INTERSTATE ELECTRONICS CORPORATION Subsidiary of A-T-O Inc. A Technical Review of OCEAN WASTE DISPOSAL AT A SITE IN THE GULF OF MEXICO J By the Clemson Working Group Report Prepared By lEC-Environmental Engineering for the Ocean Disposal Program office U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under Contract 68-01-0796 ------- INTERSTATE ELECTRONICS CORPORATION Subsidiary of A-T-O Inc. May 10, 1974 446-221 Mr. T. A. Wastler Chief, Ocean Disposal Program U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D.C. 20460 Dear Sir: This report presents a description of the work accomplished by the special working group convened at Clemson, South Carolina, on May 9 and 10, 1974. This workshop was convened to review information pertinent to the E.I. DuPont De Nemous and Company permit application for disposal of liquid waste at interim ocean disposal site OD0518. Sincerely yours, INTERSTATE ELECTRONICS CORPORATION Environmental Engineering Division ^ ^^r^- R. C. Timme General Manager Chairman of Working Group RCT:STK:dk 707 East Vermont Avenue, Post Office Box 3117, Anaheim, California 92803 Telephone 714-772-2811 ------- REPORT OF THE CLEMSON WORKING GROUP ON OCEAN DISPOSAL PERMIT 73OD006B - Interim Convened on May 9 and 10, 1974 Clemson, South Carolina for Environmental Protection Agency Ocean Disposal Program Report Prepared by Interstate Electronics Corporation Environmental Engineering Division Anaheim, California ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1 - INTRODUCTION SECTION 2 - SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS SECTION 3 - TECHNICAL SUPPORT FOR RECOMMENDATIONS 3.1 Diffusion and dispersion 3.2 Circulation 3.3 Chemical Characteristics 3.4 Biological Interaction SECTION 4 - BIBLIOGRAPHY SECTION 5 - THE WORKING GROUP 5.1 Participants Adresses 5.2 Resumes of Participants 11 ------- Section 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND On May 9 and 10, 1974, a special working group was convened at Rhodes Engineering Research Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina. The purpose of this group was to review material pertinent to Ocean Disposal Permit 73OD006B - Interim. This permit was issued to E. I. DuPont de Nemous & Co. It authorized disposal of liquid wastes from their Belle, West Virginia facility into the waters of the Gulf of Mexico at Interim Ocean Disposal Site ODO518. The center coordinates of this site are 28° - 10' - 00" N, 89° - 25' - 00" W. The site has been approved for disposal of toxic chemicals. Ocean disposal of the subject materials had been carried out by DuPont in the Gulf of Mexico since 1969. Upon issuance of the Final Regulations by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in October, 1973, DuPont applied for a new permit. As a result of this application, the permit application was reviewed by the EPA Region III and Region VI. Public hearings were held by Region VI on December 19, 1973, and March 28, 1974. Extensive 1-1 ------- testimony was given by the DuPont Corporation, the State of Louisiana, EPA Regions III and VI and interested citizens. Subsequent to these hearings. Region IV made a final decision to deny the permit. There was not general concurence with this decision, resulting in the requirement of final review and decision with the administrator of the EPA, The working group was convened to review existing documentation, introduce new and relevant information and present findings and recommendations to the Chief, Ocean Disposal Program. The information reviewed consisted of: 1. The original permit 2. Application for a new permit (dated August 16, 1973, revised September 21, 1973) 3. Testimony and related correspondence of the December 19, 1973 hearing in New Orleans 4. Written answers to questions that arose during the December 19 hearing 5. Testimony, related correspondence and a 16mm movie describing DuPont1s ocean disposal practices presented at the March 28, 197U hearing in New Orleans. and selected supplemental information. The material was submitted to the attendees for review prior to the workshop. Resumes outlining the qualifications and experience of these personnel are presented in Section 5. 1-2 ------- 1.2 REVIEW RATIONALE The ultimate fate of a waste depends on several factors: 0 The composition of the waste. 0 The method of introduction of a waste into the marine system. 0 The initial mixing of the waste upon introduction into the system. 0 Interaction of the waste with the environment. A chart showing some relationships of these factors to the ultimate fate is presented as Figure 1. In order to determine the fate of a waste, these factors must be studied and, in some cases, enumerated in order to make a judgment as to the possible effects a waste can have on the environment. The composition of the waste in question should be the initial factor to be determined. The following questions must be answered. 0 Is the waste liquid single-phase? o What is its density? 0 What is its chemical structure? If it is not single-phase, but poly-phase: ° What are the separate phases? 1-3 ------- WASTE . INTRODUCTION , I N IT IAL MI X ING INTERACTION FATE FIGURE 1 CHART SHOWING REVIEW FACTORS ------- 0 What are the density variations? 0 What are the chemical structures of the waste? Of course, other questions may be poised by answering these basic questions, but, in some cases, these basic questions will provide a firm base for advancing the analysis. When waste characteristics are well-defined, the next steps are to determine the physical parameters of the waste disposal operation and to calculate the initial mixing of the waste with the marine waters. As a minimum, these questions must be answered: 0 Is the waste injected above or below the pycnocline? 0 What is the disposal vessel? 0 At what rate is the material released? 0 What is the vessel speed? Some basic calculations can then be performed which will give estimates of the initial dispersion of the waste. After the initial dispersion, and possibly during initial dispersion, the next related factor, interaction with the environment, begins to take control of the process. This is the most complex portion of the cycle and deserves the most critical review. 1-5 ------- In this working groups review of the waste disposal operation, the above steps were followed. As a basis for providing the most critical review, a "worst case" approach was selected as most fitting to the problem. "Worst case" elements of each step were discussed and the elements most representative of this particular waste disposal operation were selected for review. Section 3 contains information used by the review group in this analysis. The individual subsections were authored by: 3.1 Diffusion and Dispersion Drs. B. Kinsman and B. Edge 3.2 Circulation Dr. W. Schroeder 3.3 Chemical Characteristics Dr. F. C. Alley and C. F. McFarlane 3.4 Biological Interaction Dr. W. Dunston 1-6 ------- Section 2 RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 2.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS The working group did not find that the waste material constitutes a long time environmental hazard. There were several recommendations for areas that should be the subject of further study. These recommendations closely parallel the requirements outlined in the draft text of sub part 228 of the regulations and criteria. However, the group recommends that DuPont be required to strictly adhere to the phase out schedule for Antimony, and continue their work on alternative measures for the remaining wastes to ensure meeting the full intent of Public Law 92-532. 2.2 RECOMMENDATIONS In the opinion of this working group, the applicant should be issued an Interim Permit and allowed to continue the disposal operation with the following conditions imposed. 1. The schedule for completion of the glycol treatment facilities shall be adhered to strictly within that schedule presented in the hearing statements. 2. No glycol/antimony shall be allowed in the waste after 1 July 1975. 3. A firm schedule for treatment of the SSS and Benomyl waste portions should be obtained as a requirement for issuing the permit. 2-1 ------- 4o During dumping operations, no crossing of tracks shall be allowed and tracks should be spaced at least 2,5 nautical miles apart. 5o Conditions imposed in the proposed permit and these proposed additions should go through periodic review by a special committee or group of independent specialists. Recommendations of this group for reasonable additional studies should be made binding as a condition of the permit. 6, When performing bioassays and insitu monitoring, the waste composition should be analyzed chemically in order to provide relationships between batches of wastes used in tests. Antimony, in particular, should be quantified on all waste samples because of the large variations reported from barge load to barge load. The following conditions from the proposed permit of April 15, 1974 are considered important as conditions of the permit. Studies: a. Additional bioassays on representative endemic species shall be initiated to determine if some long-term chronic effects occur which are not apparent in short term lethal dose bioassays. Such tests should include but not be limited to; (1) subjecting the organisms to the initial dose expected in the waste stream with the dose being diluted with time to 0.01 of the 96 hr. TLm, and then holding the organisms for at least 30 days after exposure; (2) pulse-dosing organisms by periodically repeating studies outlined in (1) but with a frequency of 7 days and (3) measurement of the body burdens of as many waste constituents as possible from organisms studied in (1) and (2). Besides monitoring mortality and bioaccumulation, these bioassays should also be monitored for any impairment of behavior including locomotion, feeding and reproduction. Among other species, the larvae of brown shrimp should be used in all but the reproductive bioassays. b. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification studies shall be conducted to supplement bioaccumulation studies outlined in (1) above. Transfer of waste shall be measured in two simple marine food chains; seawater medium, phytoplankton; menhaden,, seawater medium; phytoplankton; shrimp larvael 2-2 ------- Several species of phytoplankton shall be employed and body burdens measured on all appropriate waste constituents. c. Biodegradation: Studies shall be conducted to determine the biodegradability of the barged waste material in the marine ecosystem. Organisms indigenous to the Gulf of Mexico shall be used in these studies, which shall be conducted both for chemical and biological information. d. Mixed natural phytoplankton populations representative of all common seasonal populations shall be bioassayed to determine the selective potential of the waste. e. The in situ assessment of the species abundance, distribution, and condition planktonic biota shall be determined before dumping and at short time intervals after discharge has begun within the wake of the barge. Species composition and biomass shall be determined. Plankton samplings shall be such that at least 5 samplings occur within the first hour following discharge. f. All methods used and reporting procedures shall be agreeable with the Regional Administrator, EPA, Region VI. All of the above studies shall be completed on or before December 15, 1974. g. Permittee shall provide to the Regional Administrator within 90 days from the effective date of this permit, a complete qualitative and quantitative assessment of the constitutents of their "other organics". 2-3 ------- Section 3 TECHNICAL SUPPORT FOR RECOMMENDATIONS 3.1 DIFFUSION AND DISPERSION 3.1.1 Introduction An introduced pollutant may be either passive; i.e., conservative and moving with the fluid motion or active; i.e., undergoing modification and motion not shared by the diluting water. The processess which diffuse fluid-attached properties are molecular and turbulent. Molecular diffusion is the only process at work in still water and in laminar flow, and it has very slow rates. In turbulent flows, while molecular diffusion is still at work, turbulent diffusion is orders of magnitude more effective in spreading material. In natural flows, the Reynolds numbers are usually so large that turbulence is almost always present. A patch of contaminant in a turbulent environment will spread at a rate which depends on the size of the patch. Eddies with dimensions less than a patch size will act to tear it apart and spread it. Those with dimensions greater than the patch size will simply advect the whole patch. As time passes and the size 3-1 ------- of the patch increases, the larger eddies which formerly advected the patch, become effective in diffusing it. Since turbulence plays the dominant role in dispersing a contaminant introduced into a natural environment, a knowledge of the structure of the turbulence is necessary. Ideally, one would like to know the spectrum tensor of the turbulence. r •*•->• I -*-->- — -i k^ • y- l^.dr^tje ij(K,x,t) = (2IirJ \R^(rlxlt)e~i*'* dr (1) where R..(r,x,t) = u. (x-Jjr,t) u.(x+Jsr,t) (2) is the covariance tensor of the velocity field at a given instant, uj .: are velocity components and the overbar denotes some suitably defined mean. From the spectrum tensor, the scalar energy tensor E (K ) can be obtained by contracting \i>, . and integrating over spherical shells radius < in wave number space, E (K) = h\ 4'i . (< ) dS (K) . (3) One has E(K) dK . (4) 3-2 ------- Information about an oceanic dump site carrying this weight of detail cannot be had. For practical work, one must rely on a much less specific characterization of the turbulence. The consequence is uncertainty about the precise situation to be faced and the details of the dispersion. However, useful general statements can be made and, with due allowance, action taken with little risk. Not all random motions which occur in the ocean are turbulent. It is characteristic of turbulent motion that its associated vorticity is random and that there is no unique relation between the frequency and wave number of the Fourier modes. This distinguishes turbulence from, say, random wave motion in which there is a unique functional counection between frequency and wave number. Turbulence is characteristically diffusive and dissipative. In the ocean, a well-developed surface-mixed layer, in which the motion is turbulent, is often present. In the Gulf of Mexico, this mixed layer is typically 30 m (100 ft) deep. Phillips (1966) describes the mechanism of its development. "When the wind flows across the surface of the water, a tangential surface stress is developed both directly from the interfacial stress and indirectly by the rate of momentum loss from the surface waves by such processes as wave breaking. Below the surface, a turbulent 3-3 ------- mixed layer develops. If the underlying region is statically stable or neutral; that is, if N2>0 [N is the Brunt-Vaisala frequency] the interface between the turbulent and non-turbulent fluid is very sharp, and remains so as the turbulence erodes the lower fluid by entrainment. The temperature and salinity in the mixed layer are both virtually uniform as a result of turbulent diffusion, and unless N2 = 0, the continued erosion results in an increasing contrast between the properties of the water in the mixed layer and that immediately below." Thus, while a passive pollutant introduced into the turbulent mixed layer can be expected to disperse rapidly within the mixed layer, it will penetrate the deeper water only slowly, if at all. The dispersion of a pollutant in the mixed layer is much more rapid in the horizontal than it is in the vertical. The numerical values selected for the estimates which follow are not specific to the dump site, but they are typical of the Gulf of Mexico — and conservative. 3-4 ------- 3.1.2 Active Pollutants If the pollutant is active rather than passive, then those properties inherent in its activity must be used to modify the results deduced for a passive contaminant. A. pollutant may "decay" as time passes, by whatever process, from an undesirable form to a tolerable form and thus pass from the necessity for consideration. Everywhere within the dispersing patch and at any time after the introduction of a pollutant of this kind, the concentrations of the undesirable form will be found to be smaller than those which would occur had it been passive. Thus, we have an effect which reinforces the physical dispersion of the pollutant. A pollutant which flocculates or which is absorbed on particulate matter large enough to fall, will pass out of the turbulent mixed layer into the deeper water. Thus, material of this kind will be more widely dispersed in the vertical than a passive contaminant would be. Within the lower layer, the rates of dispersion by turbulence are much reduced. However, the lower layer is usually quite deep and, if the particle rate of fall is slow, the contaminant may come to rest over a wide region of the bottom. A third kind of "activity", although not strictly an activity of the pollutant, is concentration by the biota. The mixed layer is 3-5 ------- also the euphotic zone where the phytoplankton, which form the base of the food chain, are found. If organisms have the capacity to accumulate and retain a pollutant to levels in excess of the levels in the surrounding water, if further they are grazed by forms which are motile, deductions from the motion of a passive contaminant should be replaced by considerations based on biological uptake rates and migration. Assumptions: 1. The pollutant is passive. 2. The pollutant is introduced into the turbulent mixed layer. 3. The turbulent mixed layer has comparatively high turbulence intensities. 4. The parameters of the turbulent mixed layer used etc. —are not values determined for the dump site but rather typical values to be expected in the Gulf of Mexico chosen to yield a conservative estimate of dispersion. 5. The mechanisms that lead to the establishment of the turbulent mixed layer transfer matter from the lower layer to the mixed layer, but are not such as to effect a downward transport. 6. The mechanism of turbulent dispersion within the mixed layer is much more effective horizontally than it is vertically. 7. The body of water beneath the mixed layer has motions with turbulent intensities far smaller than does the mixed layer except possibly within a thin bottom boundary layer. 8. The low wave number components of the motion in the mixed layer will advect the pollutant out of the dump site. 3-6 ------- Considering a very simplistic approach to the problem of dispersion of wastes, it can be assumed that there are two major mechanisms responsible for the reduction of concentration of the waste in the mixed layer. The first mechanism is associated with the immediate or very rapid mixing as the waste is pumped into the wake of the barge. The second mechanism which proceeds at a much slower rate is due to the dispersion caused by the ambient turbulence of the mixed surface layer. There have been several attempts to quantify the concentration that results in the wake of the barge. A. good summary of these techniques is give by Clark, Rittall, Baumgartner and Dyram The most useful relationship for concentration along the center-line of the wake was: Co(0.493)g du(kt)i2 Where: C= concentration Co= initial concentration q= volumetric discharge d= mixing depth u= barge speed k= turbulent dispersion coefficient t= time values of k have been shown to vary between 1.0ft2/sec, and 30.0 ftz/sec. 3-7 ------- Assuming the parameters: k= 1.0ftz/sec d= 30 ft q= 1.56 cfs u= U.8 f/s Co=1400 ppm (maximum allowable concentration of antimony in the waste is used as an indicator species) yields the function: c = 7.47^ (6) Now, after one minute, the antimony concentration would be 0.96 ppm. Trying to be as conservative as possible, it is assumed that no additional mixing occurs in the wake of the barge. Roughly, this corresponds to a uniform spread of the material throughout a horizontal distance of 100 ft and a vertical distance of 23 feet. This is again somewhat conservative since the patch will occupy a somewhat larger area than the barge and thus, every point will not be at the maximum concentration at the center-line. This plume behind the barge with an antimony concentration of 1 ppm will now mix with the ambient water due primarily to turbulent dispersion and will continue dispersing until the levels reach the natural background. Simplified, the situation will resemble that shown in Figure 2 where the strip represents the wake of the barge. Consider now 3-8 ------- that a vertical slice can be taken and will be representative in two dimensions of the remainder of the plume. The problem now is the dispersion of the material in a two-dimensional field which can be assumed to follow: = E x There are, of course, several assumptions leading to this equation including: 1. There are no cross currents in either direction; 2. The dispersion coefficients are not a function of space or time; and 3. Turbulent dispersion obeys the laws of Fickial diffusion only at a different scale. Solution of this equation requires a finite difference or finite element technique for the situation that is described in Figure 2. This situation has been schematized using the finite element concept as shown in Figure 3. It is further assumed that the dispersion does not carry the material below the mixing layer. The vertical dispersion coefficient was assumed to be 0.01 ft2/sec. A computer routine was used with these coefficients and the boundary conditions mentioned above in the solution of equation 7. The results of the computer simulator for 50 minutes after the barge has passed the point in question is shown in 3-9 ------- Figure 4. A summary of the change in the maximum centerline concentration is given in Table 1. TABLE 1 CONCENTRATIONS OF ANTIMONY ALONG CENTERLINE OF PLUME TIME (minutes) CONCENTRATION (ppm) 0 1.0 25 0.88 50 0.72 500 0.07 1000 0.005 1440 0.0005 Thus, after 24 hours the antimony component of the waste from the barge has been diluted after the initial mixing in the wake of the barge to 0.5 ppb. This is approximately the background level of antimony. 3-10 ------- U) I FIGURE 2 A HIGHLY STRATIFIED MARINE SYSTEM ON WHICH A BARGE HAS DUMPED A LOAD OF WASTE IN THE INDICATED MIXING ZONE INTERSTATE ELECTRONICS CORPORATION ------- FIGURE 3 CROSS-SECTIONAL VIEW OF WATER SYSTEM SHOWING THE MIXING ZONE AND THE FINITE ELEMENT REPRESENTATION INTERSTATE ELECTRONICS CORPORATION ------- tn CO a Q_ fem O en LD O z: CP° o° -H 50, OQ —I 1 \ — SOD,aa 350,ao 400.aa (X101 j a.ao .oa LSQ.UCJ 200, oa 250,00 HGRIZCJNTflL DISTRNCE (METERS) FIGURE 4 CONCENTRATION OF ANTIMONY ALONG THE SURFACE 50 MINUTES AFTER PASSAGE OF THE BARGE INTERSTATE ELBCTROMCS CORPORATION ------- 3.2 HYDROGRAPHY 3.2.1 Currents Types - See Table 2 Directions 0-360° Speeds 0-4 kts (excluding periods of severe weather i.e. hurricanes) Specific characterization of current patterns in and adjacent to the study site is nearly, if not completely, impossible based on the existing data. Types of currents to be expected are listed in Table 2. The major current feature is the loop current and "rings" which are shed by this current. Numerous references dealing with the loop current are cited in Section 4. The consensus of many of the investigators studying the loop current and/or water circulations in the Gulf of Mexico is that a great deal of additional data is needed before anything more than a gross preliminary description can be made. TABLE 2 TYPES OF CURRENTS THAT CAN BE EXPECTED IN OR ADJACENT TO THE DUMP SITE 1. TIDAL 2. LOCAL WIND DRIVEN 3-14 ------- TABLE 2 (cent. Surface Sub-surface 3. REGIONAL WIND DRIVEN Surface Sub-surface 4. LOOP CURRENT AND RINGS 5. BOTTOM 6. SURFACE FRESH OR BRACKISH WATER LENS FLOWING FROM THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER 7. COMBINATIONS AND INTERACTIONS OF 1 through 6. 3.2.2 Mixed Layer (Depth of Seasonal Pycnocline) Vertical extent: 0-100m; with annual variations Controlled by: a. Vertical thermal structure b. Salinity structure c. combinations of a and b (for additional information see references 1, 10, 12 and 15) 3.2.3 Oxygen Distribution Range of values (ml/1): 0.5-10.2 Central eastern Gulf: 2.5-7.0 (ref.4) Mississippi/Alabama Cont. Shelf: 4.0-9.2 (ref.3) Louisiana Continental Shelf: 0.5-10.2 (ref.2) 3-15 ------- Vertical Distribution See References 2, 3, 4, 5, 12, 15 3-16 ------- 3.3 CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS The composite waste as discharged into the Gulf is a varying mixture of organics and natural brines containing some 700-800 ppm antimony. The major organic constituents, comprising some 95% of the total organics present are sodium terephthalate, ethylene glycol, and sodium styrene sulfonate. Due to the presence of the inorganic salts, the waste specific gravity is greater than sea water and averages in the range of 1.12 to 1.13. The pH of the waste will vary between 6.0 and 10.0 but normally runs somewhat closer to 7.0 to 8.0. Suspended solids are reported to be 5000 ppm. The organic constituents in the waste should be biodegradable and would not appear to present a long lasting environmental problem. Most of the substances present in the waste have been satisfactorily treated in biological waste disposal systems. Antimony is present in the waste in several forms; however, the predominant varieties appear to be soluble glycolates and the trioxide. The trioxide may exist in crystalline form at concentrations found in the waste but solubility data indicate that all solid trioxide particles should dissolve at the dilution expected immediately after the waste is discharged into the barge wake. 3-17 ------- The antimony present in the waste must be considered as potentially hazardous to the environment in concentrations above a few parts per million. The toxicity of antimony compounds to plants and animals is well documented. 3.3.1 Waste Flocculation in the Presence of Sea Water No evidence exists or is there reason to believe that any constituent of the waste will produce significant precipitates when mixed with sea water. Particulate antimony trioxide present in the waste should dissolve on dilution with sea water at the mixing rates projected by dispersion models. 3.3.2 Additional Comments and Supporting Calculations 1. The total oxygen demand of the waste, based on requiring one pound of oxygen for one pound of carbon, contained in one barge load is 800 tons. This would depress a cubic mile of water by .116 ppm of oxygen. 2. Organics similar to those present in the waste are treated in industrial waste treatment plants. The organics are broken down by bacteria. The treatment plants have residence times of approximately two days. 3. Solubility of Sb in water at 15°C is .55 x 10-* moles/1 or 9.35 x 10-3 g/1. In the wastes, the Sb is in amounts of 3-18 ------- up to 1.3 x 103 mg/1 or 1.3 g/1. Dilutions of about 139 times are necessary for dissolving the Sb. 4. If the waste were injected below the productive zone, the lower mixing rate that would be expected, and lower dissolved oxygen level would cause lower dilution and slower breakdown of organic portions of the waste and a depression of dissolved oxygen in a low-oxygen environment. 3-19 ------- 3.4 BIOLOGICAL INTERACTION 3.4.1 Biomass-Area Characterizations Based on available data (ref. 4 and included references), the disposal site is one of the richest areas in the Gulf of Mexico. Particulate and dissolved organic carbon is highest in the shelf area of the north central Gulf reflecting the large input from the production of benthic macrophytic plants and the Mississippi River. This is important to the detrital food chain in the Gulf coastal area which is responsible in part for the shrimp crop. Phytoplankton production (C1* Production and Chlorophyll Cone.) is also substantial in this area being similar to other shelf areas in the Gulf. A large portion (75-90%) of marine primary and secondary production takes place in a rather narrow inner- shelf strip often only 10-20 miles wide depending on exchange rates and river input. Vertically, the biomass can be defined by several measurements chlorophyll maxima, depth of the euphotic zone, the distribution of particulate carbon and others. Data on these is available for the Gulf of Mexico; but, as discussed in the following paragraphs, it would be important to have specific information on some of these at the dump site. Based on the dispersion and dilution information and the oxygen values for the Gulf in the region of the dump site (3-6 ml/1 bottom; 6-10 ml/1 surface) oxygen depletion does not appear to be 3-20 ------- a serious consideration. The waste organics as reported do not appear to be particularly refractory to biological degradation. As stated above, the organic constituents of the waste appear degradable while initial toxicities might occur, recovery of the biota could be expected. The portion of the waste that is of concern is antimony. Unquestionably, antimony is a toxic substance as plainly reported by H.E.W., California Board of Health, EPA Guidelines, etc. There is very little information available upon which to base a judgment as to the fate of a complex mixture of organic and inorganic forms of antimony in the marine environment. Information available on other heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Cu) suggest that when they are introduced into the marine system they are rapidly adsorbed and absorbed by the particulate and dissolved organic material in the water column (Ref. 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25) at rates on a time scale of minute - hours. This particular organic material in the euphotic zone represents a large portion of the food for the next trophic levels—shrimp, oysters, fish. The initial killing or inhibition of a portion of marine biota is not as important here as is the rapid association of a toxic heavy metal with the organic cycle of the sea. We certainly don't know what the rates of transfer or eventual fate of antimony would be in the food chain. From all we know about 3-21 ------- other substances, we can certainly say that antimony would be transferred to other trophic levels in the sea. A marine organism, be it fish, plant, or shrimp, reflects most intimately its environment. The antimony added to the Gulf of Mexico will be reflected in the organisms that live in the Gulf of Mexico. Also important: 1. Sediment-air-bacteria transfermations cycle. (Ref. 21) 2. Direct uptake by fish and oysters. (Ref. 21) Comments on toxicity tests: 1. The DuPont data complies with the regulations. However, G. breve is the red tide organism and not one of the 30 major dinoflagellates in the area reported by Balech, 1967. C_._ nana (no clone given) and Isocysis are not representative. 2. There should be an accurate chemical analysis of the effluent batch used for the bioassay procedure or at least a clear identification. The effluent as reported by DuPont is quite variable. 3. Antimony analysis of fish and shrimp from the Gulf area would have been more useful than the bioassays with the organic constituents. 4. Page 00078 (IEC briefing document), is the value for antimony correct? (2 ug/ml) 3-22 ------- 3.4.2 Additional Information On a short term basis, it would be useful to know the particulate carbon and chlorophyll vertical profiles in the area. This would perhaps suggest the best depths for the introduction of a pollutant below the area of maximum production. While it will have little relevence to the decision to dump at present, a seasonal (4) basic environmental study should be made. (Chlorphyll, C1* production, particulate carbon, dissolved organic carbon, nitrate, phosphate, silicate, Zooplankton tows, benthic samples, trawls) Techniques are available to measure low concentrations of antimony by atomic absorption instruments with a heated graphite furnace. This would be valuable for measuring: 1. Antimony concentration in the benthos near the dump site and at a control site. 2. Antimony concentration in shrimp and zoo-plankton taken in tows in the wake of the barge quarter to one-half mile per way. Also compared to a control site. 3. The antimony concentration in the millipore filtered water and in the particulate carbon filtered from the water in the plume in the wake of the barge (also the concentration at a control site). 3-23 ------- Section 4 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CITED MATERIAL 1. Schroeder, W.W. and Berner, L.T., The Oceanic Waters of the Gulf of Mexico and Yucatan Strait During July^ 1969 (In Press) 2. Southwest Research Institute, Hydrography on the Nearshore Continental Shelf of South Central Louisiana, Southwest Research Institute OETKING, October, 1973 3. Smith, Robert E (Ed), Proceedings of Marine Environmental Implications of Offshore Drillingf Eastern Gulf of Mexico State Univergity System of Florida Institue of_ Oceanography, March 1974, 2ii~ib. Emphasis: Hydrographic and Current Structure on Western Continental Shelf of the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico P-395 4. American Geographical Society, Serial Atlag of the Marine Environment, Folio 22, American Geographical Society 1972, Contribution 502 LOG Map 62-2 4-1 ------- 5. Capurro, L.R.A. (Ed) , Contributions on the Physical Oceanography of the Gull of Mexico, Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, Texas 1970. Emphasis: Chapter 1, Winter Circulation Patterns and Property Distributions 6. Swift, P.J., Duane, D.B., Pilkey, O.H., Shelf Sediment Transport: Process and Pattern 7. Dowden Hutchison & Ross, Stroudsberg, Pa. 1972, LOG 72-88985 8. Ichiye, Kero & Carnes, Assessment of Currents and Hydrography of the Eastern Gulf of Mexico, Department of Oceaography, Texas ASM, Contribution 601, September, 1973 T 9. Leipper, Dale F-, A Sequence of Current Patterns in the Gulf of Mexico, Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M, Reference 67-9, June 1967 10. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Separate from Gulf of Mexico, It's Origin Waters and Marine Life, Fishery Bulletin 89, Washington, 1954 °f the Gulf of Mexico, Unpublished paper. , The Me so Scale Circulation 4-2 ------- 12. State University System of Florida Institute of Oceanography, A Summary of Knowledge of the Eastern Gulf of Mexico, 1973 13. Phillips, O.M., The Dynamicg of the Upper Ocean, Cambridge University Press, London, 1966 LOG 66-17054 14. U.S. Navy Oceaographic Office, Atla^s of Pilot Charts^ Central American Waters and South Atlantic Ocean, Publication 106, 1969 15. Nowlin, W.D. Jr., Water Masses and General Circulation of the Gulf of Mexico, Oceanology International, February 1971, p. 28-33 16. Southwest Research Institute, Currents on the Nearshore Continental Shelf of South Central Louisiana, preliminary draft OEI-01, OETKING, October 1973 17. Huckabee, J.W., Blaylock, E.G., Transfer of Mercury, and Cadmium from Terrestrial to Aquatic Ecosystems, from: Metal Ions in Biolgoical Systems Plenum Press, New York 18. Dalar, S.G. et al.. Mercury Accumulation by. Myriophyllum Spec at urn L, from: Environmental Letters 1971, p. 191-198 4-3 ------- 19. Rothstein, A., Cell Membrane as Site of Action of Heavy Metals, Federation Proceedings, Volume 18, 1959 20. Davies, A.G., The Growth Kinetics of Isochrysis Galleana in Culture Containing Sub Lethal Concentrations of Mercuric Chrloride, J. Marine Biology Ass., U.K., 1974, p. 157-169 21. Wood, J.M., Biological Cycles for Toxic Elements in the Environment, Science, Volume 183, March 15, 1974 22. Jensen, S., and Jernelove, A., "Biological Methylation of Mercury in Aquatic Organism." Nature (G.B.) 233, 5207 (1969) 23. Wood, J.M., et al., "Synthesis of Methyl-mercury Compounds by Extracts of a Methanogenic Bacterium." Nature (G.B.) 220, 173 (1968) 24. Glooschenki, W.A. Accumulation of 203Hg by a Marine Diatom Chaetoceros Costatum, J. Physiol., 5, 224, 1969 25. Gutknecht, J. D., Uptake, Retention, and Loss of Zinc-65 and Cesium-137 by Littoral Algae, Thesis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1964 4-4 ------- 26. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, Environmental Conditions within Specified Geographical Regions, Final report prepared for the National Data Buoy Center, National Ocean Survey, p. 17-18, August 13, 1970 27- Kinsman, B., Wind Waves. Their Generation and Propogation on the Ocean Surface, Prentice Hall, 1965 LOC 64-10186 28. Balech, E.r Bull. Marine Science 17:280-298, 1967 4-5 ------- Section 5 5.1 ADDRESSES OF PARTICIPANTS NAME ADDRESS TELEPHONE F.C. Alley Professor of Chemical Engineering Chemical Engineering Clemson University Clemson, S.C. 29631 803-656-3055 Department William M. Dunstan Assistant Professor of Oceanography Skidaway Institute of Oceanography Savannah, Georgia 31406 912-352-1631 Billy L. Edge Associate Professor of Civil Civil Engineering Engineering Clemson University Clemson, South Carolina 29631 803-656-3277 Department S.T. Kelly Project Manager Ocean Disposal Study Environmental Engineering Division Interstate Electronics Corporation 707 E. Vermont Anaheim, California 92803 714-772-2811 Ext. 1562 B. Kinsman Consultant C.F. McFarlane Oceanographer Disposal Study Blair Kinsman & Associates Riva, Maryland 21140 301-956-2983 Environmental Engineering Division Ocean Interstate Electronics Corporation 707 E. Vermont Anaheim, California 92803 714-772-2811 Ext. 1551 5-1 ------- William W. Schroeder Assistant Professor of Marine University of Alabama Science Dauphin Island Sea Lab Box 386 Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528 205-861-3702 R.C. Timme General Manager Environmental Engineering Division Interstate Electronics Corporation 707 E. Vermont Anaheim, California 92803 714-772-2811 Ext. 1558 5-2 ------- 5.2 RESUMES OF PARTICIPANTS FORREST C. ALLEY Professor of Chemical Engineering Clemson University Clemson, South Carolina Education: B.S. Auburn University 1951, Chen-deal Engineering Air Force 1 year graduate meteorology course, New York University, 1952 M.S. Auburn University 1955, Chemical Engineering Ph.D. University of North Carolina 1962, Environmental Engineering Honors: Phi Lambda Upsilon, Chemistry Phi Kappa Phi, Scholarship Tau Beta Pi, Engineering Delta Omega, Public Health Sigma Xi, Research Awarded USPHS traineeship in 1959 Positions Held: 1952-1955 Weather Officer U.S. Air Force. Service in Japan and Korea. In addition ot duty as operations briefing officer, also held administrative position as Detachment Supply Officer and Detachment Commander. 1956-1958 Process Engineer, Shell Oil Company, Norco, Louisiana. Assignments included process engineering, technical assistance, and computer applications. 1958-1959 Assistant Professor, Chemical Engineering Department, Clemson University 1959-1961 Doctoral student at University of North Carolina 1961-1963 Assistant Professor, Clemson University 1963-1969 Associate Professor, Clemson University 1969 to date Professor, Clemson University 1973 Acting Department Head for a period of four months during illness of Dr. Littlejohn Research Experience 5-3 ------- Principal Investigator, "Design of Waste Treatment Facilities for Recovery and Disposal of Electrochemical Machinery Wastes", General Electric Company, Summer 1973 Principal Investigator, "Removal of Sulfur Compounds from Stack Gases", West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company, 1967- 1971 Co-Principal Investigator, "Design Parameters for Deep Stabilization Ponds", U.S. Army Medical Research Command 1965-1966 Principal Investigator, "Temperature Mechanism in Atmospheric Oxidant Process", USPHS 1963-1965 Principal Investigator, "Electrical Waste Treatment Methods", USPHS 1965 Co-Principal Investigator, "Design Parameters for Stabilization Ponds", S.C. Pollution Control Board, 1963- 1965 Co-Principal Investigator, "Non-mechanical Pulse Columns", Union Carbide Nuclear, 1959 Graduate Theses Directed "A Study of the Occurrence of Photochemical Smog with Emphasis on Temperature Effects", M.S. 1965 "The Effect of Temperature on the Rate of the Photochemical Reaction of Pentene-1 in Air in the Presence of Nitrogen Dioxide and Water Vapor", M.S. 1965 "A Study of the Use of Electrokenetic Methods for the Removal of Suspended Lyophobic Particles Dispersed in Water", M.S. 1965 "The Effect of Humidity on the Adsorpition of Methyl Mercaptan on a Fixed-Bed of Activiated Carbon", M.S. 1967 "The Design and Evaluation of an Experimental Vapor- Liquid Equilibrium Still", M.S. 1968 "A Study of the Effect of Operating Parameters on the Removal of Suspended Activiated Carbon Particles in Water with an Electro-coagulation Unit", M.S. 1968 5-4 ------- "An Investigation of the Degrees of Chemical Oxygen Demand Removal obtained from the Treatment of a Wastewater Stream Containing Emulsified Textile Finishing Oils", M.S. 1970 "An Investigation of the Dynamic Parameters of the Adsorption of Selected Hydrocarbons on a Fixed Bed of Activated Carbon using a Pulse Chromatographic Technique", PhD. 1970 "Fluid Bed Adsorption of Low Concentrations of Sulfur Dioxide in Air onto Activated Carbon", PhD. 1970 "A Study of the Steam Regeneration of a Fixed Bed of Activated Carbon used to Adsorb Hydrogen Sulfide", M.S. 1970 "Mass Transfer Coeeficients in Fluidized Beds", M.S. 1971 "The Adsorption of Trichloroethylene onto a Fluidized Bed of Activated Carbon", M.S. 1972 "Turbulent Thin Film Evaporation of a Wastewater Containing Emulsified Textile Spin Finishing Oils", M.S. 1972 "The Reduction of Nitric Oxide on Activated Carbon at Elevated Temperatures", PhD. 1972 12. Industrial Consulting A. Major or long term projects 1. General Electric Ompany, Greenville S.C. Design of facilities for disposal of electromachinery wastes. 2. General Electric Company, Hendersonville, N.C., Industrial Hygiene plant survey. 3. Hoechst Fibers, Spartanburg, S.C., Design and modification of plant waste treatment system. 4. Dow-Badische Company, Anderson, S.C., Principal Consultant on waste treatment 1969 to date. 5. Greenwood Mills, Orangeburg, S.C., Principal Consultant on waste treatment 1969 to date. 6. Thermo-Kinetics Inc., Greenville, S.C., Principal Consultant on development and application of high rate filter for industrial wastes 1970 to date. 7. Charleston Rubber Company, Clover, S.C», Supervised design of waste treatment system for plant expansion. 5-5 ------- 8. Bishop Associates, Greenville, S.C., Design of treatment system for new fiberglass plant. 5-6 ------- WILLIAM M. DUNSTAN Biologist Assistant Professor Skidaway Institute of Oceanography Education B.S. Yale University 1956 (Engineering) M.S. Florida State University 1967 (Marine Biology) Ph.D. Florida state University 1969 (Biology) Experience Lieutenant j.g., 1956-1960, U.S. Naval Air Intelligence Loan Analyst, 1960-1962, International Division, Chase Manahattan Bank Product Development Engineer, 1962-1965, Celanese Corporation of America Instructor, Marine Biology, 1967, Florida State University National Science Foundation, Pre-Doctoral Fellow, 1967-1969 Visiting Research Oceaographer, Summer, 1969, Naval Research Laboratory Postdoctoral Investigator, 1969-1970, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Assistant Scientist, 1970-1972, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and Visiting Professor, Bridgewater State University (Biolgoical Oceanography, 1969-1971) Assistant Professor, 1972 to present, Skidaway Institute of Oceanography Member, American Society of Limnology and Oceanography Member, American Phycological Society Member, Marine Biological Association of the U.K. Consultant, Maine Central Power Company Consultant, Boston Edison Company Consultant, Narrangansett Electric Company Publications Dunstan, W.M. and D. W. Menzel, Continuous Cultures of Natural Populations of Marine Phytoplanjcton in Dilute, Treated Sewage Effluent Limnology Oceanography, 916 (4):623-632, 1971 Ryther, John H. and William M. Dunstan, Nitrogen„ Phosphorus and Eutrophication in the Coastal Marine Environment Science, 1008- 1013, 1971 Ryther, J. H., W. M. Dunstan, D. R. Tenore and J. E. Huguenin, Controlled Eutrophication Increasing Food Production from the Sea by. Recycling Human Wastes Bioscience, 22 (3) : 141-152,~ 5-7 ------- Dunstan, W.M. and K.R. Tenore, Intensive Outdoor Culture of Marine Phytoplankton Enriched with Treated Sewage Effluent Aquaculture, 1:181-192, 1972 Tenore, K.R. and W.M. Dunstan, Growth Comparisons of Oysters^ Mussels and Scallops Cultivated on Algae Grown with Artificial Medium and Treated Sewage Effluent Chesapeake Science, 1U(1):64~ 66, 1973 Menzel, D.W. and W.M. Dunstan, Growth Measurements by. the Analysis of Carbon Handbook of Phycological Methods, Phycological Society of America, pp. 313-320, 1973 Dunstan, W.M., A Comparison of the Photosynthesis-Light Intensity Relationship in Phylogenetically Different Marine Mjcroalgae Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 13:179-185, 1973 Tenore, K.R. and W.M. Dunstan, Comparison of Feeding and Biodeposition of Three Bivalves at Different Food Levels Marine Biology, 21 (3):190-195, 1973 Tenore, K.R. and W.M. Dunstan, Comparison of Rates of Feeding and Biodeposition of the American Oyster, Crassostrea Virginica Fed on Different Species of Phytoplankton Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 12:19-26, 1973 5-8 ------- BILLY L. EDGE Associate Progessor of Civil Engineering Clemson University Clemson, South Carolina Education B.S. Virginia Polytechnic Institute Civil Engineering M.S. Virginia Polytechnic Institute Civil Engineering Ph.D. Georgia Institute of Technology Civil Engineering Experience May 1972 - date: Associate Professor of Civil Engineering Clemson University August 1970 - May 1972: Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering Clemson University January 1970 - August 1970: Surveying Instructor, McCombs County Community College, Warren, Michigan August 1968 - August 1970: Research Physical Scientist, Deputy District Engineer, and Captain, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Great Lakes Research Center, Detroit, Michigan March 1967 - June 1967: Teaching Fellow, Georgia Institute of Technology March 1965 - September 1965: Research Assistant, Virginia Polytechnic Institute Edge, B., and P.G. Mayer, Discussion of "Spectra Analysis of Ocean Wave Forces on Piling" by Leon Entry Borgman, Journal of the Waterways and Harbors Division, ASCE, February 1968 Edge, B.L., and P.C. Liu, Comparing Spectra Computed by Blackman- Tukey and FFT^, Proceedings of ASCE-EMD Specialty Conference on Probabilistic Concepts and Methods of Engineering, Purdue University, November 1969 Edge, B.,., and P.G. Mayer, A Stochastic Model for the Response °f Permanent Offshore Structures Sub-ject to Soil Restraints and Wave"Forces, Water Resources Center Report WRC-0269, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, April 1969 5-9 ------- Edge, B.L.f An Analysis of a Deep-Water Structure for the Great Lakes, Proceedings Thirteenth Conference of the International Association for Great Lakes Research, 1970 Edge, B.L., P.G. Mayer, and G.A. Pierce, An Analysis Technique for Composite Structures Sub-ject to Dynamic Loads, Journal of Applied Mechanics, ASME, March 1971 Edge, B.L., and B.C. Dysart, III, A Hydrodynamic Model for the Barge Disposal of Dredge Material at Sea presented to the ASCE National Water Resources Meeting, Atlanta, January 1972 Edge, B.L., and B.C. Dysart, III, Modeling Techniques for Siting Large Thermal Power Plants on Industrialized Estuaries Proceedings of International Symposium on Mathematical Modeling Techniques in Water Resources Systems, Ottawa, Ontario, 1972 Edge, B.L., Ocean Engineering and Coastal Pollution Presented to the ASCE National Water Resources Meeting, Atlanta, January 1972 Edge, B.L., Hydrodynamic Analysis of Sludge Dumped in Coastal Waters Proceedings Thirteenth International Conference on Coastal Engineering, Vancouver, July 1972 Edge, B.L., Mathematical Simulation of Spoiling Presented at the Environmental Modification by Dredge Activities Workshop, Morehead City, North Carolina, August 1972 Edge, B.L., and J.O. Conn, Hybrid computer Simulation of a Moored BuoyJ5 Proceedings of Ocean ^72 IEEE International Conference on Engineering in the Ocean Environment, Newport, Rhode IslandT September 1972 Edge, B.L., and B.C. Dysart, III, Transport Mechanisms Governing Sludges and Other Materials Barged to Sea A Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems Engineering Report, Clemson University, September 1972 Edge, B.L., Editor, Coastal Zone Pollution Management Clemson University, January 1973 Edge, B.L., Coastal Pollution Management:^ A Summary, Chapter 15 in Coastal Zone Pollution Management, Clemson University, January 1973 Dysart, B.C. Ill, and B.L. Edge, Systems Approach in Power Plant Siting: Engineering Economic Aspects Presented to the ASCE National Water Resources Meeting, Washington, D.C., January 1973 5-10 ------- McChesney, S.W. , and B.L. Edge, The Intracoastal Waterway from Winyah Bay to Little River—Hydrodynamics of Water Quality Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the South Carolina Academy of Science, Columbia, March 1973 McCabe, W.J., J.E. McCoy, and B.L. Edge, A New Approach to Estuarine Water Quality Modeling, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the South Carolina Academy of Science^ Columbia, 19^3^ Edge, B.L., F.E. Weisgerber and J.F. O'Brien, Hybrid Computer Simulation of Buoy Dynamics and Stream Transport Proceedings of 1973 Southwestern Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Conference, Houston, April 1973 Edge, B.L., Environmentally Compatible Techniques for Dumping Dredge SjDojL^l at Sea Proceedings of World Dredging Conference, WODCONV, Hamburg, Germany June 1973 Edge, B.L. and S.W. McChesney, Water Quality Management Model Presented to the 54th Annual Meeting of the American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C , June 1973 Edge, B.L. and J.E. McCoy, Environmental Quality Prediction in Fjords Proceedings of Ocean '73 IEEE International Conference on Engineering in the Ocean Environment, Seattle, September 1973 Edge, B.L., Finite Element Modeling for Water Quality Management presented at the Oregon State University Ocean Engineering Seminar Series, September 1973 Callcott, F.D. and B.L. Edge, Water Quality Model^ Intracoastal Wa t erway-Waccamaw River Report from Harwood Beebe Company to South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, February 1974 Edge, B.L., Mathematical Modeling for Water Quality in Coastal Areas^ Presented at the Texas A&M University, Ocean Engineering Seminar Series, March 1974 Edge, B.L., Role of Mechanics in Environmental Engineering Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Southweatern Sectionof the American Society of Engineering Educators, April 1974 5-11 ------- SAMUEL T. KELLY Oceanographic Engineer Interstate Electronics Corporation Anaheim, California Education iTs? California State Polytechnic Electronic Engineering College M.A. California State University Physical Science Long Beach Experience 1973 - present: Project Manager, Ocean Disposal Program 1972 - 1973: Performed field studies on coastal zone water quality monitoring in southeastern United States 1961 - 1972: Project Engineer (Interstate Electronics Corporation) for a wide range of scientific and engineering projects Author of over forty publications in the field of environmental science and instrumentation. 5-12 ------- WILLIAM W. SCHROEDER Assistant Professor Marine science University of Alabama Education Ph.D. Texas A&M University Oceanography Publications 1974: Hydrographic and Current Structure on the Western Continental shelf of the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico. (w/G.F. Crozier) in: Proceeding of Marine Environmental Implications of Offshore Drilling—Eastern Gulf of Mexico: 1974, State University System of Florida Institute of Oceanography Publ. 74-4 In press: The Oceanic Waters of the Gulf of Mexico and Yucantan Strait during July, 1969, (w/L. Berver, Jr. and W. D. Norolin, Jr.), Bull, of Marine Science, Univ. of Miami. 5-13 ------- BLAIR KINSMAN Riva, Maryland 21140 Education The Principia College, Elsah, Illinois S.B. University of Chicago Mathematics Universidad Nacional de Mexico, Escuela de Verano M.S. The Johns Hopkins University Oceanography Ph.D. The Johns Hopkins University Oceanography Experience 1953-1958: Instructor, Department of Oceanography, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 1960-1961: Research Scientist, Chesapeake Bay Institue, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 1961-1966: Assistant Professor of Oceanography, Department of Oceanography, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 1966-1970: Associate Professor of Oceanography, Department of Earth and Planetary sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 1970-1971: Professor of Oceanography, College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 1972-1973: Coordinator, Rhode River Program, Chesapeake Research Consortium, Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies-Smithsonian Institution, Edgewater, Maryland 1973 to date: Blair Kinsman & Associates, Consultants, Riva, Maryland Publications Kinsman, B., Surface Waves at Short Fetches and Low Wind Speeds— A Field Study, Volumes \± 2L and 3 Chesapeake Bay Institute Tech. Rep. XIX, Ref. 60-1, 592 pp. Kinsman, B., River Tides in McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. p. 586 Kinsman, B., Tidal Bore in McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. p. 632 Kinsman, B., Some Evidence on the Effect of Nonlinearity on the Position of the Equilibrium Range in Wind Wave Spectra Journal Geophsical Research 66(8)2411-2415 5-14 ------- Kinsman, B. „ W_iad Waye_s—-Their Generation and Propagation oil tne Ocean Surface Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. xiii * 676 pp. Kinsman, B. „ Notes on Tides^ Seiches^ and Long Waves The Jorbis Hopkins University, Department of Oceanography, Lecture No--...-;i, 258 pp. Kinsman, B., Notes on Lectures on Estuarine Oceanography Delivered by D^W. Pritchard 3_ October to Vf± December 1960 The Johns Hopkins University, Department of Oceanography, Lecture Notes. 154 pp. Kinsman, B. , On Scholarship The Johns Hopkins Magazine 18(1)2-6. Kinsman, B., An Exploration of the Origin and Persistence of the S^auJojd: Wind Force Scale Chesapeake Bay Institute Tech. Rep. 39, Ref. 69-7T 55pp. Kinsman, B., On Field Experiments, with a Sketch of a Plan for a Wind Wave Generation Field Experiment to be Carried Out Off Aruba, N.A. Aboard the R/V RIDGELY WARFIELD Chesapeake Bay Institute Tech. Rep. 42, Ref. 68-1o7 66 pp. Kinsman, B. , Historical Notes on the Original Beaufort Scale The Marine Observer, 39(225)116-124. Kinsman, B., Who Put the Wind Speeds in Admiral Beaufort1 s Force Scale? Oceans Magazine 2(2)18-25. Kinsman, B. , Ocean Surface Conditions (ocean truth) in Space Geodesy Altimetry Verification Experiment Design Study (VEDS), Final Report. SR 70-4108. Raytheon Company, Equipment Division, Sudbury, Massachusetts. 43pp. Kinsman, B., Wind Waves—Their Generation and Propagation on the Ocean Surface Japanese Translation. 2 volumes. Tokyo, Japan. Kinsman, B., Estuarine Hydrodynamics A Series of Ten Lectures Given at the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 7 August 1972 through 18 August 1972. 212 pp. 5-15 ------- CHARLES F. McFARLANE Oceanographer Interstate Electronics Corporation Anaheim, California Education Chemistry major Yuba College, California Experience 1973 to date: Field Engineer- Ocean Waste Disposal Study Interstate Electronics Corporation 1971-1973: Field Engineer - Coastal Zone Water Quality Monitoring Investigation Interstate Electronics Corporation 1971: Marine Technician - Scripps Institute of Oceanography, Geosecs Program 1966-1971: Marine Technician - Field Studies, Data Analysis, Dillingham Corporation and Bendix Corporation 1963-1966: Marine Technician - Field Studies, Data Analysis, U. S. Navy - China Lake MOTS Memberships American Chemical Society Marine Technology Society Publications Ocean Waste Disposal Practices in Metropolitan Areas of California, 1974 Coastal Zone Water Quality Monitoring in Los Angeles/Orange Counties, 1973 Coastal Zone Water Quality Monitoring in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1972 5-16 ------- |