xvEPA
United State*
Environmental Protection
Agency
Research And
Devetopment
EPA-600 'R-92-16S
September 1992
Control Technology Center
FY91: A Fifth Year of Growth
control
technology center
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ANNUAL REPORT
CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CENTER
FY91: A FIFTH YEAR OF GROWTH
Control Technology Center
Sponsored by:
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NO 27711
Emission Standards Division
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NO 27711
EPA REVIEW NOTICE
This report has been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and
approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily
reflect the views and policy of the Agency, nor does mention of trade names or
commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/R-92-169
September 1992
ANNUAL REPORT
CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CENTER
FY91: A FIFTH YEAR OF GROWTH
Prepared by:
Beth Crabtree
Acurex Environmental Corporation
4915 Prospectus Drive
P.O. Box 13109
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
EPA Contract No. 68-DO-0141
Technical Directive No. 92-043
Project Officer
Charles H. Darvin
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Prepared for:
Control Technology Center
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
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PREFACE
The Control Technology Center (CTC) has produced this report to inform U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) management staff and other interested individuals of the status of the CTC's
continued efforts to support the nation's air quality program. The CTC is a cooperative effort between
EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS), Emission Standards Division, and the Office
of Research and Development, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory (AEERL).
The CTC provides technical assistance and technology transfer to state and local air pollution
control agencies and to EPA's regional offices. It also provides technical information to other governmental
agencies, both foreign and domestic. In fiscal year 1991 (FY91), the CTC began providing limited services
to private organizations in response to the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA).
This report summarizes CTC projects and other program activities conducted between October
1990 and September 1991. It also presents and analyzes program statistics, which allows management
staff to evaluate the Centers validity. Finally, the report documents the growing demand for CTC support
from businesses and governmental agencies.
/.
Co-Chair f
Air and Energy Engineering Charles H. Darvin Date'
Research Laboratory
>* 7/28/92
Co-Chair ^
Office of Air Quality /Rober^/^szczak^//^ Date
Planning and Standards ' (/ " ^
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CONTENTS
Section Page
PREFACE ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vi
Introduction vi
Changes in Program Scope vi
Administrative Changes vi
Use of CTC Program Services vii
Outreach Activities viii
Other CTC Activities viii
CTC Resources viii
Conclusion • ix
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 PROGRAM STATUS AND ANALYSIS 2
2.1 Changes in Program Scope 2
2.2 Administrative Changes 3
2.3 Program Activity 4
2.3.1 The CTC HOTLINE 4
2.3.1.1 Topics Of HOTLINE Calls 7
2.3.1.2 Origins of Governmental HOTLINE Calls 13
2.3.1.3 Geographical Analysis 21
2.3.2 Technical Assistance 21
2.3.3 The CTC Bulletin Board System 26
2.3.4 The RACT/BACT/LAER Clearinghouse 26
2.3.5 Federal Small Business Assistance Program 27
2.4 CTC Reports and Software 28
2.5 Outreach Activities 28
3 PROGRAM BUDGET EXPENDITURES 30
4 CONCLUSIONS 31
5 RECOMMENDATIONS 33
APPENDIX A. CTC Projects Initiated in FY91 34
APPENDIX B. CTC Projects Completed in FY91 36
APPENDIX C. CTC-Generated Reports and Software 40
in
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FIGURES
Figure Page
1. HOTLINE totals for past four fiscal years 5
2. FY91 monthly non-governmental HOTLINE totals 6
3. Percent increase in HOTLINE calls over previous fiscal years 8
4. Percentage of calls from governmental agencies 19
5. Comparison of calls from state and local agencies 20
6. Number of governmental calls by EPA region 22
7. Comparison of calls from EPA regions 23
8. Distribution of governmental calls by state 24
9. Distribution of non-governmental calls by state 25
TABLES
Table
1. Distribution of Governmental HOTLINE Calls by Process* 9
2. Distribution of Non-governmental HOTLINE Calls by Process* 11
3. Governmental HOTLINE Calls—Process* Analysis 14
4. Governmental HOTLINE Calls Unrelated to a Process 15
5. Distribution of Governmental HOTLINE Calls by Pollutant* 16
6. Distribution of Non-governmental HOTLINE Calls by Pollutant* 17
7. Governmental HOTLINE Calls—Pollutant Analysis 18
8. Expansion of CTC Program Utilization for FY91 „ 32
IV
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ACKNOWLEDGEM ENTS
The CTC acknowledges the efforts of many people who have contributed to the program's
success. The Center especially recognizes staff members from OAQPS and AEERL, who have
enthusiastically responded to requests for assistance. The CTC Steering Committee and Advisory
Work Group also have provided crucial support and guidance for the program's development.
Representatives from the State and Territorial Air Pollution Program Administrators/Association of Local
Air Pollution Control Officials (STAPPA/ALAPCO) and EPA's Region 3 comprise the Advisory Work
Group. The CTC also acknowledges the support and confidence shown by its many governmental and
non-governmental clients. These clients have used the program's services with increasing frequency,
and have recommended the CTC to their colleagues in the air pollution control community.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
This report summarizes the Control Technology Center's (CTC's) activities and
accomplishments during FY91. It discusses changes in the Center's scope and growth resulting from
the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA). Program activities and outreach efforts during FY91 are
also documented. Finally, this report examines strategies to maintain the CTC's continued success in
providing technical assistance to governmental air pollution control agencies and the private sector.
CHANGES IN PROGRAM SCOPE
The 1990 CAAA expanded the CTC's role of providing technical assistance to the private
sector, thus increasing the CTC's clientele. Titles III and V of the CAAA require EPA to provide
technical assistance to the new state small business technical assistance programs when they become
operational, and to "others," which CTC sponsors have interpreted to mean the private sector. The
CTC began providing limited technical support to non-governmental clients in January 1991 to comply
with the mandate of the CAAA. The CTC has thus become the focal point of the Federal Small
Business Assistance Program.
ADMINISTRATIVE CHANGES
In mid-FY91, the CTC added four technical staff members to respond to the growing number of
requests for assistance. In addition, the CTC advisory organization, the State and Territorial Air
Pollution Program Administrators and Association of Local Air Pollution Control Officials
(STAPPA/ALAPCO), appointed two non-voting members to the CTC Steering Committee (SC). The
new members will advise the committee on the program's effectiveness in providing technical
vi
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assistance to state and local organizations. They will also otter suggestions tor areas in which the CTC
might initiate technical activities to support state and local air pollution agencies.
USE OF CTC PROGRAM SERVICES
The CTC operates a telephone HOTLINE service statted by technical experts from the
sponsoring organizations. The HOTLINE permits immediate response to most simple technical
assistance requests. When a more detailed analysis or evaluation of a request is required, it is referred
to an expert in the particular field. During FY91, the HOTLINE database recorded 1,296 calls from
state and local agencies, EPA regional offices, and other foreign and domestic governmental agencies.
Those calls represent an 18 percent increase over governmental calls recorded in FY90. As required
by the CAAA, the CTC began providing limited technical assistance to private industry in December
1990. Technical assistance is provided to the private sector in the form of HOTLINE consultations and
other activities requiring no CTC financial resources. An additional 772 calls were recorded from
private sector clients between December 1990 and the end of the fiscal year, which resulted in a total
number of FY91 HOTLINE calls (governmental plus private sector clients) of 2,068, or an 89 percent
increase over FY90 calls.
An analysis of topics of FY91 HOTLINE calls shows that painting and coating, incineration, and
boilers were the most common topics. The most frequent pollution categories of concern among
HOTLINE callers were volatile organic compounds, air toxics, and paniculate matter.
In addition to the HOTLINE, the CTC initiated an electronic bulletin board system (BBS) in
August 1991. The BBS may be accessed 24-hours per day by anyone with a personal computer
equipped with communication software and a modem. Users can make HOTLINE-type requests and
access or download CTC-generated documents and software via the BBS. A CTC staff member
monitors the BBS daily to ensure quick response to requests received via this service. During the first
full month of operation in FY91, the BBS averaged 79 accesses per week.
The CTC initiated nine technical guidance and four engineering assistance projects. Many of
these projects resulted from HOTLINE and written requests for technical assistance. Finally, as part of
VII
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its technology transfer effort, the Center distributed more than 4,000 reports documenting the results of
CTC projects.
OUTREACH ACTIVITIES
The CTC conducted several outreach activities during FY91. More than 2,600 individuals
received the CTC News, the CTC's quarterly bulletin. This publication informs readers of the
assistance, expertise, and technical information available through the CTC. The CTC News also solicits
input from its audience about their air pollution control needs.
Other FY91 outreach efforts included: promotional activities at the CAAA Title III workshop, an
exhibit at the Air and Waste Management Association (AWMA) annual meeting, a presentation at the
Annual OAQPS/EPA Regional Office Air Programs Workshop, a presentation and work group activities
at the National New Source Review Workshop, and a program briefing at the Department of Defense
Joint Depot Environmental Panel's VOC Workshop.
OTHER CTC ACTIVITIES
Also incorporated into the program was the Reasonably Available Control Technology/Best
Available Control Technology/Lowest Achievable Emission Rate (RACT/BACT/LAER) Clearinghouse,
formerly the BACT/LAER Clearinghouse, and its associated database. The Clearinghouse was
accessed more than 1,400 times during FY91 by all categories of clientele. This total represents a 250
percent increase in accesses over the FY90 total.
In late FY91, the CTC was chosen to be the focal point of the Federal Small Business
Assistance Program (SBAP). This program, required by Title V, Section 507 of the 1990 CAAA, is
designed to assist the state small business assistance programs. The federal SBAP will draw on
several of the existing EPA technical assistance centers and hotlines.
CTC RESOURCES
The CTC expended $610,900 on technical assistance projects during FY91. This amount is a
9 percent increase over the $562,400 the CTC spent in FY90 on technical assistance projects.
VIII
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CONCLUSION
The CTC continues to grow. The 90 percent increase in HOTLINE calls resulted from an
increase in calls from governmental agencies and the additional calls from the private sector.
In addition, each of the other CTC services experienced significant increases. The
RACT/BACT/LAER Clearinghouse experienced a 250 percent increase in accesses for FY91. In its first
months of operation, the BBS averaged 79 accesses per week. Finally, more than 4,000 CTC
documents were mailed during FY91.
These increases are evidence that the CTC is providing a valuable service to the air pollution
control community.
IX
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
The Control Technology Center (CTC) has completed its fifth year of successful operation in
providing technical assistance to state, local, and federal air pollution control agencies. In fiscal year
1991 (FY91), the Center also began providing limited technical assistance to the private sector in
compliance with the mandates of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA). This report
summarizes the operation of the CTC during FY91. It documents the program's technical and
administrative efforts during the period to respond to increased demands from the pollution control
community for technical assistance.
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SECTION 2
PROGRAM STATUS AND ANALYSIS
2.1 CHANGES IN PROGRAM SCOPE
The CTC began providing emission and control technology assistance in 1986 in response to
EPA's strategy to reduce public exposure to toxic pollutants in the ambient air. Since its inception, the
Center has expanded its scope to address changing emission source and control technology needs
associated with air toxics, paniculate matter (PM), oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, carbon monoxide, lead,
PM10, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). During these expansions, the program maintained its
ability to respond quickly to technical assistance requests.
Titles III and V of the 1990 CAAA precipitated CTC expansion in FY91 through requirements
that EPA provide technical support not only to state and local pollution control agencies, but also to all
state small business assistance programs and the private sector. OAQPS and AEERL management
selected the CTC as the best vehicle to implement the mandate of the Amendments because of its
established structure and reputation in the air pollution control community. Thus, in the second quarter
of FY91, the CTC began providing limited technical information and assistance to private businesses.
Limited assistance includes CTC HOTLINE service and activities that do not require CTC financial
resources.
The CTC became the umbrella organization for the new Federal Small Business Assistance
Program (SBAP). This program will draw resources from several existing EPA technical assistance
service centers. To facilitate this effort, the CTC initiated the formation of guidelines for regulatory
development groups to use in the preparation of Small Business Enabling documents. These
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documents will explain new emission standards in layman's terms. The CTC/SBAP will review these
documents, coordinate their review with the EPA Small Business ombudsman and other federal
officials, and organize distribution of the final documents. The CTC will also consider requests for
engineering assistance and technical guidance projects in support of state small business programs.
In FY91, the CTC incorporated one of its traditional information and data sources into its
program—the Reasonably Available Control Technology/Best Available Control Technology/Lowest
Achievable Emission Rate (RACT/BACT/LAER) Clearinghouse, formerly the BACT/LAER
Clearinghouse. The CTC routinely refers to the Clearinghouse for emission and control technology and
strategy data. Upon request, the CTC will provide information on accessing Clearinghouse data to any
governmental or private sector client. More than 250 of the 1,296 CTC governmental HOTLINE calls
requested Clearinghouse data. Both governmental and private CTC clients can access the
RACT/BACT/LAER Clearinghouse database 24 hours per day.
2.2 ADMINISTRATIVE CHANGES
The 1990 CAAA added non-governmental clientele to the ever-expanding list of clients from
governmental agencies. In response to the growing number of requests for technical assistance, the
CTC expanded its staff and resources in FY91. The Center added technical and advisory staff and
contracted additional administrative and technical support.
The CTC added four new members to its staff: a chemist, a chemical engineer, a
meteorologist, and an environmental specialist. The additional expertise enabled the CTC to respond
to requests more quickly, and respond to a broader range of questions than in the past. Previously,
many calls were referred to specialists within OAQPS' Emission Standards Division and AEERL which
frequently delayed immediate response to many requests. The new staff members also developed and
incorporated into the CTC additional programs, such as the computerized bulletin board system (BBS),
the RACT/BACT/LAER Clearinghouse, and the Federal SBAP.
In FY91, the State and Territorial Air Pollution Program Association/Association of Local Air
Pollution Control Officials (STAPPA/ALAPCO) nominated two non-voting members to the CTC Steering
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Committee (SC) to provide insight into the needs of state and local pollution agencies. The new
members participate in each SC meeting via teleconference. Their additional perspectives help the SC
adhere to its goal of directing projects toward clients' actual needs.
2.3 PROGRAM ACTIVITY
2.3.1 The CTC HOTLINE
The HOTLINE provides callers with quick access to EPA expertise during regular business
hours. The CTC initiated its computer tracking system .for HOTLINE calls in FY87. Computer data and
other early CTC records show a continued growth over the program's 5-year history. In FY91, the
number of requests received through the CTC HOTLINE continued to increase significantly over
previous years, and dramatically after the CAAA were signed in November 1990. The CTC received
2,068 calls in FY91, compared with 1,097 in FY90. Of those calls, 1,296 were from governmental
agencies, and 772 were from the private sector. Figure 1 shows the increase in HOTLINE calls over
the past 4 fiscal years, and the impact of private calls on the totals.
The CTC began developing statistics on private sector requests during the last 10 months of
FY91. There were 772 non-governmental calls in the first 10 months the CTC provided support to
private industry. During that period, private calls increased by an average of 10 calls per month.
Figure 2 shows the monthly totals for private calls over the 10-month period.
The 2,068 HOTLINE calls received in FY91 represent an 89 percent increase over the calls
received in FY90. The 1,296 governmental agency calls represent an 18 percent increase over FY90
calls of the same category. A review of the yearly increase in governmental calls over the last 4 years
indicates a leveling in the number of governmental requests for assistance. However, the increase is
sharper—69 percent—when private calls are included in the statistical analysis. This can be attributed
in large part to the impact of the CAAA and the addition of the private sector to the CTC client base.
The impact of the CAAA on private sector HOTLINE activity cannot be assessed until FY92 statistics
are analyzed. Additional significant impacts are expected once state SBAPs become
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2,500
2,000
d
o
o
1,500
1,000
01
500
Governmental Calls
Governmental Plus Non-Governmental Calls
89 90
Fiscal Year
Total Calls
91
Figure 1. HOTLINE totals for past 4 fiscal years.
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140
JO
IB
O
CD
jQ
E
ID
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr May
Jun
Jul
Aug Sep
Months
Figure 2. FY91 monthly non-governmental HOTLINE calls.
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operational after November 1994. Figure 3 depicts the yearly increase in HOTLINE activity over the
past 3 fiscal years.
The CTC reviewed the frequency of repeat HOTLINE callers to measure client acceptance of
the CTC concept. Approximately half of the CTC's FY91 governmental clients and one-third of its
private clients used the HOTLINE more than once in FY91. Of the 1,296 governmental callers, 115
clients called the HOTLINE at least three times. The frequency of repeat callers indicates that CTC
clients are satisfied with the quality of service the Center provides. The leveling of the rate of increase
in governmental calls may result from the significant amount of data and information that the CTC
provides in its project reports, enabling CTC clients to find answers to many problems in these
documents. They may not, therefore, need to call the HOTLINE as frequently as in the past. The
leveling may also show that the CTC is typical of well-established programs, which show faster growth
rates in their earlier years of operation. The CTC provided more than 4,000 reports to requestors in
FY91, almost twice as many as it provided in FY90. Also, many document requests came from
individuals who previously called the HOTLINE, but who were not included in the statistics on repeat
callers.
The number of new HOTLINE callers also increased in FY91. The additional 539 private
HOTLINE callers and approximately 500 requests for publications from new clients, resulted in a gain of
more than 1,200 new clients in FY91.
2.3.1.1 Topics of HOTLINE Calls
A subject-oriented analysis of governmental and private CTC calls reveals that both sectors
require technical assistance in the same general industrial and process areas. For both groups, 6 of
the top 10 HOTLINE request topics were the same: boilers, municipal incineration, wastewater
treatment, petroleum processing, tire burning, and asphalt. These similarities reflect the impact of state
and federal regulations on these industries and processes. Table 1 lists the subjects or processes for
which three or more government calls were received, and the percentage of the number of calls about
each subject to the total number of calls received. Table 2 provides a subject analysis of private calls.
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00
100
CD
(/)
CO
2
O
l
80
60
CD 40
0)
Q_
20
89
Governmental Calls
Governmental Plus Non-Governmental Calls
90
Fiscal Year
91
Figure 3. Percent increase in HOTLINE calls over previous fiscal years.
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TABLE 1. DISTRIBUTION OF GOVERNMENTAL HOTLINE CALLS BY PROCESS*
Process
Painting & Coating
Incineration, Miscellaneous
Boilers
Printing, Graphics
Petroleum Processing
Tire Burning
Wastewater Treatment
Asphalt
Incineration, Medical Waste
Incineration, Municipal Waste
Landfills
Turbines
Contaminated Soil Treatment
Chemical Manufacturing
Electroplating
Foam Blowing
Food & Beverages
Mining/Quarrying
Smelters
Iron and Steel
Foundries
Wood Products
Brick, Ceramic, Cement
Incineration, Hazardous
Coke Ovens
Incineration, Wood
Power Plants
Dry Cleaning
Gasoline Handling
Storage Tanks, Above Ground
Fiberglass
Glass Manufacturing
Hazardous Waste
Hospital Sterilizers
Paper/Pulp Mills
Agriculture
Lead-Acid Storage Batteries
Solvents
Abrasive Blasting
Degreasers
Explosives
Metal Fabrication
Sewage Treatment
Welding
Number of Calls
88
51
47
40
36
32
30
25
22
21
21
21
20
19
18
18
18
18
17
16
15
14
13
13
12
12
12
11
11
11
10
10
10
10
10
9
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
Percent of Calls
6.79
3.94
3.63
3.09
2.78
2.47
2.31
1.93
1.70
1.62
1.62
1.62
1.54
1.47
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.31
1.23
1.16
1.08
1.00
1.00
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.77
0.77
0.77
0.77
0.77
0.69
0.69
0.69
0.62
0.62
0.62
0.62
0.62
0.62
(Continued)
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TABLE 1. DISTRIBUTION OF GOVERNMENTAL HOTLINE CALLS BY PROCESS* (Concluded)
Process Number of Calls Percent of Calls
Engines, Internal Combustion 7 0.54
Plastics 7 0.54.
Recycling, Metals 7 0.54
Coal Handling 6 0.46
Furniture Manufacturing 6 0.46
Grain Processing 6 0.46
Recycling, Miscellaneous 6 0.46
Stack Testing 6 0.46
Textiles 6 0.46
Engines, Gas 5 0.39
Pharmaceuticals 5 0.39
Aerospace 4 0.31
Carbon Adsorption 4 0.31
Co-Generation 4 0.31
Electronics 4 0.31
Engines, Diesel 4 0.31
Equipment Leaks 4 0.31
Pesticides 4 0.31
Refrigeration/Air Conditioning 4 0.31
Rubber Curing & Recycling 4 0.31
Waferboard 4 0.31
Woodstoves 4 0.31
Automobile Refinishing 3 0.23
Chemical Handling 3 0.23
Dust Control 3 0.23
Fertilizer 3 0.23
Scrubbers 3 0.23
Soldering 3 0.23
Solid Waste Disposal 3 0.23
Unrelated to a Process 254 19.60
Other Processes 83 6.40
Total 1.296 100.00
Figures represent processes for which three or more calls were received and the percentage of the
number of calls for each process to the total number of calls received in FY91.
10
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TABLE 2. DISTRIBUTION OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL HOTLINE CALLS BY PROCESS*
Process
Boilers
Painting & Coating
Chemical Manufacturing
Printing, Graphics
Turbines
Wastewater Treatment
Petroleum Processing
Tire Burning
Incineration, Municipal
Power Plants
Asphalt
Gasoline Handling
Landfills
Iron and Steel
Metal Fabrication
Foam Blowing
Incineration, Hazardous
Paper/Pulp Mills
Refrigeration/Air Conditioning
Smelters
Abrasive Blasting
Brick, Ceramic, Cement
Coke Ovens
Furniture Manufacturing
Incineration, Medical Waste
Pharmaceuticals
Plastics
Dust Control
Electronics
Food & Beverages
Foundries
Incineration, Miscellaneous
Indoor Air
Solid Waste Disposal
Wood Products
Adhesives
Automobile Manufacturing
Engines, Gas
Engines, Internal Combustion
Equipment Leaks
Fiberglass
Flares
Hazardous Waste
Number of Calls
28
20
18
15
15
15
13
12
10
10
9
9
9
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Percent of Calls
3.63
2.59
2.33
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.68
1.55
1.30
1.30
1.17
1.1.7
1.17
0.91
0.91
0.78
0.78
0.78
0.78
0.78
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.52
0.52
0.52
0.52
0.52
0.52
0.52
0.52
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
(Continued)
11
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TABLE 2. DISTRIBUTION OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL HOTLINE CALLS BY PROCESS* (Concluded)
Process
Rubber Curing & Recovery
Solvents
Storage Tanks, Above Ground
Other Processes
Unrelated to Processes
Total
Number of Calls
3
3
3
47
398
772
Percent of Calls
0.39
0.39
0.39
6.09
51.55
100.00
* Figures represent processes for which three or more calls were received and the percentage of the
number of calls for each process to the total number of calls received in FY91.
12
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An analysis of HOTLINE data also determined specific concerns within each subject area.
Table 3 lists the most frequent areas of concern among the top five processes that were the subjects of
governmental HOTLINE requests. For example, the "painting and coating" category includes questions
about spray booths, metal coaters, solvents, and furniture coating.
A total of 254 governmental calls and 398 private calls were received under the non-applicable
process category, which addresses topics non-related to specific processes or pollutants included in the
database. Table 4 illustrates governmental calls in the non-applicable process category. Requests for
RACT/BACT/LAER Clearinghouse information was the predominant topic of these calls. These
requests were routinely transferred to the RACT/BACT/LAER coordinator for processing. A HOTLINE
call subject review indicates pollutants of concern (based on percentage of governmental calls for
pollutants) were related to the specific category of VOCs or to compounds which are defined as VOCs
(30 percent of all calls), and air toxics (10 percent of all HOTLINE calls). Table 5 lists the pollutants for
which the HOTLINE received three or more governmental HOTLINE calls. Table 6 presents a similar
list for private clients. A closer look at the top five pollutant categories reveals the industries and
processes for which HOTLINE callers show the greatest concern. Table 7 analyzes pollutants by
source type that were the subjects of the governmental HOTLINE calls.
2.3.1.2 Origins of Governmental HOTLINE Calls
The 4 types of governmental agencies are state agencies, local agencies, EPA regional offices,
and other governmental agencies. Figure 4 indicates that 61 percent of the governmental calls came
from state agencies, 19 percent from local agencies, and 10 percent from EPA regional offices. The
remaining 10 percent of HOTLINE calls included domestic federal agencies, academic institutions, and
foreign governmental agencies. Local agencies showed a smaller increase in calls over previous fiscal
years than did state agencies. The difference between totals of state and local calls, depicted in Figure
5, indicates a need for additional CTC outreach at the local level.
13
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TABLE 3. GOVERNMENTAL HOTLINE CALLS—PROCESS ANALYSIS'
Process Number of Calls Percent of Calls
Painting and Coating 88 6.79
Spray Booths
Metal Coaters
Solvents
Furniture
UV Coating
Transfer Efficiency
Powder Coating
Incineration, Miscellaneous 51 3.94
Plastic
Open Burning
Fuels
Boilers 47 3.63
Gas Fired
Coal Fired
Wood Fired
Oil Fired
Fluidized Bed
Utility
Printing, Graphics 40 3.09
Cleanup Solvents
Lithographic
Flexographlc
Webb Offset
Cold Set
Petroleum Processing 36 2.78
Seals
Storage
Leaks
Total 262 20.23
* Process, industry, or subject of call
14
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TABLE 4. GOVERNMENTAL HOTLINE CALLS UNRELATED TO A PROCESS
Subject
Number of Calls
Percent of Calls
RACT/BACT/LAER
Copy of Non-CTC Report/Software
CTC Report/Software
Information on the CTC
Clean Air Act Amendments
Test Methods
NSPS* and NESHAP"
Total
51
29
22
18
15
12
6
153
3.94
2.24
1.70
1.39
1.16
0.93
0.46
11.82
New Source Performance Standards
National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants
15
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TABLE 5. DISTRIBUTION OF GOVERNMENTAL HOTLINE CALLS BY POLLUTANT
Pollutant Number of Calls Percent of Calls
Volatile Organic Compounds
Various Pollutants"
Air Toxics
Particulates
Nitrogen Oxides
Sutfur Oxides
Carbon Monoxide
Odor
Lead
Chromium
Benzene
Chlorofluorocarbons
Formaldehyde
Ethylene Oxide
Mercury
Styrene
Dioxins
Hydrochloric Acid
Metals
Radioactive
Asbestos
Methylene Chloride
Ammonia
Arsenic
Isocyanates
Carbon Dioxide
Chlorine
Trichlroethylene
Beryllium
Criteria
Dust
Methane
Perchloroethylene
Sulfur
Visible Emissions
Hydrogen Sulfide
Other Pollutantsf
Unrelated to a Pollutanttt
286
182
138
91
65
24
23
18
17
16
14
12
11
10
9
8
7
7
7
7
6
6
5
5
5
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
233
48
22.07
14.04
10.65
7.02
5.02
1.85
1.77
1.39
1.31
1.23
1.08
0.93
0.85
0.77
0.69
0.62
0.54
0.54
0.54
0.54
0.46
0.46
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
17.98
3.70
Total 1,296 100.00
* Figures represent processes for which three or more calls were received and the percentage of the
number of calls for each process to the total number of calls received in FY91.
** Calls relating to more than one pollutant which may or may not be Included in this table.
t Calls relating to pollutants not on this table.
ft General questions not related to pollutants.
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TABLE 6. DISTRIBUTION OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL HOTLINE CALLS BY POLLUTANT*
Pollutant Number of Calls Percent of Calls
Volatile Organic Compounds
Various Pollutants**
Air Toxics
Particulates
Nitrogen Oxides
Chlorofluorocarbons
Lead
Carbon Monoxide
Mercury
Sulfur Oxides
Formaldehyde
Benzene
Metals
Other Pollutantst
Unrelated to a Pollutarrtft
131
107
54
38
33
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
25
332
16.97
13.86
6.99
4.92
4.27
1.30
1.17
1.04
0.91
0.78
0.65
0.52
0.39
3.24
43.00
Total 772 100.00
Figures represent processes for which three or more calls were received and the percentage of the
number of calls for each process to the total number of calls received in FY91.
** Calls relating to more than one pollutant which may or may not be included in this table.
t Calls relating to pollutants not on this table.
tt General questions not related to pollutants.
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TABLE 7. GOVERNMENTAL HOTLINE CALLS—POLLUTANT ANALYSIS
Pollutant ^ Number of Calls Percent of Calls
VOCs 286 22.07
Graphics
Painting and Coating
Petroleum Processing
Asphalt
Foam Blowing
Wastewater Treatment
Degreasers
Landfills
Contaminated Soil
Dry Cleaning
Solvents
Air Toxics 138 10.65
Contaminated Soil
Asphalt Plants
Miscellaneous Incineration
Solvents
Dry Cleaning
Welding
Polystyrene Manufacturing
Particulates 91 7.02
Rock Crushing
Com Drying
NOX 65 5.02
Power Plants
Turbines
Utility Boilers
Diesel Engines
Grain Processing
SOX 24 1.85
Kilns
Boilers
Total 604 46.61
18
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State (61%)
Other (10%)
Regional (10%)
Local (19%)
Figure 4. Percentage of calls from governmental agencies.
-------
1,200
"oj
o
0)
.a
E
1,000
800
600
400
200
•o-
I
88
.„«•.
-O-
•o-
I
89
90
Fiscal Year
State and Local State
A . •§_ _
Local
...Q...
•O
91
Figure 5. Comparison of calls from state and local agencies.
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2.3.1.3 Geographical Analysis
An evaluation of the variation of HOTLINE call distribution among EPA regions and among the
50 states was also made. Figure 6 shows that the largest number of governmental agency calls came
from Regions 3 and 5, but an analysis of regional figures over a 4-year period shows increased
HOTLINE activity for all EPA regions. Figure 7 compares the number of calls from each region
between FY88 and FY91.
The CTC also studied the geographical origin of HOTLINE calls across the 50 states. Figure 8
depicts the relative concentrations of governmental HOTLINE calls among the states, while Figure 9
shows the state distribution of private CTC calls. The uneven regional and state distribution of calls
reflects differences in areas such as population density, public awareness of air pollution issues,
industrial concentration, resources available to state and local air pollution control agencies, or possibly
a lack of awareness of the availability of the CTC's services.
2.3.2 Technical Assistance
In addition to its HOTLINE support, the CTC conducted direct engineering assistance and
technical guidance projects. Direct engineering assistance projects are initiated when one state or local
agency requests (either through the HOTLINE or by written request) technical assistance in specific
areas. Projects are usually short-term, taking about 3 months or less to complete, and involve the
evaluation of emissions or controls for certain operations. Technical guidance projects result from
multiple HOTLINE requests for technical assistance in certain areas. The projects are usually long-term
(taking up to 1 year to complete) and are applicable to a broad client base.
The CTC develops reports and/or software tools as a result of both engineering assistance and
technical guidance projects. The Center provides both types of resources to governmental clients free
of charge, and provides free information to the private sector for ordering documents through the
National Technical Information Service (NTIS). The CTC initiated 13 technical guidance and
engineering assistance projects in FY91. Where possible, reports and software developed from these
21
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(Number of calls in Region)
Figure 6. Number of governmental calls by EPA region.
-------
o
*o
v_
CD
1
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
88
5 6
Regions
89 H 90
Fiscal Years
8
10
91
Figure 7. Comparison of calls from EPA regions.
-------
1-10 11-20 21-30
Figure 8. Distribution of governmental calls by state.
>30
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1-10 11-20 21-30
Figure 9. Distribution of non-governmental calls by state.
>30
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projects were made available on the CTC's BBS for downloading. Appendix A provides brief
descriptions of these projects. Eleven of the 13 projects relate to the top five topics of government
HOTLINE requests. The CTC completed nine projects in FY91, which are described in Appendix B.
2.3.3 The CTC Bulletin Board System (BBS)
The CTC initiated an electronic BBS in August 1991. The system supplements the HOTLINE
service provided during normal business hours. The system can be accessed via a personal computer
(PC) equipped with communication software and a modem. The BBS operates 24 hours per day, 7
days per week, except Mondays between 8:00 a.m. and noon. The BBS allows the user to access
CTC-generated technical reports and software, which can be downloaded to the user's PC. The user
can also solicit input from other users by posting questions and requests on the BBS.
During the first 2 months of operation in FY91, the BBS proved itself to a valuable asset to the
CTC program. Users accessed the BBS 866 times. These accesses included 90 downloads of the 2
CTC software programs and several project documentation files available. The most popular items
were the CTC project documentation files which were downloaded 50 times. The accesses and
downloads to the BBS reduced the load on the CTC Hotline, freeing up CTC personnel to better serve
its clients. In addition, the BBS provides an opportunity to expand the clientele base. The CTC
projects that the rate of accesses and downloads will continue to increase as knowledge of the BBS
grows.
2.3.4 The RACT/BACT/LAER Clearinghouse
The RACT/BACT/LAER Clearinghouse is a repository of state and local permits that allows
anyone with a National Computer Center TSO account to review, browse, and print examples of the
types of controls required or used on similar sources. However, the Clearinghouse also contains the
name, agency, and telephone number of a contact to obtain additional in-depth information on those
sources.
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The Clearinghouse was accessed approximately 1,400 times during FY91 by local/regional,
state, federal, and private sector personnel. A breakdown of the accesses follows:
Local/regional 4 percent
State 16 percent
Federal 7 percent
Private 73 percent
The rate of accesses per month increased during FY91 by over 250 percent, rising from an
average of 70 accesses per month in September 1990 to more than 170 accesses per month in
September 1991.
2.3.5 Federal Small Business Assistance Program (SBAP)
Under Title V, Section 507 of the 1990 CAAA, EPA is required to provide state assistance
during implementation of the Small Business Stationary Source Technical and Environmental
Compliance Assistance Program. The Federal SBAP will be a coordinated effort among several
existing EPA technical service centers, with the CTC serving as the Agency's contact point for general
small business assistance questions on the subject of air pollution control technology. The Agency's
assistance centers associated with this program include: the Control Technology Center (CTC), the
Emission Measurement Technical Information Center (EMTIC), the Chemical Emergency Preparedness
and Prevention Office (Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Information Hotline), the
Pollution Prevention Information Center (PPIC), and the EPA Small Business Ombudsman Hotline.
These centers are expanding their services to focus on providing support to state and local agencies as
they develop small business assistance programs and as these programs get up and running. They
will also be able to assist small businesses in understanding and complying with CAAA requirements in
their respective program areas.
The addition of this service is expected to have further impact on the volume of CTC activity in
the future. As the various state permit programs and technical assistance programs begin to form, the
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federal assistance program is expected to fill the technical void in many state programs until the states
develop a full range of expertise.
2.4 CTC REPORTS AND SOFTWARE
One of the CTC's major control technology efforts is the distribution of almost 60 documents
and software tools developed from CTC technical assistance projects. Air pollution control personnel
can- request copies of CTC technical guidance tools through the HOTLINE or the BBS. The CTC also
publishes annually a list of its most recent resource materials in the CTC News. The CTC provides
these resources free to governmental clients and provides free information to others for ordering
resources through NTIS. Many of these tools can be downloaded through the CTC BBS at the cost of
a telephone call. The CTC mailed more than 4,000 copies of its technical assistance reports and
software to clients in FY91, doubling the number it disseminated in FY90. The increasing number of
publications and software distributed by the CTC each fiscal year is, again, evidence of the program's
growth. Titles of CTC reports and software available through the end of FY91 are listed in Appendix C.
2.5 OUTREACH ACTIVITIES
The CTC publishes the CTC News quarterly to inform its audience of its available services, of
the status of CTC projects, and of other activities related to air emissions and control technology. It
identifies new projects and projects that are near completion. The CTC News also highlights EPA staff
members who help respond to requests for assistance. The quarterly publication often solicits from its
readers information related to ongoing projects or requests for CTC assistance, and suggestions of how
the program may better serve their needs. In FY91, the CTC News reached a mailing list of more than
2,600, a 30 percent increase over FY90's mailing list.
In addition to the CTC News, the Center updates clients and informs potential users of its
services by conducting briefings at EPA regional offices and other locations. In FY91, the CTC staff:
demonstrated CTC software at a Title III workshop and provided recent reports; presented an exhibit at
the Air and Waste Management Association annual meeting and distributed literature on its programs;
made presentations on the Federal SBAP at the annual OAQPS/EPA Regional Office Air Programs
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Workshop; presented information and led a discussion group at EPA's annual New Source Review
Workshop; and made a presentation at the Joint Depot Environmental Panel's VOC Workshop. At the
VOC workshop, the CTC addressed U.S. Department of Defense personnel from military repair and
maintenance depots.
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SECTION 3
PROGRAM BUDGET EXPENDITURES
The CTC's budget for FY91 program expenses was $620,000. The Center spent $610,900 in
FY91, a 9 percent increase over its FY90 expenditures of $562,400. The program used more than 85
percent of its budget to fund technical guidance and engineering assistance projects. The remaining
funds covered CTC administrative costs, such as publishing the CTC News, maintaining the database,
and mailing documents. The program's FY91 administrative costs increased by only 4 percent over the
previous fiscal year's costs.
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SECTION 4
CONCLUSIONS
The CTC continued its 5-year growing trend in FY91. Growth is evidenced by increased
HOTLINE assistance requests, BBS and RACT/BACT/LAER Clearinghouse accesses, the Center's
growing mailing list, and the increased requests for the CTC News. The CTC is receiving positive
responses from its current audience, many of whom are informing their associates of CTC services.
The CTC examined data on the numbers, topics, and origins of HOTLINE calls received over
FY91 and previous fiscal years. The Center also recorded increases in yearly and monthly totals of
requests for assistance from its clients. Statistics indicate a slowing rate of increase in CTC
governmental clients but a comparative increase in the number of private clients. Therefore, the CTC
expects a continued increase in its total number of clients.
The CTC has responded to the growing demand for its services in FY91 by increasing its
resources and accessibility. The CAAA and the ensuing SBAP broadened the scope of CTC clientele.
The Center initiated the BBS, providing clients with a new access channel to its resources, and
incorporated the RACT/BACT/LAER Clearinghouse into its program, which also increased CTC
assistance capabilities. The CTC foresees an increasing demand for its services based on a 5-year
trend. This anticipated increase is based not only on the normal HOTLINE usage increase experienced
over the last 5 years, but also on the increase expected from the new CTC services. The latter
includes the RACT/BACT/LAER Clearinghouse, the BBS, the Federal SBAP, and other CTC products
and services. The total number of direct accesses to CTC services, including the HOTLINE, BBS, and
RACT/BACT/LAER Clearinghouse, was more than 4,100. This total does not include the more than
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4,000 document requests from CTC clients. Table 8 summarizes the expansion of CTC activity for
FY91.
TABLE 8. EXPANSION OF CTC PROGRAM UTILIZATION FOR FY91
FY Utilization
Service
90
91
Percent Increase
HOTLINE Calls
Governmental
Business***
Total Calls
RACT/BACT/LAER
Clearinghouse***)
BBSW
Federal SBAP(++)
CTC News per Quarter
CTC Documents
1,097
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
2,000
1,500
1,296
772
2,068
1,400
866
N/A
2,600
4,000
18
N/A
89
N/A
N/A
N/A
30
167
Statistics not collected prior to FY91
Counter not installed until FY91
Statistics collected beginning second quarter of FY91
Service initiated in late FY91
32
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SECTION 5
RECOMMENDATIONS
The CTC's changing scope and growth from the 1990 CAAA has caused it to contemplate its
role for coming fiscal years. The CTC management staff recommends reassessment of program goals
to determine if the program's pursuits will continue to meet the needs of the air pollution control
community. Also for consideration is whether the CTC should redirect its outreach strategy to
encourage participation by segments of the air pollution control community that have shown low
participation. Center management seeks to discern a plan for further expansion of CTC services to
correspond with its growth.
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APPENDIX A
CTC PROJECTS INITIATED IN FY91
ENGINEERING ASSISTANCE
Minnesota's Reconstituted Panelboard Plants
The CTC is assisting the State of Minnesota in a comprehensive study of air emissions and
control options for panelboard plants. The study's objectives are to characterize the plant's operations,
identify air emission sources, and assess the probable species and quantities of air toxics emitted.
Reasonably Available Control Technology (RACT) for Utility Boilers
The CTC is assisting the Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management in developing
a technical support document for use by the states in developing nitrous oxides RACT regulations.
Open Burning of Structural Fiberglass
The State of Alaska requested that the CTC evaluate and characterize emissions from the open
burning of structural fiberglass. Fiberglass is a common material used in Alaska to build a variety of
structures and make storage tanks and other industrial components. When discarded or replaced,
structural fiberglass material is usually open burned.
TECHNICAL GUIDANCE
Waste Wood Combustion. Joint Effort
The CTC is co-funding a project with the Department of Energy, the states of Virginia and New
York, and Canada. The project will identify combustion system operating parameters and air pollution
control technologies for the combustion of waste wood.
Automobile Spray Booth Cleanup
The CTC is responding to a request by the State of Michigan for a CTC study on emissions
from the cleanup of paint booths in automobile assembly plants.
Contaminated Soil Treatment
The CTC is responding to many requests on contaminated soil treatment by gathering
information on the emissions and control technologies for several cleanup options. The Center will
publish its findings in a technical guidance document for state and local regulatory agencies.
Carbon Disulfide Control Techniques
This study is examining techniques that have been successfully used, or could be used, to
control carbon disulfide emissions. This project is in response to several HOTLINE calls, for which
CTC expertise was not available.
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Ink and Paint Manufacturing
This study will identify emission points, characterize emissions, and consider control options for
ink and paint manufacturing operations. Processes include "vehicle" preparation (i.e., cooking of resins
with solvents and additives, or with certain oils, fatty acids, or alcohols) and blending pigments with the
"vehicle."
Nonferrous Metal Rolling
Nonferrous metal rolling operations (primarily aluminum and copper) use oil as a lubricant and
coolant. VOC emissions result from evaporative fugitive losses caused by heat generated in rolling
operations. This CTC project will evaluate the use of less volatile lubricants and coolants to reduce
VOC emissions. It will also search for and evaluate other techniques that may reduce VOC emissions.
Small Business Enabling Document Guidelines
The CTC is developing guidelines for regulatory development groups to use in preparing
documents that explain new emission standards in layman's terms. This project is in support of the
CTC involvement with the Federal Small Business Assistance Program. The project is scheduled for
completion in June 1992.
Controlling Odorous Emissions from Iron Foundries
The main sources of organic emissions at iron foundries examined in this report include mold
and core making, casting, and sand shakeout. Odors from these processes are usually caused by
chemicals that may be present as binders and other additives to the molding sand, or as the
breakdown products when these chemicals are subjected to the molten iron as it is poured into the
molds. The CTC will publish a report describing several removal techniques including wet chemical
scrubbing, biofiltration, adsorption, and new emerging technologies such as photocatalysis.
Controlled Combustion of Scrap Tires
The CTC is funding a study to examine emission characteristics from burning tires under
different controlled conditions in a rotary kiln simulator.
Burning Tires as Fuel
The CTC is responding to many requests for information on burning tires as fuel and tire
pyrolysis. The study will include descriptions, emissions data, and control techniques.
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APPENDIX B
CTC PROJECTS COMPLETED IN FY91
'Best Demonstrated Control Technology for Graphic
The CTC and other U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) components received reports
that several graphic arts facilities were achieving volatile organic compound (VOC) efficiencies of 90
percent or greater. Reports also indicated that several facilities were using permanent total enclosures
for printing operations. The CTC received requests for assistance in determining the best available
control technology (BACT) and lowest achievable emissions rates (LAER) for the industry. It conducted
a study to document the reported overall control efficiency for VOCs at a number of rotogravure and
flexographic printing facilities.
The CTC sent experts to study several facilities and document their findings in a report.
Conclusions from this study are: (1) the use of capture and control systems and the use of water-
based ink systems have been demonstrated to be effective and reliable in achieving greater than 90
percent overall VOC reduction at rotogravure and flexographic printing facilities; (2) facilities can be
retrofitted to achieve 90 percent VOC reductions; and (3) permanent total closures meeting EPA criteria
have been successfully installed and operated at rotogravure and flexographic printing facilities.
"Evaluation of Air Toxic Emissions at Minnesota's Reconstituted Panelboard Plants"*2*
The CTC jointly sponsored a project with the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) to
evaluate air toxic emissions and develop a test plan for reconstituted panelboard mills in Minnesota.
The CTC prepared a report that discusses the reconstituted panelboard industry in Minnesota, the
processes used, available literature on air toxic emissions from these mills, and the proposed air toxic
test strategy.
The potential for emissions of formaldehyde and other toxic pollutants that may present a
significant health risk has led the MPCA to investigate the toxic air emissions from pressed wood
manufacturing facilities in the state. The plants are compared to identify those of similar design and
operation and then group them together in a test plan to minimize the amount of testing required.
Minnesota plants and sources recommended for air toxic screening and specific analysis for organic
volatiles and semivolatiles include Superwood in Duluth and Bemidji, Louisiana-Pacific in Two Harbors,
Potlatch in Bemidji and Grand Rapids, Northwood Panelboard in Bemidji, and MacMillan-Btoedel in
Deerwood.
Evaluation of Methods to Control Emissions from Waferboard Press Vents
The CTC conducted a study to assist the State of Colorado and EPA Region 8 in evaluating
BACT alternatives for controlling emissions from waferboard presses. Louisiana-Pacific had requested
BACT analysis for two waferboard plants located in Kremmling and Montrose, Colorado. The plants
wanted to increase their drying capacity by adding a second triple-pass rotary dryer to each plant. The
plants emitted carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOX), total paniculate matter, and VOCs in
excess of prevention of significant deterioration deminimus levels.
The CTC sent experts to the Montrose plant to observe first-hand the operation of the plant,
which was identical to the Kremmling plant. The study also would assist the state and EPA Region 8 in
evaluating BACT alternatives for the Kremmling plant. The CTC produced a memorandum to document
its findings. The study found significant technical and economic obstacles regarding the use of control
36
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devices and other in-plant sources for reducing emissions at the plant. However, the study concluded
that the minimum acceptable ventilation rate at the plant was consistent with ventilation practices
necessary to ensure worker safety and compliance with Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) indoor air quality standards.
"Evaluation of VOC Emissions from Heated Roofing Asphalt"*3*
The CTC responded to a request by EPA Region 7 to evaluate VOCs from heated roofing
asphalt used as a sealing medium for buildings. The CTC published a report with results of a short-
term, in-house project to characterize emissions from a simulated asphalt roofing kettle. Hot asphalt
surfacing and resurfacing has been identified as a possible source of VOC emissions that may affect
human health and contribute to ozone non-attainment. The purpose of the study was to collect,
identify, and semi-quantitate as many compounds as possible that are discharged during open heating
of roofing asphalt and relate them to the amount volattzed into the air.
Types 1, 2, and 3 mopping-grade asphalt were chosen for this study because they constitute
more than 90 percent of roofing asphalt used. Samples of each type of asphalt were placed in a
simulated roofing kettle, heated to predetermined temperatures, and sampled for volatile and
semivolatile organic emissions. Because of the petroleum-type chemicals used in asphalt, the
compounds for alkanes, aromatics, a ketone, and an aldehyde were identified during the study. The
data also show how the asphalt types behave at their melting point, their equiviscous temperature, and
an elevated temperature. The results show that, as the roofing asphalt is heated to higher
temperatures, more compounds are emitted at higher concentrations.
"Hazardous Air Pollutant Program (HAP-PRO)"*4)
The CTC developed a software system called, "HAP-PRO," to assist permit engineers in
reviewing applications for control of air toxics by calculating the capital and annual costs for six VOC
and three paniculate matter control devices, including selected engineering parameters. The software
can be used to help pinpoint errors in the engineering design of control devices. Calculations used by
the program mirror those presented in the revised EPA handbook, "Control Technologies for Hazardous
Air Pollutants."*5)
HAP-PRO also was designed to generate lists of all facilities containing a specified pollutant in
their emission streams, or a specified type of emission stream (organic or inorganic vapors and
paniculate matter). The features of HAP-PRO include context-sensitive help to assist in data input and
a windowed environment to provide a referential trail of the user's actions. The software includes look-
up tables containing the characteristics of many common pollutants. It allows the user to select air
toxics either from an alphabetical list or by Standard Industrial Classification category. HAP-PRO runs
on all IBM personal computers, or equivalent, and requires an MS-DOS Version 3.1 or greater, a hard
disk with at least 1 megabyte free, and 512 free minimum RAM.
"Landfill Air Emissions Estimation Model"*6)
The CTC created a computer program that provides step-by-step guidance for estimating
landfill air emissions. The purpose of this program is to aid local and state agencies in estimating
landfill air emission rates for non-methane organic compounds and individual air toxics. This program
will also be helpful to landfill owners and operators affected by the upcoming New Source Performance
Standard (NSPS) and Emission Guidelines for Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Air Emissions.
The model is based on the Scholl Canyon Gas Generation Model, used in the development of
the pending landfill air emissions regulations. The Scholl Canyon Model is the first-order decay
37
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equation that uses site-specific characteristics for estimating the gas generation rate. In the absence of
site-specific data, the program provides conservative default values from NSPS for new landfills and
emission guidelines for existing landfills. These default values may be revised based on future
information collected by the Agency.
•Radiation and Mixed Waste Incineration Background Information Document. Volume I: Technology" ^
and "Radiation and Mixed Waste Incineration Background Information Document. Volume II: Risk of
Radiation Exposure""^
The CTC produced a two-volume report that provides background information describing the
major public health issues and current regulatory structure associated with radioactive materials. The
background document provides a broad look at technology issues surrounding the incineration of
radioactive and mixed wastes. The report is not a comprehensive text on incinerator design, use, or
regulation. It highlights major considerations and provides direction to readers involved with
incineration.
The information presented in Volume I was gathered by telephone contacts with operators of
existing incinerators, site visits, agency contacts, and literature searches. The contents present a
distillation of material deemed to be most relevant. It includes only a small fraction of the total amount
of information collected. Wherever possible, actual operating data have been used to illustrate
principles. However, inconsistencies in operational data acquisition have resulted in very limited
availability of data that can be used for general assessment or comparison. The existing database on
operation and resulting emissions and ash residues from radioactive waste incinerators is quite small.
However, it has been demonstrated that incineration can achieve significant volume reductions for
radioactive waste.
Volume II provides background information describing the major public health issues and
current regulatory structure associated with radioactive materials. The document is organized into four
sections. Section 1 describes the current understanding of public health risks associated with exposure
to ionizing radiation. Section 2 describes methods acceptable to EPA for calculating the doses and
risks from a given level of radioactive contamination in the environment. Section 3 presents a summary
of radiation protection guidelines and standards, followed by a discussion of the degree of protection
afforded to the general public under these standards. Section 4 discusses radiological and health
impacts associated with waste management and presents a sample dose estimation problem.
The report concludes with appendices that provide formal definitions of key radiation protection
terms and additional descriptive information on the types of radiation and their effects. References
cited in the text and a comprehensive bibliography also are included.
"Radiation-Curable Coatings'^
The Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) in San Francisco, California,
requested CTC assistance in compiling information on radiation-curable coatings. BAAQMD wanted to
evaluate this technology as a process to reduce VOC emissions. The information collected from the
literature was used to evaluate the engineering and economic issues associated with radiation-curable
systems. The data also were used to identify requirements for implementing the technology and any
problems arising from its use.
The CTC produced a report that discusses coating characteristics, potential VOC reduction
capability, potential health problems associated with the use of ultraviolet (UV) coatings, and the
economic impacts of conversion to UV coatings. Radiation-curable coatings and inks are higher solids
38
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formulations than conventional coatings and, consequently from an air pollution viewpoint, are
considered to be well-suited substitutes for solvent-based, thermal-curable systems.
Depending on the operation and formulation, radiation-curable coatings and inks, using either a
UV light or an accelerated electron beam as the radiation source, have shown the potential to provide
at least an 80 percent reduction in VOC emissions over thermal-curable coatings and inks. However,
the high viscosity of many radiation-curable compounds has tended to limit their use to application
techniques such as roll coating, curtain coating, and screen printing, as opposed to spray applications.
Radiation-curable systems are currently being used in metal-decorating, flatwood production, and
paper-coating. The difficulty in de-inking radiation-cured paper may substantially increase the cost of
recycling paper.
"Sourcebook: NOX Control Technology Data*10*
The CTC responded to a large number of requests from state, local, and federal regulatory
agencies for assistance with the control of NOX emissions. The CTC initiated a study to develop a NOX
controls reference book, which resulted in a report to assist new source-permitting activities by
regulatory agencies.
The report covers combustion turbines, internal combustion engines, non-utility boilers and
heaters, and waste incinerators. It discusses the background of NOX formation in the combustion
process and major NOX sources, and describes processes for NOX control. The report discusses the
current status of NOX control technology and applications to meet permitting requirements. Permitted
NOX emission levels are summarized by combustion source, fuel type, and control technology. The
documentation includes references and contacts for further information.
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APPENDIX C
CTC-GENERATED REPORTS AND SOFTWARE
1. Friedman, B., C. Vaught. Best Demonstrated Control Technology for Graphic Arts.
EPA-450/3-91-008 (PB91-168427), February 1991.
2. Vaught, C. Evaluation of Air Toxic Emissions at Minnesota's Reconstituted Panelboard Plants.
EPA^50/3-91-009, April 1991.
3. Kariher, P., M. Tufts, L. Hamel. Evaluation of VOC Emissions from Heated Roofing Asphalt.
EPA-600/2-91-061 (PB92-115286), November 1991.
4. Moore, S. HAP-PRO User's Manual (For Use With Version 1.0). EPA-600/8-9l-211a (PB92-
135904), EPA-600/8-91-211b (diskette), October 1991.
5. Sink, M.K. Control Technologies for Hazardous Air Pollutants. EPA-625/6-91-014, June 1991.
6. Pelt, W.R., R.L. Bass, I.R. Kuo, A.L Blackard. Landfill Air Emissions Estimation Model -
Version 1.1, User's Manual. EPA-600/8-90-085a (PB91-167718), December 1990.
7. Nawar, M. Radiation and Mixed Waste Incineration: Background Information Document,
Volume I: Technology. EPA-520/1-91-010-1 (PB91-222505), May 1991.
8. Nawar, M. Radiation and Mixed Waste Incineration: Background Information Document,
Volume II: Risk of Radiation Exposure. EPA-520/1-91-010-2 (PB91-222513), May 1991.
9. Walata, S.A.. C.R. Newman. Radiation-Curable Coatings. EPA-600/2-91-035 (PB91-219550).
July 1991.
10. Campbell, L.M. O.K. Stone, G.S. Shareef. Sourcebook: NOX Control Technology Data.
EPA-600/2-91-029 (PB91-217364), July 1991.
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CTC REPORTS AND SOFTWARE
1. Scherer, T.M., "Affordability Analysis of Lead Emission Controls for a Smelter-Refinery,"
EPA/450-3-90-001 (PB90-120122), October 1989.
2. Damle, A.S., T.N. Rogers, "Air Stripper Design Manual, Air/Superfund National Technical
Guidance Study Series," EPA-450/1-90-003 (PB91-125997), May 1990.
3. Vancit, M.A., R.H. Howie, DJ. Herndon, S.A. Shareef, "Air Stripping of Contaminated Water
Sources-Air Emissions and Controls," EPA-450/3-87-017 (PB88-106166), August 1987.
4. Rogers, T., A. Damie, "ASPEN Expert System for Steam Stripping Calculations,"
EPA-450/3-90-003, July 1990.
5. Shareef, G.S., J.T. Waddell, "Assessment of the Controllability of Condensible Emissions,"
EPA-600/8-90-075 (PB91-125807), October 1990.
6. Stockton, M.B., I.R. Kuo, "Assessment of VOC Emissions from Fiberglass Boat Manufacturing,"
EPA-600/2-90-019 (PB90-216532), May 1990.
7. Steigerwald, J., "BACT/LAER Clearinghouse: A Compilation of Control Technology
Determinations," Volume I-- Report Summary and Appendices A-G, EPA-450/3-90-015a (NTIS
PB90-259722), June 1990.
8. Steigerwald, J., "BACT/LAER Clearinghouse: A Compilation of Control Technology
Determinations, Volume II- Appendix H, Source Codes 1 to 3, EPA-450/3-90-015b
(PB90-259730), June 1990.
9. Steigerwald, J., "BACT/LAER Clearinghouse: A Compilation of Control Technology
Determinations, Volume III- Appendix H, Source Codes 4-6," EPA-450/3-90-015c
(PB90-259748), June 1990.
10. Steigerwald, J., "BACT/LAER Clearinghouse: A Compilation of Control Technology
Determinations, Volume IV-Appendix H, Source Codes 7-12," EPA-450/3-90-015d
(PB90-259755), June 1990.
11. "Benzene Enabling Document for Standards on Benzene Transfer and Waste Operations,"
EPA-450/3-90-009 (PB91-161737), March 1990.
12. Ryan, J.V., "Characterization of Emissions from the Simulated Open Burning of Scrap Tires,"
EPA-600/2-89-054 (PB90-126004), October 1989.
13. Linak, W.P., J.V. Ryan, E. Perry, R. W. Williams, D.M. DeMarini, "Chemical and Biological
Characterization of Products of Incomplete Combustion from the Simulated Field Burning of
Agricultural Plastic," Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, Vol. 39; 6, 836-846, June
1989.*
14 Saunders, G.L., "Comparisons of Air Stripper Simulations and Field Performance Data,
Air/Superfund National Technical Guidance Study Series," EPA-450/1-90-002 (PB90-207317),
February 1990.
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15. Harkins, S., A.S. Damle, "Control Technology Assessment Report for Air Emissions from
Wastewater Treatment Operations," EPA-450/3-89-008 (PB89-207922), April 1989.
16. Control Technology Center Program Operating Manual.*
17. Bagley, C.J., J.S. McLean, M.B. Stockton, "Control of VOC Emissions from Polystyrene Foam
Manufacturing," EPA-450/3-90-020 (PB91-102111), September 1990.
18. Determination of Perchloroethylene Content of Waste Materials from Filters and Still
Bottoms-Conditional Test Method 010, March 1991.*
19. Barnard, W.R., "Emission Factors for Iron and Steel Sources-Criteria and Toxic Pollutants,"
EPA-600/2-90-024 (PB90-242314), June 1990.
20. Gschwandtner, G., S. Fairchild,"Emission Factors for Iron Foundries-Criteria and Toxic
Pollutants," EPA-600/2-90-044 (PB90-266743), August 1990.
21. "Enabling Document for New Source Performance Standards for Air Oxidation Processes and
Distillation Operations in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry,"
EPA-450/3-90-018 (NTIS PB 92-161967), July 1990.
22. Vaught, C.C., "Evaluation of Emission Control Devices at Waferboard Plants,"
EPA-450/3-90-002 (PB90-131442), October 1989.
23. Bolstad, J.N., "Evaluation of Emission Control Optbns at Leeds Architectural Products" (Spray
Booth Controls), EPA-450/3-89-001 (PB90-120106), September 1989.
24. Burklin, C.E., T.S. White, "Evaluation of Emission Factors for Formaldehyde from Certain Wood
Processing Operations," EPA-450/3-87-023 (PB88-118492), October 1987.
25. Vaught, C.C., R.L. Nicholson, "Evaluation of Emission Sources from Creosote Wood Treatment
Operations," EPA-450/3-89-028 (PB89-224729), June 1989.
26. "Evaluation of Potential Emissions of TDI from Two Facilities," EPA-450/3-87-022
(PB88-120845), October 1987.
27. Haile, C.L., J.C. Harris, "Guidelines for Stack Testing of Municipal Waste Combustion Facilities,"
EPA-600/8-88-085 (PB88-234893), June 1988.
28. Neulicht, R.M., L.S. Chaput, D.D. Wallace, M.B., Turner, S.G. Smith, "Hospital Incinerator
Operator Training Course: Volume I: Student Handbook," EPA-450/3-89-003 (PB89-189872),
March 1989.
29. "Hospital Incinerator Operator Training Course: Volume II: Presentation Slides,"
EPA-450/3-89-004 (PB89-189880), March 1989.
30. "Hospital Incinerator Operator Training Course: Volume III: Instructors Handbook,"
EPA-450/3-89-010, March 1989.
31. Elliott, J., S. Watkins, "Industrial Wastewater VOC Emissions-Background Information for
BACT/LAER Determinations," EPA-450/3-90-004 (PB90-194754), January 1990.
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32. Neulicht, R.M., M.B., Turner, L.S. Chaput, D.D. Wallace, S.G. Smith, "Operation and
Maintenance of Hospital Medical Waste Incinerators," EPA-450/3-89-002 (PB89-190615), March
1989.
33. "Polymer Manufacturing Industry-Enabling Document," EPA-450/3-90-019 (PB91-161745),
December 1990.
34. Hester, C.I., R.L. Nicholson, M.A. Cassidy, "Powder Coatings Technology Update,"
EPA-450/3-89-033 (PB90-127341), October 1989.
35. DiMauro, D., C. Duffy, "RACT/BACT/LAER Clearinghouse: A Compilation of Control
Technology Determinations, First Supplement to 1990 Edition," EPA-450/3-91-015
(PB91-231548), July 1991.
36. Aurand, G.A., M.B. Turner, C.J. Athey, R.M. Neulicht, "Reduction of Volatile Organic Compound
Emissions from the Application of Traffic Markings," EPA-450/3-88-007 (PB89-148274) August
1988.
37. Athey, C., C. Hester, M. Mclaughlin, R.M. Neulicht, M.B. Turner, "Reduction of Volatile Organic
Compound Emissions from Automobile Refinishing," EPA-450/3-88-009 (PB89-148282),
October 1988.
38. "Soil Vapor Extraction--VOC Control Technology Assessment," EPA-450/4-89-017
(PB90-216995), September 1989.
39. Walata, S.A., R.M. Rehm, "Source Characterization and Control Technology Assessment of
Methylene Chloride Emissions from Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, NY,"
EPA-600/2-89-043 (PB89-224471), July 1989.
40. Watkins, S.L., "Surface Impoundment Modeling Systems (SIMS) Version 2.0 Users' Manual,"
EPA-450/4-90-0193 (PB91-156711),.September 1990.
41. Watkins, S.L., "Background Document for the Surface Impoundment Modeling System (SIMS)
Version 2.0 Documentation," EPA-450/4-90-019b (PB91-156729) September 1990;
PB91-506911 (Manual); PB91-506998 (software, Manual and Background).
42. DeWees, W.G., K.C., Steinsberger, "Test Report: Method Development and Evaluation of Draft
Protocol for Measurement of Condensible Paniculate Emissions," EPA-450/4-90-012
(PB90-240805), May 1990.
43. Barnett, K.W., C.E. Most, "Ultrasonic Cleaning of Rotogravure Cylinders," EPA-450/3-89-024
(PB89-216360), June 1989.
CTC Project documentation not published as a formal EPA report
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/R-92-169
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Annual Report: Control Technology Center, FY91:
Fifth Year of Growth
5. REPORT DATE
September 1992
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Beth Crabtree
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
Acurex Corporation
P. C. Box 13109
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-DO-0141, Task 92-043
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Office of Research and Development
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Task Final; 10/91-4/92
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES AEERL project officer is Charles H. Darvin, Mail Drop 61, 919 /
541-7633. Previous CTC annual reports include EPA-600 79-91-023 and EPA-600/9-
90-017.
is. ABSTRACT The report documents activities of EPA's Control Technology Center (CTC)
during its fifth year of successful operation in providing technical assistance to
state, local, and federal air pollution control agencies. In fiscal year 1991 (FY91),
the Center also began providing limited technical assistance to the private sector in
compliance with mandates of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. The report docu-
ments technical and administrative efforts during the period to respond to increased
demands from the pollution control community for technical assistance. The 90%
increase in HOTLINE calls resulted from an increase in calls from governmental
agencies and the additional calls from the private sector. In addition, each of the
other CTC services experienced significant increases. The RACT/BACT /LAER
Clearinghouse experienced a 250% increase in accesses for FY91. In its first months
of operation, the CTC's Bulletin Board System averaged 79 accesses a week. Fi-
nally, more than 4000 CTC documents were mailed during FY91. These increases
are evidence that the CTC is providing a valuable service to the air pollution control
community.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Reporting
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Control Technology
Center (CTC)
13 B
05A
8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
53
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
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