PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS
AND AIR POLLUTION:
Ar. A,-,nc:a:=d Bibliography
PART 1. CATEGORIES A THROUGH F
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS
AND AIR POLLUTION:
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
PART I.
Office of Technical Information and Publications
Air Pollution Technical Information Center
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Air Pollution Control Office
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
March 1971
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price $6.25 per set of 2 volumes. Sold insets only.
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The AP series of reports is issued by the Air Pollution Control Office to report
the results of scientific and engineering studies, and information of general interest
in the field of air pollution. Information reported in this series includes coverage
of APCO intramural activities and of cooperative studies conducted in conjunction
with state and local agencies, research institutes, and industrial organizations.
Copies of AP reports are available free of charge to APCO staff members, current
contractors and grantees, and nonprofit organizations - as supplies permit - from
the Office of Technical Information and Publications, Air Pollution Control Office,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, P.O. Box 12055, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina 27709.
Air Pollution Control Office Publication No. AP-E
11
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CONTENTS
PART I.
INTRODUCTION 1
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. General 3
B. Emission Sources 19
C. Atmospheric Interaction 115
D. Measurement Methods 269
E. Control Methods 507
F. Effects - Human Health 595
PART II.
G. Effects - Plants and Livestock 815
H. Effects - Materials 917
I. Effects - Economic 921
J. Air Quality Measurements 925
K. Legal and Administrative 1019
L. Standards and Criteria 1045
M. Basic Science and Technology 1063
N. Social Aspects 1335
AUTHOR INDEX 1337
TITLE INDEX 1373
SUBJECT INDEX 1475
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION INDEX 1525
United States (States, Cities) 1525
Foreign (Countries, Cities) 1527
iii
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PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS
AND AIR POLLUTION:
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
This bibliography is the result of an effort to collect, condense, and organize
the literature on photochemical oxidants in relation to air pollution.
Abstracts of approximately 1,900 documents are presented here. The docu-
ments were collected from many sources, and all are included in the information
retrieval system of the Air Pollution Technical Information Center (APTIC). Most
of them are from recent literature (1959-1970); however, some abstracted docu-
ments date from the early part of this century.
Abstracts are arranged in the categories listed on the Contents page of this
bibliography. Each category is designated by a letter of the alphabet; each abstract
is designated by its APTIC accession number. Numbers within each category are
arranged in ascending order. Accession numbers are assigned as literature is
received in APTIC. No structure is designed into the numbering system; however,
recent literature is more likely to have higher accession numbers.
An author index, a title index, a subject index, and a geographical location
index .follow the abstracts; they refer to the abstracts by category letter and APTIC
number. The author index lists the first two authors individually when there are at
least that many. The first author is indicated by an asterisk (*). The geographical
location index is divided into two sections: United States (states, cities) and Foreign
(countries, cities).
This compilation of abstracts is intended as a balanced sample of available
literature; it is composed of selected references, and no claim of all-inclusiveness
is made.
All documents abstracted herein are currently on file at the Air Pollution
Technical Information Center, Air Pollution Control Office, Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, P.O. Box 12055, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.
Readers outside the Air Pollution Control Office may seek duplicates of documents
directly from libraries, publishers, or authors.
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A. GENERAL
00233
W.L. Faith
THE NATURE, SOURCES, AND FATE OF AJH CONTAMINANTS., J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 13, (10) 483-5, Oct.. 1963.
(Presented at the 56th Annual Heeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Detroit, Hich., June 9-13,
A brief synopsis of air pollution specifying the types of
pollutants, their habitat, the importance of aerosols and gases,
and effect of meteorology on a'ir pollution is presented. In
broad terns, the problem of air pollution as it relates to health
impairment is discussed. it
00539
H. Stephany
TYPE AND EMISSION QUANTITIES OF INDOSTRIA1 AND DOMESTIC FLDE GASES
AND VEHICLE EXHAUST GASES. (Art und Emissionsmengen von
Industrie-, Hausbrand-und Kraftfahrzeug-Abgasen,,) Erdoel
Kohle {Hamburg) 19{6) : 457-461, June 1966.
Types of air pollution which occur in Germany are discussed..
The Clean Air Committee of the Association of German
Engineers is described. The committee"s program and published
regulations for the limitation of emissions are tabulated.t#
00896
E. Heber
tANNUAI REVIEW OF THE PURIFICATION OF THE AIE (SECOND SERIES).)
Jahresubersicht Reinhaltung der luft (2. Folge) . Giesserei
(Dnesseldorf) 53(12) : 405-410, June 9, 1966
This a comprehensive review of air purification problems with 116
references, mainly from the Geman literature. Articles reviewed
include government regulations in various countries, aspects of
dust and gas accumulations, disposal of fluorine and sulfur
compounds in the air, maxiaum concentration permissible in working
areas, and measurement of emission of gases. #t
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00981
S. Tilson
AIH POLLUTION. Intern. Sci- Technol. No. 42:22-31, 1965.
The problem and the approaches to solving it are reviewed.
Pollution sources, research, air quality criteria, the need for
controls, social attitudes, standards, photochemical reactions,
and future prospects are included.##
01000
J« T., Hiddleton
THE AIR - A POLLUTED ENVIRONMENT. Preprint. .{Presented at
Syracuse Univ., N.Y., Bay 9, 1967.)
HEW
A description of the air pollution problem, both currently and
future implications, is presented™ The sources of pollution,
their deleterious effects, and measures to control them are
discussed.f#
03058
A. P. Altshuller.,
AIR POLLUTION: PHOTOCHEMICAL ASPECTS. Science 151„ (371 U)
1105-6, Mar. U, 1966
This paper gives a brief summary of presentations at the
Symposium on the photochemical aspect of air pollution, which was
held April 1965 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Topics ranged from the
neasurement of solar radiation in the ultraviolet region of the
biological aspects of irradiation of model systems in the
laboratory to the relation between meteorological parameters and
chemical effects in polluted atmospheres., #t
03085
A. C« stern
PRESENT STATUS OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN THE UNITED STATES.
Am. J. Public Health (Presented at the 86th Annual
Meeting, American Public Health Association, St. Louis,
Ho., Oct. 29, 1958.) 50, (3) 346-56, Mar., 1960
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
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The status of air pollution in the United States is reviewed
in terms of knowledge availabe and action taken to deal with
this problem. Studies by the National air Sampling
Network, state, and local health agencies are reviewed.
Facilities for training persons for air pollution work are
discussed, and the Federal Air Pollution Engineering
Research and Technical Assistance Program is surveyed.
(Author abstract)*#
03372
TRACE SUBSTANCES IS SON-POLLUTED ALB. S1AUB (English
Transl.) 26, (8) 40-1, Aug. 1966.
CFSTI, TT 66-b1159
An international convention took place at St. Moritz-Bad, June
1966, to honor Prof. Dr. med. Fritz Verzar (frof. tferzar
is a physiologist and the designer of the tully automatic recording
condensation-nuclei counter named after him). The subject was:
"Tracer Substances in Non-Polluted Air and Their Possible
Effect upon Human Beings." Prof. Dr. Ch. Junge of Mainz
occupied the chair. Lt was intended to survey available knowledge
on atmospheric condensation nuclei and then possible physiological
effect. Prof. Junge of Mainz commenctici by demonstrating that,
within the size distribution of atmospheric aerosols, the so-called
"Aitken nuclei" occupy the range from r is less than or equal
to 0.007 to 0.055 microns. Only these are detected by the
condensation-nuclei counter of Verzar and oy the Scholz counter.
The condensation nuclei form approximately 1/10,000 of the total
substance of atmospheric aerosols. Cyclic changes of condensation
and evaporation processes to which the nuclei are exposed in the
atmosphere affect particle size distribution and its changes by
factors of up to 10. Prof. H.W. Georgil of Frankfurt/S. ,
dealt with the air chemical effects or condensation nuclei.
Prof. Israel of Aachen lectured on the principles of natural
radioactivity, especially on its sources ana distribution in tne
ground and m the atmosphere. Mr. tieiter. Director of the
Biocliuatic Research Center, Partenkirchen, demonstrated the
multiciplicity at atmospheric electrical phenomena in the
mountains, as well as those connected witn neutral aerosols as a
factor of meteorological conditions. Jacoci of the Hahn-Meitner
Institute at -berlin Wannsee reported on the penetration of
finely dispersed aerosols into the human respiratory tract.
Poetzl (Forschungsstelle Partenkirchen) dealt with the identical
problem and described the design ana functioning of the respiratory
tract model which he developed (retention only) . Reifterscheid
reported en airborne germ studies in tne open air and in rooms usea
for various purposes, using the "Biological Konimeter" developed
by him. Amelung discussed the effect of dust content on the air
quality or resorts as a factor of orcgraphic conditions, en tnc one
hand, and a plurality cf meteorological relationsnips, on the
ether. Prof. Fleckenstein, the Freiburg physiologist, reported
on the electro-physiological investigations of cell membranes, iti
A. General
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03556
H.. Katz.
SOHE TOXIC EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON PUBLIC HEALTH., Med.
Serv. J. (Can.) 16, 50«-25, June 1960.
Nature of atmospheric contamination is reviewed. Brief
descriptions are given of air pollution episodes, legislation,
epidemiology, sources of air pollution and their effect on health.
Air pollution research in Canada is summarized.##
0367H
Jo P. Lodge, Jr.,
AIB POLLUTION (REVIEH OF APPLICATION OF ANALYSIS). Anal.
Chem., 33(5) :3R-13H, Apr. 1961.
This review covers the years 1959 and 1960, which have seen great
activity in the air pollution research field. It supplements the
previous review, with the exception that the growth of the
literature has been so great that explicit coverage of
radioactive pollutants has been omitted from this review. The
trend toward increased interest in automotive exhaust and
atmospheric carcinogens, noted in the previous review, has
continued. In addition, there has been a renewal of interest in
atmospheric lead. For the most part, these observations hold only
for the United States. The bulk of research in Europe
continues to be directed toward improved methods for measurement
and control of sulfur dioxide and dust. Meetings and conferences
were numerous. The annual symposia organized by the Committee on
Air Pollution, American Chemical Society, featured sessions
on automotive exhaust and on polynuclear hydrocarbons in 1959, and
on photochemistry and fine particles in 1960. The Air Pollution
Control Association continued its regular schedule of meetings.
A conference on air pollution research was sponsored by the U.S.
Public Health Service in New Orleans in early 1960,
continuing a series of meetings intended primarily for the Public
Health Service contractors and grantees in the field. More
specialized meetings included a conference on dust in Vienna, one
on adhesion of fine particles at Leatherhead,
England, and a symposium at Oxford on atmospheric diffusion and
turbulence.. Increasing public interest in air pollution resulted
in the publication of a large number of papers intended primarily
for public consumption. These are too numerous and in general too
lacking in novelty to warrant mention here. On the other hand, a
substantial number of books and review articles of a general nature
were published having high scientific merit., ##
0«172
G. P. Gushchin
ATHOSPHEBIC OZONE AND ITS EFFECT ON SOHE VEGETATION SPECIES.
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
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U.s.S.B™ Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, Bo S. Levine, Vol.. 13. (Part II -
Atmospheric Ozone. Data Presented at the Hay 21-23, 1963
Conference on Atmospheric Ozone-) pp. 229-32. 1965. Buss- (Ir.)
CFSTI: TT 6662191
The problem of atmospheric ozone effect on man, plant and
materials is briefly reviewed. Harmful ozone concentrations can
be expected in the atmosphere at certain heights- This is of
particular importance to present day and future aviation, in view
that external air is used for passengers and crew. Special
measures for the protection of passengers and crew become
necessary at 10 km and higher. Decomposing effect on rubber is
also demonstrated, although ozone affects various rubbers
differently. Some types of tobacco leaves are sensitive to ozone
effect and could serve as indicators.t#
04381
R. X. Lehman
THE BIG POLLDTION PBOBLEB. Kinzoku {Metals} (Japan) 18,
(6) 679-84, June 1966.
This is a general review of the problems of air pollution, past,
present and future. The different types of pollution arising from
different geographic and economic factors which occur in Los
Angeles and New York are discussed. The outstanding factors in
Los Angeles pollution are the great number of motor vehicles in
the area and the geophysical phenomena which ultimately combine to
contribute to the well-known smog in the area. The problems of
New Tork are more directly related to domestic heating, waste
disposal, power production, transportation (airplanes and
shipping), and air invasion (from New Jersey) „ Pittsburgh,
which was once considered the worst example of air pollution in
the nation because of the steel industry there, is cited as an
example of what can be done about air pollution. In this city,
there has been a reduction of 90% in homes heated by coal, gas
heating having taken over. Of the vast amount of capital
investment for air pollution control ($360 million up to 1964),
almost $50 million involved the steel industry. The need for more
research and technological development in this area, cost
control, and new approaches are seen as the means of resolving the
many aspects of the problem.#f
04487
B,, T. Commins
CHEMISTRY OF TO«N AIR. Research (London) 15, 421-6, Oct.,
1962.
A review of the chemistry of urban air pollution in London and
other cities is presented. Topics briefly discussed and
A. General
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summarized included: sources of air pollutants; fuel combustion
principles; pollutant measurements; concentrations; air
pollutant properties; chemical reactions affecting air
pollution. Chief sources of air pollution are seen to be
fuels burnt for domestic, industrial and commercial heating, and
for power generation and transportation. The more important
pollutants are considered to be smoke (and associated particulate
matter including H2SO4 and tar) S02, C02, oxides of
nitrogen, hydrocarbons, and ground deposits. The more important
meteorological factors affecting pollutant concentration are seen
to be timperature (highest in cold weather), turbulence and wind,
and temperature inversion- Factors which illustrate the
differences in air pollution characteristics to be found in
various cities are evident in a comparison between London and
Los Angeles, the latter being more affected by vehicular
exhaust contaminants and photochemical reactions than London where
the atmosphere contains more heating fuel exhausts such as S02
and smoke.*#
04584
N. Nelson
EFFECTS OF MOTOR VEHICLE POLLUTANTS- Proc. Natl, Conf.
Air Pollution, Washington, D.C.r 1962.. pp. 54-9. 1963.,
This is a brief survey of some of the effects of air pollution
from motor vehicles and photochemical smog. Results of past
investigations and of research being organized are also
discussed.**
04595
A. T. Bossano, Jr.
THE HEEDS, OBJECTIVES, AND CAPABILITIES OF AIR POLLUTION
HEASURING ADD MONITORING PROGRAHS. ProCo Natl. Conf. Air
Pollution, Washington, D.C., 1962. pp. 212-9. 1963.
Atmospheric pollution can precipitate or aggravate many kinds of
respiratory diseases, plant and material damage, and its represents
a heavy economic burden- With few exceptions, adequate means
exist today for evaluating local air pollution conditions and for
sharply curtailing emissions. Community air pollution is
increasing at an alarming rate and it would be a serious mistake
to delay positive constructive action until all the complex
questions are answered. Community air monitoring and measurement
practices indicate a need for greater participation on the
community level, improvement in technique and instrumentation, and
a freer exhange of air quality and emission information.**
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
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05746
Ourusoff, !.„
CLEANER AIR AND THE GAS INDUSTRY (PART 1} „ Am. Gas J.. 191 (3), 32-
5; 38; 40; 42 (Mar. 1967).
The background of air pollution is briefly reviewed from both a
universal and a gas industry viewpoint. The principal causes and
sources of air pollution in the United States are discussed. The
physiological effects of air pollution are considered. Current
methods and means of controlling air pollution are reviewed.
Hegional aspects of the problem are examined as they affect its
severity and bear on the attitudes of the public, the federal and
local authorities, commerce, and Industry, and more specifically
the public utility companies.
05844
THE EFFECT OF ORGANIC HATEBIALS IN THE ATMOSPHERE ON VEGETATION.
Preprint. California Dniv,, Riverside. (This is a
continuation of the report dated Jan., 21, 1957.,)
a study on the effect of irradiated auto exhaust on plant damage
is presented. No satisfactory amount of plant damage was produced
in any of the combinations of conditions available. These
included varying residence time, light intensity, plant exposure
time, ratios of the auto operating cycles, and additions of
nitrogen dioxide, ozone or raw gasoline. In a few experiments,
very slight, but typical oxidant damage was produced along the
margins of some leaves, but the amount was too small to be of use
in evaluating fuels. Of particular interest is the fact that when
ozone was added to the exhaust, no damage occurred. Similarly,
when raw gasoline and nitrogen dioxide were irradiated o-zone was
formed, but no oxidant damage was obtained. No explanation for
the failure to obtain plant damage can be offered until the test
facilities are made available for intensive trials.ft
05932
Halliday, E.. C.
THE PRESENT STA1DS OF RESEARCH ON AIE POLLUTION. (In: The
Implications of Air Pollution Control. Vol. 1.,) ((Council
for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South
Africa, National Physical Research Lab,,)) (Presented at the
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Conference,
Durban, South Africa, Sept. 1964). p. 1-1 1-21., 1964.
During the last few years no development comparable with the
Haagen-Smit work on the nature and causes of Los Angeles
Smog, has taken place. Considerable development has taken place
A. General
-------
in the devising of improved methods of detecting and measuring
chemical pollutants in the atmosphere,. The measurement of smoke
and fine particulate pollutants is still a. problem, for no precise
monitoring method has yet been found. Considerable work has been
done on the control of the emission of pollutants from industries
and in particular the fabric filter has been adapted for use with
hot gases and in circumstances where previously fabric filters
could not be used. Studies of the effects of pollutants on man
are being actively prosecuted bat results are still a matter for
considerable debate. Work on the dissipation of pollutants by
atmospheric processes is receiving more attention than formerly.
It is realized that the theoretical dissipation equations need
considerable modification when city conditions are under
consideration and in several places extensive measurement
programmes are in hand to produce some parameters by use of which
calculated dissipation figures will approach more closely to the
actual experimental values. AA#t
06722
A, Goetz
PAHAMETEBS. Symp. Environ. bSmeasurements, Cincinnati, Ohio,
1963., (PHS Publ. No. 999-AP-15.) {July 1964). pp. 29-3U.
Air and water as gaseous and liquid components of the environment
are considered essential ingredients for human, animal, and plant
life — ingredients that are also acted upon by these live forms.
Air and water are evaluated in terms of chemical and physical
parameters relating to their occurrence in the natural regenerative
and degradative cycle and to their physiological assimiliation.
Particulate pollutants and reactive gases are discussed.
Emphasis is given to the physical and chemical characteristics of
aerosols and their potential role as pollutants of environmental
significance. (Author's summary) ##
07535
W. Leithe
CLEAN AIR MAINTENANCE - AN IMPORTANT TASK FOB CHEMISTRY AND
ECONOHT. (Reinhaltung der Luft - ein dringendes Anliegen
fur Chemie und Hirtschaft.) Text in German. Allgem. Prakt.
Cheau ^Vienna), 18 ( 8) : 239-241, Sept. 10-17, 1967. It refs..
This article is a summary of two lectures given at meetings
of chemical societies. The problem of air pollution and
some control methods are outlined. Typical examples of well-known
air pollution problems are mentioned: London"s smog chiefly
caused by domestic heating, the smog of Los Angeles due to
automobiles, the sun, and temperature inversions, and the
industrial air pollution of the Ruhr Valley. Some
characteristic data for all three examples are quoted. The
10 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
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techniques for the control of dust emissions are farthest
advanced. This is verified by the fact that in Germany, emission
of cement dusts decreased to one third while the production of
cement tripled in the last 17 years. Far less satisfactory is
the control of S02 emissions. About twice as much sulfur is
blown into the air than is used for the production of sulfuric
acid. Some vet and dry processes for the elimination of S02
from smoke are mentioned, but no method is known today which
is both effective and economical. The chemical industry tackled
its problems mostly by reducing the emission of air polluting
substances by increasing the efficiencies of the relevant chemical
processes. Examples are the production of sulfuric acid
and nitric acid. Organic compounds can be recovered by either
absorption on activated charcoal or oxidation by catalytic
afterburners.tt
07845
Parker, A.
HHAT°S IH THE AIH J. Inst. Fuel, 40 (315D : 173-175. April
1967.,
we each breathe about 35 Ib of air in a day, consume 3 to 1 Ib of
drinking water and 1 1/2 Ib of dry food. This provides energy by
oxidation of carbon and hydrogen of which the thermal value is
about 12,000 Btu. equivalent to that provided when 1 Ib of coal is
burnt., Some of this energy is given out as heat, say about 400
Btn/ho Records of smogs in various countries since 1873 exist,
but that in London in 1952 had great effect leading to the
bSbeaver Beport and the bSclean Air b8act, 1956. 2.7 million ton
of smoke were discharged into the air during 1938 in Britain, of
which 63% was from domestic sources, 10% from railways and 21% from
industry- This was reduced to 1.1 million tons in 1965, of which
0.9 million, 80%, was from domestic sources. This reduction was
also helped by the rationing of coal during the years of World
Bar II and by the desire for cleaner domestic heating methods.,
4.1 million tons of sulphur dioxide were discharged into the
atmosphere in Britain in 1938 and 6.4 million tons in 1965, but
the concentration of S02 in the air near the ground has stayed
the same. The problem is not yet solved., About 14 million
motor vehicles in the 0. K. emitted perhaps 5 million tons of
carbon monoxide and 1/4 million tons of hydrocarbons in 1965.
The interaction of hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen and ozone, in
sunlight causes the smogs of Los Angeles in which visibility is
scarcely reduced and so they are of a different character from
London snogs. The International Union of Air Pollution
Prevention Associations was recently founded. Its first
international clean air congress was held in London in October,
1966. (Author's abstract)**
08237
DISCUSSION OK TRENDS IN AIH POLLUTION. Arch. Environ, Health, Vol.
8, p. 31-38, Jan. 1964.
A. General 11
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A discussion is presented, verbatim, from the 6th Annual Air
Foliation Medical Research Conference held Jan. 28 - 29, 1963, in
San Francisco. Among the participants were: Dr. Arie Haager-Smit
(chairman); Professor albert Bush; Dr. A. P» Altshuller; and Dr. J-
T. Hiddleton. The topics discussed include: mortality from
respiratory and other diseases in California; diesel and gasoline
engine emissions; plant damage and aldehydes; cigarette smoking;
and air-borne allergens,
09094
AIR POLLUTION — A SPECIAL REPORT. Power, «8p., ((1967?))-
The results of research on each phase of air pollution are
reviewed. The nature of this planet's atmosphere, its natural
pollutants and the mechanics of their transport are outlined.
The contribution to air pollution made by man as he lives and
works is described. The effects of air pollution on man°s social
and economic existence are examined. Constructive approaches are
given to help communities meet the challenge of air
pollution control effectively and economically. It is shown how
intelligent plant design and location can eliminate pollution
problems from the start and then how problems of existing plants
can be mitigated.ff
09278
National Swedish Inst» for Building Research, Stockholm, Sweden
BUILDING CLIMATOLOGY: LIST OF LITERATURE. PART !!„ AIE. Rept. 8,
81p., Aug. 1967.
CFSTI: PB 176776
On July 1st 1966 a department for Building Climatology was started
at the National Swedish Institute for Building Research. The
program for this department is to define the human requirements for
indoor climate and to classify the outdoor climatological stresses
in order to provide the basis for the climatological performance
required for the house. To achieve this aim much basic knowledge
has to be transferred from adjoining disciplines such as
physiology, psychology, physics and meteorology., In order to find
the basic work suitable for being carried further into applied
research it is necessary to make rather extensive literature
surveys., This literature survey has been focused on two important
parameters of the air: air pollution' and air movements. (Author) s
introduction)
09903
Governor's Committee on Air Resources, Minnesota
52 p., Sov. 1966. 17 refs.
12 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
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MINNESOTA AIE POLLUTION: THE REPORT 01 THE GOVERNOR'S COMMITTEE ON
AIR RESOURCES.
Air pollution in Minnesota is discussed including the following
categories o± air pollution control involving politics, economics,
technology and health; effects of air pollution on health,
agriculture, industry and individuals; sources of air pollutants;
behavior of pollutants in the air; air pollution forecast for
Minnesota; legal and jurisdictional problems in control of air
pollution; air pollution and law; air Duality measures; and
metropolitan area problems. The following legislative
recommendations were made: and effective air pollution control
program should utilize resources of both the state and its
political subdivision; a comprehensive air pollution control
program must deal with matters that emissions or ambient air
quality should not be included in legislation; control programs
for air pollution should not be delayed until problems are severe.
10260
Prince-Epstein, D.
STUDIES ON ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN THE SOVIET UNION.
( (Recherches sur la pollution atmospherigue en union
Sovietigue.)) Text in French. Bull. Inst. Natl. Sante
Rech. Med. (Paris), 23(1): 63-H2, Jan.-Feu. 1968. 57 rets.
In this W.H.O.-financed survey and visit to four institutes
each in Moscow and Leningrad, the state-of-the-art in
Russian air pollution control is reviewed. The principal
centers for research are the Institute of General and Urban
Hygiene "A. N. Sysin", several medical institutes, sanitary
and epidemiological stations, and other centers such as the
Institute for Industrial Hygiene and Professional Diseases
in Leningrad. Air pollution control consists essentially of
the following measures: definition of air purity standards
(much stricter than standards in America), and the determination
of minimal permissible levels by means of very precise
physiological tests, such as the olfactory threshold test,
encephaloqraphy, and dark adaptation. Chronic tests are
conducted on animals in specially designed exposure chambers, with
special attention to effects on the conditioned reflexes, muscular
coordination, cholinesterase activity, urinary coproporphyrins, as
well as hematological, biological and other physiological data.
A Russian commission was created in 1949 to uetermine norms
for air pollutants. Principal laws promulgated by the
Committee for the Sanitary Protection of the Air are:
construction of industries with some provision for removal or
capture of toxic substances, prohibition ol emissions of dusts
and toxic gases into the atmosphere, and a classification of
industrial centers according to their haruifuiness to health,
with corresponding zones of protection between the plant and the
inhabitants. The analytical methods used in the determination
of CO, 302 and H2SO4 aerosols, nitrogen oxides, ozone, and
permissible levels for bcth daily and one-time exposures. The
general results of 18 Russian studies on CO and nine studies
on sulfur oxides are tabulated, and rereiences given for work on
nitrogen oxiaes, 3,4-benzopyrene, and ozone. The theoretical
basis for the combined effects of pollutants is discussed.**
A. General 13
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10551
Gilbert, Daniel L.
THE INTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN THE BIOSPHERE AND THE ATMOSPHERE.
Resp. Physiol. (Amsterdam). 5(1):68-77, June 1968. 50 refs.
The origin of life on earth probably occurred when there was a
reducing atmosphere composed in part of hydrogen. The biosphere
developed antireductant mechanisms to resist hydrogen toxicity.
As hydrogen escaped from earth and the photosynthetic production
of oxygen began, the atmosphere changed to an oxidizing one
composed in part of oxygen. The oxygen in the atmosphere
gradually increased until it reached its present value. As a
conseguency of the presence of oxygen, the biosphere continuously
developed antioxidant mechanisms. Organisms which developed
antioxidant mechanisms under relatively high oxygen concentrations
and then migrated to environments of lower oxygen concentrations
would possess an advantage in having very well developed
antioxidant mechanisms for their low oxygen environment. The
atmosphere is being clianged today by the activities of man. It
seems that carbon dioxide is increasing. Eventually, it is
speculated that due to the continued dehydrogenation of the earth,
the atmosphere will be composed of only carbon dioxide and
molecular nitrogen. It is further speculated that life will not
be able to survive on earth at this time. (Author's abstract) ##
107S8T
Harries, C. and K. Langheld
THE BEHAVIOF OF PRODUCTS OF PBOTEIN CLEAVAGE AND OF SEVERA1
SUGARS TOWARD OZONE. ((Uber das Verhalten der
Eiweissspalt-produkte und einiger Zuckerarten gegen Ozon.J)
Translated from German. Z. Physiol. Chem. , 51:372-373,
1907. 10 refs.
The chemical effects of ozonization on the fatty products of
protein cleavage (glycocol, alamine, leucine, serine, asparagine,
guanidine) are experimentally explored. No oxidation products
for these substances could be detected. Ozonization of aromatic
cleavage products (phenyl-alanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan) is
also explored. Derivatives were found after ozonization of these
last three compounds. Chemical properties of the derivatives and
cleavage of the benzene ring to yield these products are discussed,
Chemical properties of compounds derived from the oxonization of
sugars (dextrose, mannitol, and dulcitol) are described.##
12177
John T. (liddleton
1IB QUALITY AS A CONTROLLING FACTOR IN LIFE PROCESSES. In:
Biometeorology, Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Annual
14 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Biology Colloquium,, 1967, William P. Lowry (ed.,) p. 67-79,
1967. {«) refs.
The quality of air is determined by the uses made of it and by
the pollutants injected into it by man. The quality of air
varies for a number of reasons, but principally because of
contaminants arising from economic and social developments
throughout the world.. iir pollution is one of the undesirable
side effects of this growth and development. The extent,
severity,, and character of man-made air pollution are determined
by the kind, number, and location of contaminant sources, the
chemical reactivity and interaction of the pollutants, the
topography of the land, the weather, the nature of the
community, and the characteristics of the airshed.##
13182
Slcnim, No Balfour and N., Karen Estridge
OZONE - AN UNDERESTIMATED ENVIHONHENTAL HAZARD- Environ., Health,
31(63:577-578, May/June 1969.,
The widespread use of ozone has lead to increasing exposure to
this gas.. Equipment producing sparks, arcs, or static discharge,
as well as ultraviolet or other ionizing radiation, produces
ozone from molecular oxygen. Commercially available "air
purifiers", and "deodorizers' in homes, hospitals, offices,
elevators, and meat storage plants generate sufficient ozone to
be hazardous under certain conditions of use and ventilation.. The
biochemical mechanism of ozone toxicity is under active
investigation. Free radicals are probably the basic biochemical
mechanism of ozone-induced cell damage. Ozone destroys
sulfhydryl-containing compounds, and in this process free
radicals may be produced. However, a more important theory of
ozone toxicity involves an oxidative attack on the carbon-carbon
double bond of unsaturated fatty acids, i.e., lipid
per oxidation..
13494
Dryden, I. G. C.
CHEKICAL CONSTITUTION AND BEACTIONS Of COAL. In: Chemistry of
Coal Utilization, Suppleraenta c j Volume, H. H. Lowry (ed.) ,
National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C., Committee on
Chemistry of Coal, p. 232-295, 1963. J92 refs.
Various methods of determining the chemical composition of coai
are surveyed. Solvent extraction yields little information about
the coal molecule, apart from a molecular weiglit distribution. If
solvent extracts contain more than 1 to 5% of the parent coal,
they resemble it closely, provided they are prepared below 250 C.
If prepared above this temperature, pyrolysis has clearly
A. General 15
-------
their composition. The best specific solvents for coal contain a
nitrogen atom with a readily available pair of electrons. Evidence
from polarography has suggested that certain nuclei containing onu,
two, and three rings play an important part in coal structure.
X-ray histograms suggest that about one-half of the carbon in the
nuclei is almost equally distributed between one, two, and three
rings, but these estimates may be biased toward the larger ring
systems. In the polarography of coal extracts, the freguent
occurrence o± half-wave potentials, for the reduction of
aromatic systems, points to the presence of a considerable
proportion of biphenyl, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and triphenylene
structures. The extent of reduction suggests a minimum
polycyclic aromaticity between 0.35 and 0.5. Methods of functional
group analysis and polarography at lower potentials have shown
that the hydroxyl and carbonyl group concentrations account for
70 to 90% of the 02 in bituminous coal. Hydrogenation, extensive
oxidation, hydrolysis, pyrolysis, and fluorination are the most
interesting reactions of coal, but furnish only limited information
about the structure of coal itself.
13952
Lindberg, Walter
AIR POLLUTION IN NORWAY* I. THE GENERAL AIR POLLUTION IN
NORWEGIAN CITIES AND INDUSTRIAL TOWNS. (Den alninnelige
luftforurensning i Norge. !„ Genereit om luftforurensning i
byer og tettbygde strok.) Translated from Norwegian. Oslo Dniv.
(Norway), ?„ 1-65, 19680 12 refs
General information is presented on air pollution in Norway
with attention focused on (1) the sources and types of
pollutants: motor vehicles, heating plants, incinerators,
(2} air pollution levels in the cities, including dustfall,
S02, and smoke measurements in Oslo, Sweden, (3J special
investigations (sulfuric acid fog), the chemical composition
of solid particulates in smoke and suspended dust,
polynuclear hydrocarbons and particulates, trace elements,
(HI pollutants in Norwegian cities other than Oslo,
(5) directions for nedicohygienic evaluation of pollution
levels in cities and other densely populated districts and
industrial regions, and (6) an evaluation of the economic
consequences of air pollution.
16251
Haagen-Smit, A. 3.
AIR CONSEBVATION. Science, 128 (3329) :869-878, Oct. 17, 1958.
11 refs.
At the present time, air pollution control is concerned with
pollutants present in concentrations of a few parts per million;
in the future, it will need to consider the removal of pollutants
16 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
present in quantities smaller by a factor of ten, Effective
cleaning procedures will require advances in the f,ield of
enqineering and in theories of inorganic, physical, physiochemical,
and photochemical processes. In addition, solutions will lie
needed tor legal and economic problems, as well as those involving
the physiology and pathology of plants and animals. The
complexity of air conservation problems is illustrated by smog,
which contains ozone concentrations 20-30 times higher than those
present in unpolluted air, where the normal amounts are 1-3 pphm.
It may take years to unravel relatively simple reactions, such as
the photodecomposition of acetone, tiacetyl, etc., that
contribute to ozone formation. In the air, these reactions are
complicated by the presence of oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, and
other compounds from the evaporation of gasoline and the burning of
trash. The application of new mejbhods of calculating pollution
distribution and movement would permit determination of the
future development of smog at different locations and a
comparative analysis of the effects of removing different
pollutant sources. To establish valid pollution levels, more
epidemiological studies roust be undertaken.
16878
Commoner, Barry
EVALUATING THE BIOSPHERE. Science J., 5A(4):67-72, Oct. 1969.
The biosphere—the earth's thin skin of air, water, and soil—
provides the necessities of life for man. At the same time, the
impact of man's technological developments has been felt
increasingly by the biosphere. From an evaluation of some of
the effects of modern technology on the biosphere, it is shown
that technology as it is currently construed forms an
intrinsically unstable relationship with the biosphere. Since
the stability and integrity of the biosphere are essential tor
the continued operation of technology, the present situation
represents a threat to the survival cf our present system of
technology, and, indeed, of man himself. A further discussion
of this unstable relationship is presented.
17260
CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF ATMOSPHEBIC P01LUTION. (Les aspects
chimigues de la pollution atmospherigue). Text in French.
Ind. Chim. Beige, 34 (9) :739-744, 1969. 21 refs. (Presented
at a Symposiom Sponsored by the International Union of Pure
and Applied Chemistry, Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, July 9-10,
1969.)
The symposium papers to be published in the journal 'Pure and
Applied Chemistry1 covered the following topics: the toxic
aspects of atmospheric pollution and recommended limits on
A. General 17
-------
concentrations of 2U pollutants; a method ot determining the
surface area of very small particles; simple methods of
separating aerosols by particle size; the influence of certain
substances on the transport of hydrohysable ions; the deleterious
effect of fluorides on the flora and, indirectly, on the fauna as
well; techniques for sampling, isolation, and quantitative
analysis of F compounds; different varieties of 'smog"; a method
for correcting benzo(a)pyrene determination for the concomitant
benzo(k)fluoranthene; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the
exhaust gas of internal-combustion engines; applications of
analytic methods for determining polycyclic compounds; several
methods of determination of Pb compounds in air; and a survey of
the distribution of traces of pollutants in the atmosphere.
Oxygen obtained by distillation of liquefied air is polluted by
automobile-exhaust and industrial waste gases. The application ot
the interface electrode of extremely high sensitivity in air
pollution studies and the use of mathematical models in air
pollution investigations which would reduce the cost and
expenditure of time required for an extensive test program were
also covered.
18005
Hinch, Sylds
AIK POLLUTION. J. Chem. Educ. , 146(2) :93-95, J?eb. 1969. H refs.
The consideration of the air we breathe has been one of the most
fundamental and profitable endeavors in scientific, philosophical,
and medical thought. This is a discussion of the historical
aspects of air pollution. Many of the specific substances that
have been identified as air pollutants are discussed briefly.
18 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
B. EMISSION SOURCES
00023
F. E. Gartrell, F. H. Thomas, S. B. Carpenter, F.
Pooler, B. Turner, and J. H. leavitt
FOLL-SCALE STUD! OF DISPERSION OF STACK GASES (A SUMMABi
EEPOBT) Tennessee Valley Authority, Chattanooga, Division
of Health and Safety, and Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio, Division of Air Pollution. Aug. 1964. 110 pp.
CFSTI: PB 166679
During fiscal years 1958-1962, the Tennessee Valley Authority
conducted an air pollution research project under the sponsorship
of the Public Health Service. In this project, advantage was
taken of unique opportunities for full-scale appraisal of
dispersion of air pollutants from large coal-burning,
steam-electric generating plants. Advantages offered for
diffusion studies included: (1) large isolated sources where
intermixture iiith extraneous pollutants is not significant; (2)
complete plant operational data and emission rates; (3) sufficient
fly ash emission to provide a visible plume aloft out to distances
of 10-15 miles under meteorological conditions of special interest;
(t) a helicopter equipped with special instruments for sampling
and recording S02 concentrations, as well as extensive
auxiliary instruments; (5) tower-mounted meteorological instruments
for providing basic information on wind and temperature parameters;
and (6) computer facilities for data analysis. In addition to the
primary studies to determine diffusion parameters, a limited
investigation was made of plume rise or effective stack heights.
An extensive investigation ¥as made of the oxidation of 302 in
the atmosphere after emission from the stack. Oxidation was
studied with ground-based facilities and also in the plume at
various distances and travel times, and under various weather
conditions. In the course of this investigation
interrelationships among S02, H2S04, and fly ash also were
studied.f#
000-211
V., G« RacKenzie
THE POHER INDUSTRY AND AIB POIIUTION,, Public Health Service,
Washington, D.C., Div. of Air Pollution, Nov. 28, 1962.,
12 pp.
The relation between the pover industry and air pollution is
discussed concerning its role in meeting high energy production and
19
-------
its obligation toward meeting the national problem of air
pollution. The following topics are discussed: (1) nature of
power industry emissions, (2) the sulfur dioxide problem, (3) means
of controlling emissions, and ^<^) control of nitrogen and sulfur
oxides. (A paper based on remarks made by V. G. MacKenzie at
the 1962 Annual Meeting,, Association of Edison Illuminating
Companies, Boca Baton, Fla. , Hov. 28, 1962.)##
00027
A. H. Bose, Jr.,, H. Corn, R<. R. Horsley, D. R.
Allen, and P. ». Kolp
AIR POILOTION EFFECTS OF IHCINERATOB FIRING PRACTICES AND
COMBUSTION &IB DISTRIBUTION., 3, Air Pollution Control
Assoc.. 8 (i») : 297-309, Feb.1959.
The relationships between incinerator design criteria and
resulting atmospheric contaminant discharges were investigated-
Tests were made by burning a fuel of constant composition in a
prototype, multiple-chamber incinerator under controlled
conditions. Effects of variables were measured by analyzing the
flue gases for solids, hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, and CO-
The series of tests reported was made to (1) provide information
on the relative importance of such variables as stoking and amount
of fuel per charge insofar as they affect the production of
atmospheric pollutants, and (2) evaluate the chosen levels of
variables such as excess combustion air, underfire and secondary
air distribution, and fuel charging rate. Production of
particulates was highly dependent on the amount of excess
conbustion air and the percentage of this air entering under the
fuel bed. At the 50% excess air level, particulate discharge
increased when underfire air was increased from 151! to 30% of the
total combustion air. This did not hold true for the 150^ excess
air level., Reduction of hydrocarbons and CO appeared to be
Bore dependent on the level of excess combustion air available than
on its distribution between overfire, underfire, and secondary air.
These pollutants were produced under combustion with 50% excess
air but not with 150% excess. Production of oxides of nitrogen
depended on the rate of fuel charging, the amount of excess air,
and the gas temperature in the ignition zone. '(Author) ##
00030
W. S. Smith
ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FBOM FUEL OIL COMBUSTION (AN INVENTORY
GUIDE).. Public Health Service, Cincinnati,, Ohio, Div. of
Air Pollution, (999-AP-2.,) Nov., 1962. 102p.
This review provides a guide for the inventorying and control of
emissions arising from the combustion of fuel oil. Information
was collected from the published literature and other sources.
20 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
The report is limited to infcreation on oil used as a source of
heat or power (exclusive of process heaters). The data were
abstracted, assembled, and converted to common units of
expression to facilitate understanding. From these data, emission
factors were established that can be applied to fuel oil combustion
to determine the magnitude of air-contaminating emissions. Also
discussed are the compositions of fuel oils; the preparation and
combustion of fuel oil; and the rates of emission, their variables,
and their control. ^Author) #t
00052
MOTOR VEHICLES, AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH (A REPORT 0? THE
SDRGEON GENERAL TO THE D., S. CONGRESS IN COMPLIANCE WITH PUBLIC LAW
86-H93, THE SCBENCK ACT). Public Health Service,
Washington, D.C., Div» of Air Pollution. June 1962., 463
pp.
"Motor Vehicles, Air Pollution, and Health" is a report
prepared by the Division of Air Pollution of the Public Health
Service as directed by the Congress in Public Law 86-193.
The Report is presented in three parts as follows: Part I.
Summary—A Review of the Problem; Part II. Effects of
Hotor Vehicle Pollution on Health; Part III. Air
Pollution from Motor Vehicles. Part I summarizes current
information and theories of the nature of air pollution
resulting from emissions from motor vehicles. It also
examines approaches to the reduction of snch pollution, and some
of the problems associated with control measures. Finally, it
presents an appraisal of the biological effects, proven or
potential, of such pollution. Part II reviews, in detail,
information which has been reported concerning the influence
of air pollution on health, with particular reference to the
effects from pollution arising from the operation of
motor vehicles. The results of mortality and morbidity surveys,
of laboratory research, and of other pertinent investigations
are given.. The responses of vegetation and animals, as well as of
humans, to individual contaminants as well as to mixtures, such
as are encountered in the atmosphere, are examined.. Part III
describes, in some detail, how motor vehicle operation elates to
emissions of pollutants, the magnitude of the pollution problem,
the nature of chemical reactions in the atmosphere, factors
affecting concentrations, methods for reducing pollution, and
the subject of ambient air and emission standards. #t
00081
P.T. Arnest
ATMOSPHERE CONTROL IN CLOSED SPACE ENVIRONMENT (SUBMARINE) .
Naval Medical Research Lab., New London, Conn., Bureau
of Medicine and Surgery, (Hept. No. 367.) Dec. 1t, 1961. 39
pp.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 270896
B. Emission Sources 21
-------
The purpose of this work was to make a general summary of the
toxicological problems associated with the closed space environment
of submarines and to review the current state of development of
tools for measuring and removing the problem substances involved,
Hore than twenty-five atmospheric contaminants are listed, their
sources, and their saximum allowable concentrations (MAC) are
given, as well as the symptoms they cause, the long-term effects;
tools for measuring the anounts of contaainants present are
described and methods of removal indicated, in so far as known.##
00109
A. P. Altshuller
REACTIVITY OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES IS ATMOSPHERIC PHOTOOXIDATION.
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Division of Air
Pollution., [{999-AP-1H.) July 1965. 29 pp.
The organic vapors enitted to urban atmospheres by motor vehicles
and other sources of emissions consist not only of paraffinic,
acetylenic, aromatic, and olefinic hydrocarbons, but also of
aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, phenols, and chlorinated
hydrocarbons. To estimate the contribution of each of these
classes of compounds to photochemical smog, one must know both
their atmospheric concentrations and their relative reactivities in
atmospheric reactions- A review of the available literature on
concentration levels of organic vapors in urban atmospheres
indicates that much more analytical work is needed. The existing
data are adequate, however, for the formulation of useful
estimates. Reactivities of organic substances in photooxidation
reactions can be considered froa many standpoints. Rates _of
disappearance of the organic substances, rates of disappearance of
nitric oxide or of formation and disappearance of nitrogen dioxide,
and rates or maximum yields of various products such as oxidant or
organic nitrates all can be used as chemical measurements of
reactivity,. Eye irritation, various types of plant damage, and
aerosol formation are indicators of reactivity that can be related
only to a limited extent to chemical measurements of reactivity.
The problems of developing a sin.gle index of reactivity are
considered. The application of reactivity measurements to
automobile exhaust composition, to control devices, and to
improvements in atmospheric purity is discussed. (Author) ##
00140
J. Ho Fernandes, J_ D. Sensenbaugh, and D. G» Peterson
BOILER EMISSIONS AHD THEIR COHTROL. Combustion Engineering,
Inc.,, Windsor, Conn., and Air Preheater Co., Wellsville,
N.Yo (Presented at Conference on Air Pollution Control,
Hexico City, Apr. 28, 1966.)
Emissions from combustion sources that are significant from the
standpoint of air pollution include (1) particulate matter, (2)
22 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
sulfur oxides, and <3) nitrogen oxides. Particulate matter is
objectionable on esthetic grounds. The technology for its control
well developed, although effort is constantly being made to
improve collection equipment and reduce the cost of a
nonproductive operation,. Techniques have been developed for
control of S03 in oil-fired units by means of low—excess air and
additives. Bethods for control of S03 in coal-fired boilers
have not been as well developed as for oil-fired units, but there
is less S03 present with coal firing. 1 great deal of work has
been done on control of S02, both by fuel desulfurization and by
removing the S02 from the stack gas. Oxides of nitrogen are
important as air pollutants because of their participation in the
reactions leading to photochemical smog. Since the localities
most subject to photochemical smog are in oil and gas burning
areas, most of the work has been done on these fuels. The
emission of oxides of nitrogen can be significantly reduced by
using gas fuel or by use of a suitable firing method and low-excess
air with oil fuel.#t
00186
J™ H. Ludwig
SEHINAH ON AID POLLUTION BY MOTOB VEHICLES. Public Health
Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Division of Air Pollution- 1966.
52 pp..
The contribution of motor vehicle emissions to community-wide air
pollution is discussed and related to other factors involved in air
pollution such as commercial and industrial sources, the size of
-he community and source distribution, topographical and
meteorological factors, and the degree of control exercised on
the sources- In particular, one section of the publication
analyzes the different pollutant types emitted from diesel and
gasoline engines. Another section discusses the photochemical
reactions in the atmosphere known to produce air pollutants-**
00220
J. P. Sheehy, J. J. Henderson, C. I. Harding, and A.
L. Danis
AIB POLLUTION IN JACKSONVILLE, PLORIDA (A PILOT
STUDY - AUG.-SEPT. 1961). Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution (AP-3)- Apr.
1963., 65 pp.
GPO: 802-899-6
The objectives of this pilot study were: (1) To develop a
preliminary opinion as to whether the city of Jacksonville has a
generalized air pollution problem. (2) To determine whether
certain pollutants - fluorides and S02, were present in the
atmosphere in concentrations capable of producing the damage to
vegetation that had been experienced in the Jacksonville-Duval
B. Emission Sources 23
-------
County area. To accomplish the first objective, a one-week
intensive investigation was carried on in downtown Jacksonville,
at (emming Park, from August 3 to 10, 1961. To accomplish to
second objective, additional studies were conducted during the
periods August 4 to 12, and September 5 to 13, 1961, in the area
in which damage to vegetation had occurred. The two fertilizer
plants, located in the industrial area of Jacksonville, were not
in production during the first phase of this study. Pollutants
sampled in this study included fluorides, 302, H2S, N02,
nitrogen dioxide, and particulates. As a result of the
investigations it was concluded that; (1j Photochemical smog was
being produced in the air over Jacksonville. (2) Concentrations
of fluorides occurred in certain parts of Jacksonville during the
period of the study that could cause damage to sensitive plants.,
(3) Pollutants from the city of Jacksonville can be transported
across the St. John's Hiver. H2S concentrations measured
during this study were not of the magnitude known to cause
discoloration of paints containing lead pigments and/or mercury
base fungicides. Subsequent to the study, an incident of
darkening of paints occurred in the arlington area. Therefore, it
is evident that an H2S problem exists in this area. SO 2
concentrations observed during this study did not reach levels
known to cause damage to vegetation. However, it appears
possible for S02 concentrations to reach levels during the
heating season capable of causing damage to sensitive plants,
particularly in localized areas downwind of major sources of
S02.*#
00250
L. C. McCabe and 3, S. Lagarias
AIR POLLUTION AND THE PAINT INDUSTRY,, J.. Paint Technol. ,
38(495) :210-216, Apr. 1966. '(Presented at the 13rd Annual
Meeting, Federation of Societies for Paint Technology, At-
lantic City, N- J., Oct. 29, 1965.
The manner in which regulations on gaseous and particulate
emissions affect the paint industry is reviewed with special
emphasis on proposed new legislation concerning solvent emissions..
Factors which influence the establishment of emission standards
and ambient air quality are discussed. The inconsistencies from
community to community on emission standards do not appear to be
related to meteorological or local conditions. It is suggested
that the setting of standards for air quality should depend upon
establishing the effects of air pollutants on humans, animals, and
vegetation as well as economic and meteorological considerations.
A review of existing codes shows that this has not always been
done. In the case of organic solvents, proposed legislation could
result in substantial changes in the use of certain solvents.##
00271
W. F. HcHichael and J.. E. Sigsby, Jr»
AOTOHOTIYE EMISSIONS AFTER HOT AND COLD STAHTS IN SUMMEP AND
24 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
SINTEH. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc,,. 16 (9) :U8U-U88,
Sept- 1966. {Presented at the 59th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, San Francisco, Calif., , June
22, 1966,,)
The D. S» Public Health Service, as part of its continuing
investigations of automotive emissions, began a study early in 1965
to determine the effects of hot-start and cold-start engine
operation on exhaust emissions. This study vas conducted in the
Cincinnati area in summer and winter ambient temperatures.. The
effects of hot and cold starts on the mass and composition of
exhaust gases were compared* Emissions from the test vehicles
were measured in actual traffic with a proportional sampler. The
test route was developed in earlier work to represent average urban
driving conditions. Data from this study reflect the effects of
traffic density, route, and climate on hot-start and cold-start
engine operation. {Authors" abstract)**
0032H
G. C.. Hass, F., Bonamassa, P. Neward, N. Kayne
THE INFLUENCE OF VEHICLE OPEBATING VARIABLES ON
EXHAUST EMISSIONS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 17(6)
384-7, June 1967,, ((Presented at the 59th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Assoc., , San Francisco,
Calif., June 20-24, 1966, Paper No. 66-69.}
This paper is a report of the operating variables and emission
characteristics of a 1964 283 cubic inch V-8 Chevrolet
automobile. This vehicle was used as a laboratory tool in a
project to develop an improved driving cycle to represent Los
Angeles peak hour driving. As a result it became necessary to
run many expoloratory tests to determine the relationships
between the primary variables of intake manifold vacuum,
engine rpm, and vehicle speeds and acceleration rates.
Emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides
were also determined for the entire range of operating conditions.
The effect of prior operating modes on closed-throttle
unburned hydrocarbon concentrations was also determined.
The results of these tests are presented in tables and
graphs which sake a comprehensive picture of one typical
automobile as a generator of air pollutants. (Author"s
abstract) #*
00325
J. N» Pattison and M. P. Sweeney
A STUDY OF LOS ANGELES DRIVING AS IT RELATES TO PEAK PHOTOCHEMICAL
SHOG FOBHiTION. Preprint., (Presented at the 59th Annual
fleeting. Air Pollution Control Association, San Francisco,
Calif., June 20-24, 1966, Paper Ho. 66-68.,}
B. Emission Sources 25
-------
In order to characterize driving as it affects smog formation, the
philosophy of having adequate control of smog peaks was chosen™
Vehicle emissions during the morning rush hour in downtown Los
Angeles in the fall were found to be responsible for the largest
smog peaks. A study was made of this type of driving, using a
single 1964 Chevrolet that was instrumented to record its
operating conditions. Using this mode data obtained, a street
route was developed on which this same car reproduced in adequate
detail the operating conditions found in the traffic study. The
street route can then be used to compare the effect of various
vehicles on emissions, and thereby derive an adequately based
dynamometer cycle which correlates therewith- (Author) ##
00337
«. E,, Grouse and N. E., Flynn
SOURCE INVENTOBY IBM SYSTEM FOE PARTICU1ATE AND GASEOUS
POLLUTANTS. Preprint. (Presented at the 59th annual
Fleeting, Air Pollution Control Association, San Francisco,
Calif... June 20-2H, 1966, Paper No., 66-10,,)
A source inventory IBM system of air pollutants is described
which makes use of an existing IBM card index-registration
system in an established air pollution control district and which
employs efficient utilization of engineering time, including
computer services, to establish and maintain current a detailed
source inventory of point sources of emissions. An emission
inventory specifies the fl) amounts, and (2) sources of air
pollution in a community. The knowledge of air pollution can be
relegated to three simple questions: (15 "What" the pollution
problem is in terms of primary air pollutants, (2) the "where" of
the problem — i.e., a description of the industrial, commercial,
or domestic sources by tabulation of either (a) types and location
of basic equipment discharging pollutants, (b) a description in
broad source categories of industry, or (c) actual tabulation of
locations of plants in the community, and (3) the "how
much" or extent of air pollutants. In the case of gases, namely
organic compounds, the oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, and CO,
future regulation and enforcement of invisible gaseous emissions
requires an inventory which predetermines or estimates levels of
emissions and directs enforcing officers or inspectors to point
locations. This capability is discussed as well as the
description of the method of construction of a recent source
inventory, calculated on the basis of average emission factors and
known plant throughput data and plant locations (registered plant
equipment).#*
001(6(1
C.F., Ellis
CHEMICAL ANALYSES O? AUTOMOBILE EXHATJST GASES TOR OXYGENATES.
Bureau of Mines, Washington, B.CU (Bept., of Investigations
No., 5822)., 1961. 39 pp.
26 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
This report presents procedures for chemical analyses of
certain oxygenated compounds, procedures for sampling the
exhaust gases for these analyses, and the analytical results
of some experimental work in which these procedures vere
used, A stationary 1956 model, 170 horsepower, V-8,
dynamometer-mounted engine, operated to simulate vehicular cruise
conditions, was used for the study. Exhaust gsees produced
from a regular-grade Bidcontinent gasoline during 15- , HO- ,
and 60-mile-per-hour cruise operations were analyzed by chemical
methods for formaldehyde, total aldehydes, total carbonyls, total
alcohols, carvon associated with the oxygenated compounds, and the
oxides of nitrogen. Experimental results indicate: (1) The
range of concentrations of the total of the functional
groups of oxygenated compounds, expressed as moles per million
moles of water-free exhaust gases, is about 90-100; the
concentrations increase with engine speed; (2} Sldehydes
comprise about 80-90 mole-percent of the total of the
oxygenated groups, and formaldehyde accounts for about
50 mole-percent of the total aldehydes; (3} The order of
magnitude of the concentration of the carbonyls is the same as
that for the aldehydes, indicating that ketones are not a
major group. A colorimetric test indicates that methyl ketones
consititute about 2 mole-percent of the oxygenated compounds;
(1) The concentration of the alcohols is of the order of 10
mole-*percent of the oxygenated compounds; (5} The total
carbon associated with the oxygenated compounds is about 175 moles
per million moles of water-free exhaust gas for all 3 speeds;
and <{6) The concentration of N oxides, expressed as
•oles of BO2 per million moles of water-free exhaust gas,
is about 150, 1,600, and 2,800 at 15, l»0, and 60 miles per hour,
respectively,ft
0050U
D..A. Jensen
SEPARATIHG FACT FROH FICTION IH AUTO SHOG CONTROL. Arch-
Environ. Health, It dl): 150-155, Jan. 1967. (Presented at
the American Hedical Association Air Pollution Hedical
Research Conference, Los Angeles, Calif., Harch 2-H, 1966.)
Author gives a status state-of the -art summary of the various
sources of emissions from automobiles. Topics covered are:
crankcase emission controls; servicing and maintenance; requirement
of a "closed" system or one egually effective, exhaust emission
controls; evaporative emissions; oxides of nitrogen emission
controls; diesel smoke and odor emission controls; cars and
fuels of the future. In addition, author discusses the impending
vehicle emission control which will be put into effect for
1968 motor vehicles. f#
00673
H.H. Hovey, A. Wisnan, J.> F. Cunnans
THE DEVELOPBENT OF AIB CONTAMINANT EHISSION TABLES FOR
HOHPROCCESS EHISSIONS J« Air Pollution Control Assoc.
B. Emission Sources 27
-------
Vol. 16(7} :362-366, July 1966. presented at the 58th
annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Toronto,
Canada, June 20-21, 1965, Paper Bo., 65-17.)
In New York State, the calculation of air contaminant
emissions from a variety of sources is an essential part of
comprehensive air pollution studies. The tables used to
calculate emissions were obtained from an extensive
literature search and modified to apply to New York State
conditions.. For example, sulfur dioxide emission factors for
coal were selected to reflect the average sulfur content of the
coal sold in New York State. Since the literature contains a
wide array of emission factors,**
00679
H. E., Jackson
AIR POLLUTION FBOM AUTOMOBILES IN PHILADELPHIA. Preprint™
(Presented at the 58th innual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, Toronto, Canada, June 20-24, 1965,
Paper No, 65-137.,)
This report has been prepared with the objectives of describing
the problem created by automobiles in Philadelphia and
recommending the action which must be taken. The action
recommended is as follows: <1) Positive crankcase ventilation
systems and exhaust control systems should be required on all new
cars registered in Pennsylvania. A well planned program of
controlling only the new cars with factory installed devices will
minimize the problem over a ten year period. If initiated
immediately, this reasonable approach would eliminate the need for
a crash program at some future date. All mechanical devices
require maintenance to insure proper and efficient operation; and
<2) The State-wide inspectional system should require a
maintenance check of all appropriate parts of the automobiles to
insure satisfactory operation '(as related to pollution emissions)
and to reject those cars with visibly excessive exhaust emissions..
This should apply to both new and used automobiles and all other
types of motor vehicles.#*
00693
G. Walker
EQUILIBRIUM DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF THE COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF
A GASOLINE ENGINE OPERATING ABOUT THE .STOICHIOMETRIC CONDITION.
Preprint., (Presented at the 58th Annual Heeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, Toronto, Canada, June 20-24,
1965, Paper No. 65-18.,)
The operation of a C..F.R. internal combustion engine was
simulated on a digital electronic computer. A study was made of
the effect of variation in the air-fuel ratio on the equilibrium
28 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
distribution patterns of combustion products at the end of the
expansion stroke. The combustion products sere assumed to consist
of 10 chemical species at instantaneous equilibrium during both the
finite combustion period and subsequent expansion. The
equilibrium composition of the 10 species throughout the whole
period is presented graphically for six different air-fuel ratios
both greater and less than the stoichiometric value. Other
parameters of engine performance, including thermal efficiency,
m.e.p. , work done per cycle and the heat transferred, are given
for the same air-fuel ratios-#t
00798
P.I. Larsen
VEHICLE EMISSIONS AND EFFECTS, A SUMMARY OF THE DECEMBER 1961
AIB POLLUTION BESEABCH CONFERENCES. Preprint. (Presented
at the New England Section annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, Worcester, Bass., Spr. 25, 1962).
In December 1961 air pollution research findings to that date
were presented at two conferences held in Los Angeles. The
conferences were the Fifth Air Pollution Hedical Research
Conference and the Joint Besearch Conference on Motor
Vehicle Emissions and Their Effects. A few highlights follow.
Air pollution damages plants, animals, and property, and is
harmful to people. Plant damage in the United States exceeds
$25 million per year.. Present community air pollution levels
weaken an individual's resistance to respiratory diseases such
as colds, pneumonia, and lung cancer. Smoking and air pollution
age and deteriorate lungs. In one study, smokers" lungs aged
50% faster than non-smokers' lungs. In another study, 907E of
heavy smokers -(more than two packs per day) had respiratory
disease. The disease rate for several respiratory ills was 3 to
5 times greater in these heavy smokers than in individuals who had
never smoked. The death rate from emphysema (deteriorated lungs)
has increased tOO% in the last 10 years. A recently identified
photochemical pollutant, peroxyacyl nitrate (PAN), at
concentrations as low as 5 parts per billion (ppb), damages
plants. It is quite possible that this pollutant is responsible
for most "oxidant-type" damage in Los Angeles. Five times as
much exhaust gas from low-olefin fuel was required to produce
similar damage. Russian air quality standards probably have
at least one present use in the United States.
In a given community, pollution concentrations that do not
exceed the Russian standards tentatively could be considered to
not be problems. The contribution of the internal combustion
engine to smog could be reduced significantly by improved
carburetor design, improved production control, and imporved
carburetor and ignition system maintenance. If the
conventional engine without an afterburner is considered beyond
redemption, a lean—fuel engine '(such as gas urbine, stratified
charge, or diesel) could be used to meet present emission
standards. If an automobile that does not contribute to smog is
to be achieved, a new sense of mission, a lot more money, and
additional competent researchers will be required. (Author
abstract modified) #f
B. Emission Sources 29
-------
00858
E. Venezia 6. Ozolins
INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION STDDY - PHASE II PROJECT REPORT. II-
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORY. Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution. May 1966. 51 pp.
An emission inventory was conducted 1963-1961 as part of the
St. louis - East St. Louis Interstate Air Pollution
Study. The Study covered an area of 3,567 square miles and
included the City of St. Louis and the six surrounding
counties - St. Louis, St. Charles, and Jefferson Counties
in Missouri and Madison, St. Clair, and Monroe Counties
in Illinois. Bore than 95% of the population and almost
all of the industrial activity are located in the 400 square miles
of the centrally located urbanized part of the Study area. The
pollutant emission data presented can be almost entirely
atrributed to this urbanized portion of the area. Population
density and land-use maps, which provide an excellent index
to the areal distribution of most pollutant emissions, are
also presented. The pollutants considered in this survey are
those emitted in large quantities from a variety and multitude of
sources dispersed throughout the area.##
00892
H.D. Norwood, D»E. Hisehart, C-A,, Earl, FUE. Adley,
D.E., Anderson
BITROGEH DIOXIDE POISONING DOE TO METAL-COTTING WITH
OXYACETYLENE TORCH.. J. Occupational Med,. 8(6) :301-306,
June 1966.
Several hours after the use of an acetylene torch for metal-
cutting in a poorly ventilated water main, a worker became so
short of breath that he could not sleep. He reported to the
plant physician 18 hr. after the exposure and an X-ray film
revealed pulmonary edema., Reenactment of the event
produced a level of nitrogen dioxide of 90 ppm in «0 rain., the
total oxides of nitrogen being in excess of 300 ppm. Such a
level might well be expected to produce pulmonary edema. The
accident was typical of the insidious action of nitrogen dioxide,
which can so easily occur under some conditions and may cause
death. Recognition of the latent period between exposure and
the development of pulmonary edema, tinely treatment with bed
rest, and, if necessary, the administration of oxygen under
pressure can be life-saving. A greater awareness of the sources
and toxicity of nitrogen dioxide is also needed to prevent
unnecessary exposure. (Author summary)**
30 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
00962
H. I. Larsen
AIR POLLDTION FEOH MOTOR VESICLES. inn. N. Y. Acad. Sci.,
136(12) :275-301, Aug. 26, 1966,, (Presented at a meeting of the
Hew York Academy of Sciences, April 6, 1966»)
Motor vehicles are a major source of urban air pollution. They
emit carbon monoxide that reduces man°s ability to transport oxygen
to his tissues; lead that increases man's body burden of this toxic
metal; cancerigenic hydrocarbons; and reactive hydrocarbons and
nitrogen oxides that combine with sunlight to produce
eye-irritating, plant-damaging, visibility-obscuring photochemical
smog in New York as well as in California. Present and
predicted air pollutant concentrations are compared with pollutant
effects and air quality standards. Emission-reduction features
presently used in new cars sold in California will improve air
guallty, but will not completely solve the problem. Indications
are that 95 percent reduction in emissions of carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides from new cars sold in the United
States may be needed by 1975™ Such a "clean-air car" by 1975 is
suggested as a research goal for automobile manufacturers. At
present, improved fuel cells or improved battery power seem to be
the most likely Beans for achieving this goal, (Author
abstract) #*
00969
P., A» Leighton
HAN AHD AIR IB CALIFORNIA. Preprint. (Presented at the
Statewide Conference on Ban in California, 1980°s,
Sacramento, Calif., Jan- 27, 196t.)
Author discusses polluted air in respect to automobile emissions
and projects the concentrations that can be expected by 1980..
Presented are charts and tables which easily delineate the
salient points of the article.*f
01002
E. S» Starkman, H. K« Sewhall, Bn Sutton, T0 Baguire,
and L.. Farbar
AMMONIA AS A SPARK IGNITION ENGINE FDEL: THEORY AND
APPLICATION. California Oniv-, Berkeley. (Presented at the
Society of Automotive Engineers Congress, Detroit, Rich-,
Jan,, 10-1«, 1966, Paper No. 660155.)
Anhydrous ammonia has been demonstrated to operate successfully
as a fuel for spark ignition engines. Principal requirements are
that it be introduced in the vapor phase and partly decomposed
B. Emission Sources 31
-------
to hydrogen and nitrogen. Spark timing for maximum performance
must be advanced slightly for ammonia but sensitivity to sparK
timing is little greater than with hydrocarbons. Increasing the
cylinder ¥all temperature aids in effecting successful and
reliable operation. The maximum theoretically possible indicated
output using ammonia vapor is about 77% of that with hydrocarbon.
Specific fuel consumption increases twofold at maximum power
and 2-1/2 fold at maximum economy when using ammonia as a
replacement for hydrocarbon. {Author abstract)##
01076
E. F. Barley, F. H- Burleson, E. H,. Mateer, J. T.
Middleton, and V. P. Osterli
CONTRIBUTION OF HORNING OF AGRICULTURAL WASTES TO PHOTOCHEMICAL
AIR POIIDTIOH. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. Vol.
16 (12) : 685-90, Dec. 1966.. (Presented at the 59th Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, San Francisco,
Calif.., June 20-25, 1966.)
Agricultural wastes from orchards, grain fields, and range lands
are burned each year in California as the most practical means
of ridding the land of these wastes. In order to determine the
relative contribution of the burning of such material to
photochemical air pollution, the effluent from 123 fires of known
weights of range brush, both dry and green, barley and rice
stubble, and prunings from various fruit and nut trees were
monitored in a special tower which provided an open burning
situation. Analyses were made for total hydrocarbon, expressed as
C, by flame ionization detection, and for 24 individual
hydrocarbons by gas chromatography, as well as for CO and C02
by infrared spectroscopy. A few analyses were made for oxides of
nitrogen™ These data, coupled with temperature and airflow
measurements, allowed calculations to be made on pounds of
effluent per ton of material burned and demonstrated that the
emissions from agricultural burning are much less than those from
the automobile, a principal source of such emissions. (Author
abstract) #f
01228
I- Eispler and C. R. Ross
VENTILATION FOR ENGINE EXHADST GASES. Occupational Health
Rev. Ottawa 17, (4) 19-22, 1965.,
Engine exhaust gases are capable of affecting health in varying
degrees, and confusion as to their relative importance often
arises. This is partly because most exhaust analyses are reported
only as concentrations within the exhaust system, without
specifying the total exhaust volume. For clarification, a
comparison is made of the actual amounts in which these components
are emitted from various engines.. These data exemplify the
32 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
difference in ventilation requirements for diesel engines and
gasoline engines. The toxic effects of carbon monoxide and some
basic ventilation considerations are outlined. (Author abstract) #
01306
L., E.. Peed and C. R. Barrett
AIR POLLUTION FROM ROAD TRAFFIC - MEASUREMENTS IN ARCHWAY ROAD,
LONDON. Intern., J. Air Water Pollution, No* 9: 357-365,
1965.,
Measurements of smoke near a busy main road in London showed
concentrations (up to micro grams/cubic meter) ten to twenty
times greater than those at a site about one hundred yards away
from the road. These high concentrations are considered to be due
to diesel vehicles. Correspondingly high values for sulphur
dioxide and oxides of nitrogen at the roadside site are
attributed to road traffic generally. (Author abstract) ##
01362
E.K. Diehl E. A. Zavadzki
CONTAMINANTS IN FLUE GASES - AND METHODS FOB REMOVAL. Coal
Age, Vol. 70:70-74, Dec. 1965. (Presented at Technical
Sales Conference, national Coal Association and Annual
Meeting of Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Sept. 1965.)
The relative importance of the harmful pollutants in stack
gases fron coal combustion is described. polynuclear
hydrocarbons, ocides of nitrogen, particulates, and sulfur oxides
are considered. Sulfur dioxide removal methods are described.##
01375
E.S. Starkman H.K. Newhall
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EXPANSION OF REACTIVE GAS MIXTURES AS
OCCURRING IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE CYCLES. California
Univ., Berkeley, Dept., of Mechanical Engineering, 1965, 13 p.
(Presented at the Mid-Year Meeting, Society of Automotive
Engineers, Chicago, 111., May 17-21, 1965, Paper No. 650509.}
The influence of nonequilibrium in the expansion gases of
spark ignition engines has been studied theoretically to determine
how power output and exhaust gas composition might be affected.
Comparing a gas which is frozen in composition during
expansion with a composition which continuously is in
equilibriun shows the difference in expansion work can be as
large as 10%. Maximum influence is in the fuel-air ratio range
of chemically correct mixture. It was found that carbon monoxide
B. Emission Sources 33
-------
and nitric oxide concentrations in the exhaust more nearly reflect
the frozen conposition than the equilibrium expansion. This is
particularly true for the range of mixture ratios - from lean to
chemically correct.##
01377
R.Gn Mastin
COMBUSTIBLES VERSUS NITROGEN FIXATION IK GAS ENGINE OPERATION
AND LUBRICATION. J. Eng. Power, April 1965. p~ 175-80.
(Presented at the Oil and Gas Power Conference and Exhibit,
Dallas, Tex., Apr., 12-16, 196l», of the American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, Paper Ho. 6H-OGP-I*.)
Nitration is preferable to combustibles in the operation of the
gas engine because it affects only the lubricating oil.
Combustibles affect, in addition to lubricating oil, engine parts
by the deposition of carbon, and cause expensive fuel waste.
The data were gathered with the aid of an exhaust gas
analyzer and a spectrophotometer., The gas engine should never
be operated with combustibles in the exhaust gas. In many
instances, the wasted fuel will equal the cost of several oil
changes during the year. The naturally aspirated, 1-cycle, gas
engine should not be operated with 2 to 3 percent excess oxygen
content in the exhaust gases, in order that the peak incidence
of N02 may be avoided. R - 0 - N02 was found in varying
degrees in used oils from all types of gas engines. Deposits from
the crankcase parts of gas engines contained R - 0 - N02.
Gas engine crankcase oils should not be used too long,, The oil
soluble K - O - N02 compounds progress to the insoluble form.
This form then appears to be the nucleus for the attraction
of all foreign material present which forms the deposit. Fuller's
earth filtration does not remove oil soluble R - 0 N02
compounds from the crankcase oil.,**
01382
P.H., Hum, T.C.. Davis
GAS CRROMATOGHAPHIC ANALTSIS SHOHS INFLUENCE OF FUEL ON
COMPOSITION OF ADTOBOTIVE ENGINE EXHAUST. Proc- Am. Petrol.
Inst. 38(3J :353-375, 1958. {Presented at the 23rd Midyear
Meeting, American Petroleum Institute's Division of Refining,
Los Angeles, Calif., Hay 12, 1958.)
Chemical differences in the exhaust products from different fuels;
and the effect of engine speed and load on these differences are
reported. Experimental data were obtained with the use of a .late
model automotive Y-8 engine on a dynamometer block. Fuels which
were used included pure isooctane, commercial LPG (butane and
propane, separately), and seven gasoline stocks from different
refining processes. Analytical data obtained by gas
chromatography show that exhaust composition varies with engine
speed and load according to consistent trends. These trends are
34 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
influenced by fuel composition, and the degree of fuel influence
depends upon mode of engine operation—some basic fuel
characteristics are more heavily reflected in the exhaust than are
others. Generally, differences in the composition of exhausts
front different fuels are quantitatively small, but they are
reproducible. (Author abstract modified)ft
01383
H.W. Hum, T.C. Davis, P«E° Tribble
DO AUTOMOTIVE EHISSIONS IBHEHIT FOEL CHARACTERISTICS?
An- Petrol. Ins., Proc i»0 (3) : 352-357, 1960. (Presented
at the 25th Midyear Heeting, American Petroleum Institute's
Division of Refining, Detroit, Mich., Hay 11, 1960.)
In general, the composition of the hydrocarbon component of
exhaust produced during engine deceleration is closely related to
the fuel. However, daring acceleration and cruise the
hydrocarbons emitted may be quite dissimilar to the fuel. In
this latter instacne the amount of olefin emitted bears no direct
relation to fuel olefin. Moreover, reduced fuel olefin with
increased paraffinicity generally results in increased emissions
of olefin. In all engine cycles, the aromatic content of the
exhausts follows the aromatic content of the fuel. Thus,
hydrocarbons which are emitted inherit the fuel"s characteristics
during only a portion of the average driving cycle. During the
remainder of the cycle many of the original fuel characteristics
are erased and the emissions become no more than characteristic
mutations. i(Author abstract modified) t#
0138t
R.W. Hurn, C.L. Dozoisff J.O. Chase, C.F. Ellis,
P.E. Ferrin
THE POTPOOHRI THAT IS EXHADST GAS. Proc. Am. Petrol. Inst. ,
<»2(3]i: 657-664, 1962. {Presented at the 27th Midyear Meeting,
American Petroleum Institute's Division of Befining, San
Francisco, Calif., May 17, 1962.,)
Information concerning the myriad compositions and hydrocarbon
distributions that accompany changes in engine mode and that define
the variable character of an exhaust gas stream is given. Data
were obtained on exhaust gases produced using an engine
dynamometer cycled through steady-state and transient modes to
simulate demands on the engine in city traffic. Test procedures
were designed to optimize reproducibility of the tests. Moreover,
analyses were scheduled in a manner to permit determination of all
components on the same or on comparable samples. Carbon
hydrocarbons by major types, oxygen, oxides of nitrogen, and
hydrocarbon-derived ocygenates were determined. Concentrations
that were measured fell within a range of values that had been
reported in the literature. However, the analyses are unique in
B. Emission Sources 35
-------
that they provide information on the simultaneous, concurrent
concentrations of materials that constitute the exhaust gas flow
and on how these concentrations vary with steady-state and
transient engine operation. The data also show the manner in
which both absolute and relative distributions of hydrocarbon in
the exhausts vary with change in engine mode- (Author abstract
modified) ##
011811
AUTOMOTIVE AIR POLLUTION (A REPORT TO THE D.S. CONGRESS IN
COMPLIANCE WITH PDBLIC LAH 88-206, THE CLEAN AIR ACT)„
Preprint. Dec. 1961..
fhotocheiaical air pollution or smog is a problem of growing
national importance and is attributable largely to the operation of
the motor vehicle. Manifestations of this type of air pollution
are appearing with increasing frequency and severity in
metropolitan areas throughout the United States. Biological
studies of animals show that the photochemical reaction products of
automotive emissions produce adverse health effects. There is
substantial evidence that these effects may appear in humans after
extended exposure to air which is known to be polluted with these
same products in many of the larger urban areas. Laboratory
experiments have demonstrated that reductions of atmospheric
hydrocarbons, an important emission from motor vehicles, can reduce
photochemical air pollution and such manifestations as eye
irritation and plant damage,, Other automotive emissions such as
nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide have also been determined as
significant. Nitrogen oxides, which appear in engine exhaust
gases as well as the effluent of other combustion processes, also
play an important role in photochemical air pollution. Technical
procedures for reducing these emissions are not so clearly
established as for hydrocarbons- Carbon monoxide, although not a
contributor to atmospheric photochemical reactions, is a directly
toxic substance. Technical procedures have been developed which
substantially reduce emissions of this pollutant. The current
problem and progress in its resolution are reported. (Author
summary modified) t#
01188
Ludwig, J. H.
SEMINAR ON AIR POLLDTION BY MOTOR VEHICLES. Technology
Research and Development Programs, Washington, D.C.
{(51)) P-. 1968.. 1 ref..
The contribution of motor vehicle emissions to community-wide air
pollution levels; emissions from gasoline and diesel engines; and
photochemical reactions in the atmosphere are reviewed. ##
36 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
A.. C. Stern
HOW THE UNITED STATES LOOKS AT THE AUTO EXHAUST PROBLEM.
Public Health Service, Washington, D.C., Div. of Air
Pollution.
-------
of Public Health, Berkeley, Bureau of lir Sanitation-
Jan., 1966., 1-6 pp.
Chapter briefly describes the chemical and physical properties
of the oxides of nitrogen. Mention is nade of the role the
nitrogen oxides play in automotive air pollution (this facet is
more deeply covered in subseguent chapters). Three graphs are
presented: (1J effect of spark timing on oxides of nitrogen
concentration; (2) effect of compression ratio on oxides of
nitrogen concentration; (3) effect of manifold air pressure on
oxides of nitrogen concentration.#t
01572
OXIDES OF NITROGEN IN THE flTHOSPHEEE (CHAPTER V OF THE OXIDES
OF NITROGEN IN AIR POLLDTIOH). California State Dept., of
Public Health, Berkeley, Bureau of Air Sanitation, p. 33-51.
Jan. 1966.
This article discusses the air monitoring systems in California
which detect the concentrations of nitrogen oxides.
Concentrations are given for hourly, daily, monthly and seasonal
variations- Statistics are also stated for hydrocarbon emissions
but not in as much detail as for the oxides of nitrogen.##
01573
COLOR EFFECTS OF NITROGEN KIOXIDE IN THE ATHOSPHERE (CHAPTER VI
OF THE OXIDES OF NITROGEN IN AIR POLLIJTION)„ California State
Dept., of Public Health, Berkeley, Bureau of Air Sanitation.
p.. 53-63, Jan.. 1966.
The coloration effect of H02 in the atmosphere depends on
N02 concentration, viewing distance, and aerosol concentration.
The effect of 0.5 ppn N02, »ith a viewing distance of 10 miles,
is postulated to be acceptable on days of 10 mile visibility.
In an aerosol-free atmosphere, with the same viewing distance of
10 miles, the acceptable N02 concentration is about 0.1 ppm. In
reality, an aerosol-free atmosphere does not occur in metropolitan
areas, and a visibility of 20 miles would represent a reasonable
goal for atmospheric clarity. On such days, the acceptable NO2
concentration would be about 0.25 ppm. (Author summary)##
0157U
PHYTOTOXICITY OF KITBOGEN DIOXIDE (CHAPTER VII OF THE OXIDES OF
NITROGEN IN AIR POLLUTION)„ California State Dept. of Public
Health, Berkeley, Bureau of Air Sanitation. p.. 65-67.,
Jan.. 1966.,
38 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
A brief resume of the effects nitrogen dioxide has on plant
species is presented. The conclusion is that concentrations in
excess of 2-2,5 ppm are necessary to cause appreciable plant
damage.**
01575
PHOTOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF KITKOGEN OXIDES {CHAPEH VIII OF THE
OXIDES OF NITROGEN IB AIR POLLUTION). California State
Dept- of Public Health, Berkeley, Bureau of Air
Sanitation. p. 69-89, Jan,, 1966.
The chemistry of the photochemical reaction is reviewed, with
emphasis on the role of nitrogen oxides. It is concluded that
quantitative predictions cannot be made about the changes in the
photochemical smog effects that would result from various degrees
of control of either hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides from motor
vehicles.f#
01576
BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE (CHAPTER IX OF THE OXIDES
OF NITROGEN IN AIR POLLUTION). California State Dept. of
Public Health, Berkeley, Bureau of Air Sanitation, p.. 91-112
Jan., 1966.
Article reviews the toxic effects that nitrogen dioxide has on
man and animal™ A chart specifying the concentration (ppm) of
nitrogen dioxide, the effects on man and lower animals, and a
reference for this data is presented. The concentration range
is 0.05 ppn to 500 ppm.#*
01583
E,. H. Gerstle RuF. Peterson
ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FROM NITRIC ACID MANUFACTURING PROCESSES -
A COMPREHENSIVE SDMHARY. Preprint. (For Presentation at
the American Inst. of Chemical Engineers, Detroit, Mich.,
Dec. 8, 1966.)
Atmospheric emissions from nitric acid plants depend on plant
operating conditions, production rates, and the use of control
devices.. Data in this article show that plants operating within
design capacities and producing 55-60% nitric acid can limit the
nitrogen oxides concentration to 0.3X in the stream leaving the
absorption tower. This is equivalent to about 50 pounds of
nitrogen oxides per ton of nitric acid (100% basis) produced.
Installation of scrubbers or catalytic reduction equipment
B. Emission Sources 39
-------
can reduce these emissions by 50 to 11%. Emissions during startup
or shutdown usually do not create any special problems.
(Author summary modified)#*
0162K
D.. A. Jensen
SOtJPCES AND KINDS OF CONTAMINANTS FROH HOTOE VEHICLES
(INFORMATIVE EEPT., NO. «). J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.
1H, <8) 327-8, Aug. 196i». (TA-10 Vehicular Exhaust
Committee).
The sources of the pollutants, the important compounds, and the
magnitude of the several contaminant sources from both gasoline
and diesel powered motor vehicles are indicated.*#
C17UO
K. Grosskopf
THE PROBLEM OF PROVIDING ADEQUATE VENTILATION AT THE POINT OF
HORK DDRING GAS AND ARC HELDING., Zum Problem der
Ausreichenden Beluftung des Arbeitsplatzes bein Gas- und
Lichtbogenschweissen. Schweissen Schneiden (Duesseldorf)
18, (7) 323-5, July 1966.
Safety regulations governing welding require that adequate
ventilation should be provided at the point of work. This rather
unprecise formula can be clarified by localizing one of the gases
cahracteristic to the welding process concerned, taking into
account in each case the permissible MAK value. In the case
of gas welding and open arc welding with coated electrodes the gas
recommended is a nitrous gas, for plasma welding and TIG and
KIG welding it is ozone. If C02 is used for welding then
special attention must be paid to the carbon monoxide content in
the room atmosphere. The controls can be carried out in a
simple manner through the use of suitable detector tubes. (Author
summary) #*
018K2
D. F. Halters and D., 0,. Martin
AN EVALUATION OF THE AIR POLLOTION ASPECTS OF THE PROPOSED
STEAB-ELECTRIC PLANT AT OAK PARK, HINNESOTA. Preprint. 1965.
The installation and operation of the 550,000 kilowatt
steam-electric plant at Oak Park, Minnesota, will generate
large quantities of air pollutants, principally sulfur dioxide.
40 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POL LUTION
-------
nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. A 785-foot stack will be
installed to permit dispersion and dilution of gaseous pollutants.
Calculations indicate that ground level concentration of sulfur
dioxide may cause acute damage to vegetation. However, existing
information is inadequate to predict with assurance whether
long-term chronic effects will be experienced by long-lived
vegetation such as trees. It is expected that the human
perception threshold for S02 will be exceeded occasionally.
Inversion breakup fumigation may produce ground level
concentrations exceeding the human perception threshold at
distances of ten miles or more. The installation and operation
of a second unit of 750,000 kilowatt capacity will more than double
air pollution emissions.. If the 550,000 kilowatt unit is built
and operated, a S02 monitoring network should be activated.,
This will assist in determining the effects of S02 on the
surrounding vegetation and people, as well as provide guides for
future installation design. Prevailing winds in this area are
such that air pollutants will often be carried into Wisconsin.
Therefore, officials of that State should take part in air
pollution activities connected with the proposed plant. Plans
and studies should be started now to obviate future air pollution
problems indicated by plans for expansion of this plant beyond the
initial 550,000 kilowatt capacity.**
018U8
A.. H., Hose
SUMMARY REPORT OF VEHICULAR EMISSIONS AND THEIR CONTROL.
Preprint. (Presented at the Hinter Annual Meeting,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Chicago, 111.,
Nov. 1965.,)
The report summarizes average emissions from the four sources of
contaminants in the present day automobile: the exhaust, the
crankcase, the fuel tank, and the carburetor. Levels of
contaminants presented are for emissions under average urban
driving conditions, in contrast to earlier work in which values
were based on cyclic dynamometer tests. Emission levels are
expressed as pounds per day emitted and, where applicable, as
concentration. Emissions are considered by general chemical
classes to indicate the relative photochemical reactivities of
compounds from each of the four sources. Control approaches are
briefly discussed. {Author abstract)*#
01863
AUTOMOTIVE AIR POLLDTION; (SECOND REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF
HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE TO THE D.S. CONGRESS PURSUANT
TO PUBLIC LAW 88-206 - THE CLEAN AIR ACT.) 89th Congress
(1st Session (Document 12) July 15, 1965. 17 pp.
B. Emission Sources 41
-------
Progress is reported on the resolution of the following problems;
exhaust emissions, crankcase emission, fuel evaporative losses,
maintenance, fuel, and diesels. The relevant literature is
reviewed-tt
01868
AUTOMOTIVE SIR POLLUTION. (THIRD REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF
HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE TO THE U.S. COHGHESS PURSUANT
TO PUBLIC LAW 88-206 - THE CLEAN AIH ACT.) 89th Congress
(2nd Session} (Docusent 83) Mar. 25, 1966. 17 pp.
Reduced exhaust emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide
have become a reality in California with the introduction of the
1966-model passenger cars and light commercial vehicles.
Recognition of the need for still further control measures
is evidenced by the adoption of nitrogen oxide standards by
the California Board of Health. The Department of Health,
Education, and Selfare is implementing the new responsibilities
and authories conferred by the Motor Vehicle Air Pollution
Control Act. Standards for the control of emissions from
gasoline-fueled vehicles are being deveoped accordingly, to
become effective with the 1968 models. Some additional
technical information has become available. Further studies of
the effect of ambient temperature on exhaust emissions indicate
that low teiperatures tend to increase exhaust hydrocarbons and
carbon monoxide, particularly following cold engine starts.
Preliminary results obtained from a study of the effect of
leaded fuels indicate that combustion chamber deposits may not
significantly affect the quantities of hydrocarbons and carbon
monoxide emitted in exhaust gases. 1 survey conducted to measure
carbon monoxide levels in urban communities suggests that
human exposure to carbon monoxide may be greater than routine
atmospheric monitoring data had indicated. A number of new
projects are being initiated by the Government to study the
performance characteristics of production-type exhaust emission
controls in varied environnents, to develop more definitive
data on exhaust emissions from small cars and diesel-powered
vehicles, to learn more about human tolerance of lead and carbon
monoxide, and to effect control of oxides of nitrogen. An
expansion of industry research in automotive air pollution and its
control is indicated by the recent activities of technical
associations. ((Author summary) f#
01890
Hilliams, J- D,, G. Ozolins, 00 »„ Sadler,, and J., 5.
Farmer
INTERSTATE AIR POLLOTIOH STDDY: PHASE II PHOJECT REPORT.
VIII. A PROPOSAL FOB AS AIR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM.
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center
for Air Pollution Control, 132p., May 1967. 7 refs
42 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
This report is devoted to the development of an air use plan for
the St. Louis metropolitan area. An air use plan may be
thought of as a link between the potential pollutant emissions of a
community and the air quality goals. Its function is to optimize
the use of the air vith respect to the amount of pollutants
emitted, by considering the dilution capacity of the air basin and
the configuration of the pollutant sources in the area. The air
use plan may then be used as the basic framework for achieving the
desired air quality by the various means available such as limiting
the emissions from individual sources, limiting the emissions from
sources in certain areas, or even disallowing new pollution
sources in overburdened areas.. In short, it provides the basis
for enacting control regulations and provides a guide for future
planning activities.M
01902
H. Hukai, J. F. Thomas, and B« D. Tebbens-
AROMATIC HYDBOCJBBONS PBODDCED DURING COHBOSTION OF SIHPLE
ALIPHATIC FDELS. Anal. Chem. 37, 398-403, Bar. 1965..
(Presented before the Division of Water, Air and Waste
Chealstry, 1t8th Heeting, American Chemical Society,
Chicago, 111., Sept. 1965.)
The combustion of simple aliphatic fuels such as methane and
propane at atmospheric pressure results in the formation of a wide
array of products. Previous work has been concerned with
arene-type products. Current work has shown the relative
production of benzene, toluene, ethybenzene, as well as other
simple alkyl substituted derivatives of benzene. The practical
aspects include an index of relative abundance of the latter type
of compounds that might be found in polluted atmospheres as well as
indicating a method for predicting the relative contribution of
automobile exhaust to atmospheric pollution. (Author abstract)##
01958
P. W» Leach, L. J. Leng, T. A., Bellar,, J. E. Sigsby,
Jr., and A. P. Altshuller
EFFECTS OF I1C/HOX HATIOS ON IRRADIATED ADTO EXHADST, PART II.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 1ft, (5) 176-83, Hay 1961.
(Presented at the 56th Annual Heeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Detroit, Mich., June 11-13, 1963.)
The relative concentrations of individual hydrocarbons have been
shown to be independent of autoexhaust concentration in dynamic
irradiation experiments. The absolute concentrations of the
individual hydrocarbons are linearly related to total hydrocarbon
concentration. The decrease in the concentration of reactive
hydrocarbons during irradiation is found to be independent of
whether a 120- or a 180-minute average irradiation time is used.,
A fourfold reduction in initial hydrocarbon concentration at
constant hydrocarbon to nitrogen oxide level causes a slight
B. Emission Sources 43
-------
increase in the relative amounts (percent} of hydrocarbon consumed
during irradiation. The sane fourfold reduction in initial
hydrocarbon concentration at constant nitric oxide level results in
a decrease in the percent of olefins reacted, but does not affect
the percent of aromatics reacted. If the hydrocarbon level is
kept constant, while the nitrogen oxide level is varied, an
increase in nitrogen oxides causes a marked reduction in the
percent of olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons reacted during
irradiation. The aldehyde yields are linearly related to the
total hydrocarbon level. No significant effect on aldehyde yields
was found when the average irradiation time was varied from 120 to
180 minutes. The aldehyde yields did vary with a decrease in
yield both at very high and very low ratios of hydrocarbon to
nitrogen oxide. The individual hydrocarbon and aldehyde
concentrations are shown to fall well within the range of
atmospheric concentrations. although the aldehydes may be
responsible in part for the eye irritation, the presence of other
eye-irritating species must be postulated to explain the shape of
the eye-irritation response curves when plotted against nitrogen
oxide concentration.*#
02066
Ho Breuer, and K. dinkier,
SOURCES AND DISTRIBUTION OF AIR POL1UTIONS ASCERTAINED BY
STATIONARY RECORDING OF GASEOUS COMPONENTS. Herkunft Und
Ausbreitung Von Luftverunreinigungen, Ernittelt Durch
Stationare Registrierung Hehrerer Immissionskomponenten.
Proc. (Part I) Intern. Clean Sir Cong., London, 1966,.
(Paper VII/10). pp. 239-42.
Simultaneous, continuous and stationary measurement of the
concentration of gas components
-------
biological effects show: (1) The rate of N02 formation
increased proportionately with both exhaust concentration and
olefin content of the fuel. (2) The percentage of N02 reacting
with unreacted fresh exhaust components and with secondary reaction
products varied inversely with the increase of the exhaust
concentration level,. (3) No consistent change in oxidant
concentration level (primarily ozonej resulted from an inarease
in the hydrocarbon concentration level at which the irradiation
was made.. (4) Formaldehyde formation increased in direct
proportion to the increase in hydrocarbon concentration at
irradiation- <5) Plant effects indicate a shift in the type
of phytotoxicant developed and a decrease in damage level
with increase in the hydrocarbon concentration level at which
the irradiation was made™ (6) Bacterial effect showed a
significant increase in degree of kill with increase in
hydrocarbon concentration level at which the irradiation was
made. {Author summary} ft
0211(8
T. Taga
(N02 GAS GENEBATED IN THE COHBDSTION CHAMBER OF COAL BURNING
BOILEES.) Clean Air Heat Management (Tokyo) 15 («) , 5-9
(Apr. 1966). Jap. (Translated as JPBS-B-8588-D..)
The author emphasizes the importance of N02 in air pollution
and urges that as much effort should be exerted in abating
pollution due to this gas as to S02 or S03 which are
currently under extensive study. The paper describes the
experimental study done by the O.S» Bureau of nines, and
discusses the results of a similar study by the author.**
02312
AIR RESODFCES OF DTAH., Dtah Legislative Council, Salt
Lake City, Air Pollution Advisory Committee. June 1962..
32 pp.
A survey was made of the available information concerning air
pollution problems in Utah. No evidence was found to indicate
that Dtah has a major air pollution problem at this time; however,
a few perisistent problems exist in restricted areas. Over the
years three air pollution situations in Dtah have produced injury
to plant and animal life or have constituted a public
nuisance., These are: (a) sulfur dioxide in Salt Lake Valley
(non-ferrous smelters, burning of coal, gasoline combustion, and
petroleum refining are the principal sources) ; (b) smoke and smog
along the Wasatch Front and in other localized areas {burning
of coal, open burning on municipal dump grounds and in junk yards,
and waste disposal around private homes constitute the major
sources); and (c) fluorides (processing of Dtah ores by steel
mills in Dtah County, brick and ceramic plants, phosphate
fertilizer plants, and general combustion processes are the
B. Emission Sources 45
-------
principal sources. Industry has made substantial progress in
alleviating sulfur dioxide, fluorides, snoke, and hydrocarbons .by
installing expensive control equipment and By supplementing
this equipment with extensive research, survey, and monitoring
programs., legislation authorizing the state, or cities and towns,
to deal with public nuisances if ound in the Utah Code. There
is no definition of air pollution, however, and its treatment
as a nuisance is guestionalbe. Enabling legislation should define
the problem, permit study of its effects, and permit actions to
control injurious practices-
-------
gasoline-powered passenger car accounts for the major share
of auto exhaust enissions associated with production of
photochenical snog. Of the various sources of emissions from
all types of vehicles, tailpipe enissions from gasoline-powered
vehicles are the most significant, followed by crankcase
02375
J. E. Sigsby, Jr., and «„ W. Korth,
COMPOSITION OF BLOWBY EMISSIONS. Preprint. {Presented at the
57th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Houston, Tex., June 21-25, 196U, Paper No. 6H-72.)
The composition of blowby emissions was evaluated from ten
different cars with displacements ranging fron 52 cu in. to 365
chromatographic analyses were made of the blowby hydrocarbon
composition covering a group of approximately 75 components.
Dondispersive infrared and flame ionization equipment were also
used to determine CO, CO2 and hydrocarbon concentrations.
(Author abstract}*t
02610
C. V- Ranter, and B. G. lunche
EMISSIONS AND POLLUTANT LEVELS '{TRENDS IN LOS ANGELES).
Arch., Environ. Health 8, (1) 5-1U, Jan. 196U. (Presented at
the Sixth Annual &ir Pollution Medical Besearch Conference,
San Francisco, Califo, Jan. 28-29, 1963.J
For accurate assessment of the problems, needs, and progress of an
air pollution control program, accurate information must be
obtained on emissions of contaminants from sources, and on
contaminant levels. This is a very large task, reguireing the
acquisition of a great mass of data on a continuing basis. In a
large community suffering the blight of smog, the acquisition of
data is imperative in order to take effective action to stop the
advancing menace and to begin a trend back toward clean air. In
Los Angeles total air pollution surveys and air monitoring
activities have provided the means for understanding the basic
causes of the snog problem, and for guiding actions which have
slowed the advance of smog and which will turn it back.
Inspection of trends of emissions and contaminant levels in Los
Angeles County affirms that a vigorous control program on
stationary sources can slow and even reverse trends. It is clear
though, that permanence of these effects cannot be achieved until
the increasing emissions fron motor vehicles are controlled. Of
the major contaminants discussed, only sulfur dioxide, which is not
significantly affected by motor vehicles emissions, has regressed.
B. Emission Sources 47
-------
02635
J. H. Boddy and D<, Turner
A DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM AND SIGNIFICANCE OF AIR POLLUTION FROM
PETROL-ENGINED VEHICLES (PART I OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION: A
SURVEY OF SOME ASPECTS OF THE EMISSIONS FROM PETROL-ENGINED
VEHICLES AND THEIR TREATMENT),. British Technical Council of
the Motor and Petroleum Industries, England. Sept. 1965.,
pp. 1-3H.
World-wide legislation is reviewed; the existing and probable
restriction on vehicle use and design is presented. The motor
vehicle pollutants are detailed. The public health significance
is examined. Automotive emissions are compared to those from
other sources. Existing legislation in the western and
non-Communist world, other than the Californian legislation,
imposes negligible restrictions on the gasoline engine at present,
but shows indications of imminent action. Legislation in many
countries is framed in such a way that regulations against emission
from gasoline vehicles could be enforced without major revision of
legislation- This is most apparent in recent revisions of
legislation, e.g. Ireland, France, and Belgium. When and if
the present legislation in the U.K. is successful in controlling
pollution from industrial and domestic sources, more attention must
inevitably focus on the motor vehicle. The gasoline-engined
vehicle makes a major contribution to the following pollutants:
carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons, and oxides of nitrogen.
Of these pollutants referred to, carbon monoxide is certainly the
most undesirable. Oxides of nitrogen may be more damaging in
respect to chronic exposure but evidence is limited. Unburnt
hydrocarbons in vapour form appear significant only in relation to
photochemical smogs. Heavy hydrocarbons in association with
non-particulate matter, like oxides of nitrogen, have possible
significance in relation to effects of chronic exposure. The use
of lead in gasolines appears to have minor significance as a health
hazard in respect to its pollution of the atmosphere. Major
attention should be immediately devoted to the reduction of carbon
monoxide emission from automotive vehicles. In the interests of
clarifying the situation and, as a safeguard against possible
legislation of an unnecessarily restrictive nature, the motor and
petroleum industries should support research into the significance
of such emissions as oxides of nitrogen and heavy hydrocarbons and
methods of reducing these., ##
03113
E.W. Gerstle, S.T« Cuffe, A.A. Orning, C.H- Schwartz
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM COAL-FIEED POWER PLANTS,, BEPOBT
NO., 2. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (2) 59-61,
Feb. 19659
The Public Health Service and the Bureau of Mines are
conducting a joint study to evaluate a number of flue-gas-stream
48 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
components from coal-burning power plants. Emissions of fly
ash, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, polynuclear hydrocarbons,
total gaseous hydrocarbons, formaldehydes, certain metals,
and carbon dioxide are determined- A previous paper
covered air pollutant emissions from vertical-fired and front-wall-
fired poirer plant boilers. This paper includes a comparative
evaluation of emissions from a tangential-fired and a turbo-fired
power plant boiler. {Author abstract) f#
031 6<1
M. E. LePera
INVESTIGATION OF THE ADTOXIDATION OF PETROLEDH FDELS (INTERIM
KEPT.). Array Coating and Chemical lab., Aberdeen Proving
Ground, Hd,. (CCL Sept. 204) (Project 1C024U01A106) „
JUNE 1966. 21 PP.,
CFSTI,DDC AD 641270
The deterioration of petroleum fuels was studied by investigation
of their autoxidation susceptibilities. Federal and Military
Specification fuels and commercial gasolines were subjected to a
six-week accelerated aging test with analyses for generated
hydroperoxides determined at weekly intervals. The resulting
peroxide-time curves revealed autoxidation tendencies to vary
considerably,. Under the conditions of this aging technique, there
is evidence that the bulk storage supply of combat gasoline
-------
standards of emissions control apply to two contaminants,
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide, and to two possible emission
sources, crankcase and exhaust systems. It is probable that
nitrogen oxide, lead, sulfur dioxide, odor, and particulate
components of motor vehicle exhaust will become the subject of
future standards; the fuel system and evaporation losses
associated with it is the subject of study for early inclusion
among systems requiring control. Research studies upon which
revised standards and procedures will be based are reviewed. The
policy which will prevail in the establishment of new emission
standards on a national level is one which will recognize the needs
of the most susceptible members of the population at risk and the
quality of the air where the risk is highest. Sections of this
report deal with the air quality as it refelcts the extent of the
automotive air pollution problem in many cities across the United
States and its potential influence on the health and well-being of
their citizens. (Author summary modified)##
03202
V. Del Vecchioo
THE PHOBLEHS OF BASIC URB1N AIR POLLUTION. II problema
dellDinguinamento di fondo urbano dell'aria atmosferica., Fumi
Polveri (Hilan) 6, (6) 177-8, June 1966.
Basic urban air pollution refers to the discharge into the air of
exhaust gases from motor vehicles and from heating units, which
are prevalently inefficient. Both sources discharge respirable
dusts and gases, the latter including some aliphatic and aromatic
hydrocarbons which have proven carcinogenic in experimental
animals. The problem arising from the incomplete combustion of
motor fuels is aggravated by the presence, in Italian cities, of
narrow streets and relatively high buildings which become
repositories of emitted fumes and dust from slow-moving vehicles.
As much as 12 to 13% CO may be present in gasoline-driven motor
car exhaust. Hhile gross measurement of pollutants present in the
urban air is of high indicative value, public health aspects of the
problem demand that granulometric studies of the dust particles
also be conducted, since size is a factor in respirability.. In
addition, photochemical studies involving the interaction between
the pollutants in the air and the sun°s rays indicate that solar
radiation transforms the originally present contaminants into
biologically more receptive compounds, quite different from their
precursors. Thus peroxacetylnitrate (PAN) is produced from
BOx, and the new substance is a powerful irritant of the mucus
membranes. The dramatic episodes of mass illness resulting from
smog in various places in recent years were caused by the
phenomenon of thermal inversion which prevented the dispersion of
the irritants present in the air. *#
03233
5J. Thurauf and H. Ehnert
FORMATION OF HITBIC OXIDE DOHIHG COKING.)) uber die
50 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Bildung von Stickstoffmonoxid bei der Verkokung nnd seine
Bestimmung in Koksofengas. Brennstoff-Chem. {Essen)
9{48) : 270-273, Sept. Translated from German as
JPHS H-8582-D.
Experiments vere undertaken in order to settle the question of
where and when nitric oxide is formed during the coking process,
and the manner in which the nitric oxide content of coke oven gas
changes during the process of coking. The experiments were
conducted on a snail scale, employing specially designed apparatus
with the thermal energy being provided by an electric heater, in
order to eliminate the possibility that coking fuels are
responsible for the formation of nitric oxide- It was found that
nitric oxide begins to form during the first state at which gas is
driven off; and that the extent to which it continues as the
temperature is raised depends on the type of coal, its granular
structure, and the temperature rise. Formation appears to be
complete by the time that the coking coal reaches a temperature of
HCO Co In the case of ground coals, the finer the grains the
lower the formation of nitric oxide, and vice versa; the reverse
being true for coal dust obtained by sifting coal that had been
stored in the open air. The NO contents of subseguently
heated alcohol extracts from coals are approximately the same as
those of the same coals directly heated in a helium atmosphere, and
are from four to twelve tines as great as the volumes contained in
the distillation gases obtained during the coking process. This
indicated that approximately 90* of the NO which is formed
during coking is subsequently decomposed by reactions with the
other distillation products. NO is not formed,, as formerly
believed, through oxidation during coking, but rather from the
decomposition of substances which are formed when coal is stored in
the open air.ft
03255
H. 1. Cummins and V., J. Konopinski
HOTOF VEHIC1E EXHAUST COHCEHTBATIONS IN A ROAD TUNNEL.
Preprint. (Presented at the Conference of the American
Industrial Hygiene Association, Philadelphia, Pa., Apr., 29,
I960.)
The contribution of motor vehicle exhaust to ambient air pollution
was studied by using a vehicular-road tunnel as a sampling site.
An intensive aeronetric study was conducted April 20 through 28,
1963, at the Sumner Tunnel in Boston, Hassachusetts. The
tunnel is now operated as a one—way tube. Air guality was
determined on the fresh air supplied to the tunnel (inlet air), on
the air exhaust from the tunnel {exhaust air) „ and at three sites
within the tunnel. Particulate pollutants were analyzed for total
suspended particulates, benzene-soluble organics, sulfates,
nitrates, metals, and polycyclic hydrocarbons. Concentration of
S02, oxides N, N02, aliphatic aldehydes, and CO were also
determined. The average concentration of total suspended
particulates in the inlet air was 86 micrograms/cu m while that of
the exhaust air was H2<» micrograms/cu m. The concentrations of
B. Emission Sources 51
-------
total particulates, ben2ene-soluble organics, sulfates, and
nitrates for the inlet and exhaust air were less than reported in a
previous study,, The ranges o£ concentrations of oxides N, N02,
and aliphatic aldehydes in the tunnel were, respectively, 11.3 to
13.0, 3.5 to 8.8, and 3.1 to 12.6 parts per hundred million
(hereafter referred to as pphn) . S02 concentrations ranged from
0.1 to 0.5 pphm, and were less than ambient concentrations. The
Bean daily concentration of CO was 2.3 ppm in the inlet air and
50.8 ppm in the exhaust air. Mean concentrations in the tunnel
ranged from 20.5 to 5i»., 2 ppm and increased with increasing
distance into the tunnel. Other pollutants exhibited a similar
gradient.. The particulate pollutant concentrations measured
during April 1963 study are less than those measured in 1961.,
This decrease may be attributable to operation of the tunnel with
one-way traffic and the concomitant piston effect, and to a 36
percent decrease in the average number of motor vehicles using the
tunnel. Values for polycyclic hydrocarbons reported for the 1961
study were in error; corrected values are given in this report.
(Author abstract) ##
03265
A., F., Bush, P. A., Glater, G. Bichards, and J. Dyer
EFFECT OF ENGINE EXHAUST OS THE ATMOSPHERE WHEN AUTOMOBILES ABE
EQUIPPED HITH AFTEHBUBNEBS. Proc. Tech. Meeting West Coast
Section, Air Pollution Control Assoc., 3rd, Monterey,
Calif.,, 1963.,)
"Typical" smog damage of the conventional type if induced in
Nicotiana glutinosa when the ratio of pure air to automobile
exhaust is in the range of 1000 to 1 in the test facility. A
specific cycle of engine operation involving acceleration, cruise,
deceleration and idle produced typical damage. The absence of
cruise in the cycle caused no damage to occur., With an after
burner on the exhaust of internal combustion engines, it becomes
apparent that a new type of injury was being induced in
Hicotiana glutinosa plants. Fumigations with afterburner
exhausts consistently produced atypical plant damage, whereas
automobile exhaust fumigations, without afterburner devices,
usually produced typical oxidant damage. 2t is considered that
since the concentration of hydrocarbons is reduced using the
afterburner, one of the principal air polluting agents has been
eliminated; typical air pollution therefore, does not occur. This
does not mean that plant damage is eliminated, only that the usual
type of plant damage appears to have replaced it (atypical)..
Some of the exceptions to the trends described in #1 above can be
explained on the basis of lack of sweep of the tunnel so that
residual smog-forming materials may have remained behind., The
tunnel must therefore be carefully swept with air passed through
beds of activated charcoal for at least 15 hours before the
fumigation can have validity. Plant damage does not correlate
well with measured concentrations of nitric oxide. Atypical
damage is produced however in almost every instance of
afterburner exhaust fumigation. Since the fumigation period
includes the period when the oxides of nitrogen are high (ppm or
so) it may be speculated that the new damage is due to oxides of
52 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
nitrogen in the absence of high hydrocarbon. There is fair
correlation between hydrocarbon concentrations and the appearance
of typical damage when no afterburner is used. Afterburner
exhaust in the chamber showed no appreciable human eye irritation
resulting from the new atmosphere while automobile exhaust without
afterburner produced eye irritation of the type described by
Bnchberg. ^Author conclusions) *t
03355
1. Sutton and Eo S« Starkman
OXIDES OF NITBOGEN IN ENGINE EXHAUST WITH AMMONIA FUEL.
California Dniv., Berkeley, Dept. of Mechanical
Engineering™ (Technical Sept,, No. 7 and Kept- No.
TS-66-to) June 1966. 28 pp.
CFSTI, DDC 61tOI»«t
At maximum output,, more oxides of nitrogen are produced by
combustion of ammonia than with hydrocarbon fuels. This is
partly a result of peak power occurring at low mixtures with
ammonia- Disproportionate quantities of nitrogen oxides which are
encountered with ammonia at lean mixture ratios indicate a
probable result of the direct production of NO in the ammonia
pyrolysis scheme,#f
0312«
G.V. Sheleikhovskii
SMOKE POLLUTION OF TOWNS* Academy of Municipal Economy,
Bussia. (Translated by the Israel Program for
Scientific Translations.) 19U9., 206 pp.
CFSTI: OTS 60-5107U
This book contains the theoretical basis for a quantitative
treatment of the pollution of air by industrial and domestic
smoke, and provides numerous formulas for the calculation of air
pollution and its influence on the microclimate of populated
areas™ The author also discusses the protection of urban
vegetation from polluted air and its corrosive action on
building materials., He indicates practical ways of purifying
the atmosphere of thickly-populated areas- The fundamental
propositions of the author's theory were tested experimentally
on a model; they accord with the results of actual
observations. This work is intended as a handbook for engineers
and sanitary inspectors concerned with solving the practical
problems associated with city planning, particularly the
relative location of residential and industrial areas.
(Author abstract) #t
B. Emission Sources 53
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03U38
B. Co Blakeney and H. D. High.
CLEANER AIB FOP NORTH CAROLINA (A SURVEY AND APPRAISAL FOE AIR
POLLUTION PBOB1EHS)* North Carolina State Board of
Health, Baleigh, Div. of Sanitary Engineering and Public
Health Service, Washington, D.C. Div of Air Pollution.
Sept. 1959., 62 pp.
The most frequently occurring air pollution problems attributed to
industrial and municipal establishments results from emissions of
smoke, soot, or fly ash from fuel burning equipment. The
lumber, wood and furniture industries are frequently sources of
dust. Asphalt paving material plants create more acute
air pollution problems than any other industry. Pulp and paper
mills are the cause of odor complaints and are considered the cause
of some property damage. A variety of Baste disposal operations
emit excessive smoke and odors. In eight cities, open dumps have
caused complaints and in five cities semi-landfills (burning before
covering) have resulted in public request for relief. Control
of gases, dusts, and other pollutants cannot be legally required
by the State except through the Nuisance Code or indirectly
through some other statue. The lack of specific State
legislation limits the control of air pollution to the
jurisdictional area of a few cities, whereas pollution of community
air is not confined to man-made boundaries or jurisdiction-
Existing and potential air pollution problems requiring further
investigation are discussed.**
04212
S. Abe
THE PRESENT STATUS OF AIR POLLUTION.. Clean Air Heat
Management (Tokyo) 15, (7-8) 7-J8, Aug. 1966., Jap.
The present status of air pollution in Japan is given naming the
kinds of contaminants and their origin, factors affecting
contamination density, and various types of smog. The types of
contaminants are: 1) minute particles {less than 1 micron in size)
such as found in soot, carbon, ashes, dust; 2} coarse particles
(greater than 1 micron in size), as found in dust, ashes, and
minerals; 3) reactive substances found in mist, fog, and vapor
such as S02, S03, H2S, C02, CO, N02, N203, 03,
aldehydes, HC1, NH3, HF, Pb, Hg, Cd, As, Be and 3,
i»-benzpyrene<. The contaminants originate from factories, chemical
plants, power stations, domestic heating, public baths, hotels,
laundries, dry cleaning establishments, hospitals, schools, and
public buildings. Also discussed are the human factors affecting
air pollution such as public awareness and interest, seasonal,
weekly, and daily changes in heating and cooking. Beteorological
aspects are covered such as wind direction and velocity, turbu-
lence, temperature, rain and snoa. The types of smog found in New
54 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AMD AIR POLLUTION
-------
York, London, Los Angeles, Pittsburgh, and Yokkaichi are
described. Graphs and tables list symptoms and diseases affecting
plants and humans and give the density of dust particles and
S02 in the main cities of Japan. Data on the sulfur content
of various oils produced by Japanese refineries and on the number
of Japanese automobiles produced is included for information on
eiission sources of pollutants., t#
03584
G. B. Cann, W. H. Noble, and G» Po Larson
DETECTION OF SMOG FOBBING HYDROCARBONS IN ADTOHOBILE EXHJDST
G5SES USING PLANTS AS INDICATORS,, Air Repair H, (2) 83-6,
Aug., 1954.,
Following the identification of hydrocarbons in the H, 5 and 6
carbon atom range in automobile exhaust gases, it became necessary
to determine whether these hydrocarbons, nixed with other exhaust
gases, could produce typical smog effects. A study was carried
ont in which the atmospheric reaction of hydrocarbons was
duplicated in the Air Pollution Control District's plexiglas
house. Certain plants, which had already been proved susceptible
to smog damage, were used as indicators. Gasoline vapor was used
as the standard against which the plant damaging effects of
automobile exhaust gases were compared. Results show that
automobile exhaust hydrocarbons are capable of producing effects
equivalent- to those resulting from smog. (Author abstract) ##
03759
H. Linville and Y. S. Lee
A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON GASOLINE EVAPORATION LOSSES. Los
Angeles County Air Pollution Control District, Calif.
Jan. 1959. 50 pp.
The objective was to determine (1) the rates of evaporation loss
per hour from motor vehicles and (2) the total evaporation losses
occurring on smoggy days. The findings of an S.A.E. article,
"Carburetor Evaporation Losses," by J. T. Hentworth, General
Motors Corporation were applied to the conditions surrounding the
Los Angeles basin for the deterrcination of carburetor losses.
The evaporation losses from gasoline tanks were determined
experimentally by using both freeze-out and weighing techniques.
The maximum total evaporation losses from carburetor, hot soak and
fuel tank on any single day during the year of 1956 was
approximately 213 tons. The maximum total evaporation rate loss
from carburetor, hot soak and fuel tank at 100 F ambient
temperature was approximately 50 tons per hour. The percentage
contribution from carburetor, hot soak and fuel tank is as
follows: (A) Carburetor evaporation losses amount to
approximately 65 percent of the total (total of 50 tons per hour at
6. Emission Sources 55
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100 F); (B) Hot soak evaporation losses amount to approximately
12 percent of the total (total of 50 tons per hour at 100 F); and
(C) Fuel tank evaporation losses amount to approximately 23
percent of the total (total of 50 tons per hour at 100 F) . Of
the evaporation losses occurring from the carburetor, approximately
20 percent was olefinic. Of the evaporation losses occurring from
the fuel tank, approximately 18 percent was olefinic.##
03760
P. P. Hader, H, G. Hayne, J. A. Orcutt, 1. A.
Chambers, and W. M. Noble.
EFFECTS OF FDEL OLEFIN CONTENT ON COMPOSITION AND SHOG FOBBING
CAPABILITIES OF ENGINE EXBADST (INTEEIM EEPT. NO.,1). Los
Angeles County Air Pollution Control District, Calif.
Sept. 10, 1958. 100 pp.
In the dynamometer studies the greatest emphasis was put upon the
eye irritation-fuel relationship. The levels of hydrocarbon
concentrations studied ranged from 0.75 to 35 ppm. All 1 cycles
of engine operation plus a composite sample blended according to
the relative total volumetric contribution of individual cycles
were evaluated. Total aldehydes and formaldehyde were studied
using 3 fuels, 3 to 5 engine conditions, and 3 to 9 levels of
hydrocarbon concentration. A total of 85 samples were irradiated
and analyzed for both total aldehydes and formaldehyde. Ozone
determinations were made with 2 fuels at 4 engine operating
conditions, and also using the composite mixture. Thirty-five
samples in all were taken. Hydroperoxides were determined for the
same fuels and engine operating conditions as was ozone.
Twenty-two separate determinations were made. In the road tests
eye irritation was investigated for the deceleration cycle with 7
different fuels. Only 3 fuels were used for the other 3 cycles.
Whenever a response time less than 10 seconds was observed
at 5 ppm hydrocarbons, no higher levels were used. A total of
248 samples for eye irritation were collected. Aldehydes were
determined at 5 ppm hydrocarbons and 1 ppm of N02. 34 samples
in all were run. Ozone and hydroperoxides were determined in a
total of 36 determinations. In the plant damage experiments three
fuels were evaluated. Calculated input hydrocarbon concentrations
ranged from 1.1 ppm to 170.0 ppm. Measured residual
concentrations ranged from O.t5 to 30.0. Plants used were
spinach, petunia, poa annua, pinto beans, and oats. Damage was
reported in terms of the presence or absence of typical or atypical
symptoms. Damage was also reported in percent of injury for poa
annua. Substantial increase in olefin concentration of gasolines
used in Los Angeles would result in increased eye irritation and
higher concentrations of reaction products, and low olefin fuels
would result in improved visibility in the Basin. Low oletin
fuels would result in lessened plant damage.##
03761
P. P. Mader, H, Eye, J. A. Orcutt, and L. A, Chambers
EFFECTS OF FDEL OLEFIN CONTENT ON COMPOSITION AND SHOG FORMING
56 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
CAPABILITIES OF ENGINE EXHAUST {INTEBIH KEPT. 2). Los
Angeles County Air Pollution Control District,, Calif. Apr.
1959. 2U pp.
A proportionate sampling systea was used which made it possible to
collect continuously representative composite exhaust samples from
all all driving cycles in proportion to exhaust volume, under
actual driving conditions. Six gasolines, with olefinic contents
ranging fron 1»01S to 30^9% were used (bromine number 1.6 to U9nt).
The exhaust was irradiated for one hour by means of mercury lamps.
A panel of laboratory personnel (usually eight in number, but
never less than six) was then exposed to the contents of the flask
by the use of a specially designed eye mask, which fitted the mouth
of the flask as well as the eyes of the individual. The eye
piece was built with a shutter to open and close quickly, thereby
enabling an exact measurement of time of exposure. The number of
seconds required for each individual to detect the initial eye
irritation was recorded, and the arithmetic mean of the
observations was calculated as an index of the eye irritation
potential of the exhaust sample. The olefin content of the fuels
used to drive the automobiles is directly related to the quantities
and relative distributions of olefins in the exhaust. The
amount of olefins present in the exhaust is directly related to the
intensity of eye irritation which is produced when the exhaust
gases are irradiated. Since a direct relationship exists between
olefins in fuels and olefins in the engine exhaust on the one
hand, and between exhaust olefins and eye irritation on the other,
it is reasonable to assume that the determination of total exhaust
olefin indicates the intensity of eye irritation that can be
expected froni a given fuel composition.f#
F. Inove, T. Iritani, H. Yanagisawa, G. Saito, and
E. Raeda
ANALYTICAL STUDIES ON THE ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS INDUCED BY C02-
02 ARC WELDING. Japan. J- Ind. Health (Tokyo) 1, (3)
218-23, June 1959., Jap.
A rise in temperature and a decrease in humidity were more
noticeable with a C02-02 arc welding process using a new gas-
shielded metal arc-welding method than with manual welding with
covered electrodes. Experiments were conducted in a small cabin
to analyze the atmospheric conditions created by this new method.
The increase in carbon dioxide was not great although it was
greater than in manual welding; this increase was caused by the
natural ventilation associated with the rise in temperature. The
level of carbon monoxide was raised, but only a little more than
in other welding processes. The production of ultraviolet
radiation was less than in other welding. The production of
ozone and nitrogen dioxide was so slight that they would not cause
poisoning.. The quantity of dnst produced was rather large, but
was less than with welding with covered electrodes. In using
C02-02 arc-welding processes in a small room, one must pay
B. Emission Sources 57
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attention to good ventilation of the room, but since this welding
process is usually used in a large room with good natural
ventilation, there are very few hygienic problems with regard to
the process. {Author sastmary modified) ##
01310
R. W. Gerstle and P. Fn Peterson
CONTROL OF NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM NITRIC ACID
BANDFACTURIHG PROCESSES. Air Eng. 9, (tj 24-8, Apr., 1967.,
Abatement methods for the nitrogen oxide emission control nitric
acid manufacturing plants are discussed. Presently available
methods include catalytic reduction with certain fuels, absorption,
adsorption and flaring. The catalytic reduction process is
particularly suited to the pressure process of HN03 manufacture
in which the absorption tower tail gas is of uniform composition
and flow, is under pressure, and can be reheated by heat exchange
to the necessary reduction system inlet temperature.
Efficiencies of above 90% are possible. In operation, the tail
gases from the absorber are heated to ignition temperature, mixed
with a fuel such as hydrogen or natural gas and passed into the
reactor and through the catalyst. A number of reactions take
place which result in the dissociation and decomposition of
nitrogen oxides. Absorption towers with water as the absorbing
medium are useful when N02 emissions are in excess of 2*.
Absorption in alkaline solutions such as Na2C03 or NaOH is
more effective than water, and nitrogen oxide removal may be as
high as 90% with a well designed system. Adsorption of nitrogen
oxides on silica gel or commercial zeolites is possible but not
in use commercially. Flaring of higher concentrations of nitrogen
oxides has found application commercially when there is an
intermittent discharge of these gases. Plant operating
variables which may affect the tail gas concentrations adversely
include insufficient air supply to the system, low pressure in the
system, especially in the absorber, high temperatures in the
cooler-condenser and absorber, production of excessively high
strength acid, operation at high through-put rates, and faulty
eguipment.*t
04315
AUTOHOTIVE AIR POLLUTION