  along
various horizontal  circles cf constant elevation at a constant
navelength  showed the same trend.  Ellipticity was zero at  alpha
equals  0  deg and  alpha eguals 180 deg.  A maximum was located
between 40  and 90 deg as tan Beta eguals 0.1 or less, depending on
the turbidity  and elevation of the observation circle.  From this
maximum,  ellipticity decreased continuously in both directions.
In cases  of  great turbidity when the visual range was less  than
5 km,  measurements  shewed no ellipticity.  The production of
elliptically polarized light is assumed to result from higher
order  scattering  processes and the absorptive properties  of
atmospheric  aerosols.
16392

Bullrich,  K.,  E.  Eiden,  G.  Eschelbach, K. Fischer, G. Haenel,



                          C.  Atmospheric Interaction                    257

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K. Heger, H. Schollmayer, and G. Steinhorst


PRELIMINABY EESDLTS OF COMPUTATIONS OF THE AEBOSCL  SCATTERING
FUNCTIONS OBTAINED FROM POPULATIONS FOLLOWING  POWER LAS  PAHTICLE
SIZE DISTRIBUTION.  In: Research en Atmospheric  Optical  Radiation
Transmission.  Dec. 1, 1967   Nov. 30, 1968.   (Final Report.)
Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet, Kainz, Germany,  Inst. fuer
Meteorologie, OAR Contract F 61052 67 C 0046,  AFCRL-69-0266, p.
30-35, 108-111, Jan.  1969.  38  refs.


Computations of aerosol scattering functions are  based on  various
refractive indices for the scattering functions  of  populations of
spheres whose particle size distributions follow  power laws.
Boundary radii chosen for power law distributions were 0.04 and
10 micron.  Measurements made at the wavelength  of  light lambda
equals 0.4 micron show the influence of both the  real and  the
imaginary part of the couple* index of refraction on the
scattering function.  The intensity of the scattered light
increases with increasing real  part and decreasing  imaginary part
of the index.  The angular dependence of the scattering  function
increases with decreasing real  part and increasing  imaginary part
of the index.  Changes in the relative humidity  of  the ambient
air also influence scattering functions.  Estimations of the
scattering function for lambda  eguals 1.6 micron  at different
humidities show that at scattering angles less than 15 deg, the
forward scattering increases with increasing relative humidity;
at scattering angles greater than 15 deg, the  scattering function
decreases with increasing relative humidity.   At  an angle  of 30
deg, the reduced scattering function for power law  distribution
is almostt idependent of the refractive index, and  the scattering
coefficient is almost equal to  the extinction  coefficient.
16405

Valko, P.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TURBIDITY FACTOR AND TURBIDITY  COEFFICIENT.
 (Oeber den Zusammenhang zwischen Tr uebungsf aktor  und
Truebur.gskoeffizient) .  Text in German.  Arch.  Meteorol.,  Geophys.,
Bioklimatol., Ser. E, 15 (4) :359-375,  1967.   17  refs.


The measurement of atmospheric turbidity by  determining  the
solar intensity can  indicate the rate of air pollution.   If  the
turbidity is to be studied  over a  period of  several  years,  the
methods of evaluation may have changed  and thus,  different
turbidity measurements may  have to  be compared  with  each other.
A diagram was developed for the conversion of  the turbidity  factor
for total radiation  by F. Linke into  the turbidity coefficient
by H. Schuepp and vice versa with  sufficient accuracy.   The
conversion takes into account the  precipitable  water content
of the air and of the optical air  mass.  The extensive
measurements taken at Locarno-Honti  (southern  Switzerland)  are
used to analyze the  influence of the  wave length  exponent
alpha on the conversion.  Empirical  formulas are  compared kith
those provided in the literature and  with the  theory.
 258               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Andreyev,  B,  G.  and E.  F.  Lavrinenko


SOME DATA  ON  THI CHEMICAL  COMPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS  IN
CENTRAL ASIA.   (Nekotoryye dannyye ckhimicheskcra scstave
atmosfernykh  aerozcley  Sredney Azii).  Text in Russian.   Meteorol.
i Gidrol-, no.  4:63-69, 1968.  3 refs.


Central Asia  is  one region of the USSB whose atmosphere is severely
polluted due  to  large areas covered with sand deserts and loesses,
dryness of the  climate, and high frequency of strong winds.  Aside
from their purely meteorological import, studies of the
concentration and chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols are
of direct  interest in many engineering problems  (corrosion of
electric power  lines, operation of natural-gas line compressors,
etc.)  and  in  the fields cf sanitation and hygiene.  This  paper
presents some results of the first such study carried out in
Central Asia  during September and October, 1966.  Aerosol samples
were collected  near the ground and from aircraft in daytime
horizontal flights at the  300 and the 600 meter altitude  and in
one flight in a  sandstorm  at the 300 meter altitude, by means  of
Membrane and  FPP-15 fabric filters as well as a twin-chamber trap
with a water  filter, separating particles of a size smaller than
about 0.5  microns from  those which are larger.  In addition,
samples of sandy soil,  sierozem  (gray desert soil) and solonchak
 (saline soil),  most prevalent in Central Asia, were analyzed and
the results compiled in a  table.  The chemical composition o±  the
soluble constituents of aerosols and that of aqueous extracts
of the surface  layer of the soils was determined by the method
of sediment analysis.  The mean values of 30 series of aerosol
measurements  are given  in  tables as follows: HC03 (-), 304(2-),
Cl(-), N03(-),  Na(+), K ( + ) , Mg(2 + ). Ca(2 + ), and NH4( + ).   The
total ion  concentration and the soluble part in micrograms per
cubic meter,  as  well as the hydrogen ion concentration, expressed
in terms of pH  value, are  alsc given.  The relations existing
between the compositions of the soils and of the aerosols at
various altitudes, among the icriic components of aerosols, and
between particle size and  acidity of the molecular species
constituting  the aerosols  are discussed.
16534

Itoo, Kyoji


SOME METEOROLOGICAL PROBLEMS CONCERNING TO  PUELIC  NUISANCE
PROTECTION ON AIB POLLUTION METECEOLCGY.   (Kogai taisakumen  kara
toraeta kishogakute ki shokosatsu) .  Text in  Japanese.   Kogai to
Taisaku (J. Pollution Control),  1(2):74-79,  June 15,  1965.


Stack meteorology, which deals with almost  the  same  field  as
general meteorology, has occupied an important  position in  air
pollution control.  In reality,  however, neither field  meets the
current needs of air pollution ccntrcl programs, with differences
between the two approaches reguiring the estaclishment  of  a  third
                          C.  Atmospheric Interaction                    259

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tield, air pollution meteorology.  Stack meteorology  is
primarily concerned with the analysis of the shape  of  a  smoke
plume and with formulas for smoke diffusion and chimney  heights
required for effective diffusion.  Ccnseguently,  meteorological
conditions which have apparent effects on the smoke shape  occupy
a large part of stack meteorology.  While a smog  source
obviously originates pollutants, it does not always produce the
same results.  This means that smoke may turn to  smog  one  day
but not on another day, even under similar operating conditions.
This is why air pollution meteorology is needed.  Meteorological
conditions likely tc give rise to the smog phenomena are weak
winds, temperature inversions, and dense rog.  The  experience of
seme plants indicate that a gust of wind can increase  S02
density.  This is designated as a gust-of-wind pollution.  In
general, it accounts not only for wind velocity or  direction, tut
also for the relationship between the height of the pollution
source and that of surrounding buildings.


16554

lukuoka, Saburo and Toshio Odaira


AIR POLLUTANTS AND METEOBOLCGICfil ASPECTS AT THE  SMOG  ALHET
ISSUANCE IN ICKYC.  (Tokyotc ni okeru sumoggu chuiho hatsureiji no
osenshitsu nodo to kishyo jyoken),  Text in Japanese.  Kogai to
Taisaku, (J. Pollution Control), 2 (11) :757-766 , Dec. 1966.


Ten smog alerts issued in Tokyo during the past four years are
analyzed in meteorological terms.  Two levels of  pollution status
prescribed in the issuance standard are smog caution,  which is
issued when sulfur dioxide concentrations at two  observation
centers simultaneously exceed 0.2 ppm for two to  three hours and
smog alert, which is issued when S02 concentrations measured at the
main observation certer exceed 0.5 ppm.  In all cases, the smog
alert was given between 9 a.m. and 11 a.m.  This  is probably
attributable to the fact that high S02 concentrations  are  emitted
by industry in the first three hours of the workng  day.  The
duration of the alarms averaged 6 hours and 40 minutes.  This
means the high concentrations of S02 lasted for about  10 hours.
Ihere were exceptional cases which showed a significant
relationship between veather conditions and S02 concentrations.
The peak of S02 pollution was reached between 4 and 5  p.m. ana
followed by a slow descent.  Analysis of wind and temperature data
reveals that southern winds are closely related to  the occurrence
of high SC2 concentration and their diffusion, especially  south-
southeast winds.  It is conjectured that some of  gaseous pollutants
originating in the Tokyo-Yokohama industrial area are  carried
directly to the Tokyo sky, while the remainder are  first carried
aloft over Tokyo Bay and then blown back by sea breezes.


16618

Kelley, John J., Jr.


CABEON DIOXIDE AND OZONE STUDIES IN THE ARCTIC  ATMOSPHEEE.  In:
Arctic Drifting Stations:  A report en Activities Supported i;y
260               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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the Office  of  Naval Research.  J. E. Sater  (coordinator),
Hashington,  D.  C.,  Arctic Inst. of North America,  1968,  p.  155-166.
27 refs.   (Also:   Washington Dniv., Seattle, Cept. of Atmospheric
Sciences, Contract  NONB-477 (24) , TE-38, 196S.)
   DDC:   AD  685571
Measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide and surface ozone
concentrations at Barrow, Alaska are reported.  Continuous carbon
dioxide  monitoring began in 1961 and continuous ozone monitoring
in 1965.   Carbon dioxide concentrations are found to increase in
the late  spring and then to decrease to a summer minimum, which
corresponds closely to the maximum vegetation blcom on the tundra.
Hhen the  tundra surface is frczen, daily C02 concentrations show
strong gradients between the surface and 16-m level.  These
fluctuations depend on wind speed, temperature, and snow  cover.
There is  much less fluctuation in atmospheric C02 when the tundra
is in bloom.  The vegetation bloom period is thought to provide
a sink for C02.  During the year, ozone fluctuates at Barrow from
less than 1 pphm to more than 7 pphm.  Variations in surface ozone
concentration show iruch greater variability during the winter and
early spring than in the summer and fall.  Large fluctuations in
ozone near the ground are nearly always correlated with storm
front passages.  All increases in ozone correspond to a rise in
ambient  air temperature, increased wind speed, and decreased
atmospheric pressure.  Aircraft sampling is suggested to
supplement ground-level monitoring data.
16683

Eullrich,  Kurt


SCATTEKING OF  ELECTBCHAGNET1C EAEIATICN BY PABTICULATE
SUSPENSIONS IN  THE ATMOSPHERE.  In: Scatter Progagation of Eadic
Waves.   Part I.   Proc. AGAEE Conf. no. 37, Paris, Advisory Grout
for Aerospace  Eesearch and Development, Paris  (France) , p., 13-1
to 1t-4, 1968.   21 refs.    (Presented at the 14th Symposium of the
Electromagnetic Have Propagation Committee of the Avionics
Panel  of AGABE,  Sandefjcrd, Norway, Aug. 19-23, 1968.)
   CFSTI,  DDC:  AD 685665


Electromagnetic radiation undergoes modification while passing
through  the atmosphere because cf absorption and scattering
processes.  In  the case  of scattering, light radiation is
deflected  from  its original direction cf propagation  so that
the amount of  its total  energy can be reproduced by measurements
at so-called scattering  angles.  In the case of absorption,
absorbent  gases in the atmosphere convert radiant energy into
heat in  specific wavelength ranges.  Although the aerosol
concentration  of the atmosphere is less than the gaseous phase
ty several powers of ten, aercsol particles play an important
part in  scattering processes.  Eayleigh's law does not adequately
explain  the distribution  of radiance in the sky because it
neglects scattering by aerosol particles in the molecular
atmosphere and  higher scattering in the turbid atmosphere.
Evaluation of  polarization phenomena and scattering of radiation
in fog  must consider aerosol particles, even though mathematical
                          C. Atmospheric Interaction                     261

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approximations for various types of aerosol particles  and  their
scattering coefficients are not easily obtainable.  The size
distribution, structure, and refractive index of aerosols  are
surveyed.


16764

Breiland, John G.


VARIATIONS IN THE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION CF  ATMOSPHERIC OZCNE
DURING THE PASSAGE OF A SHOUT WAVE  IN THE WESTERLIES.   J.  Gecphys.
Ees., 71(18):«501-1510, August 20,  1969.  3 refs.


Vertical distributions of ozone and of temperature  taken  from  a
series of balloon flights at Albuguergue, New Mexico  approximately
every 1  hrs over a 2!-day period during which a  short-wave upper
trough passed over the station are studied  together with  synoptic
meteorological data.  The analysis indicates  that with the
approach of the trough and the simultaneous lowering  of the
tropopause and a southeasternward displacement of the  subtropical
jet stream over the station, there is an increase influx  cf
03-rich  polar stratospheric air ever the station in the form of
thin layers, which replaces 03-poor subtropical  air.   This results
in a layer structure characterized by several maxima  and  minima
in the vertical distribution of the thermal stability  as
indicated by the temperature soundings.  The  layer  structure is
most pronounced between the lower tropopause  and the  20-km level.
The large-scale features of the layer structure, especially with
regard to 03, show a remarkable persistence from sounding  to
sounding throughout the entire period of observations, which
indicates that the layers associated with the long-wave pressure
system and the accompanying jet stream have a very  large
horizontal, or guasi-horizontal, extent.  At  the same  time,
variations in the vertical distribution of  03 with  respect to  time,
observed as the short-wave trough is being  displaced  with  respect
to the station, indicate that within the layer structure,
especially in, or near, a trough, there also  may exist horizontal
gradients of the partial pressure of 03 of  considerable magnitude
in the direction of the flow as well as in  a  transverse direction.
(Author's Abstract)


168«6

Mosher,  J. C., w. G. HacEeth, M. J. Leonard,  I.  P.  Mullins, and
M. F. Brunelle
THE DISTRIBUTION OF CONTAMINANTS IN  THE  LGS  ANGE1ES  EASIN
RESDLTING FEOM ATMOSPHEBIC REACTIONS AKD TRANSPORT.   J.  Air
Pollution Control Assoc., 20(1):35-42, Jan.  1970.   11 refs.


Different techniques of data  analysis have been  successfully
applied to Los Angeles County  air  monitoring data  to delineate
major source areas for carbon  uonoxide,  sulfur dioxide,  nitrogen
oxides, and ozone; to develop  contaminant transport  patterns;  ana
to demonstrate the progress of  photochemical reactions in  the
 262               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Los Angeles atmosphere.  The heavily industrialized South Coastal,
Southwest Coastal, and East San Fernando Valley areas are most
affected by contaminants derived from fuel combustion at
stationary sources.  Emissions from mobile sources are heavily
concentrated in some of the abcve source areas and also in the
Central area.   Seasonal variations in weather affect the total
contaminant emissions as well as the distribution, transport, and
ultimate fate of the individual contaminants.  More frequent
surface inversions in winter, combined with greater quantities
of emitted contaminants, result in winter time atmospheric
concentrations cf primary contaminants (carbon monoxide, nitric
oxide,  sulfur dioxide, and particulates)  more than twice as high
as comparable summer time concentrations.  Stronger on—shore
breezes of longer duration transport contaminated air parcels
farther across the County during summer.  Longer, more effective
irradiation and low persistent inversions result in higher ozone
concentrations in summer.  Air monitoring data confirm the
photochemical formation of ozone during transport of air parcels
along the most common "pathways" of transport—the prevailing
wind flows from coast to inland areas.  (Author's Abstract)
16889

Kuhn,  William E.,  and Julius London


INFRARED  BAIIATIVE COOLING IN 1HE HIDDLE ATBOSPHEEE (30-110 km).
J. Atmospheric Sci. ,  26(2):189-20H, March 1969.  50 refs.


The infrared contributions to the heat budget by the 15micron C02,
9.6micron 03, and  SOmicron H20 bands are evaluated for the upper x
stratosphere, mesosphere, and lower thermosphere as a function of
latitude  for both  summer and winter.  Flux divergences are
numerically  evaluated for a  quasi-random band model with the
appropriate  line-broadening  mechanism.  A general discussion of
the source function applicable to a multi-vibrational level
molecule  is  given, and this  formulation is applied to the 15 micron
band of carbon dioxide.  The flux divergence of infrared radiation
acts to cool the atmosphere  in the 30-110 Jem height region except
in the vicinity of the mesopause.  Here there is a small, but
nevertheless significant heating which increases in value toward
the summer pole (approximately IK per day).  Centers of cooling
appear near  the stratopause  fcr low latitudes  (approximately 10K
per day)  and in the lower thermcsphere over the winter pole.
Thermospheric values  may vary by a factor of 1 because of
uncertainties in the  collisional lifetime of the 15micron
transition,  parameters have  been developed for the rates of
temperature  change in this region in terms of the collisional and
the radiative rates.   Ozone  makes a significant contribution to
the cooling  in the vicinity  of the stratopause  (approximately 3K
per day).  The water  vapor contribution is approximately IK per
day for a mixing' ratio of 10 to the minus 6 gm/gm.  Our
calculations indicate that both these gases, when compared with
carbon dioxide, give  a negligible contribution to the flux
divergence in the  upper mesosphere.   (Author's Abstract)
                          C. Atmospheric Interaction                    263

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1703U

Pressman, Jerome and Peter Warneck


THE STRATOSPHERE AS A CHEMICAL SINK FOE CARBON MONOXIDE.  J.
Atmospheric Sci., 27(1):155-163, Jan. 1970.  U5 refs.


Stratospheric carbon monoxide removal is discussed and the
significance of the stratosphere as a sink for CO is demonstrated.
On the basis of two theoretical models, an attempt is made to
determine whether the size of the sink is compatible with present
knowledge of anthropogenic CO sources and available measurements
of atmospheric CO concentrations over the past 20 years.  The
stratosphere provides a  sink for CO due to the reaction OH + CO
yields C02 plus H.  The  radical CH is produced photochemically
in a moist ozcneosphere  with a time constant several orders of
magnitude less than that of the CO oxidation reaction.  As a
result, almost all the CO entering the stratosphere is destroyed.
The rate limiting factor is the transport of CO-cich air through
the tropopause.  Although the theoretical models provide several
constraints for the rate of CO removal from the atmosphere, it is
found that the uncertainties concerning measurements and source
functions preclude the derivation of a reliable value for the
total CO removal rate.  An estimate indicates that the
stratospheric sink contributes significantly, but only partially,
to overall removal of CO from the atmosphere.  (Author abstract
modified)
17142

Littman, F. E., H. H. Ford, and N. Endow


FORMATION OF OZONE IN THE LOS ANGELES ATMOSPHERE.   Ind.  Eng. Chem.,
K8(9) : 1492-19K7, Sept. 1956.  6 refs,


A discovery that oxidant could be formed experimentally  by  the
irradiation of night air led to an investigation of the  physical
and chemical properties of the impurities  (oxidant  precursors)
which form oxidant.  That light was responsible for the  formation
was demonstrated by  using two oxidant recorders, one indicating
the oxygen concentration in untreated air  and  the other,  the
concentration in irradiated air.  As determined by  optical  cut-
off filters, the primary light acceptors absorbed from  the
short wave end of the visible spectrum to  below 3600 Z.
Spectrcmetric analyses of precursors caught  in liquid-oxygen
cooled dry ice traps showed that the bulk  of the precursors
comprised carbon dioxide and water, nith the balance made up of
crganics.  Nitrogen  oxides were detected with  a Griess  reagent.
The amount of nitrogen dioxide found suggested that some of it
had formed during the collection and/or irradiation of  the  air
sample.  Further experiments established that  nitric oxide  is
present in the air in quantities well in excess of  those of
nitrogen dioxide and that nitric oxide rapidly oxidizes  to  nitrogen
dioxide in the presence of hydrocarbons:   oxidation is  accompanied
by the formation of  ozone.  The quantitative aspects of  ozone
 264               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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formation by the photolysis  of  nitrogen  dioxide are now under
investigation.
17185

Oota, Yoshio
SMOG AND GROUND LAYER METEOROLOGY  (I) - TO INVESTIGATE  ON  THE
RELATION EETWEEN WIATHER PHENOMENA AND THE STATE OE  AIR
POILUIION MAINLY IN TOKYO.   (Sumoggu to kukan genshc  (I) -
Cmoni Tokyo niokeru kisho genshc to  csentaiyo no kankei  o
saguru) .  Text in Japanese.   Kogai to Taisaku  (J. Pollution
Control), 2 (1) : 232- 238, April 15,  1966.


Weather  phenomena leading to the occurrence of smog  in  a
polluted area are investigated by  three types of approaches.
The first deals with separate factors associated with weather
phenomena in a given survey field.   The second approach  is
concerned with an overall investigation of the behavior  of
atmospheric pressure as viewed from  composite meteorological
conditions.  The third approach is a so-called vertical
observation; it contrasts with the first and second  approaches
which can be defined as horizontal observations  of weather
phenomena.  The first approach includes the analytic
investigation of data which may show the interaction  of  air
pollution with general weather condition, temperature
inversion, wind velocity, and wind direction.  A continuous
curve graph of wind direction is used to exclude deflection
errors due to the influence of atmospheric pressure
movements.  Dispersion formula are also included in  the  approach.
In the second approach, a continuous curve graph of  general
weather  phenomena which gives a clue to horizontal atmospheric
movement is obtained.  The relationship between  fluctuations
in atmospheric pressure and the continuous curve determines
the precision of the graph.   The general curve graph  presents
an evenly-curved line but is turned  to show discontinuance of
the line in the presence of interferences such as land  and
sea winds, frontogenesis, endemic  atmospheric discontinuity,
plus a line of geographical discontinuity.  Results  of  the
first two analytic procedures show that density  of air
pollution is closely related to atmospheric stability at many
points and the rise and fall of temperature.
17197

Cota, Yoshio


SMOG AND GROUND LAYER METEOROLOGY  (II).  TO  INVESTIGATE  CN  THE
REIATICN EETWEEN THE VERTICAL VARIATION CE TEMPERATURE  AND  THE
CONCENTRATION OE AIR POLLUTION.   (Sumoggu to kukan  genshc  (II)
  Kion no suichoku henka to osennodo  tone kankei  o  saguru).
Text in Japanese.   Kogai to Taisaku  (J. Pollution Control) ,
2 (5) :306-312, May  15, 1966.  22 refs.
                          C. Atmospheric Interaction                     265

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This study is part of a series on smcg and ground  layer
meteorology.  It discusses vertical daily variations  in  air
pollution; the relationship between vertical temperature
stability, and air pollution density during ground-layer
atmospheric inversions; and variations in air-pollution  density
at the time of atmospheric layer transformation caused by  a
line of discontinuity.  Vertical changes in temperature  affect
the hydrostatic stability of weather phenomena, and this alters
the dispersion of pollutants and the lapse rate of  pollution
density.  Extreme dispersion of atmospheric pollutants is
observed at night, when vertical temperature inversions  cccur
and when atmospheric turbulence at a relatively low ground
layer causes enforced wind speed in the upper  layer  (about  10
m/s).  Vertical rises in temperature coinciding with  sunrise
result in the gradual disappearance of temperature  inversions,
beginning in the lowest layer and progressing  through to the
stable layer.  At this time, depending on the  degree  of
heating, horizontal and vertical eddies can mix the lower  layer
with the upper layer.  This heat convection which  occurs first
in the lowest layer, explains why the difference between wind
speed in upper and lower layers decreases and  why,  after sunset,
vertical temperature fall begins at ground layer and  atmospheric
inversion occurs again.  Wind speed gradually  declines at  the
same time, i.e. , atmospheric pollutants do not decend from tut
rise to the upper layer.
17387

Glasson, William A.  and Charles S. Tuesday


HXDBOCABBCN BEACTIVITY AND THE KINETICS OF IHE ATMOSPHERIC
PHOTOOXIEATION OF NITRIC OXIDE.  J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. ,
20(4):239-243, April 1970.  9 refs.


The reactivity in the atmospheric photooxidation of nitric oxide
has recently been deteriined fcr a large number of hydrocarbons.,
To aid  in the application of these hydrocarbon reactivity
measurements, the kinetics of the atmospheric oxidation were
studied.  The hydrocarbons investigated covered a wide range of
reactivities and structures and included 2,3-diir.ethyl-2-butene,
2-methyl-2-butene, 2-methyl-1-pentene, propylene, mesitylene,
o-xylene, and n-hexane.  The rate of nitric oxide photooxidation
increased less than linearly with hydrocarbon concentration for
all the hydrocarbons studied.  The degree of nonlinearity varied,
however, with hydrocarbon structure and reactivity.  The effect
of the  nitric oxide and the nitrogen dioxide concentrations on
the rate of nitric oxide photooxidation also depended on
hydrocarbon structure and reactivity.  For all the hydrocarbons
studied, however, the nitric oxide photocxidation rate increased
linearly with increased light intensity.  The effect of complex
hydrocarbon mixtures on the rate of nitric oxide photooxidation
was investigated using three commercial gasolines.  The
photooxidation rates measured for these mixtures agreed within
experimental error with calculated rates based on chromatographic
analyses of the gasolines and the ractivity in nitric oxide
photooxidation of the individual hydrocarbons in the gasolines.
(Author abstract modified)
266               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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18010

Goldsmith,  J.  R.


LOS ANGELES SMOG.   Science J., 5(3):44-49, March 1969.


The Los Angeles smog results from the reaction in the sunlit
atmosphere  of  hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen, emitted mostly
from automobiles.   It differs from the dominant type of air
pollution in the United Kingdom by occurring more in hot, dry
weather than in cold, wet weather, being oxidizing rather than
reducing, being related to motor vehicle exhaust rather than
household heating.   The components of Los Angeles smog and their
sources are summarized.  The atmospheric reactions of
hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen in sunlight are discussed.
Among  the effects of photochemical smog are eye and respiratory
irritation, vegetation damage, and reduced visibility.
 18051

 DeLuisi, J. J.


 A STUDY OP THE EFFECT OF HAZE  UPON  UHKEHB  MEASUREMENTS.   Quart.
 J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 95 (103) :181-187, Jan.  1969.   13  refs.


 The effect of atmospheric haze upcn Umkehr observations  is
 calculated in two ways.  First,  observed Umkehr  curves are
 compared with computed Umkehr  curves reconstructed  from
 simultaneous direct soundings  of  the vertical  ozone  distribution.
 The difference between the  two curves gives the  'experimental'
 haze effect.  In the second  method,  Umkehr curves  are computed
 for model atmospheres with  and without haze the  difference giving
 a 'theoretical1 haze effect.   When  the two haze-effect curves
 are normalized to zero for  a solar  zenith  angle  of  60 degrees,
 both exhibit the same characteristics, viz., the 'correction'  to
 be subtracted from an observed (with haze)  curve is  negative at  all
 solar zenith angles, the correction reaches a  maximum near 81
 degrees, and there is a second small reversal  near  87-88 degrees.
 Application ot the derived  haze  corrections in the  Umkehr
 evaluation procedure results in  slightly higher  03  content at  and
 just below the main maximum  and  slightly lower 03  content
 elsewhere.   (Author's Summary)
                           C. Atmospheric Interaction                     267

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                    D.  MEASUREMENT  METHODS
00051

J. S.  Nader   E.  C.  Tsivoclcu {Co-chairmen)


SYMPOSIUM  -  ENVIRONMENTAL  MEASUREMENTS - VALID DATA AND LOGICAL
INTERPRETATION.    Public Health Service.
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Div.  of  Air Pollution and Div,,  of Water
Supply and Pollution Control.  July 196
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00060

F.J.. Woods,  M.E. Umstead,  J.E. Johnson


A STUDY OF THE IONIZATION PEODDCED BY THE CATALYTIC  COMBUSTION
OF HYDEOCABBONS.   NAVAL EESEABCH LAB., Washington,  D.C«
(NBL Sept. 6316.)  Oct., 15, 1965, 15 pp.,
   CFSTI,DDC:  AD 623011


lonization produced daring the catalytic combustion  of
hydrocarbons has been studied for its usefulness  in  applications
such as chromatographic detection.,  When a Pt filament is  heated
above 500 C in an atmosphere containing the hydrocarbon, the
formation of ions taXes place during oxidation of  the  compound,
The number of ions produced by the hydrocarbons is an
exceedingly snail fraction of the number of C atoms  oxidized and
varies widely depending upon the molecular structure of the
hydrocarbon and the catalyst temperature.  Branched  hydrocarbons
produce greater ionization than straight-chain compounds,
although the ease of oxidation is opposite.  H and CO  burned
in the combustion cell exhibit no ionization current,  even when
completely oxidized.  Because of the marked effect of
molecular structure on ionization and the response of  the
method to low concentrations of hydrocarbons in air, the
procedure may find future use as a specific detector in gas
chromatography.   (Author)**
00068

H.W. Korth
DYNAMIC IHEADIATIOH CHAMBER TESTS OF  ADTOMOTIVE  EXHADST,.
Public Health Service, Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Division  of  Air
Pollution, PHS-999-AP-5.  Hov.  1963,  59p.,


A dynamic irradiation chamber  facility  was  designed  and  built  for
investigations of irradiated auto exhaust under  conditions of
continuous mixing.  The  facility consists of  a  programmed
chassis dynamometer, an  exhaust dilution  system,  a dilution-air
purification system, two irradiation  chambers,  and various exposure
facilities.  Three variables were considered  in  this  first series
of tests:   (1) Initial exhaust  concentration  (approximately 13 ppm
carbon and 35 ppm carbon) ,  (2}  average  irradiation time  (85 and
120 minutes), and  <3) fuel  ccrcpcsition  (1U% and  23%  olef ins) ..  The
effects of varying these test  parameters  were determined  by use of
appropriate test criteria including K02 formation  rate,  oxidant
production, total hydrocarbon  losses  and  reaction  of  specific
species, aldehyde production,  plant damage, and  bacteria  kill.
Of the three variables studies, the exhaust concentration at the
start of irradiation appeared  to produce  the  most  significant
effects.  Fuel composition  had a lesser influence  on  some of the
test criteria; vdry little  difference was noted  in the effects
produced at the two average irradiation times.   (Author)##
270               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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00092

B.  Drexler   M.  Barchas
CHEHO-ELECTBICAL SENSING DEVICE.  Airkem, Inc., New York
CityB  June  1961, 1l(2p.
   CFSTI, DDC:  AC 262502
This report describes an investigation of the feasibility  of
utilizing gas adsorption phenomena for the identification  and
quantitative determination of various gaseous materials.   A
discussion is presented of the factors influencing the
performance of the various components of an experimental gas
analyzer based on the measure»ent of characteristic adsorption
energies.  Seasons are given for the attempted use of this
principle in such an instrument together with a theoretical
discussion of the basis for concluding the instrument to be
non-feasible in practice within the limitations of the original
specifications.  A review of material
obtained from available literature sources as well as
informa
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00122

D. I.,  Klosterman   and  J.  E.  Sigsiy,  Jr.


APPLICATION  OF  SDBTBACTIVE TECHNIQUES TO THE ANALYSIS OF
AUTOMOTIVE  EXHAUST,  Environ.  Sci,.  Technol. 1, 309-111 (Apr.
1967).   (Presented before the  Division of Water, Air, and
Waste  Chemistry,  American Chemical  Society, Atlantic City,
N.J.,  Sept.  12-17,  1965.)


A simple system has  been  developed  for chemical class analysis of
hydrocarbons found  in  automotive exhaust.   The technique should
prove  useful for  evaluating  the  contributions of automotive
emissions to photochemical air pollution..   A system of scrubbers
permits the  sample to  be  analyzed for paraffins, olefins and
acetylenes,  and aromatics.   Benzene  may  be determined with either
the paraffinic  or aromatic hydrocarbons.  The system may be used
with existing standard hydrocarbon  analyzers without requiring
their  modification.   (Author abstract) tt

00124

C. H.  Bachman,  B. D.  McDonald,   and  P.  J.  Lorenz
SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF  BEASUBED  AIH  IONS.   {EXPEEIMENT
NO, 1 OF BIOLOGICAL ACTION OF  IONIZED PABTICLES  IN THE
ATMOSPHERE.)  Intern. J. Biometeorol.. 9,  (2)  127-139,  July
1965,
An apparatus constructed for the  generation  and  administration of
measured air ion dosage is described..   Experiments  were  performed
on rats in which only the nostrils  were exposed  to  the ionized air.
Measurement of total ion current  and  of the  electrical current to
ground through the animal provided  knowledge of  the actual ion
dosage.  Initial experiments indicated  that  both positive and
negative air ion treatments tended  to stimulate  heartbeat and
respiratory frequencies.  However the ion  dosage per rat was
subject to individual variability.   (Author) ##


00126

M. E.  Pack  and  D. F. Adams
PEOBLEMS OF RELATING  ATMOSPHERIC  ANALYSES TO EFFECTS OF AIE
POLLUTION ON  AGBICULTUBE.,   J.  Air Pollution Control Assoc.
16,  («) 219-2U,  Apr.  1966.


This presentation  has emphasized  the deficiencies of methods of
atmospheric analysis  and  the  inadequacy of present understanding of
the relationship of air  pollution to plant and animal injury. The
purpose is to show where  improved methods and further research are
needed and perhaps to prcipt  more critical interpretation of
atmospheric analysis  data.  The  deficiencies mentioned are
272               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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generally  recognized, but in the desire to obtain  a  rapid  solution
to a problem  they are sometimes overlooked.  This  frequently adds
to the  confusion rather than helping to clarify  the  situation™
Consideration has been limited to fluoride, photochemical  air
pollutants, and  sulfur dioxide.  (Author) it

001«2

B. G« Hinners,  J,. K= Burkart,  and G., L. Contner
ABIHAL EXPOSURE CHAMBERS IN AIR POLLUTION  STUDIES.   Preprint.
1966.
Eecent developments in animal exposure chambers  and  their use in
studying the biological effects of air pollution are described.
The various atmospheres studied include  irradiated  and
non-irradiated auto exhaust atmospheres, .oxides  of  sulfur,  and
oxides of nitrogen.  (Author) ##
G. B.  Morgan,   E.  C. Tabor,  C. Golden,  and H.  Clements


AUTOMATED LABORATORY PROCEDURES FOB THE ANALYSIS 0?  AIB
POIIUTAHTS,.   Preprint.   1966.


Automated methods  are presented for the analysis of  various
components present in collected particulates,  impinged gases and
precipitation.   Among these components are sulfates,  nitrates,
nitrites, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, chlorides and nitrogen dioxide.
Adoption of  automation has resulted in an increased  precision for
all of the aforementioned analyses.  In addition,  the
productivity per man day is tripled to quadrupled over the
corresponding manual procedures.  Operational  problems associated
tilth the operation of the systems are discussed.   (Author) ##

00155

Sweeney, M.  Patrick  and Miles I. Brubacher


EXHADST HYDROCARBONS MEASUREMENT FOB TUNEUP DIAGNOSIS?  In:
Vehicle Emissions, Part II, SAE Progress in Technology
Series Vol.  12,  New York, Society of Automotive  Engineers,
Inc.,  1966,  p.,  307-316.  5 rets.  (Presented at  the  SAE
Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Mich.,  Jan.
10-1t|, 1966.)


With an activated  control program in California  and  its imminent
prospect nationwide, recently attention has been  focused  on
simplifying  exhaust hydrocarbon measurement for  potential use as a
tuneup garage  diagnostic tool.  Work has been  underway to evaluate
new instrumentation and procedures for hydrocarbon measurement
suitable for field use.  It is concluded that:   (1)  With  a
                           D. Measurement Methods                     273

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"one minute" cycle, measured emissions  seem  to  correlate adequately
with the California procedure;  (2) There  are prototype
instruments which are inherently  much less susceptible to
environment of use; and  (3) For engine  diagnostic  purposes,  the
principal uses of hydrocarbon measurements would be:  (a)  an
initial check (almost any engine  malfunction raises  hydrocarbons,
if low, engine does not  need tuneup work); and  (b)  recheck after
tuneup (an increase in hydrocarbons indicates a tuneup oversight
or error, and the car would then  be checked  further).   (Authors'
abstract)##


C0160

Campau, Robert B  and James C..  Neerraan


CONTINUOUS MASS SPECTROBETRIC DETERMINATION  OF  NITRIC  OXIDE  IN
AUTOMOTIVE EXHADST.  In:  Vehicle Emissions, Part  II,  SAE
Progress in Technology Series,  Vol. 12,  New  York,  Society of
Automotive Engineers,, Inc., , 1966,  p. 325-33
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First Quarter 1966 Statistics on Particulate Contaminants
San Diego County Air Pollution Control District are
presented.  Data are included on weight concentrations  from  high
volume filter samples, soiling indexes, and hourly averages  of
gaseous contaminants. ##


00179

Jutze, G. A,,  B. L. Harris, Jr.,,  and M. Georgevich


THE INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION SOBVEILLANCE PBOGRAM  ("EFFECTS
BETSOBK") .  J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 17(5), 291-3
(Bay 1967).  (Presented at 59th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, San Francisco, Calif., June 20-25,
1966, Paper Ho. 66-78} .


Paper discusses the scope of the work to be done by the Abatement
Branch, Division of Air Pollution, D.S., Public Health
Service.  Hajor effort of the Abatement Branch will be  devoted
to intensive field surveys conducted on a nationwide scale.  Data
will be accumulated on:  dustfall, particulate identification  of
iipinged Materials, sulfation, corrosion, tarnishing of metals, and
deterioration of textiles, dyes and rubber.  Included is a  table
specifying the components to be examined, the measurement
technique to be used, the length of exposure for the component, tne
units of contamination reported, and the effect demonstrated.##

00192

S. Hochheiser  and H. F. Ludmann
FIELD COMPARISON OF METHODS OF DETERMINING ATMOSPHERIC  NO  AND
N02.   Preprint.  (Presented at the 150th National  Meeting,
American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, N..J. ,  Sept.  13,
1965.)


Atmospheric samples from several cities were used in a  comparison
study of the Saltzman and Jacobs-Hochheiser methods for
measuring H02 concentrations in the atmosphere.  NO is
determined by these methods after wet oxidation  of  the  NO  to
H02 in a gas scrubber containing acid-permanganate  reagent.  The
methods were compared using samples collected  for 30 minutes and
21 hours.  Adsorbing reagents used in the 2t-hour sampling
Methods were modified to accomodate circumstances associated with
longer saipling periods.  The relationship between  atmospheric
NO and H02 concentration and method of measurement  is
discussed.  (Author) *#

OC196

0. S. Ferguson  and E» G. Sheridan


SOME APPLICATIONS OF MICROSCOPY TO AIR POLLUTION.   Preprint.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 16, (12) 669-72, Dec.  1966.
                           D. Measurement Methods                     275

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(Presented at the 59th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, San Francisco, Calif., June 20-24,  1966,
Paper No. 66-74.)


The microscope as it has been and is now applied to air  pollution
work is discussed-  A summary of the most common particulate
sampling equipment is presented and distinctions as to the  area of
usage (suspended, or settled participates) are  made in each
instance.  Actual cases are discussed in which  the polarizing
microscope was used to determine identities and sources  of
particulate pollutants.  Particles from such sources as  power
plants, feed mills, and combustion sources are  discussed and
photomicrographs of known samples and unknown particles  causing
complaints are presented and compared as part of the discussion.,
Aero-allergens as contributors to pollution and their importance
in community surveys are discussed.  A detailed discussion  of
three allergen samplers is given- ##
T. 8, Hauser  and D. S. Bradley


THE SPECIFIC SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION  OF OZONE  IN THE
ATHOSPHEEE USING 1, 2-iDI- (fl-PYRIEYL) E1HILENE.   Anal.
Chen. 38, 1529-32, Oct. 1966.


A new method for the sampling and analysis of  ozone  in  the
atmosphere is described.  Atmospheric ozone is collected in a
solution of 1 ,2-di- (1-pyridyl) ethylene in glacial acetic acid-
The olllected ozone reacts with the 1,2-di (4-pyridyl) ethylene to
form an ozonide that undergoes cleavage to yield
pyridine-iJ-aldehyde for which a simple spectrophotometric
determination was developed.  The relationship between  the
micrograms of pyridine-4-aldehyde generated per microgran of ozone
sampled has been determined, so that pyridine-t-aldehyde may be
used for calibration.  Various other oxidizing or reducing
substances do not interfere with the method, at least not in the
concentrations in which they are found in the  atmosphere-  The
method offers good sensitivity, reproducibility, and excellent
stability for delayed analysis after sampling.  (Authors'
abstract) #f

0022«

M. Shepherd,  S. H- Bock,   B. Howard,  and J.  Stormes


ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION, AND ESTIMATION 01 GASEOOS POLLUTANTS
OF AIR.  Anal-  Chem. 23 ( 10) - 1431-11(1(0, Oct. 1951.


Previous attempts to concentrate air pollutants in a cold trap
and analyze the concentrates by mass spectrometer have  had
disappointing results-  A new method by which  the air of Los
Angeles County has been examined combines the  isolation of
gaseous pollutants on a filter at liquid oxygen temperatures,
separation of the isolated frozen concentrate  by isothermal
276               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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distillation  or subliaation at Ion temperatures and pressures, and
identification and estimation of distillates by the mass
spectrometer.   The nethod is capable of determining as littla as
0.0001  ppm  of  some pollutants from a 100-liter sample of aic; with
larger  samples, 0.000001 ppm of some substances can be
determined.   The gaseous phase of the Los Angeles smog was found
to be of the  order of 0«5 ppm of the air.  About 60 chemcial
compounds or  families of compounds were identified or tentatively
identified, and the amounts of some of these were determined.  It
was shown that the gaseous phase of the smog was primarily a
mixture of  hydrocarbons, and of hydrocarbons combined with 0, N,
and C1.  These hydrocarbons, principally the unsaturated ones,
when oxidized  with 03 and N02 in the presence of UV light,
produce substances which constitute a large proportion of the smog
concentrates.   These oxidaticn products cause eye and respiratory
irritations such as are produced by the real smog, and smell like
spectra of  the smog concentrates may eventually indicate the
presence of other irritants.  The new method may be applied to
special problems in air pollution over large areas or inside
industrial  plants.  (Authors1 abstract) ##
00237

E.H. Stephens  E.F.  Barley

ATMOSPHEPIC ANALYSIS FOB PAN.   Preprint.   (Presented at the
Sixth Conference on  Methods in Air Pollution Studies,
California Dept. of  Public Health, Berkeley, Jan. 6-7, 1964.)

Some months ago a preliminary report was given on the
application of  electron capture detection to the gas
chromatographic measurement of atmospheric peroxyacyl nitrates
(PRNs) .   A 3 ft x 1/8 in diameter glass column packed with 5%
carbowax 100 on 100-200 mesh chrcmosorb W was operated at 35 C
with 25  ml/minute of nitrogen carrier gas.  The electron capture
detector head was fitted into an aerograph.   Injection of 2 ml
gas samples containing pphu concentrations of PAN
(peroxyacetyl nitrate)  or PPN (peroxypropionyl nitrate)  gave
peaks at 2 min  10 sec and 2 tnin t5 sec, respectively.  In
consideration of the instrumental noise level it was estimated
that concentrations  of 0.3 to 0.5 pphm could have been measured.,
This is  considerably smaller than that required to cause
moderate plant  damage and so, for the first time, it became
possible to measure  this series of compounds at the
concentrations  present even in low levels of photochemical air
pollution.  Several  problems were encountered and not completely
solved during the course of this work.  Most of these had to do
with the extrene instability of the PANS.  Tow new
instruments have now been put into operation in an attempt
to improve the  reliability of this analytical method.  since the
electron capture detector is sensitive to organic nitrates
it was of interest to try to measure these compounds.,  With air
samples  the oxygen peak overlaps the methyl nitrate  making it
impossible to measure this ccapound with a 9 in column.   Some
experiments were done with a 3 ft x 1/8 in teflon column.
At 22 C  and 30  ml N2 per minute the methyl nitrate emerged at
1  lin. and i»0 sec.  Sensitivity is nearly the same as that for
PAN- It is estimated that about 0.5 ppb would be detectable in
atnospheric samples.##
                          D. Measurement Methods                      277

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0026«

B. H. Hade,  J. M. Boss  and H. H. Benedict


A METHOD FOE THE DETECTION AND ISOLATION OF TRACES  OF  OEGANIC
FLUOBINE COMPOUNDS IN PLANTS.  {FINAL SEPT.)  Stanford
Eesearch lust.. South Pasadena, Calif., Southern  California
Xabs.  Apr. 1963.  20 pp.


A method for the detection and isolation of submicrogram
quantities of organic fluorine compounds from plant materials in
the presence of much larger amounts of inorganic  fluoride  is
presented.  The procedure consists first of a rapid screening step
for use with large numbers of vegetable samples and extracts and,
second, of a chromatographic step to isolate and  characterize any
fluoro-organics found.  These methods are developed in light of
specific chemical characteristics of organic fluorine  compounds as
a general class.  A modification of Soep's quantitative submicro
fluoride analytical method is presented as applicable  to these
isolation methods,  Hicrogram quantities of organic fluorine
compounds were found in the plant materials investigated but at a
level too low for isolation and identification.   (Authors'
abstract) ##

0027K

B. A. Hamilton  and J. M. Halker
A METHOD OF HEASUHING ATBOSPHEKIC OZONE &BSOEPTION  COEFFICIENTS,
J. Atmospheric Terrest. Phys_, Vol. 28. 667-672, July  1966.


A method is described of determining the ozone absorption
coefficients in the wavebands normally used when measurements are
made of the amount of atmospheric ozone by a  Dobson
spectrophotometer.  The ratio of absorption coefficients in
different wavebands is obtained from the calculated amounts of
ozone when simultaneous measurements are made with  different
wavebands.  Values obtained from observations at Oxford and at
Lerwick show good agreement:  the values differ appreciably from
those of Vigroux and other workers.   (Authors' summary)##

00293

E. C,, Tabor  and G. V. Smith
NATURE OF THE BENZENE-SOLUBLE FRACTION OF AIB PABTICULATE
KATTSB.  Preprint-  (Presented at the 59th Annual Meeting,
Air Pollution Control Association, San Francisco, Calif.,
June 20-24, 1966, Paper 66-121.)


Annual composites of the benzene-soluble portion of  air
particulate matter were obtained frcm suspended particulate
samples collected at 78 urban and 32 non-urbzn stations  of the
National Air Sampling Network.  These samples of
278               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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benzene-soluble organics were separated into the following
functional groups of organic compounds:  water-soluble, acids,
bases,  aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, and
oxy-neutral compounds.   Tables are presented showing the
composition of the individual samples and freguency distributions
of percentage values for the different fractions.  Hesults are
discussed and suggestions Bade concerning causes of unusual
results.   Infrared absorption curves are presented to illustrate
similarities and differences.  (Authors" abstract)#*

00297

G. B.  Morgan,  C. Golden,  and E. Co Tabor


NEH AND IHPKOVED PROCEDURES FOB GAS SAHPLING AND ANALYSIS IN THE
NATIONAL AIR SAMPLING NETWORK.,  J. Air Pollution Control
Issoc., 17 (5) :300-301 (Hay 1967)..   (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association Annual Meeting, June 20-2<»,
1966,  San Francisco, Calif., Paper 66-114).


The NASH sampler for the collection of gaseous pollutants has
been modified to increase its versatility and efficiency.  Oxides
of nitrogen are collected in bubblers employing a 70-100 microns
frit with a collection efficiency of approximately 50%
depending upon the frit porosity.  Included in the sampler is a
bubbler for the collection of aldehydes in which the aldehyde-HETH
complex is stable at least 2 weeks.  This inert bubbler which is
constructed of polypropylene and Teflon, makes it possible for
samples to be collected over the network and analyzed at a central
laboratory.  In addition, gaseous ammonia is collected in 0.1
NH2S04.  This collecting system has an efficiency greater than
85)!.  Low level samples are analyzed automatically employing
Nesslerization whereas high level samples from source emissions
may be collected in indicating boric acid and titrated with 0..02
NB2S01.  The sampler will accomodate either 50 or 100 ml
folypropylene.   (Authors' abstract) ##

00328

H. Hatanabe  and T«  Nakadci
F100ROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF ATMOSPHERIC
OZONE.   J.  Air Pollution Control Assoc. 16,  (11) 614U7.
Nov. 1966.   (Presented at the 59th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, San Francisco, Calif., June
20-20,  1966.)


This work has  initiated in an effort to obtaina better method for
the manual  determination of trace amounts of atmospheric ozone.
The method  described depends upon the fact that ozone oxidizes
nonfluorescent 9,10-dihydroacridine to fluorescent acridine.
When the ethyl alcohol solution of acridine is acidified by
6N acetic acid,  the fluorescence maximum occurs approximately at
482 millimicrons and its intensity is sufficiently strong to be
useful  in this analysis.  Linear relationships between acridine
concentrations and fluorescence intensities were obtained from
                          D. Measurement Methods                      279

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0.1 to 3.5 uicrograBS per •!.  by  measurement  with  a  commercial
fluorophotometer.  The results indicated  that  the  low
concentrations of experimentally  prepared  ozone  measured  by  this
method were in good agreement  with those  obtained  by the
phenolphthalin method.  This icthod appeared  to  be#about  twice as
sensitive as the phenolphthalin method but  it  is subject  to  some
interference from nitrogen dioxide.   (Authors' Abstract)#t
00329

W. B., Parker  and N. a. Huey


HOLTIPUEPOSE SEQUENTIAL SAMPLERS..  Preprint.  J.  Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 17, (6) 388-91, June 1967,.
(Presented at the 59th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, San Francisco, Calif., June 20-2t, 1966, Paper
So. 66-81.)


Presented is the design, construction, and field  utilization of
a sequential sampling system for the monitoring of gaseous
pollutants capable of detection by "wet chemical" techniques.
Also described are some specially designed midget impingers and
bubblers.  These impingers are practical for field utilization as
well as for laboratory use.  (Author) ##
00336

G, Ozolins  and R. Smith
A RAPID SURVEY TECHNIQUE FOR ESTIMATING COMMUNITY AIR POLLUTION
EMISSIONS.  Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio,
Division of Air Pollution.  Oct.  1966.  83 pp.   (Presented at
the 59th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
San Francisco, Calif., June 20-21, 1966, Paper No.  66-11.)


A technique has been developed for surveying pollutant emissions
within a community or metropolitan area in 3 to  6 man-weeks.  The
methods for conducting such a survey are described  in this paper.
An important feature of this technique is the concept of  reporting
zones,,  The quantities of pollutants released can be assessed not
only for the total community but  also for different subdivisions of
the area.  The results are emission maps of a community depicting
emission of pollutants in quantities per unit area.  Seasonal
variations in pollutant concentrations are considered, and emission
rates of pollutants can be calculated for specified times of the
year.  The four major source cateqories considered  are combustion
cf fuels in stationary and in mobile sources, combustion  of refuse
material, and industrial process  losses.  Each category is
considered in detail relative to  sources of information,  seasonal
variation in emissions, methods for estimating pollutant  emissions
by areas, and use of emission factors.  Results  obtained  by
application of this technique in  two metropolitan areas are
summarized.   (Author) ft
280               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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00318

T» P« Ramachandran

THE DETERMINATION OF NITEATE  (A DISSERTATION)  (DOCTOR"S
THESIS).  '(For the degree cf Doctor of Philosophy  in  the
Dept. of Chemistry, Maharajas ColloJ  1966.   118 pp.

A simple, sensitive and specific method for the determination  of
nitrate in microgram ranges applicable for water and  air  samples  is
described-  The method is directly applicable  to water  samples
without recourse to evaporation or separation  procedures.   The
proposed method was evolved as a result of the exhaustive  study of
the nitrate-chromotropic acid reaction in concentrated  sulfuric
medium.  Nitrate reacts with chromotropic acid in  about  75% v/v
sulfuric acid medium giving a water-soluble yellow product.
Spectrophotometric measurement of the absorbance of the  color  at
410 millimicrons provides a Beans for the determination  of nitrate
in the concentration range of 0.2 to 20 milligrams per  liter.
Many commonly occurring materials such as oxidizing agents,
nitrite, chloride and iron (III) were found to interfere  with  the
nitrate-chromotropic acid reaction.  As a result of systematic
studies of the nitrate-chrcmotrcpic acid system with  respect to
these interferences, a simple, direct procedure has been  developed
by which all the above mentioned interferences were either
eliminated or masked.  The method has been applied to the  analysis
of water and air samples.  The proposed method is  simpler,  more
rapid and more specific than any other existing method.
 (Author} ##

00381

W. I. Crider
HYDROGEN FLAME EMISSION SPECTHOEHOIOMETRY IN  MONITORING  AIE
FOR S02 AND SULFURIC ACID AEHCSCL.  Anal. Chem. 37, 1770-3,
Dec.. 1965.

The principle of hydrogen flane emission spectrophotometry is
demonstrated to be of practical use in monitoring  the
atmosphere of animal exposure chambers for S02 in  concentrations
from 0..1 ppm (v./v.J  to 100 ppm and for airborne droplets  cf
H2SOt in the concentration range from 0.17 to  5.2  mg  per  cu
meter.  Some parameters influencing emission  intensity  are
explored.   (Author)##

00385

E. E.,  Saltzman  and A.  R, Wartburg, Jr.

A PRECISION FLOW DILUTION SYSTEM FOE STANDARD  LCW  CONCENTRATIONS
OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE,   Anal. Chem. 37, 1261-4,  Sept. 1965,.
Preparation of primary standard low concentrations of nitrogen
dioxide was required  to critically evaluate analytical  procedures
for this gas.   A tank mixture of 0.1% nitrogen dioxide  in  air  was
metered by an asbestos plug flowmeter into a compact  flew dilution
system designed for minimum dead volume and back pressure.   The
mixture was monitored by a calibrated Hast oxidant analyzer.
Les than 5 minutes sufficed to reach a steady concentration, which
was maintained precisely for  many hours.  The tank mixture  was
analyzed gravimetrically by passage through two
                          D. Measurement Methods                      281

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Ascarite-Anhydrone D-tubes; the fraction of nitrogen dioxide
not absorbed was negligible.  A small correction to the
gravimetric analysis was made for the carbon dioxide in  the tank
mixture, determined gas chromatographically.  It was determined
that no correction was necessary for water  vapor, since  its
concentration in the tank mixture was very  low.  Preliminary
studies were made of the stoichionetry of the nitrogen dioxide
reaction with Griess-Saltzman reagent.  Absorbances of the
colors developed showed that one mole of gas was equivalent
(within a few per cent) to 0.72 mole of standard nitrite solution
Response was linear with concentrations computed from flowmeter
readings and the tank analysis, and with sampling time for a
fixed concentration™  The apparatus and techniques should be
applicable to many other gases.  (Author)##
00386

E. Sawicki  and J. D. Pfaff
QUENCHOFHOSPHORIMETRIC ANALYSIS FOR CONJUGATED COMPOUNDS..
Bikrochim. Acta  (1-2) 322-33, 1966.


A new method of analysis that incorporates many of the reagents
found useful in quenchofluorcmetry is introduced.  Since many
types of non-fluorescent and weakly fluorescent compounds can be
analyzed, guenchophosphoriuetry is a complementary tool.  This
method of analysis is superior to colorimetry and fluorometry in
simplicity, sensitivity and selectivity for many types of
compounds.  Examples of this technique are given.  One striking
example is the determination of p-nitroaniline in the presence of
carbazole, p-hydroxyacetophenone, triphenylamine and tri-pheuylene
all of which are usually intensely phosphorescent.  Hew types of
functional group analyses for individual compounds and families of
compounds should be  possible with quenchophosphorimetry,,
(Author) #*
00387

Halanchuk, H.
A CONTINUOUS AUTOMATIC APPARATUS FOE DETERMINATION OF SULIUE
DIOXIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE OB IN COMPLEX GAS MIXTURES.
Preprint.  1965.


A colorimetric-type instrument was adapted for the continuous
automatic measurement of sulfnr dioxide by use of an
iron(III)-phenanthroline absorption solution.  Although it
lacks the sensitivity and rapid response of conductimetric-type
units, it shows specificity for sulfur dioxide in complex mixtures
and gives an accurate determination that is not  possible with the
present conductimetric—type.  AA#*
282              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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001(18

J.H. Happ,   J.B.  Harstad,  I.B. Buchanan
EFFECT OF AIR IONS ON SOBMICROS T1 IACTERIOPHAGE  AEROSOLS
(TECHNICAL MANUSCRIPT 281).   Any Biological  Labs.,
Frederick, Md.,  Physical Defense Div_ Feb.  1966.,   18  pp.
   DDC:AD H78388
The effect of a high concentration of ionized air  molecules  on
sampling subnicron T1 phage aerosols of a submicron  particles
size was evaluated by comparing the phage recoveries of  all—glass
iupingers (AGI-4)  and Type 6 filter papers.  Sampler
recoveries of all ionized aerosols were less than  the recoveries of
non ionized control aerosols.  These reductions  in recovery  were
greater with positive ions than with negative ions or ions  of
nixed polarity.  The AGI-t allowed considerable  slippage  which
was not affected by the air ions.  Type 6 filter paper recoveries
were less than AGI-t HECOVEEIES.  2THE AIR IONS  DID  NOT
appear to affect the aerosol particle size as determined  by  an
lectron microscope.  (Author abstract} t#

00426

G. Lundeen  and R. Livingston


CHEHILUBINESCENCE OF HYDHOCARBCS OXIDATION.  Photochem.
Ehotobiol. Vol. «:1085-96, 1965.
   CFSTI, DDC: AD 631111


That chemiluminescence accompanies autoxidations and
decompositions of some peroxides has been known  for  some  time.
Decently lechanisms have beeen proposed to explain such
cheniluHinescence.  This paper is a report of an experimental
study of the luminescence which accompanies the  autoxidation,
spontaneous and induced by the decomposition of  benzoyl  peroxide,
of tetralin and anyl benzene.  Anthracene, 9, 10-diphenyl
anthracene and 9,10-dibromo-anthracene were used as  intensifiers of
luninescence-li


OOU35

H. I. Larsen
i HETHOD FOR DETERMINING SOURCE REDDCTION REQUIRED  TO  MEET  AIR
QDALITI STANDABDS.   J. Air Pollution Control  Assoc.
11(2):71-76, Feb.  1961.


i coaputer program  was written to calculate arithmetic  and
geoaetric correlation and regression between  any  two variables  for
various periods of  time, location, and condition  of solar
radiation.  Two thousand correlation coefficients and  the
associated regression lines of best fit  were  calculated  to  explore
                           D. Measurement Methods                     283

-------
the interrelationships between  variables.   The summary punched
cards were the input to  this  ccuputer  program.  The purpose of
those analyses is to show  the frequency  of  occurrence of various
values of oxidant, eye irritation,  and visibility;  to indicate  the
equations relating these pollutant  effects  to  concentration of
carbon monoxide; and to  show  the  usefulness of this information
for predicting removal of  precursor, as  measured by carton
monoxide, necessary to obtain given levels  of  improved air
quality.##

00«69

G.D, Jaros,  N.B. Parkin,  J. G. Mingle,  S.H.  Paul


THE FATE OF OXIDES OF NITBOGEN  THBOOGH A DIRECT FIABE AFTERBURNER
IB THE EXHADST OF A GASOLINE  ENGINE,.   Preprint.  (Presented
at the Second Annual Meeting, Pacific  Northwest International
Section, Air Pollution Control  association,  Portland Oreg.,
Sov. 5-6, 196t, Paper No.,  6
-------
The results  also reveal a complicated microscopic behaviour from
both a  physical and chemical standpoint at pressures in excess  of
twice that of the atmosphere.  The thermal transfer to the walls
of the  conbustor was a marked function of the nature of the
pressure perturbations.  The study was concerned with measurements
of the  perturbations of pressure during oscillatory combustion
and with evaluation of the quantities of the oxides of nitrogen
found in the exhaust of the combustor.  The quantities of the
oxides  of nitrogen were determined in saaples obtained by quenching
the products of reaction by flow through a supersonic nozzle.
Investigations were carried out at nixture ratios ranging from
0.65 to 1.5  stoichiometriCo t#

00489

P., H. West
INOPGANIC MICFOCHEBISTBY.  Anal. Chem. Vol. 36:144R-50P,
Apr. 1964,,


The bulk of this review is devoted to classical microchemical
methods.  No distinction is made between nicroanalysis and trace
analysis because the absolute quantity of material under  study  is
of the same order of magnitude and the philosophies of approach are
similar, even if the techniques involved may differ widely.  To
laintain proper perspective, appropriate comments will be included
pertaining to specialized techniques such as atomic absorption
spectrometry and coulostatic methods of analysis.  For more
critical evaluations of such techniques, the reader is referred to
the accompanying reviews that deal in more detail with these
met hods.##

00550

J. N. Pitts, Jr-,  J..B.  Vernon,  O.KUS. Han


A RAPID ACTINOBETEB FOR PHOTOCHEMICAL AIE POLLUTION STUDIES,
Intern J. Air Water Pollution, Vol., 9:595-600, 1965.
(Presented at the Seventh Conference on Methods in Sir
Pollution Studies, California State Dept. of Public
Health, Los Angeles, Calif-, Jan.,  25-26, 1965.)


The o-nitrobenzaldehyde actinometer, when used in photochemical
air pollution studies,  has some unique advantages-  First,
the actinometer could be used in a solid, solution, vapor
or a colloidal dispersion system,,   Second, the absorption
spectrum of o-nitrobenzaldehyde has an absorption onset
at about 4000 Angstrom  units which coincides with the
wavelength threshold for the photodissociation of N02 into NO
and 0 atom-  Since sunlight received on the earth's surface
contains negligible radiation shorter than 3000 Angstrom  units,
the solar radiation which causes photochemical reactions  involving
NC2 as the primary absorbing molecule is in the 4000-3000
Angstrom unit region.  While most of the established chemical
actinometers are sensitive to wavelength variations, the
quantum yield of the rearrangement of o-nitrobenzaldehyde to
                           D. Measurement Methods                     285

-------
0-nitrosobenzoic acid is found to be indepdent  of  wavelength
in the region 1000-3000 Angstrom units.   Thus,  relative
intensities of the "active" sunlight fraction can  be  easily
measured by the relative amounts of o-nitrosobenzoic  acid  formed
upon irradiation without resorting to the use of
filters, monochromatic device or integrating  process.##
00578

K. 1. Hhitby  and C., M. Peterson


ELECTRICAL NEUTRALIZATION AND PABTICLE SIZE  MEASUREMENT  OF  DYE
AEBOSOLS.,  I.E.C. Fundamentals, Vol.. U:66-72,  Feb.  1965.


Data are presented on the magnitude of the natural  charge on
aerosol particles formed by the evaporation  of atomized  solutions
of dye and on the residual charge after neutralization by mixing
with a bipolar ironic atnosphere,.  Measured  values  of  the charge
after neutralization are compared with those predicted by assuming
a Boltzmann distribution of the energy states  in  the  mixture of
ions and particles.  The importance of this  residual charge to
such aerosol applications as filter testing  and particle
classification is discussed.  Under certain  conditions a size
representative fraction of the dye particles smaller than 0.2
micron may carry a unit charge.  Two mobility  analysis techniques
for measuring the particle size distribution of such aerosols are
described and the results compared with electron  microscope data.
(Authors0 abstract)##
OC610

A. P. Altshuller


ATMOSPHEBIC ANALYSIS BY GAS CHROMATOGHAPHY.   Preprint.  1966.


A number of the gas chromatographic procedures developed for
atmospheric analysis have received little application.   Several
investigators have done atmospheric analysis for hydrocarbons
and peroxyacetyl nitrate directly without concentration.
Monitoring gas chronatographs could be built for obtaining
large quantities of atmospheric analyses.  Such equipment has
not yet been fabricated.  A related problem is the  read-out
of the large number of peaks cr areas generated by  making
analyses every 10, 15 or 30 min.. for 24 hrs. a day.   Integration
equipment capable of handling such outputs is available;
such equipment is already in routine use in measuring hydrocarbons
in auto exhaust studies.  The application of the electron capture
detector to analysis of low-molecular-weight
halogenated substances, pesticides, and tracer materials in
air has been demonstrated,,  The capability to measure such
substance sby gas chromatography is excellent.  Many  future
applications in atmospheric chemistry should make use of such
procedures,,   (Author abstract) ##
286               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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00620

W.D.  Conner   J.s.  Nader
AIB SAMPLING WITH PLASTIC BAGS.   An. Ind. Hyg.,  Assoc.  J.
Vol. 25:291-297,  June. 1964.


An inexpensive sampler has been developed whereby  air samples
can be collected  in plastic bags without pump contamination
and shipped  to a  laboratory for analysis.  Data  are  presented
to illustrate how well these bags contain (1) sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen dioxide, and ozone in samples collected from
synthetically prepared Mixtures, and  (2) 'hdrocarbons in  samples
collected fro«i an auto exhaust irradiation chamber.  The
inorganic samples were in the concentration  range  of 0.5  to
1.5 ppn, and the  hydrocarbon samples were in the concentration
range of 7 to 20  ppi.  The samples were stored for periods of
several days.  {Author abstract) ##

00627

I. H. Weinstein,   B.  F.  Bozarth,  C. A. Porter,  R.  H.
Handl,  and  B. G. Tweedy


AUTOMATED ANALYSIS OF PHOSPHORUS CONTAINING  COMPOUNDS IN
BIOLOGICAL BATEBIALS.  I,. A QUANTITATIVE PROCEDURE.  Contrib.
Boyce Thompson Inst.  Vol., 22 (7) : 389-398, Sept,, 1964.


The Technicon AutoAnalyzer has been used to  develop  an
automated nethod  of phosphorus analysis for  individual  samples  or
for effluents from ion exchange columns.  The sample or column
effluent containing organically bound phosphorus is  pumped,  along
with sulfuric acid, into the hot revolving glass helix  of the
Digester unit.  As the digest reaches the end of the helix,  it
is pulled off continuously into an impinger.  A  continuous
sanple is removed from the iipinger, diluted with  water,  and
reacted with molybdate reagent and 1-amino-2-naphthol-
-------
Since late  1962, the Division of  Air  Pollution  of  the U.S.
Public Health Service has  used  a  mobile  air  sampling
laboratory  to provide technical assistance  and  training to  local
air pollution agencies.  The labcratory  and  the manual and
instrumental methods used  to neasure  S02, NO, N02,  CO,
C02, total  hydrocarbons^ oxidants,  aldehydes, soiling index,  and
total suspended particulates are  described,  as  are  data
handling systems.  In several cities  various parallel sampling
methods have been used to  deternine the  effect  of analytical
methods on  indicated concentrations of particular pollutants,.
The significance of the  air quality data collected  is discussed.
(Author abstract) t#

00728

S.S. Epstein  K. Bush


A SIMPLE PHOTODYNAMIC ASSAY FOB POLYCYCLIC ATMOSPHERIC
POLLUTANTS.   Preprint.  (Presented at the 58th Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,  Toronto,,  Canada,
June 20-24, 1965, Paper  No. 65-111..)


The photodynamic bioassay  employed in this study is  simple,
rapid, and  reproducible.   However,  the significance  of  data
acquired with this technique is,  at present, not easy to  interpret.
It appears  that the assay  provides  an in vivo measure of  the
concentration of photosensitizing compounds  in  atmospheric
particulates, and yields results  which discriminate  between
pollutant fractions from the same source, and between pollutants
from different sources.  Hhether  these differences  would
be paralleled in non-composite samples cannot be assessed at
present.  The inter-source variations cannot be accounted for
merely by a concomitant  difference  in the concentration of
atmospheric particulates.  Although there appears to  be a
general association between the BaP concentration and
photodynaaic potency of benzene-soluble  extracts, the chemical
data are, at present,, too  restricted  for more meaningful
correlations.  Apart from  this, while the presence  of BaP may
account for the major part of the potency of benzene-
soluble and aromatic fractions, it obviously does not account for
photodynamic potency in  oxy-neutral or basic fractions.   Both
these fractions are frequently very potent and  while  largely
chemically  undefined, are  devoid  of BaP.  The presumptive
isolation of carcinogenic  alkylated benz(c)acridines  from basic
fractions probably accounts for their occasional high
potency and should serve to direct biological attention to this
small but,  hitherto, largely ignored  fraction.   (Author's
summary modified)##

00760

K.H..  Heck
THE USE OF P1ANTS AS INDICATOES OF AIB POLLUTION™   Intern. J
Air Water Pollution (London), Vol. 10, 99-111, Feb. 1966.
(Presented at the 57th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Houston, Tex., June 21-25, 196«.)
288              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
Plants  have  been extensively used in monitoring programs  and  as
indicators of  air pollution.,  Their usefulness in this capacity
is based  primarily on the sensitivity of selected plant species  or
varieties, or  both,  for specific air pollutants.  This
paper discusses the  use of native plants as indicators of natural
pollution in field studies and the use of specific  plants grown
under standard con-ditions to monitor natural levels of
pollution, to  identify phytotoxicants produced under controlled
conditions,  and to determine the sensitivity of plants to specific
phytotoxicants as conditioned by various environmental factors.
Hhile various  subjective injury indices have been used, no uniform
system  has been applied.  The need for a unified index is
discussed.   (Author's abstract)*#

00771

J.F.  Eoesler
PPELIMINABY  STUDY OF CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOTOIONIZATION  DETECTOE
FOE GAS CHHCMATOGHAPHY.   Anal. Chem., Vol. 36,  1900-1903,
Sept. 1964,   -.{Presented at the Pittsburgh Conference on
Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Pa., Mar.
1961.,)


A photoionization detector was constructed utilizing Kovar  metal
seals.   The  glow current was regulated achieving a  noise level  on
the order of 70 miccmicroampere.  The effects of carrier gas  and
argon flow rate were observed.  Nitrogen and hydrogen were  the
primary carrier gases used.  An extra electrode  was incorporated
into the detector in an effort to control the standing current.
Polarities with respect to the glow discharge were  important,
affecting the sensitivity and linearity.  Thermal effects of  the
glow discharge were also investigated-  A 4.9-cc. sample of
2.8 p.p.n. propane in nitrogen gave a maximum response of 660
nicrocmicroainpere.  (Author's abstract) ##

00822

I.e.  Brown  D.  Williams
INVESTIGATION OF ATMOSPHERIC IMPCHITIES  (FINAL KEPT-)    Chio
State Univ.  Research Foundation, Columbus,  (Nov. 1963.)
17 pp.,
   DDC:   AD  426291


The usefulness of an electron spin resonance  (ESH)
spectrometer in the detection of small guantities of airborne
biological impurities was investigated.  The  ESR spectrometer
is being  used to study electron spin resonance in biological
laterials, free radicals and other paramagnetic substances-
A large number of irradiated amino acids, nucleic acids,
peptides  and simpler proteins are studied; characteristic  patterns
are observed for various compounds.  Electron spin resonance
spectra are  observed in dried bacteria prior  to irradiation.
The resonances appear to stem frcm two sources:   (1) transition
metal ions,  such as iron and manganese,  usually producing  a  very
                          D. Measurement Methods                     289

-------
broad, strong resonance; and  (2) a free radical  producing  a  much
narrower resonance.  In many  bacteria the two  types  of
resonances are superimposed.  The free radical resonance has been
observed to increase in strength with the passage  of time
and appears to be correlated  with the decrease in  viability  of the
dried bacteria.  The nature and strength of the  resonances depend
on the nethod of drying and on the method of storage after drying.
The ESS spectra of particles  filtered from the atmosphere
both indoor and outdoor are observed.  Particle  sizes greater than
3 microns give rise to a broad, intense ESR absorption  line.
Atmospheric particles in the  range of 0.8 micron to  3 microns
diameter do not have an ESR line.  Weak free radical lines are
observed with particles of diameter from 0.22  micron to 0.8
micron.  It is almost impossible to give valid estiamtes of  the
sensitivity of ESE techniques in the detection process.##


CC845

SELECTED METHODS FOE THE MEASUREMENT OF AIR POLLUTANTS,
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div.  of Air
Pollution.  Hay 1965.  53 pp.
   GPO: 820-519, HEB:  999-AP-11


This manual is an effort to assist in the development of
uniform standard methods of analysis of air pollutants.  It makes
available the judgment and knowledge of a large  group of chemists
in the Public Health Service.  Methods of determining
pollutants of common interest are presented in uniform  format by
chemists on the staff of the  Division of Air Pollution-  The
methods were critically reviewed by the Interbranch  Chemical
Advisory Committee, which is  composed of representatives of  the
professional chemical groups  in all branches of  the  Division.
Methods presented are as follows:  For determination of sulfur
dioxide, the West and Gaeke and the hydrogen peroxide methods;
for determination of nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide, the
Saltzman method; for determination of oxidants,  the  neutral
buffered-potassium iodide and the alkaline potassium iodide
methods; for determination of aliphatic aldehydes, the  3-methyl-2
benzothiazolone hydrazone hydrochloride method;  for
determination of acrolein, the 4-hexylresorcinol method; for
determination of formaldehyde, the chromotropic  acid method; for
determination of sulfate in atmospheric suspended  particulates,
the turbidimetric barium sulfate method; and for determination
of nitrate in atmospheric suspended particulates,  the 2,4  xylenol
method.  (Author abstract) *#


00855

F.L. Ludwig,  D.H. Coulson,   £„ Eobinson


SIZE DETERMINATION OF ATMOSPHERIC SUIFATE AND  CHLCRIDE
PARTICULATES (FINAL BEPT.J.   Stanford Research  Inst.,  Menlo
Park, Calif. Feb. 1966.  77 pp.


The sulfate aerosol sampling  program for 1964  and  1965  has
provided a total of 74 size distributions using  the  aerosol
290              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
spectrometer technique developed for this program.  A typical
size distribution for these data has a mass mean diameter of about
0.35 micron, a  lower quartile of about 0.1 micron, and an upper
quartile at  about 100 micron-  However, as is to be expected,
the individual  tests show a considerable degree of variation
about these  figures.  The size distributions reflected
changes in humidity, time of sample collection, and sampling
location.   When size distributions were grouped and averaged
according to the prevailing relative humidity for the test, there
was a definite  tendency for larger sizes to accompany higher
huiidities.   Chloride size distributions are available from a
total of 36  tests,  all run during the 1965 season,,  These data
indicate an  average size distribution with a mass median
equivalent diameter of about 0.3 micron, a lower quartile of 0.15
nicron, and  upper quartile greater than 1-5 micron.  This
average size distribution is bimodal.  The distribution mode
at smaller sizes is similar to sizes of lead aerosols reported
by Robinson  and Lndwig (196U) , while the mode at larger sizes
is in the range reported by Junge  (1963) for a typical
continental  aerosol.   since automobile exhausts are
believed to  contain aerosols composed of complex salts of lead,
chlorine,  bromine,  and oxygen, a similarity between lead and
chloride aerosols is not surprising.  Further studies of these
two materials might provide an interesting insight into urban
aerosol interactions and sources.  Analytical methods used for
micro-suitur determinations were improved in various ways as the
program developed and more experience was obtained in its
operation.  One of the more important changes involved
thermostating the titration cell, which improved baseline
stabilization.   Another change in technique provided for the
evaporation of  the sample in a stream of clean heated nitrogen
instead of in the open laboratory atmosphere.  Both of these
changes improved the reliability of the sulfur determinations.##
00856

E.L. Kothny  P.K. Mueller


FASTER ANALYSES OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE WITH CONTINUOUS  ATS
ANALYZEBS.   California Dept, of Public Health,  Berkeley,
Division of Labs.  (AIHL Sept. No. 22 - Eevised
EditionJ  (Original paper presented at the 20th Annual
Instrument Society of America Conference, Los Angeles,
Calif., Oct. 4-7, 1965.)  Jan. 1966.  27 pp.,


A study concerning the effect of chemical and physical
variables on the response of a nitrite reagent is described.
For performance comparison, an empirical parameter  was
developed and applied.  Optimization rules  were  derived  and
applied.  A sub-minute response reagent was developed containing
N,N (1-naphthjl, acetyl) ethylene diamine, 2-amino-p-
benzenedisulfonic acid.  Designs of gas-liquid contact
and optical systems were evaluated to match fast response  reagents.,
(Author abstract) t*
                           D. Measurement Methods                     291

-------
00860

K.T. Hhitby  W,, !„ Clark


GENEHATION AND DECAY OF SMALL IONS.   SECTION  II:   ELECTPIC
AESOSOL PARTICLE COUNTING  AND SIZE  DISTRIBUTION  MEASURING
SYSTEM FOB THE 0..015 TO 1  HICECN  SIZE RANGE.
Minneapolis, Dept. of Mechanical  Engineering  (Particle
Lab. Publication No. 95).   June 1,  1966.   57  pp.


An electrical particle counter and  size  analyzer  system having
the following characteristics has been  described:   (1J  Sizing
rnage from 0..015 to 1.2 micrcn.   <2)  Classification  range from
0,015 to 0..6 micron at 28  1/m aerosol sampling rate.   (3)  A
unique unipolar diffusion  charger that  is  stable,  controllable
and capable of near optimum charging  performance.   (t)  A
versatile mobility analyzer capable of  discrete  classification  of
particles with mobilities  from 0..01 to  0-0002 (cm/sec)  /(v/cm)  at
aerosol flow rates up to 57 1,/m.  This  analyzer  is unique
in using a filter located  at the  aft  end of the  current collector.
This separation of the collecting electrode and  the  current
collector permits the use  of collector  voltages  up to KV while
maintaining background currents below 10 to the  minus
fourteenth power amp.  (5)  Although the  instrument described
here is only seni-automatic, a completely  automatic
version of the EPC is entirely practical.   An automatic EPC
used together with an automatic CN  and  optical counter  would
permit continuous automatic size  distribution measurement over
the size range from 0U01 to 10 micron.   (Author  summary)**
OC86H

B..Y.H. Liu,  K.T. Hhitby,  H. H. So Yu


GENERATION AND DECAY OF SMALL IONS.,  SECTION  VI:  EVALUATION OF A
NEW ELECTROSTATIC AEflOSOI SANP1EE 'SUITABLE FOR LIGHT  AND
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (PROGRESS REFT.)-    Minnesota Univ.,
Minneapolis, Dept,, of Mechanical Engineering,  (Particle Lab.
Publication No- 95.)  June 1, 1966.  31  pp.


The objective of the design is to construct an aerosol sampler
which ideally should:   a) sample an aerosol and  deposit it
uniformly over a relatively large surface area;  b)  be suitable
for sampling aerosols onto any type of flat collecting surface
including the ordinary glass microscope  slide and electron
microscope grids; and, c) be quantitative so  that the absolute
particle concentration of the aerosol can be  determined.  It
was found that approximately all the losses occurred  in the ions in
the charging region.  Attempts to reduce this space charge
loss of aerosols by various arrangements were unsuccessful.
Notwithstanding this nonideal behavior of the sampler, the  sampler
is still capable of collecting samples of aerosols  to provide
quantitative data on the absolute concentration  of  the aerosol
particles and their size distribution when the data are corrected
using the fractional efficiency curves.  With a  moderate
292              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
amount of extrapolation of the curve, it appears that the  sampler
can be used to obtain quantitative data over a size range  from
0.01 to 5 micron particle diameter.##

00866

B.E. Saltzman  A.F.  Hartburg, Jr.


ABSORPTION TDBE FOE BEBOVAL OF INTEBFEBING SULFUE DIOXIDE  IN
ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC OXIDANT.   Anal. Chem. Vol., 37:779-782
Hay 1965-  (Presented before the Division of Water and Waste
Chemistry, 1<*5th Heeting, American Chemical Society, New
York City, Sept. 13, 1963.)


Sulfur dioxide is a serious negative interference in the
iodometric determination of atmospheric oxidant by manual  and
instrumental methods.  In many areas the quantities of sulfur
dioxide present exceed those of cxidant and thus a false zero
analysis may be obtained.  Various liquid and solid scrubbing
chemicals vere investigated for selective removal of sulfur
dioxide from an air sample stream; although this was easily done,
avoiding concurrent loss of oxidant was more difficult.  The
deterioration of the scrubbing materials with use also was studied.
An absorbent was developed consisting of glass-fiber paper
impregnated with chromiun trioxide and sulfuric acid.  An
absorber packed with this completely removed as high as 15 p.p.m.
of sulfur dioxide without less of oxidant.  Such absorbers have
been used on monitoring instruments and have exhibited useful
lifetimes of two weeks of continous operation.  Interesting new
information on oxidant pollutants is being obrained.   (Author
abstract)##


00868

E. Sawicki  J.D. Pfaff
ANALYSIS FOP ABOMATIC COMPOUNDS ON PAPEE AND THIN-LAYEB
CHROMATOGRAHS BY SPECTEOFHOTOPHOSPHOBIHETEY, APPLICATION TO
AIR POLLUTION.    Anal. Chinu Acta Vol. 32:521-513, June
1965..
A new technique is introduced in spectrophosphorinetric analysis
by menas of which spectra can be obtained directly on an
adsorbent after chromatography»  With this procedure spectra of
the phosphorescent compound, its salts, its reduced or
oxidized forms, or its derivatives can be obtained in all types
of solvents.   A large number of examples of this simple technique
are given; detection limits range from 0.1 nanogram to
microgram amounts.  A new system for the circular paper
chromatographic separation of aza heterocyclic hydrocarbons
using aqueous formamide is described.  Many of these heterocyclic
compounds can be separated from each other as can the parent
compounds from their alkyl drivatives.  Air pollution mixtures
separated by  column and paper chromatography are analyzed with
the phcsphorimetrie technique.   Spots obtained on the
                           D. Measurement Methods                      293

-------
paper chromatograms are analyzed directly in  the  phosphorimeter.
With these techniques benzo(f)quinoline, benzo (h)guinoline,
benz(a)acridine, benz (c)acridine, and hydrocarbons  such  as
phenanthrene and benzo (e)pyrene are  radily  characterized-
(Author summary) ##

00872

C. Xintaras,  B.L., Johnson,  C.E. Dlrich


THE APPLICATION OF THE EVOKED HESPONSE TECHNIQUE  IN SIB  POLLUTION
TOXICOLOGY.   Toxicol. '^pl., Pharmacol 8(1):77-87,  Jan..
1966.  (Presented at the Society of  Toxicology, Williamsturg,
Ya., Bar., 9, 1965.)


The" evoked response to flash in the  specific  visual cortex and
in the superior colliculus of unrestrained  and unanesthetized
albino rats bearing indwelling bipolar electrodes was investigated
with the use of an on-line digital computer-  It  was
anticipated that this method might provide  a  useful technique
that night not only be more sensitive and reliable  than
morphological and biochenical methods, but  also might provide
some insight into the site of action of toxic agents on  the central
nervous system.  For additional information the behavioral
response of pressing a lever for food reinforcement ¥as
observed simultaneously,,  The effect of exposure  to carbon
monoxide as recorded by the technique of the  evoked response was
similar to that of exposure to pentcbarbital.  The  response to
respiratory exposure to ozone differed from that  induced by
carbon monoxide and pentobarbital.   It was  concluded that the
technique of the evoked response could be a helpful tool in air
pollution toxicology.  The results are reproducible and  the
method shows great sensitivity.  Data can be  accumulated in a
reasonably short time, especially if animals  with indwelling
electrodes are maintained continuously in the laboratory.   (Author
summary) ##


00886

J. McK.  Ellison
THE NATUBE OF AIE POLLUTION AND THE METHODS AVAILABLE FOP
MEASOBING IT-   Bull. World Health Organ.  (Geneva) ,
32(3) :399-«09, 1965.
At present the principal sources of energy in Europe are
coal and oil and fuels derived from them, and in  European
towns air pollution consists mainly of their combustion
products.  These combustion products naturally divide  into
two categories, gaseous and particulate, which are  very
different chemically and which behave very differently
when they are near collecting surfaces; they therefore require
very different techniques both for collecting and for
estimating samples.  Some methods of measurement, suitable
for everyday routine use in Europe, are described;  these
294               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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offer a compromise between completeness and economy, and can
help to give a general outline of the air pollution situation
without undue complexity or prohibitive cost.   (Author's
sunmary) M

00942

Do F. Adans
IMPROVED SULFUR-REACTING MICBOCOuTOHETHIC CEIL FOB GAS
CHRCMATOGHAPHY.   Anal.  Chen., 38 (8J1094-1096, July 1966.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Symposium, 150th Meeting,
American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, N.J., Sept.
1965..)


Because of the differences in election requirements for oxidation
of H2S, S02, mercaptans, and organic sulfides and disulfides,
it is necessary to standardize the titration cell against each type
of compound or calculate the electron equivalents for each
oxidation reaction for quantitative gas chromatographic analysis.
To increase the sulfur specificity and to eliminate the need for
individual compound calibration, the column effluents may be either
oxidized to S02 or reduced to B2S in a suitable furnace prior
to introduction into the microcoulometric titration cell to obtain
an equivalent response for an equivalent number of sulfur atoms.
The furnace oxidation prior to titration should also destroy any
olefinic compounds which might be present in complex gas
mixtures, be titrated by bronine, and be erroneously reported  as
sulfur.  Reduction to H2S rather than oxidation to S02 has the
added advantage of providing a four-fold increase in sensitivity
because of the greater electron change required for the bromine
oxidation of H2S.  Although the need for individual calibration
for each compound favors the use of a furnace between the
chromatography column and the detector, it complicates the
analytical system and thus may not be suitable for process
control analysis under mill conditions.   (Author summary)##


00956

P. K« Mueller,  E. I. Kothny,  S, 0. Fansah,  and Y.,
Tokiwa
DESIGN OF AZO-DIE REAGENTS FOR NITROGEN DIOXIDE ANALYSES.
Preprint.  (Presented at the 59th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, San Francisco, Calif.,
June 20-25,,  1966, Paper No. 66-112.)


Azo dye reagents are used for the spectrophotometric analysis
of nitrogen  dioxide in air.,  The performance of these reagents
depends upon the molecular structure, pH, ionic activity^ and
relative concentration of the components.  These factors can be
tailored to  meet the practical requirements of different
applications.  In current practice the most frequently used
azo-dye reagent in continuous analyzers is a formulation containing
5.OX acetic  acid, 0.005* N (1-naphthyl) ethylene-diamine
                           D. Measurement Methods                     295

-------
dihydrochloride and 0.5% sulfanilic acid in water  (modified
Saltznan reagent).  Hhen using large volumes  (liters) of
reagent the acetic acid becomes both a hygienic and corrosion
nuisance.  The design factors for formulating azo-dye reagents
were applied to the development of a nuisance free reagent with
analogous performance.  Several promising reagents were
evaluated including tests for stability to light and air
oxidation.  The perforaance of new reagents was tested in a
continuons air analyzer using nitrogen dioxide streams together
with sulfur dioxide, ozone and nitric oxide as possible
interferences.  A new reagent system is recommended for use in
currently operating nitrogen dioxide analyzers.   (Author
abstract) ##
00966

S. S. Epstein


TWO SENSITIVE TESTS FOB CARCINOGENS IN THE AIR.  J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 16,  (10}5«5-6, Oct.  1966.  '{Presented
at the 59th Annual Heeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, San Francisco, Calif., June 20-25,  1966, Paper
Ho. 66-19.)


This report describes briefly 2 new bioassays, the  photodynamic
and mouse neonate, which have been developed  recently as indirect
and direct measures, respectively, of the carcinogenicity of
organic atnospheric pollutants.  The photodynamic assay measures
concentrations of photosensitizing polycyclic compounds in organic
extracts of atmospheric participates, and reflects  the ability of
these compounds to sensitize cells to the otherwise non-toxic
effects of long-wave ultraviolet light.  The  relevance of this
assay to carcinogenicity depends on the previous demonstration, in
a large series of polycyclic compounds of a strong  positive
association between photodvnamic toxicity, using the motile ciliate
Paramecium caudatum, and carcinogenicity attributable to
polycyclic compounds.  The use of neonatal animals  for the
carcinogenicity testing of pure chemicals is  well documented.
Neonates have been shown to be highly sensitive  to  defined
carcinogens, administration of which in very  low concentrations,
in general, results in high tumor yields with relatively short
latency periods.  The present studies, although  primarily
methodological, established the high sensitivity of neonatal mice
to carcinogens extracted fron air-##
00977

E.S. Yunghans  S.A. Munroe
CONTINOODS MONITORING OF AMBIENT ATMOSPHERES WITH THE
TECHNICON AOTOANALYZER.   In:  Automation in Analytical
Chemistry, 6pp.  (Presented at the Technicon Symposium,
"Automation in Analytical Chemistry," New York City, Sept.
8, 1965.)
296               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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A variety of air contaminants can be  monitored  continuously with
Auto/Analyzers.  Instrument sensitivity,  precision,  and
response time are more than adequate.   The  basic  modules are
all interchangeable, the instrument does  not  become  obsolete as
chemical procedures change cr are modified, new approaches can be
programmed easily, and the equipment  is useful  in methods
research.  In addition, automatic baseline  programing  and
restandardization are decidedly  advantageous  as is the
capability for introducing liquid calibration standards  at any
time.. ##


01021

B. E. Saltzman  and A- L. Hendenhall, Jr..


DESIGN PARAHETEBS AND PERFOHMANCE OP  A  MINIATURIZED  COLCPIMETRIC
RECORDING AIR ANALYZER.  Anal. Chem..  Vol., 36 {7):1300-1304,
June 196U.   (Presented at Division of Water and Haste
Chemistry, 145th Meeting, American Chemical Society,
New York City, Sept. 12, 1963 and at  the  Sixth  Conference
on Methods in Air Pollution Studies,  California
Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley, Calif., Jan.  6-7,  1961.,)

Design parameters were studied in a prototype model  of an improved
recording air analyzer.  Nitrogen dioxide was absorbed
efficiently in a microcolumn packed with  20-  to 60-mesh  crushed
glass in an improved absorbing reagent, which flowed through a
rugged spectrophotometer employing a  stainless  steel cell (with
glass windows)  and stainless steel tubing connections.   The
system was designed for miniial  liquid  holdup to  achieve rapid
response with small liquid reagent flows.   The  improved  electronic
circuit provided a very stable output with  only infrequent checks
of the 0 to 100% transmittance points.  a 90% response time of
3 minutes was achieved™  For fluctuating  gas  concentrations with a
period as short as 2 minutes, 62% of  the  full response amplitude
was obtained.,  The results indicate the success of the rugged
miniaturized design.   (Author abstract) ##


01033

R. E. lee. Jr.   and J,,  Wagman


A SAMPLING ANOMALY IN THE DETERMINATION OF  ATMOSPHERIC SULFATE
CONCENTRATION.   Am.  Ind. Hyg. Assoc.. J. Vol.,  27:266-71,
June 1966,,
Average particulate sulfate concentrations  in air as measured from
serial short-term samples collected on  glass-fiber filters were
consistently and significantly higher than  those  from  single
long-term samples.   In investigating  this anomaly, we  found that
significant amounts of extraneous sulfate can be  formed  en
glass-fiber filters, presumably  by oxidation  of atmospheric sulfur'
dioxide,  thus leading to highly  inflated  values for  particulate
sulfate as determined from short-term samples.  The discrepancy is
reduced with longer-term samples because the  formation of sulfate
from sulfur dioxide is surface-limited  and  reaches a saturation
level.   (Author abstract) *#
                           D. Measurement Methods                     297

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01071

J.B,  Risk  F..E. Hurray


CONTINUOUS RECORDING OF SULFURODS GASES CONCENTRATIONS  IN  FLUE
GASES.    Can., Pulp Paper Ind. (Vancouver) H pp., Oct.  196t.
(Presented at the Fifth International ISA Pulp and Paper
Instrumentation Symposiuu, Vancouver, British Columbia,  May
18-23,  196flo)


The methods of analysis used in currently available  instruments
for the continuous measurement of hydrogen sulfide and  sulfur
dioxide are critically reviewed.  An instrument for
continuously measuring the concentrations of these gases in  a
process stream in the concentration range of 25 to 2500  ppm  is
described and its advantages over existing instruments
illustrated.  Some plant results obtained with the instrument
are presented.  The instrument,
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compound that is widely used in this country to determine sulfur
dioxide in air by the Hest-Gaeke method.  Since questions have
been raised concerning the reliability and reproducibility of the
xethod, the optimum conditions for color intensity and stability
vere investigated.  Modifications suggested by various
authors were considered.  Soie of the parameters examined were
stability of the collected samples to light and aeration at  various
strengths of tetrachloroaercurate (TCHJ ; effects of various
concentrations of sulfamic acid, formaldehyde, PEA, and
hydrochloric acid on final color; methods of preparation of  dye
reagent; and times for laximum color development at various
tenperatures.  Results suggested the use of a weaker TCM
absorbing reagent and indicated that acidity of the solution
(pH), purity of the dye, and nethod of preparation of the dye
solution are critical factors affecting the intensity of the color
produced.  Sensitivity for sulfur dioxide reaches a maximum
plateau at pH 1.6 to 1.9.  The reduction in response produced
by adding other reagents (TCB, sulfamic acid, etc.) can  te
minimized, if not entirely eliminated.  A simple extraction
purification procedure for the dye is proposed for the reduction of
the reagent blank.  The new blanks are close to the minimum  ones
theoretically obtainable for the final conditions of pH  and
concentration of PRA.  (Author abstract)##


01111

A. D. Bailey  and R. S., Harcisi


MINIATURE MASS SPECTROMETERS FOR OPIER ATMOSPHERE COMPOSITION
MEASUREMENTS .  Air Force Cambridge Research Labs., Bedford,
Mass., Office of Aerospace Research.  (Rept. No.
AFCRL-66-148 and Instrumentation Papers, No- 95.,)  Feb.
1966.  40 pp.
   CFSTI,DDC:  AD 631 276


A basic quadrupole mass spectrometer system for neutral  and
ionized gaseous composition measurements of the upper atmosphere is
described.  Emphasis is placed on the electronic circuits used
with a particular miniature quadrupole rod assembly and  ionizer.
Circuits described include the power converter, scan waveform
generator, dc and rf excitation generators, logarithmic  output
current amplifier, ion source filament emission regulator and
signal-conditioning circuits for telemetering.  A summary of
performance specifications and critical design dimensions is
included-  (Author abstract)*#
01162

V, H. Eegener  and L. Zolotnitzky


THE PREPARATION 07 CHEMIIUHINESCENT EDBSTANCE FOR THE  MEASUBEMENT
OF ATMOSPHERIC OZONE .  Hew Mexico Dniv., Albuquerque,  Dept.
of Physics and Astronomy AFCRL-66-2U6,  (Final Rept.,)  April
5, 1962   Mar. 31, 1966. March 31, 1966.  29 pp.
   CFSTI,DDC:  AD  632562
                           D. Measurement Methods                     299

-------
The general objectives, which consisted  of  the  development and
fabrication of chemiluminescent  ozone  sondes  and  related ground
equipment, are discussed.  The details of the procedure  for the
preparation oj the chemilueinescent  substance,  the  construction  of
an accurate source of snail concentrations  of ozone for  calibration
purposes, and the method for the evaluation of  ozone measurements
from balloons with the chemiluminescence method are discussed.
(Author abstract modified)**


01169

D., 1. Eipley,  J- !)„ Clingenpeel,  and E. W.  Hum


CONTINUOUS DETEBMINATION OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN  AIE  AND EXHAUST
GASES .  Intern. J., Air Hater Pollution  8,  U55-63,  1961,,


Nitric oxide is the principal nitrogen oxide  present in  automobile
exhaust gases and in photochemically reactive systems important  to
air pollution studies.  However, only the dioxide is readily
determined in instruments that are available  and  suitable  for
exhaust research applications..  Therefore,  in order to use these
instruments for determination of nitric  oxide it  is necessary  first
to convert the simple oxide to the dioxide  form.  A solid
chemical oxidant has been developed  to effect this  conversion  in a
continuous process appropriate to the analytical  requirement.  The
oxidant is particularly useful in atmospheric analyzers  used in
air pollution studies,,  The oxidant  is prepared by  saturating
glass fiber paper with a solution of sodium dichromate and
sulfuric acid and then drying.  A small  amount  placed in a glass
tube through which the gas sample is passed will  have no effect  on
the nitrogen dioxide present in the  input and will  oxidize the
nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide, after  which the total  of the two
may be determined as nitrogen dioxide.   (Author abstract)##


01170

A. T. Bossano, Jr.,   and B. ¥„ Pueschel


SIGNIFICANCE OF VISIBILITY STUDIES IN AIB POLLUTION CONTEOL.
Preprint. (Presented at the Third Annual Meeting, Pacific
Northwest International Section, Air Pollution  Control
Association, Vancouver, British Columbia, Nov.  2-U, 1965.J


The many variables affecting the passage of light through  the
atmosphere in such a manner as to cause  restriction of visibility,
and the manner in which this knowledge can  be used  effectively in
air pollution technology are discussed.  The  parameters  discussed
are:   contrast; scattering and absorption;  refractive index; and
meteorological conditions.  Instrumentation and experimental
results are also discussed-  little  is known  as to  the relation
of the discussed parameters to visibility.  However, instruments
and methodologies being developed show great  promise in  improving
knowledge in this field.  The information resulting from research
would provide a more scientific basis for control of particulate
air pollution.**
300               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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01188

E.  In  H.,  Collis,   H.  G.H.  Ligda,  and D. E. Bruce
NIVAL  APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGICAL LIDAB  (FINAL REPT.)
Stanford  Research Inst., Henlo Park, Calif- Jan., 1966 =
«5 p.   (Bept.  NHBC-2185J
   DDC:   AD  t81  140
As an atmospheric probe and a form of rangefinder, meteorological
lidar has many possible applications in naval operations.   It  can
be used for  detecting and measuring clouds; determining  visibility;
observing dust,  smoke, haze, and even the invisible  (to  the eye)
particulate  matter in "clear air"; measuring wind; and,  possibly,
determining  the  properties of the gaseous atmosphere by
spectroscopy.   Actual accomplishments in certain of these roles
are described..  Identification is made of the role of
meteorological lidar in the observation of meteorological
phenomena, both  for the aerologist and for direct application  in
various naval  operations-  Further potential and possible
operational  applications of meteorological lidar are discussed-
Meteorological lidar, in its present form, would have only
limited applications in naval operations.  The limiting  factor is
in the display and presentation of data; however, relatively little
development  would be needed to achieve an intermediate model
suitable for operational use, using rapid process photography  or
magnetic recording techniques.  However, practical and rugged
high-PRF systems must be developed for optimum meteorological
lidar performance in naval operations.  High PRFs would  greatly
improve the  performance of meteorological lidar and would enable
straightforward  solution (s) of the display problem.
Identification is made of scientific and technological problems
that warrant early attack.  (Author abstract) ##

01192

S. Cravitt,   M.  Lippmann,  and P. Lilienfeld


STEATOSPHERIC  MONITORING PROGRAM  (SEMI-ANNUAL PROGPESS REPT.,
MAS. 196U -  AUG. 1964)„  Del Electronics Corp. Mount Vernon,
N. Y. Dec,,  10, 196t.  «3 pp.  (Fept. No. NYO-2363-2)
   CFSTI:  NYO 2363-2


The following  developments are reported in the status of the
stratosphere aerosol sampling program.  The Model II
Electrostatic  Precipitator comprising a 37-tube corona discharge
array has been designed and preliminary construction and assembly
of a unit adequate for sampling up to 150,000 feet has been
undertaken.   A fully operatinal version of the Del Model E-2
Electrical Discharge Altimeter has been built.  The altimeter
range of operation is between 75»000 and  180,000 feet.   Its
reproducibility, under the same conditions of temperature and
pressure, is within 0.1S, while its accuracy is dictated by
naturally-occurring departures from the standard altitude-pressure
curve.  In general, with pressure or temperature departures of
plus or minus  20 percent from the 1962 Standard Atmosphere,
                          D. Measurement Methods                     301

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altitudes at ten to the fifth power  feet  will  be  known with  an
accuracy of better than plus or minus  5 percent.   An accurate
flowmeter based on ion tracer principles  has been designed  and  a
breadboard prototype of an operational system  has been assembled.
The flowmeter is capable of neasuring  the desired flowrate  between
ten to the fifth power and 1.5 x ten to the fifth power feet with
an accuracy of plus or minus 5S.  Preliminary  telemetry and
recording considerations have been evolved for the next series  of
flights employing the Model II Electrostatic Precipitator.
Detailed sample recovery techniques  have  been  worked out for the
37-tube sampling configuration.   (Author  abstract and  summary) Itt

01208

E. E. Stephens  and F. 5. Burleson


ANALYSIS OF THE ATMOSPHEBE FOR LIGHT HYDEOCAEBONS.   J.  Air
Pollution Control Assoc- 17, (3)  147-53,,  Mar.  1967.
(Presented at the 59th Annual Keeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, San Francisco, Calif.,  June  20-25, 1966,  Paper
No. 66-108.)


A procedure has been developed for the analysis of  trace
quantities of light hydrocarbons in  air-   A freeze-trap filled
with chromatographic packing was installed in  place of the gas
sample loop of a flame ionizaticn chromatograph.   An air
sample of 0.1 to 0-5 liter volume was  passed through the trap which
was chilled with liquid oxygen.  The trap was  then  brought to ice
temperature and its contents simultaneously swept into the
column.  The resulting chromatogram  could be used to determine
atout twenty-five hydrocarbons through n-hexane.   The  minimum
detectable concentration was below one ppb for these hydrocarbons.
With such sensitivity it is possible to make useful measurements
even on samples of light air pollution.   Air samples from the
Riverside area were analyzed in this fashion starting  in the
summer of 1965.  The relative amounts  of  these hydrocarbons  were
then compared with the distribution  reported for  the various known
hydrocarbon sources.  The attenuation  of  the more reactive
hydrocarbons by photolysis was also  observed.   A  system for
irradiating trapped air samples was  also  constructed.   Sanpl95
were collected in five gallon brosilicate bottles which w»re then
irradiated with ultraviolet radiation  and the  concentration
changes followed.  (Author abstract)#t

01236

A. L,, Linen,  S. S., Lord, Jr.,  K. A.  Kubitz,   and  «„
F. DeErunner
PHOSGENE IN AIB - DEVELOPMENT OF IMPEOVED DETECTION  PROCEDURES.
Am.  Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 26, tl65-7t, Oct.  1965.   (Presented
at the 25th Annual American Industrial  Hygiene  Conference,
Philadelphia, Pa«, Apr. 27-30, 1964.,)


Air-borne acids, alkalies, and halides  introduced  intolerable
uncertainties into the hydrolysis of  phosgene to acid  and  chloride
303               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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ion  in  aqueous  collection media.  Colorimetric detectors  produced
reliable  results  in  (1)  liquid reagents,  (2) impregnated  paper,  and
{3}  granular  solids.   "Ketone"  {t,U'-diinethylaininobenzaldehyde  in
Barrison"s  reagent in liquid systems was sensitive to 0»1  to  10
ppm  of  phosgene but  insensitive to S02, H2S, BC1, N02, or
C12.  Application of Witten and Prostak's 4-(t'-nitrobenzyl)
pyridine  reagent  to  paper delivered semiguantitative results  by
color comparison  or  gas titration-  Adaptation to chlorinated
solvents  gave sensitivity to 0.01 ppm and a  unique calibration
technique.   A commercial granule-filled length of stain tube
further extended  mobile survey facilities.   (Author abstract)##

0121(0

I.  Skare
GENERATION  AND  DETERMINATION OP OZONE IN LOW CONCENTBATIONS.,
Intern.  J<.  Air  Water Pollution 9, 601-4, 1965.


An ozone generator has been constructed, based upon the
ultraviolet irradiation of oxygen or air.  By means of electrical
regulation  of the lamps and mechanical shading of the produced
light reproducible concentrations of ozone between 0 and  200  ppm
can continually be obtained.  The apparatus has been shown  to be
useful for  nany analytical purposes in connection with air
pollution studies, but it would also be suitable as a generator for
exposition  experiments..  For the determination of ozone in  low
concentrations  an indirect titrintetric method is recommended, based
upon the ozone  absorption in a neutral buffered potassium iodide
solution.  (Author abstract) ##

01266

I. Cherniack and R. J.. Bryan


A COMPARISON STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF OZONE AND CXIDANT  DETECTORS
SHICH ARE USED  FOR ATMOSPHERIC AIR SAMPLING .  J. Air Pollution
Control  Assoc.  15, p) 351-4, Aug. 1965.,


Four continuous automatic analyzers for measurement of atmospheric
levels of ozone were used in a calibration and field study..   These
nere (1)  a  colorimetric instrument based upon detection cf  iodine
released from neutral potassium iodide reagent,  (2) a coulcmetric
instrument  utilizing the polarization current as a measurement  of
iodine released by ozone in a cell contacted by potassium iodide
reagent, (3)  a  galvanic cell measuring bromine release by ozone,
and (4)  an  ultraviolet photometer.  Some ozone determinations by
the manual  rubber cracking procedure were included.  After
calibration with ozone the average relative response to atmospheric
ozone levels for each instrument was determined using the
colorimetric oxidant analyzer as an arbitrary standard.   These
responses ranged from 77 percent for the galvanic cell to 98
percent  for the photometer.  The instrument cf choice for any
given application would seen to be governed by requirements for
precision specificity, portability, reliability, and ease of
operation.   (Author abstract)##
                           D. Measurement Methods                     303

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01302

S.S. Epstein,  M. Small,  E. Sawicki,   H.L.  Falk


PHOTODYNAHIC BIOASSAY OF POLYCYCIIC ATMOSPHERIC  POLLUTANTS.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. ,  Vol.  15(13:174-176,  April
1965. (Presented at the Sixth Conference  on  Methods in Air
Pollution Studies, California Dept. of  Public  Health,
Berkeley, Calif., Jan. 6-7, 1961.)


A photodynamic bioassay which can be conducted on  one  mgm
amounts of organic atmospheric  particulates  is described.  The
results of a pilot study on pollutants  from  several American
cities indicate that the assay  may provide a rapid, simple and
economical biolcgical index of  potential  carcinogenic  hazard
attributable to polycyclic compounds.   The utility of  the
assay for this purpose is under further evaluation.  (Author
abstract}##

01304

W.B., Barlage, Jr.  F.C. Alley


SAMPLING AHB BASS SPECTROMETER  ANALYSIS OF REACTION PRODUCTS
FROM THE PHOTOCHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION OF VAEIODS  OLEFINS-    J.
Air Pollution Control Assoc,, , 15 (5) : 235-238, May 1965.


Results of this investigation have shown  the sampling  technique
described in this paper to have ptential  for mass  spectrometer
analysis of trace products from the photochemical  decomposition
of olefins.  In addition, preliminary  results  of this
investigation using 1-pentene and 1-hexene as  reactants,  along
with nitrogen dioxide in air mixtures,  have  shown  the  presence
of compounds or ion fragments of  compounds with  molecular masses
as high as 166 and possibly higher.  More work is  needed  to
determine if these compounds are  indeed peroxyacyl nitrites or
nitrates, "compound X," or perhaps some from of  a  polymer
produced in the photochemical reactions.#t


01331

A.F. Wartburg,  A.W. Brewer,  and J. P. Lodge, Jr.


EVALUATION OF A COULOMETHIC OXIDAHT SENSOR.  Intern. J Air
Hater Pollution, Vol., 8: 21-28, 1964.


The American commercial version of the  ozone "transmogrifier", a
coulometric ozone sensor, developed by  one of  the  authors has been
tested for reliability, accuracy  and specificity.   As  with most
instruments some substances interfere,,  The  only major,  positive
interferences discovered so far are from  peroxyacids and  the
simplest hydroperoxides.  Sulfur  dioxide  causes  a  fairly  large
negative interference,,  Techniques are  described for maintaining
304                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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the instrument in good operating condition and for correcting  some
common  malfunctions of the early-type sensors.  Despite its
relative  insensitlvity to nitrogen dioxide, the response  is  still
sufficient  to permit its use as a nitrogen dioxide monitor in  pure
systems.  Results are given of studies on nitrogen dioxide,  of
techniques  of nitric oxide oxidation, and of field and laboratory
ozone measurements.  (Author abstract)##

013U9

C. R~ Thompson  and J. 0. Ivie


METHODS FOE SEDUCING OZONE SND/OR INTRODUCING CONTROLLED  LEVELS
OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE INTO AIRSTRIAMS,,  Intern, J. Air Water
Pollution (London}, Vol. 9:799-805, Dec. 1965.,


Methods and equipment are described for reducing ozone in an
atmosphere  by the addition of metered levels of nitric oxide.
The NO is diluted with 50 vol of nitrogen before addition to
the ozone containing airstream to prevent premature oxidant  of
NO to N02 by oxygen of the air.  Simple, reliable dispensing
equipment for metering hydrogen fluoride into airstreams  at  the
fractions of micrograms per cubic meter level is also described.
This utilizes the constant vapor pressure of HF at 0 C from  a
relatively  concentrated HF solution and variable levels of
dispensing  are achieved by varying the rate at which air  is
bubbled through the solution.  Sn automatic valve system  is
described for providing a 2
-------
Associations between certain  weather  parameters were found
to te quite high, but between  the  various  weather parameters
and the incidence of asthma the  association  was low, with
correlation coefficients between 0..16 and  -0., 16.   (author
abstract modified)#*


01393

E.H.  Hendricks  L.B. Larsen


AN EVALUATION OF SELECTED METHODS  OF  COLLECTION AND  ANALYSIS OF
LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF OZONE.   Am.,  Ind.  Hyg.  Assoc.  J. ,
Vol.  27:80-84, Feb.  1966.


Seven analytical methods fcr ozcne  are evaluated.  Equipment
used for generating the ozone  is discussed.   Information
concerning methods of collection of ozone  is  presented.
Postassium iodide, phenolphthalein, sodium diphenylamine
sulfonate, and fluorescein methods  are either  nonspecific for
ozone or lack sensitivity.  The  dimethoxystilbene  method, in
our hands, lacked sensitivity  and  posed  reagent difficulties..
The N02-equivalent method is an  excellent  research procedure
and is the method of choice for  field investigations where
fluctuating N02 concentrations are  not encountered.   The
rubber-cracking procedure is empirical,  but,  as an indicator
method, its speed, specificity,  and simplicity make  this
procedure attractive to the  industrial  hygienist, especially for
preliminary surveys.  (Author  abstract)##


01395

E. Tye,  A.W. Horton,,  I. Bapien


BENZO (A) PYRENE AND OTHEE AEOHATIC  H Y.DBOCA BE ONS EXTBJCTABLE FBOM
BITUMINOUS COAL.   In. Ind. Hyg. Assoc.  J..  Vol.  27:25-28,
Feb. 1966.
Benzo (a)pyrene, benz(a)anthracene,  and  other  polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons  have been  shown to  be present  in  bituminous
coal.  Extraction with toluene,  chromatography  on  alumina,  the
Diels-Alder reaction,  solubility in concentrated  sulfuric  acid,
and catalytic iodination on alumina were  coupled  with
ultraviolet spectrophotometry  and  mass  spectrometry  to  obtain
quantitative estimates of these  compounds in  the  extracts.
(Author abstract) *#


01422

P. A. Leighton,  W. A. Perkins,  S.  S.  Grinnell,   and F-
X. Hebster
THE FLDOEESCENT PAETICLE ATHOSPEEBIC TBACEB.   J.  App.
Beteorol., Vol. U: 334-3H8, June  1965.
306                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIOANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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This paper  describes the current status and discusses the  validity
of the  fluosescent particle (FP) tracer technique.  Properties
of the  material itself, the blcwer generator, membrane filter,  drum
inpactor, and  Hotorod samplers, and of counting techniques,  are
described.   The inherent and operational errors involved  are
evaluated,  and evidence on the atmospheric diffusion, fallout and
iipaction,  and fluorescent stability of the particles is  presented.
It is concluded that in the present state of development  of  the
technique the  errors, in terms of 90!S confidence  intervals,  are
approximately  plus or minus 5-10S for source strength
determination, plus or sinus 10-12U (if 300 particles are  counted)
for dosages determined by the Rctorod, and plus or  minus  17-20!!
for dosages determined by the aembrane filter sampler.  The
effects of  atypical diffusion on the validity of  the method  appear
to be insignificant, and fluorescence losses may  be controlled  by
proper  selection of materials.  For ground releases, the  losses  by
fallout and impaction may amount to form 1% to 1055  during  the first
few miles of travel, depending on the rate of rise  of the  cloud  and
the nature  of  the ground cover.  For larger travel  distances, if
the cloud height exceeds 100 meters the fallout loss should  be
below 2% per hour.  (Author abstract)t#

01429

H. Frostling  and P. H« lindgren
i FLAME IONIZATION INSTROMENT FOE THE DETECTION CF OBGANIC
JEBOSOIS IN AIB „  J.  Gas Chrcmatog., Vol. «:2t3-2«5, July
1966.
in instrument is described for the determination of  organic
aerosols and vapours in the air.  The samples are continuously
drawn through a very short inlet tube into a flame ionization
detector, which is kept at a slight and constant vacuum.   This
arrangement is found to permit a quantitative measurement  of most
organic aerosols with a sensitivity of 0.. 30 x 10 to  the  Uth  power
micron A per gram atom C x 10 to the minus seven power/lit.
For aerosol particles equal to or less than H micrometer no
noticeable effects of deposition in the inlet tubes  have been
observed,  (Author summary)##

011*32

C. Bokhoven  and H«I,J0 Niessen
THE CONTINUOUS KONITOHISG OF TBACES OF S02  IN  AIE  ON  THE  BASIS
OF DISCOIODBATION OF THE STARCH-IODINE BEAGENT  WITH PRIOR
ELIMINATION OF INTERFERING COMPOUNDS .  Intern.  J-  Air  Hater
Pollution, Vol. 10:233-2U3, April  1966.


A continuous recording instrument  for S02 monitoring  in air
pollution studies was developed on the basis of  the discolouration
of a starch-iodine solution.,  As distinct from  the normal
procedure, however, the disturbance by interfering compounds,  such
as nitrogen dioxide and ozone, can be eliminated without  affecting
the concentration of S02»  By incorporating an  integrating
                           D. Measurement Methods
307

-------
device, 1/2 hr mean values can be printed out.  The  applicability
of these values is discussed with reference to the time  constant
concept developed by SANDERSON, PENNEH and KATZ(196.
{Author abstract)##
01116

P. H. Hamilton
THE USE OF LIDAH IN AIR POLLOTION STUDIES.  Intern  J.  Air  Hat-
er Pollution, Vol. 10:«27-«3U,  1966.


Progress in laser technology has recently led to  the  development
of powerful optical radar equipment, or "lidar".  Lidar  can
readily detect the small particles which make up  the  aerosol
content of the atmosphere and smoke  plumes.  Preliminary trials
conducted by the Central Electricity Research Laboratories
(C., E.R.L.) have shown that lidar has two distinct roles  to
play in studying the behavior of buoyant plumes,.  First, it is
shown that lidar can detect and track thin  smoke  plumes  at
distances of several kilometers, long after they  are  invisible to
the naked eye.  Second, it is shown  that lidar  probes of the
atmospheric aerosol can provide a knowledge of  the  thermal
structure of the atmosphere, particularly the presence and
location of the temperature inversions which affect plume
behaviour.  Thus lidar is expected to prove a valuable tool in the
C.E.R.I, air pollution research programme.   (Author
abstract) *#
011147

H., P., Sanderson,  R. Thomas,  and M,. Katz
LIMITATIONS OF THE LEAD ACETATE IMPREGNATED PAPER TAPE  METHOD FOB
HYDROGEN SDLFIDE .  J. Air Pollution Control  Assoc.,
16(6) : 328-330, June 1966,.


Tield experience with the lead acetate impregnated  paper  tape
sampler has indicated that large errors may arise in  this method
due to fading of the color of the precipitated  lead sulfide  spots.
This fading is due to the action of light, sulfur dioxide, ozone,
or other substances capable of oxidizing  lead sulfide.  The
moisture content or relative humidity of  the  air sample must be
maintained at an appropriate level to ensure  reaction with the
impregnated paper tape.  The effects of the factors have  been
investigated in laboratory experiments with known concentrations of
H2S.  A number of antioxidants were studied in  relation to the
stability of the resultant spots to light and oxidation.
Orthophenyl phenol was found tc be the most effective antioxidant
for this purpose.  i number of necessary  precautions  to be
employed in the use of the lead acetate method  are  recommended and
the limitations are discussed.  (Author abstract)t#
308               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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01U62

T. S,  lyengar,   S.  H.  Sadarangani,  S. D. Soman,
S. Somasundaram,  and  P.  K. Vaze
A PORTABLE MONITOR JOB THE ESTIMATION OF TRITIDK IN  AQ0EOUS
SABFLEE..   Am.  Ind. Hyg.  Assoc. J. , Vol., 27:288-292,
June 1966,
A portable instrument utilizing an ionization chamber for  the
estimation of tritium in aqueous samples is described.   The
ionization chamber is filled with acetylene from the test  specimen
by simple displacement of air.  The ionization current  resulting
from the beta disintegrations of tritium is measured by  a  sensitive
electrometer.  The instrument, which is highly useful in field
work for checking spot samples of irradiated heavy  water,
cold-strip air samples, etc., has a fairly linear response over  a
wide range of specific activity values,  (Author abstract
modified) ##

01195

A. A. Strong  and J. F. Horton


THE INSTRUMENTATION FOR AUTOMATIC MEASUREMENT AND RECORDING  OF
LABORATORY-PRODUCED AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST.   Preprint..  1966.


A system that automatically  measures and records the concentration
of six different gases from  twelve animal exposure  chambers
supplied with diluted, laboratory-produced automobile exhaust  and
other gases is described,,  The gases are sequentially fed  from  the
animal exposure chambers to  the appropriate gas analyzing
instrument.  Multipoint recorders connected to the  output  of the
gas instruments register the concentrations and control  the
sequence of the gas measurements.  A data acquisition system is
also connected to the output of of the gas instruments  to  record  on
a punched paper tape the time of measurement and the gas
concentration.  The data are punched on cards or inserted  directly
into a digital computer for  analysis.   (Author abstract)##


01577

J.E. O'Keeffe  G,C, Ortman


PBIMARY  STANDARDS FOR TRACE  GAS ANALYSIS.   Anal. Chem..
38(6):760-763, Kay 1966.  (Presented at the Division of  Water,
Air, and Waste Chemistry, 150th Meeting, ACS, Atlantic
City, N.J.,, Sept, 12-17, 1965.)


The permeation rates of gases enclosed in sections  of
plastic  tubing permit the dispensing of nanogram quantities  at
will. Following an initiation period of a few hours to
several  weeks, pereation proceeds at a highly constant  rate  until
                          D. Measurement Methods                      309

-------
the enclosed gas is nearly exhausted.   The rate cf
permeation is highly temperature-dependent,  but is independent of
pressure and composition of  the  atmosphere™   Methods for the
fabrication, calibration, and  use  of  permeation tubes are
described.  Data are presented to  illustrate the precision of
these methods.   (Author abstract)**
C1625

B. I., Mitchell  and R., E. Engdahl


A SOEVEY FOE IMPROVED METHODS FOB THE  MEASUREMENT OF
PARTICUIATE CONCENTBATION IN IICWING GAS  STBEAMS  (INFORMATIVE
REFT, NO. 1) ..  J., Air Pollution Control  Assoc.  13,  (11)
558-63, Nov.. 1963..  -(TA-5 Committee)


The literature survey revealed three primary approaches for
determining the dust content of a gas:   (1)  The dust contained in
a known volume of the gas can te separated  and  weighed.   (2)
Certain physical characteristics of  the  dust particles such  as
radioactivity, dielectric constant,  and  ability to take on  a
charge in an ion atmosphere can te related  to the mass of the
particles.  >(3) The attenuation of some  emergy  source, such  as
light, sound, or atomic  radiation, passing  through the aerosol can
be related to concentration.  Several  new techniques for
monitoring dust loadings were revealed.   Although none of them
appear to meet all cf the requirements for  a universal dust
meter, several, including a modified electrostatic precipitator, a
radioactive thickness gage, and a new  optical density meter, appear
to have promise for development into highly accurate dust meters.tt
01683

H. Klein,  E.E. Bebbert,  E., Stair,   B.S,  Tipson


AIR POIIUTICN PBOGEAH, NATIONAI BUREAU  OF  S1ANDARDS
(QUARTERLY BEPI. OC1.1, 1965 TO EEC..  31,  1965.)    National
Bureau of Standards, Washington,  E.G.,  Divisions of
Analytical Chemistry, Metrology,  and  Physical  Chemistry
(Eept. No. 9031),,   (NES with PHS  Support)  1965.,


Progress is reported on:  the  purification of  naphthacene;
anthraquinone derivatives; oxidation  products  of pyrene;  oxidation
products of perylere; photochemical reaction on  the  solid
particulates anthracene and pyrene; photochemical reactions of
pyrene on Maryland  soil;  photochemical  reactions of  pyrene on
silica gel-alumina;  photosensitized decomposition of 3-
methylpentanal; surface chemistry;  and  solar radiat ion.. C#
310                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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01685

F.1- Headows   H.W.  Stalker
THE EVALUATION OF COLLECTION EFFICIENCY ASD VARIABILITY  OF
SAMPLING FOB ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN DIOXIDE.   Am. Ind.  Hyg™
Assoc.,  J.  27,  559-66, Dec.  1966,,  (Presented at the  26th
Annual  Meeting, American Industrial Hygiene Association,
Houston, Tex., Hay 3-7, 1965.)


A study of the efficiency and variability of the sampling
system  used to collect nitrogen dioxide in the Alabama Air
Pollution and  Respiratory Disease Study is described.
Experimental sampling was conducted to establish collection
efficiency and variability of single and multiple  bubblers in
series, equipped in each case with either fritted-tip  or
restricted-opening air dispersers.  Comparative evaluation of  0.4
to 0.5  1pm and 0»2 to 0.3 1pm air-flow rates indicated that  higher
collection efficiency, but greater variability, can  be expected
with lower air-flow rates.   Although fritted-tip bubblers were
found to be more efficient than restricted-opening bubblers,
restricted-opening bubblers are preferable because their
variability is about half that of the fritted-tip  bubblers.
Sampling variability apparently was not affected by  ambient  air
temperatures,  humidity, or the concentration of collecting
solntion used.  Collection efficiency, variability,  and  the
method  for empirically determining these factors should  te
specified when reporting ambient atmospheric nitrogen  dioxide.
(Author abstract}#*
01690

R.. Stair,  Wo Bo Waters,  J- K. Jackson


PHOTOELECTRIC FILTER HEASUHEBEKTS OF SOLAR  ULTRAVIOLET
IKBADIANCES AT LOS ANGELES, CAIIFCRNIA,  OCTOBER  1965.,
National Bureau of Standards, Washington, B.C.,  Metrology
Div. (Rept,, No., 9031).   (NBS with PHS Support)  1965.
27 pp.


The available sclar ultraviolet irradiance  was  measured  in both
a polluted area and a nearby area relatively  free  of  pollution.
Special instrumentation and techniques which  were  used  are
described.ft
01691

I.e.  Tabor  C.G. Golden
BISULTS OF FIVE YEARS' OPERATION OF THE NATIONAL  GftS  SAKELING
NETWORK.,    Jn  Air Pollution Control Assoc.   15  (1)  7-11,
Jan.  1965.
                           D. Measurement Methods                      311

-------
Sampling for nitrogen and sulfur dioxides was initiated  at
several National Air Sampling Network stations  in  1959
using a sampler developed for that purpose.  In  1961  the Gas
Sampling Network was expanded to its maximum of  19 stations.
Sampling equipment and collecting solutions are  supplied and
chemical analyses performed by the network laboratories.
Sampling and analysis procedures are described briefly-
Average and maximum 24-hour concentrations of nitrogen dioxide
and sulfur dioxide observed at 18 stations during  1961-1963 are
presented.  (Author abstract} M


01711

E. Johne  and H. Doll
AUXILIARY DEVICES FOR THE ACCELERATED EVALUATION OF
PHOTOSEDIMENTATION PARTICLE ANALYSIS.  STAUB  (English
Transl.)   (Duesseldorf) 26(1) 18-21, Jan. 1966.


Two devices are described which accelerate the evaluation of a
photosediHientation analysis.  Recording of the intensity-time
relationship is required here.  One arrangement is a sort of
slide rule which permits the transmission particle size
relationship to be checked immediately.  The other device is a
drawing board with special coordinate divisions.  By means of this
arrangement the relationship between transmission and particle
size can'be converted graphically to the distribution desired.
(Author summary) #(t
01735

E. Sawicki,  T. W. Stanley,  H. C. Elbert,  and J.. D.
Pfaff
APPLICATION OF THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY TO THE ANALYSIS OF
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS AND DETZRBIKATION OF EENZO(A)PYRENE.
Anal., Chen, 36, 
-------
following thin layer chromatography are  described.   One method
involves ultraviolet analysis at 382 millimicrons,  the other
method involves spectrophotofluorometric  analysis  in sulfuric
acid.   (Author abstract) #*

01781

E. Sawicki,  T.S.  Stanley,  J.,D. Efaff,   W.C.  Elbert


THIN-LAYEH CHBOMATOGBAPHIC SEPARATION OF  BENZO(A)PYRENE AND
BENZO  (K)FIUOBANTHENE FBOM AIBEOBDE PARTICIPATES.    Chemist-
Analyst 53,  6-8,  Jan. 196«.


By column chromatography followed by thin-layer  chromatograpy a
tetter separation was obtained..  The latter  technic is
relatively simple and rapid and offers the advantage that enough
material can be readily obtained for spectrophotofluorometric
study  and, with scmewhat more difficulty, for absorption spectral
studies..  It has  been found that using a  cellulose  acetate
adsorbent and ethanol-toluene-water as the solvent  benzo (a) pyrene
and benzo(k)fluoranthene can be readily  separated  from each ether
and from other members of the "benzpyrene" fraction.  (Author
abstract)#f

01784

D.F. Adams,   B.K. Koppe,  W..N. Tuttle


ANALYSIS OF  KRAFT-MILL, SULF0R-CONTAINING GASES  SITH GLC
IONIZAION.   J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.  15,  (1)  31-3,
Jan., 1965
The technique includes the use of two chromatographic  columns in
series to separate 02, N2,CO,CC2, H20,  H2S,  S02,  and
CH3SH.  Column 1, containing Triton  15  on  Chromosorb,
separates H20, H2S, S02 and CH2SH.   Column 2,  packed
with Molecular Sieve, separates C2,  N2,  C02.   The
conditions regulred to obtain adequate  sensitivity  and
separation are discussed.  (Author abstract)*t

01802

I.E. Hauser  R.L. Cummins
INCREASING SENSITIVITY OF 3-METHYL-2BENZOTHIAZAIONE
HYDROZONE  TEST FOR ANALYSIS 01 ALIPHATIC  ALDEEYDES  IN  AIR.
Anal.  Chera.  36, (3)  679-81, Mar. 1961.


A modification of the (3-methyl-2-benzothizolone  hydrazone  test)
procedure  is  described in which the addition of sulfamic  acid,
in the oxidizing step of the reaction, gives a solution  free  of
turbidity  and capable of colorimetric analysis without dilution
ty acetone.   A reduction in the volume of the oxidizing
acent  originally added in this step further contributes  to  the
                           D. Measurement Methods                     313

-------
concentration of the color.  Although a comparison  of  this
procedure with that of Sawicki shows a loss in  molar
absorbance, the sensitivity of the method is  increased
approximately sixfold.  This increased sensitivity  easily
permits the analysis of aliphatic aldehydes in  the  parts-per-
billion range in ambient air, *#

01807

B.I. Larsen,  F.B. Eenson,  G.A. Jutze


IfiPBOVING THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF CONTINUOUS  AIK POLLUTANT
MEASUREMENTS KITH A COHPOTEF.,   J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc. 15,  (1)  19-22, Jan. 1965.,


A first-order differential equation describes the dynamic
response of many continuous air sampling instruments™  The  time
constant, lag time, delay time, and response  time are  all
functions of the volume and flow through the  sensor reservoir,.
All of them can be expressed by the same general equation:
t equals k sub 3 V/Q, where t is the selected time  variable,
k3 is a constant appropriate to the particular  system  and selected
time variable, V is sensor reservoir volume,  and Q  is  the flow
rate through the reservoir.  The time constant  is the  time
a sampler takes to indicate 63. 2% of its final  response,.  Select
time constants equal to about half of the shortest  desired
averaging time.  Solve the second equation for  the  reagent  flow
to give the desired time constant.  Selection of such  a time
constant eliminates spurious "moise" produced by a  fast-
responding system.  It also provides values within  5?  of true
for atmospheres that change markedly between  successive
intervals.  If a slow-responding system must  be used,  use the
first equation ot increase apparent response  time.  A  digital
computer can be programmed to automatically correct all measured
values.  Similarly, analog circuitry can be installed  in an air
sampling instrument ot increase or decrease response time,.
The analog circuitry to increase response time  will continuously
solve and plot the first equation.  {Author abstract)##


01818

G. Seidman,  I. J. Hindawi,  W. H. Heck


ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING 1HE USE OF PLANTS AS
INDICATORS OF AIR POLLUTION,.   J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc. 15,  (4)  168-70, Apr. 1965.  (Presented at the
Sixth Conference on Methods in Air Pollution  Studies,
California Dept of Public Health, Berkeley, Calif.,
Jan. 6-7, 1964..)


Pinto bean  (Phaseolus vulgaris I.) and tobacco  (Nicotiana
tobacum L. var. Bel "C" and var. Bel W-3) were  grown
throughtout the year.  Petunias  (Petunia hybrida vilm. var.
Celestial Rose) and pinto bean  (young primary stage) were grown
in the greenhouse IE 2 1/2 inch diameter plastic pots  containing
314               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Teriiculite and were subirrigated with a Hoagland's  nutrient
solution.   All other plants were grown in four inch  diameter
pots containing soil-   Chemical control of stomatal  opening
reduces air pollution injury to plants.  Reduction of water  to
plants has been shown to greatly reduce vegetative damage
from photochemical air pollutants.  Plants grown in  soil are
less sensitive to irradiated automobile exhaust than are plants
grown in vermiculite-   Nutrient level appears to be
related to the sensitivity of pinto bean to natural  smog.
(Author summary modified)##

01839

E. Sawicki  and H. Johnson
NEW COLOBIMETPIC AND FLUOBOBETBIC METHODS FOE THE DETERMINATION
OF 1,4-CYCLCHEXANEDIONE.   Anal. Chin- Acta 34,  381-6,  1966.


1,H-Cyclohexanedione has been determined by reaction  with
o-phthaladehyde in sulfuric acid.  The determinations are
dependent on the formation of a dicationic salt of
pentacenequinone.  A sensitive and highly selective fluorcmetric
lethod is recommended for the analysis of 1,t-cyclohexanedione.
The method can also be used in spectrophotometric analysis.
Many organic compounds, as well as the isomers  of
1,1-cyclohexanedione, give negative results.  A spot  test  has  been
described which can be used for qnick preliminary investigations  of
complex mixtures for 1,ft-cyclohexanedione.   (Author abstract) ##

01871
CONTINUOUS AIR MONITORING PROGRAM IN WASHINGTON,  D. C..
(1962-1963).   Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio,  Div.
OF AIR POLLUTION.   SEPT. 1966.  222 PP.,
   HEW:  999-AP-23;  GPO:  827-231-15


This report presents the results of the operation of  the
Public Health Service Continuous Air Monitoring  Program
(CAMP) in Washington, D.C., during  1962 land  1963-   Data on
atmospheric levels cf sulfur dioxide, oxides  of  nitrogen,  total
oxidants, total hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide are summarized,
analyzed, and discussed™  The data  are tabulated as hourly, daily,
and monthly mean concentrations; background information  about
Washington and a description of the instrumentation used
are included.  (Author abstract)**

01876

Schuette, F. J.


PLASTIC BAGS FOB COLLECTION OF GAS  SAMPLES.   California  Dept.
of Public Health,  Berkeley, Div. of Labs.,  AIHL-19,  8p.,
Dec. 1965.  Also:   Atmos. Environ., 1(4):515-519, July 1967.
((12))  refs.
                           D. Measurement Methods                     315

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Criteria for judging what kind  of  film  is  likely  to be  most
suitable for a given application are  delineated.   Information
concerning supply sources of needed materials  is  provided. #.#


C1922

!„ Sawicki,  R..A,, Games,  H. Schumacher


SPECTROPHOTOFLUORIHETRIC DETERMINATION OF 3-CARBON
FRAGMENTS AKD THEIE PRECURSORS  HITH ANTHRONE.,  APPLICATION  TO
AIR POLIOTION.    Hikrochim. Acta,  No. 5 929-935,  1967.
5 refs.


Two modifications of an anthrone procedure for the
characterization and determination of -CH-CO-CHO  and -CH-CHO
conpounds and their precursors  are described,.  Two  main types of
fluorescence spectra are obtained.   The procedure for analysis of
-CH-CO-CHO precursors works well for the aldopentoses; by
comparison, aldo and ketohexoses react poorly.  Water-soluble
fractions of airborne particulates were analyzed  by the anthrone
procedure.  At least three families of compounds  were found:  t«o
give fluorogens, of which one is a -CH-CC-CHO  precursor, and
a third gives chromogen(s) absorbing at U23 and 5HO microns.
(Authors* abstract)*#


01979

A. P. Altshuller
GAS CHROHATOGRAPHY IN AIR POIIOTION STUDIES.  J.  Gas
Chromatog. 1, (7) 6-20, July 1963.,


Gas chromatography as a powerful tool in the determination of the
chemical composition of trace constituents in sources  of  pollution
and in the atmosphere is reviewed.  Topics covered  include:
Calibration Methods; Subtraction Techniques; Detectors
(Thermal-Conductivity Detectors; Infrared C02 Detectors;
Electron-Impact lonization Detectors; Argon Type
lonization Detectors; Flane Icnization Detectors; Plame
lonization Analyzers; Electron Capture Detectors);  Column
Selection; Identification and Quantitative Analysis;
Atmospheric Analysis; Synthetic Atmosphere Analysis; Auto
Exhaust Analysis; Blowby Emission analysis; Diesel  Exhaust
Analysis; Incinerator Effluent Analysis.##


01989

F. A., Bell, Jr.
MEANINGFUL AIR QUALITY M2JOSREKENTS ON A LIMITED  BUDGET.  J.,
Air Pollution Control Assoc. 13,  (3) 127-31,  Mar.  1963.
(Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting, Air  Pollution  Control
Association, Chicago, 111., May 20-2U, 1962.)
316               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Useful short-term air pollution measurement studies  have  been
conducted in a imsber of cities throughout the country,
demonstrating the potential for local air pollution  agencies to
carry out effective air pollution sampling studies with limited
manpower and financial resources..  Experience indicates that the
shortterm measurement approach is very useful in  spreading
knowledge and competency regarding air pollution  sampling and
analytical techniques particularly regarding measurement  of gaseous
pollutants.  Equipment required for short-term sampling involves
only modest costs totaling less than $1tOO, including  $393^70  for
gas sampling equipment, $626.50 for particulate matter sampling
equipment, and $305 for an analytical spectrophotometer,  if needed..
For agencies with a severely limited budget, acquisition  of even
these items of equipment could be scheduled over  a period of
several years, if necessary-   (Author summary modified)##


020145

2, -I. Kothny  and P. K. Mueller


SUB-HINOTE CONTINUOUS NITBOGEN EICXIDE ANALYSIS.,   Proc.,  (Part
I)  Intern. Clean Air Cong., London, 1966.   (Paper VI/9)..
pp. 182-U.,


A study concerning the effect of chemical and physical variables
on the response of a nitrite reagent is described.   For
performance comparison an empirical parameter was developed.
with the guidelines resulting from the application of  these
numbers a fast-response reagent was developed containing
2-amino-p-benzenedisulphonic and sulphuric acid.  Designs of
gas-liquid contact and optical systems were evaluated  to  match
fast-response reagents.  Author abstract) #t

02063

K. Fukui.
THE ALKALINE FILTER PAPER MITHCE FOE MEASURING  SULPHUR  OXIDES,
SITEOGEN DIOXIDE AND CHLOEIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE.    Proc.
(Part I) Intern. Clean Air Cong,,, London,  1966,  231-2.
(Paper vil/7.)


The lead peroxide method for measuring pollution  by sulphur oxides
is time-consuming and liable to discordant  results, because of  the
quality of lead peroxide.  The alkaline  filter  paper method is  not
affected by this trouble and can be used for  the  determination  not
only of sulphur oxides but also of nitrogen dioxide and chloride
in the atmosphere.  The test papers, after  immersion in a  50
percent potassium carbonate solution and air-drying,, are exposed to
the atmosphere for one ircnth in Icuvered boxes.   After  the test
period has elapsed the paper is cut into small  pieces and  treated
with water for the extraction,.  Sulphur  oxides,  nitrogen dioxide
and chloride are determined by the barium chloranilate  method,  the
aiazotizing methods and the mercury chloranilate  method
respectively.  {Author Abstract)##
                           D. Measurement Methods                     317

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02061

So Suzuki.
STUDIES OF AUTOMATIC RECORDING APPARATUS FOR  MEASUREMENTS OF
OXIDANTS IN AIR.   Proc.  (Part I) Intern. Clean  Air Cong.,
london, 1966.,   (Paper VII/8).  pp.  233-6.


Several types of oxidant measurement apparatus were design and
studied.  The principle cf the first one is as follows:   oxidizing
gas is passed through a filter paper impregnanted  with  potassium
iodide.  As result of the reaction, the colour change is  produced
on the paper.  The colour change is measured  by  a  photometric
method and automatically recorded.,  The principle  of the  second
one is as follows:  Oxidizing gas is passed through an  agueous
solution of reducing agents in an indicating  electrode.   The
potential difference generated between the indicating and
reference electrodes is automatically recorded.  The reagent
solution, after reaction, is returned to the  recovery system and
regenerated by active charcoal absorption or  by  a  photochemical
trethod.  The chemical behaviours of several reagents to te used
for these instruments were investigated.  (Author  abstract)#*

02090

E. Sawicki,  T..R,, Hauser,  T.B.  Stanley,  H.  Elbert,
E..T., Fox

SPOT TEST DETECTION AND SEECTROPHOTCMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION AND
DETERMINATION OF CARBAZOIES, AZO DYES, STILBENES,  AND SCHIFF
BASES..  APPIICATION OF 3-BETHYI-2-BENZOTHIAZOLON E
HYDRAZONE, P-NITROSOPHEN01, AND  FIUORCMETRIC  METHODS TO THE
DETERMINATION OF CARB8ZOLE IN AIR.   Anal. Chem- 33, (11)
1571-9, Oct. 1961.,  (Presented before the Divisions of
Analytical and Water and Waste Chemistry, 140th  Meeting,
American Chemical Society, Chicago, 111., Sept.  1961..)


Two new spectrophotometric methods  for the determination  of
carbazole are introduced.  Beer"s law was obeyed from H tc more
than 90 micrograms of carbazole  in  the 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolone
hydrazone and p-nitrosopherol procedures.  Both  methods can be
used for the estimation of carbazole in the benzene extracts of
airborne particulates.  Two new  spot tests for carbazole  are also
introduced.  Hith the p-nitrosophenol test, O.U  micrograms of
cartazole can be detected.  In strongly alkaline solution 0.2
micrograms of carbazcle can be detected through  the brilliant
blue fluorescence of the anion.  Carbazole can be  characterized
and estimated in the benzene extract of airborne
particulates by the p-nitrosophencl spot test and
spectrophotometric procedure, by the 3-methyl-2-
benzothiazolone hydrazone  (KBTH) spectrophotcmetric
procedure, and by the excitation and emission spectra of  the
material in pentane, dimethyl-fcrmamide, and  alkaline dimethyl-
f crmamide.,  The detection and determination of approximately
50 azo dyes and a sialler group  of  stilbene and  Schiff  base
derivatives using 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolone  are also described.
(Author abstract}**
318                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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02093

E. Sawicki,   T. H.  Stanley,  W.C, Elbert
SPOT TEST  DETECTION AND SPECTBOFHOTCBETBIC CETEKKINATION  OF
NITRITE  WITH  P-PHENYLAZOANIIINE.,   Anal. Chem.  3«,  (2)  298-8,
Feb. 1962.
An alternative sensitive, simple method for nitrite
detersination  was desired in which the color would be  formed in
alkaline  media.   The present paper describes such a  new  method
which is  very  sensitive and simple in the sense  of using only
one reagent  which is both the substance diazotized and the
coupling  agent.   The mechanism of the present procedure  as
applied to the nitrite ion includes the following steps:  reaction
of the nitrite ion with p-phenylazoaniline to give the diazonium
salt; combination of p-phenylazcaniline with the diazonium  salt to
forn the  triazene; and finally, formation of the blue  anion in
alkaline  solution.##
02095

E. Sawicki   H.  Elbert
TBEFMOCHROMIC DETECTION OF POIYNDCLEAR COMPOUNDS  CONTAINING
THE FLOOBENIC BETHY1ENE GBODP.   Chemist-Analyst  US,  68-9,
Sept.  1959


8 large number of aromatic hydrocarbons and their
derivatives  contain the 6,5,6-fused, aromatic ring  system  of
fluorene.,   A simple, sensitive, and specific test for this
ring system  would be of value in air pollution  studies and in
organic analysis generally.  Sprinzak found that  fluorene  reacts
in a strongly alkaline, pyridine medium with oxygen to yield
fluorenone,,   Sawicki and co-workers found that  fluorenone  and
structurally related ketones give a thermochromic reaction
in dimethylformamide containing so-dium borohydride  involving
reduction  to the fluorenol and its anion..  The  new  color
test for the fluorene moiety is based on a combination of
these  observations.  The fluorene derivative in
dimethylformamide made alkaline with tetraethylammonium hydroxide
forms  a carbanion which is readily oxidized by  shaking with  air
to the fluorenone,  and the latter is reduced by potassium
horchydride  at the  boiling point to the highly  colored fluorenol
anion.   On cooling  and ahaking, the less highly colored fluorenone
is regenerated., ##
02096

E.  Sawicki,   T..H.  Stanley,  T-  B. Hauser
A THEBMOCHBCRIC  TEST  FOB POIYCYCIIC P-QUINONES.    Anal.  Chem,,
30,  (12)  2005-6,  Dec.  1958.
                          D. Measurement Methods                     319

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Many compounds containing  a  pclyclyclic  guinone structure show  a
reversible thermochrOBic reaction  in  reducing media,.   This test
is useful for unsubstituted  polycyclic  g-guinones,  such as
9,10-anthraquinone, 5,12-naphthacenedione,  6,13-pentacenedione,
7,12-benzo(alphaJ anthracenedione,  and naphtho (2,3-alpha) pyrene-7.12
-dione - e.g., boiling a pink  dimethyl-formamide solution of 5,12-
naphthacenedione in the presence of  potassium borohydride gave
a dark blue solution, which  upon cooling became pink  again.   This
color change can be repeated at least d  dozen times.   The color
reaction has been applied  to air particulate matter in that  the
presence of polycyclic guinone-like compounds has been demonstrated
in the aromatic fraction.   (Author abstract)##


02098

A.P. Altshuller  I.J. Leng


APPLICATION OF THE 3-METHYL-2-EENZOTHIAZOLCNE HYDBAZONE
METHOD FOB ATMOSPHERIC ANALYSIS OF ALIPHATIC ALDEHYDES.    Anal.
Chem. 35, (10) 1541-2, Sept. 1963,.


Presented in this study are  results of  work on  fontrolled
synthetic atmospheres which  provide data on collection efficiencies
and reproducibility and which  give further  indications of the
accuracy of the method.  Analyses  also  were made for
formaldehyde and acrolein, and results  are  compared with
those for total aliphatic  aldehydes.##


02128

R. Huhleisen
(CONSIDEBATICNS ON THE INFLOENCE OF  ABTIFICIAL  ELECTBIC  FIELDS ON
THE AEBOSOL CONTENT OF INTERIOR SPACES).    Uberlegungen  2um
Einfluss Kunstlicher elektrischer Felder  auf  den
Aerosolgehalt von Innenraumen.  Aerosol Forchung  (Stuttgart)
13, (2) 129-32, June 1966.


The concentration of condensation clusters  and  sirall  ions in
interior spaces is reduced when an artificial electric field is on
for a long time.  The origin and properties of  charged  particles
are discussed.  Electric fields affect charged  particles and also
uncharged particles, if they can be  polarized..  The concentration
of aerosol particles can be reduced  after several hours, but never
completely.##


02135

E. S. Gronsberg


(COLORIMETBIC DETEBMINATION OF VINYL CHLORIDE IN  THE  AIR..)
Kolorimetricheskoe Opredelenie Khloristcgo  Vinila v
Vozdukhe.  Khim Prom (Moscow)  (7) 30-1, 1966.
320               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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The  method  described  in this paper is based on the ability of
ethylenic hydrocarbons to be oxidized by permanganate to  glycol,
which  on  further  oxidation with periodic acid yields formaldehyde.
The  formaldehyde  is then determined colorimetrically by reaction
with chromotropic acid.  The air tc be analyzed was passed over
activated charcoal; the charcoal was then extracted with  a 1:1
mixture of  glacial acetic acid and ethyl alcohol.  The data
indicate  that  vinyl chloride in air can be detected accurately in
quantities  as  low as  0.5 rag/liter.  Methyl alcohol will
interfere with the reaction and must be removed by passage through
water  and CaC12 before the vinyl chloride is absorbed on
charcoal.   Ethylene also interferes with the determination.##
02155

A. N.  Longfield   and  H.  Hentel.


LUNG DESTRUCTION MEASUBED EY ENEBGY TBANSMISSION THROUGH  FUME
F1XID  LONGS.    DISEASES  CHEST 50,  (3)  225-31, SEPT. 1966.


A method  is  described for determining the amount of lung
destruction  in  pulmonary emphysema on pathological material.
Tungsten  light,  sound at 12.5 KC/sec. and beta radiation  were
investigated  as  a means  of measuring degrees of lung destruction
in inflated  fume-fixed lung sections.  A scanning and enumerating
device is described which is capable of evaluating the entire
section.   Absorption  of  light appeared to give an adequate
measure of lung  destruction and correlated well with the  rank
order.  Correlation of sound with visual degree of destruction  was
only fair.   Beta radiation with the method used showed no
correlation.   (Author summary) ##
02157

A.  P.  Altshuller,   T.  A.  Bellar,  and C. A. demons..
CONCENTRATION  OF  HYDHOCAEBON ON SILICA GEL PEIOB TO GAS
CBEOHATOGEAPHIC  ANALYSIS.    Am,, Ind.. Hyg. Assoc. J. 23,
Apr.  1962.   pp.  16U-6.


In the  determination  of substances in various atmospheres  by  gas
chromatography the  sample  often must be concentrated prior to
analysis™   Silica gel at dry ice-acetone temperatures has  been
found to  be  a  satisfactory adscrbant for concentration of
hydrocarbon  and  sulfur containing compounds.  In the present  work
recovery  efficiencies are  obtained for a number of four and five
carbon  paraffins  and  olefins.   Isomerization reactions of  olefins
of silica gel  at  elevated  temperature were investigated,.   Losses
of very light  hydrocarbons are discussed.  Heproducibilities  are
given for the  analyses of  several three, four and five carbon
hydrocarbons existing at concentrations between 0»005 and  0.2 ppm
in synthetic smogs.   (Author abstract) ##
                           D. Measurement Methods                     321

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C2158

A.  P. Altshuller,  L. J. Lage,   and  S.  F.  Sleva.
DETERMINATION OF OLEFINS IN COKBDSTICN  GASES  AND IN THE
ATMOSPHERE.   Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc.  J, 23,  289-95,  Aug.
1962-
Four-carbon and higher molecular  weight  olefins can be
quantitatively determined in  the  gas  phase by  reaction with
p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde in concentrated sulfuric acid,  heating
at 100 C, and measurement of  the  absorbance at 500 millimicrons.
The absorptivities are such that  less  than 0.1 ppm of gaseous
olefins can be determined.  Interference by formaldehyde is
appreciable.  Excess amounts  of aromatic hydrocarbons and phenols
interfere somewhat in the procedure.   Simple methods for removing
possible interferences in gas mixtures are discussed..  The
method has been applied to the analysis  of automobile exhaust and
diluted irradiated exhaust mixtures.,   (Author  abstract) #jt


02159

A. P., Altshuller  and C.,  A., demons™
GAS CHROMATOGEAPHIC  ANALYSIS  OF  ABOHATIC HYDEOCAEBONS AT
ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS  DSING FLAME  IONIZATI01S DETECTION.
ASAI.. CHEH. 34,  .(4)  166-72, APR-  1961.   (PRESENTED BEFORE THE
Division of Water  and  Waste Chemistry,  140th Meeting,
American Chemical  Society,  Chicago,  111-,  Sept™  1961.,)


In the present investigation,  methods were developed for
preparing and transferring  to  the chromatograph  vapor state
aromatic hydrocarbon in  air-mixtures in the 0«05 to 5-p.p.m.  range.
Quantitative analysis  of  automobile  exhaust for  six- to 10- or 11-
carbon aromatic  hydrocarbons  in  the  1-to 10-p.,p..m., range has been
demonstrated.  Quantitative analyses of synthetic photochemical
"smog" have been made  on  mixtures containing individual
aromatic hydrocarbons  in  the  0.05- to 1-p.p.m. range.  The
accuracy attained  is sufficient  to permit  measurement of changes in
aromatic hydrocarbon concentration during  irradiation with solar
type light sources.  These  measurements provide  evidence that
many aromatic hydrocarbons  should photooxidize to an appreciable
extent in photochemical  "smog"  reactions in urban atmospheres.
(Author abstract) ##


02162

A. P., Altshuller   and  S.  F. Sleva.,
VAPOR PHASE DETERMINATION OF OLEFINS  BY  A  CODLOMETRIC
METHOD.   Anal. Chem.  (Presented  before  the  Division of
Water and Haste Chertistry,  140th  Meeting,  American Chemical
Society, Chicago, 111., Sept.  1961.)   34,  (3)  418-22, Mar.
1962
322                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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 An  instrument  based on a bromocoulometric method has been
evaluated  for  analysis of olefins at concentrations between 20  and
1000 p.p.in.  The  instrument has been calibrated for its  vapor
phase response  to a number of olefins, including ethylene,
propylene,  propadiene, 1-butene, trans-2-butene, cis-2-butene,
isobutylene, 1,3-butadiene, 1-pentene, and 2-methyl-2-buteneu
The  possible interference of a number of substances, including
sulfur dioxide,  nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide,
n-butyl  sulfide,  acrolein, phenol, and m-cresol, has been
investigated.   Sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen dioxide,
and  acrolein react appreaciably Kith the brcminating solution.
Nitrogen dioxide  lowers the response to olefins.  Severe
interference is experienced when the nitrogen dioxide concentration
equals or  exceeds that of olefins,.  Even when the olefins are
present  in excess, the interference by nitrogen dioxide  is
sufficient to  necessitate rencval of most of the latter.  In
analyses of samples in containers, direct determination  of these
vapor phase interference effects may be complicated further by  gas
phase reactions of olefin and nitrogen dioxide, and perhaps by
reactions  within  container walls.  With this olefin instrument,
diluted  automobile exhaust and a variety of synthetic mixtures  have
been analyzed.   Results have compared favorably with those
obtained by the colorinetric dimethylaminobenzaldehyde method.,
(Author abstract) f #


02168

B. L. CBIDEB   AND J. A. TASH.
STATDS EEPOET:   STOUT OF VISION OBSCURATION BY NONBLACK
PLUHES.    J.  AIB POLLUTION CONTEOI ASSOC. 14,  (5) 161-7,
May 1964.   (Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting, iir
Pollution  Control Association, Detroit, Mich, June 9-13,
1963.)


This study has  been directed toward the development of an
objective  method of measuring vision-obscuration effects  of
plumes,  and some effort has been given to the development  of  a
method of  measuring the light transmittance characteristics of
plumes independently of the visual-obscuring effects of ambient
lighting and background conditions, because the optical properties
and also the visibility effects depend to a considerable  extent  on
the actual transmittance of the plume.  The experiemental
technique  of measuring the transmittance of plumes outside the
stack has  proved satisfactory for laboratory plumes, but  further
study is required to show whether pilot and fullscale  plumes  will
introduce  an amount of scattered light so great as to  invalidate
the method.  More work needs to be done before conclusions can  be
made regarding  methods to measure vision obscuration effects., t#


02186

D. Eersis,  and E-  Vassiliou.


A CHEHILUHINESCINCE METHOD FOR DETERMINING OZONE.   Analyst
(Cambridge}  91, (1085)  499-505, Aug. 1966.
                          D. Measurement Methods                      323

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A method for determining ozine is  described  which  is characterized
by the direct recording and automatic  determination of  ozone  within
a wide range of concentrations.  The development of the method is
based on the use of a chemiluuinescent solution  that is stable and
shows a linear relationship between the light  emitted and the
ozone concentration.  The electronic instrumentation used is
simple.  Other methods of ozone  analysis based on  this  principle
met difficulty, owing to the direct oxidation  of the
cherciluninescent compound.  The  present method involves the  use of
gallic acid as an ozone acceptor,  and  rhodamine  B  which remains
unchanged during the measurement as a  photon emitter-
Observations made with an oscillograph of  the  light emitted by
single bubbles of ozonized air passing through the
chemiluminescent solution gave valuable information about the
response time of the system.   (Author  abstract modified)##
02199

C.. A. Sorthend,  E. Honey,  and S. E. Evans.
LASER EADAR (IIDAR) "FOR METEOEOIOGICAL OBSE8VATIONS.    Rev.
SCI., INSTRo 37, 393-UOO, APR,. 1966.
An experimental high powered, Q switched, ruby  laser  radar or
lidar designed for meteorological applications  and upper
atmosphere studies is described.  The lidar system eguations,
detailed design, operation, and recommendations for design
improvements are discussed, and typical observational data are
presented to illustrate the uses of this new  meteorological
instrument.,  (Uathor abstract modified) *#
02302

J.S. Nader
DIEECT READING PHYSICAL INSTRUMENTATION.   In: Stet  1962.
pp. B-8-1 - B-8-12.


Devices which provide a measurement reading directly on an
indicating meter, recorder or other display medium associated with
the sampling and detection portions of the device are reviewed-
The detection and/or analysis is basically by a physical  or
chenophysical technigue.f*
0235U

K.F. Christian  K.E. Foster
CALIBRATION OF AUTOMATIC ANALYZERS IN A CGN1INUOOS  AIF  MONITORING
PROGRAM,   Preprint  (Presented at the 56th  Annual Meeting,
Air Pollution Control Association, Detroit, Michigan,, June
9-13, 1963.)
324               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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The  need  for  uniformity of instrument calibration among the
several stations  of  the Continuous air Monitoring Program
of the D.p S. Public  Health Service has prompted the development
of a comprehensive  program of instrument calibration.  The
program relies  heavily upon static and dynamic checks performed
by the station  operators.  The frequency of these checks varies
with each specific  instrument; tut, in all cases, the checks
are  frequent  enough  to insure the continued accuracy of the
recorded  data.   The  routine checks are substantiated and
supplemented  by dynamic calibrations performed at all stations
by the headquarters  staff.  The dilution board method
for  the preparation  of standard gas mixtures has been adapted
to the requirements  of compactness and portability, and has been
used successfully in this work. In a conscientious effort to
insure and maintain  the accuracy of the data produced by the
program,  further  refinements in the method will be made and more
suitable  new  methods vill be adopted as they are developed.
(Author's summary) **

02363

E. A. McCormick  D.  K. Baulch
THE VARIATION  HITH HEIGHT OF THE DUST LOADING OVEP S CITY AS
DETERMINED  FROM THE ATMOSPHERIC 1DRBIDITY..   J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc0  12, (10) 192-6, Oct., 1962.


Observations of the variation from street level to 2000  feet  above
the surface of the transmissivity of solar radiation at  5000A,
near the peak  of the solar spectrum, over the past 2-1/2 years
at Cincinnati  are described.  From these observations the
vertical variation of the turbidity coefficient is computed
and related theoretically, after the manner of Volz, to  the
number and  mass density of particulate in the 0.1 to 1.0 micron
(radius)  range.  The range of mass loading near the surface
determined  from the turbidity data, 30 microgram/cu m to 200  more
than microgram/cu a on the "cleanest" and "dirtiest" days
respectively,  are good in qualitative agreement with
determinations made by other leans, adding credence to the validity
of the theoretical considerations.  The mass loading is  found to
decay exponentially with height such that at about 600 feet the
value is one-half that at street level.  This "turbidity
technique"  for quantitatively assessing the dust loading over a
city has considerable advantages over other methods in that the
determinations can be made instantaneously and the medium is  not
disturbed by the process of measurement.  Its limitation to
daytime observations when there are no clouds in the vicinity
of the sun  is  uinimized by the fact that such conditions are
often the most significant or critical for providing air
pollution problems..  (Author abstract) ##

02368

J.S. Pitts, Jr.  J.H. Sharp

SOME ASPECTS OF THE PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE.   proc.
Tech. Meeting  Best Coast Sect., Air pollution Control
Assoc., 3rd, Monterey, Calif., 1963.,  76-92.
                          D. Measurement Methods                      325

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The basic theories and techniques of  photochemistry  can  be
applied to gain insight into the mechanism  of the
photodecomposition of nitrogen dioxide.  Hhile this  approach
is rather "acadeiic" in this particular study, nevertheless, the
results have bearing on the problem of photochemical air
pollution.  Two particularly intriguing guestions  raised and
not answered of considerable basic and practical significance are:
(1) can one confidently extrapolate photochemical  and kinetic
data on N02 from the mm. pressure range to  the ppm.   range?; (2)
why doesn't the molecule, N02 a highly reactive compound,
react with the common organic constituents  of smog,  in
particular, olefins, when it is raised to an excited electronic
state by absorption of H358A radiation?  The search  for
theoretical and experimental answers  to these guestions  is
currently going en.  It seems certain that  the results will have
"practical" applications to photochemical air pollution  as well as
being of general scientific interest.##
02370

S. Duckworth  E., Kupchanko
AIR ANALYSIS:  THE STANDARD DOSAGE-AREA PRODUCT.   J.. Air
Pollution Control Assocu 17, (6) 379-83, June  1967-
(Presented at the 59th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, San Francisco, Calif-, June 20-21,  1966, Paper
66-9l»_)
The dosage-area product (DAP}  is offered as a feasible,
low-cost,, and operationally useful data analysis output..  It
is in essence a smog index obtained by multiplying the
contaminant dosage by the geographical area affected..  Thus it
represents the intensity and extent of an air pollution
episode.  The basic concepts of dosage and dosage-area, and
some standard constraints for obtaining reproducible  index
values are discussed.  Several practical uses of the  DAP smog
index are illustrated.  It can be readily computed from a daily
nap showing the areal extent of contaminant dosage.   The
DAP Smog Index is recommended as a feasible aid in presenting
and analyzing past, current, and future air quality conditions.
It is suggested for use in studies of smog patterns,  pollutant
trajectories, smog experience, pollutant trends, and  smog
forecasting.ft
C2377

SLATES, R. H.
LCH-COST MEASUREMENT OF AIR POLLUTION.   (IN:  PROCEEDINGS CF
THE EIGHTH ANNUAL AIR AND WATER PCLIUTICN CONFERENCE.)   Univ.
Mo. Bull.. 6« (24), 49-53  (Aug. 26, 1963).  Also published in
Ind. Water Hastes 8  (6), 30-3  {Dec.  1963).   (Presented  at the
Eighth Annual Air and Hater Pollution Conference,  Columbia,
Mo., Nov.. 13, 1962.)
326               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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in air  pollution monitoring program is described that can be
initiated  and  laintained by a local air pollution agency or health
department at  a  noderate cost.   Simple, inexpensive methods of
sanpling and analysis for gaseous pollutants and particulates are
outlined and a detailed eguipuent' cost breakdown is given.
^(Author summary) ##
02106

i.E.  Barrington


INSTAHTEOUS  HONITORIHG OP HDLTICCMPONENT EXPIRED GASES.    GCA
Corp.,  Bedford, Mass.   (Sept., CB-619.J Dec. 1966.,   17  pp.,
   CFS1I.  NASA


Because of the urgent reguirements of the Banned space
flight  program, the prototype gas analyzers described  below  were
developed  specifically for aerospace  applications.  Their  design
thus inevitably was subject to restrictions of weight,  volume  and
power consumption.   nevertheless, their operational
performance  has been nost encouraging.  The sensing element  of  the
gas analyzer is called a mass spectrometer whose concept
utilizes two basic  physical phenomena:  first, gaseous  atoms and
molecules  can readily be charged electrically; second,  there is a
selective  effect by electric and magnetic forces on such
charged particles which depends on the atomic or molecular
Bass-  A complete sampling and sensing system for  12
constituent  gases,  utilizing a magnetic deflection  mass
spectrometer is shown.  It is designed to monitor  H2,  CO,
CHI, NH3,  H20, N2,  COH, 02, H2S, EC,  C02 4ND  COOH.  IT
includes 1 sample inlet capillaries,  a calibration  sample, a
liguid  nitrogen chilled sorption pump and an electronic ion
pump.. M
02415

C.W.  Louw
ATMOSPHEBIC POLLUTANTS AND THEIH ANALYSIS  (SPECIAL DEPOET
SMOG 2}«    Council for Scientific and Industrial
Eesearch,  Pretoria, (South Africa).  Air Pollution
Besearch  Group 1966.   60 pp.


In view of the recently passed Act on Air Pollution
(No. 45 of 1965)  in South Africa and the anticipated increase
in interest and analytical activity in this field, it was felt
that the  need  existed  for an up-to-date survey of air pollutants
and their  analysis.  A review report was conseguently prepared  and
is presented here.  Aspects such as the types, sources  and
occurrence, concentrations and methods of analysis of the various
pollutants are discussed.  Also, recommendations are made with
regard to  the  selection of suitable analytical methods.
(Author abstract) ##
                          D. Measurement Methods                      327

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02U39

A. V. Demidov,  I-  A.  Mokhov,   and  B.  S.  Levine (Tr.)


PAPID METHODS FOB THE  DETEBMINA1ION OF HARMFUL GASES AND VAEOBS
IN THE AIR.  Vol. 10 of  U.S.S.R.  literature on Air
Pollution and Belated  occupational  Diseases.   Medgiz,  Hoscow,
Russia.   (Technical Transl.  No.  IT  66-11767.,}   1962-  pp.,
111.
Volume 10 of the survey  series  "U.S.SoR,,  Literature on Air
Pollution aid Belated  Occupational  Diseases" is a translation
of A.. V. Dereidovns and I.  A.  Molhov's  book  "Rapid Methods
for the Determination  of  Harmful  Gases and  Vapors in the Air"
 (Yekopehhlie Betoubi Oiipeue jiehnr  B B Boeuyxe Bpeuhlix N
lopooopaehlix Bevectb),  published by Medgiz of Moscow in 1962.
The greater part of the  outlined  procedures have been developed by
O.S.S.B. analytical chemists, while some  were taken from
literature of other countries.  The collection of tests appears to
be intended primarily  for the detection of  dangerous gaseous and
vaporous air pollutants  in indoor working premises.  For each
harmful gas or vapor qualitative  as well  as closely approximate
quantitative procedures  are given to make possible the early
determination of dangerous harmful  gas and  vapor concentration in
the air of working premises and to  forestall the occurrence of
serious accidents.  The  volume  was  intended to meet the needs
of smaller laboratories  and of  field industrial laboratory
workers,, ft
02««1

M. E. Eaton, Jr.,


AN ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSOR FOB DETECTING  TBACE  CONTAMINANTS  IS AIB

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02492

H.  E«  Horrison,   E.  G.. Rinker,  and H. H. Corcoran.


QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF PARTS-PEH-MILLION  QUANTITIES OF
NITROGEN  DIOXIDE IN NITBCGEN AND OXYGEN  BY  ELECTBON-CAPTUBE
DETECTION IN GAS CHBCMATOGRAPHY.   Anal  Chen.  36 (1 2) : 2256-2259,
Nov..  1964
An electron-capture detector was used in a  gas  chromatography to
measure parts-per-millicn quantities of nitrogen  dioxide  in a
ternary mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen dioxide.   For
concentrations of nitrogen dioxide from 5 to  150  p..p.m.  and for
oxygen present to the extent of 9% by volume  in nitrogen,  the
standard deviation of the best curve through  the  points  shewing
response vs.  concentration was 2 p.p.m.. compared  to  about  3 p.p.i
for chemical  techniques.  The main advantages of  gas
chromatography are the short time for analysis  and the  small
samples (.5 cc) reguired.   (Author abstract) ##
02518

C. C.. Matle,   C« D. Stout,  and E. Zielonka


DEVELOPMENT OF AN OZONE SENSOR FOB ATMOSPHERIC  SOUNDING.
Bendix Corp.,  Detroit, Mich-, Research  Labs.  Div.   Dec*
15, 1961.  180 pp.
   CFSTI, DDC:  AD 632790


This report describes the development of  a  new  type of ozone
sensor for use at high altitudes  of  the atmosphere..  The basic
concept employed was the detection of the surface  reaction of
ozone with a thin, solid film of  silver by  the  measurement of
changes in film electrical conductivity.  This  sensor is useful
for the detection cf ozone at high altitudes  and in the dark can be
used in rocketsondes and balloonsondes.   It is  simple, reliable,
and can be produced economically  even in  small  quantities.  When
prepared for production in moderate  quantities, this sensor will
have a very attractive unit cost.  It is  small, light and has
simple sampling requirements.  The report describes all the
aspects of development, design, and  laboratory  and environmental
tests.  Sonde field tests, not completed  at the time of writing,
will be described in a subsequent report.   (Author abstract) #f
02520

A.  P. Hitra
All IONOSPHERIC ESTIMATE OF NITRIC OXIDE CONCENTRATION  IN  THE
D-REGICN.   Pennsylvania State Univ., University  Park,
Ionosphere Research Lab.   (AFCRI-66-359)  (Scientific Rept.
No.,  265}  Feb.  15, 1966.  2« pp.
                           D. Measurement Methods                     329

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It is shown that the dissimilar  nature  in  the  solar cycle
variations in the three major competing ionizing sources for the
B-region  (e.g. X-rays below 8A,  Lyman-alpha  radiation and
cosmic rays}  can be used to provide  an  estimate for the
concentration of the neutral nitric  oxide  at and near 70 km.   Ose
of the electron density profiles recently  given by Deeks (1965)
for sunspot minimum and maximum  conditions for equinox in middle
lattitudes gives a nitric oxide  concentration  of tOOOOO/cc
around 72 km, about one hundredth  of Earth"s rocket-deduced
value-  When this value is integrated with currently available
photochemical information, the following empirical distribution is
indicated:  n (NO) equals 0.02 exp  (- 3300/T)n(02)  plus
C..OQ00005 n (0) .  (Author abstract  modified) S#

02538
(CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHABACTEBIZATION OF POLLUTED  ENVIRONMENTS,
INHALED OF INGESTED, AND OF ACOUSTICAL "NUISANCES.")
Caracterisation chimique et physique des  milieux  pollues,  inhales
ou ingeres et des "nuisances" acoustiques.   In:   Les pollution
et "nuisances" d'origine industrielle et  urbaine.  Tome  1,,
Leur prevention et les problemes scientifigues et  techniques
qu'elle pose en France, pages 27-32..  Premijer Ministre
Delegation generale a la recherche scientifique et technique.


In discussing the methodology of measuring and evaluating  the
degree of pollution, the following are considered: infra-red,
emission, and mass spectrometers; x-ray and  electron diffraction;
gravimetric, volumetric, and colorimetric methods; optic  and
electronic microscopes, and spectometry for  acoustic absorption.
In the section on the inhalation milieu,  are discussed the
composition of the natural atmospheric air and of  the air  polluted
by cities (particles, gases and vapors, and  smog); diffusion of
pollutants in the atmosphere; chemical reactions  in  the
atmosphere;  international standardization of current methods and
measurements  (deposited material, fumes,  sulfur dioxide,  and
hydrocarbons); cartiography; and principal concerns  of research.
Discussed in this same section  (chapter 2) are pollution  of food
and water, and problems of noise., ##


026U5

H. Hummel
INDUSTEIJL GAS MEASUREMENT FOE CLEAN-AIH  MAINTENANCE.   Staub
(English Translation) 25,  (2)  11-18, Feb.,  1965
   CFSTI:  TT 66-51040/2


This article deals mainly  with emission-concentration  measurements
directly concerning the  plant.   In  addition,  trace-element
recorders for immission  control  in  the  plant  area  or outside  it was
also mentioned.  Several plants  use  mobile recording stations for
this purpose.  Apart from  current control,  immission instruments
will in future be important  for  the  determination  of ground
330               PHOTOCHEMICAL OX1DANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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loading.,   The  ground  loading in respect to a specific noxious
substance  (e.g.,  SO2)  is a measure of the average degree of
nuisance caused by  immissions in a certain area-  For a planned
installation,  e.g., a  boiler plant, the ground loading for the
basis  for  chosen  location must be ascertained.  This forms the
basis  for  granting  the building permit.  According to suggested
and practiced  methods, the ground loading is established in the
following  Banner.   Numerous points are established in a fixed
coordinate grid around the location to be examined.  Individual
sampling is carried  out at these points by a fixed program over a
long period.   By  using a precisely determined statistical
evaluation method,  the ground loading can be deduced from the data.
The statistical character of the immission, which depends on wind
and atmospheric conditions, is thus taken into consideration.
The reliability of  this still imperfect method cannot be
discussed; it  is  however certain that this method is expensive and
requires considerable  manpower.  On the other hand, it can easily
be shown that  given  a  correct evaluation of the strip charts
(possibly  by electronic scanning) the use of recording instruments
at a few points will  provide an egually reliable measure of ground
loading at less expense.  This method would also include the
nightime which hitherto has not been included.  In spite of
this,  and  taking  into  consideration the value of recording
methods for obtaining  statistical relationships, the role of
individual analysis  will remain unchallenged in future.  This is
primarily  due  to  the  fact that the development of a reliable
recording  nethod  is far more expensive than individual analysis.
Therefore, and because of the greater instrumentation
requirements,  recording instruments will be used only for the most
inportant  duties.  (Author summary) #f
02673

H. Fuhrmann
RECORDING MEASUREMENTS OF GASEOUS IMISSION CONCENTSATIONS  HUH  A
NEH ANALYZES.    Staub (English Translation)  25,  (7)  19-2H,
JDIY 1965.
   CFSTI   TT  66-510140/7


For monitoring gases contributing tc air pollution,  S02  and
BO plus N02 and 03 in particular, recording  analysers  find
increasing application.   The paper describes an  automatic
colorimetric analyser for the repetitive measurement of  imaission
concentrations.  The instrument is characterized by  high
sensitivity down to a few micrograms cu m, excellent selectivity,
and minimum naintenance reguirements.  Simple switchover means
permit the same instrument to be used for  both half-hour mean
values and short-tine readings.  The Imcometer described by  the
author is designed for simple and rapid change-over  to various
gaseous conpoenents.  It has been fieldtested in a  northern
suburb of Hamburg.  The recorded daily readings  for  S02, NO
plus N02, and  03 are discussed.  (Author summary)##
                           D. Measurement Methods                     331

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02681

E. Lahmann


METHODS FOE MEASURING GASEOUS AIR POLLUTIONS.    Staub  (English
TRANSLATION) 25, (9) 17-22, SEPT. 1965.
   CFSTI   TT 66-51040/9


As the analysis of air pollutants has become  a  very  extensive
area of microchemistry, the statements included  herein  are  limited
to the principles involved in the analysis of the  most  important
extraneous gases.  Empirical, batch and continuous methods  are
the tasic means for investigating gaseous air pollutants.   The
advantages and disadvantages of these methods are  presented.
Subseguently, the most important methods used at present  for
determination of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide,  hydrogen
sulfide, fluorides, oxidants, carton monoxide and  hydrocarbons
are discussed.#S

02732

I. B. Cohen,  T. C. Purcell,  and A. P. Altshuller


ANALYSIS OF THE OXIDANT IN PHOTOOXIDATIOH REACTIONS..  Environ.
Sci. lechnol. 1, (3) 247-52, Bar. 1967.   (Presented  at  the
152nd Meeting, American Chemical Society, New York City,
Sept.. m, 1966,)


A number of methods for deternining the identity and concentration
of the oxidants produced photochemically in  model  systems are
presented.  The application of these methods  to atmospheric
sampling is discussed.  The effects of the following variables are
considered:  spectral characteristics of the  reagent blends and the
colored species in question; temperature; order of addition,
color stability and rate of color formation;  reagent concentration;
hydrogen ion concentration  (pH); and various  determinate  errors.
Calibration curves, molar absorptivities, and interferences are
presented in detail..   (Author abstract) t#

02715

S. Hochheiser  and H. J0 Basbagill


COMPARISON AHONG HETHODS OF SAMPLING AND ANALYZING SIB
POLLUTANTS   DESIGN OF EXPERIBENTA1 PROGRAM.  Preprint.
(Presented at the Sixth Conference of Methods in  Air
Pollution studies, California Dept. of Public Health,
Berkeley, Jan. 6-7, 1964.)


A mobile air-sarcpling laboratory used to  sairple atmospheric
pollutants is described.  Various manual  and  automatic  methods
are compared by  means of atmospheric samples  to determine the
relationship among methods  and the variables  that  may  affect each
method.  These studies Here designed to evaluate methods  applied
332               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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to the saipling and analysis of air pollutants  and  to  determine
the need  for further laboratory and field evaluations.   The
chemical  and meteorological variables measured  in these  studies and
the sampling program are delineated.   (Author summary) ##

027f?

H. J., Jacumin  and L. A, Hipperton


FURTHER EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE  ON  PHOTOCHEMICAL
OXIDANT PRODUCTION.  J_ Air Pollution Control Assoc.,  14,
(3) 96-7, Mar. 196«,   (Presented at the  56th Annual Meeting,
Air Pollution Control Association, Detroit,  Mich. ,  June
9-13, 1963, Paper No., 63-101.)


Oxidant production was observed for a photochemical reactant
system N02 plus hexene-1 over a pressure range  of  6tO  to 860 mm
Hg at temperatures of 14, 25, and 35 C.  An  apparent  inhibition
took place around 7Ji» mm at all temperatures.   From a  low at 7 It
oxidants  values rose to a secondary peak at  700 mm  and then
dropped with decreasing pressure.  The significance of these
results is discussed.   (Author abstract}##

02760

T.C. Purcell  I.e. Cohen
HICHODETERHINATION OE PEROXIDES BY  KINEIIC  COIORIMETRY.,
Environ.  Sci. Technol. 1, (5) U31-3,  Hay  1967.   (Presented in
part at the 152nd Meeting, American Chemical  Society,  New
Sork City, Sept. 1«, 1966.)


Ferrous thiocyanate, neutral potassium  iodide,  and  molybdate-
catalyzed potassium iodide reagents were  used for the  analysis
of nicrograir guantities of a variety  of peroxidic compounds by
kinetic colcrimetry.,  Ozone and peracetic acid  gave an immediate
maximum color development with all  three  reagents.   Hydrogen
peroxide  gave slew cclor development  with neutral KI only.
Acetyl peroxide, nitrogen dioxide,  alkyl  hydroperoxides,
and peroxyacyl Titrates gave slow color development with  all
three reagents.  The half lives of  these  colorimetric
reactions were used to identify specific  oxidants.   (Author
abstract)«#

02763

G.A. Rost  r.J. Swartz
ADVANCES IN CONTINUOUS AIR POLLUTION ANALYZERS.    Preprint.
(Presented at the 56th Annual fleeting.  Air  Pollution  Control
Association,  Detroit, Mich., June 9-13, Paper  No.  63-9.)


The evolution of air pollution instrumentation by  size  has been
reviewed.   The analysis methods in general  usage and
                           D. Measurement Methods                     333

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information on the specific instrumentation  involved  show  that
a steady decrease in analyzer size has occurred  with  negligible
loss in sensitivity or specificity.  The cost  of the  nonportable
laboratory analyzers has been high; as a result, cities  and
communities are in general unable to afford  this equipment.
Smaller or semi-portable instruments are less  costly  and
provide versatility to the users™  Now that  electrochemical
monitors are available for the analysis of one or  two pollutants,
conjecture about the future of complete air  sampling  systems is
of interest.  Although these monitors have not been applied to
the analysis of all air pollutants, it is anticipated that
within reasonable lengths of time sufficiently sensitive and
selective methods will be developed.  This,  in turn,  menas that
it would be possible to have an entire air sampling station
consisting of five or six analyzers on a single  table top,.  These
units would reguire only minor accessories to  be completely
portable.  In addition, with the inherent simplicity  of
electrochemical analyzers, the cost per instrument will  be lower,
thus more monitoring networks can be operated  per  available
dollar, and the technician skill reguired to operate  the equipment
can be minimized.  Tables and illustrations.##

02786

P., H. Linnell  and H. E. Scott
DIESEL EXHAUST COMPOSITION AND ODOB STUDIES.   J.  Air Pollution
Control Assoc. 12, '(11) 10-5, Nov. 1962.


Some of the techniques being used and evaluated  for exhaust
analysis are outlined.  Jesuits except for some  qualitative and
tentative findings are shovin in tables 1-8.  Most values  are
averages of 2 or 3 determinations.  These determinations  were made
on new samples taken at different times, with  intervals of
several weeks elapsing in some cases.  Particulate matter
information in table 1 indicates organic compounds adsorption.
This is of interest in eye irritation and odor work since
aldehydes may be present on particulate matter in higher
concentrations than are present in the gas phase.  The CC11
extracts of particulate matter show infrared bands characteristic
of hydrocarbons, olefins, aldehydes, and carbonyl.  Comparison of
hydrocarbon measurements, formaldehyde and acrolein, and
miscellaneous compounds are discussed.  26 references.##

02799

H. Sawicki  and J., L.  Noe
A SENSITIVE NEW METHOD TOR THE DETERMINATION  OF  NITRITES  AND
NI1BOGEN DIOXIDE WITH H-AMINOAZOEENZENE-1-NAPHTHYLAMINE,
Anal. Chim. Acta 25, 166-9, 1961.
A sensitive method for the determination of  nitrites  is
introduced.  The method should also  te applicable  to  the
determination of nitrogen dioxide.   The test consists of  the
reaction of 
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acid to fora the blue  dication of
U-(p-phenylazophenylazo)-1-naphthylamine.  Beer"s Law was
obeyed from 0.5 to  over 15  micrograms of nitrite ion per 15 ml of
final solution.  Spectrophotometrically it is possible to detect
part of nitrite  ion in 60 Billion parts of solution-  (Author
sunnary)#*

028l»1

K.  To Hhitby,  B. C. Jordan,   and C. M. Peterson


GEBEBATIOK  AND EECAY OF SHALL IONS  (DEVELOPMENT OF A PARTICLE
COUNTED SYSTEM AND  DEVELOPMENT OF A TECHNIQUE FOB STUDYING THE
CHARGE OF AN EVAPOBSTING DROP).  Minnesota Univ., Hinneapolis,
Dept. of Hechanical Engineering.   49 pp.  June 1, 196U


Design, construction,  and initial evaluation of an electrical
particle counter system capable of rapid, in situ, measurement of
aerosol concentration  and particle size distribution over the
range from  0,015 to 2  micron  is described.  Initial measurements
of natural  laboratory  aerosols show satisfactory agreement with
the Royco optical particle  counter in the size range where they
overlap.  Simultaneous operation  of an automatic condensation
nuclea counter,  the electric  particle counter and the Royco
counter permit rapid  measurement  of aerosol size distribution from
molecular to 10  micron.,  The  two  key elements of the new system
are a special sonic jet diffusion charger and a new mobility
analyzer.   The charger uses aerosol recirculation which makes it
possible to charge  a  high fraction of small particles with a low
Ht while maintaining a mobility minimum at about 3 micron.,  The
mobility analyzer utilizes  a  region where an electric precipitating
field exists followed  by a  current collector to obtain high
resolution, mobility  measurements down to 0.0002 cm/sec per
volt/cm with a 1 cfm aerosol  flow rate.  Technique and apparatus
are also described  for the  study  of electric charge on evaporating
droplets smaller than  50 microns.   (Author abstract)##

02815

H.  D. Thomas  and P.  Eu Amtower


GSS DILUTION APPARATUS FOR  PREPARING REPRODUCIBLE DYNAMIC GAS
MIXTURES IN ANY  DESIBED CONCENTSATICN AND COMPLEXITY..  J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc.  16,   (11) 618-23, Nov. 1966


The development  and testing of analytical methods for determining
gaseous air pollutants would  be expedited by the availability of
known gas  mixtures, reproducibly  prepared in any desired guantity,
complexity, and  concentration.  A portable gas dilution apparatus
was constructed  by  which reproducible known mixtures of the common
air pollutants added to carbon filtered air can be prepared.
Sulfur dioxide  mixtures with  and  without the addition of nitrogen
dioxide and/or ozone have been analyzed by the conductimetric,
titrinetric, turbimetric, and colorimetric methods.  Excellent
analytical  agreement with the concentration obtained frorr the
volumes of  S02,  N02,  hydrogen sulfide, and air that are mixed
                           D. Measurement Methods                     335

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has been shovn by all  these  methods  when  an  efficient absorber is
used although the titrinetric  method tended  to give slightly lower
results.**

02852

G.Ao Persson
AUTOMATIC COLOBIMETKIC DETERMINATION  OF  LOW  CONCENTRATION OF
SULPHATE FOB MEASURING SULPHUB  EICXIEE  IN  AMBIENT AIR.
Intern* J. Air Hater Pollution  10,  (11-12)  815-52,  Dec.  1966.


An automatic colorimetric method  for  the determination  of low
concentration of sulphate  (0-10 microgram/Bl}  using the  Thoron
indicator is described.  Total  amounts  of  sulphate  as small
as 0.3 microgram can be determined.   The sulphate is precipitated
with barium perchlorate and the excess  of  barium is indicated
with 1-(0-arsenophenylazo)-2-naphthol-3o6-disulfonic acid
(Thoron).  The procedure is worked  out  primarily for the
determination of sulphur dioxide  in air  after  absorption in
diluted hydrogen peroxide.  The eguipment  used is the
Technicon -Auto-Analyzer.**

02874L

T.H. Downer, Jr.  C.R. Biier, Jr.,


THE DETERMINATION OF SULFUH IN  ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.   Cincinnati
Univ., Ohio Hay 1966.  12pp.
   DDC   AD 486815
A rapid method for the determination  of  sulfur  is described.
The method is applicable to  the  sulfate  ion  formed following  an
oxygen flask combustion procedure.  The  percentage of sulfur  is
determined by titrating the  sulfate ion  with barium perchlorate
using a complexing indicator, Thorin,  to detect the end-point.
Compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,  chlorine and
sulfur were successfully analyzed.**

02883L

M. N. Hirsh,  P. N. Eisner,  G.  M.. Halpern,   and  J.  A.
Slevin
IONIZATION AND ELECTRON LOSS  SIMDLATION IN  ATMOSPHERIC GASES
(QUARTERLY KEPT. NO. 2, SEPT.  1 - NOV. 30,  1965.,   Dewey
(G.C..)  Corp., New Ycrk City.   Mar.  1966.  27  pp.
   DDC   AD 486307
This report covers work performed during  the  period 1  September
through 30 November 1965.  The  report  begins  with a description
of experimental modifications made  to  the mass  spectrometer to
increase its utility as a quantitative instrument.   The
theoretical work, including both a  summary of current  work on the
335               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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numerical  computation of the low pressure oxygen model,  and  some
studies  of the  chemistry resulting from the addition of  a  trace of
nitrogen to the low-pressure oxygen plasma, are presented.#f


02921

F.  E.  Gartrell,  F.  H.  Thomas,  and S. B. Carpenter


ATMOSPHERIC OXIDATION OF S02 IB CCAL-BUBNING POWIB PLANT
PLUMES .  Am- Ind.  Hyg. Assoc. 3. 24, 113-20, Apr. 1963.
(Presented at the 23rd  Annual Meeting, American Industrial
Hygiene  Association, Washington, B.C.., Bay  1962.)


Sampling equipment  and  procedures applicable for use in  a
helicopter were devised for collecting the  separate S02  and  S03
components in progressive plume cross sections at a large  coal-,
burning  power plant.  Samples were collected during a variety  of
meteorological  conditions with particular attention to a wide
range  of relative humidity,.  During periods of low humidity, data
reveal that oxidation of S02 is relatively  slow, increasing  from
2% at  one  mile  (12  min) to 3% at 6 miles  (60 min) .  With
moderately high humidity, oxidation was initially rapid, 22% at one
mile (12 man),  increasing to 32% at 8 miles (96 min).  The
highest  total oxidation, 55%, was observed  in a slight mist  at 9
Biles  (108 min)..   (Author abstract)##
02961

B. F. Pueschel  and A,, T. Rossano, Jr.


THE PROBLEM OP BEDDCED VISIBILITY FROH AIR POLLUTION-   Proc.
Ann.  Sanitary Water Resources Ing. Conf„, Vanderbilt Univ.,
Nashville,  Tenn, , 1965. pp., 208-25.


The concepts relating atmospheric visibility with extinction  of
light by aerocolloidal matter are presented.  A newly developed
spectrophotometer for extinction measurements is described.   The
instrument  has been applied to determine the scattering
properties  of fine particles and the resulting reduction  of the
visual range.  The results can be summarized as follows:   (1)  The
prevailing  visual range is inversely proportional to the  number
concentration of  the existing aerosol.,   (2)   The dependence of
the visual  range  on the wavelength of light at constant number
concentration varies in a rather complicated pattern, depending on
the size of the particles.  (3)   The relationship between the
visual range and  the*size of the particulates, assuming that  their
nass  concentration is constant, shows that particles of the
diameter of about 0.00004 cm have the most restricting  effect on
visibility.  (4)   At a constant number concentration the  visual
range decreases as the particles increase in size.  Comparisons
between experimental results and Kie theory calculations  do not
agree for all values of the size parameter.  The tests  showed the
reliability of the experimental apparatus and procedure.   (Author
sunmary modified)**
                           D. Measurement Methods                     337

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02987

E., Lahmann  and K. E- Prescher
INTERMITTENT DETERMINATION OF H2S IN THE  ATMOSPHERE,,   Staub
(English Transl.) 25,  (12J 3-5, Cec. 1965.
   CFSTI   TT66-51040/12


It is shown as an essential result of  batch  determination of
H2S in air, that the light penetration  properties  of  cadmium
sulphide suspensions occurring during  sampling  vary considerably.
Comparative measurements carried out with samples  protected and
unprotected against light have shown disparities between  the
results amounting to ratios higher than 10:1.   (Author summary)**


03010

H. Devorkin,  R.L.. Chass,  A.P., Fudurich, C,,V.  Ranter


SOUBCE TESTING MANUAL.   Los Angeles County  Air Pollution
Control District, Calif., 181 pp., Nov.  1965


Specialized methods and techniques for  the curtailment
of contaminants being  released into the atmosphere, developed in
the laboratory and in  the field are described  in this manual.
These methods are concerned primarily  with the  measurement of
emissions from stationary sources, and  in general,  with little
or no modification, these methods can  also be  used  for testing
vehicles or other moving sources.  Information  obtained
form source tests is invaluable as a guide in  selecting
appropriate control equipment and improving  the design
of future installations to minimi2e the discharge  of  air
contaminants.  Following topics are discussed:  Planning a
source test; Determination of gas flow  rate; Collection and
analysis of particnlate matter, and of  gaseous  constituents;
Odor measurement; Source test report.   The appendixes deal
with rules and regulations, conversion  factors  and  constants, and
auxiliary field sampling equipment.##


03011

G. Resor, III
MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC  EXTINCTION  AND LIGHT SCATTERING
FUNCTION:  PART I.  POLAR  NEPHEICKETIB  AND POWER SUPPLY (FINAL
REPT.)   Eicon Lab. , Inc., ,  Salem,  Mass.   (Rept» No.
H-3-66-2.J  102 pp., July 1966..


An ultraviolet polar nephelometer  which  is used to measure the
differential  scatter function  of  air is  described.  The
instrument covers the  range from  pure  air to dense haze conditions.
A comprehensive discussion  is  given of the design of the
instrument, and the optical and  tlectrical components.
338               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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installation procedures, and maintenance guid  are  described
in detail.   The nephelometer has a useful,  dynamic range of
60 db.  adjusted so that adequate signal is  obtained for  pure air.
Detailed specifications are listed in Section  5.   (Author
abstract modified)»#

03091

E.W.  Hewson
METEOBOLOGICAL  INSTBOHENTS FOB JIB POL1UTION SUBVEYS  (INFOBHATIVE
BEPOBT NO.  1).    J.  Air Pollution Control Assoc.  15,  (6)
278-80,  June  1965


This report is  directed toward those concerned with air
pollution  surveys,  and to provide guidance for persons  not  well
acquainted  with meteorological measurements.  The  following
basic air  pollution meteorological instruments and topics are
discussed:  Hind measurement instruments, temperature, stability
and precipitation measurement, type of sensor, calibration,
solar radiation and barometric pressure.  Hecords, data  handling
and analysis  of data are also outlined.##

03096

N.A.. Lyshkow


A BAPID AND SENSITIVE COLOBIHE1BIC BEAGENT FOB NITBOGEN  DIOXIDE
IS AIB.    J.  Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15,  (10)
l»81-i», Oct. 1965 (Presented at the 58th Annual fleeting.  Air
Pollution  Control Association, Toronto, Canada, June  20-2t,
1965)


High speed  instrumentation requires a colorimetric reagent
capable of  detecting traces of nitrogen dioxide with  little
delay for color development.  Bate of color development
and sensitivity of  Griess-type reagent have been  improved by
adding a promoter (B-salt) and optimizing the concentrations of
diazotizing and coupling reagents.  Field tests show  that the  new
instrument  -reagent combination can resolve short-duration  peaks in
NOi concentrations  cf 5 to 10 pphm.   (Author abstract) f #

03099

I. Pierce,   T.  Tokiwa,  K. Nishikawa


EVALUATION OF CONTACT COLUMNS FOB  NITBOGEN  DIOXIDE ABSORPTION.
J. lir Pollution Control  Assoc. 15,  (5)  204-6, May 1965
(Presented at the Siith Conference on  Methods  in  Air
Pollution  Studies,  California Dept. of Public  Health,
Berkeley,  Calif., Jan. 6-7, 196U.J


The absorption efficiencies of six, 10-, 13-,  and 60-turn
spiral columns were studied using  half-strength  and  modified
                           D. Measurement Methods                      339

-------
Saltzman reagents.  The 60-turn column  was  100*  efficient  at  all
air and liquid flow rates using half-strength  Saltzman reagent.
The 13-tnrn column was 100% efficient at  an  air  flow rate  of  290
ml/min using half-strength Saltzman  reagent  and  at  both 290
and 500 ml/,in using modified Saltzman  reagent.   The results  of
the study have led to the adoption of 13-turn  spiral contact
columns together with the use of modified Saltzman  reagent for
all State operated N02 monitoring instruments.   (Author
sunmary) ##

C3100

I. Potter   S. Duckworth
FIELD EXPEEIENCE WITH THE HAST OZONE  RECORDEE.    J.  Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 15,  (5)  207-9,  May  1965  (Presented
at the Sixth Conference on  Methods  in Air  Pollution  Studies,
California Dept. of Public  Health,  Berkeley,  Calif.,  Jan.
6-7, 196it.)


The practical necessity for continuous air monitoring by an
instrument network is explained-  Network  criteria  are listed.
A coulometric monitoring system for oxidants  is described  and
evaluated.  Operating method, calibration  techniques, costs,
and comparative field data  are given,.   The authors  conclude  the
coulometric system is feasible for  operation  on a widespread basis.
Attractive features include:  portability;  remote  recording;  easy
installation; centralized,  coincident calibration of  several
monitors; linear data output; data  consistent with  other systems;
and a potential for mobile  use in horizontal  and  vertical  surveys
of the atmosphere.  (Author abstract)##


03103

J., Harkins  s.H. Nicksic
STUDIES OS THE POLE OF SULFUR DIOXIDE  IN  VISIBILITY  REDUCTION.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.  15,  (5)  218-21,  Bay  1965.


Highly sensitive radiotracer techniques  were  used  to see  if  the
sulfuric acid nist from sulfur dioxide oxidation allows  the
incorporation of organic matter.  Tagged  organic compounds were
irradiated with and without sulfur  dioxide.   Hhen  the aerosol
was filtered off, no radioactivity  was found  on  the  filter paper
showing the absence of organic matter  and the lack of sulfur
dioxide synergisir.  (Author abstract)*!


03112

E.5.  Stephens  KnA. Price
A SIAECB FOB SOHE NITEO-OLEFINS IN POLLUTED  AIR.    J.  Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 15,  (7) 320-2, July  1965.
340               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIOANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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in  electron  capture  chromatographic method of detecting  nitro-
ethylene and 1-nitro-1  propene was developed and applied to  ambient
air samples, photolyzed propene/nitrogen dioxide mixtures  and
auto exhaust.   No  trace of either compound was found in
ambient air  or  in  the  photolyzed mixtures.  The detection  limit
»as estimated to be  1  ppb.  A single sample of auto exhaust  showed
several small peaks  which, if attributed to nitro-olefin,
would amount to insignificant traces.   (Author abstract)##
03159

J, J. Kelley, Jr.  and D. F. Heaver
CABBONDIOXIEE AND OZONE IN THE ARCTIC ATHOSPHERE.,   Proc..
Alaska Sci. Conf., 16th, 1966.  pp.  151-68.
   CFSTI.DDC   AD 638035
Atmospheric carbon dioxide and ozone were continuously  monitored
at the North Meadow Lake field station  of the  Arctic Research
Laboratory near Barrow, Alaska beginning in  January, 1965.
Atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements were resumed after a
fifteen month lapse resulting from  the  interruption of  an earlier
program by a severe storm in October,  1963.  The  continuous
observation of ozone near the ground was added to the general
licrometeorological and microclimatological  studies at  North
meteorological phenonena.##
Meadow Lake to determine the concentrations  and fluctuations of
ozone in the Arctic atmosphere and  its  relation to other
03205

D,. Epstein.


DETECTION  AND PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION IN THE USSP.
Detection  et prevention de la pollution atmospherigue en  U.B.S.
S. Pollut.  Atmos.  (Paris)  8, (31) 273-83, Sept.  1966.


The problems of the  toxic amounts of air pollutants  (CO,  S02,
H2SOI1,  NO,  and 3,  t-benzopyrene) are described and the
criteria  for standardization in Russia given..  The methods  for
detecting  toxic proportions of these pollutants  are  given in
detail, the techniques used for animal experimentation, and studies
of the  tests applicable to mankind and the techniques of  applying
them are  described in particular.  The paper mentions that  since
chronaxie  was judged insufficiently sensitive, the Soviet authors
resorted  to electroencephalographic methods which reveal  an
electrocortical reflex for snail amounts of polluting agents.
These tests involving instantaneous maximum admissible
concentration are  supplemented by statistically  analyzed
experiments on animals.  (Author summary) ##
                          D. Measurement Methods                      341

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03218

J. Krizek.


DETEBMINATION OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN SMALL CONCENTRATIONS,
(Stanoveni nizkych koncentraci kyslicniku.)   Chera  Prumysl
(Prague)  16,  (9) 558-9, 1966.  Czech..  (Tru)  (Translated  as
JEBS-R-8583-D.)


The author revises the polarcgraphic and colorimetric  method for
determining nitrogen oxides.  He finds  that  improper
composition of the absorption solution  is responsible  for  the
biased ^systematically lower) experimental results;  potassium
nitrite,  formed if the gas  is absorbed  in 0.. 1N  KOH solution
containing H202, decomposes in acid medium during  further
operations.,  He therefore recommends using the  H202 solution for
absorption with subsequent  alkalization before  the sample is boiled
down..  He discusses the applicability and suitability  of methods
for determining N02 which utilize the formation of azo dyes.##

03231*

K, So Tipson,  A. Cohen,  and A* J. Fatiadi


AIR POLLUTION STUDIES.   National Bureau of  Standards,
Washington, DUC.  (NBS Technical Note 405) 1-28,  1966


The oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons  is described.
Results are reported for the oxidation  of naphthalene, anthracene,
phenthrene, pyrene, and perylene with a variety of oxidants.
Oxidation products are identified where possible..   The results
obtained with periodic acid as an oxidant are particularly
noteworthy.,   Studies of photooxidation  of the polycyclic
hydrocarbons on silica gel, alumina, soil, and  air-borne
particulate matter have revealed, for each hydrocarbon,  products
that may arise in contaminated air under smog conditions.
(Author abstract)##

03245

S. yanagisawa,  N. lamate,  S. Smitsuzawa,   and M., Mori


CONTINUOUS DETERMINATION OP HITHIC OXIDE AND  NITROGEN  EIOXIBE IN
THE ATMOSPHERE.    Bull. Chem« Soc., Japan  (Tokyo)  39,  (10)
2173-8, OCT. 1966


Continuous determinations cf nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide in
the atmospheric air by the  use of modified Saltzman  reagent is
described.,  Measurement was made intermittenly, once every  30
min,, by an automatic continuous analyzer equipped with  a
single-path colorimeter.  The response  of the analyzer was
obtained as an average of the concentration  of  nitroqen  oxides
over a period of 25 min.  Two bubblers  were  used  for absorbing
nitrogen oxides into the modified Saltzman reagent,  whose
342               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
transmittance  was measured for the determination:  One bubbler  was
designated  to  obsorb nitrogen dioxide, and the other, nitric  oxide
plus nitrogen  dioxide after the oxidation of the nitric oxide by
permanganate.   The oxidizing efficiency of the permanganate was
96-100  per  cent.   The acetic acid in the Saltzman reagent was
replaced  with  n-propyl alcohol in the modified Saltzman reagent;
the spontaneous coloration and corrosive quality of the reagent was
decreased by this substitution.  The concentration of nitric  oxide
was obtained from the difference between the two responses of the
analyzer, while the concentration of nitrogen dioxide could be
read directly  from the recorder.  The transmittance ratio method
was applied to the measurements.,  Accurate determinations were
possible  even  at high blank values.  The reagent was used
repeatedly  by  cycling it on the basis of measuring the difference
in coloration  before and after the absorption of nitrogen oxides.
The analyzer could be used for a long period without changing the
reagent.   (Author summary)##

03295

T. Tokiwa,   B» P. Tamplin,  and J. A. Nadel.


HONITOBING  HUMAN EXPOSURES TO SULFUB DIOXIDE IN A BODY
P1ETHYSMOGBAPH.    J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (3)
96-8, Mar.  1965.   (Presented at the Sixth Conference on
Methods in  Air Pollution Studies, California Dept. of Public
Health, Berkeley, Calif., Jan. 6-7, 196U.)


Me have demonstrated a method by which one can produce an S02
contaninated atmosphere, expose man to this atmosphere while
maintaining the S02 concentration at a given level, and measure
the concentration with less than a one minute lag time-  Safety of
the subject is assured.   The body plethysmograph can be used
simultaneously as a pulmonary function measuring device and as  an
exposure  chamber.#f

03296

B. B. Heg  and L., G. Hayne-


JDTOHATIC ANALYSES OF CERTAIN ENZYMES OF SMOG EXPOSED ANIMALS.
Preprint.  (Presented at the Sixth Conference on Methods in
Air Pollution  Studies, California Dept. of Public Health,
Berkeley, Calif., Jan. 6-7, 196K.)


The work  reported in this paper is part of an extensive
investigation  into the effects of Los Angeles air pollution on
laboratory  animals.  Assays described include the enzyme
activities  of  the sera and tissues of rabbits, rats, guinea pigs,
and chicks.  These studies were initiated to examine the effects
of continuous  exposure to the relatively low concentration of
irritants in the Los Angeles smog.  In progress are studies of
assay procedures for any other possible pollutant-sensitive
substance of the living organism.  The effect of psychological
stress  on enzyme activities, either alone or together with smog
exposure  is being measured as part of the experimental protocol,. ##
                          D. Measurement Methods                      343

-------
C3350

E. Langberg


MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC EXTINCTION AND  LIGHT  SCATTERING
FUNCTION. Part II.  Apparatus for  Measurement  of
Atmospheric Extinction  (Final rept.).,   Eicon Lab.,  Inc.,
Salem, Mass.  (Kept. No™ R-5-66-1) 82 pp.,  July  1966
   CFSTI, DEC   637 796


The objective was to build and test an  ultraviolet  polar
nephelometer and extinction meter.  The  nephelometer  is capable of
automatically measuring the angular scattering function of air
at 1 wavelength regions for conditions  ranging from pure  air to
dense haze.  The extinction meter  is capable of  automatically
measuring the extinction coefficient of  air at one  wavelength for
conditions ranging from pure air to dense  haze conditions.  Both
systems are self-calibrating so that only  A minimum of  periodical
calibrating is necessary.##

03402

03102
M. Fossard,  R.  G. Rinker,  Wu H.  Corcoran


DETERMINATION OF SHALL QUANTITIES  OF NITRIC OXIDE AND NITROGEN
DIOXIDE IN NITBOGEN BY GAS CHRCMATCGBAPHY.   Sm. Soc. Testing
Cater., Spec. Tech- Publ. 352, 56-9 pp., Dec.  1963.
(Presented at the Symposium on Air-Pollution Measurement
Methods, Los Angeles, Calif., Oct. 5, 1962.)


Studies were made on the determination  of  nitric oxide  (NO)
and nitrogen dioxide (N02) present at less  than  5000  ppm  by
volume in nitrogen.  The work was  a continuation of previous
studies on the quantitative analysis of  small amounts of  nitric
oxide in nitrogen by gas chromatography  using a  silica gel column.
The nature of the results suggests that  NO  and N02  are
irreversibly adsorbed in small quantities  on silica gel,.   This
strong adsorption, separate from a physical or van  3er Waals
adsorption, forais a basis for separation of small amounts
of NO and N02 subsequent to an initial  conditioning of the
silica gel with these oxides of nitrogen  (N2) ..   (Author
abstract)#*

03425

S. E.  Smith  and R. J.  Grant.
A NON-SELECTIVE COLLECTOR FOB SAMPLING GASEODS  AIR  POLLOTANTS
FINAL REPT.)   Pittsburgh Coke and Chemical Co.,,
Research and Development Dept. Dec.  15,  1958.   63  pp.


Tests of the retentive power of various  adsorbents  indicated
activated carbon is superior to silica gel and  molecular  sieves for
344               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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the non-selective  collection of air pollutant gases-  When dry  ice
is used  as  a  refrigerant on a carbon column it is possible to
collect  methane  and  all gases of lower volatility in a sample of
reasonable  size.   Certain oxidizing gases such as No, N02 and
03 appear to  react with activated carbon and must be considered
separately.   Columns of various sizes were tested over a wide
range of gas  concentrations and a column containing 55 grams of
Pittsburgh  HDL  activated carbon chosen to sample 20 liters of
air for  light contaminants.  A smaller column for operation at
room temperature containing 1,,5 grams of the same carbon may be
used ahead  of the  refrigerated column to collect CH and higher
compounds from  100 liters of air,,  A field collector kit was
designed which  affords a preliminary filtration and drying of the
air sample,  positive displacement measurement of the sample volume,
continuous  flow  measurement and mechanical pumping of the air
sample.  A  helium  flushing system for the refrigerated collector
is also  provided to remove the bulk of air adsorbed from the
sample..  Prototype columns were tested satisfactorily for
retention under  exaggerated test conditions on selected hydrocarbon
vapors.   A  few  recovery runs indicated that good recovery can be
confidently  expected after further experimental development of
recovery techniques.  (Author summary) ##


03HH9

Farmer,  J.  B.  and J. D. Hilliams


INTERSTATE  AIB  POLLUTION STUDY PRASE  II  PBOJECT EEPOHT.  III.
AIB QUALITY MEASUHEHENTS.   Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio,  National Center for Air Pollution
Control, 182p.,  Dec., 1966.  71 refs-


The development of an effective air resource management program
begins with the determination of what pollutants are in the air,
the guantity of each, and  where they  originate.  The aercmetric
network  was designed and operated to  determine the  nature and
extent of  air pollution in the Metropolitan St., Louis area.
Once the air pollution problem is defined, the emission inventory
and the  opinion surveys can be used in connection with air
quality  criteria to set the air quality  goals.  Then the
aerometric  network will be used to monitor the air  to insure the
goals are  attained.  The salient portions of this report are the
tabular  data on particulates, gaseous pollutants, and material
deterioration.**

03171*

K. M. Brown  and W. C, McCrone


DISPERSION  STAINING.  PART I - THEOKi, KE1HOD AND APPARATUS-
Microscope  Crystal Front 13,  (11), Apr.  1963.


Dispersion  staining, an optical method of imparting a colour to
transparent substances, has been applied empirically in the past to
a variety  of identification problems  particularly in the
                           D. Measurement Methods                     345

-------
industrial hygiene field.   in excellent  paper  by Cherkasov has
shown how to proceed to  make visible,  reproducible  and  strong
colours and Schmidt has  suggested  how  a  systematic  scheme for
identification might be  set up.,  The present  paper  attempts to
summarise the theory, equipment, and applications as already
published in the literature ana  then to  present  new material for
the systematic identification of transparent  substances..   (Author
abstra 3) *#
03520

B. 1= Larsen


PARAMETERS OF AEBOMETSIC MIASUBEHINTS FOE AIB  POLLUTION
RESEARCH.  Am. Ind., Hyg. Assoc, Ju 22, (2) 97-101,  Apr.
1961-


A brief description of a continuous gas  sampling  network  is
presented in which a number of air pollutants  is  to  be measured in
six United States cities beginning about mid 1961.   Parameters
are presented of aercmetric measurements from  a two  year  study of
sulfur dioxide in Louisville,  Kentucky,  to  be  related to  health
and other effects.  Six equations are developed to depict  the
freguency, duration, and air pollution dosage.   (Author
abstract)##
03527

E. 0. McCaldin
EVALUATING AIE POLLUTION PHOBLEMS  (ACCEPTABLE  EQUIPMENT  AND
PROCEDURES).    Arch. Environ. Health 2, 228-33,  Mar.  1961.


Some of the more common eguipient  used in making environmental
air quality determination, such as Hi-Volume  Samplers, Filter
Tape Samplers, Gas Samplers, and simplified monitoring
technigues, are discussed,  Hi-Volume Samplers are  frequently
used to measure suspended particulate which may  consist  of smoke,
dust, or other solids snail enough to remain  air-borne for long
periods.  This includes particulates under  100 microns in diarn,
and, for the most part, those less than 1 micron in diam.  Fiber
glass filters commonly used with this sampler  collect
practically all particulates down  to 0.3 micron  in  diam.
The sampler itself consists of a vacuum cleaner  motor with
mounting to accomodate an 8-in by  10-in filter.  Filter  Tape
Samplers are commonly used in the  field studies  and
usually are equipped with a diaphragm pump  to  draw  air through at
a rate of about 7 liters/min.  Various automatic instruments are
used for the continous collection  and recording  of  gaseous
pollutants.  However, various manual or semimanually  operated
bubbler collection trains have been used in the  majority of
gaseous measurements..  Simplified  monitoring  techniques  are
discussed in conjunction with dustfall sulfation rates,  H2S,
corrosion and fluoride sampling. #i
346               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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03537

T.  E.  Hauser,   D.  W.  Bradley


EFFECT OF  INTEHFEBING SUBSTANCES AND PBOLONGED SAMPLING  ON
THE 1,2-DI-(«-PYRIDYL) ETBYLENE METHOD FOE DETEBMINATION  OF
OZONE  IN  SIB.   Anal.  Chen., 39 (10) : 118H-1186, Aug.  1967™   t
refs.   (Presented  at  the Division of Water, Sir, and  Haste
Chemistry, 153rd  Meeting, ACS, Miami Beach, Fla. ,  April
1967.)


A new  method  for  the  sampling and analysis of ozone in the
atmosphere involves the collection of atmospheric  ozone  in a
solution  of 1,2-di-(1-pyridyl) ethylene  (PE) in glacial acetic
acid,  reaction of  the ozone with the PE via the
ozonolysis reaction to form pyridine-U-aldehyde, and
colorimetric  analysis of the resultant pyridine-H-aldehyde using
a modification of  the 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolone hydrazone
method.  This paper describes the effect of two  additional
analytical parameters on the PE method.  These parameters,
namely the effedt  of  possible interfering substances  present
in the atmosphere  and the effect of prolonged sampling time  on
final  analysis, are very inportant when any analytical procedure
is applied to the  field analysis of atmospheric  contaminants.   The
results demonstrate that the method can be used  for 21-hr, sampling
simply by increasing  the volume of absorbing solution since  there
is no  loss of collected ozone from the absorbing solution  during
a 21 hr.  sampling  period due to a possible aeration effect. t#
035421

1. Reckner,    F.,  B.  Taylor,  W. E. Scott,  H. J. Wimette


DIESEL EXHADST COMPOSITION, OECB AND EYE IERITATION
(PROGHESS BEPOBT  MAY 1, 1962 TO FEB 15, 1963.   Preprint   1963.


Further work with the two-cycle 6-cylinder V-type diesel  engine
is reported  which which covers solid and liquid particulate
emissions at various operating conditions, odor intensity and  eye
irritation observations by a human panel at three operating
conditions,  analyses of the particulate for polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons and  further analyses of the gaseous emissions by
long-path infrared and colorinetric techniques.  A  number of
polycyclic aromatic  hydrocarbons, including benzo (a) pyrene and
several other compounds with reported positive  biological activity,
have teen detected in diesel exhaust by fluorescence
spectroscopy.  The concentrations of most polycyclics were
highest from 1/2  load to 7/8 load with a sharp  decrease  from 7/8
load to full load.  The benzo(a)pyrene concentrations found in
diesel exhaust (0.6  to 7.4 micrograms per cubic meter) were
lower than the 8.5 micrograms per cubic meter recently
reported for automobile exhaust, but the diesel produced  more
benzo (a) pyrene (0.15 to 1.3 milligrams) per gallon  of fuel than
the automobile (0., 27 milligrams).  Fluorescence analyses  of new
and used lubricating oil and the rate of oil consumption  indicate
                           D. Measurement Methods                     347

-------
that the contribution of the oil  to  the  exhaust  particulate of
this engine is negligible.  Values for the  emissions of nitrogen
dioxide have been revised downward as a  result of using an
improved sampling technigue which minimizes the  oxidation of
nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide.  Of the three  engine  operating
modes studied, the odor intensities  and  eye irritation  observed by
the human panel were lowest at  the 1200  RPM-1/4  load condition.
It is believed at this time that  the eye irritation from the
exhaust can be accounted for by the  formaldehyde and acrolein
found in the exhaust-  There is no clear-cut correlation,
however, between the concentrations  of these aldehydes  and the
odor differences observed. *#

03544

B. £„ Saltzman  N.  Gilbert
MICRODETERfilNATION OF OZONE IN SMOG MIXTURES  (NITROGEN  DIOXIDE
EQUIVALENT METHOD).   Ai. Ind,, Hyg. Assoc. J.  20,  379-86,
Oct. 1959,
A new method has been presented for conveniently  and
specifically determining low concentrations of ozone  in  polluted
air, even in the presence of large amounts of other commonly
occurring oxidizing or reducing gases.  Ozone was
stoichiometrically converted to (and determined as) nitrogen
dioxide, by addition of controlled amounts of gaseous nitric
oxide to the sample air stream and allowing a short reaction
flow time,,  Better than 953! conversion was obtained in a
convenient apparatus which was developed, when 1  p. p,m.  excess
nitric oxide and forty seconds reaction time were used.   In the
short time allowed, oxidation of nitric oxide by  air  and  organic
oxidant was negligible,  Results for pure ozone were  in  good
agreement with those of an iodide reagent.  For synthetic smog
oxidant mixtures (generated by the ozone reaction with
1-hexene)  the method appeared specific for ozone, whereas the
iodide reagent also responded to organic oxidants.   (Thus the
mixture could be differentiated into two oxidant  components by
simultaneous application of the two methods.,)  Reducing  gases such
as sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide did not appreciably
interfere even in one hundred to one ratio to ozone.   The method
should make possible interesting new data for polluted air.  It
should be readily adaptable to automatic recording of ozone
in smog without interference from associated pollutants,   (Author
summary)tt


03621

03621
M, D. Thomas,  J, A- MacLeod,  P. C., Bobbins,  ?. C,,
Goettleman, R. H., Elridge,  L= H., Rogers


AUTOMATIC APPARATUS FOR DETERMINATION OF NITRIC OXIDE AND
NITROGEN DIOXIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE.   Anal. Chem. 28, 1810-6,
Dec. 1965. (Presented in part. Division of Analytical
Chemistry, Symposium on Air Pollution, 130th Meeting,
348               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
American Chemical Society,, Atlantic City, N..J.,  Sept.
1956.)


Nitric  oxide and nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere  can  be
determined continuously with automatic sampling  and  recording
apparatus-  Two special absorbers are employed for  absorption
of nitrogen dioxide in a modified Griess reagent followed  by
colorimetric recording.  One absorber measures the  nitrogen
dioxide alone;  the other measures nitrogen dioxide  plus  nitric
oxide after the latter has been oxidized by ozone,  permanganate,  or
chlorine dioxide.  Concentration limits of the instrument  range up
to about 1 p«p.B. , hut they can be considerably  extended or
reduced.  Standard error is about plus or minus  5*.,   (Author
abst*act)##
03679

A. P. Altshuller  and I,,  E., Cohen
SPECTROPHOTCMETRIC METHODS FOE C1EFINS  (COLOBIBETRIC
DETERMINATION OF CONJUGATED DIOLEFINS).   Anal. Chem.  32,  (13)
1843-8,  Deco  1960.  (Presented at the Division  of  Water,
Sewage,  arid Sanitation Chemistry, Symposium on  Air Pollution,
136th Meeting,  American Chemical Society, Atlantic City  N.
J., Sept.  1959.)


In a new colorimetric method conjugated diolefins  are  coupled  with
2-methoxyethanol-phcsphoric acid solvent medium.   Isoprene-type
diolefins couple to form products with strong absorption  near  190
millimicrons, while butadiene couples tc form a product  with a
maximum  near  405 millimicrons.  The intensities of these  maxima
are linearly  related to concentration between at least 0.3  and 30
uillimicrons  per ml. for isoprene-type diolefins and 20  and 200
microgram per ml.  for 1,3-butadiene.,  A 2- to 4-hour reaction
period is necessary to oltain optimum intensities.  No
appreciable interference occurs from paraffinic, acetylenic, simple
aromatic,  and most other types of olefinic hydrocarbons..   Some
aldehydes, ketones, and phenols interfere moderately.  Isoprene
has been efficiently collected and determined frcm dilute
isoprene-air  mixtures, and in several liquid mixtures  containing
various  other hydrocarbon components, including 1,3-pentadiene,
unconjugated  diolefins, and various types of mono-olefins.
(Author  abstract) *#
03680

A.  P.  Altshuller,   D.  L.  Hiller,  and S. F. Sleva
DETERMINATION  OF FORMALDEHYDE IN GAS MIXTURES BY THE
CHROMOTROPIC  ACID METHOD,    Anal. Chem., 33,  (4) 622-5,  Apr.
1961.   (Presented before the Division of Hater and  Waste
Chemistry,  138th Meeting,  American Chemical  Society, New
York City,  Sept. 1960.)
                          D. Measurement Methods                      349

-------
The modification of the chrcmctropic  acid method for formaldehyde
proposed by Best and Sen has  been investigated.   With only minor
variations, the present study  confirms  the previous findings of
reagent concentrations, color  stability of the product,  and the
stability of the reagent solution.  A much more  detailed
investigation of the possible  interference of  olefins,  alcohols,
aldehydes and ketones, aromatic  hydrocarbons,,  phenols,  and of
nitrogen dioxide has been made.  Nitrogen dioxide,  most  aldehydes
and ketones, and straight-chain  alcohols do not  interfere
significantly.  The interference of olefins and  aromatic
hydrocarbons can be largely eliminated  by the  use of appropriate
sampling conditions.   (Author  abstract)t#
03690

D. F. lender  and A. W. Breidenbach
MODIFICATION OF THE PHENOLPHTHALIN  METHOD  FCE  THE DETERMINATION OF
TOTAL OXIDANTS.   Bnal. Chem. .  35 (3) : 417-41 8,  Mar.,  1963.
(Presented at the Division of Haste  and  Water  Chemistry,  140th
Meeting, American Chemical Society,  Chicago,  111.,  Sept..
1961.,)


Atmospheric oxidants can be determined by  the  phenolphthalin
method..  This method is a modification of  the  Kastle-Meyer
technigue for detecting biological  oxidizing  substances,  copper,
cyanide, and hydrogen  peroxide,,   The phenolphthalein that is
produced from the oxidation of  phenolphthalin  can exist in a  number
of pH-dependent structures.   Three  of these  structures are shown.
Samples were taken from a 10-liter  glass chamber in connection
with another project..  An ultraviolet light  inside  the chamber
was used to irradiate  air, thereby  producing  high concentrations
of o-zone.  The color which initially devellped in the sampling
solution,, faded after  approximately  30 minutes of sampling.   This
difficulty was investigated and  a modification was  developed.
Additional studies were done  on  the  stoichiometry,  the possible
degradation of reagent during sampling,  and  the absorption
maximum,, #t


03719

A., J., Drummond  and J., J. Boche
THE MEASDBEHENT OF THE SPICTEAI  EISTBIBUTION  OF SUN AND SKY
BADIATICN BY THE USE OF COLORED  GIASS  FILTEES.    Arch.,
Beteorol., Geophys., Bioklimatol.,  Ser.  B  14, (3/4)  32fi-35,
1966.,
The current techniques for carrying  out  spectral measurements  of
sun and sky radiation by means  cf  colored  glass filters are
reviewed.  The results are discussed  of  an original investigation
into the occurrence of what are  believed to be  systematic errors
in enclosed hemispherical-filter thermopile systems, employed  in
pyranometer design.  As a result of  an analysis of a large mass of
solar spectral measurement material,  attention  was first directed
350
                  PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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to an  apparent  change in instrument sensitivity, when  operating
conditions  are  continuous over long periods.  In the experimental
investigation a group of Eppley spectral pyranometers  and
pyrhelioneters  were  used.  The study was extended to include
pyranometers open  to natural ajid forced ventilation as well as
hermetically sealed  units™   The results indicate that  the
corrections so  far established ought to be of general  application,
within practical lisitations, to the present Zppley design and,
with some modification,  to other constructions.  (Author summary
modified)f #

03727

A. P.  Jltshuller,   S. F. Sleva,  A. F. Hartburg


SEECTHOPHOTOMETBIC DETERMINATION OF OLEFINS IN CONCENTRATED
SDIFDRIC ACID.    Anal. Chen. 32, (8) 9U6-5H, July 1960.
(Presented  before  the Division of Hater, Sewage, and
Sanitation  Chemistry, Symposium on Air Pollution, 136th
fleeting, American  Chemical Society, Atlantic City, N-J.,
Sept.  1959.)


A new  spectrophotometric method for the determination  of small
quantities  of  olefins is based on the absorbance produced  in  the
300 to 310  millimicron range from their reaction with
concentrated  sulfuric acid.  The procedure is insensitive  to
ethylene under  all conditions studied and to propylene
concentrations  below 1500 p.p. nu  Propyl and higher molecular
weight alcohols react to form absorbing products at 300
millimicron..   Some higher molecular weight aldehydes,  nitrogen
dioxide, and  sulfur dioxide interfere moderately.  The method has
been applied  to the analysis of a number of two component  liquid
mixtures and  to gas mixtures containing butrenes, 1-hexene, or  1-
hexene-benzene  in  air.  The experimental evidence favors
carbonium ions  as  the absorbing species.   (Author abstract)##


03772

B. BucX  and  H. Gies
THE MEASUREMENT OF HYDROGEN SOLFIDE IN THE  ATMOSPHERE  (COMBINED
B2S AND S02 MEASDREMENT).  STAUB  {English Transl.)
(Duesseldorf)  26, <9)  27-33, Sept. 1966..  Geru  (Tr.)


Modification of a measurement method for hydrogen sulfide  in  the
atmosphere was studied by considering the following  parameters:
(1) development of a suitable scrption system,  (2) desorption and
the analytical determination of hydrogen sulfide,  (3)  limits  of
detection, and (it)  determination of the calibration  function.  It
vas ascertained that sorption of hydrogen sulfide, associated with
silver sulfide formation, occurs in sorption tubes™  Hydrogen
sulfide,  liberated from it by subsequent'treatment with  acid, is
then determined by the molybdenum blue method.   The  detection
limit lies below the detectable intensity of the hydrogen  sulfide
suell.  Since  no sulfur dioxide is absorbed in  the hydrogen
                           D. Measurement Methods                      351

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sulfide sorption tube, sulfur  dioxide determination  can  be carried
out simultaneously with hydrogen sulfide  using  the same  air
sample.t#

03795

C. E. Begeman  and J., H, Colucci


APPARATUS FOB DETERMINING THE  CONTRIBUTION  OF THE AUTOMOBILE TO
THE BENZENE-SOLUBLE ORGANIC MATTES IN AIR-   Natl.. Cancer
Inst. Monograph 9,17-57 1962.   '.(Presented at the Symposium on
Analysis of Carcinogenic &ir Pollutants,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,
Aug. 29-31, 1961_!


Part I describes condensation-filtration  systems for  collecting
particulate matter from 100 percent of the  exhaust gas and blowby
gas of a modern automobile gasoline engine  operating  in  a
dynamometer installation.  Exhaust gas flow rates for a  simulated
city-driving schedule of operation are given.   Extraction
apparatus for the recovery of  the benzene-soluble fraction is
described.,  Part II covers the  design and testing of  a mobile
unit for the collection of particulate matter from the atmosphere.
A centrifugal fan driven by an  electric motor draws air  through
a 30 x 24 x 11 1/2 in. "absolute" filter  at the rate  of  5000 cfm.
A Pitot tube is utilized to measure air flow.   Carbon monoxide
concentration is measured continuously with a nondispersive
infrared analyzer.   The equipment is installed  in a specially
adapted Step-Van truck.  (Author summary)**


03828

Pustinger, John V.


RNAIYTICAI TECHNIQUES FOB IDENTIFICATION  OF GAS-OFF PRODUCTS
FROM CJBIN MATERIALS-  In:  Proceedings of  the  Conference  on
Atmospheric Contamination in Confined Spaces:   30 March    1
April 1965, Aerospace Medical  Research Lab.,  (6570th)
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, bScontract AF 33 (657)-11305,
Proj. 6302, AHRL-TR-65-230, p.  276-295, Nov. 1965.
   CFSTI, DBC:  AD 629622


A program was initiated to identify the gas-off products from a
variety of candidate space craft materials  and  to estimate the
concentration and gas-off rates of these  potential space
contaminants..  Eventually 50 materials will be  tested and
approximately 1000 analyses will be performed.  A listing  of
general types is presented.  Some standard  procedures for
establishing minimun detection  levels are needed.  The simple
methods of weight loss from thermal degradation or olfactory
sensing, as used in the Mercury program,  will not suffice. As
shown in this study, the highly sensitive detection system of gas
chromatography and the specific identification  possible  with
supporting mass spectrometry and infrared absorption
spectrcphotometry fulfill most  criteria.  The techniques employed
in this program were developed  for application  tc survey a wide
352                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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range  of  materials.   In each material system, more optimum
instrument  conditions,  particularly gas chrcmatography operation,
could  be  established.   It is felt that with improved gas
chromatography  techniques, considerably lower detection levels  can
be established.   The  biggest problems in standardization  of
methods are sample  preparation and handling.  There are many
variables,  e.,g.,  freshness of sample, surface area, mixing, curing,
sample uniformity and changes in proprietary mixes, which can
influence the  nature  and degree of gas-off  products™  Early
results indicate  that standardization of methods for gas
chromatography  and  mass spectrometry can best be accomplished for
individual  sample types, e.g., silicone polymers, rather  than a
single comprehensive  approach.  Each system produces different
gas-off products, vhich require different analyses.  Also, the
most significant  data can te obtained when  the materials  are
evaluated in the  approximate form for final use.##

03866

J., R..  Farmer  J.  D.  Williams
INTERSTATE  AIR  POLLUTION STUDY:  FHASE II PROJECT RIPORT..  III.
BIB QUALITY MEASUREMENTS.    Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio,  National Center for Air Pollution Control.
Dec. 1966..   190  pp.


The development  of an effective air resource management
program  begins  with identification of the pollutants in  the
air, and determination of  the quantity and origin of each  type,.
The air  quality  measurement program was designed and operated
to make  these determinations in the Metropolitan St. Louis
area.  Once the  physical aspects of the air pollution problem
are defined, air—pollution-effect data and criteria as well as
opinion  surveys  can be used to set the air quality goals..
From this base,  with use of the pollutants emission inventory
the air  resource management emission control plan can be
designed.  At this stage the air quality measurement program
is used  to  monitor the air quality to assure that the goals are
attained.  In addition ot  its use in the air resource management
program, this report provides a reasonably complete list of air
guality  data in  a  form that will assist research and
program  personnel  in developing activities and attaining program
objectives. %  population  distribution map of the study  area is
provided to allow  comparison between distribution of population,
pollutants,, and  sampling measurement networks.##

03888

0. H.  Talbot
A DIFFRACTION  SIZE-FREQUENCY  ANALYZES .WITH AUTOMATIC RECORDING CF
SIZE-FREQUENCY 'DISTRIBUTIONS  ANE TOTAL AND HESPIRABLE SURFACE
SBF.AS.  J.  Sci-  Instr.  (London)  43, 744-9, Oct. 1966.


A simple non-rigorous  account of the theory of the diffraction
size-frequency  analyser,  an instrument for determining particle
                          D. Measurement Methods                      353

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size-frequency distributions,  is given.   A  vacuum  metallizing
technigue is used to obtain an opaque  diffraction  screen in which
each particle is represented by an  aperture  of  the  same  size and
shape as the projection of the particle  on  to the  screen.   It is
shown that by using illumination coherent in one  plane  it  is
possible to obtain an unambiguous length-freguency  distribution of
aperture chords parallel to the plane  of  coherence.   The
size-frequency distribution of the  apertures can  be  obtained frcm a
knowledge of their shape distribution  or  by  assuming a  shape
distribution which may be regarded  as  defining  the  particle size
parameter,.  An instrument, based on  this  theory,  which  records the
size-frequency distributions or the  total and respirable surface
areas of dust samples at the rate of 10  samples per  min  has been
developed.  The required information is  obtained  by  modulating the
far-field diffraction spectrum by means  of  wave vector  filters and
integrating the transmitted light with a  photomultiplier..   The
results are recorded either as curves  on  a  recorder  chart  or
printed out in digital form.   (Author  abstract)##


C392H

V. A. Tret'yakova


THE DETERMINATION OF 4,1"DIPRENYLMETHANE  DDSOCYANATE IN  AIH
UNDER EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS.  Hyg. Sanit.  31, (4-6) 73-5,
Apr.-June 1966.  Rr. (Tr.J
   CFSTI, TT 66-51160/1-6


Two methods are suggested for  the photometric determination of
t,t-diphenylmethane dusocyanate  (CMD).   The  first  method of
determination is based on the  reaction of DMD with  aromatic
amines and nitrites for which  the sensitivity is  1  microgram in t.2
ml and the determination error is plus or minus 7%.   The second
method of determination is based on  the  reduction  of DMD with
N02 ion.  In this case the sensitivity is 20 micrograms/5.5 ml
for photometric deterination with an FMS-56  instrument,,  with a
mean error of plus or minus t5i; the  sensitivity for  photometric
determinations by the standard series  method is 2  microgram/5.5 ml,
vith an error of plus or minus 10?.,  DMD  vapor  is  absorbed by
acetone when the air is drawn  through  two absorbing  vessels with
porous partitions cooled by ice, at  a  rate  of up  to  30  1/hr.#t
03948

G. Norwitz
A COIOEIMETEIC METHOD FOE THE  DETERMINATION  OF  OXIDES OF
NITROGEN.   analyst  (Cambridge)  91,  (1086)  553-8,  Sept.  1966.


A method for determining oxides  of  nitrogen  applied to gaseous
products derived from initiating compositions is described.
The oxides of nitrogen are  absorbed  from  the sample into
sulfuric acid, iron  (II) sulfate is  added and the  pink color is
measured.  The interference effects  of  a  number of gases such as
354               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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hydrogen  snlfide and sulfur dioxide have been investigated.   The
range  of  the  method is 0.005 to 55! of oxides of  nitrogen,
calculated  as nitrogen dioxide.. ##
03965

M.  J.  Boldue   and F-  K.  Severs
I MODIFIED  TOTAL COMBUSTION AHA1YZEB FOB USE IN SOURCE  TESTING
SIR POLLUTION.   Air Eng.  7, (8) 26-9, Aug.  1965.,
(Presented  before the Division of Hater, Air, and  Waste
Chemistry,  149th National fleeting, American Chemical
Society,  Detroit, Mich...  Apr,  it-9, 1965.)


The development of a Total Combustion Analyaer  (TCA)  for
portable^ on-site sampling and analysis of  combustion gases  for
hydrocarbon,  carbon monoxide,  and carbon dioxide concentrations  is
described.   The TCi was tested in comparison with  the Flame
lonization  Analyzer and Detector at three industrial  sources.
The data  collected show the TCA unit to be  reliable,  accurate
and capable of  on-site use..**
03966

H.  J.  Boldue,   B.  Kn  Severes,  and G. L. Brewer
TEST PBOCEDUBES  FOR EVALUATION OF INDUSTRIAL FUME CONVEETEES
(SAMPLING  AND  ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES BEVIEWED IOR).   Air  Eng.
8, (2)  20-3, Feb.  1966.,   (Presented at the 58th  Annual Meeting,
Jir Pollution  Control Association, Toronto, Canada,  June
20-2U,  1965-)


The purpose for  development of the source testing outline  was  to
permit  systematic  evaluation of air pollution control eguipment
on gaseous organic fume streams.  Data were obtained to  fulfill
the following  objectives of the source outline:   (1) Determination
of combustible emission and conversion efficiency.   (2)
Determination  of particulate matter emissions.   (3)
Identification of  specific emissions by laboratory  analyses.   (4)
Determination  of the odor concentration of the effluent  stream in
conjunction with these objectives of source test measurements,  the
outlined  program was to include:  (5) A method to check
credibility of sampling and analyses.  (6) A technique for future
monitoring of  the  control equipment performance.  Source  tests
were conducted on  catalytic fume converter units located  on  a
netal-coating  oven, a varnish-cooking kettle, a  phthalic  anhydride
plant and  a wire-coating oven.  Sampling procedures, analytical
techniques and developed equipment are discussed.   The results of
each of the evaluations cf the catalytic fume converters  are
presented.#*
                           D. Measurement Methods                     355

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03979

F- Schulze


VERSATILE COMBINATION OZONE ANE SOIIUE DIOXIDE ANALYZER.
Anal. Chenu 38, J6) 748-52, May 1966..


A combination analyzer has been devised to overcome  mutual
interference due to coexistence of czone and sulfur  dioxide in the
atmosphere.  The measurement principle involves liberation
of iodine from an iodide solution by ozone in one channel, and
consumption of iodine by sulfur dioxide in a second  channel.  The
iodine concentration is measured ampercmetrically.   The
system is standardized by means of coulometrically generated
iodine.  Sodium iodide reagent is circulated continuously by
a two-channel metering pump through a bed of nylon fiber
which removes free iodine quantitatively; thus, reagent is
regenerated, no replenishment is required, and
integrity of the reagent is ensured.  Ozone is preferentially
removed from air entering the sulfur dioxide channel by filtering
through a bed of ferrous sulfate crystals.  Sulfur dioxide
is removed from the ozone channel by filtering through a bed
of quartz chips soaked in a solution of chromium trioxide in
aqueous phosphoric acid.  The important advantages of the
instrument are rapid response, high sensitivity, ease of
standardization, and capacity fcr unattended operation.  (Author
abstract)*#
OH018

H.. Strathmann  and H. Buck
MEASUREMENT OF NITBOGEN DIOXIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE.   Messung
von stickstoffdioxid in der atmosphare.  Intern. J.  Air
Hater Pollution 10, <5) 313-26, May  1966.


Dp to the present time there has been  no standard  process for
determining nitrogen dioxide in the  atmosphere.  Saltzman process
is suitable both for discontinuous,  continuous  and  recording
measurements, according to international experience  to date.  The
chemical reaction mechanism which forms the basis  of this process
is, however, still so obscure that different interpretations and
calculations of the research findings  are made.  The behaviour of
gaseous nitrogen dioxide towards reaction solution  in comparison
with the calibration of the process  with sodium  nitrate  was
investigated.  It was found that, contrary  to the  classical
conceptions, 0-5 tl of sodium nitrate are not equivalent  to 1 H
of N02, nor, contrary to Saltzman's  view, are 0..72  «, but 1
B of N02 corresponds to 1 M of N02 ions from sodium nitrite.
The calibration factor for a calibration function  established uith
sodium nitrite thus has no value different  from  1,  contrary to
previous conceptions.  After calculation of the  limit of
detection and the reproducibility, the disturbing  influences of
foreign substances were investigated,  with  special attention to the
behaviour of NO-N02 mixtures.  Discontinuous N02 emission
356               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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neasurements  can  now be carried cut at intervals of  10  min-  using a
special  sampling  vessel with an air flow rate of 60  liters/hr.
(Author  abstract  modified) **
04029

E. Sawicki,   C,.  E.  Engel,  and H. C,, Elbert


CHBOMA10GBAPHIC  LOCATION AND COICBIMETBIC  DETERMINATION OF
BEBCAETANS,  PROLINES AND TREE RADICAL  PBECUBSOBS  „   Talanta,
Vol. 1«,  p.  1169-1O8, 1967.  19 refs.


A new reagent is introduced for the colorimetric  determination of
free radical precursors, such as cysteine,  proline,  hydroxyproline,
the phenoxazine  family, and mercaptans.  7,7,8,8-
Tetracyanoquinodimethan  (TCNQ) is also  useful  in  the location
and characterization on paper or thin-layer  chromatograms of
proline,  hydroxyproline, cysteine,  polynuclear compounds,
nercaptans,,  thiocarbonyl amides, and thiosemicarbazones.   In
addition,  amino  acid derivatives, such  as  the  N-
(phenylthiocarbamyl) amino acids and the 3-phenylthiohydantoins,
can be located and  characterized on chromatograms.   TCNQ has  been
applied to the location and characterization of atmospheric
proline,  carbazole, and 11 H-benzo (a) carbazole..   For
characterization purposes absorption spectra were obtained directly
from glass-fiber, paper, or thin-layer  chromatograms from about
300 to 900 millimicron.  (authors"  abstract)##
OUOftO

E. J. Schulz,   B.  A. Euffee,  P. I. Mitchell,   and  E.  V.
Ungar
A TBACER TECHNIQUE TO MEASURE DEPOSITION OF  STACK  EMISSIONS..
An. Ind. Hyg.  Assoc.  J. 21.,  (5)  313-9, Oct.  1960.


The uranine tracer technique is a useful tool  in the
quantitative measurement of the particulate  deposition  rate of
industrial emission,,   The variable decompositions  of  uranine
solutions exposed to  the atmosphere in dust-fall containers
prevents the use of dust-fall jars as sampling  devices.   Eased
on the laboratory study, uranine can be dispersed  as  a  tracer
into stack at  stack-gas temperatures up to 600  F without
decomposition.   Hith  direct stack injection, losses  of  tracer in
the stack must be determined for each application™   In  using
uranine it is  mandatory that background fluorescence  be  determined
in the area to be investigated.   However, the  technique  is not
linited to uranine.  Any soluble material that  satisfies the
requirements of a tracer can be employed with  this methcdot#
                           D. Measurement Methods                     357

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04044

B. V. Doughty  and B. 0. Erisman


J RELIABLE LCW COST INSTBUKENT  IDE  EiTSBKINING ATMOSPHERIC
CXIEANT LEVELS.  J. Air Pollution Control  Assoc.,  11 (9): 128-
430, Sept. 1961.   (Presented at the  54th  Annual Meeting,  Air
Pollution Control Association,  New  York City,  June 11-15,
1961.)


The quantitative measurement of atmospheric  ozone  or  oxidants in
many communities are carried out ty  rutter  cracking  methods.
These methods have advantages such  as  simplicity and  low  cost.
However, the results obtained may vary considerably  depending
upon the experience and interpretative abilities of  the  operator.
Ihis paper is concerned with the improvement of the  rubber
cracking method ty removal of the element  of varying  individual
jud-gment, thereby increasing the accuracy  and  reliability  of the
method and permitting a more valid  comparison  of the  data
produced by different operators.  After investigating  various
techniques, a method similar tc that used  by the B.  F.  Goodrich
Czonometer was selected as the  basis for  this  study.   This method
measures the differential creep in  a standard  strip  of  rubber, CDS
half of which is exposed to the atmosphere  and the other  half of
which is protected.  Constant stress is maintained in  both halves
of the rubber strip by a pulley located at  the median  point o± the
strip.  Oxidant induced creep is measured  by the degree  of
rotation of the pulley.  A schematic diagram of the  instrument is
presented.  It is firmly believed that the  instrument  described ir.
this paper can provide accurate, low-cost  measurement  of
cumulative oxidant levels.  The simple, virtually  foolproof
operation of the instrument eliminates the  need for  trained
personnel and frequent maintenance.   The  instrument  requires no
power source and this is readily applied  to  field  sampling at
isolated sites.##
04150

V. A. lozenas  and S. P. Kuznetsov
PHOTOELECTRIC SPECTROPHOTOMETEF FOB  ATMOSPHERIC  OZONE
OBSERVATIONS.  D.S.S.H. Literature on  Air Pollution  and
Belated Occupational Diseases, B., S., Levine,  Vol.  13.
(Part I - Atmospheric Ozone,  Results  of U.S.S..R.
International Geophysical Year Studies  Presented at  the  Oct..
28-31, 1959 Conference.  Reports and Resolutions.,)  pp.  9-11,,
1961..  Buss.,  (Tr..)
   CFSTI:  TT 66 62191


The design of a spectrophotometer, based on  a double quartz
Bonochromator for measuring  spectral intensity of  zenith scattered
solar light,  is described.   This instrument  measures variations in
the ratio of  spectral intensities of solar  light scattered  from
the zenith in a cloudless sky in daytime, 10  minutes before
sunrise and 10 minutes after sunset.##
358               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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014151

J.  S»  Eritayev


CHEMICAL  OZONE  CONTENT DETERMINATION.  U.S..S.B. literature
on  Air Pollution and Belated Occupational Diseases,  B.  S.
levine Vol.  13.   {Part I - Atmospheric Ozone-  Results  of
n.s.S.B.  International Geophysical Year Studies
Presented at the Oct.  28-31, 1959 Conference.  Reports  and
Resolutions.) pp.  11-21.  1961.  Buss.  (Tr.,)
   CFSTI:  TT 6662191


Direct chemical  ozone  measurement in the lower atmospheric  layers
enabled the exact  fornulaticn of boundary conditions for vertical
ozone  distribution and, in particular, refinement  of ozone
concentration calculations in the upper atmospheric  layers  based on
ground spectrometric data.  Furthermore, it was possible to use
tropospheric ozone observations in computing  vertical wind  motion,
turbulence,  transfer coefficients, to study relationship fcetween
ozone, cloudiness, and precipitation, etc.  Development and
construction of  the electrochemical ozonometer and chemical ozone
radiosonde stimulated  and advanced the use of chemical  and
electrochemical  methods.**
01153

I.. Osherovich  and S.  F.  Radionov
SOHE PHOTOELECTRIC OZONOKETEB TYPES.,  U. S. S.  B.  Literature
on Air pollution and Belated Occupational Diseases,  B.  S»
Levine,  Vol.  13.  '(Part I — Atmospheric Ozone.   Results of
O.S.S.R., International Geophysical Year Studies Presented
at the Oct.  28-31, 1959 Conference.  Reports  and  Besolutions .)
pp. 50-7.   1961.  Russ. (Tr.)
   CFSTI:   TT 66 62191
Result of research in attainient of higher  accuracy  in
ozonometry is presented.  Two types of ozonometers,  consisting of
following three basic units are proposed:   (1)  A  system  for
discriminating comparatively narrow spectral  intervals  in the
3100-3300 A and 4000-5000 A regions in some cases;  (2)  An
electrophotometer; and  (3) A device for  aiming  the  ozonometers at
an extraterrestrial light source.##


OM157

G. P., Gushchin
A METHOD  FOB  COMPUTING TOTAL ATBOSPHEBIC OZONE MEASUREMENTS  MADE
HITH  LIGHT  FILTER EQUIPPED INSTRUMENTS.  U.S.S-P.,
Literature  on Air Pollution and Belated Occupational  Diseases
, B.  S. Levine,  Vol.,  13.   (Part I - Atmospheric Ozone.
Results of  D.S.S.R.  International Geophysical Year  Studies
                           D. Measurement Methods                     359

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Presented at the Oct. 28-31, 1959 Conference.   Reports  and
Resolutions.)  ppu 101-6.  Suss.  (Tr.)
   CFSTI:  IT 6662191


The developed method for computing  total atmospheric  ozone  can be
used in association with instruments  equipped  with  glass  and  other
filters.  The construction of the ozone nomogram  is based on
equations and the nethod eliminates aerosol introduced  errors,,
The proposed ozone nomograi simplifies and facilitates
computations.**


014160

G. P., Gushchin
ISO IHPOBTAST FEATURES OF OZONCHETEIC INSTBUHENTS.
U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Belated
Occupational Diseases, B. S. Levine, Vol.  13.   ((Part I -
Atmospheric Ozone.  Besults of U,,S,,S.R. International
Geophysical Year Studies Presented at the  Oct.  28-31, 1959
Conference.  Reports and Resolutions.) pp.  126-31.   1961., Russ.
(Tr.)


Experiments were conducted for the purpose of explaining the
effect of the instrument's solid angle on  the measured ozone
quantity.,  The first experiment was to determine  the
functional relation of the ratio between two filter  readings to the
solid angle of the universal ozonometer at different solar
elevations-  The second experiment was to  determine  the functional
relationship of reading ratio 11/12 to altitude above sea level
in using instruments having different solid angles at same  solar
elevation.  The solid angle of an optical  ozonometric instrument
must be small.  Its magnitude should be less than 6  degrees at
least in two-dimensional coordinates.  A solid  angle in excess
of 10 degrees introduces an additional error in ozone
measurements which is associated with atmospheric light
scattering.  The larger the solid angle and the lower the solar
elevation at the time of the measurements,  the  greater the  error.
Czonometric instruments should be provided with means for
compensating errors due to temperature.  Temperature errors in
filter-equipped ozonometers reflected the  dependence of filter
transmissivity on temperature.  (Author conclusions  modified) ##
01162

A. A. Znamenskii
COMPARISON OF OZONOMETBIC INSTHDMEN1S MADE  AT THE  BAIN  A.  T.
VOEIKOVO GEOPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY.  UuSnS.R. Literature  on
Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, B.  S.
Levine, Vol. 13-  (Part I - Atmospheric  Ozone.   Results of
n.S.S-R. International Geophysical Year  Studies
Presented at the Oct., 28-31, 1959 Conference.  Reports  and
Resolutions.)  pp. 134-UO.,  1961. Russ.  (Tr.)
360               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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A comparative study of ozonometric instruments showed  that  values
obtained  in  determining total atmospheric ozone simultaneously  by
different instruments deviated from those recorded by  the Dobson
spectrophotometer by as much as 23%.  Total atmospheric  ozone
curves plotted from data obtained by different instruments
exhibited a  general parallelisu with an occasional departure.
The comparative study established that a universal ozonometer
was the most suitable instrument for measuring total atmospheric
ozone at  all points of a station network.  ill stations  of  an
ozonometric  network should be equipped with identical  instruments,
preferably of the above described universal type.  Parameters  of
calibrated instruments should he left unchanged, so that the same
instruments  can be used as the standard in future comparative
studies of the instruments" stability with time.  It is
recommended  that nomograus be used by all stations of  an
ozonometric  network for simplification and acceleration  cf  data
processing.   Standardization of ozonometric instruments  should  be
done in regions where clear air and favorable weather  conditions
predominate.  (Author conclusions modified) t#

04169

P.. F. Svistov
CHEHICA1 DETERHINATION OF GBCOND LAYIB OZONE  AT VOEIKOVO.
D.S.S.B. Literature on Air Pollution and Belated
Occupational Diseases, B. S. levine. Vol. 13.   (Part II
Atmospheric Ozone.,   Data Presented at the Hay  21-23, 1963
Conference on Atmospheric Ozone.J pp. 2213-20..  1965. Puss.,
(Tr.,)
   CFSTI:  TT6662191
Several methods of chemical ozone determination in  atmospheric
air were tested™  In one method the amount  of  ozone was  calculated
on the basis of conductometric potassium iodide titration  results
before and after air aspiration..  The second method,  which  is
described in greater detail, was based on ozone density
determination by difference between iodine  content  in the
potassium iodide before and after air aspiration..   The iodine is
extracted with chloroforu and its color intensity determined
photocolorimetrically. t#

04170

K. I., Bomashkina
METHODS FOE THE CALIBBATION OF ZENITHAL AND LDNAB UNIVEESAL
OZONOMETEB ASSEMBLIES.   D.S.S.B., literature on  Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, B.  S.  Levine,
Vol»  13.   (Part II - Atmospheric Ozone.  Data Presented  at
the Hay 21-23,  1963 Conference on Atmospheric Ozone.)  pp.
220-5.   1965 Buss. (Tr.(
   CFSTI: TT 6662191
The proposed method of calibrating zenithal and  lunar
observations is essentially an empirical one.  Seme  of  the
                          D. Measurement Methods                     361

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assumptions on which it is based lack verification.   Therefore,
the accuracy of determining total ozone  determination on the
basis of zenithal and lunar observations is  below  the accuracy
of solar observations™  The use of  these data  must be approached
more cautiously, especially in research  studies.   Nevertheless,
this method can be used advantageously in conducting  continuous
observations of total atmospheric ozone. f#
04223L

A.  Belon,  N. Brown,  G, Cresswell,  C. Deehr,   G.
Bomick,  and H. Tryon
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY OF ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS  {TECHNICAL
SDMHARY SEPT.,).  Alaska Dniv. , Geophysical  Inst.  Har,  15,
1966.,  154 pp.


A scanning spectrophotometer  equipped  with  a  S-1  sensitive
photomultiplier has been used to obtain  auroral spectra  in  the
wavelength region 6400A to 9700A.,  Emissions  of neutral  and
singly ionized molecular nitrogen, molecular  oxygen, hydroxyl,,
and atomic lines of oxygen and nitrogen  were  recorded  with  10
second scan times and 20A resolution.  A comparison of
relative intensities of several vibration bands of  the N2 1PG
system averaged over several  scans with  theoretical intensities and
previously observed intensities reveals  no  evidence of selective
excitation.  A similar analysis of the Heinel N2  bands also
shows no evidence of selective excitation except  possibly for the

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Bj utilizing  radioelectronic Beans, ionization methods of
deternining atmospheric pollutants ensure reliability, high
precision  and rapid automatic recording of results.  The prospects
for using  these nethods are assessed and their theoretical
principles are examined.   The uethods included are:
thernoionization,  photoionization, electric discharge,
radioactivity ionization, argon ionization, electron capture, and
nass spectrometry.f*
01281

J. F,  Griffiths  and H.  J. Griffiths
A BIBLIOGBAPHY OF HESO- AND MICBO-ENVIBONMENTAL INSTRUMENTATION.
Texas Agricultural and Mechanical Univ., College Station
Dept. of Meteorology.   (Technical Note 13-EDS 2.)  July
1966.,
   CFSTI:   PB 173 088
In the past, the meteorologist has been generally concerned  with
the gross features of the atmosphere, measured with instruments
of relatively coarse sensitivity.  Today, and in the future,  the
environmental scientist is and will be concerned with measurements
of the meso- and micro-environment.  since it will often  be
impossible to use standard neteorological instruments,  he  will
either have to turn to specialized equipment and personally
constructed instruments, or will have to modify commercially
available apparatus.  This bibliography was prepared in
anticipation of these needs and is intended to guide the  researcher
to pertinent subject references.  The bibliography is not
coapletely comprehensive, but concentrates on the lower atmosphere
and the upper layers of the soil.ft
01328

E. Sawicki,   M.  Guyer,  and C. B. Engel


PiPEB AND THIN-LAYER ELECTBOPHOBETIC SEPARATIONS OF  POLYNUCLEflB
AZA HETEBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS.   Preprint.  1967.


A large number of polynuclear aza heterocyclic compounds  have
been separated by paper and thin-layer electrophoresis.   The
pherograms were  scanned fluorimetrically.   Many of  the  separated
compounds were capable of being characterized and assayed by  the
scanning procedure.  Analysis by fluorimetric scanning  of the
pherograms was much more selective when the appropriate excitation
and emission wavelengths were used.  Samples of urban airborne
particulate  can  be separated and analyzed with the  help of paper
or thin-layer electrophoresis.   (Author abstract)*#
                           D. Measurement Methods                     363

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01105

0. Cucchiara,  B. Bex,  T» Conaghue


THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INSTBDHF.NT FOE THE  DETECTION  OP HAZARDOUS
VAPORS.   Paraietrics, Inc., Haltham,  Hass.   (Technical
Sept. No. AFAPL-TR-65-50.)  June 1965.  51  pp.
   DDC, AD 165091

A prototype model of an instrument which  is  capable of detecting
low concentrations of hydrogen, fluorine  and fluorine-containing
oxidizers was developed.  The instrument  provides an audible
alarm within three to five seconds after  exposure tc near  hazardous
concentrations of these gases.  The alarm concentrations are
either 0.5% or 1.0% hydrogen, and .025  ppm  of fluorine, chlorine
trifluoride or oxygen difluoride-  Other  detection  levels  (both
higher and lower) could be set if required.   The basis of  this
technique is that the loss of radioactivity  of  a kryptonated
honolog upon reaction with a gas is proportional to the
concentration of the reacting gas.  The instrument  is portable,
simple to operate, and reiable.  The instrunent incorporates the
technique of radiochemical exchange using kryptonates.
Selectivity is achieved by the utilization  of different
kryptonated sources for the various gases.   Other gases can be
detected with this instrument by using  appropriate  kryptonate
hcmologs.  (Author abstract) *#


01158

J.. L. Fergason,  N« N. Goldberg,  C. H. Jones,  H.  S-
Bush,  !„ C. Scala,,  and F. Davis


DETECTION OF LIQUID CEYSTAL GASES  (REACTIVE  MATERIALS).
Sestinghouse Electric Corp., Pittsburgh,  Pa., Research
Labs,,   (Technical Rept. No. RADC-TR-61-56 9.)  Aug.  1965.
127 pp.
   DDC, AD 620 910

The purpose was  to determine whether reactive liquid crystals
could be developed that would detect  1  to 10 ppm  of certain gases.
Satisfactory materials  were produced to detect  hydrazine  hydrate
 (HR) ,unsynmetrical dimethylhydrazine  (UDMH) , N02, HN03, HF,  and
HCI.  With the exception  of HCI  and HF, all of  the  gases
conld be readily distinguished from one another.  Temperature-
sensitive detectors were  developed  which  are capable of
distinguishing between  HH and UEMH  at  concentrations of  8
ppm.,  A number of  detectors were developed  that respond  to the
oxides  of nitrogen, and detection  of 6  ppm  of R02 was
satisfactorily achieved.  N20, which is relatively  inert,  was
found not to react with any of the  systems  studied.  When  oxides
of nitrogen are  present in an atmosphere  that contains any water
vapor,  HN03 will be formed.  Materials that detected 1 ppm of
HN03 were prepared and  tested.   Two detectors were  developed
that will detect  HCL  and  HF at concentrations below 1 ppir.
Bowever, no simple method for distinguishing between the  two  was
fcund.  The set  of reactive cholesteric liquid  crystals  exhibit a
change  in color  transition temperature upcn exposure to  the
contaminants-ft
364               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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04
-------
Procedures for the discriminative analysis  of  nitrogen
oxides {HO, N02, N20«, HN03 or N205J  were examined  along
with determinations of nitrite and  nitrate  and oxidation conditions
whereby NO forms nitrite or nitrate  entities.   Analyses of
nitrogen oxides in air samples of engine exhaust gas,  combustion
effluents {coal,, coal gas and kerosene) and cigarette  smoke were
also made.  NO was found together with  N02  in  varying
proportions depending on the source  and other  factors; also NO
accounted for the major part of nitrogen oxide in each sample™
HN03 was rarely detected as far as  the  samples investigated were
concerned,##


OD579

A. J. Haagen-Smit  M., F. Brunelle


THE APPLICATION OF PHENOLPHTHALIN REAGENT TO ATMOSPHERIC
OXIDANT ANALYSIS.   Intern.. J. Air  Mater Pollution  1,  51-9,
1958.

In recent years, a form of air pollution has developed which is
characterized by a strong oxidizing  effect.  For the measurement
of this effect of colorimeteric method  has  been developed,
based on the oxidation of phenolphthalin to phenolphthalein.
Good correlation has been reported  between  oxidant  determined
by this method and subjective observation,  and a comparison is
made of data obtained by different  methods.  A simple, semi-
automatic sampler is described, and  the results of  5 years of
continuous sampling are presented.   (Author abstract}##

04596

R., Smith
PBOGRAM DEVELOPMENT THROUGH  APPLYING  MEASUREMENTS AND
MCNITOBING KNOW-HOW.   Proc. Natl. Ccnf.,  Air Pollution,
Washington, D..C., 1962.  pp. 233-«5..   1963.

Author directs our attention to  the problem  of  appropriate air
quality.,  Hany large communities  are  able to deal with  the direct
nuisance problem in which there  is a  specific individual source of
pollution and some rather direct  social  or economic effects on
adjacent inhabited areas.  While  such programs  eliminate many
source of complaint, they seldom  provide  a community with an
overall air quality of a desirable nature.   Although this problem
is complex and knowledge is  imperfect, author discusses  simple
guidelines through which reasonable long-range  objectives can be
delineated.  Such objectives are  capable  of  periodic evaluation
as knowledge and techniques improve.##


01)623

E, Batijevic,,  M. Kerker,  and K., F,,  Schulz

IIGHT SCATTERING OF COATED AEROSOLS.   PART I. SCATTERING EY THE
AGCL CORES.  Discussions Faraday  Soc.  (Aberdeen)
(Scotland)   (30} 178-81),  1960.
366              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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The preparation  of silver chloride aerosols consisting  of
spherical  particles of narrow size distribution by a condensation
technique  is described.   The particle size distribution was
determined by electron microscopy-  Excellent agreement was
obtained between the polarization ratio from light-scattering
measurements and that calculated from the particle size
distribution and theoretical scattering functions.  Since the
light scattering itself  was insensitive to particle size
distribution over a wide range of sizes studied  (radius, 200-800
lillimicrons), the determination of particle size distribution
from light scattering is not feasible for this range..   However,
there is an optimum range of size (rav equivalent ot 55.0
millimicrons)  where particle size distribution can be obtained
from light scattering.   (Author abstract)##

04635

H. F. Serat,  F. E. Budinger,  and P. K. Mueller


TOXICITI EVALUATION OF AIB POLLUTANTS BY USE OF LUMINESCENT
EACTEHIJ.    Atmos. Environ. (London) 1,  (1) 21-32, Jan-
1967,.  (Presented at the Seventh Coufreence of Methods  in Air
Pollution  Studies, Los Angeles, Calif., Jan. 25-26, 1965,,)


Cells of  a species of luminescent bacteria were treated with  a
gas stream containing products formed by the photochemical
oxidation  of cis-2-butene and NO.  Luminescence and viability
decreased  with the time of irradiation of reactants,,  The rate  of
luminescence decrease was dependent on the ratio of the initial
concentrations of cis-2-butene and NO with a ratio of giving  the
most rapid loss.  Known photochemical oxidation  products, ozone,
N02, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and PAN were examined
individually„  Aldehydes did not appear to contribute to the
decrease  in luminescence but ozone and PAN did.  Although N02
alone up  to Ou5 ppm produced no decrease, it may contribute to  the
luminescence loss in the total irradiation mixture.  The total
oxidant concentration produced upon irradiation gave luminescence
decreases  which were matched by comparable concentrations of  pure
ozone.  However, this does not isply that luminescence  losses
caused by  photochemical oxidants are due only to ozone.  A
possible  mechanism of the toxic effect and the interpretation  of
this bioassay in relation to other organisms are briefly discussed.
(Author abstract) ##

OM643

J. T. Shaw


THE MEASUREMENT  OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE IN THE AIR.   Atmos,,
Environ. 1,  (2)  81-5, Mar.  1967.


A  method for determining whether an electrolytic generator gives a
quantitative output of N02 is described.  The Hersch
electrolytic N02 generator was used to provide accurately known
weights of N02 and thus  to evaluate a calibration factor for
Saltzman's color!metrie  reagent used for the determination of the
                           D. Measurement Methods                     357

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gas.  The test confirms the value of 0.72  for  the  calibration
factor.  AD assertion that the calibration factor  is  dependent  on
the concentration of nitrogen dioxide sampled,  is  reexamined and
dismissed, the observations being re-interpreted on a simple
basis.  (Author abstract modified)t#

01667

B. K. Sharma,  D. E. McLean,  J. Bardwell


AN APPARATUS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF COMBUSTION  PRODUCTS  DETAINED
DURING THE OXIDATION OF HYDROCARBONS.   Indian  J.  Technol™
(India) 3, (7) 206-8, July 1965.


A gas chromatographic apparatus with several improved features,
permitting the analysis of complex mixtures  of  combustion  products
obtained during the oxidation of hydrocarbons  is described.  The
improved features are (1)  a sampling device  that avoids  the use of
stopcock grease and permits operation at elevated  temperatures
and pressures; (2)  six—way valves that facilitate  sample injection;
and (3) a dual-column gas chromatograph permitting separation
of compounds with widely varying boiling points.   The products
obtained by the low temperature (284 C,.} oxidation of propane and
butane have been analysed using this apparatus.  Although  the
gas chromatographic nethod is particularly appropriate for most
types of combustion products, it is less satisfactory for  certain
highly reactive products, namely hydrogen  peroxide,
formaldehyde and organic acids.  The presence  of formaldehyde
in the combustion gases has a detrimental  effect on the  gas
chromatographic analysis for certain other compounds,  notably
methanol.   (Author abstract modified)t#


OK696

M. En Morrison  and 8.  H.  Corcoran
OPTIBUK CONDITIONS AND VABIABIIITI IN USE OF PULSED VOLTAGE
IN GAS-CHEOMATOGRAPHIC DETEBMINATION OF PAHIS-PEB-MILLION
QUANTITIES OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE.   Anal. Chem. 39,  255-8,
Feb.  1967.,
The electron-capture detector has been shown  to  be  very
sensitive to compounds with high affinities for  free
electrons.  Because of the relatively high electronegativity
of the nitrogen oxides, an electron-capture detector
was studied for its applicability in the detection  of  parts-per-
million quantities of nitrogen dioxide.  With  the objective of
analyzing N02 at concentrations below 1 ppm a  plane-parallel
electron-capture detector was designed and built.   The effects
of temperature, flow rate, size cf tritium source,
voltage, and the means of applying voltage to  the plane-parallel
detector were studied.  In the study of the methods for
applying voltage, direct current and pulse modes were  used.  A
loenco 15A gas chromatograph with a Loenco 15E
electrometer was used in the study.  The plane-parallel  detector
368              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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which  was  built was similar to one described by Lovelock-
A source of approximately 180 me of tritium was used.   A
conditioned Fluoropak 80 column was operated at 22 C.   Argon  was
used as both a scavenger and carrier gas.  In the study of  the
optimum conditions of operation, 0.5-cc samples of nitrogen
containing 88.3 ppn of N02 were used.  For the d.c.  method
of operation with the plane-parallel detector, the most
sensitive  response was with a carrier flow of 10 cc  per min
of argon,  a scavenger flow of 10 cc per min, and a detector
potential  of 4.5 v.  The plane-parallel design required a
lower potential and scavenger flow for optimum response in
comparison to the ooposed-flow Barber-Colman detector
i.e. 4.5 vs. 33 v and 10 vs. 85 cc per min., respectively..
Hith the pulse mode of operation, the response of the  plane-
parallel detector was relatively independent of voltage
hetween 10 and 50 v»  The sensitivity of the electron-capture
detector operated in the pulse node was increased approximately
fourfold in the concentration region from  1 to 10 ppm  B02  when
the teaperature was decreased from 200 to  25 C, but  the effect
was not linear with temperature.  In fact, nearly all  of the
increase in sensitivity was obtained in the range from 90  to
25 C.   An  increase in the strength of the  tritium source did
increase the response for a given guantity of N02, but the  noise
level was  increased in the same proportion.  Thus, the
absolute sensitivity was not a function of source strength  as
long as a  reasonable background current could be obtained.  The
chromatographic determinations ccmpared very favorably with
chemical techniques for the analysis of N02.##

01767

G.  E.  Mast,  and H. E. Saunders


RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE INSTRUMENTATION OF OZONE
SENSING.   ISA  (Instr. Soc. Am.) Trans.  1,  (4) 325-8,
Oct. 1962.   (Presented at the Summer Instrument-Automation
Conference and Exhibit, Instrument Society of America, San
Francisco, Calif., May 9-12, 1960.)


The current status of the Hicrocoulomb Ozone Sensor  including
operating  parameters is summarized.  Its use in a continuous
sensing and recording ozone meter is described, as well as  its
application in a balloon sounding instrument.  Essentially  a
high-sensitivity device of limited scale,  it is able to
distinguish ozone in air in the range of one part per  billion.
 (Author abstract modified) #f

04769

G. N.  Plass
THE ABSORPTION OF LASEH BAEIATION AICNG ATMOSPHERIC  SLANT  PATHS.
Appl.  Opt.  5,  (1) 119-54, Jan. 1966.


The absorption of laser radiation along atmospheric  slant  paths  is
calculated  when Lambert's law is valid.  Illustrative results  are
                           D. Measurement Methods                     369

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given for absorbing gases which are distributed  uniformly
throughout the atmosphere and when the  temperature  variation  of the
line intensities and half-width can be  neglected.   These results
are then generalized to include cases of nonuniformly  distributed
gases with a temperature variation along the  path.   The effect
of the overlapping of spectral lines is studied  through the use
the Elsasser model.  Finally, it is shown that large differences
in the absorptance nay occur between corresponding  frequencies in
the red and violet wings when there is  a shift in the  position of
the line center with pressure.  This line shift  could  ideally
be studied with laser sources.  (Author abstract)##


OU796

J. E. Sigsby, Jr.,  L. J. Lage,  T- Bellar,   and H.  I.
Eisele


CHEMICAL METHODOLOGY IN AUTO EXHAUST STUDIES.    Preprint.
(Presented at the 54th Annual Meeting,  Air  Pollution Control
Association, Kew lorfc City, June 11-15, 1961-)


A major auto exhaust research project requires extensive chemical
analytical support.  Such compounds as  NO,  N02,  acrolein,  and
the individual hydrocarbons and such classes  of  compounds  as
olefins and oxidants are determined routinely.   Sampling
schedules and conditions are important  in the over-all  program.
This paper describes the specific analyses  and the  general
laboratory program that provide the greatest  amount  of
significant chemical information.  The  procedures discussed
include IB sp«ctroscopy, wet chemical analysis and  gas
chromatography.  Wet chemical analyses  are  made  for  N02, NO,
four-carbon and higher olefins, acrolein, and formaldehyde.   All
samples for wet chemical analysis are taken with bubblers.  A
Beckman Spectrophotometer, Model DU, is used  to  determine
absorbance.  For hydrocarbon analysis the gas chromatograph used
is a modified three-stage instrument.   The  first and second stages
are operated in series, using thermal conductivity  detectors  and
helium carrier gas.  The third stage operates separately with a
flame ionization detector and a silica  gel  column to determine the
higher hydrocarbons.  The first two stages  are used  in
conjunction with a double trapping system to  determine  four-carbon
and higher materials.  The utilization  of this array of testing
methods and equipment requires careful  planning, if  each experiment
is to yield maximum information-  On one occasion 50 samples  were
analyzed in a 4-hour period; this is more than one  sample  every
five minutes, and is typical of the quantity  of  data that  may be
obtained if necessary.  Normally, the reproducibility  of the
chemical results is better than 10SS..##

OU839

H- K. Stevens  and H. E, Painton
APPLICATION OF A HOT HIRE IONIZATIOS DETECTOB TO  AUTOMOTIVE
EXHAUST GAS ANALYSIS™  Micro Tell Instruments Corp. ,  Baton
Bouge, La.  Mar 17, 1967. 26 pp.
370              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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The objective was to investigate the application of a catalytic
combustion ionization detector to the determination of
hydrocarbons in automotive exhaust.  The catalytic element is a
coiled platinum hot wire of the general type used in conventional
catalytic combustion detector cells in which thermal effects are
measured.  In the present device the effect measured is the ion
current resulting from charged radicals formed during the process
of catalytic combustion.  4 major feature of this technique for
auto exhaust gas analysis is its complete selectivity to C2+
hydrocarbons in the presence of CO, H2, CH4, C02, air and
H20.  The effect of operating parameters on selectivity to
different types of hydrocarbons was examined, results are
compared to those obtained with the Flame Ionization Detector,
and typical results on actual auto exhaust samples are reported.
The CCID  (Catalytic Combustion Ionization Detector) can be
a critical component in a composite "black box" analyzer to be used
for field surveillance of automobile exhaust with regard to
emission of hydrocarbons and carton monoxide.   (Author summary
modified)**


01)857

G. Dimitriades
DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN AUTC EXHAUST.  J. Air
Pollution Control issoc.. 17, {«) 238-43, Apr,  1967.,

1 new procedure for deternining nitrogen oxides in automobile
exhaust has been developed.  The new procedure was included in a
Bureaa of Hines comparative study that aimed at evaluating
various widely used methods for determing NOx  in auto exhaust.
The methods included in the evaluation study follow:   (1) Static
oxidation in tank (ST method).  The method involves oxidation
of NO in residence with 02 in a stainless steel tank.   {2)
Bureau of Hines nethod  (BH method) .  The method involves
application of the ST procedure in exhaust samples from which
the gydrocarbons have been revoced by combustion over catalyst.
 (3) Chevron Research method  (CB method) , as described in the
literature.  (<*)  Phenoldisulfonic acid method  (PDS method) , as
described in the literature.  The principal objective of this
study was to generate experiemental evidence which would lead  to
defining an optimum procedure for converting NO, present in
exhaust gas, into N02; this conversion is desired so that the
total of NO + N02 can be determined guantitatively in the form
of N02.  In pursuing this objective, the procedures prescribed
by the foregoing methods were comparatively tested.  The results
indicated that all four methods are subject to error, the extent
of which depends on the conditions employed.   The BM method was
superior from the standpoint of accuracy because it was less
affected by interferences due to hydrocarbon-N02 reactions..
 (Author abstract)f#

Ci»880

B. C- Nevbury

THE USE OF THE CORRELATION SPECTBOHE1EH IN THE STUDY AND CONTROL
OF AIF POLLUTION.  Preprint. (Presented at the Air and  Water
Pollution Conference, Sacramento, Calif., Feb. 2-3, 1967.)
                           D. Measurement Methods                     371

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The Barringer Correlation Spectrometer is a highly specific
instrument offering great advantages in pollutant monitoring:   (1)
It is a physical neasureaent and does not require frequent renewal
of reagent solutions;  (2) It can operate through a wide  range of
temperature: it does not require constant temperature enclosures,
or even protection from freezing;  (3) It requires no pumps or
valves.  The passive model requires power only for the
electronics and reaote operation using solar cells if possible;
and (1) The basic instrument is suitable for a large number of
coapounds, reducing drastically, the spare parts and expertise
required, in comparison with the usual range of unrelated
instruments.  The Barringer Tape Sampler is a modular sampler
of improved design and with a very flexible timing control unit.
The sequential sampler module will be additive for extended
sampling schedules,f#
OM881

A. E. Barringer


NEW INSTBUHENTSTIOti AND TECHNIQUES FOE POLLUTION MONITOBING..
Preprint. (Presented at the Sir and Hater Pollution
Conference,  Sacramento, Calif.., Feb., 2-3, 1967.)


Correlation spectrometers utilize an internal memory of the
spectrum which it is desired to detect.  Real time correlation is
carried out against the spectrum of the incoming radiation.  The
first of these devices uses a conventional grating spectrometer.
A photographic replica of the spectrum of the gas being detected
is installed in the position norially occupied  by the slit of a
dispersive spectrometer.  A spectrometer is used to  make the
replica mask, by exposure through a cell of the gas, matching
exactly the dispersion and aberration characteristics of the
spectrometer.  The unknown spectra of the incident light is caused
to vibrate across the correlation mask, by using a refractor plate
oscillating in a rotary fashion to displace the entrance slit
image from side to side.  Phase locked detection of  the output of
the photo-multiplier is carried out in synchronism with the
oscillations of the refractor plate.  Integration of the
synchronous detection can be Bade over a period varying from a
fraction of a second to several seconds.  A telescope may  be
incorporated in the instrument.  Alternative means may be  employed
for oscillating the slit image such as a high stability tuning fork
and dual refractor plate assembly.  An instrument of this  type has
been programed for sulfur dioxide detection™  It is  capable of
detecting concentrations as low as ten parts per billion over a
one hundred meter pathlength.  It is highly specific for sulfur
dioxide having an excellent immunity ot interferences.  Operation
is. in the ultraviolet region between 2,900 and  3,150 Angstroms
where there is sufficient solar spectral radiant flux penetrating
the atmosphere to enable the equipment to function passively
using natural daylight.  An automatic gain control
system operates on the average DC value of the  photomultiplier
output.  The AC signal under these conditions is directly
proportional to the percentage modulation caused by  sulfur
dioxide.#*
372               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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04882L

National Council for Stream Improvement, Inc.,  Hew  York,
N.  Y.
STATUS OF  PRESENT INVESTIGATIONS AND FUTDBE RESEARCH  NEEDS  IN
ATMOSPHERIC POLLOTION CONTROL    AT-TBull-29,  13p., June
1966-
The current status of research and technical  programs
concerning the kraft lill industry is reviewed.   The  following
topics are included:  (1) Analytical methods  for  source-gas
sampling and gas-flow measurement,  (2) Black  liquor  oxidation,
(3) Absorption and oxidation of sulfur compounds,  
-------
effectively 90 individual measurements  was  about  + or -  H%.   The
separation of the nitric oxide  was  affected by  the conditioning of
the column with H02 which was strongly  adsorbed on the silica
gel.  The adsorbed N02 probably  fornied  a  weak bond with  the  NO
in the gas sample to give adsorbed  N203 which readily decomposed
to give up NO, but with fracticnaticn  from  the  N2»  The
technigues permit the determination of  NO at concentrations  from
at least 1000 to 10,000 p-p.m.,  in M2 for  an expenditure  of time
of less than 20 minutes per determination.   It  is believed that
the procedure could readily be  extended to  as low as 50  p.p.m. of
SO in N2.##
04968

F. T. Gucker, Jr.


DETERMINATION OF CONCENTRATION  AND  SIZE  OF  PABTICULATE
MATTER BY LIGHT SCATTEBING  AND  SONIC  TECHNIQUES.   Proc.  Natl.
Air Pollution Symp. , 1st, Pasadena, Calif.,  19U9.   pp. 14-25.


In the study of aerial disperse systems,  a  knowledge of  the
concentration and size of the individual  particles frequently  is
necessary.,  Until recent years  the  methods  available were tedious,
time-consuming, and  frequently  unsatisfactory.   Recently, new
instrumental methods have been  applied  to the solution of these
problems.  Their development, applicability, and  limitations are
the subject of this  paper,,  The theory  of many  of  the optical
properties of aerosols are  utilized to  determine  the mass
concentration, particulate  concentration, and size of aerosol
particles rapidly and conveniently,. t#
OU973

F. L. Magill


TECHNIQUES EMPLOYED IN THE  ANALYSIS  OF  LOS  ANGELES SMOG..   Proc.
Natl., Air Pollution Symp.,  1st,  Pasadena, Calif.,  1949.
pp. 61-8..


An analysis of smog was  undertaken  with the major  objectives being
the determination of the materials  responsible for the reduction of
visibility and those responsible for eye irritation.   The
instruments and  methods  used  for collecting particulate and gaseous
matter from the  atmosphere  are  described.   A new method for
semi-quantitative analysis  of  samples by proton bombardment is
explained.  A tabular summary  of the components of Los Angeles
smog is provided.  The effects  of particulate matter on visibility
are described and a simulation  experiment  is mentioned which shows
eye irritation to be the result  of  the  synergistic effect of
several substances.##
374               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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01979

C. Steffens  S.  Eubin
VISIBILITY AND AIE POLLUTION.   Proc. Natl.  Sir Pollution
Symp.,  1st,  Pasadena, Calif.,  1949.  pp. 103-8.


Hhen polluting substances are present in the air,  the  size
and size distribution of the suspended particles,  and  their
optical constants, will usually differ from  those  of particles
that are present naturally.  That is, there  is a qualitative
change  in the aerosol, rather than a mere increase in
concentration of particles that are otherwise identical  with
those present naturally.  The optical constants of the  particles
are related to the optical properties of the haze.  Consequently,
measuring these optical properties is one way of getting
information about the physical characteristics of  the  suspended
particles.  The first part of this paper is  concerned  »ith
the method of measuring the attenuation coefficient, which  is
directly related to the visibility, and with some  conclusions that
can be  drawn from the results of such measurements.  The latter
part is concerned with the results of measuring the attenuation
coefficient at different wave lengths, since such  measurements
yield an estimate of the size distribution of the  aerosol.**


05070

E. P.,  lewis
MODIFICATION OF GAS SAMPLING APPARATUS  FOE  USE  IN  SHOHT-TEPH  AIH
POLLUTION STUDIES .  J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.  14,  (9)
370-1, Sept. 1964.


retails describing modifications to  the  gas  sampling
apparatus developed and used by the  U.  S. P. H.  S-,  Division
of Air Pollution, are given.  These  modifications  have  resulted
in the following improvements:  lighter  weight,  reduced breakage,
reduced expense, and increased ease  of  operation.   The  unit is
self-contained, can be shipped and handled  easily,  and  can be
operated by one man.   (Author summary)##


05078

E. B. Kuczynski


EFFECTS OF GASEOUS AIR POLLUTANTS ON THE RESPONSE  OF  THE  THOHAS
SO 2 AUTOHETEB.  Environ.  Sci., Techncl.  1,  (1)  68-73, Jan.
1967-


A study was made of the quantitative response of the  Thomas
S02 autcmeter to gases that might coexist with  S02 as air
pollutants.  These gases included NC2,  NO,  HCl,  CL2,  NH3
, and HF.,  The gas mixtures were prepared dynamically at  the
                           D. Measurement Methods                     375

-------
ppa level by a flow  siexing  method  to  a  high  degree of accuracy.
Syringe pumps were used  to  add  small  quantities  of pure gases to a
large vol. air stream.   The effects of  N02,  NO,  and HF on
the S02 reading were small, but HC1,  NH3,  and  CL2 gave
significant response.   (Author  abstract)##


05081

Gn Norwitz
SEECTROPHOTGMETRIC DETERMINATION  OF  TOTAL  OXIDES OF
NITROGEN BY FEBBOOS SULFATE  BEACTION .   Army  Frankford Arsenal,
Philadelphia, Pa.   (Test Rept..  No. T66-2-1.)   Nov.  1965.   33
pp.

An accurate and rapid method is proposed for  the determination of
total oxides of nitrogen in  gases from  initiators and  other
explosive devices.  Total oxides of  nitrogen  include nitric oxide,
nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen trioxide,  nitrogen tetroxide  and
nitrogen pentcxide.  It is frequently customary  to  determine  the
total of these oxides because of the  similarity  in  their  toxicity,
mode of formation, and the ease with  which  they  are converted to
each other in equilibrium reactions.  In the  proposed  method  the
oxides are treated with air  and are  absorbed  into sulfnric acid
(10 to 3).  Ferrous sulfate  reagent  is  then added and  the pink
color is measured.  It is not necessary that  the air oxidize
nitric oxide completely.  It is shown that  nitrate  and  nitrite
give the same color with the ferrous  sulfate  reagent.   The method
was checked by a technique using a modified Hamilton syringe,
together with a special gas  bulb and  laboratory  cylinders of  nitric
oxide and nitrogen dioxide.  .(Author  abstract) t#

05121

Lo E. Zwang  and L. N. Gutman


MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT ATMOSPHERIC ICN  SPECIES.   Acad. Sci»,
USSE, Bull. Geophys- Ser..  (Izv. Geophys. Ser.  1958, pp.
891-902.)  (7), 507-12, 1958. Buss.  (Ir.)

A method of solving the integral equations  which are
characteristic of transient  processes in ion  chambers  is  presented.
Geophysical results, obtain  frcm measurements of light  atmospheric
spectra in the El'brus expedition of  the Academy of Sciences,
USSR, are discussed.  The essence of  this  method is presented.
A sample of the air under investigation is  admitted into  a
cylindrical ion chamber which is then closed  and a  constant voltage
is applied to its outer electrode.   An  ionic  current begins to
flow inside the chamber; it  is  caused by the  motion of ions
contained in the air sample.  This current  decreases with time,
because at first the more mobile, and afterwards the less mobile
ions reach the electrodes of the chamber.   By measuring the
magnitude of the current at  various  instances of time,  one can
determine ionic spectrum.  The  magnitude of the  current flowing
through the central electrode of the chamber  is  related to the
mobility-distribution density of the ions  n  (w)  through an
integral equation. (t#
37G                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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05136

Sawicki,  E.,   and B. A. Games
FLDORIMETBIC ASSAY FOE ALPHA-GIYCCLIC COMPOUNDS  AND  OTHER  ALDEHYDE
PEECUBSOBS .  Hicrochim, Acta, So. 3:602-607,  1968..  2  refs.


Three reagents and a variety of fluorimetric  methods ace
introduced for the assay of alpha-glycolic compounds,  polar
olefinic compounds, and olefins.  The procedures  are based on  the
controlled oxidation of these compounds to aldehydes and analysis
of the aldehydes with J—acid, 2,4-pentanedione,  or dimedon.
Host of the methods show reasonable sensitivity  and  accuracy and
should be capable of use in air pollution studies..
Recommendations are made for their use.  Besults  confirm the
presence of large amounts of alpha-glycolic compounds  in aqueous
extracts of urban airborne particulates.  (Authors"  abstract) ##

05158

P,, D. MacPhee,  M. G, Eye,  and E. E. Parkinson


A METHOD TOE MONITORING ORGANIC IEAD IN THE ATMOSPHERE,  los
Angeles County Air Pollution Control District, Calif,  and
Cincinnati Only-, Ohio, Kettering Lab.  Sept.  1962.  T4  pp..


High concentrations of lead in the atmosphere can be measured
by a number of chemical and physical methods.  For low
concentrations, however, the most sensitive method is  based  on a
color change in dithizone,,  with a suitable modification to  the
crystalline iodine collection procedure of Snyder and  Henderson,
the dithizone test was adopted in the District laboratory  for
hourly monitoring of the organic lead vapor content  of the
atmosphere.  Following the collection of  the  sample  in iodine, a
double extraction with dithi2one is employed  to  eliminate
interfering ions.  The color of the final extract is measured
spectrophotometrically. ##

05190

H. Ho  Schotland
THE DETERMINATION  OF THE VERTICAL PROFILE OF ATMOSPHERIC  GASES  BY
BEANS  OF  1  GROUND  BASED OPTICAL BADAB.,  Proc Symp..  Remote
Sensing Environ,.,  3rd,  Ann Arbor, Mich., 1964. pp.  215-2«.
Feb.  1965.
   CFS1I, DDC:   AD 61U032


An analysis is  presented on a remote 'sounding method  in which
the vertical distribution of absorbing gases such as  water  vapor
and ozone may be determined.  This is done by a study  of  the
spectral  distribution of the backscatter from a pulse  of  light
generated by a  vertically pointing optical radar.   An  experiment
is described in which the measurement of the vertical  distribution
                           D. Measurement Methods
377

-------
of atmospheric ozone was attempted  using  a  pulsed krypton flash
lamp as an energy source.  A discussion is  given  of an optical
radar system under development using  a thermally  tuned ruby laser
source which is designed to deternine the vertical profile of
water vapor.  (Author abstract)##


05191

A- B., Earringer


DEVELOPMENTS TOWARDS THE REMOTE  SENSING OF  VAPOURS AS  AN AIRBOBNE
AND SPACE EXPLOFATICN TOOI .   Eroc. Symp™ Remote  Sensing
Environ., 3rd, Ann Arbor, Mich., 196t., pp.  279-92.,  Feb. 1965


The remote sensing of geochemical parameters  is investigated..
The techniques under study and development  are concerned with
sensing the dispersion of volatile  components of  orebodies or
their oxidation products in the  surface soils and in the air above.
The elements and compounds of  interest include mercury,  iodine
and sulphur dioxide in connection with metal  bearing deposits,
and hydrocarbon gases and iodine in association with oil fields,
(Author abstract) ##


05257

F. E. Saalfeld
BASS SPECTRCMETHIC DETEBBINATIQN OF THE ALIPHATIC  AND  AROMATIC
CONTENT OF A HYDROCARBON MIXTURE .,  Naval  Research Lab.,
Washington, B.C., Chemistry Division.   (NRL  Hept.  No.  6178.)
Nov. 12, 19611.  8 pp..


A simplified mass spectrcmetric technique  has  been devised  for
determining the aromatic content in hydrocarbon  mixtures  of the
type that have been recovered frcm adsorptive  carbon samplers
exposed in the atmospheres of nuclear submarines.,   The method is
based on the summation of ion currents at  mass-to-charge  ratios
(B/e) of 27, 28, 29, i» 1, 13,, and 57 for aliphatic  hydrocarbons and
aromatic hydrocarbons.  The mass spectrometric results agree
reasonably well with Fluorescence Indiator Adsorption  analyses
of the same samples.  While, due primarily to  cost and operational
complexity, no available mass spectrometers  are  suitable  for
shipboard operation, future developments in  the  field  of  mass
spectrometry should be carefully observed  for  advances that make
such use possible.  (Author abstract)
05299

B. Katz
STANDARDIZATION OF METHODS OF  MEASUREMENT  OF  AIR  QUAITTY IK
MEMBER COUNTRIES .  Preprint.   (1963)
378               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Measurement  methods for dust fall, suspended particulates,
sulfur  dioxide,  sulfur trioxide, sulfuric acid, nitrogen
oxides,  ozone  or oxidants, and hydrocarbons are reviewed.
Standardization  of  techniques and methods of reporting  data  is  a
prerequisite for international exchange of information  and for
further  co-operative research in crder to establish a sound  basis
for the  control  of  air pollution.
05311

Crider,  Walter 1.   and Arthur A. Strong


FIABE IONIZATION-PU1SE AEHOSOI PARTICLE ANALYZES  (FIPAPA).  Rev.
Sci, Instr-,  38 (12) :1772-1775. Dec. 1967.   8  refs..


An instrument is described that counts automatically  according to
size aerosol  particles of certain specific  chemical compositions-
The technique employed depends on converting  to current  pulses the
ions produced from airborne particles passing through the
combustion zone of a flame.  By use of electronic pulse-height
circuits,  these current pulses are subsequently counted  in  six
ranges of  magnitude. Individual particles of  KOH  as small  as 0., 15-
nicron diameter can be detected by this instrument.   (Authors"
abstract)
05319

Ingel, C. R.,  and E. Sawicfci


A SUPEFIOB THIN-LAYER CHROHATOGBAPHIC  PROCEDUHE  FOB THE SEPARATION
0? AZA ARENES AND ITS APPLICATION TO AIR  POLLUTION.,  J.  Chrcmatog.,,
Vol. 31, p. 109-119, 1967.,  8 refs.


A thin-layer-chromatographic method for separation  of polynuclear
aza heterocyclic compounds with silica gel  is  presented which is
superior to previously reported paper  and thin-layer
chromatographic methods.  Many of the  groups of  compounds had run
together in previous separation methods.  This procedure has been
applied to the separation of various basic  fractions of interest in
air pollution studies-  Ben'(c) acridine, benzo (h) quinoline,
acridine, benz (a) acridine, and phenanthridine  can  be separated and
identified in these samples with the help of two-dimensional thin-
layer chromatography on silica gel-cellulose  (2:1).   In addition,  a
column chromatographic separation of a basic fraction of coal-tar
pitch, with silica gel as the adsorbent,  was investigated,  and the
amounts of benz(cjacridine and benz(a)acridine were estimated.
Evidence obtained from the absorption  spectra  indicates the
presence of a large number of unknown  and previously identified
compounds in the fractions.  The various  silica  gel methods are
recommended for use in air pollution studies.   (Authors' abstract)
                           D. Measurement Methods                     379

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05322
KOSITOBING CF CONTAHINANTS.,  THE FIPST STEP  IN  SIP  POLLOTION
CCNTBOL. Instrument Developnent Co.,  Beston,  Va.  Febu  1,  1967.   27
PP-


This paper was prepared in order to contribute  to the  better
understanding of the need for air contaminant monitoring.   Included
are explanatory remarks on the Clean  Air Act  of 1963,  some
histroical considerations on air pollution,  lists of sources
pollutants, and specifications on air pollution monitoring
equipment currently offered by the Instrument Development Company.

053U3

Bilson, Donald  and Kopcynski, Stanley L.


LABOBATOBY. EXPEBIENCES III ANALYSIS OF NITRIC  OXIDE  WITH
"EICHBOHATE" PAPEB.  J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,  18(3):
160-161, March 1968.  5 refs.,  '(Presented  at  the 60th  Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Assoc. , Cleveland,, Ohio,
June 11-16, 1967., Paper No. 67-199.)


The "dichromate" paper developed by fiipley,  Clingenpeel,  and
Hum was used successfully in our laboratory  for conversion of
nitric oiide to nitrogen dioxide at concentrations  up  to  the  1-ppm
level. Hhen this paper was used for synthetic mixtures with nitric
oxide concentrations in the range of  1-3  ppm, the analyses  were
erratic and values  were lower than calculated..   After  a  number of
modification of the procedures for preparing  and using the
impregnated paper,  a modification of  the  "dichromate"  paper was
achieved that reduced scatter in the  NO analysis and  improved
conversion efficiency.  The efficiency and reproducibility  of the
modified paper are  good enough that efficiency  factors may  be
established to correct data obtained  over  a  period  of  at  least 6-
hour continuous use at relative humidities near 50  percent.
(Authors' abstract)

05352

Ccmstock, E. G.  and Eue, B. B.


EXPOSUBE OF MICE TO NITEOGEN EIOXIDE-A CONSTANT PBESSDPE
SYSTEH. An. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 22,  (1) 33-5, Feb.  1961.,


Investigation of the respiratory effects  of  N02 requires  a  methods
for delivering a constant known concentration of N02  into an  aninal
chamber. Continuous delivery of low concentrations  of  N02 cannot be
accomplished with ccmncnly available  gas  flow ueters.   A  complaint
plastic bag has been incorporated into a  closed system designed  for
exposure of mice to nitrogen dioxide.  The plastic  bag allows the
delivery of a constant concentration  of gas  at  a controlled rate
into an animal exposure chamber at nearly  constant  pressure.
380               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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05383

Krilov, N.  A.


DETERMINATION  OF ETHYLENE OXIDE IK THE ATMOSPHERE.  Gigiyena  i
Sanit.   10,  U8, 1961.  EUSE.  <(Tr.)


A colorimetric method was developed for the estimation  of  ethylene
oxide in the atmosphere, based on the hydration  of  ethylene  oxide
to the ethylene glycol and its subsequent oxidation  by  periodic
acid or potassium periodate tc formaldehyde and  the  determination
of the latter  with chromotropic acid.  The sensitivity  of  the
method is 0.000 5 g»u in 5 ml.  It is recommended that  ethylene
oxide be sampled in 6 ml. of to percent H2S01 contained  in a U-
shaped absorber with a No. 1 porous membrane at  a speed  of 0.5  1/
niin,  (Author  conclusions modified)
E. J.  Levy  and D.  G. Paul


THE APPLICATION OF CONTROLLED PARTIAL GAS PHASE THER KOLYTIC
DISSOCIATION TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF GAS CHRCMATOGR APHIC
EFFLUENTS.   J. Gas Chromatog. 5  <3)  136-15,  Bar.  1967.


A technigue has been developed for gas chromatographic  effluent
identification.,  IE the application of this  technigue,  the peak
selected for identification is transferred in a continuous flow
system, from the primary gas chromatographic  unit,  through a
tubular quartz pryolysis reactor, and then through  a  second gas
chromatograph for identification  of the pyrolysis  products.   The
pyrolysis patterns obtained are characteristic of  the parent
compound, independent of sanple size and constant  for the standard
pyrolysis condition.  Under these standard conditions,  the
pyrolysis product distribution may be treated in a  manner analogous
to the mass spectral ion distribution reported as  a  percentage of
total  ionization.  The pyrolysis  product distribution obtained
using  hexadecane as a test compound agreed very closely  with  the
distribution predicted by the modified Rice  free radical
mechanism for thermal dissociation.   (Authors0 abstract, modified)


055«8

Lewis, H. J«


PIELD  APPLICATION OF DIFFUSION TUBES FOR DYNAMIC CALIBRATIONS.
Preprint.  (Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting Air  Pollu-
tion Control Association, Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-16,  1967,
Paper  67-197.)


Simple, inexpensive environmental control systems  which  were
developed for the field use of diffusion tubes to  supply a stable,
accurate source of calibration gas for sulfur dioxide,  and oxides
                           D. Measurement Methods                     381

-------
of nitrogen continuous gas analyzers are described.  The  results of
six months field experiences are presented  with comments  on  and
examples of the reliability and utility of  the tube system as a
calibration technique.


05572

Scott, H. E-   and E., R. Stephens

4 SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO THE PRCEIEH.  Proc- Symp., Cleaner
Air Urtan Areas, Philadelphia, Pa., pp. 24-35   (1956)

Chemical reactions that take place  in a polluted  atmosphere
produce substances that lend smog its eye-irritating,
crop-damaging, visibility-lowering  characteristics.  The  authors
relate how, in an effort to identify these  reactions and
substances, the staff devised the long-path (up to 500  meters)
infrared absorption cell.  They describe the construction of the
cell, and how it is used to detect  and "fingerprint" the  products
of photochemical reactions, both in synthetic and in actual  smog.
Early work with this new tool was pointed to explaining the
characteristic high ozone concentrations of smog, and proceeded
from Dr. Haagen-Smit's evidence that nitrogen dioxide reacted
with organic compounds in air to produce ozone.   They trace  the
nitrogen dioxide studies that finally led to discovery  of Compound
X (peroxyacyl nitrite), believed to be the  "missing link" in
the process of ozone formation in smog..  Gasolines and  auto
exhaust as sources of organic pollutants that take part in N02
reactions are discussed.  They relate their plans for further
studies with the infrared cell, and the possibility of  applying
los Angeles smog research to other  afflicted cities.  It  may
appear that the work reported here  is concerned solely  with  the
los Angeles problem.  This is partly true because there air
pollution problems in  some cities which involve pollutants and
weather conditions entirely different from  those  of Los Angeles.
On the other hand, however, many large cities do  have pollution
sources of the same kind as los Angeles:  power plants,
refineries and other industry, incinerators, automobiles, etc.
The results of studies of reactions of pollutants from  these
sources are valid regardless of the city.   weather conditions and
topography in the los Angeles area  are such that  the products of
reactions in the atmosphere frequently accumulate and result in
damage and irritation.  While conditions for the  accumulation of
these products occur less frequently in other cities, nevertheless
they do occur and the resulting smog is objectionable and costly,,
Hith an inversion and  no wind, we have a good trap for  pollutants
from these sources, and as good a chance of having smog as Los
Angeles.  Plant damage is reported  in areas surrounding most
large cities of the world.  Los Angeles studies show that there
are other pollutants besides coal smoke and S02 that may  be
objectionable, especially in and around large cities.#*


05577

D. B, Gates

INFRARED SCLAP SPECTRAL MEASUREKENTS THROUGH VARYING DEGREES OF
SBOG AT LOS ANGELES.  Proc. Natl. Air Pollution Symp.,,  3rd,
Pasadena, Calif.., 1955.  pp.. 56-71.
382                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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The atmosphere even on clear days may be of a rather inhomogeneous
character  consisting of large clouds of water vapor, or
hydrocarbons floating around.  This detailed structure of  the
atmosphere nay be observed by recording the dispersed energy in  the
infrared spectrum as received at a spectrometer from a source  of
energy at  a considerable distance.  In the experiment reported
here the source was the sun.  Knowledge concerning the detailed
structure  of the atmosphere as studied in this manner is meager
and it may be that the apparent clouds of C02 or hydrocarbons  in
the atmosphere as observed here occur only in the vicinity of  large
cities. For detailed analysis and identification of the
polyatomic constituents of the atmosphere by means of infrared
spectroscopy it will be necessary to resort to the use of  grating
instruments-t#

05580

E. R. Weaver  and S» Gunther
CONDENSABLE IMEDRITIES IN THE AIR 01 LOS ANGELES  AND VICINITY.
Proc..  Natl. iir Pollution Symp., 3rd, Pasadena, Calif™,
86-96,  (1955).


In the  autumn and early winter of 1950 and again  in 1951, numerous
samples of condensable impurities were taken from Southern
California air.  The samples were taken by passing air through  a
filter  at the boiling temperature of oxygen.  The mass spectra  of
the condensates were recorded by the Consolidated Engineering
Corporation and interpreted, so far as practicable, in terms of
chemical composition with the aid of the Consolidated staff-  By
fractionally evaporating the condensates, determining the
constituents of the relatively simple mixtures that came off first,
and subtracting the successive patterns of those  mixtures from  the
patterns of the mixtures that came later, about 50 chemical
substances were identified in a single sample taken in 1950.,
Approximately 10 samples were taken in 1951.  It  was hoped that
much could be learned from then about the nature, source, and
distribution of atmospheric pollutants without recourse to such
detailed analyses as had been made previously; but the first
attempt was unsuccessful.  The authors of this paper renewed the
attempt to salvage useful information from the very large mass  of
quantitative data available.  This report is a condensed statement
of the  result.##

05606

A. 1,  Possano,  Jr.   and H0 B. Ho Cooper


PBOCEDORE FOE CALIBRATING A CONTINUCDS N02 ANALYZER.  J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 13 <11), 518-23 (Nov. 1963).
(Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Detroit, Mich., June 9-13, 1963.)


J method is described for calibrating a Eeckman K1008 portable
analyzer,  an instrument for the continuous measurement of low
concentrations  (parts per million by volume) of nitrogen dioxide
                          D. Measurement Methods                      383

-------
(N02)  in the atmosphere.  The apparatus  used,  reagent
preparation, calibration procedures, and  limitations and  sources of
error have been discussed in detail.#t
05609

B. P. Sweeney,  D« J. Swartz,   G.  A» Eost,   H.  Macphee,
and J» Chao
CONTINDODS MEASUREMENT OF OXIDES OF  NITROGEN  IN  AUTO  EXHAUST.
J., Air Pollution Control Assoc.  11,  (7)  249-51,  July   1964.
{Presented at the 56th Annual  Meeting,  Air  Pollution
Control Association, Detroit,  Mich., June 9-13,  1963»)


A pressurization system for conversion  of NO  to  N02 is
described which is a mobile unit capable of continuous  sampling and
recording of nitrogen oxides in  auto exhausts,.   N02 absorbs
energy in the near UV and blue regions  of the spectrum  with
sufficient strength so as to make  colorimetric determinations
practical-  In addition, if the  measurement is made in  the
neighborhood of 400 millimicrons  (blue), cross interferences from
other exhaust gas constituents are virtually  eliminated.
Isolation of the 350-450 millimicrons region  may be readily
accomplished using a color filter.   The possible difficulties
arising out of the equilibrium relationship between N204  and
2N02 are greatly diminished since  the expected NO concentration
will rarely exceed 6000 ppm.   From the  conversion relationship:
2ND + 02 = 2N02 it is seen that  the  N02 concentration in
ppm will exactly reflect the original NO concentration  in the
exhaust gas if the oxidation efficiency is  1005.,   On  this basis,
with stoichiometric oxygen, equilibrium calculations  show that for
1000 ppm N02, 1% appears as N204;  for 5000  ppm H02, 6%
appears as N204; and for 10,000  ppm  N02, 10%  appears  as
B204 (room temp, 1 atmj „  NO will  react with  an  excess  of 02
so that the N02 concentration  as measured will be decreased by a
constant dilution ratio which  will reduce N204 values
proportionately.  The above analysis was used as the  basis for
designing a photometer to specifically  measure N02 or oxidized
NO in automobile exhaust gas.  The sensing  instrument is
basically a double beam colorimeter  which utilizes two  voltage
regulated tungsten filament sources, two optical cells, and two
cadmiun sulfide photoconductive  detectors.  While the colorimeter
response is satisfactory, that of  the total analyzer  system of the
prototype must be improved if  rapid  changes are  followed-
Potential means for reducing the response time are described.,**
05617

Morris, B,, A.  and B. L. Chapman
FLAME IONIZATION HYDROCABBON iNAIYZER.  J»  Sir  Pollution
Control Assoc., 11 (10) : 467-469, Oct.,  1961.   (Presented  at
the 54th Annual Meeting,, Air Pollution Control  Association,
New York City, June 11-15,  1961.)
384               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDAN.TS AND AIR POLLUTION

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The empirical basis for the flame ionization method  is  the
observation  that while the flame cf pure hydrogen contains  an
almost negligible number of ions, the addition of even  traces  of
organic compounds produces a large amount of ionization.  In
practice,  the sample to be analyzed is mixed with a  hydrogen fuel
and passed through a small jet.  Air is supplied in  the annular
space around the jet to support combustion.  Any hydrocarbon
carried into the flame results in the formation of ions which  are
accelerated  to a collector electrode by an electric  field set  up
between the  jet and electrode,,  The generated ion current is
proportional to the rate the hydrocarbon molecules are  introduced
into the flame.  If flow rates are held constant, the ion current
is proportional to hydrocarbon concentration.  It has been  found
empirically  that the ion current produced in the hydrogen flame
is proportional to the heat of partial combustion of the sample
(to C02 and  H20).  Therefore, it is possible to construct a
table showing the approximate relative contribution  which carbon
atoms in aliphatic, aromatic, olefinic, acetylenic,  and carbonyl
molecules  will make on the observed signal.  Such a  table is
included.   The hydrocarbon analyzer is ideally suited to
instrumentation for auto exhaust inspection.  In general, it can
be used to determine the presence of total hydrocarbons in  inert  or
inorganic  gases such as He, A, N2, H2, and air.
Determinations of carbon content in concentrations from 0.1 ppm to
25K are possible with excellent discrimination against  water,  CO,
C02, and other inorganic gases.  The instrument gives equivalent
sensitivity  for various hydrocarbons, thus it is not selective for
mixtures of  organic compounds.##


05786

P.. H. Best  and F. Ordoveza
ELIHINATION  OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE INTERFEBENCE IN  THE
DETERMINATION OF SDLFOH DIOXIDE.  Anal.. Chem. 3U,  (10)  1324-5,
Sept.,  1962,,


J slight  modification of the West and Gaeke procedure is
proposed  to  eliminate the oxides of nitrogen interference.   In
the spectrophotometric estimation of sulfur dioxide  with
hydrochloric acid-bleached pararosaniline hydrochloride  and
formaldehyde,  interference due to oxides of nitrogen was
eliminated without complication of the original  procedure,.
Addition  of  0.06% sulfamic acid to 0.1H sodium
tetrachloromercurate(II)  used as absorbing solution  for  sulfur
dioxide  from the atmosphere immediately destroys any nitrogen
dioxide  present.  (Author abstract)##


C579H

Goetz, A.,   and  Stevenson, H.  J. R.


THE AEROSOL  SPECTHOBETER  - ITS THEORY, CONSTRUCTION  AND  APPLICATION
TO ANALYSIS  OF EXHAUST ANE ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS. Proc.  Air
Pollution Control Assoc. , Semi-Ann.  Tech.  Conf., San Francisco,
Calif., 1957.,   pp.  228-67.
                          D. Measurement Methods                     385

-------
In the study of the constitution and  the  reaction  kinetics  of
systems consisting of suspensions of  discreet  particles  in  gaseous
fluids, the most serious limitation is  the  necessity  for
precipitating the particles in the submicron range out of the air-
torne state and separating them according to their diameters.  A
method which preserves the original physical and chemical status of
the formerly suspended particle is thus particularly  important for
the subsequent evaluation of the true nature of an aerosol.  The
pattern indicated by the above test results on exhaust and
atmospheric smog was summarized as follows:  Prior to irradiation,
the automobile exhaust consists cf a  fairly uniform aerosol of
particles substantially smaller than  0.2  micron.   When a dynamic
equilibrium upon subsequent irradiation is  reached with  regard to
the oxidant concentration,, the aerosol  particles have grown in
size, while the total particle number remains  of the  same order of
magnitude.  This indicates a nucleation process on some  of  the
aerosol particles which are present in  the  exhaust prior to
irradiation.  Nucleation occurs selectively for those HC molecules
which have reacted photochemically with N02 etc.   The molecules of
the resulting oxidation products are  of highly polar  nature and
therefore have the tendency of condensation on existing  nuclei as
centers of intermolecular association.  The degree of eye
irritation produced by the irradiated exhaust  parallels  the degree
of nucleation occurring,,  Hence the condensate carried on the
particles should be a major contributor to  the irritation so that
their removal, under conditions which do  not interfere with the
preservation of  the condensed state, should substantially  decrease
the irritation.  Unknown at this stage  is the  nature  of  the
equilibrium between the nucleated and the gaseous  phase  of  these
organic oxidants.


05795

Goetz, A.,  and Stevenson, H. J. B.


THE ANALYSIS OF AEROSOLS HITH THE AEKOSCL SPICTEOMETEE.  Sir
Pollution Control Assoc. Proc., Semi-Ann. Tech., San  Francisco,
Calif., 1957.,  pp. 268-72.

The Aerosol Spectrometer permits the  separation of particles from
an aerosol by exposing the latter under laminar flow  conditions to
strong centrifugal forces.  This is accomplished by leading the
flow at low Reynold Numbers through a helical  channel, located at
the periphery of a cylindrical or conical rotor which is spinning
around its polar axis with 18,000 to  25,000 rpm, exposing the
aerosol to a centrifugal acceleration of  about 18,000 to 30,000 g.
The particulate matter is deposited on  the  outer wall of the
helical channel which is removable and  renders the deposit  after
each test available to microscopic or analytic procedures.  Under
these conditions the particle concentrate on the wall is classified
according to size, inasmuch as the large  particles are deposited
near the channel inlet, the smallest  near the  outlet. The
evaluation procedure consists of taking microscopic counts  at
defined areas along the channel wall  by a method which includes
particle diameters.  The evaluation of  the  numerical  size
distribution of the aerosol deposit is  mathematically discussed.
The findings on studies of automobile exhaust  and  atmospheric smog
with the spectrometer are discussed in  terms of nucleation  of the
particles, and eye irritation.,
386               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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05797

Benzetti,  N»  A.,   and  Doyle,  G» J.


ELECTRONIC LIGHT  SCATTERING AEROSOL ANALYZER STUDIES OP AIR
POI1DTION.   Proc.  Air  Pollution Control Assoc., , Semi-Ann.
Tech.  Conf.,  San  Francisco, Calif,,, 1957.

There  is a need for  rapid  and continuous measurement of time
dependent  variables  for  the detailed study of aerosols associated
Kith air pollution.  To help meet this need the Air Pollution
Foundation has developed an electronic counter photometer.  It is
presently  being used for the  study of aerosols produced by
irradiation of diluted automobile exhaust.  A brief description of
the  instrument is given, followed by discussion of work on the
atmosphere and interpretation of the results.  The predicted
utility of the counter-photometer for pollution work was confirmed
by experience during this  study.,  If the resolution of details
given  by the counting  function is not desired, the probable utility
of 90  degree scattering  as a simple particulate and visibility
index  has  been demonstrated for the size distribution encountered
during smog attacks.  The  instrument will be useful in further
studies of this sort having greater statistical validity.

05836

H» F.  Clark
EVALUATION OF MICROBIOLOGICAL SYSTEHS FOR ESTIMATING AIT!
POLLUTING SUBSTANCES-    Preprint.   (1957).

The procedure used in the evaluation of microbiological  systems
for estimating air polluting substances consisted of:   (1)  Placing
an indicator organism on a membrane filter strip in a  logarithmic
increasing concentration; (2) Exposing the bacterial indicator  on
the surface of the strip to a synthetic aerosol  (irradiated
automobile exhaust)  at a flow rate  for the aerosol of  5/Bin with
the strip moving 7.8 mm/mm;   {3} cultivation of the remaining
viable bacteria on the strip after  aerosol exposure by
incubation on an appropriate medium at 35C for 18-20 hrs;  and  (4)
Coaparison of the bacterial colony  density on the exposed  strip
with suitable control strips to estimate the growth inhibiting
property of the aerosol under examination.  A recently isolated
E. coli. was used as an indicator.  The procedure appears  to have
valuable application in the study and comparison of exhaust before
and after irradiation.  The concentrations of hydrocarbons in  some
of the experimental tests were in the range of those which might
occur on a street during heavy motor vehicular traffic.  The test
procedure has sufficient merit to justify further development  work
on methodology, interpretation and  application.#f

05837

E. S. Cieplinski  and L. S.  Ettre


A DEW SIMPLIFIED DETECTOF FOR THE ANLAYSIS OF ORGANIC
IHPUBITIES IN ATMOSPHERE AND EXHAUST GASES.   Preprint.
{Presented at the Joint Symposium on Air Pollution
                           D. Measurement Methods                     387

-------
Instrumentation, Instrument Society  of  America  and  Air
Pollution Control Association,  Sew York City, June  12-13,
1961.)

The Hodel 223 Flame lonization  Analyzer  is a  117-volt,  60-cps,
line-operated instrument.  It measures  10 1/4 inches  on  a  side and
neighs about 25 pounds.  A meter located on the  front of the
instrument indicates the organic vapor  concentration  of  the
sample.  Since different classes of  organic compounds give a
different detector response, the meter  indication for a  given
sample must be interpreted on the bases  of instrument calibration
with an appropriate test gas.   Output connections are provided for
using the instrument with a standard 0-5 or 0-10 millivolt,
potentiometer recorder.  Hydrogen, air,  test  gas, and zero gas
supplies are necessary for operation.   Filters containing  5-A
Molecular Sieve mus should be used to remove  any small impurities
present in the air and hydrogen.  The test gas contains  a  known
concentration, in the same order of  magnitude as the  sample, to
permit the proper calibration of the panel meter,,   The zero gas is
the same as the background gas  of the sample  and is usually only
necessary »hen the higher sensitivity ranges  are being used.  The
gas is used to check and eliminate any  effect the background gas
may have on the flame detector  operating parameters.  The
instrument will continuously monitor organic  impurities  in the
atmosphere and exhaust gases.   The unit  is transportable,  line-
operated, and is very stable.   Samples  may be introduced in the
range of 35-75 millimeters of mercury pressure when external
regulation is used and between  0.4-9-5  liters per minute when the
instrument's back pressure regulator is  used.  The  linearity of
response for the detecting system has been shown to be very good
over a wide range of concentrations  t#

05866

B- E.  Fostebach  and B. G. Kling


NITBOGEN DIOXIDE DETECTION DSING A COULCMETBIC HETHOD.  J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., 12 (10), 159-63 (Oct., 1962),
(Presented at the 55th Annual Heeting,  Air Pollution  Control
Association, Chicago, 111., Bay 20-24,  1962.)


The toxic level presence of N02 in any  working area is an
industrial hygiene problem, and its  unwatned  presence in any area
may present an air pollution problem..   The adaptability  of the
Bast Model 721 Series Beter for the  monitoring of N02 HAS
been demonstrated.  The Mast Nitrogen Dioxide Meter is based
upon a coulometric system.  A chemical  solution  containing the
proper amounts of reagents is pumped into the sensor.,  The
solution flows in a thin film down the  electrode support,  upon
which are wound many turns of a fine platinum wire  cathode and a
single turn of a platinum wire  anode, and is  deposited in  the
waste reservoir.  The air sample enters  through  the air  inlets, is
drawn into the sensor by way of the  narrow annulus  where it comes
into intimate contact with the  solution  contained on  the electrode
support, and exits by means of  air pump.  The instrument requires
only 115-volt, 60-cycle power supply and a small 1.34-volt mercury
battery,  A battery-operated portable unit was developed for N02
measurements at locations where an external power supply is not
388               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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available.   Operating characteristics of the microcoulomb sensor
are:   (1)  A  fixed dc voltage applied across the sensor cathode and
anode;  (2) The  chemical solution flows over the electrodes at a
fixed  flow rate |1.25 ml/hr typical for 03 meters and 2.5 ml/hr
typical for  N02 meters) ;  (3)  The gas sample containing an
oxidant to be  measured flows through the sensing cell at a fixed
flow rate  (1tO  nl/min typical for ground level applications).,  The
response time  of a sustained level of 2000 ppm of N02 is 50% of
full reading in 0.2 min,  88% in cne roin, and full reading response
occurs in  less  than 5 Bin.   The detector recovers in less
than 12 sec. after removal  of N02.  Eecovery down to 20% of an
actual concentration reading occurs in less than 60 sec.  Full
recovery occurs in less than 5 min.##

05892

J.  0.  Ivie,,  M. Do Thomas,   0. C» Taylor,  C. R« Thompson,
,  W.  r,, Dugge'r, Jr_,  B., L. Richards


RECORDING  THE  RESPONSE OF PLANTS TO VAEIODS AIR POLLUTANTS.
0.  Air Pollution Control  Assoc. 13  (8), 355-9  (Aug., 1963).
(Presented at  the 55th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Chicago, 111., Say 20-24, 1962.,)


This paper is  an outline  of experimental procedures and
instrument methods employed to measure effects of the air
pollutants,  fluorides, ozone, and peroxyacyl nitrates (PAN),
on citrus  trees.  The plan  calls for the operation of at least
three  experimental test sites on which 2U citrus trees in plastic
enclosures are  given six  treatments as follows:  A   "Clean
air,"  B -  "Ambient air,"  C  - "Pluoride-free" air, D — "Ozone-
free"  air, E -  "Clean air"  with fluoride added, and F -
"Fluoride  and  ozone free" air.  Two test sites on lemon trees are
in operation at Upland and  Cucamcnga, California.  ft third
site on Naval  orange trees  is under construction at Upland,
California.  Photosynthesis and transpiration measurements are
used to supplement long-term growth and yield observations.
Inlet  and  outlet air samples are accumulated in bags for one-half
hour periods.   The difference in humidity and carbon
dioxide is then measured  seguentially from the air in the bags.
Automatic  punchcard recording is provided for plot samples
and for the  ambient air pollutants which consist of:  dioxide,
nitric oxide,  ozone, total  oxidants, and fluorides.  These are
recorded together with the  date, time, temperature, and an
integrated value for sunlight,,  Four IBM cards are punched
each hour  with  positive identification of the data sources both
from the punch  position and card reference number,.
Activated  charcoal and limestone filters are used to remove
oxidant and  fluoride phytotoxicants, respectively, from the
air entering the plots.  The average concentration of fluoride
occurring  on one day is used to set the hydrogen fluoride
concentration  metered into  the fcur plots receiving this
treatment  on the following  day.  Nitric oxide is diluted 1 to 50
with ni
-------
05915

A. P. Altshuller,  C.. A- Schwab


COLOBIMETBIC DETEBMINATIOH OF JIKYL  NITBITES.    Anal.  Chem,.
31, 314-5, Feb. 1959.   (Presented at the Air  Pollution
Symposium of the Division of Industrial and Engineering
Chenistry, 132nd Weeting, American Chemical Society, New
York City, Sept. 1957.)


As alkyl nitrites react with the reagent (Saltzman  procedure)
used to determine N02 in laboratory  and field operations it
appeared of interest to determine the reactivity  of the
alkyl nitrites directly without also having to consider
absorption efficiencies.,  The amount of reaction  on micromole
basis of n-butyl nitrite, t-butyl nitrite, n-amyl nitrite, and
i-aroyl nitrite was determined for comparison  with the
reactivity of NaN02 and N02.  The concentrations  used  ranged
between 0.07 and  0..7 micromoles per 10 ml. of solution-
The reproducibility of  the results obtained ranged  from + or - 5
to + or - 10 percent.   The values obtained are tabulated in
terms of optical density per micromole of alkyl  nitrite compared
with that for sodium nitrite.  It has been shown  previously that
the reactivity of N02 compared with  inorganic nitrite  is
in the ratio of 0..72 to 1.  The tabulated values  show  that the
alkyl nitrites investigated react at least to the same extent
as N02 and generally more so.  Distillation,  particularly vacuum
distillation, increases the indicated reactivity  through
improved purity of the  alkyl nitrites.  The results obtained
indicate that the method used for N02 is not  specific
to N02 but responsive to all compounds, inorganic and
organic, containing the 0 - N   0 group-  The solutions for
the colorimetric determinations were prepared by  dissolving one
ml. of the appropriate  alkyl nitrite in 75 ml. of glacial acetic
acid and diluting to 250 ml. with distilled water.  One ml, of
this solution was diluted to 100 ml,, with distilled water to
alike the necessary solutions in the  microgram range.   The
analytical determinations were made  on a Eeckman  Model DU
Spectrophotometer using the procedure described  by  Saltzman.##
05952

Eyazanov, V. A.


A SUMMABY OF 1961 STDDIES IN THE FIF.1D OF LIMITS  OF  ALLOWABLE
CONCENTBATIONS OF ATMOSPHEBIC AIB POLLUTANTS.  {In:   Limits of
allowable concentrations of atmospheric pollutants.  Book  7.)
D.S.S.B., Literature on Air Pollution and Belated  Occupational
Diseases, Vol., 9, pp. 138-11.   (1963).  RUSE.  (Tr..)


The Committee for the Sanitary  Protection of  Atmospheric  Air
approved limits of allowable concentrations in  the air  for the
following new substances:  furfurcl, dimethylformamide  and styrol,
Furfurol is a heterocyclic aldehyde which is  a  good  solvent  for
many organic substances used in the preparation of some  plastics
390               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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and a selective solvent for the purification of crude oil
lubricants-   The threshold of aldehyde odor perception in most
sensitive persons was established at 1 mg/cu w. It was determined
that 0.05 mg/cu m of, furfurol constituted the subthreshold
concentration in all the tests employed.  Therefore, 0=05 mg/cu m
of furfurol  was accepted as the maximal single allowable
concentration.  Styrol is a benzene homologue with one double bond
at its side  chain.  The maximal single allowable concentration of
styrol in the atmospheric air was suggested as 0.003 mg/cu iu»
Dimethylformamide is a colorless liguid having a nauseating herring
odor; it is  used as a polyacrylnitryl solvent in the synthetic
fiber industry known as orlon and nitron,.  It was recommended that
0.03 mg/cu m be adopted as the limit of allowable single and 21
hour concentration of dimethylfornanide vapor in the air, since it
proved to be the subthreshold concentration in relation to all the
test indexes.  The limit of allowable phenol concentration in
atmospheric  air was set at 0.01 irg/cu m.. Rats were exposed to the
inhalation of nitrogen dioxide 6 hours daily for 160 days at
different dose levels.  No aaxinum allowable concentration was
agreed upon.

06050

D., F. Adams
OZOSE ANALYSIS HITH THE BINI-ADAK II.   J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc. 13, (2}  88-90, Feb., 1963.   (Presented at the
55th Annual Meeting,  Air Pollution Control Association,
Chicago, 111., Hay 20-2U, 1962.)


The suitability of sodium diphenylaminesulfonate  (NaDS),
potassium iodide, and phenolphthalein reagents for ozone analysis
in a multipurpose, automatic analyzer such as the Hini-Adak II
was investigated.  The oxidation potential for NaDS is more
negative than that for iodine and, therefore, NaDS is believed
less susceptible to oxidative interference as a colorimetric
reagent,.  The reagents were prepared along with a mixture  of
ozone and oxides of nitrogen.  The test atmosphere was drawn
through a single manifold and thence to two midget impingers in
parallel, one containing 10 ml of the neutral KI reagent and the
other 10 ml of either the NaDS or phenolphthalin reagent.  A
second series-of comparisons was made between a midget impinger
containing neutral KI and the Mini-Adak II utilizing the
NaDS or phenolphthalin reagent.  Based on  the literature and
the work herein reported, either the phenolphthalin or NaDS
reagents can be used in the Mini-Adak for  ozone analysis.,
Selection of the reagent to be used should be based upon an
evaluation of the possible interferences which may be present  with
ozone in the atmosphere and the relative sensitivities  (molar
absorbancy} of the two reagents.,  Either reagent shows only
one-fourth as much response to N02 neutral KI and is therefore
superior to KI in this respect.  Based on  the laboratory study,
the phenolphthalin reagent appears somewhat preferable for use in
the Bini-Adak.  This selection is tentatively made upon the
basis of the greater sensitivity  {molar absorbancy) of the
phenolphthaline which permits the use of a lower Bini-Adak
sensitivity range with its attendent reduction in electronic
background noise.**
                           D. Measurement Methods                     391

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06107

Gilardi, E,, F.  and B., M. Manganelli


ft LABOBATOR STUDY OF ft LE8E ACITATE-TILE  METHOD  FOR  THE
QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF LOH CONCENTRATIONS OF  HYDROGEN
SULFIDE., J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.   13,  (7) , 305-9  (July
1963).  (Presented at the 55th Annual  Meeting,  Air  Pollution  Control
Association, Chicago, 111., May 20-24,  1962.,)


Laboratory studies of factors influencing  the  guantitative  use  of a
lead-acetate-tile method for H2S sere undertaken.  These  studies
included the preparation of H2S test  atmospheres,  the  determination
of the darkening effect of these atmospheres on  lead-acetate-coated
tiles, and investigations on the stability  of  the  PbS  color
produced.  The following conclusions  resulted:   (1)  (Exposure
Units,! which is the product of H2S concentration  and  exposure
period, mg.hr/cu m, is a useful parameter in representing H2S
exposure.  A regression equation utilizing  this  parameter accounts
for 98™ 6 percent of the variation in  absorbance  values.  (2)  Average
concentrations of H2S between 0.15 and  1.5  mg/cu  m can be
determined by the measurement of the  surface absorbance of  a lead-
acetate coated tile.  The standard error  of estimation was  plus or
minus 001515 absorbance units in a laboratory-prepared darkening
curve.  {3) The tile—darkening curve  was  approximated  by  a
parabola-  A distinct maximum in absorbance was  also observed in
tile darkening data.  (<*) Hhether or  not  a  tile  absorbance  value
within the usable range is on the ascending, defined portion of the
darkening curve may be determined by  a  consideration of the
reflectance spectrum of the particular  tile.   (5)  The darkening
effect of a given exposure to H2S was increased  by increased air
turbulence™   (6) Methyl nercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, and  dimethyl
disulfide, in concentrations much higher  than  normally present  in
the outdoor atmosphere, had no significant  effect  on the  H2S
sulfide darkening of lead-acetate-coated  tiles.,   (7)   Fading of
darken tiles was accelerated both by  air  turbulence  and light.   (8)
Periods of exposure of lead-acetate-coated  tiles  are limited by H2S
concentration level and fading of the PbS color.   The  higher the
H2S concentration, the smaller the exposure period which  will
result in a surface abscrbance beyond the  usable  range.   The fading
in a louvered, light-proof chamber places  an upper limit  of
approximately 8 hr. on outdoor exposure periods.   (authors"  summary
modified)

06112

Tada, 0.


MEASUREMENT OF AIB POILUTANTS. Eunseki  Kagaku  (Japan Analyst)
(Tokyo) pp. 110R-7R. 1966. Jap.


Important papers published in Japan Analyst in 1964  and 1965 are
summarized.  The subject is limited to  measurement methods  of air
pollutants known to be toxic to health.   Pollutants  from  stacks and
automobile exhausts are covered, including  many  cyclic
hydrocarbons, aldehydes, sulfur oxides, nitrogen  oxides,  ozone.
392               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, fluorine compounds,  hydrogen
sulfide,  lead compounds, and offensive odors.  Various  sampling
methods are described, especially using filtering with  glass wool
filters,  electric dust collectors, gas absorbers, and portable
samplers  containing silica gel.  The pollutants can be  measured  by
electroconductivity methods, colorimetric measurement recorder,  gas
chromatographic analysis, electron capturing detector,  and  hydrogen
ion detector.  The papers summarized do not include those dealing
viith industrial or occupational environment or mining.

06279

K.  E. Ball
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ATHOSPBEH1C MONITOBING SYSTEM  (FINAL  REPT.
JUNE 12,  1958-JUNE 30, 1961).,    (Mine Safety Appliances
Co., Pittsburgh, Pa,, Hesearch and Engineering Division.)
(1961).   45 pp.  (Kept. No. MSA  301825.,)


Atmospheric monitoring devices sensitized to continuously
detect and record toxic and higher concentrations of  HF, ?2,
B5H9,  N2HU, N02 and C1F3 (nissile fuels and
oxidizers)  have been developed and engineered.   An  ionization  type
analyzer  sensitive to finely divided aerosols is used as the
detecting instrument.  Various amine and acid reagents  are
used to convert the oxidizers and fuels respectively  to
aerosols™  Eesponse times are in the order of seconds and
a high degree of specificity has been attained.   (Author's
abstract)##

06301L
MECHANISMS OF AIR POLLUTION REACTIONS.    (Section  VIII  of
Air Pollution Hesearch Progress Report for  Quarter Ended
December 31, 1966.,)   Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh,  Pa.,
Coal Research Center, 1966, pp. BM/69-BM/76.,


The NOx-sensitized photooxidation of 2-methyl-1-butene  was
investigated.  Yields with regard to the  reaction  production
formaldehyde, methyl ethyl ketone, PAN, PPN, nitrates and
CC were determined.   The study cf the NOx-sensitized
photooxidation of tagged ethylene in the  presence  of other
hydrocarbons was terminated.  Results indicated  that  (u) the
photochemical reactivity of ethylene in mixture  with other
hydrocarbons varies with change in the mixture composition, and
(2) the variation is unpredictable at the present  time.   (Author
summary)t#

06319

J. H. Espenson,   H.  Taube


TRACER EXPERIMENTS HITH OZONE AS OXIDIZING  AGENT IN  AQUEOUS
SOLUTION.    Stanford Univ., Calif.,, Dept. of Chemistry.,
                           D. Measurement Methods                     393

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 JJan.  11,  1965).   21  pp.  (Technical  Kept.  2=)   (Contract
 Nonr.  225(63))   (Task  NB  052-KK3..)
   CFSTI,  DDC:   AD  613481

 The results of  experiments  done  to  trace the path of
 oxygen in  reactions of  ozone  with  a  number of reducing agents
 are described.   The reducing  agents  dealt  with in this study
 are sulfite (sulfur dioxide)  and nitrite ion which react with
 ozone  in homogeneous  solution,  and  Mn(plus 2)  and Ti^plus)
 which  were studied  under  conditions  so that the solid products,
 manganese  dioxide  and  hydrous thallic oxide, are formed.  Tracer
 studies on the  reaction of  Mn(plus  2)  with MnC(minus 4)  are
 also described.  When  ozone reacts  with sulfur dioxide in aqueous
 acid solution,  as  many  as two ozone-oxygens appear in each product
 sulfate ion.  In alkaline solution  transfer in excess of one 0 for
 each sulfite  ion is observed  and seme of the sulfate oxygen is
 derived from  the solvent  despite the fact  that sulfite ion is not
 a labile species under  these  conditions,  ozone induces exchange
 between sulfate  ion and water both  in alkaline and acidic solution,
 tut the reaction is so  slow as  not  materially to affect the
 results which have  been described.   By contrast the isotopic
 course of  the reaction  of nitrite  ion with ozone in alkaline
 solution is simple; the nitrate  ion  contains two oxygens
 derived from  the nitrite, and one  drived from the ozone..  (Author
 abstract) ##

06352

!)„  Po  DeGrazio  and E.  G.  Auge


GAS CHEOMATOGEAPHIC INVESTIGATIONS FOB  THE  DETEBMINATION  OF
FIOOBINE AND OXYGEN IN  MIXTOBES.   Dow  Chemical  Co.,
Golden, Colo.,,, Bocky Flats Div.  (Sept.  EEP-880)   (Apr.
 12, 1967) „   10 pp.,
   CFSTI:   EFP-880

This report describes various methods  investigated for  the
determination of fluorine and oxygen  in gas mixtures by  gas
chromatographic  techniques.   The technique  found to be
successful involves the quantitative  conversion  of fluorine  to
chlorine by the reaction  with sodium  chloride  and the subsequent
separation and detection  of chlcrine  and oxygen.   (Author
abstract) (ft


06369

Samuel G. Booras,   and  Charles E. Zimmer
A COMPAEISON OF CONDUCTIVITY AND  WEST-GAEKE  ANALYSES FOP
SDIFUB DIOXIDE.   J. Air Pollution  Control  Assoc.,  18(9):
612-615, Sept. 1968.  3 refs.,   (Presented at the  60th
Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control  Association,  Cleve-
land, Ohio, June 11-16, 1967, Paper 67-109.,)

A comparison of the two most common methods  used  by air
pollution control agencies for  the  analyses  of  sulphur dioxide  is
discussed in this paper.  Samples were  collected  simultaneously
(502 pairs) for an eight month  period  at eight  sites in the
394               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIOANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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City  of  Chicago,  using the West-Gaeke and
conductivity  methods™   These methods are analyzed statistically to
ascertain  the existence of a factor describing adequately any
differences between methods.  At a first look of the gross data,
it would appear  that at least for the City of Chicago, the
conductivity  measurement for S02 tends to yield a higher
estimate than the West-Gaeke method by a factor of
approximately 20%.   On the basis of this number alone one would
reach an incorrect  conclusion because looking at the similar
measurements  of  West-Gaeke's and conductibity by stations
you see  that  the  comparison of the two methods is not consistent,
over  all the  stations..  In fact, in some cases the West-Gaeke
uethod appears to yield higher results than the
conductivity, which now is contradictory to the average of all
the stations.  In the final analysis, however, it is apparent that
both  the measurements of conductivity and West-Gaeke are subject
to interferences  from other substances in the atmosphere.   The
conductivity  values may in fact be under-estmates because of the
presence of ammonia in the atmosphere and the Hest-Gaeke
measurements  may  also be under-estimates because of the presence
of N02 in  the atmosphere.   Until such time as one can look
into  the other interferences with the appropriate data, no
conclusion as such  can be drawn relating in any precise
manner to  conductivity and West-Gaeke methods for measuring
S02.   (Author abstract, Author conclusions)##
06385

Falgout,  D.  A.   and C.  I.  Harding


DETERMINATION  OF H2S EXPOSURE BY DYNAMIC SAMPLING WITH METALLIC
SILVER FILTERS.   J. Air Pollution Control Assoc™,
18(1): 15-20,  Jan. 1968.  2
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06388

B. I. Garland


A SELF-HADE MOBILE AIR SAMPLING LABORATORY.  Preprint.,
(Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-16, 1967, Paper 67-191.)


Fulton County, Georgia, developed a practical, economical and
efficient mobile laboratory to sample the air for gaseous and solid
components and to obtain basic weather data.  A self-supporting
trailer lab complete with power and necessary equipment and pulled
by a half ton pickup truck was put in service.  The total cost of
trailer, equipment and truck was about $1500.  Air is pulled by
means of a vacuum pump through sampling ports in the roof, bubbled
through absorbing reagents and/or filter material and measured
immediately for pollution characteristics by use of a colorimeter
and a standard curve.  A trailer was factory built according to
submitted specifications, fitted with a portable generator and air
conditioner and equipped with adequate sampling equipment.,  All
power and heat were deri»ed from I P gas from tanks attached to
the unit.  Eesults were satisfactory.  The unit provides a rapid
and versatile means of obtaining vital information, upon demand, in
any location.  Air constituents measured include:  oxidant, S02,
NC, N02, CO, COH, particulate matter and pollen.
Heather observations include:  temperature, relative humidity,
wind speed and direction, visibility and sky conditions.
(Author"s summary) ##

061C6

V. Marchesani
THE MEASUREMENT OF AIE POLLUTION  EY  MEANS  OF  FDNGAL  GROWTH.
Preprint.   (Presented at the  60th  Annual Meeting,  Air
Pollution Control Association, Cleveland,  Ohio,  June 11-16,
1967, Paper No. 67-157.)

In the past years fungi have  been  considered  as  air  pollutants
rather than as recipients of  air  pollution.   Fungi,  however,
being a living air pollutant, are  also  subjected to  all  the
growth discomforts of a polluted  atmosphere.  Occupying  the air
trom ground level tc approximately one  mile above  the  earth,
their direct contact with air pollutants is obvious.   The  effect
of pollutants on the metabclic processes and  growth  rate of the
fungi has received very little, if any  attention.  The fact that
certain fungal plant diseases will occur in non-polluted air
and not in polluted air points out the  reality  that  some
relationship between air pollution and  fungal metabolism exists.
A definite negative correlation between fungal  growth  and  high
nitric oxide concentration in the  atmosphere  was found in  this
study.  The total growth of fungi  with  purified  air  was  two tc
three times as much, on a dry weight basis, as  that  of fungal
growth subjected to air pollution.   It  is  felt  that  further
study in this field could bring about the  use of fungi as  an
analytical tool in the measurement of the  effects  of air
pollution.   (Author abstract)tf
396               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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06«33

Singh,  T.,   E.  J.  Sawyer,  E. So Starkman,  and  L.  S.
Caretto


RAPID  CONTINUOUS DETERMINATION CF NITBIC OXIDE  CONCINTBATION IN
EXHAUST GASES.   J.  Air Pollution Control Assec,,
18(2):102-105,  Feb..  1968.,  8 refs«   (Presented  at  the  60th
Annual Meeting, air Pollution Control Association,
Cleveland,  Ohio,, June 11-16, 1967, Paper 67-151.)


> continuous sampling, continuous analysis method  for  measuring
nitric oxide was demonstrated.  Rapid oxidation  of nitric oxide to
nitrogen dioxide is obtained through ozonation.  Nitrogen dioxide
concentrations  are determined by means of an  ultra-violet
absorption  technique.  Nitric oxide  concentrations between  100  and
5-000 ppm have been measured and response tiires  of  about  20  sec
obtained..   The  presence of unburned  hydrocarbons in the  exhaust
sample has  an adverse effect on the  results of  this technigue which
requires either the removal of hydrocarbons or  adjustment of ozone
concentration.   (Authors1 abstract,  modified)##

06135

Smith, Do  S.,  B.  F., Sawyer,  and !„ S. Starkman


OXIDES OF NITROGEN FROM GSS TUBEINES.  J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc.., 18(1):30-35, Jan. 1968.,  6 refs.   (Presented at
the 60th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control  Association,
Cleveland,  Ohio, June 11-16, 1967.)


Experimental and theoretical studies were made  to  provide
information on  nitrogen oxide concentrations  produced  by gas
turbine engines.  Nitric oxide concentrations of from  100 to 350
ppra, adjusted to stoichiometric conditions, were measured in
aircraft turbojet engines.  Concentrations of less than  50  ppm,
similarly adjusted, were measured in a 60 hp  industrial  gas
turbine.  Concentrations of about 100 ppm, also adjusted, were
measured in a laboratory combustor of a design  similar to gas
turbine combustors.  Carbon monoxide and unturned  hydrocarbon
concentrations  also were determined.  Comparison with  predicted
equilibrium concentrations shows strong departures from
equilibrium.   (Authors" abstract)*#

06460

H. D.  Thomas  and  J. 0. Ivie
SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF OZONE ANE OXIDES  OF  NITROGEN.
Preprint.  (I960,,)


This paper  describes a modification of the Griess  diazo-reaction
method by  which ozone can be determined specifically.   The gas
phase reaction between ozone and nitric oxide  to form  nitrogen
                           D. Measurement Methods                     397

-------
dioxide is extremely rapid.  The half-life  at  1  ppro  is  1.8  seconds
and 18 seconds at 0.1 ppm. The corresponding half-lives of  the
N02-03 oxidation are listed at 8 and 80  Bin, respectively.
Evidently NO and ozone cannot coexist in  the atmosphere..  One
compound or the other will disappear rapidly even  at concentrations
found in polluted air.  If ozone is present, it  can  be  determined
by adding an excess of NO tc a sample of  the air,  allowing  a
short time for reaction, then finding the increase in N02
concentration as compared with the untreated air.  Tor  this
purpose it is only necessary to add a third identical absorber
system to the automatic analyzer for NO  and N02  together with
accessory equipment to supply the required  NO.   N02  when
absorbed in this solution (0.5 sulfanilic acid,  5  percent acetic
acid and 50 ppm N-.(1 naphthyl) -ethylene}  diazotizes  the
sulfanilic acid and reacts with the coupling reagent to produce an
intensely colored red azo dye.  The latter  is  read in a recording
colimeter.  NO has no effect on the reagent and  HN03 does not
interfere except at unrealistically high  concentrations.  ill
absorbed nitrites react quantitatively.   However N02, which
theoretically should give a 50% yield of  nitrous acid,  actually
gives a 82% yield in fitted glass absorbers or a 909f yield  in
absorbers with stainless steel spirals.   Empirical calibration
with kncwn amounts of N02 is therefore necessary.  A diagram of
the automatic N02-NO-03 analyzer is included.##

06471

H. H. G. Hyeth  and G., «.  Timmins


DETECTION AND HEASUBEHENT OF IKFIAMBABLE  VAPOUBS IN  AIRCRAFT.
Kinistry of Aviation, Farnborough Hants,  England,  Royal
Aircraft Establishment.  (Kept. No., 65191.)  {Sept.  1965).,  7U
pp.
   DDC: AE«77 232
A study is made of the feasibility of detecting and measuring
concentrations of inflammable vapour within compartments  of
aircraft in flight.  The basic requirements are outlined.  A
review is made of properties of inflammable vapours that  might be
exploited.  Mention is made of some existing instruments  and
techniques, and their limitations for the present  purpose  are
discussed.  Especial emphasis is given to techniques of catalytic
combustion and ionization which with further development  are
thought likely to be suitable..  {Author summary)

C65C7

Call, Boger W.,  E. Paul Palmer,  and Richard  H. Grow


MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC AEKCSCLS BY POLARIZED-LASEP  LIGKT
SCATTEBING.  Utah Univ., Salt Lake City,  Microwave Device
and Physical Electronics Lab. , Grant NSF-GP-87H,
DTEC MD-67-03U, NSF-TP-11, 127p., June 1968.   73 refs.
   DDC:  PE-185688

A new method of taking aerosol measurements using  scattered  light
from a laser beam fired into  the atmosphere was  developed and
398                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
tested.  The method  developed uses measurements of light scattered
from  a  polarized  laser  beam  to find the aerosol attenuation
coefficient, the  aerosol  number density and the aerosol size
distribution.   The method was tested by making measurements from a
secondary site  distant  from  the laser transmitter.  Result are
platted for attenuation coefficients up to 30 kilometer in
altitude.  Hie  scattering functions specifically for use with
polarized light beams  were computed for various aerosol size
distributions.  Theory  is developed for making two-station
backscatter measurements  usin a pulsed ruby laser as a light
source. The rayleigh  and Hie scattering functions are applied
to the  geometry of the  problei, and by considering the polarized
properties of the laser beam a simplified scattering equation is
developed.  By  taking  two scattering measurements at any given
altitude, using different angles of polarization of the laser beam
for the separate  measurements, troublesome variables are eliminated
from the scattering  equations™  Effects of beam attenuation losses
on the  transmitting  and scattered light paths were eliminated from
the equation solution,  as were constant involving receiver
efficiency, transmitted power, beam divergence, etc..  The final
soluticn to 'the equation  for aerosol attenuation coefficients
depends only on the  angular  functions for Eayleigh and Hie
scattering and  upon  the relative voltage responses at the distant
receiver for the  two separate measurements taken at each altitude.
the calculations  for any  given altitude are independent of those
for any other altitude.##

06520

E. W. Sorell  and J. D,, Zeff
INHALATION  AEROSOL  DOSIMETER (FINAL KEPT. DEC. 22, 1961 - MAY
15,  1963).  General American Transportation Corp., Miles,
111.,  BED Div.  (Sept.  HED  1181-70.)  (June 1963)  9  93 pp.


The  objective  of  this  program was to develop an instrument that
»ould  continuously  measure and record the amounts of aerosols that
are  retained by man within his respiratory tract in the course of
breathing aerosol laden  air.  An Inhalation Aerosol Dosimeter
(IAD)  that  meets  all the requirements set out in the contract was
developed by the  HKD Division of General American
Transportation Corporation.   The overall construction of the
IAD  parallels the design suggested in the original proposal.
The  uajor modification of  that design is that hydrogen flame
ionization  principle is  used for detection and monitoring of the
aerosol concentration, and the secondary modification consists of
developing  a very precise  aerosol sampling system.  The sampling
system is based upon maintaining precise (reduced) pressure within
the  detector so that actual  saicpling is a truly continuous
process.##

06599

K. H.  Uilson and  H.  Buchberg


A CONTHOLLSD ENVIBONHENT SYSTEM FOE AIR POLLUTION STUDIES.
Preprint.   (Presented  at the 51st Annual Meeting, Air
                          D. Measurement Methods                      399

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Pollution Control Association,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Bay 25,
1958, Paper No. 58-54.}


The objective of this  study  was to  design,  construct, and
validate a controlled  air environment  system  with  limited capital
expenditure which would offer flexibility  in  the areas of
experimentation mentioned and in  the further  elucidation  of
design parameters concerned  with  the simulation  of the natural air
environment.  Four very important areas  of  experimentation in air
pollution are:  1.  The determination  of the  effects resulting
from the exposure of humans, animals,  plants,  and  materials to an
air environment polluted by  different  substances in various
amounts.,  The identification of substances  from  various sources
of pollution responsible, directly  or  indirectly,  for various
deleterious effects,, and the determination  of  the  amounts of these
substances that must be removed to  prevent  or  minimize these
effects.  3.  The evaluation of pollution  control  measures in
terms of the actual effects  produced.  U.   The investigation of
reaction mechanisms in the polluted air  environment.   The
controlled air environment system described was  constructed and is
being developed.  In addition to  a  discussion  of the design
features, preliminary  experiments utilizing the  system are
presented.#f

06613

B. E. Saltzman
COLORIHETRIC MICRODETERMINATION OP  NITROGEN  DIOXIDE  IN THE
ATMOSPHERE™ Anal. Cbem0 26  (12),  19149-55  (Dec.  195t).


A new specific reagent has been developed  and  demonstrated to
absorb N02 efficiently in a midget  fritted bubbler at levels
below 1 ppm.  The reagent is a mixture of  sulfanilic acid,
N- (1-naphthyl) -ethylene-diamine dihydrochloride,  and acetic acid.
A stable direct color is produced with a sensitivity of  a few
parts per billion for a 10-minute sample at  O.a  liter per minute.
Ozone in fivefold excess and other  gases in  tenfold  excess produce
only slight interfering effects;  these may fce  reduced further by
means which are described.  (Author abstract modified)#*

06612

C. 7. Ellis
A SUGGESTED PROCEDURE FOB CONVERTING  HO  IN  LOW  CONCENTRATIONS TO
NO 2 (TECHNICAL NOTE).  Intern. J.  Air Water  Pollution,  8
(5), 297-9  (196UJ.


A modification of the Saltzman  method in making analysis of
gases containing low concentrations of NO & N02 is  described.
The procedure involves use of fiber glass filter  paper  on  which an
oxidizing solution of acidified KHn04 has been  evaporated.
This oxidant preparation readily converts NO  to N02 in  low
concentrations, apparently without  loss,  permitting the  well-known
400               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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colorimetric determination of 02 to be applied to the
determination  of  NO  and N02 separately.  In this test the
total  concentration  of  NOx should only range from 1 to  5 ppm.
Gases  containing  higher concentrations of NO and N02 however,
possibly could  be handled without a dilution step, but  this  has  not
been demonstrated.   Inasmuch as the procedure as now defined is
limited to  low  concentrations of NO, automobile exhaust gases
nust be diluted with nitrogen to an appropriate concentration.
Boreover, it is necessary that the dilution be made immediately
after  the exhaust sample is drawn.#f

06800

B.  Terabe   and  B.  Ichihashi
J STUD? ON THE  METHOD  FOE  HEASDREBENT OF FLOATING DUST PARTICLES
EY HI-VOL SAMPLER.   Kuki Seijo (Clean Air   J. Japan Air
Cleaning Assoc.,  Tokyo], 1,  (3)  56-62, 1966.  Jap,


In 1965 an experiment  was  carried out in the business section of
Kawasaki in order to compare the two high-volume air samplers.
The one, the Staplex Hi-Vol  Sampler, using the Gelman A
glass  fiber and constructed  so that the collecting face is
perpendicular to  the direction of the wind, is widely used in
Japan.  The other was  a  type used by the National Air
Sampling Network  (NASN) in the United States, made by the
General Hetal Works,,   In this sampler, the collecting face is
set parallel to the  wind and sampling is performed under shelter.
Analyses were carried  out  for sulfate ion, nitrate ion, and
benzene-soluble organic  matter in the air.  Tables and graphs
tabulate the values  obtained using both kinds of sampler; average
values  differed by approximately 5S.  The Staplex Sampler was
more effective  in collecting floating dust and organic matter
(large  particles)  and  the  General Metal Works Sampler handled
sulfate and nitrate  ions  (small aerosol particles) more
efficiently. ##

06832

H. Fugas,  and  H.  Gentilizza


EFFECT  OF N02 ON  SO 2 DETERMINATION DSING PARAEOSANIIINE.
Proc. Intern. Ccngr.. Occupational Health, Vienna, 1966.  pp.
385-8.
Among  various methods  used  for the determination of SO 2 in the
air, the procedure  after  West  and Gaeke involving sampling in
sodium  tetrachloromercurate and colorimetric determination with
pararosaniline  has  found  widest application being the most specific
and  sensitive method in  use.   The literature data concerning the
extent  of N02 interference  in  this method are liuited.  In this
investigation,  the  interference of N02 in the determination of
S02  was studied in  chemical solutions of N02 - and S03—, in
samples of laboratory  prepared gas mixtures and in the outdoor
atmosphere.  Test results indicated that a definite amount of
H02  interferes  in the  SO2 determination decreasing the
                          D. Measurement Methods                      401

-------
obtained S02 values as follows:   by the  same  absolute amount
irrespective of the actual S02 concentration;  by the same
percentage irrespective of the actual S02  concentration;  by the
amount depending on the S02/N02  ratio.   (Author  abstract
modified) ##

06889

Antoshechkin, A., G_


INSTBUMENT FOB DETERMINATIONS OF THE CONCENTEATIONS  OF NITBOGEN
OIIDES AND NITBIC ACID FUHES  IN  AIE..   (Pribor dlya opredeleniya
kontsentratsii okislov azota  i parov azotnoi  kisloty v vozdukhe,.)
Hyg. Sanit,  (Gigiena i Sanito) ,  30 (2) : 234-236, Feb.  1965.
Translated from Russian.,
   CFSTI:  TT 66-51033


The author designed and tested an instrument  for the determination
of the concentrations of nitrogen oxides and  nitric  acid  fumes in
air.  The action of the instrument  is based  on measurements of the
electrical conductivity of a  solution obtained by drawing  the air
with nitrogen oxides through  distilled  water.   The instrument is
portable, its design is simple and  it can  be  constructed  under
laboratory conditions.  Its sensitivity  is from  0..0003 to  20 mg
nitrogen oxides per 1 liter of air.  One analysis takes 1  to 2
min..  Thirty ml of distilled  water  is introduced with the  syringe
into the upper tube and into  the vessel-  The water  cannot leave
the vessel because of the valve,  and it  forms a  1 cm layer
between the two electrodes.   now the pump  is  attached and  5 1 of
air are drawn in distilled water-   Nitrogen  oxide from the air
combines with water to produce nitrous  acid.   The higher  the
concentration of nitrogen oxide  in  the air,  the  higher will be the
concentration of the HN02 solution  in the  vessel.  Since  HN02,
like HN03, is a strong electrolyte  and  completely dissociated to
ions in dilute solutions, the electrical conductivity of  the
solution is proportional to the  concentration..  The  electrodes are
fed with a constant voltage from a  4.5V  source.   In  using  the
instrument, one must remember that  interference  is caused  by gases
that are readily soluble in water and produce a  strong electrolyte
on solution  (the sulfuric acid fumes)„   After suitable graduation,
the instrument can also be used  for the  determination of  sulfuric
acid fumes in air.t*

C6911

G. E. Moore,  A. F. «„ Cole,  M.  Katz


THE CONCUBRENT DETERMINATION  OF  SDLFUR DIOXIDE AND NITROGEN
DIOXIDE IN THE ATHOSPHEHE.  J. Air  Pollution  Control Assoc.
(1), 25-8  (Hay 1967).  (Presented at the  H9th  Annual  Meeting,
Air Pollution Control Association,  Buffalo,  N.Y., May 20-2U,
1956.)


Concurrent determinations of  S02 by the  conductimetric and
colorimetric methods, and simultaneous  determination of N02 by
the Saltzman colorimetric method were discussed.  Conductimetric
402               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
determinations  yielded consistently higher values for sulfur
dioxide  than  the  colorimetric method based on the chromogenic
reaction of fuchsin,  formaldehyde and snlfite.  These differences
nay be accounted  for, in part, by the presence of nitrogen dioxide
in the atmosphere which reacts with the fuchsin reagent to lower
the colorimetric  sulfur dioxide »alue.   The nitrogen dioxide
concentration levels  of the atmosphere fluctuate in a manner
siiilar  to  those  of sulfur dioxide and are somewhat lower in
Magnitude than  the conductimetric sulfur dioxide levels.  When
*he fuchsin  values are corrected for the effect of nitrogen
dioxide, the  colorimetric sulfur dioxide levels are in fairly close
agreement with  those  estimated by the conductimetric method.##

06919

F» Koroleff
DIRECT SPECTBOPHOTOHETHIC DETERMINATION OF AMMONIA IN
PRECIPIT4TION.    Tellus (Dppsala) 18 (2), 562-5  (1966).
(Presented at the CACB Symposium, Atmospheric Chemistry,
Circulation and Aerosols, Visby, Sweden, Aug. 18-25, 1965.)


The method is based on the reaction of ammonium  nitrogen
with hypobromite in an alkaline medium.  The excess of hypobromite
is determined spectrophotonetrically by adding an azo dye
(Bordeaux B)  solution, which is decolorized by
hypobromite in acid solution.  The influence of  e.g. organic
compounds is eliminated by allowing the whole reaction to
proceed in acid solution also.  The standard curve is a straight
line up to 400 micrograms of amnoniui nitrogen per liter,  and the
reaction is sensitive to 10 micrograms per liter, equal to 0..01
ppm, as determined in 25 ml of sample.  (Author  abstract)##

06955

B. No Inscoe
PHOTOCHEMICAL CHANGES IH THIN IAYIR CHHOHATOGEAMS OT POLYCYCLIC,
SHOHATIC HTDEOCAEBONS.    Anal. Chem. 36, 2505-6  (Dec. 1964).


The change in spot color due to photochemical changes of thin
layer chromatograms in  the identification of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons  was discussed.   The changes were observed on spots of
15 representative hydrocarbons following exposure to ultraviolet
light.   The absorbents  used  were silica gel G, aluminum oxide G,
cellulose powder, and acetylated cellulose  (21%).  After the
initial exposure to ultraviolet light, the changes take place even
Khen the plates are kept in  the dark.  Similar, but slower,
changes also  occur on plates kept in ordinary roomlight, without
exposure to other ultraviolet illumination.  The changes are
accelerated by continuous irradiation, either by long-wavelength
ultraviolet light or by light of 253.7 millimicron.  The nature of
the developing solvent  appears to have little effect on the colors
observed.   The presence of solvent often accelerates the changes
in the  spots.  This effect is particularly noticeable with
chlorinated solvents.**
                           D. Measurement Methods                     403

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06983

N. A. Poulos


AMPERCMETBIC PBOPELLANT-COHPONENT DETECTOR.    Olin
Bathieson Chenical Corp., New Haven, Conn., Contract  No.
AF 33 (600)-39311, Project No, 7165, Task  No.  71386,  ASD
Technical Kept. No. 61-15
-------
in sensitivity  and  stability.   The instrument is sensitive  to
changes in humidity,  but a dry ice trap was successfully  employed
to remove moisture  without relieving ozone.  Changes in  ambient
temperature and flow  rate have no effect on drift-resistant
system.   AAH#t
C6987

L.  H.  Buhnke
RILATIONSHIP  BETHEEH  CONEOCTIVIIY AND NUCLEUS CONTENT OF THE
AIB IN  THE  ARCTIC  ANE THE RESULTS OF SOME MEASUREMENTS.
'{(Army  Signal Research and Development Lab., Fort
Konmouth, N.J.))   (Jan.  1961). 17 pp. (DSASHDL
Technical Hept.  No. 2176.)


In August 1959 measurements were carried out on the icecap  in
Greenland to  determine the conductivity of air and the
nuclei  concentration  of air coming from human settlements.
J formula is  shown which gives the relation between conductivity,
density of  large particles, and radius of the particles.  With
this formula  and the  measurements, an average radius of  2.7 x
.000001 cm  was obtained.  The average total conductivity of the
air was 5.0 x .0001/mho/m for air not contaminated by human
activity.   (Author" s  abstract)**
07097

L.  H.  Piette,   J.  H.  Sharp,   T.  Kuwana,  and J.. N.,
Pitts,  Jr.
PSRAHAGNETIC  RESONANCE OF SOME BENZCPHENONE DERIVATIVES  IN  THEIR
PHOSPHORESCENT  STATE.   J. Chem. Phys., 36(11), 309U-5  (June
1,  1962) .


Paramagnetic  resonance absorption of the triplet or  phosphorescent
state  in several  para-substituted derivatives of benzophenone  was
otserved,.   The  phosphorescent states are formed during  uv
irradiation of  the  compounds in rigid solutions at liguid-nitrogen
temperatures..   Solutions of 4-aminobenzophenone,
4-dimethylaminobenzophenone, 1,4 ', bis- (dimethylamino) benzophenone,
and U-phenylbenzophenone were irradiated at 77 deg K.
Paramagnetic  resonance absorption was observed for all  the  above
compounds at  a  magnetic field of about T500 gauss,  (g equals 4).
In  addition to  paramagnetic resonance absorption at  g eguals 4,
the irradiated  solid  solutions show strong phosphorescence.  This
phosphorescence decays exponentially with a mean lifetime of 0.41
plus or  minus 0.04  sec and agrees favorably with the decay  of  the
paramagnetic  resonance absorption signal when the light  is  cut  off.
Hean phosphorescent lifetimes of the other compounds range  from
0.2 to O.i*  sec  and  are being correlated with the decay  of their
EPE signals at  g  equals «.*#
                          D. Measurement Methods                     405

-------
07106

Thomas, M- D»


SOLFDE DIOXIDE, SDLPDEIC ACID AEROSOL AND  VISIBILITY  IN  LOS
ANGELES.   ((Intern., J. Air Water Pollution,))  6:
-------
six types  of  absorbers only Pyrex and Sial absorbers with a
fritted  disk  proved satisfactory.  Trapping efficiency of Eyrex
and Sial absorbers was about 853!, if the efficiency of evacuated
bottles  was taken as 100%.   The overall efficiency of the method
using Pyrex or Sial absorbers vas practically 50%,  Under the
given conditions the method is accurate and reliable for a wide
concentration range:  from  
-------
Gronsberg, E. Sh.


DETF.BHINATION OF VINYL CHLOBIDE  IN  THE  AIB.    D.S.S.H.
literature on Air Pollution  and  Belated Occupational
Diseases, Vol. 1:118-150,  Jan.  1960=   (Also  published in
Gigiena i Sanit., No.  11:<43-44,  1954.,}   Translated from
Russian.
   CFSTI:  IT 60-21019


The procedure described  is based en  bromination in chloroform
solution with a bromine  solution in  a 1:1  mixture of glacial acetic
acid and chloroform.  The  method is  sensitive  to 0.10 mg of  vinyl
chloride per test.  The  absorption  of vinyl  chloride from air  is
accomplished by aspirating the  tested air  through chloroform kept
at -10 to -15 deg., at the rate  of  10 - 12 liters per hour.  This
sethod is specific in the  presence  of methanol and dichlorethane.
Observing the additional steps  and  precuations indicated obviates
the interference of ethylene  and of  chlorine.#t


07150

Dzedzichek, V. P-  and A.  V.  Demidov


APPABATUS FOB THE DETERMINATION  OF  CABBON  MONOXIDE AND  CABBON
DIOXIDE IN THE AIB AND OF  GASEODS COMPONENTS OF LIQOID  FDEL.
D.S.SoBo literature on Air Pollution and Belated
Occupational Diseases, Vol.  1:168-177,  Jan.,  1960.  (Also
published in Lab. Delo 3(4):46-51,  1957.)   Translated from
Russian.,
   CFSTI:  TT 60-21049


The principle of the method  described is the same as of the
combustion methods currently  in  use.  The  carbon monoxide or the
hydrocarbons contained in  the air are oxidized to carbon dioxide in
a combustion chamber with  the aid of an electrically heated  coil.
The carbon dioxide is then .passed through  a  coil condenser
(absorber) which contains  a  known volume of  a  known solution of
barium hydroxide, and the  excess of  the latter determined by
titration with a standardized solution  of  HC1, and the  results
expressed in mg of CO or of  hydrocarbons,  as the case may be,  per
liter of air.  The apparatus  consists of four  main sections:   the
purifying section,, the distributor,  the combustion chamber and the
absorber.  The apparatus and  technic are described in detail.ft
07180

B. Breuer
METBOLOGY AND AIB POLLUTION.   Eie  Besstechnik  bei  der
Beinhaltung der Luft.  VDI  (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Z.
(Duesseldorf)  107 (30), 1434-8 '(Oct.  1965J.  Ger»
408               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
A survey of air pollution measurements is presented.  In  the
group of emission measurements, a block diagram for continuous
CC2 and S02 measurements is given and some details of
sampling and filtering are discussed.,  A nomograph relates  the
502 emission with the sulfur concentration of the fuel..
These measurements operate on the principle of infrared
absorption,.  Another block diagram shows examples of dust
measurements.  Both the electrostatically operating "Konitest"
and a meter based on light extinction are employed.  An
electrochemical device determining chlorine is explained.   Here
the chlorine oxidizes iodide which in turn causes a depolarization
current to flow.  As an example of concentration measurements, an
electrochemical device determining H2S in concentrations  as low
as 1 ppb is given.  The electric current arising as the result of
the formation of silver sulfide is of the order of 0.1 micron amp
which can be amplified and recorded,.  A short discussion  of
practical aspects of sampling and statistical evaluations of
results, in particular, relations to wind directions, concludes
this paper.f#

0736«

Fukui,  S.


DETERMINATION OF SULFUR OXIDES IN STACK GASES BY THE ABSENAZO III
METHOD.   Text in Japanese.  Bunseki Kagaku (Japan
Analyst  (Tokyo), 1t {9) : 838-812 , 1965.


In determining sulfur oxides, arsenazo III is used as the
indicator and a solution of barium and lead slat is used  as the
standard solution.  The influence of isopropyl alcohol
concentration and pH on arsenazo III was investigated and
tabulated indicating that the proper amount of alcohol required is
four times as great as the quantity of sample solution used; a pH
of 3.0  is reguired for stable measurements.  The influence  of
diverse ions of CL-, C03-2,, N03-, and N02- on this method is
negligible for ion quantities of 10, 5, 5, and 2 mg, respectively,
but 1 mg of P01-3 interfers with measurement.   The influence of
S03-2 on S04-2 is negligible for quantities of S03-2 300
times as great as 304-2.  Hydrogen peroxide does not interfere
with the determination.  Determination of sulfur oxides by  the
arsenazo III method, acid-base titration method, and
Ba-chloranilate method show good agreement., ##

07379

B. Kano


OZONE.    Text in Japanese, Kuki Seijo (Clean Air-J. Japan
Air Cleaning Assoc..)  2(1):5«-59, 1961.   11 refs.


The methods of production,, toxic nature, and methods of
detection of ozone are described.  The Denshi Ozonizer No.  1 is
illustrated in which oxygen or air is passed between the  dielectric
plates  and a silent discharge by high voltage a.c. produces
ozone.   The ozone concentration varies according to humidity and
                          D. Measurement Methods                      409

-------
temperature of the air, low temperature and  humidity  being
favorable for effective utilization of the ozone.   Part  of  the
toxic character of ozone comes from the presence  of nitrogen  oxide
as an impurity.  The maxiffium alienable concentration  of  each  in
its pure state is 20 ppm but when mixed, 1 ppm is  the
maximum.,  Dses of ozone for air cleaning, oxidation of
organic compounds, sterilization, water cleaning,
deodorization, etc. are covered.  Ozone detection  methods are
divided into chemical and physical methods.  The  physical
nethod is more convenient and fast.  Usually the  odor of ozone
permits its detection before much harm to the human body can
occur-*#

07391

H. Miyazaki,  K. Di,  H., Ando


INVESTIGATION OF TEXT HETHODS OF S-OXIDES AND N-OXIDES IN THE
ATMOSPHEBE.   Text in Japanese.  J. Japan Petrol.  Inst.
(Tokyo), 9(3) :21«-216, Mar., 1966.  10refs.


The methods investigated are the electrical  conductivity
method, rosaniline method, and Saltzman method.   Drawbacks  to
the electrical conductivity method are that  302 and S03  cannot
be measured separately and that H2S, mercaptans,  and  other
elements interfere with measurement.  In addition,  the electrical
conductivity of the absorbing liguid depends on the temperature.
The rosaniline method is used only for S02.  Considerations
in using this method consist of the speed of absorption  of  the
air tested, the shape of the abscrber, absorption  efficiency,
and maintenance of the absorption liguid.  Impingers  and air
washing bottles are also required.  The absorption  of test  air
depends on the celocity and on the shape of  the bottle;
absorption efficiency of the absorption liguid was  good,
indicating the need for only one absorption  tube..   Data
obtained by sue of both electrical conductivity and
rosaniline methods were in good agreement with each other.,
As for the Saltzman method for N-oxides, the absorption
efficiency was found to depend on the speed  of absorption and on
the type of absorption tube used.,  It is difficult  to make
a perfect collection of NO2 by the Saltzman  method.   The
hourly variation of N02 concentration in Yokohama  is  graphed;
it reached a peak of 0.05 ppm between 9 and  10 A.M.. which
is much less than the corresponding S02 concentration. ##

07401

Suzuki, S.


POTENTIAL AUTOMATIC DETECTOE OF SMAII AMOUNTS OF  OXIDIZING  GAS
DSING POTASSIUM IODIDE AS A REACTION INDICATOB  (I).  Text  in
Japanese.  Kuki Seijo  (Clean Air-J. Japan  Air Cleaning
Assoc., Tokyo), 2 (3): 19-29, 1965.  7 refs,.


The detector described consists of two parts:  the measuring
section and the recording part.  The efficiency  of the  measuring
410               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
part  was determined  by  a  potentioneter which measured the relation
between the iodine concentration and electric potential which  are
proportional.   There was  difficulty in obtaining good
repeatability values; the problen is discussed in some detail.
The efficiency  of the automatic recording equipment was then
tested.  A wiring diagran of the apparatus is included.  The
relation between resistance change in the wire and deflection  of
the recorder is graphed.   As for operating procedure, the effects
of potential stability, bubbling, and ultraviolet rays were
investigated.   Graphs illustrate that initial potential stability
in potassium iodide  is. difficult to reach but once obtained, the
stability will  remain constant during changes in potassium iodide.
Other effects noted  were  that bubbling affects the voltage and the
effect of ultraviolet rays is great.  The detector was used for
N02,  ozone, radioactive iodine, and other gases.  The process
and aethods of  exanination are described in detail.##

01102

Suzuki,  So


POTENTIAL AUTOMATIC  DETECTOE OF SHAIL AMOUNTS OF OXIDIZING GAS
USING POTASSIUM IODIDE  AS A REACTION INDICATOR  (2).  STODY OF
FLOID IN THE CELL AND SALT ERIDGE COMPOSITION.   Text in
Japanese™  Kuki Seijo  (Clean Air-J. Japan Air Cleaning
Assoc.,,  Tokyo), 2(«):7-13, 1965.,  U refs.


In a  previous discussion, the problem of irregularity of the
reagent  used in the  cell of a potential automatic detector was
covered.  The structure of the cell and the composition are
investigated in order to obtain a stable method for measuring  small
anounts  of oxidizing gas.  The equipment under investigation
consists of cells of a  reference electrode and an indicator
electrode with  a salt bridge between.  The items examined are:
(1)  Effect of the reagent in the reference electrode cell;  (2)
Effect of pH of the  solution in the indicating cell;  (3) Effect
of the salt bridge connecting the reference electrode and
indicator electrode. Three types of salt bridge were examined,
i.e., agat-agar and  distilled water, agar-agar-potassium iodide and
distilled water,  and agar-agar-potassium iodide and buffer
solution.  Results  showed that pH did not affect the  potential
of the solution in  the  reference electrode cell as long as iodide
was added, but  if iodide was not added, the solution  was made
acidic.  The pH of  the  solution in the indicator electrode cell
had no effect on the potential.  The agar-agar-potassium iodide
and buffer solution  bridge was considered best.##


07127

G., E. Hoore,  Rn  S.  Thomas,  0. L.  Konkman


TBB RODTINE DETERMINATION OF POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS  IN
AIRBORNE POLLUTANTS.   J. Chromatog., 26 (2) :«56-«6U,  1968.
9 refs.
A method for the  analysis of polycyclic hydrocarbons  found
in polluted air and  tobacco tars is described  in detail.
                           D. Measurement Methods                     411

-------
The chromatography of polycyclic hydrocarbons  involves
compromises including the activity of the  alumina,  the  depth
of the adsorbent, and the amount of  the ether,  or  other
polar solvent used.  Ultraviolet spectroscopy  as a  monitoring
technique is not sufficiently sensitive.   This  lack of
sensitivity may be the reason that column  losses have been
reported.  Fluorescence as a monitoring technique  is much
more sensitive and must be used when benzo (a) pyrene is  being
measured, since the benzo (k) fluoranthene present in the
venzo (a) pyrene fractions causes serious interference with
measurements made at the characteristic benzo (a) pyrene  peak at
ca. i»02nm.#t

07D35

A.  Zdro3ewski,   A. L. DuBois,  G. E.. Moore,  F. S.
Thomas,  J.  X.  Monkman


COLUMN CHBOHATOGHAPHY AND SPECTROSCOPY IN  THE ANALYSIS  OF
AIRBORSE POLYCYCLICS.  J. Chroma tog. , 28 (2)  : 31 7-325..  1967.. 16 refs


Analytical difficulties encountered during the  separation
(column chronatography)  and measurement (spectrophotometric and
f luoriroetric)  of polynuclear compounds are discussed.   A
glass tube 1.0 cm I.D. and tO«0 cm long is fitted with  a teflon
plug stopcock.   The column is filled to a  depth of  12 cm with a
slurry of the deactivated alumina in cyclohexane.   For
ultraviolet  absorption a Bausch 6 Lamb spectrophotometer
and a Gary 11 recording spectrophotometer  were  used.  For
fluorimetric measurements a modified Aminco-Bowman
spectrophotometer was used.  The use of fluorescence is
mandatory in the measurement of polycyclic hydrocarbons in air
samples,   without its use, the analyst would be seriously
handicapped  with regard to sensitivity.  There  seems to be no
evidence for losses on the chrcmatographic column and
accordingly no need to correct for such losses.  It is
possible that apparent losses may be due to interference from the
background.   The background may be due to  overloading of the
column or to incomplete separation of a mixture of
hydrocarbons having a common structure.  These  hydrocarbons are
likely to be of the two tc three ring type.  Overloading of the
column and incomplete separation are different  affects, but the
influence on the chrcmatogram will be the  same. ##
I. E. Cohen,  J. J. Bufalini
FDHTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE FEBHODS AMMONIUM THIOCYANATE BEAGEN1
FOR OZONE.  Environ. Sci. Technol.. , 1(12):1014, Dec..  1967-  5
refs..
A reinvestigation of the ferrous ammonium thiocyanate
colorimetric method for ozcne has disclosed  the  following  facts:
This method for ozone has the advantage that a sample  collected
in the field need not be analyzed until it is returned  to  the
412               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
hcne laboratory..   The time lapse may be several days or weeks.
Unfortunately,  the aolar absorptivity, although constant for
other oxidants  such as n-butyl hydroperoxide,, tertbutyl
hydroperoxide,  and hydrogen peroxide, is constant  for ozone only
at concentrations greater than 2 ppm  (v/v)..  Unless the
approximate ozone levels are known, the method is  not useful if
highly accurate ozone levels are desired.   (Authors" summary)t#


07482

Kanno, S»


DETERMINATION OF GASEOUS AIR PCIIUTANTS.    Text in Japanese.
0. Jap. Petrol. Inst- (Tokyo), 7 (2): 92-96,  Feb. 1964.  6
refs.

The determination of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides in smoke
and in air are  covered.   S02 in smoke is measured
colorimetrically or by detection tube.  Two methods are described:
one for measuring pollutants after the combustion  of coal or heavy
oil or for gases mixed with N02 and the other for  mixtures of
S02 and S03-  Procedures are given for making the  test
liquid (absorption liquid) and for exact measurement for each
method.  The detection tube is illustrated  briefly.  The
absorption tube method is not sufficient for N02 detection.  A
method of almost perfect collecting efficiency which is used in the
Kanagawa Prefecture Public Health laboratories is  described.
The absorber is composed of a aixture of NaOH and  butanol.
For S02 and S03 measurement, the electric conductivity method
and barium molybdate method are illustrated.  The  rosanaline
method is used  as well as an alkali filter  paper method.  The
latter is superior to the widely used Pb02  method  in that
reagent quality does not affect the measured value and the
collecting efficiency does not depend on temperature and humidity. #t
07506

Shlquist, Norman €„  and Robert J. Charlson


A NEW INSTRUMENT FOE EVALUATING THE VISUAL QUALITY OF  AIR.
J. Air Pollution Control Sssoc., 17 (7) : 467-469, July 1967.,
2 refs.  (Presented at the Annual Meeting, Pacific Northwest
International Section, Air Pollution Control Association,
Seattle, Hash., Nov. 3-4, 1966.)

The basic design features and operating characteristics  of  the
integrating nephelcneter are presented.  The nephelcmeter was
operated for a period from July 19 to Aug. 18, 1966 on the  campus
of the University of Washington.  The intake was located in a
southwest window about 40 ft above the ground.  The preliminary
data indicate that the instrument has high potential utility for
measuring objectively a quantity closely related to the
visual quality of air, the light scattering coefficient.  Because
the instrument is sinple, stable, and relatively inexpensive, it
appears desirable to investigate the possibility of including it in
air monitoring networks when simultaneous information  on the visual
quality of  air is desired. ##
                          D. Measurement Methods                      413

-------
C75KO

C. 0« Peterson, Jr.,  B. 7. Dailey,   H. G.  Amrhein


APP1YING NON-DISPERSIVE INFRABED  TO ANALYZE  POIIOTED  STACK
GASES.   Instr. Technolo , 1U (8) :K5-«8,  Aug.  1967.,   3  refs.,


The toxic and reactive properties that  make  some  air  pollutants
difficult to analyze in the parts-per-million  range are  the
properties that make it important to  measure these  effluents
accurately.  The operation of nondispersive  infrared  analyzers
with a positive filtering type  sensitization is reviewed.  The
method of sensitizing an instrument uses a negative filtering-
type sensitization for nitrogen dioxide with a non-dispersive
infrared analyzer.  In the conventional method, nitrogen
dioxide is used to sensitize the  comparison  cell  and  detector.
However, it was found that it could not be  used because  of its
reactivity.  Propylene and vinyl  chloride were satisfactory
because they have strong adsorption bands at 6.2  microns.  Acetone
was used to equalize the infrared adsorption by water vapor in
both cells.  By negative filtering-type sensitization is was
possible to desensitize water vapor response although the single-
beam  (positive filtering)  response to water  vapor was
approximately four times that of  nitrogen dioxide.##

075U5

T. Sekigawa


MEASUREMENT METHOD FOB CONCENTRATION  OF IONS IN POLLUTED AIR.
Text in Japanese.  Kuki Seijc  (Clean  Air, J. Japan  Air
Cleaning Assoc.,, Tokyo)  3(1):13-18,  1965.


The number of ions in air decreases when air is polluted so
that the degree of air pollution  can  be determined  by measuring
the guantity of ions in the air at a  given  time.  Generally, a
cylindrically shaped ion counter  is used which gives  the number of
ions. Corrections are made for  the inverse electric field at the
inlet of the counter, the existence of  triple  or  other
multiple charges, and from the  change in the number of ions
in air.  Mathematical expressions for the corrections are given.
Graphs for the relation between nobility and ion  number  before
and after correction are compared.#t

07648

Havir, 0.,  A. Fidler,  and R.  Husak


THE DETECTION OF SUIPKUH-COHECUNDS WITH ELUOKESCEIN-1,3,6,H-
IITRAMEBCURITETRAACETATE.  Acta Chim. Acad.  Sci.  Hung.,  50(1-
<4) :39-U<>,  1966.   10 refs.


Grote's, and iodine-azide agents  are  usually used for the detection
o± thiocompounds on paper, or  a thiniayer of aluminium oxide.   lor
414               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
the same purpose  fluorescein-1,3,6,8 -tetramercuritetraacetate
(further IMF)  is  also  suitable.   Beak acid, neutral and weak  basic
solutions of THF  show  green-yellow fluorescence on paper  or
aluminium oxide.  A  suitable carrier used tor chromatographic
analysis is lightly  covered by a spray of a basic solution of THF.
In such places, where  a substance incorporating an SH group is
present, fluorescence  ceased and a dark red or violet spot appears
in ultraviolet light;  in case of higher concentrations of the
substance the  spot  is  visible even to the eye. This shows that IMF
is suitable for chromatographic  detection of thio-compounds.  The
sensitivity of THF  has been tested.  In practical application in
paper chromatography and subsequent detection with TMF reagent,
thiourea, mercaptopyrimidines and seme of their derivates were
used.  The EF  values were established for these compounds using
paper and thin layer chrcmatography.  The papers deal with the
chromatography of thiourea and its derivates.  Spots caused by 1HF
sere detected  by  means of UV light with filter.  Eesults  show that
fluorescein-1,3,6,8-tetramercuritetraacetate  (TKI) is the most
sensitive agent for  the detection of organic thiocompounds having
an SH group.

07651*

Crone, Paul


PROGRESS EEPOBT   TRACER STUDIES IN AIE POLLUTION: I. SULFUB
DIOXIDE.  Preprint,  Colcradc Uriv., Boulder, Chemistry
Dept., 12 p.,  ((1966)).  t refs.


Badiochemical  tracer techniques  have been used to study air
pollution problems  associated with sulfur dioxide with respect to;
(1) Efficiency and  specificity of analytical methods, and (2)
Beactions to sulfur  dioxide in air.  Sampling techniques  using
midget bubblers and  tetrachlorcmercurate scrubbing solution (West
Gaeke method)  were  shown to become less efficient at air
concentrations below 1 ppm.  The conductometric method as efficient
in capturing and  measuring concentrations of sulfur dioxide in the
parts per hundred million range.  However, when ambient air is
sampled, the conductcmetric metho.d gives consistently high results.
Efforts are being made to analyze the substances causing  the  high
results.  The  reactions cf sulfur dioxide have been studied in the
main by use of static  tests in which known concentrations ot  tagged
sulfur dioxide were  treated under various conditions of dark,
sunlight, and  ultraviolet irradiation and in the presence of  water,
nitrogen oxides,  saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.  The  tracer
techniques conbimed  with the various analytical methods described
help give a considerable amount  of information on the composition
and mechanisms of substances in  polluted air.

07655L

C86551
Atel, N..  and  C.  Junge


DEVELOPMENT OF A  LARGE-ION COUNTER OF HIGH SENSITIVITY.   Text
in German.  Johannes-Gutenberg-Univ-, Hainz, Germany,
Beteorologisch-Geophysikalisches Inst., Nov. 1966. ((81))
                          D. Measurement Methods                      415

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refs.  0. S. Army, European  Research  Office,  Contract
DA-91-591-EUC-3910,  «71)) p.
   CFSTI/DDC:  AD 81302UL


A sensitive ion counter for  the  neasurenents  of large-ion
mobilities in atmospheric  air  has  been  constructed.   It can be
used to determine aerosol  size  distributions  below .00005 cm
radius in very clean tropospheric  air masses  with total aerosol
concentrations as low as a few  hundred  per  cc.   The  ion counter
is of the integral type and  was  designed  for  maximum sensitivity.
Particular attention was paid  to the  most suitable geometry, to
the insulation problems and  to  stability  of the driving voltage.
A special device for eliminating displacement currents generated
cy voltage fluctuations was  suggested and was under  construction.
Laboratory tests of the ion  counter  were  made.   The  existing
theories of equilibrium charge  distribution on  aerosol particles,
which must be known to convert  ion spectra  into total aerosol
spectra, are briefly discussed., ##

07681

Begener, Victor H.


FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF THE  CHEMIIUMINESCENT
METHOD FOE THE MEASUREMENT OF  ATMOSPHERIC OZONE.   Hew Mexico
Univ., Altuguergue, Dept»  of Physics  and  Astronomy,  Contract
AF 19(628)-2927, Proj. 860K, Task  860406, AFCB1-67-0029,  21p.,
Jan. 16, 1967.
   CFSTI, DDC:  AD 618916


Refinements and new applications of  the cherciluminescent method for
the measurement of atmospheric  ozone  are  described.   These include
an improved balloon sonde  with  variable resistance output, a method
for in-flight calibration  of an  aircraft  ozone  recorder,  and a
pilot installation for the aeasurement  of ozone from a tower. The
original chemiluminescent  ozone  sonde gives deviations from the
calibration curve at the high  end  of  the  recorder chart when the
battery voltages drop toward the end  of a balloon flight.   The new
device needs only one calibration  setting before the flight, namely
that for "zero" ozone, because  the high end of  the chart scale
corresponds automatically  to zero  resistance,  or "infinite" ozone.
Beans for calibrating periodically the  chemiluminescent material in
ozone sensors was obtained by  developing  an in-flight source of
ozone which would periodically  add a  known  amount of ozone to the
air intake of a balloon sonde.   The ozone density produced in an
air stream illuminated by  ultraviolet light was utilized in this
method.

07687

Young, Robert A.

MEASUREMENT OF NITHIC OXIDE  IN THE EARTH"S  ATMOSPHERE.
Stanford Research Inst., Menlc Park,  Calif.,  Contract
No.  DA-19-1II6-XZ-112, Project  No. DASA-1887,  SBI  Project No.  PiU-
3895, 3«p., March 23, 1967.
   CFSTI, DEC:  AD 6«9829
416              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Decent  fluorescent  nitric oxide dayglow measurements have indicated
that  the  concentration of NO is approximately 100 times  larger  than
previously  supposed.   This result has necessitated a drastic
revision  of the  models for NO production and loss and  re -
evaluation  of  the interaction of lyman-alpha radiation from the sun
with  NO to  create the ionization in the D-region.  It  is obviously
extremely important to verify the fluorescent measurements by an
entirely  independent means. Status is described of a nitric oxide
detector  that  is being developed for use in the lower  ionosphere.
The sensor, which operates by selective photoionization  of nitric
oxide,  was  essentially completed.  The associated electronics were
designed.  The mechanical components were designed and partially
completed.


07709

Vernot, E.  H.,,  J.  D. HacEwen,  D. L., Geiger,  and C.  C»
Haun
THE AIR OXIDATION OF MONOHETHY.1 HY.DBAZINE.   am. Ind.  Hyg.,
Assoc..  J..,  28(4) :3«3-3in, July- Aug., 1967.  10 refs.


The air oxidation of monomethyl hydrazine was examined  using gas
chromatography and infrared spectrophotometry.  Major  products  were
found  to be molecular nitrogen and methane.  First order kinetics
were obeyed and half-life calculated to be 3U minutes  under the
conditions  used.   Evidence that the reaction was surface catalyzed
was provided by the much facter rate shown when a polyethylene
container  was substituted for glass.   (authors' summary)


077D9

Ives,  N. F.  and Laura Giuffrida


INVESTIGATION OF THERMIONIC DETECTOR RESPONSE FOE THE  GAS
CHROMATOGFAPHY OF P, N, As,AND C1 ORGANIC COHPODNDS. J.  Assoc,,
Offic.  Anal. Chemists, 50(1) :1-4, Feb.  1967.,  8 refs.  (Presented  at
the 8th Annual Meeting, Association of  Official analytical
Chemists,  flashington, B.C., Oct. 10-13, 1966.)


Investigations were conducted to determine the degree  of
specificity and enhanced response of the thermionic  detector  (TD),
using  alkali metal salts.The test compounds included the triphenyl
derivatives of group V (a) elements. Because of special interest  in
nitrogen response, several types of nitrogen compounds were
included.   The effects of varying jet  diameter, carrier gas,  and
other  operating parameters were also studied.  Thermionic response
to grooup  V(a)  elements in organic compounds was found to depend  on
the salt cation used in the TD.  The magnitude of response  was
similar for different salts of the same cation.  Increased  response
for phosphorus was 10,000 fold or better, for nitrogen about  100
fold,  and  for arsenic about 30 fold.   With an unknown  response,
phosphorus  can be distinguished from nitrogen or arsenic by compar-
ing the thermionic and conventional flame responses.The detection
of nitrogen in organic compounds was not affected adversely by   us-
                           D. Measurement Methods                     417

-------
ing nitrogen as a carrier gas.   Hith certain  size  flame  jets, a
significant increase in thermionic response can  be obtained  by
substituting helium for nitrogen as the carrier  gas»   Detector
stability was best with potassium salts and was  better with
rubidium than with cesiurc salts; KC1 was  preferred for phosphorus
compounds and HbC1 for nitrogen  compounds.

07807

Altshuller,  A. P.


APPLICATION OF REACTIVITY CONCEPTS TO EMISSIONS  FBOM DEVICE
EQUIPPED AND UNEQUIPPED AUTOMOBILES. Preprint, Public  Health
Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution
Control,  <(18))P.. ({1967)).  12 refs.


Various manifestations of atmospheric photochemical reactions can
be associated with the relative  ability of various hydrocarbons to
participate in these reactions.  The ratings derived from such
manifestations have been used to develop  a number  of hydrocarbon
reactivity scales.  These scales are utilized in evaluating  the
effectiveness of automotive exhaust control devices.   The
effectiveness of the devices as  computed  from reactivity scales is
compared >ith total hydrocarbon  measurements.


0781U

Boiteau, H.  L-,  and Cl. Houssion


A SIMPLE APPARATUS FOB THE DETEBBINA1ION  OF CERTAIN GASEOUS  OH
VOLATILE TOXIC SUBSTANCES.    ((Un appareil simple  pur  le
dosage de guelgues toxigues gazeux cu volatils.))   Text  in
French. Ann. Biol. Clin.  (Paris), 25 (1-2) :215-227, Jan.-
Feb. 1967.  1 refs.
A simple apparatus made of pyrex  glass for  the  estimation  of a
number of gases in air or in mixtures is  described  with
particular reference to toxic  substances  such  as  carbon  dioxide,
carbon monoxide, nitrogen peroxide,  hydrogen cyanide,  and
trichlorethylene.  The device  consists of two  glass cylinders, one
100 ml in capacity which acts  as  a  reaction chamber and  is
connected by a stopcock to another  10 ml  chamber  which is  sealed
with a glass stepper.  The reaction  chamber has another  stopcock
at the opposite end of the cylinder  from  the connecting  stopcock.
The stopper on the smaller chamber  is removed  and the  stopcocks
are opened while 400 to 500 ml of the sample is drawn  slowly
through the apparatus.  The stopcocks are then  closed  and  the
smaller chamber is then flushed out  with  nitrogen or unpolluted
air-  The appropriate reagent  is  added to the  small chamber and
the chamber is closed by the ground  glass stopper.   The  connecting
stopcock is opened and the gas can  then react  with  the reagent
which varies with the subject  gas as does the  method of  analysis
of the absorbed gas.  The determinations  can be made rapidly with
few manipulations and are accurate  and sensitive  enough  for the
requirements of a tcxicological analysis.**
418               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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C7830

Popov,  V.  A.


THE PRESENCE  OF OXIDANTS IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF CERTAIN TCHNS IN
THE (US.S.H.   ((Prisultstvie oksidantov v atmosfernom vozdukhe
nekotorykh gorodov SSSR.))   Text in Russian.  Engl. transl.
Hyg. Sanit.,  31(1-3):   3-8, Jan..-Harch 1966.


Oxidants in the air of certain tcwns of the Soviet Onion  were
neasured by the phenolphthalein method.  The standard color
scale was a mixture of an alcoholic-aqueous solution  (3:2) of
phenolphthalein and 1% borax solution.  The maximum concentration
of oxidants on the highways of Moscow and Baku on sunny days was
as high as 0.1 mg/cu m, and on cloudy days did not exceed 0,03
rog/cu ui.  A study of this type of pollutants in Baku
revealed their presence in the area of oil refineries at
concentrations within 0.15 mg/cu m.  On the other hand, the
maximum value of oxidants in the vicinity of Batumi oil refinery
was considerably lever (O.,0t| mg/cu m).#*
07838

Dinitriades,  Basil


METHODOLOGY IN AIR POLLUTION STUDIES USING IRRADIATION  CHAMBERS. J.
Air Pollution Control Issoc., 17(7):160-466, July  1967.   12  refs.


Experimentation in large irradiation chambers has  been  useful  in
providing insight into the chemistry of the photochemical saiog
formation problem.  Initial efforts to reproduce the atmoshperic
phenomena artifically at controllable scale were successful  in that
gross atmospheric smog symptoms  were observed in irradiation
chambers. However, as the experimentation and evidence  produced
were becoming more elaborate, the  question arose as  to  how much one
could rely on chemical data in understanding and interpreting
atmospheric phenomena. The question becomes highly pertinent in
view of the difference in concentration levels  between  atmosphere
and chamber work.  This issue was  discussed during recent Amercian
Chemical Society meetings, and the  conclusions  from  presnetations
and discussions were as follows:   (1) There is  qualitative
agreement between chamber data and  atmospheric  data  wherever
comparison is feasible.  (2) There  is need for  more  precise  chamber
work at concentration levels more  nearly egual  to  those in the
atmosphere.  Experimentation in  chambers under  typical  atmospheric
conditions presents some special problems associated with the
chamber design and chemical analysis.  Chamber  methodology has been
the focus of  considerable research  effort, and  it  appears to be an
important factor affecting further  progress in  air pollution
research. This paper describes methods and techniques used at  the
Bartlesville  Petroleum Research  Center.  (Author's abstract)
                           D. Measurement Methods                     419

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07857

F. H. Davis
A BEVIEH OF PHYSICOCHEHICAL METHODS FOB  NITHOGEN.  OXYGEN,  AND
8ITBIC OXIDE HEASDBEHENTS.,   Air  Force Flight  Dynamics  Lab.,
Wright-Patterson 1FB, Ohio, Research and  Technology  Divu,
  CFSTI/DDC:  AD 648039
Project No. 1«26, Task No. 112610, Tech-  Sept.  AFFDL-TB-
66-71, «3p., Aug. 1966. 161 refs.
   CFSTI/DDC:  AFFDL-TH-6H8039


Several of the physicochemical  methods used  within approximately
the last 15 years for research  studies performed  with molecular
nitrogen, atonic nitrogen, molecular oxygen, atomic  oxygen  and
nitric oxide are summarized.,  Several of  the techniques used are:
modified conventional spectroscopic techniques, emission and
absorption; electron-beam probe studies;  flash  photolysis  (N02,
03, Cl-oxide decomposition, formation of  vibrationally  excited
02); shock tube studies {dissociation of  02, indirect
measurement of recombination rates at high temperature); flame
reaction studies (approach to thermal equilibrum  of  flame  gases
measured by photometric or mass—spectrometric  methods); modified
Bocd-Bonhoeffer experiments  (fast-flow studies  utilizing the air
after-glow, catalytic probes, cr  Hrede-Harteck  gauges to measure
0-atom concentration); photolysis techniques  (Hg-
sensitized photolysis of nitrous  cxide,  low concentration
photolysis of nitrogen dioxide) ;  and mass-spectrometer  studies
(fast reactions by time-of-flight mass spectrometry  studies of
discharged oxygen by modified,  conventional  mass  spectrometry) .,
The use of an electron-beam probe is extensively  discussed  since
this technique has been directly  applied  to rarefied, nonradiating,
nitrogen-containing gas flows.  Some of  the techniques  used in the
past for measurement of gas temperatures  are outlined.,**
C7867

Gudiksen, P. H.  P. H. Hildebrandt,  and J.  J-  Kelley,  Jr.


COMPARISON OF AN E1ECTEOCHEMICAI AND A COLOBIMETPIC  DETERMINATION
OF OZONE. J., Geophys. Bes., 71 (22) : 5221-5223,  Nov.  15,  1966.  6
ref s.
   CFSTI/DDC: AE 6U5729


The data from six Brewer-Mast electrochemical  ozone  analyzers were
compared with an arbitrarily chosen analyzer of identical
manufacture to determine aging  of  the sensor cells  during  prolonged
field use. An independent colorimetric method  for the  determination
of ozone was used to standardize the reference  analyzer.   Athough
the individual electrochemical  analyzers give  reproducible
readings, they differ from each ether by as  much as  20  percent and
from the colorinetric results by as much as  60  percent.  These
differences are primarily due to aging.The effects  of  aging  can be
reduced significantly by thorough  periodic cleaning  of  the sensor
cell.  -(Authors' abstract}
420              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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07885

R., J.  Lewis,   B.  Smith,  P. Baker
All ANALYSIS  OF  INSTBUMENT DOHNTIME FOE A LABGE AIB MONITOBING
HETHOBK.   Preprint.  Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio,  National  Center for Air Pollution Control,  (12) p.,
1967.   (Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association., Cleveland, Ohio, June 12-16, 1967.,)

There  is  a prevalence of opinion encouraged by company  sales
representatives that currently available continous air
monitoring equipment is truly continuous and automatic.
The word  automatic as applied to present air monitoring
instruments is  defined by a detailed analysis of  the  type  of
instrument failures which can be expected.  The experience is
drawn  fron the  operating reports and records of the Continuous
iir Monitoring  Project (CAMP).  Failure of the instrument
system can come about for many reasons, and is defined by  the
less of anticipated valid data output.  Three major causes for
lass of data are instrument failure, personnel failure,  and  supply
support failure.  It is concluded that successful network
operation of continuous air monitoring equipment  demands careful
design of support functions and personnel selection.   A
continual reanalysis of operating efficiency and  upgrading of
personnel training is mandatory.   (Authors" abstract,
modified)#*

07889

J.,  S.  Nader
 EBOBLEMS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN MONITORING  AIR  POLLUTION SOURCES.
 Preprint, Public Health Service,  Cincinnati, Ohio,
 National Center for Air Pollution Control,  16p.,  1967.   25
 refs.   (Presented at a symposium  on  Air  Pollution
 Instrumentation sponsored by the  Connecticut Valley Section
 of the Instrument Society of America,  Hartford,  Conn.,  Feb.
 23, 1967.}

 Automatic and continuous monitoring  of air  pollution sources is
 discussed relative to needs in  air pollution control and in terms
 of in-stack and remote measurement techniques.   Commercially
 available equipment and application  problems are reviewed for
 both gas and particulate measurements.  The  appliaction of
 advanced methods developed in other  technologies to air pollution
 source monitoring is discussed;  these  include such  techniques as
 passive IE spectroscopy, lidar  probing,  and  Eaman spectroscopy.
 (Author's abstract) t#


 07913

 Haters,  Eichard  H.,   and Bichard F. Reynolds


 FINAL BEPOBT  - ANALYSIS AND MODIFICATION OF  EVE  EQUIPMENT FOB
 EVB VALUES  500 FEET AND ABOVE.   Environmental Science
 Services Administration,  Silver Spring,  Md. , Equipment
                           D. Measurement Methods                     421

-------
Development Lab., Contract FA-65 HSI-96, Project
K50-102-01E, KD-66-9, <^151))p., Kay 1966.   U refs.
   CFSTI,DDC:  AD 651551


A rationale of the design criteria and choices  of the  present
Bunway Visual Range  (BVB) system, reportings based on
atmospheric transmittance measured over a 500 foot path, is
presented..  Modifications to existing equipment for  low  EVE
reporting on three different schedules are  described.   Each of the
three reporting modes are based or transmittance measurements over
a 250 foot path.  Eeportings are from 600 feet  in 200  and 500 foot
increments, from 500 feet in 100 and 200 foot increments and from
500 feet in 100, 200 and 500 foot increments.   Cost  reductions
that cculd be effected in the purchase of new equipment  as a
result of eliminating one or two light settings are  revealed.
EVE computer modifications are discussed for an end-to-end
transmissometer configuration,.  fin operational  analysis  of the
BVH computer system reveals three areas requiring improvement:
additional circuitry is required to provide  more reliable operation
of the Heceiver-Decoder over noisy signal lines; a design change
is needed to eliminate the possibility of serious damage to the
computer by erroneous insertion of interconnecting cables, and
improved fabrication methods should be applied  to the  etched
circuit relay board of the Signal Data Converter.  Various
modes of system operation enhancement are discussed: oral RVE
reporting, data communication methods, and  EVB  testing capability
expansion.##
07938

M. L. Kain,  B» T. Commins,  G. Eixon-Lewis,  J. F.
fiunn
DETECTION AND DETERMINATION OF HIGHES OXIDES  OF  NITBOGEN.
Brit. J., anaesthesia  (Altrinham) „ Vol.  39,  425-431,  1967..
17 refs-
Methods are described for the determination of  NO,  N02  or
(20U as contaminants of nitrous oxide,.  Most  of  the
discussion is related to nitrous oxide as an  anesthetic, however,
the most sensitive methods which will detect  less  than  1 ppm are
appropriate for studies of air pollution.  Saltzman developed
a colorimetric method which uses the diazo reaction to  determine
N02.  It has been adapted for the  measurement of NO.  Nitrous
acid is formed when N02 dissolves, diazotizing  sulphanilic  acid
which then couples with alphanaphtyl ethylene diamine to give a
magenta color.  The calibration is made by adding  known amounts
of sodium nitrite solution.  Assuming that 1  mole  of N02
gives the same color as 0.72 moles of sodium  nitrite, the
concentration of N02 can be determined if the volume of the
test gas is known.  Although there is some doubt about
calibration, this test is the most reliable and sensitive  one
available at present.  Concentrations of less than 1 ppm can be
detected.##
422               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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C7981

Green,  A.  E_  S.,   D. T. Williams, E. S. Sholtes, and J. Dowling,
Jr.
THE MIDDLE ULTRAVIOLET AND AIR POLLUTION. In:  A. E. S. Green, ed.,
The Middle Ultraviolet:  Its Science and Technology, New York, John
Wiley E Sons,  1966,  Chapt- 8, p. 158-164..  32 refs.


Currently in the air pollution field a great effort is underway to
find and develop more specific methods of measuring contaminants.
It appears that ultraviolet spectroscopy would be an important tool
in measuring these trace species.  The important pollutants  such  as
nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and ozone all have strong
absorption coefficients in the ultraviolet, as do many of  the other
lesser pollutants and the products of the photochemical reactions
which play such a large role in smog formation.  Both chemical and
spectroscopic methods have their advantages and disadvantages.
Perhaps the greatest importance in utilizing ultraviolet
spectroscopy is that a program which complements the chemical
program could be obtained.  The two programs working together
should indeed contribute significantly to the body of knowledge
which is necessary to solve the air pollution problem-

080U9

Dave, J.  V.   and Carlton L« Mateer


A PBELIMINABY  STUDY  ON THE POSSIBILITY OF ESTIMATING TOTAL
ATMOSPHERIC OZONE FECH SATELLITE MEASUREMENTS. J. Atmospheric Sci.,
2«(4) : 1(1 4-427, July  1967.  16 refs.


A preliminary  study  of the feasibility of determining total
atmospheric ozone from satellite measurements of the solar
ultraviolet radiation diffusely reflected by the earthls atmosphere
is presented.   The atmospheric model used is plane-stratified, and
the evaluation of the radiation field takes into account all orders
of rayleigh scattering.  In addition, the model provides for
variations in  the total amount and vertical distribution of  ozone,
as well as the Lambert reflectivity and pressure at the effective
base of the atmosphere.  The results indicate that the wavelength
region in which measurements should te made lies between about 3125
and 3115  A,  if the observations are restricted to the nadir
direction..  Wavelengths shorter than 3125 A do not penetrate
adeguately through the ozone layer and do not, therefore, contain
information on total ozone content.  Havelengths much longer than
3175 A offer rather  poor sensitivity to total ozone.  The accuracy
of total  ozone determinations, based on measurements at a single
wavelength,  is not likely to be better than 10 percent even  if the
intensity ratio {diffusely reflected to extraterrestrial input
flux) is  measured within 1 percent, reflectivity within 0U05, and
cloud-top or surface pressure within 50 mb.  More accurate
determinations of surface reflectivity are essential for improving
the accuracy of the  total ozone determination.  Measurements on a
pair of wavelengths, one within the 3125-3175 A range and the
second at 3300 A, are found to reduce the effects of reflectivity-
                           D. Measurement Methods                      423

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Over a moderate range of solar  zenith angle,  measurements on  the
wavelength pair (3175, 3300 A)  will  permit  deduction  of  total ozone
within 5 percent, provided the  various  quantities  are determined
with the above-noted accuracies.  When  the  zenith  angle  of the sun
exceeds about 60 deg., penetration of the ozone  layer is incomplete
and a simultaneous determination of  the  high  level ozone
distribution from measurements  at still  shorter  wavelengths is
necessary for optimum accuracy  of the total ozone  determination- AAn


08073

Gee, Sheruan


METHOD FOB LASER MEASUREMENT OF PSBTICIE CONCENTRATION IN
GASES- Arnold Engineering Development Center,  Arnold   Air Force
Station, lenn., AEDC-67-««, 10p., Feb.  1967.   8  Refs.
   DDC:  AD 80830U


A method is outlined for employing laser scattering and  extinction
measurements to establish the molecular  and particle  content  of a
gas.  The effect of particle size distributions  is included.   The
method involves simply measuring the intensity of  the laser light
scattered from and transmitted  through  the  gas.  Molecular and
average particle density can then be deduced  from  these
measurements.  Knowledge of the actual  particle  size  distribution
in the gas is shown to be unnecessary if the  average  particle  size
is known and if a specific scattering angle is employed.   (Authorjs
abstract)

08077

Johnson, F. A.


DETECTION OF LOW LEVELS OF IETHAFLUOROHYDHAZINE  IN AIR.  Pohm and
Haas Co.,,  Huntsville, Ala., Bedstone Research  Labs.,  Contract
DAAHOI-67-C-0655, S-137, 19p., ,  June  1967.
   CDC:  AD 8159UO


Tetrafluorohydrazine was converted to fluoride ion by nitrogen
dioxide and water.  The fluoride ion was detected  continuously by a
commercial fluoride ion electrode.  A 30-mV change in electrode
potential was obtained for one  part per million  of N2FU  in the air.
Various factors affecting sensitivity, stability,  and speed of the
detection system were considered.  (Authorls  abstract)

08133

L. S. Chemodanova
THE DETERMINATION OF SMALL QUANTITIES OF PHTHALIC  ANHYDRIDE
IS THE AIR OF INDUSTRIAL PREMISES.   In: Survey  of  U.S.S.S.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational
Diseases,,  Translated from Russian by B. S.  Levine.
National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.  C., Inst.
424              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXID-ANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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for Applied  Tech.,  Vol.  3, p. 16-18, May 1960.
   CFSTI:  TT  60-211(75


Phthalic anhydride  in the air of industrial premises was
determined colcrimetrically.   The method is based on the
conversion ofphthalic anhydride to fluoreseein.  The reagents
used are outlined.   absorption of phthalic anhydride from  the
air was tested with absorbent cotton, glass "wool", filter paper,
and porous glass discs.   Best results were obtained with ash-free
filter  paper.f#

08135

V. A. Shchirskaya
THE DETERMINATION OP OZONE IN THE PRESENCE OF NITROGEN  DIOXIDE
AND HYEHOGEN PEROXIDE.    In: Survey of O.S.S.R.
Literature  on Air Pollution and Belated Occupational
Diseases.   Translated from Russian by B.S. Levinen
National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C., Inst.  for
Applied Tech.,  Vol.  3,  p. 20-23, Kay 1960.
   CFSTI:   TT 60-21U75
In search of a new method for the determination of
ozone the following were investigated: chronic anhydride  as
an absorbent for the fumes of hydrogen peroxide and
silicagel saturated with a 0.02 M solution of potassium
dichromate in concentrated sulfuric acid as an absorbent  for
nitrogen dioxide™   In the determination  of ozone in the
presence of H202 chromic anhydride can be used as an absorbent
for the hydrogen peroxide vapor in 0.005-1.1 mg/1 concentrations.
Finely granulated silicagel saturated with a 0.02 B solution
of potassium dichromate in concentrated sulfuric acid
retained nitrogen dioxide present in the air in 0.001 - 0.02
ig/1 concentrations.  It can be used in the determination of
ozone in the air in the presence of nitrogen dioxide-##

08136

Senderkhina, D.  F.
DETERMINATION OF CHLORINATID EYDRCCAFBONS IN THE  AIR BY THE
METHOD OF BICSO-COHBOSTION.  In:  Survey of O.S.S.R.
literature on Air Pollution and Belated Occupational
Diseases.  Translated from Russian by B. S. levine.
National  Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C.,  Inst. for
Applied Tech.,  Vol.  3, p. 23-27, Bay 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21185
The method  described is based on the quantitative oxidation of
chlorinated hydrocarbon vapor in a combustion chamber
equipped  with  a platinum coil heated to redness.  The combustion
products  are then passed through an absorber solution and  the
ionic  chlorine determined nephelcmetrically.  With an
appropriately  prepared standard scale accurate determinations
                           D. Measurement Methods                     425

-------
can be made in solutions containing 0.001 mg of chlorine  in  1 ml..
Control tests were made with ethylene chloride, chloroform,
carbon tetrachloride and trichlorethylene.  A  portable
apparatus for the determination of chlorinated hydrocarbons  in the
air by the micro-combustion method was constructed.  The
micro-combustion method described proved to be accurate for  the
determination of thousandths of a milligram of chlorine within 30
to 140 minutes.  A new micro-abscrber is described  which assures
complete absorption of products of hydrocarbon combustion.   Air
samples are aspirated into gas pipettes filled with a saturated
solution of sodium sulfate or into vacuum gas
pipettes. #t

08256

Buck, Hanfred  and Heinrich Stratmann


THE JOINT AND SEPARATE DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN MONOXIDE AND
NITBOGEN DIOXIDE IN THE ATMOSPHEBE. Staub (English translation),
27(6): 11-15, June 1967_  10 refs-
   CFSTI:  TT 67-51408/6 (HC $2-00)


In the use of the Saltzman reagent for the determination  of
nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere, 1 mo1 N02  is equivalent  to 1
mo1 N02 from sodium nitrate.  It has been shown that this ratio
factor depends on N02 concentration; for 6 g N02/N cu m it is about
0.62 and with increasing N02 concentration it  approximates the
value of 1.  Operating conditions are proposed for combined  and
separate determination of NO and N02, under which  no N02  losses
occur as a result of absorption of the reguired NO oxidation.
G.  Kuers
DETERMINATION OF VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE DDST EXTINCTION
COEFFICIENT BY LIGHT-SCATTERING MEASUREMENTS UP TO 2,1*40
M, ALTITUDE.   J[ (Bestimmung der vertikalen Verteilung des
Dunst-Streukoeffizienten aus Streulichtmessuugen bis in 2,440
B. Hohe,,))   Text in German.  Deutsche Versuchsanstalt fuer
Luft- und Haumfahrt, Munich, Germany, DLB-FB-66—54, 51p«,
Aug.  1966.,   43 refs.
   DDC:  AD 803817

Measurements of spectral radiance of the sky are reported up to an
altitude of 2,440 meters-  A helicopter, eguipped with a self-
orienting radiation measuring device which self-aligns its
direction of view relative to the sun's direction, was used.
The measuring device is described and illustrated.  Results have
teen used to compute the vertical distribution of the dust
extinction coefficient.  Data from the southwestern region of
Munich yielded a reinforced decrease in the dust extinction
coefficient at an altitude of 1,500 meters; this effect is
explained by a temperature inversion at this level which has
been proven by radiosonde.  The influences of water vapor
absorption at the ends of the absorption band and of aerosol
absorption upon measurement results are discussed. ##
426              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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08294

Boettner,  E.  A.   and  Benjamin Heiss


All ANALYTICAL STSTEB  FOB IDENTIFYING THE VOLATILE PYHOLYSIS
PEODDCTS  OF  PLASTICS.
Am.  Ind.  Hyg. Assoc.  J. , p.  535-510, Nov.-Dec. 1967.  1  ref.
(Presented at the American Industrial Hygiene Association
Beeting,  Houston, Texas, 1965.)


lechnigues are described for determining the identity and  toxicity
of the  pyrolysis products of plastics.  Differential  thermal
analysis  (DTA)  and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) determine  the
temperature  at which  the plastic melts, the temperature  at which it
goes through physical and/or chemical change  (oxidation  or
reduction) ,  and the temperature at which it undergoes weight
losses.   The identity and quantity of the combustion  products  are
determined with a controlled combustion furnace, utilizing the
temperature  information obtained by DTA and TGA.,  The combustion
products  emitted by the furnace are separated by gas
chromatographic techniques and analyzed by infrared absorption,
ultraviolet  absorption, other gas chromatographic techniques,  and
•ass sectroscopy. The results obtained utilizing polyvinyl chloride
are described. (Authorsj] abstract)

08296

Valori,  P.  C. Melchiorri,  A. Grella,  and G. Alimenti


VOLATIZATIOH AND DECOBPOSITION CF ARCMATIC  POLYCYCLIC HYDHOCA8BONS
DURING THE DSUAL PROCEDURE FOR THE CONCENTRATIONS OF  EXTRACTS  OF
ATMOSPHERIC DUST.  ((Sulla volatilizzazione  e la  decomposizione
degli idrocarburi policiclici aromatici nel corso degli abituali
procedimenti per la concentrazione degli estratti di  pulviscolo
atiosferico.))  Text in Italian,  Nuovi Ann. Igine  Hicrobiol.
(Rome),  17(«t) :311-324, 1966.  37 refs.


Research  is described on a series of commercially available
hydrocarbons which are found in polluted air  (naphthalene,
acenaphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, 9,10-
dihydroanthracene, pyrene, fluoranthene, chrysene,  1,2-
henzanthracene, naphthacene, perylene, 3,U-benzopyrene,  1,12-
benzoperylene, anthanthrene, 1,2,5,6-benzanthracene,  and coronene).
The sample hydrocarbons were evaporated at  medium heat  (hot water
bath at 90-95 deg Co,,) , or dried  with a jet of filtered  air,  or
«ith a jet of nitrogen; samples were either evaporated  to  dryness
or to a liquid volume of 2 oil.  The per cent loss for all  three
techniques is tabulated.,  The highest proportion of sample loss (up
to 100 percent) is generally encountered when dry heat  is  used to
evaporate to dryness.  The per cent loss varies  with  the individual
hydrocarbon, and is generally correlated with volatility.  Other
•odes of  sample loss are discussed:  decomposition, reaction  with
other chemicals, oxidation, and ultraviolet photodecomposition.  The
data are  discussed with reference to experimentation  with  air-borne
carcinogens,.  These data were to  be used in the  development of a
procedure for the analysis of polluted air.
                           D.  Measurement Methods                     427

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08311

Kelley, John J.,, Jr.


ATHOSPHEBIC OZONE INVESTIGATIONS AT  EABBOW,  ALASKA,  DURING 1965.
Washington Univ., Seattle, Dept. of  Atmospheric  Sciences,
Contract 1*77(21), Proj. NE-307-252,  96p.,  June  1967.   8  refs.
   CFSTI, DEC:  AD 6537U5


The results of the measurements of ozone in  air  at  Earrow,
Alaska, are presented.  The theory of  operation  of  the
Bicrocoulomb analyzer, and the methods of  calculations  and
calibrations are discussed.  The average daily and  hourly
concentrations of ozone in the atmosphere  near the  ground  surface
are tabulated for the year 1965.  The  results of the  analysis of
ozone measured continuously from light aircraft  along several
transects in northern Alaska are given.   (Author's  abstract) ##


08323

Eellet, E. M,,  H.  Eo Westlake,  and F. A- Gunther


A HF.THCD FOB DETAINING THE EHISSION  SPECTSA  CF OFGANIC COMPOUNDS
UTI1IZING THE MICROWAVE EMISSION DETECTOB  FOB THE GAS
CHROMATOGBAPH.   Bull. Environ. Contamination Toxicol.,
2(5) :255-263.  1967.  U refs.,


A continuous flow system for the gas chromatographic  component of
an apparatus which permits the scanning of the emission  spectrum of
any diatomic or polyatomic organic compound  of sufficient  vapor
tension, is described with diagrams  and photographs.  The
apparatus consists of a licrowave emission detector coupled  to a
gas chromatcgraph with a continuous  flow component.   The spectra
obtained for triethyl and triphenyl  phosphite and Guthion  are
given.  Various precautions to be taken in the determinations such
as cleaning, vapor tension of the samples, and flow of the  sample
are discussed.  By completely enclosing the  optical system it is
possible to scan the visible range nell into the infrared  without
appreciable baseline drift, permitting many  further applications of
the instrument.tt

C8340

Thomas, Jess »„  and David Bimberg


A SIMPLE METHOD FOE MEASDBING THE AVERAGE  CHABGE ON  A HONCDISEEKSE
AEBCSCI.  Staub (English translation), 27(8):18-22,  Aug., 1967.
11 refs.,
   CFSTI:  TT 67-51M08/8 (HC S2.00)


A simple parallel plate electrostatic  precipitatcr  was  used  to
determine the average charge of a monodisperse  aerosol.  The
fractional collection efficiency of  the precipitator  was
428               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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measured as  a  function of plate voltage and data extrapolated  to
zero  voltage.   The  extrapolation gave the average charge  per
particle of  the monodisperse aerosol.  The method was confirmed by
use of  the classical Millikan technique for determination  of
charge  on individual particles.  The average charge of  aerosols
in charge equilibrium with air ions was also determined for
comparison with values calculated from the Boltzmann equation.
It was  found that the average charge per particle was somewhat
greater than that predicted by the Boltzmann equation.  '(Authors'
summary, modified}##

0835U

Brink,  D. Lu,   and  Jo F.  Thomas,  and Du L. Feuerstein


MALODOROUS PRODUCTS FKOH  THE COMBUSTION OF KPAFT BLACK  LIQUOR.
II.  ANALYTICAL ASPECTS,.   TAPPI, 50 1(6} : 276-285, June 1967.
25 refs.   (Presented at the 51st Annual Meeting of the
Technical Association of  the Pulp and Paper Industry, New
York, N. Y., Feb. 21-24,  1966.)


Gaseous and  liquid  products isolated by pyrolysis of kraft black
liquor, were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively  using
gas-liquid chromatography with detection by flame ionization.
Bore  than 60 compounds were detected in the pyrolysis liquid and
at least 32  of these were present in the pyrolysis gas.   Using the
microcoulometric titration system, hydrogen sulfide, methyl
lercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and at least  19
unidentified sulfur-containing components were detected in the
pyrolysis  products; 7 of  the major components were determined
quantitatively.  Using ccchromatcgraphy and the methods of
detection noted, the identities of methyl mercaptan, dimethyl
sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide were verified and tentative
identifications of  several other sulfur-containing products were
also  made.,   Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, methane, carbon monoxide,
ethane, carbon dioxide, and acetylene were resolved and
determined quantitatively.  Hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan,
and five unidentified components were also qualitatively  detected.
Sulfur  present in  pyrolysis residues was determined using  a wet
oxidation procedure.  A powerful analytical method has  been
developed for  detailed study of the effects of recovery furnace
operation on such emissions and it should prove to be a valuable
aid to  industry,, With adequate development, pyrolysis  carried
out independently of gaseous, liquid, and solid products  could
provide an answer to complete cdor control; in addition,  isolation
of organic by-products may be feasible.  ASM##
08357

Cave, G. C-  B.


THE COLLECTION AND  ANALYSIS OF ODOROUS GASES FPCK KRAFT PULP
KILLS.   PART III:   THE ANALYSIS CF COLLECTED POLLUTANTS BY
GSS CHROMATOGRAPHY.  TAPPI, 16 (1J : 11-1«, Jan- 1963.  1  refs.


The qualitative and quantitative analysis of kraft-mill
pollutants in  ethylbenzene by using gas chromatography  is
                           D. Measurement Methods                     429

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discussed.,  Columns of tri-nt-cresyl phosphate ana  of  Carbowax
15UO are proposed for use at 35 and 85 C.  These columns  permit
the resolution of all known Kraft-mill pollutants-  Techniques are
described for qualitative analysis-  They include  the two-column
method, and graphs prepared by this method are  presented  for
homologous series of mercaptans, ketones, esters,  and normal
alcohols.  It is emphasized that the unequivocal identification of
an unknown pollutant is rarely possible by gas  chromatography
alone..  Quantitative analysis is also described, including  the
preparation of standard solutions and the presentation  of prepared
calibration curves.  These curves were straight lines.  The use
of an ultrasensitive detector, the ionization chamber,  is briefly
discussed.  (Author's abstract)#f
C8369

Fiocco, Giorgio


APPLICATION OF LASF.K FADAES TO THE STUDY OF THE ATHOSPHEBE.
In:  Gene G. Kanella (ed.). Aerospace Measurement Techniques,
National aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington,
E. C. , Scientific and Technical Information Div. , 1967, p.
123-131.  5 rets.   (Presented at the Symposium on aerospace
Beasurement Techniques, Cambridge, Mass., July 7-8,  1966.)
   NASA: SP-132, GPO: 0-2HO-412 (HC $1.00)


lasers can be suitably utilized in the development  of optical at-
mospheric probes capable of measuring some of the atmospheric pa-
rameters at a distance.  During the past three years a  study was
made of the temporal variation of the dust content  of the  lower
hanced during this  period because of the 1963 eruption  of  the vol-
cano Agung in Java.  Most of the observations of the dust  layer
were made at Lexington, Massachusetts during  196t and 1965; some
observations were also conducted at College,  Alaska  in  the summer
of 1961.  Vertical  profiles of aerosol concentrations were ob-
tained by comparing the optical radar echoes  with the expected re-
turn from a molecular atmosphere.  The observations  taken  during
a 2-year period show little temporal variability for the  aerosol
layer optical cross section.  The average observed  return  from the
layer was approximately 1-9 times the return  from a  molecular at-
mosphere  the daily fluctuation of this scattering  ratio  was about
0.3, and hourly flucutations were smaller.  The observed  scatter-
ing ratios have been related to the number concentrations  of par-
ticles illuminated  by the laser beam by evaluating  Mie  scattering
functions for backscattered radiation  calculated particle concen-
trations were found to be in agreement with results  obtained in
independent studies by using other techniques that  have been re-
ported by other investigators.  The data have been  compared with
various meteorological parameters associated  with conditions in the
lower stratosphere.  A significant negative correlation between
fluctuations of dust and ozone measurements has been found and the
possible relationship between these constituents is being  investi-
gated.  During the  summer of 1961 optical radars were set  up in
Alaska and Sweden to study noctilucent clouds.  The  simultaneous
occurrence of stratifications at the two stations was observed.
Between 68 and 72 km the noise level was exceeded by almost 5
standard deviations.##
430               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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08118

Horgan, George  B.


All EVALUATION OF  AN  AUTOMATED LAEOKATOHY PROGRAM  FOB  AIR
POLLUTION  ANALYSIS.    Preprint, Public Health  Service,
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  National Center for Air Pollution
Control,  ((13)) p.,  1967.   2 refs.  (Presented  at  the
Technicon  Symposium  on Automation in Analytical Chemistry,
Hew York,  H. Y.,  Oct.  3,  1967.)

In order to  increase analytical output and efficiency,  the
laboratory Services  Section, Air Quality and Emission Data
Program, has automated most of the wet chemical analytical
procedures.,  Adoption  of  these automated systems  has  resulted in
increased  precision  and accuracy, as well as a fivefold increase
in production.   A cost analysis is presented for  several  of  the
lore common  analyses routinely encountered in  the air pollution
laboratory.  Also discussed in the paper is a  method  that this
laboratory uses for  the determination of precision and  accuracy for
the Technicon Autoanalyzer, which should be equally adaptable to
other automated analytical instruments.  Automated chemical
methods  are  routinely  run in this laboratory for  pollutants  such
as ammonia (aomonium) , sulf ate, nitrate, nitrite, nitrogen  dioxide,
sulfur dioxide,  aldehydes, and total oxidant. ##

08136

Manita,  B, D.,   Eumyantseva, «. V.,  and Eglite H. E.,


SPECTBOPHOTCKETBIC DETEBMINATION OF OZONE WITH DIHYDBOACRIDINE IN
THE ATMOSPHERE  OF POPULATED ARIAS.
 ((Spektrofotometricheskii meted opredeleniya ozona v  atmosfernom
vozdukhe naselennykh mest s reagentom-digidroakridinom.))  Hyg.
Sanit.  (English translation of:  Gigiena i Sanit.,)
Sanit. (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.). 32(4-6:219-
221, April-June 1967.,   3 refs.
   CFSTI:  TT  67-51409/2

t spectrophotometric method is suggested for  the  determination of
ozone in the atmosphere.   It is based  on measurements of the
optical density of an ethanal  solution  of acridine produced  by the
action of  ozone on dihydroacridine.  The optical  density of  the
sample solution is measured at a wavelength of 219.. 5  nm in a guartz
cell of 1  =1 cm by an SF-1 spectrophotometer.   This
spectrophotometric method is suitable  for determining ozone  in the
near-ground  air layer in the presence  of ether oxidants with
sufficient accuracy.  The presence of  ozone  (in addition to  other
oridants)  was  found in the near-ground  air layer  of a large
industrial city such as Moscow.

08613

Dubois,  L.,  A.  Zdrojewski,  and J. 1. Honkman.

BIASDREMENT  OF  EENZO (a) PYHENE, BENZC (k) FLOOBANTHENE AND
BENZO(g,h,i)  PERYLENE BY ULTRAVIOLET SPECTHOSCOPY. Mikrochim.  Acta.
"o, 5:831-842,  1967-  8 refs.   (Presented at the  Congress on
Occupational Medicine, Budapest,, Hungary, Sept. 1966.)
                          D. Measurement Methods                      431

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Published ultraviolet data for BaP  in air  may  be  grossly in
error, particularly those published  before
1960.  It is not possible to measure BaP in  air
samples with accuracy, using the  101 nm peak,
unless BaP is present alone  (no BkF).  The  BaP detection limit
measurable at 101 nm by ultraviolet  is too  high.   The  horizontal
measurement technigue produces results of  greater accuracy than the
base line technique.  Better analytical values for EaP are obtained
if, instead of using the peak at  101 nm, the 388  nm peak is  used.
BkF can be precisely measured using  the 307  nm peak and a
horizontal drawn at 311 nm.  The  technigue  for determining
benzo ((a) ) pyrene, benzo((k))fluoranthene,  and
benzo((g,h,i))perylene respectively  in microgram  amounts by  UV
absorption measurements is described.  The  feasibility of using
this technique to analyze air sauples has  been investigated.


08611

Dubois, I.,  A.. Zdrojewski,  and  J.  1» Monkman.


CCMPABISON OF THREE METHODS FOE TRACE ANALYSIS OF POLYCYC1ICS.
Mikrochim. Acta  (Vienna), No. 5:903-911, 1967.,   16 refs,.
(Presented at the Anachent Conference, Detroit, Mich.,,  Oct.
11, 1966.)


Several analytical techniques for the determination of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons in air have been evaluated.   Two solvents,
benzene and cyclohexane, were compared for  effectiveness in  the
preliminary preparation of the air  sample.   To identify and  measure
the polycyclics, the techniques of  ultraviolet absorption and
fluorescence were used.  Air sample  extracts were analyzed with and
without prior chromatographic separation.  A  rapid chromatographic
procedure using benzene as elutant  was employed  for th  e first
time.  The extract aliquot or eluate fraction  was chromatographed
on fully activated alumina using  benzene as  the  eluting solvent.
EaP and BkF are eluted from such  a  column  in 30  minutes or less in
a total eluate volume of perhaps  50  ml and  the two hydrocarbons are
determined by fluorescence emission.  Work  in  progress suggests
that  benzene may be replaced in this application  by the less toxic
toluene.  By any method used the  BkF values  found were in good
agreement.  The agreement between the various  BaP values was poor,
suggesting not all were of equal  validity.  The highest, and  also
least accurate, BaP values seem to  be associated  with  the use of
benzene as extractant, or ultraviolet absorption  as a  measuring
technique.  (Authors* abstract)


081116

I. I. Gavrilova
HETHODS FOB THE DETERMINATION  CF  SODIHH  AND BUTYL 2,1-
IICHLOBOPHEN-OXYACETATES  IN  AIR.   (Metody opredeleniya natrievoi
soli i buty-lovogo efira  2,1-dikhlorfenoksiuksusnoi kisloty v
vozdukhe.)  Hyg. Sanit.   (English translation of: Gigiena i
Sanit.),  32 (1-63:391-396,  April-June,  1967.  1 refs.
   CFSTI:  TT 67-51M09/2
432               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Different  colorimetric methods for the determination  of
different  preparations of 2,4-D in air were tested  in  order
to determine  which  was most suitable for routine sanitary  work.
The 2,t-D  herbicides are used in agriculture in the form of
liguid  aerosols  and dust, while under actual working  conditions
they are present as dust.,  They should therefore be sampled  on
FPP-15  filters  placed in metal cartridges, by means of
electrical aspirators.  It is recommended that the air for
sampling 2,1-D  herbicides be drawn up at a rate of  10  1/min.
This was tested  under working conditions and found  to  be the
optimum rate.##
08K87

flacku,  Marcela
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS  OF  AEKOSOI PAETICIES.  METHOD FOB THE
DETERMINATION OF N03  AND KBi»«    ( (Chemicke analysy
aerosolovych castic.   Metoda stanoveni N03 a NHt.))  Text
in Czech.  Chem. Listy (Prague), 60 (2) : 254-257,, 1966.  12 refs.


The analysis of aerosol particles of individual compounds is of
considerable interest for air pollution studies.   Aqueous
solutions  of ammonium nitrate were atomized in a chamber and the
aerosol was passed through a membrane ultrafilter  at a rate of
7 1./min.  The filter was then placed in a solution of 4* nitron
in 10% acetic acid for 20 minutes.  The spots which constitute
a reaction product of N03 with nitron were counted under a
microscope.  The NH1  particles were determined in  a similar
manner but with Nessler reagent.  The spots did not fade after  6
months and the method was found to give reproducible results.
Particle size distribution may also be determined,##
08681


Chapman, Robert  L.


AN INSPECTION  METHOD  FOE  ADTCMOEIIE HYDEOCABEON EMISSION.
J. Air Pollution Control  Assoc.,  10 j(6): «63-t64, Dec. 1960.
5 refs.   (Presented at  the  53rd Annual  Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Assoc., ,  Cincinnati,  Ohic,  May 22-26, 1960.,)


There has been a need for a  simple, inexpensive and extremely
sensitive method for  the  discriminate detection of hydrocarbons in
auto exhaust,  that may  be used by  the law enforcing agencies.  The
use of the flame ionization  detection method to fill this need, is
discussed.  The  operation possibilities  and limitations  of  this
nethod are discussed.
                          D. Measurement Methods                     433

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08655

Ingram, William T.,  Jack Golden,   Edward  J.  Kaplin,
Martin P. Levine,  and Raul E. Cardenas, Jr.


ADAPTATION OF TECHNICIAN AUTOANALYZEB FCR  CONTINUOUS  MEASUfiEMENT
HHIIE IN MOTION.   Preprint,  New York Univ.,  N.  Y.  School  of
Engineering and Science, 22p., 1967.  7 refs.   (Presented  at the
Technicon Symposium "Automation in  Analytical  Chemistry,"
Oct. 4, 1967.)


The development of a system of mobilized suliur  dioxide  measure-
ment that will make a traverse of a  large  community a possibility
in a matter of one to two hours and  permit from  six to twelve re-
petitive measurements over a  selected course  in  a  24  hour  period is
discussed.  The mobilized measurement system  has been used on
traverse work since December  1966 and in the  past  months has op-
erated on a 24 hour per day basis.   It  was determined that the
test instrument was the iutc  Analyzer.  "Van-type"  vehicles
were used for the mobile sampling units.   Two  men  were placed in
the van to perform the work.  One man is basically  the driver and
the other man monitors the instruments  and notes appropriate data.
Exploratory routes were traversed in and around  the New  York
metropolitan area.  In order  to convert the  mobile  unit  to a one
man operation several costly  modifications are being  field tested.
The Auto Analyzer may be calibrated  using  known  amounts  of so-
dium meta-bisulfits solution.  The  effect  of  N02 interference
in the Auto Analyzer methodology to  detect and measure concentra-
tions of sulfur dioxide is discussed.
C6674

Strange, John P.,  Kenneth E. Ball,  and  Donald  0.  Barnes


CONTINUOUS PARIS PER BILLION  EECCEDEE  FOE AIR  CONTAMINANTS.-  J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. , 10 (6) :423-126,  Dec.  1960.  3  refs.
(Presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting,  Air Pollution Control
Assoc., Cincinnati, Ohio, May 22-26, 1960.)  '


A continuous monitoring  system,  capable of high  sensitivity and
instantaneous response for a  large  number of  noxious or toxic air
contaminants has been developed,  using  a  unigue  combination of
chemical and physical detection  principles.   Sensitivities  in the
range of parts per lillicn are  usually  obtained  with ease.  For
many compounds, a full scale  range  for  less  than 100 ppb is quite
feasible.  The method is net  completely specific,  although
enhancement of the response to  one  compound  in a mixture can
usually be attained.  Each application  should  be studied carefully
to take advantage of all discriminating technigues and summation of
co-existing toxic contaminants  when practical  from the viewpoint of
hazard.
434              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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08692

Plata,  B.  I,
CALIBRATION  AND  COMPARISON OF CCGLOHETHIC AND  FLAME  IONIZATION  FOE
MONITORING  PAN  IN EXPERIMENTAL ATMOSPHERES.    Preprint,  Califor-
nia Univ.,  Riverside,  Statewide Air Pollution  Research  Cen-
ter, 8  p.,  1968.  7 refs.   (Presented at the 9th  Conference  on
Methods in  Air  Pollution and Industrial Hygiene  Studies,
Pasadena, Calif., Feb.  7-9,  1968.)


A method of  calibrating flame ionization and coulometric detectors
for the analysis of PAN is described.  Flame ionization  for  ra-
pid sampling of  moderately high concentrations is  linear in  the
range 1-100  ppm.   One  ppm PAN gave a 0.30 mv response.   The
coulometric  sensor used for continuous sampling  at lower concentra-
tions (0.5  - 30  ppm)  is also linear.  One ppm  PAN  gave  a 0.29 mv
response in  a 500 ohm  load resistor and was 3% of  the theoreti-
cal stoichiometric value for ozone.  (Author's summary)
08720

Briskman,  E.  N.   and J.  M.  Weinberg


INVESTIGATION  OF  INIERFEROMETRY. FOR THE ANALYSIS OF  ENCLOSED
habitable  atmospheres.    Aerospace Medical Research  Lab.,
Wright-Patterson  AFB,  Ohio, Aerospace Medical Div. ,  Con-
tract  AF-33-(615J-3374,  Proj. 6373, Task 637302, AMHL-TB-66-236
18
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Additional laboratory studies with the Goetz  Spectometer  have
indicated that it is feasible to chemically analyze  the  entire
width of the particle deposit, rather than count  particles  on the
centerline deposit.  The methods used to  verify the  proposed ex-
perimental approach and anlyses of data were  verified  by  calibra-
tions with Uranine dye aerosol.  Becommended  procedures  can be
used for determination of the size distribution of aerosol  in the
particle size range of 0.5 - 3.0 H aerodynamic equivalent diame-
ter.  Suspended particulate matter was sampled on a  roof  by means
of a horizontal elutriator.  Particles were classified according
to the ratio of projected area diameter  (dp)  to aerodynamic equi-
valent diameter (de) and also according to particle  shape.  The
value (dp/de) varied frcm 0.5 to 3.0.  Estimates  of  the  size fre-
quency weight distribution of particles based on  dp  differed by as
much as 500% from the distribution derived from de.  The  average
range of occurrence of  (dp/de) fcr different  particle  shapes was
determined.  High volume samplers were used to collect suspended
particulate matter for determination of bulk  density,  true  density
Solid phase only) , and total specific surface area by  BIT gas
adsorption techniques.  Average bulk density  and  standard devia-
tion of seven samples collected over one  to two week sampling
periods was 0.594 plus or minus 0.051 grams/cc.   Average  true
density was 2.147 plus cr minus 0.205 grams/cc.   Average  Total
Specific surface of eight samples was 2.81 plus or minus  0.86
sg.m./gram for samples degassed at room temperature.   For the same
samples degassed at 200 deg. C, average total specific surface
area was 5.61 plus or minus 1.50 sg. K./gram.  Efforts devoted to
elemental, as well as anion and caticn analyses of samples  collec-
ted with the Goetz bSspectrometer are briefly described.
08762

Katz, Morris
GUIDE TO THE SELECTION OF METHODS FOE MEASUHING  AIS  POLLUTANTS.
Preprint.  World Health Organization, Geneva  {Switzerland),
BHO/AP/67.29, 115p., 1963.  2 refs.


The contents of this review are:  main purposes  of  air  pollution
investigations, units for expression of  results,  atmospheric
sampling, selection of sampling procedure and  apparatus,  gas
analysis methods, automatic sampling and monitoring  instruments,
recent advances in instrumentation  for gas  analysis,  analysis  of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and carcinogenic air pollution,
and indicators and other rapid methods for  identification or
measurement of air pollutants-##


08835

Eagnall, E. M.,  K« C.. Thompson,  and T. S.  West


HCLECULAE-EMISSION SPECTBOSCOPY IN  COOL  FLAMES.   PAST I.   1HE
EEHAVICUR OF SULPHDR SPECIES IN A HYDROGEN-NITROGEN  DIFFUSION
FLAKE AND IN i SHIELDED JIB-HYDKOGEN FLSHE.   Analyst,
92(1097) :506-512, Aug. 1967.  11 refs..
43G              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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j nethod  is  described for the determination of sulphur that
involves  simple  measurement of the 32 band emission at 384 milli
licrons in a nitrogen-diluted hydrogen diffusion flame burning  in
air,  or in a pre-mixed air-hydrogen flame burning inside  a cooled
sheath.   Sulphuric  acid may be determined by this technique  in  the
range 6.t to 500 p.p.m.  of sulphur in the latter flame, or
dissolved sulphur dioxide in the range 3.2 to 320 p.p.m.  in  either
flame.  The  temperature of the flame most suitable for conversion
fo sulphur species  into S2 is established as 390 deg C.   The
analytical method proposed for sulphates is simpler than  the
indirect  flame-photometric methods hitherto described, and means
are suggested whereby the method nay be used for the determination
of any form  of sulphur species.  The analytical signal for sulfur
varies linearly  with the square of the sulphate-ion concentration
in the test  solution.  (Authors' abstract)##


08838

Hoover,  Gary H., Charles E. Hathaway,  and Dudley Williams


IBFBABEt)  ABSORPTION BY OVEBIAPPING BANDS OF ATMOSPHERIC GASES.
ippl. Opt.,  6(3) :<*81-«87, March 1967.  9 refs.


The spectral transmission of carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, and
mixtures  of  the  two has been studied in the 2200 per cm region,
where overlapping absorption bands occur.,  With spectral  slit
widths sufficiently large to include several absorption lines,  it
was found that the  observed spectral transmittance of a mixture is
equal to  the product of the transmittances of the components
measured  separately, provided that sufficient nitrogen is added to
give the  same total pressure for all samples.  This result was
also obtained for overlapping bands of nitrous oxide and  methane  in
the 1300  per cm  region.  The present work confirms earlier studies
of overlapping bands of C02 and water vapor.  an investigation
of the possible  breakdown of the multiplicative property  of
transmission for narrow spectral slit widths was inconclusive.
 (iuthors1 abstract, modified) #tt


08859

 Nash, T.


CCICBCMETBIC DETERMINATION OF CZCNE BY
 EIACETYL-DIHYDBO-LUTIDINE.  itmcs. Environ., 1 (6) : 679-687 ,
 Nov. 1967.   12 refs.


Diacetyl-dihydro-lutidine (DDL) has the highest affinity  for
ozone of  a variety  of reagents tested.  On an arbitrary but
practical scale, it is ten times better than thio compounds  and
500 times better than iodide.  DDL is easy to prepare and simple
to use;  if air is bubbled through a dilute aqueous solution, the
anount of ozone  present can be estimated by measuring the loss  in
optical  density  at  1120 A.  With this loss a new strong band
appears at 3070  A but the compound responsible has not been
identified:   it  is  not diacetyl-lutidine, the usual oxidation
                           D. Measurement Methods                     437

-------
product of DDL  The molecular yield is not  significantly
different from that obtained nsing  neutral buffered  iodide,  one
of the recognized standards for ozone.  There  is  little
interference from peroxides, nitrogen dioxide  or  sulphur dioxide
in the concentrations normally found in polluted  air..   '{Author's
abstract)#*


08889

Dubois, L.  and J. L., Honkman


THE ANALYSIS OF AIBEORNE POLLUTANTS..  In:  Pollution and Our
Environment:  Conference Background Papers.  Vol™  3,  Montreal,
Canadian Council of Resource Ministers, Paper  D25-3,  p.,  1-20,  1967.
23 refs.   (Presented at the National Conference,  Canadian
Council of Resource Ministers, Montreal,  Oct.,  31-Nov-  H, 1966.,)
Available from the Canadian Council of Eesource  Ministers,
620 Dorchester Boulevard West, Montreal,  Canada,  $10oOO  per
volume.
Some specific problems in the sampling  and  analysis  of  pollutants
are discussed illustrating some  discrepancies  in  data already
obtained., The analysis of H2S and  BaP are emphasized to indicate
that some data may be unreliable.  Conclusions drawn from  the
discussion indicate that measuring techniques  and sampling methods
should be considered as an integrated whole.   To  avoid  possible
conflict, the use of direct reading  recording  instruments  is
preferred to batch sampling devices  and  methods.   If the instrument
or batch sampling method does not  produce accurate results, efforts
to measure a particular pollutant  should be abaondoned  until a
satisfactory method has been developed.  Much  is  being  said about
the setting of standards and criteria.   If  methods do not  exist
which can determine with accuracy  the limit chosen,  it  is  tetter to
avoid, at least temporarily, the setting of a  limit. f.ll  factors
must be considered, including current data  on  toxicity  and current
ability to measure before deciding on a  standard  or  limit.  Data
are not an end in itself but merely  an  intermediate  from which
conclusions and correlations may be  drawn.  It is better to spend
some effort and money in the development of a  better measurement
technique than to continue to use  methods which are  known  to be
unsatisfactory-

0889«

California State Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley, Air  and
Industrial Hygiene Lab.


RECOMMENDED METHODS IN AIR POLLUTION HEASUHEKENTS.   ((79))p.,
1967.  2 refs.
Methods for both manual  and  continuous  automatic atmospheric
sampling and analysis of the common  air pollutants are
described.  Methods described are:   the Modified West Method
fcr sampling sulfur dioxide;  the  Neutral Buffered Potassium
Iodide Method for total  cxidant content; the Saltzman Method
433               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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for  nitrogen  dioxide and nitric oxide; the Continuous
Atmospheric Analysis for nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, and
sulfur  dioxide  (Autometer);  and the lead peroxide candle for
measurement of  atmospheric  sulfur.  Methods for measurement of
C (sub1)  through  C  (sub 5)  atmospheric hydrocarbons and n-butyl
cellosolve are  also described.  The explanations and directions
tor  each  method are presented in a manner to inform and guide
qualified analytical chemists.##

09032

Eichter,  H. G.,  J. R.  Smith,  and E. C. labor


OZONE  DETERMINATION: A  COMPARISON BITSEEN CHEMLUMINESCENT
SND  KI  TECHNIQUES.    Preprint, Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, National  Center for Air  pollution
Control,  20p-,  1968.  9 refs.   (Presented at the 9th Conference
on Methods in Air Pollution  and Industrial Hygiene Studies,
Pasadena, Calif., Feb.  7-9,  1968.)


Continuous measurement  of ozone, tctal oxidant, nitric oxide,
and  nitrogen  dioxide concentrations were made at four major
urban  areas during  the  period from 15 September to 21 November
1967.   Ozone  concentrations  were made using a chemiluminescent
device.   Total  oxidant  concentrations were measured using a
microcoulomb  ozone  sensor and an oxidant instrument system.
Oxides  of nitrogen  concentrations were also measured.  Curves
depicting the diurnal behavicr cf individual gases are
examined, and various statistical and physical relationships
are  suggested.   Interference tests conducted in the
laboratory indicate that under certain known conditions the
chetnicluminescent measuring  technique is reasonably specific for
ozone.   The difference  between ozone and total oxidant
concentrations  at various times of the day are discussed.
 (Authors' abstract)##


09108

Deutsch,  Samuel


ACID POTASSIUM  IODIDE METHOD FOB DETERMINING ATMOSPHEBIC OXI-
EANTS.   J» Air  Pollution Control Assoc., 18(2):78-83, Feb.
1968.   18 refs.


This investigation  used an  acid medium for sampling atmospheric
oxidants. The  acid iodide  oxidant procedure was unaffected by air
or oxygen, temperature  variance, and reducing gases (sulfur dioxide
and  hydrogen  sulfide.)   The  method possessed good color stability-
The  method also agreed  favorably with the 1 or 2% neutral buffered
iodide  method when  a chromium trioxide scrubber was reguired to
remove  the reducing gases from the latter procedure.  The acid
oxidant  absorption  solution  of 13 ml in a midget impinger
contained 10  ml of  1.5% potassium iodide in a Oo1N sodium
hydroxide solution  and  3 ml  of acetic acid (1:5) which produced a
solution  of approximately 3.8 pH.  Particulate matter was
                          D. Measurement Methods                     439

-------
removed by a glass wool attachient to the midget  inpinger.  The
air was sampled with a Gelman Sequential Sampler  at  the  rate of
1.1(1 liters per minute.  After the oxidant sample  was  collected,
the absorbing solution was transferred to a  graduated  cylinder and
the volume was adjusted to 25 ml with distilled water.   The
atsortance was read at 355 millimicrons wavelength by  a
spectrophotometer in a 1 cm cell™  The acid  oxidant  method was
effective between 1 to 70 ppm of ozone.   (Author's abstract)##

09111

Chapman, Robert 1.


THE EOLE OF OPTICS IN AIR POLLCTION MONITORING.    Opt. Spectra,
1 (3) : 15-18, 1967.


Optical instrumentation and analysis techniques commonly used in
air pollution monitcring are described.  Beginning with  a
definitive description of major air pollutants and their causes,
the article traces the development and use of optical  instruments
for this purpose from the "beginning" more than two  decades ago to
present.  Comprehensive descriptions of instruments  and  technigues
currently in use and a brief discussion of developments  that would
still further enhance the value of optical instrumentation in this
application are presented.**

C92C8

National Council for Streai Improvement, Inc.. , New York,
N.  Y»
A LABORATORY STUDY OF A LEAD-ACETATE-TILE  METHOD FOB  THE
QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF LOH  CONCENTRATIONS  OF
HYDROGEN SULFIDE.  Atmospheric Pollution Tech.  Bull.   15,
I)7p.,, Aug., 1962.


A simple, qualitative method for hydrogen  sulfide  utilizing lead
acetate on the surface of a ceramic  tile was  evaluated on  a
quantitative basis in an apparatus in which low concentrations of
hydrogen sulfide were maintained.  The effects  of  hydrogen
sulfide exposure, air turbulence, relative humidity  dimethyl
sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, nethyl  mercaptan and  several
possible interferences upon the  rate of formation  of  colored
lead sulfide on the tile surface, were investigated.   Slightly
exposed tiles can show a measurable  response  to a  hydrogen
sulfide concentration of 0.1 over a  6 minute  time  interval.  The
accuracy of the lead-acetate-tile method has  been  found to depend
upon at least three factors:   '(a) the position  of  the average
absorbance of the tile surfaces  on the darkening curve, (b) the
degree of air movement under which the hydrogen sulfide exposure
is carried out, and 
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to increase  significantly the rate of darkening.  Under outdoor
conditions the  turbulence level in the exposure chamber must  be
either  standardized  by an air mover or reduced to a minimum by
louvering.   Outdoor  fading tests performed in a louvered,
light-protected chamber indicate that in an 8-hour exposure period
the maximum  loss of  Exposure Dnits would be in the order of 20
percent.   A  similar  loss in Exposure Units under conditions
unprotected  from direct sunlight and wind would require
approximately  10 minutes.  The extremely high fading rate  of
darkening  tiles exposed to direct sunlight and wind shows  that
hydrogen-sulfide-exposed tiles must be protected after removal
from the exposure chamber as well as during exposure.  The
sources, effects, atmospheric concentrations and the methylene
blue and A.I..S.I. sampler methods for the determination of
H2S are also reviewed-**

C923H

Bartinelli,  Giorgio


THE CONTINUOUS  CONTHOL OF AIR POLLUTION BI1H
INDUSTRIAL ANALYSERS.  ((II controllo continue dell inguinamento
atmosferico  con analizzatori industrial!.))  Text in Italian.
Termotecnia  (Milan), 21 (10) :558-565, Oct. 1967.


For protection against air pollution from increased vehicular
traffic, urbanization, and industry, Italy established a law  on  air
pollution  control in August 1966.,  Some provisions of the  law are
cited..   A  monitoring system for continuous measurements of air
samples involves wind direction, registration of concentrations,
determination  of pollutants, and the emitter.  Better results could
be obtained  from a network of monitoring stations at various
cities, and  a  plan is proposed for their establishment and
operation, where continuous measurement would also be made of air
temperature  and humidity, concentrations of S02, H2S, N02, C02,CO,
and hydrocarbons. Photographs showing equipment and apparatus for
the stations are reporduced. A schematic diagram depicts the
picoflux apparatus for S02 measurements; an electrical cell for
measuring  H2S  is also shown.  The UEAS infrared analyzer is used to
measure C02.  Analyses for CO, hydrocarbons and dust are discussed,
along with the equipment for air pollution monitoring in Frankfurt,
Germany-

09333

Lial Bo Brewer, (ed.,)


ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES FOE THE ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
LABORATORY,    Sandia Corp., Albuquerque, N.  Hex.,
Industrial Hygiene Lab.,  SC-K-30U4,  ,147 p., Feb.
1968.,   13 refs.


This is a  manual compiled of thirty-nine analytical procedures
used by an industrial hygiene laboratory.   The procedures  for
the following  substances in air are included: The Determinaton
of Acetone,  Acid and Alkali Contaminants;  Benzene,
                           D. Measurement Methods                     441

-------
Toluene, and Other Aromatics;  Beryllium  (Spectrographic
Method); Beryllium {Horin  Method);  Cadmium;  Chromic Acid,
Chromates, and Bichromates; Formaldehyde;  Lead;  Methanol;
Nitrogen Dioxide; Oil Hist; Ozone  (Colorime trie  Method);
Ozone  (litration Method; Phosgene;  Silica  (Colorimetric
Method); Sulfur Dioxide; Thallium;  and Zinc«##


09369

Wilson, H. N.  and G., M. Duff
INDUSTRIAL GAS ANALYSIS:  A IITEBATUFE  EEVIEW.
92(1101) :723-758, Dec..  1967,,  712 refs.
                               Analyst,
Analytical methods are reviewed  for:   permanent  and  inorganic
gases; analysis of liquefied or  pure  gases;  fuel gases;  flue gases;
motor exhaust gases; analysis of micro  samples;  and  atmospheric
pollutants.,  The years from 1958 to about mid-1966 were  covered.
In no branch of analysis is the  swing  towards  physical methods
more marked than in gas analysis.  There have  been no important
developments of the conventional methods during  the  last ten years;
the chief advances have been the application of  galvanic methods to
"trace" of certain gases, and gas chromatography.  The rapid
spread of the electrogalvanic methods  for the  "on-stream"
determination of traces is also  most significant.  The other most
noticeable feature is the vast and increasing  attention  being paid
to atmospheric pollutants of all kinds, particularly sulphur
dioxide, sulphuric acid and hydrocarbons., t#


09515

California State Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley, Air and
Industrial Hygiene Lab.
A GUIDE TO OPERATION OF ATMOSPHERIC ANALYZEBE.
14p-, Bay 1966.,
                                SDPH-2-40,
Methods for both manual and continuous automatic  sampling  and
analysis of the common air pollutants are  described.   Experiments
are described for the measurement of sulfur dioxide  using  the
Best method.  Total oxidant content of the atmosphere  is
analyzed using the Neutral Buffered Potassium Iodide Method,
C1 through C5 atmospheric hydrocarbons are monitored and
analyzed.  Guides to the operation  cf atmospheric analyzers are
reviewed.##
09573

Price, J. G. H.,  D. C. Fenimore,  P. G.  Simmcnds,
Albert Zlatkis
                                   and
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A EHCTOICNIZ AT ION  DE'IECTOS  TOR  GAS
CHRCMATOGRAPHY.  Anal. Chen.  (O.S.),  40 (3) : 541-547,  March refs.
442
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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A comprehensive  study was made of a photcionization detector for
gas  chromatographic systems.   Performance compared favorably with
the  best  of  the  ionizaticn detectors currently employed  in  gas
chromatography.  The signal currents were almost three orders of
magnitude greater  than these  of ccmmerical flame ionization
detectors.   A  noise level of  1 X 10 to the minus 13th power ampere
was  obtained under normal operating conditions. The linear  dynamic
range  of  this  device is approximately 1 X 10 to the 5th  pcwer.
Best performance was achieved by operating at reduced pressure
using  a  dc discharge in argon and employing hydrogen as  the carrier
gas.  The use  of helium and other sources of high energy photons as
discharge gases  appeared considerably complicated by even trace
amounts  of impurities. Detector response to numerous organic and
inorganic compounds was determined and successful applications were
made in  the  fields of air pollution analyses.  The extreme
sensitivity  and  potential selectivity of this detector appear to be
its  most promising features.    (authors' abstract, modified)

09623

Barringer, i.,  R.  and B. C. Newhury


REMOTE SENSING CORBELATICN SPECTRQMETBY FOB POLLUTION MEASURE-
 MENT.   Preprint. Barringer Research Ltd., Rexdale,(Ontario)
 ((13)) p., 1968. (Presented at the 9th Conference on Methods in
Air Pollution  and  Industrial Hygiene Studies, Pasadena,


J correlation  spectrometer has been developed for use in situ or
for remote measurements of unccntrolled systems such as  the
 measurement of the components of the atmosphere.  This instrument
 offers an electrooptical technigue for real time correlaion
 analysis of a  pre-determined component by simple optical means
 enabling a direct  readout to be obtained related to the
concentration  and  path length of that component- The physical basis
for the  operation  of the correlation spectrometer is discussed.
The applications of this instrument to methods employing ambient
 light  and artificial light are reviewed.  Future applications for
 this technigue in  air pollution are reviewed,,

09721

Bofmeister,  H. K.,  H. Humiel,  and B. Kohlaas


CCNTINOODS DETERMINATION OF N02 AND  (NO + N02) CONCENTRATION IN
CHEMICAL PLANTS.  ((Kontinuierliche Bestimmung der Konzentra-
 tion von N02 und {NO E N02) in chemischen Produktionsanla-
 Gernan.   Chem. Ingr.-Tech.  (Beinheiz) ,
 <1/2): 61-64, Jan.  1968..  4 refs.


An apparatus is  described for the continuous determination  of NO2,
or NO  +  N02, in  the gas strean of chemical production facilities.
i photometer suitable for plant operations is used for the  direct
•easurement  of N02 levels.  NO is oxidized to N02  (using 1203 at
 110 deg.  C.) and the concentration of total N02 is then  determined.
 I dilution process was developed in order to avoid the
extraordinary  difficulties involved in the determination of degree-
                           D. Measurement Methods                     443

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of-oxidation at high levels of  nitrogen  oxides.   The  apparatus,
which is described and illustrated  by  graphs,  diagrams,  and  one
photograph, was tested in a nitric  acid  absorption  plant.

09770

Tovnsend, C. K.,  G. A. Giarrussc,  and  H.  P.  Silverman


THIN FILH PERSONAL DOSTIMETEBS  FOB  BITECTING TOXIC  PROPELIANTS.
Magna Corp., Pedonodo Beach, Calif.„ Research  and Develop-
ment Div., Contract AF-33(615)-1751, Proj-  6302,  Task  630203,
AHR1-TB-66-231, 59p., Feb.  1967.  1 ref.,
1967., 1 ref.   CFSTI., DEC:   AD  652819
   CFSTI, DDC:  AD 652819


The subject of this report is the development  of  a  portable  system
for the detection of low concentrations  of  nitrogen tetroxide

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Saltzman  reagents.   A description is given of the chamber  and  the
sampling  and  analysis procedure.  The system was in operation  over
the  three month  exposure period, and results shovv that it  gave
satisfactory  indication of deviations in concentration.  Tne
analyzer  was  also  used in a reduced pressure experiment  which  is
also described.


09907

Toyauia, Y..   and  J.  Kobayashi


NOTES  CN  AN  OZONE  GENERATOB AND IIS CALIBBAICB.  Papers,
Keteorol. Geophys.  (Tokyo), 17(2):65-75, 1966.
6 refs.

The  design and operation of a simple ozone generator  and its
calibrator is described.  The generator is designed to operate over
a range  of zone  concentrations from 20 to 100,000 ir.icrogram/cu m.
The-operation of the generator is based on the  so-called spark
discharge method.   It consists essentially of a  discharge  tube and
a dehydrator and gives reasonably constant ozone concentration air
stream during the  calibration cf C2one sensors.  The  calibrator is
designed  to  operate over a range of ozone densities from 20  to 600
microgram/cu  m.   It is based on Faraday's law of electrolysis, and
the  fact  that the  ozone concentration in the air can  be  determined
by measuring  the tine needed for consuming a known amount  of  sodium
thiosulfate  in a potassium iodide solution.  It  is almost  similar
to Ehmert's  method.  The whole system, both the  generator  and  the
calibrator,  gives  a measuring error within plus  or minus 3 percent.
  (Authors'  abstract)


09969

Chevalier, C«  E-
A SEECTROPHOTOMITRIC DETECTOR FOB OXIDES OF NITROGEN.
Pennsylvania  State  Univ., University Park, Dept. of
Mechanical  Engineering,  Contract PHS-86-63-112, PSD-21,
16p»,  Jug.  1966U   « refs.

j nflj-yii  method  is  described which was developed by Nicksic  and
Harkins  for the measurement of the nitrogen oxide content of
automobile  engine  exhaust qases.  It involves vapor phase
oxidation of  nitric oxide,  the main nitrogen oxide in the
exhaust  gases,  to  nitrogen  dioxide and determination of  the
concentration of the latter by means of a spectrophotometer.
Nitrogen dioxides  absorbs light energy strongly in the region of
320 to 500  millimicron while the other exhaust gas constituents
do not..  Satisfactory agreement hetween this nethod and  wet
methods, either the phenodisulfonic method or the widely used
Greiss-Saltzman method has  been shown.  The Nicksic-Harkins
uethod had  been modified by substituting a suitably filtered
light  system  for the moncchrcmatcr source.  The instrument
described here,  duplicates  that modification but incorporates a
few additional  refinements.  The calibration procedure is
described and detailed operating instructions are given.
(Author's abstract, modified) IS
                           D. Measurement Methods                     445

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09983

Ubl, Z.


UNIFIED KETHODS FOE THE ANALYSIS OF POLLUTANTS  IN  THE  FEES  ATHOS-
PHEEE.   Acta Hygienica, No. 1, Suppl,  1966.   84p.  24 refs.


Methods tor the analysis of pollutants in the air  are  presented
with precise and complete notes dealing  with  procedure,  apparatus,
reagents, and possible problems.  Procedures  are given for
determining the following compounds in tne air:  S02,  CO, N02, BOx,
sulfuric acid aerosols, C12, H2S, Pb compounds, CS2, phencl. As,
P2, NH3, soot, tin compounds, SiC2, and formaldehyde.   Also
discussed are methods of air sampling, calibration  methods,
calculations, sensitivity and error in the determinations
interferences from ether compounds, and  the principle  involved in
the method.
10034

Beyer, S. T,.


FLASH PHOTOLYZEE REACTIONS MONITORED BY TIME-OF-FLIGHT  MASS
SPECTRCMETBY.,  Sandia Corp., Albuquerque,  N.  Hex.,,
Aerospace Sciences Div., SC-5B-68-162, 20p_,  April  1968,
28 refs. (Presented at the "Symposium on Applications of  Mass
Spectrometry to Gas Phase Reactions," 155th  National Meeting
of the American Chemical Society, Division  of  Water, Air, and
Haste Chemistry, San Francisco, Calif-, April  4,  1968,  Paper
55).
   CFSTI:  TIB 4500 (51ST ED.)


The techniques of flash photolysis and time-resolved mass
spectrcmetry have been combined for the study  of  fast gas phase
reactions.  The apparatus provides an incident ultraviolet
light flux of 1.0 x 10 to the 18th power quanta per cm2  per flash
and a spectrometer sensitivity of 5 x 10 to  the minus 8  power mole
per liter.,  Time resolution is 1.1 micron  sec.  at successive 50
microns sec intervals.  The following chemical systems  have been
investigated:  1) nitrogen dioxide sensitized  reaction  between
hydrogen and oxygen; 2) decomposition of nitromethane;  3)
termolecular recombination of iodine atoms  in  the presence of
nitric oxide; and 4) reaction of excited iodine (2P1/2)  atoms with
methyl iodide.,  The most promising development for  pollution
studies seems to be the use of nitrogen dioxide as  a
sensitizer and primary reactant..  It should  be possible  to
explore the reaction kinetics of nitrogen  dioxide as a  sensitizer
and primary reactant.  It should be possible to explore  the
reaction kinetics of nitroge dioxide and various  hydrocarbons with
this technique,,  The mass spectrometer sensitivity  limit of 1 part
per 100,000 will not permit, however, reproducing the dilution
factor normally experienced in the actual  atmospheric environment
(approximate range 0.01 to 1 part per 10 to the 6th  power).##
446               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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10100

I.  Sianu,  C. Eadulian
THE  DETERMINATION OF  OZONE IN AN INDUSTBIAL ENVIRONMENT.
(Contributii  la  determinarea ozonului in mediul industrial-))
Text in  Romanian.   Igiena {Bucharest), 15(9):561-566,  1966.
8 refs.
Volumetric  and  spectrophotometric methods are described for
neasuring ozone in  industrial environments.  Ozone  (03) absorbs
excess  ultraviolet  radiation in the atmosphere but if too much
ozone is present too much ultraviolet radiation is absorbed.
This condition  can  lead to rickets in humans, and therefore the
concentration of ozone must be monitored constantly.  The
combination of  ozone with nitrogen oxides and peroxides
near chemical plants is of interest to toxicity studies™  A
sensitive colorimetric qualitative determination of ozone is
described.   An  oxidation-reduction method that involves a silica
gel preparation and an absorption apparatus is also described.
This is considered  a specific method sensitive to 0..001 mg.
under the conditions established and is reproducible with
ordinary laboratory equipment.  The stoichicmetric liberation
of two  atoms of iodine from a molecule of ozone is also briefly
reported.   Tabulated data indicate the amount of iodine
(in mg.( in 10  ml.  solution, iodine loss, and time and speed of
collection. The combined effects of nitrogen oxides and ozone
reported in the literature are discussed,, but no significant
conclusions are drawn.  There is some evidence that these oxides
interfere with  the  oxidant action of ozone in the vicinity of a
chemical plant.tf
10242

Dimitriades,  B.


METHODS  FOR DETERMINING NITROGEN OXIDES IN AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUSTS.
Bureau of  Bines,  Washington,  D.  C., RI 7133, 29pp., May
1968.  10  refs.


Five direct and  indirect methods for determining nitrogen oxides
in automotive exhausts have been evaluated from the standpoint of
accuracy and  applicability in current exhaust studies.  These
methods  are:   static  oxidation in tank. Bureau of Mines method.
Chevron  Research  method, phenoldisulfonic acid method, and direct
measurement of NO.  Results shewed that methods requiring
conversion of nitric  oxide to nitrogen dioxide as a part of the
analytical procedure  are subject to errors introduced by the
instability of N02.   The extent of some of these errors has
been determined,,  and  procedures have been developed to minimize
undesirable influences.   On the basis of the results obtained from
this study, recommendations are made regarding procedures for batch
type or  continuous  measurement of nitrogen oxides in exhaust
streams.#t
                          D. Measurement Methods                      447

-------
1C296

Peterson, Carl H.  ana Harold J. Paulus


CONTINUOUS MONITORING OF AEROSOLS OVEB THE 0.001- TC  10-KICBCN
SPECTBUM.  Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. 3., 29 (2):111-122,
March-April 1968.  10 refs.


Three aerosol sizing and counting instruments were combined into a
single automatic system capable of continuously providing data
pertinent to the physical properties of airborne particulates
ranging in size from 0.001 to 10 microns.  Particle sizes are
determined by either condensation, light scattering,  or electrical
phenomena.  All three methods are required to measure broad-size
aerosol spectrums, as each individual method possesses accurate
sizing characteristics over a limited size range.  The
instruments, combined into a unitized system, provide data on
particles within various interval widths and group the respective
sized particles according to the interval midpoint.   An
appropriate electrical signal, indicative of the number of
particles present, is recorded ty electronic instrumentation, and
subsequent calculations result in a complete number-size
distribution.  This paper describes the union of the condensation
nuclei counter, the light-scattering counter, and the electrical
particle counter with associated data acquisition equipment to
produce a workable system.  Data reduction, as applied to the
determination of a number-size distribution, is also  discussed.
(Authors' abstract, modified)##
10297

Piekaar, H. W.  and L. A. Clarenburg


AEROSOL FILTERS—THE TOETUOSITY FACTOR IN FIBROUS FILTERS.
Chem. Eng. Sci. , 22 (12): 1817-1827,  1967.  27 refs.


A theoretical derivation is given of the tortuosity factor for a
flow through fibrous filters, based en purely geometrical
considerations.  The resulting expression for the tortuosity
appears to be a function of filter  and fiber properties.  For
laminar air flow the tortuosity factor is calculated as  a function
of porosity and of filter composition.  Although the resulting
curves are in quantitative agreement with the experimental work of
Sullivan, frequently referred to, there is  much evidence  that
Sullivan did not measure tortuosity alone.  Finally the
tortuosity factor is calculated for electrical flow through
fibrous filters saturated with a conducting liquid.  Theoretical
and experimental results are in excellent agreement.   Therefore it
may be concluded that it is not justified to take the  constant
value 2, derived frcm electrical measurements, for the tortuosity
factor of laminar air flow through  fibrous  filters.   (Authors'
summary)##
448              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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10315

A.  German,   J.  Fanouse-Perrin  and A. M. Quero
COLOHIMETRIC  MEASUREMENT OF OZONE.    (Dosage
colorimetrigue  de  1'ozone.)  Text in French-  Ann.  Fharm.
Franc.  (Paris),  25 (2) : 115-120, Feb. 1967.  2 refs.
The reaction  of  03 with a mixture of N-phenyl-2-naphthylaraine
and o-dichloro-benzene is studied.  Development  of  the  brown-
orange  color  is  not inhibited by the presence  of  02  or  nitrogen
oxides  so  that  the intensity of the color produced  is
proportional  to  the amount of 03 present.  A special apparatus
for use with  this reaction is described, consisting  primarily of
a spherical cell, described previously, which  is  used for
bubbling.  Comparative analyses with the Guereau  apparatus
(iodometric analysis)  indicate that this photometric method  is
sensitive  to  levels which are below the olfactory threshold
(0.026  ml  03).   At this low concentration, the air  with ozone
must be bubbled  through the reagents for 30 min.##

10357

Shaw, J. I.
INSTRUMENTAL  METHODS FOE THE DETECTION OF HIGHER  OXIDES  CI
NITBCGEN  IN  NITBOUS OXIEE.  Erit. J. Anaesthesia
(Altrincham) ,  40 (4) : 299-303, April  1968.  7 refs.


IBO instrumental methods used by the British Coal  Utilisation
Besearch  Association for flue gas analysis are  discussed.   Both
the Hersch sensor and the Mast meter respond to any  substance
capable of giving rise to a galvanic reaction in  its
electrochemical system.   Both are sensitive to  1  ppm v/v of
N02, or,  when  supplemented by a pre-oxidizer, to  1  ppm of  NO
and N02.   Both appear suitable for  installation at
manufacturers' work or at the clinic for routine  continuous
monitoring.##

10406

0,, V., A.,  Novak
CONTINUOUS POLABOGRAPHIC ANALYZEES.,  I. THE  EEOPPING  MEBCUBY
EIECTEODE AS A REFERENCE ELECTRODE.    ((Dlouhodobe  polarograf icke
analysatory 1. Btutova kapkova elektroda  jako  elektroda
referentni.})   Text in Czech. Chenu Listy, 49:277-288,  1955.,
26 refs.,
Polarographic curves obtained with two dropping  mercury
electrodes are described and their characteristics  discussed.
3ne electrode serves the same purpose as any conventional
polarographic arrangement and the other serves as a reference
electrode  instead of the conventionally used mercury pool.
                           D. Measurement Methods                     449

-------
This arrangement is important  for  long-term  analyses since the
dropping mercury electrode  is  not  polarized.   Instruments for
continuous analysis of titanium  and  iron  ions and for determining
small concentrations of CO, the  concentration of iodine is
continuously recorded which is liberated  from iodine oxide by the
action of the CO in the analyzed gas..   This  analyzer is useful
for CO concentrations from  0., 01-0.0001  vol%.,##

10189

Bufalini, J. J.


GAS PHASE TITBATION OF ATMOSPHEBIC OZONE.  Preprint,  Public
Health Service,  Cininnati, Ohio, National  Center for Air
Pollution Control  (8) p. , April 1968.,  9 refs..


Ozone can be selectively removed from a gas  stream  containing a
variety of oxidants.,  Oxidant analysers can  be made specific  for
ozone by incorporating a small gas reaction  chamber on the
instrument,. Possible interferences from hydrogen peroxide,  n-butyl
hydroperoxide, peroxyacetyl nitrate, nitrogen dioxide, and peracetic
acid are discussed.. (Author's abstract)

10513

Bartburg, Arthur F.  and James E.  lodge.  Jr.


ESTIMATING CONCENT? JTIOH OF AIH  POLLUTANTS..   Chemsitry, H1(2):29
32, Feb.. 1968  13  refs.


Fairly accurate but inexpensive  equipment  for measuring oxidants,
S02, and suspended  particnlates  can  be  made  for about ilOO.   A vacuu
pump draws air through a simple  filter  for measuring particulates, a
bubbler of iodine-starch solution  for measuring S02, or a bubbler of
iodine-starch-thiosulfate solution for  measuring oxidants.
Calibration and calculation methods  are presented.   The apparatus is
completely described and could easily be  built from the information
given.

10518

Engelhardt,, Heinz


A GAS ANALYSER FOR  THE MEASUREMENT OF IMPUHITIES IN SIP.    Instr.
Beview, 15(19U):98-99, Feb. 1968  Translated from German,
Electrotech,  (B) ,  No. 2, 1966.


A gas analyzer has  been introduced which  measures air impurities
such as S02, HC1ff  NH3, HO,  N02,  CO,  C12,  and H2S.  The instrument,
called Picoflux, operates on an  electrocunductivity principle.. The
various air contaminants are analyzed  by  using different electolyte
solutions in the voltiac cell;  if  several gases are present,
preliminary filtration is also employed.   The instrument is suited
for measuring low  concentrations;  0  to  0.3 ppm 302; 0 to 0.5 pprn  HC1
450               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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and  0  to  1  ppm  NH3.   The range is adjustable by a factor of 2., 5  or  5
vith the  flick  of  a  switch.   An integrating recorder allows 10-  or  3
ninute mean measurement readings.


10528

Hatson, Wayne Beimer


TBSCE  ME1ALS, EQUILIBRIUM AND KINETICS OF THACE METAL COMPLEXES  18
NATURAL MEDIA.   Thesis (Ph.D), Massachusetts Inst. of
Tech.,  Cambridge,  Dept. of Chemistry, Contract Nonr-1841 (74) ,
Proj-  DSR-74913, 258p., Jan.  1968.   ((61))  refs,
   CESTI,  DDC:  AD 666554


A composite mercury  graphite  electrode (CMGE)  has been
constructed and has  been shown to follow the theoretical behavior
for  thin  film electrodes.   Its physical structure has been
studied,  and correlated with  its electrochemical behavior and
stability.   An  analytical system capable of performing  multiple
analysis  of metal  ions has been built using the CMGE and the
analytical precision has been investigated over the range of
10 to  the minus 7th  power to  10 to the minus 10th power M.
Jnodic stripping techniques using the CMGE have been developed
for  obtaining information on  the complicated distributed of the
trace  elements  Zn, Cd, In, Pb, Cu, Ei, in samples from  the
environment, and  for obtaining parameters related to the
formation constant K, and the rate constants for naturally
occurring trace metal complexes of these metals and several
others -  Fe, Mg, Co, Ni, U.   Techniques have been developed
for  separating  molecular weight fractions of complexes  and
complexing agents  in water samples.  A portion of the trace
metals atmospheric samples have been shown to be bound  to
particulate material of greater than one micron diameter.  A
ubiguitous nonlabile trace metal component has benn identified
in all fresh waters.  A guantitatively and qualitatively
different nonlabile  components is present in some sea water
samples.   Up to eight different nonlabile complexing agents
have been identified in one sample.  The data indicate  that
the  high  molecular weight complexes  are at least in part humic
acid type compounds.  Estuarine and  surface mechanisms  whereby
nonlabile materials  can be removed have been studied briefly.
S complicated distribution of strong labile complexes which is
apparently associated with biological activity has also been
identified in many waters.   (Author's abstract) ft*


10585

Rosenberg,  G. V.   and G. I.  Gorchakov


THE  DEGREE 01 ELLIPTICITY OF  POLARIZED LIGHT DISPERSED  IN THE
ATMOSPHERIC AIR AS A TOOL FOS STUDYING THE MICHCSTRUCTUHE OF
AEBCSOLS.    (Stepen  elliptichnosti polyarizatsii sveta
rasseyannogo atmosfernym vozdukhcm kak sredstvo
issledovaniya mikrostruktury  aerozoliya.)  Text in Russian,
Fiz. Atm.  i Okeana  (Moscow),  3 (7) : 6S9-713, Ouly 1967.   20
refs.
                           D. Measurement Methods                     451

-------
Data are analyzed on the ellipticity of polarized light and the
degree of polarization coherence for light dispersed in the
ground layer of the atmosphere at various intensities of haze.
It is shown that haze particles are frequently anisctropic.
Calculated results are given fcr the angular relationship of the
degree of ellipticity of polarized light scattered by small
spherical particles.  It is shewn that the measurement of the
degree of ellipticity can be used for studying the kinetics of
transformation of aerosol particles during the formation and
disintegration of atmospheric haze.f*

10658

Heard, J. Taylor  and William E. leele


THE QUANTITATIVE DE1ERMINATION OF GASEOUS AIE POLLUTANTS BY LONG
PATH INFBABID 1BANSMISSICN SPZCTBOSCOPY.   Preprint, Virginia
Univ., Charlottesville, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, and
Naval Air Systems Command, Washington, D. C.,  ((17)) p.,
1968.  17 refs.  (Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting cf the
Air Pollution Control Association, St. Paul, Minn., June
23-28, 1968.  Paper 68-119.)


Average quantitative detection of CO, CH4, SC4, and 03 in
ambient air may be accomplished through use of infrared
transmission spectrometry.  A Icng dual-path technique for
determination of the above pollutants is presented.  An
analytical development of the theory for this technique is
presented.  This involves an adaptation of Beer's Law for
multiple absorbing gases and an assumption that a dual-path
spectrometer system can provide differential and ratio signal
processing.  Also included is a provision for cancelling the
losses due to haze scattering and an analysis of the resulting
error, which can be made very snail.  Sample calculations show
that ambient pollution levels of CO and CHU can be measured
over a short path  (100 meters) and that S02 and 03 can be
measured over a longer path  (2000 meters).  It is concluded that
this technique may be useful as an ambient air pollution detector
and that experimental work should be done to determine this
application.   (Authors' abstract, modified)##

10663

Anderson, Hillard E.
IONIC MOBILITY AS RELATED 10 ATMOSPHEEIC MOtJIICEING  ANE  COKTBGL.
Preprint, Honeywell Inc., St. Paul, Minn., Systems and
Eesearch Center, 11p., 1968.  <4 rets.   (Presented at  the  61st
Arinual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control  Association,  St.
Paul, Minn., June 1968, Paper 68-158.)


A progress report on a study to adapt the  concept cf  ionic
mobility to atmospheric trace gas  identification and  measurement i
presented.  Of special interest has been the Erikscn  air-blast
mobility spectrometer because of its simplicity and  relatively  big
resolving power.  Trace constituents definitely affect  the
452               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
current-voltage-flew characteristics, but a  unique  relationship
between  effect  and  constituent has not yet been  obtained.
Discussed  are  future efforts to obtain such  a  relationship by in
part  reducing  the ion collection time.##


10672

Hersch,  Paul A-


CONTROLLED ADDITION OP EXPERIMENTAL FOLLOTANTS TO AIR-   Gould-
National Batteries, Inc., Minneapolis, Minn.,  2
-------
A commercially available apparatus for dust measurement  is
described mathematically.  The described instrument,  which
measures ionization levels of the dust, is found suitable in
principle for dust measurement.  This instrument will measure
practically the whole range of suspended particulate  matter™
The effects of air temperature and air pressure upon  ionization
are expressed mathematically.  When used in conjunction  with a
gravimetric measuring instrument, this instrument  may be able to
determine the mean radius of an unknown particle size distribution,


10902T

Sprenger, Gerhard


THE SPECTROGRAPHIC IDENTIFICATION OF NITRIC OXIDE  OCCURRING IN AN
INTERMEDIATE FASHION IN THE HEACTION BETWEEN  NITBOGEN PENTOXIDE
AND OZOEN.   ((Die spektorgraphische Identifizierung des  in der
Reaction zwischen Stickstoffpentoxyd und Ozon intermediar
auftrendtenden Stickoxydes.)(  Translated from German.   Z.
Elecktrochem., 37 (S-9) : 6714-678, 1937.


The reaction between nitric pentoxide and ozones was  studied
spectrographically at 20-40 degree C and N03  was identified as
an intermediate product.  The chain reaction  mechanism was
formulated and the calculated rate constant was found in good
agreement with that obtained from kinetic data.**


10960

Chapman, Bu L.


AIE POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEMS.,  Instr. Control Systems,
41 (8) :79-82, Aug. 1968,


The methods for measuring the major air pollutants are reviewed
briefly..  Some of the problems involved in calibration of
instruments are discussed.,**

11030

Hanst, Philip L.  and John  A. Morreal


DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT OF AIE FCLLU1AN1S EY  ABSORPTION 01
INFRARED LASER RADIATION.   Preprint, 21}.., 1968.   (Presented
at the 61st Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, St. Paul, Minn., June 23-27, 1963,  Paper
68-S1.)


A  technique of detecting gaseous air pollutants  by means ot
absorption of laser radiation is under development at the NASA
Electronics Research Center.  The iodine infrared  laser  and the
carbon dioxide infrared laser are forced to emit spectral lines
which  fall on the infrared absorption bands of  atmospheric
454               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
pollutants.   The  attenuation of a laser line when passed through
an air  sample is  the measure of the pollutant concentration.
Ihe narrow  spectral width of the laser emission permits
sensitive detection, minimizes interference between pollutants, and
allows  penetration  of atmospheric water bands.  The collimation
and high power outputs available from lasers permit transmission
of the  radiation  over long straight paths through the atmosphere
and over long folded paths in multiple-pass absorption cells.  A
sample  of absorbing gas placed within the laser cavity forces the
emission of  the selected wavelengths.  With a one-half kilometer
path to a retro-reflector and back, it is predicted that the
following concentrations of air pollutants will be detected by
means of the indicated laser lines:  carbon monoxide at 2  parts per
million in  air (ppm), using the 10.53 micron carbon dioxide line;
sulfur  dioxide at 1.5 ppm, using the 9.08 micron carbon dioxide
line; and ozone at  0.15 ppm, using the 9.52 micron carbon  dioxide
line.  It seems feasible tc extend the technigue to other
pollutants  such as  nitrogen dioxide, methane, butane, and  peroxy
acetyl  nitrate.  Continuing effort is being devoted to development
and construction  of the laser transmitting and receiving eguipment.
Field testing is  planned fcr the near future.##

11043

A. Alvarez
CONTINUOUS  DETERMINATION OP TBACIS 01 S02 IN AIR, USING WATER
AS THE ABSORBING SOLUTION.    Preprint, New York State Dept.
of Health,  Albany,  Div.  of  Air Resources, ((24)) p.,  1968.
3 refs.   (Presented at the  61st Annual Meeting of the Air
Pollution Control Association, St. Paul, Minn., June 23-27,
1968.  Paper 68-69.)


A method for the continous  determination of traces of S02 in
air, using  water as the  absorbing solution is presented,  it is
based  on measurement of  the color yield by the reaction between
sulfur dioxide (as  sulfate) and p-rcsaniline hydrochloride-
hydrochloric acid-formaldehyde mixture.  The p-rosaniline
methyl sulfonic acid produced in the reaction exhibited a
maximum  absorption  at a  wavelength of 560 millimicrons.
The color was observed to be timperature independent within the
range  of 65 degrees F to 76 degrees F and stable for a period
of our hours.  Interferences from N02 and NH3 were observed
at levels beyond the concentrations existing in average urban  air.
The method  described in  this paper exhibited a higher degree of
sensitivity than the standard Best-Gaeke method when they were
tested in parallel.   (Author's abstract, modified)##

11051

0. C.  Taylor,  E. R. Stephens,  E. A. Cardiff


AUTOMATIC CHROMATOGR&PHIC MEASUREMENT 01 PAN.   Preprint,
California  Univ., Riverside, Statewide Air Pollution
Research Center,  9p., 1968.  11 refs.   (Presented at the 61st
Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, St.
Paul,  Minnesota,  June 23-27, 1968, Paper 68-70.)
                          D. Measurement Methods                      455

-------
A gas chromatograph which is equipped  with  an  electron  capture
detector has been automated for  monitoring  ambient  air  for  the
smog component peroxyacetyl nitrate  (PAN) .   The  instrument
injects a sample every 15 minutes and  about  1.5  minutes are
required to develop the chrcmatogram.  The  minimum  detectable
quantity is about one ppb although this  could  be pushed lower if
there were need.  In about eleven months of  operation the
maximum concentration was 58 ppb.  On  many  occasions substantial
concentrations persisted overnight.   (Authors' abstract)#f

11061

H. H. Theones,  W. Guse


LATEST STATE OF DEVELOPHENT OF INSTRUMENTS  FOfi THE  CONTINUOUS
MONITORING OF GAS EMISSIONS.   Staub  (English  translation),
28(3):53-63, March 1968.  17 refs.
   CFSTI:  TT 68-50448/3


For the neasuremet of gaseous emissions,  testing methods using
chemical analysis are used for emission  control  based on random
sampling while automatic gas analyzers are  employed for
continuous concentration control.  The different types  of
measuring instruments, their possibilities  and limitations  are
explained, and difficulties occcurring during  gas cleaning
are considered.  Practical experience  is available  which has been
gained in many years during the  operation of gas cleaning
installations and of analysers for continous measurement of
sulphur dioxide present in flue  gas.   (Authors'  summary)##

11108
Coleman, Paul D. and Roberto Holdan
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS IN THE FAR INFRARED  EEGION.
(FINAL HEEOET 1 FEBRUARY 1965 - 31 JANUARY  1967.)   ILLINOIS UKIV.
Orbana, Electro-physics Lab., Contract AF-AFOSR-272-65,  Proj.
9767-02 AFOSR-68-0465, 8p.,  (22) refs.
   CFSTI: AE 669573
A vacuum monochromator for the 80 to  1000 micron  range,  under
construction for the past year, is described.   Initial  data on the
rotational spectra HC1, BBr, 1120% CH3C1 and  CH3CN were  taken
to test the performance characteristics of the  instrument. Perfor-
mance data indicated that the monochromator  characteristics are
wavelength reproduction 0.1%; wavelength calibration  0.5?!; relative
intensity measurement 5 to 104; and a  resolution  of  2%  in  the 300
to 700 micron range using a carbon bolometer detecter and  a scan
time of 1 hour.   (Authors' summary, modified)

11130L

Saltzman, Bernard E.
METHODS OF MEASURING AND MONITOEING  ATMOSPHERIC  NITROGEN  OXIDES
AND THEIR PRODUCTS.  (Part I.) World Health Organization,
Geneva, (Switzerland), HHO/AP/68.31,99p.,  1968.  (93)  refs.
456               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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A working  text  of  NOx  measurement methods in common use is
presented.   Sufficient  details are provided so that no additional
material should be needed  to conduct the analysis.  However,
abundant references  are provided.  The actual texts of methods which
have  been  selected by  appropriate organizations are quoted in exact
form.   Measuring and monitoring atmospheric nitrogen oxides are
complex because of the  fact that many interrelated oxides and
products exist.  These  undergo chemical reactions and equilibria
both  in the  atmosphere  and in air sampling apparatus.  The effects
of the  various  substances  are different. Their interferences also
differ  for various analytical procedures. Therefore to fully expound
the problems in making  these measurements, an introductory section
is presented giving  chemical and physical properties, various
reaction rates,  and  equilibrium data.  In these analyses we are
seeking to measure concentrations that vary both in time and space.
Rational design of a sampling program therefore requires a knowledge
of these distribution  patterns.  Only then can we clarify the
effects of sampling  time,  numbers of sampling locations, numbers of
samples collected, and  correlate these with the objectives which are
sought. These  topics  therefore also are included.

11132

Tagaki, Sadayuki F.


NEOKOPHYSIOIGGICAL STUDIES ON THE OLFACTORY BECEPTIVE MECHANISM
 (FINAL  REPORT). Gunna Univ., Maebashi, Gunman-ken,  (Japan),
Grant DA-CRD-AFE-S92-5U4-67-G67, Proj. DF-9777, Task 01-OOUFE
J-271-3,   (19)p.f Arpil 1968.
   CFSTI,  DDC:   AD 671678


In the  previous experiment of the first year, the ionic mechanism
of the  negative slow potential elicited by odors in the cliactory
epithelium  (EOG) was negative EOGs are generated by the entry of Na
ions and  the exit  of K ions through the receptive membrane but not
by the  entry of C1 ions.  As a continuation of the above experiment,
the ability  of  mono-,  di-  and trivalent cations to substitute for Na
ions was  examined  this year.  Hhen Na ions in Ringer's solution was
replaced  by  one of these cations, the negative EOG decreased in
amplitude  and in many  cases disappeared. When Na ions and K ions
were exchanged  in  Finger's solution, the negative EOGs reversed
their polarity. When  recovery of these reversed  (originally
negative)  EOGs  were examined in the Singer's solutions in which Na
ions was  replaced  by one of the cations, they recovered only
partially  and the  recoveries were not maintained. Only when K ions
was replaced by Na ions (normal Singer's solution), the negative
EOGs recovered  completely  and could maintain their amplitudes.
Thus, the  indispensability of Na ions was proved. The cation
permeability was considered on the basis of the ion size. By means
of a microelectrode, differential sensitivity to various odours of
single  olfactory cells were shown.  The mechanism of olfactory
fatigue was  studied by recording the response of the olfactory nerve
twigs.  The  result indicates that the olfactory adaptation
essentially  occurs in  the  higher olfactory centers. The importance
in olfaction of the  trigeminal nerve was shown by recording the
responses  to many  kinds of odors.  This nerve is more sensitive to
camphoraceous,  pepperminty and pungent odors than the olfactory
nerve.  In order to clarify the mechanism of odors discrimination in
                           D. Measurement Methods                     457

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the olfactory bulb, four camphoracecus  and  four pepperminty odors
were applied and the numbers of  the  spike  discharges of single cells
to these odors were counted.   Good correlations were generally found
between the numbers of spike discharges and the profiles cf the
odorous molecules, although there were  some exceptions.  (Author's
abstract, modified)

11162

Proctor, T. D.


A LASER TECHNIQUE EOR THE MEASUREMENT OF AEROSOLS.    J. Sci.
Instr. 1(6):631-635, June 1968.


The paper describes the use of a continuous-wave helium-neon  laser
to measure the surface area of small concentrations less than 3000
particles per cu m of dust particles, of size less  than 5 microns,
suspended in air.  The suspension is passed through a size-selector
to remove dust particles greater than 5 microns in  size and then
into a chamber between one of  the laser mirrors and the end of the
laser tube. Scattering and absorption of radiation  from the cavity
by the dust particles causes a change in the amount of radiation
reflected back into the laser  tube,  which  in turn produces  a
reduction in the intensity of  the output beam.   The relationship
between the surface-area concentration  of  the airborne dust and the
change in the output intensity is derived,  and  experiments  with an
instrument of this type are described and  discussed.   (Author's
abstract)

11197

Hunter, H. H.  and R. I. Mitchell


PORTABLE SMOKE PHOTOMETER. Preprint, Battelle Memorial Inst. ,
Columbus, Ohio, Columbus Labs.,pp. 928-940  (1968).   1 ref.


A solid-state photometer has been designed  and  constructed.   This
photometer has a linear response and is suitable for use with
conventional optics used in smoke penetrometers.   The instrument
uses solid-state devices rather  than vacuum tubes,  and requires no
warm-up time.  Preliminary results indicate that its sensitivity is
comparable to existing vacuum-tube units.   The  instrument also has a
constant-intensity light source  in which the light  intensity  varies
only plus or minus 1.i» percent when  the line potential varies from
100 folts to 130 volts.The opitcs portion  of the instrument is
still under development and needs further  modification.  (Authors'
summary)

11237

J. C., Chipman,  A. J. Hocker,  and John chao


MEASURING AND EVALUATING AUTOMOBILE  EXHAUST HYDROCARBON
EMISSIONS BY INTERRELATED TECHNIQUES.    Preprint,
California lir Resources Lab., Los Angeles, ((19))  p., 1968.
453                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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10 refs.   (Presented at the 61st Annual Heeting, American
Institute  of  Chemical Engineers, Symposium on Besearch and
Developnent in  Automotive Air Pollution Control, Los
Angeles,  Calif.,  Dec. 1-5, 1968,, Paper 53-E.)
The smog  forming potential of exhaust gas from a 216 car  survey
Has determined.   This potential is defined in terms of reactivity
units-  Exhaust  hydrocarbon emissions were measured by
niondispersive infrared, ultraviolet and flame ionization  analyzers.
The measurements of these analyzers were correlated with  the
reactivity  of the exhaust gas.  The results show that each
analyzer  is capable of delineating the smog potential of  gasoline
powered vehicles.  Hydrocarbon emissions were also correlated
with engine classes.  The emission level differences for
concentration are larger than these obtained on a reactivity or
aass rate basis.  (Authors™ summary)f#
11305

Heck, Walter  W. ,
John A.  Dunning
Frank L. Fox,  C. Stafford Brandt,  and
TOBACCO,  A SENSITIVE MONITOR POP PHOTOCHEMICAL  AIR POLLUTION.
Preprint,  Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Md., Crops
Besearch  Div.  and Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio,  National Center for Air Pollution Control, 30p»,  1968.
(Presented at  the 61st Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, St. Paul, Minn., June 23-27, 1968,
Paper  68-192..)


The development of a technigue by which the sensitive tobacco
variety,  Bel-H3 is used as a monitor for photochemical  air
pollution  is discussed.  The technigue uses the plant as  an
indicator  of the oxidant complex in both urban and rural  areas.
Two pilot  studies that were conducted over a 3-year period during
the development of the monitoring technigue are included  in  the
discussion.   Attention is given to an explanation of the  proper
procedures for planting, transplanting, fertilizing, and  caring  for
aature plants.   The methods used in determining and recording
daaage to  plant leaves is included; the studies showed  almost
daily  injury to monitoring plants.  (Authors" abstract)##

1W06

V.G. Kunde
THEORETICAL MOLECULAR LINE ABSORPTION 01 COIN  LATE
SPECTRAL TYPE ATMOSPBEBES.   National Aeronautics and
Space Administration, Greenbelt, Md. , Goddard  Space  Flight
Center, 33p,, Dec. 1968.   ((73)) refs.
CFSTI:  NASA IN D-4798
The line positions, line intensities, and collisioral  half-widths
have been calculated for the fundamental, first-overtone,  and
second-overtone vibration-rotation  bands of  C12016  and C13016.
                           D. Measurement Methods
                                               459

-------
The C12016 and C13016 line intensities  were  computed  for
temperatures ranging from 175 to 3500 degrees  K  and  were  weighted
in accorance with a terrestrial C12/C13  abundance  ratio.   All
lines within 5 to 6 orders of magnitude  of the  maximum  line
intensity of a band have been considered (aiout  4500  lines at
3500 degrees K).##
11U76

Andreeshcheva, N. G.


THE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN ABOHA1IC HIDBOCABBONS IN THE AIB-
<(0 sanitarno-toksikologicheskoi otsenke nekotorykh
aromaticheskikh uglevodorodov v atnosfernom vozdukhe.J)   Hyg.
Sanit. (English translation of:  Gigiena i Sanit.),
33 (1-6) : 13-17, Spril-June 1968.  ((10)3 refs.
   CFSTI:  TT 68-50
-------
11198

Aigina, E..  Po,   G.  S.  Lopukhova,  and S0 S. Khikmatullaeva


SEECTHOPHOTCHETBIC  DETEBMINATICN Op THIOPHENE IN AIR.
{(Opredelenie  tiofena  v vozdukhe spekrofotometricheskim metodom.,))
Hyg.  Sanit.   (English  translation of:  Gigiena i Sanit.),
33(4-63 :it09-«11. April-June 1968.   ((1)} lets.,
   CFSTI:   TT  68-50149/2


The spectral  characteristic of thiophene in the wavelength range
220 -  250  millimicron, using ethanol, methanol, heptane, hexane
and octane as  the solvents was studied.  Heasurements of the
optical densities of methanol solutions of thiophene with
concentrations up to 15 micrograms/ml at lambda =  231 millimicrons
showed these  solutions to obey the lambert-Eeer law.  Therefore
the concentration of thiophene in the solution can be determined
from the  optical density using a calibration graph, or calculating
from an equation.  For determinations of thiophene in air in  the
presence  of benzene, another variant was elaborated making use of
Vierordfs method.   This method makes it possible  to determine
concentrations of each of the components of a binary mixture  from
the optical density of solution-  The spectral characteristics of
nethanol  solutions  of  benzene and thiophene are shown.  Thus, two
variants  of the spectrophotometric method are proposed for the
determination  of thiophene in air.  The first variant, proposed
for hygienic  experiments, is based on measuring the absorption of
UV radiation  by the methanol solution of thiophene at lambda  =
231 millimicrons.  Its sensitivity is 0.5 micrograms per 1 ml
solution™   Benzene  in  concentrations of up to 20 micrograms/ml
does not  interfere  with the determination.  The second yariant,
proposed  for  determination of thiophene in air in  the presence of
ben2ene,  is based on measurements of absorption of UV radiation
by a thiophene — benzene mixture in methanol at 231 and 251.6
millimicrons,,   The  thiophene concentration in the  solution is
calculated from an  equation.  This variant is used in the presence
of benzene concentrations exceeding 20 micrcgrams  in 1 ml methanol,.
11562

Ewald, Herbert  and Gustav Enrich
ANALYSIS OF THE INTEBESTING COMPONENTS OF EXHAUST  GASES.
< (Die Analytik interessierender Abgasbestandteile  von
Auspuffgasen.))   Text in German.  Freiberger Forschungsh.,
(A387) :133-161, 1966.  146 refs..


Recent methods for the determination of CO, C02, NO, N02,
hydrocarbons,  and hydrocarbon combustion products  in air  and
exhaust gases are reviewed in detail, with a discussion of  their
relative sensitivity, accuracy, and convenience.   Data are  also
presented on the concentrations of some of these components during
the operation  of gasoline and diesel engines under various
conditions.  The sensitivity of various methods for the
determination  of some of these components and the  prices  of some
                           D. Measurement Methods                     461

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of the analytical equipment  (gas chromatographs,  mass
spectrometers, photometers,  other spectrometers,  and gas
analyzers) required are given in tabular form.   It  is  concluded
that rapid testing or testing performed in  mobile laboratories
usually must be made by Orsat analysis or test  capsules,,  while
continuous measurements of exhaust gas components for  control
purposes can be done photometrically.  For  most  purposes,
ultraviolet and mass spectrometery have been  replaced  by  gas
chromatography, which is cheaper and more informative;  however,
spectrometric techniques are useful for identifying component
detected by gas-chromatograph.  Although basically  a discontinuous
process, gas chromatography  can be automated.i*

11567

Hood, Lu V. S.,  and J. E. Binefcrder


THINTLAYEB SEPAHATION AND LOH-TEMPEHATOBE LUMINESCENCE
HEASUBEHENT OF MIXTURES OF CAHCINOGENS,  Text in  English.
Anal. Chin. Acta, «2{2) : 199-205, Aug. 1968.   16  refs-


low-temperature fluorescence and phosphorescence  characteristics
of a number of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons  are reported.
Complex mixtures of hydrocarbons were studied to  determine the
selectivity of low—temperature luminescence measurement.
low-temperature fluorimetry  is applied to measure several
hydrocarbon carcinogens after ethanolic extraction  from thin-layer
chromatograms.  The method described permits  determination of 0.1
micrograms of most of the potent carcinogens  (such  as  pyrenes,
anthracenes, perylenes, tryphenylenes, etc..),.   The  results
suggest that the method nay  be well suited  for  environmental
studies of hydrocarbon pollution,##

11573

Lahmann,, Frdwin
STUDIES ON AIR POLLUTANTS.   II.   MEASUBEHENT  TECHNIQUES  SND
EVALUATION,.   ((Die Untersuchung  von  luftverunreinigungen.
German.  Eundesgesundheitsblatt,  (11):161-167,  May 26,  1967.   29
German.  Bundesgesundheitsblatt,  (11) :161-1 68,  May 26,  1968.   29
refs.
The second part of a detailed  review  of  techniques for measuring
the concentration of air  pollutants  deals  with various parameters
of the sampling procedure  which  affect the results of all
analytical methods.  These  parameters include:  the duration  of
the sampling period  (or frequency  of  measurements), duration  of
the study, season and time  of  day  when the samples are taken,
frequency of discontinuous  sampling,,  air density at the measuring
sites, height of the sampling  sites  above  the  earth, and
distribution of the sampling  sites.   The effects of some of  these
parameters on determinations  of  atmospheric S02 and CO are
shown by way of illustration-  Sampling  programs used in the
German Federal Fepublic,  Great Britain,  and the DSA
(National Air Sampling Network and Continuous  Air
462               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Monitoring  Program)  are described briefly.  Finally, some of the
problems arising  in  the evaluation of experimental air pollution
data  are pointed  out (such as the skewed rather than Gaussian
distribution  of results).**
1157H

lahnann,  Erdvin
STUDIES  OS  AIR  POLLDTiHTS.   !„ ANAIY.TICSI METHODS.   ((Die
Dntersuchung  von  Luftverunreinigungen.  I. Analysenmethoden.))
Text  in  German.   Bundesgesundheitsblatt,  (10) : 145-150, Hay
12,  1967.   71 refs.


This  detailed review  of the apparatus and techniques used for air
pollution  measurements deals with both sampling and  analytical
methods.   A distinction is  made between empirical or discontinuous
and  continuous  methods of sampling and it is pointed out that only
the  latter  can  yield  readily interpretable results.  In connection
with  gas sampling techniques, the value of an iupinger for
increasing  the  rate  of dissolution of gaseous pollutants is
discussed.   Methods are then described for the quantitative
deteriination of  S02, S03,  N02, NO, CO, H2S, HF,
and  NH3, and  brief mention  is made of the techniques of gas
chromatography  and flame icnization detection for traces of
organic  compounds.  The two principal techniques for estimating
the  total  particulate content of the air are dust-fall and
dust-concentration determinations..  The latter which depends on
photoelectric measurement of the particle density after filtration
is more  difficult to  perform, but more interesting from the health
point of view.**
11601

Heinz,  Binfield  B.,  Naum  S.  Bers, William Burns, and Lawrence
leyis
HIGHWAY  DYNAMICS  AND  AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION TEST PROCEDURES.  In: Air
Pollution  Research  (Progress Summary).   Califcrnia Univ., Los
Angeles, Dept.  of Engineering, Kept. 68-39, p. 63-71, Sept.  1968.
8 refs.


Information about the influence of sudden changes in autcmotile
speed  on smog  formation is being obtained with a portable magnetic
recorder equipped to  record as many as 32 channels cf data on three
tracks,  while  using a fourth track for audio monitoring  of tests in
progress.  In  addition to speed, torque, manifold pressure,  and
throttle position,  the instrument also records temperatures, fuel
flow,  air  flow, accelerations, engine rpm, etc.  The recorder is
suitable for use  in tests exploring the total content of engine
exhaust  stream  emissions.  It is suggested that future research can
evaluate emissions  from many different automobiles in a  short time
by subjecting  each  to programs of tape recorded speed and torque.
                           D. Measurement Methods                      463

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11622

Charlson, Bo J.


ATMOSPHERIC AEBOSOL BESEiBCH AT THE UNIVEBSITY 05 WASHINGTON.
Preprint, Washington Oniv., Seattle, Coll. of Engineering,
13p., 1968.,  10 refs.   (Presented at the Air Pollution Control
Association Meeting, St. Paul, Minn,, June 1968.)t#


Useful developments both in instrumentation  (in the integrating
nephelometer) and in experimentation are reported.  Mass and
visibility are related by the expression: magg x Lv = 1.2 gram/m2,
which is mentioned and explained briefly.  Other research
efforts in progress are centered on the atmospheric aerosols,
rather than laboratory aerosols.  Size distribution studies are
teing correlated with sinultaneous optical measurements.
Chemical analysis methods are being developed for single
particles via scintillation methods.  The spatial variation of
aerosol concentration in the vicinity of cities is also teing
studied, both with the nepheloneter and with laser radar  (lidar) .
(Author's abstract, modified)**


11675

Sawicki, E.  and C. Gclden


TLC-FLUOEIMETRIC ANALYSIS FOB ATMOSPHERIC SCOEOLETIN.  Preprint,
National Air Pollution  Control Administration, Cincinnati,  Ohio,
Chemical and Physical Research and Developmetn Program,  19p., July
1968.   19 refs.

A method is described for the characterization and assay of
scopoletin, a hydroxycoumarin derivative previously identified in
tobacco and tobacco smoke.  The evidence for its presence in
airborne particulates, house dust, and coffee roast effluents
consists of R(f) values obtained with silica gel thin-layer
chromatography and mobility values obtained  with paper
electrophoresis, as well as fluorescence spectra obtained from the
chromatogram and from methanolic, alkaline methanolic, and  sulfuric
acid solutions.  By use of a procedure involving thin-layer
chromatography spectrophotofluorimetry, scopoletin was assayed in
these various samples.  Recovery of scopoletin from enriched
airborne particulates was 91%.  The various  separations and
fluorimetric examinations revealed the presence of a large  number
of 'oxygenated' fluorescent unknowns in the  various samples; these
substances will te studied for possible allergy significance.
(Author abstract modified)

11738

Nash, T.
CHEMICAL STATDS OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE AT LOH  AEBIAL
CONCENTRATION.  Ann. Occupational Hyg.,  11(3):235-239,
July 1968.  4 refs.
464               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
Although  the  possible existence of nitrous acid as distinct
from  nitrogen dioxide in polluted air has been recognized, the  two
compounds give the same product with colorimetric reagents and  it
has not been  believed necessary to distinguish between them in
routine investigations of air pollution or in toxicology.  A
simple sampling procedure has been developed using mixtures of
nitrous acid  and nitrogen dioxide in the ppm range.  The compunds
are separately estimated using Saltzman's reagent.  Nitrous acid
can form  the  major proportion of nitrous fumes from some sources,
while nitrogen dioxide in moist air is slowly converted to nitrous
acid. The method, results, and toxicological implications are
given and discussed.t#

11755

A. S. Denovan,  E. W. Ashley


THE DETERMINATION OP OXIDES OF NITROGEN IN EEACTCB LOOP COVEB
GJS.   Atomic  Energy of Canada Ltd., Chalk River,  Ont.,
Chalk Eiver Nuclear Labs.,  ((11))p., Sept. 1967.  3 refs.
   CFSTI:  AECL-277C
Procedures have been developed using selective absorbers followed
by gas chromatography which are suitable for the separation  and
determination of NO and N02 either from a bulk gas sample  or
directly from a flowing gas stream of C02 containing up to 27<
air.  Nitrous oxides can also be determined if required.   With
synthetic gas samples, recoveries were shown to be quantitative
using the procedures outlined.  Calculations from data obtained
for the procedures outlined.  Calculations from data obtained for
the preparation of calibration curves showed the standard
deviations to be plus or minus 3.2 microgram for NO, plus  or
minus 2.6 microgram for N02 and plus or minus 5.5 microgram  for
N20 over the range of 15 - 150 microgram.  Limits of detection
were 200 ppb for NO, 60 ppb for N02 and 200 ppb for H20.##

11819

Ereuer, Wolfram


BEW METHODS OF CONTINUOUS TRACE GAS ANALYSIS.  (Neue Verfahren zur
kcntinuierlichen Spurenanalyse).   Preprint, 23p., 1968.  2 refs.
(Presented at the Interkama Kongre, 4th, Duesseldorf, Germany,
1968.)   Translated from German.   Franklin Inst.  Research Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info.  Services, 23p.


Electrochemical trace gas measuring units for determining  the
concentration of pollutants in the open air are described.   The
units operate on the principle of a galvanic chain, indicating
concentration changes of ions in a solution caused by reaction
with a sampled trace gas.  The sampling gas and the solution are
held by a solid electrolyte cast into a cylindrical silver tube
which serves an an anode.  The cathode is embedded in the  inner
surface of the electrolyte in the form of a silver helix.
Electrical connections for both electrodes run through a
polyethylene stopper at the bottom of the tube.   The flow  of sampled
                          D. Measurement Methods                     465

-------
gas reaches the actual measuring zone,  the  inner  surface  of  the
electrolyte, through a glass line  and  a  polyethylene  stopper at
the top of the tube.  The measuring  ranges  of  standard  units extend
from several ppb  (dilution of  10 to  the  minus  9th power)  to  several
ppm (dilution of 0,000001, depending on  the  gas component.
Concentration cells are now available  for analysis of hydrogen
sulfide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen  dioxide  and nitric  oxide,
phosgene, hydrogen cyanide, chlorine,  oxygen,  and ozone.

11834

W.  E.  Cobb
ION LOSSES IN THE GEHDIEN CONDENSES INTAKE SYSTEM.   J. Appl.
Meteorol., 7 (3) :456-458 , June 1968.  6 refs.


The measurement of atmospheric electrical conductivity, ion
density, or mobility by the aspiration method may result in the
undesired removal of ions within the air-intake system.   (The
specialist in atmospheric electricty cannot help but disturb the
natural existence of the very element he wishes to investigate.)
in investigation was made, at a field site 40 mi northwest of
Washington, D. C., to determine the less of small ions in
different length intake tubes and for a wide range in the
air flow rate.  Two identical Gerdien conductivity instruments
were operated simultaneously.  One unit, with only 10 cm of
intake pipe ahead of the Gerdien condenser, was operated as a
reference standard, and the conductivity measurement was repeated
as 60,200, and 370 cm lengths of 10-cm diameter intake pipe were
added to the second unit.  A constant flow rate of 400 cm/sec was
maintained through the control unit, while in the second unit the
flow was increased by steps from 40 to 500 cm/sec.  Data
were recorded on a irultichannel oscillograph and the
measurements were repeated many times in clean, winter air.
There was little change from cne measurement ot the next.  The
loss of original ions at flow velocities greater than 300 cm/sec
varied from zero to 23% for the three intake lengths, while for
flow rates less than 150 cm sec the loss of ions increased
rapidly in each case.  The sampling tines varied from 0.1-10sec.
Although the transfer of ions to the walls by eddy diffusion
should increase for turbulent flow no such effect was detected; the
increasing loss cf ions, even as the flew became laminar, indicates
that ion transit time is the controlling factor rather
than air flow turbulence.  A 1:1 ratio of the length to the
diameter for the Gerdien intake system and an airflow without
curves or obstruction is suggested.  Since atmospheric
electrical conductivity measurements are made primarily to
determine secular trends in atmospheric fine-particle pollution,
and since long-term changes may be only a few percent, it is
imperative that such measurements be as absolute as possible.t#

11842

V. Vcelak
DETERMINATION OF THE DEGREE OP OXIDAIICN  OF  BROWN  CCAL  BY
MEASUREMENT OF LIBERATED  HYDROCARBONS.    ((Die  Bestimmung  der
466               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
Oxydationsstufe  von  Braunkohle durch Nachweis freigesetzter
Kohlenwasserstoffe.))   Text in German.   Erdoel Kohl
(Hamburg), 21 (6): 344-350,  June 1968.  (Presented at the  19th
annual meeting of  the  German Society for Petroleum Science and
Coal  Chemistry,  Hamburg,  5 Oct.  1968).   35 refs.


The presence  of  low-temperature  oxidation in brown-coal  mines is
normally  detected  by the  determination of CO and C02 in  the
air.  Experiments  are  now  reported which show that even
earlier stages of  oxidation can  be detected by determining the
concentration of hydrocarbons (especially unstturated hydrocar-
bons) both in the  mine atmosphere and adsorbed onto the  coal.
Samples of coal  from several Czech coal mines were sealed in
polyethylene  under N2  and  analyzed chemically and by gas chrcmato-
graphy.   The  degree  of autooxidation of the sample was estimated
in 3  ways: 1) from its ehcmical  composition and the tar  content
following low-temperature  coking; 2) irom the course of
degasification in  the  Brabender  apparatus; and 3)  from the
hydrocarbons  liberated from the  coal during low-temperature coking
or thermal decomposition.   On this basis, the samples were
classified into  5  groups:   fresh coal (not oxidized),
oxidized  coal (but not yet glowing), ignited coal (glowing tut not
aflame) ,  burned  coal,  and  unoxidizable material.  Whereas the
amount of hydrocarbons (ethane,  ethylene, propane, propylene and
butane) liberated  from fresh coal during degasification  is
negligible below 200 degrees C,  but then increases rapidly with
temperature,  the amount liberated from oxidized coal shows two
maxima, the first  being a  broad  shallow maximum at about 150
degrees C followed by  a minimum  at 280 degrees C and then a rapid
rise.**

11855

Hochheiser, Seymour  and Walter F. Ludmann


HELD COMPAKISON OF  METHODS OF DETESKINIliG A1MOSPHEEIC NO AND N02.
Preprint, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.  C.,  17p., 1965.
13 refs.   (Presented at the Aierican Chemical Society 150th
national  Meeting Atlantic  City,  N. J., Sept. 13, 1965.)


Atmospheric samples  from  several cities were used in a comparative
study of  the  Saltzman  and  Jacobs-Hochheiser methods of measuring
atmospheric nitrogen dioxide concentrations.  Nitric oxide is
determined by these  methods after wet oxidation of the NO to N02
in a  gas  scrubber  containing an  acid-permanganate reagent.  The
reproducibility  of the two methods for measuring NO and  N02 in
30-min samples was determined by collecting atmospheric  samples
in duplicate  and analyzing the difference in results.  For N02
measurements, the  reproducibility of the two methods was about the
same; for NO, the  reproducibility of the Jacobs-Hochheiser method
was better.   Beproducibility of  both methods was better  for N02
measurements  than  for  NO  measurements, indicating perhaps that a
permanganate  bubbler adds  to inherent and systematic errors.  There
were  no appreciable  differences  in mean concentrations of NO and
N02 measured  by  either method in any city.  The relationship of
measurements  obtained  by  both methods fcr 30-min sampling periods
indicates that if  the  disproportionation factor for the  Jacobs-
                           D. Measurement Methods                     467

-------
Hochheiser method is considered to be approximately  0.6  to  0.8,
the two methods agree at N02 concentrations  greater  than  0.05 ppa.
Sulfur dioxide or NO at the concentrations encountered did  not
appear to affect the differences between  N02 measurements obtained
by the two methods.

11903

Gronsberg, E. Sh.


DETEBBINA1ION OF ACBOIEIN AND VINYI-BUIYL ETHER  IK THE AIR.
( (Opredelenie akroleina i vinil-butilovogo efira  v vozduhe.))
Text in Bussian.  Gigien. Iruda i Prof. Zabolevaniya,
12(7):54-56, July, 1968.


Air to be analyzed is passed  (rate 20 1/hr)  through  2 Petri
adsorbers, each containing H ml of adsorbing-oxidizing mixture
for acrolein (I) (100 ml 28 NH4 acetate + 4  ml 1.5%  HI04  or
KI04 in 5% KH2S04 and 4 ml 2% K«n04) , or  for vinyl-butyl
ether  (II)  (100 ml 2% NH4 acetate +  8 ml  1.5% HI04 in
water and 4 ml 2% KBnOt).  Both I and II  are oxidized at  the
double bonds to fornaldehyde.  Oxidation  is  stopped  after
15-30 min. by adding a few drops of  30% sulfite  ((compound  not
specified)) to sample containing I,  or 0.1 ml 5?  H2S04 and  then
a few drops of 30% sulfite to sample containing  II.  The
samples  (2ml) are then treated with  3.5 ml chromotrcpic  acid
solution  (100 mg dissolved in 5 ml 10% H2S04 to  which 125 ml
cone. H2S04 are added), kept for 30  min in boiling water, and
after cooling brought up to 9 ml.  Quantitative  determinations
are made colorimetrically against standards  of I  and II
treated in the same way as the samples.   The method  is selective
for I in mixtures with saturated aldehydes,  except formaldehyde,
and also for II in mixture with butyl alcohol and acetylene,
which occur in the air around manufacturing  plants.  Methanol in
high cone., or compounds that may be oxidized to  formaldehyde can
interfere with the test.  The sensitivity is 1 mg for I  and 5
mg. for II.*#


11922

H. Balisch
MEASURING SYSTEM FOE THE AUTOBATIC  ULTHAMICEO  DETERMINATION  OF
SUIFUR IN OEGANIC COMPOUNDS.   ((Bessanordnung  zur
automatischen Dltramikrobestimmung  von Schwefel  in  organischen
Verbindungen.)  Text in German, (likrcchim.  Acta.  ((Vienna)),
Vol.  (4):748-764, 1968.  15 refs.


A system is described which makes possible  the analysis  of  samples
weighing only 0.5 mg with  an absolute accuracy of  + or - 0.15S, at
rate of 8 sulfur determinations per hour.   The system depends upon
the complete combustion of the organic sample  in an empty tube
provided with nozzles and  eddy chambers,  so that the combustion
products can be driven into an adsorption tube,  using 02 as a
carrier, without leaving any residue.  In the  adsorption tube,
468               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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which is  filled  with quartz wool, the sulfurous products  are
oxidized  to  sulfate  with H202, after which the sulfate  is
determined colorimetrically (615 DID) with BaC12 using
"carboxyarsenazo"  as the indicator.  The endpoint is read by  a
photoelectric  cell which transmits the abrupt voltage change  to  a
transistorized difference amplifier feeding the motor of  the
piston  burette.  The lower limit of detection for this
automatic titration  system is 0.5 mg of sulfur as sulfate.  The
results of 30  determinations by this method on pure sulfur  ana
organic compounds  containing 12.89-42. 1254 sulfur  (sample  size of
0.275-1.166  mg)  are  reported.**


1200«

Deerman,  J.  C.


COSTINOOOS HASS  SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST
FOR NITRIC OXIDE-   In:   Report on CRC Symposium on
Exhaust Gas  Analysis.  Coordinating Research Council, Inc.,
New York, N. Y., Group  on Composition of Exhaust Gases,
CRC-HN-tOt,  pp.  61-64,  Sept. 21-22. 1965.


A small,  portable  mass  spectrometer to monitor nitric oxide
concentration  in automotive exhaust is described.  The combined
response  time  of the instrument and sampling train is 3 seconds,
which satisfactorily follows the California Motor Vehicle
Pollution Control  Board test cycle.  The instrument gives
rapid response..  Interference by compounds which have the same
uass as NO,  such as  a CO isotope, formaldehyde, ethane, and a
nitrogen  isotope,  is discussed.**


12136

Sltshuller,  A. P., L. J. lage, and  A. F. Hartburg


SOURCE  AND  ATHOSPHEEIC ANALYSES FOE FORMALDEHYDE  BY CHRCMOTKOPIC
JCID PROCEDURES.   Preprint, Robert  A. Taft Sanitary Engineering
Center, Cincinnati,  Ohio, Lab. of Engineering and Physical
Sciences, 17p.,  1962 (?) .  7 refs.


A variation  of the chromctropic acid method of formaldehyde
analysis  was investigated, which employs direct collection and
color  formation in a 0.1? chrcmotropic acid solution in
concentrated sulfuric acid, instead of the usual  method  involving
preliminary  collection in a bubbler containing an aqueous
tisulfite solution or just water.   A brief study  was also made  of
the use of  an  aqueous solution of chromotropic acid.  The aqueous
procedure is not useable in analyses o± diesel or incinerator
effluents;  the acid procedure is not applicable to raw  and diluted
auto exhaust,  but  both can be used  to analyze synthetic and actual
photochemical  smog.   Because of its much higher sensitivity,  the
acid procedure is  convenient for formaldehyde analysis,  even  when
the formaldehyde levels are only a  few parts per  hundred  million
ty volume.   At these concentration  levels and below, the  use  of
optical cells  of 5-cm path length are advisable.  Thus,  for trace
                           D. Measurement Methods                     469

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gas analyses, direct collection in acid solution  provides  a  more
sensitive procedure that those various formaldehyde  and  aldehyde
analytical methods that involve a 1-to-10 dilution step.

12140

Wartburg, Arthur P. and Bernard E. Saltzman


EEHOVAL 01 INTERFERING SULFUE DIOXIDE IN ATKOSPHERIC OXIEANT
ANALYSIS.  Preprint, Eobert A. Taft Sanitary  Engineering Center,
Cincinnati, Ohio, Lab. of Engineering and Physical Sciences,
18p., 196<4 (?) .  7 refs.


In order to improve the accuracy of iodimetric  measurements  of
total oxidant consisting predouinantly of ozone by manual  and
instrumental methods now in use, a solid absorbent material  was
developed for conveniently removing sulfur dioxide from  an air
sample stream with little or no concurrent loss of ozone.
Chromium trioxide acidified with sulfuric acid, supported  on
glass-fiber paper, was the most effective of  various scrubbing
chemicals, and should make possible measurements  of  oxidant  levels
without serious interference from 100-fold excesses  of S02.  The
optimal area of absorbent paper for use in a  100-mm  U tube at the
test flow of 14C ml/min was about 6 sg in.  A certain conditioning
time is required before ozone is no longer appreciably absorbed;
the concentration of chromium tricxide affected this time  but not
final performance.  Work is in progress to determine whether the
absorber causes any losses of the oxidant from  natural and
synthetic smog mixtures.  Field tests completed to date  indicate
that the performance of the absorber does not deteriorate  during
ordinary continuous use for 30 days.

12148

Southerland, James H.


A SURVEY OF AIB POI1UTION IN THE CHATTANOOGA  METROPOLITAN  AREA.
Preprint, 11p., 1969.  2 refs.   (Presented at the Environmental
and Water Resources Engineering Conference, 8th Annual,
Nashville, Tenn., June 5, 1969.)


The procedures used for the Chattanooga, Tennessee-Bossville,
Georgia Interstate Air Pollution Survey are presented.   A
general examination is given of the methods used  in  the  conduct
of the field investigation, including site selection, sampler
selection, and frequency of sampling for particulates  (high-vol
samplers), sulfur dioxide  (West - Gaeke and continuous automatic
conductivity instruments), nitrogen oxides  (Saltzman colcrimetry) ,
oxidants  (colorimetry), and carbon monoxide.   Brief  descriptions
of analytical techniques and  procedures  used  for  the study are
presented, including the effects studies for  materials,  vegetation,
and health, as well as the aercmetric-metecrological network.
Aspects of an emission inventory, air quality standards  and
implementation plans, and air quality improvement planning are
discussed.  A summary of findings will be  presented  in  a
forthcoming technical report.   (Author abstract modified)
470              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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12196

Mueller, James I.
OZONESOHDE, BOBBLEH  TYPE.   (FINAL REPORT).  Mast Development Co.,
Davenport,  Iowa, Contract  AFSC-F19628-68-C-0092, Proj. 8628, Task
862807, Unit  86280701,  AFCRL-68-C409, 25p., July 31, 1968.
   CFS1I  CDC:   AD  676780
A balloon-borne ozonesonde  is described that measures ozcne
concentrations by  means  of  an electrochemical reaction in a
bubbler  cell  and transmits  information to the ground by AN/AMT/
IE,  AN/AHT-12, or  ESSA radiosondes.   Test and flight experience
indicate that all  components of the  ozonesonde are adequate
to accomplish the  required  task without any modification of
the  radiosondes.   A  switching device provides a continuing
cycle  of three seconds of ozone data and seven seconds of
meteorological data.  At two and one-half minute intervals,
the  switch  selects alternately between air pump temperature
data and a  calibration function.  Sources of error are the
destruction of ozone  in  the instrument before it can react in
the  bubbler;  interference by oxidizing agents other than ozone
and  by reducing agents in tropospheric and surface air; and
varying  efficiency of the gas-liguid interaction with altitude.
With careful  handling, instrument destruction is five percent
or less.  Temperature effects can introduce a plus or minus
three  percent error.  The bias cell  voltage will decrease 25 mb
during a flight, resulting  in a maximum plus two percent error.
The  overall calibration  factor determined by comparison of
integrated  flight  profiles  and spectrophotometer total ozone
is 1.2 plus or minus  10S.   (Author abstract modified)


12240

Nelson,  G.  0.


THE EFFECT  OF HALOGEN COMPOUNDS OK THE KOLECULAR SPECTBA OF AIR.
In:  Hazards Control  Progress Report No. 32  (September-December
1968)  and Index to Hazards  Control Progress Reports Nos. 30 through
32.  California Univ.,  Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab., p. 38-46,
1969.
   CFSTI: TID-H500


nitrogen and  nitric  oxide  spectra produced in an  ac  spark were
enhanced by the presence of halcgenated materials in air.  This
phenomenon  was observed, irregardless of the concentration or
species  of  halogenated  hydrocarbons present in the chamber.  The
intensity change at  a given concentration was greatest fcr
chlorinated materials and  decreased progressively for brominated,
 iodinated, and fluorinated compounds.  Spectral intensity also
increased with an  increase  in the number of halogens present on
the  molecule  at a  given  concentration.  The intensity increase ror
the  halogenated materials  was not altered significantly by the
hydrocarbon side-chain  length, configuration, or degree of
saturation.  The mechanism  of interaction between the halcgen and
                           D. Measurement Methods                      471

-------
nitrogen probably involves ccllisional  processes  with  the  nitrogen
after electron attachment to the halogen.   Excited  N2  and  NO
subsequently give up energy as  photons.   This  process  makees
possible selective halogen detection  and  estimation in the low-ppa
range.

12338

Ellsworth, Edward


THE FEASIBILITY OF GLASS CULTUEE TUBES  AS DISPOSABLE CUVETTES IK
CCLCEIMETHIC DETERMINATION OF OZONE AND NITROGEN  DIOXIDE.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Association,  New  York  City,  19p.,
1969.  5 refs.   (Presented at the Air Pollution Control
Association, Annual Meeting, 62nd, New  York,  N. Y. , June  22-26,
1969.)


Glass culture tubes made of lint or borosilicate  glass and
measuring 13 by 100 mm were compared  with cuvettes  recomiended for
use with the Spectronic 20 Colorimeter.   Ozone and  nitrogen  dioxide
were sampled from exposure chambers,  and  after standard  methods of
analysis, optical densities were recorded.  The ovality  of the
culture tubes was also compared to that of  the cuvette at  random
rotated positions.  The glass culture tubes showed  no  more
variation in repeated optical density readings that did  the
cuvettes, nor was the culture tube less uniform in  shape than the
cuvette.  Use of the disposable glass culture  tubes can  make
manual ozone and N02 colorimetric assays  more  rapid and  economical
without increasing technical variability.   (Author  abstract
modified)

12362

Altshuller, A. P., S. L. Kopczynski,  W. A.  Lonneman, and F. D.
Sutterfield
A TECHNIQUE EOS MEASURING PHOTOCHEMICAL  EEACTIONS  IN  ATMOSPHERIC
SAMPLES.  Preprint, Public Health Service,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,
National Air Pollution Control Administration,  15p.,  May  1969.
12 refs.
Photochemical experiments were conducted  on  samples  collected from
the atmosphere in downtown Los Angeles  during  the  morning  traffic
peak hours.  The samples were collected in large,  plastic
containers fabricated from film  transparent  to solar radiation.
The samples were analyzed, irradiated with solar  radiation  for
2-3 hours at ambient temperatures, reanalyzed, irradiated  again
for 2-3 hours, and reanalyzed.   Analyses  were  made for  aliphatic
hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, total hydrocarbon,  nitric
oxide, nitrogen dioxide, oxidant, formaldehyde,  peroxyacetyl
nitrate,and carbon monoxide.  The separation on  the  pollutants was
described.  The maximum oxidant  values  obtained  agreed  reasonably
well with those obtained at several  air monitoring stations.  The
results clearly indicated the value  of  large plastic reaction
containers in investigating the  kinetic behavior  of  atmospheric
samples at ambient temperatures  with solar radiation.
472              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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12437

Carpenter, H. 0.,  C.  Schuler, and J. Pressman
ATMOSPHERIC NITRIC  OXIDE  MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES  (FINAL  EEPOEI) ,
GCA  Corp., Bedford,  Mass.,  Technology Div., Contract NAS12-85,
GCA-TR-68-18-N,  87p. ,  Nov.  1968.  80 refs.
   CFSTI:  N69  16504
A three-phase  program  is  described to investigate and develop  a
suitable  laser technique  for measuring the vertical  number  density
distribution of  neutral  nitric oxide in the atmosphere.   A
theoretical study  was  made to determine transitions  of  the  ambient
atmospheric NO molecule  which offered the greatest promise  for
laser  probing  by the  resonance scattering mechanism.  This  study
centered  on calculations  of the ratio of integrated  resonance
scattering cross section  to the Eayleigh scattering  cross section;
it was concluded that  operations would have to be restricted to
the far ultraviolet  or far infrared.  A developmental program  was
carried out to examine various methods for producing laser
radiation from NO  gas  at  transitions where the terminal  state  both
corresponded to  a  well—populated state in atmospheric NO  and whose
characteristics  made  probing possible.  Results showed  that
operating a direct NO  laser at either far UV or far  IF  is not  now
practical.  Experimental  work was performed involving the shift-
tuning of known  high  power lasers using harmonic generation, sum
frequency generation,  stimulated Raman shifting, and parametric
oscillation.   These technigues appear to offer reasonable means  of
generating radiation  at  the lines of interest.  Detailed
evaluations are  given  of  the two optimum probe wavelengths  for
shift-tuning:  UV 2155  A  and IE 5.33 micron.   (Author summary
modified)
12666

J.  N.  Pitts, Jr.,,   G.,  H.  Cowell,  D- S. Bur ley


JILM ACTINOMETEB JOB  MEASUREMENT OF SOLAB ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
INTENSITIES  IN  URBAN  ATMOSPHERES.   Environ. Sci. Technol. ,
2(6): 435-431, June  1968.   17 refs.


A versatile  chemical  actinometer, suitable for field as  well  as
laboratory studies,  has been developed for the measurement of
radiation intensities in  the near-ultraviolet region.  The
actinometer  is  a thin film of poly(methyl methacrylate)  in which
the actinic  material,  o-nitrobenzaldehyde, is dispersed.  On
absorption of light  in the 2800 to 4100 A. region
o-nitrobenzaldehyde  photciscmerizes to p-nitrobenzoic acid with a
quantum  efficiency  of 0.50.   The extent of this reaction  upon
irradiation  can be  related to the intensity of the radiation
source.  Ihis actinometer is suitable for measuring solar
radiation intensities within the region 3000 to 4100 A.,  the
photochemically reactive  wavelength region for the production
o£  photochemical smog.  (Author's Abstract) ##
                           D. Measurement Methods                     473

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12887

ludwig, C. E., H. Bartle, and M. Griggs


STUDY OF AIH POLLUTANT DETECTION EY EEBC1E  SEMSOES.   General
Eynamics Corp., San Eiego, Calif.,  (122)p.,  July  1969.   124 refs.


The feasibility of detecting the major air  pollutants by  earth-
oriented, satellite-borne sensors is investigated.   The  major
pollutants considered are carbon monoxide,  sulfur  dioxide, ozone,
ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, typical  hydrocarbons,  and peroxyacetyl
nitrate  (PAN) .  The spectral region considered  extends from the
ultraviolet  to the microwave region.  Considerations of  the number
of species accessible to optical detection,  the matter of day
and night detection, and of specificity  indicate  that the infrared
region extending from 3.5 microns to 13  microns is  the most useful
one.  A discussion of the pollutant species,  their  occurrence,
formation, chemistry, concentration levels,  and distribution
profiles through the atmosphere is  given.   The  problems  of
detection in the UV and visible regions, in  relation to  aerosol and
molecular scattering, are discussed.  Calculations  of signal
changes expected for an ideal Bayleigh atmosphere  are presented.
Some considerations of aerosol  (particulate)  pollution detection
are discussed.  Then, the radiative transfer  of the thermal
emission of  the earth and atmosphere under  the  influence  of
meteorological conditions is investigated.   Signal  changes arising
from the difference in radiation levels  due  to  clean and  polluted
atmospheres  are calculated and found to  be  usually  more  than 1%.
A performance evaluation of eight different  spectroscopic
instruments  for the remote detection of  pollutants  is made.  These
include radiometers, grating spectrometers,  Fourier-transform
interferometer-spectrometers, three instruments based on  optical
correlation  methods, microwave radiometers,  and one active
system—a satellite-based laser.  THC instruments,  which  are
based on optical correlation methods  (matched filter and  selective
chopper), have the greatest potential for near-future application.
 (Authors' abstract modified)

13039

Bamesberger, W.I. and D. P.,  Mams


IMPROVEMENTS IN THE COLLECTION CI HYEBOGEN SOLFIEE  IN  CADMIUM
HYDBOXIDE SUSPENSION..   Environ.  Sci- Technol.,  3 (3) : 258-261,
March 1969.,  11 refs.
The technique of collecting hydrogen sulfide at ambient air
concentrations in cadmium hydroxide suspension, in use for more
than 10 years, is reported to prevent loss from sulfide oxidation.
A comparison was made of this procedure with bromine
microcoulometric titration and «ith calculations of the
anticipated hydrogen sulfide concentrations produced  in a
laboratory gas dilution system..  An unpredictable and non-
reproducible loss of hydrogen sulfide, as high as 80% during
collection of a 2-hr impinger sample containing cadmium hydroxide
suspension, occurred.,  Evidence of the photodecomposition of
474               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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cadniui sulfide in the impinger and techniques to reduce loss  of
sulfide during sampling and storage are presented.  The suggested
nodification provides reproducible hydrogen sulfide recoveries.
Sellable quantitative results Here obtained.   (Author
abstract modified)

13087

Gupta,  S. K. and P., Ko Bandyopadhyay


NITBODS GASES-A HAZABD IH MINES AND INDUSTRIES.  J. Mines  Metals
Fuels,  17(2}:50-52, Feb. 1969.  8 refs.


The highly toxic nature of nitrogen oxides  demands periodic
checks  on the gases in working places where they are likely  to
occur.   Underground mines, defense installations, and  many
chemical factories and industrial shops are important  sources  of
nitrous funes.  Oxides of nitrogen are produced in mines by  shot
firing  and diesel engines.  Incomplete detonation or burning of
nitroglycerine explosives nay produce N oxides in considerable
quantities..  Explosives with improper oxygen  balance can produce
these gases on detonation.  The exhaust gases from diesel  engines
contain N02, N2O4, and NO in addition to CO,  S02, and  303.
Concentrations of N oxides and CO must be lower than 1000  and
2000 ppm, respectively, in exhaust gas emissions for
underground vehicles.  Attention should be  given to the acidic
nature  and solubility of N oxides in collecting gas samples.
Samples collected in moist or soft glass bottles by air
displacement are seldom representative-  Two  practical pieces  of
gas-sampling equipment are described.  A widely used test  to
detect  the presence of N oxides employs starch-iodide  papers
which turn blue on exposure to nitrous fumes.  Sulfur  oxides
interfere with this test, as they too liberate iodine  from
potassium iodide.  Three colorimetric methods of N oxide
determination are reviewed.  Recommended first aid measures  for
people  suspected of inhaling nitrous fumes  are listed.

13153

Wisse,  J, A. and A. J« Jleerburg


OZONE OBSEPVATIONS AT EASE KING BAUDOUIN IN 1965 AND 1966.
Arch. Het. Geoph. Biokl,, Ser. A., 18 (1-2) :11-54, 1969.  15  refs.


Continuous measurements of surface ozone concentration at  Base
King Baudouin, Antarctica were conducted in 1965 and 1966.   The
total amount of ozone was observed with a Dobson spectrophotometer
and its vertical distribution was determined  by means  of the
tJmkehr  effect and by launching 27 sondes of the Erewer-Mast  type,,
Observations show that ozone concentrations increase at the
surface south of the Antarctic coast and that this increase  is
also present in the upper air up to about 100 mbar.  The ozone
content is highest in winter and lowest in  summer.  These
phenomena are tentatively explained as a consequence of the  mean
meridional circulation, the cyclonic activity, and the
destruction of ozone at the surface of the  Antarctic ocean.
                           D. Measurement Methods                     475

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Omkehr observations indicate  that above  30  km,  the  ozone  content
at Base King Baudouin is lowest  in  summer.   The springtime
stratospheric warming in 1965  and 1966,  as  well as  a midwinter
warming in 1966, are described.  The  midwinter  warming  occurred
simultaneously in all levels  down to  the tropopause and did  not
interrupt the westerly airflow in the stratosphere.  The
springtime accelerated warming started in the  higher levels  and
was propagated downward, accompanied  by  a decrease  or a reversal
of wind speed.

13422

Lahmann, Erdwin and Karl-Ernst Prescher


BYDEOGBN SULFIDE DETERMINATION IH AIE HUH  AUTOMATIC SAEPLING.
(Schwefelwasserstoff-Bestiramung  in  luft  mit  automatischer
Protenahme.)   Text ir German.  Hasser luft  Betrieb, 12(9) :529-
531, Sept. 1968.  9 refs.


A simple procedure is described  for H2S  determination based  on
photometric measurement of methylene  blue formed in the reaction
of H2S with difflethyl-p-phenylenediasiine  in  the  presence of Fe(III)
chloride.  Samples of atmospheric air are passed through  an
alkaline cadmium hydroxide suspension which  blinds  the  H2S present
as cadmium sulfide.,  Its usefulness for  determination of  the  H2S
content of contaminated air can  be  enhanced  by  automatic  sampling
with the aid of a commercially available control device with  12
standard impingers.,  However,  the following  conditions  must
be met:   (1)  the cadmium hydroxide  suspension in the impingers
must be freshly prepared in order tc  maintain its absorption
capacity for at least 2H hrs;  (2) the cadmium sulfide suspension
formed upon sampling must remain stable  for  at  least 2t hrs;  and
(3)  the volume of the air sample must be measured with  sufficient
accuracy,.  Tests designed to  find out whether these requirements
can be met gave positive results*   In addition,  tests to  determine
the cross-sensitivity of the  H2S determination  to S02 and N02
showed that it is not perceptibly affected  by the presence of
1 mg/cum of S02 or N02 in the  air sample.   However, in  the presence
of these guantities of S02 and N02, the  cadmium sulfide content
of the absorption suspensions  was lowered by about  20%.  This
effect could be leiminated by  adding  5 ml of a  1.2* solution  of
ammonium amidosulfonate to tOO ml of  the alkaline cadmium hydroxide
suspension..

13U63

Harmbt, Wolfgang


SULFUR DIOXIEE MEASUREMENTS WITH AN AKPEfiCKElEIC-IODCMETKIC
RECORDING APPABATUS.  (S02-Messungen  mit einer  ampercmetrisch-
jodctnetrischen Eegistrierapparatur.)   Text  in German.  Z.
Meteorol. (Berlin), 20 (1-6) : 43-5S,  1968. 30 refs.


A detailed description is given  of  a  disccntinuously recording
automatic sampling device for  determination  of  the  S02  content
of atmospheric-iodometric method.   The accuracy of  the  new
476               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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device  was  checked by using laboratory air with  known  S02  contents
as well  as  by  making parallel measurements of atmospheric  air
with  the Hest  and  Gaeke method.  The slightly lower S02  values
measured by the  new device are ascribed to its sensitivity to
the 03  content of  air.   This effect is negligible  in most
applications.  The paper also contains extensive statistically
evaluated data cf  measurements of the S02 content  of air,  wind
speed,  and  wind  direction made in the periods from  Aug.  1965 to
July  1966 at the Wahnsdorf meteorological station  near Dresden.
13932

Bethell,  K~  D.,  J«  T.  Shaw,  and S.  C. Thomas
AN IMPEOVED FOBM  OF  SOLID OXIDISES FOB THE CONVERSION OF NITBIC
OXIDE  TO  NITROGEN DIOXIDE IN A FLOW SYSTEM.  Chen., Ind.  (London),
no.  3:91, Jan.  20,  1968.   2 refs.


The oxidizer  for  accurate NO measurement is prepared by immersing
a quantity of glass  wool  in a bath containing 15 g of K2Cr207 and
15 g of 98% H2S04 made  up to 100 ml with distilled H20.  After
soaking,  the  glass  wool is removed and excess solution is allowed
to drain  off-  The  impregnated glass wool is dried in an air oven
at 65  C until the color has changed from orange to dark red.
Eighteen  hours suffices for a 30 g sample.  After drying, the
material  is placed  in  a constant temperature box in a water bath
at 25  C for a half  hour.   Tests with NO concentrations up to 100
pfB and flow  rates  of  1<40 ml/roin showed conversions to the
dioxide in excess of 97%  for at least 90 min, and above 95% for
3 hrs.
114076

Ereuer,  Wolfram


NEW METHODS OF CONTINUOUS TBACE ANAIYSIS,.   (Neue  Verfahren  zur
Icontinuierlichen Spurenanalyse) „  Text in German.   Arch.  Tech.
Bessen,  no. 396, p.  7-12, Jan., 1969.  2 refs.


S detailed description is given of two electrolytic continuous
recording devices for measurement of small  traces of gases
present,  for example, in atmospheric air.   Sn earlier  version
with a liquid electrolyte was based on Nernst's concept of
a concentration chain.  The new version uses an organic substance
as an electrolyte which has a high dielectric constant, a low
electric  resistivity, a low vapor pressure, is but  slightly
hygroscopic, and possesses a high melting pcint.  This
electrolyte is solid and is part of a monolithic, small and
rugged unit.  The accuracies of measurements made by these
devices  vary between dilutions of 10 to the minus 9th  power
ana 0.000001, depending on the kind of gas.  At present,  the
following gases can  be determined with these accuracies:
02r 03,  C12, N02, NC2 plus NO, H2S, HCN, and COC12.
                           D. Measurement Methods                     477

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1K201

fiofmann0 P. and P., Stern
EHOTOMETBIC DETERMINATION OF LOW OZONE CONCENTRATIONS  IN  WATERS..
(Photometrische Bestimmung Niedriger Ozonkonzentrationen  in
Haessern) .  Text in German,,  Anal.. Chim.  Acta,  17 (1) : 113-120,
Aug. 1969-  6 refs.


A spectrophotometric method is described  for  the determination of
ozone in water down to a 0,,01 mg/1 level.   Ozone reacts  with the
manganese (II) disphosphate complex to form  the  manganese (III)
diphosphate complex which is then reacted with  o-toluidine.  If
ozone is swept out of the sample by a stream  of gas  and  absorbed
in manganese(II) diphosphate solution in  the  presence  of
chromium (III) as a catalyst, the method can be  applied to  heavily
polluted waters; at the 0.52 mg/1 level,  the  standard  deviation
was 3.1S.  The method can be easily adapted to  the determination
of ozone in gases.  (Author summary modified)
1H213

Haentzsch, Siegfried, Frank Nietruch and Karl-Ernst  Prescher


CONTINUOUS DETERMINATION OF NITBOGEN DIOXIDE  IN  THE  AIR  WITH AN
AOTCANALYZER.,  ^Kontinuierliche Bestimmung  von Stickstoffdioxid
in Luf t mit dem Autoanalyzer) „  Text in German.   Eikrochinu Acta
(Vienna), no. 3:550-556, 1969.  17 refs.


For continuous nitrogen dioxide measurement  in air,  a  Technicon
autoanalyzer was used.  A sample  gas flow was drawn  in through
a reaction zone where it was brought in contact  with a Saltzman
solution.  After reaction with the nitrogen  dioxide, the major
part of the solution went to a colorimeter.   The transparency of
this solution was measured and recorded.  The following  reaction
zones were used: a siphon, a vertical  reaction tube  of about 6C
en length and 3.2 mm inner diameter, the gas  sample  and  reagent
passed in parallel flow, as well  as in counter flow, through the
tube, a helical tube, and a micro frit for  continuous  flow  of the
Saltzman solution.  For calibration, a continuously  produced
mixture of N02 and air was used.  In all types of reaction  zones,
reliable N02 measurements were obtained.  The measured
concentrations were found to lie  in the maximum  allowable
concentration range (present long-term maximum allowable
concentration equal 1 mg/cu m)„   With  the 60  cm  tube,  it was
found that neither the flow velocity nor the  direction of  the gas
sample had any influence on the measured value.   An  adjustment
time of 2 min was reguired for N02 concentrations between  0.32
and 3.2 mg/cu m.  In the 20 m tube, adjustment took  about  60 min
at concentrations between 0.11 and 1.10 mg  N02/cu m.  For  the
micro frit, a low-volume container must be  used  for  the
adjustment period to remain short.  The detection thresholds were
found to be 5 micrograms/cu m for the  20 m  helical tube and 0.15
mg/cu m for the 60 cm tube.  The  only  disadvantage of  the
method is the complicated calibration  process.
478               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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11)1(08

Rhine, P. E.,  I.  D.  Tubbs,  and Dudley Williams


NITRIC ACID  VAPOR ABOVE 19  KB IS THE EABTH'S ATMOSPHERE.,
Appl. Opt.,  8(7) :1500-1501, July 1969.  6 refs.

Atmospheric  data  obtained fro« balloon flights by other
investigators  suggested that previously unreported atmospheric
bands at  approximately 30 km and a solar zenith angle of  90
dcg were  caused by the association of nitric acid vapor with
the ozone layer.   To estimate the amount of nitric acid vapor
in the atmosphere at this altitude, atmospheric nitric acid
vapor was experimentally measured in an absorption cell in the
spectral  regions  of  12UO-1380 inverse cm and 810-940 inverse cm.
laboratory and atmospheric  data were compared by integrated
spectral  absorbance.  Approximately 10* of the total absorbance
in both laboratory and atmospheric spectra is associated  with
Q branches at  the overlapping bands 879 and 897 inverse cm, and
it is concluded  that any observable nitric acid vapor
contributions  to  solar absorption spectra at low altitudes would
be connected with these band Q branches.  Production of nitric
acid vapor in  the ozone layer »ay proceed according to the
reactions H  plus  03  yields  02 plus OH*, or OH plus N02 yields
HN03.,  The second reaction  is presumed to be enhanced by
darkness.
1U129

Shaw, Manny


ELECTROCHEMICAL TRANSDUCERS FOB JIB POLLUTION MONITORING.
Preprint,  Amu  Chem.  Soc. , Pittsburgh, Pa., Div. Water,  Air,
Waste Chen.,  Up-,  1969.   (Presented at the Am. Chem. Soc.,, 158th
Natl. Meet.,  Div.  Water,  Air, Haste Chem., New York, 1969.)

Electrochemical transducers that permit the monitoring  of  S02,
NO, and N02 in the presence of hydrocarbons, CO, C02, ozone,
oxygen, nitrogen,  and water are described.  By the  proper
selection  of  electrolyte, membrane, sensing electrode catalyst,
counterelectrode,  or potentiostatic control, electrochemical
sensors can be made  selective to S02 in the presence of NOx  and
vice versa, as well  as selective to N02 in the presence of
S02 or HO.   Full-scale sensitivities range from 0 to 2, or 0  to
1000 or 5000  ppm.   Minimum detectability at present is  0.04  ppm.
Response times of  10 seconds to 90% of steady-state value  have
been obtained,,  Present sensors are compensated to  permit  operation
with samples  varying from 40-100 F.  The technology of  the
electrochemical transducer is described.  It is a sealed
unit, easily  integrated as a component part of the  monitor,
the remaining components  being electronic in nature.  Operation
of the monitor is  simple, involving adjustment of only  three
control knobs.  The  use of the electrochemical transducer-type
of monitor  for the continuous analysis of nitrogen  oxides  in
vehicle exhaust emissions is briefly noted, as well as  its
possible application for  monitoring S02 in certain  industrial
emissions.   (Author  introduction modified)
                           D. Measurement Methods                     479

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11(486

Dhi, K.


THE DETERMINATION 0? ACIDIC GASES IN WORKING ENVIRONMENTS B¥
ALKALI FILTER PAPER.  (Alkali rcshi ho ni yorn sagyo kankyo chu
sansei gas no sokutei) .   Text in Japanese.  Nippon Eiseigaku
Zasshi (Japan J. Hyg.},  2«(1):t9. April 1969.


The alkali filter paper method for determining acid gases in
working environments entails soaking filter paper in a 3015
potassium carbonate solution, drying the paper in air, and
putting it in a vinyl holder having an exposure area of 6U sg cm.
Absorbed gases are extracted with distilled water and determined
qualitatively and quantitatively.  The required exposure time is
determined by the type of acid being measured, the production
process, and the sensitivity of the determination method.
Generally, 1 to 8 hrs are appropriate for acidic gases like
S02, HC1, and S02, and 8 to 21 hrs for acid mists of sulfuric,
phosphoric, and chromic acids.  One hour is usually required
for S02 measurements by the para-rosaniline formaline method;
the CL-Ba method requires 8 to 21 hrs.  Hhen the relationship
between the amount of SO2 adsorbed on the filter paper and the
average gas concentration in the working environment is plotted,
a curve is obtained.  Thus, on a per day basis, the coefficient
of conversion depends on the amount adsorbed.  However, the
graph for an hour of exposure time is linear, suggesting that
shorter exposure times would be convenient for the calculation.

114502

Her Majesty's Factory Inspectorate, Dept. of Employment and
Productivity


METHODS FOH THE DETECTION OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN AIR.,  OZONE  IN
THE PRESENCE OF NITROUS FUMES.  london. Her Hajesty»s Stationery
Office, Booklet 18, 1969, 10p.  « refs.


The occurrence, toxic effects, and detection of ozone are
reported.  Ozone is present in very small quantities in the
atmosphere, and following and during electrical storms, it may
reach sufficiently high concentrations to be recognizable by
odor.  It is used for water sterilization, bleaching of oils,
paper, and flour, and combating odors in place of proper
ventilation.  Ozone is formed industrially during high-tension,
non-sparking discharge in air or oxygen, during electrical
etching of polyethylene film, and during electric arc welding
using an inert gas cover.  Toxic effects include headache or
respiratory irritation at low concentrations, and pulmonary
edema and inflammation of the lung which are delayed and are
found at concentrations as low as 1 ppm.  The method for
detection of ozone is based on the ability of cotton wool to
remove ozone quantitatively from an atmosphere without affecting
its nitrogen dioxide content,,  The analysis of an atmosphere  both
with and without passage through a cotton wool plug will give
d measure of the ozone concentration present.  A starch-iodine
480               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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colorinetric procedure is employed for quantitative estimation
by comparison with glass color standards.

1K550

Hersch,  Paul A.
GALVANIC AIR POLLUTION MONITORING, AIDED BY CATALYSIS.
Franklin Inst.  Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Haterials
Science and Engineering Dept. and Public Health Service, Durham,
N. C.,  National Air Pollution Control Administration, Proc.
First Natl., Symp.  on Heterogeneous Catalysis for Control of Air
Pollution,  Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 1968, p. 359-362.  3 refs.


Several galvanic systems that can serve as simple, sensitive,
and selective analyzers for continuous air pollution monitoring
operations  are briefly described.  One such system involves
combining a partly gas-exposed cathode with a stagnant alkaline
electrolyte and a  base metal anode; in other systems, the
electrolyte may in some cases be advantageously recirculated,
using the sample air stream for lifting the liquid.  Cells
have been developed for monitoring carbon monoxide, nitric
oxide,  ozone, and  sulfur dioxide..  Thus, all the major pollutants
except  hydrocarbons can now be monitored by galvanic systems;
sensors for aldehydes and olefins are likely to follow.  The
cells avoid pumping liquid reagents into the analyzer and
disposing of spent reagent.  They also avoid the temperature
dependence  and inherent instability of membrane-covered
1 polarographic" sensing devices.  Without a membrane barrier, a
major portion and  sometiies all of the sampled, electromotively-
active  species reaches the electrode.  The importance of the
relation between galvanic air pollution sensors and catalysis is
discussed.   The pollutant may enter a catalytic reaction,
depending on the electrode it contacts, or it may itself act
as a catalyst.   Catalysis is involved in calibration procedures
and may help in making an analyzer more specific.  Catalysts
also have an important place in precursor-reactors which convert
an analytically intractable constituent to one that is more
readily amenable to determination.

1«607

Skala,  H. ,  F. G.> Padrta, and P.  C. Samson


DIESEL  ENGINE POLLUTANTS.   PART  I. IDENTIFICATION.  Franklin Inst.
Research Labs.,  Philadelphia, Pa., Materials Science and
Engineering Dept.  and Public Health Service, Durham, N. C. ,
National Air Pollution Control Administration, Proc. First Natl-
Syinp. on Heterogeneous Catalysis for Control of Air Pollution,
Philadelphia, Pa.,  Nov.  1968, p.  209-220.


High molecular  weight organic constituents of diesel exhaust
other than  unburned diesel fuel  were identified..   Samples were
collected by the use of d thermal gradient trap from a slip
stream  off  the  total exhaust effluent.   The organic pollutants
were partitioned out with n-hexane.   A  portion of the diesel
                          D. Measurement Methods                      481

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odor concentrate was subjected to additional  separation  over
silica gel.  Identification of the components was  made by  mass
spectrometry.  The pollutants were found to be  partially
oxidized components of the diesel fuel over its full  molecular
weight range.  Five different classes of oxygenated hydrocarbons
were found:  aldehydes and ketcres, carboxylic  acids, alcohols,
phenols, and nitrophcnols.  These yielded a total  of  over
100 observable species.  Aldehydes and ketone derivatives  of
paraffins, cycloparaffins, olefins, and aroraatics  were observed..
In the aromatic series, benzaldehyde, indanone,  cinnamaldehyde,
indenone, naphthaldehyde, acenaphthenone, and fluorenone and
their higher homologues were found.  The aromatic  carbonyl
compounds were the predoiinant species.  The  vital role  of the
aromatic oxygenates in the diesel odor picture  was further
substantiated by the absence of diesel odor in  the exhaust when
a fuel consisting of only n-paraffins was used.  The  precursors
of diesel odor are therefore considered to be primarily  the
aromatics present in diesel fuel..  Their observed  relative
enrichment is reasonable when one considers the relative rates
for oxidation of a paraffin versus an aromatic.  For  aromatics,
oxidation to intermediate compounds is faster than for paraffins,
and complete oxidation is slower.


14705

Spumy, K.


PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS  AND IMISSIONS,,
(Fyzika a chemie atmosferickych emisi a imisi) .  Text in Czech..
Ochrana Ovzdusi, no. 2:22-25, 1969=  16 refs.


This review of the physics and chemistry of air pollution  attempts
to define important branches in the field of  atmospheric
conservation, e.g., aerosol physics and chemistry, photochemistry
of air pollution, and chemical analysis of air  pollutants.
Problems relating to applied physics and chemistry are discussed,
and important methods of evaluating air pollution  problems are
summarized.  In the field of physics, the importance  of
atmospheric dispersion models for the study of  atmospheric
aerosols is stressed.  In the chemistry of air  pollution,
particular attention is given to analytical and measurement
methods for studying the chemical reaction of pollutants and
smog formation,   (Author abstract modified)


14817

Abel, Nikolaus, Peter Dinkier, and Christian  Junge


STUDIES OF SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS 8NE GROWTH WITH HUMIDITY OF
NATURAL AEROSOL PARTICLES.  PART I.  A SENSITIVE LARGE-ION
COUNTER FOR STUDYING SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL
PARTICLES WITH RADII SWALLEP THAN 0..1 MICEON.  Max-Plank-
Institut fuer Chemie, Mainz, Best Germany, Otto-Hahn-Institut,
Contract AF 61  <052)-965, AFCHL-69-0205, p.  1-UO,  Jan.  1969.
17 refs..
   AD 689189
482               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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A sensitive  large-ion counter Has improved and tested under field
conditions.   The  instrument and measurements were made at
Schauinsland,  Germany, the Bay of Biscay, and on Tenerife,
Canary  Islands, areas of relatively clean air.  The result
was a  large-ion counter which can determine atmospheric aerosol
size distributions over the particle size range of 0.000001 cm
to 0.00001 cm radius, at particle number concentrations down
to about  500/cu en-   In this lower concentration range, the
operation of the  instrument is rather laborious and the
accuracy  of  the results still unsatisfactory, depending to a
large  extent on the presence or absence of different
environmental perturbations, the influence of which was
investigated.   The sensitivity that was reached cannot be
improved  very much with the presently available technique.
In order  to  obtain reliable information on the size
distribution of tropospheric background aerosols, the sensitivity
has to be improved by at least a factor of 5 and the range has
to be  extended down to 10 to the minus seventh power cm radius.
Ion mobility measurements are not capable of meeting these
requirements for  basic and technological reasons.  (Author
conclusions  modified)

11831

Begener,  Victor H. and Luis Aldaz


STDDIES OF ATHOSPHEBIC OZOHE.  New Mexico Univ., Albuquergue,
Dept.  of  Physics  and Astronomy, Contract AF 1 9 (628)-593U , Proj.
8631,  Task B63102, Bork Dnit 86310201, AFCRL-69-0138, 171p_,
March  15, 1969.   22 refs.
   AD  689,813


This report  contains three papers on studies of atmospheric
ozone.  In "Turbulent Transport Near the Ground as Determined
from Measurements of the Ozone Flux and the Ozone Gradient',
simultaneous measurements of the vertical fluxes of ozone
and heat  were made, together with measurements of the vertical
profiles  of  ozone and tenperature in the first 16 m above the
surface.   The eddy flux of ozone ¥as determined by a new  method
using  the decay of ozone in a box with open bottom, placed
on the ground.  The results showed that measurements of the ozone
flux and  ozone gradient can be used for determinations of the
eddy transport of atmospheric properties in low-wind situations,
whenever  measurements of tenperature or wind profiles and of the
related fluxes are not practical.  In 'Flux Measurements  of
Atiospheric  Ozone Over Land and Water", it was determined
that the  downward flux of ozone over Hew Mexico soil averages
3 times 10 to the 11th power nolecules/sg cm-sec, and over
the Atlantic Ocean 0.2 times 10 to the 11th power molecules/sq
ca-sec.  Estimates for the global ozone sink range from
5.4-8,.6 tines 10  to the 29th power ozone molecules/sec.   In
'Folded Optical Path of Great Length From Multiple Deflections
Between Two  Corner Cube Reflectors', the design of a simple
aultiple-path absorption chamber is presented, in which the
light  path travels back and forth between two corner cute
reflectors.   As a result of the exact beam reversal, which is
automatically provided by these reflectors, precise optical
alignment is unnecessary.  Selection of a desired number  of
                          D. Measurement Methods                      483

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transversals is accomplished by means of suitably  placed
aperture stops.  The light paths do not cross  over each other
anywhere.  The report also contains 205 computer-plotted
graphs showing profiles of ozone, temperature, and wind
in the first 16 m above the surface.  (Author  abstract
modified)

1K837

Forwerg, Walter and Hans-Joachim Crecelius


DETERMINATION OF NITROUS OXIDE IN ATMOSPHERIC  AIR.  Staub
(English translation from German of: Staub, Reinhaltung Luft) ,
28(12) : 16-19, Dec. 1968.  5 refs.


The determination of nitrous oxide content in  air  was
investigated.  Determination is facilitated when two separate
gas flows are studied, into one of which an oxidation agent
is introduced to effect oxidation of NO to N02.  The difference
between the two resulting N02-concentrations gives the NO-
concentration..  The degree of oxidation is 973! in  a
concentration range between 0.2 and 0.5 ppm NO.  The moisture
content of the test gas was reduced by phosphoric  acid,
so that an oxidizing mass stability of several weeks was reached.
Since the degree of oxidation depends on oxidant layer thickness
and on rate of flow, the retention time was measured in order
to determine the optimum layer thickness and flow  rate.  The
maximum allowable retention time in the oxidant was 0.8-1.0
seconds.  No linear dependence in the range from 5-50 1/hr
could be established.  The temperature range for favorable
oxidation lies between 0-30 C.  In the range between 0.2-0.5 ppm
NO in air, no dependence of the degree of oxidation on
concentration could be established.  For a steady  concentration
of 0.1 ppm N02 and about 0.1 ppm S02, no change in the degree
of oxidation could be detected in industrial air contaminated
with organic substances, ammonia and dust after t  weeks and
a throughput of 50 cu m of air.  The standard  deviation of the
determination is about 5.5?! rel. , for 1 mg NO/cu m; the
determination limit is 0.1 micrograms NO.


1U992

Shaw, John H., Dale Ford, Donald Snider, and Robert Mitchell
RESEARCH DIRECTED TOHARD DETER P.INATION OF RADIOACTIVE PROPERTIES
AND COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE.   (Final Report.)„ Ohio State
Dniv. Research Foundation, Columbus, Contract F19628-67-C0216,
Proj. 7670-03-01, Task 767003, AFCRL-69-0062, 70p.,  Dec. 16,
1968»  13 refs.
   AD 685097
Progress in the construction of a Fabry-Perot interferometer
to use in increasing the resolving power of the  2.0  m Ebert-type
spectrometer in the region of U to 6 microns is  described,
including the optical alignnent procedures  used  and  the  control
system design.  A 21-m long, 76-cm diameter stainless steel
484               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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mltiple traversal  absorption cell was constructed and its
performance is  described.   Preliminary measurements of the
abundance  of  ground level  CO in laboratory air were made  by  using
the  line B of the  fundamental vibration band; they indicate
that this  method of air sampling is accurage, unambiguous, and
rapid.  Two related papers are included as appendices: one
presents measurements  of the strengths of the N20 bands near 4., 5
microns; the  other  discusses the infrared spectrum of ozone,
(Author abstract modified)


15171

lamate, Noburu
HANUAL  METHODS  SND  AUTOMATIC CONTINUOUS INSTBUMENTS FOP
MEASUBEHENT  OF  GASEOUS AIR P01IDTANTS.  (Gasujo taiki osenshitsu
no solcutei to sono  sokuteikiki} =  Text in Japanese.  Kogai  to
Taisaku (J.  Pollution Control),  5(10) :785-796, Oct, 1969.   36
In order to  prevent  air pollution, measurement of pollutant
concentrations must  be continuously performed.  In this  report,
both continuous monitoring and manual analyses of typical  air
pollutants are reviewed.   Numerous methods are tabulated and most
of them  are  explained, with particular attention to continuous
methods  and  apparatus.  Sulfides are measured manually by
colorimetric analysis with rosaniline or barium molybdate, by the
lead per oxide method, or by test paper methods.  Sulfides are
also measured continuously by means of solution conductance
{Thomas  autometer)  or by optical absorption with rosaniline or
with iodine-starch.   Carbon monoxide is measured manually  with
palladium sulfate and ammonium molybdate, by gas chromatography,
or by the hopcalite  method.  It is measured continuously by
infrared or  ultraviolet absorption of reduced mercuric oxide.
Nitrides are measured manually by the Saltzman or the Jacobs
method,  or with ortho-tolidine sulfate.  Hydrogen sulfide  is
measured manually by methylene blue and continuously by  a
colorimetric filter  paper method.  Hydrocarbons are measured
manually by  gas chromatography and continuously by flame
ionization detectors,.  Formaldehyde is measured manually by
colorimetric analysis with a chrcmotropic acid or with
acetylacetone, or by the HBTH method.  Ozone is measured manually
by the phenolphthalein or the potassium iodide method and
continuously by coulometric titration or by optical absorption
with potassium iodide.  Fluorides are measured manually  by
colorimetric analysis with thorium neothron.(?) or lanthanum
alizarin complex and continuously by filter paper fluorescence,.
Actual Tokyo data on changes in the concentrations of carbon
monoxide, nitric oxide, and nitrogen dioxide are tabulated.

15200

King, H.  H,.,  Jr.


THE CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF HYDROGEN, METHANE, AND HYDFOCABBONS
IN THE ATHOSPHF.BE.   Preprint, American Chemical Society,
                           D. Measurement Methods                     485

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Washington, D. C., 20p. , 1969,  3 refs.   Presented at the
American Chemical Society, 15fith National Meeting, New York,  Sept.
8-12, 1969.,


Photochemically inert methane accounts  for 90%  of  atmospheric
hydrocarbons, and its large signal interferes  with the flame
ionization detection of active smog-producing  hydrocarbons.   To
overcome this problem in hydrocarbon  monitoring, automatic  systems
were developed which use a flame ionization detector  or water
sorption detector in conjunction with a  selective  catalytic
combustor.  The programmed combustor  unit,  consisting of a  guartz
tube containing a platinum wire coil, takes advantage of methane's
inertness to analyze for it in the presence of  hydrocarbons.  The
combustor can be utilized in three ways,  each  of which was
evaluated for several months in the laboratory  and in the field.
One method involves the selective ccmbustor and a  flame ionization
detector.  in automatic zero level, methane, and total hydrocarbons
are recorded by this method.  In the  second method, hydrocarbons
are dried, combusted, and converted to  water and carbon dioxide.
The water is detected by a sorption detector.   Hydrogen, olefins,
paraffins, and methane are recorded.  The third method is analogous
to the second, except that carbon dioxide is determined, rather
than water.  The second method is preferred since  no  extra  gases
are reguired, calibration is simple, and  equipment is portable and
battery-operated.,  Hith this technique,  1.6 ppm methane, 1-5  ppm
paraffins, and 1.9 ppm olefins and other  reactive  hydrocarbons have
been recorded.  However, it is expected  that air monitoring
stations with flame units will prefer the first method.   The  water
sorption technigue should gain acceptance if hydrocarbon monitoring
becomes important.
15210

Purcell, B., F., E. B. Bennett, and J,, T. Allen
» TEST FOR STABILITY OF SOIVENTS TO OLTRAVI CXET  RADIATION.   Am.
Chem. Soc., Div. Org- Coatings Plastics Chem., Preprints,  29(2):
iim-UUi), 1969.   (Presented at the Am., Chem,,  Soc,.,  158th  Meeting,
New York, Sept. 1969.)


A simple screening test was devised to determine the  stability
of solvent vapors to ultraviolet radiation  in  the  presence of N02.
Stability is measured by following the disappearance  of  the
solvent as shown by gas chromatograms taken  at various tine
intervals.  Multiple runs were made on most  of the solvents  and
excellent reproducibility was obtained.   The test  results
indicated considerable variation in the stability  of  various
solvents under these static conditions.   The test  is  a simple and
inexpensive method for measuring solvent  stability to ultraviolet
radiation.  If an egually simple test for eye  irritants can be
found utilizing irradiated samples from this method,  a useful test
for screening smog-producing potential will  be possible.
486               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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15231

Duardo, J,, A.
STODI TO  DEVELOP  A  TECHNIQUE FOR MEASUREMENT OF HIGH ALTITUDE
OZONE PAHAHETEBS.   Electro-Optical Systems, Inc., Pasadena,
Calif., Contract  NAS12-137,  ECS Bept- 7087, 217p., Nov.  12,
1968.  190 refs.
   CFSTI:  N69-19889
Results  ate  presented  of a two year study and research effort
to evaluate  optical  techniques for the continuous monitoring
of worldwide atmospheric ozone distributions.  Laser techniques
for remote probing of  the atmosphere for ozone are analyzed, and
recommendations  are  made for further study of one specific
technique involving  ground-based lasers.  The report emphasizes
the practicality of  a  passive technique for monitoring ozone from
satellites,  which relies on the use of the sun as a light source
for absorption  measurements through the earth's atmosphere.
Because  of the  high  sensitivity of the photoelectric detectors
used and the high irradiance values of the sunlight in the
uiddle atmosphere, signal-to-noise ratios between 1000 and
10,000 could be  achieved by this detector system while
aalntaining  the  requisite high spatial and spectral resolutions.
The vehicle  chosen for the proposed measurement system is the
Kimbus meteorological  satellite, whose near polar, sun-
synchronous  orbits would allow excellent coverage of the ozone
distributions at high  latitudes in both hemispheres™  The
inportance of this type of coverage, from the viewpoint of
understanding complex  polar atmospheric circulation patterns,
is also  treated  in detail.  (Author abstract modified)
15301

Liddell,  H«  F.
» REAGENT  FOR  SOLPHDR DIOXIDE.   Analyst, vol. 80:901, Dec.,
1955.   5 refs.
The author  describes the discovery of a sensitive reagent  for  the
detection of  small quantities of sulfur dioxide in smog  to be
used on  filter  paper in conjunction with a suitable pump for
sampling.   The  bleaching effect of sulfur dioxide on dyestuffs
was investigated and Astrazone Pink FG  (Bayer) was found to
be satisfactory as a reagent.  A drop of reagent is placed on
the filter  paper;  some of the reagent will spread beyond the
hole and furnish a background of unchanged color against which
the bleaching effect may be observed-  Air is then drawn through
the wet  paper at a rate of 250 ml/min until the bleaching  takes
place and the volume of air required to produce this effect is
noted.   A concentration of 1.5 micrograms of sulfur dioxide
in 500 ml of  air will give a definite reaction.
                          D. Measurement Methods                      487

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15334

Knipovich, 0= 15. and Yu.  M. Enel"yanov


CONTINUOUS DETERMINATION  OF OZONE  CONCENTRATION  IN  GAS  MIXTURES
EY BEANS OF ITS HEAT OF DISSOCIATION.   (Nepreryvnoye  opredeleniye
Kontsentratsii ozona v gazovykh  smesyakh  po  teplote yego
razlozheniya)„  Text in Russian.   Zavodsk. Lab,  (Hoscov),
35 (8) :96t-965, 1969.


An analyzer was designed  for  continuous measurement of  ozone in
gas mixtures.  Ozone dissociation  is  an exothermic  process  and
the heat in the catalyzer is  continuously recorded  by means
of a potentiometer.  A sulfuric  acid  manometer  was  used  to
measure pressure drop.  It was claimed that  the  unit  operates
effectively for up to two months.   (Author abstract modified)
15351)

Bilson, K. V,, Go J. Doyle, D. A« Hansen, and  B.  D.  Englert


PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIVITY OF TRICHLOBOETHYLENE  AND OTHER
SOLVENTS.  Am- Chen- Soc. Div. Org. Coatings Plastics Chenu
Preprints, 29(2):4«5-4«9, 1969.  6 refs.  (Presented at  the
158th Meeting of the Am. Chem.. Soc,,, Div. Organic Coatings and
Plastics Chemistry, New York, Sept. 1969.)


A special smog chamber was built to study the  slowly reacting
solvents which, in the presence of nitrogen oxides,  form smog
much more slowly than do automobile exhausts.  The chamber has
Pyrex panels with an access wall of cast aluminum.   The  aluminum
wall incorporates eye ports for measurement of eye irritation,
an access hole for the optics of a miltireflection infrared
cell, and sampling ports through which  gas is  removed for wet
chemical analysis.  An air purification system for the chamber
removes contaminants by catalytic coabustion over platinum
at 5-8 atm and 500 to 600 C and cools the purified air to below
327 C and about 1 atm.  Perfornance of  the chamber was validated
by charging it with test hydrocarbons,  e.g., ethylene, cyclohexane,
tricholoroethylene, xylenes, and paraffins at  1,  i»,  or 8 ppm
and nitric oxide at 0,,25, 1, or 2 ppm.  The photooxidation
experiments show that the rate of photochemical  smog formation
decreases as the hydrocarbon:nitric oxide ratio  decreases
and that eye irritation is caused primarily by formaldehyde.
As judged by its rate of disappearance, trichloroethylene is
less reactive than ethylene.  Trends observed  with changing
concentrations of trichloroethylene also suggest  that average
atmospheric concentrations of trichloroethylene  would produce
no eye irritation or other measurable smog symptoms.,
488               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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15476

Zuev,  V.  E.,  M.  V,,  Kabanov, and Bo A« Savel'ev


THE LIMITS  OF APPLICABILITY OF THE BOUGUEH LAH IN SCATTEBING
MEDIA  FOE COIIIMATED LIGHT BEAMS..  Bull. Acad. Sci. DSSE,  Phys.
itmos.  Oceans (English translation from Russian of: Izv.
Jkad.  Nauk  SSSR,  Fiz-  Atncsfery i OJceana) , 3(75:414-418,
July 1967.   17 refs.


According to existing theoretical investigations, the
attenuation of direct, monochromatic radiation is described
by Bouguer's law, whose limits of applicability are determined
by the strength  of the forward-scattered radiation™  In  the
present investigation, the limits of the application of  the law
were experimentally determined for the propagation of  a  narrow
collimated  beam  in different scattering media.  Results,
covering a  range  of optical depths, are given for thermal
sources and lasers.  Direct ray scheme measurements for  wood
smokes in a cloud chamber show no divergence from the
exponential law  over the range of optical depths.  The law is
applicable  at depths up to tan equals 12.  A limit to  the  law"s
applicability was found when neasurements were made on the
reflected scheme.  This occurs at tau eguals 23.  The  principal
difference  between the reflecting and direct ray schemes lies
in the fact that, in addition to forward-scattered radiation,
the receiving system records back-scattered radiation  from the
beam travelling  from the collimator to the mirror.  Measurements
using the reflecting scheme show the limit of applicability is
the same for water fogs and wood smokes.  This means that  the
brightness  of the back-scattered light does not depend on  the
optical properties of the scattering medium at these optical
depths,.  Applicability of the law in a model medium is
restricted  to comparatively small ranges of optical depths.


151184

Lang,  Helen «.,  H. E. 0'Keill, B, A. Coulehan, and B.  W. Freedman


CONTINDODS  MONITORING OF DIESEL EXHAUST GAS FOB CARBON DIOXIDE,
CARBON MONOXIDE,  OXYGEN, METHANE, AND NITHOGEN OXIDES.   Bureau
of Bines, Washington, D. C., HI 7241, 14p., March 1969.  9 refs.
   CFSTI:   PB 183386
A monitoring system was applied to provide rapid, continuous
analyses  of diesel exhaust gas.  Commercially available
continuous analyzers with strip chart readout were employed  for
nitric oxide,  carbon dioxide, methane, carbon monoxide,  and
oxygen.   All five continuous analyzers performed satisfactorily
during the preliminary testing and were 'used successfully  during
several actual diesel approval tests,.  The results were  checked
by two independent analytical methods:  gas volumetric and
gas chromatographic analyses.  It was shown that the  use of
nondispersive infrared analyzers is a generally accepted
technique for on-stream analysis of carbon dioxide, carbon
                           D. Measurement Methods                     489

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monoxide, and methane gases.  Polarographic  analyzers worked
veil for en-stream analysis of oxygen.   Mass spectrometry  was
used to determine the nitric oxide  content.   Strip  chart
recorders provided permanent records  of  all  concentration  changes
during the course of the approval  tests.  It was  believed  that
the use of analyzers would speed up the  diesel  approval testing
procedure.,


15521

Nietruch, Frank and Karl-Ernst Prescher


DI1UTION SYSTEM FOB LOH CONCENTHATIONS OF NITROGEN  DIOXIDE  AND
DETERMINATION OF THE SALTZMAN FACTOB.,   (Dosierung kleiner
Stickstoffdioxid-Mengen und Bestimmung des "Saltzman-Faktors") „
Text in German.  Z. Anal. Chem. , vol. 241:294-302,  1969.,  40 refs.


A dynamic flow system is described  by which  dinitrogen tetroxide
(N204)  is diluted with air in two  steps  to obtain N02
concentrations in the ppn range.   Through thermostatization of
the first stage, the dissociation  of  the dinitrogen tetroxide
could be taken into account during  calculation  of the N02 end
concentration.  Hith the N02/air mixture obtained by this method,
the Saltzman photometric analysis  of  N02, which is  based on the
formation of an intensely colored  azo dye was tested™  The
results obtained with gaseous N02  and with equivalent amounts
of aqueous nitrite solution are compared.  At a concentration
of 1.5 micrograms N02 per 25 ml absorbing solution,  the dye
formation by 1 mole NO2 equals that of  1 mole of  nitrite
'('Saltzman-f actor" 1.0).  If the concentration  is 10
micrograms/25 ml, the intensity of  the color effect due to  1 mole
of N02 equals 0.86 moles of nitrite ("Saltz man-factor" 0..86).
Only half the expected color intensity was found  when a N02/air
mixture was used that had been prepared  by a dynamic two-step
dilution and oxidation of NO ('Saltzman-f actor" 0..5).

15621

Terabe, Motoji


DETERMINATION OF OXIDANTS IN THE ATMOSPHERE.  (Taiki chu no
oxidant  (ozone o fukumu) no sokuteiho.   Kagaku  bunsekiho o  chushin
to shite).  Text in Japanese.  Kogai  to  Taisaku (J. Pollution
Control), 4(6} :333-339, June 15, 1968.   8 refs..


Three elementary methods for the chemical analysis  of oxidants in
the air are described in detail and compared:  the buffered-
potassium iodide method, the alkaline potassium iodide method, and
the phenolphthalein method.  Air is passed through  the solution
containing potassium iodide, and the  isolated iodide is  measured.
The neutral buffered—potassium iodide method can  measure an
oxidant from several pphm to about 10%  and is easier to  use and
more accurate than the alkaline potassium iodide  method.   The
absorbing solution consists of 0.1  M  sodium  phosphate and  O.,1  M
potassium phosphate containing 1%  potassium  iodide.  The  optical
490               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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absorption  of the isolated iodide is measured a half an hour  to
one hour after sampling using a. 352 millimicron light-  Iodide is
isolated by chlorine, hydrogen, peroxide, ozone, and so forth.
The alkaline potassim iodide lethod can measure an oxidant from
2.3 pphn to about 20 ppm.  The merit of this method is that it
allows analysis a long tine after saipling.  The absorbing
solution is 1 N sodium hydroxide containing 1% potassium iodide.
The solution can be stored for several days.  To isolate the
iodide a phosphoric acid-sulfamic acid reagent is added..  The
phenolphthalein method can measure 0.01 to 0.25 ppm ozone when
10 liters of air are used.  By regulating the air sample, a wider
range of concentration can be covered.  Analytical methods for
oxidant determination used in the U.S.A. are also explained.
Heasured values of oxidants in the U.S.A. are tabulated,
particularly those in Los Angeles.
15634

Grasley, M. H., B, H. Appel, I. G. Burstain,  J.  L.  laity,  and
H. F. Eichards
THE RELATIONSHIP OF SMOG CHAMEO METHODOLOGY TO  HYDROCAHBON
BIACTIVITY IN POLLUTED AIR.  An. Chen.  Sec. Div.  Org.  Coatings
Plastics Chem. Preprints, 29(2):422-426,  1S69.   4  refs.
 (Presented at the 158th Meeting of  the  Am.  Chem.  Soc.,  Div.
Organic Coatings and Plastics  Chemistry,  New York,  Sept.  1969.)


The influence of relative humidity  on the  siog-producing
properties of 1.0 ppm toluene  and 0.5 ppm  NO in  ultrapure air
was observed in a stainless  steel snog  chamber in  which the  only
variable parameter was the method of cleaning the  chamber.   The
half-life of toluene decreased  from 265  min at 0%  relative
humidity to 65 min at 4351.   Similarly,  the  rate  of  conversion
of NO to N02 increased with  higher  humidity.  Striking
accelerations of the rates of  NC2 and ozoue formation  and
hydrocarbon disappearance were  noted when  the chamber  was
evacuated and heated overnight  prior to  irradiation.   With
evacuation as the only cleaning step, N02  formation for  1.5  ppm
toluene and 0.6 ppm NO at 21JS  humidity  was  6.9 ppb/min.   Kith
cleaning by evacuation and heating, the  rate was  11.0  ppb/min.
Hhen the chamber was dosed with 1 ppm of  N02, N02  formation
rose to 15-20 ppb/min.  Consistently low  formation  rates  were
obtained when the chamber was  washed with  trichloroethylene  and
water.  This cleaning method,  followed  by  N02 conditioning,  is
recommended to maintain reproducible chamber behavior.   The
humidity phenomenon was also observed with  2.0 ppm  toluene and
1.0 ppm NO in a Pyrex flask; NC2 formation  doubled  in  going  from
0 to 605J humidity.  The disappearance of  toluene  and  the
formation of ozone was also  accelerated  by  high  humidity. It is
concluded that when a scale  of  hydrocarbon  reactivities  is
being developed for polluted air, the humidity must be  known
and held constant throughout a  given series of experiments.
                           D. Measurement Methods                     491

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15752

flatterer, Andre and Michel Forissier


PSEDDOCHROHATOGBJPHIC HICBOAN1IYSIS UTILIZING GAS-SOLID
EQUILIBRIA.  DETEBHINATION OF N02, NOC1, C12, HC1,  C02 AND  H20.
(Hicroanalyse pseudochromatographigue utilisant les eguilibres
gaz-solide.  Dosage de N02, NOC1, C12, HC1, C02,  H20) „  Text
in French.,  Z. Anal. Chem. , vol., 210:266-271, Oct.  1969.,  12 refs.


Gas separation was carried out in two stages, condensation  and
sublimation,, in a snail metal tube exposed to a temperature
gradient froa 77 to 300 K.  A non-condensable gas such as helium,
hydrogen or nitrogen was used as a carrier.  In the first stage,,
the components of the mixture were selectively solidified in the
cooled tube under partial  pressures below those of  the triple
points.  In the second stage, heating of the tube with an inverted
temperature gradient caused sublimation and completes the
separation.  Catharometers or mass spectrometers  were employed
for the detection and determination of the gases.   Gases could
be determined in the range of 0.000001 to 0.0001  mole/ml of gas.
(Author abstract modified)
16016

Marsh, K. J.


THE MEASUREMENT OF AIB PCLLUTATICN ABOUtiL OIL BEFINEBIES.  British
Petroleum Co., Middlesex, England, Beft. of the  Working Group
•Stack Height and Atmospheric Dispersion1. Concawe, The Hague,
Netherlands, 15p., Jan. 1968. 13 refs.


Principles of air pollution measurements are summarized to guide
oil refineries in planning emission measurements and analyzing
emission data.  Pollutants considered are sulfur dioxide, hydrogen
sulfide, mercaptans, smoke, solids such as grit  and acid smuts,
nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, ozone, and other  oxidants.  The
advantages of using new commercial instruments for contincus or
consecutive measurements at fixed sites are contrasted with
discontinuous methods using discrete samples.  To determine the
long-term pollution pattern around a refinery, data must be
accumulated for a number of years and cumulative frequency curves
derived for various concentrations of a pollutant at each
measuring point.  Such a curve can be used to determine the
'dosage' at each point and the damage caused by  pollution.  The
effect of wind direction en pollution measurements must also be
determined.  To do this, measurements at each point are grouped
according to the principle wind directions, a cumulative
freguency curve is derived fcr each group, and concentrations
obtained from the curve are plotted on  vector diagrams similar
to wind roses.  These vector diagrams will tell  whether changes
in freguency distribution of pollutants are due  to refinery
operations or variations in weather.
492               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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16022

Ireland, F. E.


A1E  POLLUTION IN TEHRAN:  COMMISSIONING Of AIB HONITCHING
APPARATUS AND AEVICE  ON  DEVELOPMENT OF UN SIS POLLUTION COMTROI
PBOGBAHME 18 OCTOBES  - 6  NOVEMBEB 1966.  World Health Organization,
Geneva, Switzerland,  Eegional Office for the Eastern
Mediterranean, Assignment Report, EM/ES/94, Iran 45/Regular,
15p.,  Jan.  1967.


This report deals  with the purchase of eguipment tor monitoring
concentrations of  smoke  and sulfur dioxide, total oxidants,  carbon
monoxide, and nitrogen oxides in Tehran.  It is hoped that evidence
of pollution obtained by  daily monitoring will convince health
authorities of the need  to establish air pollution control
programs.   Industrial sources of pollution in Tehran are
represented by plastic works, brickworks, and cement factories.
Recommendations are presented for controlling emissions from
these' sources.  Data  on  power plants and their fuel consumption
and  general fuel consumption are tabulated.  While the total
mass emission is not  high at present at Tehran, it may increase
nith increasing industrialization unless natural gas becomes
available.  Factors affecting dispersion are the heights of
chimneys, plume rise  due  to buoyancy, and the hindering of
dispersion  ty stable  layers of air in the atmosphere.  It is
recommended that the  production of smoke should not exceed
Ringelman 2 and that  industrial pollution sources be provided with
electricity for mechanical combustion eguipment.  A control
laboratory  must be set up to analyze samples collected by the
monitoring  eguipment, and epidemiolcgical research at Tehran
University  should  be  linked tc air pollution monitoring program.


16085

Golesworthy, R. C.  and D. E. B. Ripp


J CONCICAL PROBE FOR  SAMPLING IONS FROM HIGH TEMPERATURE GASIS.
Rocket Propulsion  Establishment, Westcott, England, TM-486,  If.,
Dec. 1968.  2 refs.
   CFSTI:   SD692057


J method is given  for producing a stainless steel conical
sampling probe shell  with an orifice of about 0.1 mm made in a
platinum insert at the cone apex.  The probe preserves the
composition of highly reactive gases during sampling of ions,
free radicals, or  atoms.   The cone was usea tc sample flames with
linear velocities  cf  abcut 30 meter/sec at 1300 to 2000 C and
atmospheric pressures.   The maximum sampling rate permitted  Ly
pump throughput was about 0.6 std atm cu cm/sec.  Estimated
distortion  cf the  flow field velccites during sampling was nc more
than five percent  at  a distance of one orifice diameter upstream
of the probe.  As  formed  by spark erosion, the internal surface
of the sampling hole  is  rough.  When in contact with flame gases
under  sampling flow conditions, the surface acquires a smooth
                          D. Measurement Methods                      493

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finish and long-term dimensional stability.  If mounted  in a
heatsinlc, no damage to the ccne occurs during four hours of
contact viith flame gases at 2000 C,  If the flange is connected to
a water-cooled face-plate, the ccne will operate at temperatures
below 950 C.  The normal lifetime of a cone is 60-100 hours of
use, after which contamination cr enlargement of the orifice
renders it unserviceable.

16232
HIGHER OXIDES OF NITBOGEN AS AN IMPURITY IN NITHOOS OXIDE.  Brit.
J.  Anaesthesia,  39(5) :343-344 , Hay 1969.


In  the field of  anesthesiolcgy, little is known about the
contamination of nitrous oxide with higher nitrogen.  Moreover,
testing for nitric oxide presents at least three problems that are
not widely understood.  First, samples of contaminated nitrous
oxide must te drawn from the supernatant gas  (although sampling
of  the liguid should also be used to detect nitrogen dioxide)..
Secondly, the more sensitive and widely used tests detect only
nitrogen dioxide.   The third problem arises from oxidizing nitric
oxide to nitrogen dioxide with gasecus oxygen for detection
purposes.  More  active oxidizing agents than oxygen at atmospheric
pressure are needed for quantitative determination of nitric oxide.
The effects of inhaling contaminated nitrous oxide can be
considered due to the formation of hydrogen (hydronium) and
nitrite ions by  the reaction of nitrogen dioxide with body fluids.
To  prevent the distribution of ccntaiinated cylinders,
manufacturers must adopt appropriate measures of purifying,
monitoring, and  analyzing nitrous oxide.  Furthermore, the limits
of  impurities which may be present in cylinder gases must ce
specified.


16306

Jchnson, M. C.
NITEIC OXIDE MEASUREMENTS IN THE FAB ULTRAVIOLET.   Eendix Tech.
J-, 2(3):90-93, Autumn 1969.  3 refs.


Future control of air pollution from motor vehicles will require
the accurate detection and control of nitric oxide  emissions.
The techniques most commonly used for nitrogen oxide
determinations are based on infrared absorption,  visible
absorption, and wet chemical reactions.  Infrared determinations
are hampered by water vapor and carton  dioxide interference.
Visible absorption and chemical reactions take too  much time.
The feasibility of a nitric oxide detector based  on absorption at
2262 A (ultraviolet) was studied.  Interferences, absorption
measurements at candidate wavelengths,  and sensitivities were
determined.  This was accomplished by passing various  gases and
gas mixtures through an absorption cell  of known  length and
measuring the decrease in intensity of  monochromatic light
passing through the cell.  Absorption measurements  in  the
494              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIOANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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ultraviolet  had  the advantage of using simple, lew-noise, solar-
blind  detectors  in contrast to visible and infrared detectors
which  are  noisier even when cooled.  Pre-treatment is far
simpler,  since the inorganic gases and lighter hydrocarbons, which
are difficult to remove,  do not interfere in the ultraviolet.
The system is relatively  simple and can probably be fabricated to
be both  rugged and inexpensive.  Though other techniques,
particularly those based  on emission characteristics, may
ultimately be utilized in more sensitive, more compact, or more
rapid  instruments, their  potential is not yet demonstrated.  If
the advantages of the ultraviolet detector are exploited, it
should be  possible to design a detector with operating
characteristics  as good as those of the best instruments available.


16335

Heltig, Herbert


USE OF AMPEROMETHY AND BELATED  HE1HCDS  CF ELECTROCHEMICAL  ANALYSIS
IN OPEBATING MEASURING TECHNIQUES.   (Die  Am percnetrie  und  mit  ihr
verwandte elektrochemische  Analysenmethoden  in  der
Betriebsmesstechnik).  Text  in  German.  Chem.  Tech.  (Berlin),
21 (9)  :553-557,   Sept.  1969.   53  refs.


After reviewing the  theoretical  principle of amperometry,  the
determination of  substances  such as oxygen,  chromate,  nitric oxide,
and sulfur dioxide by this  method  is  discussed.  Two metallic
electrodes submerged  in  the  solution  to be  analyzed  are  used.
It is important that  the  reaction  at  the  electrode is  so  rapid
that  only the substance  transported from  the solution  to  the
phase boundary  determines  the  reaction  speed.   The electric
current at the electrode  is  then directly proportional to  the
concentration of  the  substance  to  be  measured.   For  measuring
nitric oxide,  ampercmetry  has  the  disadvantage  that  at
concentrations  of more than  2%,  the substance  transport  is so
rapid that the  current density  no  longer  depends on  the
concentration.   In this  case,  it is better  to  use chronocoulometry.
Potential is applied  in  jumps  to the  electrode  instead of  the
stationary current and the  current flowing  within a  certain  time
interval after  the jump  is  integrated.  For  measuring  S02  in
uaste gases, waste gas enters  a  solution  of  0.5  m sulfuric  acid
and 0.05 m potassium  bromide at  constant  speed.  Current  enters
the solution via  two  platinum  electrodes.   Bromine develops  at the
anode and is reduced  by  the  S02.   The redox  potential  of  the
solution is measured  with  a  third  platinum  electrode and  a
reference electrode.  Minimum  concentrations of  0. 1  to 1  ppm and
maximum concentrations of  1  to  10  ppm can be measured.


16398

Noyes, Claudia  Margaret


STUDIES OF THE  DETERMINATION AND REACTIONS  OF SULFUE DIOXIDE AS AN
SIR CONTAMINANT.  Colorado Univ.,  Boulder,  Thesis  (Ph. D.), Ann
Arbor, Mich.,  Univ.  Microfilms, Inc., 1966,  56p.  38 refs.
                           D.  Measurement Methods                     495

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Analytical methods for sulfur dioxide determination,  including
colorimetric and conductrometric methods, were  evaluated,  and the
reactions of sulfur dioxide with hydrocarbons and  nitrogen  oxides
at high dilution in air were studied.   Radioactive 5(35)02  was used
as a tracer to follow S02 in the gas phase  and  after  its absorption
in the sampling solution.  The  West-Gaeke colorimetric  method gave
slightly less color but better  reproducibility  and sample  stability
than the Helwig-Gordon method.  Liguid  scintillation  counting
showed that the dilute hydrogen peroxide-sulfuric  acid  solution
used for absorbing S02 in the Thomas conductometric method  was also
less sensitive and less reproducible than the West-Gaeke
colorimetric method.  It was emphasized that the use  of bubblers
in series is not necessarily a  reliable method  for measuring
absorbing efficiencies of solutions for gases.  None  of the
mixtures showed any measurable  amount of reaction  of  S02 in dry or
moist air in the dark during residence  times as long  as three
weeks.  Since there was a reaction of S02 in an irradiated  mixture
containing both N02 and hexene  in dry air but none with either N02
or hexene alone, it seemed probable that S02 reacts with a  product
of the hexene-N02 photolysis.   There was no appreciable S02
reaction in an irradiated mixture with  benzene  alone  or in  the
presence of N02.  ill products  of the S02 reactions were absorbed,
since both color and counts were low in the gaseous aliquots
taken from flasks immediately after irradiation.   Whether  the
S02 is oxidized or held in some form not detectable by colorimetric
analysis is not known.  It is definite  that those  reaction  products
which do not react as S02 in the colorimetric determination do not
remain in the gaseous phase.  (Author abstract  modified)
16516

Eurough, I. G.


ATMOSPHERIC OZONE MEASUREMENTS.  (FINAL  EEPOET).   Dalmo  Victor Co.
Belmont, Calif., Contract PH 86-68-55,  50p.,  Dec.  12,  1967.
1 ref.
   CFSTI:  PB 187392
Long path infrared absorption measurements  of  atmospheric ozone
concentrations in Los Angeles were  performed using  an  ozone sensor.
The sensor measures ozone concentrations as a  function  of time.
It consists of a transmitter and a  receiver which are  separated by
a line-of-sight path of 800 feet to  1600 feet.   Since  the ozone
sensor measures ozone in terms of its optical  absorption, it was
necessary to provide a concentration, path  length,  and  calibration
factor.  The calibration was accomplished by the introduction into
the optical path of a test cell of  accurately  known length.  The
test cell is filled with ozone generated by passing oxygen through
a high voltage electric discharge apparatus.   The quantity of ozone
was determined chemically.  The concentration  of ozone  in the test
cell is increased by the ratio of the nominal  operational path
length to the test cell length.  Data were  collected in the
downtown Los Angeles area and from  three other ozone sensors.  The
correlation between the infrared ozone  senscr  and the  other
instruments was calculated.  The correlation coefficient between
the infrared ozone sensor and the three other  systems  was
consistently the lowest tabulated.   The lower  correlation was the
496               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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result  of  two  factors:   the infrared sensor is specific  to ozone
as opposed to  total  oxidants,  and qualitative tests indicated  that
the infrared sensor  in  insensitive tc atmospheric quantities of S02
or N02;  the infrared sensor provides an average value by  measuring
over a  long sample  path,  as opposed to the ether three instruments
which are  point  samplers.  Ozcne sensor data were given.

16543

Terabe, Motoji


METHODS FOR MEASURING GASICUS AIR POLLUTANTS.   (Yudoku  gasu  nc
kenchi sokutei to sono kanren kiki ni tsuite).  Text in  Japanese.
Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 2(7):453-459,  Aug.  15,
1966.  5 refs.
Measurements of air pollutants are roughly classified  as  chemical,
physical, and biological.  Chemical measurements  are subdivided
into test-paper, colorimetric, test tube, titration, gas  volume,
weight methods, etc.  Physical methods are subdivided  into
mechanical,  electrical, and optical method.   Biological
measurements make use of the human nose, small  animals, and
plants.   The measuring methods are also classified  according  to
time interval into integral, instantaneous, and continuous
measurements.  The collection method for test samples  is  divided
into absorption tube, vacuum substitution, air  substitution,
liquid substitution, and automatic continuous gas sampler
method.   The absorption tube method and gas sampler used  ty
National Air Sampling Network of the U. S. are  discussed  in
detail.   Sulfur oxides are measured by the West and Gaeke method,
the lead dioxide method and recorded by the electric conductivity
method.   Nitrogen oxides are measured by the  Saltzman  method,  the
Yacobs method,  and test tube methods, and recorded  by  an
automatic recorder.  Hydrogen sulfide is measured by the
nethylene blue method and recorded by an automatic  recorder.
Carbon monoxide is measured by hopcalite according  to  a test  tube
method,  detected by Kitagawa detector, and recorded by an
automatic recorder.  Ozone is measured by iodimetry,
phenolphthalein, ferrous thiocianate, the gum crack method,  and
an ozone meter.  The operation of each instrument is reviewed.

16616

Hiam, Leon and Saul Chaikin


DEVELOPMENT  OF A SIMPLE AUIO EXHAUST ANALYZER.   (FINAL REPOET.)
Stanford Research Inst., Benlo Park, Calif.,  Contract  PH
86-66-60, SRI Proj. FMU-5859, 18p., Aug. 1966.  23  refs.


The feasibility of applying a heated filament combustible gas
detector for separately analyzing the total hydrocarbons  and
carbon monoxide in auto exhaust gases was determined.  The  first
phase was a  detailed study of the filament temperatures required
for oxidation of selected hydrocarbons and CC on  a  platinum
filament.  Additional work was conducted on the effect of 02  and
hydrocarbon  concentration on the oxidation initiation  temperature;
                           D. Measurement Methods.                     497

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the interacting effects in simple gas mixtures  were  studied.  Ihe
data showed that the required analyses cculd  not  be  made  on the
basis of the platinum filament temperature.   Rhodium,  iridiurc,
palladium, palladium-silver, and palladium-gold alleys, oxidized
nickel, gold, and oxidized cobalt were tested in  a search fcr
materials which might shew greater selectivity  in catalyzing
oxidation of hydrocarbons and CO,  None of these  materials were
found to make the required analyses feasible  on the  basis of
filament operating temperature.  Two procedures were evaluated for
making a preliminary separation befcre analysis with a heated
filament.  Hopcalite catalyst was used to remove  the CO from the
gas sample iy selective oxidation.  Problems  associated with the
adsorption of hydrocarbons on Hopcalite made  the  procedure of
doubtful use.  Silica gel was used to selectively remove
hydrocarbons from the gas sample so that an analysis fcr  CO could
be made on the heated filament.  The complications it  introduced
were such that the basic simplicity of the combustible gas
detector was lost.  Since the separate analyses for  hydrocarbons
and carbon monoxide did not seem feasible, an effort was  made to
construct a detector that would measure total combustibles minus
hydrogen and the lower aliphatic hydrocarbons.  The  procedure
utilized a platinum wire 'preburner' whose function  was to
selectively combust hydrogen.  This procedure did not  succeed
because carbon ironoxide was found to inhibit  the  selective
combustion of hydrogen over platinum at low temperatures.  It was
concluded that the combustible gas detector does  not show any
great potential for auto exhaust analysis.   (Author  summary
modified)

16721

Kaye, S. and J. E. Koency


A SOLID STATE OZONE GENEEATOB.  Bev. Sci. Instr., 40 (3) :505-506,
March 1969.  2 refs.
A small solid-state generator fcr preparing ozone  in known
concentrations to 1000 ppm in air for use in laboratory studies
is discussed.  Assembled from common electronic components, it
is stable, reliable, inexpensive, and requires no  cooling.  The
circuit and assembly is described in detail.

16781

Vogh, J. W.


NATURE OF ODOK COMPONENTS IN DIESEL EXHAUST.  J.  Air Pollution
Control Assoc., 19(10):773-777, October  1969.  7  refs.


Offensive exhaust odors are characteristic  of diesel engines.  One
problem in control and reduction cf odor is lack  cf  understanding
of odorant sources and mode of formation.   The solution of  this
problem depends on identification of the odorants  so that study
of their formation and control can re undertaken.   A human  panel
performed odor assessments in studying  raw  and modified diesel
exhaust and synthetic blends representing portions of  diesel
498               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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exhaust.  Their  assessments were used in determining odorant
identity and  quantitative contribution to exhaust odor.   Lev
uolecular weight aldehydes appear to contribute little  to diesel
odors.  The sulfur  and nitrogen oxides have been exanined as
odorants but  of  these  apparently only nitrogen dioxide  is a
potential odor contributor.  (Author's Abstract)

16857

Healy,  Thomas E. and Paul Urone


GAS CHEOMATOGEAPHY  OF  OXIDANTS USING A FLOWING LIQUID CCLC8IKETEIC
DETECTCB.   Anal. Chem., 41 (13) : 1777-1780, Nov. 1969.  17  refs.

J flowing liquid colorimetric detector was used for the gas
chrcmatographic  determination of hydroperoxides and nitrogen
dioxide for possible application in air pollution studies.  Half
the effluent  from the  column went to a flame ionization detector,
and half to a bubbler, in which the hydroperoxides reacted with
a flowing ferrous thiocyanate liquid reagent.  The liquid passed
through a colorimeter, and the transmittance was recorded
automatically.   Several stationary phases were studied; the best
uas polyethylene glycol 400 on Chromosorb G, treated with
hydrogen peroxide.   The detection limit with the apparatus used
was about nine micrograms of hydroperoxide.  Nitrogen dioxide
eluted  from the  same stationary phases; but, on most of them
the colorimetric detector indicated that only about 1%  of the
eluted  sample gave  the N02 colorimetric reaction.   (Author's
Abstract)

16881

Inaba,  Humio, and Takao Kobayasi


liSER-RAMAN HADAH TOE  CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF POLLUTED AIE.   Nature,
224(5215) :170-172,  Oct. 11, 1969.  8 refs.

A laser-Haman radar system which is suitable as an air  pollution
probe in real time is  discussed briefly.  The technique is based
on measurement  of the  backscattered energy composed of  Eayleigh
and Hie scattering components of the frequency, and the Haman
shifted frequencies due to various Haman active gases in  the
atmosphere, which can  be detected simultaneously through  optical
filtering devices with multi-channel sensitive detectors.


17023

Barren, Gary  J.  and Gordon Babccck


PORTABLE ETHYLENE CHEMILUHINESCENCE OZONE MGNITOB.  Eev.  Sci.
Instr. , 41 (2) -.280-282, Feb. 1970.  2 refs.

i portable  monitor for ozone makes use of the chemiluminescence
produced by ethylene gas in contact with ozone.  The instrument
comprises a mixing chamber, photcmultiplier, nonoamtneter, higli
voltage supply,  pump,  flowmeters, and ethylene supply.   Instrument
operation is  simple:   air containing ozone is drawn into  the  mixing
                           D. Measurement Methods                     499

-------
chamber through an inner tube at  1 1/min.   Ethylene  is injected
at 13 ml/min into an outer tube,  and the two streams meet  at the
photomultiplier face.  The monitor is easily calibrated  by  the
buffered KI method.  One serious  problem associated  with using the
monitor around an accelerator is  its sensitivity  to  radiation.  A
radiation field of 1 mR/b from a  radium source, for  example,
produces a current equivalent to  6 pphm.  This  trait can be used
to some advantage by using a small source to check instrument
operations.  Bhen lew concentrations are being  measured, the
instrument must be shielded or a  sample pulled  through tubing from
the radiation area.
17024

Eukushima, Tatsuhisa, Hineo Shibano, and Touichi  Chtani


SPECTECMET8IC DETERMINATION OF MASS Of  HYDRCCABBCNS  AND  NITE1C
OXIEE IN AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS.   (Jidosha  haiki  gasu chu  nc tanka
suiso cyobi chisso sankabutsu shitsuryo bunseki).  Text  in
Japanese.  Jidosha Gijutsu  (Automobile  Eng-J,  23(1):291-295, 1969.
7 refs.
Hydrocarbons and nitric oxide in automotive exhaust  gas  contribute
to smog formation.  Each hydrocarbon molecule  type has a  different
smog formation potential.  Mass spectrometric  analysis for
hydrocarbons and nitric oxide was developed.   A  continuous
hydrocarbon and nitric oxide batch analysis was  also established.
(Author abstract modified)


17047

Wallace, I. D-, D. W. Kohlenberger, E. J. Joyce, E.  T. Moore,
M. E. Riddle, and J. A. McNuHy


COMPARISON OF OXIDATIVE AND EEEUCTIVE METHODS  FOB THE
MICEOCOULOMETEIC DETERMINATIONS OF. SULFUR IN HYDROCARBONS.  Anal.
Chem., 42 (3) :387-394, March 1970.  16 refs.


Two microcoulometric methods for the rapid determination  of total
sulfur in hydrocarbons were compared.  In the  oxidative  method,
sulfur as S02 is coulometrically titrated with iodine.   In  the
reductive method, sulfur as H2S is coulometrically titrated with
Ag(+) .  For either method, duplicate determinaticns  require only
10 minutes.  Precision is in the order of plus or minus  0.2 ppm
or plus or minus 3%, whichever is greater.  The  oxidative method
is simpler to use and is low in nitrogen interference.   However,
it suffers from chlorine and heavy metals interference and
nonstoichiometric conversion of sulfur to S02.   The  reductive
method is free from chlorine and heavy metal interference,  is
stoichiometric for most sulfur types, but suffers from nitrogen
interference.  The availability of both methods  allows the
determination of total sulfur in nearly every  type of hydrocarbon
sample encountered in the analytical laboratory.   (Author abstract
modified)
500               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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17018

Robinson, J.  H. ,  C.  Woodward,  D,  K.  Bailey, and H. a. Barnes


THE  POTENTIAL DETECTION  OF  POLLD1ANIS IN THE ATMOSPHERE USING  A
BEHOTE  SENSING DEVICE.   Preprint, Am. Chem. Sec., Pittsburgh,
Pa., Div. Hater,  Air Waste  Chen., 7p., 1969,  4 refs.   (Presented
at the  American Chemical Society, 158th National Meeting, Division
of Water, Air, Haste Chemistry, New York, Sept.  1969.)


Tentative experimental results indicated the possibility of remote
sensing by  means  of  laser induced fluorescence for the
qualitative  and quantitative identification of gaseous  air
pollutants.   The  wavelength of the fluorescent bands of organic
molecules,  such as  sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and
tetrathyl lead in the gas phase,  coincided closely with the
infrared absorption  spectrum of the molecules, thereby  permitting
identification of each component  by its spectral analysis.  The
intensity of the  fluorescence was found to be proportional to  the
concentration of  the fluorescing  molecule present, thereby
allowing a  means  for quantitative determination.  In order for
this method  to become a  reliable  analytical tool, the effects
caused  by quenching  and  enhancement on the fluorescence intensity
Bust be examined.  Further  work is in progress.
 17094

 Begener,  Victor H.


 ON A SENSITIVE METHOD FOB THE BECOEDING 01' AIMCSPHEEIC  OZONE.   J.
 Geophys.  Hes., 65 (12) :3975-3977, Dec.  1960.   4  refs.   (Presented
 at the 12th General Assembly of the  IUGG, Helsinki,  Finland,  Aug.
 1, 1960.)


 A device  which uses the luminescence of a dry substance in  the
 presence  of ozone for the automatic  guantitive  determination  of
 minute concentrations of atmospheric ozone is described.   The
 sensitivity of the  device is extremely high and the  response  is
 instantaneous.  Since there are no liguid chemicals,  the  method
 can be used at extreme  heights in the  atmosphere;  it  is egually
 applicable to  the continuous monitoring of ozone  near the earth's
 surface.   A schematic diagram of the nitrogen dioxide insensitive
 ozone sonde in its  present fori is given.  Operational  procedures
 are described.  A photograph of the  original  flight  reccrd
 attained  over  New Mexico is shewn.   The flight  reached  a  maximum
 altitude  of 33.5 km.   The chart shows  a considerable  amount of
 detail of the  vertical  ozcne distribution in  the  troposphere.
 Above the tropopause, the ozone density begins  to  rise.   There is
 a secondary ozone maxiuum at a height  of  IB km  during the ascent,
 as well as during the descent.
                          D. Measurement Methods                     501

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17128

Saltzman, Bernard E.


PEEPAHATION AND ANALYSIS 01 CALIEBAI1E IOH CONCENTS.ATIONS OJ
SIXTEEN TOXIC GASES.  Anal. Chei., 33(8) :1100-11 12,  1961.   20 refs.

The development and testing of analytical  methods  lor  the accurate
determination of low concentrations of various  toxic gases  are
described.  All-glass flow systems were  preferred  for  the
dilution of gases with purified air,  since such  systems avoid
serious errors from surface adsorption or  reaction with impurities.
Several practical flow dilution systems  are described  and
diagrammed, as well as an asbestos plug  flowmeter  which was found
useful for metering floss varying from a  few hundredths of  a
milliliter to a few milliliters per minute; motor-driven glass
syringes can also be used for metering gas  (and  liguid) flows in
these ranges, but have the disadvantage  of intermittent operation.
Botameters are convenient for metering gas flows greater than
10 ml/min, but becuase of calibration difficulties are considered
secondary rather than primary measuring  devices.   In an evaluation
of chemical analytical methods, it was found that  irany of the
methods available were based en assumptions derived  from studies
conducted either at high gas concentrations or  in  liguid solutions;
various difficulties are encountered  when  such  methods are
critically tested at low concentrations.   The  methods  finally
selected were first tested for sensitivity for  samples of
reasonable size; results consistent with  Doth  sample volume and
test gas concentration; adequate absorption efficienty with the
available sampling equipment; and adequate stability of reagents
and final solutions.  The role of sampling absorption
efficiency is developed mathematically,  and midget sampling
equipment described.  Finally, methods are given for each o± the
following gases: ammonia, arsine, bromine, carbon  dioxide,  carbon
monoxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ethylene  oxide,  hydrogen
chloride, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen  fluoride,  monoethanolamine,
nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, phosgene,  and  stibine.
17279

Terabe, M.


PBEPABATION OF STANDAED DILUTED GAS FOR CALIEBATION  BY TEFLON
PEBMEAIICN TUBES.   (Pamieision chutu ni yoru biryc hyojun-gasu no
chosei-ho to oyo) .  Text in Japanese.  KuKi Seijo  (Clean  Air   J.
Japan Air Cleaning Assoc. , Tokyo), 6 (7):18-21,  1969.  9 rets.

The phenomenon that a liquid gas  (sulfur dioxide,  nitrogen dioxide,
propane, butane)  permeates through the tube wall within a teflon
tube at a constant rate was,studied.  The  tube  had an internal
diameter of 0.062 in., a wall thickness of 0.012 in., and an
internal temperature of 20.1 plus or minus 0.1  C.  The permeation
rate of 25 C was 0.58 micrograms/min/cm.   By the use of these
permeation tubes, a dynamic calibration of automatic 502  cr N02
measuring instrument, an evaluation of the characteristics of
SC2 monitoring instrument, and an adjustment of automatic NOX
measuring instruments can be performed.
502              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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17283

Okita, loshiichi


SIR  POLLUTION CONTBOL  BESEABCH IK U. S. A.  (PAET I).   (Taiki  csen
o mguru Amerika no  kenkyu taisei).   Text in Japanese.   Kogai  to
Taisaku  (J. Pollution  Control), 6(1):38-48, Jan. 15,  1970.


Personal remarks  and opinions cf the approach the United States
takes  for air pollution control are presented.  The U.  S.  appears
to be  concentrating on experiments of photochemical reactions in
the  atmosphere and  on  the advancement of air pollutant  measurement
methods.  The general  research trend is moving towards  dry
methods for lower costs in the labor force and for chemicals.
Some meters and instruments currently devised and some  measurement
meters tested were  a carbon monoxide meter capable of measuring
CO densities  below  1 ppm which can not be analyzed by the  ordinary
use of infrared rays,  and a carbon dioxide recorder based  on  a
Photometric Flame Detector.  The simultaneous measurement  of
oxidants and  ozone  was also accomplished.  Ozone measurement  by
use of rohdamine  B  is  to be adapted as a standard meter after
test results  prove  reliable and sufficient.  Size distribution
analysis in atmospheric corpuscles where size determines the
extent of the effect on human bodies is also being tested.  The
technique can be  applied to atmospheric corpuscles placed  through
a filter at the sixth  cascade of an Anderson cascade  impactor and
collected in  reinforced air stream.  Other research activities
and instruments were reported.

17347

Savvin, S. B., I. G. Akimova, V. P. Dedkcva, and G. M.  Varshal


DETERMINATION OF  SULPHATE IONS IN NATUBAL HATERS AND  ATMOSPHERIC
PRECIPITATION.   (Opredeleniye sul1fat-icnov v prirodnykh vodakh
i atmosfernykh osadkaka).  Text in Russian.  Zh. Analit Khim.
 (Moscow), 24 (12): 1868-1870, Dec. 1969.  10 refs.


A titrircetric method for determining sulfate ion in natural water
and atmospheric precipitation, which utilizes an indicator for
barium ion called orthanilic K, was developed.  This  method was
demonstrated  with samples containing 1.5 micrograms/ml  sulfate
ion.  Analysis of 1-20 samples, including column purification,
takes  15-60 min,  depending upon sample volume and sulfate  ion
content.

 17351

Osh'erovich, A. L.,  M.  Ya. Rozinskiy, and Sn. A. Furman


i COMPARISON  BETWEEN THE M-83 STANDAED OZONOMETER AND AN
OZONOMETER EQUIPPED WITH NARROH-EANE INTERFERENCE EILTEBS.  Eull.
lead.  Sci. USSE,  Phys. Atmos. Oceans (English translation  from
Russian of:   Izv. ikad. Nauk SSSE, Fiz. Atmcsfery i Okeana) ,
5(10) :593-596, Oct. 1969.  8 refs.
                          D. Measurement Methods
503

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Soviet ozonometer stations  are  presently equipped with M-83
photoelectric filter ozonometers.   These instruments have light
filters consisting cf  colored glasses  with  wide passbands.   When
their performance was  compared  with that of ozonometers having
narrow interference filters constructed  of  alternate layers  of
lead fluoride and cryolite,  the M-83 instruments showed spurious
daily ozone variations.  One some  days,  the daily average total
ozone content as read  from  the  M-83 differed from that obtained
with the other instruments  by a factor of nearly two.   Because of
the large solid angle  of the M-83  receiver, total recorded ozone
content was too low.   Consideration should  be given to eguipping
the Soviet ozonometer  network with  new and  more accurate
instruments.

17380

Freedman, Robert W., B. A.  Coulehan, and H.  B.  lang


KINETIC EVALUATION OF  THE FACTOE USED  IN THE SALTZMAN  ANALYSIS OF
OXIDES OF NITROGEN.  Am. Ind. Hyg.  Assoc. J.,  31(1):76-80, Feb.
1970.  12 refs.
The Saltzman reaction commonly  used  for  analyzing  atmospheric
concentrations of nitrogen oxides involves  the  diazotization of
sulfanic acid by nitrous acid,  followed  by  coupling  with  N
(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediairine  to yield an azo  dye.  The  raw
results are generally divided by a factor of  about 0.7  to
compensate for the formation  of nitric acid.  A modification of
the reac.tion is used at the Bureau of Mines to  analyze  diesel
exhaust gas in which concentrations  of nitrogen oxides  are
higher than ambient levels by a factor of 100.   The  exhaust
gases are collected directly  from the engine, mainly in the
form of nitric oxide, in vacuum bottles.  This  permits  rapid
formation of nitrous acid followed by diazotization  and coupling
long before the gas-phase oxidation  of nitric oxide  is
allowed to proceed to completion.  To explain the  guantitative
yield  (factor equals 1.00) obtained  with the  modified Saltzman
method, the overall reaction  kinetics were  evaluated.   The
overall reaction consisting of  the gas-phase  oxidation  followed
by solution in and with reaction Saltzman's reagent  was pseudo-
third order.  The overall reaction is guantitative as shown by
comparison with the phenoldisulfonic acid method.  Oxides of
nitrogen exist almost exclusively as nitric oxide  at engine
temperatures, and very rapid  sampling directly  into  the Saltzman
reagent provides insufficient time for the  nitrogen  dioxide to
total nitrogen oxides ratio to  exceed 0.5.  The Saltzman  'factor'
decreases linearly with the log of initial  concentration.  This
was true over the concentration range measured  (100  to  2800 ppm)
starting with either nitric oxide or nitrogen dioxide.

18013

Papa, Louis J.


COICRIMETEIC DETERMINATION OF CAREONY1 COMPOUNDS IN  AUTOMOTIVE
EXHAUST AS 2,4-DINITROPHENYLHYDBAZONES.   Environ.  Sci.  Technol.,
3 (4) :397-398, April 1969.  11 refs.
504              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDAMTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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A colorimetric  technique was developed for determining  the  total
molar concentration  of  carbonyls in a mixture of  their
2,it-dinitrophenylhydrazones (DNPH) .  The method is  based  on the
measurement of  the  colored species formed when alkali  is  added to
a solution cf the DNPH's in a 70% pyridine medium which
stabilizes the  colored  product.  The method is applied  to the
analysis  of carbonyls  in vapcr mixtures and automotive  exhaust
via collection  of the  DNPH derivatives in scrubbers.  The recovery
of the  carbonyls by  this technique is 98 to 106%  and the
teproducibility is  plus or minus 3% relative.   (Author's  Abstract)
                           D.  Measurement Methods                      505

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                       E.  CONTROL METHODS
00003

HEARINGS -  S 306,,   A  Bill  to  Amend the Clean Air Act to
Eequire Standards  for Controlling the Emission of Pollutants
from Gasoline-Powered or Diesel-Powered Vehicles, to
Establish a Federal Air Pollution Control Laboratory and for
Other  Purposes.  89th Congress (1st Session) Senate
Committee on Public Works.   Special Subcommittee on Air and
Water  Pollution.   April 9,  1965.   308 pp.


This document  contains Government reports, statements made by
Government  officials  and industrial representatives, and
communications to  Senator  Muskie.  The following topics are
discussed:   (1) photochemical smog; (2)  effects of air
pollution;  (3)  vehicle use  trends; (1)  recognition by state
governments;  (5) exhaust and  crankcase emission control;  (6)
fuel evaporator loss  control; (7) fuels; and  (8) diesels.  Also
included are reports  on causes and control of automotive emissions,
by J-D. Caplan; and descriptions  of visits to General
Motors Research laboratories. Ford Motor Co. Vehicle
Emissions Testing  Laboratory, American Motors Corp..
(Air-guard  system  for exhaust control) , and to Chrysler Corp.
laboratories  (Clean air package components) .##
00015

I. J., E.,  Hofer,   J.  F.  Shultz,  and J. J. Feenan
EFFECT OF LEAD DEPOSITS ON ACTIVITY OF AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST
CATALYSTS.   Bureau  of Mines, Washington, D» C.,  (Report of
Investigations 6213.,)   1963, 26p.


This study,  part of a broad program of research in air pollution
related to  minerals,  was conducted to determine the nature and
extent of the  poisoning of catalysts when used to remove certain
air pollutants from exhaust gases..  The poisoning examined in this
investigation  occurs when leaded gasoline is used as a fuel for
automotive  engines.  The smog in the Los Angeles area is
attributed  to  the effect of radiant energy on the mixture of
hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides found in the atmosphere there.
To prevent  the escape of these hydrocarbons into the atmosphere
catalvtic mufflers  have been proposed..  In principle, these are
simple and  nonmechanical, consisting of a vessel charged with a
catalyst capable of destroying the exhaust hydrocarbons by
catalyzing  their oxidation.  However, these catalysts are severely
affected by  the particulate natter, mainly in the form of lead
sulfate, lead  oxysulfate, and lead chlorobromide, contained in the
                                  507

-------
exhaust gas.  Deposition of lead on the catalyst  restricts
catalytic activity.  After 20,000 miles of operation,  the
temperature necessary to achieve 50% conversion of  isopentane in a
Bixture of 0..2S isopentane, 2!! CO and 4* oxygen,  and  the
balance ti at 10,000 hourly space velocity has  risen from 400 to
500 C. even with a catalyst taken from the exit portion of  the
catalyst bed.  The rest of the catalyst was  more  severely
affected..  It would appear that operation for  20,000  miles  is
near the limit for a catalyst.##

00097

I.I. Hinkstrom  K Nobe


CATALYTIC DECOMPOSITION OP NITEOGEM DIOXIDE.   California
Oniv.., Los Angeles, Dept. of Engineering. (Report 63-19.)
Apr. 1963.  10 pp.,
   CFSTI, DEC: AD U0683U


Beactions of the oxides of nitrogen are of considerable interest
in current air pollution research.  The investigation  reported in
this paper is the study of the complete dissociation of N02 in
nitrogen and in air with CuO-Alumina (1:1) and Ce02-Alumina
(1:1) catalysts.  The initial concentration  of the  N02 was
varied within the range ^20-2200 ppm.  The reaction was studied in
a steady-state isothermal flow reactor with  the temperature varied
in the range 301 - 520 C at gas space velocities  (STP) ranging
from 1,400 to 11,200/hr.  It was observed that the  kinetic  data
were best represented by the rate expression,  r=ap  /  (1 plus bp).
At low temperatures and high flow rates the  rate  reduced to a
zero order reaction.  Below 180 C the CuO had  a higher
catalytic activity than the Ce02«  Above 480 C, however, the
Ce02 had a higher activity.  It was observed that there was
considerable decomposition of N02 even in excess  air  with CuO
catalysts.  Since it had been reportd previously  that  CuO
catalysts were quite satisgactory for hydrocarbon oxidation, the
results of this investigation indicate that  both  hydrocarbons and
oxides of nitrogen may be simultaneously eliminated to a
considerable degree with CuO catalysts.   (Author)##


00107

S. S. Griswold
CONTBOL OF STATIONABT SODBCES  (TECHNICAL  PEOGHESS  KEPT.  VOLUME
1).  Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control  District,
Calif.  Apr. 1960.  191 pp.


As a result of the intensive source  control  measures  administered
in Los Angeles County, Virtually all industrial  operations  have
been brought within the scope  of the air  pollution control
program.  From the Belting of  metal  to  the painting of
manufactured goods, specific industrial processes  and equipment
have been subject to air pollution control measures.  This  volume
provides individual discussion of control techniques  applied  to the
508               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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§ost  significant stationary sources of air contamination.  Certain
source emission problems,  such as those traceable to the operation
of railroad locomotives  and ships, are not discussed in this volume
in view of the current unimportance of the source.  The material
reported  in this volume  generally contains only those developments
occurring subsequent  to  the publication of the Second Technical
and Administrative  Report  on Air Pollution Control in Los
Jngeles County, 1950-51.   
-------
00171

THE CONTROL OF AOTOHOBILE EMISSIONS,   (FORD  CRANKCASE
EMISSIONS CONTROL STSTEH.  FORD THEBMiCTOR SYSTEM FOR EXHAOST
CONTROL.)  Ford Motor Co,, Dearborn,  Mich.,  Engineering
Staff-  1966.  6 pp..


An explanation of both Ford's Engine  Crankcase  Ventilation  and
Thermactor Exhaust Emissions Control  Systems, complete  with
schematic drawings of cross-sections  of  the  automobile  engines is
presented.,  The rationale for its  development,  the chemistry
involved, and the future implications of the systems  are
discussed.#*


C0269

V. H. Luther,  Ku Lohner,  H., Kuller,  and W. Zander


POSSIEILITLIS OF DECONTAMINATING EXHAUST GASES  OF OTTO  ENGINES.
Koglichkeiten einer Entgiftung der Abgase von Ottcmotoren.
Erdoel Kohle  (Hamburg) 18 (12) :96
-------
ratio to increase from  0.  050  tc 0.  065.  is the percent of
recirculated exhaust  gas increased,  so did the temperature of the
recirculated portion  of  the  exhaust  increase..  This increase of
temperature is postulated  to have increased the peak cycle
temperature within the  combustion chamber and thus increased the
B oxides emission.  It  is  further postulated that no reduction
ID N oxides emission  will  be obtained from recirculating exhaust
gas unless the recirculated  gas is cooled.  The concentration of
H oxides in the exhaust gas  was determined with a
spectrophotometer constructed  at Oregon State University.
(Authors' abstract) ##


00959

B. B. Sundaresan,  C- I. Harding,  F. P. May,  and E.
B. HendricXson


A DEI PROCESS FOB THE REMOVAI  01 NITROGEN OXIDES FROM WASTE GAS
STREAMS IN NITRIC ACID  HANOFACTOBE.   Preprint.  (Presented at
the 59th Annual Meeting. Air Pollution Control Association,
San Francisco, Calif.,,  June  20-25, 1966, Paper 66-96.)

Experimental studies  were  conducted using a commercial zeolite
to remove NOx from waste  gas streams in a nitric acid plant.
BOx retained in the bed was  recovered as enriched NOx and
BN03  gy regenerating  the bed at elevated temperatures with hot
air and/or steam.  Test results indicate that such a system could
be incorporated into  an existing nitric acid plant, thereby
eliminating release of  significant quantities of NOx into
atmosphere.  The conclusions are enumerated below:   {1) A
process to remove NOx from the waste gas streams of nitric acid
plants has been found;  (2)  Complete NOx removal as proved by
this  system will eliminate release of NOx into the atmosphere;
 (3) Commercial zeolite  used  in this process can remove NOx
along with most of the  moisture present in the tail gas;  (4) NOx
and H20 retained in the bed  has been recovered as enriched NOx
and HN03 for possible feedback into the process stream;  (5) It
has been estimated that in a 300 ton acid plant by feeding back the
recovered NOx into the  process stream, about 4 to 5 tons  per day
of 60* HN03 now being wasted cculd be added to production; and
 (6) The increased production should offset the additional
investment for such a system,  making the process economically
feasible.   (Author summary and conclusions) t#

00975

B. I, Heisburd,  ^Compiler  and Ed.)


AIH POLLUTION CONTROL FIELD OPERATIONS MANDAL (A GUIDE FOR
INSPECTION AND ENFORCEMENT) .   Public Health Service, Washing-
ton,  D. C., Div. of Air Pollution, 1962.  291p.

Author discusses sources,  control methods, training
techniques and related  aspects of air pollution.  Document is an
excellent source for  specific information on equipment being used
in air pollution control.   Pictures, diagrams, schematics and
charts are given.#f
                           E. Control Methods                        511

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01125

D. Zanon  and D. Sordelli


PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS OF AIR POIIUTION  PROBLEHS  PROM  CHEHICAL
PROCESSES „  ^Realizzazioni nel Campo delia  Prevenzione  dell"
inguinanento Atmosferico di Origine Industrials.)   Translated
from Italian™  Chim. Indu {Milan), 18 (2) : 251-261,  March  1966.


A strict control of pollutant  to be dispersed  in the  atmosphere
offers technical and econonic  problems,  both in the design and the
operation of chemical processing units.   Three examples  of
processes for which pollution  control has been established are
described:  S02 derived from contact  sulfuric  acid  and  from
hydroxylamine sulfate plants,  nitrous gas from low  and
high-pressure nitric acid plants, and fluorine-containing effluents
from hydrogen fluoride production..  The  general approach, kind of
abatement process adopted, materials  and construction costs  are
discnssed.ft
01167

J. H. Ludwig


PROGRESS IS CC8TBOL OF VEHICLE  IHISSIONS.   J.  Sanit.  Eng.,
Eiv., Am. Soc. Civil Engrs., 93 (SA-t):73-79,  Aug.  1967.


Control of emissions from  motor  vehicles  is reviewed  from  the
standpoints of the contribution  of  vehicles to community air
pollution, present progress in  control  regulations and  application
of devices, and the immediate and Icnger-term cutlcok for
additional controls in the  future.   '{Author summary) t#

01219

Winhk, A. A.
THE HYGIENIC IMPORTANCE 01 THE  IONISED  STATE  OF  THE AIR  IN  CLOSED
PBEHISES „  Gigiena i Sanit..  25 (1) : 7S-83,  1960.
   DDC:  AD U81 527
The problem of the ionized condition  of  domestic atmospheres  and
that of public places is  of  great  significance.   However,  it  is
impossible to attribute to ionization universal  sanitary
improving properties, which  are,, in  fact,  not  inherent to  it  or in
any case are not sufficiently  proved.   One should proceed  from the
point that atmospheric ionizaticn  is  one of the  factors connected
with the atmosphere which is manifested  in a Background of
definite interrelations with ether physical and  chemical factors.
Thus one ought to solve the  problem  of the physiological
significance of air ionization of  premises as  one aspect of the
whole problem of atmospheric hygiene.   Exessive  overrating of the
significance of the factor of  air  icnization,  as is done in certain
512               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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popular scientific  Journals, can lead to  unnecessary expenditure
anfl  discredit  ideas regarding the hygienic  importance of the
electrical properties of air.**

01528

K. Guthmann


(NEH KNOWLEDGE AND  EXPERIENCE IN THE PURIFICATION  OF AIR IN
FOUNDRIES.)    Neue  Erkenntnisse und Erfahrungen  bei der
Reinhaltung der  Luft in Huttenwerken.   Radex  Rundschau
(Austria} , No:  3:  139-162, June 1966.


German  laws,  passed by the Federal Government, requiring
naintenance of clean air, are discussed.  Maximum  allowable
emission  values  for dusts, gases, and smokes  are given.  Programs
established for  research on the measurement of dust and 502
and  warning devices for smog are described.   Other research
described is  being  conducted on the removal of brown smoke in basic
steelworks and oxygen-blowing steelworks, recovery of
converter gas,  possibilities for utilizing  accumulated dust,
removal of fluorine from exhaust gases  and  removal of odor from
exhaust gases,,**


01619
NITRIC  ACID  MANUFACTURE (INFORMATIVE HEFT.  NO.  5).    J,  Air
Pollution Control Assoc.  14,  (3) 91-3,  Bar.  1964.,   (TI-2
Chemical Industry Ccmmitteej.


Nitric  acid  manufacture by the ammonia  oxidation process and the
concentration  process are described.  The  control  aspects are
discussed.**


01620
THE PETROLEUM  REFINING INDUSTRY   AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS AND
CONTROL  METHODS  .-(INFORMATIVE REPT.  NO.  1).    J.  Air Pollution
Control  Assoc. 14,  (1)  30-3, Jan- 1964.   {TI-3  Petroleum
Committee) .


Possible air-borne  contaminants  from refining operations are
covered.  Control methods for gaseous and  particulate emissions,
and the  industry's  research projects are reviewed.**

0161)5

A.  J.  Haagen-Smit


THE CONTROL OF AIR  POLLUTION.  Sci. Am. 210,  (1)  25-31, Jan., 1961*.
                            E. Control Methods                         513

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Using the development of Los  Angeles'  control program as an
example, smog, dust, fumes, photochemical reactions, automotive
emissions, control  methods, emissions  standards,  and control
devices are reviewed.##

01791

G.A. Jutze  E.J. Lewis
A METHOD FOB CHECKING INSTRUMENT PEBJORHANCE  AT  REMOTE
SAHPIING SITES.   J. Jir Pollution  Control  Sssoc.  15,  (7),
323-6, July 1965.


This paper describes a quality control  technique used by  the
central headquarters operation of the continuous Air
Monitoring Program in an effort to  insure valid  data
production from instruments located at  remote sampling  stations.
The procedure consists of preparation of  0.10 to 2,. 00 ppm
mixtures of S02 or N02 in duplicate Mylar bags,  each
encased in a corrugated paper box.   These mixtures are
analyzed during make-up to insure duplication.   One  box is
shipped to the field station where  it is analyzed  on-site.  The
control mixture is analyzed in the  central  lab at  the sane  time.
Correlation between measurements indicates  the usefulness of this
dynamic calibration check.  The techniques  used  are  described and
results of the program are presented.   (Author abstract)##


01928

J. Nilsen
AIE POLLDTION:  COSTLY TO IGNORE, COSTLY TO CONTROL.    Chem.
ENGo 73, (15) 90-6, JULY 18, 1966.,


Author discusses the ramifications that will  result  from  the
recent legislation dealing with air pollution  control.  The
parameters of the pollutants per se, the role  of  industries
responsible for the pollution, the problems of the municipalities
which must cope with the pollution problem, the effects of
standards and legislation,, the eventual cost  of pollution control
and the research programs to be undertaken are discussed.  Also
included is a chart of forty-eight major United States  cities and
the concentrations {ppm) of nitrogen dioxide  and  sulfur dioxide
which were found to be present.tf


02051

J.  Feist.,
THE CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF NITROUS GASES DURING  THE  HAtiUFACTUBE OF
NITRIC ACID.   Die Katalytische Beduktion  Von  Nitrosen
Atgasen Sei Der Erzeugung Von Salpetersaure.   Proc.
(Part I)  Intern. Clean Air Cong., London,  1966.  (Paper
VI/15) .  pp. 199-202,,
514               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Discusses a catalytic  reduction process for reducing nitric  oxide
present in the  waste gases from nitric acid for manufacture  to  a
concentration of  100 ppnu   Flos sheets illustrate thermal
integration of  the  catalytic process with the overall process.
Discusses the use of metal and ceramic catalysts.,   (Author
abstract) ##


02140

G.  J.  Doyle  and  H.  G.  Caldwell


FEASIBILITY OF  BEHOVING GASEOUS CONTAMINANTS FROM BANNED
SPACE-CABIN ATMOSPHERES EY IONIC PROCESSES  (FINAL REPT- MARo
1-OCT.  31, 1965.)   Stanford Research Inst., South
Pasadena, Calif-   (Bept.  SSD-5396)   (AHRL - TR-66-22)
(Project 6373)  67  pp., Feb., 1966


The application of  ionic processes to the purification of manned
space-cabin atmospheres was investigated in anticipation of  a need
for a  radically new atmospheric purification system for some of the
presently scheduled space journeys.  Processes considered are  (1)
ion-molecule reactions of contaminant molecules with specific added
molecules ions  02(+),  02 (-) and (2) clustering of contaminant
molecules about specific ions  
-------
The functioning of chlorophyll in the course  of  photosynthesis in
leaves of plants serves as a method of  air  purification  of
sufficient importance to consider its use in  control.  Vegetation,
like men and animals, can sustain a considerable  amount  of  damage
to the point where the threshold limit  of absorption  of  toxic
substances is exceeded.  The three gases causing  the  most
damage to vegetation are carbon monoxide, the sulfur  oxides, and
those containing fluorine.,  Also to be  considered are  acid
"SBog", toxic "smog", ozone, and nitrogen oxides.   Other
industrial pollutants which have a toxic influence, but  less
sever and localized, are dusts, hydrogen sulfides,  hydrochloric
acid, etc.  Ethylene and carbon monoxide cause great  damage to the
growth hormones, particularly auxin.  The effects of  S02,
S03, and H2SOt are related to the quanity of  gas  emitted, the
degree of resistance of the species, their  state  of development,
and the various environmental conditions.   The sensitivity  of
vegetation to the action of sulfur gases varies  essentially as a
function of the speed of absorption of  the  gas by the  leaves.
Through experimentation it has teen found that the  plant species
which are aost sensitive to SC2 are chickweed, alfalfa,  barley,
oats, wheat, rhubarb, lettuce, endive,  spinich,  cabbage, and
tobacco.  Apples, apricots, peaches, grapes,  corn,  and beans are
less sensitive, whereas the floral species  such  as  gladiolus, rose,
and lilac offer considerable resistance.  Aquatic vegetation is
often used as purifying means for polluted  streams.   Subsoils
purify themselves of pollutant materials in various ways, including
uptake by vegetation and dispersion in  the  soil  with rain water,
etc.  In a section on means of decreasing the inhaled  pollutants
the following are mentioned:  dust collectors, normal  methods of
dispersion in the atmosphere, fumes from domestic fires, auto
exhaust funes, fuel additives, improvement  of combustion in
engines, recycling of crankcase gases,  post-combustion appliances,
and redesigning of motors-  Also given  in this section (Chapter
3) is some similar information on ingested  pollutants  and on
problems of noise.**
02648

B. Kuhn  and R. Tomingas


ATTEMPTS TO PREVENT THE FORMATION OF POLLUTANTS IN THE  EXHAUST
GASES OF IHO-STROKE ENGINES AND DIESEL ENGINES BY ACTIVATING
COBBDSTION SITHIN THE ENGINE.  Staub (English Translation)
25 (3)  2-17, BAR. 1965.
   CFSTI   TT66-51044/3


Combustion in two-stroke Otto engines and the diesel  engine can
be influenced by chemical fuel additives in  such a way  that
oxidation is catalyzed and the side reactions of dehydrogenation
and cyclization are suppressed.  In the two-stroke engine  it was
possible largely to reduce the formation of  benzpyrene  ty  using
salts and chelates of polyvalent metals, in  particular  manganese,
and to prevent it completely by means of ether and ether-like
additives.  For precipitation of the oil mists and soot particles
the "adhesive oil method" was employed.  In  the experiments the
two-stroke engine was selected first; checking of the results by
experiments on four-stroke engines is in preparation.   In  the case
516               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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of the  diesel engine  it  has teen possible to achieve a reduction
in soot formation  with overloading by 10 to 15%.   (Author
summary) *#


02951

A. C., Stern


AIR POLLUTION AND  ITS ABATEHENT IB THE DKITED STATES.  De
Ingenieur 77, 129)  G83-93,  July 16, 1965 and 77, (31) G97-10K,
July 30, 1965.  (Presented  before the Dept.  for Public Health
Engineering, Royal Inst.  of Engineers, Hague,
Netherlands, July  3,  196U.)


In the  United States, visible smoke is no longer a major
problem.  Present  concern  is principally with gases; their
chemical reactions in the  atmosphere; the effects of both gases and
reaction products  on  humans, animals, plants, materials and
visibility; and  their abatement.  Considerable emphasis is placed
on the  relation  of meteorological conditions to air pollution
levels.  Forecasting  of  weather conditions conducive to build-up
of pollution is  now done  routinely in the United States.
Although air pollution research is conducted nationally, abatement
is on local basis.  The  new Federal Clean Air Act seeks to
improve the effectiveness  of local agencies, and to provide for
Federal abatement  of  interstate air pollution.  (Author summary)


03061
THE ATLANTIC RICHFIELD  NITHIC OXIDE REDUCTION SYSTEM.
Preprint.   Has  now  been published by the AFCO Chemical Co.
Sept.  1966, 31  pp.   AHCO Chemical Co., Anaheim, Calif. 1966


During the  last six years an extensive study of the use of exhaust
gas recirculation has been made and a simplified control system
(Nitric Oxide Reduction System)  was developed which
eliminated  many problems previously encountered and achieved the
required reduction  of nitrogen oxides without impairing vehicle
performance.  In this system exhaust gas is taken from the heat
riser  at a  point directly beneath the carburetor, flow controlled
by means of a butterfly control valve, then distributed to the
individual  passages of  the intake manifold by means of
distribution tubes.  The control valve is actuated by the throttle
linkage and designed to permit recycle flow at part throttle and
cruising operations.  For closed throttle operation such as idle
and deceleration, and for wide-open throttle, when maximum
performance is  desired, the cycle rate control valve is in a closed
position.   The  entire unit, with the exception of the rate control
valve  shaft and throttle linkage, is enclosed entirely within the
intake manifold.  It has been demonstrated that the use of
recycle reduces peak temperatures and pressures.  It is
probable that the reduction of nitrogen oxides results from the
reduction in peak temperature.  Conceivably, the dilution of the
air-fuel mixture by the presence of inert exhaust slows the rate of
                           E. Control Methods                        517

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combustion causing the lower peak temperatures.   There  are  other
possible benefits from the use of the system  such as  a  reduction of
hydrocarbons and cylinder bore near, and less erosion of  spark plug
electrodes.##

03204

H. Ehnert.
THE BEHAVIOE OF NITBIC OXIEE DOSING  ELECTROSTATIC  GAS
PURIFICATION,   Dber aas Verhalten des  Stickstoffmonoxids bei
der elektrostatischen Gasreinigung.  Brennstoff-Chem.  (Essen)
9 (7) :273-271, Sept. 1966.  Translated from  German  as JPBS B-
858«-D.


The effects of field intensities, ionizing-electrode diameters,
period of stay of the gas in the electrostatic  purifier,
concentrations of nitric oxide in the gas,  and  the presence of
unsaturated compounds upon the decomposition  of nitric  oxide were
measured by means of an experimental electro-filter situated in
coke oven plant.  Within the range of 3  to  3.8  kv/cm,  the
quantities of NO decline with increasing  field  intensity, this
decline amounting tc only atout 10 to 2031 at  the field  strengths of
2 to 3 kv/cm which are commonly used in coke-oven  installations.
Industrial-economic considerations however  place a limit on the
extent to which voltages can be increased in  practice.  The period
during which the gases remain in the filter is  a factor in the
reduction of NO content, but a doubling of  this period  from 6 to
12 seconds results in a Baximum increase  in the decomposition rate
of only 25%.  The reduction in NO tends first to decline and
then to increase as the diameter of  the ionizing electrode is
increased.  The most effective factor in  the  reduction  of NO
contents is the addition of unsaturated compounds; thus the
addition of 2»5 ml cyclopentadiene cu/m of  gas  increases the loss
of NO by a factor of it under certain experimental  conditions.
The experiments show that current commercial  coke-oven
practice results in reductions of about  20% in  NO  content, and
that an increase in the field strengths  together with  a rise in the
unsaturated-compound contents can effect  reductions of  50-60%.##

03U01

F. Bonamassa
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF A PHOTOCHEMICAL-ATMOSPHEBE
ENVIRONMENTAL TEST FACILITY.,   Am. Soc. Testing  Mater.,
Spec. Tech. Publ. 352B 32-9 pp., Dec.,  1963.   (Presented
at the Symposium on Air-Pollution Measurement  Methods,
Los Angeles, Calif., Oct. 5, 1962.)


A photochemical-atmosphere environmental test  facility  is  a
system designed to stimulate in  the  laboratory conditions
existing in polluted atmospheres.  These test  environments are
finding increasing applications  in studying  the  effects  of
contaminated atmospheres on humans,  animals, plants,  or
inaminate objects; evaluating  air-pollution  control  systems;
518               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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establishing air  quality standards and permissible contaminant-
emission  levels;  idenitfying atmospheric pollutants and their
reaction  products;  and  investigating the mechanisms of
reactions of polluted atmospheres.,  Hany interdependent
factors influence the design of a photochemical-environment
test  facility.  Careful study of the proposed experimental program
and its objectives  is needed to determine the required test volume
and operating conditions-   The design and choice of
construction materials  reflect certain compromises, usually
dictated  by the relative importance of the various test conditions™
Although  probably no simulated photochemical atmosphere can ever
completely reproduce all the conditions of the natural
atmosphere, enough  control over significant variables can be
achieved  to enable  the  test environment to assume an
increasingly important  role in increasing our understanding of
the complex reactions and effects of photochemical air pollution
and in providing  much needed information for its effective
control.**
03536

AUTOMOTIVE  AIR  POLLUTION  III.   (A BEPOET TO THE U., S. COKGHESS IN
COMPLIANCE  WITH PUBLIC  L»W 88-206, THE CLEAN AIB ACT.)
Preprint.  1965.,


Seduced  exhaust emissions of hydrocarbons and CO have
become a reality in  California with the introduction of the
1966-model  passenger cars and  light commercial vehicles.
Eecognition of  the  need for still further control measures is
evidenced  by the adoption of nitrogen oxide standards by the
California  Board of  Health.  The Department of Health,
Education,  and  Welfare  is implementing the new responsibilities
and authorities conferred by the Motor Vehicle Air
Pollution  Control Act.   Standards for the control of
emissions  from  gasoline-fuelled vehicles are being developed
accordingly, to become  effective with the 1968 models-  Some
additional  technical information has become available.
Further  studies of  the  effect  of ambient temperature on exhaust
emissions  indicate  that low temperatures tend to increase
hydrocarbons and CO, particularly following cold-engine starts,.
Preliminary results  obtained from a study of the effect of leaded
fuels  indicate  that  combustion chamber deposits may not
significantly affect the  quantities of hydrocarbons and CO
emitted  in  exhaust  gases.  A survey being conducted to measure
CO levels  in urban  communities suggests that human exposure
to CO  may  be greater than routine atmospheric monitoring data had
indicated.   A number of new projects are being initiated ty the
Government  to study  the performance characteristics of production-
type exhaust emission controls in varied environments, to develop
more definitive data on exhaust emissions from small cars and
diesel-powered  vehicles,  to learn more about human tolerance of
lead and CO, and to  effect control of oxides of nitrogen.
An expansion of industry  research in automotive air pollution
and its  control is  indicated by the recent activities of
technical  associations.  (Author summary)##
                           E.  Control Methods                         519

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03762

Spencer, Eo F0, Jr.  N. Fayne,  H. F. LeDue   and  J.  H.
Elliott
EXEEBIMEBTAL PBOGHAM FOB THE CONTBOL OF CBGANIC  EMISSIONS  FBOB
PBOTECTIVE COATING OEEBATIONS  (INTEBIH KEPT.,  NO.  2).   Los
Angeles County Air Pollution Control District, Calif.
Jan. 1959.  40 pp.


This report discusses the eguiprcent and procedures  used  in  the
evaluation of control equipment for solvent vapors  from  surface
coating processes.  A pilot plant which was used  to recover
organic solvents by means of activated carbon  is  described,  of
the control methods evaluated, adsorption  with activated carbon
offers the greatest promise.   The advantages  of  the activated
carbon system are:  i{1)  recovers solvent vapors  in  all
concentrations below the flammable range;  (2)  recovers all  types
of volatile solvents; (3) recovers solvents efficiently  in  the
presence of water vapor; (<4) recovers solvent  vapors  with  high
overall efficiency; (5)  operation of the equipment  is simple;  (6)
the equipment is sufficiently  flexible for all types  of  surface
coating operations.  Five complete adsorpticn-desorption cycles
were completed.  The adsorption efficiency before reaching
saturation averaged 92 percent, while the desorption  efficiency,
based on solvent recovery vs.  solvent adsorbed during the
individual run, averaged 57 percent.  Poor steam  distribution is
believed responsible for the incomplete descrption  acd the
equipment is being modified to improve the stripping  of  the carbon.
It is planned to investigate another fixed bed unit and  one moving
bed unit.tf
03796

K. C. Stein,  J. J* Feenan,  G.. P. Thompson,   J.  F.,
Shultz,  L. J. E. Hofer,  and Bo  B.  Anderson
CATALYTIC OXIDATION OF HYDBOCABEONS  (AN  APEBOACH  TO  AIP
POLLUTION CONTBOL) .   Ind.. CheE. Eng.  52,  (8)  671-11,  Aug.
1960.  (Presented at the Division of Petroleum Chemistry,  135th
Heeting Chemical Society, Boston, Mass.,  Apr.  1959.)


The hydrocarbons in the exhaust gases  from  automobile engines  are
a major source of the eye irritating smog  occurring  in urban
areas..  Catalytic oxidation applied  where  the  pollutants originate
in the individual vehicle is  ere cf  the  methods of control.  In a
search for suitable catalyst  components,  a  large  number  of metal
oxides in granular form, unpromoted  and  unsupported,  have  been
investigated by a new microcatalytic technique based  on  gas
chromatography«  The most active of  the  catalysts were,  arranged
in order of decreasing effectiveness,  the  oxides  of  cobalt, nickel,
manganese, chromium, and iron.  It is  probable that  different
forms or preparations of the  same oxide  would  have  different
activities.  In general, the  higher  molecular  weight  hydrocarbons
were more easily oxidized than  the lower.   Hydrocarbons  of a
520               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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given  carbon  number increased in reactivity according to  the  series
:   aromatic,  branched paraffin, alicyclic, normal paraffin,
olefinic  acetylenic.   Fortunately, the olefinic hydrocarbons
generally considered the most undesirable are relatively  easy to
remove.**
03798

S. Sourirajan  and Ja L~ Blumenthal
CATALYSIS  STUDIES FOE ftIR POLLD1ION CONTROL  (PART  II:
CATALYTIC  DECOMPOSITION OF NITRIC OXIDE PRESENT  IN LOW
CONCENTRATIONS) „    California DEIV. , Los  Angeles,  Dept.  of
Engineering.   (Rept. No.. 60-1<4.)  Feb. 1960.   27 pp.


The results obtained on the decomposition of  NO  present  in
concentrations of 300-2100 ppm in diluent N2  in  the presence of
catalysts  containing CoO or CuO at temperatures  in the  range
300-1000 C are reported,,  The catalysts were  prepared  either by
decomposing the nitrate impregnated in the carrier or  by
precipitating the hydroxide on the carrier held  in suspension in
the nitrate solution.  CuO deposited on silica gel was  found to
be the most effective catalyst for the decomposition of  NO
present in low concentrations.  The efficiency of  the  carriers
increased  in the  order kieselguhr  (highest)  alumina, silica gel
(lowest).   In the presence of CuO-Si02  (30:70) catalyst
using a gas space velocity of 1320/hr  (measured  at 25  C),  the
decomposition of  NO  (892 ppm) K2 was found to be 69? at  510 C.
The above  catalyst was found tc maintain  its  effectiveness
throughout the tested period of 300 hr even  when exposed to
temperatures of 1000 C several times..  The use of  the
CuO-Si02 (30:70)  catalyst in conjunction  with 700-1000  ppm  of
nitric oxide mixed with exhaust gases from a  two cylinder  engine
leaded gasoline fuel was found to result  in  almost complete
removal of nitric oxide at all temperatures  above  350  C  at  a gas
space velocity of 1000/hr measured at 25  C;  no deterioration of
the effectiveness of the catalyst was noticeable even  after 100
hours of actual service with engine exhaust  gases.   (author
abstract) *#

0«200

F_ E. Gartrell
CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION FHOB LARGE THERMAL  POWER  STATIONS.
Rev. Soc«  Roy. Beige Ingrs. Ind.  (Brussels)  (11) U71-82,
Nov. 1966.  (Presented at the Symposium on Air  Pollution
Control,,  Essen,  Germany, Mar. 9, 1966 and at the Belgian
Hoyal Society of Engineers and Industrialists Meeting,
Brussels,  Belgium, Mar. 16, 1966.)


Measures  for the removal of particulates from stack  gases and
reductions in S02 emissions as well as the dispersion of
emissions by high stacks and control by operational  procedure are
discussed.  The results of air pollution monitoring  near  large
power stations of the TVA are reviewed.  Gas cleaning devices
                           E.  Control Methods                         521

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have been perfected so that 99.5% of  the  original ash  content of
the coal may be removed, although costs increase  rapidly  above
95%.  In the future, removal of  99.5%  of  ash  may  be  necessary in
some plants based on combined mechanical  and  electrostatic
collectors.  There is a trend toward  using  electrostatic
precipitators alone because of the high draft losses with
mechanical collectors,.  While there are a number  of  promising
developments in the removal of S02 from fossil fuels,  the
principal reliance for the next  few years vill have  to be placed on
dispersion from high stacks with possible supplementary
operational controls.,  The height of  TVA  stacks varies from  150
to 800 ft, and tables are given  of relationship between the
maximum ground level S02 concentration, stack height,  and
wind speed.  Data are also given of the frequency of occurrence of
various ground levels of S02 in  the area  around the  plants.##


01)338

A. J. Haagen-Smit


BEACTICNS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE AND  OTHER  JIB CONTAMINANTS  IN THE
ATMOSPHERE.   Proc. Am,,  Power Conf.  26, 117-24, Apr. 1964.
(Presented at the 26th Annual Meeting, American Power
Conference, Chicago, 111.,, Apr.   1U-16, 196IU)


Chemical reactions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides  in  the
atmosphere are discussed.  Photochemical  smog  is  described in
regard to both its relationship  to these  oxides,  and the
reactions which give rise to plant damaging and eye  irritating
compounds.  Measures for the control of photochemical  smog
are discussed.##

0(1351*

G. N. Hadhakrishna
A STUDY OF THE EEMOVAL OF NITEOGEN OXIDES FROM  AIE POLLUTING
EXHAUSTS   (For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Purdue
Univ.)  June 1961.  205 pp.


Aiming to devise efficient methods of removing  oxides of nitrogen
from exhaust gases,, hydroxide solutions and solids were
experimentally studied.  Nitrogen peroxide was  selected as the
typical oxide of nitrogen and was diluted with  nitrogen.  Dilute
solutions of hydroxides  (K, Na and Ca hydroxides) are effective
as absorbents for oxides of N.  The process of  absorption
involves formation of nitrous and nitric acids  which are
neutralized by the hydroxides.  When alkalinity is in excess,
nitrite and nitrate are formed in almost eguimolar proportions.
When the alkalinity is completely utilized, the nitrite is
decomposed to form nitrate and NO.  At the
concentrations of K02 and the flow rates for  gases used, Ca  and
Na hydroxides are more effective absorbents than KOH.
Ca(OH)2 is more effective as an acid neutralizing agent than
NaOH and KOH and the ability to neutralize acid decreases
522              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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in that order.   The  removal of nitrogen peroxide by Ascarite
increases  with concentration of the gas and decreases with
increasing  flow  rates,  possibly due to the decrease in contact
time.  The  removal of  nitrogen peroxide by silica gel
increases  with the partial pressure as well as the concentration
of the gas-   At  concentrations of nitrogen peroxide less than
0.79  mole  per cent,  removals by silica gel are much higher than
those by Ascarite.   But,  at concentrations above 0.7.9 mole per
cent, removals by  Ascarite are higher than those by silica gel.
The removals  of  nitrogen  peroxide by calcium and barium oxides in
dry condition are  rather  paor.##
01371*

K.  Yamazaki   and  Nenryo  Kyokaishi


EXHAUST  CONTROLS  POP  AIR POLLUTION.,   (J» Fuel Soc. Japan
Tokyo) 44,  (1(60)  564-74. Aug.  1965.   Jap.


Principal differences in the burning mechanisms cf premised and
diffusion flames  are  discussed in relation to carbon or soot
formation in  order  to elucidate the nature of exhaust from
gasoline or diesel  engine vehicles.   The contents of exhaust
pollutants  (carbon  monoxide, nitrogen oxide, hydrocarbons and
their  incomplete  combustion products)  vary extensively according to
the driving mode  of vehicle operation,  as in idling, acceleration,
cruising and  deceleration.  It is important to note that
hydrocarbon emission  is  extremely remarkable in the deceleration
step.  Diesel exhaust is rather clean compared to gasoline
exhaust. Exhaust control devices, catalytic and afterburner,
developed in  America  are briefly reviewed.  Improvement of the
engine itself in  order to reduce incomplete combustion is
discussed.  American  estimations of future hydrocarbon emission
under  exhaust controls are cited.  (Author summary)##


(W17
AUTO EXHAUST  STANDARDS HILL TIGHTEN,,  Chem. Eng. News 44,
(20)  56-8,  May  16,  1966.


Stricter  standards  regarding automobile exhausts are being sought,
necessitating a  more  sophisticated approach to control systems  by
auto manufacturers.   It is conjectured that controls based on
reactive  hydrocarbons, rather than total hydrocarbons, are likely.
Many laboratories are presently assembling data on the reactivity
of various  hydrocarbons,  but much more is needed..  The continuing
work on the modification  of engines to reduce the emission of
undesirable exhaust  products is described.  The reed for
standards regarding  the emission of nitrogen oxides is
controversial.   However,  research is proceeding on possible  ways
tc control  nitrogen  oxides, concentrating primarily on catalytic
systems.  A diagram  illustrating the formation of photochemical
snog is included.##
                           E. Control Methods                         523

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OH592

J.  To Biddleton


AIR CONSERVATION AND THE PROTECTION  OF  ODB  NATURAL RESOURCES-
Proc. Natl. Conf. Air Pollution,  Washington,  D-C.,, 1962.
pp. 166-71.  1963.


The importance and protection of  air resources  and factors
affecting nature and extent of  air pollution  are  discussed.  Two
aspects of control of air pollution  are outlined.   One  is control
at the source and the other is  control  through  proper  planning in
the development of communities.##

0«599

R. !„ Chass
THE STATDS OF ENGINEERING  KNOWLEDGE  FOB  THE CONTPOL OF AIR
POLLUTION-   Proc. Natl. Conf.  Air Pollution,  Washington,
D_ C.., 1962.  pp. 272-80.   1963.


Control programs are discussed  and particular  the control  program
of Los Angeles County,  also its demography, urban growth which
is paralelled by increase  in automobiles.   Los Angeles,  in  spite
of stringent air pollution regulations,  has continued  to increase
its industries and to expand existing  industries,,  In  spite of  the
growth pattern, the engineering and  enforcement functions of the
District  have resulted  in  preventing U,500  tons of air
contaminants from stationary sources,  from  entering the  Los
Angeles atmosphere each  day.  As it  is pointed out in  this  paper,
the air pollution problems can  be solved, using sound  technical and
engineering approaches  coupled  with  enlightened administrative  and
legislative action,*#

014618

E. A.  Baker  and B., C. Doerr
CATALYZED NITBIC OXIDE SEDUCTION  WITH  CARBOH  EONOXIDE.    Ind.
Eng. Chem. Process Design  Develop.  4,  (2)  188-91,  Apr™  1965.
(Presented before the Division  of Water  and Waste  Chemistry,
117th Meeting, American Chemical  bSsociety, Philadelphia, Pa.,
Apr. 1961.,)


The reductionof nitric oxide  by carbon monoxide over a copper
chromite catalyst frcm 115 to 270 C.  and up to 1/36,000 hr.,  space
velocity is discussed™  Seduction of  90% at space  velocities of
1/16,000 hr. is obtained at temperatures exceeding 200 C,,  At  a
given space velocity stepwise NO  reduction is observed as a
function of temperature.   Partial reduction of NO  to N20 takes
place at low temperatures, followed by complete reduction to N2
as temperature increases.   At 1/12,000 hr. inlet NO
concentrations between 500 and  9000 p.p.m. do not  effect reduction
524               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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efficiency  at  temperatures exceeding 150 C.  Excess CO has  no
effect.   Mater does not affect NO reduction but leads to  ammonia
formation.   Oxygen  if present preferentially oxidizes CO  to
C02,   There must  be sufficient CO to react with the 02 as
well  as  NO  for effective reduction of the NO.  This system
has practical  significance for NO removal from automobile
exhaust.   (Author abstract) *t
04634

T.  P.>  Varshavskii,
K.  Vu  Zolotarev
A-  H. Denisov, I. E« Zlatin,  and
SMOKELESS  CHARGING  OF COKE OVENS.
(English Transl.)  (6)  26-31, 1965.
                Coke Chem.  (USSR)
                Buss.  (Tr.)
» pilot-commercial smokeless charging plant has been built  on
No.  1  battery  at the Kemerovo Ccke and Chemical Sorks along
the  lines of those at VUKhIN and the Magnitogorsk
Integrated Iron and Steel Works.  A new smokeless oven
charging system has been devised and introduced on the No.,  1
tattery at the Kemerovo Coke and Chemical Works based on
separate consecutive emptying of the charging-car hoppers  (t,3,2
and  1)  with suction of the charging gases only into the coke side
collecting main.  The possibility of the saleable tar being
contaminated with ash or heavy tar products has been eliminated.,
4.0  tons/day of high-ash tar was obtained from the coke side
collecting main.  The nitric oxide content of the raw gas  from
No.  1  battery  is 16-5 cc/cu meter..  Accordingly it is vital to
solve  the problem of how to remove the nitric oxide from the
charging gases or how to isolate and utilize them without
purification.   The satisfactory operating results of the plant
enable this system to be recommended for works which do not supply
gas  to nitrogenous fertilizer undertakings.   (Author conclusions)*
04636

JU Bouville   and J.  Fontan
CAPACITY  OF  FIBBODS PAPF.B FILTERS TO RETAIN SMALL ATMOSPHERIC
RADIOACTIVE  IONS.    (Sur le Pouvoir de Retention des Filtres
a Fibres  de  Papier pour les Petits Ions Eadioactifs de
1'Air.) J. Hecan.  Phys. Atmosphere  (Paris) 6,  (21) 9-11,,
Hay 196H.,  Fr.


The efficiency  of  the Schneider-Foelman fibrous paper filters  is
reported  for radon descendants.  In the filtered air of a
disintegration  chamber for the dosage of radioactive gases, there
is no  possibility  of the ions fcrited being absorbed on large
aerosols.,  The  diameter of the ions formed is  in the order  of  15
A.  The efficiency of the Schneider-Poelman filters is better
for ions  than for  larger aerosols..  This agrees with the  theory
that predicts that filtration efficiency increases below  0.1
micron.,   It  is  not necessary for the ions to be absorbed  on large
aerosols  to  permit capture and measurement.t*
                           E. Control Methods
                                                                 525

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01659

POLLUTION BY EXHAUST: U.S. LAW AND A  U.K. SYSTEM.    Engineering
(London)  203, (5260) 213-6, Feb.  10,  1967.


A British system for the control  of toxic exhaust emissions  which
is inexpensive promises excellent results and  minimum  power
loss..  It is emphasized that California's problem with
photochemical smog and the meteorological conditions which result
in the continual recirculation of the air are  extremely rare in
Europe.  bB-carbon monoxide is considered the more serious
problem.   There has been a suggestion that the Los
Angeles atmosphere be analyzed before and after  a two-day
ban on motor-cars to determine just how much pollution is caused
by car exhaust.   A very important contribution can  be  made by the
Duplix induction system which employs a hot spot to assist
vaporization in the manifold during part-throttle conditions only.
The Zenith Duplex system vaporizes the fuel in a by-pass or
primary manifold during idling, part-throttle, and  over-run
when emissions are at a maximum.  At the same  time, the primary
manifold is inoperative at full throttle, so maximum
power is virtually unaffected-  Charts are given representing
the California regulations based  on cold starting,  idling,
accelerating, and stopping to resemble normal  city  driving.
A typical emission trace is given showing hydrocarbon  emission
from a standard 1200 cc engine during deceleration, acceleration,
cruising, and idling.  The emission with the Duplex induction
system was 377 ppm of hydrocarbons with only a minor peak at
maximum depression compared to 1638 ppm of hydrocarbons with
severe peaks during deceleration-##
OD838

B. D., Feed
CONTROLLED INDO-EXOTHERMIC OXIDATION  OF  INDUSTRIAL  HASTES.   Pre-
(Presented at the Oklahoma State Univ. Conference on
Industrial Hastes, Stillwater, Nov.  16,  1965.)


Time, temperature, and turbulence  are factors  in disposal  by
oxidation.  The deciding factor for  design  temperature  is  the
proximity of molecules of fuel to  molecules  of oxygen.   Complete
combustion, as defined by the author,, does  not exist  if 500  ppm of
the toxic or noxious material is in  the  flue gases.   Average
target concentration at grade and  downwind  of  the stack is in  the
order of 0., 10 ppm or perhaps less.   The  concentrations  of
substances which will cause odor nuisance are  restated. The
residence time factor must provide for the  time interval reguired
for conversion of the liguid to the  gaseous  state.   In  disposal of
liquid streams and when mineral salts are present,  the  mineral
exits from the furnace in the form of its oxide in  sub-micron  size
particles.##
526                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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04931

Heiburger, M.


METEOROLOGICAL  ASPECTS  OF AIB  POLLOTIOK CONTROL,   Reprinted
from Yale  Sci.,  Hag,,  Jan-  1967.,


Everywhere in the  United  States (and elsewhere in the world)
vhere  pollution enters  the atmosphere it is carried with the  wind
from city  to city  and state to state.  Thus the control of
pollution  cannot be  carried OD exclusively on a local community  or
even a regional basis.   States, the federal government, and even
international agencies  must act,.  In the consideration of the
kinds  of control and  the  relative roles of the various governmental
levels, various meteorological factors, such as vertical
temperature gradient  and  wind  velocity, are involved besides  the
vind transport.  These  factors determine the rate of diffusion of
pollutants, and thus  the  concentrations of contaminants in the air,
given  the  location and  intensity of the sources,.  Meteorological
factors influence  the rate of  oxidation of sulfur dioxide, the rate
at which 303 picks up water to form sulfuric acid droplets,
etc..   Meteorological  factors control the rate at which pollutants
are removed from the  air»##

OU962

E,, G.  Lunche,   E.,  E.  Lemke,  R,. L. Weimer,  and J. A.
Verssen
SIR POLLUTION  ENGINEERING IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY.  Los Angeles
County Air  Pollution Control District, Califu  July  1,  1966.
51 pp.


los Angeles County,  the largest heavily-industrialized,
semi-tropical  area  in the world, is afflicted with a serious and
well-publicized  air  pollution problem.  This problem is
accentuated by average wind speeds of less than 6 miles  per hr«,
and temperature  inversions on more than 260 days per year, which
restrict  dispersion  of the air contaminants generated by  the
activities  of  seven  million people.  Since 1939 population has
nore than doubled,  industry has expanded from approximately
6000 establishments  to more than 20C000 in 1966, and automobile
registration,  gasoline consumption and fuels usage have  increased
sharply.  In addition to nearly two decades of expenditures by  the
District  for research engineering and enforcement, industry has
expended  during  this same period 127 million dollars for  the
installation of  new  control equipment units and 882  million dollars
fcr basic production equipment.  This program is preventing some
5085 tens of various air contaminants from entering  the  Los
Angeles atmosphere  each day.  Of this total, control measures of
the petroleum  industry are responsible for removing  some  3425 tons.
The prohibition  of  burning of high sulfur fuels accounts  for
another 535 tons.   The ban on single chamber incinerators and open
turning prevents another 605 tons from entering the  atmosphere.
The control of air  contaminants from mineral and metallurgical
industries  accounts  for another 120 tons,.  Of the 5085  tons of
                           E. Control Methods                         527

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various air contaminants now prevented  from entering  the  Los
Angeles atmosphere from stationary sources each  day,  1195 tons are
hydrocarbons, 1320 tons are S02,  1945 tons are CO,  1)70  tons
are aerosols, and 155 tons are oxides of  nitrogen.  The program
will not te complete however, until effective control over the
gasoline-powered vehicle, fuel oil burning and organic  solvent
usage is carried out-**

050U8

G. H. Peters,  J. E. Aker,  and  I. I. Morello


A SOLID CHEMICAL AIB GENEBATOR.   Amoco  Chemicals Corp.,
Seymour,, Ind., Propellants Div.  (Kept.  No. AMBL-TDB-64-71.,}
Sept. 196U. 55 pp..


The development of a solid chemical air generator capable of
producing a breathable, oxygen enriched atmosphere  for  possible
space applications was investigated.  The direct decomposition of
solid ammonium nitrate to produce the desired atmosphere  was
studied.  This direct method of  conversion was found  to he
impractical as the reaction products consisted of nitrogen oxides
regardless of the conditions of  decompostion.  Various  catalyst
systems for decomposition of nitrous oxide were  investigated since
the reaction products contained  about 405S of this gas and results
indicated this gas could be controlled.   Screening  of various
catalyst systems produced nickel  oxide, 0.5X rhodium  on alumina,
0.6% platinum on alumina, and cobalt oxide catalysts    all capable
of completely decomposing nitrous oxide at high  flow  rates.  The
level of nitrous oxide in the reaction  products  could not be
increased sufficiently to provide the desired oxygen  level, and it
was necessary to decompose the nitrogen dioxide  present in the
reaction gases.  Catalyst systems based on barium oxide and sodium
silicate were developed which decomposed  pure nitrogen  dioxide hut
were found to be partially deactivated  by water  formed  in the
ammonium nitrate decomposition.   The oxygen level in  the  gas was
increased to approximately 12*  J36X of  theoretical)„  A compact
unit was developed that was capable of  decomposing  solid  ammonium
nitrate at a controlled rate on  demand  and partially  converting
the gases to provide an atmosphere containing about 12% oxygen, tt

05082
TWO MECHANICAL DEVICES ATTACK THE CAUSES OF SMOG.  "Prod.  Engru
38, (6) 22-t, Mar.. 15, 1967.


The problem of polluted air in  most metropolitan  areas  is the
result of automotive exhaust products.  The development  of 2 new
mechanical rather than catalytic smog control  devices are the
nitric oxide reduction system,  NCB, which meters  the exhaust
from a car engine and recycles  it for further  combustion, and
vehicle vapor recovery system to prevent unburned gasoline from
escaping ty evaporation™  The new devices reduce  or eliminate the
emissions.  Company tests, nitric oxide reduction system, and the
vehicle vapor recovery system are discussed.##
528               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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05119

». F. Hamilton,   M..  levine,  and E. Simon


SBOG ABATEMENT.   Lockheed Aircraft Corp,,,  Burbank,  Calif.
(Dec. 1,  1959).   l»8  pp.    (Rept. No.  14163.)


Techniques were  developed for simulating typical  smog  polluted
atmospheres.   Methods and materials for reducing  or preventing
smog formation as measured by ozone level  were  studied.,   Several
classes of materials were found effective  in  various degrees,,
Best results  were obtained by direct  addition of  iodine  to
polluted  atmospheres.  Additions were effective both prior to  smog
generation by irradiation or after smog formation occurred.
Attempts  to introduce inhibiting materials in gasoline through an
internal  combustion  engine were unsuccessful.  {Author abstract
aodified)*#

051511

E. A. Kerns
CHEMICAL SUPPRESSION OF NITROGEN OXIDES.  Westinghouse  Electric
Corp.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa., Headguarters Mfg. Lab.  (1961).
6 pp.,


in approach to NO and N02 fume control by eliminating the
fumes  before their  release from pickling, milling  and bright
dipping solutions was investigated.  Since classical chemistry
shows  a reaction between most primary amines and the oxides  of
nitrogen,  a study of an available, inexpensive, and readily
adaptable  amide, urea, was undertaken.  The investigations
included a thorough study of the urea-nitric acid-nitrogen oxides
reactions  for both  copper and iron-68 analyses  of  the urea  (for
purity), and of the evolved gases; and the effect  of the urea-
nitric  acid system  on the various types of stainless steels  and
other  metals which  could be employed.  A thorough  study  of the
possible hazards of the urea-nitric acid system was undertaken  also
   In  the  case of chemical milling urea sucessfully lowered  the
N02 fumes  to almost undetectable levels, but this  treatment  did
not suppress the HN03 vapors which coincidentally  are released
from these hot chemical milling solutions.  Thus a small water
scrubbing  apparatus is still required to prevent these  vapors
from being released to the atmosphere.  The use of a HN03-urea
solution system produces a satin finish in less than half of  the
time now required to bright dip and release no  toxic fumes to the
atmosphere.##

05250L

K.  Nobe,   and M.  A.  Accomazzo


CATALYTIC  COMBaSTION OF HYDROCARBONS WITH COPPER OXIDE.  I.
Hethane, Ethane,  and Propane.  California Univ.,Los Angeles,
Cept. of Engineering.   (Rept.  No.  61-83.)  Dec.  1961.  39 pp.
                          E. Control Methods
                                                                 529

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The catalytic combustion of hydrocarbons  present  in low
concentrations is of particular  interest  in  the  search for  methods
to control air pollution.  The results  are  reported of the
heterogeneous oxidation of methane,  ethane  and  propane with  a
CuO-A1203  (1:1)  catalyst with a  BIT  surface  area  of 120  sq
m/gm and a mean pore radius of 65A.   The  combustion was  studied
at initial hydrocarbon concentrations in  the range  650 to 5,000
p.p.m.., in the temperature range  313  to 591  C and gas  space
velocities 6,000/hr.  The hydrocarbon concentrations were
measured with a Carad flame ionization  analyzer  and detector.
The experimental results showed  that  for  gas space  velocities  up
to 10,000/hr., 90? combustion was attained  at temperatures  above
580 C, 500 C and 180 C for methane,  ethane  and  propane,
respectively.  The results indicated  that the degree of
hydrocarbon oxidation increased  with  increase in  chain length.
The experimental kinetic data was found to  fit  empirical rate
equations which were one,, three-fcurths,  and three-fifths order
with respect to methane, ethane  and  propane  concentrations
respectively™


05300

lodwick, J. R.


CHEMICAL ADDITIVES IN PETROLEUM  FDELS:  SOME USES ANE  ACTION
MECHANISMS. J» Inst. Petrel.  (London) 50,  (491)  297-308,  Nov.  1964,,
(Presented at the Northern Branch Symposium, Manchester,  England,
Apr- 23, 1964.)


The paper enumerates the types of anti-oxidants,  copper
deactivators, corrosion inhibitors,  combustion chamber modifiers,
anti-icing compounds, anti-knock  agents,  and anti-static additives
in current use or proposed for use in the near  future..   Where
possible the action mechanisms whereby  these additives operate have
been given and discussed. (Author summary)

05309

E, C. Eetz  and H. J,, Eeist
CATALYTIC AFTEBBDENING OP ORGANIC  AIR  POLLUTANTS.   Technik
(Berlin) 20  (6} , 395-400 (June 1965).   Ger.  (Tr.)


Newly developed all-metal catalysts  are discussed  which  are
designed on  the basis of the building  block  assembly  system;  in
practice, they achieve an average  running  time  of  25,000-35,000
working hours.  A catalyst, which  speeds up  a reaction  because of
its presence,  without itself participating in the  reaction,
reduces the  decomposition temperature  during combustion.   A
reaction temperature of 250-350  C  was  achieved  with all-metal
catalysts developed for catalytic  exhaust  gas purification.   The
cold exhaust gases flow through  a  heat exchanger and  are preheated.
Then they are  heated by means of oil burners, gas  burners,  or
electrical heating elements until  they reach the catalytic
reaction temperature,.  A fan then  moves the  exhaust gases to  the
530               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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catalyst  where  the  irritants are oxidized.  The heat released
during catalytic  combustion is largely recovered in the heat
exchanger and it  is used  for heating the cold exhaust gases as
combustion  here is  exothermal.  At a reaction temperature of about
250-350 C,  all  combustible components are oxidized in the exhaust
gas-  As  a  result of the  temperature increase in the exhaust
gas  in the  catalyst, the  positive heat change of this reaction  can
measured  which  gives a  figure directly proportional to the irritant
concentration.  The catalytic exhaust gas purification unit thus
serves as a measurement instrument for the concentration of the
exhaust gas.  A measurement system used for continual surveillance
is presented  in diagram.   Applications of catalytic afterburning
are  discussed in  relation to the following:  drying and hardening
processes,  phthalic acid  and maleic acid anhydride production,
nitric acid production, NO/N02 reduction., ##


85323

Jackson,  Harvin W.


EFFECTS OF  SOME ENGINE  VARIABLES AND CONTROL SYSTEMS ON
COMPOSITION AND REACTIVITY 0? EXHAUST HYDHOCABBONS.  In:
Vehicle Emissions,  Part II, SAE Progress in Technology
Series, Vol.  12,  Society  of Automotive Engineers, Inc.,
H. Y,,,  1966,  P.
N. Y., 1966,  p. 2U1-267.    ({41)) refs-  (Presented at the
Bid-Year  Meeting, Society of Automotive Engineers, Detroit,
Hich., June 3-10, 1966.)


The effects of  air—fuel ratio, spark timing, an engine
modification  system, and  the Air Injection Reactor System on
the  composition and reactivity of the exhaust hydrocarbons are
reported.  The  reactivity index and.composition changes are
compared  to those indicated by the nondispersive infrared analyzer.
Either retarding  the spark timing or leaning the air-fuel ratio
reduced the hydrocarbon concentration measured by the infrared
analyzer™  In contrast, the reactivity index increased as the
spark timing  was  retarded and the decrease in the reactivity index
due  to leaning  the  air-fuel ratio was only 1/2 the decrease in  the
concentration measured  by the infrared analyzer.  For egual
reductions  in the concentration measured by the infrared
analyzer, the reactivity  index with the engine modification system
was 37% higher  than that  with the Air Injection Reactor
System.   Conversely, in order to produce an exhaust with the same
level of  reactivity, the  engine modification system has to reduce
the  concentration measured by the infrared analyzer about 70 ppm
n-hexane  more than  the  Air Injection Reactor System.  The
use  of the  reactivity index points out significant differences  in
SBiog-foraing  potential  resulting from both changes in engine design
variables and exhaust control systems; these differences are not
revealed  by measurements  made using the infrared analyzer.
(Author"s abstract) ##


05U01

ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FRCM  NITBIC ACID MAHUIACTURING PROCESSES.
Public  Health Service, Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Div« of  Air
                           E.  Control Methods                         531

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Pollution and Manufacturing Chemists Association,  Washington,
B.C. 1966..  96 FP-   (999-AP-27.J


Emissions to the atmosphere from the manufacture of  nitric  acid
were investigated jointly by the Manufacturing  Chemists"
Assoc.,, Inc. and the O.S.P.H.S.; the study was  the second in a
cooperative program for evaluation of emissions from selected
chemical manufacturing processes,.  The report describes  the growth
and potential of the nitric acid industry, the  principal processes
for production of nitric acid,  process variables,  emissions from
plants under normal operating conditions, and the  methods and
devices used to limit and control emissions.  The  sampling  and
analytical techniques by which  emissions  were assessed are
presented in detail.  (Author"s abstract)##

C5430

B.  Andoh


HITACHI AIB CLEANSE.,   Kuki Seijo (Clean  Air-J. Japan Air
Cleaning Assoc.,,  tokyo)  U(3):9-17, 1966o Jap.


Hitachi long-term highly efficient filters (having a
dust-collecting efficiency of over 99.97%) have been  used
especially in the pretreatment  of air.  The characteristic common
to the Hitachi cleaners is the  use of a multiple ion-radiation
system in the ionization unit.  The charing efficiency is
increased by reducing the spreading angle of corona  of ion
irradiation by using subelectrodes without increasing
the coronal electric current.   The unit exhibits high efficiency,
uses low electric power, and thus does not generate  ozone.
Silicone rectifiers are used and entire parts are  dipped in oil,
thus giving the high-voltage electric source a  semi-permanent life
time..  The safety device penults high-voltage charging parts of
the equipment to be grounded whenever any door  of  the cabinet may
be opened.  Various ways of washing away  accumulated dusts are
also described.##

05471

J. Oliver
THE PAINT FINISHER AND AIR POIIOTION.   Prod.  Finishing
{Cincinnati) pp. 62-9. Apr., 1967-


Bule 66 adopted by Los Angeles County, July  28,  1966
requiring tighter control of the  550  tons  of  solvent  capor
discharged daily appears to be a  precursor of  regulatory  action
in other areas.  The rule was based on smog  chamber tests of
the photochemical reactivity of various solvent  vapors.   Rule
66 prohibits the discharge of icre  than 15 pounds  of  organic
material into the atmosphere daily  from heat-cured, baked,  or
heat-polymerized material unless  all  organic  material has been
reduced 85K or to not more than 15  pounds  daily.   With air-drying
finishes containing no photochemically reactive  solvents
532              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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there ate no  restrictions.   Control measures include a greater
use  of water  -  based  coatings and the substitution of a mixture
of oxygenated solvents  and  aliphatic hydrocarbons for aromatic
solvents.  Where  formulation changes do not control the exhausts
from spray booths or  baking ovens, alternative controls include
absorption, liquid scrubbing, incineration, and catalytic
combustion,.   Substantial  tax benefits are under consideration
in some states  for companies installing pollution-abatement
equipment.**

05857

D. H., Barnhart   and E.  K. Diehl
CONTROL  OF  NITROGEN OXIDES IN ECILEB FLOE GASES EY THO-STAGE
COMBUSTION.   J.  Air Pollution Control Assoc., 10 (5) ,
397-U06  (Oct.  1960).  (Presente at the 52nd Annual Meeting,
Jir Pollution  Control Association, Los Angeles, Calif.,
June 21-26,  1959.)


Two-Stage  Combustion with auxiliary-air ports above the
burners  is  an  effective method for controlling the nitric  oxide
concentration in boiler flue gases while still maintaining
acceptable  boiler performance-  While utilizing this  method of
operation,  with  95% of the coubustion air through the  burners,  the
nitric oxide level was reduced nearly 30% with both oil  and gas
firing.   A  reduction of 47% occurred during full-lead  oil  firing
when the air flew through the burners was 90S.  The principal
gains made  in bringing nitric oxide under control are  summarized.,
Two-Stage  Combustion together with monor changes to the  burner
(approach-cone vanes out and air registers wide open)  has  given a
total nitric oxide reduction of 56% when firing oil at full load-
is mentioned previously, similar results can be expected in gas
firing.   It appears that additional reductions in nitric oxide
would be possible if the air flew through the burners  were reduced
another  5  or 10%.  The limit would be reached when combustibles
(carbon, CO, etc-}  were detected at the furnace outlet,  or when
the burners became unstable.  The Southern California  Edison
Company  put the  Two-Stage Combustion Hethod into extended  test
operation  at their El Segundo Steam Station.  Although the
fuel-air mixing  process requires careful balance between rapid
mixing for  best  combustion, and delayed mixing for nitric  oxide
reduction,  the change has not required expensive equipment nor  has
it involved any  extensive alterations to the boiler.   This method
of burning  has also been incorporated in the design of two new
boilers  for Edison"s Mandalay Station and two for their
Huntington  Beach Station. .Two-Stage Combustion is believed
to be a  practical operating method for the control of  nitric oxide
emission from  large gas- or oil-fired boilers.  (Author  summary
modified)##

05867

A. A»  Atkisson,  Jr.


NATIONAL MOTOF VEHICLE CONTAMINANT CONTROL REQUIREMENTS.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.  12 (5),  23U-«2 (May 1962).
                           E. Control Methods                         533

-------
(Presented at the 5Uth Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, New York City, June 11-15,  1961.)


An attempt has been made to determine the probable existing and
future vehicular pollution problems in the nation, as contrasted to
the problems which actually have occurred in Los  Angeles County
and other areas of the State cf California.  In the 11
metropolitan areas examined in this study, the data strongly
suggest that atmospheric burdens of vehicular contaminants now
have reached the critical levels necessary for the occurrence of
photochemical smog episodes.  Since approximately 20% of total
vehicular hydrocarion emissions are derived from  crankcase or
"tlowby" losses, the potential national  vehicular contaminant
problem can be substantially minimized by the adoption of blowby
control programs.  The county of los Angeles and  other agencies
have performed tests on a variety of blowby control devices and
have shown that a virtual 100? control of blowby  losses can be
achieved at a cost ranging from six to 18 dollars per vehicle.
These studies also have shown that no adverse maintenance or
operational conditions result from the use of such devices.##
0589U

ti.. A. Bichardson  and W. C. Biddleton
EVALUATION OF FILTERS FOB BEHOVING IEBITANTS JflCK POLLUTED AIB.
Heating,, Piping, Air Conditioning 30, 147-51 (Nov. 1958).
(Presented at the Meeting of the Chapters Begional
Committee for Begion 1, American Society of Heating and
Air Conditioning Engineers, Los Angeles, Calif., Hay 6,
1958.,)


Two air-filter media were evaluated by their effectiveness
in reducing human sensory irritation resulting from Los
Angeles smog.  The sensory response of one group of
subjects working in a filtered atmosphere was compared with the
response of another similar group working in a non-filtered
atmosphere in identical, adjacent rooms.  Sensory response
was measured daily and simulanecus measurements of the physical
composition of the air were obtained.  Mcuh of the testing
was with activated carbon filters varying in air detention
time between 0.032 and 0.0030 sec.  A significant decrease in
irritation was recorded ever the entire range of air detention
times.,   Differences in effectiveness with respect to air
detention time were not statistically significant, although a
trend of decreasing effectiveness was observed as air detention
time was reduced.  Effectiveness of activated carbon in
removing oxidants was directly related to detention time.
N02 was reduced by activated carbon during its early use.  A
particulate filter which effectively removes particles having a
diameter less than 0.05 microns was also tested.,  No decrease in
sensory irritation was detected.,  Correlations computed  between
measurements taken in the non-filtered atmosphere indicate that
sensory irritation is highly related to oxidant level and
moderately to temperature.  (Author's summary)**
534               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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05968

N.  A.  Richardson,   W.  C.,  Middleton,  J. D. Isherwood,  and
B.  Junge


AN  INVESTIGATION OF SYSTEMS FCP BEHOVING IRRITANTS FROM  POLLUTED
AIH.    {In:   First  report of air pollution studies.)
((California  Univ.., Los Angeles, Dept. of Engineering.))
(Sept.  No.,  55-27,,}   (July 1955) ,  34 pp.


A study has  been  initiated to determine the effectiveness of
various types and combinations of filtering devices for  removing
the irritants from  polluted air.  Because the irritants  in
"smog" have  not been identified, the performance of these systems
will have to  be evaluated directly in  terms of human  response.
For this  purpose, a questionnaire which assesses human sensory
response  to  an air  environment has been designed and  tested.
Filter effectiveness can be evaluated  by measuring the sensory
response  of  a group of test subjects to a filtered environment  and
comparing it  to the sensory response which the same test group
«ould exhibit in  the absence of the filtering unit.   The latter
response  roust be  ascertained by measuring the concentration of
certain selected  chemical substances at the filtering system inlet
and relying  upon  a  correlation between group response and the
concentration of  these chemical "indicators."  The sensory
response  of  three  test groups to an unfiltered air environment  was
being compared to several chemical and physical measurements in
order to  establish  correlations for use in filter evaluation.
Preliminary  results suggest that cxidant concentration as
measured  by a phenolphthalein reaction may serve as a good
"indicator"  of the  severity of "smog"  irritation.   {Author
abstract  modified)##

06105

G.  H.  P.  Bengstorff


A RESEARCH  APPROACH TO THE CONTROL CF EMISSIONS FROM
STEELHAKING  PROCESSES..  J« Air Pollution Control Assoc.,  13
(1),  170-2  (Apr-  1963).   (Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting,
Jir Pollution Control Association, Chicago, 111., May 20-24,
1962.,)


A number  of  studies have contributed toward an understanding of
the iron-oxide-smoke forming processes.  One of the most
interesting  methods of study has been  the use of very highspeed
photography  to observe formation of iron-oxide smoke and the
metal  bath  under  various conditions.  The motion pictures
obtained  in  this study are discussed.   The mechanism which now
seems most  acceptable proposes that metallic iron is vaporized
from  an essentially clean surface of liquid metal.  This iron
vapor reacts  with incoming gas which is at least slightly oxidizing
and forms FeO.  The compound FeC is insoluble in the gas (it
has a  low vapor pressure)  and condenses as fine droplets.  This
depletes  the  iron vapor in the vicinity of the liquid iron, so  more
iron  is vaporized in an effort to maintain an equilibrium pressure
                           E. Control Methods                         535

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of iron vapor.  Thus, a continuous pumping action  is  maintained
for the formation of iron oxide smoke so long  as oxidizing  gases
are being supplied and the surface of liguid iron  is  clean  enough
for iron vapor to form,,  Elimination of smoke  at low  carton
contents in top blowing is probably the result  of  suppression of
vaporization of iron.,  Under other steelmaking  conditions,  it may
be the result of providing a reducing atmosphere at the  surface of
the metal, by cutting off the supply of oxidizing  gases  such as
carbon dioxide.  One suggestion for explaining  the elimination of
vaporization of iron at low carbon comes from  the  pictorial
observation of metal dynamics.  Hhen bubbles of CO are no
longer breaking at the surface to expose clean  liguid iron, smoke
formation stops.  An alternative is that the metal is no longer
able to provide carbon at the surface where oxygen impinges on it
fast enough to prevent the formation of protective higher iron
oxides, (t*

061«it

Hirao, 0.
PROBLEMS OF AIR POLLUTION DDE TO VEHICLE EMISSIONS GASES.  J.
Japan Soc. Mech. Engrs.  (Tokyo) 69,575, 1568-72,  Dec.  1966.,  Jap.


The reduction of air pollution due to automotive  exhaust  is
estimated to cost the Japanese tax payer $U2  million.  Likewise, a
great expense will be incurred in correcting  pollution from steam
power plants.  Automobile exhaust causes pollution in local areas
such as heavy traffic circles.  The harmful effects of such
pollutants as CO, S02, NO, hydrocarbonds, formaldehyde, and dusts
are discussed, expecially pollution due to CO.  A supplement of
secondary air to convert  CO to C02, and the  even distribution of
gases to the cylinders would be useful in cutting pollution.  The
production of various  hydrocarbons by the engine is tabulated.
Another possible method for lessening the concentration of
automotive emissions would be in construction  of  over- and under-
passes to avoid bottlenecks on the highway.   This method  would be
cheaper than design and installation of engine  modifications for
each car.  For example, it is estimated that  it would cost $900
million per year for cars in the United States  to be properly
eguipped to control automotive emissions, which money could more
favorably be used in carefully designed construction of 3000 miles
of highway.

06265

J. P. Krueger,  J. C. Beckett,  P. C. Andriese,   and S.
Kotaka
STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF GASEOUS IONS  ON  PLANT  GROHTH..   (II.
THE CONSTRUCTION AND OPEEATION OF AN  AIR PURIFICATION  UNIT  FOB
USE IN STDDIES ON THE BIOIOGICAI IFJICTS OF  GASEOUS  IONS)..   (J.
Gen. Physiol.) U5(5), 897-901  (Hay 1962).


Air pollutants seriously interfere with the  maintenance  of
unipolar ionized atmospheres required in experimenting with the
536               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
biological  effects of gaseous ions,.  The construction and
operation of  an  air purification unit designed to reduce air
pollution to  tolerable levels are described; it has functioned
satisfactorily  in conducting experiments with plants and animals.##
06531

I. A..  Chambers
GASOLINE  COMPOSITION SS J FACTOB IH AIR POLLUTION.  Preprint.
(Presented  at  the American Chemical Society Meeting, Atlantic
City,  N.J.,  Sept. 16, 1959.)


The evidence accumulated by the Air Pollution Control District
of Los Angeles for modifying gasoline composition as a means of
reducing  the formation of smog was illustrated.  Studies were made
with exhaust from engine operations using fuels of high, very low
and intermediate olefin content.  The evidence included
correlations between the following:  Relationships between fuel
composition  and eye irritation; gasoline composition to exhaust
composition; fuel olefins to plant damage; gasoline composition to
aerosol formation; and gasoline compositions to ozone, aldehyde,
and other intermediate formations.  No fully adequate conclusion
as to the explicit relationship between gasoline composition and
smog can  be  formulated at present.  It is evident that fuel
constituents influence the smog forming properties of exhausts and
that certain blends of gasoline are superior to others in this
respect,f#
06688

8. S.  Sease   and G.  Fn  Connell
POT OZONE  TO  HOBK TREATING PLANT HASTE HATER.   Plant Eng.
20 (11) ,  126-7  (Nov.  1966) .


Ozone  is an extremely versatile chemical used for water treatment,
and waste, odor and air pollution control.  In natural states it
occurs in  concentrations of 0.01 - 0.02 ppm by volume.  Of all
the methods of  commercial production, corona discharge is the most
successful technique  for industrial application.  In
generating ozone, a minimuiD voltage of 1500V is impressed upon a
conductor.  Between conductor and ground, there is a non-conductor
and an air gap.   The  corona discharge occurs in this gap.
Concentrations  of 19!  by weight, or 6000 ppm by volume can be
produced on a consistent and practical basis.  Ozone, as an
oxidizing  agent,  purifies water from organic matter, bacteria and
viruses and facilitates filtering of solvable ferrous and manganese
salts.  In waste  treatment plants which employ primary and
secondary  systems for waste removal, ozone provides the tertiary
or final polishing treatment of the effluent.  Properly handled,
toxicity of ozone presents no greater problem than any normal
compressor or motor,,**
                           E. Control Methods                         537

-------
06711

ELECTROSTATIC FORCES.   Text in  French.   J.  Equipment
Electrique Electronigue,  No. 201:77-85,  1960.   Engl,  transl..
Technical Documents Liaison Office,  ECLTD,  Bright-Patterson
AFB, Ohio, MCL-1206/1+2,  17p«,  Sept.,  13,  1961.
   DDC:  AD 268876


Information, taken from reports  presented at the International
Ccnference of Grenoble, on practical  applications of
electrostatic forces is given.   Industrial  applications of
electrostatic forces have been  classified into  four groups:   (1)
Capturing permits in particular  the  treatment of industrial gases
and removal of dust from  them,  and the  purification of air.   (2)
Depositing applies to electrostatic  painting and to the treatment
of plants..  It also applies to  the manufacturing of abrasive paper
and cloth, to flocking  of the surface of  various objects,  to
powdering sheets of metal, and  to the manufacture of  fluorescent
tubes; also in xerography, enamelling,  metallization, lubrication
of laminated steel, smoking of  certain  food  products, and
especially the treatment  of cereal grains with  insecticides before
storing.  (3) Extracting  is known for its application to the
draining of paint in installations for  drip  painting; and  (U)
Separating consists chiefly of  sorting  minerals, and  sorting
mixtures of sand and grains of  steel  coining  from ingots.  The
most instructive applications are described.##

06778
(INDOSTBY AND ATMOSPHERIC POIIUTICN IN GBEAT  ERITAIN.)
Industrie et pollution atmospherigue en Grande  Bretagne.
Centre Interprofessionnel Technique d'Etudes  de  la
Pollution Atmospherique, Paris, France.  (1967.,)   6  pp.,  Fr.
(Kept. No. CI 310.)   (C..I.T.E.P..A. Document No.,  2K.)


A summary of the basis of governmental action in  Great  Britain
in the struggle against industrial emissions  is  outlined.
The regulations imposed by the "Alkali Act" are  in  most cases
based on "the most practical means."  Standards  are given  for
chimney heights.  statutory limits are given  for  various
materials emitted such as hydrochloric acid,  sulfuric
acid, nitric acid, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine,  arsenic,
antimony, cadmium, and lead,.  The construction  of tall
buildings tends to reduce the benefits obtained  by  tall chimneys.
A better knowledge of the effects of pollutants  should  be
obtained so as not to burden industry with unnecessary  expense in
their control.  It is urged that international  standards
for emission be adopted, (tt

068I1H

H. C.. Anderson,  P. L. Eomeo  and H. J.  Green


A NEW FAMILY OF CATALYSTS FOB NITRIC ACID  TAIL  GASES.
Engelhara Ind. Tech.  Bull. 7  (3), 100-5  (Dec.  1966).
538               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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The  palladium  unitory ceramic catalyst remove oxides  of  nitrogen
from tail  gases  produced during the production of  nitric  acid  was
evaluated.   The  new  catalyst, provides excellent abatement  at
100  p.s.i.g.,  using  space velocities of 100,000.   Even at 150,000,
<)H%  of  the  NOx was  removed, with ammonia in only slight  excess
over the NOx.   Bench-scale and field experience have  shown  that
the  unitary  ceramic  catalyst is well adapted to the treatment  of
nitric  acid  stack gases. **


06867

fl. !„ Emitriev
IFJECT  OF IONIZING  BADIATION ON THE COMPOSITION OP THE  AIE
SITHIN  A FACTOBY.,    (Vliyanie ioniziruyushchei radiatsii
na sostav vozdukha  proizvodstvennykh pomeshchenii.,)  Hyg,,
Sanit.   JGigiena  i  Sanit.,)  30 (4), HH-50  (Apr. 1965)..   Euss.
(Tr.)


A study was  made  of the efficiency of the processes leading  to
the production  of nitrogen oxides and ozone in the air  under
the action of ionizing radiation and neutrons.  A comparison  of
the data obtained with concentrations of nitrogen dioxide  and
ozone  gases,  formed in the air under natural conditions, made
it possible  to  set  the maximum permissible doses of ionizing
radiation and that  of the integral neutron current in the  air
of industrial premises.  The following values of the permissible
absorbed dose and the integral neutron flux were obtained  530 r
and 1.,0x10 to the 12th power neutr./cc for 03 and 70,000r  and
1.3x10  to the 14th  power neutr./cc for nitrogen oxides.  These
values  for the  maximum permissible absorbed doses and the  integral
neutron fluxes  may  be used as initial data for determining  the
capacity of  ventilation installations in factories where the
personnel ace subjected ot irradiation.  Safe entrance  into  the
roon after the  termination of irradiation  (when the radiation
source  has been automatically removed into a special well)
will be ensured by  a ventilation factor of 36 during the period
of irradiation, at  a typical mean dose rate of 10 r/sec.   If
the volume of the rocmsis, for example, 150 cu m, the rate  of
the removal  of  air  should not be less than 1.5 cu m/sec.##


06877

A. I. stezhenskii  and. 0.  A. Zagorovskii


POILUTION OF  THE  DHBAN ATMOSPHEBE BY NITBOGEN OXIDES-
(K voprosu o  zagryazenii atmcsfery gorodov okislami azota,,)   Hyg.
Sanit,,  {Gigiena i Sanit.)   30 (6), U08-10  (June 1965).  Buss.
(Tr.)


The emission of nitrogen oxides and a possible measure  for
reducing N02 content in the flue gases discharged by the gas
turbine were discussed.,  Nitrogen dioxide content in flue gas of
different installations are compared and the highest NO2 content
is found in combustion products discharged by the gas turbine.
                           E. Control Methods                         539

-------
The most practicable and efficient  method  for reducing the
production of N02 is the reduction  of  the  cooling {quenching)
rate of the combustion  product  by lengthening the gas line leading
from the combustion chamber  to  the  turbine and by a gradual
feeding of secondary air through a  series  of  holes arranged at
uniform intervals along the  entire  length  of  the gas line«##

06967

PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION  IN  THE  STATE OF NORTH RHINE-
WESTPHALH.   Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare,  North
Tthine-Hestphalia, Germany)}.   (Report  to the  Congrss  on  the
"Prevention of Air Pollution",  Duesseldorf, Germany,  Apr.
5-7, 1965,,) 78p., Translated  from German.


A survey of the activities in North Rhine-Westphalia  for  the
prevention of air pollution  is  reported and the results  are
summarized.  The report included:   (1) history,  legal basis,
administrative organization, smogwarning network,  and economic
problems;  (II) Report of the Factory Inspection Dept.
(Enterprises subject to approval and other enterprises and
working places); and (III) report of the State Institute  for
Air Pollution Control and Land  Utilization  (monitoring of  air
pollution, techniques for measuring immissions,  relationship
between emission and immission, technical  steps for the
restriction of emissions, and the effect of air pollution  on soil,
vegetation and animals.**
07093
REVIEW OF RESTRICTING GAS EHISSION FROM NITRIC-ACID  PLANTS.
((VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure) Kommission Reinhaltung
der Luft, Duesseldorf, Germany,))  (VDI No.  2295.)  (July  1963)
Ger.  (Tr.)  12 pp..


The control of nitrogen oxides during the  production of  nitric
acid was discussed-  Nitrogen oxides emissions are restricted by
absorption, suitable discharge outlets,, and  on the basis of
imissions.  Because of the particularities of nitrous gases, the
content of the waste gases cannot  be completely  controlled., ##


07121

Halliday, E- C.


ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF SHOG ABATEMENT.    South African
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research,  Pretoria,
HE-19, 13p.,, ((1960))..  6 refs-   (Reprinted  from the Eastern
Province Soc. of  Engineers J., 1960-1961.)


The current American abstracts indicate that over 600 papers are
being published on air pollution each year,  a high  percentage of
540               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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then  being concerned  with  engineering aspects of the reduction of
concentration of  pollution in the atmosphere™  The topics
discussed include:  the  pollutants and their sources, the effects of
atmospheric  pollution,  the dissipation of pollutants in the
atnosphere,  the reduction  of pollution, pollution from combustion,
sulfur  dioxide from combustion, and grit and dust arrestment in
industry.  Button's equation fcr the case of the emission of
pollutants at a height  above the ground is also discussed. ##

07172

Collier,  E.  I.,   M. C.  Gourdine,  and E. H. Malcolm


ElECTROGASDYNJBICS AND  PRECIPITATION.   Ind. Eng. Chen.,
58(12) :26-29,  Dec.. 1966.,


Electrogasdynamic  (ZGD) precipitation is discussed.
Electrogasdynanics is concerned with the acceleration  or
deceleration of  a flowing gas containing unipolar ions with  the
expenditure  or extraction of electrical energy.  The EGD
precipitator consists of three basic components:  an ionizing
section,  a  dielectric section, and a collector section™   The
entrance  to  the  precipitator is a high velocity  duct in which  the
ionization  of particulate matter occurs.  The particles leave  the
ionizer through  a dielectric section at approximately  the same
velocity  and expand through a decelerating  diffuser into  a
collector.   The  dielectric section separates and electrically
insulates the collector from the ionizer and allows the buildup  of
a strong  space-charge field.  Repulsion of  the particles, due  to
like charges,  drives them to the walls of the collector where  they
are precipitated.  The thecry cf space-charge collection,
generators,  and  ion sources is reviewed.  A  precipitation
system based upon electrogasdynaiic  principles is feasible.
Performance  levels comparable to those of conventional devices can
he obtained  in an installation of considerably lower capital cost-
The geometry considered in the analysis was, for simplicity,
cylindrical.  However,  i large scale installation would employ a
rectangular  plate construction similar to conventional
precipitators,  with the greatly increased plate  separation  that  the
space-charge collection system permits.t#

07187

E. C. larson  and H.  E. Sipple


LOS ANGELES  RULE  66 AND EXEBPT SOLVENTS.  J.. Paint
Technol-  39 (508) : 258-26« ((May 1967).   {Presented at the Los
Angeles Society  for Coatings Technology, Calif., Oct.  12,
1966; at  the Golden Gate Society, San Francisco, Calif.,
Oct.  17,  1966; and at the Portland, Seattle, abd Vancouver
Sections  of  the  Pacific Northwest Society, Hashington,
Oct.  19,  20, and  21,  1966.}


The implications  of Rule 66 of the Los Angeles County  Air
Pollution Control District, which controls  the emissions  of
volatile  organic  solvents, are reviewed for their effect  on  the
                           E. Control Methods                         541

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paint industry.  The various provisions of Rule  66  are  discussed
to illustrate the desirability of using exempt solvents.
Saturated hydrocarbons  (iso, normal,, and cycloparaf f ins) ,
alcohols, esters, ether-alcohols, and non-branched  ketones  are
entirely exempt.  The exempt limits for photochemical reactive
materials are as follows:  olefins - 556, C8  plus aromatics  -  8%,
and toluene, ethylbenzene, branched ketones,  and
trichloroethylene - 205S-,  Hith mixtures of these photochemical
reactives the total allowable amount is 2055,  The  problem facing
the paint industry is the replacement of the  aromatic solvents
which are good solvents, but are photochemically reactive.   (igh
solvency napthenic base stocks will help offset  the solvency  of the
displaced aromatics for the long oil alkyds  and  many medium oil
alkyds.   Small quantities of non-exempt solvents can be  used
provided the escaping vapors are condensed or burned efficiently-
The General Services Administration has asked for a revision
of all their purchasing specifications to conform to Pule 66..##

07199

S., Yoshinari


ELECTROSTATIC AIB FILTER.  Kuki Seijo (Clean  Air   J.. Japan.
Air Cleaning Assoc. , Tokyo)  1{1):70-71, 1964.  Jap.


Electrostatic air filters are divided into two groups:  the 2-step
charging type and the dielectric filter type.  Under the charge
type come the automatic flush type, automatic washing type, and
exchange filter type.  The dielectric filter  type gives a charge
to the filter which has a high dieletric constant in order  to
promote efficiency.  This type of filter does not produce much
ozone.  In the two-step charging type the air resistance is very
small during the operation and the collecting efficiency largely
depends on the velocity of the air  (90% for  2.5  cu  m/sec and  46?
for 5 cu m/sec.,  Pre-filtration is recommended because  fibrous or
large-size dusts or a short between the charging plates caused by
high humidity will decrease the efficiency.   The cost of the
equipment and maintenance for one year is tabulated for air flow of
100 cu m/min and 30 cu m/min.Id

07205
"SHCK-CLEAN" A NEW DEVICE TO ELIMINATE CITY SMOG.,
"Smok-Clean" Nuovo Eepuratcve per Eliminare lo  Smog  delle
Citta.,  Fumi Polveri  (Milan) 7  (4),  S3-6  (Apr.  1967).  It.


The smog purifier consists  of four  parts: a heat  exchanger, a
purifier, a basin for the sashing solution, and a ventilator..  The
washing column is filled with inert  material.   Here,  the
combustion fumes corce in contact vith a water solution which
precipitates the carbon particles and physico-chemical atsorption
of the sulfur oxides  occurs.  The use of  a cheap  material  that
could resist the corrosive  action of sulfurous  and sulfuric acids
is necessary.  It was found that Moplen  (a polypropylene  product
of Montesud Petrochemical)  was  suitable.  Between the heater
542               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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and  the Moplen  washer,  a metal heat exchanger is  placed  to  cool
the  220 deg. C-230  deg  C funes from the heater dcwn  to
120  deg C-130 deg C.  The advantages of using the "smok-clean"
device are that it  is cheap to operate, it does not  produce  fumes,
and  it is safe  and  relatively noiseless,.  It is also efficient,
for  it eliminates 98% of the sulfur oxides and 96? of the carbon
particles.#t

07549

M. Yamate
AIR POLLUTION  BY  TOXIC GAS AND ITS COUNTER MEASURE.    Text  in
Japanese.   Kuki Seijo (Clean Air, J,. Japan Air Cleaning
Assoc.,  Tokyo)  3 (2): 19-25, 1965.  5 refs.


The present status of air pollution in Japan and  its  counter
neasures are described according to the chemical  composition  of
the pollutlants:   sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides,  halogen
compounds,  organic compounds, and solid particles  (dusts).  The
hourly variation  of S02 concentration is graphed..   In Tokyo,
there is a  peak around noon of about 15 pphm; N02  ranges
froni 1 to 1-5  pphm with little variation.  Concentrations of
S02, NO, N02,  H2S, and CO were measured in Yokkaichi,
Osaka and Ube  as  well as in Tokyo.  Graphs relating amount
of traffic  to  CO  concentration show almost the same pattern.
Concentrations of HC1 and HF in the air are quite  small
(0.35 ppm and  0.3-0.4 micrcgrams/cu m. , respectively)  near
chemical plants  producing these gases.  Counter measures  used
against  the various pollutant emissions are:  the  dry method,
wet method, activated carbon method for sulfur oxides; alkali  or
oxidation method  for nitrogen oxide; dry iron oxide and dry
absorption  methods for H2S; and water washing method  for
HC1 and  HF»  Afterburner methods by sparking and  heat
concentration  are described fcr control of automobile exhausts,.
However, problems encountered with the afterburner methods  are
the high temperature reguired and nitrogen oxide  increase.  The
equipment reguired is also rather large..  Another  method  employing
catalysts is described in which Icam, molybdenum,  white gold,
nickel or vanadium are used effectively.##


07552

Eillings, Charles E-,  Charles Kurker, Jr.,  and Leslie
Silverroan
SIMULTANEOUS  REMOVAL  OF ACID GASES, KISTS, AND FUMES WITH
MINERAL BOOL  FILTERS..   J..  Air Pollution Control Assoc..,
8(3) :195-202,  Nov.  1958.  20 refs.  (Presented at the 51st
Annual Meeting,  Air  Pollution Control Assoc., Philadelphia,
Pa.,  Hay  26-29,  1958.)


Investigations  have  indicated that tuo in. thick filters at  four
Ib/cu. ft. packing density will remove up to 80% of acid mist
and  up to 99*  of acid  gases and fumes.  Total filter life  depends
upon  concentration  cf  contairinant in the entering air.  A
                           E. Control Methods                         543

-------
summary of filter performance is  given..   Estimated operating  life
based upon one use of the  filter  material can  be obtained from the
data given.  Hith particulates  such  as  iron  oxide and fly ash, it
has been found possible to  wash and  reuse filters about ten times.
when iron oxide was collected simultaneously with S02,  filters
were reused about eight tines.  Acid gas  collection is
significantly improved by  the presence  of moisture on slag wool
filters.  Mineral wool filters  have  several  features such as, low
cost (about 1 cents/lg.,),  snail fiber diameter (i» micron and
ability to withstand high  temperatures  (1000 deg F.).   Slag wool
will simultaneously remove  sub-micron particulate materials with
90 to 99% efficiency.  Resistance to flow through two in.  slag
wool filters (with an HF efficiency  of  95%)  is on the order of
one or two in. of water, or  if  continuously  moistened,  at most 6
in. of water. *#
0755U

Donahue, J. !,„


SYSTEM DESIGNS FOE THE CATALYTIC DECOMPOSITION  OF  NITBOGEN
OXIDES..  0. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 8 (3) : 209-212,  222,
Nov., 1958.  6 refs.,   (Presented at  the  51st  Annual Meeting,
Air Pollution Control Assoc., Philadelphia,  Pa.,  May  25-29,
1958.)


The control of exhausts from industrial  and  chemical  operations
containing harmful concentrations of  nitrogen  oxides  is
accomplished by catalytic reduction of  the  gases.   Catalytic
destruction of nitrogen oxides, system  designs  currently in use on
industrial applications, and operating  performance are discussed.
Ey mixing a hydrocarbon, or reactive  fuel with  the gases, and
passing them through a catalyst, the  end products  are odorless,
color-free, and harmless gases..  Catalytic  reduction  of  nitrogen
oxides can be accomplished at either  atmospheric  or elevated
pressure.  The main components are  the  preheater,  exhaust fan, and
catalyst bed.  As the process waste gases enter the system, they
become mixed with and preheated ty  the  recycled portion  of the
stream.  The combined stream then passes the preheater.
Following this, the reducing fuel is  sparged into  the system, and
the combined stream enters the exhaust  fan,  is  thoroughly mixed,
and discharged through the catalyst element.  Here, the  oxidation
of the sparge fuel and reduction of the  nitrogen  oxides  takes
place, with heat release in prcpcrticn  to the  sparge  fuel supplied.
For elevated pressures designers now  incorporate  a Catalytic
Pressure Beactor, installed between the  process tail  gas outlet
and the expansion turbine.  A dual  result is thus  obtained; the
catalyst reduces the oxides of nitrogen  to  produce a  clear, clean,
effluent, and the power recovered through the  turbine is increased
many times by the greatly elevated  temperature  of  the gases.  To
date, there have been no reports of personnel  discomfort, or
corrosion attributed to exhaust streams  whose  oxides  of  nitrogen
content has been reduced by processing  in a  catalytic system-  In
every case, users report complete elimination  of  the  characteristic
color and odor, which are otherwise strongly in evidence.##
544              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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07593

Panel  on Electrically  Powered Vehicles


THE  AUTOMOBILE  AND  AIR POLLUTION:  A PROGRAM FOB  PBOGRESS,,
Los  Angeles County  Air Pollution Control District,  Calif.,
51pu,  Oct. 1967.
  GPO:  0-278-U82


Air  pollution problems fron the viewpoint of automotive
transportation  were studied in general and all possible
alternatives to the current gasoline engine were  investigated  by
the  Panel on Electrically Powered Vehicles.  The  Panel made
sixteen recommendations for the Federal Government  with  respect
to its role concerning air pollution resulting from automotive
euissions.  Technology and the control of automotive  air
pollution and the role of industry are also discussed.##


07613

Gidgway, So L-  and J,, C» Lair


AUTOMOTIVE AIB  POLLUTION:  A SYSTEMS APPBOACH.    J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., 10 (1) : 336-340, Aug. 1960.   1 ref.
(Presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting, Air Pollution  Control
Jssoc., Los Angeles, Calif., June 21-26, 1959.)


The  application of  systems engineering to the control of pollution
from automotive exhaust is illustrated.  First, the design and
conplex mechanical  function of the flame afterburner  system are
analyzed.  The  efficiency of the device is discussed.  Secondly,
an analysis is  made of the natural meteorological modulation of the
concentration of air pollution to form an estimate  of the results
that might be brought  about by the control of emissions.  By
examination of  past records, September was found  to be the worst
uonth  of the smog season.  Concentrations of ozone  and carbon
monoxide for the month of September froi 1955-1958  were  studied.
It «as deduced, on  the basis of analysis, that a  pollutant which
contributes to  smog formation must be reduced in  concentration by a
factor of 2 or  3 in order to reduce the worst September
experience to the level of the best.  The efficiency  of  control
devices required to reduce today's pollution is calculated.#t


07881

Gruuer, J.,  M. E.  Harris,  V. H.. Bowe,  and E. B.  Cook


EFFECT OF RECYCLING COPIEOSTION PRODUCTS ON PRODUCTION OF OXIDES OF
NITROGEN, CABBON MONOXIDE AND HYDROCARBONS EY GAS BURNER
FUMES. Preprint, Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa., t2p., 1967.  2H
rets.  (Presented at the Symposium on Air Pollution Control
Through Applied Combustion Science, 16th Annual Meeting,
Jserican Inst.  of Chemical Engineers, New York City,  Nov.
26-30, 1967)
                          E. Control Methods                         545

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Gas appliances designed to lessen the emission  of oxides  of
nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and  hydrocarbons,  are  desired.,  The
formation and decay of oxides of nitrogen  and carbon  monoxide in
the secondary  combustion zone  of gas-burner  flames  were
investigated as functions of temperature,  cooling rate  (temperature
gradient), and degree of recycling  of combustion  products  into the
primary combustion zone of the  flame; preliminary measurements were
made on hydrocarbons from flames. Eecycling,  though effective in
reducing nitrogen oxides concentrations  in effluent from gas
appliances, makes the flames longer and  less  stable..    Nitrogen
oxides may be reduced by keeping the primary  combustion temperature
as low as possible, preferably  no higher than about 3,000  deg. F.,
and by starting to cool the combustion gases  as soon  as possible to
about 2,300 deg. F at which temperature  concentrations  of  nitrogen
oxides do not increase within the residence time  in  most gas
appliances*  Concentrations of  carbon monoxide  are lowered by
recycling of flue gases.  The oxidation  rate  of carbon  monoxide is
strongly increased by increasing the oxygen concentration.
Although the point has yet to be proven  by future research, it
appears that carbon monoxide concentrations may best  be lowered by
appliance designs that allow rapid  induction  of secondary  air into
the secondary combustion zones.  Hydrocarbons can escape from gas
burner flames by flowing from the preheat  zone  of partially lifted
flames through the dead space into  the surrounding cold atmosphere.
Eecycling of combustion gases,  very low  fuel-air  ratio, and very
high flow rates tend to promote partial  lifting of flames  from
burner ports.  It is possible that  the emission of hydrocarbons by
gas appliances may largely be avoided by designing for  well-seated
flames on burner ports..

07884L

H. lew,  B. Woodruff,  H. Johnson,   W. Husa
ION EXCHANGEES IN BEMOVAL 0? AIR CONTAMINANTS.    San
Francisco Bay-Naval Shipyard, Vallejo,  Calif.,  Chemical
tab.-802U-66, PB-1, «30))p.. March  1967.  {(50))  refs.
   DDC:  AD  808060L
The ability of ion exchangers  to be  synthesized,  modified,
regenerated, or used in customary  form  to react with  gaseous air
contaminants and effect removal of  these contaminants from air
was studied.  Results show  that treated and  untreated ion
exchangers will react with  a variety of gaseous  materials and
thereby cause removal of these materials from  air.  Reactions
which occur between ion exchange resins and  ionized reactants in
agueous media will likely occur in  gaseous  systems.   The
possibilities of reactions  between  exchangers  and organic
contaminants at nominal temperatures cannot  necessarily be
foreseen.  Favorable reactions between  organic vapors and
exchanged groups on ion exchange resins are  being sought. ##

07893

Stern, Arthur C.

AIR POLLUTION CONTEOL - PROBLEMS FOB THE AUTOMOTIVE
ENGINEER-  Preprint, Public  Health  Service,  Washington, D. C..,
546               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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National Center for  Air  Pollution Control, 15p.r  ((1967)),,
(Presented at the  National West Coast Meeting, Society of
Automotive Engineers,  Portland, Oreg., Aug. 16, 1967,,)


The  contribution of  the  automobile and other gasoline power
vehicles to pollution  are  discussed™   The adverse effects and the
contributing pollutants  are cited.  Control efforts are being
undertaken under the mandate of the Motor Vehicle Air Pollution
Control Act, which authorizes the establishment of standards for
the  emission of substances harmful to public health.  Compliance
certification of new motor vehicles and engines and the technical
problens involved  are  discussed.  Approaches to vehicular-emission
control are discussed, specially the inter-relationship of engine,
fuel,  and refinery design.  The corresponding problems of the
automotive engineer  are  cited.

07921

Benforado, David H. ,  Pauletta, Carl E. ,  and Hazzard, Noel D.


ECONOMICS OF HEAT  BECOVEBY IN DIBICT-FLAME IOME INCINEBATION. Air
Ing.,  9(3):29-32,  March  1967.  3 refs.


Direct-flame fume  incineration as an effective and economical air
pollution control  process  is discussed.  Its advantages over
thermal incineration without a flame, its use in conjunction with
heat recovery eguipment  are topics also covered.  Direct-flame
incineration, economy  of heat recovery eguipment, practical
solution to air pollution  problem, control eguipment requirements,
design criteria, information required by eguipment manufacturer and
measurement of effectiveness of eguipment are also discussed.


07931

Ertl,  D- H..


E1ECTBOSTATIC GAS  CLEANING.   S. African Mech. Engr.
(Johannesburg), 16 (8) : 159-168 , March 1967.


Electrostatic precipitators are a highly developed and
efficient means of cleaning industrial and waste gases,
satisfying all modern  hygienic and industrial requirements.  Each
precipitator has to  fulfill two functions:  (1)  electrically
charging the dust  and  capturing it by electrodes which are at
earth  potential; and (2)  passing this precipitated dust, with
ninimum re-entrainment losses, into the hoppers underneath the
precipitation field.  Parameters influencing the total dust
collecting efficiency  are:  the ratio of the collecting plate area
to gas flow rate,  which  is a dimension of the precipitator size;
the  migration velocity or  the velocity by which the dust is
attracted to the collecting plate under electrical forces, which is
dependent on field intensity; the dielectric constant of the dust;
the  dew-point of the gas/dust mixture, high dew-point being better
suited for precipitation than a completely dry gas.  Factors
                           E. Control Methods                         547

-------
adversely affecting precipitation efficiency are  space charges,
which develop when there are large amounts of very  fine dust in
the gas, and dust resistivity, which makes precipitation difficult
when the dust layers have an electrical resistance  of greater than
approx. 10 to the 11th power ohm/cm.  Precipitators  are
important for thermal power stations where the dust  fineness must
also be taken into account in design.  The use of precipitators
for blast furnaces and steel works, cement works, and in the
chemical industry, is noted.  Dust collecting efficiencies of
99., 5* are not exceptional and greater efficiency is  advisable in
continuous operation at numerous plants.  For optimum dust
collecting results, the specific dust properties have to be taken
into account during the planning stage of the whole  plant.##
08036

Hicke, E.


FUNDAMENTALS OF CATALYTIC AFTF.BEUBNING.   (Grundlagen der
katalytischen Nachverbrennung-)  Chem. Ingr. Tech.  (Weinheim) ,
37(9) : 892-901, Sept. 1965.  27 refs.  Translated from German.
Joint Publications Besearch Service, Washington, B.C.,
B-8885-E. 33p., Jan. 12, 1968.


Catalytic afterburning proved itself as suitable for the removal
of objectionable and harmful impurities from industrial exhaust
gases in a number of instances.  The length of the  catalyst
stretch that must be passed by the exhaust gases to attain a
certain degree of conversion  {degree of oxidation) can be
characterized in terms of the 'length of  a conversion unit"
provided that the reaction is first-crder and proceeds
approximately isothermally.  This term encompasses  in a rational
manner the effects of reaction rate and catalyst activity
(including catalyst porosity and internal surface), gas
flowthrough, longitudinal mixing, and material transfer between gas
flow and catalyst surface.  The material  transfer imposes
minimum lengths for a conversion unit; these were explained in more
detail for a particle layer and for insert catalysts with
perpendicular flow within tube clusters.  If the conditions
deviate strongly from formal kinetics of  first order, this
treatment no longer remains applicable, as has been shown on the
example of an autocatalytic oxidation of  CO on a Pt carrier
catalyst.  at higher concentrations of components to be
oxidized, increasing temperature profiles develop along the
catalyst layer:  these were discussed under the assumption that
the operation is adiabatic.  As the heat  generation and the
activation energy of the reaction increase, more and more of the
total conversion will crowd into a relatively short layer cross
section with a steep temperature gradient.  Under certain
conditions, thermal instabilities may occur here for the catalyst.
These lead to the formation of "combustion zones,"  which are
stationary only at a characteristic "combustion rate" and gas flo»
rate within the catalyst layer.  Curved combustion  zones are able
to adapt themselves within wide ranges to changing  gas flow  rate by
expansion or shrinkage..  Concentration profiles measured in  a
combustion zone created with a butane/oxygen mixture indicate the
intensity of the reaction in the steep temperature  rise range.
543              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AlR POLLUTION

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Coubustion zones could  be  created at relatively small temperature
gradients (about 200 deg)  and  relatively low intake temperatures
in the autocatalytic oxidation of CO on Ft catalysts-  ASt#

08055

Hardison, L. C.


CONTROLLING COHBUSTIBLE EMISSIONS.  Paint Varnish Prod-, 57(7) :t1-
U7,  July 1967.


The  control of solvent  emissions may be handled by adsorption,
thermal incineration, and  catalytic incineration™  Adsorption has
the  disadvantage of requiring  reconstitution of the solvent and
presents a complex addition  to the manufacturing procedure.
Adsorption as a means of concentrating solvent into a smaller
stream for subsequent incineration appears attractive for some
paint spray applications.,  Incineration provides the most nearly
nniversal answer to the solvent emission problem, and perhaps the
uost costly.  Catalytic incineration is not universally accepted at
the  present time because of  the lack of evidence of sustained
performance, and will require  a guarantee of service and
replacement in order to gain acceptance for solvent emission
control.,  Thermal incineration, on the other hand, can be assumed
to sustain a given perfornance level if the flovs,  temperatures,
etc., are held constant..  This will be the main tool for solvent
incineration in the coating  industries in the near future.

08075

Griswold, S. S.


REGULATION OF NEW MOTOR VEHICLES.   Preprint, Public Health
Service, Washington, D»  Cu ,  Division of Air Pollution, 7p_,
1966.   '{Presented at the National Conference on Air Pollution,
Bashington, D_ C., Dec. 12-1«, 1966.)


The  problem of air pollution from motor vehicles is discussed.
The  basis for the discussion is the Motor Vehicle Air
Pollution Control Act.,   It is  an amendment to the Clean Air
Act  of 1963 and was signed by  President Johnson on October 20,
1965,,  It is designed to achieve uniform national control by
limiting the emission from all ne« motor vehicles introduced into
commerce, whether manufactured in the United states or imported
from abroad.  It authorizes  the Secretary of Health,
Education, and Helfare  to  establish standards for the emission of
any  substance which in  his judgment is, or may be, injurious to
public health or welfare and to require compliance with these
standards.  At the same time the Act specifies that appropriate
consideration be given  to  technological feasibility and economic
costs in prescribing standards applicable to new motor vehicles or
engines.  Federal emission standards were formally promulgated on
March 30, 1966-  These  standards are applicable to the 1968
model year and reflect  those currently in effect in the State of
California.  To implement  these standards, to test for compliance
and, generally, to provide the necessary machinery for insuing that
                           E. Control Methods                         549

-------
the public gets the control it  needs,  the  Abatement Branch of  the
Division of Air Pollution is establishing  a  fully equipped
laboratory at the Willow Bun airport near  Detroit.   This
laboratory also has the responsibility for evaluating the adequacy
of existing standards and the need  for more  severe standards and
less complex test procedures,.   Field surveys of equipped vehicles
in California and elsewhere are  also being being conducted.
Initial certification of new systems is  approved on the basis  of
performance of test vehicles, but the  continued approval for
succeeding years will be determined by the systems" effectiveness
when evaluated under realistic  driving conditions.t#

08162

Hatsak, V. G.


THE PURIFICATION OF AIR POLLUTED BY VAPOES AND  GASES.  In:  Survey of
D. S» S. B. Literature from Russian by Bu  S»  Levine. National
Bureau of Standards, Washington, E. C.,  Inst.  for Applied Tech.,
Vol. 3, 177-185, May 1960,
   CFSTI: TT 60-21475


Methods for the recovery and purification  of  noxious substances
ejected by gas exhaust and ventilating installations are reviewed™
It was found easier to purify exhaust  gases  than ventilating air..
The methods include: Chemical purification method.  Condensation
method. Liquid absorption method,, and  Absorption by solid
absorbents (adsorption).  Present methods  for air and  gas
purification can be rendered close  tc  100  percent free of most acid
and alkali gases, organic solvent vapors and  some other gases. But
no effective and cheap method has been found  up to  the present for
the recovery of carbon monoxide..  Purification  of air  from solvent
vapors, such as gasoline, acetone,  acetates,  etc.  can  be used
effectively only in the case of  tail gases and  not  in  the
purification of ventilating air, even  though  it is  effective in
bcth instances; the high cost makes its  use  for purification of
ventilation air economically prohibitive..  The  possibility of  using
solid absorbents, such as activated charcoal  and silicagel for the
purification of ventilation air  may apply  to  many cases.  The
primary obstacle lies in the high cost of  adsorbent material and in
the consumption of considerable  electric energy in  overcoming  the
pressure drop of recuperating installations.

08207

Scurirajan, S.  and Mauro A. Accomazzo


THE APPLICATION OF THE COPPED OXIDE-ALUMINA  CATALYST FOP AIE
POLLUTION CONTROL. Can. J. Chen". Eng.  (Ottawa),  39(2):83-93, April
1961.  8 refs.


The catalytic combustion of 1-hexene present  in diluent nitrogen in
the concentrations of 1170 ppm  and  3000  ppm  by  excess  oxygen,  has
been studied in the presence of  CUO-A1203  (1:1)  catalyst in the
temperature range 212 deg. to U21 deg. C.  and gas space velocity in
the range 1000-16,000 hr.-1»  The experimental  data on the kinetics
550               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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of the  reaction  were found to fit an empirical half-order law with
respect to  the  1-hexene concentration. The presence of water vapor
in the  reactants was found to have no effect on the efficiency of
the catalyst  at  temperatures higher than 400 deg. C.  The above
results were  similar to those obtained for the catalytic oxidation
of n-hexene studied earlier.  The possible use of the above copper
oxide-alumina catalyst for the simultaneous removal of hydrocarbons
and carbon  monoxide present in the auto exhaust gases has been
tested, making  use of a 1955 six-cylinder automobile engine run on
leaded  gasoline  fuel.  The hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide
concentrations  encountered in these studies varied in the range 170-
16,000  ppm  and  1-7 percent respectively.  It was found that the
minimum initial temperature of the catalyst bed reguired for the
complete removal of both hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide,
simultaneously,  was 226 deg. C- under no load condition, 312 deg.
C. under an engine load of 2.5 hp, 400 deg. C. under an engine load
of 5.1  hp or  higher, and 236 deg. C. under deceleration conditions..
The catalyst  showed no deterioration in performance even after 100
hours of continuous service in conjunction with the above auto
exhaust gases.   Authors abstract

08345

Cooper, Jonathan C.  and Frank T. Cunniff


CONTROL OF  SOLVENT EMISSIONS.  Proc. MECAB Symp., New
Developments  in Air Pollution Control, Metropolitan
Engineers Council on Air Resources, New York City, p., 30-41,
Ccto 23, 1967.


Four different  approaches can be taken toward controlling solvent
vapor emissions fron industrial and commercial operations.  One
way is  to avoid air pollution entirely by using water as the
solvent.  A second approach is to reduce the severity of the
pollution by  changing to organic solvents with low photochemical
reactivity.  A  third control method is to destroy the escaping
solvent vapors  by incineration.  When properly designed and
installed this  method is very effective and the capital costs
involved are  moderate.  The fourth type of control method is to
capture the emitted solvent vapors so that the solvent can be
recovered for reuse.  Three technigues are available -
adsorption  of the vapors in a scrubbing liquid, condensation by
cooling, and  adsorption on activated carbon.  Of these,
activated carbon adsorption is the most generally applicable and is
capable of  achieving the highest degree of solvent recovery, with
resulting attractive payout.##

09238

Hader,  P.  P.,  and E. S. Mills


CONTAMINANT CONTROL IN SPACE CABINS:  APPROACH AND EESULTS.
Aerospace Med.,  38(8):822-825, Aug. 1967, 4 refs.


The systematic  screening of materials and supplies intended for
use inside  space cabins is described.  Materials were screened on
                           E. Control Methods                         551

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the basis o± their outgassing properties at  120  deg  F-  for  72
hrs. in an apparatus consisting of a closed  72-1.  Pyrex  flask
containing 50 percent 02 and 50 percent nitrogen and equipped with
several inlet tubes through which gas samples  were withdrawn for
gas chromatographic and infrared analysis.   Pressure within the
flasks was adjusted to 0.5 atm.  The test temperature of  '\20 deg
F. was selected as the highest level at which  the chromatograms
and infrared spectra were still representative of the actual
components in the gaseous system.  When paints and finishes were
tested, a water-based methacrylate paint was found to release the
smallest amounts of outgassing products, while epoxy paint  and
polyvinyl acetate released considerably larger volumes  of
outgassing products.  A sound dampener was discarded when tests
indicated the release of substantial amounts of  formaldehyde.
Glasswool and asbestos ribbons released large  amounts of  organic
compounds, although they had been previously flashfired at  700
deg F.  One insulating material was selected after 6 were
screened.  Trichlorethylene, used as a space cabin cleaner, should
not be used for a final cleaning of a space  cabin simulator because
it forms toxicchlorinated acetylenes.  Atmospheric contaminants
were also measured during a 30-day test of the space cabin
simulator by t men.t#

09315

Newhall, H. K. and E. S. Starknan


DIRECT SPECTBOSCOPIC DETEBHINATION OF NITRIC OXIDE IN RECIPBCCAT-
ING ENGINE CYLINDERS.   Preprint,, Society of Automotive Engi-
neers, 18p., 1967., 35 refs. (Presented at the  Automotive  Engi-
neering Congress, Detroit, Hich,,, Jan., 9-13, 1967, Paper
670122) .


A theoretical and experimental investigation was carried  out to
determine the mechanism whereby nitric oxide is  formed, conserved,
and exhausted from the reciprocating engine  combustion  chamber.
The equipment utilized a magnesium oxide window  to transmit the
infrared radiation from the combustion chamber;  a monochrometer to
disperse the radiation, and a cryogenically  cooled semiconductor to
sense and indicate the nitric oxide produced radiation.   The
results confirmed the theoretical prediction based on chemical
kinetics that nitric oxide, once formed in approximately
equilibrium quantities in the combustion process will thereafter
not disappear because the engine expansion takes place  more rapidly
than the kinetic processes can accommodate.  The theory and
measurements allow more rational explanations  for the well
documented influences which mixture strength,  spark  timing,
compression ratio, and engine speed exert on oxides  of  nitrogen
concentration in engine exhaust.  (Authors   abstract)

093UO

Newhall, Henry K.


CONTROL OF NITROGEN OXIDES BY EXHAUST RECIHCDLATION   A
PHELIBINAFY THEORETICAL STUDY.   Preprint, Society of
Automotive Enigneers, 10p., 1967.  15 refs.   (Presented at  the
552               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
Bid-Year  Meeting of the Society of Automotive Engineers,
Chicago,  111.,  Hay  15019, 1967, Paper 670495.)


The control  of  nitrogen oxides by exhaust recirculation has been
evaluated theoretically by digital computer simulation of  the
engine  cycle.   Nitric oxide emission, power output, and fuel
consumption  have been considered,  Preliminary results indicate
that effectiveness  of the recirculation method of nitric oxide
control can  be  accounted for by the attendant shift in the peak
temperature  chemical equilibrium species distribution.  The
analysis  reveals that nitric oxide reduction is highly
dependent on fuel-air ratio, and somewhat less dependent on the
temperature  of  recycled exhaust gases.  (Author's abstract)##
05780

Environmental  Science Services Corp-, Stamford, Conn.


JIB POLLUTION  CONTROL PBIHEH.   35 p.,, ({1968))-


The main  sources of air pollution are combustion processes,
especially  internal combustion engines-  In a general manner the
following are  discussed:   causes and effects of air pollution;
legal aspects;  automobile emissions; fossil fuels and lead
additives;  and  control eguipment and its market potential-
09781

Environmental  Science Services Corp.,, Stamford, Conn.


SOLVENT  EMISSION CONTROL LAWS AND THE COATINGS AND SOLVENTS INDUS-
TRY.   (A TECHNO/ECONOBIC STDDY.)   56 p., {(1967)).  6 refs..


The widespread adoption of the strict California solvent emission
laws will seriously effect practices and products in the surface
coating  industry.   The California codes contain three main
elements:  the  emission of photochemically reactive solvents is
restricted;  the sale of coatings containing these materials is
banned;  and  the emission of these materials during the manufacture
of coating materials is restricted.  Widespread adoption of these
codes  would  cause  changes in the formulation of the coatings, and
would  adversely affect the markets for mineral spirits, napthas,
substituted  aromatics, branched ketones, olefins, and
trichloroethylene.  However, alcohols, esters, odorless mineral
spirits,  and glycolesters would gain markets at the expense of the
photochemically active solvents.   Emission control methods,
analytical techniques, and measurement methods are outlined.  The
effectiveness  of various organic solvents in photochemical smog
formation is discussed.   An evaluation of existing regulations,
with emphasis  on California Rule 66, is presented along with lists
of exempt sources.
                           E. Control Methods                         553

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09981

Tikhonenko, A. D.  and H. N.  Nabiev


NATURAL-GAS CATALYTIC REDUCTION OP NITRIC  OXIDE  TAIL GASES  IEOH
NITEIC ACID PRODUCTION.  Translated  from Russian.   Uzbesk.
Khim.  Zh., 11(4):6-9, 1967.  2 refs.
   CFSTI:  PB 178106T


The catalytic reduction of nitrogen  oxides is  the  most  progressive
means of purifying tail gas from nitric acid production.  The
process of catalytic reduction of nitric oxides  by methane  in the
term of natural gas at atmospheric pressure  with the use  of
platinized nickel-chromium foil and  a  two-layer  catalyzer is
described.  In operation ever 710 hrs, the nickel-chromium  foil
showed sufficient thermal stability  under  conditions assuring
complete purification of the  gas; catalyst activity significantly
decreased and was reduced with H2 at 320 deg.  C.   The conditions
for complete nitric oxide reduction  were found and also those for
achieving the sanitary norm of NO+N02  content  (0.02 percent).  In a
two-layer catalyst it was possible to  decrease the temperature of
the gas entering the catalyzer to <*50  deg.  and the resulting CHU:02
ratio was 0.8.

10017

Bloomfield, Bernard D.


CONTROL OF GASEOUS POLLUTANTS.  Heating, Piping, Air Condition
ing, 40(1):195-206, Jan. 1968.  26 refs.


Control technology in relation to air  pollution  involves  the
application, singly or in ccmbination, of  tall stacks for dispersion
process changes, and control  equipment.  Most  gaseous contaminants
can be controlled using the techniques of  absorption, adsorption,
direct flame combustion, and  catalytic combustion.  The theoretical
principles of design and operation preclude  under  most  circumstances
the use of any of the shelf items for  air  pollution control purposes
 Good design, construction, and proper operation are the  requisites
of a satisfactory system.  The special characteristics  of a number o
systems are described.  A table of selected  air  quality standards is
given for such pollutants as  SOx, NOx, CO,  H2S,  and ozone.

10336

Sebastiani, Enzo


ELIMINATION OF NITEOGEN OXIDES.   ((I'eliminazicne  degli ossidi
di azoto.))  Text in Italian.  Securitas  (Rome), 51 (5) : 31-44,
May 1966.  23 refs.


Some processing for eliminating nitrogen oxides  (NO and N02)
from industrial flue gases are described.   There are
absorption processes in alkaline solutions,  possibly in the
554                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND WR POLLUTION

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presence of oxidizing  agents absorption processes based on  the  use
cf  solid materials  with  high superficial development; catalytic
reducing processes  to  elementary nitrogen or ammonia using
palladium, platinum, rhodium or other similarly based catalysts
working under  pressure at  a high temperature.  As such processes
present difficulties from  the technical and economic standpoints
nhen put into  practice,  the author expresses the hope that  the
problem will continue  to be studied for the purpose of finding
other  simpler  and  more effective processes.##

10539

Bay, Hans  and Harry Schulz


1 NEW  DISTRIBUTING  INJECTION SYSTEM AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR
IHPHOVING EXHAUST  GiS  EMISSION.   Society of Automotive
Engineers, Preprint, 10p., 1968.,  24 refs.   (Presented at the
Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Mich., Jan- 8-12,
1968,  Paper 680013.)


The control principles and the design of a fuel injection system
are described.   In  this  system, injection time and injection
pressure are controlled  independent of each other.  The injection
tine is controlled  by  two  rotating discs having slots, which are
turnable to each other and which are turned by the influence of
a centrifugal  governor in  connection with a three-dimensional cam.
Kith the three-dinensional cai, a punctiform scanning of engine
characteristics  can be realized.  Some results obtained with
this injection system  are  shown for example, fuel quantity
characteristic,  CO  and n-hexane characteristic of a 4-cyl
H-stroke engine, injection pressure distribution dependent  on
crank  angle, and consumption loops for injection and carburetor
operation.  (Authors"  abstract, modified} ##

1C591

Grigoryan, G.  0.   and  8. M. Kirakcsyan


PREPARATION OF AMMONIUM  SULPA1E FROM LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF
SUIFUHCUS GASES  BY  OXIDATION CF 303 IN THE LIQUID PHASE USING
ATHOSPHEBIC OXVGEN  IN  THE  PRESENCE CF NITROGEN OXIDES, USED AS
INITIATORS.    (Poluchenie  sul'fata ammoniya iz
nizkokotsentrirovannykfe  sernistykh gazov okisleniem S03   iona  v
zhidkoi faze kislorodom  vozdukha v prisutstvii okislov azota, Jtak
initsiatora.)  Text in Russian.  Army. Khim. Zh. (Erevan),
20(2) : 16U-169, 1967.   10 refs.


lest results are detailed  for an experimental installation  where
S03 is oxidized  into S04 using atmospheric oxygen in the
presence of nitrogen oxides as initiators.  The method is a
continuous technological process (with recovery of absorbents and
filtrates) for the  utilization of weak sulfurous gases and  yields
ammonium sulfate and multiccmpcnent fertilizers.  The
technological  procedure  is flow charted.  The procedure starts
vith a mixture of  air  and  0.6 - 1.0JE sulfurous anhydride, to be
passed through a suspension of magnesium hydroxide.  The
                           E. Control Methods                         555

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resulting suspension is then oxidized by  atmospheric  oxygen,
containing 0.002* nitrogen oxides.  An  almost  complete  oxidation
of magnesium sulfite into magnesium sulfate  takes  place in  the
reactor at HO Degrees C.  The yield, magnesium sulfate, reacts
with ammonia at 60 Degrees C. and  pH 7.   Magnesium hydroxide
is then returned into the production cycle and the filtrate,
containing ammonium sulfate and Schoenite, reduced to 1/3 of its
volume by evaporation, is cooled to 15  Degrees C.   The
Schoenite crystals are then removed  (and  returned  to  the
production cycle) and the ammonium sulfate solution evaporated and
crystallized.  Results show that 36.9%  of the  total ammonium
sulfate returns to the production  cycle with the  magnesium
hydroxide, with 20.8% remaining in the  cycle as a  Schoenite
component, while 45.2% is extracted as  end product.##

1C637

Il'nitskii, A.. P.,  A. Ya Khesina,  So  N. Cherkinskii,
and I.. H. Shabad
EFFECT OF OZONATION UPON JRCM8TIC HYDROCARBONS,  INCLUDING
CARCINOGENS.  ((Vliyanie ozcnircvaniya na aroaiaticheskie,  v
chastnosti kantserogennye, uglevodorody.))  Hyg. S  Sanit.
(English translation of:  Gigiena i Sanit.,}, 33 (1-3) : 323-327,
Jan.-March 1968.  ((11)1 refs.
   CFSTI:  TT 68-50««9/1


The efficiency of ozone in the inactivation of carcinogenic
hydrocarbons was studied.  Experiments were performed with
1,2-benzanthracene  (BA) , 1 ,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene  (DBA),
9,10-dimethyl-T,2-benzanthracene  (DMBA) , 3,4-benzpyrene  (BP)
and pyrene {P( in various concentrations.  Ozone concentration
was 0. i* g per liter mixture.  Ozonation was performed for  periods
1,  2 1/2, 5 and 10  min.  Results of experiments  demonstrated that:
carcinogenic hydrocarbons are vigorously destroyed  by ozone..
Aromatic hydrocarbons vary in their resistance towards ozone,
3,1-benzpyrene appearing to be the most stable.  The resistance of
a carcinogenic substance (3,1-benzpyrene) to ozone  was found to
vary according to whether it was in solution or  adsorbed on
particles of coal,  soil, etc., it was found to be  less stable in
solution.  Ozonation is probably very efficient  for the
purification of central water supplies containing  dissolved
carcinogens.#f

10660

Laffey, William T.  and Robert N. Banning


SOLVENT SELECTION FOR THE REDDCTION OF AIR POILDTION.    Hercules
Chem., No. 56:1-6,  March 1968.   5 refs.


Regulations restricting the use  of  solvents  which  partake  in
photochemical smog  reactions have caused  the solvent and surface
coating industries  to  develop alternate  solvent  formulations.   4
system is presented whereby a restricted  solvent can be  simulated
using combinations  of  allowable  materials.   The  procedure  is
556               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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graphical and depends on the solvent parameters  and  solubility
characteristics of the materials.  Hhen several  foraulations are
found which possess the required solvent properties,  the  choice
of the best one then depends on economic or other  factors.##

11033

Gamble, B. 1.

CONTROL OF ORGANIC SOLVENT EMISSIONS IN INDDSTBY.    Preprint,
Continental Can Co., Inc., Chicago, 111.,  ((24))  p.,  1968.
4 refs.   (Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting,  Air  Pollution
Control Association, St. Paul, Minn., June  23-27,  1968,
Paper 68-48.)

Extensive and careful source testing is required in  order to
evaluate a solvent emission pollution problem  and  to select
suitable emission control equipment.  Hhen  new equipment  is
considered, the system needs which are based  upon  a  study of the
functions to be performed, are determined.  Test equipment is
important for appraisal cf performance of emission control
equipment.  For on site testing, the hydrogen  flame  ionization
detector offers a reasonable approach for direct reading
instrumentation design.  Control methods for  limiting the emission
of solvents can be classified as Process Modification,
Incineration, and Solvent Recovery.  Discussion  of these
methods are given.  Pictures and diagrams of  control equipment
and systems used in the control of organic  solvent emissions are
presented.##

11087

Eispoli, Jose A.

FIGHT AGAINS1 AIS POLLUTION IN ABGEN'II li A EDUCATIONAL, LEGAL
AND TECHNCLCGICAL ASPECTS.  Preprint, Tecnica  de Higiene
(Argentina), 20p., June 1968.  31 refs.

Air pollution is an increasing trcblem in the  Argentina cities  of
Buenos Aires, eosario. La Plata and Bar del Plata.   Air
pollution control measures are not keeping  pace  with  the  growth o±
industries, which are often located, in neighborhoods  of
populated areas.  The lunicipie Director o± hygiene
supervisors the proolems of automotive emissions and
industrial and domestic emissions.  About one  million vehicles
travel daily in Buenos Aires.  Traffic throughfares  are being
modified in order to eliminate congested traffic areas.   The
Director of Hygiene studies Jaily the chemical control  of the
pollutants ot hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide diid  sedimented
particles.  The "Argentina Association for  Air Contamination
ot sanitary tducation on dll levels for the population, ft*

115811

Plust, Heinz G.

THE FDEL CELL AS AN ENERGY SODECE FOB VEHICLE  DRIVES.,  ((Die
Brennstoffzelle als Energiequelle fur Fahrzeugantriebe..))
Text in German.  Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift,  69 (6): 175-
183, June 1968.,  22 refs.
                           E.  Control Methods                         557

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In the review of the theoretical and practical aspects of fuel
cells as a replacement for the internal combustion engine it is
noted that their use would markedly decrease the urban air
pollution resulting from automobile exhaust gases.  These cells
derive their electrical energy directly from the oxidation of
fuels such as hydrogen, hydrazine, or nethanol, and transfer
this energy with a high degree of efficiency to an electric motor.
There is no exhaust, and the construction of these cells has
advanced to the point where the speed and range of electrically
powered vehicles are comparable to those of gasoline-powered
automobiles; however, electric vehicles remain much heavier and
more expensive to operate.  The thermodynamic basis, operating
characteristics, and fuel consumption of fuel cells are discussed,
and the relative efficiencies of electrically-driven and
gasoline-powered vehicles are compared.  Some recent
successful models of electric vehicles are described, and the
advantages of the fuel cell over conventional storage batteries
are noted.  Mention is made of new developments as the Lid, the
NaS and Zn(OH)U batteries.  It is concluded that electric
vehicles will play a definite role in the future-particularly for
specialized uses in warfare, industry, and urban transport, but
that it will be 15-20 years before they are in widespread
practical use.f*
12392

Dodd, A. E. and J. W. Wisdom


EFFECT OF MIXTURE QUALITY ON EXHAUST EMISSIONS FROM SINGLE-CYIINDER
ENGINES.  Inst. of Mechanical Engineers, London  (England),
Automobile Div., Symp. Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control, London,
1968, 16p.  2 refs.   (Nov. 25-26, paper 17.)


Tests of the effects of fuel mixtures on the composition of
exhaust gases were performed on 325 cu cm- and 479 cu cm-capacity
engines.  On the 325 engine, the most noticeable effect cf an
improvement in mixture guality was tc extend the ,weak limit.
Hydrocarbon levels at full throttle and half lead were lowest with
the fully vaporized mixture and carburetor respectively.
Differences in emissions between the four main systems were not
great, however.  Ratios of total to N.D.I.B. HC  varied with
mixture strength and reached a maximum at or near to stoichicmetric
air/fuel ratio.  Nitric cxide emissions at lull  throttle peaked at
about 16/1 air/fuel ratio and the peak moved towards stoichicmetric
mixture strength as the lead was reduced.  Minimum mass emissions
cf HC occurred at an air/fuel ratio of about 16.5/1, near to the
peak o± NO emission.  CO levels at a given air/fuel ratio were
higher with the fully vaporized mixture at full  throttle than with
any other system.  On both engines, an increase  in engine speed
produced a reduction in HC emissions; CO variations with speed
differed between engines.  The effect of an increase in mixture
temperature in the range 35-95 C was generally negligible.
Residence time effects varied with fuel supply system; the -better
the atcmization of fuel, the shelter the residence time for
minimum emissions.  At half load with dry mixtures and pert
injection, retarded igniticn fining produced a reduction in
eiissions.  (Author conclusions modified)
                 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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12637

H.  Teske
EHISSIONS  AND  ABATEMENT OP OXIDES OF NITROGEN IN NITBIC  ACID
MANUFACTURE..    Chem..  Eng., No. 221, CE263-266,  Sept.  1968,.

The emission  problen  in the manufacture of nitric  acid results
from incomplete conversion of nitrous oxide to  nitric acid.
Some of  the processes for reducing the emissions which are
discussed  briefly include:  Alkaline absorption with  milk of
lime or  aqueous ammonia; oxidation with hydrogen peroxide or
ozone; absorption in  an aqueous solution of magnesium oxide;
removal  as nitrosylsulfuric acid by treatment with a  sulfuric
acid, nitric  acid mixture; and catalytic reduction processes.##

13029

Sonoda,  Noboru, Naotake Hatsumura, Noritaka Miyoshi,  and Shigeru
Tsut.sumi
DESULrilRIZING EFFECT OF OZONE OF IIGHT PETROLEUM  DISTILLATES.
(Teif utsu sekiyu ruibun no ozon ni yoru datsuryu  koka) .   Text  in
Japanese.  Kogyo Kagaku Zasshi '{J. Chem. Soc. Japan  Ind.  Chem.
Sect..),  72(5J:1099-1101, Hay 1969..  12 refs.

The desulfurizing effect of ozcne on light  petroleum
distillate and on various organic sulfur compounds  was studied..
The experimental procedure was to pass a stream  of  ozone
(about 1o7 wt % of ozone) at a speed of 350  ml/min  through
approximately 100g of experimental light petroleum  distillate
(bp 95 - 240 C)  at 0 C.,  The experimental results indicate that
more than 80% of the total sulfur in the light  petroleum
distillate can be removed by ozonization.   Ninety %  of the
ozonized petroleum can be recovered-  This  recovery  percentage
can be obtained by dividing the ozonized petroleum  by  the
experimental petroleum and multiplying by 100.   The  reactivity
of sulfur compounds for ozone in desulfurization  was found to
decrease in the order of sulfides and thiolE, thiphene,
benzothiophene, hydrogen sulfide, elemental  sulfur,  and
disulfides..  The result also indicated that  the  rate of
ozonization was in the order of thiols, hydrogen  sulfide
thiophene, elemental sulfur, sulfides, benzothiophene, and
disulfides.  Although the rate of ozonization of  hydrogen sulfide
is high, its desulfurizing effect is low, while  the  reverse is
true of  the rate of ozonization and desulfurizing effect  of
sulfides.  Sulfur dioxide was produced in the process  of
ozonization of various sulfur compounds.  The significant
amount of the gas was observed especially out of  hydrogen
sulfide  and elemental sulfur.

13068

Trobisch, K.

OXIDATION PROCESSES FOR PURIFYING EXHAUST GSSES OF  CHEMICAL
INDUSTRIES-  (Procedimenti ossidativi per purificare  gli effluenti
gassosi  nell"industria chimica) .   Text in Italian.,   Piv.,  Combust..,
23(1) : 16-21,  Jan. 1969.
                           E.  Control Methods                         559

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Many industrial exhaust gases contribute to air  pollution.  There
are various systems to purify these gases before they are vented
into the surrounding air.  Among them is chemical oxidation at
normal temperature, a process in which the gas is scrubbed with
oxiding solutions such as hypochlorites, chlorites, and
permanganate.  This process is used primarily to purify
malodorous gases.  Chemical oxidation at high temperature is
achieved by thermic combustion, by torches, by incinerators, or
by catalytic oxidation.  Thermic combustion is used when the gas
has a calorific power permitting an open flame combustion™
Torches may be used under conditions of flame steadiness,
smokeless combustion, flame lew brightness, etc.  Incinerators
are used for gases without enough power to burn at open flame,
Catalytic oxidation is used for gases exhaled by combustible
materials when their calorific power is insufficient for
combustion unless another substance is added.  This system is
used mainly to purify gases eaitted by petrochemical plants.,
The biological oxidation system is used to eliminate the odor
emitted by organic substances.  In this caser gases are strained
through a humid, stratified filtering mass containing highly
concentrated bacteria which consume organic substances as food.
13160

Kita, Nobuyuki and Yoshiya Fuse


EXPERIMENTS TO INHIBIT NITROGEN OXIDES DEVELOPED WITHIN THE
EXHAOST SYSTEM CF DIESEL ENGINES.   (Diesel haiki gasu chu no
chisso sankabutsu no hassei yokusei ni tsuite no 2, 3 no
jikken).  Text in Japanese.  Nenryo Kyokaishi  (J. Fuel Soc.
Japan), 48(50«) :241-249, April 1969.  10 refs..


Nitrogen oxides are the lain components of harmful gases which
develop within the exhaust system of diesel engines.
Experiments were perforned using a  one-cylinder Fulperland E-2
diesel engine  (compression ratio of 22, 3 horsepower, 1500 rpm) .
Nitrogen monoxide and dioxide were  measured by Salzmann"s
method.  Concentration of nitrogen  oxides ranged frcm 180 to 550
ppm; the more the load on engine, including the number of rotati
rotations, the more was the concentration of nitrogen oxides
with the maximum concentration of 1200 rpm.  The ratio of
nitrogen dioxide to nitrcgen oxides decreased with the
increased load on the engine, and was not influenced by the
number of rotations.,  The development of nitrogen oxides was
effectively inhibited by sending the exhaust gas partially back
to the pre-engine combustion chamber.  Nitrogen oxides were
slightly inhibited by increasing negative pressure within the
engine chamber.  However, engine power was decreased by this
procedure.  By delaying the fuel injection time, formation of
nitrogen oxides was slightly inhibited without decreasing the
engine power.  To confirm these results, these experiments
should be repeated using a larger diesel engine-
560               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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13202

Schmitt, Karl,  Hilhelm  Ester,  Bans Heuraann, and Harry Pauling


NITROGEN OXIDE  COHVEBSION.   (Hibernia Chemie GmbH,
Gelsenkirchen-Bner,  Germany,  and Harry Pauling, Munich, Germany)
0.  S. Pat. 3,,«53,071.   7p.,  July 1, 1969.  4 refs™   (Appl. May
16,  1966, 29 claims).


In  the  production  of nitric  acid and other nitrogenous products,
exhaust gas is  produced which  contains significant quantities of
nitrogen oxides, particularly  NO and NO2.  A process for absorbing
these oxides and recovering  then as ammonium nitrite includes
adjusting the nole ratio of  NO to N02 to 1 and then  introducing
the adjusted gas into an amrconiacal solution of ammonium nitrate.
The ammonium nitrate content of the absorbent solution is
controlled so that the  solution viscosity at any given
teiperature is  higher than  the viscosity of Hater at the same
temperature.,  When the  ammonium nitrate concentration is
maintained at about HO  to 50 weight percent and the  absorption
process is operated at  20 to 30 C, at least half the ammonium
nitrite formation  takes place  at the liguid-vapor interface.
The remainder of the ammonium  nitrite is produced in the gas
phase by successive absorption of snail amounts of gaseous ammonia
in  the  vapor space, where it is neutralized with water vapor and
nitrogen oxide  to  form  amoniUB nitrates as well as  the ammonium
nitrites.  These dissolve in the absorbent solution.  By
preventing the  development  of  easily decomposable ammonium
nitrite mists,  the process  minimizes efficiency losses and
explosion dangers.
13394

Austin,  H. C.  and  »„  L.  Chadwick


CONTHOL  OF AID POLIDTION FBOM CII-BUKNING POWEE PLANTS-  Hech.
Eng.,  82(M) :63-66,  April 1960.  2 refs.


California lav requires  that stack-plume opacity not reach or
exceed Bingelmann  No.  2  shade for more than 3 min in any hr.  To
comply with  this law,  the Southern California Ediscn Company
examined  their industrial plumes.  Gas emissions were measured
for particulates,  S02,  S03,  and NO.  Plume opacity was
found  to  be  significantly affected by the amount and size of
particulates,  the  amount cf  S03 present, and the amount of
«ater  vapor  present-   Particulate removal was found to be
most efficient with  the  use  of an electrostatic precipitator which
removes  about  90%  of  the particulate matter.  The most effective
removal  of S03, S02,  and NO, 75-903S, could be accomplished
by the use of  a vanadium catalyst at high .temperature, followed
by introduction of  ozone and electrostatic precipitation.  This
process  proves to  be  economically unfeasible, however.  It was
found  that NO  formation  is best limited by delaying the complete
combustion in  the  boiler and protracting the flame path.
                           E. Control Methods                         561

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13535

Straschill, Max


THE REPROCESSING OF NITROGEN  OXIDE-CONTAINING W8STE GASES IH
PICKLING PLANTS.   (Die  Jufarbeitung  nitrosehaltiger Afcgase in
Beizereien.)  Text in German.   Metall-Beinigung Vorbehandlung,
12(11) :210-211., Nov. 1963.  3  refs.


The most practical method for  detoxification of the nitrogen
oxides that are present  in  pickling  plant  waste gases is through
absorption and decomposition  in  aqueous  solutions of alkalies,
urea, aminosulfonic acid or ammonia.   Of these, the ammonia
process, in which a mixture of  the  waste gases and ammonia is
passed through an activated charcoal  filter, possesses the
advantage that the reaction which takes  place at the filter
yields stable ammonium  salts.   These  do  not attack the activated
charcoal, and may be removed  by  scrubbing,  thus restoring the
efficiency of the filter.   Other procedures, such as adsorption
of the nitrogen oxides  on activated  charcoal, activated alumina,
and activated silica are effective  but rather expensive.

13537

Ermenc, E. D.
WISCONSIN PROCESS SYSTEM FOR RECCVERY  OF  DILUTE  OXIDIS  OF
NITROGEN.,  Chem. Eng. Progr. ,  52-811) : 488-492,  November  1956.
10 rets.
The Wisconsin Process was  proven  technically  feasible  as a  means of
producing HN03,  The recovery  system  operated in accordance with
design, except for minor modifications  made  in the field.   Total
cost of the nominal HO tpd equivalent 100%  HN03  plant, including
engineering and overhead,  was  slightly  over  $2,000,000,  with about
60% of the cost in the recovery system.   The  bulk of  the operating
costs also occurred in the recovery system.   since the system is
not guite economical enough  for the production of a cheap chemical
like HN03 in the U. S., it may have eventual  use in the  production
of N201 or recovery of dilute  nitrogen  oxides for pollution
prevention.,  There may still be areas in  the  world where the
Wisconsin Process may be economic,  particularly  where  ammonia is
expensive or not available.

13538

Childers, Eugene,, Charles  W. Ellis, and Donald J. Ryan


METHOD OF REHOVING NITROGEN  OXIDES  FROM GASES.  (Du Pont De
Nemours  (E..I.) and Co., Wilmington, Del-) ,  U. S. Pat.  3a125,408,
March  17, 1964.  6 refs,,   (ftppl.  Dec- 19,  1955,  1 claim).


A process for the disposal of  stack gases containing  nitrogen
oxide fumes is presented.  The waste  gas  is  first mixed  with an
562               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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excess  amount of a reducing gas containing 60-90%  of  an  alkane-
The mixture  is passed over a platinum catalyst supported  on
activated  alumina at a reaction temperature between 150  and  1000
C, and  a  space velocity between 25,000 and 150,000 reciprocal
ht/cu  ft  of  catalyst.  The nitrogen oxide fumes are reacted  with
the reducing gas to form nitrogen, water, and carbon  dioxide
which  can  be discharged to the atmosphere.

13550

Eent,  Franklin A.
PBOCESS  FOE  THE BEHOVAL OF NITPIC OXIDE FHOH GASES.   (Shell
Development  Co.,  San Francisco, Calif.) U.S. Pat.  1,888,517,  3p.,
Nov.  22, 1932-   (Appl.  Hay 11, 1931, 20 claims).


A process for removing  nitrogen oxides, particularly  nitric
oxide,  from  waste gases comprises reduction of  the  gas  with
a chromous compound.  The products of  the reaction  are  probably
hydroxlamine or ammonia, depending on  the conditions  of the
reaction.  Chromous salts of organic or inorganic  acids may
be used, and the reaction should take  place at  room temperature
as high  temperatures decrease the amount of nitric  oxide taken
up by the chromous salt solution.  Neutral chromous
compounds which are water soluble give the best results.   Under
certain  conditions, it  may be advantageous to use  chromous
compounds in the solid  state with or without a  support.


13551

Cohn, Johann G. E.


METHOD  OF BEHOVING NITROGEN OXIDES FBOH GASIS.   (Engelhard
Industries,  Inc.,,  Newark, N- J.)   U. S. Pat. 3,118,727.   1p. ,
Can.  21, 1961.   9 refs.  (Appl™ Oct. 12, 1956,  11 claims).


A process is described  for recovering  heating values  and purifying
waste gases  produced by the oxidation  of ammonia in the production
of nitric acid.  Waste  gases are mixed with a hydrocarbon fuel and
the mixture  is  passed over a 0-1 to 5.0% by weight  rhodium and/or
palladium supported catalyst at the reaction temperature of
700-725  F.  The heat generated in passing the mixture over the
catalyst may be used to,raise the gas  temperature  or  to generate
steam isothermally.  Space velocity for the reaction  may be  in
the range of 60,000-110,000 standard vols of gas/vol  of
catalyst/hr.  The more  hydrocarbon fuel used, the  more  complete is
the removal  of  nitrogen oxides.


13662

Ganz, S» N., A. I.  Luk"yanitsa and L.  A. Bel'china


COMBINED PBODUC1ION OF  IBON-NITBOGEN FEBTILIZEBS AND
PURIFICATION OF GASES FBOM NITBOGEN OXIDES.   (Kombinirovaniye
                           E. Control Methods                         563

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proizvodstva azotnozhelezistykh udobreniy s ochistkoy  gaza  ot
okislov azota) .  Text in Russian.  Zh.,  Erikl.  Khim., 37(1): 1609-
1611, 1964,,  2 refs.


Baste pickling solution from metal-working factories with an
approximate content of 25% FeS04 and 4-5% free H2S04 can  be used
for purification of waste gases containing oxides  of nitrogen..
An unstable complex (Fe (SO) SQ14J is formed when the gases  are
passed through the pickling solution, which on heating breaks
down to give FeSOl and pure NO, which can then be  used to form
HN03.  Treatment of the ferrous sulfate with ammonia and  water
gives a mixture of iron hydroxides and  ammonium sulfate which can
be used as fertilizer.  In this paper,  rates of absorption  of NO
and NO plus N02 by solutions cf FeSOU were studied at  various
conditions and concentrations  of SO and NO plus N02.

13689

Atroshchenko,  V. I., A. N. Tseytlin, A. E. Zasorin, and V. S.
Zolotarev
UTILIZATION OF NITROGEN OXIDES - EY-ERODUCTS OF  CERTAIN
INDUSTFIES.  (Otilizatsiya okislov azota - otkhodov  nekotorykh
proizvodstv) .  Text in Russian.  Khim. Prom.  (Moscow), 1(1): 79-
80, 1960.


Production of nitric acid from exhaust gas with  high  NO content
as compared with exhaust gas with lew NO content  plus  N02 is
discussed.  A method is described which involves  cooling the
gases to 25-30 C, introducing additional air, and carrying out
oxidation in a cooler-oxidizer.  About 8% absorption  is
achieved with 35% nitric acid absorbent.  Specifications for an
operating installation which produces 2500 kg of  55%  acid are
given.  A modified version using oxygen rather than  air is
mentioned.
13707

Bylov, V. D., lu. D. Znanenskiy, I. P. Kapitonova, and  M.  S.
Shchedrov
ON THE SDLFUKIC ACID METHOD OF COLLECTING  NITBOGEN  OXIDES  FROM
INCOMPLETELY OXIDIZED GASES.   (K voprosy o sernokislotnom
metode ulavlivaniya okislov azota  iz nedookislennykh  gazov).
Text in Russian.  Zh. Prikl. Khim., vol. 35:1503-1505,  1962..  3
refs.
Incompletely oxidized gases were oxidized  with  a  solution  of
HN03 in 93% sulfuric acid in a one-tray  bubbling  column  to study
aspects of sulfnric acid collection  of nitrogen oxides.   Maximum
removal (79%)  was achieved with a  5% HN03  concentration  and an
input NO plus N02 concentration of 0.573 volume percent.   It  is
concluded that effective snlfuric  acid removal  of nitrogen
oxides with 93% sulfuric acid can  be accomplished after
564               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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preliminary oxidation  with a 3-1* solution of HN03 in 93*  H2S01
when  the oxidation  and absorption cycles are carried out
separately in the liquid  phase.,
13718

Trofimov,  i.  I.
HEBOVAI  OF  HITBOGEK  OXIDES FROM COKE OVEN GAS.   (Ochistka
koksovogo gaza  ot  okislov azota).  Text in Russian,  Koks i
Khia.. no.  2:12-13,  1966.
In arrangement  for  removal of nitrogen oxides from coke gases,
installed  at  the  Yasinovskiy Coal-Tar Chemical Plant, is
described.  It  converts NO to N02  (in 110-120 sec at 70-80  C
and 15-16  bar),  which in turn reacts with olefins to form
a resin  which,  after cooling to 30-40 C, is washed in a scruhber
filled with residue from 50 x 50 mm Baschig rings.  The
installation  was  designed for operating with a 0-8^ oxygen  content
in the coke gas,  but Q.1-0.,5% oxygen is found sufficient,
precluding the  need for introducing air.  Operational reduction
of nitrogen oxides  is from 12-18 to 2-3 cc/cu m.  This
arrangement was installed at a cost of 231,000 rubles.
13716

Daniels,  Farrington, William G. Hendrickson, and  Elton  Gordon
Foster
NITBIC OXIDE EECOVEEY SYSTEM..  (Wisconsin alumni Besearch
Foundation,  Madison).  D.  S_ Pat. 2,578,671.   lip.,  Dec.  18,
1951.   13  refs.   (Appl.  Mar. 28, 1919, 18 claims).


A process  for the recovery of nitrogen oxides  from gaseous
mixtures is  presented.   The nitrogen oxide-containing gas is  first
cooled and then  dried by passing it through a  body,  shower,
stream, layer, or bed of solid adsorbent having a preferential
adsorbability toward water, and the dried gas  is then contacted
»ith a catalyst  mass having the function of accelerating
oxidation  of the nitric  oxide content of the gas mixture  to
nitrogen dioxide.  The dry gas mixture is contacted  with  particles
of a solid adsorbent, such as silica gel, which separates
nitrogen dioxide from the  other components of  the gas mixture.
Adsorbed nitrogen dioxide  is de-sorted by circulating hot
nitrogen dioxide through and in direct contact with  the solid
adsorbent  material.   The remaining adsorbed N02 is flushed  out  by
leans  of hot dry air contacted with the solid  adsorbent..  When
N02 is to  be converted  to  HN03, oxygen-containing air is  used,
and when the N02 is  to be  liguified, hot dry C02 or  nitrogen  can
be used.
                           E.  Control Methods                        565

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13899

Varlamov, M. L. , G. A. Manakin, Ya.  I.,  Starosel"skiy,  and
1. S. ZbrozheK
INVESTIGATION OP THE AMMONIA METHOD OF REMOVING  NITROGEN  OXIDES
FHOB THE EXHADST GASES OF A NITROGEN-OXIDE  NITBIC-ACID  TOSEE
SYSTEM.  I.  (Issledovaniye ammiachnogo metoda ochistki ot
okislov azota otkhodyashchikh gazcv bashennoy nitroznoy
sernokislotnoy sistemy)..  Text in Russian,   Nauchn.  Zap.
Cdessk., Politekhn. Inst., , vol., UO:24-33,  1962.   1  refs.


Data from laboratory study of the removal of low concentrations
of nitrogen oxides using gaseous ammonia and ammonia  water are
presented..  The use of gaseous ammonia, in  conjunction  with
acoustic coagulation with an aerosol, yielded an average  degree
of removal of 85% when incoming gases were  highly  oxidized.
Nitrogen dioxide, and an eguimolecular mixture of  NO  and  B02,
reacted with 82-933! completeness with gaseous ammonia,  this
value increasing slightly with increased reaction  volume..  A gas
lift using ammonia water yielded 63.. 6% purification  with  a
10% content of nitrogen oxides.  The degree of oxidation  of
industrial exhaust gases is an important factor  determining the
degree of purification by this method.  The  data given
correspond to an equimolecular NO and N02 mixture.

114007

Hsieh, Yu Hsioh
AN EXPERIMENT IN THE PROEOCTION 0?  NITROGEN  FEOM  NITRIC  ACID
PLANT TAIL GAS.   (Ts'ung hsiao suan  wei  ch"i chih ch"i  t»an ch'i
ti shih yen).  text in Chinese.   Kno  Hsueh 1«ung  Pac, vol. 10:
307-308, 1957.,  6 refs.

By passing nitric acid tail gas first an alkali scrubbing  tower
to remove C02 and then through a  catalyst reactor to reduce N02
and 02 in the presence of excess  hydrogen, it  was found  practical
to recover nitrogen.  Three types of  catalysts were made by
depositing Cu and Hi on soil diatoms: CuO:diatoms, NiO:diatoms,
and CuO plus NiO:diatoms, all in  a  1:9 ratio.  The highest
absorption rate could be attained with a sodium hydroxide
concentration of 1% and a gas linear  velocity  of  0U2 m/sec.  The
concentration of C02 could be reduced to 30  ppm,,   By using CuO
with a firebrick carrier at a temperature of 600-650 C,  a  space
velocity of 6000 reciprocal hours,  and 4-6%  excess hydrogen, it
was possible to produce a gas with  1-5 ppm NO, 10-20 ppm 02,
and 400 ppm NH3.  By using the copper-nickel catalyst with
diatoms as carriers at a temperature  of  300-500 C, a space
velocity of 1500 reciprocal hours,  and 5% excess  hydrogen, a gas
with 0.4-0.7 ppm NO, 10-20 ppm 02,  and 300-500 ppm NH3  could be
produced with the content cf noxious  gas within acceptable
limits.  The temperature of reaction  increases rapidly  with
oxygen content of the tail gas and  with  space  velocity.  Since
the reactor was of simple construction,  there  was no way to
control the temperature, and no tests were performed under
conditions of low temperature and high space velocity..
566                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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11025

Fyason,  P.  B.  and J.  Barkins
STUDIES ON  A NEW METHOD OF SIMULTANEOUSLY REMOVING SULFOR  DIOXIDE
AND OXIDES  OF NITROGEN FROM COHBCSTION GASES.,  0. Air  Pollution
Control Asscc., , 17 (12}:796-799, Dec. 1967.  13 rets-


In this study,  a high-sulfur fuel was used and S02 concentrations
were measured ahead of and following the catalyst bed  to test
the simultaneous reduction of SC2 and NO.  Synthetic gas
mixtures of S02 in N2 and CO plus C02 in N2 were combined  in
various proportions as the reactant gases.  A number of different
metals, supported on an alumina extrudate or on a silica gel,
were tested for the reduction of S02.  The test gas contained
twice the stoichicmetric amount of CO.  Tests for S03  in the
offgases were negative, as expected in a reducing atmosphere.
The COS concentration depended on the composition of the reaction
gas mixture.  Generally the mixtures stoichiometric in CO  showed
somewhat less reduction than did the mixtures containing a
twofold excess of CO.  Eeactant gas mixtures containing excess
CO deposited sulfur in the cooler parts of the apparatus
downstream from the catalyst bed, but this amount was  negligible.
To utilize the reduction reactions in a practical system at
relatively high dilutions requires a catalyst, the most active
being copper supported on alumina..  Substantial reduction  (90X or
greater) can be achieved in 0., 35 sec, corresponding to a space
rate of 10,000 vol/vol/hr.  A side reaction of carbon  monoxide
with elemental sulfur to form COS requires that the initial
amount of CO be stoichiometric for the amount of S02 plus  the
SO present.  To employ this method for the purification of flue
gases would require near stoichicmetric fuel air operation
of the furnace.  Thermodynamic considerations show that the
optimum initial ratio of CO to S02 is somewhat less than 2 to
minimize the production of carbonyl sulfide.  Substantial
reduction of undesirable sulfur compounds and essentially
quantitative reduction of oxides of nitrogen are possible  with
this method,,

11031

Harris, Samuel  Wu, Edwin F«  Morello, and Gavin H. Peters


PROCESS FOS DECOMPOSITION OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN..  (Standard
Oil Co. Inc., Chicago) U.  S. Pat. 3,155,191.  2p., , Aug. 5,
1969.,  1 refs.   iJDec. 11, 1966, 10 claims).


A  process is claimed that can provide as high as 98 to 100%
decomposition of nitrogen oxides into nitrogen and oxygen..  The
method consists of contacting nitrogen oxides with a high-melting
solid catalyst  selected from at least one member of the group
comprised of alkali metal oxides, alkali metal silicates,
alkaline earth  metal oxides, alkaline earth metal silicates,
and mixtures of these, at a temperature above 700 C for a  time
sufficient  to accomplish the conversion.,  The contact  of the
nitrogen oxides with the catalyst should take place between
                           E.  Control Methods
567

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about 700 C and 1100 C, and preferably between 800 C and  1000 Cu
The degree of decomposition will depend upon the particular
catalyst and temperature used.  Operating details and  possible
variations of the process are described.  The effectiveness of
the method contradicts previous assumptions of the great
difficulty of carrying out such decomposition, and by  eliminating
the use of platinum and paladium as catalysts, reduces the cost
and adds to the commercial significance of this conversion
technique.  The high degree of conversion would make possible
the use of the resulting air mixture for human consumption; by
producing a breathable, oxygen-enriched atmosphere, the process
may have applications in space travel, reduction of air pollution
from industrial gas streams, purification of automobile exhaust
gases, and reduced smog formation.  lor example a modification
of the process is described which produces automobile  exhaust
emissions substantially free of all harmful nitrogen oxides;
it is also contemplated that by use of this method, solid
ammonium nitrate grains may be used as the source of nitrogen
oxides in space exploration.


1U03U

Benson, Jack D.


SEDUCTION OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN AUTOHOBILE EXHAUST.,  Preprint,
Society of automotive Engineers, Inc., New York, N. Y.. , 17p.,
1969.  11 refs.  (Presented at the International Automotive
Engineering Congress, Detroit, Mich., Jan. 13-17, 1969, Paper
690019O


One of the reactants involved in photochemical smog is NOx,
defined as the SUB of nitric oxide  (NO) and nitrogen dioxide  (N02)
concentrations; NO, emitted by automobiles in exhaust  gas,
slowly oxidizes to N02 under atmospheric conditions.   Although
the control of nitrogen oxides from automobile exhaust is not
yet required by law, several methods were investigated to
determine how much control is possible and what penalties result.
These methods involved spark timing, carburetion, and  exhaust
recirculation.  On one test car, a control system was  developed
which reduced nitrogen oxides 71% while maintaining hydrocarbon
and carbon monoxide control at current  (1968) federal  levels.
However, a 13% loss in fuel economy was incurred, and  driveability
problems were observed.  Application to other car models, deposit
accumulation, durability, and performance under extreme weather
conditions are all open questions at this time.  (Author  abstract
modified)


1K073

lozhkin, A. F. and N. I. Subocheva
RECOVEHY OF NITBOGEN OXIDES FHCB LOW-CONCENTEATION  GASES  HITH
ACTIVATED CARBON IN A MOVING IAYEB.   (Ulavlivaniye  okislov  azota
iz nizkokontsentrirovannykh gazov aktivirovannym  uglem  v
podvizhnom sloye).  Text in Russian-  St.  Nauchn. Tr. Pernsk.
Politekhn, Inst., no. 18:€1-7«, 1965.   14  rets-
568              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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The absorbing capacity of grades KAD and AG activated  carbon
were found to be comparable when used in a stationary  or
moving layer to absorb nitrogen oxides in low concentration
(about 1S) .  It was found that the higher the state  of
oxidation of the nitrogen oxides present, the greater  the
absorbing capacity of the activated carbon.  The  possibility
of determining the linear rate of carbon motion from data
on the displacement of a point cf constant concentration in a
stationary layer is verified-  During thermal regeneration,
the absorbed nitrogen dioxide dissociates into nitric  oxide
and oxygen, and there is an accompanying combustion  loss of
carbon with the formation of C02.  This carbon loss  amounts
to about 0.5% of the starting weight for KAE, and  O.t% for
AD carbon.

11)159

Thomas,  Fred W.


TVA'S AIB QUALITY HANAGEMENT PRCGEAM.  Proc, Am.  Soc.,  Civil
Engrs.,  J. Power Div_ , Paper 6183:131-113, March 1969.  18 refs.


The air  quality program of the Tennessee Valley Authority as
related  to its fertilizer and coal- and nuclear-fired  power
plants is reviewed.   Preventive aspects of pollution control are
basic to the program designed for steam-electric generating
plants..   Plants are located at sites where terrain is  favorable
to effective dispersion, and air quality measurements  are
recognized in planning and designing plant structures.  The
program  is supplemented by an extensive monitoring system for
measuring sulfur dioxide, fly ash,  ozone, and nitrogen  oxide
emissions™  Mobile sampling equipment is used in conjunction
with stationary monitoring systems because it appreciably
shortens the period required to define air quality in  the
vicinity of a plant.  TVJ also conducts extensive  research
studies  on plume dispersion, levels cf ground level  fumigation
during inversion breakup, and chemical processes for the removal
of S02 from flue gas..   At nuclear plants, an extensive  network
of instruments monitors airborne particulates, radioiodine, heavy
particulate fallout, and rainwater.  TVA has sought  to  prevent
deleterious effects from S02 emissions primarily through the use
of high  stacks designed to limit S02 concentrations  at  ground
level.  As unit size and plant capacity increase,  stack heights
are being raised from 170 to 800 to 1000 ft.  Hith increasing
worldwide attention focused on techniques for converting S02
to sulfuric acid or fertilizer, TVA is now exploring the use
of limestone in  pulverized coal-fired units and cyclone-furnace
units.  Where fly ash  creates a nuisance problem.  TVA  is
substituting 95% efficiency precipitators for mechanical
collectors.

14196

Peters,  M. s.


CSUSES,  IMPORTANCE AND CONTEOI OF NITROGEN/OXYGEN COMPOUNDS IN
THI FIELD OF AIE POLLUTION.   (Ursachen, Bedeutung  und  Kontrolle
                           E.  Control Methods                         559

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der Stickstoff/Sauerstoff-Verbindungen  in der Luftverunreinigung),
Text in German.  Chem. Ing. Tech.,  41 (10) :593-644,  May 1969.
13 refs.
In heavy smog, nitrogen  oxide  concentrations of 1  to 3 ppm have
been measured over some  cities.   Physiological effects on humans
have been observed at 3  ppm  and  8 hours  of  exposure™  The
nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere come mostly from motor vehicles
and power plants, as sell as from chemical  plants, such as nitric
acid production plants,  plants for the recovery of catalysts,
pickling plants, etc.  In the  gasoline powered engine, a high
nitric oxide concentration is  formed  at  ignition temperature
(2200 C) ,.  Since the gases cool  rapidly  to  ambient temperatures,
no equilibrium conditions can  be  attained and the  nitric oxide
concentration of exhaust gas is rather high.   There are two
possible methods of avoiding this.  The  ignition temperature
should be lowered or the gas should be cooled at a slower rate.
Otherwise, a catalyst should be  found which speeds decomposition
of nitrogen oxides at low temperatures.  There are also several
methods for reduction of nitrogen oxides from stack gases.
Adsorption on zeolites and certain other types of  molecular
sieves is a rather promising method.,  Intense research on these
methods is recommended,  since  little  is  known about them.

14212

Beidel, John C.
AIR-POLLUTION CONTSOL IN HOUSTON  AHEA.   Oil  Gas  J. ,  54(18):107-
109, Sept. 5, 1955.  3 refs.


A 30-ton-per-day sulfur recovery  plant  to  prevent  release  of
hydrogen sulfide to the atmosphere  is described.   The  design
features are operator control of  amine  feed  to the amine stripper
located at the sulfur recovery  unit, release of  hydrocarbon vapors
from the stripper to the refinery flare, reactors  and  scrubber
sections combined in one column,  and instrumentation features
allowing the plant to be operated by one man.  The basic
principle of the sulfur recovery  process is  summarized as  follows:
3H2S plus 302 yields 2S02 plus  2H20; 2H2S  plus S02 yields  xS2
plus yS6 plus zS8 plus 2H20.  In  the final step, sulfur vapor is
condensed and collected as  liquid sulfur.  Hydrogen  sulfide
recovery and the function of the  amine  stripper  are  discussed.
Diagrams of the H2S and sulfur  recovery processes  are  presented..


14255

Paleari, C, and F.  Renzanigo


COMBUSTION PEODUCTS OF DIES!! FUIL.  I. THE  EFFECT OF  AN
IGNITION IMPROVING ADDITIVE ON  THE  NITROGEN  OXIDE  AND  CARBON
MONOXIDE CONTENT.   (jProdotti di combustione  di combustibili diesel.
I. Iffetti di un additive proirotcre di  accensione  sui  contenuti
in ossido di azoto ed ossido di carbonic).   Text in  Italian.
Riv. Combust., vol. 13:419-431, June 1959.   3 refs.
570               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Investigations were  made  on  the effect of gasoil compositions,
the presence of  ignition  improvers, and of engine operation
conditions on the nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide content of
a C.F. P. F-5 engine  exhaust  gas.  Hith all the gasoils  used during
these tests, the highest  nitrogen oxide contents were observed
when the engine  was  running  on intermediate loads.  The effect of
additives was seen only  when the engine ran at minimum  speeds.
It was  found that nitrate base additives reduce the exhaust gas
CO content, particularly  with low cetane number gasoils in
engines on high  loads.   {Author summary modified)


14325

lee, G., and A. C. Coulson


EOEOPA  1.  THE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF GAS SCROBBEBS FOB THE
EOBOPA  1 UPPER STAGES PBOPELLANT SYSTEMS.   Weapons Research
Establishment, Salisbury, S. Australia, Dept.  of Supply, TN DHD
22, 65p., Aug. 1968.  24  refs.
   CFSTI:  N69-27758


The design and development of gas scrubbers for the removal of
N204, unsymmetrical  dimethylhydrazine, and Aerozine 50 from
nitrogen carrier streams  are described.  The final scrubber
incorporates eight stages fitted with sieve plates made cut of an
aluminum alloy.  At  the  base of the unit, a stainless steel float
valve controls the water  outlet flow and maintains a gas-tight
seal.   The water flow-rate can be set at 0.5 gal/min.  In the
launcher installation, the umbilical mast vent lines to the fuel
and oxidant scrubbers serving the second stage are fitted with
nozzle  plates at the scrubber inlet flange.  These control the
gas flow rate™   The  vent  lines from all the other places are
fitted  with a flowrator  and  control valve, the arrangement being
that  manual control  can  limit the gas flow rate and maintain it
while the pressure falls. To allow for imperfect scrubbing of
N204  in the gas  streams,  the vent gases are led to 15 ft-high
stacks  situated  750  ft from  the installations, and the effluent
water is piped to soakage pits located at safe distances from
inhabited areas.  Frcm the  results, it was clear that high
efficiencies are obtainable  when stripping the fuel gases from an
inert stream, but it is  not  possible at any gas flow rate to
remove  N20U down to  5 ppm using this technigue.  In trying to
produce a scrubber systei capable of coping with the high impulsive
flows,  it is probable that the best compromise for a gas scrubber
xas achieved.  The scrubber  is best suited to constant  flow
conditions or to flow conditions which have a limited range of
variation.
Hale,  Edith  A.
ACTOBOBILE  POLLUTION  ERAEICATOR.,   (Assignee not given.)  U.  S.
Pat.  3,456,439.   3p.,  July 22, 1969.  5 refs.   (Appl. June  26,
1967,  3 claims) .
                           E.  Control Methods                         571

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The invention provides an improved  means of eliminating  the
combustion residue  (smog) from automobile exhaust.   The  fog
is eliminated principally in a refrigeration  unit connected to
the muffler and the unburnt particles in the  smoke  are removed
in a baffle unit which receives the output of the refrigeration
device.  Noxious gases which are mostly lighter  than air,
are then permitted  to escape into the atmosphere.   The system
provides a clock device  for automatic operation  and a special
power source for operating the system when the vehicle is  not
being used,

11421

Massa,  Victor F. and George P. Gross


METHOD AND APPABATOS FOR TREATING AUTOMOTIVE  EXHADST GAS.
(Esso Besearch and  Engineering Co., Inc., Linden, N.  J.)  0. S.
Pat. 3,160,901.  3p., Aug. 12, 1969..  6 refs.  (Appl. June 11,
1965, 2 claims) .


The invention provides a method for abating air  pollution  from
automobile exhaust  gas.  It is concerned primarily  with
lowering the emission of unburned hydrocarbons and  carbon  monoxide
by addition of an oxidation-initiating compound  of  agueous
hydrogen peroxide which  promotes the conversion  of  the pollutants
to innocuous C02 and H20.  The liquid oxidant can be aspirated
into exhaust gas for afterburning or injected in other ways
suitable for dispersing  it in carrier gas or  directly in exhaust
gas ports.  An example of a device  used for aspirating comprises
a venturi scrubber  and jet stream.  This device  can be adjusted to
vary the anount of  the oxidant in response to engine demand™  The
carrier gas in which the hydrogen peroxide-water mixture is
dispersed can be air or  recycled exhaust gas.  By a simple valve
mechanism, flow of  the oxidant can  be controlled and limited
to periods of engine operation when unburned  hydrocarbon emission
tends to be highest, e.g., acceleration, deceleration, or  idling.
The system described can be used with both spark ignition  and
compression ignition engines.  Further applications of the method
include the treatment of exhaust gases containing lead residues
or halogen compounds present in antiknock additives.

114148

Agneray, louis, Maurice  Eruni, Gerard Vandenfcussche, and
Arlette Clayer


BECCVERY OF NITBOGEN OXIDES FBOM INDUSTRIAL WASTE GAS BY
CCDNTEB-CUBRENT ADSCBETION.   (Die Hiedergewinnung von Stickoxiden
aus Industriegasen  durch Gegenstrcmadsorpticn.)  Text in German.
Dechema Monograph,  59 (1015-1069) : 139-116, 1968.  2  refs.


Nitric acid factories emit waste gases which  contain considerable
amounts of nitrogen oxides.  Adsorption by silica gel seemed  to be
an economical method of  recovery, so this method was tested.  The
adsorbent descended a vertical column countercurrent to  the gas
which was to be cleaned.  First the water and then  the NC2 were
572               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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adsorbed.   Due  to  the catalytic action of the silica gel, NO is
converted  into  N203  or N02, which is likewise adsorbed.  The
adsorbent  is  recycled by pneumatic transport, but prior to that,
it is  desorbed  by  the simultaneous effect of heat and  dry gas, the
latter being  a  portion cf the cleaned gas.  The desorbed mixture
is similar to the  gas entering the column, except that it contains
denser nitric oxide  gases, water vapor, and nitric acid.  It can
thus be recycled to  the nitric acid production line or it may  be
condensed  to  a  weak  nitric acid.  The column gas a diameter of 10
cm and a height of 3 m divided into 3 zones for adsorption,
concentration,  and desorption.  Silica gel with grain  sizes from
0.71 to 0.84  mm was  used.  The temperature of the incoming water-
saturated  gas was  about 40 C and its pressure somewhat mere than
1 atnu  The gas contained 0.4S by volume N02 and 0. 2%  by volume
NO; flow rate of the adsorbent was about 0.25 m/sec.   Measurements
of the cleaned  gas indicated that it contained less than 50 ppm
of nitrogen oxides.   The gas developing upon desorption contained
more than  5%  nitrogen oxides.  Based on experimental data, a
column with a diameter of 2.50 m and a height of 17 m  would be
needed to  clean 20,000 cu m/h of a gas of composition  similar  to
that for the  experiments.  Such an adsorption column would consume
15 kwhr-  The main advantage cf this method is the low operating
cost.
1HU81

Van Der Drift, J.


CATALYTIC HEHOVAL OF NITBOGEN CXIEES FHOM HASTE GASES OF  HITEIC
ACID PLANTS.   A METHOD FOE THE PBEVENTION OF AIR PCLLUTICH.
(Katalytische verwijdering van N-oxyden uit afgewerkte  gassen
van salpeterzuurfabrieken.  Eer methode voor de bestrijding
van luchverontreiniging).  Text in Dutch.,  Chem. Tech.
(Amsterdam),  2
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11531

Eyzat, P. and J.. C. Guibet


SIMULATION OF THE FORMATION OF  NITRIC OXIDE  DURING  COMBUSTION  IN
AN ENGINE.  (Simulation de la formation  d'oxyde  nitrique  au
cours de la combustion dans un  mcteur) .   Text  in French.   Rev..
Insto Franc., Petrole Ann. Combust.  liguides  (Paris),  22(10):1530-
1518, 1967.  3 refs.,


Simulation of nitric oxide emission in engine  exhaust  gases by
calculation from the pressure-time  diagram was used in a  computer
program to determine the best combustion process with  respect
to nitric oxide formation and engine efficiency-  The  calculation
of the pressure time diagram was  first reviewed.  Optimum
operation was shown to correspond to rapid and relatively late
combustion*  The theoretical calculations of optimum
combustion could be at least partially reproduced in  actual
running conditions.


11551

Stezhenskiy,, A. I. and V. S. Luk"yanchikov


NITRIC OXIDE FORMATION IN GAS TDREINES.   (Ob obrazovanii  okisi
azota v kamerakh sgoraniya gtu).  Text in Russian.   Fiz.
Goreniya, Akad,, Nauk Dkr. SSR,  Respub. Hezhvedom™ Sb. , 1966:91-
93.  5 refs..
It is estimated that existing gas  turbines  discharge 3 kg of
NC2 per ton of natural gas  consumed,  or  720 tens of N02 per
1000 kH of useful power per  year.   The NO concentration in gas
turtine exhaust reaches 0.2  vol  %.   Calculations indicate that
cooling of the exhaust gases with  secondary air at a rate of
1000 deg/sec will assure almost  complete dissociation of NO
to N2 and 02.

1H630

Schmidt, Alfred and Ferdinand  Weinrotter
PROCESS  AND EQUIPMENT  FOE  THE  BEKCVAL OF NITROUS GASES
EROM WASTE GASES..   {Verfahren  und Vcrrichtung zur Entfernung von
nitrosen Gasen  aus  Abgasen).   Text in German.,   (Lentia G.,m,b.H.f
Munich}  I- German Pat.  1,075,571.,  tp.,  Feb.. 18, 1960..  1 ref.
(Appl. May 2, 1958,  7  claims).


A process is  described for the removal of nitrous gases from
waste  gases,  primarily from nitric acid  factories.   These gases
are treated with a  solution of magnesium nitrite, nitrate,
and magnesium hydroxide and carbonate..   Magnesium hydroxide and
carbonate bind  nitrous gases by forming  magnesium nitrite.  The
latter is decomposed by heating to temperatures between 110
 574               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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and 200  C  at 3  to 6 atm according to the equation  3Bg(N02)2
plus 2H20  yields Mg(N03)2 plus 2Mg(OH)2 plus  I4N00   A  scrubbing
solution concentration of 200 to 300 g magnesium  nitrite/1
must be  maintained.  The solid substance in the solution  may  not
exceed 20%.   The NO liberated in the process  can  be re-used,
and the  magnesium hydroxide which separates in crystal  form  can
be recirculated.  Alkali or alkali earth nitrates  are added  to
the magnesium nitrite solution prior to re-use of  the scrubbing
solution..   The  equipment for the process consists  of  a
conventional scrubber, a container heated by  pressurized  steam
for decomposition of the magnesium nitrate lye, a  reaction
chamber, a chamber for oxidation of NO, and inlet,  outlet, and
return pipes.
11)631
METHOD FOB THE COMPLETE REMOVAL OF NITROGEN OXIDES.   (Werkvijze
voor het volledig verwijderen van stikstofoxyden).   Text  in
Dutch.  (Hibernia-Chemie G.m.b.H., Gelsenkirchen-Euer,  West
Germany and Harry Pauling, Munich) Dutch Pat. 6,606,577.   13p. ,
Nov. 21, 1966.  (Appl..  May 13, 1966, 23 claims).


The invention describes a method for the complete  removal of
nitrogen oxides from waste gases using ammonia  with  recovery
of nitrogen as ammonium nitrate.  First, the  nitrogen  oxides
are completely oxidized and the mixture of  NO and  N02  is  sashed
with ammonium nitrate solution of fixed maximum  and  minimum
ammonia content,  i.e..,  a maximum water vapor:  ammonia  ratio
of 2:1 and a minimum ratio of 100:1.  The ammonium nitrite-
containing solution obtained is converted intc ammonium nitrate
solution with the help  of nitric acid.  The concentration of
ammonium nitrate  in the solution should be  so high that its
viscosity is equal to or greater than that  of water  at  the same
temperature; at a working temperature of 20-30 C,  this
concentration should be from HO to 50% by weight.  There  should
be at least two,  and prefereably three or more washers  and the
solution passing  through the scrubbers should contain  at  least
0.5-5S by wt free ammonia..  Each washing stage  in  the  gas washer
installations should have its own inlet and outlet so  that they
are connected in  series in the direction of gas  flow  and  in
parallel in the direction of solution flow.   The  degree of
oxidation of the  gas, after passing through half  or  2/3 of the
washing stages, is corrected to 50%.  A washing  stage  with mild
nitric acid should be added after the washing stages  with
ammonia.  The nitric acid content of the ammonium  nitrate
solution is fixed to be 0.. 5-1.5% and never  to exceed  3*..   The
solution is vigorously  stirred after mixing with  air
circulation.  The nitric acid ammonium nitrate solution is
circulated with one or  more giant air pressure pumps  and  cooled
if necessary.
                           E.  Control Methods                         575

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T4664

Jtsukawa, Hasumi, Toshihiko Nishimcto, and  Naoyuki Takahashi


STODY ON THE REMOVAL OF NITROGEN OXIDES  FBOK EFFLUENT  STACK
GASES.  Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.,  Tech. Hev. ,
5(2}:129-135, May 1968,,  9 refs..


Pilot plant tests of the Mitsubishi process for removing  nitrogen
oxides from stack gases deacnstrate that nitrogen oxides  can be
economically reduced to less than Oo02!t  of  gas content.   By
limiting threshold concentrations of nitric acid to  200 ppm
or below, the method should meet the removal requirements of the
major sources of nitrogen oxide emissions:  metal pickling
plants, nitric acid plants, chemical plants using nitric  acid,
nitrate, and nitrite plants.  Nitric oxide  is converted to N02
by either homogeneous or catalytic oxidation, while  nitrogen
compounds are recovered through absorption  of stack  gases in
wetted-wall towers packed with PVC sheets.  Homogeneous oxidation
is a slow process and requires large equipment.  However, this
equipment is easy to operate.  Catalytic oxidation can be
performed on small-scale equipment, but  the catalyst is affected
by water, dust, and mist present in the  effluent gas and
regeneration is necessary.  The PVC equipment has a  large
absorption coefficient and a small pressure drop.

11(727

KcCarty, Bill


SMOG., ...ODE CITIES IS CRISIS.  Trucking Business, 63(1):18-21,
Jan. 1969.
Control devices and future designs  are  discussed  which will
reduce smog from vehicle emissions.  Efforts  «ere made by the
Inter-Industry Emission Control  Jrogram  to  prolong the life of
experimental anti-smog equipment  by installing  small computers
under the hoods of 24 new test cars.  The emission control
hardware is a new type of catalytic converter.   A computer control
will divert exhaust fumes from around the converter under certain
driving conditions to slow its deterioration.   An international
research program is seeking  to find a combination of fuel and
automotive hardware which will virtually eliminate emission as
a problem.  Computer systems  are  also used  to evaluate exhaust
emission content of light-duty vehicles. After the vehicle is
plugged in, the system breaks down  the  chemical content  of the
exhaust fumes, and measurements  are simultaneously printed on
a graph and a typewriter-  Research is  being  done on diesel
smoke emissions, mainly on prolonging the life  of smog devices.
A turbine truck engine is to  be  marketed with predictions
that it will emit far lower  levels  of objectionable exhaust
emissions.  Two smog-free power  concepts are  solar power and
natural gas.  J liquified natural gas  (LNG)-powered automobile
was tested and latest results confirm that  LNG  vehicles  emit
less than half as much smog-producing pollutants  as the  average
for gasoline-fueled vehicles  equipped with  smog control  devices.
576                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Carbon monoxide emissions from the LNG vehicle amounted to
0.1756 at the beginning  and 0.21S after t2,000 miles, as
compared to 1.0%  at  the start and 1U2% after t2,000 miles for
1968 vehicles operating on gasoline and equipped with smog
control devices.   The  necessary engine modifications are
relatively simple, and  use of LNG as a motor fuel is suitable
for truck fleet operations where vehicles are in constant
operation and where  there is a central location for servicing.

11(801

Constantinescu, Bircea, Eugenia Platon, and Olga Tibrea


PROCEDURE FOE ELIMINATING OXIDIS CF NITBOGEN FROH GASES USED IN
JBHONIA SYNTHESIS.   {Procedeu de eliminare a oxizilor de azot
din gazele folosite  la  sinteza amoniacului).  Text in
Romanian.   (Ministry of Chemical Industries, Bucharest)
Socialist Republic of  Romania Pat. 50557.  2p., ?eb. 26, 1968.
1  ref.   (Appl-  Harch 18,  1967, 1 claim).


The patented improvement  consists of adding 5-60 mg/1 sodium
dichromate to the wash  water, one advantage thus offered being
the oxidation of  NO  to  N02 and N203, which then dissolve more
readily in the  wash  water instead of escaping into the air.

U821

Clcott, Thomas  H..
DEVELOPMENT  AND  DESIGN  OF AN ISOTOPE-HEATED CATALYTIC OXIDIZEH
TPACE  CONTAHINANT  CCNTBOL SYSTEM (U).  Lockheed Missiles and
Space  Co., Sunnyvale,  Calif., Biotechnology Organization,
Contract  NAS 1-7433,  NASA CB-66739, 277p., Feb. 28, 1969.  79
refs.
   N 69-18755
The development  and  design of an isotope-heated catalytic
oxidizer  trace contaminant control system is described.  The
program included establishing pre- and post-sorbent bed
designs to  control  potentially poisonous contaminants  (e.g.,
H2S,  N02, S02, and  NH3)  and to control contaminants that
might produce undesirable products.  Lithium hydroxide was
selected  as the  pre-sorbent material.  The sizing of the pre-
sorbent bed was  accomplished by establishing the stoichicuetric
quantity  of lithium  hydroxide required to remove the poisonous
contaminants and by  establishing a satisfactory dynamic
performance level.   A  trade-off was made between the weight
penalty due to the  bed and canister fixed weight and the weight
penalty associated  with the fan head rise reguired for flow
to establish the bed configuration.  To determine the  pre-
sorbent bed requirements, a regenerative 'Charcoal main sorbent
bed system, suitable for the proposed program, was postulated,
and its effect on the  contaminant lead was assessed.   A 180-
day evaluation test  of the pre-sorbent bed, catalytic  oxidizer,
and post-sorbent bed was conducted.  Tests established the
fabrication and  joining techniques and the compatability between
                           E. Control Methods                         577

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the isotope heat source materials of construction.   Additional
tasks included evaluation of candidate  electric  heater concepts
for use in a simulated isotope heat source  and evaluation  of
thermal insulation concepts.  The insulation  performance was
better than expected and resulted in the reduction  in  the  required
insulation thickness from 1.5-1.0 inches.   Solid  insulation was
selected for the final design..  The detailed  design  of the
isotope heated catalytic cxidizer system included a  stress
analysis of the main structure and a review of the  thermal
characteristics.  The resistively heated unit is  an  exact
duplicate of the radioisotope-fueled unit,  except that the
thermal power is obtained from a resistively  heated  element located
in the fuel cavity, and heater element  and  thermocouple leads
pass through the heat exchanger core.   (Author abstract
modified}

1H902

Andersen, L. B. and H. F- Johnstone
GAS ABSORPTION AND OXIDATION IN  DISPERSED  MEDIA.,
Am. InsU Chem. Engrs- J,f  1 (2) :135-1«1, June  1955.   8  refs.


The absorption and subsequent  liquid-phase reaction  of  oxygen was
studied with two types of dispersion  apparatus:  the  Venturi
atomizer and the fritted-glass  disperser.   The  systems  studied
in both devices included the absorption of atmospheric  oxygen
by catalyzed sodium sulfite  solutions and  the  simultaneous
absorption of atmospheric oxygen with nitrogen  dioxide  and
with sulfur dioxide by water.   Very large  values  of  the  liguid-
film mass transfer coefficient  for oxygen  absorption were
measured in the atomization  zone of the Venturi  atomizer.
Over-all recovery efficiencies  were less than  2.. 3% for  nitrogen
dioxide but reached as much  as  2255 for sulfur  dioxide.   Oxidation
efficiencies for sodium sulfite  solutions  ranged  up  to  80%,
depending on the operating  conditions.  The fritted-glass
disperser gave recovery efficiencies  of nitrogen  dioxide as high
as 90% from air containing  10?!  of the gas.   The  recovery
efficiency decreased at lew  concentrations of  nitrogen  dioxide
for both the Venturi atomizer  and the fritted-glass  disperser.
(Author abstract modified)


14955

Rabson, S. B..
THE DEVEIOPHENT OF AN EXTBACTICN PLANT  FOE  THE  ELIMINATION OF
BLASTING FUMES,  South African Institute  of  Mining  and
Metallurgy, Johannesburg, Trans. Seventh  Commonwealth Mining
and Met all- Cong., vol. 2:159-TJU,  1961.  20  refs.


Nitrous fumes produce acute toxic effects and,  when inhaled in
gross concentrations together with  siliceous  dust,  can
accelerate the development of silicosisn  Methods for extracting
the oxides of nitrogen from fumes caused  by  underground  blasting
578                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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were  investigated.   A  detailed description is given of laboratory
work  to analyze  the  composition of fumes released in blasting;
the fumes were found to  contain nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide/
tetroxide,  and nitrogen  trioxide, with nitric oxide being the
most  significant for the problem of fume elimination.  Both
laboratory  extraction  tests and underground oxidation tests were
carried out;  the most  successful results were obtained with a
combined  method  of simultaneously oxidizing the nitric oxide and
absorbing the oxidation  products.  An extraction plant was
developed,  based on  the  use of alkaline -potassium permanganate
solution  impregnated on  vermiculite; the performance of the
trial filter  showed  the  effectiveness of a single vermiculite
bed,  at least 2  ft thick, impregnated with a solution of 5*
HaC03 and 5%  KHnOH in  oxidizing and absorbing the nitrous fumes;
extraction  is good up  to 55 f.p.ro..  Because the bed loses a
considerable  portion of  its absorbing power after extended use,
the air should be by—passed during normal ventilation between
blasts to reduce decomposition of the permanganate by the air»
Despite the good extraction obtained, air from the filter should
still te  mixed with  ventilating air to a dilution of not less
than  5 to 1 before supplying the air to working places.  The
design of a suitable fume extraction plant is described.


10975

lee,  E. C.  and D. B. Wimmer


EXHAUST EMISSION ABATEMENT BY FUEL VARIATIONS TO PRODUCE LEAN
COHBUSTION.  Preprint, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.,,
Hew  York, 20p.,  1968.   15 refs.   (Presented at the National Fuels
and  lubricants Meeting,  Tulsa, ckla., Oct. 29-31, 1968,
Paper 680769.)


Differences in the  power producing capacities and exhaust
emission  characteristics of various spark-ignition-engine fuels
are  freguently obscured  by interactions involving the particular
engine system used  in  the comparison.  In an attempt to
minimize  this problem, gasoline, propane, methane, and a
hydrogen-methane fuel  gas were compared in a single cylinder
engine under  conditions  that were optimum for each fuel..  The
resulting data,  coupled  with an estimated duty cycle
representative of traffic service, permitted the development
of internally comparable data on fuel consumption and exhaust
emissions.   Smog-inducing hydrocarbon emissions from the exhaust
of a  propane—fueled  engine can be less than 13% of the minimum
value obtainable with  a  gasoline fueled engine.  Such emissions
would te  substantially eliminated with a well designed methane
engine.   Engines designed for propane and methane should have
substantially no carbon  monoxide in the exhaust, and only
tO-505! as much nitric  oxide as an engine designed for gasoline.
In addition,  lower  specific fuel consumptions are possible with
propane and methane.  These benefits are primarily the result
of better lean combustion performance with the two gaseous
fuels. It  is recognized that a fuel gas that might be
steam-reformed from  a  liguid fuel would have even better lean
mixture combustion  behaviour and lower emissions than propane
or methane.  (Author abstract modified)
                           E.  Control Methods                        579

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15087

Bucskai, Laszlo


THE PROCESS OF OXIDATION OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN  THE  PRESENCE OF
EQOIMOLECULAR NO + NC2 ABSORPTION IN THE DILUTE TAIL  GASES OF
NITRIC-ACID PLANTS.  <(Nitrogenoxid oxidacioja hig nitrozus
gazoktan ekviraolekularis NO + N02 folyamatos abszorpcioja mellett)
Text in Hungarian.  Hagy. Kern. Folyoirat, 67(11):«88-U90, 1961.
1 ref.
A differential eguation is derived that gives the  incremental
change in the partial pressure of nitrogen dioxide  as a  function
of incremental change in nitric oxide concentration, oxygen
concentration, the concentration of an inert gas,  and the total
pressure.  The above conditions refer to the tail  gas of a stack
at a plant where nitric acid is manufactured from  nitric oxide,
sodium carbonate, and water; the tail gas  (NO and  N02)
concentration is 0.7-1.0 voU.  Subsequently, the eguation is
used tc derive another differential equation rendering the time
needed to accomplish an incremental change in NO concentration.,
This latter differential eguation is considerably  simplified
so that it can be integrated.  The resulting equation is
presented in the form of a nosogram that can be used to
calculate the volume of the absorber column or the  oxygen
concentration or the time needed to perform the reaction.,
15100

Szepesy, Laszlo and  Allesandro  R«  Giona


REMOVAL OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF  NITRIC OXIDE  BY  ADSORPTION.   (Kis
mennyisegu nitrogen-monoxid  eltavolitasa  adszcrpcioval).   Text
in Hungarian™  Magy. Icen. Folyoirat,  71 (9) : 399-403,  Sept.,
1965.  6 refs.
The presence of  0.1-0..8  ppm  nitric  oxide  during the nitrogen
washing of synthesized ammonia  might  result  in  an unexpected  and
powerful explosion.   This  study investigated the feasibility  of
SO removal by adsorption and selection  of the most suitable
adsorbent.  For  the  test work,  NO was produced  by Emich"s method,
and NO analysis  was  performed by the  Saltzman method using a
Lange Colorimeter.   Three  kinds of  ion-exchange material
 (IHA KOO, IMAC A 17,  and IHAC C 12),  two  kinds  of molecular
sieves (5A and 13X),  silica  gel, and  activated  carbon were used
as adsorbent materials;  all  materials were in the form of
30-40 mesh sieve fraction.   Only the  5A molecular sieve and  the
activated carbon (Carlo  Erba, Norit)  gave appreciable
breakthrough times.   Test  results of  dynamic adsorption
measurements are presented  for  the  two  chosen materials, giving
the velocity of  progression  of  the  adsorption zone as a function
of NO concentration  and  linear  gas  velocity, and the adsorption
isothermal lines in  the  investigated  concentration regime
 (0-13 and 21 ppm}  for activated carbon.
 580               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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15152

Schwanecke,  Eudolf


HAS1E  GAS  CLEANING  1HBOCGH COMEDSTION 01 NITROGEN OXIDES.
(Abgasreinigung  durch Verbrennen von Stickstoffoxyden).  Text
in German.   Zentr..  Arbeitsmed. Arbeitsschutz, 19 (9) : 262-264,
1969.,   3 refs.


Various methods  for elimination of NO and N02 from  waste gases
are reviewed.   Absorption of the nitrogen oxides on silica gel
has recently interested the nitric acid plants.  Water vapor
is used for  desorption, and the recovered nitrogen  oxides are
returned to  the  nitric acid plant.  If DO recovery  of the nitrogen
oxides is  desired,  they can be removed from waste air by
scrubbing  with  water or bases such as sodium hydroxide or
ammonia water.,   The reaction follows the equation 3N02 + H20 yields
2HN03  t NO.   Ss  can be seen, only N02 is removed.   A patented
process for  dissociation of NO and N02 in the reducing part of
the flame  is based  on the reaction of carbon monoxide with N02
and NO in  a  flame sustained in an atmosphere of  low air.  The
reaction follows the equation 2NO + 2CO yields N2 + 2C02,,  It
has also been discovered'that the nitrogen oxides dissociate
in an  atmosphere of 20% or more excess air.  The process depends
on the thorough  mixing of the gases with the flame, as
accomplished by  atomization.  In a chemical plant,  NO and N02 are
eliminated bj a  combination of scrubbing and combustion.  Nitric
oxide  escapes from  the scrubber at a rate of up  to  30 cu m/hr with
a temperature of 30 C.  It is mixed with air and atomized with
the fuel oil in  a muffle furnace; it serves as combustion air and
as an  atomizing  agent for the fuel oil.  About 3 to 5 ppm of
NO and N02 were  measured in the waste gas of the furnace.
15219

Girden,  Barney  B.


METHOD  OF  CONTROLLING SBOG.   (Assig.nee not given.) D. S. Pat.
3,«65,964.   Up.,  Sept.  9, 1969.  2 refs.  (Appl. Nov. 9, I960,
3 claims) .


A method  for controlling and substantially eliminating smog is
directed  toward effecting the ascension above coastal cities
of thermal  inversion belts which trap and retain pollutants
near the  surface  of the earth.   On-shore breezes which cause
a thermal  inversion belt to  rise can be initiated and sustained
by mixing  cool, deep offshore water with warm surface water to
reduce  the  temperature  of the surface water to a value less
than that  of the  adjacent earth surface.  When the thermal
inversion  layer ascends, the ccol, clean, and heavier oceanic
atmosphere  can  then be  substituted for the warmer, lighter,
and polluted air  by the phenomena of thermal convection.  The
invention  proposes to achieve the turbulent intermingling of
ocean water by  installing pumping apparatus in selected
submarine  canyons bordering  coastal areas.  It has particular
                           E.  Control Methods                        581

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implications for Southern California,  where  a  chain  of
submarine canyons and basins are located  adjacent  to the
coastline.  Best results will be obtained by initiating  the
on-shore breeze just before smog occurs,  that  is,  in the early
morning hours when the temperature  of  the earth"s  surface
usually decreases to a point lower  than that of  the  ocean.


15270

Schmidt, Karl-Heniz


METHOD TOE BEHOVING NITROGEN OXIDES FEOM  GASES THROUGH CATALYTIC
BEDDCTION OP THESE SUBSTANCES TO NITROGEN-   (Verfahren zur
Entfernung von Stickoxyden aus Gasen durch katalytische
Reduction derselben zu Stickstaft).  Text in German.   Hamburg
Gaswerke, Goin.b., H. , Hamburg) W., German Pat.  1,259,298.   2p.,
Jan. 25, 1968.  1 ref.   (Appl. Aug. 29, 1961,  2  claims) .


A method for removing nitrogen oxides  from waste gases,  flue
gases0 etc. involves catalytic reduction  of  these  oxides to
nitrogen at high temperatures in the presence  of ammonia or
compounds which liberate ammonia.   Appropriate catalysts are
oxides of the sixth to eighth subgroup of the  periodic table
of elements.  Because these catalysts  are resistant  to sulfur,
sulfur-containing gases, primarily  flue gases, can be freed of
their nitrogen oxides.  Chromium and/or iron oxides  are
particularly effective catalysts,,   The reaction  follows  the
equation N02 + HO + 2NH3 yields 2N2 +  3H20.  The reaction
temperature can range from 150 tc 300  C;  about 250 C is
preferred for dry gas and above 300 C  for very moist gas.  The
advantages of this method are that  (1) any concentration of NO
and N02 is removed completely, even when  sulfur  is present, (2)
no scrubbing process is necessary,  (3) no by-product
accumulates, and  (4J  the nitrogen oxides  are converted in
oxidizing atmosphere.  Two practical examples  are  given.  In the
first case 250 kg catalyst were used per  300 cu  m  flue gas/hour.
The dirty gas had a NO content of 120  ml/cu  m  and  a  N02  content
of 15 ml/cu m.,  After catalytic reduction the  nitrogen oxides
concentrations were less than 0.01  ml/cu  m.  In  the  second case
the gas contained 3000 ppm which were  reduced  to less than 0.1
ppm.


15271

Andersen, Holger C.


CLEANING OF INDUSTRIAL GASES HITH PBECIOUS METAL CATALYSTS.
(Industrielle Gasreinigung mit Edeluetallkatalysatoren) .  Text
in German.  Dechema Monograph., HO (616-641) :325-33,  1962™
28 refs.
The applications of platinum metals  as catalysts  for  removing
acetylene from clefins, cleaning coke-oven  gas, and  treating
residual gases from the nitric acid  production  are reviewed.
Of the family, platinum palladium  is  particularly suited  for the
582               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIOANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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hydration  of  acetylene so that only a few ppm remain.  Recent
laboratory tests indicate that at gas throughputs of up to
U500 standard cu m/hr/cu m catalyst, the addition of hydrogen
can  be  reduced to a mole ratio between hydrogen and acetylene
of 2.   In  the case of coke-oven gases, acetylene, nitrogen oxides,
carbon  oxysulfide, and diolefins are converted into harmless,
easily  removable compounds by palladium and ruthenium catalysts.,
Catalytic  treatment of residual gases from nitric acid
production has three goals:  the removal of noxious components,
recovery of the nitrogen in pure form for re-use at the ammonia
synthesis, and production of heat.  Eecent laboratory tests show
that the process can reduce the nitric oxide content of waste
gases to 9 ppm«

15321

Eberan-Eberhorst, P0


FORWARD-LOOKING EXHAUST GAS RESEARCH FOR THE AUTOMOTIVE PETROL
ENGINE.  (Abgasforschung zukunftsweisend fuer den Fahrzeug-
Otto-motor) „   Text in German.  Botortech. Z. (Stuttgart),
30(9) :315-323. Sept. 1969.  18 refs,


The influence of engine operation modification on the emission of
such exhaust  gas components as CO, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides
is discussed.  The use of an evaporator helps reduce carbon
monoxide emission to the lowest possible concentration.  A spinning
motion  in  the air intake pipe also reduces the CO content.  The
type of carburetion has almost no effect on the CO or hydrocarbon
emission.   Study of the influence of temperature cooling agent on
hydrocarbon emission showed that emission could be considerably
reduced by raising the temperature of the agent.  When the engine
acts as a  brake, hydrocarbon emissions jump to high concentrations
due to  misfiring.,  Spiral-like intake pipes or vortex-imparting
installations in the intake system, tangential inlets or deflector
valves  have a considerable influence on hydrocarbon emission, which
is decreased  because the wall layer is completely burned due to
the higher turbulence.  This hcwever, costs power.  Compression
of the  intake air and spark timing also reduce these emissions.
Kith a  commonly used idling mixture containing 3% CO, the
hydrocarbon emissions of a 1-liter four cylinder engine were
reduced from  1720 ppm at 30 degree ignition advance to 180 ppm
at 18 degree  ignition delay.  The emission of nitrogen oxides can
be reduced by exhaust gas return to the fresh air which reduces
the caloric value of the fuel/air mixture and by water injection
into the intake pipe,.  Tests with the latter method showed that
nitrogen oxide emissions could be reduced from 2000 ppm to 583 ppm.
At lamda equal to one, a 20% addition of exhaust gas has the same
effect  as  water injection at a water to fuel ratio of  1:2.

15640

Sullivan,  Eillie R.


SMOG REDUCING CARBURETOR.,  (Automotive Development Corp., Calif.)
U. Su  Pat. 3,1*71,132.  6p.,, Oct., 7, 1969.  11 refs.   (Appl. Dec.
11,  1967,  9 claims) .
                            E. Control Methods                        583

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A venturi-less carburetor is described in which the  movement of
the throttle valve controls the rate of fuel discharge  and in
which fuel is discharged into the engine induction system
through the throttle valve shaft.,  The carburetor embodies
several features for improving combustion in internal coictustion
engines and for reducing the emission of smog-producing
constituents from the induction system.  The smog-reducing
features include an accelerating pump with a discharge  circuit
responsive to an induction system vacuum for bleeding fuel into
the carburetor during severe decelerations, an improved  fuel
discharge nozzle bar,, and a system for retarding the spark
advance on such decelerations.,   (Author abstract modified)

15650

Case, Carl D., Daniel L. Bear, and Tunis Shrewders


PUBLICATION METHOD OF GAS CONTAINING NITROGEN OXIDES.   (Chisso
sankatutsu o ganyu suru gasu no  seiseiho).  Text in  Japanese.
 (Engelhard Industries, Inc., Newark, N. J.) Japanese Pat. Sho 44-
13002, 13 p., June 11, 1969.  3  refs.   (Appl. March  18,  1965,
claims not given) .


In the production of nitric acid, harmful gases such as  nitric
oxide or nitrogen dioxide are produced.  To prevent  air  pollution,
nitrogen oxides must be eliminated completely from the  final
product.  One way of eliminating the gases is by catalytic
reduction, using reducing agents such as hydrogen, carbon
monoxide, and so forth.  In this invention, excessive back
pressure, occurring in the conventional process using granular
catalysts, and wear loss of expensive platinum metal catalysts are
reduced to a minimum.  The catalyst consists of a ceramic having
more than one ditch for gas flow extending along the flew
direction.  The ceramic has pcre diameters of 2000 A and is
supported on outer surfaces opening into the ditches.   Eefractory
metal oxide which has a surface  area of at least 25  sg  m/g
precipitates on the ditches and  also on the outer surfaces.
Platinum metals precipitate on the refractory metal  oxide.
Several practical examples are shewn for the terminal gas
containing 0.9% nitric oxides.   The nitric oxide content was
lowered to 1 ppm.  Pressure decrease was 0.508  (1.52) atm under
40,000 Vg/Vc/hr, 0.762  (5.33) under 10,000 Vg/Vc/hr, and 1.52
 (14.2) Vg/Vc/hr, where Vg/Vc/hr  means volume of gas  per  catalyst
vclume per hour.  The values in  parentheses are for  a catalyst
having a diameter of 0,635 cm.

15772

Okuno, Tosihide
THE REACTION BJD ODOB SUBSTANCES WITH  OZCNE.   (Akushu  seibun  to
ozon no hannosei).  Text  in Japanese.   Kogai  to  Taisaku  (J,
Pollution Control), 5 (8) :633-639,  Aug..  15,  1969.   8  refs.


The removal of industrial odors by the  use  of  ozone  oxidation was
studied, and their properties  and  behavior  were  described  with the
584               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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introduction  of  electron theory.   Malodorous components are amine-
annoniacal  compounds,  lower aliphatic acidic compounds,
sulfurous compounds,  ofefin-paraffin hydrocarbons,, and other
organic  compounds.   Olefinic hydrocarbons have a characteristic
odor and a  reaction mechanism for olefinic hydrocarbons and ozone
»as described.   One of the most general reactions of the carbon-
carbon  double bond  is an addition of ozone and rearrangement of
the resultant ozonide whereby the ozonide is directly
hydrolyzed  by boiling with water..  Secondary and tertiary amines
were employed to examine reactivity and reaction products.
Reactivity  was determined by measuring residual ozone quantity,
and reaction  products were monitored by gas-chromatography.
Tertiary amines  reacted extensively with ozone and formed various
compounds.   Acrylic ester lonomer, used as a raw material of
acrylic  acid  resin, is very odorous.  An oxidation experiment
using acrylic ester and methacrylate was done for the removal of
this odor.   Acrylic ester reacted faster than methacrylate; a
reaction of acrylic ester with ozone proceeded relatively fast,
so this  odor  can most readily be removed by selecting appropriate
reaction conditions™   In conclusion, not all odorous components
can be  removed by ozone oxidation, due to the difficulty in
reducing 1  ppm of malodorous conponents to 1 ppb (99,,9/t removal
rate) .   Optimum  reaction conditions and apparatus must be found
for the  use of ozone reaction aethods on odorous sources.
15941

Tow,  Philip  S.


CONSIDERATIONS  OF THE FEASIBILITY OF CCNTHOL OF OXIDES OF
NITROGEN.   J.  Air Pollution Control Assoc., vol. -7:23t-2«0, Nov.
1957.   28  refs.


a review of  existing theories of the role of nitrogen oxides and
hydrocarbons in  ozone and smog formation is followed by a
consideration  of the nature and contribution of various sources
of nitrogen  oxides in Los Angeles County and an evaluation of
methods for  controlling the oxides.  In Los Angeles, nitrogen
oxide  emissions  are primarily the result of nitrogen fixation in
combustion processes, according to the eguilibirum N2 plus 02
equals 2NO.   Variables in combustion processes are temperature,
excess air,  and  in the case of automobiles, engine acceleration
rate.   Theoretical and experimental data show that there is no
ready  solution  for the control of nitrogen oxides as a general
atmospheric  contaminant.   Much experimental work needs to be done
before satisfactory devices are developed.  The importance of
research on  the  catalytic decomposition of nitric oxide is
stressed.   It  is also suggested that methods of accelerating vapor
phase  reactions  of NO may have applications for controlling
nitrogen oxide  emissions from stationary sources.  Other possible
roethods of control discussed are absorption, adsorption, and
changes in the  design of combustion equipment or its operation or
changes in fuel.
                           E. Control Methods                        585

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15948

Nakano, loshihiro


THE EXAMPLE OF ODOE CCNTEOL HUH OZONE.   (Akushuh  taisaku  to  shite
no ozon riyo no jissari rei: Nagcya shi Horidome shorijoh  ni
oXeru ichi rei).   Text in Japanese.  Kogai  to  Taisaku  (J.
Pollution Control), 4 (6):359-363, June  15,  1968.   6  refs.


Eeodorant and ventilation facilities at a sewer treatment  plant
at Horidome, Nagoya city are described.  The volume  of  air  treated
is 11,910 cubic meters.  The air can be changed eight tines an
hour, since the ducts and ventilator handle  1600 cu  m per  min.
Because the sewer odor is a mixture of  many  gases, its  analysis is
difficult.  Among the principal ingredients  are hydrogen sulfide,
indole, skatole,  and ammonia.  Deodorizing  methods considered
were adsorption,  absorption, masking, counteraction, combustion,
autotrophy, and oxidation.  Because of  space limitations,  the
method of oxidation by ozone was chosen.  The  amount of ozone
required is about 1 ppm, i.e., 1.75 nig  per  cu  m air.  Total ozone
used is 168 gr per hour.  The amount of raw  material is 269
liters air per min, and the rate cf ozone generation is 7.6
liters per min.   Four seconds are required  for the mixing  of
cdor and ozone.   The reaction takes place in the exhaust duct of
the ozone generator.  Operating costs of the process are 101,520
yen  ($290) per year.  Ammonia has decreased  about 60 percent.
Other components  can not be measured because of their lew
concentration.  Factors affecting the continuous operation of
the ozone generator will be reported later.
16157

Kipot, N. S-, A. I. Erodovich, and B. S. Filippov
REMOVAL OF NITRIC OXIDE FECM COKE-OVEN  GAS.   Coke  Chem.  (USSR)
(English translation from Russian of: Koks i  Khira.),  no.  3:38-43,
196S.  47 refs.
Although the amount of nitric cxide in coke-oven  gas  is  small,
even the slightest trace reduces the efficiency of  equipment  for
fertilizer manufacture and creates the risk  of explosion.
Current methods of nitric oxide removal  are  those that  involve
compression of coke-oven gas or those that are carried  out at
normal pressures  (800-1000 water guage).  When the  compression
method is carried out in hollow reactors, 70-90%  of the  nitric
cxide can be removed at 100 C and  10-12  atm.   When  carried out
with molybdenum or tungsten sulfide catalysts, nitric oxide is
virtually entirely removed at 180-250 C  and  16 atm.   The best
available method for removing nitric oxide from uncompressed  gas
is purification in electrostatic brush-discharge  precipitatots.
In this process, nitric oxide is oxidized inside  the  precifitator,
on an almost stoichicmetric basis, to nitrogen dioxide.   The
nitro-resins formed by the reaction of the nitrogen dioxide with
the unsaturated hydrocarbons present in  the  gas are speedily
deposited inside the precipitatcr.  The  nitric oxide  content  of
586                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIOANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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the  coke-oven  gas  is reduced from 0.5 to 0.006 ppm.  This  method
should  receive further study in the Soviet Union where the
introduction of smokeless coke has increased the nitric oxide
content of  coke-oven gas.

16233

Kingston Chemicals Ltd.


BANUF1CTUHE OF NITROUS OXICF.  APPENDIX II.  Erit.  J.  Anaesthesia,
vol. 39:443-444, May 1969.


Production  of  pure nitrous oxide by the closed circuit  method  is
described.   Ammonium nitrate is liquified in a preheating  retort
by gas cylinders and then transferred to the main  retort  which is
heated only until the nitrate is able to generate  its  own  heat.
the pressure in the main retort pushes gas through a purification
system, eliminating the  risk cf impurities being entrained in  the
system.  After partial cooling, the gas is scrubbed with  caustic
soda and passed through  beds of finely divided iron where  nitrogen
dioxide is  removed and nitric oxide reduced to nitrous  cxide.   Ihe
gas is then passed through sulfuric acid, a water  scrubber,  ana
is dried by lump caustic before entering a gasholder designed  to
balance the rate of gas  produced and the rate of gas compressed.
From the compressors the gas passes through another bed of  finely
divided iron and additional lump caustic.  It is liquified by
cooling.  The  cylinders  to which the liquid is passed  are
overfilled  by  approximately six pounds of liquid and allowed to
stand before being 'blown back" to the required weight.   This
eliminates  the more volatile impurities: nitrogen  and  nitric
oxide.

16299

Schwanecke, R.


ELIMINATION OF NITROGEN  OXIDE  EY MEANS CF CCMEUSTICN.   (Verr.ichtung
von Stickstoffoxid durch Verbrennen).  Text in German.   Wasser,
Luft Betrieb,   12 (6) -.372-3, June  1968.  3 refs.


The elimination of NO and N02  by scrubbing with water  or  sodium
lye and their elimination by thermal decomposition are briefly
contrasted.  The former  method has the disadvantage of just
removing the N02 according to  the equation 3N02 +  H2C  yields
2HN03  t NC.  Thermal decomposition of NC and  N02  between  150 and
620 C  in a  reducing flame maintained with a lack  of air  follows  the
equations 2ND + 2CO yields 2N2 + 2C02 and 2N02 t  4CC  yields N2 t
1C02.  The  oxides are also reliably  destroyed at  20%  and  more
excess air.  A third method for eliminating NO and N02 is discussed
in greater  detail.  It is a combined process  of absorption of  N02
and combustion of NO.  The waste gases of a chemical  oxidation
process are first passed ccuntercurrent to a  scrubbing liquid
through a scrubbing tower, where the N02 is converted  to  nitric
acid.  The  NO which escapes from the scrubbing tower  is  mixed  with
the threefold amount of  air and turned in an  oil-fired muffle
furnace.  The furnace consists of two concentric,  sheet  steel
                            E. Control Methods                         587

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shells.  In the space between the two shells  cooling  air is
circulated with a speed of 12 re/sec.  The  nitrogen  oxide-containing
air is used for atomizing the fuel.

163<41

Schischlcov, D., M. Kojcharova,  C. Iwanov,  Z.  Galunski,  G.  Dinov,
K. Gruev, and D. Grueva


A STUDY OF THE CONVERSION OF CARBON  MONOXIDE  AND  THE  SIMULTANEOUS
REMOVAL OF NITBIC OXIDE AND OXYGEN FROM  THE SYNTHESIS GAS  WITH THE
AID OF LCW-TEMPEHATURE CATALYSTS.   (Studie ueber  die  Kcrvertierung
von Kohlenoxid und die gleichzeitige Entfernung  von Stickoxid und
Sauerstoff aus Synthesegas mit  Hilfe von
lieftemperaturkatalysatoren),   Text  in German.   Allgem.  Frakt.
Chem.  (Vienna), 20(3):68-70, 1969.   8 refs.


Tests  with low-temperature catalysts developed  by the Technological
Institute of Sofia concerning the conversion  of  carbon  monoxide
were performed in an experimental plant  with  a  capacity  of 20
standard cu m per hour.  The synthesis gas contained  88% hydrogen,
3.5% nitrogen and argon, 5.4% carbon monoxide,  2.5% methane,
0.6% carbon dioxide, up to 5 ing/hydrogen sulfide/cu m,  0.5 ppm
nitric oxide, and 1000 ppm oxygen.   The  pressure  at the  activity
tests was 28 to 29 atm gauge; the throughput  speed, 2000 to  500C
cu m/cu m/hr; the steam/gas ratio, 0.5;  and the  temperature  less
than 250 C.  With all types of  catalysts tested,  the  same  carbon
monoxide concentration was obtained.  The  throughput  speed exerts
considerable influence at low temperatures on the residual carbon
monoxide concentration; at higher temperatures,  this  influence
becomes weaker.  The catalysts  were  able to reduce  nitric  oxide
and oxygen considerably, which  means that  they  are  able  to convert
and clean the synthesis gas in  one process.

16365

Tuerkoelmez, S.


NEW METHOD OF WASTE GAS CLEANING.  ELIMINATION  OF ODORS  THROUGH
EXCHANGE ADSOBPTION WITH ARTIFICIAL  ION  EXCHANGERS.  PAST  II.
(Neues Verfahren der Abgasreinigung. Beseitigung  der
Geruchbelaestigungen durch Austausch-Adsorption  mittels  Kunstharz-
lonenaustauschern. Teil II).  lext in German.   Hasser Luft
Betrieb, 9 (12) : 812-8 16, 1965.


Experiments in the laboratory and in a pilot  plant  were  conducted
with waste gases containing nitrogen oxides.  Removal by exchange
adsorption with artificial resins  (such  as amberlite  IBA-410 and
IR-45) using air or nitrogen as the  carrier gas showed  that  the
capacity of the resins was lower in  the  presence of air.  for  1
kg nitrogen gas, 27 1 amberlite IHA-410  were  needed.   Tests  on
the stability of the artificial resins by  saturation  in 15?t  nitric
acid for 132 days brought positive results.   Experiments with
various scrubbing liquids such  as water, sodium lye,  and
dimethylsulfoxide showed that the scrubbing process,  which is
actually an oxidation process,  is improved by the presence of
588               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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sufficient oxygen.   Eleven  tests with dimethylsulfoxide solution
were performed.   The waste  gas was first cooled to 20 C and then
passed over dimethylsulfoxide solution.  The solution was
regenerated over  artificial resins which bound the HN03 and
possibly also  the HN02  through exchange adsorption.  The
efficiency of  this method was between 80 and 98%.  For
regeneration of the scrubbing lignid, 300 liters of artificial
resin per week were needed.  The resins in turn had to be
regenerated once  a week with 1058 sodium lye.  During the
experimental period, the  resins suffered no decline in capacity.


16555

Fukui, Syozo


EXAMPLES OF GAS INJUBY  BY HYDBGFIURCIC ACID AND NITBOGEN DIOXIDE,
AND REMOVAL OF THE GASES  FROM HASTE GAS.   (Pukka suiso oyobi
nisanka chisso ni yoru  kogai to sono jogai jisshirei).  Text in
Japanese.  Kogai  to Taisaku, (J. Pollution Control), 2 (7) : 481-486,
Aug.  15, 1966. 3 refs.


Among the methods of nitrogen-dioxide removal, washing by  water
or alkaline solutions are only 50% effective.  The author
investigated a method based on ammonia gas.  For the sake  of
comparison, an experiment using water alone was conducted.
nitrogen dioxide  concentration was about 200 to 300 ppm; gas
velocity, 0.6  1/min; and  water volume, 20 ml.  Eemoval efficiency
was only 30 to 40%.  Next,  washing by a caustic soda solution was
examined.  The caustic  soda concentration was 10% under identical
experimental conditions.   The rate of removal was 40 to 503t.  Ihe
rate of nitrogen  dioxide  removal by ammonia was 85 to 95%.  The
drawback of this  method,  however, is that it generates white smoke
cf ammonium nitrite or  nitrate.  In the experiments conducted at a
plant site, washing by  water removed only  12 to 5556 nitrogen
dioxide while  ammonia removed 70 to 93%.  Hydrofluoric acid is
harmful to silkworms.  Mulberry leaves containing 1 mg of  fluorine
per 100 g of leaves completely killed silkworms.  Elimination of
hydrofluoric acid was comparatively easy.  Satisfactory results
were achieved  by  alkaline washing.  The removal rate of this
method was higher than  99%  and the acid concentration of tail gas
was lower than 1  ppm.  The  mortality rate of silkworms fed
untreated mulberry leaves was 3-0 percent; that of controls was
2.0.


16691

Ladu, «. , M. Pellicioni,  and M. Eoccella


FBODUCTION AND DISCHARGE OF TOXIC ANE RADIOACTIVE GASES IN IKE
'LINAC' TUNNEL IN FEASCATI.   (Prcduzione e scarico di gas
tossici e radioattivi nel tunnel del Linac di Frascati).
laboratori Nazionali di Frascati del CNEN, Italy, LNF-65/21, Nota
interna: no. 282, 12p., June 28, 1965.  8 refs.  Translated from
Italian.  National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, National
Science Library.   I.I.  1332.
   CFSTI: N 69 10248
                            E. Control Methods                        589

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Among the hazards associated with high-power  linear  accelerators
are the production of N02 and 03 plus the nuclides  0 15,  N  11, and
Cl 38,  For the sake of production and the  safety of personnel,
production of the gases and nuclides in  the Frascati Linac  tunnel
was calculated.  Results show that the maximum  allowable
concentrations of the gases are reached  in  approximately  20 min.
If the air in the tunnel is changed every 10  minutes,
concentrations can be kept belcw the admissible levels.   This can
be accomplished by ventilation on the order of  60 cu m/min.
Production of the nuclides is less than  20% of  the allowable
maximum, which for lungs is 4 rem in 13  weeks,  corresponding to
the value 7 to 0.001 rad/hr for <*0 hrs/week.  Badiation levels at
points where radioactive gases are discharged do not appear to te
serious.

16699

British Oxygen Co. ltd., Glasgow, Scotland


CURRENT METHODS OF CCMHERCIAI EBODUCTIOK OF NITROUS  CXIDE.
APPENDIX 1.  Brit. J. Anaesthesia, vol.  39:HHQ-HH2,  Hay  1967.


Nitrous oxide is produced on a commercial scale by  passing  an
ammonium nitrate solution through a primary scrubbing tower to a
gas-heated reactor.  As decomposition takes place,  nitrous  oxide
leaves the reactor, together with steam, ammonia, nitric  acid,
nitrogen, and traces of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide.
Initial cooling of the merging gases causes most of  the ammonia
and nitric acid to revert to ammonium nitrate,  which is returned
to the reactor.  Residual ammonia and nitric  acid are removed by
a water scrubber; higher oxides, by caustic/permanaganate
scrubbers; and ammonia traces, by an acid scrubber.   When free
of all impurities except moisture and nitrogen,  the  gas is
compressed and dried in an alumina drier battery.  The dry,
compressed gas is next liquefied to release nitrogen and  evaporate
pure nitrous oxide.  The evaporated nitrous oxide is then
compressed to cyclinder pressure and passed through  a second
alumina drier battery to a cylcinder filling  line.   In purity tests
for nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide determination, the  gas
leaving each drier is passed through a visual bubbler containing
an acid potassium permanganate solution  and a Saltzman reagent.
An alarm is automatically sounded if nitric oxide and nitrogen
dioxide concentrations reach 1 vpm.

16726

Kazakova, E. A., H. Z. Khiterer, and V.  E.  Bomshtein


PURIFICATION OF EXHAOST GASES FBCM NITRIC ACID  PLANTS.   Erit.
Chen. Eng., 14 (5) :667-668, Hay 1969.


The presence of unatsorbed nitrous gases in the tail gases  from
nitric acid plants created a serious pollution  problem and  efforts
to deal with it have followed various lines.  In this article a
pilot plant that applies the principle of adsorption of  the
nitrogen oxides by a fluidized stream of silica gel  particles is
590               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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described.  The  pilot  plant consisted of an adsorption column
operating at  5.5 atm and a descrber operating at atmospheric
pressure.  In the  adsorption column, fluidized silica gel  flews
counter-current  to the gas stream.   The NO is partly oxidized  to
N02  and adsorbed on the silica gel.  The adsorbent saturated  with
N02  is withdrawn from  the adsorber base and passes to the
desorption column.  Here the adsorbent is heated with steam to
180  to  190 C  while a current of air desorbs the silica gel.   The
desorption products, after dedusting in a cyclone are returned to
the  process.
16777

Starkroan, Ernest  S.


ELIMINATING  EXHAUST  CO AND NO - IT'S POSSIBLE.  S. A. E.  (Soc.
Jutomot.  Engrs.)  J.,  77(7):28-29, July 1969.


Direct  reaction between CO and NO, when mixed in egual  amounts  in
the presence of a catalyst, produces N2 and C02.  In the combustion
process  of a spark ignition engine egual amounts of both gases  can
te supplied  to the exhaust by burning a lean fuel mixture.  Ihis
requires  solving  the  problems associated with running an engine
on lean  mixtures,  especially mixture control so that the maximum
amount  of time is spent at the CO-NO match point.
1705U

Starkman, E.  S. ,  E.  F.  Sawyer,  E. Carr, G. Johnson, and L. Huzic


ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOB  CONTEOL 01 ENGINE EMISSION.  J. Air Pollution
Control  Assoc., 20(2):87-92,  Feb. 1910.  16 refs.


The  possibility of  reducing carbon monoxide and nitric oxide
emissions through modifications of spark ignition engine fuel
composition was investigated  theoretically and experimentally.
Ammonia, alcohols,  hydrogen,  reformed hexane, and a few
representative  hydrocarbons were considered.  Calculations of
exhaust  gas composition and the influence of composition en
equilibrium peak  cycles were  based on ideal Otto cycle processes.
The  agreement between  predicted and measured exhaust concentrations
was  good in the case of chemically correct mixtures.  At leaner
or richer mixtures,  there was considerable divergence.  The  results
show that carbon  monoxide and nitric oxide concentrations are
ftotoundly influenced  by fuel composition, with the production
of the pollutants determined  equally by carbon to hydrogen ratio
and  iuel energy content.  Predictions of relatively lower nitric
cxide concentrations with ammonia were not confirmed.  It is
suggested that  the  nitric oxide produced by ammonia combustion  is
largely  a ccnseguence  of oxidative pyrolysis.  This is unlike  the
case with hydrocarbons, where the nitric oxide is formed by
thermodynamic equilibrium.
                           E. Control Methods                        591

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17248

Hatanabe, Susumu, Yukihiro MizuKami, and Isutomu Takuma


THE SITUATION AND CONTBOI OF AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST EMISSIONS IN
SAPPOfiO CITY.   (Kanreichi ni ckeru  jidosha haikigasu ni  yoru
taikiosen to sono taisaku).  Text in Japanese.  Kogai to Taisaku
(J. Pollution Control), 4 (11) :721-727, Nov.  15, 1968.


Data obtained by a survey o± air pollution by motor vehicles in
Sapporo city was analyzed.  Automotive emissions are currently
recognized in the city, where previously the major constituent
o± air pollution was smoke dust and dust fall from boilers and
furnaces burning coal for heating.  The recent air pollution did
not appear to be consistent with smoke dust control acts with a
main purpose of promoting the use of smokeless fuel and  cokes
instead of coal and controlling large boiler furnaces.   The number
of registered vehicles in 1967 doubled the amount in 1962 and tuel
demand was about 4 tines the amount in 1962.  The amount of
traffic at major intersections was  estimated to be 15,000 to
35,000 vehicles, which shows an increase of 2.4 times that of
five years ago.  Roads are alsc poorly paved and traffic is
delayed in winter due to heavy snow.  The automotive exhaust
emissions, carbon monoxide, sulfur  dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen
dioxide, and airborne dust do not indicate high densities despite
the traffic increase; but at intersections in main streets, a
high density was measured.  The result of a control device tested
on slow throttle timing of an engine system showed a decrease
from 20% to 14X of CO exhaust emissions and in a secondary test,
the figures decreased to 4.3% of average CO exhaust emissions.
Countermeasures which are now planned to control automotive
emissions involve composition of a  Motor Vehicle Exhaust Control
and a Noise Block Council, reaearch en control devices appropriate
for cold weather, and promotion of  road heating to solve the
traffic delay in the snow season.

17262

Yanagihara, Shigeru


AIE POLLUTION AND PUTUBE  AUTOMOBILE ENGINES.   (Kogai  mondai to
shorai no gendoki).  Text in Japanese.  Jidosha Gijutsu
(Automobile Eng.), 23 (11): 1174-1183 ,  196S.   7 refs.


The prospects for reducing emissions from internal combustion
engines or developing alternative engine systems are  reviewed.
Internal combustion engines, which  include Otto, Diesel, and
Brayton cycles, are divided  into reciprocal  and rotary  types.
The engines have 2 or 4 cycles  cr in  the case of hybrid  engine,
a  mixed cycle.  Theoretically,  the  exhaust gas composition can
be less than 25 ppm hydrocarbons, 0.25% carton monoxide  and  100
ppm nitric oxide.  In practice, however, the  minimum  reduction
attainable is twice as much, with control devices  costing  trora
$50 to $300.  Replacement of the gasoline engine  with  other
types of internal combustion engine is not realistic,  and
improvements in the control  of  exhaust gas are aimed  at  the
592              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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present-day gasoline  engine.   Gas turbines emit fewer pollutants
than other prime movers,  but  their use, especially for vehicles
less than 200 hp, is  rather  limited.   Steam engines and Stirling
cycles are remote alternatives;  they  will not replace gasoline
engines in the  near future.   For the  electric car, an
alternating-current motor is  promising.  Advantages and
disadvantages,  of lead-acid,  Na-S, and Li-C12 cells are
discussed, together with  a fuel  cell  of H2-02, hydrocarbons,
aethanol, ammonia, or hydrazine.  An  energy-to-weight ratio of
fuels is another important factor is  considering future
automobiles.  Gasoline or kerosene have the best value.
Hydrogen has a  value  of 1/2  the  ratio of propane, even when
used as a magnesium hybrid.   In  conclusion, improved exhaust-gas
cleaning techniques are required for  the internal combustion
engine.

17114

Nakajima, Keitaro and Yoshio  Yamakawa


RECENT DEVELOPMENT OF CONTBOL TECHNIQUES OF AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS.
(Saikin no jidohsha haishutsu gasu seigyogijutsu) .  Text in
Japanese.  Jidosha Gijutsu (Automobile Eng.), 23(11):1164-1173,
1969.  19 refs.


Progress in automotive exhaust control from 1966 through 1969 is
reviewed.  The  main innovations  in American and European
automobiles are presented, followed by an explanation of the
throttle positioner system developed  by Toyota.  In this method,
the  throttle valve is kept open  by a  certain amount during
deceleration.   The hydrocarbon exhaust at deceleration is greatly
reduced without affecting the efficiency of engine brake.  The
1970 U. S. federal regulation on auto exhuast is 30% more severe
than that of 1968.  New devices  for meeting the current standards
are reviewed.   Technigues for controlling evaporation frcm
gasoline tank and carburetor  float chambers are explained in detail,
since the method of sealed housing for evaporative determination is
employed.  A control  technique for nitric oxide designed primarily
to pass the California regulation in  1974 is also discussed.
Devices for processing exhaust from the exhaust port are surveyed,
including a reactor,  afterburner, and catalytic converter.   An
attempt to employ extremely  low  fuel-to-air ratio to reduce carbon
monoxide and hydrocarbons by  a layered combustion is also explained.
It is concluded that  further  research is needed in the exhaust
control field.
                           E.  Control Methods                         593

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                   F. EFFECTS - HUMAN  HEALTH
00007

Rn  J,,  Anderson
EPIDEMIOLCGIC  STUDIES  07  SIB  POLLUTION..   Diseases Chest
i»2(5) :f7«-t81»  Nov.  1962.   (Presented at the 27th annual
Meeting, American  Coll. of  Chest  Physicians, New York City,
June  1961..)


Supplementing  existing data which indicate an association between
disease  and air pollution,  new  epidemiologic studies provide
evidence on the relationship  of malignant neoplasms of the lung to
air  pollution,  the distribution of deaths resulting from emphysema
and  the  apparent increase in  this disease,  the relationship of
asthmatic  attack rates to air pollution  as measured by sulphur
dioxide, and the effects  of air pollution exposure on pulmonary
function in a  nornal population™   Since  epidemiologic studies
cannot provide  "cause-and-effect" proof,  the author postulates that
they  must  be supplemented by  laboratory  and other studies to
strengthen the  evidence,,  In  order to establish "proof" that air
pollution  adversely  affects huian health, one must have:  (1)
statistical evidence that a certain disease condition exists in the
population; (2)  epidemiologic evidence of the association between
this  disease condition and  a  certain  factor or factors present; (3)
laboratory demonstration  that such factors can produce a condition
in experimental subjects  similar  to that found in the population;
and  (it)  the ultimate demonstration that  protection from such
factors  will lessen  the amount  or severity of the disease
condition™  (Author)##

00020

J. P. Goldsmith and 1.  H.  Hogers


HEALTH  HAZARDS OF  ADTOHOBILE EXHAUST.  Public Health Kept..,
7K(6) : 551-558,  June  1959.,


Of the  substances  which occur in automobile exhaust and their
reaction products, hygienic standards have been established for
industrial exposure  to carbon monoxide,   nitrogen dioxide, lead, and
ozone.   Establishing a full set of levels for community exposures
to these substances  is very difficult because of the sensitivity of
frail or ill individuals,  the indeterminate period of exposure, the
effect of  agents in  combination, and the cumulative effect of
exposure from  other sources, such as cigarette smoking..  The
hazard of  automobile exhaust to the population of a large community
will  depend, among other  things, on the  extent and way that
                                  595

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vehicles are used, and the  meteorology  of  the  area.   In the
absence of effective control for  air  pollution from  automobile
exhaust, the public health  hazard  should  be  evaluated-   (Author) t#


00033

R* E., Swann, Jr. „  D. Brunol,,   C«  J.  Balchum
PULHONABY RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT  OF  GUINEA  PIGS.    Arch.
Environ. Health,, 10 
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acceptance of the  need  for prudent action in air pollution  control
is needed.  Ir  pollution should be controlled because of  its
potential effects  upon  health, particularly its influence upon  the
development or  aggravation of chronic respiratory disorders.
However, the evidence in this country is conflicting and
detailed studies in  the laboratory, clinical, and epidemiologic
fields to attain more direct evidence are needed.##

00017

H., Heimann
THE  AID POLLUTION  PROBLEl^IN THE UNITED STATES.   Proc,,  of  the
Boy-  Soc., Med.w  Symp.  6,  Section II, Medical and
Epidemiological  aspects of Air Pollution, 57(10-Part 2)
1000-1005, Oct.,  1964,


This article gives a  general review of the air pollution  problems
in the United  States,  summarizing the effects of the air
pollution episodes in  Donora, Pennsylvania, and Los Angeles,
California.  Local, state, and federal legislative efforts
and  the role of  the Public Health Service of the U.. S. Dept.
of Health, Education,  and Helfare in controlling air
pollution are  discussed- f #

00084

G.J.  Doyle,  No  Endow,   J«L. Jones


SDIFOP DIOXIDE BOLE IN  EYE IRRITATION.,   Arch. Environ.,
Health, Vol. 3:657-667, Cec,, 1961.


An eye-irritation  panel was exposed to steady-state reaction
•ixtures generated in  a 520 cu. ft- irradiated stirred-flow
reaction chamber.   The  reactants for one set of exposures were
usually 0.2 to 2.0 ppm  by colume of olefins and N02 in
purified air..  Reaction residence times ranged from 1 to  2  hrs.,
S02  was used as  an additional reactant (at a concentration  of
about O.,1 ppn) in  a comparable set of experiments.  The
reacting mixtures  were  evaluated for relative eye-irritating
ability, with  and  without S02.  Aerosols derived from the
co-photo-oxidation of  SO2 and from 302 itself probably have
little effect  on the  eye-irritating ability of irradiated reaction
mixtures,,  The net effect of the addition of S02 to the  olefin
reaction mixtures  is  a  slight decrease in eye irritation
accompanied by the appearance of an aerosol.  Trace concentrations
of branched internal  olefins, specifically 2-ffiethyl-2-butene,
and  of a cyclic  olefin, cyclohexene, van produce significant
anounts of irritants  other than fcrualdehyde and acrolein.  While
no conclusions on  the  identity of these irritants can be  drawn  from
the  data, it is  speculated that they may be compounds of  the PAN
type and/or reactive  or unstable reaction intermediates.,  The
use  of dynamic <(stirred-flow)  conditions considerably enhances
the  sensitivity  of subjects to the irritants.  Indications  are
that small changes in  the flew field about a subject's eyes may
tare large effects on  response to the irritants in the
                         F. Effects - Human Health                      597

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flowing air.  Adding isobutane,  a branched-chain paraffin having
a tertiary hydrogen atom, to  a  photooxidizing  isobutylene-N02
mixture produced no significant  effect,  either on the  course
of the reaction or on the eye irritation.   This finding held
true both with and without  S02»  A  small decrease in eye
irritation was experimentally observed,  but there are  not
sufficient data to demonstrate  that  this effect is statistically
significant.  The rate of response  to  an eye irritant  is
a function of the chemical  nature of the irritant or
irritants.,  Ethylene and proylene,  olefins  important in auto
exhaust,, can produce significant eye irritation at realistic
atmospheric concentrations.lt
00100

R., E. Granda  and B. Savage
HUMAN REACTIONS TO AIB ICNS.  PAST III:  THE  EFFECT  OF
ATMOSPHERIC IONS ON HUMAN PERFORMANCE -  A  FDETHEH  EXPERIMENT.
General Electric Cou Ithaca,  N.Y.,, Advanced Electronics
Center at Cornell 1niv., Jan.  11, 1963..   19 pp.
    CFSTI:  AD 2931TO
The second of 2 experiments was conducted  to  investigate  effects
of air ions on human performance.,   Twenty-four  subjects worked on
2 psychomotor tasks under experimental  stress while  exposed  to
positive ions, negative ions, and no ions  (control case).  No
significant differences between treatments were found..  Evidence
from both ion experiments strongly  supports the conclusion that
icns (at least up to concentrations of  about  60,000  ions/cc) have
no apparent effect on psychomotor performance in either stress or
ncnstress situations-   (Authors" abstract)##
00123

R. Do McDonald,  C. H. Bachraan,  and P. J. lorenz


SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL EIFECTS OF AIR ION TREATMENT  WITHOUT  ION.
(EXPERIMENT NO. 2 OF BIOLOGICAL  ACTION OF  IONIZED  PARTICLES IN
THE ATMOSPHERE.,)   Intern. J.. Bicieteorol. 9,  (2)  111-7,
July 1965.,


A companion paper describes experiments in which only  the  nostrils
of rats were exposed to ionized  air.  This paper gives results
obtained from similar experiments,  except  that the bridge  of  the
animal's nose was exposed to ions but inhalation of the  ionized
atmosphere was  prevented.  The heart rate  was  unaffected by
negative air ion exposure, positive air ions caused depressed
heart rate.  Respiration rate was generally unaffected by  ions
although there  was a possible final difference under negative air
ion treatment.,  (Author) ##
598               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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00132

J_  H.  Stolk   and R.  P» Smith
SPECIES  DIFFEBENCES IN METHEMOGIOBIN BEDDCTASE  ACTIVITY.
Biochem.  Pharmacol. 15, 313-51, 1966.   {Presented  in  part  at  the
meeting  of  the American Society for Pharmacology and
Experimental Therapeutics,, Aug. 1965.)


Sodium nitrite induced equivalent levels of  methemoglobin  in
sashed erythrocytes from cat, dog, and  man,  all suspended  in
Krebs-Binger phosphate—glucose  (pH 7o1).  The same  levels
occurred in human cells with or without added substrate  fglucose or
lactate)..   In all these incubations, reduction  of  methemoglobin
was minimal or absent over a 2-hr period..   When 0..00001  M
methylene  blue was added with glucose,  equivalent  increases in
rates of methemoglobin reduction occurred in the cells of  all three
species.  Similar rates were seen in rabbit  and mouse red  cells
even without added methylene blue, as long  as lactate or glucose
was present.,  Bethylene blue further enhanced reductase  activity
in mouse cells but only in the  presence of  flucose.   Babbit cells
responded  much less dramatically,, if at all,, to methylene  blue-
lysates  of  human, rabbit, and mouse cells were  equally sensitive
to nitrite, and no spontaneous  reduction occurred-  These  findings
suggest  that the high reductase activity of  rabbit  and mouse
erythrocytes is NADH-dependent.,  The mouse  but  not  the rabbit
appears  to  possess also a NAEPH-dependent reductase like man,,
dog and  cat.  (Author)**
00165

H, Kleinfeld
ACUTE PULMONABY EDEMA Of CHEMICAL ORIGIN.,  Ind.,  Hyg.,  Pev-
7, (J2)  1-10,  Dec..  1965..  (Beprinted from the  Arch,  Environ..
Health  10,,  942-6,  June 1965,,)


Six instances of pulmonary edema due to toxic exposure  to  ozone,
nitrogen  dioxide,  cadmium oxide fumes, dimethyl  sulfate, hydrogen
sulfide and hydrogen fluoride are presented.  The  problems of
diagnosis are discussed*  In view of the unusual severity  of these
cases,  the  following points were stressed:   (1)  the  need of the
physician to  be aware of the possible industrial origin  in all
instances where the cause of the pulmonary edema is  obscure;  {2J
the importance of  careful observation of the  patient known to be
exposed to  an agent capable of producing a delayed  pulmonary edema,
even in the initial absence of any symptoms;  (3) since  certain  of
these agents, such as ozone and hydrogen sulfide,  can act  on the
central nervous system tc produce respiratory depression,  it is
contraindicated to administer morphine in these  instances.,
Digitalis likewise has no place in the management  of pulmonary
edema caused  by exposure to the chemicals mentioned-  The
effective treatment is primarily preventive,  which calls for proper
ventilation of the work environment and an adequate  knowledge of
the operational processes and procedures..  The immediate treatment
                        F. Effects -Human Health                      599

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should include the following:  <(1) oxygen under  controlled
positive pressure to the inspiratcry cycle,  (2)  nebulized bronchial
dilators for the bronchial spasm,,  (3) steroids in  the  more  severe
cases,, |4)  broad-spectrum antibiotics for superimposed  bacterial
infection,  (5)  nebulized ncnirritant bronchial detergents for
increasing mucous secretion, and  (6) tracheostomy  as indicated.
(Author) ##

00180

J. A. Sirs


THE USE OF CARBON MONOXIDE TO PREVENT SICKLE-CELL  FORMATION.
lancet 1, 971-2, Bay 4, 1963.,


The study was undertaken to establish whether  ligands  such  as
ca-rbon monoxide and nitric oxide  would  reverse sickling, and to
explore the possibility of reducing  the  degree of  sickle-cell
formation in vivo by supplementing oxygen with a low concentration
of CO.,  Both in vitro and in vivo studies are  discussed..  In
order to study the effects of CO,,  a  mask was placed over a
patient suffering from the sickle cell  disease and during the
period of controlled breathing, he was  given a total of 25  ml of
CO, corresponding to an estimated  4? saturation  of COHb in  the
red cells-  Blood sampling revealed  an  initial concentration of
1Co2% sickle cells with a standard deviation of  plus or minus
2.,5? and only 3.9 plus or minus 1.5X sickle cells  after the
addition of CO |P less than 0..05) .   A more detailed examination
of this approach is suggested.*#

00189

T. Dalhamn  and J. Sjoholm


STUDIES ON S02, N02, AND NH3:  IJBICT ON CILIARY ACTIVITY IN
RABBIT TRACHEA OF SINGLE IN VITRO  EXPOSUBE AND RESORPTION IN
RABBIT NASAL CAVITY.  Acta Physiol.  Scand.  (Stockholm)  58,
287-91, 1963.


One of the factors which determine  the  toxicity  of pulmonary
irritant gases, etc., presumably  is  their action on the ciliated
epithelium of the respiratory tract.  The degree to which such
gases are resorbed in the mucous  layer  of the  respiratory passages
must also be taken into account when hygienic  limits and allied
guesticns are discussed.  The present paper illustrates these two
factors,, viz., ciliostatic action and resorption,  by experiments
with three common respiratory irritant  gases—sulphur  dioxide,
nitrogen dioxide and ammonia-  As regards concentration required
tc arrest tracheal ciliary activity  in  vitro,  the  three gases
varied considerably.  The degree  of  resorption in  the  upper
respiratory tract also showed wide variations.   It seems  probable
that a gas which even in low concentration  rapidly impairs  ciliary
activity and which is resorbed to a  relatively slight  degree  can
penetrate deeper into the bronchial  tree and thus, on  the  stated
assumptions, be more toxic than gases with  the reverse
characteristics.   {Author)t#
600               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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00204

J.  F.,  Goldsnith,   Lo Greenburg,  A. P. Altshuller,   W.,  S.,
Spicer,  Jr.,,,   E.,  Ju  Cassell,  and H. E» Landsberg


AIB POLLUTION AND HEALTH.  Am. Bev. Bcspirat.  Diseases,
93(2} :302-312. Feb.  1966.


In  order to assess the health hazards of air  pollution  and  to cope
with them,  it is necessary:   ^^) to understand the  conditions that
give rise to a polluted atmosphere; (2) to  have reliable and valid
techniques for measuring the  presence and concentration of  various
pollutants individually and combined; and  (3)  to assess the
biologic effects of exposure  to various forms and levels of air
pollution on human organisms..  The article  discusses each  of these
aspects  in detail and summarizes the established information
relating to air pollution.  It is suggested that current knowledge
and hypotheses about air pollution health effects be used  as a
basis for air pollution standards and for control measures
directed at specific sources  of pollutant emissions.i#

00228

E.G.. Eiley  K. L. Eiley


AIH CONDITIONING AND HEALTH.   Arch. Environ.  Health,,
7(3) :359-365. Sept.  1963.,


The control of indoor environment  (air conditioning)  under  the
varying  influences of temperature, humidity,  air motion and gnality
is discussed.  Air guality is dependent upon  nany factors,  some of
which are particulates, gases and ions.  These and  other factors
lust be  taken into consideration when making  air guality
Measurements.tt


00259

H.  E.  landsterg


HIATHEE  AND DISEASE.  Environmental Science Services
IdniniEtration, Hashington, D.C., Heather Bureau.
(Technical Note 33-EDS-1)  (IZBEPT. (ZNO. 1)  IZFEB. 1966.   7  PP..
   CFSTI


The-atmospheric environment can cause sunburn, heatstroke,  and
frostbite-   Air pollution may provoke or aggravate  asthma-
Weather  changes often influence scar and arthritic  pains.   There
are suspicions that the course of respiratory and certain  heart
ailments is influenced by atmospheric conditions.   Indirectly,,
through  influences on disease vectors, the  climate  plays a  role
in  tropical diseases™  Favorable climatic conditions,  on the
other hand, may alleviate the symptoms of various diseases.
(Author»s abstract) *#
                         F. Effects-Human Health                       601

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00281

H. Heimann,  L» 0,, Emik,  B,.  A.,  Prindle,   and H.  M.
Fisher
PEOGEESS IN HEDICAL RESEARCH OH  AIR  POLLUTION.   Public Health
Rept,,, 73 (12) :1055-1069<,  Dec.,  1958.   (Presented at the National
Advisory Committee on Air Pollution,  Cincinnati, Ohio, Aug.
28, 1958.)
   GPO:  3303
For 3 years the Air Pollution  Hedical  Branch of the Division
of Special Health Services  has  been  working  in the increasingly
more important but relatively  unexplored  field of air pollution
in its specific relation to  human  health™  The work began with a
search for and a systematic  appraisal  of  the scattered sources of
knowledge, followed closely  by  tentative  explorations into those
parts of the problem holding promise of significant findings.
Sufficiently successful results of initial activities helped
chart the present course of  action,  which, in turn, points toward
ideas reguiring emphasis in  the future.   (Authors'1 abstract) ##


00284

R. A. Prindle
AIR POLLUTION AS A PUBLIC  BEALTH  HAZARD-   Arch.  Environ.
Health, U(U) :«01-U07, Apr. 1962.


Author makes case for education on  problem of  air  pollution.
Generally alludes to diseases caused by air pollution and
stresses need for community awareness  and  control.   Author  shows
the trends  (urban living versus rural  conditions,  population
increase)  as being directly related to problems  of  air pollution.
Emphasis is placed upon two immediate  approaches:   Action  program
tasic elements; substantially increased research into the  sources
and wider application of present  knowledge.tt


00303

0. J. Ealchum
INSTRUMENTATION AND METHODS FOR  MEASURING  THE  PHYSIOLOGICAL
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION.,   Biomed.  Sci. Instrum.  1,  39-«4,
1963.,
Air pollutants, noxious agents, and  particles  alter the  function
of the lungs.  The prime physiological  functions  affected are
the resistance of the airways  ((bronchial  tubes)  to air flow, the
elasticity {compliance} of the lungs, and the  rate of diffusion of
a gas from the lungs into the  blood.  Methods  and apparatus for
making measurements of the physiological  changes  which occur are
described, with examples of each.   {Author)##
602                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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00306

E.  A.  Prindle   E.  Landau
HEALTH  EFFECTS  FROM  REPEATED EXPOSURES TO LOW
CONCENTRATIONS  OF  AIE  POLLUTANTS,.   Public Health Hept.
77,  (10)  901-9,  Oct. 1962.
To determine the  chronic effects caused by substances polluting
the atmosphere, clinical tests on man and animal were
performed.  Special  attention has been given to S02, N02,
photochemical  smog,  oxidants and CO.  The effects of the
individual substances  as well as the combined effects were
tested.  Preliminary results, based on both laboratory and
epidemiologic  studies, show that long-term exposure to low
concentrations of air  pollutants results in adverse health
effects.  There is only qualitative evidence at present.
Much more work will  have to be done before the necessary
quantitative answers are formed on whcih to base rational
control standards.!*
00307

E. C.  Schoettlin   E.,  Landau
SIR POLLUTION  AND ASTHMATIC ATTACKS IN THE LOS ANGELES  AREA.
Public  Health  Rept-  76, 56) 5U5-8, June 1961.


During  the  autumn months of 1956, a study was undertaken
in Pasadena, Calif,., to ascertain the effect of community
air pollution  (smog)  on persons having bronchial  asthma..
One hundred  and  thirty-seven asthma patients under  the  care
of five physicians maintained a daily record of each of
their asthma attacks for 98 days..  Total atmospheric oxidants,
particulates,  and carbon monoxide, relative humidity and
temperature, and plant damage were measured concurrently..  The
study indicated  the  peak period for attacks was midnight to
6 a.,m.., but the  macimum oxidant levels were recorded between
1C a.m. and 4  p.m..   Asthmatic attacks occurred with equal
frequency among  males and females.  Low positive  correlations
were found  between chemical measures of air pollution and
number  of persons having attacks.  Low correlations were also
noted for temperature, relative humidity, and water vapor
pressure.   A significantly greater number of persons had attacks
on days with high enough oxidant values to cause  eye irritation
(25 pphm) than on other days as well as on days with plant
damage. Of the  study group, it was decided to characterize
eight as smog  reactors because their attacks corresponded
nost often  to  days showing plant damage.  These patients
showed  no other  common characteristic, although seven of the
group were  females..   (Author)**
                          F. Effects - Human Health                     603

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00308

H.. Heimann
EFFECTS OF AIK POLLDTION ON HUMAN HEALTH.    World  Health
Organization Monograph Set., , No. 46  (Air  Pollution),  p..
159-220,, 1961.
As one chapter of a WHO Monograph on "Air  Pollution,"  this
paper covers the state of knowledge and world  trends in  research
on the effects of such pollution on human  health.   The acute air
pollution episodes in the Beuse Valley, Donora,  London,  and
Poza Eica are reviewed.  Data, causes, and effects  for each
episode are discussed.  The symptoms of illness  and organic
and systemic effects resulting from major  pollutants such as
carbon monocide, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, o-zone, beryllium,
fluorides, aeroallergens, carcinogens and  pesticides are
described.,  Further research to demonstrate that specific
pollutants or combinations thereof can cause ill health  is urged
in order to obtain data to balance health  effects against
economic aspects for the purpose of clearing the air.  The
maximum allowable concentrations for community air, published by
the Russians, are considered inadequate to solve the air pollution
problem.  However, studies already made of the effect  of low-level
concentrations have been used as a base,, despite controversy, to
reduce pollution in many locations,. ##


00310

P., J., Lawther,  A., Eo Martin,,  and E.. T. Wilkins


EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AIE P01IUTIOM  (BEET., ON A  SYMPOSIUM).
Public Health Papers, No. 15, 1962, 32p.


This symposium held in Copenhagen in December  1960, was
attended by participants frcni fourteen European  countries.
Although in some areas current methods of  control are
resulting in cleaner air, in others air pollution is increasing
both in the chemical complexity of its composition  and  in
the extent of the areas affected.,  Hotor traffic is the  cause
of growing anxiety in many areas because of  the  emission of
carbon monoxide, of lead compounds, and of polycyclic
hydrocarbons with suspected carcinogenic properties.   Air
contaminants are also discharged in wide variety in many chemical
and other industrial processes and may be  responsible  for  local
problems of a specialized character.  The  Symposium, however,
was primarily concerned with the general pollution  of  urban  areas
resulting from the use of domestic and industrial fuels, of
which the most frequently used indices are dustfall, suspended
matter, and sulfur dioxide.   (Author)##

00312

W. S., Spicer, Jr.,  P.. B. Storey,  W., K. C-  Morgan,
H. D. Kerr,  N., E. Standiford
604               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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VABIATION IS  BESPIBATOBY FUNCTION IH SELECTED PATIENTS
AND  ITS  BELATIOH  TO AIB POLLOTION.   Am.. Bev.
Bespirat. Diseases  8,  705-12, Sov. 1962.  (Presented at the
fleeting  of  the  American Thorac Society, Cincinnati, Ohio
Hay  22-24,  1961 and at the Air Pollution Medical Besearch
Conference, Los Angeles, Calif. Dec- 4, 1961,)


Authors  present data froi samples collected from a group of  150
patients with chronic  obstructive airway disease who reside  in
a 10 by  20  block  area  in the city of Baltimore.  The results
obtained are  as follows: '(1) The patients become better and  worse
together.   This is  in  the presence of possible non homogeneity
of the group  and  strongly" suggests to authors that they are
influenced  by something common to their common environment;  and
(2)  It would  appear that the patients physiologic changes  are
related  to  environnental factors.  However, at the present the
authors  are unable  to  accept a sisple cause and effect
relationship  with any  one pollutant.  Bather, this appears to be
a complex problem involving combinations of factors with subtle
variations  aroand the  theme of environmental changes.   (Author)##

00313

B. E~ Harkush
ENVIBONMENTAL ASPECTS OF CHBOHIC LONG DISEASE.
Preprint.   (Presented to the Mew Jersey Tuberculosis  and
Health Association, Somerville, Hov.. 10,  1960.)


Contents:   Acute episodes-Donora, Pennsylvania,  1948;  Heuse
Valley of  Belgiun, 1930; British Isles, London,  1952,  1956,
1957; Poza Bico, Mexico, 1950; Yokohama,  New  Orleans,  Los
Angeles; chronic effects-lungs cancer; chronic bronchitis,
emphysema; hay fever, asthma; and communicable diseases;
Becomnendations for finding a solution to air pollution
problems.#*

00338

J. I. Davidson,  G.. A- Lillington,   G. Haydon,   and K.
Wassernan


THE ANATOBICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES  IS THE  LUNGS  OF  PABBITS
EXPOSED TO N02.  Preprint.  {Presented at the 59th Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, San  Francisco,
Calif-, June 20-24,, 1966, Paper No.  66-6.)


The objective of this study was to  determine  the effect  of
continuous exposure to N02 on pulmonary function and  to  seek
physiological elucidation of the nature of pulmonary  lesions.
Pulmonary  function studies under general  anaesthesia  were carried
out on 20  normal rabbits aged between 6 months and 1  year (control)
and on 13  experimental animals of the same age after  3 to 4  months'
exposure to N02.  In addition, some of the experimental  animals
were restudied t days to one acnth  after  the  termination  of  the
                          F.  Effects - Human Health                     605

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exposure period-  The overall picture which emerged from
respiratory function tests on rabbits exposed to  8 to  12
parts/million N02 continuously for 3 to 1 months, was  one of
severe airway obstruction with narked hyperinflation and arterial
oxygen desaturation-  The hypoxemia was not associated with
hypercapnia and most likely was the result of abnormal
ventilation-perfusion ratios associated with nonuniform airway
obstruction rather than hypoventilation.  Although the static
pulmonary compliance recorded in the experimental animals was not
statistically different from that of the controls, it tended to be
reduced..  A clue to the nature of the lesion associated with the
physiological derangements described here, can be obtained from the
results of the recovery experiments.  The major and rapid reversal
in airway obstruction, oxygen desaturation, hyperinflation and
decreased pulmonary compliance points to an inflammatory lesion or
plugging of the smaller airways by mucus rather than to the
destructive process which persists after the animals are removed
from the N02..tt

00339

G. C. Euell,  Yo Tokiwa,  and P. K. Mueller


LUNG COLLAGEN AND ELASTIN DENATUBATION IK VIVO FOLLOWING
INHALATION OF NITBOGEN DIOXIDE..  Preprint.  (Presented at the
59th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
San Francisco, Calif™, June 20-214, 1966, Paper No. 66-7.)


The conversion of excised rabbit lungs to a lipid-free
powder immediately following inhalation of nitrogen dioxide is
described.  From this material, the structural proteins collagen
and elastin were isolated by a combination of solvent extraction
and enzymatic hydrolysis.  From the spectra obtained
by differential DV spectrophotometry, evidence is presented
to show that each of the proteins underwent a change in
conformation following the inhalation of one ppm  N02 for one
hour..  This change appears to be reversible.  The relationship
of respiratory function to in vivo alteration of  molecular
structure is discussed.  (Author"s abstract)##

00364

G. D. Brinckerhoff
SOLAS FADIATION AND SKIN CANCEB DEATHS.   Environmental
Science Services Administration, Washington, D.C.,
Heather Bureau..  '(Bept» No. 1 and Technical Note  33-EDS-1.)
Feb. 1966.  5 pp.


Skin cancer death rates {other than malignant  melanoma)  in the
United States metropolitan areas were compared  with  data  on
solar radiation intensity.  A statistically significant  positive
correlation was found but it explains only  10  percent  of  the
variance..  For more meaningful work in this field measurements
of ultraviolet radiation and incidence rate of  this  disease
complex are needed.   (Author) ##
606              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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00375

B.  A.  Prindle


AIR POLLUTION  AND COHMUNITY HEALTH (CHAPTER EIGHTEEN)-
Hedical  Climatology 505-18, 196«.


In this  chapter author reviews major pollution episodes which
have occurred  since 1930 in various parts of the world.  These
episodes have  demonstrated the danger and the lethality that may
result when  certain meteorologic phenomena occur in geographical
areas  where  potentially high concentrations of air pollutants may
form.  Certain pollutants that might be tolerated in low
concentrations in some inhabited areas might become dangerous when
Bixed  with  pollutants from other sources that could exert an
accentuating or synergistic action.  S02, particulates, CO,
beryllium,  lead, fluoride, photochemical, and allergenic
pollutants  and their effect on man and animals are discussed.  The
most important animal experiments as well as other research are
reviewed.##

00392

Ciocco,  A.   and D.,  J.  Thompson


A FOLLCH-DP  OF DONOBA TEN YIABS AFTEB:  METHODOLOGY AND
flNDINGS.   Am-  J.  Public Health 51 (2) : 155-16U, Feb.,  196«.,

Analyses of  illness or lack of illness among citizens involved in
the acute air  pollution episode, Donora, Pa., in 1948 are
discussed.   Persons who reported acute illness at the time of the
snog episode denbnstrated subseguently higher mortality and
prevalence  of  illness than the other persons living in the
community at that time.  Those with more severe acute illness in
19H8 demonstrated greater subseguent morbidity and mortality than
persons  with mild complaints.  Seme evidence indicates that this
greater  morbidity and mortality is related to the cardiorespiratory
system.   This  study of air pollution and its relationship to
health and  disease raised three central questions:  (1)
relationships  among persons who first became ill or complained
during the  episode to those presenting prior complaints, (2) to
what extent  is greater morbidity and mortality a direct consequence
of short-term  massive exposure to air pollutants, before and after
continual exposure and the two combined, (3) specific relationship
of illness  to  the Donora pollutants.  Persons with no heart
disease  history prior to October,  1919, who became ill had a
higher subseguent morbidity rate than those who did not become ill,
roortality being somewhat grater in the first group.,  A clear
relationship between illness and environment was no established.
Differential mortality, ages 21-50, indicates that smog played a
role among  those persons with impairments antedating the episode.
Particular  pollutants were not proven tc be connected with
specific respiratory symptoms, therefore, it was difficult tc
distinguish  between those whose disease conditions resulted from
air pollution  exposure and other factors.  The lack of knowledge
as  to  which  syndrome (s)  results from air pollution is a vexing
problem  for  researchers in this area.,  (Authors" abstract, edited)!*
                          F. Effects -Human Health                     607

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001(28

C. H.. Hine,  B. D.. Cavalli,   and  B.  B.  Bright


RESEARCH ON THEBAPY OF PULHONABY  EDEMA  ASSOCIATED WITH
OXIDIZEES.  Hine Labs., Inc..,  San Francisco, Calif.
{Kept., No. AKBL-TB-65-178) .,   Nov. 1965.,   40 pp..
   CFSTI, DDC: AD 628 593

An evaluation was made of candidate  therapeutic  agents for the
treatment of acute pulmonary  edema resulting from nitrogen
dioxide exposure.  Treatments  consisting  of hypdrbaric air and
oxygen; tracheal toilet; ethyl, isopropyl, and octyl  alcohol
vapors; hydralazine; bethanechol; physostigmine;  and  isoproterenol
aerosols produced no change in the mortality,  survival time,  or
lung/body weight ratios of rats suffering from N02-induced acute
pulmonary edema.  Eutin in large  doses  caused  a  decrease  in
mortality and an increase in  survival time of  exposed rats.
Intravenous infusion of isoproterenol caused a decrease in
mortality in rabbits exposed  tc N02.,  The effectiveness of
hypenbaric oxygen, hydrocortisone, rutin  and tethanechol  against
moderate exposure to N02 was  determined by solvent uptake
measurements with rats.  Oxygen administered 1 hours  after
exposure increased solvent uptake.,   There were nc significant
effects due to the other compounds.   {Author Abstract)f#

00029

A.. A.. Thomas
ICW AMBIENT PEESSUBE ENVIRONMENTS AND TOXICITY.   Arch..
Environ. Health Vol., 11:316-322, Sept..  1965..
   CFSTI, CDC: AD 628 566

A unigue inhalation exposure facility has  been  built  to  study  the
effects of low atmospheric pressure  and oxygen-rich atmospheres on
the characteristics of truly uninterrupted,  long-term, continuous
exposure to toxic chemicals.  The first experiments reported
herein include exposure of a large  number  of mice, rats,  dogs, and
ironkeys to graded doses of ozone, nitrogen tetroxide,  and carbon
tetrachloride in a 100% oxygen  atmosphere  at 5  psi  pressure  for 2
weeks duration.  Further, a 90-day  exposure  to  5  psi  100* oxygen
of a similar animal complement  is also  reported.   Biochemical  and
enzymatic changes related to toxic  exposure  are discussed together
with the future experiments planned  for this facility. ##
0. Fry,  J.E., Dillane,  L. Fry


SMOG: 1962 V 1952..   Lancet  (Letters  to  the  Editor)  No.
(7269):1326, Dec. 22, 1962,,


Article compares the smog incidents of 1952  and  1962 in  London
insofar as chest disorders,  morbidity and  mortality  are  concerned.
In general, article compares the  severity  of the two smog episodes.,**
608                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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00173

F.G. Hueter,   G.Lo  Centner,   K..A., Busch,  R=G. Hinners


BIOIOGICAI  EFFECTS  OF ATMOSPHERES CONTABINATED EY AUTO  EXHAUST.,
Arch.  Environ.  Health 12.  553-60,, Hay 1966.,   -{Presented  at
the 58th  Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Toronto,  Canada,  June 20-21, 1965.-3


This report represents a status summary of the biological results
obtained  from  the chronic  exposures of experimental animals  to
various concentrations of  irradiated and nonirradiated  auto
exhaust for periods of 6 weeks to 23 months..  The chronic exposure
of experimental animals to various concentrations of irradiated
and nonirradiated auto exhaust-air mixtures resulted
in significant biological  effects indicating  the following:
irradiated  auto exhaust {1)  increases the susceptibility to
pulmonary infection and chronic disease during the latter
half of the animal" s lifetime, and  (2) markedly decreases mouse
fertility and  decreases the survival rate of  infant mice;
both raw  and irradiated auto exhaust cause a  stress and  adaptation
response  in mice as measured via spontaneous  activity,  increase
hone lead concentrations,  and increase the amount of nonfunctional
or abnormal lung tissue-  No experimental atmospheric effects
vere observed  concerning:  mortality; histopathology; growth-
bodyweight; immunology; hematology restricted to erythrocyte count,
erythrocyte cell size distribution, hematocrit or hemoglobin
concentration; blood 02 and C02 values; oxygen consumption;  or
pulmonary function  in relation to permanent impairment.  Further
studies  are indicated to elucidate more fully the affected
biologic  parameters. ##

00180

D. Vn  Bates
AIR P01IDTION AHD CHEONIC BRONCHITIS.  Arch™  Environ.,  Health
11(1) :220-1,  Jan. 1967.  {Presented at the  American  Medical
Association Air Pollution Medical Besearch  Conference,  Los
Angeles,  Calif.,, Bar. 2-1,, 1966.,)


Author deals with air pollution as it generally  relates to
pulmonary functions and discusses the effects of smoking and
chronic bronchitis.  These effects are equated to geographic
areas*  Study includes eight charts summarizing  the  results in
Toronto,  Winnipeg,, Montreal and HalifaXo#t

OC199

H.  Corn  and  G., G. Burton
THE CONCENTRATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF IRRITANTS  IN  POLLUTED
ATMOSPHERES.    Preprint.  (Presented at the  American  Medical
Association Air Pollution Medical Research Conference,  Los
Angeles,  Calif.,  Mar. 2-1, 1966.)
                          F. Effects - Human Health                    609

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Consideration of maximum recorded U.S.. concentrations  of  single
gaseous or particulate pollutants indicated that  alterations in
airway resistance and lung compliance in animals  or  man have not
been demonstrated after inhalation of single irritants at  these
concentrations.  At this time it is difficult to  speculate on the
acute or chronic changes produced, if any, in these  functional
measurements by inhalation of coiplex mixtures of  low
concentrations of individual irritants.  Certainly,  eye
irritation demonstrates that effects which are not predictable on
the basis of the action of a single irritant are  produced  by
mixtures of irritants.  Airborne particulate irritants should be
assessed with respect to aerodynamic particle size,  because (1)
chemical composition of particles has been demonstrated to vary
with size and <2l  only certain particle sizes present in  polluted
atmospheres are capable of reaching receptors after  inhalation by
man.  Among the defects of present routine sampling  methodologies
are:  (1)  size distribution of sampled particles is  not known; (2)
the optimum density of sampling stations for the  procurement of
reliable results is unknown, and (3) the irritant  potential of
pollutant mixtures is not taken into account when  single  pollutants
are evaluated.  '(Author summary) *#


00501

E. J. Fairchild, II

TOLERANCE MECHANISMS AS BIOLOGIC DETERMINANTS OF LONG RESPONSES
TC INJURIOUS AGENTS.   Arch. Environ. Health, 1« (1) : 111-126,
Jan. 1967,.  {Presented at the American Medical Association
Air Pollution Medical Research Conference, Los Angeles,
Calif.,,  Mar., 2-4,  1966..J

This presentation has attempted to focus on the  conditions and
characteristics of tolerance developmentas a biologic  factor
relative to the response of the lung to injurious  agents.
Besides insight to the possible mechanism accounting for
tolerance, attempt was made to point out practical implications
of the tolerane phenomenon..  Thus, the protective  mechanism of
tolerance is primarily directed atainst the acute  and  subacute
effects of deep-lung irritants.  The realization  of  the
degree of tolerance and cross-tolerance which develops in
animals, duringintermittent exposures of varied  concentrations,
brings up the fate of lung tissue, as well as the  whole
organism, which is protected against the edema producing
properties of irritants.  Besides edemagenesis,  irritants  provoke
another lung reaction, i.e., proliferation of cellular
elements in the deeper reccesses, which in some  instances  may
prove fatal,.  The alterations induced by more subtle,  chronic
exposure which should be of concern since tolerance  does  not
appear to inhibit these; if anything, the tolerance  mechanism
may permit provocation of conditions such as emphysema,
fibrosis, and may permit provocation of conditions such as
emphysema, fibrosis, and other aging phenomena.,   Studies  have
shown that chronic exposures of 0.1-0., 2 ppm of produced
myocardial tissue damage in rabbits and mice, as well  as
significant increase of first and second generation  neonatal
mortality.  In animals, at least, repeat exposures to  low
concentrations of deep-lung irritant such as are not innocuous
even though tolerance mechanisms are operative.   (Author"s
summary) #t
610              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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00508

P.E.,  Morrow
ADAPTATIONS OF THE BESPIBiTOBY TEACT TO AIE POLLUTANTS.
Arch.,  Environ, Health 11 (1) :1 27-136, Jan. 1967.
(Presented at the American Medical Association  Air Pollution
Medical Besearch Conference, Los Angeles, Calif,,,
Mar.  2-1,  1966.,)


this  paper briefly describes the criteria for establishing  certain
biological responses as adaptations-  The adaptations of  the
respiratory tract to air pollutants discussed in this paper are:
increased  endocytosis to the adaptagents, insoluble  dusts;
increased  mucous secretion to the adaptagents,  respiratory
irritants; and the development of tolerance to  the actue  edema
produced by the adaptagents,, cxidants.  Some other adaptates
of less significance are also discussed.  For each of the
principal  adaptations, an attempt was made to provide some
mechanistic basis.  An increase in long term research on  low
dose  effects and an epidemiolcgic approach to the procurement
and assessment of normal physiological parameters are needed.
(Author's  Abstract} ##
00509

Q. N.. Hyrvik  D.,G.  Evans


METABOLIC AND IMMUNOLOGIC ACTIVITIES OF ALVEOLAR MACEOPBAGES.
Arch,, Environ.,  Health 11{1):92-96, Jan. 1967.,   .(Presented
at the American Medical Association Air Pollution  Medical
Research Conference, Los Angeles, Calif., Mar.,  2-1,  1966..)


Normal alveolar macrophages develop a marked  increase  in
metabolic activity  of the gluccnic shunt pathway following
phagocytosis of heat-killed BCG.  A rise in lysozyme and
acid phosphatase  also was observed about 5 to 7 days after
intratracheal injection of ECG»  A similar lag  in  the
occurrence of a bactericidal factor against Mycobacterium
smegmatis was observed following intratracheal
injection of living B., smegmatis.  These observations  suggest
that alveolar macrophages respond adaptively  to
their phagocytic  load and that metabolic stimulation may  he  a
prerequisite to immunolcgic expression.  Nitrogen  dioxide
was found to suppress metabolism of alveolar  macrophages  as  well
as their phagocytic function,.  It is proposed that
certain pollutnats  could impair the immunologic capacity  of  the
respiratory tract leading tc chrcnic low grade  pulmonary
infections-  Allergic responses, as well as primary  tissue
damage caused by  proliferating microorganisms,  may contribute  to
the pathogensis of  air pollution disease.  (Author abstract)##
                          F. Effects - Human Health

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00511

B. E. Pattle  P. Down
LUNG SUBFACTANT AND ITS POSSIBLE REACTION TO AIB POLLUTION,
Arch. Environ.  Health 1 it (1) =70-76, Jan. 1967.,  (Presented
at the American Medical Association Air Pollution  Medical
Research Conference, Los Angeles, Calif., March 2-U,  1966.,)


An outline is given of the knowledge of the alveolar
surfactant, its function and the possible reaction of the
surfactant with atmospheric pollution, of which there is no
experimental evidence available.  The difficulty of
obtaining such evidence, with special reference to an imaginary
investigation of the effect of nitrogen dioxide on the surfactant,
is discussed in this paper.*#
00515

E., D. Eobin
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF BASIC RESEARCH IN AIB POLLUTION.
Preprint.,  (Presented at the American Medical Association
Air pollution Medical Research Ccnference, Los Angeles,,
Calif., March 2-U, 1966.)


The interest of the clinical physician in the relationship of
lung to air pollution disease involves several guestions:
(1)  To what extent are specific identifiable substances in
polluted air capable of producing specific identifiable
abnormalities of lung structure and/or function?   (2)  To what
extent is polluted air involved in the pathogenesis of chronic
nonspecific obstructive pulmonary disease?, and  (3)  What are
the therapeutic and prophylactic implications of the relationship
between air pollution and lung disease?  The answer to the
first question is reasonably clear.  There are a number
of specific situations in which there appears to be a direct
cause and effect relationship between the presence of specific
substances in the ambient environment and the precipitation
of overt pulmonary manifestations,.  The category includes the
well-known ability of high concentrations of oxides of N
to provoke intense lung damage in silo workers.  Likewise,
the mass deaths observed in the Meuse Valley in  Belgium  and
in Donora,, Pa., co-existent with high concentrations of
pollutants in the air fit this pattern.  The role of chronic
air pollution in chronic lung disease, is a much more complicated
situation..  In this case, one deals with a heterogeneous
group of agents acting en a heterogenous set of
subjects-  One consequence of this complicated relationship
is that research approaches whichhare essentially descriptive
are unlikely to provide data of basic etiological importance
and the major breakthroughs in this field have not yet occurred
and may never occur with the use of standard methodology.,
Thought should be given to the development of more basic
approaches, such as laboratory models for the study of long
612              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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term impact of air pollution on the biology of the lung and of focusing the
tools of the modern molecular biochemists and molecular geneticists on the
problem of lung disease.  As to therapeutic and prophylactic implications
of air pollution and its control, the answer to this question is relatively
simple. Any lack of basic understanding need not paralyze a vigorous
approach to air pollution control.

00521

S. H.. Tromp


BIOMETEOHOLOGICAL  ASPECTS OF HESPIRA10H* DISEASES.   Preprint.
(Presented at the  Anerican Medical Association Air Pollution
Bedical Research Conference, Los  Angeles,  Calif,, March
2-4. 1966.}


The influence of short  (weather)  and long  periodical (climate)
effects of the atmosphere surrounding  man  in relation to
respiratory  diseases are discussed..  Examples of biometeorological
application  are given,  demonstrating studies of the influence  of
weather and  climate both on healthy and sick population.   These
studies may  give clues  to deeper  physiological mechanisms  involved
and to the methods to cure certain diseases without use of  drugs..**


C0570

«„ P. Do Logan


MCBTAIITI FROM FOG IN LONDON, JANUARI,  1956..  Brit- Ked. J..
'(London),, No. 4969:722-725, March 31,  1956.


Dense fog during January 4 to 6,  1956,  caused almost 1,000
additional deaths  in Greater London.   The  distribution of  these
deaths by age,, cause, and geographical  area is described.   This
is the third major fog  mortality  incident  in London since  1948.
Outhor" s abstract) ##


00609

A. P. Krueger,  S« Kotaka,  P. €„ Andriese


STDDIES ON THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF GASEODS IONS - A REVIEW.
Biometeorological  Research Centre, Leiden,  Holland (Special
Monograph Series,  Vol.  1).,  Mar.  8, 1966.   14 pp.
   CFSTI, DDC:  AD 637  230


This report  summarizes  and evaluates experimental findings  of
the past ten years on the physiological and pathological changes
produced in  a variety of living forms  as  a result of exposure
to gaseous ions.   The aspects of  gaseous  ion research which
are included in the fields of physics,  meteorology, medicine and
environmental engineering are recognized  to be intimately  linked
with the biological aspects.  Some of  the  conclusions
                           F.  Effects - Human Health                     613

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cited:  1. Comparable concentrations of positive air ions
accelerate the growth of higher plants but cause a moderate
increase in the death rate of bacteria and fungio  2. Carbon
dioxide ions have an inimical effect on certain functions of the
respiratory tree in the mouse while oxygen ions reverse
these changes, f*

00617

S« Dn Hurphy  B« A, Prindle


EFFECTS OF AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST ON POLMONAEY FUNCTION.
Preprint.,  .{Presented at Symposium on Air Foliation and
Pulmonary Disease, American Medical Association, los
Angeles, Calif-, Nov. 25, 1962.)


This investigation has demonstrated that at least two
qualitatively different types cf functional pulmonary responses
are elicited in guinea pigs exposed to experimental atmospheres
of irradiated auto exhaust.  One type is characterized
by rapidly reversible increases in pulmonary  flow resistance
and decreased respiratory rates, and resembles the
response produced by irritating aldehydes.  A second response is
characterized by increased respiratory rates, is more slowly
reversible, and resembles effects produced by oxidant-type
irritants.  Continuous exposure of guinea pigs to auto exhaust
for several weeks did not appreciably alter baseline values for
pulmonary function when the animals were tested while breathing
clean air; however, guinea pigs exposed to irradiated exhaust were
less responsive to respiratory stimulation by carbon dioxide.  The
possible interaction of pulmonary infection and chemical effects
of exhaust in the mediation of this latter effect reguires further
study-   {Author summary} #*

00622

A.P. Altshuller,  D. Klosterman,  P.H. Leach,  and
J., E-. Sigsby, Jr.


THE IRRADIATION OF SINGLE AND KUITI-COWEONENT HYDROCARBON -
ABE ALEEHYDE   NITRIC OXIDE MIXTURES IN AIR DNDEK DYNAMIC
AND STATIC FLOW CONDITIONS..   Preprint.,  196t.


An investigation has been made of the chemical, aerosol plant
damage, and eye irritation effects of irradiating various single
hydrocarbon   aldehyde or multi-component hydrocarbon   NO
systems under dynamic flow conditions.,  The systems investigated
included the following individual hydrocarbons which were
irradiated in the presence of NO  (and traces  of N02) :
ethylene, 1-butene, 1,3-butadiene, toluene, xylene, and
1 ,3,5—trimethylbenzene, n-hexane, 3-methylpentane,
2,4,4-trimethylpentane,, and cyclchexane..  Mixtures of hydrocarbons
including ethylene and 1-butene; ethylene, 1-butene, and
trans-2-butene; and ethylene, 1-butene, trans-2-butene, and mixed
xylenes also were irradiated in the presence  of nitrogen oxide in
air..  In addition the photooxidation of the formaldehyde - oxygen.
614              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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propinaldehyde — oxygen, forualdehyde -  NO  and  propionaldehyde
- NO systems were investigated.  In these dynamic
irradiation experiments the H  paraffinic hydrocarbon  -  DC systems
produced neither oxidant nor plant damage.,   In  all  of these
systems NO was only partially  converted  during  irradiation and
N02 did not peak.  when 0« 5 ppm of ethylene,  0..5 ppra  of an
ethylene - butene-1 mixture, or 0..5 ppm  of  xylene was
irradiated with 1 ppm of NO no net oxidant  and  no plant damage
occurred.  fit ethylene or toluene concentrations between 3 and 6
ppm with 1 ppm of NO, irradiation produced  oxidant  but  no plant
damage of either the ozone or  FAN type.  Many of these
mixtures did react somewhat with the disappearance  of part of  the
hydrocarbon and the formation  of significant  yields of
formaldehyde or aliphatic aldehydes.  Propionaldehyde when
irradiated in the presence of  small traces  of nitrogen  oxides
produced severge plant damage.  ([Author  abstract) f#


00632

C. Xintaras,  C., E., Ulrich,  M. 7,, Sobecki,,   and B. E_
Terrill
BEAIN POTENTIALS STODIED BY CCKFUTEE ANALYSIS.   Arch.
Environ., Health 13, 223-32, Aug. 1966.


Eesponse morphology. Computers, Data analysis
Brain responses to flashes of light in a  freely  moving  rat
have been examined with on-line summation technigues..   The
present study uses this method  tc obtain  information  on response
morphology as it varies from alertness to drowsiness  to spontaneous
or induced sleep.  Its purpose  was to determine  the biologic
significance of initial changes in evoked response in rats  exposed
to carbon monoxide and ozone previously reported by the authors.
Photic stimuli were presented to male rats  implanted  with
cortical recording electrodes.  Cortical  potentials evoked  in
response to each light flash were averaged  by  computer.  Changes
induced by carbon monoxide and  pentobarbital were compared  with
normal changes from wakefulness to spontaneous sleep.   The
findings suggest that alterations in the  evoked  response during
light spontaneous or induced sleep may be associated  with  a
lowering of vigilance level and may te related to the integrative
functions necessary to awareness and for  processing sensory
signals into meaningful perception., ##


CC637

S., D. Murphy,,  C. E. Ulrich»  S. H. Erankowitz,   and  C.
Xintaras
ALTERED FUNCTION IN ANIMALS INBAIING LCH CONCNETRATIONS  Of  OZONE
ANE NITEOGEN DIOXIDE.  An. Ind., Hyg., Assoc. J.  Vol.,
25:216-253,  June 196«..


Quantitative measurements of respiratory function  of  guinea pigs
were made before, during, and after exposure to low concentrations
                          F. Effects -Human Health                    615

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of ozone, and nitrogen  dioxide-   The  earliest effects detected
during exposure to either of  the  gases  were increased respiratory
frequency and decreased tidal volume.   These effects were noted
during 2-hour exposures to  concentrations  of ozone as low as 0.34
ppm or within 4 hours of exposure to  N02 at a concentration of
5.2 ppffi-  Previous exposure to ozone  did not result in tolerance
to the respiratory function changes produced during exposure to a
1»5—ppm concentration of the  gas..   Voluntary running activity of
mice was depressed during exposure to concentrations of ozone
between 0..2 and 0-7 ppm and to N02 concentrations of 7.7 to 20..9
FFB.   {Author abstract) ##


00638

P. A. Kenline


OCTOBER 1963 NEK ORLEANS ASTHMA STUD!-  Arch. Environ-
Health Vol., 12:295-301, Mar™  1966.


This paper reports on aerometric  activities carried out in
New Orleans from Oct. 3 through Nov.,  5, 1963.,  The objectives
of these activities were to establish any  difference in air
guality between asthma  outbreak days  and other days,, evaluate
geographic and temporal variation in  pollution characteristics, and
evaluate various uncommon methods of  measuring air pollution.
(Author abstract) ##


00639

B., B. Gardner
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF URBAN  AIR P01IUTICN.,   III.  LUNG TUMORS  IN
MICE..  Arch., Environ. Health  Vol.,  12:305-313,  Bar.,  1966.


This paper reports the long-term  effect  of  inhaling Los Angeles
ambient air upon the incidence  of  lung adenomas in  several inbred
strains of mice..  Despite  the absence of histopathologic  evidence
for any specific acute effect related to ambient air pollution in
the experimental mice colonies, the  statistical evidence  of this
study indicates a strong likelihood  that ambient Los Angeles
atmosphere does possess a  definite though slight activity in
promoting pulmonary adencmatous tumors in aging inbred mice.
These findings offer further  evidence that  some lung tumorigenic
activity does exist in the  indigenous respiratory environment.. #0


.00645

H. Wu Phelps


EOLLOW-UP STUDIES IN TOKYO-YOKOHAKA  BESEIBATOBY DISEASE.
Arch. Environ., Health Vol.,  10 (2) : 143-147, Feb.,  1965.
(Presented at the Seventh  Annual  Air Pollution  Medical
Besearch Conference, Los Angeles,  Calif., Feb.  10-11,, 1964.,)
616               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Tokyo-Yokohama Bespiratory Disease appears to be a bronchitic
illness  induced most often by the combined effects of cigarette
sBoking  and the severe air pollution present in the
Tokyo-Yokohama areau  It is characterized by severe cough,
vheezing,  persistent shortness of breath, reduced one-second
forced expiratory volume (FEV sub 1), hyperventilation,  reduced
oxygen saturation.  Since the patient suffering from this disease
usually  shows at least some symptomatic relief when away from  the
Kanto Plain,  the preferred method of treatment at this  time is
removal  fron the Tokyo-Yokohama Area.**


G0649

I. E., Smith
PEKOXYACETYL NITRATI INHALA1ICN.,  Arch. Environ.  Health  Vol.
10(2} : 161-164, Feb., 1965.,   (Presented at the  Seventh  Annual
Air Pollution Medical Research Conference,  los  Angeles,
Calif.,, Feb. 10-11, 1964.,)


The acute toxicity of ozone has been demonstrated to  be  strikingly
enhanced if animals, during exposure to non-injurious levels  of
ozone,  are concurrently subjected to intermittent exercise-   As
the present experiment demonstrated a significant effect of  the
pollutant peroxyacetyl nitrate  {PAN) upon  the oxygen  uptake  only
iihen the subjects were exposed to the additional  stress  of
exercise, it is suggested that investigators  who  study the
problem of the effect of atmospheric pollutants upon  the
respiratory efficiency of man include the  phase of exercise  in
their experimental design.**
00650

B.C. Battigelli


EFFECTS OF DIESEL EXHAUST.   Arch. Environ. Health Vol.
10(2)165-167,  Feb., 1965.   (Presented at the Seventh  Annual
Air Pollution  Hedical Research Conference, Los Angeles,
Calif., Feb. 10-11, 1964.)


Over the past  three years  the author"s work at the School of
Public Health  in Pittsburgh has been directed to  the  possible
detrimental effects brought about through exposure to diesel
motor exhaust.  Attention  was directed to railroad workers
enployed in locomotive repair shops.  Neither respiratory
complaints nor impaired pulmonary function, could be  related
to this type of occupational exposure-  As a second  phase in
this investigation, volunteers were exposed to diesel exhaust
gas for short  periods and  pulmonary resistance was measured.   The
levels utilized for these  controlled exposures are
comparable to  realistic values such as those found in railroad
shops..  No effect could be measured in these volunteers  after
they had been  exposed at these varying levels of  pollution
from diesel exhaust for short periods up to one hour.**
                          F.  Effects -Human Health                     617

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00656

j. E.
RESPONSES OF ENZYME SYSTEMS TO AIR POLLUTANTS-    Arch.
Environ. Health Vol. 10 (2) : 201-206,  Feb..  1965.   (Presented  at
the Seventh Annual Air  Pollution  Medical  Research
Conference, Los Angelesc Calif.,,  Feb. 10  11,  1961,,)


Peroxyacetyl nitrates and ozone can  oxidize the  reduced  forms
of nicotiuamide adenine dinucleotides.  The oxidation  product
obtained by reaction with peroxyacetyl nitrate is  biologically
active whereas the reaction product  from  the  ozone oxidation
is an enzyme inhibitor.  Peroxyacetyl nitrates inactivate
enzymes, but protection can be afforded by substrate and co-
factor.  The characteristics of protection are the same  as
those required for protection from sulfhydryl reagents.  It
has been concluded that enzyme inactivation is due to  oxidation
of the enzyme sulfhydryl group.   Peroxyacetyl nitrate  inhibits
the incorporation of acetate into fatty acids more
than it inhibits incorporation into  water-soluble  acids.
This result is consistent with a  physiological role for
either the mechanism of oxidation of reduced  dinucleotides
or the mechanism of oxidation of  enzyme sulfhydryl groups.
(Author Summary)##
00658

FoL., Estes,  C.. H. Pan
RESPONSE OF ENZYME SYSTEMS TC PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION
PRODUCTS-    Arch. Environ,, Health Vol.. 10 (2) : 207-212, Feb.
1965.,  {Presented at the Seventh Annual Air Pollution
Medical Research Conference, Lcs Angeles, Calif., Feb.
10-11, 1960.)


Exposure to photochemical reaction products inhibited the activity
of glutamic dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli.  Hith  a
glutamate substrate the inhibition increased at  a rate  comparable
to the inhibition of the growth of the cells.  Considerably less
inhibition was observed for the reaction  in the  reverse direction.
With increasing formaldehyde concentrations, the reaction of
glutamic dehydrogenase from mamnalian source was more rapidly
inhibited in the reverse than in the forward direction.  From
the data to date, it appears that only at very low  concentrations
could formaldehyde produce the relationship of the  reactions
observed with the photochemical reaction  products.,  There is no
evidence,  however,, that such concentration would produce
comparable magnitudes of inhibition with  time.   (Author
summary) ##
618               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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00659

G.,C~ Buell,  Y. Tokiwa,  P. !!„  Kueller
POTENTIAL CROSSLINKING AGENTS IK IUNG  TISSUE.    Arch-
Environ. Health Vol., 10 (2) :213-219,  Feb.  1965.,   (Presented at
the Seventh Annual Jir Pollution fledical  Eesearch Conference
, los Angeles, Calif., Feb. 10-11,  196H,,)


An investigation of analogous molecular changes in vivo after
exposure to ozone was undertaken in  the hope  that a better
understanding of ozone toxicity would  emerge.   The interaction
of lung tissue and ozone in vivo results  in  the formation of
carbonyl compounds,, which are most  likely derived from lung
proteins..  Structural changes in lung  tissue  must have
occurred-  The aldehydes formed may  effect an  intra- or
intermolecular crosslinking of protein molecules, further
altering normal lung structure.  Exposure to  ozone apparently
affects the ground substance..  The  data suggest an oxidative
degradation of hyaluronic acid.  The findings  reported here give
•evidence for explaining on a molecular basis  pulmonary events
caused by polluted air., ##
00660

H.D., Buckley  O.J.. Ealchum


ACUTE AND CHRONIC E7POSOBES TO  NITROGEN  DIOXIDE.    Arch-
Environ- Health Vol. 10<2J:220-223,  Feb.  1965.   (Presented at
the Seventh Annual Air  Pollution  Medical Research
Conference, Los Angeles, Calif.,  Feb.  10-11,  1964.,}


This study was an attempt  to  measure some of  the  metabolic
effects of the air pollutant  N02  on  lung and  other body tissues,.
To relate changes in oxygen consumption  and enzyme activities in
organs to length of exposure  it would be well to  subject  a series
of animals to a single  concentrtion  of NC2 (15  ppm,  for example)
and study tissues from  animals  tfexposed  and control)  during regular
intervals after the initiation of  the regimen.   This would
clarify the observations in oxygen consumption  of liver horoogenate.
It would also be of value  to  expiess enzyme activity in terms
of substrate utilization in order  to obtain more  information about
the specific activity of the  tissue  homogenates.tt
00665

D.,E« Rounds  F«F. Bils


EFFECTS OF AIB POLLUTANTS ON CEILS  IN  CULTURE.    Arch.  Environ-
Health Vol. 10(2) :251-259,  Feb.  1965,   (Presented at the
Seventh Annual Air Pollution Medical Research
Conference, Los Angeles, Calif.,,  Feb.  10-11,  196D.)
                          F. Effects - Human Healtl)                    619

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From an analysis of oxygen consumption  rates,  all cell types
tested in vitro showed a  partial  but  reversible inhibition in
oxidative activity during treatment with NaN02.,  Morphological
studies of living cells with  phase  contrast microscopy and of
fixed material with the electron  microscope revealed that the
alveolar wall cell showed changes in  the shape of the nucleus and
the ultrastructure of the mitochondria  during  N02 treatment.
These changes may offer the opportunity to describe and
guantitate the biological effects of  N02 and possibly,, of ether
air pollutants.,   (Author  summary) ##

00668

O.,0.. Balchum,  H.D., Buckley,   B.  Sherwin,   M.  Gardner


NITROGEN DIOXIDE INHALATION AND LUNG  ANTIBODIES.,    Arch.,
Environ- Health Vol. 10 (2) : 2714-277, Feb.  1965-   presented
at the Seventh Annual Air Pollution Medical Research
Conference, Los Angeles,  Calif..,  Feb. 10-11, 1964.)


A circulating substance or lung tissue  antibody has been
found to appear in the serum  of guinea  pigs inhaling
nitrogen dioxide in concentrations  of 5 ppm and of 15 ppm.,  It
can be detected in dilutions  of serum greater  than 1:100,000
by its property of agglutinating  latex  particles  coated with
normal lung proteins.##

00672

W.Y.. Hallett
FFFECT OF OZONE AND CIGARETTE  SMOKE  ON  LONG  FUNCTION.    Arch-
Environ.. Health Vol., 10 (2> : 295-302,  Feb..  1965,,   (presented at
the Seventh Annual Air Pollution  Medical  Research
Conference, Los Angeles,,  Calif- ,  Feb., 10-11, 196U-)


Ozone exposure levels between  1 and  3 ppm for up to  half an
hour produced changes that  were more definite than those produced
by smoking one cigarette,,  and  in  a  greater proportion  of
subjects.,  The bronchoconstriction  produced  as measured by the
ventilatory capacities was  of  a magnitude similar  to changes
produced in diffusion capacity and  minute ventilation.   The ozone
levels were from two to  six  times as high as the highest
"alert" levels experienced  during the year in Los  Angeles.
The exposure of these subjects was  very brief and  their awareness
of similarity to effects  of  smog  is  worthy of remention.. ##

00681

J.,  B.,  HcCarroll,   E. J. Cassell,  H., Ingram,   and  D.
Welter
HEALTH AND THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT  (AIE  POLLUTION  AND TAMIIY
ILLNESS:  I. DESIGN TOR STUDY).,   Arch.,  Environ,,  Health
Vol. 10{2) :357-363, Feb., 1965.,   (Presented  at  the  Seventh
620               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
Annual  Air  Pollution Hedical Besearch Conference, Los
Bngeles,  Calif.,  Feb..  10-11,, 196H.O


Absorption  of  harmful air pollutants has exacerbated preexisting
pulaonary disease during "acute" air pollution episodes toth  in
the  urban United  States and in various European cities.
Evidence  for the  initiation of permanent disease in previously
well persons is fragmentary.  To study this relationship  a
careful longitudinal study of a significant group of normal city
dwellers  together with simultaneous monitoring of the environment
to which  they  are exposed has been undertaken.,  Our goal  is to
follow  daily variations in health of a group cf urban families of
diverse backgrounds living in the same geographic
area and  to correlate these over a period of time with variations
in the  atmosphere to which they aie exposed.##

00738

B.B. Purvis,   S..  BillerB  E. Ehrlich


EFFECT  OF ATHOSPHEHIC POLLDTABTS ON SDSCEPTIBILITT TO
BESPIRATOBY INFECTION 1.. EFFECT OF OZONE.   J~ Infect..
Diseases  109,  238-42, 1961.
A 3-hour  exposure to 1 parts per million of ozone significantly
decreased the  resistance of mice to respiratory infection
initiated by challenge with an aerosol of Klebsiella
pneunoniae administered less than 19 hours after exposure  to
ozone..  The sane phenomenon was observed in infected animals
exposed to ozone up to 27 hours after challenge with the
infectious aerosol.  The decrease in resistance was demonstrated
by an increase in mortality rate and shortening of survival time.
{Authors" abstract}##

00742

D.I.  Hammer,   B. Portnoy,  F.. H. Bassey,  W..S. Wayne,
I. Oelsner, P.F.  Wehrle
IOS ANGELES  AIR  POIIDTION AND BESPIBATORY SYMPTOMS -
RELATIONSHIP DOSING A SELECTED 28-DAY PERIOD.    Arch.
Environ.  Health  Vol.  100 «7U-«80, Mar., 1965.   (Presented  at
the Seventh  Annual Air Pollution Medical Research
Ccncerence,  Los  Angeles, Calif., Feb. 10-11, 196«),,


Two populations  of student nurses, one in Los  Angeles and  one  in
Santa Barbara, reported selected respiratory symptoms by  means
of daily  symptom diaries.  The prevalence of these symptoms  and
their relationship to a single air pollutant during a 28-day
period is described.   These data are part of a  32-month  study
ending in June,  1961.  A time-associated relationship between
daily oxidant levels and the mean daily frequency of eye
discomfort in the Los Angeles group was observed during
the study period.  This relationship was not observed for  any  of
the other symptoms. The Bean 28-day freguencies  of all  symptoms
                          F. Effects - Human Health                     621

-------
reported by the Los Angeles student  nurses  were  equal to,  or
greater than, those reported by  the  Santa Barbara  student
nurses,.  (Authors11 abstract) ##

00779

H.E., Swann, Jr.. „  D., Brunei,  I..G. Sayne,   Ou J.  Balchum
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF URBAN AIR POLLUTION.   II.,  CHRONIC EXPOSURE
OF GUINEA PIGS.   Arch,, bSenvircn. Health.  Vol.  11:765-769,
Dec- 1965.,
Guinea pigs have been directly exposed  to  ambient  Los  Angeles
air for two years..  Monthly ireasurements of  their  total  expiratory
resistance were made plethysmographically, and  compared  with those
of guinea pigs breathing air filtered through activated-charcoal-
Variations in resistance occurred from  month to month,  but  no
difference in resistance was noted  between guinea  pigs  residing
in ambient air and these living  in  filtered  air.   Total
pulmonary resistance appeared to increase  with  aging.,   During  the
second year of their life span,  the  mortality of guinea  pigs
living in ambient air was slightly  greater than of those living
in filtered air, but this difference was not significent at the
5X level by the chi sguare test.  {Author  summary)##


0079«

H.A., Young,,  B. E., Shaw,  D»V.. Bates


EFFECT OF LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF  OZONE ON PULMONARY FUNCTION IN
BAN.   J. Appl. Physiol., , 19 («) :765-768, July 1965.,


Eleven subjects in sixteen experiments  breathed 0..6-0.8  ppm of
ozone through a mouthpiece for 2-hr  periods. Keasurements  of
pulmonary function were compared with those  observed  after  a
control experiment in which air  was  breathed through  the same
circuit for a similar period.  In this  concentration,  ozone was
found to produce a highly significant reduction in steady-state
DL sub CO of 5.U ml CO/min mm Hg, a  change about four
times larger than that of the air control  experiments.   The vital
capacity, FEVO-75 X 10,  and maximal  midexpiratory  flow  rate
decreased by about 10J after ozone  breathing, the  change being
statistically significant in the first  two of these only.  Gas
distribution, and dynamic and static pulmonary  compliance
were measured in two subjects and were  not affected by  ozone.
Thickening of the alveolar wall  by  edema fluid  is  suggested as
the most likely explanation of the  fall in DL sub  CO  that has
been observed.  The vital capacity  and  expiratory  flow  rates  may
be limited in part by tracheobronchial  irritation  that  follows
inhalation of 0.6 ppn of ozone for  2 hr.   (Author  abstract)##
00825

AID POLLUTION AND HEALTH.    Bull.,
12, <7) 588-619, July 1966.,
                 N.Y., Acad. Bed..
622
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIOANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Acute episodes  of  mortality and morbidity furnish strong
support  for  a casual relationship between air pollution and
injurious effects..   The  following conclusions were  established:
(1)  Air  pollution  in episodes of high levels is harmful and
can  be lethal,   (2)  Although chronic effects have not  yet  been
denonstrated,, it si  reasonable to presume that since episodes
brought  acute sickness and death, exposure to lesser
concentrations  for prolonged periods will have effects.   (3)  Not
all  the  injurious  pollutants have been identified,  nor have  their
adverse  effects been definitely and specifically established.
Becommendations are  made based on the conclusions.,   (Author"s
summary) ##

00836

E» Gross,  LoD.  Scheel,   H»E» Stokinger


OZONE TOXICITY  STUDIES:   DESTRUCTION OF ALVEOLAB SFPTA—A
PBECURSOB OF EHPHYSEBA,,    Preprint.  (Presented at  the
Seventh  Aspen Conference, Colo,.,, June 10-13, 196K..)


Chronic  exposure of  hamsters and rabbits to lew concentrations
ct ozone results not only in an obvious chronic pneumonitis,  but
also in  a less  obvious destructive process, the latter resulting
in contraction  of  alveolar septa.  These contracted alveolar
septa may be seen  as rounded, cushion-like cellular agtregations of
overlapping  cells; or short, thick mushroom-shaped  structures
containing a peripheral button-like mass of condensed
reticulin; as well as a uniformly thick cellular structure with
attenuated axial reticulin.  Occasionally the septum,  though
greatly  shortened, may have a normal thickness and  cellularity
but  the  axial reticulin is attenuated and has a terminal button-
likethickening.  These septal abnormalities are not
associated with enlargement of air spaces..  Although contracture
of alveolar  septa  is suggestive of early departitioring of lung
tissue,  this is not  a certainty-  It seems logial,  however,  that
findings such as these are proper intermediate steps to the
disappearance of alveolar walls and hence, to emphysema..   Further
study using  more  prolonged exposures to low concentrations of  ozone
followed by  long—term survival, may provide more definitive
conclusions-  (Author summary)**

00852

H.E« Stokinger


OZONE TOXICOLOGY - A REVIEW OF P.ESEAFCH AND INDUSTRIAL
EXPERIENCE,  1954-1964..   Arch- Environ.  Health 10,  819-31,
(lay  1965.


The  rise of  ozone  as an important air pollutant and component
cf oxidant smog  serves as the cause for this review of research
and  industrial  experience in ozcne toxicology for the  period
1954-196t«   After  a  brief introduction,  the author  discusses
the  material under the following subject headings:  Effects on
"an; Extra-pulmonary Effects on Man; Effects in
                          F.  Effects - Human Health                    623

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Animals - Acute Toxocity; Factors  Affecting  Toxicity;
Tolerance Development; Cross-Tolerance;  Chronic Toxicity;
Effects in lower Organisms and  Cell  Structures;
Interactions; and Mechanisus., ##

00851

G..C., Buell  P.K. Mueller
TOXICITY OF OZONE ,(S SUPPLEMENTAI REVIEW) „    California Dept.,
of Public Health, Berkeley, Division  of  Labs-  (AIHL  Rept.
No,. 18)..  Sept.. 1965,.  21 pp..


This review was prepared as an aid in the  possible  writing of  a
technical report concerning air quality  standards  for ozone*
It supplements a siiilar report by stokinger  and  presents  familiar
and perhaps unfamiliar data in different perspective on the
effects of ozone in various concentrations  on  man,  animals, and
microorganisms, and discusses perspectives  concerning modes of
action., ##

00919

G. Freeman  and G,, B., Haydcn


EMPHYSEMA AFTER LOW-LEVEL EXPOSURE TO NC2.,   Arch.  Environ..
Health, Vol. 8:125-8,, Jan. 1964.,   (Presented  at  the  Sixth
Annual Air Pollution Medical Research Conference  San
Francisco, Calif.,,, Jan- 28-29. 1963..)


Biological seguelae of long-term exposures  to  low  concentrations
of nitrogen dioxide have become of interest because  oxides of
nitrogen are a regular constituent of smog..  Current studies have
determined the maximum nitrogen dioxide  concentration in air that
does not cause death frou acute pulmonary  edema  and  allows rats to
survive for several months.  At this  and at lower  concentrationa,
long-term effects are being studied initially,  with  particular
attention to the pulmonary pathology.##

CC932

T. E- Hucer,  S. Wu Joseph,  E. Knoblock,   P.  L..
Eedfearn,  and J. A. Karakawa
NEH ENVIRONMENTAL RESPIRATORY  CISEASE  (YOKOHAMA ASTHMA)
(PRELIMINARY REPORT).  Arch. Ind.  Hyg.  Occupational Med,,,
Vol.. 10:399-408, 1951.  -{Presented  before  the  National Academy
of Sciences-National Research  Council,  Eivision of Medical
Sciences, Subcommittee on Atmospheric  & Industrial Hygiene,
1951, and the Committee on  Sanitary Engineering and
Environment,, 1951.)


The clinical features are presented of  a new environmental
respiratory disease occurring  in  certain areas of Japan during  the
winter months among the United States  military personnel.   From
624               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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preliminary atmospheric data there appears to be a correlation
between the incidence  of this environmental respiratory disease
entity, the concentration of air contaminants, and smog
formations.  Of  the  air contaminants investigated, only the
ether-soluble aerosols and dust appear to have significant
correlation with the incidence of this respiratory entity..
Additional investigations will be required to corroborate the
above suggested  correlations.  '(author summary) tf

00933

B.  B. Purvis  and Bu Ehrlich
EFFECT  OF  ATHOSPHERIC POLIDTANTS ON SUSCEPTIBILITY TO BESPIBATOBY
INFECTION-   II,.  EFFECT 01 NITBOGIN EIOXIDE.  J. Infect.
Diseases,  Vol.,  113:72-76. lug., 1963.


A 2-hour exposure  of  mice to as little as 3.5 ppm of nitrogen
dioxide significantly increased their susceptibility to respiratory
infection  initiated by challenge with an aerosol of Klebsiella
pneumoniae,.   This  effect was observed up to 27 hours after
exposure.  Infected animals exposed to 25 ppm of nitrogen
dioxide for  2 hours showed an increased mortality rate and
decreased  survival time.  This effect was evident up to 72 hours
after  infection.   Exposure to 2.5 ppm of nitrogen dioxide for 2
hours  did  not induce  any changes in susceptibility to infection.
(Author summary) ft

C0980

I.S., Jaffe
THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PHOTOCHEMICAL AIB POLLDTASTS  ON  MAN
AND ANIMALS.,   Am.  J.  Pub,, Health, 57 ,(8) :1269-1277.  Aug.,
1967.   {Presented  at  the Annual Meeting, American Public
Health Association,,  San Francisco, Calif., Oct.  31  -  Nov.,  4»
1966™)


Common manifestations of atmospheric photochemical  smog are eye
irritation,  respiratory distress, haze  formation  (reduction in
visibility),  peculiar odors, .characteristic vegetation  damage, and
excessive cracking of rubber' products as well as  the  presence of
unusually high levels of oxidizing substances identified  as
photochemical oxidants..  The photochemical oxidants are a  major
class  of  compounds found in photochemical smog.   They consist
of a complex mixture  of atmospheric oxidizing substances
whichvary in tine  and place and which are not completely  defined
chemically.   They  can be measured routinely in community
atmospheres,,  however, and analyzed collectively  for "total
oxidant",  the net  oxidizing effect of all such substances  in the
atmosphere,  thus serving as useful indices of effective levels
of photochemical pollution.  Ozone and  perocyacyl nitrates
(PAN compounds)  have  been identified as important oxidants found
in photochemical smog.  A review of the important adverse  effects
of atmospheric photochemical smog on man and animals  expressed in
terms  of  atmospheric  "total oxidant" concentrations is  presented
                          F.  Effects -Human Health                     625

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based on published  reports  and  seme  yet  unpublished reports and
research findings.   Additionally,  data based on laboratory
exposures of man and  animals  tc ozone and  PAN compounds are
reviewed.  An understanding of  the effects of these individual
oxidants in pure form contributes  substantially to our knowledge
of the effects of the ambient photochemical "total oxidant"
mixture.  The photochemical oxiflants, particularly ozone,  are
severe respiratory  irritants  which cause temporarily impaired lung
function in man and  animals in  short exposures.  In prolonged
exposures, there is  an increase in mortality of newborn animals as
well as of animals  exposed  to respiratory  infection.   Secent
studies indicate a  decreased  birthrate of  laboratory animals
in ptolonhrf rxpodures to synthetic photochemical smog.
Additionally, late  studies  have shown that an increase in  lung
tumor formation occurred in aging  mice exposed to atmospheric
photochemical smog  over a 16-month study period when compared to
controls exposed to  filtered  air.  (Author abstract)##
00983

H.U., Phelps


AIR POLLUTION ASTHHATIC-BBONCHITIS  AMONG UNITED  STATES
PERSONNEL IN JAPAN,,   Japan Heart J., , 2(23:180-186,  April
1961.  (Presented as a part of a symposium  on  "Yokohama  Asthma,"
June 24, 1960.)


Asthmatic bronchitis, presumably due to air  pollution, has been
a major case of sickness among D. S, forces  personnel  in  the
Tokyo-Yokohama area since 19«6.  The most prominent  symptoms
are nocturnal cough,, wheezing, and  shortness of  breath in an
individual who has a negative history of asthma  prior to coming
to Japan.  The attacks of coughing  and wheezing  occur most
frequently at night and during periods of increased  smog
concentration.  Perhaps most characteristic  of this  disease is the
marked subsidence of symptoms when  the patient leaves the Kanto
Plain-  Our treatment has been outlined with special
emphasis on bronchodilators, hydration, and  liguefaction of
bronchial secretions.  Adrenal steroids are  used in  the
seriously ill patient and have been very useful  in relieving
symptoms..  Patients with marked shortness of breath,  with airflow
obstruction by pulmonary function studies and  with frequent
occurence of coughing and wheezing  are usually sent  back to the
United States.  Follow-up studies show that  almost all of these
patients dramatically improved as soon as they are sent  back to the
Dnited States.  (Author abstract)f#
00989

J.H.. A. Erant
HDHAN CABDIOVASCOL DISEASE AND ATHOSPHEBIC AIB  POLLDTION  IN LOS
ANGELES, CALIFORNIA..   Intern. J. Air Water Pollution
(london) 9 (4) : 219-231, April  1965.
626               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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A multiple  regression technique is used..  This allows
atmospheric {Predictor}  variables to predict a hospital
(Predicted)  variable, and incorporates a concurrence-latency
hypothesis  which  allows the dependent variable this  week  to be
related  to  independent variables this week, last seek, 2  weeks
earlier,  and U  weeks earlier-   Hence, for this study hospital
admissions  of Los Angelenos of all ages for diagnosed
cardiovascular  dysfunction (the Y)  is related to and predicted
by multiples of '(the X"s):  oxidant, relative humidity,
temperature., Significant findings are:  (1) Sustained high
oxidant:   low relative humidity:  low temperature  conditions  are
related,  on a post-exposure basis of 4 weeks, to increased
cardiovascular  disease.   These atmospheric conditions presented
a formidable and  potentially catastrophic danger to  public
health  in Los Angeles, California.   Significantly, partial
correlation coefficients ranged from plus or minus 0..9891.   (2)
The system  of atmospheric variables explains to a  significant
degree  variation  in the cardiovascular incidence,  that is
cardiovascular  admissions into the hospital,,  Significantly the
multiple regression coefficient is B equals 0..9922,  the
coefficient of  determination, R to the 2nd power eguals  0»98a5.
(3)  The  system  of variables has a linear effect as proved by  the
F-criterion, also the residuals between actual and predicted
values  of the dependent variable are nonsignificant  as proved  by
the alpha-criterion, meaning that the prediction equation
(multiple regression system) is valid.  (4) Post-exposure to
atmosphere, in  this instance tth-week post-exposure, is  a
significant consideration when evaluating the effects of
atmosphere  upon human health-  {Author abstract)##

00992

HoJ. Jacumin,  D.,H.  Johnston,  L-A,. Eipperton


EXPOSURE OF MICROORGANISMS TO LOW CONCENTBATIONS OF  VARIOUS
PCLIDTANTS..  Ind.  Hyg.,  J,.,, 25 (6) : 595-600, Dec. 1961,,


A technigue for exposing microorganisms to air-borne
toxicants was developed-  Serratia marcescens were exposed to
irradiated  atmosphere of clean air, No2 at 0.5 ppm,  hexene-1 at  2
ppm, and No2 plus hexene-1.  Only those containing No2 differed
significantly from clean air, suggesting that hexene-1 played  no
major role™  The  technique has inherent difficulties,, limiting
its application pending further development.  (Author abstract)**

CC99U

S»D, Murphy,, HoV..  Davis,  V.,L. Zaratzian


BIOCHEBICAL EFFECTS IN RATS FROM IRRITATING AIR
CONTAMINANTS.,   Toxicol. Appl- Pharmacol. , 6 (5) : 520-528,
Sept. 1961..


The effect  of inhalation of acrolein vapors on the activity
of several  enzymes of male rat tissues was investigated.
Elevated hepatic  alkaline phosphatase activity occurred following
                          F.  Effects -Human Health                     627

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continuous tO-hour exposure to acrolein  at  concentrations as lew
as 2., 1 ppnu  Exposure to higher concentrations  for  shorter
periods of time also increased liver  AP  activity, but  the
effect was not constant with a constant  Ct.   Inhalation  of
ozone, nitrogen dioxide, formaldehyde, and  sulfur dioxide also
increased liver AP activity™  It appears that the hepatic AP
response is a nonspecific effect and  may be  a symptom  of the
alarm-reaction to stress.   (Author  summary) ##
CC995

E.E. Pattle
StJBIACE LINING OF LONG ALVEOLI-   Physiol. Bev.  15 (1) : (18-79,
Jan. 1965.
The alveoli of the mammalian lung are lined  with a  film  of
lipoprotein, about 50 A thick.  This film has the function
of lowering the surface tension, especially  if the  surface
area is reduced, and so enabling the alveoli to remain open.,
This film is underlain by a layer of a lipoprotein  of high
molecular weight, the "lining complex," from which  the film  is
formed..  The thickness of this layer is unknown, but it  is too
thin to detect histologically..  In the respiratory  distress
syndrome of the newborn, formation of the lining film is defective
and collapse of the lung ensues.  This paper reviews the knowledge
of the alveolar lining.  The effect of surface tension of the
mechanics of the long is covered less fully  than other aspects of
the subject, as it has recently been reviewed by Mead.   The
present review is divided into two main parts.  One {section II)
deals with those matters that, in the reviewer"s opinion,, are well
established; the other (section III) discusses various points
on which the evidence is less certain.  Only in section  III  are
progress reports,, private communications, or unpublished items of
the reviewer's own experience quoted and then only  if they are of
particular interest.,!*
01019

J.. «., A. Brant  and S.. B. G. Hill
HUMAN RESFIBATOBY DISEASES ANE ATMOSPHEHIC  AIR  POLLUTION  IN LOS
ANGELES, CALIFORNIA..  Intern. 0. Air Water  Pollution  Vol
8:259-273, 1964.,
By an analysis of hospital data from Los Angeles  County
General Hospital and atmospheric data from  the  downtown  Los
Angeles air pollution monitoring station, the authors  conclude
that there is a cause-effect relationship between atmospheric
pollution and health.  Intensive laboratory investigations  to
clarify this physiologically are recommended.##
628              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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01021

G.  Dean


10HG CANCER  AMONG WHITE  SOUTH AFRICANS.  British Med. J. „
852-7, Oct.,  31,  1959o


inalysis of  the  1947-56  male lung cancer deaths in South Africa
by  age, country  of  birth,,  and place of residence has shown  that
aiong  those  dying aged 45  to 64 (but not among those dying  aged  65
and over) British immigrants have had much higher lung cancer
mortality rates  than  Onion-born men cr immigrants from other
countries.   Further,  among all three categories in South
Ifrica—Union-born  len,  British male immigrants, and male
iaiigrants from  other countries—the lung cancer mortality  rates
have increased approximately with the level of urbanization and
industrialization.   Neigher the differences between the lung
cancer mortality rates of  these three groups nor the urban/rural
gradient can be  attributed to differences in smoking habits..
Instead, both would seem to have been due to the exposure of the
sen concerned to different degrees of atmospheric pollution.  The
eicess lung  cancer  mortality among British immigrants aged  45-64
vould  seem to have  been  due to their exposure in Britain to some
form of atmospheric pollution to which those emigrating before 1910
had not been subject..  The urban/rural lung cancer mortality
gradient in  South Africa would appear to reflect the increasing
atmospheric  pollution that is encountered in passing from rural
areas  to areas of increasing industrialization,  (Author
summary)#*

01030

P.  Kotin  and H., L.  Falk
THE  EXPERIHEKTAL  INDUCTION OF PUIHCNABY TOHOBS IN STPAIN-A
HICI AFTER THEIR  EXPOSURE TO AN ATMOSPHERE OF OZONIZED GASOLINE..
Cancer  Vol.  9(5):910-917, Oct.  1956.


Strain-A  mice  have  been exposed to an atmosphere of ozonized
gasoline  and to  a washed-air ccntrol atmospheric environment.   A
significant  difference was found in the test-chamber mice both  in
nultiple-tumor-bearing animals.  After forty weeks of exposure
there were 21  per cent tumor-bearing animals in the control mice
compared  with  63  per cent in our test mice.  Differences between
the  multiple-tumor-bearing-aniisalE have been more marked and
greater significance is attached to this variation in terms of
ascribing carcinogenic powers to the polluted atmosphere in our
test chamber..   Mice housed in a polluted atmosphere showed a
consistent weight deficit when contrasted with their washed-air
controls. Shile  no statistical significance has been attributed
to this in relation to tumor yield, the role of calorie restriction
in depressing  spontaneous and induced-tumor yield has been noted.
The  ubiquity of  gasoline and the presence of its reaction products
in urban  atmospheres suggest that it be further investigated  as a
possible  etiological influence in the increasing
incidence of huaan  lung cancer.  Finally, the absence of aromatic
                          F.  Effects - Human Health                     629

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polycyclic hydrocarbons  from  the  test  chamber  may be properly
regarded as establishing the  innate  tumorigenic powers of the
chemical substances in the  test chamber.   (Author summary
modified)##

010UO

GU B.. Haydon,,  G. Freeman,  and N., J.  Furiosi


COVEHT PATHCGENESIS OF N02  INDUCED EMPHYSEMA IN THE BAT..
Arch, Environ, Health 7ol.  11:176-783,  Dec.,  1965.


The authors previously have reported effects on rats from exposure
to 25 ppm N02.,  Additional  studies of  the  pathogenesis of
emphysema induced by 12  ppm and of ether effects resulting from  it
and 0., 8 ppm of N02 are reported-  Also, reversibility of  the
process following exposure  to  25  ppm are described.  Bats
exposed to 12 ppm developed respiratory disease similar to
emphysema in humans.  At the  lower concentrations,  the process vas
relatively covert and survival longer.  A  relationship appears to
exist between concentration X  time to  the  degree of pulmonary
disease.  In discussing  extrapclaticn  of their results to humans,
it was indicated, the combination of widespread low level
concentrations of N02 in the  air  and the transient  intermittent,
very high concentrations inhaled  with  tobacco  smoke may contribute
tc chronic obstructive respiratory disease.##

C1060

J.B., Hudd
ENZYME INACTIVATION EY PEEOXYACE1YL  NITHATE.    Arch.
Biochem. Biophys. Vol. 102 (1) : 59-65,  July  1963.

Isocitric dehydrogenase  (NADP  linked) ,  G-6-P  dehydrogenase,,
and malic dehydrogenase  were inactivated by peroxyacetyl  nitrate.,
The enzymes could be protectrd in  so'me  cases:  isccitric
dehydrogenase by isocitrate and  HADE, the  former  being  more
effective, and G-6-P dehydrogenase by NADP but not  by G-6-P.,
Malic dehydrogenase was  not significantly  protected either
by substrate or coenzyme.  Inhibition of these three enzymes
by cadmium ion or p-chloromercuribenzoate  was prevented  in  the  sane
order by the presence of substrate or coenzytne.   The
conclusion that peroxyacetyl  nitrate  inactivated  the enzymes  by
oxidizing sulfhydryl groups was  further supported by the
resistance of ribonuclease,, containing  no  sulfhydryl groups,  to
peroxyacetyl nitrate.  (Author abstract)##

01062

D.E.,  Bounds
HNVIBONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON LIVING CELLS.    Arch.  Environ.
Health Vol.. 12:78-81, Jan. 1966.,   (Presented at  the  Second
American Medical Association Congress on Ervironmental
Health Problems, Chicago, 111., Apr.. 26-27,  1965..)
630               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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This  study  included a consideration of only two environmental
factors on  an established human cell line:   (1) hydrocarbon
mixtures, which form a major contribution to air  pollution in  the
IDS Angeles area, and (2} a small portion of the  spectral
emission of sunlight.  fiabient air volumes were scrubbed
through either distilled water or chloroform in gas  washing
bottles. The resulting pollutants were suspended  in  water,
flash sterilized, and added to double strength medium.,   These
test  solutions were compared with dilutions of a  carcinogen,
3°-Me»DAB  with respect to responses of an established line of
human conjunctival cells in vitro..  All test media produced
(1) a growth stimulation, (2)  an increase in chromosomal
stickiness  and scattering during mitosis, and  (3)  a  decrease
in a  positive staining reaction for phospholipid.  Treatment of
conjunctival cells with either a chloroform extract  of  auto exhaust
or a  five-minute exposure to near ultraviolet light  produced no
larked morphological change.,  The combination of  these  treatments
induced cytolysis within two hours.   (Author summary
modified)##

0107?

I. !„ lubowe
THE EFFECT OF AIB POIIUTANTS ON THE SKIN.,   "DEBHATITIS  URBIS."
General Practice 27{5):10-1, 27, May 1964.


In older individuals the visible signs of aging  skin  may  become
more apparent when continuously exposed  to  air pollutants.   Thus,
the existence of a condition which may te referred  to as  "city
skin" is conceivable.  It appears justified  to conjecture that the
pollutants which present respiratory hazards, with  continuous
long-term exposure, will also affect the epidermis  and  cutaneous
system.  The deposition of soot and dust on  the  skin  affects
hacterial growth and subseguent physiological activity.   Contact
dermatitis due to airborne contactants such  as smoke  and
insecticide sprays is common, as well as industrial dermatoses
related to acids, organic sulfides, and  other substances.   It
seems logical to attribute the dermatoses of the hands  and face to
the irritating pollutants of industrial  cities.   Prophylactic  as
well as remedial topical formulas must be devised to  overcome  this
insidious effect of air pollution., ##

01090

S. D,. Murphy


A REVIEW OF EFFECTS ON ANIMALS OF EXPOSURE  TO  AUTO  EXHAUST AND
SOME OF ITS COMPONENTS.  J.,  Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
11(8):303-8, Jug. 1964.  (Presented at the  56th  Annual  Meeting,
Air Pollution Control Association, Detroit,  Mich.,  June
9-13, 1963.)


The several series of experiments that are  summarized in  this
report have demonstrated that respiratory function  and
activity patterns of experimental animals are  altered during
                          F. Effects - Human Health                    631

-------
brief exposure to irradiated airiauto exhaust  mixtures at
concentrations of total exhaust that were  only  two  to three  times
those that occur in certain urban communities  during  maximum
periods of photochemical air pollution-  These  physiological
alterations are reversible following a single  exposure of a  few
hours duration-  Qualitatively different effects  on respiratory
frequency and tidal volumes occurred as a  biphasic  response  during
a single four-hour exposure to exhaust.,  The data indicated  that
the qualitative nature of the physiological response  was  dependent
upon the relative concentrations of individual  constituents  with
qualitatively different physiological actions,.  This  may  be
important to the development and evaluation of  control devices or
methods,, since the elimination of one or a class  of chemical agents
may shift the physiological-effect balance toward that produced by
another agent or class of agents that still remain.   (Author
summary modified) t#

01168

E. F- Lutmer,  K. A. Busch,  and P. L, DeLong


EFFECT OF NITRIC OXIDE, NITROGEN DIOXIDE,  OB OZOKE  ON BLCCE
CARBOXYHEMOGLCBIN CONCENTRATIONS CUEING LOW-LEVEL CARBON  MONOXIDE
EXPOSURES .  Atmos. Environ., 1, 1*5-8, 1967..


Compared to exposure to CO alone, no enhancement  of blood
carboxyhemoglobin concentrations was observed  following 8-hour
exposures of rats and mice to low levels of CO  plus NO, No2,
or 03.  (Author abstract) ##

01218

I. K., Emel'ianov
OZONE IN THE SERVICE OF LARGE-SCALE CHEHISTRY.  (Ozon—na  sluzhbu
 bol" shoi fchinii) .   Nature  (Priroda)  (12) 106-8,  Dec,,  1963.,
   CFSTI.DDC:  AD 600 928
Author discusses ozone as an oxidizer in the chemical  industry-
The advantages of ozone over other  cxidizers are  elucidated.   As
an indirect use to air pollution the document  reveals  those
industries that use ozone and ultimately would be involved in
occupational health hazards.i#

01319

C.H- Thienes,  E..G- Skillen,  A,, Hoyt.  E-  Eogen


EFFECTS OF OZONE ON EXPEEIKENTAI TUBERCULOSIS  AND ON NATURAL
PDLMONABY INFECTIONS IN MICE..   Am. Ind., Hyg.  Assoc. J.,,
Vol.. 26:255-260. June 1965.
Rice exposed to 1.5 ppm czone for four  hours  per  day,  five  days
per week for two months exhibited no pathology  of the  lungs-
632
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Other  mice,  similarly exposes, exhibited no  increased
susceptibility  to intravenously administered Mycobacteriurt
tuberculosis nor to BCG vaccine.,  Exposure of mice  to 1-5 ppm
ozone  for  two hours per day for nine to twelve months increased
incidence  of fatal natural pulmonary infection.   The acute four
hour ED50  of ozone for producing pulmonary edema  was 3., 66 ppm.
(Author  abstract) #t
01323

P.I. Estes
ANALYSIS  OF  SIB  POLLUTION HIXTOHES:  A STUDY OF  BIOLOGICALLY
EFFECTIVE COHPONEHTS.    inal. Chenu , Vol., 3
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01327

Mills, C. A.


RESPIRATORY AND CARDIAC DEATHS  IN LCS  ANGELES  SMOGS.    Am.  J.
Med. Sci., Vol. 233:379-386, April  1957.


Ozone or oxidant-type smogs, known  to  be  formed  by  the  action  of
sumlight upon stagnant inversion air masses containing  unturned
hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides from  liquid-fuel motor exhaust
fumes, have been present in Los Angeles for more than a decade
and are appearing with increasing frequency in other American
cities as the density of motor  transport  vehicles increases.
Although ozone was formerly considered a  harmless  (and  perhaps
beneficial)  atmospheric ingredient, it is recognized that  concen-
trations of it above 0.2 ppm are potentially harmful to exposed
plant and animal life.  Its maximal allowable limit for industrial
in-plant workers has been reduced from 1.0 ppm down to  0.1  ppm
(barely detectable by a keen sense  of  smell).  A clearly signifi-
cant association between Los Angeles smogs and rises in day-by-
day respiratory and cardiac deaths  in  the exposed population has
been shown.  There no longer exists a  reasonable doubt  that  this
smog-death relationship is real and o± significant  proportions.
The community health hazard thus generated calls for prompt and
energetic measures to lessen pollution of urban  atmospheres uith
liquid-fuel motor exhaust gases, as well  as establishing the best
possible control over all other known  polluting  sources.   (Author
summary) ##
C1330

J- L» Svirbely  and B. E. Saltzman


OZONE TOXICITY AND SUBSTANCES ASSOCIATED  WITH ITS  PRODUCTION.
A.M.. A. Arch. Ind., Health 15, 111-8, Feb.  1957.
(Presented at the 17th Annual Meeting, American Industrial
Hygiene Association, Philadelphia, Pa-, Apr. 26, 1956.)


The data obtained from acute inhalation studies indicate that
czone per se is a highly toxic substance  to rats,  mice, and
hamsters.  The ozone used in these exposures was generated from
various gas mixtures and with two different ozonizers  varying in
current density.   nfrared analysis of the scrubbed compressed
air used for the toxicity studies indicated that no traces of
organic impurities could be detected.  Tests for possible ozone
contaminants, such as oxides of nitrogen  hydrogen  peroxide,  and
free radicals (H02, OH, H03, Oil, etc..) , in a specially
constructed mass spectrometer failed to reveal significant amounts
of these substances, and, consequently, it is improbable that they
affect the toxicity of ozone in laboratory animals.  The injurious
effects of ozone appear to be lessened by a previous exposure to
relatively low concentrations of ozone for a short period.   This
tolerance was apparent for at least four  and one-half  weeks  after
exposure..  ({Author summary) f #
634               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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01335

D.  I- Coffin   and  E»  J»  Blcmner


ACUTE TOXICITY  OF  IRRADIATED AUTO EXHAUST INDICATED  BY  ENHANCEMENT
OF  MORTALITY  FBOB  STEEPTOCCCCAI PNEUMONIA.  Arch.  Environ.,
Health,  15 (1) : 36-38,  July 1967.  (Presented at the 59th
Annual Meeting,  Air Pollution Control Association,, San
Francisco,  Calif.,  June  20-25, 1966, Paper Mo™ 66-22.,)


Exposure of mice for  t hours in each of 10 replicated experiments
in  atmospheres  of  auto exhaust yielding 100 ppm  carbon  monoxide,
0..35 to  0.67  ppm oxidant, 0»50 ti 1.00 ppm nitrogen  dioxide,  and
C.,03 to  1-96  ppm nitric  oxide and subsequent exposure to
streptococcus aerosol produced a fivefold increase in mortality
over those  receiving  only filtered air and identical simultaneous
exposure to streptococci.  Actual mortality for  mice exposed  to
auto exhaust  was 107  out of 200 and for those exposed to ambient
air, 22  out of  200.   Studies to determine the end  point  of  effect
showed that mortality was enhanced by exhaust containing as little
as  25 ppm CO  and 0«15 ppm oxidant.  These results  indicate
toxicity of auto exhaust for mice at levels for  these two
components  well below peak ambient concentrations.   {Author
abstract}##

01316

J.  Ho McNerney   and  J. D. Maclwen


COMPAEATIVE TCXICITY  STUDIES AT REDUCED AND AHEIENT  PRESSURES.
I.  ACUTE RESPONSE.   Am.  Ind. Hyg., Assoc. J., Vol.
26:568-573,, Dec.. 1965.,


Comparison  of the  acute  response to toxicants at ambient and
reduced  pressures  (5  psia; 100?t C2J  were made by exposing monkeys,
dogs, rats,, and mice  for 2 weeks of continuous inhalation exposure
to  NC2,  03  and  CCIt,,   The experimental results show  a
definite reduction in the toxic response to the  pulmonary irritants
N02 and  03  a-t reduced pressure when compared with  ambient
pressure exposures.   With CC1t, a systemic toxicant, no
significant differences between the animals exposed  at  ambient or
reduced  pressure vere observed.  (Author abstract)##

01368

B.N.. Matzen


EFFECTS  OF  SEROTONIN  ON  PDLBONABY EDEMA PRODUCED BY  OZONE IN
MICE.    Guthrie Clin. Bull- , Vol., 29:102-106, 1959.


It  is reported  that  5HT  (serotonin)  given to mice  following
exposure to ozone  is  capable of decreasing the amount of edema
present..   When  5HT is given prior to exposure, it  protects
the mice from developing edema to the same extent  as the
                          F. Effects -Human Health                    635

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controls..  One would suspect that the action  of  5HT  would  cause
a decrease in the mortality, as ozone only  causes
demonstrable damage in the pulmonary system and  presumably causes
death through producing pulmonary edema.  Other  experiments,  in
which animals were sacrificed serially after  exposure  and
treatment, show that the action of  5HT lasts  only  about  two
hours..  It may be that the action here was  too transient to affect
the final outcome in terms of death, or  that  right heart strain
caused by the edema is accentuated  by the constricting action of
serotonin on the pulmonary vessels  and results in
circulatory failure.  The decrease  in the amount of  edema  is
probably a result of a shift in blocd volume  from  the  lesser
circulation and a drop in the hydrostatic pressure of  the
pulmonary capillaries.,  Although the data does not demonstrate
the mechanism,, this same pattern and degree of the response was
seen by us in mice treated with hexamethcnium,, which has been
shown to be of benefit in pulmonary edema by  virtue  of a blood
shift to the greater circulation,, *#

01369

J..R.. McCarroll,  E..J.. Cassell.  H.T. Ingram,  D.
Wolter
HEALTH AND THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT:   HEALTH  PROFILES  VEESUS
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS.   Ai., J.,  Public  Health,  56(2) -.266-
275, Feb., 1966.  (Presented at the  92nd  Annual  Meeting,
Epidemiology Section, American Public  Health  Association,
New York City, Oct. 7, 196
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this  study  show  that significant differences do occur in the
chemical  results obtained.   Under dynamic chamber conditions,
irradiated  higher molecular weight paraffinic hydrocarbon-nitrogen
oxide systems  appear to be  unreactive.  The amounts of individual
olefins consumed in  irradiated multi-component olefin-nitrogen
oxide nixtures are the same as in single component olefin-nitrogen
oxide mixtures.   when aromatic hydrocarbons also are included in
the multi-component  mixtures, interaction effects are observed.
The results of the present  study show that irradiated aromatic
hydrocarbon nitrogen oxide  mixtures not only undergo chemical
reactions but  also cause appreciable levels of eye irritation,
plant damage and aerosol formation.  It also has been shown that a
representative higher molecular weight aliphatic aldehyde,
propionaldehyde, when irradiated with nitrogen oxide will produce
eye irritation,  and  moderate to heavy plant damage.  The
corresponding  irradiated formaldehyde-nitrogen oxide mixtures did
not cause damage to  any of  the plant varieties investigated.
Using dynamic  chamber conditions irradiated synthetic mixtures
containing  nitrogen  oxides  and the initial concentration levels of
both  olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons present in an irradiated
automobile  exhaust system will reasonably well reproduce the
oxidant,  aldehyde, eye irritation and plant damage levels measured
in the irradiated automobile exhaust mixture.  It is not possible
to reproduce these results  obtained for an irradiated automobile
exhaust system,  by irradiating nitrogen oxides and the initial
olefin or aromatic hydrocarbon levels only.  These results prove
that  aromatic  hydrocarbons  as well as olefins contribute a
significant portion  of the  reactivity of irradiated automobile
exhaust mixtures-#t

01t55

D. A. Fraser
IBS DEPOSITION  OF  UNIPOLAH CHARGED PARTICLES IN THE LUNGS CF
ANIMALS.   Arch.  Environ.  Health, 13 (2) : 152-157, Aug., 1966.
(Presented at the  American Industrial Hygiene Conference,
Philadelphia, Pa.,,  Apr.  30, 196it.)


The purpose of  this investigation was to determine whether
electrically charged airborne particles were capable of causing a
difference in amount of  dust deposited in respiratory tracts of
animals through  inhalation as compared with the amount deposited
when uncharged  particles were inhaled.   Large New Zealand white
rabbits were tested with 8 different dusts - silica of three types,
vanadiun  pentoxide, anthracite coal, cobalt blend, cobalt fume,
and graphite.   Experimental and exposure methods are described.
Results showed  that degree of retention of particles in the
respiratory tract  of animals could he doubled by placing a charge
of 1,000  electrons per particle on these aerosols.  A qualitative
analysis  of mechanisms which account for the deposition of
airborne  aprticles in the respiratory tract indicates that, in each
case,  the effect of placing a unipolar electrical charge on the
particles would  be to increase the rate of deposition of the
particles.  Increase in  retention does not appear to be related to
the size  of the  particles inhaled, within the limits of size
investigated   80% were  between 1.7 microns and 7.0 microns in
diameter.  Findings suggest that it may be possible to increase
                          F. Effects - Human Health                     637

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effective dose and perhaps direct  the  deposition  of therapeutic
aerosols so that a greater deposition  occurs  in the alveolar
region of the lungs-  However,  the  corona  discharge technique,
which produces ozone and oxide  of  nitrogen, would not  be suitable
for use in obtaining the high electrical charges  reguired.
Another technique needs to be devised-  It is noted that
particles bearing charges of 10  to  20  electrons do not increase
deposition more than one or two  percent, an amount not ordinarily
significant.**
01163

G. S. Doyle,  N. Endow,  and J. I. Jones


THE EFFECTS OF PHOTOCHEMICAL AEROSOLS ON EYE  IRRITATION  .(FINAL
REPT»).  Stanford Research Inst. , South Pasadena,  Southern
California Labs.  June 1961.


An eye-irritation panel has benn exposed to many  steady-state
reaction mixtures generated in a 520-cubic-foot irradiated
stirred-flow reaction chamber.,  The  reactants for  one  set of
exposures were trace concentrations  (usually  0-2  to  2.0  ppm by
volume)  of various hydrocarbons, predominantly olefins,  and
nitrogen dioxide in purified air.  Reaction residence  times
ranged from one to two hours.  Sulfur dioxide was  used as an
additional reactant (at a concentration of about  0. 1 ppm) in a
comparable set of experiments-  The  reacting  mixtures  were then
evaluated for relative eye-irritating ability with and without
sulfur dioxide.  In addition, the reactants and some of  the
reaction products, especially formaldehyde, were  determined, and
the light-scattering and particulate content  of the  mixtures were
measured.  Some of the conclusions drawn on the basis  of the
conditions of reaction and exposure  used in this  study are:  (1)
Aerosols derived fron the cophotooxidation of sulfur dioxide and
from sulfur dioxide itself probably  have little,  if  any, effect on
the eye-irritating ability of irradiated reaction  mixture; (2)
Trace concentrations of branched internal olefins, specifically
2-methyl-2-butene, and of a cyclic olefin, cyclohexene,  can
produce significant amounts of eye irritants  other than
formaldehyde and acrclein-   (3) The  use of dynamic (stirred-flow)
conditions considerably enhances the sensitivity  of  subjects to the
irritants;  (1) Adding isobutane to a photooxidizing
isobutylene-nitrogen dioxide mixture produced no  significant
effect;  (5) The rate of response to  an eye iriitant  is a
function of the chemical nature of the irritant or irritants; and
(6) Ethylene and propylene can produce significant eye irritation
at realistic atmospheric concentrations.   (Author  summary
modified) *#


01183

H. F. Serat,  J. Kyono,  and P. K. Mueller


FEASURING THE TOXIC EFFECT OF AIE POLLUTANTS  HITH  LUMINESCENT
BACTERIA:  AN IMPROVED PROCEDURE.    Preprint.  1966.
638               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Measurements  on  bacterial luminescence loss in the  presence  of
polluted  atmospheres and the assessment of toxic effects  have been
siraplifled.   The procedure is applicable for studies  in the
laboratory  or on ambient air.  The sensitivity of Photobacterium
cells  to  photochemical oxidants allows measurements to be made  when
concentrations approximate those associated with eye  irritation
(0.15  microliter/liter) .  Kesults show this bioassay  to detect
0.2 to 0.1(5  microliter/liter of oxidant for only a  15 min exposure.
Thus,  a bioassay can measure pollutants at levels approximate to
those  known  to produce effects or man.   (Author abstract) ##
01588

U.S. Wayne,   P. F-  Wehrle,   R.E. Carroll
OXIEANT  AIH  POLLUTION AND ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE.   J. Am.  Ked.
issoc.,  199 (12) :901-904, March 20, 1967.


The effect  of  Los Angeles" oxidizing type of air  pollution
on athletic  performance was studied in  21 competitive  meets  of
high school  cross-ccuntry track runners from 1959 to 19611..
Since running  times tend to improve throughout the season, team
performance  at a meet was evaluated by  the per cent of beys
who failed  to  iiprove compared to their time in the previous
meet on  the  same course.  The highest correlation to team
performance  is that of the oxidant level in the hour before  the
race {correlaticn coefficient (r) eguals 0.945 in both 1959-1961
ana 1962-1961*} „   Neither carbon monoxide, temperature,  nor
humidity shows any relationship to performance.   The
specificity  of the effect to a biologically meaningful time  and
the very high  correlation are convincing evidence of a cause and
effect relationship.  The mechanism by  which oxidants  affect
performance  may  be directly physiological or te decreased
motivation  due to discomfort.  (Author  abstract) ##
C1520

I.  D.,  Sterling,   J.  J.  Phair,,  S. V., Pollack,  D. A.
Schumsky,   and  I.  DeGroot


URBAN  MORBIDITY  AND  AIR POLLUTION (A FIRST REFT.).   Arch.
Environ. Health,  Vol.  13:158-170, Aug. 1966.


Hospital admissions  in  Lcs Angeles were correlated  with  air
pollution  measurements  and meteorological data.  Once  the  effect
of  the  day of  the week  was corrected, fluctuations  in  air  pollution
and  morbidity  correlated extremely highly for relevant diseases.##
                          F.  Effects -Human Health                    639

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01591

J. L. Jones,  N. Endon,  E.  A»  Schuck,   E.  G.  Caldwell,
C.J. Doyle


A PROGRESS REPORT OH THE CHEMISTRY  OF COMMUNITY AIR POLI0TICN.
Stanford Besearch lust. , South  Pasadena,  Southern
California Labs. Jan.  5, 1962-   59  pp.


When mixtures of propylene  and  nitrogen  dioxide in
concentrations of 0,1  to 1.0  part per million  (ppm)  were
photochemically reacted by  irradiation with near ultraviolet light,
the reaction products  were  irritating to  the eyes of human  test
subjects.  The intensity of  the  ultraviolet light used  in these
laboratory experiments  was  comparable to  7:00  to 8:00 a.m.  fall
sunlight..  Preliminary  additional work on ethylene reaction
mixtures, which were irradiated  with near ultraviolet light
corresponding tc 12:00  noon  summer  sunlight intensity,
definitely produced eye irritating  reacton  product mixtures.
The evidence frcm infrared  spectra  of precipitated model aerosols
formed by the photccxidation  of  lower olefin homologs -  nitrogen
oxides - sulfur dioxide mixtures at 50%  relative humidity indicated
that the principal constituent  of the aerosol  was sulfuric  acid.
A study of the dark reaction  of  ozone with  olefins has  been
initiated.  Preliminary experimental results indicate that  a
kinetic reaction mechanism  based on a simple bimolecular
reaction between ozone  and  an olefin cannot account for  the
experimental results obtained to date.   Some the-oretical
guantum mechanical calculations  have been made that
satisfactorily account  for  some  of  the experimental rate constants
in the literature.   (Author summary modified) ##
C1596

N,,A. Eenzetti  E.A. Schuck
PRE1IMINAEY OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELATIONSHIP  EETKEEN  EYE
IRRITATION IN SYNTHETIC SYSTEfIS AKD IN THE  ATMOSPHERE.
Stanford Research Inst,, South Pasadena, Southern  California
Labs, 1960.  17 pp.  Also published in J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc.  11,  (3) 121-1, Kar. 1961.


The eye irritation values found in Los Angeles  smcg  were
tentatively related  to the values found  in  laboratory mixtures.
In the synthetic systems, the major irritants appear  to  te
formaldehyde, acrolein, and, possibly. Compound X.   Because  of
the insufficient and inconclusive nature of the data  obtained
from atmospheric sanpling, a definitive  statement  cannot  be  made
on this matter.   (Author summary modified)##
640               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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01603

E.S. Schuck,  G.Jo  Doyle,   B.  Endow


J PHOGBESS BEPOFT ON THE PHOTCCHEMISIRY OF P01IUTED
1THOSPHEHES.    Stanford Besearch Inst., South Pasadena,
Southern California labs,,   Dec.  1960.  122 pp


During the photooxidation  of clefins, three reactions appear
inportant: the  reaction of olefins with oxygen atoms, with ozone,
and  with active  intermediates.   The active intermediates may be
free radicals or zwitterions.   The rate of disappearance of
olefin, over and above  that accountable ty reaction with oxygen
atoms and ozone, has been  termed the "excess rate.,"  The
inportance of active intermediates in the mechanism of olefin
photooxidation  is suggested by these observations:  I- Some
products cannot  be  accounted for by simple rupture of the double
bond.  2- The excess rate  is proportional to the square root of
the  light intensity and  to the square root of the initial nitrogen
dioxide concentration.  The major products of the photooxidation
are  produced by  rupture of the double bond, leading to various
carbonyl compounds.  However,  significant amounts of
formaldehyde and acetaldehyde  are formed from olefins in certain
cases in which  these compounds could not be formed by simple bond
rupture-  Secondary photooxidation of the initial products can
also contribute  to  the  products.  Alkyl nitrites were identified
among the miner  products  of olefin photooxidation..  These
nitrites are probably contributing to olefin oxidation since, as
«as  shown previously, alkyl nitrites promote destruction of olefins
as well as does  nitric  oxide or nitrogen dioxide.  Medium to
severe eye irritation was  obtained with photooxidation of mixtures
containing 0.5  ppm  each of certain olefins and nitrogen
dioxide.,  These  concentrations are comparable to those existing
in the Los Angeles  atmosphere.   The amount of eye irritation
caused by photocxidation  of auto exhaust probably may be reduced
Host efficiently by control of olefins rather than by control of
oxides of nitrogen. This  statement is based on studies of olefin
Mixtures of the  type found in  auto exhaust; these studies show
that, under certain circumstances, reduction of the oxides of
nitrogen can lead to an increase rather than a decrease in eye
irritation-   (Author summary) #t

C16C9

J. Ipsen  C.F.  Eohan


RELATIONSHIPS OF ACUTE  BESPIBATORY DISEASE TO MEASUREMENTS OF
ATHOSPHEBIC POLLUTION  AND  IOCAI KETECBOLOGICSL CONDITIONS (FINAL
KEPT.}. Pennsylvania Oniv. , Philadelphia, Henry Phipps
Inst.Henry Phipps Inst.,  Pennsylvania Univ. Mar., 1965.
38 pp.


Three years' studies of  the relationship between industrial
absenteeism to  upper respiratory infections and concomitant air
pollution measurements  and climatological data are summarized.
The  purpose is  primarily  to investigate methods of handling
                          F.  Effects -Human Health                     641

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available data, and there are  no  attempts  to  hypothesize  causative
mechanisms between the several  components.  The  variables
considered are related in time  to a  fixed  geographical location,
which is Metropolitan Philadelphia.   The study period began  in
September, 1960 and ended in December,  1963,##


01692

J.Ho Weisburger  E. K. Weisburger


CHEMICALS AS CAUSES OF CANCER-    Chem.  Eng. News  UH.  <6)  124-
12, Feb., 7, 1966.


Cancer research falls into two  broad  groupings-diagnosis  and
treatment, and etiology and prevention.  Diagnosis  and treatment
relate to the methods leading  to  the  discovery of a cancer
already present, so that appropriate  remedial measures can be
used.  Etiology and prevention  deal  with attempts to  discover the
causes and origins of neoplastic  diseases,  to understand  the
mechanism of their formation,  and to  delve  into  their inherent
nature.  The underlying idea for  research  on  the  etiology and
prevention of cancer is that the  disease can  be  prevented by
modifying its ccurse or by eliminating  causative  or accelerating
factors.  This report covers a  portion  of  cancer  research
pertaining to etiolcgy and prevention.  In  particular,  the article
discusses cancer induction by  aromatic  amines, azo  dyes,
nitrosamines, and mycotoxins. (H


C1698

H.L. Motley  H.I. Phelps


POTHONAHY FUNCTION IMPAIBMENT PBODUCED  BY  ATMOSPHERIC
POLLUTION.   Diseases Chest 45,  (2)  154-62, Feb.  1961.
(Presented at the 29th Annual  Meeting,  American  Coll.,  of
Chest Physicians, Atlantic City,  N.J.,  June 13-17,  1963.)


Studies on three types of air  pollution and the  effects of
breathing such air on pulmonary function measurements are
discussed..  The types are:  the Los  Angeles smog, allergic types
related to air pollution such  as  seen in Tokyo-Yokohama,  and
industrial exposures and cigarette smoking.  The  Los  Angeles
smog was found to aggravate the severity of emphysema by
increasing the residual air and impairing  still  further air
distribution in the lungs.  The Tokyo-Yokohama asthma type
probably should be referred to  as  an  allergic bronchitis, and this
condition probably exists in many  parts of  the world-   The control
of the military personnel in Japan by the  armed  forces is unique,
and this method of studying the effects of  air pollution  is not
available in most ether areas.  Air  way .obstruction was a
consistent finding, often associated  with  increased residual air
and hypoxia.  The present outlook  is  less  favorable than  at
first thought regarding complete  reversibility when the subjects
stay too long innthe Tokyo-Yokohama  area after the  condition has
become manifest.  The use of treatment  rooms  with air filtered
642               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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over  activated  carbon has been demonstrated to protect  patients
against  air  pollution in Los Angeles and in the Tokyo-Yokohama
areas.   An allergic type of bronchitis was demonstrated  in  a
rubber works frcrc the introduction of two chemicals in  the
manufacturing process, and the clinical and physiologic  findings
in the sensitive  patientE were similar to the Tokyo-Yokohama
asthma type.  Cigarette smoking ^personal air pollution)
irritates the branchial epithelium and appears to be an
important factor  in rendering individuals more susceptible
to allergic  factors in air pollution.  Cigarette smoking impairs
the transfer of oxygen to the blood from the lungs in severe
emphysema.   (Author summary modified.)##


C1699

J.B.  Hudd,   R.  Leavitt,  H., H. Kersey


REACTION OF  PEROXYACETYL BITKATE HITH SDLFHYDRYL GROUPS  OF
PROTEINS.    J.  Eiol. Chem., 241, (17) 4081-5, Sept. 10,  1966..

Peroxyacetyl nitrate does not react with the sulhydryl  groups of
"native" ovalbumin, but does react with those of reduced
glutathione  in  the presence of ovalbumin.  At pK 4.5 all of the
sulfhydryl groups of human hemoglobin react with peroxyacetyl
nitrate, whereas  at pH 7.2 the reaction is slower and is limited
to two to three sulfhydryls per mole of hemoglogin.
Bibonuclease in the reactive form is not inactivated by
peroxyacetyl nitrate even when the oxidant is in 300-fold molar
excess.  Amino  acid analysis of the protein shows a decrease
in cystine and  increase in systeic acid.  Reduced ribonuclease is
prevented from  regaining activity if exposed to peroxyactyl
nitrate  in the  sulfhydryl form.  The inactivation of papain by
peroxyacetyl nitrate depends on the amount of free protein
sulfhydryl at the time of gas exposure.  (Author summary)##


01737

Eachman, C.  H.,   R., D. McDonald,  and P. J.  Lorenz


SOU!  EFFECTS OF AIR IONS ON THE ACTIVITY OF RATS.  (EXPERIMENT
SO.  3 OF BIOIOGICAL ACTION OF IONIZEE PARTICLES IN THE
ATMOSPHERE™)   Intern. J. Bioclimatol. Biometeorol. (Leiden),
10(1): 39-46, July 1966.  14 refs-

In order to  determine the effects of measured concentration of
ionized  air  (mobility, about 1..0 sg. cm./v.sec..)  upon the gross
motor activity  of rats, a chamber was used with a flexible
dielectric floor  which made possible the electrical detection of
motor activity.   Exposure of 9 groups of 11 rats each to various
positive and negative ion concentrations produced pronounced
effects  in grcss  motor activity, attacks on the aluminum foil
ground plate, urination, defecation, sleeping during the
experiment,  and respiration.  The lowest ion concentrations were
the most effective..  The ion current drawn by each rat  varied
markedly, indicating the delicate balance that exists between a
biological system, the electrostatic charges of its surrounding,
and the  aerial  icns.##
                          F. Effects - Human Health                     643

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C1738

B. D. McDonald,  C.  H.  Bachman,   and  P.  J.  Lorenz


SOME PSYCHOMOTOB AND PHYSIOLOGICAL  TESTS ON HUMANS EXPOSED TO AIR
IONS.  Aerospace Bed. 38  (2),  1145-8 (Feb.  1967) „


Humans were exposed  to  air  ions  by  inhalation only.   The ion
current to each subject was measured.   Both psychcmotor and
physiological tests  were  performed  with  ions of both polarities.
Reaction time measurements  were  ambiguous.   In a  vigilance task
both negative ions and  positive  ions  reduced the  number of
omissions, the positives  being most effective..  Neither polarity
affected the heart rate,  Fefluction in  respiration rates occurred
for both polarities  of  ions and  the control during the ion
exposure-  The reduction  for positive ions  was greater than for
the control, the reduction  for negatives was less than for the
control.  Measurements  of d.c. potential between  forehead and ear
showed no correlation with  ions.  Eesults  of a mood  questionnaire
also showed no correlation.   '(Author  abstract)##
01753

K. Luomanmaki
STUDIES ON THE METABOLISM OF CABBON  MONOXIDE,   Ann.  Ked.
Exptl. Biol. Fenniae  (Helsinki)  Suppl.  U4,  (8)  1-55,  1966..


The purpose of the present study  was  to  investigate  the
metabolism of CO in regard of  the  distribution  of  CO  between
the major CO pools and the possibility  of  oxidation  of CO in  an
intact organism-  The dog was  used as an experimental animal.
All the experiments were done  under  barbiturate anesthesia  and
using a closed rebreathlng system.   The  main  results  obtained  were
concerned with the following aspects:   distribution  of CO;
oxidation of CO; and endogenous  formation  of  CO at rising
COHb..  The body of CO stores was  discussed in the  light  of
previous and present findings.   The  validity  of a  rebreathing
method for measuring the rate  of  endogenous formation of CO was
considered in view of the present  findings.   An approach to study
the function of myoglobin applying the  Haldane  technique on the
present results of the distribution  of  CO  was described.,
(Author summary) ##
01773

P.  Drinker
HEALTH ASPECTS OF AIH POLLUTION.  Arch.  Environ.  Health
4, 11-19, Mar. 1962.,  (Presented at  the  Management  Conference,
26th Annual Meeting, Industrial Hygiene  Foundation,
Pittsburgh, Pa., Oct. 25-26,  1961.)
644               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Jir  pollution is  essentially a problem of overcrowding.  The
offensive pollutants,  by and large,  are present in very low
concentrations.   Given a reasonable  chance nature can dispose of
the  objectionable substances,  but when the load of aerial garbage
becomes excessive frcm too much human activity in too small an
area,  objections  are  prompt.  For a  community to act as a unit
generally takes  legislation.  There  is no way to make a law
popular which tells  modern man that  we propose to curtail his
freedom.  He can"t get in his car and drive anywhere he wishes.
Perhaps the law  will  limit the number of cars on the road, just as
the  fire department  limits the size  of the audience in a theater or
the  building inspector limits the passengers on elevators.  We
control pollution today by controlling the emission of pollutants.
Factories, steel  mills, power plants, locomotives, and ships have
been living under control laws for some time, but they are enforced
only to the extent the public demands.  Until recently we had no
restrictions on emissions by motor vehicles.  Because its problem
was  severe, Los  Angeles County and later the State of
California adopted restrictive measures designed to control
objectionable exhausts from motor cars.  There is no convincing
evidence that air pollution is presently endangering the public
health ia the United  States,  Be"d like to blame unsolved
problems like the increase in bronchogenic cancer on air pollution,
but  the available evidence is unconvincing.  California has not
shown that the  health  of its public  is impaired by the pollution
resulting from  its heavy motor traffic, yet they propose to reduce
this pollution.   Pittsburgh was among the first of our large
dirty cities really  to clean up.  Los Angeles County (and
California) intend to  control emissions from motor cars.  These
are  examples other communities can and must follow.  (Author
summary) ft
01785

B. Zhrlich


EFFECT OF AIE  POLLUTANTS ON BESPIBAIORY INFECTION.   Arch.
Environ.  Health.  6, (5)  76-80, May 1963.


It is apparent from the experimental data that ozone and nitrogen
dioxide increase  the susceptibility of laboratory mice to
respiratory infection caused by inhalation of Klebsiella
pneumoniae.  Sufficient information is available which indicates
that exposure  to  air pollutants can reduce and make the
tracheobronchial  tree more vulnerable to airborne bacteria..  If
the concentration of the pollutant is sufficiently high, permanent
damage can  occur.  The experimental data obtained are
compatible  with a picture of transient damage of approximately
one day,  varying  with concentration, followed by essential
recovery, insofar as mortality is concerned..  At lower
concentrations this damage is probably only temporary, and
recovery  follows.  (Author summary modified)##
                          F.  Effects - Human Health                     645

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01794

V, Pirila,  L» Noro,  A. Laamanen


JIB POLLUTION AND ALLERGY.   Acta Allergol.  (Copenhagen)  18,
113-30, 1963


After describing some examples  of acute  air  pollution
episodes, the authors give a brief  review  of natural air
pollution from the allergological point  of view.   Cultural  air
pollution is considered under two headings;  indoor or local,  and
outdoor or general.  The capacity of  some  chemical present  in
outdoor air-S02, H2S, NH3, Be and F-to provoke  allergic
diseases is discussed on the basis  of the  literature and
personal investigations.  Finally some figures  and examples are
given regarding the guality and  degree of  air pollution in  the
DSA and in Finland.  The authors stress  the  difficulty which
arieses in fixing the maximum allowable  concentrations for  general
air pollution, owing to the wide variations  in  physiological
response in general and in allergic reactivity  in  particular.
(Author summary modified)##
P. Kotin
AIR POLLUTION WITH CANCIRIGEN1C  SUBSTANCES.   Acta,  Unio
Intern. Contra Cancrum 19,  (3-4)  469-71,  1963.,


Polluted urban air must seriously be  regarded as  one  of  the
factors responsible for the increased incidence of  lung  cancer.
Carcinogenic agents have been identified  in  polluted  urban air,
and extracts have resulted in the induction  of malignant tumors
following skin painting or subcutaneous injection in  inbred  strains
of mice..  Further, aerosols of ozonized gasoline, in  conjunction
with multiple influenza infections, have  resulted in  the induction
of human type sguamcus cell carcinomas in C57 black mice
following inhalation exposure.   Evaluation of the carcinogenic
potential of polluted urban air  requires  an  assessment  of the  role
of (a) respiratory tract irritants,  (b) the  physical  aspects of
particulates in relation to deposition in the tracheobronchial
tree, and  (c) chemical compounds potentially acting as
anti-carcinogenic agents.   (Author summary) ##
01855

O.E.. Bemmers  O.J. Ealchum
EFFECTS OF LOS ANGELES URBAN AIR POLLUTION  UPON  FESPIEATOBY
FUNCTION OF EMPHYSEMATOOS PATIENTS  (SEPT- ON  STUDIES  DOHE  FBOH
JULY 1, 1964 - FEE. 1, 1965.)   Preprint.,   1965.
646              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Four  patients  with  chronic brcnchc-pulmonary disease have been
studied  under  conditions during which they breathed either highly
filtered air or the ambient Los Angeles air.  Patients residing
in the filtered air rooms and who had moderately severe emphysema
showed improvement  in lung measurements,.  Oxygen consumption
declined steadily while the patients were residing in the
filtered air rooms.  The significance of this is not known and
will  be  studied further.   (Author abstract} tt#


01883

D. A. Lynn


PEPORT OF CHEMICAL  MUTAG1NESIS,  Preprint.  19614.


Author discusses the science of genetics as it relates to the
following:   (1) chemical mutagenesis, (2) molecular genetic
mechanisms,  (3) mutations, (4)  birth defects,  (5) somatic mutations
and aging,  (6)  chemical mutations, and  (7) extrapolation to man.
It is shown  that airborne chemicals  (as pollutants) influence the
mechanism of  mutagenesis in man.d#
01893

0.  J.  Ealchum,   R.  Euckley,  S. Levey,  3,, Bertolino,
H.  Swann,   and  1.  Hall


STUDIES  IN EXPERIMENTAL EMPHYSEMA.  Arch. Environ. Health 8,
132-8,  Jan.  196tu   .([Presented at the Sixth Annual Air
Pollution  Medical  Research Conference, San Francisco,
Calif.,  Jan.  28-29, 1963.)


Serum  antibodies to lung tissue are produced in guinea  pigs
injected with lung homogenate from animals exposed to noxious
gases  and  from  normal animals.  Microscopic sections of  the
lungs  revealed  the presence of an interstitial pneumonitis.
Guinea  pigs administered the supernatant obtained by low-speed
centrifugation  of  homologous lung homogenate, and others injected
with the sediment  obtained by high-speed centrifugation  of this
supernatant,  developed marked changes in the pulmonary  vasculature
and interstitial pneumonitis.  These pathological alterations of
the lungs  are presumed to be a result of antigen-antibody
reactions.  Morphological alterations resembling those  of human
emphysema  were  not detected.   (Author summary)##
C1916

V.,  A» Fjazanov.


CRITERIA AND METHODS FOR ESTABLISHIHG MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE
CONCENTBATICNS OF AIR POLLUTION-   Hull. World Health Organ.
(Geneva)  32, 389-98, 1965.
                          F. Effects-Human Health                    647

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Experience in the USSB in establishing standards  for  air
pollution control is described.  It is emphasized  that  health
considerations must be main criterion in  deciding  permissible
concentrations, which constitute the "hygienic" standards
ultimately to be achieved.  Economic and  technological  reasons  may
dictate temporary "sanitary" standards, vhich  modify  the
requirements for a limited period..  "Technological" standards
relate to the economic and technological  consequences of air
pollution and do not concern health.  The maximum  permissible
concentrations of toxic substances used in  toxicology and
industrial hygiene are not sufficiently stringent  for general use,
and control standards are therefore based on the  results of tests
carried out on animals and human subjects.  Tests  on  animals show
that certain concentrations of toxic substances cause functional
changes {e.g., in higher nervous activity,  cholinesterase
activity, and excretion of coprcporphyrin)  as  well as a number  of
protective adaptational reactions..  The results are used to
establish maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants within
a 2tf-hcur period.,  Tests on human volunteers provide  a  basis for
determining the maximum average concentrations at  a given time.
Beactions to odorous substances give the  olfactory threshold and
the level of concentration causing respiratory and visual
reflexes, as well as subsensory effects such as changes in light
sensitivity and in the activity of the cerebral cortex.
Morbidity statistics also provide evidence  of harmful pollution,
but cannot serve as a basis for establishing maximum  permissible
concentrations, which should aim not only at preventing illness
but also at avoiding pathological and adaptational reactions.
(Author abstract)**
01957

A. P. Krueger,  P. C. Andriese,  and S. Kotaka


THE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISM OF AIH ION ACTION:  THE EFFECT OT C02
PLUS IN INHALED AIB ON THE ELOOI IZVIL OF 5-HYDBOXYTBYPTAMINE
IN MICE.   Intern. J., Bicnetecicl. 7,  (1) 3-16, 1963..


Mice inhaling positively ionized air exhibited a significant rise
in the blood level of 5-hydrcxytryptamine  (5-HT)BL.  This
effect was duplicated by non-ionized air to which C02(plus) was
added tut did not occur when the same amount of either nonionized
C02 or C02(-) replaced C02(plus).  The rise in  (5-HTJBL
was associated with physiological changes that parallel those
appearing after the injection of 5-HT or after administration of
iproniazid.  Some of the animals exposed to C02(plusJ in air
became ill and suffered tissue damage attributable  to excessive
concentrations of 5-HT.  A few cf the  mice died and  at autopsy
pulmonary and enteric lesions were found which also  were reasonably
ascribed to the increased 5-HT BI.  The physiological,
pathological and biochemical changes described furnish additional
aupport for the 5-HT hypothesis of air ion action presented in
earlier publications.  There is good reason to believe that some
of the known biological effects of gaseous ions involve other
mechanisms,,   (Author abstract) (ttt
648              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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01977

H.  A.  Young,   D.  B.,  Shaw,  and D., V. Bates


PULMONARY  FUNCTION IN WELDERS EXPOSED TO OZONE.  Arch., Environ.
Health 7,  337-i»0, Sept. 1963.


Seven  men  engaged in argon-shielded electric arc welding  were
examined clinically  for evidence of respiratory damage
attributable  to ozone.  The lean concentration of ozone in the
tielding shop  was 0.2 to 0»3 ppm.  One man had symptoms
associated with the  argon-shielded electric arc welding.  Three
had a  slight  cough associated with smoking, and two  of these,,
both of whom  gave a  past history of pneumonia, had abnormal
physical signs in the chest.  The measurements of pulmonary
function  were:  vital capacity, functional residual  capacity
(FHC) , maximal midexpiratory flow rate, indirect maximum
breathing  capacity,  and carbon monoxide diffusing capacity at  rest
and on exercise.   Four of the seven showed no abnormality in any
of the pulmonary function measurements.  Three men had vital
capacities below those predicted.  In one, the only  subject with
symptoms possibly attributable tc O2one, it was an isolated
finding.   In  a second it was accompanied by a diminished  PEC and
in a third by a slight-to-moderate diminution in all  the  other
measurements.  However the history and physical examination
suggested  that this  man had seme pre-existing pulmonary disease.
These  findings indicate that exposures to these low  concentrations
of ozone do not cause impairment of air flow or of pulmonary
diffusion.  However, recent evidence that slightly higher levels
of ozone produced a  decrease in the cne-second forced expiratory
volume suggests that they are approaching the limit  of safety.##


01987

B.  G.  flinners
ENGINEERING THE CHRONIC EXPOSDHE OF ANIBAIS 1C LABORATORY
PRODUCED AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST.  0. Air Pollution Control
Assoc.   12, 527-30, Nov. 1962.  '(Presented at the  55th  Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Chicago,  111.,
Bay 20-24,  1962.)


A laboratory facility designed for studies to determine  the
effects of  lifetime exposure of experimental animals  to  auto
emissions is described.  The emissions produced simulated
atmospheric concentrations and conditions generally found in the
air of  a city like los Angeles.**


C1992

P. V. V. Hamill
ATHCSPHEBIC POLLUTION, THE PROBLEM - AN OVEE-ALI  VIEW.
Arch.  Environ. Health 18 241-7, Sept. 1960.   (Presented  at
                          F.  Effects -Human Health                     649

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the 12th Annual Meeting, Anerican Academy  of  Occupational
Medicine, Williamsburg,  Va. , Feb. 12,  1960.)


Some epidemiological and laboratory  studies are  reviewed.
Statistical evidence suggests a  relationship  between  air  pollution
levels and mortality rates  froi  lung cancer notwithstanding
smoking habits.  Health  statistics regarding  air pollution
episodes in the United States and Europe are  given. 
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02122

Y.  Palti,   E.  De  Sour,  and A0 Abrahamov,


THE EFFECT  OF  ATMOSPHERIC IONS ON THE RESPIRATORY  SYSTEM OF
INFANTS.    Pediatrics 38,  (3)  405-11, Sept.  1966.

Atmospheric ions  produced by air-flew friction  or  ionizing
radiation have an effect on ncn-ccntagious diseases.   In this
study,  infants were placed in close contact  with a  source of
negative or positive ions and their reactions,  particularly of the
respiratory system were noted.  Negative ions reduced  the duration
of  spastic  attacks in children suffering from asthmatic  
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From observations of an apparent aggravation of a  hereditary
defect (Wilson's disease) by exposure to vanadium  and  from
work on laboratory animals made tolerant or susceptible  to  ozone
and nitrogen dioxide, the conclusion has been  drawn  that  the
susceptibility of the individual in relation to environmental
exposure should be a matter of concern.  It is pointed out  that
tests for detecting susceptibility to hemolytic effects  from drugs
and other chemicals have been developed which  can  also be useful
in predicting na individual's response to conditions associated
with his employment.  A number of factors such as  stress, diet,
and disease are known to affect erythrocyte and tissue enzyme
activity and are discussed in relation to their contribution to
the physiologic burden imposed by the working  environment.
Tests for detection of chemically sensitive red blood cells are
considered in reference to their use in distinguishing persons
hypersusceptible to effects from exposure to substances encountered
in industrial operations.  (Author summary) ##

02223

S.D.. Mprphy,  C,,E. Ulrich,  U.K. leng


ALTERED FUNCTION IN ANIMALS INHALING CONJUGATED NITRO-OLEFINS.,
Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol, 5,  (3) 319-30, May 1963,
(Presented in part at the Third Inter-American Conference on
Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, Miami, Fla., Aug.
1961.)


Increased total pulmonary flow resistance and  tidal  volumes and
decreased respiratory rates of guinea pigs and decreased
voluntary activity of mice occurred during inhalation of  the
vapors of conjugated nitro-olefins at concentrations near or below
the threshold for human, sensory detection.  Increasing
concentrations increased the magnitude of the  effects.  Comparison
of the effects of 2-nitro-2-butene, 3-nitro-3-hexene,  and t-
nitro-4-nonene indicated that the effectiveness on pulmonary
function was inversely related to the carbon chain length.
However, U-nitro-4- nonene was slightly more active  than  the
butene and hexene in producing depression of mouse activity.
At the low concentrations tested, the effects  of nitro-olefins
were reversible when the animals were returned to  clean  air.,
Injection of atropine sulfate overcame the increased pulmonary
flow resistance induced by t-nitro-t-nonene..   The  response  of
animals to inhaled nitro-rolefins gualitatively resembles
effects which have been observed when animals  inhale high
concentrations of irradiated automobile exhaust.   These effects
are, however, relatively nonspecific and are produced  by  several
other irritating vapors and gases which have been  shown  to  be
present in measurable quantities in exhaust mixtures.   (Author
summary) ##

02247

P.K. Das,  P.S. Sinha,  H.K., Srivastava,,  A.. K. Sanyal


STUDIES ON CILIARY MOVEMENT,  PART II.  EFFECTS OF CERTAIN
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FACTOJS ON CILIARY MOVEMENT  IN FROG"S
652               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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OESOPHAGOS.    Arch.,  Intern. Pharmacodyn,, 153,  (2) 367-78,
Feb.  1965.
The effects of some physical and chemical factors viz. atmospheric
temperature and seasonal variations, osmotic pressure, hydrogen
ion concentration,  seme cations and anions, have been studied  on
one type of ciliated epithelium concerning the esophagus  of  a
frog.   All experiments were designed so that only one factor
remains variable keeping all others constant.##
02263

S. S. Wilfcs
TOXIC PBOTOOXIDATION PEODUCTS IN CLOSED ENVIRONMENTS.
Aerospace Bed.  31, 838-U1, Sept., 1963


The evidence of carbon monoxide production from  the action  of
light and oxygen on many classes of organic substances  and
compounds indicates the necessity for adequate protection of
susceptible materials from the ravages of the combination of light
and oxygen in small, sealed environments designed for human
occupancy.  Materials to be used in spacecraft should be
thoroughly tested for their stability to effects of radiation-
Materials within the vehicle should, as far as possible, be
shielded from certain components of the spectrum.  Appropriate
methods for CO elimination should be a permanent installation-##
02266

M.  C., Battigelli,   T» F.. Hatch,  F. Hengstenberg,  and
R»  J- flannella
TBITIATED TBYHICINE LABELING IN THE STUDY OF ACUTE INJUBY FBCM
AIR POLLUTANTS.,   Arch. Environ. Health 12, 747-50, June 1966.
(Presented at the Eastern Section Meeting, American
Thoracic Society, Hartford, Conn.,, Oct. 22, 1965.)


The need to quantify pulmonary injury in small laboratory animals
exposed to irritant aerosols has suggested the use of  DNA
synthesis rate as indicator of cellular homeostasis.   Labeling
DNA synthesis by an autoradiographic technique employing
tritiated thymidine, the effects of inhaled mixture of diluted
diesel exhaust,  of nitrogen dioxide, and of phosgene,  in separate
experiments, were followed over a period of a few days from  the
inhalation.  The preliminary results indicate that the DNA
synthesis rate offers the advantage of a simple numerical index,
veil suited to quantifying injury.  However the sensitivity  of
this method appears limited to the effects accompanied by
histological abnormalities.  The first evidence of change
appears within cne cr two days from the exposure  and it tends to
disappear a week or so after the exposure.  (Author summary) ##
                          F.  Effects - Human Health                     653

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02277

B. E. Swann, Jr  O.J. Balchum


BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF URBAN AIR POLIUTION. UV. EFFECTS 0"! ACUTE
SMOG EPISODES ON RESPIRATION CF GUINEA PIGS.
Arch Environ. Health 12, 698-701, June 1966 (Presented at the
25th Annual Meeting, American Industrial Hygiene Association,
Philadelphia, Pa. Apr. 30, 196U.)


Measurement of total expiratory flow resistances were made
on guinea pigs on days of unusual conditions of weather and smog..
When these resistances were compared with routine monthly
measurements on the same animals, significant increases in
resistance sere found at oxidant levels of approximately
0..30 ppm or more.  Also, significant increases in resistance
were observed when approximately «0% of alert levels of the
oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons were
present.  Only when high temperature was accompanied by
approximately 0..30 ppm oxidant did a significant increase in
resistance occur.  During a smog episode when alert levels of
oxidant and 25% of alert levels of carbon monoxide and
hydrocarbon were recorded on two successive days, older gunea
pigs breathing ambient air had highly significant increases in
resistance.  Alert smog levels apparently act as a respiratory
stress which was more obvious in the older animals.  Some
animals had little or no response to the smog while some
animals greatly responded and had guick recovery; other
animals greatly responded to the smog and had a slow
recovery or no recovery and died.  This suggests a possible
individual difference in sensivity to smog among animals of the
same species.  The pathological findings on the two animals that
died during the episode indicated severe pulmonary
abnormality.  Also, some animals that died within t5 days
following the episode and had high resistances during the episode
also had pathological pulmonary changes.  Gowever, others that had
high resistances and died had no such alterations. Although high
smog levels produced a significant increase in pulmonary
resistance, this response may or may not be related to the
degree of impairment. ##

02288

H.C. Hueper


ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL CANCER HAZARDS.  PART I OF
SYMPOSIUM: CHEHICA1 CARCINOGENESIS,   Clin. Pharmacol.,
Therap. 3, <6) 776-813, Dec. 1962


The growth of an environmental carcinogenic spectrum composed
of recognized, suspected, and potential human carcinogens of
chemical, physical, and parasitic nature should provide an
impressive warning to all concerned with the maintenance and
protection of the health and sell-being of mankind to exert all
possible effort to develop methods and facilities by which sources
of production, channels of dissemination, routes of
654               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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exposure,  prospective and actual target organs and tissues, and
number  and types of individuals exposed to natural and  man-made
carcinogens can be more readily and reliably identified.  It is
essential  that, where possible, human contact with environmental
carcinogens be totally eliminated or, whenever such a stringent
measure appears impractical or impossible, reduced to a  minimum
with respect to degree, frequency, duration, and number  of persons
exposed.  While the presently available methods of identifying
carcinogenic agents are admittedly slow and not totally  adequate,
experimental observations and their implications in man  demand
that first and dominant consideration be given to the protection
of the  coinunity against actual or potential cancer hazards™  In
such a  decision, the health and life of the general public should
receive the benefit of doubt sithout any reservation.   (Author
summary modified)##

02306

K»B. Sancier,   G..  Freeman,  J..S. Bills


ELECTRON SPIN  RESONANCE OF NITRIC OXIDE-HEKCGLOBIN COMPLEXES IN
SOLUTION.    Science 137,  (3532) 754-5, Sept., 7, 1962.,


The electron spin resonance spectra of solutions of nitric oxide-
hemoglobin and nitric oxide-methemoglobin, and whole bleed treated
at room temperature with nitric oxide, all exhibit resonance with
a line  width of 83 gauss, a g-value of 2.03r and a spin  intensity
corresponding  to one unpaired electron spin per heme.  The
minimum detectable concentration of these nitric oxide complexes
in solution is 0.00001 M.  Solutions were stable in a nitrogen
atmosphere but when exposed to air in the absence of nitric oxide
the spin intensity decreased with z half-life of about  5 hours.,
A preliminary  examination of blood of rats exposed for  1 and 9
days to 10 ppm of nitric oxide in air showed no electron spin
resonance.  (Author abstract} ##

02332

T. Ro Lewis,  F. G. Hueter,  and K. A» Busch,


EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERES CONTAMINATED WITH IRRADIATED AUTOMOBILE
EXHAUST ON REPRODUCTION OF MICE™   Preprint*.  1966.


The exposure of mice to irradiated automobile exhaust prior to
mating  significantly impaired reproductive function in  male
members of sexual pairs.  The impairment was expressed  at various
stages  of  reproduction:  conception, fecundity, and infant
survival.   These effects imply that the chromatin content of the
sperm was  altered.  This experiment suggests mutational  effects on
mammalian  cells froi components or subsequent products of
irradiated automobile exhaust-  Significantly, the concentrations
of these pollutants were similar to those present in many urban
communities today.  A direct toxic effect on infant mice was noted
during  postnatal exposure to irradiated automobile exhaust.
Death rates during the first 8 days of life were higher  compared
to those for controls.  (Authors" summary) ##
                          F. Effects -Human Health                     655

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02357

E.G.. Giel


SIB POLLUTION AND YOUR LUNGS.   Preprint.   (Presented  at
the Symposium on Respiratory Diseases,  Syracuse,  N.Y™,  May
11, 1961.)


The adverse effects of ian-made air  pollu
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seem  to  correlate best with periods of increased smog.   The
Kanto Plain  area  is geographically and climatologically
ideal for  the formation and retention of smog.   (Author
abstract) *#


02437

0. B. Eush,  Jr.


JIR POLLDTION ASTHMA IN OSAKA, JAPAN  (FINAL SEPT.  DEC. 15, 1964
TO DEC.  14,  1965}.  Yodogawa Christian Hospital, Osaka,
Japan.,   Jan. 6,  1966.   36 pp.  (Bept. No. J-222) „


A relationship of air pollution and respiratory illness  has  been
shown in the Kanto Plain area among the  armed forces  but there  is
still no agreement as to the exact relationship and whether  or  not
the disease  as seen in the yokohama area is a distinct clinical
entity.   The probability is that it is not; however,  the
relationship of asthma and air pollution is very striking and
certainly  causes an increased amount of  difficulty in those  who
have had a previous history of allergy.  Ten cases out of 77
studied  during cne year, were rejected because of  disease
processes  other  than chronic or acute bronchitis,  or  bronchial
asthma..   Sixty-seven cases were studied  by questionnaire and
pulmonary  function tests were completed on 54.  One case showed
definite relationship of air pollution to his respiratory illness.
Further  studies  of forthcoming seasonal incidence  of  acute
respiratory  illness, and of more cases of acute bronchitis may
prove that the type of disease known as Tokyo-Yokohama asthma
does occur in other areas as veil, probably on the basis of
industrialization and climate producing  the smog which in turn
produces exacerbation of the respiratory illness.   (Author
abstract modified) ##


02483

G. Freeman,   N.  J. Furiosi,  and G. B. Haydon.


EFFECTS  OF CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE OF 0., 8 PPM NC2 ON RESPIRATION
OF RATS.  Arch.  Environ. Health 13, 454-6, Oct. 1966..


Sats  were  exposed during their natural lifetimes to 0»8  ppm  of
No2 and  examined  for clinical and anatomical changes.  They  grew
normally and their behavior was similar to that of controls,
except  for a sustained elevation in respiratory rate  of  atout  20%,
Tachypnea  began  almost immediately upon exposure and  became
exaggerated  during the latter part of life.  Occasional  minimal
changes  in morphology of bronchiolar epithelial cells were not
accompanied  by either microscopic or gross criteria of obstructive
disease.  The persistent tachypnea suggests, however, that
exposure of  a species with a longer life span might develop  lesions
like  those in the rat breathing concentrations greater than  0.3
ppm.   Also,  adjunctive pollutants and diseases in  man may enhance
the effects  of low concentrations.  (Author summary)##
                          F. Effects - Human Health                     657

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02185

I. Schuck,  E. R,, Stephens,  and J. T. Middleton.


IYE IRRITATION BESPONSE AT LOS CONCENTBATIONS OF IFRITANTS.
Arch. Environ. Health 13,  (5) 570-5,  Nov. 1966.


The linear relationship between reported eye irritation  and
formaldehyde concentration in simulated atmosphere experiments does
not hold when the formaldehyde concentration is below  0.3  parts per
million (ppn)o  Subjects may experience equal irritation at
irritant concentrations differing by  an order of magnitude.  Thus
most subjects experienced  the same irritation intensity  at On05 ppm
of formaldehyde as they did at 0»5 ppm.,  At irritant
concentrations less than 0.3 ppm, the rate of blinking determines
to an important extent the intensity  of eye irritation which the
subject detects,.  The eyes of human subjects can readily detect
and react to as little as  0-01 ppm formaldehyde..  From these
simulated atmosphere experiements, one can predict that  the
concentrations of formaldehyde and peroxyacetyl nitrate  found in
atmospheres polluted with  photochemical air pollution can  account
for most of the detected eye irritation.  It should be noted that
the experimental design used in these experiments does not preclude
the postulated presence of an unknown short-lived irritant formed
in the early stages of the photochemical reactions.  However,
these results indicate that such postulated irritants are  not
required in order to account for the  observed irritation™  (Author
summary)##
02533

M. Sim  and B. E. Pattle
EFFECT OF POSSIBLE SMOG IREITANTS OF HUMAN SUBJECTS.   J.  Am.
Med. Assoc, 165,  (15) 1908-13, Dec. 1«, 1957


Various aerosols and gaseous mixtures  were administered  to adult
male volunteer subjects by two methods, one using a  mask,  the
other involving a chamber large enough for all subjects  to occupy
at the same time-  The main effects of sulfur dioxide gas  and
sulfuric acid mist inhaled in this way were an increase  in airway
resistance and appearance of rales, with rhinorrhea  and
lacrimation.  Two subjects exposed to sulfuric acid  mist
developed long-lasting bronchitic symptoms; the  addition of  water
vapor increased the  mean particle-size of the sulfuric acid
mist and intensified its irritant effects.  These acid substances
were neutralized and their irritant effects abolished by adding
either ammonia gas or magnesium oxide  smoke to the atmosphere.
While acrolein and crotcnaldehyde were highly irritant,
formaldehyde was less so, acetaldehyde and its higher
hemologues were almost ncnirritant.  It was evident  that neither
the concentration of sulfur dioxide nor the total aldehyde
content of an atmosphere is an adequate index of its irritant
action, especially on people handicapped by disease  or old age-
(Author abstract}**
658               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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02539

(INHALED  NOXIOUS POLLUTANTS..)    Pollutants nocifs inhales™
(Part  of  Chapter 1:   les pollutions et "nuisances d'origine
industrielle  et  urbaine.  Tome 1.,  leur prevention et les
problemes scientifigues et techniques qu"elle pose en France.)
Premier  Hinistre,  Delegation generale a la recherche
scientifigue  et  technique.  13-7, June 1966.


This information on  inhaled noxious pollutants, which is
presented in  brief semi-outline form, deals with:  chronic and
acute  effects,  influence of dusts on the lungs, influence of
non-carcinogenic pollutants, influence of bacteria and viruses,
and principal areas  of concern in research.  Pollutants must  be
considered both  for  their independent effect and for that which is
conditioned by  the state of health of the person such as that of
persons  with  cardiovascular impairment or chronic bronchitis.
Reactions from  a number of pollutants, including ozone, nitrous
vapors,  and carbon monoxide, are of great concern.  Research
studies  are being pursued with synthetic atmospheres in relation to
synergistic actions;  with studies of the atmosphere in certain
areas  of  Paris  during a normal period and during a period of
smog;  with toxicological studies of certain chemical agents,
particularly  sulfur  dioxide, carbon monoxide, and various fluorine
compounds, with  a view of fixing their limits of tolerance; with
the carcinogenic potential of chemical agents as pollutants;  and
with consideration of the respiratory tree as influenced by inhaled
chemical  agents  and  studies of respiratory insufficiencies.   This
information is  given in a section of Chapter 1 of this monograph.

02617

H. G.  Eoren
CARBON AS A CBBHIEH HECHAWISM FOE IBBITANT GASES.   Arch,,
Environ™  Health 8,  .(1)  119-21, Jan. 196U.   (Presented at the
Sixth Annual Air Pollution Medical Eesearch Conference,
San Francisco,  Calif.,  Jan. 28-29, 1963.)


The question of whether focal areas of lung damage can be
produced  by mechanisms which concentrate relatively large amounts
of irritant gases in sharply localized portions of lung has been
investigated by exposing mice to carbon with absorbed N02.
Neither a group cf  control nor mice exposed to inhalation of
carbon alone demonstrated any anatomic abnormality of the lung.
Mice inhaling N02 in concentrations of 250 ppm or greater
developed pulmonary edema, but neither single nor repetitive
exposures produced  parenchymal lung lesions.  Mice exposed to
inhalation of carbon upon which N02 was absorbed developed focal
destructive pulmonary lesions.  The thesis is presented that
carbon acted as a carrier mechanism whereby high local
concentrations  of N02 within the lung were achieved.  Carbon is
not considered  to be a  unique particulate carrier nor is N02
considered to be a  unique absorbed irritant to produce the
observed  effects.  The  significance of carbon insofar as air
pollution is concerned  is not only that it indicates the
inhalation of potentially polluted air but also that it at times
                          F.  Effects - Human Health                     659

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may allow the transport of damaging substances  into  the  lung,
depending upon the conditions present when  the  carbon  was  formed
and the subsequent history of the newly formed  carbon  particle
before it is inhaled.  (Author summary) ##


027«2

E.. J. Cassell


THE UNSOLVED PROBLEM:  THE EFFECT Of AIR POLLUTION ON  HUMJN
HEALTH.  Preprint.  1963


The danger of air pollution to human health  was dramatically
demonstrated at Donora, Penna.. in 19t8.   In  the 15 years that
have passed a great deal of research has been done to  elucidate the
nature of the effects on human health as well as their cause.
Several substances often found in our air have  been  shown  to have
harmful effects but it has always required  greater concentrations
of these substances than are naturally found in air  to cause ill
effects.,  While some morbidity and mortality studies have  given
suggestive results again the specific goal  has  eluded
investigations.  The results of some well designed studies of more
recent years are reviewed for their usefulness  but they  too fail
to solve the problems.  The solid conclusions that it  is
presently possible to make are given, but the implications of the
unsolved problems for further research in air pollution  are
discussed.  The impact on air pollution control of the present
state of knowledge is presented.,  (Author abstract} ##


C2781

J. L. Finkner,,  J» Monroe,  and J. Fleischer


DESIGN OF A HOUSEHOLD SDBVEY FOB AIR POLLUTION  EESEARCH  NASHVILLE
MORBIDITY SURVEY.  Preprint.  1959.,


A sample of 3,032 sampling units having an  expectation of  3,060
households was drawn in Nashville, Tennessee, and  parts  of its
urban fringe to collect, by personal interview, morbidity  and
mortality data from eligible households in  the  area.   Interviewers
were unable to contact 171 households and had refusals from 135
others to account fcr.most of the non-response.  A total of 282
sampling units failed to have any eligible  households  within them.
The interviewing began January 19, 1959 and  was completed  by
Harch 11, 1959.  The field force consisted  of two  full-time
supervisors, twc part-time supervisors and  29 interviewers.  In
general, the quality of the interviewing was high.   Relative
sampling errors for a few selected items varied from 0.52  percent
for estimated total number of people in eligible households to
2.11 percent for estimated total number of  deaths  occurring in
eligible households during the previous five years from  date of
interview.  As light be expected, in the estimation  of proportions
of households exhibiting specified characteristics,  the  variance
of the binomial is a good approximation to  the  variance  of the
ratio estimate.,   (Author summary)##
660               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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02811

C. E. Ulrich  and M. F. Sobecki
EFFECT OF OZONE OH BODY TEMPERATORE REGULATION IN  THE  PAT.
Preprint.  1965


The effect cf ozone on rectal temperature  in  the rat was  studied.
Dose response, time response, and rate  of  recovery were
investigated.  Data indicate that ozone induced  hypothermia is
rapidly initiated and is maintained only during  the exposure,  and
that recovery begins promptly upon termination of  the  exposure..
Additional information derived from the study indicates  that
pre-exposure to ozone or thyroidectomy  does not  significantly
affect ozone-hypothermia, but pretreating  with dinitrophenol will
completely block the response.   (Author abstract) ##
02826

J. M. Lagerwerff,  Gn L., Kane,  and G. H. Thornberg


THE EFFECTS OF REPEATED AND PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO  HIGH
CONCENTRATIONS OF OZONE ON THE VISION OF AIHLINE PILOT.
(Minnesota Dniv., Minneapolis, Inst. of Tech.  May  1961.
80 pp.


Twenty-eight human volunteers viere exposed to ozone concentrations
of 33, 58, and 83 parts per hundred million, by weight,  for  a  gross
total of 709..75 hours in three and six hour periods.  Twenty-two
of the subjects completed the entire series of six experiments.
These experiments were designed to determine if prolonged  exposure
to atmospheric ozone in concentrations expected to be present
inside the cabin of future high altitude commercial aircraft,  when
outside air is being used for cabin pressurization and  ventilation,
has any direct or indirect influence on the visual parameters  of
flight personnel.  Three hundred and two vision test batteries,
comprising a total of 3426 separate vision tests,  were  accumulated.
Comparison of the pre—and post exposure data indicated  significant
changes in lateral phoria, divergence, convergence, visual fields
and night vision in the majority of subjects.  The effects are
considered to constitute a safety hazard for future commercial
aviation, and further study is urgently recommended..  In addition
to the human experiments, thirty rabbits, divided  into  five  equal
groups, were exposed to similar ozone concentrations for
twenty-three hours per day and to higher concentrations  for  eight
hours per day, up to a maximum period of four and  a half months..
Three of the rabbits developed corneal nebulae and maculae,  while
all animals exhibited marked lethargy during periods of  actual
ozone exposure.  (Author abstract)t#
                          F.  Effects - Human Health                     551

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02802

H.  Hu Korth


EFFECTS OF THE BATIO OF HYDHOCARBON TO OXIDES OF  NITROGEN  IN
IRRADIATED ADTO EXHADST.,  Public Health Service,  Cincinnati,
Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution, 64 pp., Oct. 1966
   HEW   999-AP-20


As a part of a series of investigations of the problem  of  vehicle
exhaust as an air pollutant, photochemical reactions  are being
studied in detail by the use of large dynamic irradiation  chambers.
In these studies exhaust, generated by test vehicles  on a
dynamometer, is diluted with air and irradiated to  simulate the
effects of sunlight under mixing conditions similar to  those in the
atmosphere.  The irradiated mixture is used to study  chemical
reactions and to evaluate plant damage and human  eye  irritation,.
In this second series of irradiation tests performed  by the
Public Health Service, the ratio of total hydrocarbon (HC) to
oxides of nitrogen  (NOx) was varied between 1-1/2 and 2U.
Hydrocarbon concentrations were varied from 3 ppm to  12 ppm total
carbon;  oxides cf  nitrogen concentrations were varied  from 1/t ppm
to 2 ppm.  Greatest plant damage occurred when both the HC/NOx
ratios and hydrocarbon concentrations were high.  The levels of
eye irritation were highest at the higher chamber hydrocarbon
concentrations.  For a given hydrocarbon level, chemical reaction
rates were highest  at the high HC/-«NOx ratios.   (Author
abstract)##
02969

H. Petri
ASSESSING THE HEALTH HAZAEES OF GASEOUS  AIB  POLLUTIONS,,   Staub
(English Transl.,3 25,  <10) 50-7,, Oct. 1965..
   CFSTI:  TT 66-51010/10


Many gases and vapours in molecular dispersion  have
pathophysiologic effects, that is, effects  dangerous  to  health.
Various substances can be detected by smell  even  if  present  in  air
in small guantities, and at a certain concentration  they may
become a nuisance; these substances are,,  for instance, mercaptans,
butyric acid, acrolein and amines, such  as  trimethylamine; hydrogen
sulphide, carbon disulphide, pyridine, etc.  cause nuisance at
slightly higher concentrations..  Sulphur  oxides,  hydrogen fluoride
and other acid aerosols,, further, ozone,,  chlorine,,  bromine and
nitrous gases are dangerous to health, because  they  irritate body
tissue.  As a result of the increase in  road traffic  the
odourless carbon monoxide has become very important.   The
biological assessment  of gas or vapour emission with  regard  to
their effect on man, and special effects of  these substances are
discussed in detail.   (Author summary) f#
662              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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03076

S.D,,  Murphy,   J.K.  Leng,  C..E. Olrich,  H.V. Davis
EFFECTS  ON ANIHALS OP EXPOSUBE TO AUTO EXHAUST.,   Arch.
Environ,  Health 7, 60-70, July 1963   (Presented at  Air
Pollution Research Conference, Los Angeles, Calif,.,  Dec.
5-7,  1961.)
The effects en experimental animals of brief exposure  (2-6 hrsu)
to exhaust polluted atmospheres were studied.  The
concentrations of exhaust gases in the experimental  atmospheres
were varied between levels which approximated polluted  ambient
atmospheres and concentrations several times greater than
present community pollution levels™  Changes in  physiological
function of experimental animals, which could be objectively
measured, were produced during exposure to these polluted
atmospheres.  Analyses presented are for comparative purposes.
Comparison of concentrations in irradiated and nonirradiated
atmospheres of approx. equal dilution ratios shows the
photochemical formation of aldehydes, nitrogen dioxide,  and total
oxidant at the expense of nitric oxide and olefin.   Measurements
of pulmonary function, spontaneous activity, and mortaility of
impaired aniamals were the most-sensitive indicators of  effects-
Most of these effects rapidly returned to preexposure
normal when the animals were returned to clean air.##
03082

I.D. Scheel,,  O.J, Dorbrogorski,  J.T. Mountain,  J.I.
Svirbely,  H..E. Stokinger
PHYSIOLOGIC, BIOCHEMICAL, IMMUNOLOGIC AND PATHOLOGIC CHANGES
FOLLOWING OZONE EXPOSURE.   J. Appl. Physiol.  1 q,  (1)  67-80,
Jan. 1959


A detailed study of physiologic, biochemical,  immunologic  and
pathologic changes resulting from acute  and  repeated acute
injuries due to inhalation of ozone is reported.   This study
defines the pritrary chemical reaction of ozone with  constituents
of the body, the response of the tody to the presence
of the toxic substance,  the physiologic  functional alterations
produced by acute and repeated acute injuries  due  to
inhalation of this gas and the pathology produced  by these
injuries due to inhalation of this gas and the pathology  produced
by these injuries in rabbits, mice and rats.   The  data presented
show that ozone reacts with the proteins of  lung tissue
ot produce a severe cellular irritation  which  alters cell  wall
permeability and leads to severe pulmonary edema..  Hepeated  acute
injuries are shewn to cause the development  of fibrosis  of the
bronchioles and alveolar ducts, which limits the reserve
capacity of the lung by causing the Hering-Ereuer  reflex  to  stop
inspiration before complete inhalation can take place..
Immunologic and biochemical changes observed which are
characteristic of this type of injury are reported..  It  has  been
                          F.  Effects - Human Health
                                                                 663

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shown that ozone reacts in a  random  fashion  with  proteins  to
produce a heterogeneous antigen  which  will stimulate  an  antibody
response in rabbits.  The antigen created was  shown  to  have
characteristics similar to denatured protein..   The severe
limitation of pulmonary function by  reduced  tidal volume and
edema and the resulting pathologic changes are reported
and discussed.  (Author abstract)##


03083

U.S. Spicer, Jr.,   H-A. Heinke,  H.D.  Kerr


EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT 0PON BESPIHA10HY FUNCTION.  II., DRILY
S1DDIES IN PATIENTS HITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE.
Arch. Environ. Health 13, 753-62, Dec. 1966


The effects of selected metecrologic changes and  air
pollutants upon the mean daily values  of ten respiratory
function tests obtained from  small groups of patients with chronic
bronchitis or bronchial asthma have been assessed for two
seven-week study periods.  A  logical biostatistical approach,
which places chief reliance upon the multiple  regression
technigue, has been used to sort out major effects from  a  mass
of data.  The mcst important  environmental-physiologic
relationships appeared to be  those associated  with temperature,
wind speed, barometric pressure, and sulfur  dioxide levels.  Two
distinct patterns  of physiologic response were  found.  In  the
final analyses, total lung capacity  (TLC) and  residual volume
(RV) were used to  exemplify the volume group and  airway
resistance at functional residual capacity and  percentage  of the
forced bital capacity exhaled in three seconds  (FEV 3..09)  the
"resistance" grcup.  Airway resistance and TLC  increased as
temperture decreased.  Airway resistance increased and
FEV 3..0^ fell in both patient groups and RV  increased
in patients with asthma either 14 or 38 hours  (or both)
following a rise in sulfur dioxide in  the second  study where the
range of sulfur dioxide levels was greater than in the first
study..  Airway resistance increased and FEV  3»Q%  decreased 24
hours after a fall in barometric pressure while TLC and  RV
rose in patients with chronic bronchitis 14  hrs.  after a drop in
wind speed.  Particular care  has been  taken  to  point  out that a
direct cause and effect relationship cannot  be  implied from these
significant findings.,   (Author summary) ##

03115

F.L. Petrilli
THE EFFECTS OF AIP POLLUTION ON  HUMAN  HEALTH.,    European
Conf., on Air Pollution, Strasbourg,  196*4..   pp.  5-24.


A summary is presented of the  situation  in  the  countries  listed
below, as given in the replies of  national  Rapporteurs to
guestionnaires.  The countries included:   Belgium,  France,
the Federal Republic of Germany, Ireland,  Italy,
664               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the
Dnited Kingdom.  European research on the effects of air
pollution on human health is summarized under three main headings:
(1)  Epidemiological Research which takes into account immediate
or short-term effects and the effects of long-term exposure;  (2)
Experimental Research;  (3)  Current Research, in Belgium,
France, Italy, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom.#t

03151

H. Corn  and G. Burton
THE IRRITANT POTENTIAL OF POLLUTANTS IN THE ATMOSPHERE.  Arch..
Environ.  Health 1«,  54-16, Jan. 1967.,  (Presented at the
Eighth Annual American Medical Association Air Pollution
Hedical Research Conference, Los Angeles, Calif. Mar.. 2-t,
1966.3


Irritant  substances  have been thought of as producing acute, and
eventually chronic,  surface inflammation of tissues.  Over the
last ten  years the meaning of the term "irritant" has been
altered;  it is now used to describe a group of substances which
elicit other types cf human and animal responses, as well as
inflammation.  Concentrations, size and distribution of irritant
substances in polluted atmospheres and the concept of the nature of
irritants are described.  Author recommends that airborne
particulate pollutants should be assessed with respect to
aerodynamic particle size because chemical composition of
particles has been demonstrated to vary with size, and only certain
particle  sizes present in polluted atmospheres are capable of
reaching  receptors after inhalation by man.  Among the defects
of present routine sampling methodologies are size distribution of
sampled particles, the optimum density of sampling stations for the
procurement of reliable results, and the irritant potential of
pollutant mixtures when single pollutants are evaluated.,**


03252

B. G., Tucker
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION AND TEMPERATURE ON RESIDENTS OF NUBSING
HOMES IN THE LOS ANGELES AREA.  Preprint.  1961.


The general problem considered in this study is the determination
of the immediate effects of air pollution and temperature of air
pollution and temperature on the health and well-being of human
populations.  In order to determine the existence of any
immediate effects a very special population consisted of
residents in certain nursing homes in Los Angeles County.  The
advantages of using such a population are that it is a fairly
complete records are kept of its mortality and morbidity..  A
most important advantage in using this population is that if there
are any human aubpopulations which are immediately adversely
affected by air pollution and/or temperature, this one should
certainly be included among then.  It has already been shown that
                          F.  Effects -Human Health                     665

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mortality and morbidity among nursing home patients  have  increased
during periods of extremely high temperature, suggesting  that
this aged, chronically ill population is generally sensitive to
environmental influences on health.  The data used in  this  study
were the total number of deaths recorded each day over  a  four
year period from the beginning of  1956 through the end  of 1959; the
total number of transfers from rest homes to hospitals  due  to  the
onset of illness during this same  time period; daily maximum
temperature measurements; and daily measurements of  levels  of  two
air pollutants, total oxidant and  carbon monoxide»##
C325K

B. P. Sherwin,  S. Binnick,  and R. D. Buckley


TEE RESPONSE OF LACTIC ACID DEHYDEOGENASE POSITIVE  ALVEOLAE CELLS
IN THE LDNGS OF GUINEA PIGS EXPOSED TO N02.  Preprint.   1966.


A method has been developed for determining the ratio of alveolar
cells to alveoli, utilizing lactic acid dehydrogenase reactivity
of alveolar cells to identify the cells and gelatin inflation of
the lung to permit counting of the alveoli.  Eatios have been d
determined on the lung sections from guinea pigs  previously exposed
to N02 (15 ppm continuously for three months) and have  been
compared with those of lungs from control animals-  Significant
differences were found between the two animal groups and the ratios
within each group have been found to be consistent.  Applications
for related areas of investigation have been suggested.  (Author
summary) f #
03257

E. D. Buckley  and 0.. J. Balchum


EFFECTS OF NITBOGEN DIOXIDE ON LACTIC DEHYDHOGENASE  ISOZYMES.
(Arch,, Environ. Health 11, 42«-8, Mar-  1967,,)  1965


Lactic dehydrogenase  (LDH) isozyme patterns  were  examined  in
guinea pigs after 260 33 and 40 days continuous exposure to 15 ppm
nitroge dioxide (N02) .  Isozymes were separated from lung,
liver and kidney tissue hoioogenates from exposed  and unexposed
animals by disc electrophoresis.  Gel samples  were incubated  with
NAD and lactate, and  nitro-BT tetrazolium  was  employed  as
coupling agent.  Belative distributions of the isozyme  was
determined by dehsitcmetry.  Inhalation of N02 resulted in a
decrease in the relative amounts of the fast-moving  {aerobic)
isozyme and an increase in the slow-moving (anaerobic)  isozyme in
lung™  Isozyme patterns in liver and kidney  were  not significantly
altered following any of the exposure periods.   (Author summary) ##
666               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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03258

E.  D.,  Buckley   and 0..  J.  Balchum


ENZYHE ALTERATIONS FOLLOWING NITROGEN DIOXIDE EXPOSURE.   (Arch
Environ.  Health 14, 687-92, Hay 1967.,)  1966


Oxygen consumption aldolase and lactic dehydrogenase
determinations  were performed on guinea pig lung, liver,  kidney and
spleen tissue homogenates following continuous exposure to  10 ppm
nitrogen  dioxide for varying periods of time.  Inhalation of
H02 resulted  in increased oxygen consumption values in lung but
also in kidney  tissue  for each exposure period.  Oxygen
consumption in  liver and  spleen homogenates was significantly
elevated  following thirty-two days exposure but did not show a
consistent increase after other exposure periods.  Aldolase
activity  was  significantly elevated in lung following twelve days,
and in lung and liver  following thirty-two days exposure  to N02-,
Significant decreases  in  aldolase activity were noted in  lung,
kidney and spleen after twenty-six days exposure..  LDH values
vere increased  in lung, liver and kidney as a result of inhalation
of N02.   The  possibility  of the presence of circulating
substances resulting from the interaction of H02 and lung or
blood  tissue, and/or a general physiological 'stress" reaction
nere suggested  as possible explanations for enzyme and oxygen
consumption alterations observed in kidney, liver and spleen.  The
possible  effects of respiratory infection on the metabolism of
lung tissue was also discussed.  (Author summary)##
03261

V. Hichters,   H.  P.,  Sherwin,  B. D. Buckley,  0. J.
Balchum,   and Ivler


PSEUDOHONAS:   DELAYED OCCURRENCE IN LUNG TISSUE CULTURES FROM
GUINEA PIGS EXPOSED  TO N02.  An.. Rev. Respirat. Diseases
9U, (4)  569-73,  OCT., 1966.


In a tissue culture  study of the lungs of guinea pigs previously
exposed to 10 ppm of N02, it was noted that numerous cultures
produced  Pseudomonas aeruginosa after one week or  more  of in
vitro  life,,  This previously unreported phenomenon  is considered
to be  unigue  since bacterial contamination or the  use of infected
tissud for culture results in diverse types of bacterial growth,
either shortly after explanation or after the use  of contaminated
media.,  Furthermore, lung cultures of non-exposed  guinea pigs  were
only occasionally positive for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and there
were no instances of bacterial growth of any type  in the numerous
cultures  of various  other tissues, human and animal, prepared
simultaneously in an identical manner.  Finally, the number  of
guinea pig lungs yielding cultures positive for Pseudomonas
increased in  accordance with the duration of prior  exposure  of the
animals to N02.    (Author abstract)##
                          F.  Effects - Human Health                     667

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03269

G. C.. Buell,  E. Jeung,  and W. Fenninger


CHEMICAL CHANGES IN HESPIRATORY TISSUE FOLLOWING  OZONE  EXPOSURE.
Proc., Tech. fleeting Hest Coast Section,  Air  Pollution
Control Assoc., 3rd, Monterey, Calif,, 1963.   140-52  pp.


Four female white rabbits, approximately six  months  old  weighing
between five and six pounds, were used in  each experiment.   One
served as a control, two were exposed simultaneously  to  ozone  at a
concentration of 1 ppm for one hour, and the  fourth  rabbit  was
exposed to a concentration of 5 ppm for  one  hour.  Immediately
following exposure the animals were sacrificed.   The  interaction
of inhaled ozone in vivo with proteins in  lung tissue results  in
the formation of carbonyl compounds.  This does not  eliminate
other tissue components as potential sources  of carbonyls,.   The
carbonyls are most likely derived from the proteins  collagen and
elastin,,  There is a possibility that the  aldehydes  among the
carbonyls may be further oxidized to acids.   Those carbonyls
already identified by means of gas chromatography include
acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, isobutyraldehyde,  methyl  ethyl
ketone, isovaleraldehyde and acetone.,##

C3270

W. J.. Hamming  and R» G. Lunche


FFFICTS OF EMISSIONS OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS ON  LOS ANGELES
PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG.  Proc. Tech. Meeting West Coast
Section, Air Pollution Control Assoc.,, 3rd Monterey, Calif.,
1963 153-81 pp.


Irradiation of mixtures of solvents and nitric oxide or  solvents
and auto exhaust will produce ozone, aerosols and eye irritation.
The aromatic solvents produce the most eye irritation, and  their
effectiveness is about 6/10 of that of auto  exhaust.  The mixed
ketones and chlorinated hydrocarbons are the  next most active  in
producing eye irritation, and their effectiveness is about  1/5 that
of auto exhuast; methyl ethyl ketone, the  low-boiling alkanes, and
the mixed alcohols are on the average, much  less  active  in
producing eye irritatiqn.,  The high-boiling  alkanes  are
unreactive.  Relative to their effect on aerosol  formation,  or
growth of aerosol, the solvents tested may tentatively be listed in
the following order:  1,, Aromatic Solvents,  at 2  ppm -  1.2  ppm
auto exhaust - greater increase in growth  of  aerosols 2.
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons = Next in crder   half the  effect  of
aromatics or less 3. Mixed alcohols = Questionable effect on
aerosol growth U. LE Alkanes = Questionable  effect 5., Mixed
Ketones = May have slight effect 6. MEK =  No  effect  8. HB
Alkanes = No effect.  There is a general tendency for high
concentrations cf solvent to form more ozone  than low
concentrations.  The quantities of ozone formed by irradiation of
various solvents have the following orders of magnitude:   (a.)
Aromatics and HE alkanes produce about 1/15  ppm ozone per ppm
of solvent.  (b.) LB alkanes and chlorinated  hydrocarbons
668               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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produce  about  1/20 ppm ozone per ppra of solvent.   (c.,) Mixed
fcetone  (probably the active cne is isobutyl ketone),  1/25  ppm ozone
per ppm  of  solvent.   (d.)  Mixed alcohols and HER form about 1/30
ppn ozone per  ppm solvent.  When mixed with auto exhaust at only
it ppm  the LB alkanes, HB alkanes and mixed ketone  show ozone
formation that has significant difference from that of auto
exhaust  alone.  Inder sisilar conditions both aromatic and
Cl-HC  show  positive, but significant effect on ozone  formation.
A larger and more significant effect might be shown is 8 ppm of
these  solvents had been used.  The effect of solvent  on  the
formation of ozone when mixed with auto exhaust is much  less than
when they are  mixed with nitric oxide and irradiated.##

0339H

Z.J., Catcott
EFFECTS OF AIB POLLUTION ON ANIMALS.   Horld  Health  Organ.,
Monograph Ser. l»6 {Air Pollution),  1961.  pp.  221-31,


The report of animal morbidity and  mortality  which followed
major air pollution episodes would  be regarded critically.
The investigations of these acute and intense  exposures  to  air
pollution have been done retrospectively.   It  is  significant
that the owners" reports of injury  to animals  could  not  be
corroborated by professional observers at the  Donora disaster.
The high rate of animal mortality which allegedly occurred  at
Poza Pica is generally in contradiction to  the
information concerning the relative  susceptibility to  air
pollutants of animal species which  have been  studied
experimentally.  The synergistic roles of physiological  and
of external environmental influences on reactions to air
pollution indicate that the interactions of many  factors may be
necessary to produce critical situations.   In  contrast to  the
paucity of information concerning natural exposure to  most  air-
borne pollutants, the effects of fluorides  on  animals  have  been
defined well.  Laboratory research  has provided important
information concerning the effects  of specific pollutants  on
animals.  Mice, rabbits, guinea-pigs,, rats  and monkeys have  been
utilized to demonstrate the toxic properties  of such air pollutants
as sulfur dioxide,, sulfuric acid, hydrogen  sulfide,  ozone,  nitrogen
dioxide, organic compounds, and some dusts.   Information which  has
been obtained by artifiicial exposure of animals  is  providing
some indices of both human and animal effects  to  be  expected from
natural exposures.  A well-integrated attack,  in  the field  and
in the laboratory, will be necessary to divulge the  true details
of the biological effects of polluted air.   (Author  summary
modified)##

03121


H. H., Schrenk,  H. Heimann, G. D. Clayton,  w. M.
Gafafer,  H. Hexler


AIR POLLUTION IN DONORA, PA.  .(-iSPIDEMIOLOG Y  OF THE  UNUSUAL
SMOG EPISODE OF OCTOEEH 19«8, PBELIMINAET BEPOFT).   Public
                          F.  Effects -Human Health                     669

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Health Bulletin No. 306..  1919.  203 pp.
   GPO, HHH
In the latter part of Octoner 1918, Donora,,  Pennsylvania, a
town of about 13,000 population, containing  a zinc  plant and a
steel and wire plant, experienced a large number of acute illnesses
and 20 deaths during a heavy smog.  This report is  based upon a
carefully made epidemiological study,, approached from the
biological, the engineering, and meteorological point of view.
The data collection began after the episode  was over and included:
(1) studies of acute morbidity by house-to-house vanvass, records
of fatal and hospitalized patients, and finally, study of general
morbidity; (2)  Study of chronic morbidity by dental
examinations of school children, by certain chest
roentgenograms, and morbidity of selected groups of
individuals; (3)  Study of mortality records of the  community
and comparing them with siuilar records of neighboring towns; (4)
atmospheric studies of air pollutants;  {5} Evaluation of
industrial plant effluents; (6)  Evaluation of air contaminants
from other sources; :{7)  Description of  the topography of the
valley in which the town is located;  {8) Bicrometeorological
studies of the valley; J9) Description  of the weather during
the acute episode in October, 1948.,  Detailed descriptions
of the methods used are presented since it was believed they
would be useful to other making similar studies.  The study
showed that the cause of the episode was an accumulation
in the atmosphere of chemical irritants, this accumulation
resulting from the weather inversion which existed  in this
part of the country during the fateful  days.  The parts played
by all sources of chemical air contamination are discussed.  4
section is devoted to discussing the specific agent or agents
probably responsible for the illnesses, and it is deduced that
no one agent can be indicated.  It was  likely that  it was due
to a chemical irritant (possibly sulfur dioxide) plus particulate
natter, although, because of the lack of knowledge about the toxic
effects of low concentrations of the irritant gases, this cannot be
said with certainty.#»

03127

D. Jo Thompson-


MORTALITY, 1918-1957, AND MORBIDITY, 1957, AMONG PERSONS
RESIDING IN DONORA, PENNSYLVANIA DURING THE  SHCG EPISODE OF
OCTOBER, 1948,,  Pittsburgh Dniv.., Pa.,  Graduate School of
Public Health.,  1957.  257 pp.


Following the acute episode of air pollution in Donora, Pa., in
Oct. 1948, the Pulbic Health Service conducted a community
survey on a systematic one-third sample of the households of
Eonora listed in the 1917 files cf the  tax assessor of the
borough..  Information was obtained on 4092 residents at that
time,,  Early in 1957,, by use of mailed  questionnaires and
personal interviews, slightly more than 99%  of these same
individuals were contacted and information was obtained on the
1957 prevalence and 1948-57 incidence of certain chronic
hospitalization and medical services received, place and cause of
670               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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any  deaths, residence,  occupation, smoking history, and other
related information.   Earlier data for these persons were not
known  by  the  interviewers in 1957.,  The essential findings of  the
follow-up study  were  that persons who reported acute illness at  the
time of the smog episode demonstrated subseguently higher mortality
and  prevalence of illness than did other persons living in the
community at  that time.   Furthermore,, persons who complained of
rccre severe acute illness in 19U8 demonstrated greater subsequent
morbidity and mortality  than persons sith milk complaints, with
some evidence in the  data that this was related to the
cardiorespiratory illness which antedated the 1948 episode are
removed from  the comparisons, the differentials in subsequent
illness experience between the acutely ill and those who did not
experience illness,  are  narrowed considerably.  Finally,, no
substantial or consistent relations between environmental variables
and  health experience could be demonstrated.  Some of the
questions arising from this study are discussed briefly. ##

03H63L

F.. lewis, Mn M.  Gilkeson, Jr. ,  and Eu W. Bobison
SIB  POLLUTION  AND  NEW  ORLEANS ASTHAM CPART I - THE STUDIES,
PESDLTS,,  DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS) „   Tulane Univ., New
Orleans,  La-,  School of Medicine and  Tulane Univ., New
Orelans0  La.,   June 1962.   130 pp-


A series  of  investigations was carried out by Tulane
University,,  to detect  the substances and sources of specific air
contaminants which affect susceptible persons to produce outbreaks
of asthma™   Several methods were tried with regard to the
effectiveness  of  methods of measuring the severity of asthmatic
attacks,  and found to  be of nc particular value toward evaluating
severity..   Analysis of data from the clinic which pertained to
asthma, and  analysis of meteorological data, disclosed that asthma
outbreaks were most commonly associated with winds of low speed
from south  to  southwest.   Occasional outbreaks occurred with wind
from the  north and northeast.  A number of air pollutants were
collected and  analyzed and their prevalence was compared with the
prevalence  of  asthma outbreaks.  A statistically significant
relationship was  found between the daily asthma admissions at
the  Charity  Hospital emergency clinic and the prevalence of air
pollutant,  a poor-combustion particle with associated silica.
All  possible sources of this material were not examined; however,
samples taken  at  the city dump revealed large quantities of this
particle..   Differences in attack rates were observed for two
groups of people,  with a higher attack rate among the group
residing  closer to the city dump..   To confirm the above
conclusions  it would be necessary to collect materials from the
smoke plumes,  isolate  the various constituents, and test them in
known human  responders to identify the particular substance causing
the  outbreaks, or  to take action to prevent the smoldering of the
dumps. ##

03i»90

K., F., Lampe,   T,,  J.  Mender  W,, E,.  Deichmann,  M., G..
Eye,   and L»  F., Palmer
                          F.  Effects -Human Health                     671

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EVALUATION OF CONJUGATED NITBO-CIEFINS  AS  EYE  IEBITANTS  IN AIR
POLLUTION..   Ind- Bed., Surg. 27.  (83  375-7,,  Aug.  1958.


Distinct eye irritation owing to  2-nitro-2-olefins at low
concentrations in air has been observed by two laboratories.  For
the butene and hexene derivatives,  concentrations between 0.1 and
0..5 parts per million by volume have  been  shown  to produce
irritation within three minutes.  For the  corresponding  nonene,
irritation was observed only at concentration  above 1.0.*#

03519

H., H- Rechter  and J., B. Goldsmith
AIR POLLUTION AND DAILY HOBTAIITY,,   Am.  J..  Med.  Sci.  2U1 ,  65,
581-72. 588. Hay 1961.,


Analysis has teen made of  the  relationship  between various
environmental factors and  daily  cardiac  and respiratory deaths  in
Los Angeles County from 1956 to  1958.  It was  found that  the
variables, when studied over time,  exhibited a distinct seasonal
pattern plus some irregular oscillations.,   The seasonal component
from each series was isolated  and removed by the techniques of
harmonic analysis™  A correlation analysis,, adjusting for  the
autocorrelation remaining  in the residuals, indicated that
changes in the daily air pollution  level,, as measured by  the
oxidant and carbon monoxide concentration,  exerted no detectable
influence upon the day-to-day  mortality  pattern.   It is emphasized
that these findings, which deal  only  with the  acute terminal
response of man to variations  in the  daily  air pollution  level, do
not mitigate the importance of air  pollution as a possible menace
to the health and well-being of  man.,   5*uthor  abstract)**

03529

H.. «„ Phelps


PULMONABY FUNCTION STUDIES USED  TO  EVALUATE AIR POLLUTION
ASTHMA DISABILITY.   Military  Bed.  126,  («)  282-6,  Apr. 1961.,


Since 1950 an unusual asthmatic  condition has  been observed
with increasing frequency  throughout  the Kanto Plain
•(Tokyo-Yokohama region) , and has become  one of the
major causes of morbidity  for  U.,S.  military personnel and
their dependents in the area,.  The  incidence is greater in
the dry winter months; this time of the  yr. there are also
increased occurrences and  concentration? of smog..  The condition
which was originally known as  Yokohama asthma, since it 1st was
noted around that city in  1916,  is  now becoming known as
"air pollution astham.,-  The symptcns of wheezing,
coughing, and shortness of breath usually begin at night  or in  the
early morning hours, with  the  onset from 2  weeks to 1 1/2  yes..
after entry into the area, and usually occur in normal
healthy individuals without a  past  history  of  asthma or other
allergic states.  The  individual's  military effectiveness  is
672               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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greatly  reduced  and  in some cases it has been necessary  to
evacuate such  personnel frcm the area.,  To aid in predicting
which  personnel  should be evacuated and which could safely remain,
a series of  pnlaonary function tests were undertaken.  The 1st
100 patients treated constituted the 1st group to be
studied; the control group was of 52 paratroopers
located  in an  area in the Plain where the incidence of asthma
«as considerably loner.  Three other groups studied were
those  patients seen  only as out-patients, those who were
hospitalized,,  and those requiring evacuation to the
continental  U. S.  ill patients with the disease showed
a marked airflow obstruction; those of the hospitalized
group  indicated  considerabbly more obstruction than the  other
groups.  Studies of  the vital capacity of the lungs of persons  in
the study  groups,, however,, indicate very little variation
from the normal,,  It is concluded that pulmonary function testing
would  provide  the element of objectivity needed in determining  the
individual personnel to be evacuated, ft
03530

V, Dn Dagner,   0.  J. Dobrogorskie  H., E. Stokinger
ANTAGONISTIC BCTIOH OF OIL MISTS ON AIR POLLUTANTS  (EFFECTS ON
OXIDANTS,  OZONE AND NITROGEN DIOXIDE}.,   Arch. Environ.  Health
2, 523-34,  Hay 1961
Both mineral and motor oil mists are capable of reducing  acute
lethal effects of the respired oxidants, ozone and nitrogen
dioxide,  in mice.  The protection is demonstrable only after
a latent  period following exposure to the oil mist; simultaneous
exposure  to oil mist and cxidant results in a moderate
intensification of toxicity.  The protection following a  single
few hours*  exposure to the oil list persists for several  days,
but is no longer demonstrable after 8 or 9 days.  The protection
is not markedly dependent on concentration above a minimal time-
intensity of the oil mist exposure; 1 ppm oil mist,, if inhaled
for a few days, will provide measurable protection.  The
effective particle-size range of the oil mist for the mouse
was found to lie between 0«5 and 1.2 micron mean diameter at  a
standard  geometric deviation of 1.6.  Histologic examination  of
the respiratory tract was characterized by marked macrophagic
mobilization and infiltration following an oxidant or oil-plus-
oxidant exposure, but not frcm an oil exposure alone.  Despite
protection  of the lung from the acute effects of potent respired
oxidants,  tolerance ot ozone developed.,, indicating incomplete
protection  (surface covering}  of the lung by oil.  Repeated
inhalation  of oil mists for a few weeks appears to result in  a
decrease  in the protection.  A tentative mechanism of oil-mist
protection  against the oxidants, 03 and N02 has been
proposed.,   ! Author summary)##
                          F.  Effects - Human Health                     673

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03593
H. Cullumbine,  Hn E. Pattle,   and F-  Burgess


THE TOXICITY OF FOG.,  Cu I). E-E,, ,  Porton,  England,  Medical
Division™  195«.  If pp..


The effects on humans and cattle due  to  air  pollution  episodes  are
reviewed.,  Health statistics are presented  dealing  with
respiratory and cardiac diseases in relation to  these  episodes.
Experimental data are given relative  to  the  toxicity of  sulfuric
acid mist and sulfur dioxide as  primary  toxic  components  of
contaminated fog.**


03603

H. Mo Diggle  J» C. Gage
TBE TOXICITY OF OZONE IN THE PRESENCE  OS  OXIDES  OF
NITBOGEN.,   Brit., J» Ind- Bed.  '{London)  12,  60-U, 1955.


The concentration of ozone which  causes  50JI  mortality  to  rats
and mice exposed for one period  of four  hours  has been found
to be in the region of 10 to 12  p.p.m.   The  cause of death
is acute pulmonary oedema.  Dilute mixtures  of ozone and
nitrogen dioxide in air react  in  part  to  give  nitrogen
pentoxide, the amount produced  depending  on  the  concentrations
of the reactantSo  The toxic effects  of  ozone  and nitrogen
pentoxide are qualitatively similar,  though  the  latter is about
three times as active as the former.   The effects are
additive and the abserved increase in  the toxicity  of  an
ozone atmosphere brought about  by the  presence of oxides
of nitrogen can be adequately  attributed  to  the
nitrogen pentoxide present.  The  effect  of  these abservations on
the assessment of the toxic hazard from  industrial  ozone
concentrations is discussed,.   (Author  summary, modified} ##


03606

C. Eo Goldsmith  1. Breslow
EPIDEMIOLCGICAL ASPECTS OF AIB POIIUTION.   J,, Air Pollution
Control Assoc,. 9, {3)  129-32,, Nov. 1959.,
The studies described are concerned with how air  pollutants
damage the health of groups of people, and the basic  problems
that recur in all of these studies.  Five potentially
measurable health effects of air pollution are now  of concern:
air pollution may cause acute sickness and death; or
aggravate chronic diseases such as chronic bronchitis,,
emphysema, or lung cancer; thereference with important
bodily functions such as the exchange of gases in the lung
or gas t*ansport by the blcod; adverse bodily symptoms  such
as eye irritation and difficulty in breathing;  groups
674               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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of persons may become dissatisfied  with  or  leave  their places
of residence or work.  Air pollution is  a threat  to health
including social health.  Epidemiolcgic  studies can provide a
well rounded picture of all of these effects,  and thus a basis for
their prevention through sound community planning and
rational controls,,**


03619

H. E. Stokinger


EVALUATION OF THE HAZATtDS OP OZONE  AND OXIDES  OF  HITEOGEN
(PACTOBS HODIFYING TOXICITYJ .,   An  B» A., Arch-  Indn
Health No. 15:181-90,, March 1957,,   (Presented  at  the
International Ozone Conference, Chicago, 111-,, Nov.  30,
1956.,)


Experimental evidence is presented  that  ozone  in  single
acute exposure is a highly poisonous substance to laboratory
animals.  No experimental evidence  was found that this
toxicity is modified to a significant degree by the presence
of nitrogen oxides that nay accompany ozone production™
Seven factors have been experimentally found that may  modify
the toxicity of ozone.  Four of these, youth,,  physical exertion,
alcohol, and respiratory infection, tend to augment the
injurious response or act to the detriment  of  the host;  the
remainder, intermittent exposure, premedication,  and
pre-exposure, either reduce or eliminate the injurious effects
of ozone,.  Consideration has been given  these  factors  in the
evaluation of possible hazards to populations  from ozone-
containing smogs..   {Author summary} ##


03620

H., Do Wagner,  O.. J. Dorbrogorski,  and  H.  E.  Stokinger


OZONE TCXICITY STUDIES.  Ill- CHRONIC INJURY TO LUNGS  OF ANIMALS
FOLLOWING EXPOSDBE AT A IOW LEVEL.,   A. B. A.  Arch. Ind.
Health, No- 19:514-22, Dec. 1957.


Chronic injury has been shown tc result  in  the lungs of small
animals following repeated inhalation of a  common pollutant,
ozone, at concentrations only two to three  times  greater than
currently reported in urban areas.  The  injury is characterized
pathologically as chronic bronchitis and bronchiolitis.   In this
disease the terminal airways of the lungs of the  animals were
thickened,, the air passages narrowed, with  fibrotic tissue
response extending into surrounding areas of the  lung  and
consequent emphysema, resulting in  lessened capacity to move
air in and out of the lungs.  The dog showed none of the deep
lung changes seen in the smaller animals but only mild irritation
of the trachea and major bronchi.   Ban's relative position in this
range of pulmonary response of ozone was judged to be  between
that of the dog and the smaller animals,  on the basis  of
calculations involving dimensions of the trachea, larger air
                          F. Effects-Human Health                    675

-------
passages, and ventilation rates, and assuming  equal  cellular
susceptibility of man and dog0  Reference  made to  man"s  response
to low-grade ozone exposures further substantiates this  position.,
Statistical evidence is given that  rigorous control  of  the
exposure concentration was maintained at plus  or minus  1-0  ppm  by
volume as determined by the alkaline potassium iodide method.
(Author summary} f #

03625

C. £., Throp


INFLUENCE OF NITBOGEN OXIDES ON THE 10XICTTJ OF OZONE.    J.  Am.,
Chenu Soc. pews Ed.,) 19 (12) : 686-688, June 25,  1941.


This report points out a possible cause of discrepancy between
investigators of the toxicity of ozone, shows  how  the source of
ozone influences the toxicity,, and  illustrates with  test  data
which have been obtained over a period of  years in this  laboratory.
Tests on B. coli0  weevils, and algae show a large  difference of
tcxicity between pure ozone and ozone containing nitrogen oxides.
The variance of opinion in the literature  on ozone toxicity  is
probably due to results obtained with ozone containing varying
amounts of nitrogen oxides.  Ozone  free of oxides  of nitrogen is
non-toxic in concentrations below 20 parts per million-   Ozone
plus nitrogen oxides may be more toxic than nitrogen oxides  alone
and should be investigated further.  Ozone containing t7  percent
nitrogen oxides has bactericidal properties in concentrations over
3 parts per million,, but pure ozone does not exhibit bactericidal
properties below 50 parts per million™ ##

03708

S. G. Burgess,  and C.  W.  Shaddick


BBONCHITIS AND AIE POLLUTION.   Boy., Soc.  Health J.  1,
10-2H, 1959.  (Presented at a Sessional Meeting, London,
England, Oct. 23,  1958.)


Considerable care and attention to  details of  standardization are
necessary to obrain records of atmospheric pollution sufficiently
consistent in accuracy to be useful to correlate with mortality
figures.  The figures obtained, which are restricted to  smoke and
acidic gases  (mainly S02), show that smoke in  the  air of  London
has decreased over the last 1 years, but the concentration of
acidic gases has remained fairly consistent.   This result
accords with a decreased consuacticn of coal by
residential and, to a lesser extent, industrial and  commercial
users, but an overall fuel consumption that has remained
relatively constant.  There is little doubt that living  in London
for a long period increases the risk of dying  from respiratory
disease, particularly bronchitis:   furthermore, since these
diseases are often suffered over a  number  of years,  morbidity too
is associated iiith the length of residence.  It must, however,  be
remembered that the index used - percentage born in  London
is somewhat crude and gives no indication of internal movement.  A
676               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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significant  relationship between mortality and the two types of
ataospheric  pollution measured - smoke and "sulphur dioxide" has
not  been  demonstrated,  though the former looks the more dangerous.
This does not preclude there being a critical level of one  or  both
in coibination that would be directly associated with increased
icrtality or morbidity, but equally there may be other types of
pollutant nore dangerous than either.  In the short-term, whilst
it is difficult to disentangle the effects of duration and
intensity of atmospheric pollution and temperature from any
seasonal  trend, the threshold level above which a smog incident is
likely to occur in London is when the mean level for London
attains a daily value of 200 milligrams of black suspended  matter
per  100 cubic metres of air and 10 parts of "sulphur dioxide"  per
100  Billion  parts of air, i.e., about four times the customary
winter level.  When such a level is reached its proportionate
effect is most marked on bronchitis, but there is as yet
insufficient evidence to say which of the two pollutants measured,
or even which component of the sukphur dioxide group, has the
greater effect.  '{Author summary and conclusions) ##


03723

V. A. Gordieyeff


SOME PROPERTIES OF DNIPOLARLY CHARGED AEROSOLS (A REVIEW).
J.B.J. Arch., Ind. Health 11, (5)  171-81, Nov. 1965.


The  nature of atmospheric ions is discussed.  Methods are
presented for electrically charging liquid mists and dust.  The
practical therapeutic applications of unipolarly charged aerosols
are  indicated.  The major significant effect of inhalation  of
unipolarly charged aerosols was the lowering of blood pressure.##

03726

1. P. Krueger,  P.  C. Andriese,  S. Kotaka


THE  EFFECTS  OF INHALING NON-IODIZED OB POSITIVELY IONIZED
SIR  CONTAINING 2-4% C02 ON THE BLOOD LEVELS OF 5-
HYDBOXYTRYPTABINE III BICE.   Intern. J.  Biometeorol. 10,  (1)
17-28, 1966.


It has been  previously reported that the inhalation of positively
ionized air  by mice produced a characteristic rise in 5-
hydroxytryptaaine-(serotonin)  blood levels (5-HT).  This effect
was  duplicated when C02 was supplied as the sole ionic component
of the ambient atmosphere and was not produced by C02 minus,
02 plus,  or  02 minus.  It was concluded that at least some  of
the  inimical physiological effects of positively ionized
air  described in earlier papers depend upon the ability of
C02  cluster  ions either to release 5-HT from the bound
form or to inhibit its destruction by monamine oxidase.  In
the  experiments reported here the conditions existing aboard
submarines during long underwater patrols were approximated to
the  extent of providing an atmosphere containing more than  the
                          F.  Effects - Human Health                     677

-------
normal concentration of C02 found in  outside  air.   Mice  were
maintained in atmospheres of  2% or  4S C02  and in  identical
atmospheres subjected to positive ionization.   Their reaction  was
evaluated in terms of the changes produced in 5-HT.#t


03785

E. L. Gasteiger  and So A. Belling


X-HAY DETECTION BY THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM:   OZONE  SS  8 MASKING
ODOBANT.,   Science 15t, (3752} 1038-U1, Nov.  25,  1966.


The technique of masking was  used to  test  the  hypothesis  that
x-ray detection is mediated by an odorant  produced  in irradiated
air.,  Eats conditioned to cease licking during  exposure to x-ray
(conditioned suppression)  did not display  this  conditioned response
in the presence of ozone and  strong volatile  oxidants. #)t


C3791

CHBONIC BBONCHITIS - THE ENGLISH DISEASE.,   Pfizer  Ltd- „  Kent.
England. 1959,,  72 pp.


Monograph outlines the problem of chronic  bronchitis.  The
origin of the disease, factors which  encourage  its  development,
ways in which the disease progresses, and  the  final state of the
patient are the salient points of discussion.   Statistics on
mortality and morbidity, socio-economic factors,  and a discussion
of the relationship between air pollution,  fog, and chronic
bronchitis also are included.  Information is  provided on the
management of the disease and the role of  drugs  in  its treatment™

03812

HacEwen, J. D.


CONTAMINANT GENEHATION METHODS AND  TECHNIQUES.    In:
Proceedings of the Conference on Atmospheric  Contamination in
Confined Spaces:  30 March    1 April  1965,  Aerospace
Medical Besearch Lab.,, (6570th), Wright-Patterson AFB
Ohio, Contract AF 33  (657)-11305, Proj- 6302,  AMBL-TE-65-230,
p. 18-26, Nov. 1965.  12 refs.
   CFSTI, DDC:  AD 6929622

The contaminant generation methods  used in the  Toxic Hazards
Besearch Unit (THBU) laboratory are described..  The entire
contaminant generation system used  is made of  corrosion  resistant
stainless steel.  Generation  techniques for gases,  liquids, dusts,
gas-off mixtures, and nominal contaminant  concentrations  are
discussed.  Some of the difficulties  encountered  which require
modifications of standard equipment for successful  contaminant
generation to produce uniform animal  exposures  in experimental
chambers are pointed out.  The concept followed  in  the production
of chamber concentrations at  reduced  pressure  has been described
in detail.##
678               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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03813

Vernot,  E..  H.


ANALYTICAL  CONTROL OF CONTAMINANT CONCENTRATION IN EXPOSURE
CHAMBEBS.    In:   Proceedings of the Conference on Atmospheric
Contamination  in Confined Spaces:  30 March - 1 April  1965,
Aerospace  Medical Research Lab., (6570th), Bright-Patterson
AFB Ohio,  Contract AF 33 (657)-11305, Proj. 6302.
AHRL-1R-65-230,  p. 27-33, Nov. 1965.  4 refs.
   CFSTI,  DDC:  AD 629622


Methods  used at  the Toxic Hazards Research laboratory  in  the
control  of  low concentrations of contaminants introduced  into
exposure chambers of various sizes are outlined.  For  ozone the
nethod consists  of pumping through a glass sampling tube  or
tonometer,  and isolation of the sample after sufficient pumping
for equilibration.  The tonometer has a sidearm which  can be
capped for  sub-sampling by syringes or which may be used  for the
addition of reagent solution-  This method of sampling has proved
superior to fritted bubblers..  For nitrogen dioxide, the
Saltzman method  is used.  For carbon tetrachloride, gas
chromatography is used.  Analytical techniques described  require
relatively simple operations which a technician can carry out  with
ease and precision.  With this system, satisfactory control was
naintained over  contaminant concentrations in exposure chambers.##

C3820

McNerney, J. H.


PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF TOXICITY STUDIES IN 5 PSI A 1005E OXYGEN
ENVIRONMENT.   In:  Proceedings of the Conference on
Atmospheric Contamination in Confined Spaces:  30 March -  1
April  1965, Aerospace Medical Research Lab., (6570th),
bSwright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Contract AF 33 (657)-11305,
Proj.  6302, AMRL-TR-65-230, p. 98-123, Nov. 1965.
   CFSTI,  DDC:  AD 629622


A 90-day continuous exposure cf mice, rats, beagles and monkeys to
a 5 pounds  per square inch absolute and 100% oxygen environment
produced the following pertinent results:  A Wistar-derived
strain of  rats proved to be sensitive to altitude conditions early
in the exposure  (15% mortality within 14 days of exposure) whereas
a Spragiie-Dawley-derived strain proved resistant.  A possible
association of increasing serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase
levels in  beagles with length of exposure was found.   Except for
these  factors, the experimental animals gave no apparent  indication
of being stressed throughout the expsoure.  A one-year study has
been initiated to determine if the enxyme change was due  to
sampling or is indicative of an accumulating stress.   No
significant increase in the toxic response of animals  to  inhaled
atmospheric contaminants (carbon tetrachloride, nitrogen  dioxide,
and ozone)  under conditions of 5 psia and 100?! oxygen  was noted
when compared  with animals exposed under normal atmospheric
conditions  (except in the case of mice exposed to carbon
                          F.  Effects - Human Health                     679

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tetrachloride) „  Based upon mortality data,, a definite  reduction
in toxic response to pulmonary irritants was found  in the  presence
of reduced pressure (5 psia) and 100% oxygen when compared  with
ambient pressure at the same concentration for two  weeks continuous
exposure.   This difference in toxic response may be a beneficial
effect derived from the increased partial pressure  of oxygen in the
experimental chambers even though total pressure has been  reduced.
Specifically, this is an increase in oxygen partial pressure from
approximately 150 millimeters Hg p02 to 255 millimeters Hg
p02.  This increase in oxygen tension at the pulmonary  surface
Bay be acting therapeutically against the pulmonary edema
produced by the lung irritatns, ozone and nitrogen  dioxide.  In
the case of carbon tetrachlcride,, a systemic toxicant,  no  such
benefits were observable.##
03a21

Back, K. C,


BE7IEH OF AIR FOBCE DATA FBCM IOHG TEHH CONTINUOUS EXPOSDBE AT
JHEIENT PRESSURE.   In:  Proceedings of the Conference on
Atmospheric Contamination in Confined Spaces:  30 March    1
April 1965, Aerospace Medical Research Lab.,  (6570th),
Bright-Patterson AFE, Ohio, Contract AF 33(6575-11305,
Proj. 6302, AMRL-TE-65-230, p. 124-133, Nov.  1965.
   CFSTI, DDC:  AD 629622


Hork which was performed under Air Fcrce sponsorship  in the area
of environmental toxicology of space cabin atmospheres over the
past 5 years is described.  This work gave the warning that
materials in trace guantities could prove toxic when  presented to
animals over long continuous exposure periods.  Four  exposure
chambers were constructed for this work.  This permitted use of
one for a control group cf animals and three  for contaminant
exposure chambers.  All animals were followed by a number  of
clinical laboratory examinations before, during and following the
90-day exposure, and the animals were terminally given stress
tests and then necropsied with both gross and microscopic
examination of tissues.  Carbon tetrachloride, while  not causing
death at 25 ppm, did cause serious clinical and microscopic liver
changes in all animals exposed.  The livers of the rats were so
much involved that the pathologist made a diagnosis of "cirrhosis".
Phenol caused absolutely no problems whatsoever at the 5 ppB level
Hydrogen sulfide  (20 ppm) did produce death in rats and mice,
but none in monkeys.  Methyl mercaptan  (50 ppir) caused serious
problems and death in 10% of the monkeys and  439! of the irice..
Tests were conducted to find out whether animals could perform
strenuous tasks following the 90-day exposure and to  compare the
long term, continuous toxicity of some propellants and propellant
types in which the Sir Force has an interest.  Hydrazine,
unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine, nitrogen dioxide and
decaborane were tested as candidate materials.  The results are
discussed.f#
680               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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03822

Siegel,  J.


BEVIES OF AMBIENT PPESSDEE ANIHAI EXPOSURE DATA FROM SELECTED
NAVY COMPOUNDS.    In:  Proceedings of the Conference on
Atmospheric Contamination in Confined Spaces:  30 March    1
April  1965, Aerospace Medical Research Lab. ,  (6570th),
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, bScontract AF 33 (657)-11305,
Proj.  6302, AMBL-TB-65-230, p., 13ii-1U7, Nov.,  1965.
   CFSTI, DEC:  AD 629622


Studies have been oriented toward operational requirements in  a
resolution of existing or anticipated problems, although  basic
research aspects are included in the Navy mission.   For example,
there  was,  and still is, a constant need to search for  tetter
methods of contaminant generaticns, for more  reliable methods  of
analysis and monitoring, for new bio-chemical predictors,  and  for
new ways of getting more information from the exposed animal.
Some chamber modifications, animals used, parameters studied,  and
classes of materials studied are discussed.   Experimental results
and plans for the future for the Navy Toxicology Unit are
summarized.##

03823

Hueter,  F.  G.


LONG TEHM INHALATION EXPOSURE EXPERIENCE WITH REFERENCE TO AIR
POLLUTION.    In:  Proceedings of the Conference on
Atmospheric Contamination in Confined Spaces:  30 March    1
April  1965.  Aerospace Medical Besearch Lab.,,  (6570th),
Bright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Contract AF 33(657J-11305,
Proj.  6302, ABHL-TR-65-230, p. 118-165, Nov.  1965.
   CFSTI, DDC:  AD 629622

As part of the overall program by the Division of Air Pollution
the Laboratory of Medical and Biological bSsciences  has been
charged with studying the biological effects  of plants  and
animals, including nan, of chronic exposures, long term exposures
to air pollution as it exists in the ambient  atmosphere of
communities.  The concentration has been on mixtures of normal
air pollution, not single agents or simple mixtures  of  pure gases-
The initial studies discussed primarily are concerned with
chronic exposure to auto exhaust-contaminated atmospheres, both
raw auto exhaust as it comes from the tail pipe, as  well  as
irradiated auto exhaust which simulates the photochemistry that
occurs due to sunlight.  The results with laboratory animals are
discussed.##

03853

H. Ehrlich
EFFECT OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE ON RESISTANCE TO RESPIRATORY
INFECTION.   Eacteriol. Rev. 30,  (3) 601-14,  Sept., 1966
                          F. Effects - Human Health                     681

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The effects of acute and chronic exposures  to  nitrogen  dioxide,
one of the most abundant atmospheric contaminants  in  many
communities, on the resistance  to  infection  produced
ty respiratory challenge with airborne  Klebsiella  pneumoniae  is
discussed.  The reduction in the resistance  to  infection by a
synergistic effect provides a sensitive indicator  of  the
biological effects of nitrogen  dioxide,  A  single  2-hr  exposure of
inbred nice to 3.5 ppm of B02 before or after respiratory
challenge with aerosol of K. pneumoniae significantly
increases the mortality.  The same effect produced in
squirrel monkeys and hamsters required  35 ppm for  2 hr.  The
effect of a single 2—hr« exposure  «as not persistent  and a return
tc normal resistance to infection  occurred  in 2t hr after the
N02 exposure,.  Exploratory studies of the mechanism of  the
increased susceptibility to infection suggests  that the
N02 permits better colonization in the lungs of mice  and
hamsters.  Fxtrapolation of this work to man or to the  resistance
to other species of pathogenic  organisms can be only
speculative.##
03883

E. A., Schuck  and G., J. Doyle


A STUDY OF IBRADIATED AUTO EXHAUST.  Stanford Research Inst.,,
South Pasadena, Calif,, Southern California Labs-   (Rept. 9
and Technical Kept- 11.,)   Feb., 1958.  65 pp.


Aerosol was formed by irradiation of exhaust-air mixtures.  The
aerosol thus formed was in the submicron size region but was of
sufficient concentration to reduce visibility appreciably—in some
instances from around to miles down to 2 or 3 miles™  The
severity of eye irritation is dependent on the concentrations of
hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides.  More particularly, a
relationship has been established between the concentration ratio
of hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen and the degrees of eye
irritation, the degree of irritation being dependent on the
concentration ratio.  This ratio also influences the rate of
formation of the aerosol, oxidant, and indicated nitrogen dioxide..
Varying the relative humidity in the exhaust-air mixtures between
«0t and 80% and the temperature between 26 C and UO C had no
detecta le effect on any of the measured symptoms.  Eye irritation
increased as the light intensity was increased from zero to 3/4 the
intensity of noonday sunlight, but did not appear to increase with
a further increase in intensity up to about twice that of noonday
sunlight.  Eye irritation intensity was found to be a function of
residence time under irradiation,.  The results indicate that the
length of time that pollutants reside under irradiation has an
effect on the severity of smog symptoms, i.e., leads to an increase
and then a decrease in eye irritation with time.  The smog
potential from an auto exhaust mixture appears to be intimately
associated with hydrocarbon concentration, oxides of nitrogen
concentration, the concentration ratio of hydrocarbons to oxides of
nitrogen, light intensity, and residence time under irradiation.
The half life of the eye irritant produced by irradiating dilute
auto exhaust was determined to be in the order of 2t hr, indicating
the presence of a rather stable irritant.  The half life of the
682               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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aerosol  was  found to be 12 hr, ana that of  the  oxidant  or indicated
nitrogen dioxide was less than one hoar™  Thus,  from  the  measure
of half  life,  the aerosol, oxidant, and indicated  nitrogen dioxide
do not  appear  to be intimately associated with  eye irritation.##

C3890

C. H.  nine,   F.  H.. Beyers,  F. Ivanhoe,  S.  Walker,   and
G» H.  Takahashi
SIMPLE TESTS OF RESPIRATORY FUNCTION AND  STUDY  OF  SENSORY RESPONSE
IS HUMAN SUBJECTS EXPOSED TO RESPIRATORY  TRACT  IRRITANTS.
Proc.  Symp.  Human Exposures tc Air Pollutants,  Fifth  Air
Pollution Medical Research Conf., los Angeles,  Calif.,
Eec. 1, 1961.   pp. 20-38.


This report  summarizes two basic studies  regarded  by  the
investigators  as necessary antecedents  to the orderly development
of research  in chronic obstructive ventilatory  disease.   One study
evaluated the  degree of sensory  responses and the  threshold  of
detection for  several agents.  The sensory responses  in  this study
were carried out primarily to determine whether changes  in
respiratory  function would be achieved  at levels at which there was
no significant sensory response  to irritant gases. ##


03978

S. V.  Nicksic,  J. Harkins,  L.  J. Painter


STATISTICAL  SURVEY OF DATA REIATING TO  HYDROCARBON AND OXIDES OF
NITROGEN RELATIONSHIPS IB PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG.    Intern.  J. Air
Water  Pollution 10, (1)  15-23, Jan. 1966.


Results from various photochemical irradiation  chamber experiments
were examined  by statistical procedures to  determine  the effect
of hydrocarbon and oxides of nitrcgen concentrations  on  eye
irritation.   The regression equations are given together
with graphs  drawn from these equations.   Some aspects of the
practical interpretation of the  results are discussed.   Data on
existing ambient concentraticns  of hydrocarbon  and oxides of
nitrogen in  the Los Angeles atmosphere  are  compiled.   (Author
abstract}##

01(031

H. D.  Chiles,   J,, M. Cleveland,  and R. E.  Fox
A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF IONIZID AIE  ON  BEHAVIOR.
Engineering,  Chemistry Corp.,, Boulder, Colo.   (HADD
Technical Rept-  60-598.)   Nov., 1960.   24  pp.
Physics,
The effect on human behavior of an atmosphere  containing  excesses
of unipolar ions was investigated.  Fifteen subjects  were tested
                          F.  Effects - Human  Health
            683

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on a complex metal task, aD additional  fifteen  performed  a
vigilance task, and twenty subjects indicated their  attitudes
through marking an adjective check list while exposed  to  five
levels of air ionization,,  The ion conditions for  each study were
varied from a high excess of positive ions  through a medium excess
of positive ions, low ion (netural), medium negative,  and  low
negative.  None of the differences found among  the ion conditions
for these tests were statistically significant.   {Author
abstract)ft

04048

J. B. Dixon,,  J. T. Mountain,  and H« E. Stokinger


HOLE OF HISTAMINE AND BELATED SUBSTANCES IN TOLEBANCE  TO
EEIMAGENIC AGENTS.  Preprint.   {Presented at the Third Annual
Meeting, Society of Toxicology,  Silliamsburg, Va_ , Bar. 11,
1964.)


To determine whether histamine plays a  significant role in
tolerance development of mice tc  norially lethal doses of ozone,
the following were investigated:   (1) Release of histamine from
lung by tolerance doses of ozone;  (2) The duration of  the
depression of lung histamine content; (3) Whether  induction of
lung histamine release by the drug 48/80 would  induce  tolerance;
and <4) Whether tolerence development could be  blocked by
anti-histaminic drugs.  In addition, it was decided  to
determine whether aspirin alcne  or in combination  with the
anti-histamine promethazine hydrochloride  (Phenergan)  could be
employed to block tolerance induction by slight ozone  exposure, or
reduce edema or lethality caused  by severe  ozone exposure.
Administration of the histamine-release drug 48/80 lowered
histamine content of mouse lung  for 24  hours, whereas  mild
exposure of mice to ozone had depressed lung histamine for up to 25
days-  Phenergan and aspirin administered together during a mild
exposure to ozone were partially  effective  in blocking development
of tolerance to ozone; the drugs  given  singly under  identical
conditions had no effect on tolerance development.
Ederaagenic, sub-lethal, exposures to ozone  were mitigated by drug
treatment prior to exposure.  It  was concluded  that  the edema
response in mice exposed to ozone may be mediated, in  part, by  the
action of histamine and related  substances  such as kinins  and
slow-reacting substance-A. Reasons are  advanced for  proposing
that sulfhydryl system,s and cofactors related to the glucose
monophosphate pathway are involved.   (Author summary modified)##


04054

?., L. Petrilli  and G. Agnese


THE BOLE OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES IN  THE  DEVELOPMENT CF  AID
QUALITY. STANDABDS.  Le Hole des  Etudes  Epidemiolcgiques dans
le Development des Jugements de  la Qualite  de L'air.
Preprint.   (Presented at the Inter-Begional Symposium  on
Criteria for Air Quality and Methods of Measurement, Geneva,
Switzerland, Aug. 6-12,  1963.)   Fr.
684               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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The problems involved in epidemiological studies of air pollution
are reviewed,  particularly with regard to mortality and
morbidity studies.  In the case cf mortality due to all causes,
the correlation of nortality statistics with smog  (London and
elsewhere)  incidence,, makes a mortality curve a veritable smog
register.  The attempt to establish a correlation  between air
pollution and  mortality due to respiratory disease is complicated
by the lack of precise diagnostic criteria, as in  the case  of
bronchitis which may have different connotations in England and
Italy, for instance.  From the authors' investigation of lung
cancer mortality in Italy, the following statistical data were
derived:  (1)  approx. 85S of the lung cancer deaths are due to
cigarette smoking; (2) approx. 10-15% of lung cancer deaths are  due
to vehicular emissions;  (3) approx. 10» of the lung cancer  deaths
are due to occupational hazards.  In regard to morbidity studies,
it was believed that the most sensitive groups of  the population,
the aged and children, were the most desirable subjects..  Studies
of children made in the city of Genes took into consideration  the
incidence of grippe, tonsillitis and bronchitis of school children
living in two  different zones cf the city, one having more  air
pollution than the other.  Those from the more air polluted area
showed greater incidence cf bronchitis.  Studies of 722 female
inhabitants of Genes of over 61 years of age living in four very
differently polluted areas  (302 and suspended particulate data
are given) confirmed that there is a correlation between
respiratory ailment frequency and air pollution incidence.  It is
concluded that although there is no precise means  of deducing  the
quality of air from epideBiological observations,  the indications
and complexities of the problem are evident.t#
OM205

G. !„ Freeman


WHEEZING ASSOCIATED WITH BESPIBAIORY. TBACT INFECTIONS IN
CHILDREN 
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CU2C8

H. L., Hotley  and E. Yanda


ENVIRONMENTAL AIH POLLUTION, EHPHYSEBA, AND IONIZED  AIB.
Diseases Chest 50,  {«}  3U3-52, Get. 1966.


The aim of the original work was to determine  if  there  is  any
basis for the use of commercial generators in  treating  chronic
pulmonary disease and, if so, what the indications are.  Small
negative and positive ions  (velocity 1-2 cm./sec,/volt/cm..)  were
measured with the Beckman micro-micro-ammeter  and Hesix ion
collector,  Tubin and HCA ion generators were  used.  Ion
densities of approximately  500,000 ions per ml. sere delivered at
the level of the nose of the subject.,  The ion generators  were
mounted above the patient's face and the ions  allowed to drift
down like a cloud.  The patients were grounded.   No  significant
changes in lung volume measurements were observed in severe
emphysema and or fibrosis patients after breathing negative  ions
(500,000 ions per ml™)  in one study of 13 cases for  one hour,, and
in a second study of 33 cases after three hours.  No significant
differences were observed in lung volume measurements obtained
on 19 cases of severe pulmonary emphysema before  and after
breathing negative ions (500,000 ions per ml.) at home seven to 12
hours a day for two weeks;  also the data were  no  different from
those obtained on seven controls studied in a  similar fashion
except for the ions.  Some  of the patients reported  subjective
improvement.  However,  the  subjective sensations  were not  borne
out by changes in the pulmonary function tests employed in this
study, as there was no correlation.  No significant  changes  in
blood gas exchange measurements were observed  in  <*4  cases  of severe
emphysema and/or fibrosis after breathing negative ions  (500,000
ions per ml.)  for 30 minutes.  Previous studies revealed no
significant change occurred in 35 cases of chronic pulmonary
disease after breathing positive ions (500,000 ions  per ml.) for
3C minutes..  It was felt that there is no good evidence to
recommend the use of air ions, either negative or positive,  in the
treatment of chronic pulmonary diseases in man.   The evidence of
air pollution and cigarette smoking as factors in some  people
developing pulmonary emphysema is also reviewed.#t

OM221

V. P., Paribok  and F. A.  Ivanova


AI5 TEKPEBATDBES AND THE TOXIC EFFECTS Op NITHOGEN OXIDES.
Fed. Proc, (Transl,  Suppl.)  25, '(5) {Part II)  T851-3,
Oct. 1960,  Buss. (Tr.)   (Gigiena Iruda i
Professional'nye Zabolevaniya (Moscow)  9, (7)  22-4,  1965.)


The influence of temperature on the toxicity of the  nitrogen
oxides to mice is reported.   The nitrogen oxides  were produced
by the action of nitric acid on copper and the proportions of
NO and N02 were estimated.  The mice were exposed tc various
concentrations of nitrogen  oxides over the temperature  range
10 to 35 degrees C in desiccators.  The toxic  effects were least
686               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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at 15  degrees C.   There was less methemoglobin in the  blood
at high  temperatures.   The toxic effects of the  nitrogen  oxides
are greater at high temperatures because of the  disturbance  of
heat regulation and reduced oxygen consumption.  At  low
temperatures the  toxic effects are increased by  increased
methemoglobin formation and the disturbance of heat  regulation. ##
Goldstein,  Bernard D.,   and Oscar J. Balchum
EBPECT  OF OZONE ON LIPID PEROXIDATION IN THE BED BLOOD  CEIL.
Proc-  Soc.  Exp. Biol.,  Bed.., Vol. 126,, p.. 356-358,  1967.,   12
ref So
A study was  made concerning the possibility that the deleterious
biological effects of ozone are mediated by lipid  peroxidation
caused by the interaction of ozone with the double bonds  of
unsaturated  fatty acids.,  To investigate this hypothesis,  an in
vitro system employing human erythrocytes as a target  organ was
utilized in  preference to aniital lungs, because of the difficulty
in comparing control non-exposed lungs with exposed lungs  heavily
infiltrated  with peripheral leukocytes..  Erythrocyte osmotic
fragility was measured as an indication of spherocyte  formation.
Irythrocyte  fragmentation may be due to direct membrane damage,
short of overt hemolysis,, for which the normal reparative  cell
process cannot compensate; or, to interference with the
intracellular metabolic processes necessary for membrane
integrity-  The increase in TEA reacting substances suggests
that the former mechanism is operative with peroxidation  of
unsaturated  fatty acids contained in the cell membrane and the
formation of free radicals perhaps causing damage  to neighboring
protein..  However, interference with biochemical pathways
necessary for the maintenance of the cell membrane cannot  be
excluded™  It is speculated that the hypothesized  involvement  of
lipid peroxidation in the aging process is related to  the
frequent observation of generalized aging in animals
chronically  exposed to ozone,.  A further speculation is that if
emphysema be considered a normal aging change, the increase in
chronic respiratory disease in areas of urban air  pollution found
in epidemiologic studies is due to the acceleration of aging in  the
lung by air  pollutant-induced lipid peroxidation., ##

CK321

I, S. Jaffe


THE NATURE AND EFFECTS OF PHOTOCHEMICAL AIR POLLUTANTS  ON  MAN  AND
ANIMALS..  I.,  GENEBAL CHARACTERISTICS AND COMMUNITY
CONCENTBATIONS.,   Preprint.,  1967.,


Photochemical smog consists cf trixtures of gaseous and
particulate  products resulting from atmospheric photochemical
reactions of gases evolved frcm the combustion of  organic  fuels
for heat and power,  Dltraviolet radiation from sunlight  initiates
a series of  atmospheric reactions between the oxides of nitrogen
                          F.  Effects - Human Health                     687

-------
and photochemically reactive organic  substances,  such as the
olefins,, aromatic hydrocarbons and  effluents-   The photochemical
oxidants are a major class of compounds  found  in  community
photochemically polluted air.  They consist  of a  dynamic complex
mixture of oxidizing substances  which vary  in  time and place.
Nonetheless, they can be measured routinely  as "total oxidant",
i.e.,, the net oxidi2ing effect of all substances  in the atmosphere.
Czone and the peroxyacyl nitrates (PAN compounds  or PaNs), a
homologous group of organic peroxidic nitrogen compounds,, have
been identified as important oxidants formed in photochemical smog.
ambient "total oxidant" levels serve  as  useful practical indices
of the intensity of photochemical smog and of  various biological
and physical manifestations of photochemical air  pollution..  The
sources, characteristics and methods  of  measurement of the
photochemical oxidants are described.  Specific aerometric data on
the oxidant concentrations found in various  urban communities in
the United States are provided.  These levels  are sufficiently
high to cause specific adverse effects on man,  animals,
vegetation and certain materials  (rubber and textiles).   (Author
abstract) ##

04322

Jaffe, I.,  S.


THE NATURE AND EFFECTS OF PHOTOCHEMICAL  AIB  POLLUTANTS  ON MAN AND
ANIMALS.,  II.,  ADVERSE EFFECTS OF PHOTOCHEMICAL SKOG  ON  HAN  AND
ANIMALS.   Preprint.   1967.


When concentrations of photochemical  oxidants  are used  as measures
of photochemical smog intensity,, a  number of specific biological
effects on man and animals based on both atmospheric  and
laboratory studies have been dccunented..  Photochemical  oxidants,
such as routinely found in urban communities as measured by
continuous air monitoring instruments  used by  Federal,  State and
local agencies, cause a repeated and  continuing biological impact
on man and animals in every region of  the country..   The  degree and
types of the documented biological effects are  dependent on  the
local community atmospheric level attained and  the  frequency of
occurrence..  Concentration, ppu/pollutant, chemical method of
measurement, exposure period and effects are presented  in the
following tables:  {!)  Effects of short-term exposures  of
photochemical oxidants on man and animal,, and  {2)  effects of
proponged exposures of photochemical  oxidants  on  man  and animal™**


OH323

Jaffe, !„  S.
THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF OZONE CM  MAN  AND  ANIMALS.,    Preprint.,
Am. Ind. Hyg., Assoc.. J. Vol. 8, 267-277p, June  1967,,


The more recent literature on  the physiologic and  pathologic
effects of various concentrations of ozone  in short-term  and
prolonged exposures on man and animals  is reviewed.   Particular
                  PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
enphasis is given to recent data on the effects  of  low
concentrations of ozone  (0..05 tc O.,20 ppmj .   Such ozone
concentrations are commonly encountered in  community  atmospheric
photochemical or "Los Angeles-type" smog,  in  arc-welding
operations, and under certain conditions in cabins  of jet  aircraft
flying at high altitudes and in confined work spaces  where high
voltage electrical equipment and instruments  are used.   Adverse
effects such as the irritation of the mucouc  membranes  of  the  upper
respiratory tract,, a decrease invisual acuity and other  changes  in
ocular parameters,, an enhancement in mortality of respiratory
infected test animals,, the sphering of red  blood cells,  structural
changes in the nuclei of myocardial tissue, and  an  increase in
sortality of newborn animals have been reported  within  this range
tiith the particular effect depending on the specific  concentration
and length of exposure.  At higher concentrations such  as  those
occurring during severe  photochemical smog (0.06 to 0.08  pptn for
two hours), ozone will interfere with lung function for  the
duration of exposure and beyond,,  Other effects  of  ozone  on man
and animals at various concentrations and  exposure  times  such  as
distinct respiratory distress,, coughing,, choking and  severe fatigue
occur at concentrations  at or below 1..0 ppm {the maximum  level of
ozone ever measured in dense atuospheric  photochemical  air
pollution}., {concentration, method of measurement,  exposure period,
and effect are presented in following tables:  (1)  Effects of
short-tern ozone exposures on man and animal, and  {2) Effects  of
prolonged ozone exposures on man and animals.  AAM#*
01416

H., F. Bils
 DLTBASIBOCTDBAI AtTIBATIGNS  OF  AIVECIAB  TISSUE OF KICE (I.  DUE
 TO HEAVY IOS ANGELES SMOG)-   Arch.,  Environ-  Health 12, (6)
 689-97, June 1966.


 Three animal exposure  stations  have been in  operation for 3 years
 in the Los Angeles area to ascertain the effects of smog on mice.
 During the course of this study alterations  in the fine structure
 of the alveolar tissue have  been observed.   Control animals were
 kept in rooms with well filtered air,.  Similar groups were in
 other rooms continually breathed the ambient air.>  The lungs of
 groups of mice ranging from  2 tc 21 months old were prepared for
 electron microscopy.   Each particular "group" of animals
 represented at least four or five mice,  and  the results are
 illustrated in this report-**
04480

I., t. Vasil"yev


THEORY AND PRACTICE OF IONIZEE-AIB  THEBAPY-    Leningradskogo
Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta  iieni A..A.  Zhdanova,
Leningrad-  (Sept., No. FTD-TT-65-590/1 + 2.,}   1951.,   142 pp.,
Buss..  |[Tr.}
   DEC AE-630 415
                           F. Effects -Human Health                     689

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The aim was to make the nuierous  special  works  on  aeroionization
readily accessible to the ordinary  reader.   The brochure is
intended mainly for physicians and  biologists,  but nay prove  to be
understandable and not without interest for  every  sufficiently
educated reader.  Moreover,, an attempt has been made  to present
the factual and theoretical material  on questions  of
aeroionization and aeroiontherapy,  but also  to  teach  as far as
possible how to work experimentally in this  promising area of
knowledge..  Parts of this paper are under the headings:   (1)
Natural lonization of Air, its Climatological and  Hygienic
Significance,  {2) artificial lonization of Air.  Aeroion
Generators and Counters, '(3) Therapeutic  Use of Aeroionization
(Aeroiontherapy), (4) Experimental  Bases  of  Aeroiontherapy and
(5) Paths and  Mechanisms of the Physiological Effect  of
Aeroions.*#

OU194

Hn E., Stokinger


OZONE TOXICITY |A EEVIEW OF THE IITEBATUBE THEOUGH 1953).
A., H.A., Archo Ind., Hyg. Occupat., Bed.  9, 366-83,  Bay 1954.


The purpose of this review is to  reevaluate  research  on  the
toxicity of ozone to determine wherein the difficulty lies in the
opposing view-points and to present a clear  picture of our
knowledge on ozone toxicity..  The review  includes  information
on six aspects of ozone: 1. Preparation and  properties of
ozone.  2. Analytic procedures in common  use.   3.  Toxicity and
physilogic responses in animals..  4» Physiologic effects  in man.
5- Limited presentation on the effects of ozone on microorganisms
and carbon monoxide.  6. Sources  of human exposures.   This
review is concerned chiefly with  the  factual portions of
scientific reports relating to ozone  toxicity,,**


01495

H« E« Stokinger,.  W, D.  Hagner,  P. G. Wright


STUDIES OF OZONE TOXICITY (I.   POTENTIATING  EFFECTS OF
EXERCISE AND TOLERANCE DEVELOPMENT).   A. M. A,. Arch. Ind.
Health 14, 158-62, Aug.  1956..


A striking enhancement of the toxicity of ozone  has been
demonstrated in rats and mice when  they are  exercised
intermittently during exposure.  Ozone concentrations of 1 ppm are
fatal in 6 hours in thse species  when accompanied  by  exercise
for 15 minutes each hour during exposure.  A marked tolerance to
ozone has also been developed in these species..  The
tolerance is rapidly developed {within 2U hours) and  persists for
4 to 6 weeks, as shown by survival  from challenging
exposures of lethal magnitude cr  upon reexposure to
multilethal doses of ozone and by the absence of characteristic
pulmonary edema and hemmorrhage that  regularly  follow- such
exposures..  (Author summary)**
690               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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(W98

J,  I., Svirbely,  0., J. Dobrogorski,   H.  E.  Stokinger


ENHANCED TOXICITY OF OZONE-HYEBCGHN  EEBOXIDE  MIXTURES-    Am..
Ind.,  Hyg..  Assoc- J. 22.  {1) 21-6, Feb.  1961.


Concern over enhanced toxicity of air pollutant  mixtures  has  led
to  the experimental demonstration that  hydrogen  peroxide
(H202)  in  concentrations of a few ppm killed  animals  after
a brief exposure when inhaled with a  nonlethal concentration
<(1  ppm) of ozone (03).   It was possible also  to  demonstrate  a
moderate degree of protection against otherwise  lethal  doses  of
H202, by a single prior  exposure to  H202.   Moreover,  cross
tolerance  against the organic peroxide,  cumene hydroperoxide
was afforded also by a prior exposure to H202.   Particularly
noteworthy, was a tolerance produced  by a  prior  exposure  to  03  to
mixtures of H202 and 03, despite the  fact  that such
mixtures normally show enhanced toxicity.##

OU588

«„  S. Spicer, Jr.


THE COMPLEXITY OF THE RELATIONSHIP EITWEEN SIB POLLUTION  AND
BESPIEATOBY HEALTH-   Proc. Natlu Conf..  Air Pollution,
Washington, D.C.. 1962.,  pp., 126-36..   1963.,


The research reported is based on actual studies.   It represents
one way of evaluating the  relationship  between air
pollution  and respiratory  health.  However, the  results obtained
have direct application  to ether methods of study now in  use.,
The unraveling of the pressing problem  of  the relationship between
air pollution and respiratory health  will  reguire the combined
coordinate effort of many  disciplines.##

OU6U5

L.  G. Hayne


EYE IBBITATION AS A BIOLOGICAL INDICATOB OF PHOTOCHEMICAL
REACTIONS  IN THE ATMOSPHEBE.  Atmos.  Environ. 1,  (2)  97-104,
Mar-   1967.,  (Presented  at the Symposium on Photochemical
Aspects of Air Pollution,  Cincinnati, Ohio, Apr. 1965,,)


Studies involving the guantitation of eye  irritation  produced by
experimental exposure of humans to synthetic  atmospheres  are
discussed..  The principal  methods used  are panel measurements of
intensity,, threshold, or response delay.   Advantages  and
difficulties of each method are reviewed,  as  well as
characteristics of the data generated and  appropriate means  of
manipulating the data.,   Evidence regarding the possible chemical
identity of irritants in photochemical  smog is discussed, leading
to  the conclusion that not all observed eye irritation  is accounted
                          F. Effects - Human Health                     691

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for by additive effect of formaldehyde, acrolein,  and  peroxyacyl
nitrates.  Implications of the findings for air  pollution  control
policies are considered-  As one of the undesirable  manifestations
of photochemical smog, eye irritation has been the subject of  a
number of studies in recent years.  This article  reviews several
of these studies with particular reference to those  aspects
relevant to air pollution research and air pollution control
policy.  (Author abstract}##

04650

Fo L. Estes
THE EFFECT OF INITIAL CONCENTSATIOH OF BEACTANTS  ON  THE  EIOLOGICAL
EFFECTIVENESS OF PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION PRODUCTS.    Atmos.
Environ.  1, (2) 159-71, Mar.  1967.,


Synthetic air pollution mixtures were produced ty the
irradiation of air containing nitrogen dioxide and butene-1 in
an all-glass flowing system.  The percentage of butene-1  consumed
increased with the initial nitrogen dioxide concentration in
the range of 2.. 3 to 4,,5 ppm.  Further increase in the nitrogen
dioxide concentration led to less butene disappearance.,
After the first 40-60 min of irradiation, the amount of
butene and of nitrogen dioxide which disappeared  was constant..
This observation, along with the small variations in oxidant
analysis,, suggested that photochemical products were not
markedly changed with time.,  The amount of the reactants  consumed
and the inhibition of the subsequent growth of E.coli was a
function of the initial ratio of the reactants.   A butene-nitrogen
dioxide ratio of 20 was most inhibiting.  On doubling the
concentration of the reactants, the inhibition factor
'doubled also..  When the activity was determined with a
glutamate substrate, the decrease in activity of  glutamic
dehydrogenase was linear vith tirce cf exposure of the enzyme.,
The activity of the enzyme was less inhibited in  the reverse dir-
ection with an alpha-keto glutarate substrate.  (Author abstract) ##

04698

S. D. Murphy


MECHANISPI OF THE EFFECT OF ACROLEIN ON BAT LIVER  ENZYMES.
Toxicol. Appl. Fharmocol. 7  (6) 833-43, Nov. 1965.
(Presented in part at the Third Annual Meeting, Society  of
Toxicology, Williamsburg, Va. , Mar. 9-11, 1964.)

Liver alkaline phosphatase and tyrosine-a-ketoglutarate
transaminase activities were markedly increased in rats  at 5-12
hours after injection or inhalation of acrolein.  These
effects could be prevented or substantially reduced  by prior
adrenalectcmy or hypophysectomy or by pretreatment of the animals
with chemicals which inhibit protein synthesis.   The data
suggest that the irritant action of acrolein stimulates  the
pituitary-adrenal system, leading to hypersecretion  of
glucocorticoids which act to induce or stimulate  the sythesis of
increased amounts of the enzyme proteins by the liver.##
692               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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OD709

?„ H.  Pigdon  and J. Neal


ABSORPTION  AND EXCRETION OF EENZPYRINE OBSERVATIONS IN THE DUCK,
CHICKEN,  MOOSE AND DOG.  Texas Heft. Biol. Bed. 21,  (2)
217-61,  1963.   {Presented at the Annual Meeting, American
Association for Cancer Research, Southwestern Section, New
Orleans,  La.,  Nov. 16-17, 1962.)


Large  amounts  of benzpyrene crystals and/or benzpyrene suspended
in a physiologic solution of sodium chloride with a 1  per cent
solution of polysorbate 80 have teen given orally to ducks,
chickenc, mice and dogs and intratracheally to ducks with no
noticeable  acute injurious effect,  Benzpyrene has been
demonstrated spectrophotcmetrically in the blood and bile of  the
chickens and dogs and in the blood of the duck.  The presence
of this  hydrocarbon in the blood and biles is influenced by the
interval elapsing between the injecting of the benzpyrene and the
tiae the sample was obtained.  The skin of the chicken and mouse
has a  definite blue fluorescence with ultraviolet light following
oral administration of benzpyrene.  The mesentery, gallbladder,
kidney and  urine of the mice fluoresce.  The kidney of the chicken
and duck likewise fluoresces.  Macroscopic observations of tissues
with ultraviolet light and photography of the specimen may be
helpful  in  the biological study of hydrocarbons.  (Author
summary) #f
01738

S.  A. Thomas


AEROSPACE TOXICOLOGICAL RESEARCH.   Proc. NATO AGARD Conf.
(Paris)  (2) 259-78,  Sept.  1965.


The major areas of aerospace toxicology such as propellant
toxicology, environmental  pollution, and space cabin environment
are reviewed.   Because of  the short duration, high level, and
infreguent exposures,  the  industrial Threshold limit Values are
meaningless.   The philosophy of emergency exposure assumes that no
one will be  intentionally  exposed to high concentrations  of
propellant vapors under ordinary conditions; if there is
exposure, subjective and objective symptomatology may occur, but
pathology should be reversible and the performance of the operator
must not be  impaired.   Valuable information from the aerospace
toxicological  research projects include:  exposure data that can be
applied  to community air pollution problems, new high-energy
propellants  which are  potential pharmacological research  tools, and
a  tetter understanding of  the oxygen toxicity problem. ##
                          F.  Effects -Human Health                     693

-------
04852

K. I. Campbell,  G. I. Clarke,  I. 0. Emik,   and  R.  L.
Plata


ACDTE INHALATION TOXICITY OF THE ATMOSPHERIC  CONTAMINANT
PEKOXYACETYI NITEATE TO MICE.  Preprint.  1967.


The acute inhalation toxicity of peroxyacetyl nitrate  (PAN), a
photochemical air pollutant, was studied  using  A-strain mice-
The median lethal concentration  (LC50) based  on 2-hour
exposures at 80 F and mortality observed  for  4  weeks was
estimated at 106 ppi.  Lethal potency of  PAN  appears to be
approximately comparable tc that of N02,  greater  than that  of
S02 and less than that of 03,.  Exposures  at concentrations  near
median lethal potency characteristically  produced a  delayed
mortality pattern, most deaths occurring  in the second and  third
week.  Lethal toxicity was greater in older than  in  young mice,
and at higher than at lower temperatures, but was not influenced
appreciably by relative humidity,, #t


04964

S- N. Bokaw  and F. Hassey


AIR POLLDTION AND CHRONIC RESPIEATOFY DISEASE.  Am.  Rev.,
Hespirat. Diseases 86, (5) 703-4, Nov. 1962.,   (Presented at the
Fifth California Air Pollution Medical Research Conference,
Los Angeles, Dec, 4, 1961.)


This report summarizes 18 months of a longitudinal study of the
effects of environmental variables en pulmonary function in a
relatively stable group of severely involved, chronic respiratory
patients..  Concurrently, a partial study  of pulmonary responses
to environment was made in subjects with  no known respiratory
impairments, selected from hospital personnel.  The  study was
conducted at the Rancho Los Amigos Hospital,  a  chronic disease
center for the County of los Angeles.  The data resulting from
the studies of the patients and collected from  the environmental
monitoring eguipnent were validated and transmitted  for
biostatistical analysis at the Western Data Processing Center.
Programing designed for the IBM 7090  was  employed.   Methods of
combinatorial analysis and multiple regression  were  employed to
detect relationships between the observed variations in pulmonary
function test results and the conditions  at the time of and during
various periods preceding the time of testing,  i.e., 24, 48, or 82
hours prior time blocks.##

04966L
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA FOR THE PHOTOCHEMICAL  OXIDANTS.  Public
Health Service, Washington, D.C., Division  of  Air
Pollution.  Sept. 1966.  276 pp.,
694               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
This document surveys published  (and about to be published)
scientific information on the occurrence of photochemical  oxidants
in polluted air and the effects of those oxidants on various
receptors.  On the basis of this survey, criteria are presented
for the informational use of municipal. State, and interstate  air
pollution control agencies.  The sources of the photochemical
oxidants, methods of measurements, and typical atmospheric
concentrations in various communities are described..  Current
information on the relationship  between the
photochemical oxidants and eye irritation and other effects on
humans, various effects on animals and plants, effects on
materials, and effects on visibility  (haze formation) are
summarized.  This review includes results of both laboratory
studies and ambient air exposure studies, and, for man, the
results of industrial and experimental exposures and the findings
of clinical and epidemiological  studies.  Tables summarize the
reported effects of ambient photochemical smog.  Supplemental
data are provided to cover the effects of pure ozone or peroxyacyl
nitrates—both important atmospheric photochemical oxidants—on
plants, animals, and humans exposed in laboratory studies  by
various investigators.  A bibliography at the end of the document
lists the important references reviewed in its preparation.
(Author introduction modified)**
05116

«. F.. Serat,  F. E_ Budinger, Jr.,  and P. K. Mueller


EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS BY USE OF
IUMINESCENT BACTERIA .  J. Bacteriol. 90,  (3) 832-3, Sept.  1665.


There is a need for an objective and rapid method for measuring
and defining cytclogical damage caused by air pollutants.
Bioluminescent bacteria fulfill well the requirements of a  test
subject in bioassay, insofar, as they are easily cultured,  stable
tc normal experimental procedures, and produce a response light,
the intensity of which can be measured with  great sensitivity.
Experiments were performed using two complete Pyrex  glassware
systems-  One allowed closed circulation of  irradiated  gas
mixtures over the bacterial cells on agar, and the other
circulated a nonirradiated mixture.  Neither clean ambient  air
nor irradiated synthetic air produced significant losses in
luminescence of bacterial cells.  Cn two separate occasions when
visible air pollution was evident in the local atmosphere,  ambient
air was drawn over the cells, resulting in significant  losses in
luminescence.  Thus, luminescent bacteria respond to toxicants in
polluted air.##
05161

S. Hiyata


THE INTERACTION EETVEEN ALBUMIN  AND HEAVY  METAL  IONS.   Japan
0. Ind. Health  (Tokyo) 2,  (6)  U9-55, June  1960.  Jap.
                           F. Effects - Human Health                    695

-------
EDTA and Ca-EDTA were found to have the ability  to  form  stable
complexes with Cd, Pb, and Hn stoichiometrically  at  pH 700  in
a polarographic study of the interactions between albumin and heavy
albumin and heavy metal ions..  The effect of  Ca-EDTA  upon the
combination of the metals with albumin was studied  under various
conditions for the purpose of clarifying the  significance of
CaEDTfl as an accelerator of heavy-metal excretion.   Cadmium
combined with bovine serum albumin at the imidazol  group, but this
combination was inhibited by tris  {hydroxymethyl} -aminomethane..
The combination of plumbus ions with albumin  was  completely
inhibited oy tartaric ions.  EDTA CaEDTA reacted  also with
the cadmium or lead combined with bovine serum albumin.   (Author
summary modified) #t

05176

!„ G. Wayne


THE" CHEHISTEY OF DHBAN ATMOSPHEEES ([TECHNICAL PBOGEESS
BEFOET-VOLUME III).  los Angeles County Air Pollution
District, Calif. Dec., 1962.. 223 pp.


A major part of the research conducted by the Los Angeles
County Air Pollution Control District has been concerned with
the effects of fuel composition on smog, potencies  of various
compounds as precursors of eye irritation, identification and study
of reaction products in photochemical systems, and  plant bioassay
of polluted atmospheres.  These studies have  been supplemented by
research projects of other institutions.,  The objectives, methods,
and findings of such recent research in smog  chemistry comprise the
subject matter of the following chapters.  The status of research
dealing with eye irritation as a manifestation of photochemical
smog, including some discussion of the biometric  concepts involved
in the measurement of eye irritation are discussed  in Chapter 2.
Various suggestions as to the chemical identity  of  the eye
irritants are critically considered.  Harmful effects of smog on
plants are discussed in Chapter 3.  Participation of  various
primary and secondary contaminants in the photochemical  reactions
in smog is studied in Chapter 4.  Detailed consideration is
given to the light-absorbing characteristics  of  primary  pollutants
and the chemical consequences of light absorption.   Evidence
about the development of photochemical products  as  secondary
pollutants is critically reviewed, with special  attention to the
role and identity of a unigue class of compounds, first  discovered
in the course of smog research, known originally  as  "Compound
X".  A reaction catalogue has been compiled  (Chapter  5)  listing
the elementary reactions known or suspected to be important in the
development of photochemical smog.  The experimental  evidence
regarding the importance of airborne particulate  matter  in  the
chemistry of air pollution is reviewed-in Chapter 6., ##


05203

H. McDermott
AIP POLLUTION AND PUBLIC HEALTH.  Sci. Am.  205,  49-57,  Oct. 1961..
696                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
Sir pollution as it affects human health is discussed in broad
terns.   Incomplete combustion is regarded as the major source of
pollutants deleterious to nan, and the automobile contribute
heavily in this regard.  Topography and geography combine to
produce thermal inversions causing the formation of smog as seen
particularly in Los Angeles.  Research and epidemiological
studies indicate a continually increasing connection between air
pollution and respiratory disease, such as bronchitis and
emphysema.  The incidents which occurred at Donora and London
showed  conclusively that air pollution can have a profound effect
on persons with a pre-existing respiratory ailment.  It is
suggested that a citizens' movement is required to provide the
impetus necessary to minimize air pollution.##


05211

A. P. Krueger,  S_ Kotaka.  and P. C. Andriese


SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OP GASEOUS IONS.
Intern. J. Eioueteorol. 6,  (1) 33-48, 1962.


This paper reviews seme of the evidence pertaining to the
biological effects of gaseous ions.  Experimental data now
available warrant the conclusion that reproducible biological
effects occur in a variety of living forms including
microorganisms, higher plants, insects, animals and man.  The
responses generally are limited in extent and to indict air ions as
their sole cause requires great care in defining the experimental
conditions.  Some progress has been made in detecting the
fundamental biochemical reactions associated with ion-induced
physiological changes.  The ready availability of excellent
apparatus for generation and aeasureroent of air-ions, coupled with
present-day knowledge about their properties, makes critical
experimentation possible.  eSAuthor abstract modified)


0529K

05294
C. H. Pan,  J. H- Cast,  and F. L. Estes


A COMPARATIVE PROCEDURE FOE EVALUATING ANTIBICROEIAL  ACTIVITY CJ
GASEODS AGENTS .  Appl. Hicrobiolo 9,  (1) «5-5«, Jan., 1961..
(Presented at the 59th General Meeting, Society of American
Bacteriologists, St. Louis, Bo., Kay 1959.)


A dynamic method for comparison of the antimicrobial activities of
gaseous agents is proposed.  Specially designed apparatuses for
multiple exposure and growth of organisms are described and the
validity of the method is discussed.  Three gases, ethylene oxide,
methyl  bromide, and formaldehyde, and five bacteria, Escherichia
coli. Bacillus cereus. Bacillus megaterium. Bacillus
licheniformis, and Staphylccoccus aureus, were tested and compared
; typical data are presented to demonstrate the results.
Application of this dynamic method for the investigation of the
nechanism of action of gas sterilization is suggested.##
                          F. Effects - Human Health                     697

-------
05295

D. B. Pace,  J. K. Thompson,  E. T. Aftonomos,   and  H.
G. 0, Hoick


THE EFFECTS OF N02 AND SALTS OF N02 UPON ESTABLISHED CELL
LINES .  Can J. Biochem. Physiol.   (Ottawa)  39,  1247-55,
1961.


The effects of several concentrations of "N02,  NaN03, and
NaN02 respectively, upon strain L, mouse liver  cells, and
HeLa cells, were studied and a modified system  designed  to  permit
continuous exposure of cells to air pollutants  is  described.   In
NCTC medium 109 containing serum, cells tolerate concentrations
of N02 up to 1100 p.p.m. and some may even tolerate  8600  p.poUi.
Removal of the serum lowers the lethal concentration of  N02 to
less than 100 p.p.. «„  If the cells were covered  only by  a thin
film of BSS (balanced salt solution) medium,  a  concentration  of
100 p.p.m. N02 proved toxic within 1/2 hour.  If,  however,  the
N02 concentration was reduced to 5 or 10 p.p.m., cells survided a
daily 8-hour exposure but many, if not most,  of  the  cells were dead
after several days.  The presence of as little as  25 mg*  NaN02
retarded proliferation.  On the other hand,  NaN03  was
tolerated well in the three cell lines tested;  HeLa  cells seemed
to be the most sensitive of the cell strains  with  respect to  these
salts.  {Author abstract)t#

05297

J. Pemberton
AIB POLLUTION AS A POSSIBLE CAUSE OF BRONCHITIS AND LUNG  CANCER.
J. Hyg., Epidemiol.,,, Hicrobiol., Immunol.  (Prague) 5,  189-9
-------
effects  of a sudden increase  in air pollution.  In a  very  large
city the daily deaths from bronchitis may be obviously increased  as
they were in London after the  great four day smog of  December
1952 when the weekly deaths ascribed to bronchitis went  up from 7U
in the week preceding the sicg to 704 in the week of  the smog.   It
was known that men who already have chrnoic bronchitis are often
made worse when the level of  pollution increases suddenly.   It
was found that on two occasions when there was a sudden  rise in
the pollution level that there was a marked increase  in  the
number of men with bronchitis  whc became more ill.  The  third
index used was the number of  men with new attacks of  bronchitis
each day.  also the annual incidence of deaths from bronchitis  and
from lung cancer in different  wards of Sheffield and  of  Belfast
in relation to mean pollution  levels was studied.  The fact that
bronchitis and lung cancer are commoner in the more polluted  parts
of some cities does not of course establish that air  pollution  is a
cause of these diseases.  There are ether conditions  associated
with high levels of air pollution such as low income  and
overcrowding and these may be  the real causes™  When  the method of
partial correlation was applied to a much larger amount  of data
from 28 big towns however, the positive correlation that remained
(at the 1 percent level) were:  1.   Lung cancer mortality  and smoke pollution;
2.  Lung  cancer mortality and persons per acre; and 3.  Bronchitis mortality and
smoke pollution.  To sum up, the observations and the publications of other
workers strongly suggest that air pollution is one of the  causes of death from
bronchitis and of exacerbations of it.  Air pollution may  also be one of the
causes of lung cancer although the evidence for this is not conclusive.
0536K

H. T.. Freebairn


THE TOXICITT OF OZONE,  ft  CONSTITUENT OF "SHOG".  J.  Sppl.
fiutr.. 12. «1) 2-13B 1959.,


Ozone among other toxicants  has been conclusively demonstrated to
be present in abnormally  high concentrations in the  polluted
atmospheres of a number of  American cities.  In Los  Angeles,
concentrations of ozone are  present during repeated  attacks of
air pollution which,  under controlled laboratory experiments,  have
been shown to affect  aninals and damage plants..  These
concentrations are  Fresen'tly at the border line of man" s
susceptibility and  an increased concentration or duration  of
exposure to ozone in  the  Los Angeles atmosphere could cause
injury to human beings.   Ozone can be classified as  a specific
inhibitor and it possesses a "toxic activity" which  indicates  that
it is more active than  hydrogen cyanide as a poison.  Ozone not
only destroys the outer cell membranes'of living organisms but also
reversibly and irreversibly  inhibits mitochondrial oxygen  uptake.
There is a suggestion that  the reversible inhibition is enzymatic
and that the natural  resistance of a cell is related to the size
of the metabolic pool of  reducing substances capable of countering
the oxidizing effects of  ozone.  (Author conclusion  modified)##
                           F. Effects -Human Health                     699

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05391

Saric, M.


OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE AS A FACTOE  IN  BESPIBATOEY  IMPAIBMENT.  Arhiv.
Hig. Bada Toksikol   (Yugoslavia).   1U,   327-60,  1963.


A review of the literature data  on  the  effect  of  specific
substances   common  in industry  as  environmental  pollutants   upon
respiratory organs is presented.   Included  are such topics as
respiratory diseases caused by gases, vapors and  mist,  the
physiological action of irritating  chemicals,  and occupational lung
cancer.  Chronic bronchitis in industry is  discussed separately,
especially from the  point of view  of  long-term effects  of irritant
gases and inert dust exposure.   A  part  of the  review relates  to the
diagnostic problems  of bronchitis,  as well  as  to  the study of the
so-called obstructive ventilatory  diseases  of  the lung  in relation
to occupation.

0553D

Amdur, (!„ 0.


THE BESPIBATOBY BESPONSE OP GUINEA  PIGS  TO  HISTAMINE AEEOSOI.  Arch.
Enviorn.  Health 13, 29-37, July  1966.


The effect of histamine aerosols on the  respiration of  guinea  pigs
was measured.  The response, which  was  graded  with  the  level  of
histamine, consisted of an increase in  pulmonary  flow resistance, a
decrease in compliance, tidal volume, and minute  volume.   The
effect on respiratory frequency  depended on both  the concentration
and the duration of exposure.  Lower concentrations tended to
increase the frequency while higher concentrations  produced an
initial increase followed by a decrease.. The changes in  respiration
could be quite major and yet were very  quickly reversed  when  the
exposure terminated,.  The overall effect on respiration  was
qualitatively different from that observed  in  response  to irritants
such as sulfur dioxide, acetic acid,  formaldehyde,  or formic  acid.
The response to ozone is similar to that of low levels  of histamine
as is the response of animals with  acute hypersensitivity when
challenged with an aerosol of the protein to which  they  are
sensitive. '(Author summary}

05538

Coffin, D. L,.,  Gardner, D. E. ,  Holzman, E. So,   and
Wolock, ?. J.


INFLUENCE OF OZONE ON PDLMONABY  CELLS.  Arch. Environ. Health,
16(5) : 633-636, Kay 1968.  16 refs.   (Presented at the 60th Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Cleveland,  Ohio,  June
11-16, 1967,  Paper 67-23.)

Previous studies have shewn that exposure to ozone enhances the
mortality from experimental infection and prolongs the  survival of
700
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
bacteria  within the lung.  To determine the mediators of these
phenomena,  the conposition and phagocytic activity of pulmonary
cells  were  studied by lavaging the lungs of rabbits exposed to
varying amounts of ozone. A marked influx of heterophilic
leukocytes  resulted frca ozone exposure- This change was
accompanied by a complementary decrease in percent of alveolar
«acrophages with no appreciable alteration in lymphocytes. Hhen
streptococci were instilled into the lungs of ozone exposed,
anesthetized rabbits 30 minutes prior to lavage, a pronounced
inhibition  of phagocytic activity was noted.   (Authors] abstract)

05584

P. Kotin   and H. L. Palk


IOCAL  AND SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO EXPERIMENTAL EXPOSURE TO
ATMOSPHEBIC POLLUTANTS.  Proc. Natl. Air Pollution Synp.,
3rd, Pasadena, Calif,, 141-9  (1955).


Eats,  dogs, rabbits, and huoians were exposed to  artificially
produced  smog.  The smog was first produced by exposing
hydrocarbons to oxides of nitrogen in the presence of artificial  or
natural sunlight.  This  method was subsequently  superseded by
using gasoline and ozone.  Exposure  periods in most cases  were
short, being measured i'n hours rather than days.   Sollutant
concentrations were high, with concentrations being increased  from
ten to a  hundred times those seen in naturally occurring  polluted
air.  The first part of  the report is concerned  with studies on
the acute and* subacute responses and the second  with the  chronic,
cumulative, prolonged, or carcinogenic  responses.  It is concluded
that smog in naturally occurring concentrations  produces  no
demonstrable physiologic or morphologic changes  in presumably
healthy animal species.  Studies on  humans, using  100 1  plastic
tags filled with snog, indicate that exposure to realistic
concentrations produces  negligible blood gas changes with  minimal
alterations in residual  air.  In contrast to the acute  level,
however,  the data suggest that the atmosphere as a source  of
biologic morbidity is capable of being  incriminated from  a chronic
or potentially carcinogenic viewpoint.##

05637

Hine,  C.  H.  and Meyers, F. H.


THE HUHAN SUBJECT AND AIR POLLUTION  FESESRCH. Preprint.   (Presented
at a Session of the Air Pollution Medical Research Conference  on
"Epidemiologic Studies of Obstructive Pulmonary  Disease,"  Los
Angeles,  Calif., Dec, 4, 1961.)


In evaluating the possible effects of air pollution on  the
community, a variety of  situations have been studied. Measurements
have been made of meteorological, chemical and physical  phenomena,
the possible effects on  vegetation,  changes in morbidity,  and
behavior of domestic and laboratory  animals™  However,  when  it
cones to  a study of the  effects of air  pollutants  on man,  there  is
no experimental sodel which will substitute for  a  study  of man
                           F. Effects - Human Health                     701

-------
himself, A number of methods have been applied by investigators in
studying man.  These may be divided into two  general approaches,
epidemiological and individual.  Hith regard  to the former, it has
been possible to gain some objective data relative to  responses
among select portions of the population, not  necessarily confined
to laboratory setting.  Thus, it has been possible to  study the
individual in an ambulatory state, at his home or in special places
of confinement, such as in hospitals and rest homes.   This approach
has the advantage of studying relatively large groups  of subjects
in their natural, or not too artificial, setting.  It  has the
disadvantage of being difficult to regulate the environment to
which they are exposed.  Methods used in evaluating sensory
threshold responses consist of summation of subjective  impressions
of trained subjects to their degree of response in terms of eye
irritation, nose irritation, pulmonary discomfort, olfactory
cognition, and central nervous system effects.  These  are recorded
at appropriate time intervals during the exposure period on a check-
off chart, the measurements of which extend over a five-fold scale
ranging from "absent" to "extreme", A summary of these  data for
acrolein, ozone, and sulfur dioxide are presented.  It  is concluded
from this data that measurements of pulmonary function  by standard
techniques is unlikely to give significant responses in the
presence of air pollutants in realistic concentrations, and that a
more sensitive technique for recording changes in respiratory
mechanics, such as the body plethysmograph, will be required.
Similar studies applied to persons both diseased and well, and
exposed over a long period of time are needed.

05680

E. B, Darley,  J. T, Middleton,  and B. J. Garber


PLANT DAMAGE AND EYE IRBITATIOH EBOH OZONE-HYDEOCARBON  REAC-
TIONS.,   Agr. Food Chem. 8, (6) 1)83-5, Dec. 1960.  (Presented
at the 136th Meeting, American Chemical Society, Atlantic
City, N. Jo, Sept. 1959.)


Gas phase reaction products of several ozone-hydrocarbon mixtures,
including mono-olefins, a diolefin, and aromatics, were assessed
for their relative ability to damage pinto bean plants  and to
irritate eyes.  Plant damage was obtained from all reactions whose
products, after cleavage at the double bond,  contained  three or
more carbon atoms; ozone reactions with propylene and  2-butene
produced no phytotoxicant.  Injury was markedly reduced by
attaching a methyl group at the double bond of a straight-chain
olefin; however, there was no difference in injury between cis- and
trans- forms of a given olefin.  None of the  reactions  irritated
eyes above that amount reported for clean, carbon-filtered air.##

05752

Princi, F.
BEDICA1 PEBSPEC1IVE IN ATMOSPHERIC HYGIENE.  J. Am- Med.
Assoc., Vol. 182, p. 650-655, Ncv. 10, 1962.   .(Presented at the
111th Annual Meeting,, American Medical Association, Chicago,
111.,, Oune 25, 1962.)
702
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
Hedical literature on air pollution has become overwhelming and
persuasive..  By implication, the practicing physician is advised
that crippling and death-dealing disease is being produced, on all
sides,  by both known and unknown chemicals in the atmosphere™  An
outstanding  example of this is the confusion concerning chronic
bronchitis-   The disease is not only poorly defined,, but there is
also confusion concerning its cause-  For years, tobacco smoking,
sinusitis, postnasal drip, alcoholism,, infection, organic and
inorganic irritants, and so forth have been regarded as causative
agents  in its production.  It is said to be characterized by
changes in the epithelial mucosa of the tracheo-bronchial tree, and
by the  expectoration of increasing amounts of sputum of variable
consistency.  Yet, even this common definition is interpreted
differently  by different observers.  To suggest merely that the
incidence of a disease or disease condition is related
mathematically to the increase in soot-fall or lower visibility is
not helpful  to either patients or physicians.  The substance in the
air that is  under suspicion must be examined critically from the
point of view of both chemical and physical characteristics.. When
the component has been identified and classified, its effects must
then be measured both in the atmosphere and in the laboratory.
There are times when laboratory results are not confirmed in
environmental exposures, and vice versa.  A remarkable example of
this is the  fact that acrolein and formaldehyde do not account for
all eye irritations in smog, although they appear to do so in
simple  laboratory systems..  About a year ago the steps essential to
decisive statesmanship in t-he field of atmospheric hygiene were
listed  as follows:  (a) ft precise statement of the essential
characteristics of the environmental problem; (b) An appraisal by
competent professional groups of the real and apparent health
aspects of the various factors involved; (c) The development of
suitable standardized methods for the analysis of exotic chemicals;
(d) The design and promulgation cf criteria of health,, safety, and
comfort in the environment; and {e) The toxicological effects of
the substances finding their way into the environment must be
assessed on  a continuing basis by professional groups, preferably
rooted  in voluntary health agencies rather than government.

05792

P. R. Merrifield  and 1,. M. Graham


THE STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF EYE IEEITATION.   Air Pollution
Control Assoc. Proc., Seni-Ann- Tech. Conf., San
Francisco, Calif.., 1957.,  pp. 17-36.


In the  growth of air pollution research, the measurement of eye
irritation has become increasingly important.  The indices of eye
irritation would appear to have the functions of serving as:
criteria of  the intensity of air pollution or as indicators of the
extent  to which control procedures must go to minimize the
reporting of eye irritations by the relatively sensitive segment of
the population.  The desirable characteristics and procedures for
their use are discussed..  Froi review and analysis of previous
investigations of methods of measurement, a study was begun with
plans to collect the aercmatic and eye irrational data in terms of
a multrivariate design for correlation and analysis.  The aim of
the study was to find the lowest concentration of atmospheric
                          F.  Effects - Human Health                     703

-------
variables that was sufficient to produce eye irritation-   A
dilution technique was employed to obtain different stimulus
levels.,  The statistical analysis of reports of irritation was
performed for each subject separately.  The stimulus level for
each presentation was computed as the product of the measured
amount of constituent in the ambient atmosphere and the
proportion of the unfiltered air in the mixture being presented
when the subject reported eye irritation.  A table showing
threshold values for each atmospheric constituent, obtained using
the method of minimal change is given.,  A forced method of
determining thresholds was also begun.  Although the data
processing is incomplete, impressions of the possible effects of
particulate matter on the threshold indicate that removal of
particulates and gaseous irritants are necessary to decrease eye
irritation.##
05811

M. Sherman
TOXICITY OF NITROGEN OXIDES  (SITH SUGGESTIONS FOE FUBTHEB
RESEARCH}.,   Preprint.  (1961).


A general survey of the known facts and suggestions for further
research are included-  The topics discussed are nitric oxide,
nitrogen dioxide, acute and chronic toxicity, pathologic features,
studies of eye irritation, and nitrogen pentoxide.  Considerations
for future research include:  acute and toxicity studies, effect of
concentration and time, and nitrogen oxides with other smog
components.##


05819

Schuck, E. A.   and N.. A, Renzetti


EYE IBRITATIONS FOBBED DDRING PHOTOOXIDATION OF HYDBOCRBEONS  IK
THE PRESENCE OF OXIDES OF NITSOGEN.    (J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc.,) 10 (1J, 389-92  (Oct. 1960).   (Presented at the 53rd An-
nual Conference, Air Pollution Control Association, Cincinna-
ti, Ohio, May 22-26, 1960.)


Individual hydrocarbons were irradiated with near-ultraviolet light
in the presence of nitrogen dioxide.,  Two products of the
photooxidations, formaldehyde and acrolein, were found to be  eye
irritents and to account for the majority of the observed eye
irritation found in the photooxidized systems studied.  At the
concentrations present in the photooxidized mixtures, epoxides,
most aldehydes, ketones, nitrites, Ketene, ozone, alkyl nitrates,
and acyl nitrates were not eye irritants.  Terminal olefins in
general led to the greatest amounts of irritation.  Internal
olefins were of lesser importance in the formation of eye irritants
in spite of their rapid rates of reaction.  Saturates did not
contribute to eye irritation because of their slew rates of
reaction.  (Author summary modified)
704                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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05833

Goldsmith,  J,  B.


AIR CONSERVATION—THE BIOLOGIST'S VIEH. Preprint.  (Presented at
the American  Association for the Advancement of Science Meeting,
Cleveland,  Ohio,  Dec., 29, 1963.,}


The biologist's choice choice of the relevant facts that have been
established as well as related hypotheses which represent plausible
questions  for  additional study are indicated in outline form-  In
addition  to these findings,, there is suggestive evidence leading to
the hypothesis that air pollution may be associated with life
shortening in  experimental animals and perhaps also in humans,, and
the possibility that air pollutants lead to the increased body
burden  of  potentially harmful substances has been  much discussed.
Han'fls biological  heritage is one of adaptability.  He have adapted
physically and biochemically, we have adapted to cultural change we
have developed intellectual resources to understand what goes on
about us,  and  to  derive predictions from this understanding.  We
now have  the  grave obligation to adapt our attitude in light of our
knowledge  about the atmosphere, and to set to work on air
conservation  while time permits..
05901

Penzetti,  N.  A.   and Bryan, B. J.


ATMOSPHEBIC SAMPLING FOB JLDEEYDES AND EYE IBBITATION IN LOS
ANGELES SMOG  - 1960., J. Air Pollution Control  Assoc.  11  (9) ,  M21-4,
127 (Sept.,  1961) .


The purpose of the experimental  program reported in this paper  is
to provide  an intensive test of  the model  (rationalizing the
observed eye  irritation with experimentally determined irritation
frcm formaldehyde and acrolein)  by extensive  analyses of  smog  in
situ for aldehyde concentrations with simultaneous observations on
severity of eye  irritation.  Czone and oxidant production  was
demonstrated  to  take place in  natural ground-level air which  had
been drawn  into  a 72-liter flask.  This production was sufficient
to produce  a  concentration of  cxidant of the same order  of
Magnitude  as  that found in the ambient outdoor air.   Oxidant
production  occurred both in natural air which  was irradiated  with
visible light in the laboratory  and in that which was not
irradiated.  A similar dark phase oxidant production  was observed
in synthetic  atmospheres.  In  these cases the  reactants  were  first
irradiated  in the laboratory and oxidant production was  observed in
the subsequent dark phase.  The  use of carbonyl compounds  in  these
experiments holds promise, and one of the synthetic atmospheres
utilized in this study which showed dark phase oxidant production
was clean  air plus 1 1/2 ppm of  isobutyraldehyde.   (Author summary
nodified)
                          F.  Effects -Human Health                     705

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C5913

Carey, G» C. R.,,  Phair,  J.  J«,   Shephard, B«  J.,  and Thomson, M..
I.


TBE EFFECTS OF All POLLUTION ON  HUMAN HEALTH-
Am., Ind., Hyg. Assoc. J.  J9,  363-70  (Oct.  1958),.


This paper presents a  preliminary report  of the  third survey of a
group of three undertaken in 1955-56  in Cincinnati.  Cardio-
respiratory cripples were selected  as subjects and each was visited
three times a week by  a  nurse who obtained the necessary clinical
and environmental measurements.   Smoke,  gaseous  acid, temperature,
and humidity were measured hourly at  three different areas of the
town and in the patients  homes.   Each patient  was asked to complete
a diary sheet six hourly  regarding  symptoms such as shortness of
breath,, coughing, and  wheezing.,  At  each visit  a  series of lung
function tests were carried  out  including: (a)  maximum inspiratory
and expiratory pressures,  {b}  timed vital capacity, and (c)  carbon
monoxide diffusion.  It  was  found that average daily indoor smoke
values of 50 percent or  more in  excess of mean values were
experienced during the periods October 12 to 17, and November 18 to
20» One day of very high  smoke  (150 percent in excess of normal)
was experienced on December  t..   The patients appear to have reacted
significantly to the October and December episodes, although their
reactions to the November episode are mixed.   In both the October
and December episodes, the most  striking  feature seems to be a
prolonged fall in CO uptake  commencing about five days after the
peak of pollution and  persisting for  about a week.,  Measurements of
timed vital capacity and  of  pulmonary pressures  do not show clearly
defined changes in the patients  as  a  group.  However, about 110,000
observations of environmental conditions  and patient reactions were
obtained and another year will be required before final conclusions
can be drawn.
0592U

Elum, Ho F..


FFFICTS OF ULTRAVIOLET  LIGHT  ON  KAN.,  In:   Seminar on Human
Biometeorology.  National  Cancer Inst.,  Princeton,  N.  Jn (PHS Publ.
No., 999-AP-25..)  {Presented at  the  Seminar on Hunan Biometeorology,
Cincinnati, Ohio, Jan.,  1«-17,  1961*,.)  1967.,  pp.,  73-9,,


Ultraviolet light produces a  variety  of  changes  in the skin, the
relationships between which are  obscure™   These  include the
erythema and tanning of  sunburn, the  production  of vitamin D, and
the induction of skin cancer.,   Rore than one photochemical reaction
is concerned, but the site of  these must be in the epidermis.  The
injurious effects of ultraviolet light probably  outweigh any
beneficial ones.,   (Author;js abstract)
706                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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05927

Kornblueh, I.  H.


AIP  IONS  AND HUMAN HEALTH.  (In:  Seminar on Human Biometeorology.)
Pennsylvania Univ.t  Philadelphia, Dept. of Physical Medicine and
Rehabilitation.   (PHS Publ,,p No, 999-AP-25.) (Presented at  the
Seminar  on Human  Bicmeteorology, Cincinnati, Ohio, Jan.  14-17,
1964.)   1967,.   pp.. 145-59.


Air  ions  in  relation to health and medical treatment are discussed..
Distribution:   In the outdoors environment one finds both  positive
and  negative polarities.  Polluted city air shows excessive amounts
of large  ions, both  positive and negative, at the expense  of small
ones,  which  are  common in clean air in the country.  A greater
concentration  of  small icns of both polarities is found  in the
mountains because of increased U7 and cosmic radiation.  Outdoor
conditions  with  respect to polluted air are similar to those found
indoors,  i.e., the number of light, small ions of both polarities
decreases in relation to the intermediate and large Langevin types
with decrease  in  ventilation.. Medical applications:  Hay fever
victims  show substantial but not lasting improvement and ionization
does not  cure  this disease. Patients with bronchial asthma due  to
airborne  allergens also benefit from ionization.,  In the case of
burn treatment,  ionizaticn produces sedating, drying, and
deodorizing  effects.  Treatment of postoperative patients  with
negative  ions  indicated pain-relieving and sedating gualities.
06011

H. A. Partridge,  J. H. Stebbings, Jr.,  H.  E.  Elsea,
and H. Winkelstein
ODTBHEAK OF ACDTE EYE IEKITATICN ASSOCIATED  WITH  AIB  POLLUTION.
Public Health Eept. (0. S.) 81 (2): 153-8  (Feb.  1966).
(Presented at the Annual Convention,  Medical Society  of  the
Sate of New York, New York City, Feb.  14,  1964.)


An outbreak of acute, severe eye irritation  in  Buffalo,  N.Y.,
occurred on September 18, 1963.  In a  random sample of the
residential population of the industrial  neighborhood where  the
initial complaints arose, the attack  rate  was  15  percent.   The
rate was 48% for persons exposed outdoors  10 minutes  or  more and
only 255 for those remaining outdoors  less  than  10 minutes.   A
stagnating anticyclone associated with five consecutive  nocturnal
inversions dominated meteorologic conditions in Buffalo  for  6
days before the episode.  Twenty-nine  egually  strong  inversions
and 15 instances of 5 or more consecutive  nocturnal inversions
had occurred, however, during the previous 2 years without
evidence of illness associated with air  pollution.  It was
hypothesized that on the morning of the episode a Hewson
fumigation brought a concentrated layer of irritating pollutants
abruptly to ground level, causing the  eye  irritation.  (Authors"
summary) ##
                          F.  Effects -Human Health                     707

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06020

L. E, Smith


INHALATION OF THE PHOTOCHEMICSI SMCG COKPOUND  PEBOXY ACETY.L
NITRATI.   Am. J., Public Health 55  (9) : 1460-1468,  (Sept.
1965) .


The objective of this project was to determine whether  the
photochemically produced compound PJN, a natural component  of
Los Angeles-type smog, affected the oxygen  uptake  of  young  men
under conditions of moderate exercise of short duration.  Since no
data were available to define actual ambient levels  of  PAN,  a
level expected to be roughly at the diurnal maximum  for a day of
smog was selected.  Thus, the conditions tested might be roughly
equivalent to a brief outdoor exercise period  for  college students.
The data were arranged to allow an analysis of variance with the
subsequent F test being used to determine the  statistical
significance of the differences.  The results  of the  present
experiment demonstrated a significant effect of the  pollutant PSN
upon the oxygen uptake of the subjects occurred when  they were
exposed to the additional stress of exercise.  Therefore, future
investigators who study the problem of the  effect  of  pollutants
upon the respiratory efficiency of nan would be advised, wherever
possible, to include the phase of exercise  in  their  experimental
design.  There is now evidence available which conclusively
demonstrates that smog - especially the specific smog compound
PJN - is causally associated with the extensive damage  of plants-
The results of the current study demonstrate that  PAN can
significantly affect the oxygen uptake of human beings  during
exercise and the maximal expiratory flow rate  during  the recovery
phase following exercise. ##

06048

M. C, Battigelli,  F. Hengstenberg,  E» J»  Mannella,  and
A. P. Thomas
MUCOCILIJRY ACTIVITY.,  Arch. Environ. Health  12 (4) : 460-466
(April 1966).   (Presented at the 30th Annual  Meeting,
Industrial Hygiene Foundation, Pittsburgh,  Pa., Oct. 20-21,
1965.)


The mucociliary activity' of respiratory epithelia,  although  well
known over many years, has only quite recently assumed  new
importance, being recognized as one of the  basic  functions that the
respiratory apparatus applies in responding to unfavorable
environments.  Physical, chemical, and biological "noxae" have
been studied in their effects on the mucociliary  activity of  lower
animals, mammals, and in nan as well, with  techniques that have
proved accurate and reproducible.  In this  paper  a  brief review is
given of these methods and of the results of  investigations
particularly related to the effects of air  pollutants,  Results of
investigations on the effect of diluted diesel exhaust  on the
tracheal escalator of rats are summarized.  An important finding
is that exhaust dilutions that are without  measurable effect  on the
708                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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respiratory resistance of human subjects are actually able  to
induce  changes in tracheal clearance in some of the animals exposed
for prolonged  duration.   With higher levels of exposure tracheal
clearance  of snail mammals is affected with greater frequency.
The removal of animals from the exposure invariably restores the
original level of activity within a few days.  The particulate
content of the exhaust appears to play an important role  in this
type of respiratory injury.   (Authors' summary) #t


C6053

W.  C., Cooper  and I.  B.  Tabershaw


BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE IN GELATION TO SIP QUALITY
STANDARDS.  Arch.  Environ. Health 12 (1) :522-530  (Apr- 1966).


Data on the biological effects of nitrogen dioxide on man and
lower  animals  over a wide range of concentrations is reviewed and
tabulated.  Present evidence suggests that long-continued
exposures  should not exceed the range 0.5 ppm to 1.0 ppm.  This is
based  on the evidence of increased mortality in lower animals
exposed to aerosolized micro-organisms after N02 exposures and
the pathologic effects demonstrable in animals continuously exposed
to levels  in the range of 4.0 ppm to 5.0 ppm.  Brief exposures of
a general  population should not exceed 3 ppm over a period of 1 hr..
this is based  on the possible potentiation of infections  and on
the odor threshold.  The recommendations relate to the possible
effects of N02 on health alone.  They do not consider
potentiation or additive effects nor any contributions to plant
damage  and visibility.   (Authors" summary modified) ##


06055
HEALTH PBOBLEHS RESULTING FROH PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO AIP
POLLDTION  IN DIESEL BUS GARAGES.   Ind. Health  (Japan)  «(1):
1-10 (1966)..


An environmental and a health survey of two diesel bus garages in
Alexandria (Egypt)  have shown an air pollution  problem due to the
exhaust of engines containing S02, N02, aldehydes and
hydrocarbons within permissible levels and a relatively higher
concentration of SBoke.  The examination of workers revealed the
occurrence of upper respiratory tract disease,  chronic bronchitis,
asthma, peptic ulcer, gastritis, and high blood pressure in
prevalences higher than expected.  Respiratory  diseases were
probably due to a synergistic effect of smoke and irritants as well
as the presence of acrolein and adsorbed hydrocarbons and the
sacking habits of workers.   Cases of chronic dyspepsia and peptic
ulcers were probably related to the nervous tension of night
shifts, and other factors as the irregularity of meals and the
probable swallowing of dissolved irritants.  The blood pressure
was relatively "higher" among night shift workers.   (Authors"
abstract,  modified)ft
                          F. Effects - Human Health                     709

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06099

E. J. Bryan


INSTBDKEUTATION FOE AN AMBIENT AIE ANIMAL EXPOSUEE  PBOJECT.
J» iir Pollution Control Assoc. 13  (6),  254-65, June  1963.,
(Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, Chicago, 111., May  20-24,  1962.)


A comprehensive physiological study on the problem  of air
pollution from automobile exhaust was started by the
University of Southern California under  a contract  with  the
U.S.  Public Health Service.  Several different  types
of experimental animals, including mice, rats,  guinea pigs,  and
rabbits, were to be exposed at four separate locations
in the Los Angeles Basin,  In determining the possible
biological effects of automobile-related air pollution on  test
aniamals, the planned studies included those for cancer, lung
function, blood analysis, enzyue determinations, and  tissue
tests.  The animals were divided into 2  groups, one being
supplied untreated ambient air, and the  other purified air
for a control.  All other environmental  conditions  were
designed to be as nearly identical as possible.  The  design
of facilities, including asbient air room ventilation and control
room air purification systems, is discussed™  In the  design  of
facilities, the most important problem encountered  was that  of
existing limitations on air purification systems.   The
experimental design concept used in this project called  for  no
alteration of the breathing air provided to control animals
except for the removal of air contaminants-  It was not
possible to provide such a system in which removal  of CO, lower
molecular weight hydrocarbons, and NO, could be
accomplished effectively.  Experience to date,  however,  indicates
that the air purification systei selected does  remove 03, higher
molecular weight hydrocarbons, NC2, and  filterable  black
aerosols quite effectively.  The conclusions to date  are
limited.  However, it is concluded that  additional  design
and evaluation projects are necessary in order  to improve
ventilation and air purification equipment design for
environmental exposure projects.##

06163

G,, !„ Smith
SMOG - ITS OEIGIN,.  Eocky Kt., Bed. J., 64,  (3) 55-8, Mar.. 1967


Volatile materials produced by vegetation may be responsible for
smog as well as man-made products,.  It has been calculated that
one billion tons of volatile organic substances (terpenes) are
released per year by vegetation over the surface of the  earth.
Throughout the world the terpenes are present in the air at con-
centrations of 2 to 20 parts per billion..  It has  been  postulated
that the dissipation of terpenes passes through the same cycle
as that of gasoline vapors in producing d pollution haze.  These
blue hazes are seen especially in the mountain and desert regions
710               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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in the  U.S.   There is some evidence  to  suggest  that  these
terpenes  may be toxic..  In Beno, Hevada there was  a  close
correlation  between the occurrence of asthma attacks and  the con-
centration of terpenes in the air as determined by monitoring with
a gas  chromatograph»  Hhite rats exposed  to 1*0-60  parts per
million of alpha terpene became lethargic in 10 nun.,  Symptoms
progressed through agitation, staggering,  and finally convulsions
in 25  min with death in 30 rain..  At  autopsy, the rats had focal
less of tracheal mucosa, pulmonary edema,  and cerebral edema..  The
adult  guinea pigs weighing more than the  rats died on the first
exposure  in  35 to H5 rain-  The pilot study showed  that alpha
pinene  is toxic in high concentrations  to both  humans and labora-
tory animals™  The investigation is  being continued  to study the
long term effects of lower concentrations found in nature to
determine if pulmonary lesions are produced by  prolonged  exposure,

06201

Steadman,, B. I.,  E. A. Jones,  E. E. Bector,   and J.  Siegel


EFFECTS ON EXPEBIMENTJL ANIMALS OF ICNG-TERK CONTINUOUS INHALATION
OF NITBOGEN  DIOXIDE. Toxicol. Appl.  Eharmacol.   9  (1), 160-70 (July
1966) .


One preliminary acute 8-hour study at a concentration of  123 mg/cu
m of nitrogen dioxide, and one 30-day repeated  study at a level of
67 mg/cu  m were conducted-  -Both exposures produced  marked lung
irritation and high mortality in all species.   The gross  pathologic
findings  in  the lungs of surviving animals indicated hemorrhagic
pulmonary edema in the 123 mg/cu m study,  and vascular
congestionand focal hemorrhage in the 67  mg/cu  m study.   Five 90-
day continuous studies were run at 0.9, 1..0, 9.2,  21.3, and 21.6 mg/
cum,of  nitrogen dioxide.  Except for a  possible slight weight loss,
there were no effects noted at 0.9 and  1.0 mg/cu m.   At 9., 2 mg/cu m
there was a  significant increase of  mortality in guinea pigs and
rabbits,  and at the 21.3 and 21.6 mg/cu m levels there was a
significant  increase in mortality in all  species except the dog.
Minimal pathologic lung changes were seen at  the highest
concentrations.. Cumulative 30-, 60-, and  90-day mortality data for
the continuous exposure studies indicate  that  one  cannot  safely
extrapolate  from the 30-day results  to  anticipate  the effects which
may occur after 90 days.. Care should also be taken in extrapolating
continuous-exposure guidelines from  data  obtained  in repeated-
exposure studies.,  It is believed that  the submarine guideline of
0.5 ppm  {0.9 mg/cu IB) will not cause any  untoward  effects in
personnel exposed continuously fcr 60 days.  The choice of
analytical procedure is critical in  measuring  the  concentration to
which animals are exposed.  Absorption  of samples  in 0.1  N NaOH is
not satisfactory.,  Absorption directly  into the nitriting reagent
is the  method of choice.   (AuthorsJ  summary)

06261

S. P.,  Krueger


flIE ICNS  AND PHVSIOLOGICAI FUNCTION.  J.  Gen. Physicl.
45(q),  233-t1 (Mar. 1962).,
                          F.  Effects -Human Health                     711

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Studies on air ions and physiological function  were  designed  to
determine air ion effects on bacteria and the mammalian  trachea..
In bacteria, the only clear-cut action attributable  to air  ions
was an increase in the rate of death.  Observations  on excised
tracheal strips and on exposed tracheas of  anesthetized  rabbits,
mice, rats, guinea pigs, and monkeys indicated  that  positive  ions
produce;   (a)  decreased ciliary activity,  (b) contracture of  the
posterior tracheal wall, (c) exaggerated vulnerability to trauma,
(d) vasoconstriction, and {e) increased rate of respiration.   All
five effects are seen in the anesthetized tracheotomized animal
and the first three are seen in the isolated strip.   In  studies
of gaseous ion effects on the catalytic activity of  a modified
Keilin-Hartree pig heart homogenate, we found that oxygen anions
have a direct effect on cytochrome oxidase  and  accelerate the
cytochrome-linked conversion of succinate to fumarate.   This
would suggest that the sane actioTi nay produce  a cytochrome-linked
oxidation of 5-HT.##

06276

Henry D. Ogden


SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE OUTBREAKS OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
IN N. 0.   JJ. Louisiana State Med. Soc.),  116 (9) : 338-341,
Sept. 1964.  8 refs. {Presented at the 84th  Annual Meeting,
louisiana State Medical Society,  Lafayette,  May 5, 1964.J


Observations on the episodes of asthma in Sew Orleans
affecting many individuals in a few hours are presented.
attacks of asthma occurred in ether parts of the country at the
same time of a major flare-up in  New Orleans.   Air
pollution may be a definitely aggravating factor.  Possible
meteorologic causes may also be associated  (magnetic storms,
solar phenomenon, air ionization, etc.).  There also may be a
relationship between a falling humidity and  a rising barometric
pressure.  (Author's summary, modified) ##

06341L
TOLERANCE CRITERIA FOR CONTINUOUS  INHALATION  EXPOSURE TO  TOXIC
MATERIALS  (III.. EFFECTS ON ANIMALS  OF  90-DAY  EXPOSURE TO
HYDRAZINE, UNSYMMETEICAL DIMETHYIHYDEAZINE  (UDMH) ,  EECABCEANE,
AND NITROGEN DIOXIDE),,  Midwest  Research  Inst.,  Kansas City,
Mo.,  (Feb.. 1964).  92 pp.  (Technical  Kept. ASD-TR-61-519
(III)
   DDD:  AD 440275L
Monkeys, rats, and mice were exposed  for  90  days  to:  (a)  hydrazine
(1.0 ppm) ,  (b) unsymmetrical dirnethylhydrazine  (ODKH)  (0..5 ppm) ,
(c) decaborane (0..05 ppmj ,  and  i(d)  nitrogen  dioxide (5.0  ppm),  to
determine the inhalation  toxicity  of  these agents after  continuous
exposure.  Mortality was  high among  the animals exposed  to
hydrazine and decaborane,  whereas  the losses of aniirals  exposed to
UDMH and nitrogen dioxide  were  relatively low.  All three
712               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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species exposed to hydrazine developed fatty changes in the liver.
In addition, rats and mice had lung lesion.  Liver degeneration
was involved in monkeys exposed to UDMH, whereas kidney and heart
lesions were predominant in rats, and brown pigments,  probably
hemosiderin, were deposited in the liver of mice.  Monkeys on
decaborane exhibited fatty changes in the liver and occasional
involvement of the kidney and heart.  The most marked  pulmonary
lesions in rats were found in those exposed to decaborane, and lung
involvement was also prevalent in mice.  The least pathological
changes were observed in animals on nitrogen dioxide.  Monkeys
showed liver degeneration occasionally, whereas both rats and
mice had lung lesions.  No trace of any of the test compounds was
found in the blood of monkeys.  Mite infestation of the lung,
prevalent among controls as well as treated monkeys, masked
possible lesions in this organ which may have been caused by any of
the four chemicals.  Changes in physiological state of animals as
determined by clinical laboratory evaluations, including functional
tests and/or hematology, blood chemistry and urinalysis,, were
relatively few in number.  (Author abstract)##
06367

B. F. Eils
RESULTS OF EXPOSURE OF 1ISSDES TO ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS.
Preprint.  (Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-16,
1967, Paper Ko. 67-62,)


Numerous exposure studies have been made using the gaseous
constituents of smog.  Laboratory animals and tissues have been
exposed to nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, phosgene,
hydrocarbons and automobile exhaust in various concentrations
and under various conditions.  Definite morphological or
functional changes have been observed only when concentrations are
many times that in the atmosphere.  Four animal exposure stations
have been in operation in the Los Angeles area to ascertain
the effects of smog on various laboratory animals.  During the
course of this study alterations in the fine structure on the
alveolar tissue have been observed.  Control animals were kept
at each site in rooros with well-filtered air.  Similar groups of
aniials in other rooms continually breathed the ambient  air.
Different ages of mice were sacrificed during and after  heavy smog
periods  (2-3 hours over 0»4 ppm total oxidants).  Both the
control and ambient animals of the 5-month-old groups showed
normal alveolar tissues.  Typical mitochondria
and lamellar inclusions were evident in the alveolar
"corner" of wall cells in all ages of the control mice,  however,
the-relative number of these cells seemed to decrease with age.  A
significant difference was observed between the 9-ncnth-old groups..
In the lung tissues taken during the heavy smog few normal
Mitochondria were present in the epithelial wall cells.  The
cytoplasm was generally disrupted and contained many lamellar
inclusions or fragments.  Since the exact time of heavy  smog
episodes is unpredictable, the possibility of using
synthetic photochemical smog was investigated.  The total
oxidant concentration and reaction patterns approximated those
                          F.  Effects - Human Health                     713

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of a heavy smog day-  Many of the wall cells of 8-month-old  smog-
treated lungs contained substantially fewer normal mitochondria
than the controls.  Repeated doses of synthetic smog for  3-4 days
enhanced the alterations and also resulted in some rupturing of
red blood cell membranes and many more alveolar phagocytes.  The
extent of cellular damage increases significantly from  14    to
16-aonth-old mice indicating a threshold age of
sensitivity to photochemical smog.  The 16- and 18-month-old
animals were severely edematous.  Alveoli were nearly full of
phagocytes containing many large membrane-bound crystalloids,
some over 3 microns in lengths.  In the older animals,  electron
dense lipoidal substance was seen accumulated on some
epithelial lining surfaces.**

06415

J. B. Mudd


OXIDATION OP AMINO ACIDS E"Y OZONE.   Preprint.   (Presented at
the 60th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-16, 1967, Paper No. 67-59.)


The following amino acids are susceptible tc oxidation  by ozone in
decreasing order:  cysteine, methionine, tryptophan, tyrosine,
histidine, cystine, and phenylalanine.  Oxidation takes place
whether the amino acids are free or in peptide linkage.
The amino acid residues of pancreatic ribonuclease most
susceptible to oxidation by ozone are tyrosine and histidine:
at the time of oxidation there is a concomitant decrease  in  enzymic
activity.  (Author abstract)##

06552

A. Goetz
AS INTEBPBETATION OF THE S 7.NEBGISTIC EFFECT OF AEROSOLS EASED UPON
SPECIFIC SOHFACE-ACTION OF THE AIRBORNE PARTICLES.. Preprint.
(1956) .


Experiments to determine the survival time of test animals  (mice)
exposed to toxic vapor without and with the addition of an  aerosol
of defined particulate constitution were conducted.  As toxic
vapor,  three different substances were used,  (each for itself, i.e..
not as mixtures):  two aldehydes  (formaldehyde and acrolein) and
evaporated nitric acid; the concentration of these vapors was kept
constant in the presence and absence of the aerosol addition, and
it was selected so that the vapor alone caused commensurable
survival periods of the animals,.  None of the aerosols caused, in
the absence of the toxic vapors, any significant change in  the test
animals.  However, when co-existent with.the toxic vapors the
aerosols caused very marked differences in the mean lifetime of  the
test animals and proved that certain types of particles produce  a
Substantial identification of the toxicity of the vapor
(shortening of the lifetime), while others had an attenuating
effect  (lengthening of the lifetime) , and also that the
attenuating, or the intensifying  properties of a particular
714               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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aerosol,  depended to a large extent on the nature of  the  toxic
vapor.   These investigators have attempted to interpret  their
results qualitatively (and to some extent even quantitatively)  by
assuming that the vapor be absorbed by the aerosol, i..eu  by  the
gradual incorporation of the vapor into the particle.  In  view  of
the fact that the experimental data as well as the  manner  in  which
they were obtained, appear to have an unusually significant
bearing upon the mucous irritation caused by smog,  the present
investigation has attempted to interpret this data  in terms  of
nuclear condensation of the toxic vapor,  (i.e. of a surface
accumulation on the airborne particles).##


06600

Bils, B. F.  and J. C^ Bomanovsky


DLTBASTBUCTUBAL ALTERATIONS OF AIVE01AB TISSUE OF BICE.   II.
SYNTHETIC PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG. Arch. Environ,, Health,  14(6):
84I4-85E, June 1967.  15 refs.,


The possibility of using artificial photochemical smog was
investigated.  Hale A-strain mice were exposed for  three  hours  to
previously irradiated synthetic atmospheres which initially
contained propylenec nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and  water
vapor to simulate the oxidant concentration produced  during  a heavy
snog peak.  The lungs of these treated mice showed  a  pattern  of
ultrastructural alterations of alveolar tissue similar to  that
of tissues in heavy natural smog.  Hall cell lamellar bodies
generally increased in size and number in exposed 8-month-old mice,
but only temporarily.  Delaying death only 12 hours allowed  the
lungs to return to normal.  Some permanent changes  seemed  to  occur
in exposed respiratory tissue cf 15-month-old mice..   Seasonably
good recovery of smog—disrupted alveolar and capillary lining
cells took place, but few wall cells remained.  More  extensive
disorganization of wall cell cytoplasm and disruption of  lining
membranes occurred when the 20-rconth-old mice breathed the
synthetic smog and delayed death allowed further damage  and
revealed cell debris in the alveoli.  Since the synthetic  smog
produces cytological effects similar to the heavy Los Angeles
smog, it »ay prove to be a useful tool in further studies
concerning the effects of photochemical smog on biological systems.


06608

Goldstein, Bernard Do, Brion Pearson, Charlotte Lodi0
Bamon D.. Buckley, and Oscar J=  Ealchum


THE EFFECT CF OZONE ON MOUSE BICCD IN VIVO. Arch. Environ.
Health, 16 {5) : 648-650, May 1968..  1
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intracellular constituents and  would also support  the  possible
role of lipid peroxidation in the mechanism  of  ozone toxicity.
The finding of a decreased red  cell acetylcholinesterase  in
mice exposed to ozone in vivo supports the conclusion  that ozone
has extrapulmonary effects-##

06618

Kelly, Frank J. and Wallace E.  Gill


OZONE POISONING:  SERIOOS HUHAN INTOXICATION™ Arch. Environ.
Health, 10 (3):517-519, March 1965.  10 refs.


A case of serious human ozone poisoning is presented.   The
inadequacy of relying on detection by odor on the  part  of even  an
experienced worker is well illustrated.  After  the  onset  of
clinical manifestations progression to loss  of  consciousness can be
alarmingly rapid.  The response to inhalation oxygen may  be of
considerable diagnostic help as well as an effective therapeutic
measure.  The rapid clinical response to the administration of
oxygen is of special interest as this case confirms the extensive
experimental evidence of Hittler et al.  In  their study it was
found that rats exposed to ozone in oxygen were apparently
protected from death by the 100* oxygen present in  the  chamber,
because they survived high concentrations during the exposure but
died within a matter of minutes when brought into room  air.
However, the protective action  of oxygen in  the case of mice
persisted even after the animals were brought into  room air.##

06635

H. Spotnitz


THE EFFECTS OF AIS POLLUTION ON BILITAKY PERSONNEL IN JAPAN
(ftNNUAI PBOGEESS SEPT. JULY 1,  1962-JUNE 30, 1963)„  Zama
Army Hospital, Japan,, Pulmonary Lab-  (1963).   20 pp0   (Hept.
No. RCS-HEDDH-288,,)
   DDC:  AD  107081
An investigation was undertaken to determine if the same air
pollution bronchitis could be detected in Osaka and Kobe, Japan,
that was present in the Tokyo-Yokohama area.  Twenty-eight
patients in that area were given a questionnaire and had pulmonary
function tests performed on them.  No cases among the  asthmatics
in that area resembled that in the Kanto Plains.  A prospective
study to determine incidence, physiological changes, effects of
treatment and possible residuals cf Yokohama was begun.  Patients
(783)  were evaluated with a questionnaire and pulmonary  function
tests after arrival in Japan.  A number of these patients were
noted to have abnormal pulmonary function tests on arrival  in
Japan and of these the majority were heavy smokers,.  Eight
patients with Yokohama asthma were treated in a specially
constructed room with air filtration by electrostatic
precipitators, air conditioners and charcoal filters..  This
treatment induced a remission of the disease in the eight patients,
which was only temporary in several after they were returned to
716               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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duty.   Several patients Kith Yokohama  asthma  were  found  to  have
an increased residual volume.  These patients, even  after
treatment which succeeded in making them  asymptomatic,  were found
to have persistently elevated residual  volume determinations.
(Author abstract)##
06610

H.  C. Battigelli,  E.. J. Hannella,  and T. P. Hatch


ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLINICAL INVESTIGATION OF HOHKHEN  EXPOSED  10
DIESEL EXHAUST IN RAILROAD ENGINE HOUSES.  Ind.,  Bed,, Surg. ,  33,
121-U (Mar.  1964).


Bithin the limits of exposure to diesel exhaust  products,  of
locomotive repairmen in three representative railroad engine  houses
over a period up to 15 years (average duration of  10 years),  210
workers (average age — 50 years) did not show any significant
difference in pulmonary function performance from  a  group  of  154
railroad yard workers  (average age -- 50 years)  of comparable job
status but without history of exposure to diesel exhaust products.
Environmental studies in two engine houses revealed  levels  of
exposure to several known constituents of diesel exhaust which  were
well within the tolerable limits of these substances considered as
separate agents.  These low values support the negative medical
and physiological findings.  In contrast, this investigation
suggests higher frequency of respiratory complaints, physical
exaaination of abnormalities of the chest, and decreased pulmonary
function and performance of cigarette smokers compared  to
ncn-smokers regardless of occupation.   (Authors" summary)##
06669

A. A. Binkh


IONIC STATE OP AIR IN LIVING QUARTERS AND IIS HYGIENIC
SIGNIFICANCE ,  U.S.S.B. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, Vol. 7, 219-55,  1962=   (Gigiena
i Sanit.,)  25 (1J  78-83  (1960).  Buss. (Tr.)
   CFSTI:  62-11103


An attempt  was Bade to evaluate the physiological significance
of the changes produced  by air ionization of living quarters  and  of
the public  buildings.  Factors affecting the state of  indoor  air
ionization  are discussed,.  Arguients are presented for  and
against the theory that fluctuations in the ionic state of  indoor
air affect  the human body.  The guestion of the advisability  of
artificial  air ionization is considered, and it is concluded  that
the problem requires further study.##
                          F.  Effects - Human Health                     717

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06680

Hervy E. Elkins


EXCRETORY AND BIOLOGIC THRESHOLD LIMITS.,  Am.  Indn  Hygu
Assoc.. J.0 28{K) :305-31H» July-Bug. 1967,.   27  refs..


"The Industrial Hygienist today recognizes  that  the  peril
incurred by the inhalation of harmful dust  is  a  function of  two
variable factors - the degree cf harmful exposure and  the  specific
susceptibility of the exposed individual to .,«.,  injury."   The
preceding statement was made by Don Cummings in  a paper  published
in 1938.  The following year he repeated a  suggestion  he had
discussed previously.,  "--.It is also suggested  that for each
hazardous industrial dust two Uniting concentrations  should be
established..  The first, to be designated as the primary
threshold,, should express that concentration of  dust in  which  a
healthy man may be employed for a working lifetime  without
incurring a disabling injury.  The second,  to  be designated  as
the secondary threshold,, should express that concentration of  dust
in which a healthy man will inevitably contract  silicosis  if
regularly employed for many years."  Practically all
industrial hygienists presently pay lip service  to  the principle
stated in the first of these statements.  The  suggestion in  the
second statement has been only half adopted.   Threshold limits,
so-called, or under a different name, have  been  prepared for over
100 industrial hazards by various organizations  in  this country and
abroad..  There seems to be some confusion outside,  if  not  within,
the profession, however,, over whether these values  correspond  to
the primary or secondary limits-  Certainly, when the  observation
that one or two workers can endure concentrations well above the
Threshold Limit Value for a few months, without  obvious  ill
effects, leads to the conclusicn that the threshold  limit  is too
low, it would seem that the observer has the secondary
threshold in mind,, rather than the primary  one-  The only
biologic fluid finding much application for exposure tests is
blood; limited use has been made of biopsy  specimens of  lung,
skin and fat, but these are not very practical for  periodic
sampling..  The excretory products most frequently analyzed are
urine and breath; sweat, the ether- major excretion  product,  is not
well adapted for exposure tests.,##

06689

Sterling, T. D.,  S.. V, Pollack,  and J. J. Phair


UBBAN HOSPITAL MORBIDITY. AND AIS POLLUTION.   (A  SECOND PEPOHT.)
Arch., Environ. Health, 15 (3) : 362-374, Sept.. 1967,, 3  refs..


This analysis deals with morbidity as indicated  by  the length  of
stay in the hospital of admitted patients™  Length  of  stay
represents a measure of severity of illness which might  be more
indicative of stresses encountered than admission rate in  itself.
Also, responsiveness of a hospital patient  to  a  particular
pollutant can be related meaningfully especially if  the  latter is
measured in close proximity to the place of confinement.   This
718              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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method may be more sensitive than studying  hospitalized  cases
cowing from various areas of the city, albeit that  the  service
areas of individual hospitals have  a tendency to  be fairly
restricted and specific.  The investigators were  given  access to
large data-sets in Cincinnati, CJiio and Los Angeles,
California.  The data were in such  a form that they could
readily and cheaply be processed by automatic data  equipment.   The
Cincinnati data recorded accorded them the  opportunity  to  test
out some of their hypotheses on a relatively small  volume  of  data.
Additionally, they were able to develop the relevant computer
techniques and programs-  The acquired facility  in  understanding
and technique was then applied to the more  voluminous Los  Angeles
data.  Thisreport concerns itself with the  analysis of  the
relation between air pollution and  length of stay of patients in
the larger Los Angeles hospitals serving Blue Cross
admissions.##


06691

B. J. Sabaroff
TGE BIO-PSYCHO-SOCIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE ENVIBOUBENT  ON  MAN
(AN ANALYSIS OF CUEEENTLY AVAILABLE INFOBMATION).    ((Rhode
Island School of Design, Providence, B.I-J)  111  pp.  (Apr.,
1966) .


This study is designed to obtain reliable information
concerning the effects of the environment on  man  so  that  designers
can provide the optimum environment in the buildings that  are  so
desperatley needed by our ever increasingly  complex  urban  society.,
The literature was carefully searched to locate  studies which
investigate these effects.  An annotated bibliography  of  selected
studies is included in the report.  Because  individuals are  so
varied in their physiological, psychological,  and sociological
lakeup, and because man is so wonderfully adaptable, measuring the
effects of various stimuli is extremely difficult.   In  addition,
because most studies in this area  are burdened with  the ususal
restrictions of inadequate funds,  staff and  equipment,  the normal
procedures of scientific  methodology are all  too  often  neglected,
and hence the conclusions reached  are completely  unreliable.   This
study outlines the variations  (both permanent and changeable)  that
are found in man0 classifies the various environmental  phenomena
that affect his well-being, and proposes a systematic  program  of
thorough research which will prcvide the data which  are so
desperatley needed, and which are  not now available.  (Author
summary} ##

06717

Hagner, «. D.,  B. E. Duncan,  I,.  G., Wright,   and B. E.
Stokinger


EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THEESBOLD LIMIT OF N02.    Arch.  Environ.,
Health, 10 (3) : 155-466, March 1965..  34 refs.   (Presented  at  the
Annual Meeting, American Industrial Hygiene  Assoc.,
Sashington, D.C., May 17, 1962.)
                          F. Effects -Human Health                    719

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In an attempt to provide inforiration on long-term  nitrogen
dioxide toxicity, three chronic  animal studies  that  both  included
and bracketed the present threshold limit  of  5  ppm  were
performed.  Six species of laboratory animals  (dog,  rabbit,  guinea
pig, rat, hamster, mouse) were exposed daily  for periods  up  to  18
months to pure nitrogen dioxide  at closely controlled
concentrations of 5 ppm, the present threshold  limit.,,  and levels
one fifth as high, 1 ppm, and five times greater,  25 ppm., Control
groups were used throughout the  studies.   At  no exposure  level  did
changes in body weight, hematologic values, or  biochemical indices
deviate significantly from the control data.   Studies  with a
spontaneous pulmonary tumor-susceptible strain  of  mice suggested,
under these conditions of exposure, a possible  tumorigenic
accelerating capacity for N02.   Bespiratory function test
results on exposed rabbits were  equivalent to  the  controls,  with
the exception of the 25 ppm group, which indicated  a slight  and
transitory elevation in mean 02  consumption™   Tolerance in aging
rats and mice to acute lethal effects of H02,  following
extended periods of development  from exposure  at 5  ppm and 25
ppm,- was achieved to a significant degree.  Detailed histologic
evaluation of tissues of serially sacrificed  exposed animals and
their controls presented no evidence, with any  of  the  animal
species used, that nitrogen dioxide, in the concentrations
employed and in the duration of  exposures, had  any  demonstrably
morphologic effect on either production of pulmonary lesions or the
susceptibility of the animals to a pulmonary  inflammatory process.
These data present reliable evidence for the  present 5 ppm
threshold limit value for nitrogen dioxide, with the added caution
that 5 ppm should represent a ceiling on the  basis  of  suggestive
lung tumorigenesis.##
06745

G. B. Haydon,  J. T.. Davidson,  G. A. Lillington,  and  K.
wasserman
NITEOGEN DIOXIDE-INEOCED EMEHYSIKA IK BABBITS.   Am.. Pev.
Eespirat. Diseases 95,  (5) 797-805, May 1967.


A study was made of the pulmonary pathology in rabbits  after
exposure to an atmosphere containing 8-12 ppm of nitrogen dioxide.
This work is an extension of similar work done with rats by
Freeman et al., in which anatomic changes associated with
emphysema developed with exposures to nitrogen dioxide  at levels
below those that cause acute pulmonary edema,.  Babbits  were
continuously exposed to an atmosphere of 8-12 ppra  of nitrogen
dioxide for 3 to 1 months.  Histopathological examination was
made of the lungs of 18 rabbits that survived and  of 3  rabbits who
were allowed to recover for one week to,a month.   Irreversible
destructive changes in the alveolar walls, accompanied  by an
abnormal enlargement of the distal air spaces were seen  in the
lungs of the exposed rabbits.  The changes were  compatible with
diagnosis of emphysema.  Beversible histopathologic changes in the
bronchioles appeared to account for the increase in the  non-elastic
resistance measured in some of these rabbits.  Two processes are
postulated which might initiate the pulmonary emphysema.  In one,
the principal injury produces focal tissue necrosis in  the alveolar
720               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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walls that leads, perhaps, to elastic tissue destruction  followed
by abnormal enlargement of the peripheral air spaces.,  In the
other, the principal injury causes a chronic airway  obstruction,
leading to hyperinflation of the lungs, which may be followed  by
tissue injury and various degrees of tissue disruption.**

06716

J, T. Davidson,  Go A. Lillington,  G., B. Haydon,  and K..
Hassernan
PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES IN THE LONGS OF BABBITS CONTINUOUSLY  EXPOSED
TO NITBOGEN DIOXIDE.  Am. Bev. Bespirat.  Diseases  95,  (5)
790-6, Hay 1967.


Experiments were carried out to determine the effect  of  prolonged
continuous exposure to 8-12 ppa of nitrogen dioxide on  the
pulmonary function in rabbits  and to  obtain a physiologic
explanation of the nature of the lesion.   Rabbits  were  exposed
continuously to 8-12 ppm of nitrogen  dioxide for  3-1  months.
Pulmonary function studies were carried  out on  anesthetized
controls and experimental animals studied 1 days  to one  month after
the termination of the exposure.  The functional residual capacity
increased as did the nonelastic resistance.  There was  no
significant change in the carbcn dioxide tension.  On removal from
the exposure chamber, the physiologic changes were completely
reversed.  Pathologic studies  suggest that the  obstructive changes
are caused by bronchiolitis.   Destructive changes  that  persisted
daring the recovery period resettle emphysema,  but were  not
sufficiently severe to have resulted  in  significant physiologic
abnormality.t#

06786

K. Kato


i(IONS IN AIR: 3., IONS AND EN7IBONMENTAL  HYGIENE AND t.  EFFECT
OF IONS ON THE LIVING BODY-)    Kuki Seijo (Clean  Air-J.
Japan Air Cleaning Assoc. , Tokyo)  2  (2),  18-50 (1964.,)  Jap.,


The relation between the number of ions  in air  and their
effect on the human body is discussed-   The number of ions is
tabulated in clean air, in dirty air  in  summer  and winter, in
a heated room with a multipanel, dust collector or electrical
precipitator, and in an air cooled room  with a:n electrical
precipitator.  In the heated rcoi with the multipanel collector,
the ion concentration is smaller than in clean  or  dirty  air,
whereas in the heated room using an electrical  precipitator, the
concentration of positive ions is increased and that  of  negative
ions decreased.  Concerning the effects  of ions on the  human
body, tests indicated that negative ions have a calming  effect
whereas positive ions tend to  stimulate.   With  an  ion
concentration of more than 10  to the  7th power/cc, high  blood
pressure, giddiness, discomfort, and  fatigue result.  Exposure
to a concentration of negative ions for  15 to 20  min/day  for 5
•onths resulted in a decrease  in absences due to  illness  in
                          F. Effects - Human Health                    721

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working men and exposure of ten children  (living  in  an
industrial area) under the same condition showed  a curative  effect
on headache and sore throat.  The effects of concentrations  of
ions on various parts of the body are  tabulated™  The
calming effect of negative ions on  the heart and  respiratory
system after exposure at a concentration of 10 to the 6th. power
ions/cc for 30 Bin/day for 2 or 3 days/week is demonstrated.tl

06840

E. E. Sounds


THE EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON CELLS IN VITRO.   Preprint.
(196K) .


In this study the areas of investigation fell into three
categories:  (1} The effect of hydrocarbon mixtures  on cells in
tissue culture, <2)  The effect of air pollutants  on  respiratory
activity, and  (3}  Considerations of a vital constituent
(surfactant)  of the lung under normal and pathological or treated
conditions.  Since mitotic events are interrelated with the  rate
of increase of the total cell population, it was  concluded that an
evaluation of the effect of auto exhaust on cell  number can  provide
a simple, reproducible, and sensitive test system for estimating
the relative concentrations of physiologically active components of
automobile emissions.   It was observed that serial dilution  of
hydrocarbons stimulated the growth  rate of human  fetal lung cells
and an established line of conjunct!val elements  in  a linear
fashion.   Anaphase and telophase figures which resulted from a
24-hour treatment with 3°Ke-DAB and air pollutants revealed  a
twofold increase in the incidence of bridged or lagging
chromosomes.   Time-lapse cinematographic records  of  the
mitochondria of cells treated with  ozone in culture  revealed that
these organoids undergo morphological alterations which suggested
a loss of respiratory function of these cells.  Oxygen depletion
with time was proportional to the cell number with 250,000 to
500,000 control cells shewing a decrease of 35 to 50 mm Hg of
02 pressure over a two-hour period.  A careful comparison of
uitochondrial images of alveolar vail cells, taken before and after
treatment with 20 ppm NaN02, suggested some degree of
transformation of the filamentous morphology of the  globular form.
Studies on surface tension of mixtures of normal  and oxygen
poisoned lung extracts and studies  using ultraviolet fluorescent
microscopy, suggest that oxygen poisoning results in both absence
of surfactant and presence of an inhibitor.##

07098

Soro, L.,  V« Pirila,   and A,  Laamanen


AIR POLLUTION AND ALLEBGY.  (Work Environ. Health
(Helsinki),}  Vol»,1. p. 2-15,  Oct.  1962.


The authors current knowledge regarding the problem  of air
pollution and allergy is reviewed and observations made in
Finland are presented.   Air pollution is divided  into natural and
722               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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cultural the former deriving froit wind  pollinated  plants  and  the
latter from industrial sources.  Emphasis is  on  cultural  pollution
and major pollutants such as S02, beryllium,  and fluorine are
treated individually.  It is pointed out that there  is  a  disparity
between maximum allowable concentrations, as  commonly set,  and
concentrations tolerated by allergic individuals.##
07099

Peterson, D.  C.  and H- 1. Andrews


THE ROLE OF OZONE IN RADIATION AVOIDANCE IN THE MOUSE.
Badiation Res., 19:331-336, May-Aug. 1963.  6 refs.


The experiments reported here are designed to assess the  role of
ozone in the avoidance reaction.  Mice subjected to ozone in
one-half of a test cage show a decreased activity and an avoidance
reaction similar to that seen with radiation.  With ozone alone,
the reaction is elicited only when the environmental concentrations
are several times as great as those produced by an effective
X-ray beam.  No change in the radiation avoidance reaction is
observed when the oxygen concentration in the cage is raised to
95X.  (Authors' summary, modified)##
07162

Bo G. Ferris, Jr.,   and N» R. Frank


AIB POLIOTION ADD  DISEASE.  Anesthesiology 25545:470-478
Aug. 1964.


Atmospheric pollution can be classified under three headings:
general,,  occupational and personal.  The components are complex
and variable so that it is difficult to extrapolate the prevalence
of disease  in one  area to that of another unless the two have
similar chemical compositions.  Significant exposures can occur at
work and  may produce impairment of respiratory function.  It is
emphasized  that tobacco smoking, and particularly cigarette
smoking,  is a most important factor in the causation of chronic
nonspecific respiratory disease.  Much research has been done to
elucidate the mechanism whereby such changes are induced but
specific  answers concerning the mechanisms have not been
forthcoming-  Tables are included showing types of atmospheric
pollution;  comparison of Los Angeles and London types of
pollution;  categories of airborne materials with selected examples
that may  occur in  industry and that may cause disease; age
standardized rates of respiratory diseases by tobacco usage and
sex; age  standardized rates (S) of respiratory disease by current
cigarette smoking  habits and sex. ##
                          F.  Effects - Human Heap                     723

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07173

D, Henschler,  E. Hahn,  and W. Assmann.


CONDITIONS FOB AN INCREASE IN TOLERANCE UPON  REPEATED
INHALATION OF IRRITATING GASES HHICH CAUSE PULMONARY EDEMA.
{(Wirkungsbedingungen einer Toleranzsteigerung bei wiederholter
Einatmung von Lungenodem erzeugenden Reizgasen.,) )  Arch,
Exptl. Pathol. Pharmakol. Vol. 2U9:325-342  (Nov. 6, 1964).
Ger,


Opinions are divergent concerning the effect  of long-term
inhalation of low concentrations of gases and aerosols  which can
cause pulmonary edema.  This paper investigates the time
relationships in the formation of increased tolerance to such
gases, its duration, the influence of time and concentration, and
the pathological-anatomical reaction of lung  tissue to  the
preliminary treatment.  After the protective  mechanism  was
proved to be independent of the -chemical structure of the
irritant, N02 was chosed as representative of the gases causing
pulmonary edema.  Host of the laboratory animals used were
inbred mice of the CFW and NMPI families (Zentral-institut  fur
Versuchstierzucht, Hannover), which were brought into the test
weighing 18-22 gm.  Increased tolerance to high concentrations of
N02 was obtained by exposing the specimens to to ppm NO 2 for
one 6-hr period.  The protection reaction first appears within 2H
hr.  Maximum protection occurs in 2-5 days and is largely gone
after 10 days.  Repeated preliminary exposure with the  same
concentrations at 4-day intervals does not increase the amount or
duration of protection.#«

C717«

H. W. SchlipXoter  and A. Brockhaus


TESTS ON THE EFFECT OF GASEOUS AIR POLLUTION  ON THE DEPOSITION AND
ELIMINATION OF INHALED DUSTS.    ((Versuche uber den Einfluss
gasformiger Luftverunreinigungen auf die Deposition und
Elimination inhalierter Staube.))  ZBL Bakt.  191 (12) :339-34«
Dec. 1963.  Ger.
To be injurious to men, suspended particles  in  the  atmosphere  must
be inhaled and deposited in the  lungs.   Only particles  smaller
than 5 microns and especially smaller than  1 micron can
penetrate into deep sections of  the  lungs.   Other important
factors are the type and dissolvability  of  the  dust as  well  as  the
volume and freguency of respiration.  To determine  the  deposition
of dust in lungs, it is necessary to determine  the  difference
between the dust content of inhaled  and  exhaled air.,   A test
conducted to determine the effect of gases  found in large  cities
on the amount of dust deposited  in lungs utilized a mixture  of  2
types of soot aith air which was sprayed and measured  with a
special apparatus.  Spectrophotometric and  quantitative methods
were used to determine the aaount of dust deposited in  the lungs of
test persons who respired at a rate  of 18 breaths per  minute,
temperature of 23 deg™ C, and a  humidity of  about 68!}.,   Typical
724               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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gases nixed with the test suspension in the dust chamber  were
S02 and C02 or N02 in concentrations which correspond  to  the
HAK values.  An increase in dust deposition in the  lungs  was
observed only when nitrogen gases were inhaled simultaneously.
Further tests showed that the elimination of deposited  dust from
the lungs is hindered by S02 and S03n##

072«0

Petr, B.  and P. Schmidt


THE INFLUENCE OF THE ATMOSPHERE CONTAMINATED BY SULFOH  DIOXIDE
AND NITROUS GASES ON THE HEALTH OF CHILDREN.   ((Der Einfluss
der durch Schwefeldioxid und Nitrose Ease verunreinigten
Atmosphare auf den Gesundheitszustand der Kinder.))  Translated
from German.  Z. Ges. Hyg. Grenzg. (Berlin), 13 (1) :34-38,
Jan. 1967.  « refs.


Evidence that sulfur dioxide and nitrogen gases which  are
effective in low concentrations also produce changes in the
individual indicators of group diagnostics is demonstrated.
Differentiation was made between effects on control groups and
the group from the polluted atmosphere as well as  between the
influence of both the combined effect of sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen peroxide and the effect of sulfur dioxide  alone.  The
Method of the erythrogram is also described.  This  method is
based on the increase of the number of erythrocytes in  children
living in air-polluted areas.  The methemoglobin level  in the
blood of children is significantly increased by the air pollution
caused by nitrogen peroxide in the surrounding of  large chemical
works.  Thus, another possible cause of the development of
inapparent methemoglobinemia in school children between the ages of
8 to 10 is explained.   {Authors' summary, modified)t#

07251
TOLERABLE LIMITS FOR TOXIC MATERIALS IN INDUSTRY.   DIVERGENCES
AND POINTS OF AGREEMENT AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL.   J1)   ((Les
linites tolerables pour les substances toxigues  dans  1
'Industrie divergences et points d'accord a 1'echelle
Internationale.   (1)))  ((Arch. Baladies Profess. Med.  Trav.
Securite Sociale (Paris))). 26 'J1-2) : 41-56. Feb.  1965.   Text
in French.


The report of the International Committee on the  Study  of
Tolerable Limits presented to  the XIV International
Symposium on Maximum Tolerable Concentrations  of  Toxic
Materials in Industry held in  Paris in 1963, which  are  given,
represent a summary of the present knowledge on  maximum  allowable
concentrations.   The chief difficulty in establishing
international standards involves the widely different views  of  the
concept of tolerable limits and the methodologies of  the  U.S. and
Eussia.  The study of the effects of many toxic  materials  on the
central nervous  system by Russian workers has  led to  the
establishment of standards that are much more  rigid than  the U.,3.
                          F.  Effects - Human Health                     725

-------
standards for many  materials.  The  Hussian  and  O.S.  limits for
some toxic materials  is  mg/cu  m,,  respectively are:   ethylene oxide
1 and 90; chlordane 0.01 and 2,0; carbon  tetrachloride 20 and 160.
lor 34 gases and 8  dusts,  fumes,  and  mists,  the Soviet standards
are at least one fifth of  the  D.S.  limits and in most cases even
less.  Some workers object to  the methods used  by the Bussian
experts on the  grounds that they  are  too  sensitive  and show
physiological rather  than  pathological  effects.  Because of the
differences in  concepts, the objective  approach should be a
discussion of the interpretation  of the results obtained by both
groups to understand  and reconcile  the  different approaches.
Fortunately, there  are 21  gases and vapors  and  19 dusts, fumes,
and mists in which  there is practical agreement and  which can serve
as a core for international standards which  can be  amplified with
an exchange of  information and results.   There  is a  necessity for
further research to obtain data to  permit the establishment of
zones of tolerable  concentrations rather  than rigorous limits. ##

07270

Advisory committee on Tetraethyl lead,  Hashington, D»  C.


PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS OF INCREASING TETRAETHYL  LEAD  CONTENT IN
MOTOR IUEL.,    ({Public Health Service,  Washington, D..  C..,
Occupational Health Program,,))  FHS  Publ,.  no-  712, 49p.,
1959..  ^ refs.,
   GPO:   526258-59-2


The advice of the Pulbic Health Service was  sought on
increasing the  maximum concentration  of tetraethyl lead  (TEL)  in
auto gasoline from 3.0 to  4-0 cc  per  gallon.  An  ad  hoc  committee
was appointed to determine  whether  the  proposed increase
represented a public  health hazard.   Data on technical reasons for
the increase, the results  of research,  the consumption of  TEL by
year, and a review of the  medical problems are  presented by the
Ethyl Corp,   Pepresentatives of the duPont Co.  supplied
production figures, and information on  actual and estimated TEL
demand on U.  S.  producers,,  The Committee concluded  that (1)
a change in the maximum concentration of  tetraethyl  lead in motor
fuel from 3..0 to 4.0  cc. would not 'increase  the hazards  involved
in the manufacture and distribution of  leaded gasoline and (2)
available data  do not indicate that such  change would  significantly
increase the hazard to public health  from air pollution.**

C73U7

C., Choffel
PNEUMOCONIOSIS OF ARC WELDERS.   ((La Pneumoconiose  de
Soudeurs a 1'Arc.J)   Text in French,, Gaz- Med.  France
(Paris), 73 (21) :4171-4172, 1*175-4176, 4179-4180,  Nov.  1966.,


Pneumoconiosis from exposure to the fumes of  arc  welding  is
discussed and the information in the literature is  reviewed.
The true arc welder's pneumoconiosis results  from inhalation  of
the very fine fumes given off during the fusion of  the  metals.
726               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
In operations carried on in confined  spaces  with  poor  ventilation,
there is * possibility of  serious  pulmonary  exposure with  acute
edema from the exposure to ozone and  the  oxides of  nitrogen.   The
clinical development of welder"s pneumoconiosis,  a  type  of
siderosis, is gradual and  benign in nature.   In some cases,,
a fibrosis develops and eventually an alveolar emphysema occurs
which nay produce a respiratory insufficiency of  the
obstructive type..  The clinical symptoms  in  some  arc welders
are the result of inhalation  of noxious dusts in  the course of
their work.,  Whether or not the condition can be  considered
to be sidero— silicosis,, the pneumcconiosis of arc-welders  should
be placed on the schedule  of  legally  recognized occupational
diseases.##


07541

P. Polu,  P.. Laurent,  C.   H.  Guyotjeannin,   D. Thin


AS OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE OF CHIMNEY SWEEPS CLEANING  OIL-FIHID
FURNACES.   (Pathologie professionnelle des  fumistes
effectuant le ramonage des chaufferies a  mazout,,)   Text  in
French..  Arch. Haladies Profess. Bed. Trav.  Securite
Social (Paris), 26 <4-5) : K35-UI46,, April-Hay 1967.  8 refs.


The frequent and consistent symptoms  experienced  by chimney
sweeps cleaning oil-fired furnaces appear to present a new
specific syndrome.  Most of the efforts of industrial
hygienists have been concentrated on  the  pollution  in the  air  and
not much has been done on  the chemistry of soots.   Findings,
hypotheses as well as suggestions for control are presented.
A table is given which compares the symptoms of the workers
such as irritation of the eyes, the upper respiratory  tract, the
mouth, and skin as well as serious deterioration  of their  clothing™
The men also complained of loss of appetite,  nausea, vomiting,
lack of coordination of movements, amnesia,  and headache.  In  the
same table in parallel columns are listed the symptoms of  exposure
to vanadium, sulfur dioxide,  and oxides of nitrogen.   Based on
an examination of the soot involved it was concluded that  the
vanadium was not involved  in  the symptoms of the  chimney sweeps
and that the sulfur content of the fuel was  an important factor.
It is recommended that fuels  low in sulfur be used, that the
optimum combustion conditions be maintained  by keeping the
temperature of the flame down by a high excess of outside  air.
Electrostatic precipitatcrs can cut the emission  of S03  by
50%.  The injection of magnesia in the vicinity of  the flame can
neutralize the S03< The use of industrial-type vacuum  cleaners
offers a method of furnace cleaning without  an occupational
exposure., t#
OT591

Horai,  Z.,   M.  Yokoi0  M., Shibata,  B. Okazaki.  and
H.  Watanaie
AIR POLLUTION IN OSAKA AND ITS CHRONIC EFFECT UPON THE  HUMAN
                          F. Effects - Human Health                    727

-------
BODY.  J., Nara Bed. Assoc., 17 '(5-6) : UQ3-U1U, Nov. 1966.  17
refs.


Eesults are tabulated for suspending and settling dusts  and sulfur
dioxide measurements in the city of Osaka over several years.  A
comparison is given of the number of days of smog occurring in
Tokyo and Osaka.  The chronic effects of air pollution were
studied by examining male and female residents of Osaka  age 60 and
older.  A comparison was made between smokers and nonsmokers of
the following:  occurrence of coughing and expectoration; forced
expiratory volume; and abnormal linear shadows on x—rays.  Also
reported are the results of studies made of lungs from 2600
autopsy cases in Osaka regarding the degree of black-dust
deposition, grouped according to age.##


07598

Bonnevie, P.


ATHOSPHESIC CONTAMINANTS AHD HUMAN HEALTH.  Preprint,
Copenhagen Univ., Denmark, 5p., 1963.   (Presented at the
Inter-Begional Symposium on Criteria for Air Quality and
Methods of Measurement, Geneva, Switzerland, Aug. 6-12,  1963,
Paper No.. KHO/AP/7.)


The  manner in which atmospheric contaminants are harmful to human
health is briefly considered.  When the normal limit of
adaptation is surpassed, some disorder arises and this
disturbance of the balance between man and his environment results
in a  deterioration of the health status.  Therefore, the effects
of man-made air contaminants have to be estimated as harmful or
injurious to health, not only when they provoke signs or symptoms
of illness, but also when they disturb the healthy  balance
between the organism and the atmosphere in contact  with  it..  The
adaptative forces may be overburdened or be overstimulated, the
result being deficient reaction cr too strong a reaction.  Many of
the  respiratory reactions provoked by aerosols may  also  be provoked
by pure air containing different amounts of gaseous ions-  Air
pollution research ought also to comprise the effects of the
ionization of the air on man, his wellbeing and susceptibility to
diseases, in addition to research on other basic physiological
responses to different compositions of air.##

07657

Easton,  Bichard E.  and Sheldon D. Murphy


EXPERIMENTAL OZONE PREEXPOSUBE AND HISTAEINE.  EFFECT ON THE ACUTE
TCXICITY AND PESPIBATOBY FUNCTION EJIEC1S 01 KISTAHINE IN GUINEA
PIGS.  Arch. Environ. Health, 15 (2) : 160-166, Aug. 1967.   22
refs.  (Presented in part at the 5th Annual Meeting, Society of
Toxicology, Hilliamsburg, Va., Harch 8, 1966.)


In a preliminary study the action of various drugs  en the



723               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
respiratory effects of air contaninants in guinea pigs  showed  that
ozone-exposed guinea pigs were more susceptible to the  toxic action
of histamine than animals which had not been exposed to  the gas.
The data presented in this report confirm and extend that
preliminary observation.  Random-bred male guinea pigs  (250 to 400
gm)  were used.  The animals were housed in air-conditioned
laboratories and were fed a standard guinea pig diet supplemented
with greens twice weekly.  For the mortality studies the animals
were individually caged and placed in six cu ft stainless steel
exposure chambers.  Ozone was produced by metering filtered, dried
air or oxygen (for high concentration experiments) through a
dielectric ozone generator.  Histamine dihydrochloride  was
administered subcutaneously in saline  (0.9 percent sodium chloride)
solution.  The histamine concentrations of the solutions were
adjusted so that an injection volume of 0.5 ml/kg contained the
desired dose.  For administration as an aerosol, a 0.5  percent
aqueous solution of histamine dihydrochloride was aerosolized  in a
generator operating under 15 Ib/sg in pressure.  The plethysmograph
-intrapleural catheter technigue of flmdur and Mead was  used for
measuring the effects of ozone and histamine on the pulmonary  flow
resistance  (FR) , lung compliance  (1C) , respiratory f reguency  (f) ,
and tidal volume  (TV) of guinea pigs.  For measurements of lung
water, the lungs were dissected just above the tracheal
bifurcation, trimmed, gently blotted, weighed, and dried at  130 C
plus or minus 5 C for 24 hours, and weighed again.  Analyses of the
histamine content of lungs were performed by the fluorometric
method described by shore et al.  The results are expressed as
micrograms of histamine base per gram of lung.  Increased
susceptibility to histamine was detectable for as long  as  12 hours
after the end of a two-hour exposure to 5 ppm of ozone.  The effect
of injected histamine on the respiratory mechanics of guinea pigs
was greater in ozone—preexposed than in control animals at a time
when residual functional effects of ozone were no longer
detectable.

077U6

Frey, Allan  H.


HODIFICA1ICN OF THE  CONDITIONED EKCTIONAL RESPONSE  BY TREATMENT
HITH  SMALL  NEGATIVE  AIR  IONS.   J- Camp. Physiol. Psychol.,
63(1} :121-125,  1967.,  12 refs.
   CFSTI,   DDC:   AD  6V9133


From  the  hypothesis  that treatment  with small negative  air ions
causes  a  depletion  of brain 5-hydrcxytryptamine, it  is  predicted
that  a  measure of mood  or emotion will  be affected  by  air  ion
treatment.   The conditioned emotional  response  technigue described
by Brady  provided the dependent variable.   Results  cf  2
experiments, the  2nd essentially  a  replication  of  the  1st, are in
accordance  with the  prediction.   The  inhibition  of  response  in the
anima-l  was  reduced  by treatment with  small negative  air ions,  as it
was  with  reserpine.   (Author's  abstract)
 07821T

 Gilgen,  A,.   and  H.  0.  Wanner
                           F.  Effects - Human Health                     729

-------
THE TOXICOLOGICA1 AND HYGIENIC SIGNIFICANCE OF OZONE.  ({Die
toxikologische und hygienische Bedeutung des Ozons.))  Arch-
Hyg. Bakteriol.  (Hanich) , 150 (1-2} : 62-78, 1966.   62refs.


The toxicological and bactericidal properties of  ozone  are
reviewed. The acute toxicity  of ozone  to laboratory  animals is
reported as being diverse and variable from species  to  species.
Chronical exposure results in damage to the respiratory  organs,
i.,e», in bronchitis and lung  emphysema, limitation in  weight
increase of young animals and reduced  urine acidity.   When man is
exposed to t to  5 ppm,  a lung edema develops within  a  few hours.
Lower concentrations primarily affect  respiration by irritation and
cause headaches  and nausea.   In animals, the exposure  to low  ozone
concentrations produces immunity  to subseguently  applied lethal
doses.  Tolerance to ozone has also been brought  about  by germanium
oxide.  Conversely, ozone has been shown to produce  tolerance for
ketene, H202 and N02.   The mode by which ozone becomes  biologically
effective is not yet fully elucidated.  Presumably free  radicals
causing oxidation processes are formed, similar to those produced
by  nuclear radiation.   These  processes, in turn,  set free
adrenalin, noradrenalin and bradykinin.  The strongest  bactericidal
effects of ozone are obtained at  high  relative humidity  and low
temperature. In  practice the  germicidal effect of ozone  can only be
applied to sterilizing  water.  The deodorizing effect  is generally
accepted but reguires concentrations exceeding the maximum
allowable concentrations.,


 0783i»

 Wanner,  H.  U.   and  A.  Gilgen


 INVESTIGATIONS OF  ROOM  OZONIZERS  AND  OF  OZONE  IN  FHEE  AIB  AND
 INDUSTRIAL  FACILITIES.  ((Ontersuchungen  uber  Eaumozonisatoren und
 uber Ozon-Vorkommen  in  der Aussenluft  und  in
 Industriebetrieben.) )   Text in  German.  Arch.  Hyg.  Eakteriol.,
 (Munich),  150(1-25:78-91,  1966.   26  refs.


 Ozone in concentrations above 0.05 ppm causes  headaches, nausea and
 respiratory  discomfort.  Nunerous toxicological  investigations  have
 indicated  that the  maximum allowable concentration  for ozone  should
 be  0.05  ppm.   Twenty-six  references  on the  measurement of  ozone in
 the atmosphere are  reviewed and  the  properties and  the occurrence
 of  ozone are summarized.   Small  amounts  of  ozone  are detected
 chemically by  the amount  of iodine generated in  a solution  of
 potassium iodide.  Ozone  production  by various kinds of industrial
eguipment such as generators, electrofilters  and  film  projectors
 has been found to  produce  concentrations  of  0.0«  to  0.1 ppm.
 Ozonizers can  cause concentrations of  between  0.02  and 0.03  ppm.
 Ozonizers should not  be used  in  rooms  since  no evidence of
 favorable effects can be  found  for concentrations within the  limits
 of  human tolerance.   Furthermore, an increase  in  ozone
concentration  may not be  perceptible and  therefore  health  may be
 negatively affected.  Ozone concentrations  measured  in urban  areas
 are reported for different sites  in  and  around Zurich.  Comparisons
 are made with  reported  ozone  concentrations  from  Los Angeles,
 Alpine resorts and Helsinki.
 730               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
07842

lewis, T. H.,  F. G. Hueter,  and K., A. Busch


IRRADIATED AUTOMOBILE EXHADST.   (ITS EFFECTS ON  THE
REPEODUCTION OF HICI.»   Arch- Environ. Health,  15(1):26-35,
July 1967.  20 refs.


This study attempts to define the relative importance of
pre-exposure of each member of the sexual pair to irradiated auto
exhaust, and exposure of the feirale partner and  her litter,
following removal of the male with regard to conception, fetal
development, fecundity, and infant survival.  There were 150
virgin female mice preconditioned to either filtered air or
irradiated automobile exhaust for 46 days, who were randomly paired
with 150 similarly preconditioned males.  All mice were 12 to 13
weeks of age at the time of mating and  were caged individually
during tie preconditioning period.  Males and females were
paired randomly to form approximately equal numbers of sexual pairs
(18 or 19) in each of eight treatment groups.  The experiment was
repeated with a new population of mice  of the same strain  15 days
after completion of the first investigation.  The adverse effects
of pre-conditioning male mice with irradiated auto exhaust on
conception, implantation of fertilized  ova, fecundity, and infant
survival appear to be induced by a common mechanism.  This is the
first experiment the results of which imply mutational effects  on
mammalian cells by components or subseguent products of
irradiated auto exhaust.  fin effect of  the alteration of one
environmental factor in this investigation, i.e. atmospheres to
which the females were exposed, was evidenced by mild stress on
litter sizes.  Litters born in an atmosphere of  irradiated auto
exhaust showed a marked increase in mortality in both experiments,
but the magnitude differed.##

07847

Coffin, D. L.. ,  E. J. Blcmmer,  D. E. Gardner,   and R.
Holzman


EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ON ALTERATION OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO
PULHONARY INFECTION.   Preprint,  Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control,
((18)Jp.,  ((1967}).  20 refs.


Exposure to ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and artifical auto smog
increases the susceptibility of  mice to experimental infection  by
K. pneumoniae. Streptococcus, and D. pneumoniae.  Minimal
effective concentrations for 2-  to 4-hour exposure are:  3.5 ppm
for N02, 0.08 ppm for 03, and 0., 15 total oxidant for auto  smog..
The effect appears to be augmented by alterations of the
environmental temperature; tolerance to ozone is manifested.
Continuous exposure to 0.5 ppm H02 for  6 months  produced
similar results.  Exposure to the pollutants results in increased
survival time of aerosolized bacteria within the lungs, an effect
also noted from treatment with cold, hypoxia, and alcohol.
Studies of cells washed frcm the  bronchial  trees of rabbits
                          F. Effects - Human Health                    731

-------
exposed to ozone indicate that exposure  is  followed  by  an influx of
polymorphonuclear leukocytes and a  corresponding  diminution of
pulmonary alveolar macrophages.  The latter cells also
exhibited a reduced ability to phagocytize  streptococci when the
organisms were applied in vivo.  (Authors'  abstract)##

07995

s. H., Parry


CHRONIC BRONCHITIS.  A MAJOR HEA1TH PROBLEH.    Nursing
Times, Vol. 61, p., 255-257, Feb. 19,, 1965.,


A review of chronic bronchitis in relation  to causation,
treatment and prevention is presented™   The clinical disease,
assessment of patients with brcnchitis/emphysema, treatment,
air pollution, smoke control areas, smoking and bronchitis,  and
health education are discussed-##

08021

C. J., Kensler,  S,. P., Battista


CHEMICAL ADD PHYSICAL FACTORS AFFECTING  MAMMALIAN CILIAFY
ACTIVITY-   Am,. Rev™ Respirat. Diseases- 93 (3) :93-102,  March
1966,,  18 refs.,  {Presented at the  Symposium on Structure,
Function and Measurement of Respiratory  Cilia,  Duke  Univ.
Medical Center, Durham, N.. C., , Feb. 18-19,  1965..)


In studies on immersed tracheal preparations, optimal ciliary
transport activity was observed when the temperature was
maintained between 36 degrees C and HO degrees  C  and the
pH was between 6.5 and 8.,5.,  Conditions  outside these limits
resulted in significant decreases in transport  rate.  A variety
of neurohormones  ((cholinergic, adrenergic,  serotonin,, et  cetera)
have been found to produce slight increases  (10-15 per  cent)  in
transport rate at low concentrations and decreases at high
concentrations {0..0001 H).,  No clear-cut evidence for
neurohormonal control of mammalian  ciliary  transport activity
has been obtained under experimental conditions in which  possible
effects on volume,, composition, and physical properties
of mucus have been minimized-  A number  of  agents such  as formic
and acetic acids appeared to inhibit ciliary transport
activity only a concenraticns which altered the pH»  so  that
alteration in pH would appear to be the  primary factor  involved
in inhibition.  Ciliary transport activity  has  been  studied on
tracheal preparations frcm rabbit,  dog,  cat, monkey, rat, and
chicken.  With the moist  {air} chamber and  tracer particles
employed, all species exhibited transport rates of greater  than
20 mm per minute and were similar in their  response  to  the
inhibitory effects of cigarette smoke,.   Gas-phase components of
tobacco smoke, such as hydrogen cyanide, formaldehyde,  and
acrolein, but not phenol, appeared  to  be responsible for the bulk
of the inhibitory activity of  the total  smoke.,  The  removal of  the
gas-phase components by activated charcoal  filters markedly reduced
the ciliostatic activity of the total  smoke.  An  examination of
732                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
reversibility of the inhibitory activity of  a  number  of  gas-phase
components of cigarette smoke and air pollutants has  shown  that
inhibition is rapidly reversed on termination  of the  exposure  to
some of these components,, whereas recovery from ethers occurs
less readily or not at all.  The impingement of positively  or
negatively charged air ions  produced by a tritium  of  polonium
210 radioactive source was withont effect on ciliary  transport
activity.  AS#t

08026

HacEwen, James D.  and Robert P. Geckler


COMPARATIVE TOXICITY STUDIES OS ANIMALS EXPOSED CONTINUOUSLY FOB
PERIODS OP TO 90 EAYS TO H02, 03% AND CC14 IN  AMBIENT AIR
VS. 5 PSIA 100* OXYGEN ATMOSPHERE.  In:  Proc,, 2nd Ann.
Conference Atmospheric Contamination in Confined Spaces,
1 and 5 Bay 1966, Aerospace  Medical Research Labs.,
Bright-Patterson AFB, Ohio,  Aerospace Medical  Div,,,
AMRL-TR-66-120. p. 238-257,  Dec. 1966.  6 refs_
   CFS1I, DDC:  AD 6K6512


The data obtained from a 90-day continuous exposure of animals to
the industrial threshold liuit  value  (TLV) of  N02, 03 and
CC1<* are presented.  Animal  exposure facilities of the
Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories were used  for the
90-day continuous experiments.  The atmosphere compositions were
100% oxygen at 260 mm Hg pressure and air at either 820  Jrho 02
1514 mm Hg)" or 7tO mm Hg  (rho 02 = 148 mm Hg) pressure.   The
data are unremarkable except for the deaths  at 720 mm Hg  pressure
in the ozone exposures.  Mice appear somewhat  more
sensitive to ozone than the  other species.   Guinea pigs  also
showed mortality upon exposure  to ozone, which was the only
material to which this species  was exposed.  Note  that most of the
deaths occurred during the first half of the 90-day exposure
suggesting some degree of  adaptation in the  survivors.   The data
are consistent with the hypothesis that the  animals first  respond
to the atmospheric contaainant  and then adapt  to the  changed
environment.  The data do  not,  however, reveal significant
differences between those  animals exposed to contaminants  at
reduced pressure in 100S oxygen and those exposed  at  normal
atmospheric pressure {7HO  mm Hg).  Hith respect to the clinical
data, although the values  of serum enzymes of  exposed animals  were
different from the control values, no adverse  effects on  the
experimental animals were  noted.  It appears clear that  the TLV
for space applications may not  be radically  different frcm
industrial TLV if only the factors of continuous dosage,
reduced pressure, and pure oxygen atmosphere are considered.##

08027

Patrick, R. L.


PATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO PULMONARY  IRRITANTS  AT  AMBIEHT
AIB VS. 5 PSIA 100% OXYGEN ATMOSPHERE FOB PERIODS  DP  TO  90
DAYS..  In:  Proc. 2nd Ann. Conference Atmospheric
Contamination Confined Spaces,  4 and 5 May 1966,
Aerospace Hedical Besearch Labs., Wright-Patterson
                           F. Effects -Human Health                    733

-------
AFB, Ohio, Aerospace Medical Div.,  AKBL-TB-66-120,  p»
260-262, Dec., 1966.
   CFSTI, DDC:  AD646512


A study to compare the toxic effects of contaminants  under
conditions of 5 psia (pounds per  square inch, absolute)  and  100S
oxygen and under normal atmospheric conditions is described.
Mortality and pathologic alterations were evaluated in  monkeys,
rats, and dogs exposed continuously to various concentrations  of
nitrogen dioxide and ozone for  1<4 days,.  Animals were exposed  to
these compounds, sacrificed, and  examined grossly at  the Toxic
Hazards Besearch Dnit.   Tissues were sent to the Laboratory
for Experimental Biology to be  examined microscopically.  All
three species exposed to two concentrations of N02  and  ozone
showed greater mortality at ambient conditions that at  altitude,
Animals dying early showed similar  changes under both conditions.
Survivors of each group showed  similar changes except in isolated
instances.  Alveolar hemorrhage and edema were the  most
prominent changes associated with early death..  It  would seem  that
5 psiz, 100S oxygen offered some  degree of protection against
alveolar hemorrhage and edema.  In  some groups inflammatory
changes were more marked under  altitude conditions; however, this
is thought to reflect the longer  survival of this group. #ff


08051

Gross, Paul,  William E. Binehart,  and Bobert T, P.
deTreville
THE PDLMONABY REACTIONS TO TOXIC GASES.  Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc.
J., 28 (i») :315-321, July-Aug. 1967.  8 refs.  (Presented at the
Annual Meeting, American Industrial Hygiene  Assoc., Chicago,
111.,  May 1-15, 1967,)


The deep pulmonary response to toxic gases depends upon which of
the two components of the alveolar wall is responding, the
capillary or the alveolar membrane.  Injury  to the capillary
results in pulmonary edema or brcnchcpneumonia,  whereas a dose of
irritant injuring substantially only the alveolar membrane causes
the latter to respond with the development of a  multi-layered cell
mass that is supported by argyrophilic fibers.   Because
collagenization of this stroma does not usually  occur, such septal
lesions caused by noxious gases resolve.  The respiratory
bronchiole is the site of predilection of lesions caused by deep
lung irritants because of delayed clearance  in this region.
(Authors"  abstract)##

08100

Gregory, Arthur B.,   Lyman A. Hipperton,  and Bradford Miller


EFFECT OF NEONATAL THYKECTCMY OS THE DEVELOPMENT OF OZONE TOLERANCE
IK MICE.. Am. Ind. Hyg. AESOC. 3. , 28 (3) : 278-282, May-June 1967.  16
refs..   Presented at  the American Industrial  Hygiene Conference,
Houston, Texas, May  3-7, 1967.
734               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Bale white Swiss mice, thymectomized at birth, were unable  to
develop tolerance to ozone when  pre-exposed  to sublethal
concentrations of 0.3 and 5.0 ppm of ozone for one hour.  On the
other hand, tolerance was readily induced in  sham-operated  animals.
Thus the thymus appears to be necessary during maturation for  the
development of tolerance to ozone.  No statistical difference  in
mortality was shown between mice pre-exposed  to  0.1 ppm. of ozone
and those not so pre-exposed, despite  the fact  that  a larger
number of pre-exposed animals survived.
08151

Borisova,  M.  K.


EXPERIMENTAL  DETEBHINATION OF THE LIMIT OF ALLOWABLE CONCENTEATION
CF EICHLOBETHiNE IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. In: Survey of 0.,  S.  S., E.
Literature on Air Pollution and Belated Occupational Diseases
Translated from Russian by E. S. levine. National Bureau  of
Standards, Washington, D. C.., Inst. for Applied Tech., Vol.. 3, p.
110-118, Hay  1960.
   CFSTI:  TT  60-21475


Data were  obtained regarding the intensity and other
characteristics of dichlorethane air pollution by industrial
production and manufacturing plants; parallel with this some
experimental  data were secured regarding the effect of low
dichlorethane concentrations on man. Chlorethan determinations were
made by the raicrocombustion method in a gas analyzer.  The results
obtained for  each plant investigated show that the average
concentration ranged form 3o5 tc 19.t mg/cu m.  The effect of low
concentrations of dichlorethane on man was studied by  the method of
threshold  of  odor perception of dichlorethane by the adaptometer
method and by the methods of plethysmography and spirography.
Twelve test subjects sensed the odor of dichlcrethane  in  23=2 mg/cu
i concentrations, 6 in 17.5 mg/cu m concentration and  one each in
12.2 and 24.9 mg/cu m concentrations.  The results of  experiments
indicate that a 6 mg/cu m concentration was the threshold
concentration of dichlorethane affecting the functional state of
the vision analyzer and of the vascular and respiratory reactions
which  was  below the threshold concentration sensed by  the olfactory
organs in  Russia that the limit cf maximal single concentration of
dichlorethane in atmospheric air should not exceed 4 mg/cu m.


08153

Izmerov, N. F»


HYGIENIC STANDARDIZATION OF THE IIHITS OF ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS
CF VAPCES  OF  GASOLINE IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. In: Survey of U., S. S. R.,
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine. National Bureau  of
Standards, Washington, D..C., Inst. for Applied Tech.,  Vol. 3, p.
126-134, May  1960.
   CFSTI:  TT  60-21475
                          F.  Effects-Human Health                     735

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The physiological effects of low air concentrations  of  gasoline
were studied.  On the basis of the experimental results  it  can be
concluded that the inhalation of gasoline vapors in  100  mg/cu m
concentration under conditions of chronic exposure elicited in
white rats clear cut changes in the higher nervous activity, the
intensity of which increased with the duration of the exposures,
and which disappeared only two weeks after exposure  was
discontinued-  In the case of man the inhalation of  gasoline vapors
in concentration of 217 nig/ cu to for a brief period  of  time
elicited reflex changes in the optical analyzer so far  as
sensitivity to light was ccncerned.  The threshold of gasoline odor
perception was considerably below the concentrations which  elicited
the previously noted changes in the functional state of  the
cerebral cortex; the odor perception threshold concentration was
letween 6.5 - 10-0 mg/cu m. It appears safe to conclude  that the
threshold of olfactory gasoline odor perception is the  most
sensitive index for the determination of limits of allowable
concentrations of gasoline vapors in atmospheric air.   It is
proposed in Russia that a concentration of 5 mg/cu m calculated as
C be adopted as the allowable limit cf a single maximal
concentration of the three grades of Groznensk gasoline
investigated.
08154

Kelekhina, V., P.


KftXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION OF FORMALDEHYDE IN ATMOSPHERIC
JIB. In: Survey of D,. S. Sa B., literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases,,  Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine., National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.. C. „ Inst. for
Applied Tech.,, Vol. 3, p. 135-1*40, May 1960.
   CFSTI:  IT 6C-21t75
The atmospheric air in the vicinity of the chemical  plant  under
investigation was systematically polluted with formaldehyde, the
concentration of which was as high as O.OU mg/cu  m even  at a
distance of 1000 meters from the plant.  Investigations  of
atmospheric air polluted with fcrmaldehyde caused by  auto  traffic
and the exhaust of diesel propelled motor vehicles varied  from 2 to
10 mg/cu m and 49 - 378 mg/cu m formaldehyde respectively..  The
threshold concentration of olfactory sensitivity  to  formaldehyde
for the majority of persons under observation was 0..07 mg/cu m.  A
concentration of 0U05 mg/cu m was non-perceptible to  most  sensitive
persons.  The threshold formaldehyde concentration affecting reflex
reaction as determined by the chronaxy method was 0.08 mg/cu m, and
0=07 mg/cu m was the subliminal concentration.  The  formaldehyde
thresholed concentration of cortical reflex effect obtained by the
adaptometric method rested in most sensitive persons  at  the level
of C.098 mg/cu m.  In studying the influence of small or low
formaldehyde concentrations on man the method of  determining
threshold concentration of odor perception was the most  sensitive,
the result being 0-07 mg/cu m..  Maximum  permissible  single
formaldehyde concentration in atmospheric air should  not exceed
0..035 mg/cu m.
73G               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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08164

Ilotnikova,  PI., B.


ACROLEIN AS  AN ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTANT. In: Survey  of  0.  S.  S.  E»
Literatnre on Air Pollution and Related Occupational  Diseases.
Translated from Russian by E. S. levine. National  Bureau of
Standards, Hashington, D., C., Inst. for Applied Tech-, Vol. 3,  p.
188-19U, Hay 1960.
   CFSTI:   IT 60-21115


Atmospheric  air pollution with acrolein discharged  from  a  drying
oil factory  in Bussia was determined colorimetrically.   It  extended
as far as  100 meters froi the source of pollution  in  concentrations
exceeding  the allowable limit..  Its hygienic effects  in  different
concentrations were studied-  The  threshold of olfactory acrolein
perception for the majority of the test individuals was  at  0..8 mg/
cu m.   The threshold of acrolein effect on the reflex reaction and
on optical chronaxy was at 1.75 mg/cu m, and at  1.5 mg/cu  m in the
case of respiratory rhythm and wave amplitude.  The threshold
effect of  acrolein on the functional state of the  brain  cortex as
indicated  by changes of reflex reaction and determined
adaptometrically was established at 0..6 mg/cu m, which is  below the
threshold  of acrolein odor perception.  Tests indicated  that o.3  mg/
cu B of acrolein can be taken as the limit of allowable  maximal
single concentration-

08231*
DISCUSSION ON BESPIKATOHY DISEASE AND  POLLUTANT  EXPOSURES.
II,,  LABORATORY RELATIONSHIPS.   Arch. Environ.,  Health,
Vol. 8, p. 1U7-152, Jan. 196U-


A discussion on the laboratory relationships  of  respiratory
disease and pollutant exposures is presented.  Latex
agglutination text in N02 exposed animals,  relationship  between
skin sensitivity and sensitivity of the bronchial  mucosa,  and
mechanism of action in chronic lung disease are  discussed.##

C8238
DISCUSSION ON SESPIEATOEY DISEASE  ANE  POLLUTANT  EXPOSURES..  I.
LABORATORY RELATIONSHIPS. Arch. Environ.  Health,  Vol.  8,  p»  129-
131, Jan. 196«.


A discussion on the laboratory  relationships  of  respiratory disease
and pollutant exposures is presented.   The  fate  of the reatsorbed
carbon in these animals exposed to inhalation of  carbon alone,
effects on circulation of exposure to  N02 plus carbon, differen-
ces in circulation with different  sized carbon particles,  mechanism
material and the possibility  of using  carbons from different
sources are discussed.
                           F. Effects - Human Health                     737

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0821*3

Kotin, Paul,  and Hans 1= Falk


POLLUTED DBBAN SIR AND BUSTED ENVIRONMENTAL  FACTORS  IN  THE
PATHOGINESIS OF PULMONARY CANCIB,.  Diseases Chest.,,
1(5(3} : 236-216, March 19611.,  21 rets-   (Presented  at the  29th
Annual Meeting, American College of Chest  Physicians,
Atlantic City. June 13-17, 1963.,}


Data from several spheres of laboratory  investigation  lend
support to the belief that the epidemiologic  association between
urban residence and lung cancer is of  pathogenetic significance™
Admittedly, the identification of carcinogenic  agents  in pollutant
sources and in the atmosphere does not inevitably connote an
adverse biologic effect-  Nevertheless,  the findings  of  the
present investigation unite to form a constellation that strongly
implicates the atmosphere as one dominant  factor  in the
pathogenesis of lung cancer.  The data are accorded additional
significance by virtue of their congruity  with  the epidemiologic
pattern of lung cancer.  Epidemiolcgically, a reduction
in lung cancer incidence may be properly anticipated  as  a result
of reducing or eliminating the concentration  of any of the
environmental factors discussed.,  However, predictions as to  the
extent of reduction when but one of the  factors is eliminated are
meaningless in light of the multiplicity of factors described-  It
is wholly unwarrented to anticipate a guantitative reduction  in
lung cancer rates equal in number to the percentage showing a
statistical association with any environmental  source or specific
carcinogenic agent.  While atmospheric pollution  is advanced  as
but one potential source of agents carcinogenic to the lung,  proper
evaluation of its contribution to the pathogenesis of lung  cancer
will be possible only in terms of its relation  to the action  of
ether significant environmental sources.   ASM##

08276

CU C,, Deleanu
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY OF AIB IONIZATIOS  AS  AN  ENVIHONMENT&L
FACTOR AND ITS EFFECT ON THE BODY.,    ((Beitrage  zum Studium  der
Luftionisation als Umweltfalctor und ihrer Wirkung auf  den
Organismuso))  Text in German.  Z., Ges. Hyg..  Ihre
Grenzgebiete (Berlin), 12(5) :3
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open  air,  while the reverse was true of  inhabited  rooms  with
closed or  open windows.  The small ion density  of  inhabited  rooms
with  cross-ventialation is equal to that of  open air-   As a
measure of the effect of small ion concentration on  the  train,
liver, and kidney of chick embryos, the  alkaline phosphatase  and
glycogen of these organs were determined.   Moderate  densities
of small ions caused an increase, due to irritation  of  embryonic
processes, while stronger icnic concentrations  markedly  decreased
the amount of these substances in the organs, indicating serious
ailments in the developing embryo.  Feeding  0.3 gins,  of
cholesterol per kg, bodyweight per day to  rabbits  induced a
spontaneous decrease in mobility.  This  effect  was compensated
by air ion therapy™  These and ether data  in the literature
indicate that the effects of air ions on the organism involve the
nervous system.  However some effects cannot be explained by  this
influence  and it is postulated that air  ions can influence
different  receptors and structures of the  organism. ##

08320

Shiota, K.  A, Hamada,  Y. Maeda,  Y. Oka,   M.  Emura,
K. Hitani,  M. Matsuda,  T. Inoue,  M. Sawai,   S.
Kawamura,   and n. Okubo
STUDIES ON CHHONIC BRONCHITIS IN OSAKA.   Text  in  Japanese.
Nippon Naika Gakkai Zasshi  (Tokyo),  55 (<*) :283-289,  July  10,
1966.   20 refs.
A group of 68 cases {aged H5-65;F. E. V.. 1 less  than  70%;  and
vith no serious complicating illness)  was selected from  218
respiratory clinic patients.  The results were  compared  with  those
compiled by Fletcher and Burrow  in  London and Chicago.   The
Osaka patients included more professionals, and  smoked  more
cigarettes per day.  The severity and  duration  of  respiratory
symptoms,  such as cough, sputum  and subjective  dyspnea  were  less
severe and shorter in the Japanese  patients.  Climatic  influence
on respiratory symptoms was observed in the Osaka  group  during
winter, and especially during days  of  smog  (worst  days,  from
October to March).  Disabling due to acute  pulmonary  diseases
was significantly different from that  found in  London;  absenteeism
was very rare.  Other differences (ventilatory  function)  and
similarities  (in chest X-ray changes)  between the  two studies are
discussed.f #
08334

Campbell, Kirby I.,  George I. Clarke,  L.  Otis  Zmik,   and
Boger L. Plata


THI ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINANT PEROXYACITYL  NITRATE.   ACUTE
INHALATION TOXICITY IN MICE.   Arch,,  Environ.  Health,  Vol.
15, p.  739-7«(t, Dec. 1967,  19 refs..


Acute lethal toxicity of peroxyacetyl nitrate  (PAN)  expressed as
median lethal concentration, or  LC50,  was  estimated at 106 ppm.
                          F. Effects -Human Health                     739

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Hale A-strain mice were exposed for 2 hours and  mortality  was
observed for 28 days.  The potency of PAN is  apparently  much
greater than that of sulfur dioxide, similar  to  that  of  nitrogen
dioxide, and less than that of ozone.  Median  lethal  exposures
characteristically produced a delayed mortality  pattern, most
deaths occurring in the second and third week  following
exposure.  lethal toxicity was greater in older  mice  than  in
young mice, and at higher than at lower temperatures, but  was not
influenced appreciably by relative humidity.   (Authors'  summary,
modified) ##

08403

Hamming, Walter J.  and Robert D. HacPhee


RELATIONSHIP OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN AUTO EXHADST  TO  EYE
IRRITATION—FURTHER RESULTS OF CHAMBER STUDIES.   Atmos.,
Environ.,, 1 (5) : 577-584, Sept- 1967   10 refs.


Two 1100 cu ft environmental chambers were utilized for
irradiation of low concentrations of auto exhaust under  static
conditions.  The chambers were constructed of  glass panels  with
aluroinum frames-  Artificial lights were used.   Eye irritation
was determined by human panels at various times  during the
irradiations.  Two irritation maxima occurred  during  a static
test.  The first peak has not teen correlated  with  any functions
of the reactants or products..  However, the second  eye irritation
peak is shown in this paper to be related to  several  entities,
among which is the NOx defect.  (Authors' abstract)##

C8415

Lawther, P. J.


AIR POLLUTION, BRONCHITIS AND LONG CANCER.    Postgrad. Med.
J.  JLondon) , Vol.. i»2, p.. 703-708, Nov. 1566.   13 refs.


The emission of pollutants at levels close to  the ground and
during adverse meteorological conditions, such as temperature
inversion, contribute to low altitude air pollution,,  Particulate
matter in the air can be measured by optical  and electron
microscopy..  An electron' micrograph of common  solid pollutants  and
a table showing the average and maximum winter concentrations of
common gaseous pollutants in central London during  1954-1964 are
provided.  The results of various field and laboratory tests
indicate that irritants in smoke, rather than  S02,  were  the
causative agents for the exacerbation of existing chest  diseases.
While simple bronchitis may be caused by cigarette  smoking,
chronic  bronchitis is related to urban factors.   Tests further
support  the theory that the rise in the incidence of  lung  cancer
is correlated with the incidence of cigarette  smoking rather than
with the level of polycyclic hydrocarbons in  coal tar, coal smoke,
and soot.  Urban factors are also involved in  the genesis  of lung
cancer.  As a remedial measure it appears reasonable  to  recommend
that fuel be turned centrally, and  that the effluents be dispersed
from tall stacks™**
740              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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08123

Gross,  Paul,   Robert T. P. deTreville,  Mary A.  Eabyak,
Marianne Kaschak,  and Ethel B. Tclker


EXPERIMENTS!  EMPHYSEMA.  EFFECT 01 CHRONIC  NITROGEN  DIOXIDE
EXPOSURE AND  PiPAIN ON NORMAL AND PNEUMOCONIOTIC  LONGS..    Arch.
Environ. Health, 16{1):51-58, Jan. 1968.  7 refs.


The extent to which pneumoconiosis may  determine  or  affect the
development of emphysema in snail animals was  investigated.
Quartz, coal, and blast furnace dusts were  injected
intratracheally into hamsters, guinea pigs, and  rats.   One group
of animals was pastured for two weeks and another group for  10
weeks.   Animals from the latter group were  injected
intratracheally with papain.  Both groups were then  exposed  for
one year 
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equivalent to N02 gas.  The use of  NaN02 was  decided  upon  to
facilitate the introduction of N02  to the cells.   Cell  types  could
be recognized for 5 days or more in electron  microscopic
preparations.  After 1 day of exposure to 40  ppm  N02, swelling  and
tlebbing of the surface of the epithelial cells was seen;  none  was
found in the control.  More extensive involvement was apparent
after 1-day exposure to 100 ppm, and after  3  days of exposure to40
ppm N02.  The beating rate of myocardial cells was found to be  an
objective and convenient endpoint for testing the characteristics
of the exposure system.  A ccirparison of the  response of cells  in
the gas phase with that of elements in the  fluid  phase  within the
same chamber suggested that this system can serve as  a  model  for
evaluating the effect of an increasing diffusion  barrier.

08461

Il'nitskaya, A. V.


PROBLEMS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE AND HEALTH MEASURES  IN PLASMA
SPRAY-COATING OF METALS.   ((Voprosy gigieny truda i
ozdorovitelnye meropriyatiya pri plazmennom napylenii metallov.,))
Text in Russian-  Gigiena Truda i Prof. Zabolevaniya
(Moscow). 10(7):21-27, July 1966.   7 refs.


Plasma spray coating of metals is accompanied by  health hazards,
such as high-frequency noise, the presence  of aerosols,  nitrous
oxide, and ozone, as well as the ionization of air and  ultraviolet
radiation..  The aerodynamic noise levels nay  attain 128-130 db.
A special polyclinical and physiological examination  of workers
showed disturbed vascular tone with a tendency towards  hypotension,
slowed-down pulse and abnormal cardiac rhythm, as well  as  an
increased threshold of auditory sensitivity by the end  of  the work
day.  Workers with a service record cf 2-5  years  exhibited
impaired hearing with distorted perception  of high-pitched tones.
Recommendations are made for reducing the health  hazards of
operators.   (Author's summary, modified)##


08499

Gualtierotti, Rn,   and G. Ghini


ION AEROTHERAPY MODIFIES PULMONARY EDEMA RESULTING FROM OZONE.
((L"aeroionoterapia modifica 1'edema polmonare da  ozono.))   Text
in Italian.   Arch.  Med.  Interna (Anselmi) ,  18(2):66-71,
Rarch-April 1966.   11 rets-


Results are compared for two groups of male white  rats  which were
subjected to ozone intoxication.   For 20 days before poisoning
with ozone,  one group was subjected for one hour  daily  to  a stream
of negative ions (measured by a galvanometer  at a  distance of 20
cm., 2 x 10 (to the 10th power) ions/sec.).    Subsequent  to
exposure to ozone for 45 min., using a bell jar,  two animals from
each group were decapitated and examined.   The relationship
between the dry and wet weight cf the lungs of each animal was
analyzed.  It was concluded that the negatively ionized  air
742               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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significantly reduced the edematous infiltration  into  the  lungs
caused by inhaling ozone*  The negative ions  uere shown  to
stimulate the endocrine system and improve  the  general
metabolism of the organism, probably  as a result  of  enhanced
utilization of oxygen at the cellular level.**
08511

Anderson,, Donald 0,
THE EFFECTS OF AIR CONTAMINATION ON  HEALTH:  A  BEVIES).   PAFT II.
Can., Med.. Assoc. J. .(Toronto) , Vol.  97,  p.  585-593,,  Sept.,  9,
1967., 103 refs.
The literature on the health effects of specific  pollutants is
reviewed. Included are studies en  dustfall,  sulfur  dioxide,
oxidizing pollution  [as a mixture,  or  when  broken into  these
components:  carbon  monoxide, cxides of nitrogen, ozone,  and
peroxyacetyl nitrate}, polycyclic  hydrocarbons, industrial sources
of community air pollution  {especially arsenic, beryllium, and
asbestos) , and several other pcllutantSo  The  effects of  low levels
of common air pollutants, classified as particulate matter,
irritants, oxidants,, and systemic  poisons,  are not  known  precisely.
According to one study, high and significant correlations were
obtained between lung cancer 'mortality in men,, and  levels of
beryllium, arsenic,  zinc,, molybdenum,  vanadium, cobalt,  manganese,
lead, and titanium..  No correlation was observed  for nickel and
antimony.  In terms  of magnitude of the effect, the hazard of long-
term exposure to levels of  urban pollution  is  much  less  than that
of personal air pollution by cigarette smoking-   The biological
effect, however, is  similar to that of smoking, and is  documented
in excess mortality, respiratory conditions, and  possibly also in
respiratory cancer.  The most important constituent currently
measured in the air  is dust.,
08570

Boren, Hollis G.


PATHOBIOLOGY OF AIB POLLUTANTS.,  Environ,. Res.  1(2):178-197  Oct
1967.  100 refs.,


Results of inhalation exposures of  guinea pigs  to  carbon  followed
by N02, or to N02 followed by carbon, are presented  to  exemplify
both specific and general problems  inherent  in  using animal  systems
to determine injurious effects of environmental agents,,   Inhalation
of carbon alone is followed by a macrophage  response.   Subsequent
exposure to N02 results in lung destruction.  Inhalation  of  N02
followed by carbon gives a macrophage response  of  lesser  degree..
These findings are interpreted to mean  that  the sequence  of
exposure may determine a given response.  The limitations of this
study indicate the necessity of using approaches which  control  or
measure multiple biologic factors operative  at  different  levels of
organization of diverse animal systems.   (Authorts abstract}
                          F. Effects -Human Health                    743

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08646

Lloyd, D., H.


A NOTE OK FACTOFY PEOCESS SMI IS AND TOXIC  HAZARDS.,  Sheet Metal
Ind., '(London), <*iHi»81) : 311-31 8, May  1967..


Developments in Bianufacturing process mean  the  continual
introduction of new chemicals, many  of  which  have  a  characteristic
and often powerful odour.  This article  discusses  the  effects  of
some of the toxic and odoriferous  materials on  the human body8
their detection and the importance of adequate  safeguards.

08668

Pryor,  William H., Jr.,  Harold 1. Bitter, and  Eaymond  J.  Eertler


THE EFFECT 01 NITKOGEN DIOXIDE-NITECGEN  TETBOXIBI  OH OXYHEMOGLOBIN
DISSOCIATION. School of Aerospace Hedicine, Brooks AFE,  Tex.,
Aerospace Medical Div., Task 630207, SAM-TE-67-33, p.  1-5,  April
1967.  6 refs.
   CFSTI:  AD 655595


Twelve dogs were exposed to 180 parts per million  nitrogen  diox-
ide-nitrogen tetroxide until death occurred.  Oxyhemoglobin
disscoiation curves were plotted on each subejct before  and after
exposure.  Percent saturation was thus  used as  a measure of ability
to transport oxygen.  It was determined  that  N02/N20U  exposure
reduced the oxygen-carrying capacity of  hemoglobin by  10 percent to
15 percent throughout the physiologic range.  There  was  a rise in
methemoglcbin concentration that was not  sufficient to  account for
the shift in the oxyhemcglobin dissociation curve, despite  its
being statistically significant.  Although chronic exposures were
not a part of this study, it i= suggested that  a similar reduction
in hemoglobin function could result from long-term inhalation  of
air polluted with these gases.  (Authors* abstract)

08801

Hogger, Dieter


EFFECTS OF THE MOTOB VEHICII 1XBAUST GASES ON HUMANS,  ANIMALS
AND PLANTS.   ((Auswirkungen der Motorfahrzeugabgase auf
Benschen, Tiere und Pflanzen.))   Text in German.   Z.
Praeventivmed., Vol. 11, p,, 161-178, March-April,  1966.,  20
refs,,


The various toxic components in automobile exhaust gases are
reviewed.  To determine the amount of carbon  monoxide  inhaled  by
the population, the carbon monoxide  hemoglobin  content  of 331
policemen and 597 automobile drivers was determined  during  a test
for alcohol.  The nonsmoking policemen  did not  exceed  the 55!
limit,  but 255S of smoking policeuen  and  10% of  the drivers  did.
The amount of lead in the street, in windowsill dust,  and in the
744               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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street air was well as in the blood of office workers,  metal  work-
ers and garage workers was determined in Zurich between  1948-1963.,
Hhile the amount of lead in the dust of the street, air,  and  win-
dow sills increased significantly by 1955, the amount found in  the
blood increased only slightly-  Soot is considered  deleterious  as
a carrier of other water soluble toxic substances into  the lungs.
The hygienic limit of 0-5 cc./cu m for oxides of nitrogen is  only
seldom exceeded.  Sulfur dioxide emissions are negligible.
Hydrocarbons and polycyclic hydrocarbon emissions from  motor
vehicles contribute only a few percent to the rise  in lung cancer..
The paraffin and olefin hydrocarbons are nontoxic to humans,
animals and plants, while ethylene is highly toxic  to plants.
Hhile in Europe oxidants do not contribute significantly  tc air
pollution, compounds such as ozone and peroxyacylnitrite
contribute to air pollution in tropic and subtropic climates  with a
high concentration of motor vehicle traffic, particularly under
adverse meteorological conditions.  The psychological problems
caused by air pollution are discussed and it is concluded that
the psychological effects cannot be dismissed lightly.##

08812

nuller, T. H.


AIR POILUTICN PBOM AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUSTS.  OBSEBVATIONS IN  BASEL.
 ((Die Verunreinigung der Atmosphere durch die Abgase der
Motorfahrzeuge. Beobachtungen in Basel.))  Text in  German Z.
Praeventivmed. , 11 (2) :157-160, March-April, 1966.,   5 refs..


CO level was sampled in air taken from 8 areas of dense  traffic
during the period 1961-1961.  Levels found ranged from  0  to 45
p.p.m., with occasional peaks to 90 p.p.m.  These levels  were
about the same each year, in contrast to the sharp  increase in  the
number of automobiles during that period.  No conclusions are
drawn from this observation, but the ambient air concentration  of
other exhaust gas components is pointed out as also significant-
Averages are given for ammonia, S02,, N02, and aldehyde.   In
order to clarify the possibility of eventual harm from  lead
additives in gasoline, urine samples from all traffic policemen
were examined in 1965.  There was no evidence of lead
accumulation in any of the samples. #
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However, the need was apparent  for a specific ion  generator  with  a
vastly reduced gas flowrate.  Such a device  was  designed,
fabricated and tested for gas flowrates as low as  5  cc  per  rain  and
appears to have wide experimental applicability.   Ion pairs  are
formed in a pure gas within a tritium-lined  duct where  ion
separation is effected by the applied bias voltage-  Unipolar ions
are projected from the generator by the bias voltage and the
moving air stream.  A peripheral air supply  acts as  a carrier
stream in addition to diluting  the selected  gas  to normal levels.
The instrument is capable of high unipolar ion production or the
production of experimental atmospheres where both  types of gaseous
ions are present.  A plexiglass exposure apparatus was  developed.
This equipment was designed to  house small animals in experimental
atmospheres modified only by the addition of selected gaseous
ions to the slowly-moving and unobstructed air stream.  A research
summary includes:  a. Study of  the effects of gaseous ions on
higher animals.  b. Study of the effects of  gaseous  ions
on the infectious process™  c.  Studies of the effects of air ions
on protozoa.  d. Studies of the effects of air ions  on  higher
plants,.  e. Studies of the effects of air ions on  insects. ##

C8897

Felmeister, Alvin,  Mohammad Amanat,  and N. D.  Weiner


INTEKACTION OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE — CLEFIN GAS  MIXTURES WITH LECITHIN
MCNCMOIECULAR FILMSo   Environ. Sci. Technol. , 2(1):HO-«3,
Jan., 1968.  15 refsu


The interaction of nitrogen dioxide-olefin gas atmosphere with
saturated lecithin nonomolecular films were  investigated using
surface pressure measurements.  Films of dipalmitoyl lecithin, a
saturated phospholipide,, showed no interaction with  any of the test
atmospheres used.  Films of egg lecithin, an unsaturated
phospholipide, showed significant changes in the   urface pressure
surface area curves in the presence of all atmosphere containing
nitrogen dioxide.  The ctserved effects appear to  be the result of
a chemical interaction of N02 with the double bonds  of  the egg
lecithin rather than a simple physical penetration of the film.
Biological implications are discussed.  (Authors'  abstract.)

08965

Veninga, Ijeerd Simon


TOXICITY OF OZONE IN COMPARISON «ITH IONIZING RADIATION.
Strahlentherapie (Munich}, 13«(3) : 469-177, Nov.  1967.   H1 refs.,


Exposure of living organisms to relatively low concentrations of
ozone can lead to detrimental effects,  C black  mice were
treated with 0.2 p. p. m. of ozone, for 7 hrs./d., 5 d./wk,. during
gestation and then for the first 3 weeks of  life.   Unlimited
incisor growth rose from 0.9 percent in untreated  newborn mice to
5.4% in the treated mice; neonatal death increased from 9 percent
to 34 percent.  Tabulated results show that  frogs  treated with
0.8 p.p.m. of ozone evince an increase in urine  serotonin level.
746                PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Rabbits exposed to 0.2 p.p.m. of ozone  for  60  min.  showed  a  slight
but significant drop in total blood  serotonin  immediately  after
termination of the ozone treatment.   This drop must originate  from
a loss of plateletbound aniine,  since  no  alteration  in  free
circulating plasma serotonin could be detected.   Control rabbits
demonstrated no significant modification of blood serotonin  values.
Ozone is considered radicmimetric, but  O2one levels as low as  0.05
p. p.m.,, which is very close to  observed  natural values,  with
exposure to sublethal doses of  X-rays one hr.  later, lead  to
additive mortality rates in aale mice.##

08997

Porter, J. K.,  S. Valdes,  G.  H. Schepers,
Joaquin del Valle,  and Gustavo Viniegra


RESPIRATORY AILMENTS FSCH AIR POLLUTION.  II.   ANSWER  TO PROLONGED
EXPOSURE, CLINICAL PICTURE.    ( (Enfermedades respiratorias for
ccntaminacion del aire.  II.  Bespuesta  a la contaminacion pro-
Icngada, cuadros clinicos.))  Text in Spanish.   Neumol.  Cir.
Torax  (Mexico), 28 (6) : 395-U03,  Nov.-Dec. 1967.


Factors relevant to the medical effects  of  prolonged exposure  to
air pollution are discussed, followed by a  summary  of  the  clinical
symptoms which result from such exposure.   Individual  suscepti-
bility, the influence of previous exposures, smoking habits, aller-
gic sensitization, and concommittant  illnesses (bronchitis,  empny-
sema,  cancer)  are mentioned.  Air pollution crises  which have
occurred in the Meuse Valley, Eonora, London,  Yokohama,  New
Orleans, and Poza Rica are cited.  Industrial  smoke and  motor
vehicle exhausts are important  agents in the production  of respira-
tory diseases.  If atmospheric  pollution continues  at  its  present
rate of increase, human life will be  impossible by  the year  2000.#*


09024

Tried, Josef  and Dorothy E. Schumm


ONE ELECTRON TRANSFER OXIDATION OF 7 , 1 2-DIHETHYLBENZ ( A) ANTHRACENE,
A MODEI FOR THE METABOLIC ACTIVATION  OF  CARCINOGENIC HYDROCAR-
BONS.  J. Am.  Chem. Soc. , 89<21):5508-5509,  Oct..  11, 1967.
 ((15)) refs.


In the study of carcinogenicity of polycyclic  aromatic
hydrocarbons,  there is a basic  question  of  whether  it  is the
hydrocarbon itself of some metabolite produced  in vivo that  is
the primary trigger for biological activity.   A chemical model
system is described which is converting  the potent
7,12-dimethylbenz(a}anthracene  (CUBA) into  biologically  more
active products.  The action of one  electron transfer  agents,
manganese dioxide, ferricyanide and  Ce(IV)   on  DHBA  was
investigated.   Fractionation of the  manganese  dioxide  products
yielded in addition to DMBA, five compounds, which  were
identified with several procedures.   The biological activity of
each was investigated using an  E. coli  bacteria phage  assay.##
                          F. Effects - Human Health                     747

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09060

ludwig, John H.


SOHE RAMIFICATIONS OF AIE CONTAMINATION.   Public Health
Sept. (U.So), 75(5) : 113-1(19, May 1960.  t refs.   (Presented  at
the 47th National Safety Congress and Exposition, Chicago,
111., Oct. 20, 1959.,)


The ramifications of air pclluticn are discussed in  terms of
health effects, urbanization, and economic losses.   Particulates,
benzo(a)pyrene, sulfur oxides and photochemically reactive species
are discussed.t#
09061

Jaffe, Louis S.


PHOTOCHEMICAL AIR POLLUTANTS AND THEIS EFFECTS ON  MEN  AND
ANIMALS.  II. ADVERSE EFFECTS.  Arch. Environ. Health,
Vol. 16, p. 211-255, Feh= 1968.  91 refs.


The literature related to recent findings on  the adverse effects
of photochemical smog on man and animals is reviewed.  Pecent
studies on the effects of ozone and peroxyacyl nitrate  (PAN)
compounds, based on short-term and prolonged  laboratory exposures
to these individual oxidants are also presented.   An understanding
of the effects of these individual agents on  man and animals in
concentrations such as those found in community atmospheres
contributes substantially to our knowledge of the  effects  of the
ambient photochemical total oxidant mixture.##
09232

Eogala, H.  and Malinowski, E.


A CASE OF NITROGEN OXIDE POISONING.   ((Przypadek  zatrucia  tlen-
kami azotu.J)  Text in Polish. Polish  Tygod. Lekar.
Biadomosci Lekar. 23(1): 18-19, Jan.  1968.  9  refs.


NC2 poisoning in a 3
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09239

Pavlik,  I.


THE FATE OF LIGHT AIH IONS IN THE BESPIEATOBY  PATHWAYS.
Intern.  J.  Bioclimatol. Bionetecrol.  (Leiden),  11 (2) : 175-185,
July 1967.   10 refs.


Based upon  the assumption that the  muccsa of the respiratory  tract
are conductive surfaces with no electrical  potential,  equations  are
derived  by  which it is shown that light air ions  (electrical
mobility 2.0 sq. cm./v. sec.) will  he  deposited  in  the
respiratory tract, being completely deposited  between  the
intraseqmental bronchi and the bronchioles.  The ions,  according
to the calculated results, will be  deposited in  great  numbers  in
the nasal passages.  Thus, all theories deriving the
physiological action of air  ions from  their penetration into
alveoli  are not valid for light ions.  Further study  of the
bioelectric potential of the mucosa in the  upper respiratory
tract, however, indicated that there is an  electrical  gradient,
falling  generally in the forward-backward direction.   The  highest
negative potential was found regularly on the  upper surface  cf the
tongue,  and the lowest negative potential,  on  the tonsils,  the
tack walls  of the pharynx, and the  soft palate.  The  ability  of
this electric field to control the  density  of  microbial flora  on
the mucosa  was experimentally established in 15  cases.   This
natural  electrostatic filter collects  light ions upon  the  tongue,
and especially during mouth  breathing.  Art  increase in the  ion
retention rate in the isthmus faucium, however,  although quite high
in comparison with the condition present in the  theoretical  absence
of any electric field, does  not radically change the  deposition
pattern  in  the rest of the respiratory tract.*#
09211

Peacock, P. E.  and J. E. Spence


INCIDENCE OF LUNG IDMOUBS IN IX MICE EXPOSED  TO  (1)  J"SEE
RADICALS;  (2) SO2.   Brit. J. Cancer  (London),
21 (3) : 606-618, Sept. 1967.  4 refs.


Three groups of LX mice cf both sexes  were  examined  for  primary
lung tumors and other lesions:  80  untreated  controls, 60
exposed to inhalation of free radicals; and 65 exposed to
inhalation of 500 p.p.m. S02 for 5  min. five  days  a  week.   No
lung tumors were observed in mice below 300 days of  age, so cnly
those surviving this age are considered in  assessing the
tabulated results.  The incidence of primary  lung  tumors in both
sexes exposed to S02 was almost doubled, compared  with the
controls; carcinoma of the lung in  females  was observed  cnly in
those mice exposed to S02.  There was  a slight increase  in  lung
tumors in both sexes exposed to free radicals.   The  incidence  of
hepatoma and lymphomatosis, the next most frequent tumors in the
controls, was unaffected by the exposures to  radicals or
S02.  There was an association between persistent  lymphatic
                          F. Effects - Human Health                    749

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engorgement and alveolar hyperplasia and the  development  of
progressive neoplasia, papillary adenoma and  carcinoma  in all
groups.  Repeated exposure to S02 apparently  accelerates  the
unexplained sequence of events which leads  to the  spontaneous
growth of lung tumors in this strain.   (Authors' summary, modified
)##

09242

Pruller, P.,  and J. Eeinet


LONG-TERM INVESTIGATIONS 01 ATMOSPHERIC IONI2ATION  IN TABTU,
ESTONIAN SSR.  Intern. J. Bioclimatol. Biometeorol.  (Leiden)
10  (2): 127-133, Nov. 1966.  13 ref s.


Density of positive and negative aerial ions  was measured during
1951-1963, and correlated with meteorological measurements and the
incidence of deaths and cardiovascular disease for  1960-1963.
There is a seasonal variation, with a maximum density of  small
ions (ionic mobility greater than 0.1 sq. cm./v. sec.)  from
January to Barch and a minimum density from May to  July;  the
density of large ions (ionic mobility less  than 0.1  but greater
than 0.00025 sg cm./v. sec.)  varied inversely, with  a maximum from
May to July-  Diurnal variation of the small  ions  was evident,
with the small ions was evident, with the highest  freguency after
midnight and the lowest freguency at 7:00 A.M.  The  average
density of small ions at 1:00 P.M. any day  in the  year  was at a
peak when the duration of sunshine was at least 60  percent of the
possible daily sunshine.   Natural aerial ion  density is lew
compared with that cf artificially icnized  air or  electro-aerosols.
General mortality and incidence of cardiovascular  diseases
(angina pectoris, myocardial infarcts, thromboses  and embolisms)
are correlated with a low density of small  ions and  during the
winter months.  During a steep rise or fall of barometric
pressure (64 times in 1960-1962), cardiovascular crises,  angina
pectoris and myocardial infarcts occurred more freguently than
expected, with an excess of deaths.##

09244

Nasr, Ahmed N. M.


BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF OZONE INTOXICATION:  A  REVIEW.   J.
Occupational Bed., 9 (12) :589-597, Dec.  1967.  47 refs.


The physical and chemical properties of ozone, the effects of
ether cxidants with effects similar to those  of czone,  and
other characteristics of the action of ozone  upon  man and
experimental animals are reviewed.  Ozone is  a highly reactive gas
and when breathed, is unlikely tc reach far beyond  its  port of
entry.   The main effect of ozone is thus on the respiratory tract,
but other manifestations (drowsiness and headache)  are  probably
secondary to its asphyxiant action.  Mice exposed  to 1  p.p.m.
ozone exhibit depressed lung histamine for  25 days;  ozone
exposure also depresses glutathicne content of the  lungs, which
can be prevented by inhalation of oil mist  prior to  exposure.
750               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Animals also exhibit premature aging when exposed  to  ozone.
The mechanism of action at the cellular and  subcellular  levels,
while not clear, could be to interfere with  the  function of
electron-transfer systems in biological oxidation,  and  with  enzymes
which require for their activity chemical groups that  are
readily oxidizable.  High pressure  oxygen may  have  a  similar mode
of action.   Hydrogen peroxide is found, at levels  of  a  few  p.p.n.,
to enhance the toxicity of nonlethal levels  of ozone  or  SC2.
N02 studies in animals and in vitro are mentioned,  as  are studies
with peroxyacetyl nitrate  (PAN).  Vitamin C  may  play  a
protective role against the oxidizing effects  of ozone  or PAH,
but the mechanism is unknown.  Ozone has a radioimetric  effect,  as
shown in studies with root tips and finger epidermis.
Intermittent exercise, youth, alcohol, and respiratory  infection
are mentioned as augmenting the effects of ozone exposure.   Prior
intermittent exposure to ozone does not appear to  protect animals
against the chronic effects of bronchitis ar.d  bronchiolitis  that
follow continued exposure to ozone, although drugs  (promethazine
and aspirin)  or thyroidectomy appear to enhance  survival of
animals exposed to lethal levels of ozone or ozone  and  N02.**

C9368

Thomas, Heriberto V,,  Peter K. Hueller,,  and  Bichard L.
lyman


LIPOPEBOXIDiTION OF LONG LIPIES IN FATS EXPOSED TO  NITROGEN
DIOXIDE.  Science, 159 (3810):532-531, Feb. 2,  1968.  7  refs.


Absorption spectra characteristic of diene conjugation  and
typical for peroxidized polyenoic fatty acids  can be induced  in  rat
lung lipids after the rats have teen exposed to a scant  amount of
nitrogen dioxide (1 part per Billion)  for 4 hours.  The
peroxidative changes do not occur immediately  but appear to  reach a
maximum between 24 and 48 hours after exposure.  The  peroxidant
effect of this atmospheric pollutant in rat lung lipids  may  be
partially prevented by prior treatment of the  animal  with large
doses of alpha-tocopherol.   (Authors" abstract)##

09412

Banier, W.,  Gerald,  David L. Kelble, James P. Newby, and  M. Sanchez.


EXPEBIMENTAL FMPHYSEMA.  Ann.  Thorac,, Surg., 3 (6)  : 539-548 , June
1967.,  40 refs.  (Presented at the 3rd Annual  Meeting,  Society of
Thoracic Surgeons,  Kansas City, Mo., Jan. 23-25, 1967.,)


Chronic sublethal exposure to 75-125 ppm N02 for 30-min.  periods
combined nith selective expiratory airflow obstruction  is
investigated in the rabbit.  Similar histological effects were
produced by both the Venturi principle and aeronautical  flew
obstruction tubes.   Mortality of the exposed aniirals was  guite
high., Of 53 rabbits exposed to N02, only 21 survived 1-6  months
after last exposure; of 62 animals with obstructive tubes only,  7
survived 1-6 months after surgery; of 41 rabbits undergoing  both
gas exposure and surgery, 14 survived 1-6 months.   Exposed animals
                          F. Effects -Human Health                     751

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exhibited diffuse alveolar destruction,  with  minimal  fibrosis and
reparative changes in the bronchiolar epithelium.  There  is a
definite correlation between the lenght  of  the  delay  period prior
to sacrifice and the degree of  alveolar  destruction,  provided the
animals were subjected to at least  20 N02 exposures.   Fxposed
rabbits with obstructive expiratory  tubes developed expiratory
wheezing, increased respiratory rates, and  intolerance to even
minimal exercise as delay periods were lengthened.
Orcutt, James A.


THE QUANTA! RESPONSE IN ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY.
PAST .!!„ NOEMALITY OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF QUANTA!  MEASUREMENTS  OF
EYE IRRITATION DETAINED IN DOWKTOWB IDS  ANGELES.,   J.  Am.
Osteopath. Assoc..,, 66 (12) : 1383-1385,, Aug. 1 967.,  1  ref_


Data gathered half-hourly by county office  workers on the  presence
or absence of eye irritation is grouped  into  ranges,  and
statistical analysis performed.  The probit  (normal deviate  plus 5)
percent incidence of eye irritation is shown  to  be both  a
normalizing and a linearizing  statistical transformation  (when
correlated with log concentration of irritant).  The  probit  percent
eye irritation, among a representative sample of the  population in
response to Los Angeles air pollution, is tius found  to  be normally
distributed.
09U16

Orcutt, James A-


THE QUANTAL KESPCNSE IN ENVIRON MINT AI TOXICOLOGY.
PABT I. THE MEASUREMENT OF EYE IPHITATION  AS  A  QUANTAL  RESPONSE FOR
CORFELATION WITH AEHOHETEIC DATA FROM POLLUTED  ATMOSPHERES.   J.
Am. Osteopath,, Assoc.,, 66 (12) : 1376-1383, Aug.  1967.  19  refs<


The correlation of human eye irritation with  a  specific,  measured
pollutant of the Los Angeles atmosphere  (ether-soluble  aerosols),
as well as with measured concentrations of  diluted,  irradiated
automobile exhausts in the laboratory, is  demonstrated  by a  quantal
procdedure. When probit  (normal deviate plus  5)  percent incidence
of eye irritation is plotted against log concentration,  a straight
line can be fitted in each case.  Observed  deviations from
linearity were not statistically significant.   The  fallacies  that
might be encountered in presuming a causal  relationship are
discussed. This study serves mostly to illustrate  the application
of the guantal response to the quantitative evaluation  of toxic,
irritating effects of air pollution.
752              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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09110

McCarroll, Janes,  Hichael Iebo¥itz,  Boris Wolter,
Iric Cassell  and Donovan Thcifson


AIH POLLUTION AND JCDTE RESPIRATORY ILLNESS-    Preprint,
Washington Dniv., Seattle, School of Hedicine,  ((28))p.,
1967.  '(Presented at a joint aeeting of the Pacific  Northwest
Section, Aaerican Industrial Hygiene Association  and
Northwest Association of Occupational Medicine, Portland,
Oregon, Nov. 12, 1967,,)


A three year study was conducted in New York  City to determine
what variations in the health of a normal urban population  might  be
related to variations in their environment.   The  population
studied included whites, Negroes, and Puerto  Ricans  from  upper,
middle, and lower income groups, and was divided  into four
categories:  children (those under 15 years of  age);  adults;
heavy cigarette smokers; and non-cigarette smokers.   The  total
number of participants in the study was 1747  and  each was observed
for an average of 15 weeks.  A guestionnaire  was  developed
containing approximately 120 items regarding  variations in health-
Each faiily was visited each week by a trained  health
interviewer who orally asked the guestions in the guestionnaire;
questions were asked for each of the seven preceding days.   An  air
pollution monitoring station was established  in the  center  of the
study area and measurements were made of 302, particulates,
carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons-  Also, monitoring records of a
variety of other pollutants were obtained from  the  City.
Continuous records were maintained on common  meteorologic
variables.  The association between the daily prevalence  rates  of
various health symptoms and the levels of air pollution are
examined by several methods.  The multiple correlation
coefficients and the multiple regression coefficients of  some of
the symptom prevalence rates with air pollutants  and meteorological
factors are summarized.  It is concluded that:  a) there are
associated relationships between symptoms in  a  normal urban
population and a variety of environmental factors and b)  no  one
factor, including air pollution, acts alone to  produce most  of  the
common illnesses.##

09565

Jaffe, I. S..


PHOTOCHEMICAL AIR POLLDTANTS AND THEIR EFFECTS  ON MEN ANE
ANIMALS.  II.  ADVERSE EFFECTS.   Arch. Environ.,  Health.  Vol.
16, p. 211-255, Feb. 1968.  91 refs.,

Recent findings on the biologically adverse effects  of atmospheric
photochemical smog on man and animals, using  "total  oxidant" as an
index of this type of pollution are reviewed.   Additionally,
recent studies on the effects of ozone and peroxyacyl nitrate
(PAN) compounds, important oxidants identified  in photochemical
smog, on man and animals based on short-term  and  prolonged
laboratory exposures to these individual oxidants are also
presented.##
                           F. Effects - Human Health                    753

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09937

Britz, William E.,  John L. Steele,  Charles E.  Dasher,
and August E. Banknieder


A DYNAMIC FLOW GASSING CHAMBEH FOE TOXICOLOGY  STUDIES  WITH  SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO IIS USE WITH N02.  Schccl  of Aerospace  Medicine,
Brooks AFB, Texas, Aerospace Medicine Div., Proj.  6302,
Task 630207, SAM-TRC-67-80, p. 12, Sept.  1967.   6  refs.


1o test the toxicity of nitrogen dioxide /  nitrogen  tetroxide  and
other gases, it was necessary to construct  an  exposure chamber for
small laboratory animals.  This repcit  describes the construction
and operation o± a small dynamic flow gassing  chamber  for studying
toxic gas inhalation.  Special attention  is given  to its  use with
N02/N204 and the system for monitoring  the  concentration  of gas.
Several accessories for the chamber include a  special  harness  for
monitoring chest sounds of the subjects being  gassed;  a system for
endotracheal intubation for allowing the  subject to  breathe the  gas
conecntration while being manipulated surgically outside  the
chamber; and, a small "by-pass" chamber for small  laboratory animal
species being utilized in timed-dose studies.   (Authors'  abstract)
C9958

Strandberg, lars


CHANGES IN THE N02-ABSORPTION 01 THE RESPIRATORY TRACT WHEN  EXECS-
ING RABBITS TO N02 TOGETHER WITH CARBON PARTICLES.   ((Forandrad
N02-absorbtion i luftvagarna hos kanin vid samtidig  koldammtill-
forsel.))   Text in Swedish.  Nerd. Hyd. Tidskr.  (Copenhagen),
<48(1):8-12, 1967.  10 refs.


Groups of rabbits were exposed to N02  (15-65 ppm) .   One  group  was
exposed to N02 without particles, another group  to N02 plus  carbon
particles  (most particles over 0.25 micron.  The third group was
also exposed to N02 plus carbon particles  (most  less than  0.25
micron.  Gas absorption was then studied using a method  previously
described. Babbits exposed to N02 and Carbon particles absorbed
more N02 in the upper respiratory tract than the N02-exposure
group. Differences in the absorption pattern and the respiratory
pattern when comparing the twc carbon particle groups could  also be
observed.   The changed N02 absorption pattern in the presence  of
carbon particles may be the result of synergistic actions.
(Author's summary, modified)
0999U

Eils, Robert F.


ULIBAS1RUCTURAL  EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON LUNG CELLS.   J.  Air
Pollution Control Assoc., 18(5):313-314, May 1968. 9 refs.
754               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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The lungs of exposed mice taken during 2- to 3-hour heavy  smog
periods (over 0. i) ppm total oxidants) showed various  degrees  of
cytoplasmic damage in the alveolar epithelial cells.  The  extent  of
damage was markedly age-dependent.   Alveolar walls cells taken
during heavy smcg frcm 5-month-cld animals contained  slightly more
lamellar inclusion bodies than corresponding animals  kept  in  clean
air.  The cytoplasm of alveolar cells of 9-month-old  animals
sacrificed during heavy smog was severely disorganized; however,
animals of this age showed a marked  recovery 14  hours following
the smog peak.  In a group of older  mice  (21 months), similar
cytoplasmic damage was obvious, and  those sacrified 2t  hours  after
the heavy smog peak showed even more cellular disruption,
suggesting irreversible damage in the older animals.  The  effect  of
synthetic photochemical smog showed  a pattern of ultrastructural
alterations similar to that of the heavy natural smog.  Some
permanent changes occurred in alveolar cells of  15-month-old  mice.
Partial recovery of lining cells took place, but few  wall  cells and
phagocytes remained. If older lung tissue has relatively fewer wall
cells as is indicated, recovery is decreased to  the point  of
permanent damage.  Coupled with extensive disruption  of lining
membranes, exposures of this nature  may well cause the  death  of
elder animals.   (Author's abstract)


10071

lawson, 8. H.  Jr.


THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND PH ON THE RAT! OF  REACTION OF CA8BOH
MONOXIDE AND OXYGEN WITH RED EICCD CELLS IN NORMAL AND ANEMIC
SUBJECTS,  AND THE EFFECT OF HYPOXIA ON PULMONARY  DIFFUSION OF CO  IN
NORMAL AND ANEMIC SUBJECTS*  State Univ.  of New York,  Research
Foundation,  Contract DA-<49-192-?:-2701,  (6) p. , 1965.,  9 refs.
   CFS1I,  DDC:  AD 623029


Investigations of the physiological adaptations  and limitations of
tissue oxygen delivery under streeses such as hypothermia, hypoxia,
and exercise were made by studying in vitro measurements of red bloo
cell-gas kinetics and in nine studies on effects  of hypoxia on
pulmonary circulation.  Results of red-cell gas  kinetics demonstrate
that rates of oxygenation and deoxygenation were  increased in
microcytic hypochronic anemia but were unchanged  in macrocytic and
sickle-scell anemia.  The rate carbon monoxide combines with
oxygenated red cell was reduced with a decrease  in temperature but
vas unaffected by changes in pH»  Alterations in  pulmonary capillary
diffusion in acute hypoxia were demonstrated to  be greater in anemic
subjects than in normal subjects.


10390

A. Spinazzola,  L. Marraccini


OZONE INTOXICATION - RECENT FINDINGS IN THE IIILDS OF PATHOLOGY
AND PREVENTION.    (Intossicazicne da ozono.  fiecenti
acguisizioni in tema di patologia e di prevenzione.)  Text in
Italian.  Rass. Bed. Sarda  (Cagliari),  69 (4) :383-398,
July-Jug.  1966.  30 refs.
                          F.  Effects - Human Health                     755

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Chemical characteristics of ozcne, as  well as  sources  of
production, toxicology, pathology, diagnosis,  therapy  and
prevention of ozone intoxication are reported.   The  most  recent
findings in this area of occupational  medicine  are  stressed
(including American research), and beginning  with  1967.   The
increase in poisoning from ozone, especially  at  busy urban
streets, leads to increased danger to  drivers  and passengers.
Various laboratory tests new being studied are  mentioned; none
of these tests appears promising thus  far.  Continued  study of
the problem of ozone poisoning and of  the control of ozone
poisoning is recommended.##


101416

Domingo H. Aviado,  and Harry Salem


ACUTE FIFECTS OF AIE POLLUTANTS ON THE 1UNGS.    Arch.  Environ.
Health, 16 (6) : 903-907,  June 1968.  38  refs.


The inhalation of chemicals initiates  responses  which  can be
grouped into four areas:    (1)  the airways which  respond ty
bronchoconstriction to initiate the cough reflex; (2)  the
bronchial blood vessels which undergo  changes to reduce absorption
of the chemical substances via the bronchial mucosa; (3) the
pulmonary blood vessels which respond  to reduce  absorption of the
toxic irritants via the alveolar capillaries; and (4)  the heart
and systemic vessels which retard the  distribution of  the
chemical substance to the vital organs.  (Authors' abstract)##


10448
Smith, Ealph G.
AN ANALYST'S VIEW OF OUR POLLUTED PLANET.  Anal. Chen.,
40(7):24A-32^A, June 1968.


The analysis of our environment in the interest of  reducing
pollution levels is a challenging and expanding activity  that is
attracting more analytical chemists as the field continues to expand.
 The natural skepticism of the analyst is badly needed  as numbers
all kinds tend to proliferate, even though standard  methods  are jus"0
now beginning to appear.  The iiplicaticns of threshold limit valu
and ambient air quality standards are of such great  consequence to
society that every analyst should be most concerned  with  validity
these numbers and their correct incorporation into  laws.   (Author1
abstract)


10456

Wayne,  Lowell Gu   and Leslie A. Chambers


BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF URBAN AIH P DILUTION.  Arch. Environ.,
Health, 16 (6) : 871-885,  June 1968,.  14 refs.
75C               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Rodents exposed to the ambient atmosphere of Los  Angeles
throughout their lives have been studied in comparison  with  animals
maintained in smog-filtered atmospherees.  In aging  inbred mice  of
certain strains, there was an increased incidence  of  pulmonary
adenoma.  In one strain mortality of males  (but not  females)  during
the first year of life was increased.  Severe smog episodes  caused
lung tissue alterations at the ultrastructural level, especially in
mice older than 15 months. Severe episodes produced  transient
increases in pulmonary resistance in old guinea pigs  but  no
demonstrable chronic or cumulative effects on this parameter.   In
guinea pigs sensitized by prior stress treatment,  urinary excretion
of 17-ketogenic steroids was enhanced by ambient  atmosphere  exposure
 After two or three years of exposure, rabbits exhibited  reduced
activity of glutamic oxalcetic transaminase in blood  serum.
(Authors' abstract)
 10190

 Riddick, J, H. Jr.  K. I, Campbell,  and D.  L. Coffin


 THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC NITROGEH DIOXIDE EXPOSUPE  ON  DOGS:  I.
 HISTAPATHOLCGT OF THE LONG.  Preprint, Public Health Service,
 Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution  Control,  (14) p..,
 1968.  17 refs.


 The experiments reported were instituted to  determine  whether  a
 larger species, the dog, would react similarly to nitrogen  dioxide
 (N02).  Hesults indicate that such exposure  produces pulmonary
 enphysema and associated interstitial fibrosis, increased  reticulum
 fibers, and elastic fibers.  No significant  regression of  these
 lesions was apparent in two dogs examined 8  months after termination
 of exposure.
10U92

Holzman, P.S.,  D. E.. Gardner,  and  Do L.  Coffin


IN VIVO INACTIVATION OP LYSOSZIME  EY  OZONE.   Preprint,Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio,  National Center  for  Air
Control, 1968,. (13) p.,, 17 refs.


Bronchial mucus contains large  quantities  of  the antibacterial
enzyme lysozyme.  Acutely exposing mice  or rabbits to  ozone  reduced
the amount of active lysczyme attainable by bronchopulmonary  lavage.
The effect was proportional to  ozone  concentration as  well  as to
duration of exposure.  Enzyme activity returned  to normal  levels
during the 12 hours following exposure.  Five parts per  million ozon
for 3 hours reduced lysozyme levels  approximately  30 percent-
Studies of the release of lysozyme by alveolar  cells support  the
theory that loss of activity is due  to in  vivo  oxidation of  lysozyme
 (Authors" abstract)
                          F. Effects - Human Health                    757

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Gregory, Kenton 1.,  Victoria F. Malinoski,  and Charles P.
Sharp


CLEVELAND CLINIC FIRE SURVIVORSHIP STUDY 1929-1965.  Preprint,
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air
Pollution Control,  (22)p. , July 22, 1968.  7 refs.   (Presented at th
9th American Medical Association Air Pollution Medical Research
Conference, Denver, Colorado, July 22-21, 1968.)


A long-term study was conducted to determine if there was an
effect on the mortality experience of persons exposed to gases, such
as HCK, CO, and NO, produced by the decomposition of nitrocellulose
ray filro. Such exposure occurred in a fire at the Cleveland Clinic,
Cleveland, Ohio on Bay 15, 1929.  Information was gathered concernin
the 1965 survival status of all persons who were in the building or
«ho helped with the rescue efforts.  These data were categorized by
exposed and unexposed groups and were analysed by modified life tabl
methods..  The results of these analyses and the problems incurred in
this type of study are presented.  (Author's abstract, modified)
10611

Bernard D. Goldstein,  Charlotte Lodi,  Charlotte Ccllin-
son,  and Oscar J. Balchum


OZONE AND LIPID PEROXIDA1ICN.   Preprint, University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, School of Bedicire and
Los Angeles County General Hospital, Calif.,  lip.,  1968.
(Presented at the American Medical Association Air
Pollution Medical Research Conference, Denver, Colo. ,
July 22-24, 1S68, Paper 3.)


Lung lipid extracts of mice exposed to 0.4 0.7 ppm  ozone for
four hours demonstrated ultraviolet absorption patterns
consistent with the formation of lipid peroxides.   The attendant
UFA breakdown would lead to the formation of  free radicals and
ether intermediates capable of causing cellular injury.
Similar reactions with the carbon double bond of UFA can also
be instigated by free radicals or ty oxygen in an entity known
as lipid peroxidaticn.  It is therefore conceivable that the
breakdown of UFA and the production of free radicals could
be initiated either by direct ozonclysis or by free radicals
derived from another ozone reaction.  Significantly decreased
ert
erythrocyte enzyme acetylcholinesterase  (AChE) activity
was also found in mice exposed to toxic levels of ozone in vivo.
In this same experiment there was only a slight depression in
mouse erythrocyte intracellular -SH which was not statistically
significant.  Signs of early aging in animals chronically
exposed to ozone is of interest in regards to a hypothetical
role of ozone in producting lifid peroxidation.  Ozone
concentrations present in  urban areas can produce lipid
peroxidation.**
758               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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10613

Anthony !„  Thomas
SPACE CABIN TOXICOLOGY.   In: NASA, Marshall Space Flight
Center 5th Annual Meeting, Air Force Systems Command,
Wright-Patterson AFE, Ohio, p. 207-217, March 3,  1967.
18 refs.
   NASA:  H68-17369

Space cabin toxicology is a new and challenging area of
research in life support.  The unique problem of  this branch
of toxicology is the truly uninterrupted continuous nature
of exposure to chemical toxicants,.  Fundamental research in the
last two years has answered the following most urgent basic
questions..  Continuous exposure can lead to a "summation of
interest" type of toxic effect because daily recuperative
periods from exposure are non-existent-  The exotic atmospheric
environment can influence the outcome of toxic damage; reduced
barometric pressure and oxygen-rich atmosphere are influencing
factors.,  All cabin materials can and must be screened
by analytical and biological methods to increase  the health and
performance of the crew in future manned space missions.
To answer these questions, experiments were conducted with
animals in controlled atmosphere chambers at reduced pressure-
Various contaminant materials were introduced for long
exposures times™  The tests themselves lasted up  to eight
months, thus giving a good indication of the effects of
long-term exposure to a "space cabin" atmosphere.##
10623

B. E. Eglite


A CONTEIBUTION TO THE HYGIENIC ASSESSMENI OF ATMOSPHEBIC
OZONE.  ((K voprosu o gigienicheskoi otsenke atmcsfernogo
ozona.))   Hyg. G Sanit.  (English translation of: Gigiena i
Sanit.),  33 (1-3) :18-23, Jan.-March  1968.  13 refs.
   CFSTI:   I 68-504U9/1

The toxic effect of ozone on man and animals affects the
respiratory organs and the central  nervcus system, and less
frequently the cardiovascular system, the basal metabolism and
the functioning of the liver.  The  atmospheric concentration
of ozone  in large industrial cities in the Soviet Union was
studied and health implications were assessed.  In experiments,
animals inspired ozone in a concentration of 0.2 mg/cu.m. for
6 hr.  The experiments were carred  out 268 times over a
period of 133 days.  Host of the animals developed chronic
bronchitis, bronchiolitis and emphysema.  In addition to
pulmonary changes, the animals exhibited a decrease of lipoids
in the suprarenal cortex.  The effects of lew ozone concentrations
on man were studied by determinations of its olfactory
threshold and its effects upon elecrical activity of the
cerebral  cortex.  The olfactory threshold of ozone was found to be
0.015mg/cu.m., and with respect to  effect on electrical activity
of cerebral cortex, the concentration was 0.005 mg/cu. iu. #4
                          F.  Effects -Human Health                     759

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10670

Goldsmith, John E.  and Jay J. Nadel


EXPERIMENTAL EXPOSURE OF HUHAN SUBJECTS 1C CZCNE.   Preprint,
California Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley, Environmental
Hazards Evaluation Unit and California Univ. Medical Center,
San Francisco, Cardiovascular Research Inst., 6p.,  1968.  8
refs.  (Presented at the Air Pollution Control  Association
Meeting,  St. Paul, Hinn., June 23-28, 1968, Japer 68-126.)


Four presumably healthy irale subjects were exposed  for  one hour
to ozone  at 0.1, 0.4, 0.6 and 1.0 ppm.  Airway  resistance
increased slightly but significantly after exposure in  two subjects
at the lowest concentration, in one each at the  two intermediate
concentrations and in all four at 1.0 ppm.  The  increases were
physiologically small and generally less than those in  norial
subjects  inhaling the sicke from a single cigarette.   (Authors'
abstract) ##

10685

Bils, Robert F.  and Michael J.  Ivans


THE EFFECTS OF OZONE, NITROGEN DIOXIDE AND OTHEfl GASEOUS AIR
POLLUTANTS ON MAMMALIAN RESPIRATORY TISSUES — A REVIEW OF LIGHT
AND ELECTION MICROSCOPE STUDIES.   Preprint, Allan Hancock
Foundation and University of Southern California, Los Ange-
les, Dept. of Biological Sciences, 2Cp., 1968,,   ((49))   refs.,
(Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution
Control Association, St. Paul, Hinn., June 23-27, 1968,
Japer 68-83.)


Morphological changes associated with the toxicity of ozone,
nitrogen  dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and other gaseous
air pollutants are reported.  Microscopical investigations have
been made using concentrations of ozone ranging  from 0.2 to 50 ppm
on mice,  rats, hamsters, rabbits, and dogs.  Methods of exposure
varied from single doses for 1 to 6 hours, to multiple  or
continuous doses for up to 433 days,.  Morphological changes seen
with the  light microscope after a single dose are accumulation of
edema fluid and migration of leukocytes into the alveolar space.,
Electron  microscopy has revealed swelling and rupture of
endothelial and epithelial cells and accumulation of cell debris
in the alveoli™  In prolonged studies chronic pneumonitis and
contracted alveolar septa are seen..  The effects of nitrogen
dioxide on mammals are seen mostly in the respiratory tract.
Experimental exposures as high as 400 ppm cause  fcronchopneumonia
and death within minutes in laboratory animals,.  At 40-80 ppm
severe ultrastructural alterations were seen in  middle-aged mice
exposed to N02 for about 1 hour.  The same age  aniirals  exposed
for 24 hours at 25 ppm showed slight damage to  lung lining
membranes.  A similar effect was produced at 15  ppm for four
hours each day for six weeks, but such changes are easily
reversible.  Very slight histopatholcgy is evident  with levels in
the 0.5-5 ppm range continuously for 12 months  or more.  Sulfur
760               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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dioxide produces little cr no morphologic change in  lungs  even  with
daily exposures of 25-50 ppm for a month.  Severe  ultrastructural
damage to the lungs has been reported after  15-30  minutes  of
0.5-1.0% carbon monoxide.  Natural Los Angeles smog  affected
mouse lungs much like the ozone at 1.3 ppm.##

10752

Hore, Terry  and David E. Gibson


OZONE EXPOSURE AND INTELLIGENCE TESTS.   Arch. Environ.  Health,
17 (1) :77-79, July 1968.


The effect of ozone on mental functioning was studied  by
administering intelligence tests to  99 university  students.   The
subjects were divided into treatment  (exposed to 0.2 to 0.3  ppm
ozone during the writing of the test), placebo, and  control  (not
exposed to ozone)  groups.  After statistical adjustment had  been
made for the effects of the covariants  (age, sex,  anxiety, and
initial intelligence test score) no  significant difference was
found between the groups.  This study indicated that exposure to
concentrations of 0.2 to 0.3 ppm ozone over  a period of 70 minutes
had no noticeable effect on mental functioning during  the  exposure
period.   (Authors' abstract)##


10731

Anon.
COBBUNITY AIR QUALITY GUIDES.   CZCNI  (PHOTOCHEMICAL
OXIDANT}.   Am. Ind. Hyg.  Assoc,  J. ,  29(3):299-303,
May-June 1968.


The effects of ozone on  humans,  plants,  and  animals  at various
concentrations are  reviewed.   A  maximum  allowable  concentration
in the range of 0.01 to  0.10  ppn is recommended, depending on the
length of exposure  and on  the  species to be  exposed.t#


107781

Truche, M. P..


THE TOXICITY OF OZONE. (La toxicite de 1*ozone.)Translated from
French. Arch. Maladies Profess.  Med.  Trav.  Securite  Sociale
(Par-is), 12(13:55-58, Jan- - Feb.,  1951.


The characteristic  odor  of ozone  is noticeable  about  1 p. p. m..  below
t p.p«m., ozone induces  non-syiptcmatic  effects, such as a 10  -20%
drop in basal metabolism,  reduced  pulse  rate and marked drop in
arterial blood pressure  in hypertensives (not in young persons or
in hypotensives).   At higher,  symptomatic levels,  the characteritic
synptoms appear:  substernal  pressure, or a  feeling  of oppression,
but no irritation of the mucous  membranes.   The oppressive feeling
                          F. Effects -Human Health                     761

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disappears as soon as the ozone level drops below 4  p.p.a.  Symptoms
of the higher irritant, but non-toxic levels are: cough, itching of
the nose and throat, aggravation of symptoms by tobacco  smoke, and
general mucosal irritation.  This irritation and sore  throat may
persist for several days.  One source believes that  ozone is non-
toxic to man in levels up to 1,000 ppm for a short period,  or 20
ppm for long periods of exposure. Occupational examples  of
irritation by ozone are mentioned, specifically in a test
laboratory of a factory for electronic insulators.

10779T

Henschler, D.  and W.  Laux


ON THE SPECIFICITY CT THE TOLEBJNCE INCREASE UPON REPEATED
INHALATION OF GASES THAT PRODUCE PULMONAEY EDEMA.    (Zur
Spezifitat einer Toleranzsteigerung bei wiederholter
Einatmung von Lungenodem erzeugenden Gasen.)   Translated from
German.  Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol., 239 (5) : 433-441,  1960.
16 refs.

Sub-lethal doses of irritant gases will protect against  the
formation of lethal pulmonary edema upon subsequent  inhalation of
highly toxic levels.  Groups of 20 Histar rats each  were
pre-treated for 6 hr.  with low levels of phosgene (1 ppm),  N02
(20-40 ppm), or ozone (1.6-20 ppm)  and four days later were
exposed for a half-hour to lethal levels of one of the three gases.
Survival rate, survival time, and relative lung weights  are used
as criteria of protective effects for the pre-treated  animals
and for the controls.   Ozone protects against subsequent ozone
exposure, and also slightly against subsequent N02 or  phosgene
exposure.  N02 protects against itself and ozone; pre-treatment
with Phosgene produces the relatively most powerful  tolerance
increases, specifically, and in ascending order, to  phosgene,
,  and NOi.  Pre-treatment with N02 is without any definite
effect on phosgene poisoning.  Since the protective effects are
thus not specific for one kind of gas, an antigen-antibody reaction
is ruled out.  The large variations in degree and duration  of
the protection give rise to the belief that several  unknown
processes are involved.##


10780T

Schulz, Hugo


CHRONIC OZONE POISONING.   (Ueber chronische Ozonvergiftung.)
Translated from German.  Arch. Exp.  Pathol. Pharmakol.,
29(5-6) :364-385, 1892.  6 refs.


Either separately or in pairs, a total of 3 rabbits, 5 cats, and
6  dogs were exposed repeatedly to ozone for 1-2 hours  at a  time.
The bell-jar apparatus used for exposure is described.   Ozone
concentrations were not determined, but 'some of the  rubber  hosing
was repeatedly eaten away.  The aninals died after totals of 2-62
hr, exposure over periods of several days.  Autopsy  details are
given.  Descriptive details are also given of behavior and
symptoms observed while exposed to the ozone.#*
762               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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107901

Eassleer,, E.
CCNTBIBUTIOU TO THE STUDY OF THE  INTOXICATION  BY  OZONE.
((Contribution a 1'etude de l°intoxication  par 1'ozone.))   Trans-
lated from French,  Acta Belg.  Arte  Med.  Pharnu Mil.  4(2)-
253-269, June 1958.
1958.
Experiments where white rats  (300  gm)  were  exposed  to  the  acutely
toxic level of 60 ppm indicate that  ozone produces  major changes in
the alveoli.  Effects on cardiac and respiratory  rhythms and  on
hemoglobin saturation are graphed.   Survival  times  was about  5  hr.
The effects of numbutol, morphine, largactil,  lobeline, adrenaline,
and digitalis are also noted.  The many  characteristics common  to
poisoning with ozone and with oxygen lead to  the  conclusion  that an
identical mechanise involved in both events.
10791T

Henschler, D.,  A. Stier,  H.  Beck   and  W.  Neumann


CLFACTCBY THEESH01E OF SCMF.  IMPOBTiNT IEEITANT  GASIS  (SULFUB
DIOXIDE, OZONE, NITECGEN DIOXIEI) AND MANIFESTATION IN  MAN  BY
LOW CONCENTEATIONS.    ( (Geruchsschwellen einiger  wichtiger
Eeizgase (Schwefeldioxyd, Ozon, Stickstoffdioxyd) und
Erscheinungen bei der Einwirkung geringer  Konzentrationen auf
den Menschen.))  Translated  from German.   Arch.
Gewerbepathol. Gewerbehyg.,  17 (6) : 5U7-57C,  March  1960.   46  refs.


A 8 cu m exposure chamber and  auxiliary  equipment are described
for use in exposure experiments.  After  a  review  of the effects
of low levels of S02, nitrogen oxides, and  03 on  human  beings,
work is described using groups of 10-11  male volunteers.  S02
was smelled and/or tasted by subjects at 0.5 ppm, by 75% at 1.0
ppm, and by all at 2.5 ppm;  5  ppm reproduced cough and  irritation.
The initial odor slowly changes into a sensation  of flavor.
Increased humidity has no effect on  the  sensations.  The
olfactory threshold lies below the lowest  tested  concentration of
0.02 ppm.  Odor perception diminished rapidly and 0.5-12.0  min.
exposure to 03 no longer led tc an olfactory perception.
Increased humidity also has  no effect on perception.  N02 is
smelled by some at 0.1 ppm,  and by all at  0.4 ppm.  The olfactory
sensation disappears upon continued  inhalation  of higher levels
(up to 20 ppm) for several minutes.  Local  irritations  appeared
during initial exposure to N02, but  subsequent  exposures led to
rapid adjustment.   Increased humidity with  1 ppm  H02
increases the number of irritant syoptoms.  A rapid increase in
the threshold of perception  to relatively  strong  N02 levels is
observed.  Eesults, including  subjective effects, are tabulated.##
                          F. Effects -Human Health                    763

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107921

Flury, Ferdinand  and Franz Zernik


NOXIOUS GASES, FUMES, VAPOHS, FOG, AND VAEIE1IES OF SMOKE AND
DOST:   OZONE.    ((Schaedliche Case, Daempfe, Nebel,
Eauch- und Staubarten:  Ozone.))  Translated from German.
Eerlin, Julius Springer, 1931,  p. 115-116.  14 refs.


The chemical properties of 03 are described.  Based on the
literature, the symptoms of acute and chronic poisoning are
summarized tor animals and man.  Death usually occurs from
pulmonary edema, usually with convulsions.  In man, brief
inhalation of  5-10 ppm leads to accelerated pulse, sleepiness, and
lasting headaches.##

10970

G. Freeman,  B. J.  Stephens,  S. C. Crane,  °L. J.
Furiosi
LESION OF THE LUNG IN RATS CONTINUOUSLY EXPOSED 1C TWO FABTS
PEE MILLION OF NITBOGEN EIOX3DI.   Arch. Environ. Health,
17 (2): 181-192, Aug. 1968.


Eats exposed continuously to 2 ppm of nitrogen dioxide in air
survived their ordinary lifetimes with persistent tachypnoea and
usually died of nonpulmonaiy diseases.  Eesistance to airflow and
dynamic compliance were not different frcm those in controls.
Terminal and respiratory bronchiolar epithelium was affected
mainly fcy a loss of exfoliative activity, reduced blebbing of
cytoplasm into the airways, reduction in or loss of cilia, and
the appearance of rod-shaped intracytoplasmic crystalloid
inclusions.  Morphologic evidence suggests that rats exposed to
2ppm would have reduced cleansing function of the periphery of
the lung.  Pulmonary tissue was embedded in plastic and sections
were cut at 1 micron for light microscopy and thinner sections for
electron microscopy.##

11045

L. S. Jaffe
ABE AMBIENT LEVELS OF OXIDANTS HAZAEEOUS TO  BIOLOGICAL  SYSTEMS.
Preprint, Public Health Service, Arlington,  Va.,  National
Air Pollution Control Administration,  ((21))p.,  1968.   47  refs.
 (Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the  Air  Pollution
Control Association, St. Paul, Minn., June  23-27,  1968,
Paper 68-58.)


when concentrations of photochemical oxidants  are  used  as  measures
of photochemical smog intensity, a  number of  specific
biological effects on man and animal based  on  both atmospheric  and
laboratory studies have been documented.  Photochemical
764              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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oxidants, such as routinely found in  urfcan  communities  as  measured
by continuous air monitoring instruments  used  by  federal,  state,
and local agencies, cause a repeated  and  continuing  biological
impact on man and animals in every region of  the  country.   The
degree and types of the documented biological  effects are  dependent
on the local community atmospheric level  attained and the  frequency
of occurrence.  The results of  many studies are included and
discussed.  (Author's summary,  modified)##

11241

E. M. Both,  W. H. leichner,  and A.  0. Mirarchi


CONTAMINANTS S1ANDABDS. (SECTICN 13.,)    In:   Compendium of
Human Besponses to the Aerospace Environment,  Volume ITT,
Sections 10-16, Emanuel M. Both  (ed.),  Lovelace Foundation
for Medical Education and Besearch, Albuquerque,  N.,  Hex.,
CONTBACT ^HAS-115, p. 1-115, Nov., 1968.   233  refs.
   CFSTI:  NASA CB-1205(III


Toxicological problems in space operations  cover  three
situations: (1) the acute, short term,  high-level exposure  either
in ground support or space cabin conditions;  (2)  the 8-hour work
day exposure found in manufacturing and ground support
situations; and <3)  continuous, long  tern exposure  to trace
contaminants, such as would be  anticipated  in  extended  space
missions.  In view of the necessity for provisional  limits  of
Banned space flights of 90 to 1000 days duration  the following
criteria for trace contaminant  control  in manned  spacecraft have
been derived:  Contaminants must not  produce  significant adverse
changes in the physiological, biochemical,  or  mental stability
of the crew.  The spacecraft environment  must  not contribute to a
performance decrement of the crew that  will endanger mission
objectives.  The spacecraft environment must  not  interfere  with
physical or biological experiments nor  with medical  monitoring.,
Based en these criteria air quality standards  for prolonged manned
missions have been established.  The  following topics are
discussed: kinetics of contaminants in  space  cabins; toxicolcgical
factors; toxicology in the spacecraft environment;  source  of
contaminants; particulates and  aerosols;  microbial contaminants.
Tables presenting chemical analysis of  all  contaminants with
standard levels for space cabins are  listed™##


11297

Buckley, Bamon D.  and Clayton  G. loosli


EFFECTS,OF R02 INHALATION ON GIBMFBEE MOUSE LUNG.  Preprint,
Dniversity of Southern California, los  Angeles, School  of
Medicine, 19p., 1968.  1"? refs.   (Presented at the Air
Pollution Medical Besearch Conference,  Denver, Colo.,
July 22-24, 1968, Session IV:   Animal Toxicology, Paper 3.)


Structural and metabolic responses of germfree and gnotobiotic
souse lung to nitrogen dioxide  were studied.   The course of
                           F. Effects - Human Health                    765

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respiratory infection in mice mono-contaminated via aerosol Clauds
of bacteria or virus was also determined.  Histological
observations showed that germfree mice exposed continuously to
NC2 developed changes in the bronchial epithelium.  Tissue
localization and relative activity of lactic dehydrogenase  (LDH)
acid and alkaline phosphatase enzymes were used to study
alterations in lung metabolism induced by N02 at the cellular
level.  The lungs of NO 2 exposed mice showed intense LDH
activity.  The results of oxygen consumption studies on lung
slices of N02 exposed germfree nice showed a significant
increase in oxygen consumption after 15 min. incubation and from
each time internal thereafter.  The lung clearance rate of
germfree N02 exposed mice to bacteria was not impaired.  Studies
indicated that germfree control and N02 exposed animals
responded similar to virus infection.**

11306

Henry, Hary C.,  Richard Ehrlich,  and William H. Blair


EFFECT OF N02 ON RESISTANCE OF SCOIBBEL MONKEYS TO K.
PNEDNONIAE INFECTION.  Preprint, {(22)) p., 1968.  9 refs.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Medical Research
Conference, Denver, Colo., July 22-2H, 1968, Session IV:
Animal Toxicology, Paper 2.)


There is an effect of nitrogen dioxide on the resistance to
respiratory infection in monkeys.  Exposure to nitrogen dioxide
may permit better colonization of bacteria in the lungs of
monkeys by inhibition of the mechanism of bacterial clearance from
lungs and thus resulting in increased mortality.**

11307

Emik, I..O.  and R.I.  Plata
DEPRESSION OF RUNNING ACTIVITY IN MICE EY EXPOSORE TO POLLUTED
AID.  Preprint, California Dniv.,, Riverside, Statewide Air
Pollution Research Center, 12p., 1968.  6 refs.   (Presented at
the Air Pollution Medical Research Conference, Denver,
Colo., July 22-24, 1968, Session IV:  Animal Toxicology,
Paper 1«)


Mice in activity wheels were exposed continuously to diluted raw
or irradiated and unirradiated auto exhaust for a period of 8
weeks, using a diurnal cycle simulating Los Angeles conditions
in heavy smog.  Those in irradiated exhaust showed an immediate
depression greater than those in raw exhaust, each gradually
recovering and finally surpassing the controls by the end of the
experiment.  A balanced half each of control and irradiated
exhaust groups was switched to the other exposure for the second
1 weeks..  The controls later placed into irradiated exhaust ran
significantly less than any ether group.  On a daily basis, no
significant treatment effects were found although the LAF males
always ran significantly  (P less than .01)  farther than their
BALE chamber mates.  The exhaust atmospheres appeared to modify
766               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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the diurnal cycles of activity, generally flattening the usual
night peak, but no detailed analyses were made.  The mice
exposed to ozonized gasoline fumes gradually recovered their
control level of activity when continually exposed for several
weeks.  With this background of experience, mouse activity was
included as one measure of the effects of ambient air pollution
exposure.#t

11308

Freeman, Gustave


THE SUB-ACDTE N02 LESION OF THE RAT LUNG,  Preprint, Stanford
Besearch Inst.,  Henlo Park, Calif., Dept- of Medical
Sciences, 5p.,  1968.  9 refs.  (Presented at the Air Pollution
Hedical Besearch Conference, Denver,  Colo., July 22-24,
1968..  Session  IV:   Animal Toxicology, Paper 6.)


Two main issues were explored in studies with N02 in rats.  One
was the highest level of H02 in ambient air that would not
acutely injure  the respiratory tract, and the other was the
contribution N02 might make in the pathogenesis of pulmonary
emphysema in man.   Investigations were limited to concentrations
below which N02 could incite acute effects such as edema,
destruction of  cells, and inflammatory reaction in the lung-
Bats grew normally and survived natural lifetimes in an atmosphere
containing the  realistic concentration of 0.8 plus or minus 0.2 ppm
N02, but they consistently exhibited a moderate degree of
tachypnoea without apparent distress,  A similar series was
exposed to 2 plus or minus 1 ppm, with similar results.  In both
cases, the lungs appeared grossly normal and contracted on exposure
to the atmosphere-   Microscopically, however, sections revealed
changes of the  terminal bronchiolar epithelium in the latter group
that were seen  only rarely in the Oo8 plus or minus 0.2 ppm group
but not in controls.  The development of emphysema-like lungs was
accompanied by  enlargement of the thoracic cage, with dorsal
dyphosis..  The  unrelenting effect of continuous N02 might not
allow time for  much pulmonary tissue to be destroyed before death
but this might  occur with somewhat less persistent exposures., t#

11331

T.D. Sterling


MEASURING THE EFFJEC1 OF AIR POLLUTION CM UBBAN  MORBIDITY.
Preprint, Washington Univ., St. Louis, Ko., Dept. of
Applied Mathematics and Computer Science,  19p.,  1968.  6 rets.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Kedical  Besearch Conference,
Denver, Colo.,  July 22-24,  1968, Session I:  Problem
Formulation and Analysis, Paper 4.)


The relationship between hospital  morbidity and  day to day
pollution was analyzed.  Results were given for  relevant disease
which were giben for relevant diseases which were given for
relevant diseases which were allergic disorders,
inflammatory diseases of the eye,  upper  respiratory infection.
                          F. Effects - Human Health                    767

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influenza, bronchitis, diseases of the heat, rheumatic fever and
muscular diseases.   The pollutants used were oxidant, CC2,
SC2, N02, NO, 03, oxidant precursor, and particulate matter.
A pattern was apparent by which pollution affects diseases with
strong respiratory  or circulatory components with allergies.
The differences between the effects of different pollutants were
less important, since each one of the pollution measurements was a
general index of pollution rather than specific for a particular
effective contact chemical.  Correlation between pollutants
and relevant diseases were in general positive.  They were highest
for oxidants, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone.  There
were significant correlations between length of hospital stay in
regards to relevant diseases and pollution.t#

11335

H. K. Dry,  A.  C. Hexter


STATISTICAL PEOCEDUBES FOE BELATING PHOTOCHEMICAL POLLUTION
10 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGIC REACTIONS UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS.
Preprint, California Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley,
Environmental Hazards Evaluation Quit, 29p., 1968.   16 refs.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Medical Eesearch Conference,
Denver, Colo.,  July 22-24, 1968, Session I: Problem
Formulation and Analysis, Paper 2.)


A study of the  relationship between lung function and air quality
was conducted in a  specially equipped air filtered room in
Los Angeles County  General Hospital using 16 subjects who had
relatively severe pulmonary emphysema.  During the first and
third week, each subject breathed the ambient air of the hospital;
during the second week this air was filtered through activated
charcoal and filter paper.  Patients normally entered or. Saturday
and did not leave the room until conclusion of the three-week
period.  The filtering period was Saturday through Friday of the
second week, so for each week they had two days to adjust to
conditions of the room before measurements were begun.  Each
weekday the patients were given a series of 20 pulmonary function
tests at various times during the day including airway resistance,
oxygen consumption, forced expiratory volume and other, both
resting and after exercise, plus associated measurements of the
pulse rate.  In addition, four air pollutants were measured four
times daily  (oxidant, NO, N02 and particulates.  The suggested
statistical procedures for investigating the relationship between
lung function  (LF)  and air quality  (AC)  for this filtered
air study are discussed.  Several basic descriptive methods for
the purpose of  obtaining some insight into the magnitudes of the
data and the shapes of the underlying distributions are considered.
Seme univariate analytical procedures, essentially a series of
Wilcoxcn two sample tests and some correlation tests are used.
Stepwise regression and some multivariate analysis of variance
(MANOVA) procedures are employed.  Stepwise regression will
enable us to determine the order of importance of the effects of
the effects of  the  pollutants on each of the LF tests; these 20
tests are once  again considered separately.  All test are iinaliy
considered jointly  in the NANOVA procedures, in which the
pollutants can  be treated either "jointly"  (filtered and not
filtered) or individually.##
768               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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11337

N.K.  Weaver


ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINANTS AND STANDARDS:  ARE SYNESGISTICS F.FFECIS
SIGNIFICANT?   Proc. Am. Petrel. lust.. Sec. V., Vol.
MB,  pp.  718-760, 1968.  8 refs.   (Presented at the 33rd Midyear
Heeting  of the American Petroleum Institute's Division of
Refining,  Session on Air and Hater Conservation, Philadel-
phia, Pa., May 16, 1968. Paper 11-68.)


Regulations are being adopted by governmental authorities for the
control  of air pollutants, and an orderly,  reasoned and
scientific approach is desirable in the promulation of such
standards.  The relationships between ambient air criteria,
ambient  air standards and emission standards are discussed.  The
major contaminants in the air of urban communities are analyzed
with respect to the effects produced by various concentrations
of the agent, the level attained in ambient air, and standard which
have been adopted.  Ongoing experimental work which was designed
to elucidate possible synergistic effects in certain airborne
systems  is described.  A Clear understanding of the
evolving abatement methodology, and of the  adverse reactions—
and possible interactions—of atmospheric contaminants is needed in
order to develop and implement an effective program for the
control  of air pollution.   (Author's summary)**

11346

E. J. Cassell,  H. D. Lebcwitz,  I. H. Mountain,  E. T.
lee,  D. J. Thompson,  I. V, Holter,  J. R. McCarroll


AIR POLLUTION, HEATHER, AND ILLNESS IN CHILDREN AND ADULTS IN
A NEW YORK POPULATICN.   Preprint, Mount Sinai Medical and
Graduate Schools, New York, and Hashington  Dniv. , Seattle,
((30)) p., 1968.  19 refs.   (Presented at the 9th Air Pollution
Medical  Research Conference, Denver, Colorado, July 22,
1968.)


The results of multivariate analyses of some of the complex and
interacting variables in the environment that appear to
participate in the production of adverse health effects are
presented.  These analyses represent steps  in the larger process
of analyzing multifactorial problems and delineating complex
mechanisms.  A daily record of the prevalence of a number of
common symptoms or illnesses was maintained for a panel of New
York City families living within a restricted geographic area for
a period of 3 years.  1848 persons participating in the study
were followed by weekly interviews for an average of forty-five
weeks each, providing 61,000 person weeks of information.  Air
pollutants were measured in the study area  and meteorologic
measurements were available from both the study laboratory
and from the city.  The first step in the analysis included the
symptoms "common cold", cough, headache and eye irritation.  The
four pollutants under consideration were particulate matter, total
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide.  The seven
                          F. Effects -Human Health                    769

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meterologic factors considered initially  were  wind speed,
precipitation, solar radiation in calories per  unit  area.
Temperature, relative humidity, sky cover, and  barometric
pressure.##

11317

I.E. Tabershaw,  F. Ottoboni,  H. C. Cooper


OXIDANTS:  AIH QUALITY CHITEEIA EASED ON  HEALTH EFFECTS.
(Presented at the Symposium on Air Quality Criteria, June 5,
1968.)   J. Occupational Med., 10 (9) :161-181, Sept. 1968.
51 refs.


Based on a review of the literature and the experience of the
State of California in smog control, it is pointed out that
oxidant concentrations known to be harmful to man on continuous
exposure have been exceeded for many hours during short peak
periods on many days in Los Angeles, without producing
significant evidence of serious cr sustained adverse effects
except eye irritation.  Nitrogen dioxide  has never reached
harmful levels in smog although it does sometimes produce
decreased atmospheric visibility.  The fear is expressed that
the mechanisms leading to the production  and localization of smog
are so complicated that they may never be unraveled, and that
attempts at oxidant control, with overemphasis on the first
few hours of the photochemical process, may he generating new
health problems.  Discrimination against  reactive hydrocarbons
as a method of oxidant control may be ill-advised, and the criteria
for air guality should take into consideration the self-cleansing
capacity of the air.  Emphasis should also be placed on improving
combustion technology to make possible the conversion of organic
matter to energy without polluting the atmosphere.##

11125T

Nakamura, K.


RESPONSE OP PDLMONABY AIBWAY RESISTANCE BY INTEBACTION OF
AEHOSOLS AND GASES IN DIFFERENT PHYSICAL  AND CHEMICAL NATURE.
Translated from Japanese.   Japan. J.  Hyg.  (Tokyo), 19 (5): 322-
333, 196«.  37 refs..


Inhalation tests were conducted on 25 healthy males to determine
their response in pulmonary airway resistance to the interaction of
aerosols and irritant gases.  The subjects were divided into 3
groups; Group 1 inhaled 302 for 5 minutes, followed by a
misture of S02 with a large-size Nad aerosol; Group 2 inhaled
N02 for 5 minutes, followed by a small-sized Nad aerosol; and
Group 3 inhaled N02 for 5 minutes followed by a mixture of
N02 and a large-size NaCl aerosol.  The airway resistance
(AHR)  values immediately after inhalation were measured by the
airway interruption technique, and the intensities of the
reactions were compared.  The control values for the RWR were
those prior to the tests.   The AHH increased synergistically in
Groups 1 and 3.  In Group 2 the A«R for N02 and N02 plus
770               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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aerosol was higher than the control  value,  and  practically  no
change in reaction was observed  when the  N02  was  mixed  with  the
Had aerosol.  The synergistic effect of  an irritant  gas  and an
inactive aerosol is greatest when  the aerosol particle  size  is
around 1 micron, and the increase  in airway resistance  in this
case is believed to be due to reactive  constriction of  the
respiratory bronchiles and alveolar  ducts.##

11«53T

JIB POLLUTION.   ((La pollution de  l°air.J)  Translated  from
French.,  Chambres d* Agriculture,  35(301; Suppl») :1-16,
Nov. 1964.

The effects of air pollution in  rural and urban areas are
reviewed.  The effects of pollutants on plants  and animals  and  the
effects of radioactivity and pollution  due  to chemical  products  are
considered for rural areas.  In  urban areas the consequences of
air contamination on man, plants,  and materials are considered™
Particular emphasis is devoted to  air contamination in  Paris,
which is principally due to enissions from  domestic furnaces
 (3  million combustion units), industrial  fumes, and automobiles
 (1.2 million)™   These three sources  are discussed in  detail, with
a tabulation of  sources of C02,  S02  and fumes produced, and a
discussion on the influence of pollution  on materials,  urban
vegetation and man.  A regulation  concerning  the  fight  against
air pollution and odor in France is  presented,  including  the
establishment of "protection zcnes"  and strictures on type,
condition and operation of combustion equipment allowed.##

11U70T

Henschler, D.


PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF PRETPFATHF.NT  WITH  SMALL  GAS  CONCENTRATIONS
SGAINST FATAL PULMONABY EDEBA CADSED BY IRRITANT  GASES.
((Schutzwirkung einer Vorbehandlung  mit geringen
Gaskonzentrationen gegen todliche  Reizgas-Lungenodeme.,) )
Translated from German.  Arch,, Exp.  Pathol. Pharmakol,,
(Berline} , Vol. 238, p. 66-67, 1960.,  « refs.

In  order to elucidate the node of  effect  of irritant  gas, the
mechanism of a tolerance increase  was studied,  as it  develops
following the effect of snail gas  concentrations.  This effect,
which is known for phosgene and  ozone,  was  determined also  for
nitrous gases.  These three gases  exert a protective  effect  of
differing intensity with respect to  each  other, with  the  exception
of  the combination of nitrous gases  and phosgene.  This protection
is  consequently neither a principle  valid for all conbimaticns  of
irritant gases, nor is it specific for  any  one  type of  gas.,  This
finding permits exclusion of an  antibody-antigen  reaction as the
mechanism involved.  The following working  hypothesis regarding
the mechanism of the protective  effect  is proposed:   irritant gases
diffuse through  the alveolor wall  and only  that portion which is
not hydrolytically disintegrated exerts an  edema-inducing effect,
fcy  reacting with structural elements of the pulmonary capillaries.
The hydrolysis of acid gas is consequently  not, as has  often been
assumed, the.basis for the formation of an  edema,  but an  essential
factor of detoxication. ##
                          F. Effects -Human Health                     771

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11489

Gol'dberg, Bn S.


BIOIOGICAL EFFECTS OF ATKOSPHEBIC POIIUTANTS  AND  HYGIENIC
STSNDABDS FOB ATMOSPHERIC PCLIUTANTS OUTSIDE  THE  USSB.
-{(Problema biologicheskogo deistviya atmosfernykh zagryazneii i
ikh gigienicheskogo normirovaniya za rubezhom. ))   Hyg..  Sanit.
(English translation of:  Gigiena i Sanit.),  33 (4-6) : 215-250,
April-June 1968.  ((13)) refs.
   CFSTIt  TT 68-50449/2


A brief discussion is presented of a fen achievements  in  the
biological effects of pollutants and standards in the  U.S.A.,
Great Britatin, and Germany.  Studies being conducted  on  the
effects on man of prolonged exposure to low concentrations  of
atmospheric pollutants are mentioned.  Air pollution episodes in
New York (1953) and London (1952) are briefly  mentioned.  Also
discussed is the problem of the effect of the  dispersity  of dust
particles containing 3.4 benzpyrene upon carcinogenic  activity.##


11490

Shandala, H. G.,


ON FOLABOGBAPHIC STDDIES OF OXYGEN EXCHANGE IK EXPEBIMENTA1
HYGIEHIC INVESTIGATIONS.   ((K voprcsu o primenenii
polyarograficheskogo metoda pri izuchenii kislorodnogo  obmena v
eksperimental1nykh gigienicheskikh issledovaniyakh.))   Hyg.
Sanit.,   (English translation of:  Gigiena i Sanit.J,  33(4-6):
259-260, April-June 1968.
   CFSTI:  TT 68-50449/2


Epshtein's method (electrode pairs Au-Zn and  Pt-Fe) was
used without an oxygen load in conjunction with determinations of
the total oxygen consumption at rest and the  oxygenation  of venous
blood, in experimental studies of the effects  of  different
conditions of air ionization on oxygen exchange.   Data  pertaining
to high concentrations of air ions in bipolar  ionization  are
listed in thousands per cc (first chamber, n  positive  = 183., 6
positive or negative 4.9, n negative = 180.0  positive  or  negative
6.2; second chanber, n- positive = 50..2 positive or negative 2., 1,
n negative = 56., 9 positive or negative 3.0; third chamber,  used a
control, n positive =0.3 positive or negative 0.01),   The
experimental male albino rats  (three groups of 20 rats  each)
were placed in the chambers for 8 hr daily for 90 days.   Aninals
in the first chamber for 60 days exhibited statistically
comparison with the controls, naiely a higher  oxygen exchange lev-
ccmparison with the controls, namely a higher  oxygen exchange  level
el, a higher oxygen consumption at rest,, lover venous  oxygenation
and a lower oxygen tension (higher degree of  utilization) in
muscle tissue.  The differences were still present on  the 90th day
of exposure; the effect was due to the concentration  of air ions
in the first chamber.  Aninals in the second  chamber  did  not
differ from those in the third chamber  (controls)  with respect to
7Z2              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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oxygen consumption changes and venous oxygenation during  the  entire
exposure period.  Only the determinations of  oxygen  tension  (p02)
in nuscle tissue revealed that the lower air  ion concentration  in
the second chamber had an effect..  The method of electrochemical
recording of oxygen in intact suscle tissue without  batteries,  even
viithout an oxygen load  (Isaakyan) , is sufficiently sensitive  for
long-term experiments.t#

11535

Campbell, Kirby !.„  L« Otis Effiik,  George L.  Clarke,   and
Eoger I. Plata


INHALATION TOXICITY OF THE AIB POLLUTANT PEROXYACETYL  NI1BATE:
DEPRESSION OF VOLUNTARY ACTIVITY  IK HICE.  Preprint, California
Dniv., Riverside, Statewide Air Pollution Research Center,
and Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio,  National  Air
Pollution Control Administration,  ((14))p.,  ((1968)).   m  refs-

Sublethal acute toxicity, in terns of depression of  voluntary
physical activity (wheel-running), was determined in mice
inhaling the photochemical air pollutant peroxyacetyl  nitrate
 (CAN) for 6-hour per ods at concentration of  2.8, 3.7,  5.5,  6.4,
and 8.6 parts per million by volume  (ppm).   All concentrations
tested depressed both 6-hour  (test period) and 24-hour activity,
following which recovery to standard level reguired  2  to  4  days.
The concentration depressing activity by 50%  (teemed
"ictivitySO") was estimated at 4.5 and 4.1 ppm for the 6- and
24-hour activity respectively.  By use of ActivitySO index  the
toxic potency of PAN was compared with that of other pollutants
as follows  (descending rank): ozone, acrolein, nitro-olefins,
ozonized gasoline vapor, ?pan,  nitrogen dioxide, carbon  monoxide,
irradiated and non-irradiated auto exhaust.   The criterion  of
activity depression at threshold  exposures is discussed briefly..
 (Authors' abstract)t*

11539

RacEwen, J« D.  and B. P. Geckler


COHPARATIVE STUDIES OF 90-DAY CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE TO 03,  N02
AND CCI4 AT REDUCED AND AMBIENT PRESSURES.   (FINAL EEPOBT.)
Aerosjet-General Corp., Azusa, Calif., Contract AF
33(657}-11305, Proj. 6302, Task 630201, AMBL-TB-67-68,  67P.,
Feb.  1968.  25 refsm
   CFSTI, DDC:  AD 669079

Ninety-day continuous animal exposures to ozone, nitrogen dioxide
and carbon tetrachloride at Threshold Limit Values  were
conducted under ambient pressure  and  100S oxygen-reduced  pressure
•{5 psia) conditions.  Four species, dogs, monkeys,  rats,  and mice
were  exposed to each material.  Guinea pigs  were also  used  for
ozone exposures due to their reported susceptibility to this
pulmonary irritant.  Minimal biologic responses were observed
with  exposure to each of the compounds tested and,  consequently,
lower tentative exposure limits are recommended for  space cabin
environnents.  The recommended limits, based  on  the  time  period
tested, are 1 ppm for nitrogen dioxide, 0.01  ppm for ozone,  and 0.5
ppn for carbon tetrachloride.   {Authors' abstract)*!
                           F. Effects - Human Health                     773

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 11565

 Freeman, G.,  S. Co Crane,  R.  J. Stephens   and  N.  J.
 Furiosi


 PATHOGENESIS OF THE NITHOGEN DIOXIDE-INDUCED LESION IN  THE  HAT
 LUNG:  J BEVIES AND PSESENTATION OF  NEW  OBSERVATIONS.   Am.,
 Eev. Bespirat. Diseases, 98 (3) : H2S-HH3,  Sept-  1968.  50  refs..


 The induction of an emphysema-like condition in  rats by
 continuous exposure to nonedema-producing and  non-necrotizing
 levels of N02{10 to 25 ppm) is  described.   The increased  weight
 of the voluminous, air-containing lungs  was  shown to result from
 widespread hypertrophy of respiratory epithelium, especially in
 alveoli closely associated with alveolar ducts and  in terminal
 bronchioles.  Neither excessive fluid nor areas  appeared
 compressed.  Concentrations of  2+1 ppm during  the natural lifespan
 of the rat  (about two to three  years) did not  cause grossly
 emphysematous lungs but were associated  with either reduction or
 disappearance of bronchiolar cilia,  clear inhibition of  normal
 exfoliation and blebbing of the epothelial  cells, and the
 appearance of cytoplasmic, crystalloid inclusions of uncertain
 nature.#t
11568

Horn, K.


AN UP-TO-DATE BEVIES) OF THE EFFECTS CF AIR POLLUTION ON THE
POPULATION.  ((Uber die Auswirkung der Luftverunreinigung
auf die Bevolkerung - Bine neure Ubersicht-)) Text in
German.  Z,, Ges. Hyg. , 14 (6) :«10-
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11575

Laurence,  K. M.,  c. o. Carter  and P. A. David


MAJOR CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEH BAIFCRMATIONS IN  SOUTH WALES- I.
INCIDENCE. IOCAL VARIATIONS AMD GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS..    Brit.
J. Prv. Soc., Bed., 21:146-160, 1967.   47 refs.


The total births, 1956-62, for 12 areas in South Hales  are given
in a table.  The incidence per 1,000  total births  of anencephaly,
spina bifida, and hydrocephalus (and  the number of cases)  is  given
in a table for the 12 areas studied.   The bulk of  the  population
lives in townships which are mostly industrial and in  straggling
industrial communities and villages,.   Certain  towns with  light
industry and an average population density of  4.8  persons/acre
have incidences of malformations of about 11.7/1000 live  births.
In a relatively flat agricultural area  (three  small country towns
with a total population of less thn 7000) with a population
density of less than 0.6/acre the malformation incidence  was  5-6
and I™3 in the two districts studied.  There seemed to  be  a
rural-urban gradient in incidence.  In Port Talbot, with  a large
steelworks, the incidence in wards which do not get the
prevailing winds from the steelworks  was 5.0/1000  live  births
while in the remaining wards it was 8.0/1000 live  births..  The
local incidence, population density,  type of locality  (industrial,
agricultural,), area, number of cases, total births, population
density, and incidence/1000 births are all given in a  table.
Local variations are discussed in the light of geological
background, water supply, rainfall, sunshine,  background
radiation, radioactive fallout, population density, and
urban/rural areas.  None seems to explain the  local differences.##

11593

Thomas, A. A.


BAN'S TOLEPANCE TO TRACE CONTAMINANTS.   Aerospace Medical
Research Lab., Bright-Patterson AFB,  Ohio, AMRL-TR-67-146,
38p., Jan. 1968.,  9 refs,,
   CPSTI, DEC:  AD 669356


Atmospheric contaminants in sealed cabins originate from  a
multitude of sources:  off-gassing from cabin  materials,
production of contaminants by the life support system  components,
continuous exposure,, a combination of physiological stress from
problem increases with progressing mission duration and can  become
the limiting factor for nan's tolerance to extended space  flight.
Several important aspects must be considered:  truly uninterrupted,
, continuous exposure, a combination  of physiological  stress  from
the use of artificial atmospheres and the chemical stress  imposed
by the trace contaminants, and the great potential of
synergistic toxic effect by various constituents of the highly
complex mixture of many contaminants.  Superimposed on these
factors are the other aggravating characteristics  of prolonged
space flight:  logistics problems of  life support  and  psychological
effects of isolation on performance-   Clearly, these factors  must
                          F. Effects -Human Health                    775

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be weighed singly and in combination to allow safe  design  of future
manned systems.  Validation of human tolerance  to trace
contaminants can be accomplished by prolonged animal exposures
coupled with mathematical nodel verification.   Tradeoffs in life
support system design can extend tolerance to contaminants and
long range logistic tradeoffs should be considered  by  utilizing
extra-terrestrial resources for contaminant removal purposes.
{Author's abstract)#S

11632

Vaughan,  Thomas R.0 Jr.,  Lesta F.  Jennelle  and Trent P«
lewis


EFFECTS OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ICW  IEVELS OF SIB POLLUTANTS ON
EDLMONABY FUNCTION IN THI BUGLE.    Preprint, Public Health
Service,  Cincinnati, Ohio National  Sir Pollution Control
Administration, ((19})P-. ((1968)).  29 refs..


One hundred and four beagles have been exposed  for  18  months to
natural and photochemically reacted auto exhaust, oxides of
nitrogen  and oxides of sulfur.  No  differences  in single breath
carbon monoxide diffusing capacity, dynamic pulmonary  compliance
or total  expiratory pulmonary resistance were found between
exposed and control animals.  Removal of reactive gases in the
upper airway was studied during brief exposures in  an  additional
small group of animals.   Under these conditions, 100%  removal of
03 and S02, 90% removal of N02, 73% removal of  NO and  no
removal of CO or hydrocarbon sere found.  (Authors" abstract) ##

11670

Donald E. Gardner,  Bobert S.  Hclzman,,  and David L.
Coffin
EFFECTS OF NITBOGEN DIOXIDE OK PULMCNAFY CELL
POPULATION.   Preprint, Public Health Service,, Cincinnati,
Ohio, National Sir Pollution Control Administration,
<(11))P..,  ((1968)).  11 refs.


Studies have shown that ozone has produced changes in the
number and function of cells obtained by pulmonary lavage.  In
similar experiments, rabbits exposed to levels of N02 from
ambient to 60 ppm demonstrated increased numbers of
polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the lung washings.  This
phenomenon persisted for more than 72 hours fallowing a single
3-hour exposure.  Hhen streptococci were instilled in the lungs of
NC2-exposed anesthetized rabbits 30 minutes prior tc lavage, a
pronounced inhibition of phagocytic activity was observed.  Using
these criteria, N02 appeared less effective than ozone as a
pulmonary irritant.  {Authors" abstract, modified)##

11679

N. D. Weiner,  K. Amanat,  D« Blondo,  B. Caprioli,  N.
Dinerman,  and A. Felmeister
776               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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INTERACTION OF N02 WITH HONOLAYERS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS
EXTRACTED FKOH £„  COLI AT 15 EIGBEI C AND  37  DEGEEE C.
Preprint, Columbia Dniv., New York, Coll. of Pharmacy,  12p_,
March 29, 1968.  10 refs..


Phospholipids were extracted from E. coli grown  at 15  degree C
and 37 degree C.  The fatty acid residues of the  15 degree C
phospholipids were found to be considerably more  unsaturated than
the 37 degree C phospholipids.  These phospholipids were  spread
as nononolecular films and exposed to N02 containing
atmosphere.  Hhereas the 37 degree C phospholipid films
showed no interaction, N02 was found to  expand considerably the
15 degree C phospholipid films.  The results demonstrate  that
simple changes in environmental conditions  may affect  markedly
the interaction of air pollutants such as N02  with biological
neatranes.  (Authors' abstract)f#
11682

11682
llvin Felneister,  Mohammad imanat and Norman  D. Weiner


INTERACTION OF PHOTEIN ASD LIPOPBOTIIN MONOLAYEHS HITH
NITROGEN DIOXIDE-TBANS 2-BUTENE GASEOUS MIXTURES.   Preprint,
Columbia Univ., New York, Coll., of Pharmacy,  ((8»P-r
1(1968)}.  « refs.


The interactions of pollutant atmospheres with  oriented  protein
and lipoprotein filas was studied.  A gas train assembly. Teflon
coated trough, and Hilhelmy plated method of  surface  pressure
aeasurement was used.  The fills were then exposed  to a  standard
atmosphere (i.e., air flowing at the rate of  300 ml/min}  or  to
the following test atmospheres, all flowing at  this same rate of
300 ml/Bin: (a) 0.33X nitrogen dioxide in air;  (b)  0.08% trans
2-butene in air; and  (c) 0.33* nitrogen dioxide and 0.08% trans
2-butene in air.  Significant changes in the   -A curves  for
the pure protein films were observed in the presence  of  all
atmospheres containing nitrogen dioxide,, while  the  trans 2-butene
did not interact with the film, nor did it appear to  influence  the
nitrogen dioxide film interaction.  However,  whereas  exposure of
unsaturated phospholipid films to nitrogen dioxide  containing
atmospheres resulted  in a large expansion of  the film, exposure
of bovine albumin film to these same test atmospheres resulted  in
a significant contraction of the film.  The data obtained suggest
that the effect of N02 on the lipoprotein films studied, appears
to be a function only of the phospholipid component of the film.,
In general, membrane  lipoproteins contain a large proportion of
unsaturated phospholipids attached to structural and  functional
protein.  In vivo interaction of the supporting phospholipid with
nitrogen dioxide, or  other reactive pollutants, could result in an
expansion of the exposed cell membrane.  This  expansion  would then
lead to a change in the conformation of the attached  protein.
In the case of a functional protein, changes  in conformation would
be accompanied by changes in en2yme activity. ##
                           F. Effects - Human Health                    777

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11801

Eoss, Joseph C.


TflACE CONTAMINANTS.  In: Physiolcgy in the Space  Environment.
Washington, D. C., National Academy of Sciences    National Eesearch
Council, 1968, Chapt. 15, p.  113-121.  8 refs.

Studies of sealed environments have identified numerous  trace
elements in the atmosphere of confined spaces.  The contaminants
originate in the degradation  and off-gassing of materials within
a space, from endogenous production within the body,  or  from
some breakdown of equipment or system.  As expected,  carbon
monoxide is one of the trace  contaminants in a closed-system.
The rate of carbon monoxide production observed in one closed system
study was 0.37 ml/man/hr.  The threshold limit value  in  industry
for an eight-hour day is 0.01!i  (100 ppm)  for 480  min.  Other
studies show that ozone is much more acutely toxic than  N02.
Nevertheless, exposures to N02 are common and can cause  both
injury and death.  With exposures of 150 to 200 ppm,  bronchiolitis
fibrosa obliterans develops;  50 to 100 ppm induces bronchiolotis
with focal pneumonaia.  Chronic exposure to 10 to 40  ppm can
result in chronic pulmonary fibrosis.  Animal studies of other
trace contaminants suggest that industrial threshold  limit values
cannot be used as criteria for long-term exposure.  This is true
for carbon tetrachloride, phenol, indole, skatole, and hydrogen
sulfide.  However, the knowledge of man's tolerance to trace
contaminants over long periods is not complete, nor is enough
known about individual hypersensitivities to inhalation  of many
trace elements.

11806

Gindi, Gene and Caron Boman


OST OF A BIOLOGICAL KODEI JOB SMOG INDUCED DEATH.  In:  Air
Pollution Project:  An Educational Experiment in Self-Directed
Research, Summer 1968.  Associated Students of the California
Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, p. 33-50, 1968.  12 refs.

A mathematical model which links smog-induced deaths  to  the
genetic theory of aging was tested by application to  two New
York smog episodes and by comparison with the results obtained
when the model was applied'to the London smog episode of 1952.
In the model, death rates were considered to form a fraction of
the original population of a  particular age group dying  in a
given interval of time.   Therefore, it was necessary  to  calculate
the population of each group at birth.  Therefore, a  weighted mean
age was assigned to a certain age group by weighting  each age
according to the population of that age in a city at  the time of
a smog episode.  With the population of an age group, and the
specific death rate known for a particular year, the  cohort
population at birth was calculated.  Mortality rates  were expressed
in terms of cohort deaths, and were used to compute the  background
death rate for each age group.  The values obtained for  New York
were in good agreement, but differed significantly from  the London
values.  It is concluded that they reflect differences in public
health levels as well as the effect of contaminants on human
biological functioning.
778               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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1 1807

Litt, Robert S., Sarah Vaughan,  Patti  Birkinshaw,  Holly  Coit,
and Barbara Sanders
EFFECTS OF LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF OZONE  Ci  TEMPORAL  DISCRIMINATION.
In:  Air Pollution Project:  An Educational  Experiment  in  Self-
Directed Research, Summer  1968.  Associated  Students  of  the
California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena,  p.  51-64,  1968.   12 refs.


The effects of ozone on temporal discrimination  and learning
time in rats was investigated.  Six  rats were  separated  into
two groups, as nearly equal as possible,  and run on variable
and fixed interval schedules, alternately  in ozone  and  ozone-
free air.  The criteria for switching a  rat  frcm one  schedule
tc another was a uniform response  rate  within  runs, consistency
between runs, and the character of the  response  patterns.
Almost consistently, learning tine decreased in  ozone,  whether
it came between ozone-free runs or after them.   The results
supported the hypothesis that ozone  significantly affects
learning time.  (Author abstract modified)
11916

A. T. Silakcva,  and S. A. Kosendz


BIOOD PBOTEIN AMIDE NITROGEN AND ITS POSSIBLE  DIAGNOSTIC  VALUiJ
IN INTOXICATION WITH fiLECIRO-KEIDING ALtiOSOL.    (Amidnii  azot
belkov krovi i ego vozmczhnoe diagnosticheskoe znachenie  pri
vozdeistvii na organize electrcsvarcchnogc aerosolya.)  Text in
Russian.  Gigien. Truda i Prof. Zabolevaniya,  12(8):56-58,
Aug.  1968.  16 refs.


The aerosol obtained from automatic electro-welding,  using
An-bO agents, contained in mg/cu u 0.83-1.15 HF,  2-3.18 N205,
and  120-150 dust—of which 14.1 mg/cu  ffi  was flu,  72-90  tag/cu  in fe,
6-7.5 mg/cu m CaF, and 8.6-10.5 mg/cu  m  SiO^.  Rats  placed in
exposure chambers were subjected to daily 4 hi aerosol
inhalations for 1, 3, 6,  or 9 months.  The blood  from  the animals
was subjected tc acid  (1N Li2S04) hydrolysis during  which
ammonia derived form the  blood protein amide groups  was
measured.  The one-month  aerosol inhalation reduced  the
amide group .stability:  of the total amide K,  in  the  first 10
minutes of hydrolysis, 31% was released  as ammonia  in  controls,
as compared to 41-54% in  the treated aniaals.  Complete
hydrolysis was obtained in the controls  in 2 nr  and  in  the
treated animals in 30 min.  These cnanges are  believed  to be
caused by an.  The hydrolysis curves show a characteristic
pattern of change in the  1-month F«riod/ dud stability  in the 3, b,
or 9-month period.  The curves may be  of jiaguostic  value in cases
of intoxication with the  electro-welding aerosol. 
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12038
HISLTH AND AIR POLLUTION SUBJECT OF NEW STUDIES..  Environ.. Sci.
Technol., 2 («) : 246-249. Apr. 1968.


For the next seven years, Hazleton Laboratories Inc. will be
studying the effects of air pollutants on laboratory animals,
including guinea pigs and monkeys.  One study financed by Edison
Electric Institute and National Coal Association is intended
to provide data useful in setting criteria for the three most
conspicuous pollutants emitted from stacks of coal-burning plants:
502, H2S04 mist, and flyash.  Test animals exposed to the
pollutants are being checked regularly to determine whether their
respiration is being affected and if so, how much.,  The second
study, financed by the American Petroleum Institute will
emphasize the possible role of synergism in air pollution..  This
study will cover various concentrations of five air pollutants:
CO, N02, S02, lead chlorobrcmide., and CaS04.##

12079

Ehrlich, E.   and Mary C. Henry


CHRONIC TOXICI1Y OF NI1ROGEN DIOXIDE.   Arch. Environ. Health,
17(6) :860-865,  Dec. 1968.  11 refs.


Continuous (24 hr/day)  exposure to 0.5 ppm nitrogen dioxide for
three months or longer significantly increased the susceptibility
of mice to airborne Klebsiella penumoniae as demonstrated by
enhanced mortality.  Intermittent exposure to 0.5 ppm N02 for
6 or 18 hr/day for six months also resulted in a significantly
increased mortality.  After 12 months exposure to NC2, mice
in the three experimental groups showed a reduced capacity to clear
viable bacteria from the lung.  The reduced rate of clearance was
also apparent in the 24 hr/day group after six months' exposure and
in the 6 and 18 hr/day groups after nine months' exposure.  Serum
lactic dehydrogenase isoenzymes showed a shift from the
predominately anaerobic band to the aerobic bands after M02
treatment.  (Author's Abstract)##

12157

Smith, Leoh E.


CAHDIO-BESPIRAIORY EFFECTS OF PAN INHALATION DURING EXERCISE.
Preprint, California Univ., Riverside, Dept. of Physical
Education, 11p., 1964.   11 refs.   (Presented at the Seventh
Annual Air Pollution Medical Research Conference, Los
Angeles, California, Feb. 10-11,  1964.)


Athletes in many cities have often reported  pulmonary discomfort
during and following competitive activity throughout periods  of
high concentrations of snog.   An experiment  was therefore designed
in which human subjects, under controlled conditions, were exposed,
during rest, exercise and recovery, to a specific constituent of
780               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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  photochemical smog,  namely peioxyacetyl  nitrate  (PAN) .   The
  object of the investigation was to discover if, at concentrations
  of 0.3 parts per million, (estimated  to  be the concentration of
  heavy atmospheric smog)  the pollutant,  PAN, as contrasted  to
  filtered air, had a  significant effect  upon specific
  cardio-respiratory responses of young males.  The results  of the
  experiment demonstrated a significant effect of the  pollutant
  P!H upon the oxygen  uptake of the subjects occurred  when they
  vere exposed to the  additional stress of exercise.##

  12158

 Slcte,  Lawrence


 JN  EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF MAN'S  BEAC1IOK TO AN IONIZED 4IE
 ENVIRONBEHT.    Preprint, Nev York Univ., N. Y., 22p.,
 1961.   17 refs.  In:  Proceedings of  International Conference
 colonization of the Air, Oct. 16-17, 1961.


 The motor responses, sensory-motor  responses, and sensory
 responses of 16 males between ages  24 and 56 years were  tested in
 an ionized air environment.  The  test area  was an air
 conditioned room having a volume  of  approximately 2000 cubic feet.
 Ihe temperature in the test  area  was maintained between  20 degree
 C and  25 degree C while  the  relative humidity was maintained
 tetneen <10 and 60 per cent.  The  normal ion content  of the test
 area was measured and found  to be 150 small negative ions  per cc of
 air and 187 small positive  ions  per cc of air.   The  room was
 lighted Hith overhead fluorescent fixtures  having an overall light
 intensity of 50 foot-candles.   Ambient noise was  measured  and
 found  to be 60 decibles.  Constant levels of both light  and noise
 were maintained during  this  study.   The nasal  inhalation of 20,000
 snail  positive ions  per  cubic  centimeter  of air  for  a period of 15
 to 25  minutes produced  a statistically  significant effect  of a
 detrimental nature  on:   (1)  the  functional  state  of  the
 retino-cortical neural  system,  (2)  the  motor activity of a
 relatively small  group  of muscles, and  (3)  simple visual reaction
 time.   The nasal  inhalation cf 20,000 negative ions  under  the same
 conditions produced  beneficial results  on  the  responses  tested.
 The data presented  definitely pcints to  the fact  that the
 inadvertent production  of positive ions  by  such  factors  as air
 conditioning,  air pollution and hot  air  space  heating could
 produce immediate effects of a detrimental nature  on man £
 performance.##

 12160

Campbell,  Kirby  I.   and Halter L. Crider


ALIEN  CONSTITUENTS  IN EXPEBIHENTAL  ATMOSPHERES.    *«P^nt'
Public  Health Service, Cincinnati,  Ohio  National Center
for Air Pollution Control,  5p.,  ((1967?)).   <•  refs.








                          F. Effects -Human Health                     781

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cited in which the particle count index indicated formation of
alien particulates when dogs were being exposed to nitrogen dioxide
gas with or without an intentional particulate component, ferric
oxide dust.  Some possibilities are mentioned with regard to the
nature of the cited phenomenon, influential factors, and
bioligic implications.  (Authors' summary)##


12173

Gustave Freeman,  and Glen E. Haydon


EFFECT OF CONTINUOUS LOW-LEVEL EXPOSURE TO NITROGEN DIOXIDE.
Preprint, Stanford Research Inst., Benlo Park, Calif.,
Dept, of Medical Sciences, 10p., 1963.  3 refs.   (Presented
at the Sir Pollution Medical Research Conference, San
Francisco, Calif., Jan. 28-29, 1963.)


The maximum nitrogen dioxide concentration in air that does not
cause death from acute pulmonary edema and allows rats tc survive
for several months was determined.  At this and at lower
concentrations, long term effects were studied with particular
attention tc the pulmonary pathology.  Four identical exposure
chambers were used.  On two occassions, rats exposed to 100 ppm
N02 died within 24 hours.   One group of 9 rats was placed in a
chamber with a constant level of 50 ppm of N02.  Six
animals died between 18 and 68 days.  Six rats were exposed to
25 ppm N02 and all survived the acute phase, but failed to gain
weight.  Voluminous lungs were seen in all the rats.  Pulmonary
pathological changes of significance were hypertrophy and
hyperplasia of the bronchial and brcnchiolar epithelial cells.
Proliferation of goblet cells tc secrete mucous and
proliferation of new connective tissue at the junction of the
terminal bronchioles and alveolar ducts were found in rats
sacrified after forty days of exposure to 25 ppm of nitrogen
dioxide.l#


12175

L. S. Jaffe
BEVIEW ON CHEMICAL MUTAGENESIS.   Preprint, Public Health
Service, Hashington, D.  C.,  Div. of Air Pollution,  ((10))p.,
Oct.  4, 1S63.  19 refs.


Chemical mutagenesis is  the process whereby the somatic  cells
of an organism are induced to produce a change  (mutation) by
chemical means or by exposure to chemical substances, wherein
as a  result of this exposure the cell themselves or the  daughter
cells, formed upon dividings, function less efficiently  or
differently from the parent cells.  In chemical mutagenesis we
are concerned with the influence of certain chemicals found in
air pollution to form deleterious mutations in the somatic cells of
the individual  (or animal population)  causing it to age  more
quickly; to change the appearance and nature of the cells
anatomically or in function; or tc act carcinogenetically and
782               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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fern cancers in the organism.  The prime effects  of  chemical car-
eers mutagenesis are of three bread categories:   (1)  a  change  in
the aging process induced by chemical  means;  (2)  change  in  the na-
ture and ajpearance of the cell and/cr its  function  (metaplasia);
(3)  carcinogenesis. ##

12102

Carson, Steven and Bichard E. Goldhamer


BIOCHEMICAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS AGAINST PULMONARY  IRRITANTS.
Food and Drug Research Labs., Inc., New York, Contract  AF
33 (615J-5309, Proj. 7163, AHRL-TB-67-212, 130p.,  Oct. 1968.
20 refs.
   CFSTI, DDC:  AD 680823

Studies were performed in which mammalian mucociliary apparatus
was characterized under normal conditions following  exposure to
three irritant gases:  100 percent oxygen,  ozone  and  nitrogen
dioxide.  Investigations were made in  normal and  treated animals
providing physical, electrophysiological, biochemical,  and
morphologic data of effects due to exposure.  A method  for  in
vitro microscopic observation of  viable cilia and adjacent  mucus
blanket was described in terms of ciliary beat and  movement of
particles embedded in the mucus.  In vitro  volumetric estimation
of mucus thickness was compared to electrical resistance
measurements in the attempt tc provide an in vivo method to
determine mucus depth alterations in treated animals.   Pclarographi
studies of oxygen dependent enzyies were carried  out  on  pooled
stripped epithelial tissue of untreated animals and  comparison
made with tissues exposed to ozone and nitrogen dioxide.  Exposure
to 100 per cent oxygen caused a significant but self-limiting
decrease in mucus velocity and viscosity.   Acute  exposure to
nitrogen dioxide  (35 and "75 micrograms per  kilogram)  caused marked
dose dependent changes in velocity and viscosity.   Exposure to
0.5 ppm ozone for a 14 day period resulted  in general mucostasis
and elevated viscosity levels.   (Author abstract  modified)


126U6

BEHAVIORAL TOXICOLOGY LOCKS AT AIS POLLUTANTS,    Environ. Sci.
Technol., 2 (10) :731-733, Oct. 1968.


Behavioral toxicology research attempts to relate subtle
chemical and physiological changes induced  in the brain  to
changes in behavior.   A research group under Dr.  Charles
Xintaras, head of the National Air Pollution Control
Administration's behavioral toxicology unit, is studying the
effect of various air pollutants on the neurochemistry,
neurophysiology, and behavior of rats and monkeys.  The
Cincinnati group has concentrated its studies on  three commonly
occurring pollutants:  Carbon monoxide which appears  to  interfere
with the subjecfs awareness of his environment;  ozone vhich
may impair vision and depress body temperature; and  lead which
appears to interfere with brain function.   The preliminary
studies are discussed and a brief review of the work  to  be
undertaken is presented-t#
                          F. Effects -Human Health                     783

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13058

Menet, Jean-Paul and Edmond lagarde


EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC OZONE ON THE  EACTEHIAL POPULATIONS  OF  A
SOBANTARCTIC BIOTOPE.  (Effets de 1'ozone atmcspherique  sur les
peuplements bacteriens d*un biotope  subantarctique).   Text in
French.,  Compt. Rend. Read. Sci- Ser. D.  (Paris),  267:201(1-2043,
Dec. 4, 1968-  7 refs0


Aerobic bacterial populations were determined in sarcples cf pond
water taken near Port aux Francais in the Kerguelen Islands at
which high ozone levels have been recorded  for several years.  One
series was exposed to the ambient air, the  other protected by
rubber stoppers.  The series exposed to atmospheric ozone  (varying
froic approximately 300-550 milli-atmos cm over a year's  period)
had lower bacterial counts than the  series  protected  from  ozone
in -70% of the samples.  Destruction  attributable to ozone  varied
from 7-100% with an average of about 40S.   The amount of
destruction was directly related to  increase  in the ozone
concentration-

13446

Anbar, H., and M., Inbar


THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN BETAIIIC CATICNS OK THE IODIDE  UPTAKE IN THE
THYROID GLAND OF MICF..   icta Endocrinol. (kobenhaven) ,  46:61(3-652,
Aug. 1964.  21 refs..


It has been reported that certain metal ions  interfere with the
iodine uptake in the thyroid.  The effect of  various  metallic
cations on the iodine uptake irtc the gland was studied.   Ten
experimental mice were used for each material to be examined.  The
metallic cations to be tested were administered in  isotope form
and traced by a radioactive tracer.  The iodine uptake was
calculated in terms of % of injected dose accumulated in the  gland
or as a concentration ratio.  Ferric, cupric, mercuric,  zinc,
cadmium, and nickel ions at the dose level  of 0.1  millimoles  per
kg body weight were found to decrease the uptake of iodine in the
thyroid gland.  Manganous ions exhibited a  similar  effect  when the
dose was doubled.  A parallel decrease in fluoroborate could  be
demonstrated.  This suggests an interference  at the stage  of  iodide
accumulation.  Cobaltous, cobaltic,  magnesium, beryllium,,  and
zirconium ions were shown to have not effect  on iodine uptake at
the same dose level.  The extent of  influence upon  thyroxine
production was discussed.

13525

Kilburn, Kaye H.


CLEARANCE FROM ALVEOLI TO THE CILIASY ESCALATOR: IMPLICATIONS FOB
PULMONARY DISEASES.  In: Tenth Aspen Emphysema Conference: Current
Research in Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, p. 3-25, June 1967™
784               PHOTOCHEMICAL OX1DANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Experimental data  indicate  that  clearance  of  inhaled  material  from
the lung depends upon endocytosis,  alveolar clearance by  surface
forces, and mucociliary  clearance along  the tracheobronchial
epithelium.  Experimentation  with frog lung suggested that  alveolar
clearance occurred due tc  movement  of dilute  and  thin (sol) mucus
from its point of secretion in type  B alveolar  cells  and  Clara
cells to various levels  up  the airway where it  is reabsorbed.
Hicrovilli of the ciliated  cells may be  important in  maintaining
optimal thickness of the sol  layer  of the  viscoelastic  mucus
transport system,.  observation of the evaginated  frog lung
supported this model.  Damage to such a  transport system  with
reabsprptive failure may help to explain the  occurrence of  large
quantities of secretions in patients with  airway  disease.,


138U6

Sapse, A. T., B. Bonavida, «. Stone, Jr.,  and En  E. Sercarz


HUHAN TEAS 1YSOZYHE III.  PBELIMINABY STUDY ON  LYSOZYHE LEVELS
IN SUBJECTS WITH SHOG EYE IBBITATION.  Am. J. Ophthal., vol.
66:76-80, July 1968.  11 refs.


Human tear lysozyme (HTL) levels were measured  in 21  subjects
complaining of eye irritation while  in smog-polluted  areas
of Los Angeles, primarily the San Fernando Valley and Azusa.
later, tear specimens collected from 12  patients  were compared
to those taken from the  same  patients after an  interval of
several hours in a pollution—free, air-conditioned room.  HTL
content in subjects with eye  irritation  was found to  by 60%
below normal.  Under smog-free conditions, HTL  levels were
about 60% higher than normal.  The reason  for the decrease
is unknown but may be attributed to  several possibilities:
(1) the total protein may have decreased due  to the increased
flow in tears,  (2)  HTL may  be removed from the  eye fluids
either from destruction  or binding to the  tissues, or (3)
smog or fumes may have inhibitors which  inactivate HTL.


13852

Buckley, Bamon D. and Clayton G. Loosli


EFFECTS OF NITBOGEN DIOXIDE INHAIATION ON  GEBBFBEE MOUSE LUNG.
Arch. Environ.  Health, 1 8 (i») : 588-595, April 1969.  16 refs.


The role of nitrogen dioxide  (N02) alone as a causative agent
of structural and metabolic alteration to  lung  tissue,
without the synergistic effects of superimposed bacterial or
viral infections, was investigated by exposing  germfree mice
to pure N02 in sterile chambers and  then killing  them after an
appropriate exposure period.  This method  made  possible the
production and characterization of a chemically induced lesion
not altered by the presence of respiratory disease-causing
organisms.  Examination of the B02-exposed tissue showed that
alterations involved primarily the bronchiolar  epithelium
and alveolar tissue near terminal bronchioles and suggested that
                          F. Effects -Human Health                     785

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a stimulation in cell activity, rather than damage and
destruction, results from N02 inhalation, at least at the
exposure levels involved,.  Results also suggested that
only cells in direct contact with N02 undergo structural and
metabolic change.  In an additional study, both germfree and
conventional Bice, after N02 exposure, were contaminated
with either staphylococcus aureus bacteria or with influenza
virus.  Although there was greater deposition of organisms in
the lung of N02-exposed animals than in the germfree control
group, the lung clearance rates for S. aureus of both groups
were nearly identical.  Control and N02-exposed germfree mice
both responded to virus contamination with significantly
increased resistance, much the same as conventional mice, a
phenomenon which is not understood at present.

13860

Eeldstein, M.


TOXICITY AND ANALYSIS OF AIS POLLUTANTS-  J. Forensic Sci,, ,
14(3):337-351, July 1969.  «U refs.


The emission of solids, liquids, and gases from industrial
operations, power and heat generation using fossil fuels,
combustion of organic waste materials, and auto exhaust
constitute the major sources of air pollution.  Carbon
monoxide, as a community air pollutant, is emitted to the
atmosphere from most combustion operations where incomplete
combustion of organic matter occurs.  Exposures to 30 ppm for
four to six hours may result in tlood carboxyhemoglcbin
concentrations as high as 8% of the total pigment.  Nitrogen
dioxide is the primary reactant in photochemical smog, and is
found to cause acute pulmonary edema-  Physiological response
to low concentrations of both SC2 and S03 is similar and involves
bronchial constriction.  The response with S03 is U to 20
times greater in experimental animals than with S02 on an
equal concentration basis.   It is now believed that there
is no tolerable dose of a carcinogen..  Skin tumors were
produced in animals by as little as O.t micrograms of
benzpyrene.  Part of the reason for increased lung cancer is
ascribed to carcinogens present in air pollution.  Several
other pollutants and the various ways of analyzing pollutants
are also discussed.

13868

Yokoyama, Eiji


VARIATIONS OF VENTILATORS DY.NAMICS IN EXPERIMENTAL EXPOSURE
TO 302 AND N02.  (S02 oyobi N02 jikken-bakuro-ji no kanki-
rikigaku-chi no henkaj.  Text in Japanese.  Arerugi Nippon
Zasshi (Jap. J., Allergy), 16(103:56-60, Oct. 1967.  .17 refs.


Six healthy adults aged 20 to 36 were experimentally exposed
to S02 gas, and five healthy adults aged 18 to 37 were exposed
to N02 gas.  Pulmonary flow resistance, pulmonary compliance.
786               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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FHC,  and respiratory rate were  measured.  Concentrations  of  S02
during the experiment were 36 to  40  ppm; those  of  N02  were 6  to
17 ppm.  Experimental exposure  to  these  two  gases  and  similar
analyses Mere made in anesthetized dogs  and  guinea pigs.  Flow
resistances of the lungs and thorax  because  of  bronchoccnstriction
were  commonly increased by both S02  and  N02  in  three experiments.
The following response to these gases,  however,  differed.
Increase of pulmonary flow resistance  to S02 was inhibited
by the subcutaneous administration of  d.,7 mg cf  atropine
sulfate, but no inhibition by atropine  was observed with  N02.
Bespiratory rate was increased  by  N02  and decreased by S02 in
an experiment with guinea pigs.   Variation in pulmonary
compliance was more marked with N02  than with S02. The 502
was found to stimulate mainly the  upper  respiratory tract
(nose, throat, and upper trachea)  because it is  water-solutle
and because more than 95% of it is absorbed  within the upper
respiratory tract.  The N02 was found  to stimulate mainly the
peripheral portion of the lung  because  it does  not dissolve
easily in water and thus is easily brought to the  peripheral
portion of the respiratory tracts.   Nitrogen dioxide was  found
to have an oxidizing action and to damage the pulmonary
mucosae more markedly than the  reductive action  of S02.


14050

Gregory, Arthur R. and Charles  H.,  Hine


NEONATAL RESISTANCE TO LUNG EDEMA..   Proc. SOC.  Exp. Biol. Med. ,
vol.  128:693-695, July 1968..  15  refs»


The resistance of newborn rats  and mice  to lung  edema  was
determined by simultaneously injecting  adult rodents and  their
newborn offspring with thiourea and  by comparing the toxicity of
inhaled NC2 in adults and newborn.   Newborn  rodents survived
injections in good health but the  mothers, in grooming their
young, ingested fatal amounts of  thiourea.   Their  deaths  were
characterized by pulmonary edema  and hemorrhage.   The  median
lethal dose .(LD50) of thiourea  for adult rats was  47 mg/kg;  that
for newborn rats was 1.2 gin/kg.   Resistance  to  N02 was also  high
in the young.  These results are  in  direct contrast to both
original data and data from the literature on the  ordinarily
increased sensitivity of newborn  animals to  most drugs and toxic
agents.  It is theorized that immaturity of  the  pituitary-
adrenal axis, together with thyroid  deficiency  and thyroid
insensitivity, is important in  the resistance of newborn  animals
to these inducers of lung edema.   Hypoventilation  is also
suggested as a possible protective mechanism.


14065

Heiner, N. D., «- Amanat, D. Elondo, R.  Caprioli,  N. Dinerman,
and A. Felmeister


INTERACTION OF N02 WITH MONOLAYERS OF  PHCSPHOLIPIDS EXTRACTED
FROM  E. COLI AT 15 AND 37 DEGREES.   J. Pharm. Sci., 57(8):1398-
1100, Aug. 1968.  10 refs,,
                          F. Effects -Human Health                     787

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The purpose of the study was to determine whether the membrane
phospholipids extracted from Escherichia coli grown at  15 and 37
deg would exhibit differences in their interaction with  an  air
pollutant such as N02.,  The fatty acid residues of the  15 deg
phospholipids were found to be considerably more unsaturated than
the 37 deg phospholipids.  These phospholipids were spread  as
monomolecular films and exposed to N02-containing atmospheres.
Whereas the 37 deg phospholipid films showed no interaction, N02
was found to expand considerably the 15 deg phospholipid films,
probably the result of the interaction of N02 with the  double
bonds of the unsaturated fatty acid groups.  The results
demonstrate that simple changes in environmental conditions may
markedly affect the interaction of air pollutants such  as N02 with
biological membranes.  (Author abstract modified)

14079

Abe, Mutsuo


EFFECTS OF MIXED N02-S02 GAS ON HUMAN POIMONABY FUNCTIONS.  Bull.
Tokyo Med. Dental Univ., It (4) : 1115-133, 1967.,  30 refs.


Experimental studies were carried out on the effects of  S02, N02,
and a mixed S02-N02 gas on the huian pulmonary functions by
measuring the values of ventilatory mechanics, by spirometry, and
by peak flow rate.  The effects of 302 are immediate but not
durable.  Those of N02, on the contrary, are late-acting and
durable.  The effects of a mixed SC2-N02 gas are intermediate
between those of N02 and 302 alone, showing no cumulative effects
of the two gases, only additive ones.  Such differences  of  the
effects between two gases are supposed to be attributed  to  the
grade of water solubility of each gas; 302 is readily soluble
and N02 difficultly soluble.   (Author abstract modified)

14119

Heuss, Jon M. and William A.  Glasson
HYDROCAHBON BEJCTIVITY AND EYE IRRITATION.  Environ™ Sci-
Technol.. 2(12) : 1109-1116. Dec. 1968..  21 refs.
Twenty-five hydrocarbons and nitric oxide were irradiated in a
smog chamber.  Eye irritation and various chemical reaction
rates and product yields were used to measure hydrocarbon
reactivity.  Although the chemical measurements of reactivity
correlated ¥ith one another to a fair degree, there  was  no
correlation between any of the chemical measurements and
eye irritation.  A correlation was found between  hydrocarbon
structure and eye irritation; a hydrocarbon reactivity scale
based on eye irritation is presented™  The most potent
precursors of eye irritation were benzylic hydrocarbons  and
aromatic olefins.  A new and extremely potent eye irritant,
peroxyben2oyl nitrate, a lachrymator 200 times as potent
as formaldehyde, was identified as a product from the
irradiation of benzylic hydrocarbons and aromatic olefins..
(Author abstract modified)
788              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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11*377
Freeman, Gustave, Sheldon C, Crane,  Eobert J.  Stephens,  and
N. J. Furiosi
ENVIBONMENTAL FACTOBS IN EMPHYSEMA  AND  A MODEL  SYSTEM WITH  H02.
Yale J,. Biol, Med., «0 (5-6) : 566-575,  April-June 1968.,   UH refs.

A model of an emphysema-like disease  based  on the  covert effects
of environmental N02 is described.  The model suggests  how
some of the features that  define  emphysema  in man  may occur.
Twenty-one month-old rats  were exposed  to concentrations of
0.8 ppm of N02, a level already achieved in smog.   They and an
equivalent control group lived out  their natural lives  of 2-3
years  and died of similar  commonplace diseases  of  old age
apparently unrelated to N02 exposure.  The  only difference
between the groups was a sustained  tachypnoea of about  20%
above normal in rats exposed to N02.  Microscopically,  lungs
were essentially without blemish  except for occasional  evidence
of bronchial epithelial changes.  A similar experiment  with
2 ppm of N02 produced the  same results.  The bronchial
epithelial cells exposed to N02 were  more uniform  in size and
the lumenal surfaces were  smoother  than in  the  controls.
Functionally, it was suggested that inhaled particles,
infectious or not, might be retained  due to deficient ciliary
cleansing of alveoli and bronchioles.  The  next higher
concentration, t ppm, was  terminated  after  16 weeks.  Grossly,
the lungs were not clearly different  from the controls, but
the terminal bronchiolar epithelium was hypertrophic,
characterized by increased height acd uniformity of the cells.
In all cases, continuous breathing  of 10 ppm N02 gave rise
to large, air-containing lungs that did not collapse under
atmospheric pressure,,  Animals exposed  to 10 ppm began  to die
of respiratory failure after 16 months.  They grew less well
and developed thoraces with increased anterior-posterior
diameters.  Lungs of rats  dying of  exposure to  12  or 25 ppm
N02 looked alike, except that the longer survival  of 16-30  months
of the former allowed changes in  them to become more advanced
than in rats that died after 5-6  months from 25 ppm,.  It was
concluded that by selective tilling  and  dosage of N02, lesions
of the lung may be achieved that  resemble more  closely  the
generalized destructive, bullous-forming stage  of  the disease
recognized by many pathologists as  the  determining symptom
of terminal emphyserca in man,

UH93

Chen, C.,  K. Okamoto, and  T. Nakajima


THE HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STDDY ON THE  LUNG CF  BICE EXPOSED TO
0.7-0.8 PPM N02 GAS FOE A  MONTH.,  (N02  gas  (0.7-0.8 ppm) ni
renzoku ikkagetsukan bakuro shita mausu hai no  byori soshiki gaku
teki kenkyu)„  Text in Japanese.,  Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi
(Japan J.  Hyg.), 2«(1):91,  April  1969.

To study the effect of exposure to  nitrogen dioxide gas on  lungs
and trachea, mice four weeks of age were placed in a exposure
chamber and continuously exposed  for  30 days to 0.7 to  0.8  ppm
                          F. Effects - Human Health                     789

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concentrations of nitrogen dioxide gas, supplied by heating
liquid N02.,  Air for dilution was passed through a dehumidifier,
filter, and activated carbon.  Sir velocity in the chamber was
5 cm/sec, temperature 24 to 26 deg, relative humidity  40  to 70%,
and the light transmission rate of dust was less than  1?.  The
mice were given ample food and water.  A control group  of mice
was raised under siiilar conditions but in the absence  of N02.
Do statistically significant difference in growth rate  vas
observed between groups.  On the 15th day of exposure to  the gas,
accelerated secretion of mucus, degeneration, and desguamation
were observed at the mucus epithelium of the trachea.   lung
congestion and increased secretion of mucus in bronchial  tubes
was also noted..  By the 30th day, advanced negative and
degeneration of the mucus epithelium was evident in both  lungs
and trachea.  The results show that catarrhal changes  in  lung and
trachea occur following exposure to less than 1% (sic;  1  ppm/J
N02 gas.,

14553

Ichdnosawa, A., H. Takahashi, v« Tsunetoshi, and T,, Shimizu
ETIOLOGICAL CONSIDEHATIONS WITH BISEHCT TO CHBONIC  ESONCHITIS
IN JAPAN-  (Honpo ni okeru mansei kikanshien  no byoin-teki
kosatsu)..  Text in Japanese.  Nippon Einsho  (Japan  Clin.,),,
25(9) :2054-2063 , Sept. 1967.,  34 refs.


The etiological influence of air pollution on the incidence
of chronic bronchitis is discussed..  Six areas in Osaka and
its vicinity were classified into three severely, one  moderately,
and two mildly polluted areas.  Concentrations of 302, N02, and
ozone and amount of settling dust were measured.  Incidence of
chronic bronchitis in the severly polluted areas was higher
(twice as great in males and three times as great in females)
than that in the mildly polluted areas.  Males were more
frequently and severly involved than females..  Smoking and S02
concentration were the most important causes of this disease in
any district, and the correlation between the concentration of
S02 and occurrence of chronic bronchitis was demonstrated
mathematically.  In younger age groups, certain constitutional
factors influence the occurrence of the disease, while in older
age groups, environmental factors are more influential..  It
was difficult to determine the minimal predisposing conditions
necessary to provoke chronic bronchitis, since there were so
many variations in physical conditions among the subjects.

14732

Hueller, Harald


POWER ECONOMY AND RIP POLLUTION.,   (Energiewirtschaft und
Luf tverunreinigung).  Text in German.  Electro-Techniek  (The
Hague), 46 (20) : "21-430, Oct. 3, 1968..  89 refs.


Types of pollutants, the effects of air pollution on humans,
animals, plants, and materials, as well as control  measures
790               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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taken by power plants are reviewed.,  About  20 to  35% of  the
solid pollutants in the atmosphere comes from domestic
heaters, 35* from industries, and 25%  from  automobile exhaust
gases.  Of the gaseous pollutants, the most  dangerous is SOS-
Regulations in Russia limit their concentration in  the
atmosphere to 0.06 ppnu  In Gelsenkirchen in the  Euhr valley,
Germany, a concentration of 0.12 ppm has been measured.   The
threshold limit value  (TLV) referred to eight-hour  daily
exposure has been set at 5 ppm for N02,  Electrostatic
precipitators, mechanical separators,  centrifugal separators,
scrubbers, and bag filters are all used by  power  plants.
Desulfurization of flue gases and of the fuel is  also mentioned
as a possible solution.  High stacks positively influence the
dispersion process.  The power output  by the plants erected  in
1950 rose 375% by 1963.  Dust emission, however,  has been
reduced to T0% of the 1950 value.

15206

Pagnottoff L. D» and So S. Epstein


PBOTECTION EY ANTIOXIDANTS AGAINST OZONE TOXICITY IN MICE..
Experientia, 25(17} :703, 1969.,  11 refs..


The role of free radical injury in ozone toxicity and the
practicality of chemical protection against  the toxic effects of
ozone and atmospheric oxidant pollutants were investigated.,  A
total of 16 antioxidants was administered to 6-8  week old mice
weighing 20-22 g.  Four daily injections of  0., 1 ml  solutions or
suspensions in saline or tricaprylin were given.  Dosage of
antioxidants was based on maximum sub-lethal levels which were
determined by preliminary toxicity tests.,   Egual  numbers of  test
and control mice were exposed to ozone for  U hrs  in two  stainless
steel chambers 1 hr after the last injection of antioxidant.
Ozone concentrations were maintained at 9-11 ppm, producing
mortalities of 80-90% in the untreated controls.  Experiments  were
replicated using groups of 10-20 mice  in each experiment.
Protection by antioxidants against ozone toxicity was measured  ty
the reduction in mortality of the test in relation  to the control
mice.   Significant protection was produced  by six antioxidants,
particularly AHQ, primaguin, and EHQ.  It was concluded  that the
practical implications of such protection should  be explored..

15211

Terry, B« A-,, D« G., Harden, and A» M.  Bayyasi


EFFECTS OF NEGATIVE AIR IONS, NOISE, SEX AND AGE  ON BA7E
IEABNING IN EATS.  Intern,. J. Biometeorol.,  13<1):39-49,  1969.
4 refs.


The effect of negative air ionization, noise, age,  and  sex on maze
learning in rats was investigated; 240 rats  were  tested..   Egual
numbers of males and females were divided into two  age  groups:
the young group was 21-30 days old and the  adult  group  was 90-100
days old..  The age of the rats was held constant  during  the  five
                           F. Effects -Human Health                    791

-------
weeks of the experiment by weekly supply from  the  breeding
colony-  They were exposed to t«o levels of  noise;  30  and  90
decibels,, and three levels of negative  air ions: zero
concentration, 7,000,000, and 70,000,000 ions/cc.   Time  and error
scores of the rats running in a modified Lashley left-right maze
with an escape-from-water motive served as criteria*   A
randomized complete blocks design (2 times 3 times  2 times 2 times
10)  with replications was selected for  treatment by analysis of
variance.  The results indicated that males  show significantly
lower error score in negatively ionized air  and females  swim
significantly faster than males under all investigated
conditions with no apparent effect of noise  or ions on their
performance.


15215

Freeman,, G.,» S. C., Crane,, and S« J.  Furiosi


HEALING IN RAT LONG AFTER SUBACDTE EXPOSUHE  TO NITROGEN  BICXIDE.
An.  Bev. Bespirat. Disease, 100 55) : 662-676,  1969.   13  refs.


The  nature of healing was observed in rats after "\, 4, 10,  16, and
2C weeks of continuous exposure to 15 + or - 2 ppm  nitrogen
dioxide..  Animals from each group were allowed to recover  for 0,
8, 20, and 52 weeks and were compared with control  rats  of the
same age.  Lung weights increased at two different  times as
compared with those of the contrcl animals.  The first was
associated with hypertrophy of bronchiolar and adjacent  alveolar
epithelium.,  This tended to return toward normal during  recovery..
The  second occurred in aging, recovering rats, long after  contact
with N02 had ceased.  This was consistent with an  increase in the
staining property of collagen and elastic tissue in the  alveolar
parenchyma, which was most noticeable in the ductal areas.
Between the two increments,, lung weights were  equivalent to those
of control animals..  Healing in the longer-exposed  rats  left some
inhomogeneity of the air spaces of the  parenchyma and  some
partial or possibly complete closure by fibrosis of the
terminations of the bronchioles.,  Septal walls were sometimes
attenuated and fractured..  Both atresia of terminal bronchioles
and  discontinuities in altered elastic  tissue  may  account  in part
for  the apparently reduced elastic recoil of lungs  of  exposed
animals.,  (Author summary modified)

15383

Krueger, A., p., p. c« Andriese, and S.   Kotaka


SHALL AIR ICNS:  THEIR EFFECT OK BLCOD LEVELS  07 SEROTONIN
III TERMS OF MODERN PHYSICAL THEORY.   Intern., J. Eiometeorol..
.(Leiden). 12 (3) : 225-239,, 1968»  25 refs,.


The  relationship between air ion density and the blood levels of
5-hydroxytryptamine {5-HT) in mice was  studied.  Eight-week
old  male mice were kept in cylindrical  plexiglass  holding
chambers and exposed to ionized atmospheres  for varying  amounts
792               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
of time-  Under stringently controlled  environmental conditions
in which only the small air ion  content of  the  ambient  air  was
varied, positive ions raised  blood  levels of  5-HT  in the  mouse
and negative ions depressed them.   Examination  of  the
experimental evidence in terms of the modern  physical theory
of air ion formation and composition led to the hypothesis  that
the ions H(+}{H20)  and  {H3Q) (+) .{H20) n were  the  physiologically
active constituents of  positively ionized air,  while 02(-)(H20)n
and OH(-)(H20)n were the active  agents  in negatively ionized
air-  Further tests were conducted  with positive molecular  ions
of C02, 02 and N2 and with negative molecular ions of C02 and 02
emitted separately into pure  air containing water  vapor-  The
effects on the blood level of 5-HT  in mice  support the  initial
hypothesis and are in accord  with physical  theory.
15U90

Holland, George Ja, David Benson, Albert Bush, George Q.  Rich,
and Robert P. Holland
JIB POLLUTION SIMULATION AND  HtirAH PEBFOBMANCE.   Am.. J. Public
Health, 58 (9) : 1 681-1691, Sept.,  1968..  35 refs..


The effect of short-term exposure to moderate  levels of
photochemical air pollutant constituencies on  the efficiency of
various types of human motor  performance was determined.   Reaction
time, vital capacity, and suhmaximun work performance  on the
bicycle ergometer were measured  in 11 college  student  volunteer
subjects™  The subjects were  randomly assigned to one  of two
groups according to the Latin square method of experimental
design-  They served alternately on two occasions as either
control subjects in a normal  atmospheric environment or as
experimental subjects in an air  pollution environment.  In order
to simulate the conditions of the Los Angeles  Basin, a test
facility was designed.  Irradiated exhaust gases  from  an automobile
were pumped into an exercise  booth near the reaction tunnel.,  A
ventilation system was used to  replace the exhaust gases with
filtered atmospheric air during  the control experiments.   Air
samples were analyzed for carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitric
oxide, nitrogen dioxide, oxidants, hydrocarbons,  aldehydes, and
formaldehyde.  It did not appear from the study that the
performance of fine neuromuscular tasks such as reaction time or
cardiorespiratory work efficiency were significantly altered by
short—term exposure to moderate  levels of air  pollution.   More
study is required to elucidate  the effects of  air contaminants on
other types of human psychomotor performance,  especially maximum
work capacity.  Many atmospheric pollutants may have an insidious
qualitative biochemical effect  on human physiological  processes
which can only be identified  through carefnl longitudinal  study.
Future studies involving higher  levels of contamination with more
precise measures of airway resistance are recommended.
                          F. Effects -Human Health                     793

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15579

Coffin, David L. and Earl J. Elcmmer


ALTERATION OF THE PATHOGENIC BOIE OF STEEPTOCOCCI GROUP C  IN MICE
CONFESSED EY PEEVIODS EXPOSURE TO OZCNE.  Preprint,  Public  Health
Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Air Pollution Control
Administration, 10p., 1969.  13 refs.   (Presented at the
International Symposium Aerobiology, Third, Sussex University,
Brighton, England, Sept. 15-19, 1965.)


To obtain data on the influence of ozone on clearance rate,
bacterial growth, and mortality, pathogen-free mice approximately
20 days old, were divided into two groups, one of which was
exposed to ozone for three hours.  After the ozone exposure, both
groups were exposed to an aerosol consisting of diluted Group C
streptococci following which the clearance rate, bacterial
growth, and mortality studies were conducted.  A marked decline
in the number of cultivable organisms followed the introduction
of pathogenic streptococci in mice not exposed to ozone.
Three-hour exposure to 1-5 fpm ozone increased the number or
organisms cultivable at four hours.  At levels of 0.11 ppm  or
below, bacterial counts for the ozone treatments could net
be distinguished from the controls.  Beyond four hours after
aerosol exposure, marxed variability in the number of
cultivable cells was noted mice except those exposed to the
highest ozone concentrations with them raortaiities approached
100X.  It is concluded that exposure of mice to ozone increases
the possibility of death from subsequent infection by aerosolized
streptococci.  Associated with the increased mortality is  prolonged
retention of intrapulmonary bacterial viability, a shortening
of the lag phase, and an increased rate of bacterial
multiplication.  The diminished lag phase and enhanced bacterial
growth contribute to the slowing of the so-called bacterial
clearance rate.  Bacterial invasion of the blood appears to take
place from two tc four days inclusively and equates  with
subsequent mortality.  Bacteria present in the blood are in
insufficient numbers to appreciably affect the total lung counts.

15680

Yokoyama, Eiji


A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF S02, S02, AND 03 ON THE PULMONARY
VENTILATION OF GUINEA PIGS.,  (S02 to N02 oyobi 03 no kankino
moyobosu eikyo no hikaku—monumotto no okeru bakuro jikken).,  Text
in Japanese.  Sangyc Igaku (Jap.. J.. Ind.. Health) „ 11 (11) :563-568,
Nov.  20, 1969.,  21 refs-


Ventilatory functions of guinea pigs were quantitatively measured
before, during, and after 2-hour exposure tc S02, N02, and  03.
The gases caused an increase in the flow resistance of the  animals,
although the degree of change varied for the three gases,   A
significant difference was observed in the direction of change
in the respiratory rate.  Sulfur dioxide caused a decrease  in
the respiratory rate while N02 and 03 caused a decrease.  The
794               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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tidal volume changed in a direction  opposite  to  the  change  in
the respiratory rate-  The changes in  the  ventilation  function
of the respiratory system were  attributed  to  differences  in
lung area between exposures.,   [{Author  abstract  modified)

15725

Krueger, A- P., and S.<  Kotaka


THE EFFECTS OF JIB IONS OH EBAIN  LEVELS  OF SEBOTOKIN IN  MICE.
Intern., J,. Eiometeorol.„  13(113:25-38,  1969,   42  refs..


Experiments performed  to  determine  the influence of  high,  moderate
and low densities of positive  or  negative  air ions on  serotonin
(5-hydrcxytryptamine,,  a neurohormone)  in mice are descrited.
Hice were placed in a  controlled  pollutant-free  microenvironment
and exposed for 12,, 2U, 48, and 72  hours to 3 different
concentrations of small positive  or  negative  air ions.,   The
concentrations were 2000-4000  ions/cu  cm,  30,000-40,000  ions/cu  cm,
and 350,000-500,000 ions/cu cm.  Spectrofluorometric assays of
brain serotonin levels of air  icn-treated  mice  showed
statistically significant differences  as early  as 12 hrs from
those of mice kept in  untreated pollutant-free  air.   Essentially
no deviation from control values  were  observed  at 21 and 48 hours..
ftfter 72 hours of exposure sharp  decreases took  place  in all
groups with the single exception  of  the  animals  exposed  to
30,000-UO,000 positive ions/cu cm.   The  hypothesis that
alterations in mood and affect associated  with  certain
meteorological conditions might depend upon air  ion-induced
changes in brain levels of serotonin was examined in the light  of
recent advances in neurophysiolcgy  and neuropharmacology.,   Since
the air ion content of the atmosphere  is the  only known  variable
associated with shifts in serotonin  in the brain,, the  hypothesis
»as accepted,,  This does  not  signify the attainment  of insight
into a reasonable physiological mechanism  which  would  account
for the uniformity of  serotonin reduction  brought about  by ions
of either charge and by varying dosages  of these icns,, nor was
these a satisfactory correlation  established  between reported  air
ion effects on mood,, affect on behavior,, and  air-ion induced
alterations of serotonin  in the brain.


15732

Won, William D. and Harold Boss


REACTION CF AIBBOBNE BHIZOEIUH KE1I1CTI  TO SOME  ENVIBONMF.N1AL
FSCTOBS.  Appl.. Microbiol.. , 18 (4): 555-557, Oct.  1969.   9 refs.,


The laboratory findings on the behavior  of airborne  B.. meliloti
(102F5) in relation to relative humidity JEH),  ultraviolet light
radiation, and certain ccmnon  gaseous  atmospheric pollutants
were reported.  Survival  of E»  meliloti  in aerosols  at 20  C was
maximal at high EH and nininal at lew  EH-   Belatively  high
concentrations of nitrogen dioxide,,  sulfur dioxide,  or
formaldehyde were needed  to significantly  reduce viability of  Bn
                           F. Effects -Human Health                    795

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meliloti in aerosols at 50% HH.  Except for  the reduction  in
activity of formaldehyde by 502, there was no  additive  or
antagonistic effect of mixing  pollutants.,  High environmental  RH
enhanced bactericidal activity of  NC2 and 302.  High  RH
minimized and lew HH accentuated the biological effect  of
ultraviolet light of 300 to 100 nm  wavelength.,   {Author abstract
modified)
15747

Belanger, Hilliam E.


1 STUD? OF THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON HOSPITAL  ADMISSIONS.,
Preprint, Philadelphia Dept., of Public Health, Pa.,  Air
Management Services Div., 8p», Sept., 1969.   (Presented at
Air Pollution Committee Meeting, Philadelphia County Medical
Society, Philadelphia, Oct. 27, 1969.,}


A preliminary study on the effects of air pollution  on health  was
conducted..  Total oxidants, soiling index, sulfur dioxide,  and
nitrogen oxides were  measured near the hospital.  Hospital  data
were drawn directly from the patient-card files.  Hospital
admissions, after elimination of admissions  not directly concerned
with pollution effects, were broken into total respiratory
admissions,, respiratory infections only, respiratory infections
including undiagnosed cases, respiratory growths, total respiratory
for children under 10^ total respiratory for adults  over 60, eye
irritation, cardiac patients, and vascular patients™  Sixty-three
visual comparisons yielded one very strong correspondence  between
soiling index and total respiratory admissions..  An  additional
relationship between  sulfur dioxide and total respiratory
admissions was weak,,  The breakdown of respiratory admissions
into subcategories yielded numbers of admissions too low to
make a comparison,, and so the prediction of  the sensitive  areas
of the population was not possible.  Coefficients of correlation
were calculated for individual ncnths for total respiratory
admissions against air pollution variables.  Eata showed
significant correlations for soiling index,  sulfur dioxide,, and
nitrogen oxides.,  The correspondence between soiling index  and
respiratory admissions was especially marked.  This  effect
occurred as low as 0.75 COH.  It was apparent that the
correspondence of soiling index peaks and peaks in respiratory
admissions should be  further investigated.   It was recommended
that the soiling index be related to air guality standards  with
a maximum of about 0.75 COB.,
15794

Gottlieb, Sheldon F., Allen Cymerman, and Albert V. Hetz, Jr.


EFFECT OF XENON, KRYPTON AND NITROUS OXIEE OK SOBIUM ACTIVE
TBANSPOHT THROUGH FROG SKIN WITH ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS IN
SCIATIC NERVE CONDUCTION.  Aerospace Bed., 39 (5) :449-453, Cay
1968,  19 refs.
796               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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In an attempt to understand the cellular basis of the biclogical
effects induced by the helium group of elements, the effect
of xenon and krypton on the sodium active transport  (NaT) across
frog skin was determined.  Experiments using the short-circuit
current technigue indicated that approximately 200 psig  Xe,
950-1000 psig Kr, and 200 psig N20 reversibly inhibited  sodium
active transport.  The inhibiticn was not due to pressure per se.
The pressures of the gases which reversibly inhibit  NaT  in the
frog skin also induce reversible conduction blockade in  frog
sciatic nerve.  A linear relationship was found to exist between
the log of the pressure required to produce nerve conduction
blockade and the molecular polarizability of the gases.  The
involvement of sodium ions in membrane depolarization and in
controlling important physiological phenomena suggests that
inhibition of sodium ion transport by N20, Ye, and Kr may re
only one of several gas induced effects.  Thy gases  probably
produce other functional and structural cellular changes.
15812

Thomas, Heriberto V.,  Peter  K.  Mueller,  and  Robert  Wright


HESPONSE OF HAT LUNG  MAST  CEIIS  1C  NITROGEN  DIOXIDE  INHALATION.
J, Air Pollution Control Assoc.,   17 (1):3J-35,  Jan.  1967.   16 refs.


The hypothesis that irritant  gases  in  concentrations  occurring
in polluted atmospheres  might  play  a role  in the  degranulaticn
and histamine release  processes  of  mast  cells in  lung tissue was
tested.  Young rats weighing  140-150 g  were  exposed  to  1 ppm
nitrogen dioxide for  2 hr.   One  group  was  killed  immediately,
another group 24-27 hr after  exposure.   A  third group was exposed
to 0.5 ppm nitrogen dioxide  for  4 hr and killed immediately.
Animals serving as controls  were  placed  for  1 hr  into the
exposure chamber ventilated  with  ambient air.   Standard
histolcgical preparations  were  made after  Carnoy's  fixative and
subsequent staining with toluidine  blue.   The mast  cells of the
control animals appeared relatively intact with no  evidence
of disorientation.  The  cells  of  the animals exposed  to N02 and
sacrificed immediately revealed  rupture  and  loss  of  cytoplasmic
granules with some disorientaticn.  These  changes were  observed
in the pleura, bronchi,  and  surrounding  tissue  with  the effects
more marked in the mediastinum.   In some cases, the  mast cells
of exposed animals sacrificed  about 24-27  hr after  discontinuing
the exposure showed a  combination of ruptured and intact cells
with a predominance of the latter:  in  other  cases,  the  cells could
not be differentiated  frcm those  of the  controls.   The  findings
indicated that 24 hr  or  more  are  required  to reverse  the acute
effects of N02 inhalation. The  toxicological implications are
discussed:  Loss of cell integrity  caused  by nitrogen dioxide
is followed by the release of  the proteolytic enzyme
chymotrypsin, the hydrolytic  enzyme phospholipase A,  and other
substances.  In acute  reactions,  the released granules  are
ingested by fiberblasts  with  the  formation ci new cells.  In
chronic situations, the  formation of new cells  gives  way to
fibrillo enesis and,  ultimately,  fibrotic  tissue.
(Author abstract modified)
                          F. Effects -Human Health                     797

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16055

Vaughan, Thomas B., Jr., William J. Moorman, and Trent E. Lewis


CARDIOPUIMONAEY RESPONSES 10 ACUTI OZONE EXPOSUEf. THE ECIi CF
HISTAKINE.   Preprint, Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio,
National air Pollution Control Administration, 24p. , 1969..
30 refs.


Cardicpulmonary responses in acute exposure to ozone, and the role
of histamine in tolerance production, was studied.  Anesthetized,
tracheostomized dogs were exposed to high concentrations of ozone.
Mechanisms of physiological responses tc ozone were studied by
prior vagotomy, prior treatment «ith a histamine-depleting agent,
and concomitant exposure tc an aerosol of isoproteronol.
Inhalation of 50 ppm ozone produced transient apnea, followed by
tachypnea,  decreased dynamic compliance  (CL), increased pulmonary
resistance (EL), mild hypotension, and bradycardia.  The apnea
occurred after ozone was inhaled for about 2 minutes and lasteed
approximately 1 minute.   After a 30-60 minute recovery period,
re-exposure to ozone failed to produce apnea although the other
responses did occur.  The apnea, hypotension, and bradycardia
could be prevented with prior vagotomy.  Pretreatment with compound
48/80 prevented apnea and hypotension, and lessened the degree of
tradycardia produced by ozone.  Neither prior vagotomy nor
pretreatment with 48/80 prevented the decrease in CL or the
increase in EL.  It is suggested that acute exposure to high
concentrations of ozone releases histamine in the lung and thus
leads to apnea, hypotension, and bradycardia via a vagal reflex.
Decreases in CL and increases in EL were probably partly due tc
direct effects of ozone on the airways.  (Author abstract modified)
16066

Toothill, C.
THE CHEMISTRY OF THE IN VIVO REACTION BETWEEN HEMOGLOBIN AND
VARIOUS OXIDES CF NITROGEN.  Brit. J. Anaesthesia, vol. 39:405-
412, May 1967.  29 refs.


Nitric oxide reacts with hemoglobin in the same way as oxygen and
carbon monoxide to form a ligand to the iron atom.  The
methemoglobin formation during the administration of nitric oxide
and nitrogen dioxide in the concentration range 0.1-2% tc
anesthetized dogs was investigated.  Massive conversion of
cxyhemcglobin to methemcglcbin was found in a series of
anesthetized dogs exposed to 2% nitric oxide or nitrogen dioxide.
One hundred percent conversion occurred in one case.  Less
marked changes occurred with inspired concentrations in the range
C.1-0.5%.  Eeduction in oxygen capacity contributed to the death
of some of the dogs.  Alircst complete reconversion tc
oxyhemcglobin was accomplished with the administration of
methylene blue.  In all eight dogs, the only abnormal pigment
found was methemoglcbin.  Nitric oxide-hemoglobin and nitric
oxide-methemcglcbin are unlikely products or the in vivo
798               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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reaction of nitric oxide and hemoglobin  according  to  literature.
Since no nitric oxide-hemoglobin  was  formed,  it  was supposed  that
the methemoglobinemia that is  produced results from nitrite
formed as a result of oxidation and hydration reactions.
16155

Krueger, A. P.


PRE1IMINAEY CONSIDERATION OF THE  BIOLOGICAL  SIGNIFICANCE  Of  Alfi
IONS.  Scientiae, 54 (689-690) :460-476,  Sept.-Oct.  1969.   34  reis.


The biological activity of air  ions  was  investigated  over a  six-
year period by observing changes  in  blood level  of
5-hydroxytryptainine  (serotonin-5HT)  in  mice  during  exposure  to
positive and negative charges  of  unipolar air.   The experiments
were conducted in plexiglas exposure chambers  on which  tritium-
powered generators were mounted,  eguipped with a rectifying
circuit for selection of ion change.  When air ion  densities were
between 400,000-500,000 negative  ions/cu cm, blood  5HT  decreased.
With equal concentrations of positive ions,  blood 5HT increase^.
The experimental results are compatible  with physical theories
which indicate that specific physiological reactions  are  due to
sirall air ions and predict that positive ionization of  air
containing water vapor results  in the formation  of  the  oxoniura
ion, H(+)(H20), and the hydronium ion,  (H30) ( + ) (H20) n whil€
negative ionization produces 02(-) (H20) n and OH(-) (H20) n  ions.
These four ions are assumed to  be responsible  for the shifts in
blood 5HT levels.  Other experiments on  the  mechanisms  cf air
ions are reviewed, and data en  air ions  are  discussed in  terms of
their applications for the control of the individual  living  and
working microenvironment, the  treatment  of disease, and the
enhancement of food production.
16302

Guillerm, Roger, Rene Eadre, Jean Hee, and  Claude  Hazouls


EFFECT CF LIGHT ATMOSPHERIC IONS ON THE  CILIASY  ACTIVITY OF  THE
TRJCHEAL MUCOUS OF SHEEP AKD BSEEIT IN VITRO.   (Effets  des  ions
legers atmospherigues sur 1'activite ciliare  de  la mugueuse
tracheale de Mouton et de Lapin in vitro).  Text  in French.
C R Acad. Sci., Paris, Ser. D, vol. 262:699-671,  Feb. 7, 1966.
4 refs.


A section of sheep trachea, freshly excised and  placed  in a
thermostatic environment, was swept by a 2  1/min  current ct  water-
saturated air.  Ciliary activity was microscopically observed.
Neither positive ions nor negative ions  in  this  air current  had  any
effect on ciliary vibration.  Similar results were obtained  with
rabbit trachea.
                          F. Effects - Human Health                    799

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16441

Inst. of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan


HEALTH ASPECTS OF AIR POLLUTION.  In: Outline of Study of Air
Pollution in Japan.  Japan Air Pollution Panel, 2p. ,  1965.
(Presented at the U. S.   Japanese Conference on the  Development
and Utilization of Natural Hesources, 1965.)


Studies being conducted on the diffusion of air pollution,
measurement methods, monitoring methods, and the effects of air
pollution on human health were reviewed.  An automatic filter
paper sampler was invented to neasure and monitor pollutants.
The relationship ietween changes in air pollution and wind
velocity and solar radiation and Between vertical distribution of
pollutants and meterological conditions were investigated.
Experiments were conducted on dogs to determine the effects of
sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide en respiratory function.  It
was observed that S02 in low concentrations has only  an irritant
effect, but N02 in low concentrations affects the respiratory
system.  An epidemiological study was conducted on school pupils
in Tokyo.  The results showed that there is an increase in
respiratory flow resistance in pupils in polluted areas.  The
effects of pollutants on pulmonary mechanisms and hercatolcgy is
being determined.  The size-distribution of particle  composition
and the mutual effects among particles and  gases are  also being
studied.
16515

Hylyi, B. F., D. 0. Melnychuk, and H. D. Klymenkc


EFFECTS OF SODIUM BICARBONATE, MM (2+) , MG(2+) AND ZN(2+) CN THE
INTENSITY OF THE RENEWAL Op PBOTEINS, GLYCOGEN AND IIPIDS IN THE
LIVER AND MUSCLES IN RABBITS.  (Vplyv biocarbonatu natriiu,
Mn(2+), Hg(2+)  i Zn(2+)  na intensyvnist onovlenniia bilkiv,
hlikohenu ta lipidiv u pechintsi ta m'iazakh kroliv).   Ukr.
Eiokhim. Zh., 40 (2):167-172 , 1968.   19 refs.  Translated from
Ukranian.  Franklin Inst. Research labs., Philadelphia, Pa.,
Science Info. Services, 9p. , Sept. 1S, 1969.


Studies of the influence of sodium bicarbonate and the  bivalent
metal ions Bg(2 + ), Bn(2 + ). and Zn(2 + ) substances favorable to
CC2 fixation processes in animal tissue, on  the intensity of
the renewal of proteins, glycogen, and lipids of the liver and
muscles of rabbits are reported.  Male rabbits were fed a diet
of sodium bicarbonate and sulfuric acid salts of the indicated
metals for ten days.  The diet caused no noticeable changes in
the interrelation of dry substance, lipids,  glycogen, and proteins
in the liver and muscle tissues.  Among changes in the  intensity
of metabolic processes in substances was the considerable removal
of carbohydrates in liver and muscles; this  was manifested by the
rapid inclusion  of acetate-2-C 14 in glycogen and its exclusion.
There was a considerable activation of the inclusion of
radioactive carbon the tissue proteins, especially in muscle
800               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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protein.  It is concluded  that  the  stimulation of carboxylation
processes visibly activates  the renovation  of carbohydrates
and the intensity of the incorporation of radioactivity of
protein.  Lipid metabolism is influenced to a lesser degree.

16520

Speizer, Frank E. and Gary L. Huber


SOME PHYSIOLOGIC, BIOCHEMICAL AND CELLULAB  BESPONSES OF THE LUNG TO
AIR POLLUTANTS.  Milbank Men. Fund  Quart.,  47 (5) : 256:268, July
1969.  28 refs.


Applied physiologic experiments in  the laboratory animal and man
can demonstrate the acute effects of  pollutants; but they are
difficult to relate to the development of chronic human respiratory
disease secondary to environmental  air pollution.  Therefore, more
fundamental approaches to  the pathophysiologic mechanisms of the
production of respiratory  disease must be sought.  The two air
pollutants that have been  studied at  concentrations comparable to
those found in the ambient air  are  ozone and nitrogen dioxide.
These pollutants appear to injure the pulmonary  parenchyma
directly and to impair the mechanisms by which the lung inactivates
and destroys inspired bacteria.  The  complex role of diminished
clearance and recurrent infection in  the role of chronic
respiratory disease and the  pulmonary pathology  in man associated
with high levels of exposure must involve some breakdown in the
host defense mechanism,  The alveolar macrophage has been
implicated as the key factor in the  maintenance  of the integrity of
the host defense mechanism.  In experimental animals, significant
structural changes in the  pulmonary alveolar macrophage have
followed exposure to one ppm ozone; these alterations appear to
correlate well with alterations in  functions.  It is hoped that
studies of low levels of pollutants,  combined with a
multidisciplinary approach to basic biological phenomena, will
yield some insights into the development of chronic respiratory
disease.


16512

Saruta, Namio, Nobnru Ishinishi, Yasushi Kodama, and Eizaburo
Kunitake


EFFECTS OF GASEOUS POLLUTANTS ON HUHSN HEALTH.   (Yugai gasu ni
ycru taiki osen no jintai ni oyotosu  eikyo).  Text in Japanese.
Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution  Control), 2 (7) :Uit5-«50, Aug. 15,
1966.  12 refs.


In London, the average daily death  rate has increased 1.3- to 2.6-
fold on days of dense smogs.  For instance, the death rate
during tte smog episode cf 1952 was 2.6 times higher than average.
About 6000 persons, mostly over HO, who had chronic
respiratory difficulties were affected by the smog.  The symptoms
they exhibited were severe cough, throat pain, labored
respiration, harsh voice, fever, headache,  and vomiting.  The
                          F. Effects - Human Health                     801

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death rate due to air pollution in London or other northern
European countries is of particular interest because heavy smoggy
days are frequently characteri2ed by the absence of wind.  This
has not been the case in Japan.  A comparative medical survey of
industrial and rural areas showed a higher incidence of
respiratory organ disease and lung cancer than in industrial
areas.  Though suggesting that lung cancer has a close
relationship with air pollution, the finding should be reconfirmed
in connection with cigarette smoking, since 3 ,4-benzpyrene,
supposedly responsible for causing lung cancer, is contained in
both smoke dust and cigarette smoke.
16606

Shiel, F. O'M.


MORBID ANATOMICAL CHANGES IN THE LUNGS CF DOGS AFTEH INHALATION OF
HIGHEB OXIDES OF NITBOGEN DURING ANAESTHESIA.  Brit. J.
Anaesthesia, vol. 39:413-424, Bay 1967.  13 refs.


Twelve dogs were anesthetized with pentobarbitone and exposed to
nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide.  Three dogs recovered.  One
dog was sacrificed after 24 hours and the other two were
sacrificed after 48 hours.   Autopsy was performed and the
pathological changes of the lungs were described in detail.
Changes in the lungs included edema, focal collapse and
hyperinflation, diffuse and focal intravascular congestion,
desguamation of bronchiolar mucosa, intra-alveolar hemorrhage,
focal inflammatory and mucosal cell plugging of bronchioles,
hyperplasia and regeneration of terminal brcnchiolar mucosa,
cellurlarity and necrosis of alveolar walls, intra-alveolar
and peribronchial histiocytes, and focal and bronchopneumonia.
Generally, the severity of  the lesions was a function of the
duration and concentration  of the gaseous exposure.  The most
severe effects were seen in two of the surviving dogs.   The
acutely lethal exposure appeared to lie between 22 and 35
minutes at a concentration  of 0-5?! nitrogen oxide.  While
metabolic alterations are of primary relevance to the deaths
of the non-surviving dogs,  the pathological features were
apparently the acute results from highly irritant gases.  The
areas of alveolar hyperinflation tended to occur adjacent to
these lesions and were attributed to an acute compensatory
effect.  In the surviving dogs, the florid inflammatory
cellular response was an expected progression and there was
no sign of secondary bacterial infection at the stage of
examination.  The possibility of local increase in irritant
concentration was postulated on the basis that the nitrogen
oxides form solutions of nitrous and nitric acids in quantity
and concentration in those  acini which first begin to flood
with transudate.  In addition, decreased or absent ventilation
in the flooded alveoli will lead to capillary endothelial
ancxic necrosis resulting in focal hemorrhage.
802               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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16613

Prys-Roberts, C.
PRINCIPLES CP TREATMENT Or POISONING BY  HIGKIE OXIDES 07
NITROGEN.  Erit. J. Anaesthesia,  vol. 39:432-439, Way 1967.
39 rets.
The main methods of treatment for  patients exposed to the noxious
effects of nitric oxide, nitrogen  dioxide, or the fumes  of
nitric acid are outlined.  High concentrations of nitrogen oxides
cause reflex inhibition of breathing  with laryngospasm.  Intense
cyanosis develops rapidly.  Therefore,  severe hypoxia may occur.
There is a tendency for the ventilatory frequency to increase,
and pulmonary edema may occur in the  acute phase.  Oxygen therapy
is recommended which consists of administering 100% oxygen,
either by spontaneous or artificial ventilation in order to
compensate for the decreased oxygen capacity and content of  the
arterial blood.  Reconversion of methemoglobin by the use of
methylene blue  (2mg/kg) initially  is  advocated, with subseguent
dosage titrated against the methemoglobin concentration  in the
blood.  Prevention and treatment of chemical pneumonitis combines
endobronchial and parenteral administration of corticosteroid
preparations, together with bronchial lavage and suction.  The
metabolic component of acid-base derangement is corrected by
intravenously administering sodium bicarbonate.  Artificial
ventilation by intermittent positive  pressure ventilation may
be indicated in patients who demonstrate ventilatory failure
manifested by a rising arterial carton  dioxide pressure.
Circulatory therapy is accomplished by  the use of vasopressor
agents to combat severe systemic hypotension.  Associated drug
therapy using dimercaprol is advocated  in severe cases in view
of the protective action of this type of agent against the
higher nitrogen oxides.  Bronchodilators may be indicated in
order to alleviate bronchospasm arising from the irritant
effects of the inhaled gases.   (Author conclusions modified)
16614

Greenbaum, R., J. Bay, M. D, Hargreaves, M. L. Kain, G. E. Kelman,
J. F. Nunn, C. Erys-Boberts, and K. Siebold


EFFECTS OF HIGHER OXIDES OF NITROGEN ON IHE ANAESTHETIZED DOG.
Brit. J.  Anaesthesia, vol. 39:393-404, Hay 1967.  19 refs.


The physiological derangements during and after the administration
of nitrogen oxides were studied in dogs anaesthetized with
pentobarbitone.  The dogs were exposed to concentrations of nitric
oxide or nitrogen dioxide between 0.1-2.0% over 5-136 minute
periods.   Despite the inhalation of 98% oxygen, death was always
associated with a critical reduction in arterial oxygen content.
However,  the mechanism of the hypcxemia varied between one dog
and another.  Three mechanisms were distinguished.
Methemoglobinemia caused a reduction in blood oxygen capacity
which was incompatible with life in certain dogs.  low arterial
                          F.  Effects - Human Health                     803

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p(02)  was sufficient to cause a serious and probably lethal
reduction of arterial oxygen content in some dogs, even if the pH
was normal and methemoglobinemia was absent.  Low arterial pH
played an important part in the causation of diminished arterial
oxygen content.  At normal arterial P(02) , a moderate acidemia
does not cause significant desaturation because of the flatness
of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve in that region.  However,
if the arterial P(02)  is within the range of 15-30 mm Hg where
the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is steep, a moderate acidemia
causes a marked, and possibly critical, reduction of arterial
saturation and content.  The reduction of arterial P(02) was
caused by an outpouring of fluid into the alveoli.  The causation
of alveolar flooding may be related to both passive transudation
and the cellular response to the acid formed by the action of
nitrogen dioxide on the alveolar lining fluid.


16661

Sherwin, Bussell P., Valda Eichters, Harcia Brooks, and Ramon
D.  Buckley


THE PHENOMENON OF MACBOPHAGI CONGREGATION IN VITEO AND ITS
BILATIONSHIP TO IN VIVO N02 EXPOSURE OF GUINEA PIGS,  Lab.
Invest., 18(3):269-277, 1968.  27 refs.


Cultures of lung tissue from 23 guinea pigs exposed to low
level  nitrogen dioxide (10 ppm)  and 31 control guinea pigs
were evaluated for macrophage congregation, a phenomenon defined
as the presence of three or more 'spread' macrophages on a
single epithelial cell.  There were about 63SS more instances
of this phenomenon in the exposed group than in the controls,
7.6X vs. 4.5%.   The number of macrophages participating in each
instance of congregation was also much greater in the exposed
group.  Congregation apparently represents a special role of the
macrophage in the defense system in response to a variety of
organisms, including infectious organisms, as judged by a high
response in a pneumonia-affected control group.  The tissue
damage incurred cannot be considered specific for N02 since it
involved control as well as exposed cultures, and not all
aibient pollutants were filtered out of the air supply system.
Evidence is cited strongly indicating an important role for the
macrophage in immunopatholcgic reactions independent of
conventional antibody responses, and a close relationship among
N02 exposure, bacterial infection, and macrophage response.
(Author abstract modified)


16705

Pace,  Donald K., Paul A.  Landolt, and Byron T. Aftonomos


EFFECTS OF OZONE ON CELLS IN VITBO.  Arch. Environ. Health,
18(2) :-165-170,  Feb. 1969.  16 refs.


Even low concentrations of 03 (<4 ppm)  appear to retard cell
proliferation and interfere with mitctic activity.  The effect
804               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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of 03 seems to  depend  not  only  upon  concentration  of  the  gas  and
length of exposure,  but  also  upon  cell  density:  The  greater  the
numbers, the  greater the resistance.  It  is  probable  that 03
may damage the  cell  membrane, as is  shown by the increased
vacuolar content  and consequent "swelling" of the  cells.
Furthermore,  it alters the collagenous-like  substance by  means
of which cells  attach  themselves to  the substratum so that they
tend to become  detached.   Results  also  suggest that cells in
vitro may develop a  tolerance  to 03.  No  explanation  can  be
given at present  but the possibility  suggested by  Stokinger,  the
stimulation of  activity  of the  pentose  phosphate pathway, could
apply-   (Author's Abstract)
16707

Blair, William H.,  Mary  C.  Henry,  and  Bichard  Ehrlich


CH10NIC TOXICITY OF  NITROGEN  DIOXIDE.   II.  EFFECT  ON HISTOPATHOLCG*
CF LUNG TISSUE.  Arch.  Environ.  Health,  18(2) :186-192,  Feb.  1969.
9 refs.
Mice were exposed to 0.5  ppm  nitrogen  dioxide  (N02)  for  6,  18,  and
21 hrs. daily.  The lung  alveoli  were  expanded  in  all  mice  exposed
to N02 from three to twelve months,  with  the  highest degree of
involvement at  12 months;  thus  the  number of  expanded  alveoli
appeared to increase with  exposure  time.   The  general  impression
was of early brcnchiolar  inflammation  with reduction of  distal
airway size and a concomitant expansion of alveoli.  The overall
lesions appeared to be  consistent with the development of early
focal emphysema.  Examination of  the heart, liver,  kidney,  and
spleen did not  reveal any  unigue  pathology.   Mice  exposed to N02
and challenged  with Klebsiella  pneumoniae exhibited  a  marked
reduction in functional lung  tissue.   (Author's Abstract)
16738

Vaughan, Thomas S., Lesta F,  Jennelle,  and  Trent E. Lewis


LONG-TEEM EXPOSURE TO LOW LEVELS  OF  AIE  POLLUTANTS.   Arch.
Environ. Health,  19 (1) :«5-50, July  1969.  29 refs.


One hundred and four beagles  have been  exposed  for  18 months to
natural and photochemically reacted  auto exhaust, oxides of
nitrogen and oxides of sulfur.  No  differences  in single-breath
carbon monoxide diffusing capacity,  dynamic pulmonary compliance,
cr total expiratory pulmonary resistance were found between
exposed and control animals.  Hemoval of reactive gases in the
upper airway was studied during brief exposures in  an additional
small group of animals.  Under these conditions, 100X removal of
03 and 302, 90% removal of N02, 13%  removal of  NO,  and no removal
of CO or hydrocarbon were found.   (Author's Abstract)
                          F. Effects - Human Health                     805

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16739

Stokinger, Herbert E.


THE SPECTRE OF TODAY'S ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION—USA ERANE:  MEW
JIBSPECTIVES FBOM AN OLD SCOUT,  Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 30(3):
195-217, May 1969.  128 refs.


A comprehensive toxicologic evaluation of the potential  human
health hazards from man-made and natural environmental pollutants
(except radiation) from air, water and food has been made to
highlight the areas of greatest concern for health agencies in
the U.S.A.  The judgments are predicated on pollutant levels
existing now or in the foreseeable future, and on the hereditary
milieu of the population of the continental United States.
(Author's Summary)


16712

Cassell, Eric J.


THE RIGHT TO A CLEAN ENVIEONHENT.  Arch. Environ. Health, 18(5):
839-843, Hay 1969.


Since the Donora, Pa. smog in 1948, research aimed toward
understanding the health effects of air pollution has increased.
Substances in the atmosphere have been investigated one  by one
for their effect on both man and animals.  Although experimental
evidence supporting a relationship between specific pollutants
and any index of disease is sparse, clues to the existence of
some causal relationships are often observed.  The synergistic
action between S02, H2S04, and certain animals has been  clearly
demonstrated.  Similar examples cf synergism can be hypothesized
or demonstrated in the complex chemical system that is the
atmosphere.  There is now recognition o± the need for consideration
of the total environment when establishing standards and  criteria.
The attitudes of society and cf science are changing so  that now,
although control of S02 and particulates appears probable, a
more comprehensive view of the problem will be reguired.

16780

Peak, M. J. and William L. Belser


SOME EFFECTS OF THE AIB POLLUTANT, PEBOXYACE1YL NITBATE,  UPOK
DEOXYBIBCNUCLEIC ACIE ANE UPON NUCLIIC ACID EASES.  Atmos.
Environ., 3(4):385-397, July 1969.  19 refs.


Some reactions between the air pcllutant peroxyacetyl nitrate
 (FAN) and isolated bacterial deoxyritonucleic acid  (DMA)  are
presented.  PAN causes a reduction in genetic transforming
activity, melting temperature and viscosity of the ENA.   PAN
also reduces the infectivity cf bactericphage.  It is shown
806              PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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that the intensity and type of reaction is pH dependent, and
that the reaction depends upon the presence of a rapidly
dissipated transient molecule produced from PAN as it enters
solution.  Furthermore, PAN modifies some nucleic acid bases,
when freshly gassed into agueous solutions of the base.  The
susceptibility sequence to PAN attack is thymine, guanine,
uracil, cytosine, adenine.  No reaction was detected above pH
5, and the reaction rate increases as the pH is lowered.  One
of the reaction products is C02, which is excised from the
2-carbon of thymine.  This reaction predominates at pH 4,
whereas at pH 2 at least 5 reaction products are produced,
including C02.   (Author's Abstract)
16794

McMillan, Russell S., Daniel H.  Wiseman, Bernard Hanes, and
Paul F. Hehrle
EFFECTS Of OXIDANT 5IH POLLUTION ON PEAK EXE1BATORY FLOW BATES IN
IOS ANGELES SCHOOL CHILDREN.  Arch. Environ. Health, 18 (6):
941-949, June 1969.   10 refs.
Lung function of two samples of Los Angeles elementary school
children was assessed twice monthly for  11 months by two
examiners using the peak flowmeter.  The two samples of children
were located in areas with different average levels of oxidant
air pollution.  No significant changes in peak expiratory flew
rate (PEFH)  were found which correlated  «ith acute changes in
air pollution.  Higher PEFH means and greater variance were
found in the school exposed to higher ambient oxidant
concentrations.  These differences may have been related to the
difference in the frequency cf upper respiratory infections in
the two groups.   (Author's Summary)
16830

lolkonsky. Peter Balia


PULMONABY EFTECTS OF AIR  POLLDTION.   Arch. Environ. Health, 19(4):
586-592, Oct.  1969.  35 refs.


Current research on pulmonary effects of  air  pollution is
reviewed.  The roles of particulates  (benign  or  pathogenic),
carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides,  nitrogen  oxides  and oxidants are
discussed.  Synergisrc, epidemiology,  and  pathology are other
featured topics.  Much useful,  though often puzzling, information
is being gained on the pulmonary  effects  of various pollutants.
It appears that, if action is to  be taken to  curb air pollution,
it will have to be done in part  on the basis  of  intuition  and
extrapolation from current research results.
                          F. Effects -Human Health                    807

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16840

Bright, George Vi.


AN APPRAISAL OP EPIDEHIOLOGIC DATA CONCERNING THE EFFECT 01
OXIDANTS, NITROGEH DIOXIDE AND HYDROCARBONS UPON HUMAN
POPULATIONS.  J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 19 (9) :679-682,
Sept. 1969.  14 refs.

Eye irritation is related to sudden increases in the concentration
of oxidants, carbon monoxide, aldehyde, and particulates but not
tc nitrogen dioxide.  The respiratory system of healthy persons
has not been demonstrated to react to any of these agents at the
concentrations thus far reported in community air-  There is some
evidence that oxidants at levels found in community air aggravate
the symptoms and airway resistance of persons who have preexisting
chronic obstructive lung disease.  The existing evidence does not
support the belief that this type of aggravation accounts for
fluctuations of mortality in the general population.  There are no
data upon which to base a judgment of whether or not oxidants,
nitrogen dioxide, or hydrocarbons at levels now existing in
community air play any role in causation of respiratory disease.
(Author's Abstract)   This article is followed with a discussion
by Robert H. Albrecht.

16905

Holzman, R. S., D. E. Gardner, and D. L. Coffin


IN VIVO INACTIVAIION OF LYSOZYME BY OZONE.   J.  Bacteriol., 96(5):
1562-1566,  Nov. 1968.  12 refs.

The effect of exposure of oxidant air pollutants on pulmonary
lysozyme in mice and rabbits was studied.  Acute exposure of mice
or rabbits to ozone reduced the amount of active lysozyme obtained
by bronchopulmonary lavage.  The effect was proportional tc ozone
concentration, as well as to the duration of exposure.  After 3 hr
at 5 ppm, activity decreased approximately 30%.  These findings
 were confirmed in rabbits exposed to 10.ppm ozone for 3 hr.  Under
these conditions, a 65% reduction in lysozyme was observed.  Forty
mice were exposed to 5.5 ppm of 02 for 3 hr and sacrificed
immediately and at 3 hr intervals thereafter.  After 12 hr,
extractable lysozyme returned to approximately pre-exposure levels.
dice exposed to 30 ppm nitrogen dioxide for 3 hr showed no change
in extractable lysozyme activity.  This failure of N02 to react
with lysozyme in the lungs of exposed animals was duplicated.
Studies of the release of lysczyme by alveolar cells support the
theory  that loss of activity is due to in vivo oxidation of
lysozyme.

16907

Albright, Handall L. and John A. Eabett


POISONOUS EFFECTS OF THE IBPDBITIIS OF MITROUS OXIDE.  J.  Oral
Surg. Anesthesia Hosp. Dental Serv., vol. 26:1643-1645, Oct. 1966.
2 refs.
808               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Contaminants of  nitrous  oxide  create  poisonous  effects;  proper
treatment requires a  knowledge of  the chemistry involved,  its
ettect on systems, and diagnosis.   The formation of  nitrous
oxide is usually accomplished  by heating  anfmonium nitrate.
Contamination may occur  from NO, N02, and  N2.   If any  NO proceeds
through the filtering process, it  becomes  liquid, along  with any
N20 in the tanks.  since NO is about  30 times more volatile than
N20, it will be  the first gas  to be let off  from the tank.  Under
normal temperatures,  such as during the administration of  an
anesthetic, nitric oxide may react with oxygen  to form nitrogen
dioxide which is involatile.   Although a  given  tank  may  be
contaminated with NO, the abundant supply  of 02 in the system  may
actually cause the patient to  be poisoned  by N02. The effects of
the inhalation of 0.5-2.0% NO  or N02  for five to ten minutes were
described.  Formation of methemcglcbin appears  to be one of the
greatest problems.  This is followed  by a  drastic fall in  P02,
increased PC02,  and a resultant drop  in the  pH  of the  blood.
Poisoning of the respiratory system may result  in hypoxia,
hypotension, acidosis, and death.   Intense cyanosis  may  also occur.
Treatment includes oxygenation of  the patient using  100!? oxygen,
reconverting methemoglobin with intravenous  methylene  blue,
restoring acid-tase balance with intravenous sodium  bicarbonate,
and the use of vasopresscrs to ccmbat severe hypotension.
Chemical pneumonitis  may be treated by  bronchial lavage  of a basic
medium such as corticosteroids.  Bisulfide and  sulfydrite  groups
are used to combat the effects of  poisoning, and bronchodilators
may also be used to alleviate  bronchcspasm.
16916

Alpaugh, E. L., K. A. Phillippc, and H. C.  Pulsifer


VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS FOR GSS-ME1A1-ARC  ViEIDING VERSUS
COVERED-ELECTROEE WELDING.  Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc.  J., 29 (6):551-557,
Nov.-Dec. 1968.  6 refs.
Comparative tests were undertaken of the amounts  of  particulate and
gaseous byproducts generated by gas-metal-arc welding and
covered-electrode welding processes to determine  if  the same
ventilation requirements apply tc both processes.  Solenoid values
set for inhalation and exhalation times observed  in  the normal
adult male were used to stimulate breathing by a  plaster dummy
head mounted on a movable welding head carriage.  Air samples were
taken concurrently inside and outside the welding helmet worn by
the dummy.  Samples were analyzed for iron oxide, nitrogen dioxide,
ozone, fluorides, and carbon monoxide.  The gas-metal-arc welding
process was represented by five wire electrodes,  three of which
were flux-cored, and five shielding gases.  A standard covered
electrode was used for comparison purposes.  Contaminant levels
generated by the two processes were comparable, and  it is
concluded that more stringent regulations for either process would
be unreasonable.  In addition, the study offers evidence that the
welding helmet is an effective barrier against the particulate
and gaseous byproducts.  Consequently, air samples taken adjacent
to the helmet yield exaggerated exposure results  in  welding
surveys.  Contaminant concentrations are tabulated.
                          F.  Effects -Human Health                    809

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1691(8

Gottlieb, Sheldon F. and Stephen V. Savran


NITROUS OXIDE INHIBITION OF SODIUH IBANSPOHT.  Anesthesiology,
28(2):324-326, March-April 1967.   11 refs.


Sacs made of inverted frog skin were filled with an electrolyte
solution and exposed in a pressure chamber to nitrogen or nitrous
oxide with a small concentration of oxygen.  Changes in sodium
ion concentration were measured after 20 to 22 hours.  With
increasing concentrations of nitrous oxide in the range of  100 to
200 psig., inhibition of sodium transport increased.  Inhibition
of sodium transport was shewn not be to due to pressure per se
since 175 psig. nitrogen did not result in inhibition.  Inhibition
of sodium transport paralleled previous reports of nitrous  oxide
depression of nerve excitability.   (Author abstract modified)

17027

Yokoyama, Eiji


UPTAKE OF S02 AND NC2 BY THE ISOLATED UPPEB AIEWAYS.  Koshu
Eiseiin Kenkyu Hokoku  (Bulletin cf the Institute of Public  Health),
17 (14) :302-306, 1S68.  9 refs.


The penetration rates of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide in the
respiratory system were studied by isolating the upper airways of
two dogs and three rabbits anesthetized with intravenous
pentobarbital sodium.  The airway of nose, pharynx, larynx, and the
uppermost trachea were isolated from the remainder of the
respiratory system by fitting a glass mask to an animal's head.
The mask was connected to a glass cannula through which the gases
were sucked in for 10-15 min.  The rate of uptake was found to be
nearly constant during the period of gas passing and 99.751  for
7-87 ppm S02 and 4-41% ppm, N02.  The differences in the rate of
uptake may partly explain the different responses in the
ventilatory functions of experimental animals exposed to S02 and
N02.   (Author abstract modified)


17055

Yokoyama, Eiji


EFFECT OF EXPOSURE TO THE MIXTURE  CF S02 AND N02 ON VENTIIATCEY
FU6CTICNS OF GUINEA PIGS.  Koshu Eiseiin Kenkyu Hokoku  (Bulletin
of the Institute of Public Health),  17 (4) : 3 15-321,  1968.   13 refs.


Six guinea pigs, 280 g-440 g in body weight, were exposed  to
mixtures containing 18 ppm- sulfur  dioxide-17 ppm nitrogen  dioxide
and 37 ppm S02-32 ppm N02 and studied for the effects of exposure
on their ventilatory function  (flow  resistance of the lung  plus
thorax, tidal volume, and respiratory rate).  No significant
810               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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changes were observed in either  respiratory rate or tidal volunie.
In general, the time course  of respiratory rate and tidal volume
changes was midway between that  caused by exposure to the
individual gases, which brought  about statistically significant
percent changes.  The results are discussed in terms of complicated
interactions between flow resistance, compliance, and lung air
volume.  It is hypothesized  that S02 and NO2 in combination exert
their action independently at different lung sites, with changes
in flow resistance determined chiefly by the component SC2.  Below
a certain level, a mixture may cause fewer overall changes than
individual gases.  Beyond a  certain level, a mixture may become
lethal in short intervals of exposure.  As a result of exposure
to 50 ppm S02-50 ppm N02, all animals died from pulmonary
hemorrhage.  None had died during exposure to 50 ppir S02 or K02
alone.  (Author abstract modified)

17056

Yokoyama,  Eiji


COMPARISON OP THE VENTILATOBY EFFECTS ON GUINEA PIGS OF EXPOSUBE TO
S02 AND N02.  Koshu Eiseiin  Kenkyu Hckoku  (Bulletin of the
Institute of Public Health), 17 (4) :307-314, 1966.  26 refs.


Quantitative measurements of ventilatory function of guinea pigs
were made before, during, and after two-hr exposure to 6 to 90
ppm of sulfur dioxide and 6  to 57 ppm of nitrogen dioxide.  A
significant increase in the  respiratory  (lungs plus thorax) flow
resistance was caused by exposure to both gases; the rate of
increase was generally higher for S02 than for N02.  However, the
direction of respiratory rate response was guite different at
concentrations above 6 ppm;  it decreased following S02 exposure  and
increased following N02 exposure.  A similar pattern was observed
for tidal volume response.   Five of the 15 guinea pigs exposed to
57 ppm of N02 died from lung hemorrhage within 48 hrs after
exposure.   It is suggested that  the differences in the ventilatory
effects of S02 and N02 are due to the gases reaching different
areas of the lungs.  Within  the  range of concentrations studied,
it appears that N02 penetrates deep into the lungs, causing
a decrease in compliance and a smaller increase in flow
resistance.  Sulfur dioxide, being taken up by the mucosa of the
airway before reaching the peripheral portion of the lungs, could
cause increased flow resistance  without a significant change in
compliance. (Author abstract modified)

17061

Yokoyama,  Eiji


EFFECTS OF ACDTE CONTROLLED  EXPOSUBE TC K02 Gfi MECHANICS CI
BEEATHING IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS.   Koshu Eiseiin Kenkyu Hokcku
(Bulletin of the Institute of Public Health), 17 (4) :337-34fc, 1S68.
34 refs.


The effect of short term exposure to 2.7, 6.2, 12.6, and 16.9 ppm
concentrations of nitrogen dioxide on the mechanics of breathing
                          F.  Effects -Human Health                     811

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was studied in eight healthy males from 18 to 37 years of age.
The subjects were seated in a volume-displacement body
plethysmograph and exposed to each concentration for 10 min.
Pulmonary flow resistance, pulmonary compliance, and functional
residual capacity was measured before, during, and after each
exposure period.  No subject showed a significant change in flow
resistance after exposure to 2.7 ppm; the average increase in flow
resistance became significant only at 16.9 ppm.  Recovery of the
average flow resistance observed at 16.9 ppm was essentially
complete 10 min after exposure ended.  Combined data on 16.9 and
12.6 ppm exposures showed that the significant increase in flow
resistance occurred within 5 min of the onset of exposure.  So
subject showed a significant reduction in pulmonary compliance.
Similarly, functional residual capacity, respiratory rate, tidal
volume, and pulse rate were found to be unaffected by all
concentrations.  Atropine, 0.7 mg in dose, administered
subcutaneously prior to exposure did not inhibit the increase of
flow resistance.  No difference was found between response to
N02 alone or in combination with a submicronic NaCl aerosol.
(Author abstract modified)


17072

Bruchhausen, Dieter, Georg Geissler, and Jamil Haschem


ON THE INACTIVJTION OF THE DOMESTIC DUST ALLERGEN BY UV-
IRHADIATICN.   (Ueber Inaktivierurg des Hausstauballergens durch
DV-Bestrahlung)-  Text in German.  Z. Immunitaltsforsch. Allerg
Klin. Immunol., 138  (5):431-438, Nov. 1969.  1 ref.


Extracts from bed feathers, mildew, mixed sorts of flowers, pollen,
and domestic dust with and without phenol were exposed to UV-
radiation.  The domestic dust extracts were irradiated for 30,
6C, 90 and 120 minutes.  After irradiation, allergic test persons
received an interdermal injection of 0.02 ml of the extract.  UV-
radiation influenced solely the domestic dust extract.  The
erythema developing after injection were clearly smaller.  In a
second series of experiments, the influence of UV-radiation on
phenol containing domestic dust was studied.  Already 30 mm or
UV-radiation reduced the erythema developing after intradermal
injection.  Since the same results were obtained with phenol
containing as well as with phenol lacking domestic dust, it can
be assumed that inactivation of the allergen is not due to the
phenol.  Rather, it is the irradiate energy which is absorbed
by the allergen which changes the molecular structure of the
latter, reducing the allergenic effect.


17311

Yokoyama, Eiji


COMPARISON OP THE VENTILATORY EFFECTS OF SC2 AND NC2   EXPOSURE
OF HUMAN VOLUNTEEBS.   (S02 oyobi N02 no kankino ni oyobosu eikyc
no hikaku   hito shigansha ni okeru bakuro jikken).  Text in
Japanese.  Sangyo Igaku (Jap. J. Ind. Health), 12(1):4-8, Jan. 20,
1970.  20 refs.
812               PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION

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Respiratory mechanisms  were  studied  in  eight healthy male
volunteers during and following  exposure  to 36 ppm sulfur dioxide
or 15 ppm nitrogen dioxide.   An  esophagus balloon was inserted
through the ncse of each  subject who was  seated  in a body
plethysmograph.  A Dubois pressure  type plethysmcgraph was
employed for S02 exposure, and a Mead variable volume type 71-
Krogh spirometer for N02  exposure.   In  both cases, the mean value
of the pulmonary flow resistance increased significantly at the
end of the exposure.  No  significant difference  was observed in
other measures of respiratory mechanisms  except  for one  subject,
no difference was seen  between responses  to S02  and N02.
Additional groups of subjects were  exposed to  S02 and N02  with or
without pre-treatment with atropine  sulfate.   The atropine
markedly inhibited the  increase  in  the  pulmonary flow resistance
during exposure to S02, but  not  during  exposure  to K02.  The
result suggests, as regards  the  cause of  airway  narrowing, that
reflex bronchoconstriction plays a  role in the  exposure  to S02,
whi-le ether mechanises  are also  involved  in the  case  of  N02.


18031

Heissbecker, Ludwig, Eobert  D. Carpenter, Peter  C. Luchsinger, and
Thomas S. Osdene
IN VIIEO  ALVEOLAR  MACROPHAGE VIABILITY.   EFFECT OE GASES.   Arch.
Environ.  Health,  1 8(5) :756-759,  Bay 1969.   11  refs.


A simple,  rapid  method was developed tor the determination of in
vitro alveolar  macrophage  viability after  exposure to gases.   Air
pollutants such  as  ozone,  sulfur dioxide,  and  oxides of nitrogen
killed alveolar  macrophages, as  determined by  the dye exclusion
test.  03  was effective at very  low concentrations.   Other gases
such as C02, CO,  CH4,  CH3C1, acrclein,  acetaldehyde, acetone,
isoprene,  benzene,  and HCN had  no effect on cell viability.
 (Author's  Abstract)
                           F. Effects -Human Health                    813

                            ft U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1971 O - 422-893

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