INTERSTATE
ELECTRONICS
CORPORATION
Subsidiary of A-T-O Inc.
A Technical Review of
OCEAN WASTE DISPOSAL
AT
A SITE IN THE GULF OF MEXICO
J
By the Clemson Working Group
Report Prepared By
lEC-Environmental Engineering
for the
Ocean Disposal Program office
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
under
Contract 68-01-0796
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INTERSTATE
ELECTRONICS
CORPORATION
Subsidiary of A-T-O Inc.
May 10, 1974
446-221
Mr. T. A. Wastler
Chief, Ocean Disposal Program
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
Dear Sir:
This report presents a description of the work accomplished by the
special working group convened at Clemson, South Carolina, on
May 9 and 10, 1974.
This workshop was convened to review information pertinent to the
E.I. DuPont De Nemous and Company permit application for disposal
of liquid waste at interim ocean disposal site OD0518.
Sincerely yours,
INTERSTATE ELECTRONICS CORPORATION
Environmental Engineering Division
^ ^^r^-
R. C. Timme
General Manager
Chairman of Working Group
RCT:STK:dk
707 East Vermont Avenue, Post Office Box 3117, Anaheim, California 92803 Telephone 714-772-2811
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REPORT OF THE CLEMSON WORKING GROUP
ON
OCEAN DISPOSAL PERMIT
73OD006B - Interim
Convened on
May 9 and 10, 1974
Clemson, South Carolina
for
Environmental Protection Agency
Ocean Disposal Program
Report Prepared by
Interstate Electronics Corporation
Environmental Engineering Division
Anaheim, California
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1 - INTRODUCTION
SECTION 2 - SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
SECTION 3 - TECHNICAL SUPPORT FOR RECOMMENDATIONS
3.1 Diffusion and dispersion
3.2 Circulation
3.3 Chemical Characteristics
3.4 Biological Interaction
SECTION 4 - BIBLIOGRAPHY
SECTION 5 - THE WORKING GROUP
5.1 Participants Adresses
5.2 Resumes of Participants
11
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Section 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
On May 9 and 10, 1974, a special working group was convened at
Rhodes Engineering Research Center, Clemson University, Clemson,
South Carolina. The purpose of this group was to review material
pertinent to Ocean Disposal Permit 73OD006B - Interim.
This permit was issued to E. I. DuPont de Nemous & Co. It
authorized disposal of liquid wastes from their Belle, West
Virginia facility into the waters of the Gulf of Mexico at
Interim Ocean Disposal Site ODO518. The center coordinates of
this site are 28° - 10' - 00" N, 89° - 25' - 00" W. The site has
been approved for disposal of toxic chemicals.
Ocean disposal of the subject materials had been carried out by
DuPont in the Gulf of Mexico since 1969. Upon issuance of the
Final Regulations by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), in October, 1973, DuPont applied for a new permit. As a
result of this application, the permit application was reviewed
by the EPA Region III and Region VI. Public hearings were held
by Region VI on December 19, 1973, and March 28, 1974. Extensive
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testimony was given by the DuPont Corporation, the State of
Louisiana, EPA Regions III and VI and interested citizens.
Subsequent to these hearings. Region IV made a final decision to
deny the permit. There was not general concurence with this
decision, resulting in the requirement of final review and
decision with the administrator of the EPA,
The working group was convened to review existing documentation,
introduce new and relevant information and present findings and
recommendations to the Chief, Ocean Disposal Program.
The information reviewed consisted of:
1. The original permit
2. Application for a new permit (dated August 16,
1973, revised September 21, 1973)
3. Testimony and related correspondence of the
December 19, 1973 hearing in New Orleans
4. Written answers to questions that arose during
the December 19 hearing
5. Testimony, related correspondence and a 16mm
movie describing DuPont1s ocean disposal
practices presented at the March 28, 197U
hearing in New Orleans.
and selected supplemental information. The material was
submitted to the attendees for review prior to the workshop.
Resumes outlining the qualifications and experience of these
personnel are presented in Section 5.
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1.2 REVIEW RATIONALE
The ultimate fate of a waste depends on several factors:
0 The composition of the waste.
0 The method of introduction of a waste into the marine
system.
0 The initial mixing of the waste upon introduction into
the system.
0 Interaction of the waste with the environment.
A chart showing some relationships of these factors to the
ultimate fate is presented as Figure 1.
In order to determine the fate of a waste, these factors must be
studied and, in some cases, enumerated in order to make a
judgment as to the possible effects a waste can have on the
environment.
The composition of the waste in question should be the initial
factor to be determined. The following questions must be
answered.
0 Is the waste liquid single-phase?
o What is its density?
0 What is its chemical structure?
If it is not single-phase, but poly-phase:
° What are the separate phases?
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WASTE . INTRODUCTION , I N IT IAL MI X ING
INTERACTION
FATE
FIGURE 1
CHART SHOWING REVIEW FACTORS
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0 What are the density variations?
0 What are the chemical structures of the waste?
Of course, other questions may be poised by answering these basic
questions, but, in some cases, these basic questions will provide
a firm base for advancing the analysis.
When waste characteristics are well-defined, the next steps are
to determine the physical parameters of the waste disposal
operation and to calculate the initial mixing of the waste with
the marine waters. As a minimum, these questions must be
answered:
0 Is the waste injected above or below the pycnocline?
0 What is the disposal vessel?
0 At what rate is the material released?
0 What is the vessel speed?
Some basic calculations can then be performed which will give
estimates of the initial dispersion of the waste.
After the initial dispersion, and possibly during initial
dispersion, the next related factor, interaction with the
environment, begins to take control of the process. This is the
most complex portion of the cycle and deserves the most critical
review.
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In this working groups review of the waste disposal operation,
the above steps were followed. As a basis for providing the most
critical review, a "worst case" approach was selected as most
fitting to the problem. "Worst case" elements of each step were
discussed and the elements most representative of this particular
waste disposal operation were selected for review.
Section 3 contains information used by the review group in this
analysis. The individual subsections were authored by:
3.1 Diffusion and Dispersion
Drs. B. Kinsman and B. Edge
3.2 Circulation
Dr. W. Schroeder
3.3 Chemical Characteristics
Dr. F. C. Alley and C. F. McFarlane
3.4 Biological Interaction
Dr. W. Dunston
1-6
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Section 2
RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
2.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
The working group did not find that the waste material
constitutes a long time environmental hazard. There were several
recommendations for areas that should be the subject of further
study. These recommendations closely parallel the requirements
outlined in the draft text of sub part 228 of the regulations and
criteria. However, the group recommends that DuPont be required
to strictly adhere to the phase out schedule for Antimony, and
continue their work on alternative measures for the remaining
wastes to ensure meeting the full intent of Public Law 92-532.
2.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
In the opinion of this working group, the applicant should be
issued an Interim Permit and allowed to continue the disposal
operation with the following conditions imposed.
1. The schedule for completion of the glycol treatment
facilities shall be adhered to strictly within that
schedule presented in the hearing statements.
2. No glycol/antimony shall be allowed in the waste after
1 July 1975.
3. A firm schedule for treatment of the SSS and Benomyl
waste portions should be obtained as a requirement for
issuing the permit.
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4o During dumping operations, no crossing of tracks shall
be allowed and tracks should be spaced at least 2,5
nautical miles apart.
5o Conditions imposed in the proposed permit and these
proposed additions should go through periodic review
by a special committee or group of independent
specialists. Recommendations of this group for
reasonable additional studies should be made binding
as a condition of the permit.
6, When performing bioassays and insitu monitoring, the
waste composition should be analyzed chemically in
order to provide relationships between batches of
wastes used in tests. Antimony, in particular, should
be quantified on all waste samples because of the
large variations reported from barge load to barge
load.
The following conditions from the proposed permit of April 15,
1974 are considered important as conditions of the permit.
Studies:
a. Additional bioassays on representative endemic species
shall be initiated to determine if some long-term chronic
effects occur which are not apparent in short term lethal
dose bioassays. Such tests should include but not be
limited to; (1) subjecting the organisms to the initial
dose expected in the waste stream with the dose being
diluted with time to 0.01 of the 96 hr. TLm, and then
holding the organisms for at least 30 days after exposure;
(2) pulse-dosing organisms by periodically repeating studies
outlined in (1) but with a frequency of 7 days and (3)
measurement of the body burdens of as many waste
constituents as possible from organisms studied in (1) and
(2). Besides monitoring mortality and bioaccumulation,
these bioassays should also be monitored for any impairment
of behavior including locomotion, feeding and reproduction.
Among other species, the larvae of brown shrimp should be
used in all but the reproductive bioassays.
b. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification studies shall be
conducted to supplement bioaccumulation studies outlined in
(1) above. Transfer of waste shall be measured in two
simple marine food chains; seawater medium, phytoplankton;
menhaden,, seawater medium; phytoplankton; shrimp larvael
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Several species of phytoplankton shall be employed and body
burdens measured on all appropriate waste constituents.
c. Biodegradation: Studies shall be conducted to
determine the biodegradability of the barged waste material
in the marine ecosystem. Organisms indigenous to the Gulf
of Mexico shall be used in these studies, which shall be
conducted both for chemical and biological information.
d. Mixed natural phytoplankton populations representative
of all common seasonal populations shall be bioassayed to
determine the selective potential of the waste.
e. The in situ assessment of the species abundance,
distribution, and condition planktonic biota shall be
determined before dumping and at short time intervals after
discharge has begun within the wake of the barge. Species
composition and biomass shall be determined. Plankton
samplings shall be such that at least 5 samplings occur
within the first hour following discharge.
f. All methods used and reporting procedures shall be
agreeable with the Regional Administrator, EPA, Region VI.
All of the above studies shall be completed on or before
December 15, 1974.
g. Permittee shall provide to the Regional Administrator
within 90 days from the effective date of this permit, a
complete qualitative and quantitative assessment of the
constitutents of their "other organics".
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Section 3
TECHNICAL SUPPORT FOR RECOMMENDATIONS
3.1 DIFFUSION AND DISPERSION
3.1.1 Introduction
An introduced pollutant may be either passive; i.e., conservative
and moving with the fluid motion or active; i.e., undergoing
modification and motion not shared by the diluting water. The
processess which diffuse fluid-attached properties are molecular
and turbulent. Molecular diffusion is the only process at work
in still water and in laminar flow, and it has very slow rates.
In turbulent flows, while molecular diffusion is still at work,
turbulent diffusion is orders of magnitude more effective in
spreading material. In natural flows, the Reynolds numbers are
usually so large that turbulence is almost always present.
A patch of contaminant in a turbulent environment will spread at
a rate which depends on the size of the patch. Eddies with
dimensions less than a patch size will act to tear it apart and
spread it. Those with dimensions greater than the patch size
will simply advect the whole patch. As time passes and the size
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of the patch increases, the larger eddies which formerly advected
the patch, become effective in diffusing it.
Since turbulence plays the dominant role in dispersing a
contaminant introduced into a natural environment, a knowledge of
the structure of the turbulence is necessary. Ideally, one would
like to know the spectrum tensor of the turbulence.
r •*•->•
I -*-->- — -i k^ • y-
l^.dr^tje
ij(K,x,t) = (2IirJ \R^(rlxlt)e~i*'* dr (1)
where
R..(r,x,t) = u. (x-Jjr,t) u.(x+Jsr,t) (2)
is the covariance tensor of the velocity field at a given
instant, uj .: are velocity components and the overbar denotes some
suitably defined mean.
From the spectrum tensor, the scalar energy tensor E (K ) can be
obtained by contracting \i>, . and integrating over spherical shells
radius < in wave number space,
E (K) = h\ 4'i . (< ) dS (K) . (3)
One has
E(K) dK . (4)
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Information about an oceanic dump site carrying this weight of
detail cannot be had. For practical work, one must rely on a
much less specific characterization of the turbulence. The
consequence is uncertainty about the precise situation to be
faced and the details of the dispersion. However, useful general
statements can be made and, with due allowance, action taken with
little risk.
Not all random motions which occur in the ocean are turbulent.
It is characteristic of turbulent motion that its associated
vorticity is random and that there is no unique relation between
the frequency and wave number of the Fourier modes. This
distinguishes turbulence from, say, random wave motion in which
there is a unique functional counection between frequency and
wave number. Turbulence is characteristically diffusive and
dissipative.
In the ocean, a well-developed surface-mixed layer, in which the
motion is turbulent, is often present. In the Gulf of Mexico,
this mixed layer is typically 30 m (100 ft) deep. Phillips
(1966) describes the mechanism of its development. "When the
wind flows across the surface of the water, a tangential surface
stress is developed both directly from the interfacial stress and
indirectly by the rate of momentum loss from the surface waves by
such processes as wave breaking. Below the surface, a turbulent
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mixed layer develops. If the underlying region is statically
stable or neutral; that is, if
N2>0 [N is the Brunt-Vaisala frequency]
the interface between the turbulent and non-turbulent fluid is
very sharp, and remains so as the turbulence erodes the lower
fluid by entrainment. The temperature and salinity in the mixed
layer are both virtually uniform as a result of turbulent
diffusion, and unless N2 = 0, the continued erosion results in an
increasing contrast between the properties of the water in the
mixed layer and that immediately below." Thus, while a passive
pollutant introduced into the turbulent mixed layer can be
expected to disperse rapidly within the mixed layer, it will
penetrate the deeper water only slowly, if at all.
The dispersion of a pollutant in the mixed layer is much more
rapid in the horizontal than it is in the vertical. The
numerical values selected for the estimates which follow are not
specific to the dump site, but they are typical of the Gulf of
Mexico — and conservative.
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3.1.2 Active Pollutants
If the pollutant is active rather than passive, then those
properties inherent in its activity must be used to modify the
results deduced for a passive contaminant.
A. pollutant may "decay" as time passes, by whatever process, from
an undesirable form to a tolerable form and thus pass from the
necessity for consideration. Everywhere within the dispersing
patch and at any time after the introduction of a pollutant of
this kind, the concentrations of the undesirable form will be
found to be smaller than those which would occur had it been
passive. Thus, we have an effect which reinforces the physical
dispersion of the pollutant.
A pollutant which flocculates or which is absorbed on particulate
matter large enough to fall, will pass out of the turbulent mixed
layer into the deeper water. Thus, material of this kind will be
more widely dispersed in the vertical than a passive contaminant
would be. Within the lower layer, the rates of dispersion by
turbulence are much reduced. However, the lower layer is usually
quite deep and, if the particle rate of fall is slow, the
contaminant may come to rest over a wide region of the bottom.
A third kind of "activity", although not strictly an activity of
the pollutant, is concentration by the biota. The mixed layer is
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also the euphotic zone where the phytoplankton, which form the
base of the food chain, are found. If organisms have the
capacity to accumulate and retain a pollutant to levels in excess
of the levels in the surrounding water, if further they are
grazed by forms which are motile, deductions from the motion of a
passive contaminant should be replaced by considerations based on
biological uptake rates and migration.
Assumptions:
1. The pollutant is passive.
2. The pollutant is introduced into the turbulent mixed
layer.
3. The turbulent mixed layer has comparatively high
turbulence intensities.
4. The parameters of the turbulent mixed layer used etc.
—are not values determined for the dump site but
rather typical values to be expected in the Gulf of
Mexico chosen to yield a conservative estimate of
dispersion.
5. The mechanisms that lead to the establishment of the
turbulent mixed layer transfer matter from the lower
layer to the mixed layer, but are not such as to effect
a downward transport.
6. The mechanism of turbulent dispersion within the mixed
layer is much more effective horizontally than it is
vertically.
7. The body of water beneath the mixed layer has motions
with turbulent intensities far smaller than does the
mixed layer except possibly within a thin bottom
boundary layer.
8. The low wave number components of the motion in the
mixed layer will advect the pollutant out of the dump
site.
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Considering a very simplistic approach to the problem of
dispersion of wastes, it can be assumed that there are two major
mechanisms responsible for the reduction of concentration of the
waste in the mixed layer. The first mechanism is associated with
the immediate or very rapid mixing as the waste is pumped into
the wake of the barge. The second mechanism which proceeds at a
much slower rate is due to the dispersion caused by the ambient
turbulence of the mixed surface layer.
There have been several attempts to quantify the concentration
that results in the wake of the barge. A. good summary of these
techniques is give by Clark, Rittall, Baumgartner and Dyram The
most useful relationship for concentration along the center-line
of the wake was:
Co(0.493)g
du(kt)i2
Where:
C= concentration
Co= initial concentration
q= volumetric discharge
d= mixing depth
u= barge speed
k= turbulent dispersion coefficient
t= time
values of k have been shown to vary between 1.0ft2/sec, and 30.0
ftz/sec.
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Assuming the parameters:
k= 1.0ftz/sec
d= 30 ft
q= 1.56 cfs
u= U.8 f/s
Co=1400 ppm (maximum allowable concentration of antimony in
the waste is used as an indicator species)
yields the function:
c = 7.47^ (6)
Now, after one minute, the antimony concentration would be 0.96
ppm. Trying to be as conservative as possible, it is assumed
that no additional mixing occurs in the wake of the barge.
Roughly, this corresponds to a uniform spread of the material
throughout a horizontal distance of 100 ft and a vertical
distance of 23 feet. This is again somewhat conservative since
the patch will occupy a somewhat larger area than the barge and
thus, every point will not be at the maximum concentration at the
center-line.
This plume behind the barge with an antimony concentration of 1
ppm will now mix with the ambient water due primarily to
turbulent dispersion and will continue dispersing until the
levels reach the natural background.
Simplified, the situation will resemble that shown in Figure 2
where the strip represents the wake of the barge. Consider now
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that a vertical slice can be taken and will be representative in
two dimensions of the remainder of the plume. The problem now is
the dispersion of the material in a two-dimensional field which
can be assumed to follow:
= E
x
There are, of course, several assumptions leading to this
equation including:
1. There are no cross currents in either direction;
2. The dispersion coefficients are not a function of space
or time; and
3. Turbulent dispersion obeys the laws of Fickial
diffusion only at a different scale.
Solution of this equation requires a finite difference or finite
element technique for the situation that is described in Figure
2. This situation has been schematized using the finite element
concept as shown in Figure 3. It is further assumed that the
dispersion does not carry the material below the mixing layer.
The vertical dispersion coefficient was assumed to be 0.01
ft2/sec. A computer routine was used with these coefficients and
the boundary conditions mentioned above in the solution of
equation 7. The results of the computer simulator for 50 minutes
after the barge has passed the point in question is shown in
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Figure 4. A summary of the change in the maximum centerline
concentration is given in Table 1.
TABLE 1
CONCENTRATIONS OF ANTIMONY ALONG CENTERLINE OF PLUME
TIME (minutes) CONCENTRATION (ppm)
0 1.0
25 0.88
50 0.72
500 0.07
1000 0.005
1440 0.0005
Thus, after 24 hours the antimony component of the waste from the
barge has been diluted after the initial mixing in the wake of
the barge to 0.5 ppb. This is approximately the background level
of antimony.
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U)
I
FIGURE 2
A HIGHLY STRATIFIED MARINE SYSTEM ON WHICH A BARGE
HAS DUMPED A LOAD OF WASTE IN THE INDICATED MIXING ZONE
INTERSTATE
ELECTRONICS
CORPORATION
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FIGURE 3
CROSS-SECTIONAL VIEW OF WATER SYSTEM SHOWING THE
MIXING ZONE AND THE FINITE ELEMENT REPRESENTATION
INTERSTATE
ELECTRONICS
CORPORATION
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tn
CO
a
Q_
fem
O
en
LD
O
z:
CP°
o°
-H
50, OQ
—I 1 \ —
SOD,aa 350,ao 400.aa
(X101 j
a.ao
.oa LSQ.UCJ 200, oa 250,00
HGRIZCJNTflL DISTRNCE (METERS)
FIGURE 4
CONCENTRATION OF ANTIMONY ALONG THE SURFACE
50 MINUTES AFTER PASSAGE OF THE BARGE
INTERSTATE
ELBCTROMCS
CORPORATION
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3.2 HYDROGRAPHY
3.2.1 Currents
Types - See Table 2
Directions 0-360°
Speeds 0-4 kts (excluding periods of severe weather i.e.
hurricanes)
Specific characterization of current patterns in and adjacent to
the study site is nearly, if not completely, impossible based on
the existing data. Types of currents to be expected are listed
in Table 2. The major current feature is the loop current and
"rings" which are shed by this current. Numerous references
dealing with the loop current are cited in Section 4. The
consensus of many of the investigators studying the loop current
and/or water circulations in the Gulf of Mexico is that a great
deal of additional data is needed before anything more than a
gross preliminary description can be made.
TABLE 2
TYPES OF CURRENTS THAT CAN BE EXPECTED
IN OR ADJACENT TO THE DUMP SITE
1. TIDAL
2. LOCAL WIND DRIVEN
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TABLE 2 (cent.
Surface
Sub-surface
3. REGIONAL WIND DRIVEN
Surface
Sub-surface
4. LOOP CURRENT AND RINGS
5. BOTTOM
6. SURFACE FRESH OR BRACKISH WATER LENS FLOWING FROM THE
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
7. COMBINATIONS AND INTERACTIONS OF 1 through 6.
3.2.2 Mixed Layer (Depth of Seasonal Pycnocline)
Vertical extent: 0-100m; with annual variations
Controlled by: a. Vertical thermal structure
b. Salinity structure
c. combinations of a and b
(for additional information see references 1, 10, 12 and 15)
3.2.3 Oxygen Distribution
Range of values (ml/1): 0.5-10.2
Central eastern Gulf: 2.5-7.0 (ref.4)
Mississippi/Alabama Cont. Shelf: 4.0-9.2 (ref.3)
Louisiana Continental Shelf: 0.5-10.2 (ref.2)
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Vertical Distribution
See References 2, 3, 4, 5, 12, 15
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3.3 CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
The composite waste as discharged into the Gulf is a varying
mixture of organics and natural brines containing some 700-800
ppm antimony. The major organic constituents, comprising some
95% of the total organics present are sodium terephthalate,
ethylene glycol, and sodium styrene sulfonate.
Due to the presence of the inorganic salts, the waste specific
gravity is greater than sea water and averages in the range of
1.12 to 1.13. The pH of the waste will vary between 6.0 and 10.0
but normally runs somewhat closer to 7.0 to 8.0. Suspended
solids are reported to be 5000 ppm.
The organic constituents in the waste should be biodegradable and
would not appear to present a long lasting environmental problem.
Most of the substances present in the waste have been
satisfactorily treated in biological waste disposal systems.
Antimony is present in the waste in several forms; however, the
predominant varieties appear to be soluble glycolates and the
trioxide. The trioxide may exist in crystalline form at
concentrations found in the waste but solubility data indicate
that all solid trioxide particles should dissolve at the dilution
expected immediately after the waste is discharged into the barge
wake.
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The antimony present in the waste must be considered as
potentially hazardous to the environment in concentrations above
a few parts per million. The toxicity of antimony compounds to
plants and animals is well documented.
3.3.1 Waste Flocculation in the Presence of Sea Water
No evidence exists or is there reason to believe that any
constituent of the waste will produce significant precipitates
when mixed with sea water. Particulate antimony trioxide present
in the waste should dissolve on dilution with sea water at the
mixing rates projected by dispersion models.
3.3.2 Additional Comments and Supporting Calculations
1. The total oxygen demand of the waste, based on
requiring one pound of oxygen for one pound of carbon,
contained in one barge load is 800 tons. This would depress
a cubic mile of water by .116 ppm of oxygen.
2. Organics similar to those present in the waste are
treated in industrial waste treatment plants. The organics
are broken down by bacteria. The treatment plants have
residence times of approximately two days.
3. Solubility of Sb in water at 15°C is .55 x 10-* moles/1
or 9.35 x 10-3 g/1. In the wastes, the Sb is in amounts of
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up to 1.3 x 103 mg/1 or 1.3 g/1. Dilutions of about 139
times are necessary for dissolving the Sb.
4. If the waste were injected below the productive zone,
the lower mixing rate that would be expected, and lower
dissolved oxygen level would cause lower dilution and slower
breakdown of organic portions of the waste and a depression
of dissolved oxygen in a low-oxygen environment.
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3.4 BIOLOGICAL INTERACTION
3.4.1 Biomass-Area Characterizations
Based on available data (ref. 4 and included references), the
disposal site is one of the richest areas in the Gulf of Mexico.
Particulate and dissolved organic carbon is highest in the shelf
area of the north central Gulf reflecting the large input from
the production of benthic macrophytic plants and the Mississippi
River. This is important to the detrital food chain in the Gulf
coastal area which is responsible in part for the shrimp crop.
Phytoplankton production (C1* Production and Chlorophyll Cone.)
is also substantial in this area being similar to other shelf
areas in the Gulf. A large portion (75-90%) of marine primary
and secondary production takes place in a rather narrow inner-
shelf strip often only 10-20 miles wide depending on exchange
rates and river input. Vertically, the biomass can be defined by
several measurements chlorophyll maxima, depth of the euphotic
zone, the distribution of particulate carbon and others.
Data on these is available for the Gulf of Mexico; but, as
discussed in the following paragraphs, it would be important to
have specific information on some of these at the dump site.
Based on the dispersion and dilution information and the oxygen
values for the Gulf in the region of the dump site (3-6 ml/1
bottom; 6-10 ml/1 surface) oxygen depletion does not appear to be
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a serious consideration. The waste organics as reported do not
appear to be particularly refractory to biological degradation.
As stated above, the organic constituents of the waste appear
degradable while initial toxicities might occur, recovery of the
biota could be expected.
The portion of the waste that is of concern is antimony.
Unquestionably, antimony is a toxic substance as plainly reported
by H.E.W., California Board of Health, EPA Guidelines, etc.
There is very little information available upon which to base a
judgment as to the fate of a complex mixture of organic and
inorganic forms of antimony in the marine environment.
Information available on other heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Cu) suggest
that when they are introduced into the marine system they are
rapidly adsorbed and absorbed by the particulate and dissolved
organic material in the water column (Ref. 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,
23, 24, 25) at rates on a time scale of minute - hours. This
particular organic material in the euphotic zone represents a
large portion of the food for the next trophic levels—shrimp,
oysters, fish. The initial killing or inhibition of a portion of
marine biota is not as important here as is the rapid association
of a toxic heavy metal with the organic cycle of the sea. We
certainly don't know what the rates of transfer or eventual fate
of antimony would be in the food chain. From all we know about
3-21
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other substances, we can certainly say that antimony would be
transferred to other trophic levels in the sea. A marine
organism, be it fish, plant, or shrimp, reflects most intimately
its environment. The antimony added to the Gulf of Mexico will
be reflected in the organisms that live in the Gulf of Mexico.
Also important:
1. Sediment-air-bacteria transfermations cycle. (Ref. 21)
2. Direct uptake by fish and oysters. (Ref. 21)
Comments on toxicity tests:
1. The DuPont data complies with the regulations.
However, G. breve is the red tide organism and not one
of the 30 major dinoflagellates in the area reported by
Balech, 1967. C_._ nana (no clone given) and Isocysis
are not representative.
2. There should be an accurate chemical analysis of the
effluent batch used for the bioassay procedure or at
least a clear identification. The effluent as reported
by DuPont is quite variable.
3. Antimony analysis of fish and shrimp from the Gulf area
would have been more useful than the bioassays with the
organic constituents.
4. Page 00078 (IEC briefing document), is the value for
antimony correct? (2 ug/ml)
3-22
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3.4.2 Additional Information
On a short term basis, it would be useful to know the particulate
carbon and chlorophyll vertical profiles in the area. This would
perhaps suggest the best depths for the introduction of a
pollutant below the area of maximum production. While it will
have little relevence to the decision to dump at present, a
seasonal (4) basic environmental study should be made.
(Chlorphyll, C1* production, particulate carbon, dissolved
organic carbon, nitrate, phosphate, silicate, Zooplankton tows,
benthic samples, trawls)
Techniques are available to measure low concentrations of
antimony by atomic absorption instruments with a heated graphite
furnace. This would be valuable for measuring:
1. Antimony concentration in the benthos near the dump
site and at a control site.
2. Antimony concentration in shrimp and zoo-plankton taken
in tows in the wake of the barge quarter to one-half
mile per way. Also compared to a control site.
3. The antimony concentration in the millipore filtered
water and in the particulate carbon filtered from the
water in the plume in the wake of the barge (also the
concentration at a control site).
3-23
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Section 4
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CITED MATERIAL
1. Schroeder, W.W. and Berner, L.T., The Oceanic Waters of the
Gulf of Mexico and Yucatan Strait During July^ 1969 (In
Press)
2. Southwest Research Institute, Hydrography on the Nearshore
Continental Shelf of South Central Louisiana, Southwest
Research Institute OETKING, October, 1973
3. Smith, Robert E (Ed), Proceedings of Marine Environmental
Implications of Offshore Drillingf Eastern Gulf of Mexico
State Univergity System of Florida Institue of_ Oceanography,
March 1974, 2ii~ib. Emphasis: Hydrographic and Current
Structure on Western Continental Shelf of the Northeastern
Gulf of Mexico P-395
4. American Geographical Society, Serial Atlag of the Marine
Environment, Folio 22, American Geographical Society 1972,
Contribution 502 LOG Map 62-2
4-1
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5. Capurro, L.R.A. (Ed) , Contributions on the Physical
Oceanography of the Gull of Mexico, Gulf Publishing Co.,
Houston, Texas 1970. Emphasis: Chapter 1, Winter
Circulation Patterns and Property Distributions
6. Swift, P.J., Duane, D.B., Pilkey, O.H., Shelf Sediment
Transport: Process and Pattern
7. Dowden Hutchison & Ross, Stroudsberg, Pa. 1972, LOG 72-88985
8. Ichiye, Kero & Carnes, Assessment of Currents and
Hydrography of the Eastern Gulf of Mexico, Department of
Oceaography, Texas ASM, Contribution 601, September, 1973
T
9. Leipper, Dale F-, A Sequence of Current Patterns in the Gulf
of Mexico, Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M, Reference
67-9, June 1967
10. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Separate from Gulf of
Mexico, It's Origin Waters and Marine Life, Fishery Bulletin
89, Washington, 1954
°f the Gulf of Mexico, Unpublished paper.
, The Me so Scale Circulation
4-2
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12. State University System of Florida Institute of
Oceanography, A Summary of Knowledge of the Eastern Gulf of
Mexico, 1973
13. Phillips, O.M., The Dynamicg of the Upper Ocean, Cambridge
University Press, London, 1966 LOG 66-17054
14. U.S. Navy Oceaographic Office, Atla^s of Pilot Charts^
Central American Waters and South Atlantic Ocean,
Publication 106, 1969
15. Nowlin, W.D. Jr., Water Masses and General Circulation of
the Gulf of Mexico, Oceanology International, February 1971,
p. 28-33
16. Southwest Research Institute, Currents on the Nearshore
Continental Shelf of South Central Louisiana, preliminary
draft OEI-01, OETKING, October 1973
17. Huckabee, J.W., Blaylock, E.G., Transfer of Mercury, and
Cadmium from Terrestrial to Aquatic Ecosystems, from: Metal
Ions in Biolgoical Systems Plenum Press, New York
18. Dalar, S.G. et al.. Mercury Accumulation by. Myriophyllum
Spec at urn L, from: Environmental Letters 1971, p. 191-198
4-3
-------
19. Rothstein, A., Cell Membrane as Site of Action of Heavy
Metals, Federation Proceedings, Volume 18, 1959
20. Davies, A.G., The Growth Kinetics of Isochrysis Galleana in
Culture Containing Sub Lethal Concentrations of Mercuric
Chrloride, J. Marine Biology Ass., U.K., 1974, p. 157-169
21. Wood, J.M., Biological Cycles for Toxic Elements in the
Environment, Science, Volume 183, March 15, 1974
22. Jensen, S., and Jernelove, A., "Biological Methylation of
Mercury in Aquatic Organism." Nature (G.B.) 233, 5207 (1969)
23. Wood, J.M., et al., "Synthesis of Methyl-mercury Compounds
by Extracts of a Methanogenic Bacterium." Nature (G.B.) 220,
173 (1968)
24. Glooschenki, W.A. Accumulation of 203Hg by a Marine Diatom
Chaetoceros Costatum, J. Physiol., 5, 224, 1969
25. Gutknecht, J. D., Uptake, Retention, and Loss of Zinc-65 and
Cesium-137 by Littoral Algae, Thesis, University of North
Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1964
4-4
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26. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, Environmental Conditions
within Specified Geographical Regions, Final report prepared
for the National Data Buoy Center, National Ocean Survey, p.
17-18, August 13, 1970
27- Kinsman, B., Wind Waves. Their Generation and Propogation on
the Ocean Surface, Prentice Hall, 1965 LOC 64-10186
28. Balech, E.r Bull. Marine Science 17:280-298, 1967
4-5
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Section 5
5.1 ADDRESSES OF PARTICIPANTS
NAME
ADDRESS
TELEPHONE
F.C. Alley
Professor of Chemical Engineering Chemical Engineering
Clemson University
Clemson, S.C. 29631
803-656-3055
Department
William M. Dunstan
Assistant Professor of
Oceanography
Skidaway Institute of Oceanography
Savannah, Georgia 31406
912-352-1631
Billy L. Edge
Associate Professor of Civil Civil Engineering
Engineering Clemson University
Clemson, South Carolina 29631
803-656-3277
Department
S.T. Kelly
Project Manager
Ocean Disposal Study
Environmental Engineering Division
Interstate Electronics Corporation
707 E. Vermont
Anaheim, California 92803
714-772-2811
Ext. 1562
B. Kinsman
Consultant
C.F. McFarlane
Oceanographer
Disposal Study
Blair Kinsman & Associates
Riva, Maryland 21140 301-956-2983
Environmental Engineering Division Ocean
Interstate Electronics Corporation
707 E. Vermont
Anaheim, California 92803
714-772-2811
Ext. 1551
5-1
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William W. Schroeder
Assistant Professor of Marine University of Alabama
Science Dauphin Island Sea Lab
Box 386
Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528
205-861-3702
R.C. Timme
General Manager Environmental Engineering Division
Interstate Electronics Corporation 707
E. Vermont
Anaheim, California 92803
714-772-2811
Ext. 1558
5-2
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5.2 RESUMES OF PARTICIPANTS
FORREST C. ALLEY
Professor of Chemical Engineering
Clemson University
Clemson, South Carolina
Education:
B.S. Auburn University 1951, Chen-deal Engineering
Air Force 1 year graduate meteorology course,
New York University, 1952
M.S. Auburn University 1955, Chemical Engineering
Ph.D. University of North Carolina 1962,
Environmental Engineering
Honors:
Phi Lambda Upsilon, Chemistry
Phi Kappa Phi, Scholarship
Tau Beta Pi, Engineering
Delta Omega, Public Health
Sigma Xi, Research
Awarded USPHS traineeship in 1959
Positions Held:
1952-1955 Weather Officer U.S. Air Force. Service in Japan
and Korea. In addition ot duty as operations briefing
officer, also held administrative position as Detachment
Supply Officer and Detachment Commander.
1956-1958 Process Engineer, Shell Oil Company, Norco,
Louisiana. Assignments included process engineering,
technical assistance, and computer applications.
1958-1959 Assistant Professor, Chemical Engineering
Department, Clemson University
1959-1961 Doctoral student at University of North Carolina
1961-1963 Assistant Professor, Clemson University
1963-1969 Associate Professor, Clemson University
1969 to date Professor, Clemson University
1973 Acting Department Head for a period of four months
during illness of Dr. Littlejohn
Research Experience
5-3
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Principal Investigator, "Design of Waste Treatment
Facilities for Recovery and Disposal of Electrochemical
Machinery Wastes", General Electric Company, Summer 1973
Principal Investigator, "Removal of Sulfur Compounds from
Stack Gases", West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company, 1967-
1971
Co-Principal Investigator, "Design Parameters for Deep
Stabilization Ponds", U.S. Army Medical Research Command
1965-1966
Principal Investigator, "Temperature Mechanism in
Atmospheric Oxidant Process", USPHS 1963-1965
Principal Investigator, "Electrical Waste Treatment
Methods", USPHS 1965
Co-Principal Investigator, "Design Parameters for
Stabilization Ponds", S.C. Pollution Control Board, 1963-
1965
Co-Principal Investigator, "Non-mechanical Pulse Columns",
Union Carbide Nuclear, 1959
Graduate Theses Directed
"A Study of the Occurrence of Photochemical Smog with
Emphasis on Temperature Effects", M.S. 1965
"The Effect of Temperature on the Rate of the Photochemical
Reaction of Pentene-1 in Air in the Presence of Nitrogen
Dioxide and Water Vapor", M.S. 1965
"A Study of the Use of Electrokenetic Methods for the
Removal of Suspended Lyophobic Particles Dispersed in
Water", M.S. 1965
"The Effect of Humidity on the Adsorpition of Methyl
Mercaptan on a Fixed-Bed of Activiated Carbon", M.S. 1967
"The Design and Evaluation of an Experimental Vapor- Liquid
Equilibrium Still", M.S. 1968
"A Study of the Effect of Operating Parameters on the
Removal of Suspended Activiated Carbon Particles in Water
with an Electro-coagulation Unit", M.S. 1968
5-4
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"An Investigation of the Degrees of Chemical Oxygen Demand
Removal obtained from the Treatment of a Wastewater Stream
Containing Emulsified Textile Finishing Oils", M.S. 1970
"An Investigation of the Dynamic Parameters of the
Adsorption of Selected Hydrocarbons on a Fixed Bed of
Activated Carbon using a Pulse Chromatographic Technique",
PhD. 1970
"Fluid Bed Adsorption of Low Concentrations of Sulfur
Dioxide in Air onto Activated Carbon", PhD. 1970
"A Study of the Steam Regeneration of a Fixed Bed of
Activated Carbon used to Adsorb Hydrogen Sulfide", M.S. 1970
"Mass Transfer Coeeficients in Fluidized Beds", M.S. 1971
"The Adsorption of Trichloroethylene onto a Fluidized Bed of
Activated Carbon", M.S. 1972
"Turbulent Thin Film Evaporation of a Wastewater Containing
Emulsified Textile Spin Finishing Oils", M.S. 1972
"The Reduction of Nitric Oxide on Activated Carbon at
Elevated Temperatures", PhD. 1972
12. Industrial Consulting
A. Major or long term projects
1. General Electric Ompany, Greenville S.C. Design of
facilities for disposal of electromachinery wastes.
2. General Electric Company, Hendersonville, N.C.,
Industrial Hygiene plant survey.
3. Hoechst Fibers, Spartanburg, S.C., Design and
modification of plant waste treatment system.
4. Dow-Badische Company, Anderson, S.C., Principal
Consultant on waste treatment 1969 to date.
5. Greenwood Mills, Orangeburg, S.C., Principal Consultant
on waste treatment 1969 to date.
6. Thermo-Kinetics Inc., Greenville, S.C., Principal
Consultant on development and application of high rate
filter for industrial wastes 1970 to date.
7. Charleston Rubber Company, Clover, S.C», Supervised
design of waste treatment system for plant expansion.
5-5
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8. Bishop Associates, Greenville, S.C., Design of
treatment system for new fiberglass plant.
5-6
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WILLIAM M. DUNSTAN
Biologist
Assistant Professor
Skidaway Institute of Oceanography
Education
B.S. Yale University 1956 (Engineering)
M.S. Florida State University 1967 (Marine Biology)
Ph.D. Florida state University 1969 (Biology)
Experience
Lieutenant j.g., 1956-1960, U.S. Naval Air Intelligence
Loan Analyst, 1960-1962, International Division, Chase Manahattan
Bank
Product Development Engineer, 1962-1965, Celanese Corporation of
America
Instructor, Marine Biology, 1967, Florida State University
National Science Foundation, Pre-Doctoral Fellow, 1967-1969
Visiting Research Oceaographer, Summer, 1969, Naval Research
Laboratory
Postdoctoral Investigator, 1969-1970, Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution
Assistant Scientist, 1970-1972, Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution and Visiting Professor, Bridgewater State
University (Biolgoical Oceanography, 1969-1971)
Assistant Professor, 1972 to present, Skidaway Institute of
Oceanography
Member, American Society of Limnology and Oceanography
Member, American Phycological Society
Member, Marine Biological Association of the U.K.
Consultant, Maine Central Power Company
Consultant, Boston Edison Company
Consultant, Narrangansett Electric Company
Publications
Dunstan, W.M. and D. W. Menzel, Continuous Cultures of Natural
Populations of Marine Phytoplanjcton in Dilute, Treated Sewage
Effluent Limnology Oceanography, 916 (4):623-632, 1971
Ryther, John H. and William M. Dunstan, Nitrogen„ Phosphorus and
Eutrophication in the Coastal Marine Environment Science, 1008-
1013, 1971
Ryther, J. H., W. M. Dunstan, D. R. Tenore and J. E. Huguenin,
Controlled Eutrophication Increasing Food Production from the Sea
by. Recycling Human Wastes Bioscience, 22 (3) : 141-152,~
5-7
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Dunstan, W.M. and K.R. Tenore, Intensive Outdoor Culture of
Marine Phytoplankton Enriched with Treated Sewage Effluent
Aquaculture, 1:181-192, 1972
Tenore, K.R. and W.M. Dunstan, Growth Comparisons of Oysters^
Mussels and Scallops Cultivated on Algae Grown with Artificial
Medium and Treated Sewage Effluent Chesapeake Science, 1U(1):64~
66, 1973
Menzel, D.W. and W.M. Dunstan, Growth Measurements by. the
Analysis of Carbon Handbook of Phycological Methods,
Phycological Society of America, pp. 313-320, 1973
Dunstan, W.M., A Comparison of the Photosynthesis-Light Intensity
Relationship in Phylogenetically Different Marine Mjcroalgae
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 13:179-185,
1973
Tenore, K.R. and W.M. Dunstan, Comparison of Feeding and
Biodeposition of Three Bivalves at Different Food Levels Marine
Biology, 21 (3):190-195, 1973
Tenore, K.R. and W.M. Dunstan, Comparison of Rates of Feeding and
Biodeposition of the American Oyster, Crassostrea Virginica Fed
on Different Species of Phytoplankton Journal of Experimental
Marine Biology and Ecology, 12:19-26, 1973
5-8
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BILLY L. EDGE
Associate Progessor of Civil Engineering
Clemson University
Clemson, South Carolina
Education
B.S. Virginia Polytechnic Institute Civil Engineering
M.S. Virginia Polytechnic Institute Civil Engineering
Ph.D. Georgia Institute of Technology Civil
Engineering
Experience
May 1972 - date: Associate Professor of Civil Engineering
Clemson University
August 1970 - May 1972: Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering
Clemson University
January 1970 - August 1970: Surveying Instructor, McCombs County
Community College, Warren, Michigan
August 1968 - August 1970: Research Physical Scientist, Deputy
District Engineer, and Captain, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Great Lakes Research Center, Detroit, Michigan
March 1967 - June 1967: Teaching Fellow, Georgia Institute of
Technology
March 1965 - September 1965: Research Assistant, Virginia
Polytechnic Institute
Edge, B., and P.G. Mayer, Discussion of "Spectra Analysis of
Ocean Wave Forces on Piling" by Leon Entry Borgman, Journal of the
Waterways and Harbors Division, ASCE, February 1968
Edge, B.L., and P.C. Liu, Comparing Spectra Computed by Blackman-
Tukey and FFT^, Proceedings of ASCE-EMD Specialty Conference on
Probabilistic Concepts and Methods of Engineering, Purdue
University, November 1969
Edge, B.,., and P.G. Mayer, A Stochastic Model for the Response
°f Permanent Offshore Structures Sub-ject to Soil Restraints and
Wave"Forces, Water Resources Center Report WRC-0269, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, April 1969
5-9
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Edge, B.L.f An Analysis of a Deep-Water Structure for the Great
Lakes, Proceedings Thirteenth Conference of the International
Association for Great Lakes Research, 1970
Edge, B.L., P.G. Mayer, and G.A. Pierce, An Analysis Technique
for Composite Structures Sub-ject to Dynamic Loads, Journal of
Applied Mechanics, ASME, March 1971
Edge, B.L., and B.C. Dysart, III, A Hydrodynamic Model for the
Barge Disposal of Dredge Material at Sea presented to the ASCE
National Water Resources Meeting, Atlanta, January 1972
Edge, B.L., and B.C. Dysart, III, Modeling Techniques for Siting
Large Thermal Power Plants on Industrialized Estuaries
Proceedings of International Symposium on Mathematical Modeling
Techniques in Water Resources Systems, Ottawa, Ontario, 1972
Edge, B.L., Ocean Engineering and Coastal Pollution Presented to
the ASCE National Water Resources Meeting, Atlanta, January 1972
Edge, B.L., Hydrodynamic Analysis of Sludge Dumped in Coastal
Waters Proceedings Thirteenth International Conference on
Coastal Engineering, Vancouver, July 1972
Edge, B.L., Mathematical Simulation of Spoiling Presented at the
Environmental Modification by Dredge Activities Workshop,
Morehead City, North Carolina, August 1972
Edge, B.L., and J.O. Conn, Hybrid computer Simulation of a Moored
BuoyJ5 Proceedings of Ocean ^72 IEEE International Conference on
Engineering in the Ocean Environment, Newport, Rhode IslandT
September 1972
Edge, B.L., and B.C. Dysart, III, Transport Mechanisms Governing
Sludges and Other Materials Barged to Sea A Civil Engineering and
Environmental Systems Engineering Report, Clemson University,
September 1972
Edge, B.L., Editor, Coastal Zone Pollution Management Clemson
University, January 1973
Edge, B.L., Coastal Pollution Management:^ A Summary, Chapter 15
in Coastal Zone Pollution Management, Clemson University, January
1973
Dysart, B.C. Ill, and B.L. Edge, Systems Approach in Power Plant
Siting: Engineering Economic Aspects Presented to the ASCE
National Water Resources Meeting, Washington, D.C., January 1973
5-10
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McChesney, S.W. , and B.L. Edge, The Intracoastal Waterway from
Winyah Bay to Little River—Hydrodynamics of Water Quality
Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the South Carolina Academy
of Science, Columbia, March 1973
McCabe, W.J., J.E. McCoy, and B.L. Edge, A New Approach to
Estuarine Water Quality Modeling, Proceedings of the Annual
Meeting of the South Carolina Academy of Science^ Columbia, 19^3^
Edge, B.L., F.E. Weisgerber and J.F. O'Brien, Hybrid Computer
Simulation of Buoy Dynamics and Stream Transport Proceedings of
1973 Southwestern Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers Conference, Houston, April 1973
Edge, B.L., Environmentally Compatible Techniques for Dumping
Dredge SjDojL^l at Sea Proceedings of World Dredging Conference,
WODCONV, Hamburg, Germany June 1973
Edge, B.L. and S.W. McChesney, Water Quality Management Model
Presented to the 54th Annual Meeting of the American Geophysical
Union, Washington, D.C , June 1973
Edge, B.L. and J.E. McCoy, Environmental Quality Prediction in
Fjords Proceedings of Ocean '73 IEEE International Conference on
Engineering in the Ocean Environment, Seattle, September 1973
Edge, B.L., Finite Element Modeling for Water Quality Management
presented at the Oregon State University Ocean Engineering
Seminar Series, September 1973
Callcott, F.D. and B.L. Edge, Water Quality Model^ Intracoastal
Wa t erway-Waccamaw River Report from Harwood Beebe Company to
South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control,
February 1974
Edge, B.L., Mathematical Modeling for Water Quality in Coastal
Areas^ Presented at the Texas A&M University, Ocean Engineering
Seminar Series, March 1974
Edge, B.L., Role of Mechanics in Environmental Engineering
Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Southweatern Sectionof
the American Society of Engineering Educators, April 1974
5-11
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SAMUEL T. KELLY
Oceanographic Engineer
Interstate Electronics Corporation
Anaheim, California
Education
iTs? California State Polytechnic Electronic Engineering
College
M.A. California State University Physical Science
Long Beach
Experience
1973 - present: Project Manager, Ocean Disposal Program
1972 - 1973: Performed field studies on coastal zone water
quality monitoring in southeastern United States
1961 - 1972: Project Engineer (Interstate Electronics
Corporation) for a wide range of scientific and engineering
projects
Author of over forty publications in the field of environmental
science and instrumentation.
5-12
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WILLIAM W. SCHROEDER
Assistant Professor Marine science
University of Alabama
Education
Ph.D. Texas A&M University Oceanography
Publications
1974: Hydrographic and Current Structure on the Western
Continental shelf of the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico.
(w/G.F. Crozier) in: Proceeding of Marine Environmental
Implications of Offshore Drilling—Eastern Gulf of Mexico:
1974, State University System of Florida Institute of
Oceanography Publ. 74-4
In press: The Oceanic Waters of the Gulf of Mexico and Yucantan Strait
during July, 1969, (w/L. Berver, Jr. and W. D. Norolin,
Jr.), Bull, of Marine Science, Univ. of Miami.
5-13
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BLAIR KINSMAN
Riva, Maryland 21140
Education
The Principia College, Elsah, Illinois
S.B. University of Chicago Mathematics
Universidad Nacional de Mexico, Escuela de Verano
M.S. The Johns Hopkins University Oceanography
Ph.D. The Johns Hopkins University Oceanography
Experience
1953-1958: Instructor, Department of Oceanography, The Johns
Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
1960-1961: Research Scientist, Chesapeake Bay Institue, The
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
1961-1966: Assistant Professor of Oceanography, Department of
Oceanography, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
1966-1970: Associate Professor of Oceanography, Department of
Earth and Planetary sciences, The Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Maryland
1970-1971: Professor of Oceanography, College of Marine
Studies, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
1972-1973: Coordinator, Rhode River Program, Chesapeake
Research Consortium, Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental
Studies-Smithsonian Institution, Edgewater, Maryland
1973 to date: Blair Kinsman & Associates, Consultants, Riva,
Maryland
Publications
Kinsman, B., Surface Waves at Short Fetches and Low Wind Speeds—
A Field Study, Volumes \± 2L and 3 Chesapeake Bay Institute Tech.
Rep. XIX, Ref. 60-1, 592 pp.
Kinsman, B., River Tides in McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science
and Technology, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. p. 586
Kinsman, B., Tidal Bore in McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science
and Technology, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. p. 632
Kinsman, B., Some Evidence on the Effect of Nonlinearity on the
Position of the Equilibrium Range in Wind Wave Spectra Journal
Geophsical Research 66(8)2411-2415
5-14
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Kinsman, B. „ W_iad Waye_s—-Their Generation and Propagation oil tne
Ocean Surface Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. xiii *
676 pp.
Kinsman, B. „ Notes on Tides^ Seiches^ and Long Waves The Jorbis
Hopkins University, Department of Oceanography, Lecture No--...-;i,
258 pp.
Kinsman, B., Notes on Lectures on Estuarine Oceanography
Delivered by D^W. Pritchard 3_ October to Vf± December 1960 The
Johns Hopkins University, Department of Oceanography, Lecture
Notes. 154 pp.
Kinsman, B. , On Scholarship The Johns Hopkins Magazine 18(1)2-6.
Kinsman, B., An Exploration of the Origin and Persistence of the
S^auJojd: Wind Force Scale Chesapeake Bay Institute Tech. Rep. 39,
Ref. 69-7T 55pp.
Kinsman, B., On Field Experiments, with a Sketch of a Plan for a
Wind Wave Generation Field Experiment to be Carried Out Off
Aruba, N.A. Aboard the R/V RIDGELY WARFIELD Chesapeake Bay
Institute Tech. Rep. 42, Ref. 68-1o7 66 pp.
Kinsman, B. , Historical Notes on the Original Beaufort Scale The
Marine Observer, 39(225)116-124.
Kinsman, B., Who Put the Wind Speeds in Admiral Beaufort1 s Force
Scale? Oceans Magazine 2(2)18-25.
Kinsman, B. , Ocean Surface Conditions (ocean truth) in Space
Geodesy Altimetry Verification Experiment Design Study (VEDS),
Final Report. SR 70-4108. Raytheon Company, Equipment Division,
Sudbury, Massachusetts. 43pp.
Kinsman, B., Wind Waves—Their Generation and Propagation on the
Ocean Surface Japanese Translation. 2 volumes. Tokyo, Japan.
Kinsman, B., Estuarine Hydrodynamics A Series of Ten Lectures
Given at the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 7 August
1972 through 18 August 1972. 212 pp.
5-15
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CHARLES F. McFARLANE
Oceanographer
Interstate Electronics Corporation
Anaheim, California
Education
Chemistry major Yuba College, California
Experience
1973 to date: Field Engineer- Ocean Waste Disposal Study
Interstate Electronics Corporation
1971-1973: Field Engineer - Coastal Zone Water Quality
Monitoring Investigation Interstate Electronics Corporation
1971: Marine Technician - Scripps Institute of Oceanography,
Geosecs Program
1966-1971: Marine Technician - Field Studies, Data Analysis,
Dillingham Corporation and Bendix Corporation
1963-1966: Marine Technician - Field Studies, Data Analysis,
U. S. Navy - China Lake MOTS
Memberships
American Chemical Society
Marine Technology Society
Publications
Ocean Waste Disposal Practices in Metropolitan Areas of
California, 1974
Coastal Zone Water Quality Monitoring in Los Angeles/Orange
Counties, 1973
Coastal Zone Water Quality Monitoring in the San Francisco Bay
Area, 1972
5-16
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