United States Region 7
Environmental Protection 726 Minnesota Ave.
Agency Kansas City, KS 66101
Emergency Response Team
wEPAOil and
Hazardous
Substances
Response Manual
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HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ACCIDENT
1ST ON-SCENE CHECK LIST
1. REPORT THE INCIDENT AS A POSSIBLE H/M ACCIDENT. GIVE EXACT
LOCATION AND REQUEST ASSISTANCE.
2. STAY UP-WIND AND UP-GRADE.
3. ISOLATE THE AREA OF NON ESSENTIAL PERSONNEL.
4. AVOID CONTACT WITH LIQUID OR FUMES.
5. ELIMINATE IGNITION SOURCES
(Smoking flares combustible engines)
6. RESCUE INJURED ONLY IF PRUDENT.
7. IDENTIFY MATERIALS AND DETERMINE CONDITIONS
(Spill fire leak solid - liquid - vapor; single or
mixed load; waybills bills of lading. Shipper-owner
manufacturer and carrier)
8. initiate evacuation Downwind first if necessary
9. ESTABLISH COMMAND POST LOCATION UPWIND A SAFE DISTANCE.
REPORT EXACT LOCATION AND GIVE APPROACH ROUTE TO DISPATCHER.
City County
FIRE:
POLICE:
EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICE:
HEALTH DEFT.;
CIVIL PREPAREDNESS:
REPORT
OIL OR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SPILLS/RELEASES
TOLL FREE DAY OR NIGHT
1-800-424-8802
ASSISTANCE
OIL OR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SPILL/RELEASES
DAY OR NIGHT
REGION VII EPA 913/236-3778
IOWA DEFT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 515/281-8694
KANSAS DEFT. OF HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT 913/296-1500
MISSOURI DEFT. OF NATURAL RESOURCES 314/634-2436
NEBRASKA DEFT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL 402/471-4545
CHEMTREC 800/424-9300
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Circumstances of Hazardous Materials (HM) incidents vary so
widely, it is impossible to establish specific guidelines to
cover all incidents.
The goal is to remove the threat to public health or welfare,
safety, and property which may resuIt from a hazardous
materials incident.
Do not compound the existing problem by creating a disaster
out of an emergency.
The senior f^re ground commander of the jurisdiction is
commonly the ON-SCENE Commander (OSC). As such he makes all
the decisions and should be advised and consulted by all.
response personnel to promote a coordinated response official
ON-SCENE Comnander.
Until the fire ground commander is on-scene, you must take
charge and set the scene for a. coordinated response and
recovery.
No one is an expert in all problems assoc iated with hazardous
materials Experts in specifie fields provide needed pieces
of information to the (OSC) to solve the overall problem.
You may have to delay attending to the injured in order to
save the lives of many others.
Do not concern yourself with saving the H/M product or the
carrier, it can be replaced.
Keep your dispatcher advised at all stages of your actions.
He must advise other responding units and agencies.
Isolate the area of everyone not directly involved with the
incident until on-scene commander arrives.
DO NOT BECOME PART OF THE PROBLEM YOURSELF BY ATTEMPTING
IRRESPONSIBLE RESCUES OR HEROICS.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
1.0
2.0
3. 0
4.0
n . u
6.0
INTRODUCTION ... ....
Preparedness/Prevention . . . ^
FEDERAL LAWS/REGULATIONS
3.1 Federal Water Pollution Control Act ....
3.2 Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasures
Plan (SPCC)
3.J Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation
and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA)
3.4 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).
NATIONAL AND REGIONAL OIL AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
POLLUTION CONTINGENCY PLANS
4.1 On-Scene Coordinator .
4.2 Regional Response Team ......
4.3 Spill Response Phases .
4.3.1 Phase I - Discovery and Notification ....
4.3.2 Phase II - Evaluation and Initiation of Action
4.3.3 Phase III - Containment and Countermeasure
4.3.5 Phase V Documentation and Cost Recovery
SUMMARY OF ACTION TO BE TAKEN BY THE SPILLER
5.1 Report It
5.2 Contain It
5.3 Clean It Up .
IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF SPILLED MATERIALS
6.1 Chemical Compatibility . . .
7.1 Cleanup Techniques for Floating Materials
7.1.1 Booms ... ...
7.1.2 Earthen Dams .
7.1.3,1 Vacuum or' Suction-Type Skimmers
7.1.3.2 Weir Skimmers
7.1.3.3 Dynamic Inclined Plane Skimmers
7.1.3.4 Oleophilic Skimmers ....
7.1.4 Chemicals for Oil Spill Cleanup
7.1.4.1 Dispersants ...
7.1.4.2 Collecting Agents
7.1.4.3 Burning Agents ...
7.2 Cleanup Techniques for Hazardous Substances
7.2.1 Carbon Adsorption
7.2.2 Filtration .
7.2.3 Ion Exchange . . .
7.2.4 Gravity Separation
7.2.5 Neutralization
7.2.6 Coagulation Precipitation
7.2. 7 Reduction
Pn,re
1
4
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
13
17
18
23
28
28
28
29
30
34
34
34
34
35
35
35
36
36
37
37
38
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont)
7.2.8 Oxidation - 38
7.2.9DilutionandOtspersal , . . - 39
/.SControlofLandandAirSpills -^ 46
7.3.1 Land Spills • • 46
7.3.2 Air Spi lls . -16
o. DISPOSAL PROCEDURES . 47
9. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS . 47
9.1 Safety . 47
9.1.1 General Considerations 47
9.1.2 Site Control ..... 49
9.1.3 Equipment and Clothing . 51
9.1.4 Medical . 59
9.1.5 Training .59
9.2 Water fowl Conservation.... . 59
9.3 Environmental Damage Assessment 60
10. SAMPLING AND DOCUMENTATION . 60
10.1 Sampling Procedures . 60
10.1.1 Method of Sampling 60
10.1.2 Type of Samples 61
10.1.3 Sample Containers . . .61
10.1.4 Sample Preservation . , 62
10.1.5 Sanple Identification . 63
10.1.6 Chain of Custody 63
10.2 Documentation . . 63
APPENDICES G5
A. Spill Information.... . ... 60
A.I Information Contacts 6(5
A.2 In fornation Sources . 67
o. Cleanup Contractors ... . 70
C. OilSheonReference . 74
D. Standard Terms and Conversion Table 74
E. Telephone Directory 75
H. Frequently Called Names and Telephonn Numbers 77
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1-0 INTRODUCTION
The Congress has declared that it is the policy of the United
States that there should be no discharge of oil or hazardous sub-
stances into or upon the navigable waters of the United States,
adjoining shorelines or into or upon waters of the contiguous
zones (Sec. 311 (b) (1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act).
This policy is carried out^through a coordinated effort by
Federal , State, Local departments and agencies, as outlined in the
"Region 7 Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingenty Plan"
for the waters of Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, and Missouri. This
Response Manual is a sub-part of the overall Region 7 Contingency
Plan. Its purpose is to give the responding Federal and State
officials a convenient "quick" reference guide of duties, cleanup
techniques, and resources that may be called upon to mitigate and
control the effects of an oil or hazardous substance spill.
The Comprehensive En vironmental Response Compensation anri
Liability Act of 1980 (CFJRCLA) significantly broadens the scope of
spill reporting and response. Specially, the Act requires that
the National Response Center be notified of any releases of a
reportable quantity of a hazardous substance to the environment.
Requirements for spill clean up and the responsibilities of the
On-Scene Coordinator are similar to those under Section 311 of the
FWPCA.
2.0 PREPAREDNESS/PREVENTION
Organization and operator of a hazardous materials response
system requires more than a rapid delivery system for personnel to
reach the scene of an incident. Careful planning, organization
and training of personnel of diverse backgrounds are necessary to
prepare for effective and safe on-scene operations at a hazardous
materials release. Preparedness is the general term for these
activities which result in an adequate state of awareness of the
hazards involved combined with the capability to effectively
respond to the emergency.
Preparedness ranks very high in the order of importance with
other elements of oil/hazardous materials spill control. It is
preventive in nature and from this viewpoint is regarded as most
effective. It relates to both before and after-the-fact
activities in that it can help avoid the spill/releases, or it can
reduce the total impact of the spill on the environment.
The responsibility to develop a sound readiness lies with in-
dividual companies, agency, department, whether moral or legal
obligations are involved, or simply appreciation of esthetic
values. One step further each employee should be aware of his
responsibilities to his company agency, department, and be willing
to participate in maintaining and improving preparedness efforts.
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There are many variables in developing an adequate
preparedness plan, and there is no stereotyped checklist to
follow. While it is true many good plans have been worked out,
the fact is they are tailored to accomodate specific hazards, in
specific geographic areas, using the available. manpower,
organizational structures, equipment and supplies.
These things relate to planning and organization, whereas
training of personnel, naintaining and improving the program must
also be considered. Training of personnel , for example , might
include:
i. How to deploy special equipment (booms and skimmers,
etc. ).
2. Improvising equipment in emergencies.
3. Arranging denonstrations by vendor/supplier of
equ i p-ient.
4. Arranging conferences with local, state and federal
environmentalists.
5. Discussing and studying new techniques and keeping
current with developments in related subjects.
Maintaining readiness is extremely important, because changes
in personnel, corporate organization, equipmen t avaliability, pro-
cess changes and additions, product flow, etc. , could render the
plan ineffective or completely inadequate. Readiness is a never
ending process and must be periodically reviewed to keep the
system curren t.
Regardless of the best efforts that might have been made,
certain improvements are always possible. All contingencies are
not likely to be anticipated.
RESPONSE ACTIVITIES
Response activities associated with each specific incident
are unique, however, there are criteria, principles, and opera-
tions tli at are common to all incidents. The incident must be
evaluated to determine its hazard or potent ial hazard. Various
types of environmental samples or measurements may be needed to
initially determine the hazard or to provide additional or contin-
ual information for assessment. Personnel workers involved in the
many activities will need to be protected appropriate to the haz-
ards involved. Efforts will be needed to prevent or reduce
potentially harmful substances from migrating from the site due to
natural or man-made activities. Containment, cleanup, and dis-
posal activities may be conducted.
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DISPOSAL/RECOVERY
After cleanup operations have removed the spilled materials
and contaminated debris from the water or ground," the OSC's
responsibili ties are not over. Improper shipping and^disposal of
spilled cleanup waste can cause serious safety problens, as wel1
as result in secondary pollution as bad as, if not worse than, the
original spill. Therefore, the OSC must be assured that all chem-
ical disposal is carried out in a safe and proper manner.
Disposal/recovery operations may involve the shipping of the
waste materials to a state approved land disposal site, treatmen t
by a reliable disposal or recycling to the spiller's company or to
a company that can use the material in its operation.
In all cases involving the disposal/recovery of oil and haz-
ardous substances, con tact and coordination should be made with
all affected parties. EPA looks to the State pollution control
agencies to obtain disposal sites and act as disposal sites, air
pollution control agencies, sewage treatment plants, etc.
Extremely toxic materials may require special on-site treat-
ment, or as in the case of PCB's either incineration or shipment
to an EPA/State approved disposal site. EPA, Edison , New Jersey,
has specialized equipment that nay be avail able to treat these
very toxic materials. Coordination of this activity will be con-
tacted by the EPA Emergency Response Team.
Generators (spillers) and transporters of hazardous waste
materials must obtain the appropriate EPA identification numbers
as required by RCRA (See Section 4.4).
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.0 FEDERAL LAWS/REGULATIONS
j.l FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as ammended
(also called the Clean Water Act), represents the latest
water pollution control legislation and contains several
elements relative to pollution by oil and hazardous sub-
stances. The basic authority for spill prevention and re-
sponse programs originates from Section 311 of the Act.
Section 311 provides the overall framework for spills of oil
and designated hazardous substances, including national
policy and responsibilities. Section 311(b)(5) provides
that "Any person in charge of a vessel or of an on-shore
facility shall, as soon as he has knowledge of any discharge
of oil or a hazardous substance from such vessel or facility
...immediately notify the appropriate agency of the United
States Government of such discharge. Any such person who. . .
fails to notify immediately such agency of such discharge
shall , upon conviction , be fined not more than $10,000 or
imprisoned for not more than one year or both." The appro-
priate "agency" is indicated in Section 6.1 of this manual.
It is the policy of the United States Environmental Pro-
tec t ion Agency and the U.S. Coast Guard that the spill er
assumes complete financial responsibility for removal
actions. If the Federal On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) deter-
mines that timely and/or adequate removal actions are not
being carried out, then the Federal Government will initiate
cleanup. The Government may then bring action against the
responsible party to recover all cleanup costs up to the
liabilities set by Federal Law. A spill cleanup must be done
to the satisfaction of the Federal OSC.
3.2 SPILL PREVENTION CONTROL AND COUNTEHMEASURES
PLAN (SPCC PLAN)
The Environmental Protection Agency Oil Pollution Pre-
vention Regulation, published in the Federal Register on
December 11, 1973, is addressed to non-transportation related
facilities and is further identified as Title 40, Code of
Federal Regulations, Part 112. The main requirement of
facilities subject to the regulation is the preparation and
implementation of a plan to prevent any discharge of oil into
waters of the United States. The plan is referred to as a
Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure Plan (SPCC Plan).
The purpose of the plan is to prevent discharges of oil
into waters of the United States. The main thrust of the
regulation*is "prevention" is opposed to "after-the-fact," or
"reactive" measures commonly described in Spill Contingency
Plans.
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This plan applies to owners or operators of facilities
engaged in drilling, producing, gathering, storing,
processing, refining, transferring, or consuming oil and oil
products, providing -
1. the facility is non-transportation related (see
definition of non-transportation)
2i aboveground storage capacity of single container J.s in
excess of 660 gallons, or an aggregrate storage
capacity greater than 1320 gallons, or providing that
total belowground storage capacity is greater than
42,000 gallons
3. facilities, which, due to their location could reason-
ably expect spilled oil to reach waters of the United
States.
3.3 COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE COMPENSATION
AND LIABILITY ACT OF 1980 (CERCLA)
This act significantly broadens the scope of spill re-
porting and response. Specifically, the Act requires that
the National Response Center be notified of any releases of a
reportable quantity of a hazardous substance to the environ-
nent.
The Act defines the environment to include water,
groundwater, land surface, and subsurface. The definition of
hazardous substances has been expanded to include. those
already designated under Section 311 of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act (FWPCA); hazardous wastes defined under
Section 3001 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act; toxic pollut-
ants listed under Section 307 of the FWPCA; hazardous air
pollutants listed under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act;
substances pursued under Section 7 of the Toxic Substances
Control Act; and any substances subsequently designated pur-
suant to Section 102 of Superfund. The definition does not
include petroleum. A listing of these substances can be con-
piled by obtaining copies of 40 CFR Part 116 and 49 CFR Part
172. The Act sets a reportable quantity of one pound, except
for those substances for which reportable quantit ies were
previously assigned under Section 311 of the FWPCA.
Petroleum spills to the navigable waters of the United
States continue to be under the jurisdiction of the FWPCA,
Therefore, any substance designated as hazardous
according to the laws cited above, when released to the
environment in quantities of one pound or greater (unless a
different quantity has been designated under Section 311 of
the FWPCA) must be reported to the National Response Center.
Failure to notify could result in a fine or not more than
$ 10,000 or imprisonment for not more than one year, or both.
Requirements for spill cleanup and the responsibilities
of the On-Scene Coordinator are similar to those under Sec-
tion 311 of the FWPCA.
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3.1 RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY ACT (RCRA)
This Act addresses problems related to the generation,
disposal, and management of waste materials in the United States.
In relation to his plan are those portions of the Act dealing with
hazardous wastes. Regulations have been promulgated by EPA which
will serve to identify hazardous waste both by characteristics and
by sources; develop the cradle-to-grave manifest and tracking
systems; and implement a permit system and facility standards for
the treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous wastes.
The regulations require that generators, transporters, and
disposers of hazardous waste must obtain EPA identification
numbers. During spill situations where hazardous waste is
recovered and transported to a disposal site, the shipment must be
accompanied by a man!fest which includes the EPA characterization
number of the generator and each transporter. These
identi fication numbers are necessary prior to transporting the
material off site. In order to avoid delay in obtaining these
numbers, EPA has established a special procedure for rapid
issuance of numbers. EPA Region Office will issue provis ional
numbers to generators and transporters during emergencies when
necessary for rapid transportation of hazardous waste to an
authorized waste management facility. These identification
numbers and further information concerning the RCRA Act can be
obtained by contacting: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Region VII, 25 Funston Road, Kansas City, Kansas 66115.
4.0 NATIONAL AND REGIONAL OIL AND HAZARDOUS
SUBSTANCES POLLUTION CONTINGENCY PLANS
The National and Regional Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollu-
tion Contingency Plans have been developed in compliance with the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, Section 311 (c) (2) and
CERCLA, Section 105. These Plans provide for a coordinated and
integrated response by departments and agencies of the Federal and
State governements to protect the public health and environment
and minimize adverse impacts due to oil and hazardous substance
discharges, Including containment, dispersal and removal. The
Plans also promote the coordination of the Federal and State
response systems by developing local government and private capa-
bilities in handling environmental incidents.
4,1 ON-SCENE COORDINATION
The On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) is the Federal official pre-
designated by the EPA or USCG to provide on-scene coordination and
direction of all aspects of a spill and subsequent removal
actions. The OSC is predesignated as part of the planning and
preparation for response to pollution incidents. EPA normally
provides OSC's for inland waters and USCG normally provides OCS's
for coastal waters. However, this function may be delegated to
other State and Federal officials where appropriate. The OSC
maintains responsibility to Insure that the proper initiation,
containment, countermeasures, cleanup, and disposal actions take
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place. An official from any agency with responsibility under the
Regional Contingency Plan may assume the role of the OSC until the
predesignated OSC arrives.
1.2 REGIONAL RESPONSE TEAM
The Regional Response Team (RRT) serves as the regional body
for planning and preparedness actions prior to pollution
discharges and for coordination and advice during a pollution
discharge. The RRT is composed of regional representatives of
participating Federal, State, and Local government agencies.
Activation of the RRT will normally occur when a major or
significant discharge of oil or hazardous substance occurs.
During a pollution emergency the RRT members shall insure that the
resources of their respective agencies are made available to the
OSC. Both the National and Regional Plans contain the
responsibilities and the functions of the OSC and RRT and are
available for review at the EPA and USCG offices.
4.3 SPILL RESPONSE PHASES
4.3.1 Phase I Discovery and Notification
Identification is the first response action to an oil or haz-
ardous substance spill. The notification and dissemination of
information will be in accordance with the applicable regional and
local plans, but should include the necessary steps to safeguard
1 i f e and property and the noti ficat ion of other agencies, i.e.,
fire departments, police departments, etc.
4.3.2 Phase II Evaluation and Initiation of Action
Identification of the material spilled is of utmost import-
ance daring spill incidents (see Section 7.0). If the identity of
a spilled material is not known, it is recommended that the spill
not be approached by the responder until the material can be
properly identified and the hazards and safety precautions known.
Otherwise, the spill should be treated as if it were a highly
toxic substance and should be approached only with full protective
gear employed.
In the case in which the nature of the potential hazard of a
spill is unknown, but no imminent hazard to a populace is_sus-
pected, every effort should be made to determine the spill nature
and extent prior to exposure of cleanup personnel. In the long
run, time spent in making such a determination may be more than
compensated for by making swift, concerted and appropriate action
possible when the problem is properly defined.
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Many, if not most, hazardous substances are soluble or
miscible in water. Thus, evaluation of containment/clean up
efforts will be much more difficult than with oil spills. In
addition, the evaluation of the magnitude of the spill and the
potential hazard and environmental impact will be more difficult
and can be expected to require more on-scene response effort than
previously required for oil alone.
4:3.3 Phase III - Containment and Countermeasures
This includes actions taken to recover the pollutant from the
water and affected public and private shoreline areas, and monit-
oring activities to determine the scope and effectiveness of
removal actions. Actions that could be taken include the use of
sorbents, skimmers and other collection devices for sunken pollut-
ants; the use of reaeration or other methods to minimize or miti-
gate damage resultant from dissolved, suspended or emu1si fied pol-
lutants; or special treatment techniques to protect public water
supplies or wildlife resources from continuing damage (see Section
8.0) .
Pollutants and contaminated materials that are recovered in
cleanup operations shall be disposed of in accordance with
procedures agreed to at the State or local level (see Section
9.0).
q.3.0 Phase V'__-L Documentation and Cost Recovery
This includes a variety of activities, depending on the
location of and circumstances surrounding a particular release.
Recovery of Federal removal costs and recovery for damage done to
Federal, State or local government property is included, however,
third party damages are not dealt with in this Plan. The
collection of scientific and technical information of value to the
scientific community as a basis for research and development
activities and for the enhancement of understanding of the
environment may also be considered in this phase. It must be
recognized that the collection of samples and necessary data must
be performed at the proper times during the case to fix liability
and for other purposes (see Section 9).
5.0 SUMMARY OF ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN BY THE SPILLER
When a spill has occured which is in violation of the Act
(see Section 11.0), the responsibile party must take certain
actions which can be classified as follows.
o.i REPORT IT
The Act requires that any person in charge of a facility
responsible for discharging will notify the appropriate agency of
the United States Government as soon as he has knowledge of any
discharge of oil or hazardous substance. The appropriate agencies
to notify are as follows:
Federal
National Response Center 800-424-8802
USEPA Region VII K.C. 816-374-3776
USCG 2nd District 314--125-4612
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Iowa DEQ 515-281-8883
Kansas DUE 913-862-9360
Missouri DNR 314-034-2436
Nebraska DEC 402-4-23-7442
5.2 CONTAIN IT
Containment of the spilled material is of extreme importance
since the effectiveness and cost of cleanup will usually be
directly related to the effectiveness of containment. For this
reason, containment must be undertaken immedlately upon discovery
of the spill. The first step is to locate the source and make an
effort to stop the migration of^ material. Containment equipnent
should then be established well below the leading edge of the
spilled material to insure ample time for installing the contain-
ment equipment. In many cases, a series of containnent devices
will be required. Whenever possible, containment should be accom-
plished before the material reaches water. Once oil or a hazard-
ous substance release has reached water, recovery is much more
difficult. Most other hazardous substances are nearly impossible
to recover or treat when they have entered a water body.
D.J CLEAN IT UP
The Act also requires that the responsible party remove the
spilled material and conduct cleanup to the satisfaction of the
OSC (see Section 4.1). Therefore, after the material has been
adequately con tained, resources should be assembled to acconplish
a satisfactory cleanup. This may involve using company employees
and equipment or it could require the assistance of a con tractor
who specializes in spill cleanup. (See Section 8.0 for sped fie
techniques related to containment and cleanup).
6.0 IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF SPILLED MATERIALS
In the event of a discharge, the spiller should be able to
provide in formation concerning the identification of the material.
However , if the spill er is unknown or not available, then other
clues may be useful in determining the type of material spilled.
These include.
1. Characteristics of the container
o Container shapes
o Markings and colors
o Placards and labels
2. Characteristics of the spilled material
o Physical state
o Type of odor emitted
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o Color
o Turbidity
o Behavior in water
o Irritability to eyes
o Faming
o Flaming
o Foaming
o Gas emitting
o Reactions
3. Shipping papers for transportation related spills
Every vehicle should be considered to be a hazard because of
the material it may be carrying, even though it is not placarded.
This is because the law does not require vehicles carrying certain
materials be placarded , even though they may be extremely danger-
ous under certain circumstances. (For example, hair spray usually
considered to be relatively harmless, is very flammable and ex-
plodes when subjected to heat). There are numberous other pro-
ducts which when packed under pressure in aerosol cans are potent-
ially dangerous.
In case of an accident or spillage, the first person at the
scene should ascertain from the driver of the vehicle, conductor
of train or pilot of plane, the type of material being trans-
ported. If the driver, conductor or pilot is unconsicious or
dead, an attempt should be made to retreive the shipping papers
from the location indicated in Table 1 to determine the type of
material aboard. If unable to locate shipping papers, or obtain
the name of the commodity from the containers, contact the carrier
or shipper involved to get this in formation. The attempt to
retreive the shipping papers or name of commod ity from containers,
should ONLY be attempted it it can be accomplished without undue
risk to emergency personnel.
TABLE 1 SHIPPING PAPER IDENTIFICATION CHART
Mode of Title of Location of Responsible
Transportation Shipping Paper Shipping Papers Person
Highway*
Rail**
Water
Air
Bill of laTding Cab of vehicle
Waybill With Conductor
Consist
Dangerous Cargo VI heel ho use or
Manifest pipelike con-
ta iner on barge
Air Bill with Cockpit
Certi f ication for
Restricted Areas
Driver
Conductor
Captain
Master
Pilot
* Manufacturer's data sheets generally available from driver in
addition to bills of lading.
* * STCC (Standard Transpor tat ion Commod ity Code) Number is used
extensively on rail transportat ion shipping papers.
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When identifying hazardous substances, great care must be
taken in copying names of materials since even minor spelling
errors can have serious consequences in determining the hazardous
properties of the spilled material.
Unidentified materials must be approached as though they are
highly toxic and full protective gear should be used.
Table 2 provides a general classification of hazardous mater-
ials commonly transported.
The following format will be of assistance in establishing
the identity of the material and the magnitude of the spill:
Establish the type of spill The first step is to determine what
type of spill is involved by identifying the source of the spill.
The following types of spills are possible:
Trains
o Tank car
o Box car
Tank
Trailer
Aircraft
o Cargo
o Passenger
Dry Cargo
Tank Ship
Com. Pass. Vessel
Fishing Vessel
CG Vessel
Pleasure Craft
Tugboat
Unidentified
7. Pipeline
o Offshore
o On shore
Storage Tank
o Offshore
o On shore
Things to look for at spill
site:
i. Are hazardous placards
or labels visible on
vehicle or container?
z. If so, what are contents
identification or
warnings relating to
dangers (poisonous,
explosives)?
3. Identification numbers
on tank cars, trucks,
etc.?
4. Is shipping paper avail-
able?
Record easily visible physical propertags Observation of the
following properties of the spilled material can confirm an ident-
ification or possible identify the specific chemical involved.
However, the OSC must approach the spill cautiously and not en-
danger himself and others in determining the characteristics. If
a certain physical property cannot be readily identified, gather
other information that can safely be obtained.
-11-
-------
If it is in water, does it
o Float
o Sink.
o Mix (soluble)
1. What is the spill state? 5.
o Solid (powder, pellet
granular}
o Liquid
o Gas
z~ Is there a noticeable odor 6.
from a safe distance9
(pleasant, almond, ammon ia
ben zone, fragrant, lysol, 7.
vinegar, sweet)
3. What color is it9
4. Is it turbid?
o Opaque
o Clear
o Cloudy
G Other
Magnitude of Spill The OSC can establish the magnitude of the
spill by considering the following.
1. What number, type and size of individual containers have
spilled the material?
Does it cause your eyes
to water''
Is it
o Fuming
o Flaming
o Foaming
o Is a gas being given
off
o Is another noticeable
reaction occurring?
Metal drums
Fiber drums
Carboys
Bags
Paper
Polyethlcne
Cyl inder s
Boxes Type
Other
Length
Length
Leng th
Length
Dimensions-
approx. height
d iameter
appro*, height
diameter
approx. height
diameter
Width Height
Width Height
Width Height
Width Height
If large tank trucks, cars, or barge and ship holds are in-
volved, the approximate size can be estimated by pacing off
a similar distance at a remote location.
Often the tank cars and trains are label
should be recorded.
ed so the capacity
gallons.
-------
d.i CHEMICAL COMPATIBILITY
If two or more hazardous materials can remain in contact
indefinitely without changing structure or resulting in a chemical
reaction then they are compatible. Incompatibility does not
necessarily indicate a hazard.
Many operations on waste or accident sites involve mixing or
unavoidable contact between different hazardous materials. It is
important to know ahead of time if such materials are compatible.
If they are not, then any number of chemical reactions could oc-
cur. The results of a reaction could range from the formation of
an innocuous gas to a violent explosion. Table 2 gives the
results of incompatible mixtures.
The identity of the reactants and their nature must be deter-
mined in order to establish compatibility of the reactants are un-
known , then it must be determined by chemical analysis.
Once the identity is known then a chemist should be able to
determine the compatibility or the chemical reaction resulting
from mixing the reactants. Judging the compatibility of more than
two reactants is very difficult. If more than two reactants are
to be combined, then compatibility is judged on a one to one
basis.
For response personnel who are required to determine compati-
bilities there is an EPA R&D publication which can be utilized.
It is called "A Method for Determining the Compatibility of
Hazardous Wastes" EPA 600/2-80-076.
Sometimes the identity of a waste is impossible to ascertain
due to money and time constraints. In this event, simple tests
must be per formed to determine the nature of the material or mix-
ture. Tests such as pH , oxidation-reduction potential, and flash-
point determinations are used to characterize the waste. Other
tests such as combining very small amounts of the reactants may be
carefully employed to determine compatibility.
Practical Considerations:
If materials are compatible they must be stored together in
bulk tanks or transferred to tank trucks for ultimate disposal.
Bulk containment of wastes for transport requires only one chemi-
cal analysis whereas one is required for each drum or container
transported.
Compatibility information is also very important when evalua-
ting a situation resulting from an accident involving several dif-
ferent hazardous materials. The ultimate handling and treatment
of the materials may be partially based on such in formation.
-------
TABLE 2
1. Generation heat e.g., acid and water
2,. Fire e.g., hydrogen sulfide and calcium hypochlorite
3. Explosion e.g., picric acid and sodium hydroxide
4. Toxic gas or vapor production e.g., sulfuric acid and
plastic
5. Flammable gas or vapor production v.g., acid and metal
o. Formation of a substance with a greater toxicity than the
reactants e.g., chlorine and ammonia
7. Formation of shock or friction sensitive compounds
8. Pressurization of closed vessels fire extinguisher
9. Solubilization of toxic substances e.g., hydrochloric acid
and chromium
10. Dispersal of toxic dusts and mists
11. Violent polymerization e.g., ammonia and acrylonitrile
-------
Available technical data
A. CHRIS Manuals - U.S. Coast Guard
B. OHMTADS EPA
C. Chemtrec
u. NIOSH/OSHA Guide to Chemical Hazards
E. Merck Index
F. Sax, Irving Dangerous Properties of Industrial
Materials
G. Fire Protection Guide or Hazardous Materials NF
H. Hazardous Materials - Emergency Action Guide
U.S. Departmen t of Transportation
I. Bureau of Explosives
Association of American Railroads
Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials
in Surface Transportat ion
3. Additional Notes:
-------
DOT Classifications
Class A Explosive
Class B Explosive
Class C Explosive
Blasting Agents
Flam-able Gas
Nonflammable Gas
Special Forms
Cryogen ic
Gas in solution
Pyrophoric Liquids
Flammble Liquids
Combustible Liquid
Flanrnable Solid
Water Reactive
Spontaneously
Combustible
Oxidizer
Organic Peroxide
Class A Poison
Class B Poison
Irritant
Etiologic Agent
Radioactive I
Radioactive II
Radioactive III
Corrosive
CRM A
ORM B
CRM C
CRM D
Examples
Dynanite, TNT, Black Powder
Propellant Powders, Rocket
Motors
Corrmon Fireworks, 3nall
Arms
Nitro Carbo Nitrate
Acetylene, Butane, Hydrogen
Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen
Sulfur Dioxide
Butane, LNG , Nitrogen,
Propane
Ethylene, Hydrogen , Nitroge
Acetylene
Aluminum Alkyls, Alkyl
Boranes
Acetone, Gasoline, Methyl
Alcohol
Fuel Oil, Stoddard Solvent
Magnesium, Titanium
Calcium Carbide, Sodium
Hydride
Phosphorus, Sodium,
Potassium
Lithium Peroxide
Benzoyl Peroxide, Peracetic
Acid
Arsine, Hydrocyanic Acid,
Phosgene
Aniline, Arsenic, Methyl
Bromide
Tear Gas, Xylyl Bromide
Anthrax, Botulism, Rabies ,
Tetnus
Plutonium. Cobalt, Uranium
Uranium Hexafluoride
Acids - Hydrocyanic Acid ,
Suit uric Acid
Bases - Caustic Soda,
Caustic Potash
Dry Ice, Carbon Tetrachlori
Quicklime, Metallic Mercury
Battery Parts, Bleaching
Powder
Disinfectants
Properties
Sensitive to heat 1
Contamination could cause
explosion
Thermal and Mechanical
impact
BLEVE potential
Flammability hazard
Highly mobile vapors
Toxicity , corrosivity
potentials
Liquified gases - cold
temperatures - frostbite
i expansion ratio high
Flammbility
Explosion potential
BLEVE
Vapor /air
Potentially corrosive,
toxic thermally unstable
Readily ignite & burn
explosively, some
spontaneously
Water reactive potentials
Toxic & corrosive potenti
Supply oxygen to support
combustion of normally
nonflammable materials
Explosively sensitive to
beat shock friction
Potentially toxic
Harm from inhalation ,
ingestion , absorption
Effect on environment
Flammability potential
Harm - internal 6 externa
Contaminates -
Immediate area
Smoke , clothing , water
Harm - disintegration of
tissues, internal &
external
Oxidizing effect
Splatter pottential
le Noxious
Corrosive
-------
7-0 CONTAINMENT AND CLEANUP TECHNIQUES
Upon arriving at a spill scene the investigator should
observe the physical situation and take appropriate safety pre-
cautions if necessary. It is preferable to know the materials
spilled before leaving the office. This will allow time to check
the hazards of the materials involved in the spill, afhd what pre-
cautions and actions would be required during the cleanup opera-
tions.
Once the identity and danger of the spilled material has been
assessed, various methods of containment and/or cleanup may be
appropriate. It is the policy of EPA that mechanical containment
and removal methods be used whenever possible unless they would
endanger life of property or another more effective and readily
available method is more feasible.
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TABLE 4
CONTROL METHODS FOR SPILLS IN WATER
FLOATIN3 SPILLS
METHOD
Booms
Weirs
Pneumatic
Barriers
APPLICATION OR
CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS
Var i es , need de—
ployment device
Weir & boat
Air compressor
diffuser
deployment
method
USE
Not too
much
Calm
Only in
shallow
water
ADVANTAGES
Used on large
area ; many
knotcurrent
Not easily
clogged ;
collects a
contains
Co not create
a physical
barrier to
vessels
DISADVANTAGES
1. Only in wave <2-4 feet
2. Current speed <0.7
varieties
Not used in rough water
1. Not in rough water
2. Only shallow water
3. Only thin layers of
materials
Spill Chemicals on
Herding water; spray
Methods or prop._ wash
Protect Useful in
shore & rough water
facilities
1. Not easilty obtainable
2. Not 100% effective
71.1. Booms
Booms are used to contain spills of floatable materials, and
to facilitate cleanup operations. Booms can be vised to keep the
oil and hazardous materials in a small area or to keep these
materials out of a particular area. This latter approach is used
to protect vulnerable natural resources and private property such
as a marina.
Generally, booms as a containment device are good in clam
waters. However, they will loose their effectiveness in currents
above 1 MPH. (See Figures 1 and 2). In situations where the
current is above the 1 MPH figure, the boom should be used as a
deflection device, moving the oil to a quiet collection area.
This is done by placing the boom at an angle to the movement of
the floating material, this angle being less than 90" and usually
smaller than 45°. The faster the current, the smaller the angle
and the longer length of boom is required.
Boons are usually susceptible to two kinds of failure while
they are deployed. (1) entrainment and (2) splashover.
Ehtrainment is the loss of oil under the skirt, due norrrally
to a combination of increased headwave thickness and water cur-
rent. Figure 2 illustrates what happens to cause this undesirable
effect.
-------
1 I BALLAST I I 1 r--i r -i i —i i—i i 1
I*— WEIGHT ~T~M I LJ LJ I J LJ I I
END VIEW SIDE VIEW
Figure 1. The basic components of an oil contaminant boom.
OIL DROPLETS
BREAKING OFF
Fic'jre 2. Heavy waves and current? -nay w-,sh spilled oil under
the booms; this type of failure is known as "entrainment."
-------
tin train me nt can be accelerated by either of two separate
e\en t s or a comb in at ion of external inputs. One event is the
increase of water current velocity. This event has a tendency
to push the skirt off the vertical and to increase the amount
of entrained oil (Figure 3). The second event is high winds,
which can cause a similar loss of vertical integrity, if suf-
ficient freeboard is present, by pushing the top of the boom
toward the water surface. Sometimes , the boom may actually lie
flat on the water with a subsequent 1 o^t, of previously con tamed
oil (Figure 4 ) .
Figure 3. Entrainment increased due to fast current.
WIND
Figure *
Entrainment increased due to high wind with normal
The problems associated with entrainment can be partially
countered by decreasing the angle of the boom to the bank.
Problems associated with the effect of wind on boom integrity
are completely situational and require individual analysis and
deployment of "trade-offs" to maximize containment of the
spi1 led product.
-------
The wind and the sea stat
second type of failure, which
boom. Splashover is directly
height, angle of approach of
interval of the waves. Any co
the oil to go over the top of
site-specific, and the amount
boom to minimize this splas
case-by-case basis. In choppy
over t but there is no need for
being lost.
are primary influences on the
steins from the splashover of the
affected by boom design, freeboard
aves to the boom, and the size and
mbination of these factors causes
the boom. The solution, again, is
and direction of movement of the
hover should be determined on a
sea conditions, some oil will spill
alarm unless large quantities are
Regardless of the type used, booms can be effective only if
positioned or deployed in a manner consistent with local conditions.
The most valuable element in boom deployment is a sound work-
ing knowledge of local waterways. Knowledge of currents, tides,
natural catch areas, water depth, etc., is invaluable in effecting
a more rapid response. A second element necessary for timely, ef-
fective deployment is the availability of ready support equipment.
If the water body is large enough to require a boat for boom de-
ployment , it is important to have available some sort of towing
bridle that will place the strain on the tension member.
The following exampl
are widely used to contai
conditions (Figures 5, 6,
not always effective. In
usually subside at or nea
in these areas, some cont
shore. As can be seen, a
quire the securing of an
A recommended method for
es demonstrate various techniques that
oil with booms under different stream
and 7). The illustrated solution is
the case of most rivers , currents
the banks. Because of reduced flow
inment can normally be expected near-
ll of these deployment techniques re-
anchor on the leading edge of the boom.
anchoring the boom is shown in Figure 8.
Figure 5. Small river with moderate depth of 15 to 20 ft (it.6 to
6.1 m) and slow current of 1.0 to 1.5 kn (1.8 to 2.8 km/h).
-------
COLLECTION PIT
Figure 6. Small river with moderate depth of 15 to 20 ft. (4.6 to
6.1 m) and moderate to fast current of 3 to 4 kn (5.6 to 7.4 km/h).
Figure 7. River of moderate to deep depth and fast current,
Figure 8. Normal configuration for anchoring booms.
22
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7- 1 - 2 Earthen Dams
Earthen dams are a second type of barrier. This mrasurc i s
used most frequently on sna}1 creeks or tributaries, but could be
effectively used on slightly larger water bodies if the flow rate
\s slow [ <0. 5 knots (kn) ]. Earthen dams are very easy to con-
struct, using a bulldozer, drag]ine, or backhoe. The pri mary ob-
jective is to allow the water to pass downstream while containing
the oil. Wa ter passes through an i nverted siphon or inclined
pipe, which is placed below the water surface (Figure 30-32).
also be constructed easily.
In summary, it should be remenbered that physical barriers,
whether booms or dams, are intended to restrict the spread of
oil/hazardous materials and decrease contamination. In all oil
spill situations, rapid response is the key to an effective oper-
ation, and conta in men t mu st be accompl i shed as soon as possibl e ,
using the best available resources.
INITIAL
BARRIER
Figure 9. Back moored boom technique for containing spilled oil in tidal-
influenced estuaries and bays.
-------
DRY DITCH OR RAVINE
BLOCKED TO FORM HOLDING POND
• FILL SHOULD BE COMPACTED
BY ANY AVAILABLE MEANS DURING
CONSTRUCTION
-------
WATER BY-PASS DAM
(VALVED PIPE)
VALVED PIPElSi OF
ADOUATE CAPACITY
TO BY-PASS WATER
WATER FLOW OF STREAM OR SURFACE WATER DRAINAGE
IS BY PASltU TO MAINTAIN RESERVOIR LEVEL OIL IS
SKIMMED OF^ OR ADSORBED AS CONDITIONS DICTATE
CREST OF DAK SHOULD BE SUFFICIENT WIDTH TO
ACCOMODATE COMPACTION VEHICLE. HEIGHT OF FILL
2 TO 3 FEET ABOVF FLUID LEVEL. NORMAL FALL ANGLE
OF FILL WILL SUFFICE FOR SLOPING.
FIGURE 11
-------
WATER BY-PASS DAM
(INCLINED TUBE)
ELEVATE DISCHARGE END OF TUBE(S) TO
DESIRED RESERVOIR LEVEL.
-------
SUSPENDED BARRIER
Straw Layer(6"min. thick)
Width of Barrier
10-15 Feet Upstream
Anchor at 6-8 Feet
Intervals Along Bottom
of Wire Mesh
•STAGE BARRIERS IN SERIES
OF TWO OR MORE
•SELECT QUIESCENT AREA OF
STRFAM TO LOCATE BARRIERS
FIGURE 13
-------
7.1.3 Skimmers
Assuming that efforts to contain the discharged oil have
proved successful, recovery of the spilled oil is then begun.
Removal is usually accomplished with the use of mechanical devices
called "skimmers".
Skimmers, as the name implies, are designed to-collect, or
skim, the floating product from the surface of the water. Skim-
mers can be grouped into four basic categories: (12) vacuum or
suction type, (2) weirs, (3) dynamic inclined plane, and (4) oleo-
philic belts, drums, and disks.
7.1.3.1 Vacuum or Suction-Type Skimmers
The suction-type skimmer is a simple device in terms of both
design and operation. A suction head and pump are involved, and
these devices simply vacuum the oil from the surface of the water.
One sample of a suet ion-'type skimmer head is called a "duck bill"
(Figure 14). The primary advantages of using this device are its
adaptabili ty to most environmental situations, its ability to
handle almost all types of oils, and the simplicity of operation
in most water depth. Its disadvantages include a tendency to
become clogged with debris and the need for continual maintenance
during recovery operations to prevent clogging and allow efficient
skimming.
7.1.3.2 Weir Skimmers
of"a s
uction-type skinner heal for removing
W eir skimmers are probably the most widely recogni zed type of
recovery device available today. In addition, they are the most
widely available type of skimmer for pollution recovery
operations .
Weir skimmers consist of four primary components: (1 ) a
flotation device to suspend the skimmer in water, (2) a reservoir
to collect the oil, (3) a device to adjust the skimming level to
minimize the quantity of water entering the reservoir , and (4)
some method to empty the reservoir, either by positive displace-
ment pumps or suction (Figure 15) .
The idea behind this device is commonly referred to as the
"waterfall" priniciple. The collecting reservoir is submerged to
the level of the oil/water interface, at which point, gravity
forces the oil into the reservoir, creating a "water fa 11 " effect.
The advantages of this type of skimmer include its high mobility
and good recovery efficiency in relatively calm water. The wier
is susceptible to being clogged with debris, but a screen can be
placed around the unit to minimi ze this problem.
-------
OIL SLICK
COLLECTION RESERVOIR
SUCTION DISCHARGE HOSE
Figure 15. Vertical and lateral views of the components of the weir
skimmer.
6.1.3.3 Dynamic Inclined Plane Skimmers
Dynamic inclined plane skimmers use an inverted, continuous
belt; that is, a belt that runs from high to low, as opposed to
normal conveyors which run from low to high (Figure 16 ). The
belt takes the oil below the surface of the water. The' oil
leaves the belt and floats upward to a reservoir, where it is
collected and pumped to a storage container. Like oleophilic
skimmers, which are discussed, later, dynamic inclined plane
skimmers have good recovery efficiency and are avail able in a
variety of sizes. Both types have restrict ions on maneuver-
ability and loss of efficiency when trash or debris is present.
Figure 16. An illustration of the dynamic inclined plane skimmer in
operation.
29
-------
7.1.3.4 Oleophilic Skimmers
Oleophilic skimmers are operated on the principles of oil
absorption. The term "oleophilic" means a strong affinity for
oil. Almost all of the oleophilic components of this type of
skimmer have the characteristic of being hydrophobia^, or water-
resistant. The common denominator of all oleophilic recovery
devices is the passing of the "absorbing' material continuously
through the spilled oil. The oil adheres to the surface and is
removed from the water. At this point, the oleophilic member is
wiped or squeezed by rollers or blades and the oil is deposlted in
a reservoir. the product in the reservoir is then pumped into
some type of holding container.
Oleophilic skimmers are the most sophisticated recovery
devices available today, usually employing several different
mechanical systems, which require varying levels of preventive
maintenance and highly trained operators for use.
The rotating disk, or drum systems , as shown in Figure 17,
are noted for very efficient recovery of oil in deeper water where
little or no debris is present. Available in various sizes, the
large models normally require extensive logistic support.
The most widely used oleophilic skimmers are of the belt and
rope type. These devices operate very efficiently in both thick
and thin slicks, and are usually capable of recovering sheens.
Their ability to remove oil mixed with small amounts of debris
remains almost as efficient as debris-free environments.
Because oleophilic belt skimmers require the use of some sort
of vessel for staging and employment, they are difficult to oper-
ate in close quarters or in shallow water. Figure 18 shows a
typical "continuous belt" installation.
The oleophilic rope employs the sane basic principle as the
"belt" ; i.e. , a continuous process of "absorption" by the oleo-
philic component, squeezing by a roller or wiper system, and re-
entry into or upon the oil in the water.
-------
Figure 17. Oleophilic drum skimmer.
COLLECTION POINT
OIL PICKUP
COLLECTION RESERVOIR
Figure 18 . A continuous-belt oleophilic skimmer for recovering
spilled oil on the surface of the water.
-------
TABLE 5
EPA ACCEPTANCE LIST
DISPERSANTS, COLLECTING AGENTS, BIOLOGICAL ADDITIVES
Company
Product Name Chemical Agent Date of Acceptancr
Oil Herder
Shell Oi1 Company
Two Shell Plaza
P.O. Box 2105
Houston, TX
Natural Hydrocarbon
Elimination Co
5400 Manorial Drive
Suite 812, Houston, TX
Whale Chemical Co.
58 Winant St.
State Is., N.Y.
Ara-Chem, Inc.
808 Gable Way
El Cajon, CA
GFC Chemical Co.
2539 Old Okeechobee Rd. Oil Dispersant
West Palm Beach, FL
Surface
Collector
Seanaster
NS-555
Gold Crew
Dispersant
Biological
Additive
Dispersant
Dispersant
Atlantic-Pacific Dispersant
Adair Equipment Co.
P.O. Box 19333
Houston, TX
Cold Clean
BP North America, Inc. BP-1100X
620 Fifth Ave.
New York, N.Y.
Di spersant
Dispersant
Exxon Chemical Co.
1333 W- Loop South
Houston, TX
Corex it 9527 Dispersant
Continental Chemical Conco
270 Clifton Blvd.
Clinton, N.J.
Di spersant K
BP North America,Inc. CP-1100 WD
620 Fifth Ave.
New York, N.Y.
U.S. Navy Oil Spill
Naval Ship Engin. Remover
Center, Washington, D.C.
Dispersan t
Dispersant
Surface
Collector
Sept. 16, 1976
Sept. 16, 1976
June 6, 1977
Aug. 31, 1977
Sept. 19, 1977
Oct. (.1977
Oct. 20, 1977
March 10, 1978
April 25, 1978
May 11, 1978
Aug. 31, 1978
-------
Company
Product Name
Chemical Agent Date of Acceptance
Exxon Chemical Co.
1333 W. Loop South
Houston, TX
Exxon Chemical Co.
1333 W. Loop South
Houston, TX
Bioteknika Intl., Inc.
7835 Greeley Blvd.
Springfield, VA
Proform Products Corp.
230 California Ave.
Palo Alto, CA
Drew Chemical Corp.
One Drew Chemical PI.
Polybac Corp.
1251 S. Cedar Crest
Blvd. , Suite 304A
Allentown, PA
Arco Chemical Co.
P.O. Box 370
Sand Springs, OK
Aspra, Inc.
4401 23rd Ave.
Seattle, WA
American Petrofina
P.O. Box 2159
Dallas, TX
Petrocon Marine &
Industrial Chemical
243 44th St.
Brooklyn, N.Y.
Polybac Corp.
4 West 58th St.
New York, N.Y.
Coresit 8667 Dispersant
Corexit OC-5 Surface
Petrodeg 100 Biological
Additive
Proform- Dispersant
Pollution
Control Agent
Aneroid Oi1 Spill Dispersant
Dispersant/LT
Petrobac R Biological
Additive
ArcoChern D-609 Dispersant
EC.O Atlan'tol Dispersant
AT7
Finasol Osr 8 Dispersant
Oil Spill
Eliminator
N/T No. 4
Hydrobac
Dispersant
Biological
Nov. 1, 1978
Nov. 1, 1978
Dec. 15, 1978
May 9, 1979
May 11, 1979
Aug. 4, 1979
Aug. 20, 1979
Nov. 13, 1979
May 21, 1980
Hay 21, 1980
Dec. 3, 1980
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7.1.4. Chemicals for Oil Spill Cleanup
The use of chemicals must be in accordance with Annex X of
the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Contingency Plan. The
list of accepted chemicals is shown in Table 5.
7.1.4.1 Dispersants
The Federal OSC, on a case-by-case basis, can approve the use
of chemical dispersants on any spills if it is determined they
will prevent or substantially reduce the hazard to human 1i fe or
substantially reduce explosion or fire hazard to property. Al 1
other cases must be approved by the EPA RRT representative after
consultation with appropriate Federal and State agencies. In all
cases, appropriate application rates and methods must be used.
7.1.4.2 Collecting Agents
The OSC may authorize use of the surface collecting agents on
minor, medium and major discharges on a case-by-case basis if
their use will result in the least overall environmental damage or
interference with water uses, and greatly enhance removal
actions.
7.1.1.3 Burning Agents
The use of burning agents may be authorized on a case-by-case
basis by the OSC with approval from the RRT, State, and local air
pollution control agency. However, it must be recognized that
burning off is potentially one of the most dangerous treatment
operations. It should only be considered when it can be
determined that the risks to people would be greater if burning
were not attempted.
7.1.-4.4 Biological Additives
Biological additives, such as bacteria cultures, have proven
successful in degrading a variety of chemical wastes. The success
of this method is dependent upon many factors, therefore , each
case must be evaluated individually.
-------
7.2 CLEANUP TECHNIQUES FOR HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
Methods for controlling spills of hazardous substances are
shown in Tables 6 and 7. Techniques discussed in Section 8-1 may
also be applicable for hazardous substances which float.
Candidate schemes for the treatment and disposal -of hazardous
substances include: 1) Carbon Adsorption, 2) Filtration, 3) Ion
Exchange, 4) Gravity Separation, 5) Neutralization, 6) Coagulation
Precipitation, 7) Reduction, 8) Oxidation and, 9) Dilution and
Dispersion. These treatment schemes can be achieved either in a
batch mode depending on the hazardous materials con tainmen t or in
a flow through process. Consideration should also be given
whether the material can be discharged to a municipal treatment
plant without creating a major upset. This may be prior to or
following treatment of hazardous materials on site. Also, duo to
the high solubility of most hazardous substances, success of any
treatment scheme is dependent on quick containment of the spilled
materials.
7.2.1 Carbon Adsorption
Carbon adsorption is a physical phenomena which removes
organic matter and some inorganic chemicals from water. These
chemicals are physically adsorbed on the large surface area of the
carbon (500-1000 m^ per gram). Activated carbon is produced
from many materials including wood, coal, lignite, etc. The
adsorption process and its effectiveness is dependent on the
nature of the material being adsorbed and on the type of carbon
used. In general, concentrations of greater than 1000 ng/1 of a
con taminan t requires excessive detention times and excessive
quantities of carbon. The amount of carbon needed to adsorb a
given chemical must be established by field testing. When the
capacity of the carbon has been exhausted the carbon must be
replaced and the spent carbon disposed of. Table 7 gives general
guidelines for the adsorbability of various organics on activated
carbon. In situ use of carbon would generally consider the addit-
ion of powered activated carbon directly to the spill site.
Effective mixing of the carbon with the contaminated water in
question is essential for effective adsorption to occur. Off-site
treatment would involve pumping the contaminated water through a
granular carbon column (See Table 8).
7.2.2. Filtration
Filtration is designed to remove particulate natter by pass-
ing the contaminated water through a layer of porous media such as
sand. The treatment may be employed as a pre-treatment prior to
passing the water through a carbon column or ion exchange system
or as a polishing step for removal of a particulate after a
chemical reaction. While various types of media are used in
-------
filtration a simplified mode for field application would generally
consider a gravity or pressure flow dual media filter column.
During a filter run, the head loss will gradually increase due to
accumulation of solids within the filter media. When the head
loss reaches the limit set by the hydraulic conditions of the
filter design the filter run will stop and the- filter is
backwashed. In some cases the effluent quality fronr the filter
may control the termination of the filter run. Filters may be
backwashed with sorted filter effluent, in which case the backwash
waste after removal of a suspended solid is retreated and
refiltered. In situ filtration may involve permitting water to
pass by gravity through a built-up sand or coal bed. Continuous
filtration will usually involve bringing in a portable filter for
direct application at the site.
/. -& . j Ion Exchange
Ion exchange is a process in which ions held by electrostatic
forces to functional groups on the surface of a solid are ex-
changed for ions of a different species in solution. The process
takes place on a resin which is usually made of synthetic mat-
erial. Various kinds of resin are available including weakly
acidic and strongly acidic ion exchange resins depending on the
application involved. The ions are exchanged until the resin is
exhausted and then the resin is regenerated with a concentrated
solution of ions flowing in a reverse direction or replaced with
new resin. The amount of resin required must be established by
chemical tests done on the waste water for the ion content of
interest. The best type of resin is established mainly by the
specific contaminant to be removed, the amount of wastewater
involved and other ionic demands on the resin. Ion exchange
treatment can be accomplished by off-site pumping of the waste-
water in question through an ion exchange column with the ability
to either regenerate or replace the resin when it becomes ex-
hausted. In situ treatment in a manner similar to carbon would
involve mixing the resin with the wastewater in question in a
suitable containment area.
i .2.1 Gravity 5epara.tj.on
Gravity separation involves removal of suspended solids with
a specific gravity greater than water by the process of sediment-
ation or particles with a specific gravity less than water by
flotation. Sedimentation is removal of sol id particles from a
suspension through gravity settling. The process may be used as a
pretreatment and concentration step to reduce the load subsequent
to other processes, thereby utilizing a natural concentration
procedure. Various factors affect the rate of settling including
particle size and shape, density and viscosity of water, and the
presence of other materials in the water. The rate of settling,
while predictable using theoretical equations, should employ a
field testing procedure. While sedimentation may involve the
-------
removal of hazardous solid materials, it is most often associated
with the coagulation process. Flotation is used to separate the
materials with a specific gravity less than water. The
contaminant rises to the top and is skimmed off periodically.
7.. 2. o Neutralization
Neutralization is a process in which hydroxyl or hydrogen
ions are added to a solution to produce an approximately equal
concentration or pH 7. Acidic wastes can be neutralized using
caustic soda (NaOH), lime (Ca[OH]2). °r soda ash (NaCo3).
Alkaline wastewaters are neutralized by the addition of
hydrochloric acid (HCL) or sulfuric acid (H2S04). Strongly
basic NaOH , strongly acidic H2%S04 and HC1 must be added very
carefully to avoid creating a violent reaction. These chemicals
may need to be diluted or mixed with sand prior to use in order to
avoid a violent reaction. Complete nixing of the contents is
especially important to avoid pockets of strong chemicals in the
in the liquid. The other agents are considered weaker acids and
bases and react slower than the strong acids and bases. The
amount of neutralizing chemical required should be determined by a
bench scale test.
7.2.6 Coagulation Precipitation
Coagulation precipitation is a process which removes pollut-
ants by reacting these materials to form an insoluable product.
This process results in a reaction rather than physical
adsorbtion. There is a series of steps to allow effective
precipitation; (1) chemical addition, (2) rapid mix, (3) addition
of coagulant, (4) flocculation, (5) sedimentation and in some
cases (6) filtration. Each precipitation reactions may not
require all of these steps. Precipitation is used to remove many
types of metal cations and some an ions such as fluorides and
sulfides. The agents involved in precipitation reaction include
calcium, sodium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, sulfate and
sulfide. These chemicals are added at a certain pH. The amount
of chemicals required to precipitate a particular constituent are
determined by running a bench scale test. Coagulation involves
the addition of a coagulant such as ferric chloride, aluminum
sulfate or organic polyelectrolytes in order to precipitate
specifie wastewater constituents.
Ferric Chloride As Coagulation Aid
This compound is effective in clarifying both organic and in-
organic suspensions. The final pH should be above 6 for the best
results or caustic soda may be needed to control pH. Large sus-
pensions require dosages of approximately 50-500 mg/1, although
larger doses may be needed for very high waste concentration or
-------
alkaline materials needed to raise the pH to 6 or higher. Exces-
sive dosages of ferric chloride will result in a brown colored
effluent which should be avoided.
Alum As Coagulation Aid
Aluminum sulfate (Alum) is effective in clarifying both in-
organic and organic suspensions. The pH can usually be controlled
in a range of 6.5-7.5, and this control is generally crucial for
good alum use. If a suspension is to be treated, alum dosages of
100-1000 mg/1 should be effective. Huge dosages may be needed for
concentrated or highly alkaline suspensions. As with ferric
chloride, suspensions with low pH may require addition of 11me or
caustic soda to produce the final pH range of 6.5-7.5.
Organic Polyelectrolyte_s_As_ Coagulation Aid
Polyelectrolytes are available in cationic, anionic or non-
ionic form, and may be effective alone when flocculating suspen-
sions of inorganic materials. These polyelectrolytes are usually
not effective alone for flocculating organic suspensions, but can
be used in conjuction with alum or ferric chloride. Polyelectro-
lyte dosages vary with both the type of charge on the plymer and
the type of suspension to be treated. Cationic polyelectrolytes
are generally added in higher dosages, 1-10 mg/1 in dilute suspen-
sions, while anionic and nonionic dosages are added approximately
at 0.5-5 mg/1. When the solution is concentrated and the suspens-
ion concentration is greater than 1000 ng/1 add 1-300 mg/1 of
cationic polyelectrolyte or' 1-100 mg/1 of anionic or nonionic com-
pound .
7.2.7 Reduction
Reduction reactions are only applicable to a smal1 number of
compounds. Sodium bisulfite has been recommended as the most
suitable reducing agent. However, other chemicals including sod-
ium sulfite, sodium metabisulfite, and sodium thiosulfate (photo-
graphers ' hypo) can also be used. Reduction is used as a pre-
treatment for chrome compounds to change them to the chromous
state for precipitation. This reaction must occur at low pH , so
adjustment to pH 2 to 3 with acid is recommended. Reduction is
also used for either sodium or calcium hypochlorite and other
inorganic halides. A reducing agent can be added until an accept-
able chlorine residual is measured. Excess reducing agent can be
removed by addition of more wastewater or aeration. Determination
of the amount of reducing agent, i.e., sodium bisulfite or its
equivalent is determined by a small bench scale testing proce-
dure.
/.2.e Oxidation
Oxidation reactions are more common than reduction reactions
and moro agents can be used. Chlorination and aeration are two
ways to oxidize materials. Chlorination reactions are the most
-------
commonly used to oxidize cyanides to less toxic cyanate and then
to carbon dioxide and nitrogen. These reactions are most
effective at alkaline pH so both sodium hydroxide (caustic soda)
and hypochlorite are commonly added. Chlorine is more safely
added in the form of liquid hypochlorite in concentrations of
5-6%. This is the concentration found in common laupdry bleach.
Dosages are determined by a bench scale test. Aeration is another
method for oxidation. Air can be used as an oxidizing agent and
is more available, but not as strong as chlorine or chlorine
compounds. In general, air is introduced in the form of bubbles
which rise to the surface. As they travel through the water
column the oxygen in the air is transferred through the bubble and
into the water where it can oxidize the hazardous compound. This
technique is only useful for easily oxidized materials. Hydrogen
peroxide can also be used to oxidize organic materials under
certain circumstances.
7.2.9 Pi 1 utioji ^nd^Dispergal
Only after all other possible alternatives have been invest-
igated and found not to be feasible is the method of handling by
dilution and disperal to be considered. This method must be used
only as a last resort to minimize local hazards such as permanent
contamination of drinking water supplies or damage to wildlife.
Care must be taken to determine if this method is feasible because
mixing the hazardous chemical with water may cause undesirable
side reactions or by-products. Once it has been determined that
dilution and dispersal is the only action available, then
additional water sources must be brought to the spill site. Water
should be added to the stream at a turbulent spot to allow
complete mixing with the hazardous material. Care should be taken
not to exceed the capacity of the waterbody and extend the hazard
past its natural boundary. Dispersion can also be induced by
creating mixing zones in the waterway and reducing the pockets of
concentrated contaminant which may exist.
Tables 8 and 9 provide information relative to treatment
chemicals and chemical reactions. Table 10 lists general sources
for treatment chemicals.
In addition to the treatment methods and cleanup techniques
described, vacuum trucks should also be considered as an effective
means for the removal of oil or hazardous materials spills.
It should also be kept in mind that it may be necessary to
remove contaminated soil and vegetation on certain spills in order
to completely cleanup certain types of spills depending on toxic
effects, reactivity, persistence, etc.
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TABLE 6: CONTROL METHODS FOR SPILLS IN WATER - SOLUBLE CR MISCIBLE SPILLS
METHOD
Sealed Booms
Diversion of
Un con tami na ted
Flow
Diversion of
Contaminated
Flow
o
Gelling Agent
Containment of
Entire Waterbody
Natural exca-
vations Pi Dikes
Construction of
excavations Pi
dikes
APHLIUAT1UW LK
CONSTRUCT 1CN
MATERIALS
Boom, Device
to anchor
Farthmoving Equipnent
Block entrance with
sandbags, sealed
booms or dikes
Gels. Dispersion
Devices; experienced
personnel needed
Diking Materials,
Earthroving Equipnent,
Sandbags, etc. , Lining
none
Dredgns, hydraulic
or vacuum pumps
Divers with pumps place
USE
Contain depth
limited volumes
leaking containers
Special area where
topography is right
Special area where
topography is right
If small volumes
For entirely
contaminated area
Where a natural
barrier exists
If bottom can he
rrnved
ADVANTAGES
Contain entire depth
of
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2,
1.
2.
3-
Ma
water
Can put cleaned water
into diverted stream
Used for flowing
water
Can put clean water
back into -stream
Used for flowing
water
Stop flowing
contaminant
Stop permeation
Can allow containment
of large waterbody
Materials on site
Easily constructed
I'bH - HKAVlkK 'IMAM WATkH
construction needed
terial is on site
DISADVANTAGES
1. Deployment difficult
2. Not used for large bodies
3. Difficult to get good seal
1. Difficult to move large
amounts of earth
2. Clear area needed
3. Impermeability of ground
1. Difficult to move large
amounts of earth
2. Clear area needed
3. Impermeability of ground
4. Adverse environmental impact
1. Hard to obtain
2. Can't use in large area
3. Must haul to dispose
1. Nst all waterbodies have
containable overflow
2. Permeability
3. May be an unstable condition
SPILLS
Can ' t control area which
contains the spill
1. Hard to construct
2. Stirred up bottom may cause
dispersion and increased
concrete/sandbags around
to form dike if bottom
miteri-al is not sufficient.
turbidity
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TABLE 7
INFLUENCE OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
AND OTHER FACTORS ON ABSORBABILITY
K An increasing solubility of the solute in the liquid carrier
decreases its adsorbability.
2. Branched chains are usually more adsorbable than straight
chains. An increasing length of the chain decreases solu-
bility.
3. Substituent groups affect adsorbability:
Substituent Group Nature of Influence
Hydroxyl Generally reduces adsorbability;
extent of decrease depends on
structure of host molecule.
Amino Effect similar to that of hydroxyl
but somewhat greater. Many amino
acids are not adsorbed to any
appreciable extent.
Carbonyl Effect varies according to host
molecule; glyoxylic is more
adsorbable than acetic but similar
increase does not occur when
introduced into higher fatty
acids.
Double Bonds Variable effect as with carbonyl.
Halogens Variable effect,
Sulfonic Usually decreases adsorbability.
Nitro Often increases adsorbability.
4. Generally, strong ionized solutions are not as adsorbable as
weakly ionized ones; i.e., undlssociated molecules are in
general preferentially adsorbed.
o. The amount of hydrolytic adsorbtion depends on the ability of
the hydrolysis to form an adsorbable acid or base.
6. Unless the screening action of the carbon pores intervene,
large molecules are more sorbable than small molecules of
similar chemical nature. This is attributed to more solute
carbon chemical bonds being formed, making desorption more
difficult.
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TABLE R
CARBON ADSORPTION
PRIORITY POLLUTANTS
EFFECTIVELY REMOVED BY
ACT IV IT AT ED CARBON
ORGANICS OF DIFFERENT TYPES
EFFECITVELY REMOVED BY
ACTIVIATED CARBON
Acrolein
Aldrin
Aroclor 1254
Arochlor 1260
Benzene
Chlorobenzene
1,3 Dichlorobenzene
1,4 Dlchlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Nitrobenzene
Bis(2 chloroethyl) ether
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlordane
ODD
DDE
DDT
Dichloromethane
Dieldrin
n-Dibutyl Phthalate
1,2 Dichloroethane
Endrin
Heptachlor
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Lindane
Naphthalene
Phenol
0-Chlorophenol
2,4 Dichlorophenol
2,4,6 Trlchlorophenol
4, Nltrophenol
1,1,2,2 Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
2,6 Dinitrotoluene
Trichloroethylene
Acetic acid
Acetone
Am line
Benzoic acid
P-Cresol
0-Cresol
Diethyl Ether
Dimethyl Malonic acid
Heptanoic acid
Hydroqulnone
Isopropyl alcohol
Methylene blue
Methyl Parathion
B-Naphthol
Parathion
PE31-400
PBGi-lOOO
O10-Biphenol
•2-6 Dimethylphenol
Phenylacetic acid
Propylamine
Resorcinol
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TABLE 9
CHEMICAL REACriCN OPEHATIIC PARAMETERS
Process
Chemical
Sedimentation
Neutralization
Precipitation
Oxidation
Aeration
Reduction
Type
Rapid
Flocculation
•Rapid
Rapid
Flocculation
None
Rapid
Air mix
Rapid
Mixing Time (min)
1-5
5-15 depends on rate
and process height
10-30, Use 30 rnin
for lime addition
1-5
5-10
30-60 depends on rate
and process height
10-30
Depends on test
10-30
Ehdpoiht
Clarified water and
good settling
Add to pH 7, use pH
paper or meter to
check
Varies to a pH or
until residual of
reactant or until
clarified
to a HOC1 residual
of 1 mg/1
D.O. measure to 70% of
saturation or other
Large CUP change/ Cr+6
TTiemicals
Ferric Chloride
Aluminum Sulfate
Polyolectrolytes
Calcium Hydroxide
Calcium Oxide, Sodium
Hydroxide, Sodium Carbonate ,
Sulfuric Acid, Acetic Acid,
Hydrochloric Acid
Calcium Hydroxide, Sodium
Hydroxide, Sodium Carbonate ,
Sodium Bicarbonate,
Sodium Sulfate, Sodium
Sulfide, Potassium Chloride
Sodium Hypochlorite
Air
Sodium Bisulfite
Crt-Ji i.rv,
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TABLE 10
GENERAL SOURCES FOR VARIOUS TREATMENT CHEMICALS
Chemical Sources
Acetic acid Plastic or electronic"-" industries ,
grocery distributors (vinegar)
Alum Water treatment plants
Ammonium salts Hospitals, dye manufacturers
Anion exchangers (must specify pollutant)
water softener suppliers
Bottom pumps Fire departments, EPA Regional
offices, Coast Guard
Calcium carbonate Cement plants
(limestone, practically
insoluble in water)
Carbon Water treatment plants, sugar
refineries
Cation exchangers (must specify pollutant)
water softener suppliers
Charcoal Hardware stores, grocery
distributors
C02 Soft drink dealers, compressed
gas dealers
Epsom salts Drugstores,groceries
Ferric (or iron) salt Water treatment plants, photo-
(FeClg) graphy shops
Lime Cement plants
Peat moss Nurseries, florists
Sodium bicarbonate Grocery distributors, bakeries
(baking soda)
Sodium carbonate (soda ash) Grocery distributors, bakeries
Sodium chloride (table salt) Grocery distributors
Sodiumsullate Dye manufactures
Sodiiji) thiosulfate Photography shops, tanneries,
pulp mills
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TABLE 11
CCNTRO, METHODS FCR SPILLS CT) LAND
TYPE
Dikes:
Earthen
Foamed
Polyurethane
Foajned
Can Crete
Excavation
Excavation
& Dikes
TWLHNiyUti
Mist Knock
Down
Fans or
Blowers
APPLlt'A'l'ltW (JH
CONSTRUCTION METHOD
Created with bulldoxer or
earthmoving equipment to '
compact earth (height
depends on earth type)
Use trained personnel
to construct
Use trained personnel
to construct
Bulldozer or earthmoving
equipment - line if
possible
Bulldozer or earth/roving
equipment - line if
possible
HKl'HOU
ypray fine mist into air
Disperse air by directing
blower toward it
USE
Flat or sloped
surface
Hard, dry
surfaces
Flat ground
Slow moving spill
Soft ground
Natural cavitation
Soft ground
TABLE
CONTROL METHODS FCR
USE
Water soluble or
low lying vapors
Very calm and
sheltered areas
ADVANTAGES
1. Material on site
2. Construct with
conmon equipment
1. Hold up to several
feet of water
1. Better adhesion to
substrates (clay/
shale/grass)
1, Material on site
2. Construct with
corrmon equipment
1. Need less space
than separate
2, Material on site
3. Construct with
conmon equipment
12
SPILLS IN AIR
ADVANT/lGtS
Removes hazard from air
Can direct air away
from populated areas
DISADVANTAGES
1. t-fatural permeability of soil
2. Seepage through ground
3. Surface composition of soil
not suitable in all cases
1. Ijeaks on wet ground
2, Hard, to obtain dispersion
device
1. Hard to obtain foam and
dispersion device
2. Must set for a time period
3. Will not hold high
hydraulic beads
1. Move large amounts of materi
2. Natural permeability of soil
3. Surface of soil not suitable
in all cases
1. f.fove large amounts of materi
2. Natural permeability of SDI!
3. Surface of soil not suitable
in all cases
DISADVANTAGE
Create water pollution problem
must be contained in solution
1 Not effective if any wind
2. Need large capacity blowers
3. Hard to control
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7.3 CONTROL OF LAND AND AIR SPILLS
7.3.1 Land Spills
Whenever possible, spills should be contained on "land as long
as a greater risK to life and property is not created -by doing so.
Successful cleanup and treatment is much more likely ecnd consider-
ably less expensive when the material is contained before i t
reaches water. Table 11 presents several methods for controlling
spills on land.
In cases where the soil is particularly porous, materials
spilled on land may migrate down to the water table. If this
occurs, recovery is very difficult and may require the digging of
wells for purposes of monitoring movement or recovery of the
material. In such cases the technical assistance of a groundwater
hydrologist or other appropriately trained individuals will be
required.
7.3.2 Air Spills
Air spills (vapors( mists, etc.) are extremely difficult to
control. Evacuation of the affected area is often the only pract-
ical choice. However, Table 12 shows several methods which may be
considered in spec!fie cases. When using a spray mist, consider-
ation must be given to the possible creation of a water pollution
problem.
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8.0 DISPOSAL/RECOVERY PROCEDURES
After cleanup operations have removed the spilled material(s)
and contaminated debris from the water or ground, the OSC1s re-
sponsibilities are not over. Improper shipping and"disposal of
spilled cleanup waste can cause serious safety problems, as well
as result in secondary pollution as bad as, if not worse than, the
original spill. Therefore, the OSC must be assured that all chem-
ical disposal is carried out in a safe and proper manner.
Disposal/recovery operations may involve the shipping of the
waste materials to a state approved land disposal site, treatment
by a reliable disposal or recycling company, or sending the
material to a sewage treatment plant, etc. The preferred method
of disposal would be to recycle to the spiller's company or to a
company that can use the material in its operation.
In all cases involving the disposal/recovery of oil and
hazardous substances, contact and coordination should be made with
all affected parties. EPA looks to the State pollution control
agencies to obtain disposal sites and act as liaison between the
Federal government and local.agencies such as disposal sites, air
pollution control agencies, sewage treatment plants, etc.
Extremely toxic materials may require special on-site treat-
ment , or as in the case of PCS's either incineration or shipment
to an EPA/State approved disposal site. EPA, Edison, New Jersey,
has specialized equipment that may be available to treat these
very toxic materials. Coordination of this activity will be con-
ducted by the EPA Emergency Response Team.
Generators (spiHers) and transporters of hazardous waste
materials must obtain the appropriate EPA identification numbers
as required by RCRA (see Section 4.4).
9.0 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
9.1 SAFETY/DECONTAMINATION
9.1.1 General Considerations
The safety of the people who arrive on the scene of an oil or
hazardous material spill is critical to consider before any action
is taken. All spills are considered extremely dangerous.
Safety considerations should receive priority during the
doc is ion-making process. Persons responding to spills are not
expected to risk personal injury or contamination through intimate
physical contact with spilled materials, vapors, etc. Team
members should assess the situation and coordinate activities from
outside the high risk area and should enter such areas only in the
-------
event of imminent hazard to life and then only if proper equipment
is available, the individual has been thoroughly trained in its
use, and two additional trained and properly equipped persons are
standing by to provide assistance.
Although the response organization utilized for responding to
tne discharge of a hazardous chemical incident is simtlar to that
for responding to an oil discharge, the state-of-the-art in physi-
cally dealing with discharges of hazardous chemicals is limited,
The inherent risk of life or limb involved in dealing with certain
hazardous chemicals will make available response actions unfeas-
ible on occasion. Extreme care should be excercised when respond-
ing to spills of this nature, especially in initial stages. The
following general precautions should be taken:
1. Always approach a spill from upwind
2. Avoid direct or indirect contact with
spilled material
3. Remove all ignition sources
4. Restrict access to area
5. Obtain assistance
If a vehicle carrying flammable liquids or compressed gas is
wrecked, do not drive your car near the wreckage as it may cause
the material to ignite.
Keep fires, open flames, lanterns or flares, lighted cigar-
ettes, cigars and pipes away from the scene.
flaming signals should be set up to prevent further acci-
dents. It is recommended that flame producing signals (flares,
fuses, or open flame lanterns) not be used when an accident in-
volves dangerous material of any type. The use of flame producing
signals is specifically prohibited by the Department of Transport-
ation for any cargo tank vehicle used for transporting flammable
1iquids or flammable compressed gas and for any vehicle transport-
ing explosives, Class A or B.
Prevent leaking liquids from draining onto the highways or
into sewers and streams by damming up the liquid or by digging a
drainage trench, etc. Tipped containers that night be leaking
should be set upright, if possible. Powdered materials should be
covered with a blanket, dirt or other material to prevent blowing
about.
Should any of the material being transported get on your skin
or clothing, you should remove it as soon as possible by washing.
You should then try to identify the material as soon as possible
and contact Chemtree, EPA, and the local or State Health Depart-
ment to see if there is a potential danger and if so, how to
handle the situation. Something that may not seem dangerous could
-------
have serious side effects. For example, materials which come into
contact with your pants leg may not cause illness or discomfort to
an adult, but later in the home, a small child coming into contact
with the contaminated clothing could be made seriously ill or
killed. For this reason, it is IMPERATAIVE that you rfind out how
the material should be treated. You may have to . remove ^our
clothing outside so that your vehicle, home or of f fee does \ not
become contaminated and cause unnecessary illness or death. if in
doubt, remove contaminated clothing before entering a building and
shower as quickly as possible to remove any contamination that may
be on the skin or in the hair.
Even though many spilled materials will be in a solid or
liquid form, the greatest danger to personnel is from inhalation
or exposure to airborne gases, dusts, vapors, or fumes. The dan-
gers from vaporization, sublimation, or secondary reactions which
produce toxic airborne materials cannot be overemphasized.
Common sense and alertness will prevent most accidents; con-
versely , overconfidence and ignorance are the leading causes of
injury.
9.1.2 Site Control
Traffic and spectators should be kept away from the accident.
Do not let vehicles stop in, or pass through, the area of the
spilled materials.
If hazardous or toxic vapors are escaping from a spill, it is
best to take action to evacuate people from the area downwind from
the spill until the spill has been cleaned up.
In the event that the evacuation of civilian personnel be-
comes necessary, the procedure should be coordinated through local
officials. Although the OSC may determine that evacuation may be
advisable in any given situation, the responsibility to make such
a decision rests with local civilian officials. Close liaison
with local police and fire officials is a necessity.
Access to the control site is limited to essential personnel.
The designated control site consists of the command post (upwind
and outside the contamination control site), contamination reduct-
ion area, and exclusion area.
The complexity and size of the controlled site is dependent
upon the actual site conditions and decontamination requirements.
Figure 18 illustrates a controlled site situation.
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WIND DIRECTION
\ CONTAMINATION
HOT LINE—H CONTROL LINE
ACCESS
CONTROL
POINTS
DISTANCE VARIES.Afc^-" POINTS ^****&te- -= 5P '
(PERSONNEL DECON STATION!
/ /
HOT LINE—*/ CONTAMINATION-
/ CONTROL LINE
COMMAND POST
1
/ I SUPPORT AJIEA
/ | (CLEAN)
FIGURE 19 FIELD CONTROL SITE
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9.1.3 Equipment and Clothing
Spills of toxic materials can drastically alter the ambient
environment. Consequently, an accurate assessment of hidden
dangers is an integral part of safety considerations. Field
monitoring equipment for oxygen deficiency, combustible gases and
vapors, and radiation are necessary in atmospheres 4where these
problems could be found.
It is important that personnel protective equipment and
safety requirements be appropriate to protect against the poten-
tial or known hazards at an incident. Protective equipment should
be selected based on the type(s), concentration(s), possibilities,
and route(s) of personnel exposure from the substance(s) at a
site. In situations where the type of materials and possibilities
of contact are unknown or the hazards are not clearly identifi-
able , a more subjective determination must be made of the per-
sonnel protection equipment required for initial safety.
The appropriate level of protection should be determined
prior to the initial entry on-site based on best available inform-
ation. Subsequent information may suggest changes in the original
level selected.
Levels of Protection
When response activities are conducted where atmospheric con-
tamination is known or suspected to exist; there is a potential
for the generation of vapors or gases; or direct contact with
toxic substances may occur, equipment to protect personnel must be
worn. Personnel protective equipment is designed to prevent or
reduce skin and eye contact as well as inhalation or ingestion of
the chemical substance. Respirators can protect the lungs,
gastro-intestinal tract, and eyes against atmospheric hazards.
The surfaces of the body can be protected against contact with and
possible adsorption of chemicals by chemical-resistant clothing.
Good personal hyg iene practices prevents ingestion of toxic
materials.
Personnel equipment to protect the body against contact with
known or anticipated chemical hazards has been divided into four
categories commensurate with the degree of protection afforded.
LEVEL A - protection should be worn when the highest level of
respiratory, skin, eye and mucous membrane proteciton is needed.
.LEVEL B protection should be selected when the highest level of
respiratory protection is needed, but a lesser level of skin and
eye protection. Level B protection is the minimum level recom-
mended on initial site entries until the hazards have been further
identified and defined by monitoring, sampling, and other reliable
methods of analysis, and personnel protection corresponding with
those findings utilized.
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LEVEL C - protection should be selected when the type(s, >f air-
borne substance(s) is known, the concentration(s) is measu ed, the
criteria for using air-pur i fy ing respirators are met, and :-.kin and
eye exposure is unlikely. Periodic monitoring of the air must
occur.
LEVEL D is primarily a work uniform. It should not be worn on
any site where respiratory or skin hazards exit.
The appropriate Level of Protect!on to be selected should be
based on two major parameters-
1. Types and measured concentration(s) of the chemical
substance(s) an the atmosphere with its (their)
associated toxicity.
2. Potential for exposure to high air concentrations of
volatile substances splashes of liquids, or other
types of direct contact with mater ial due to work
functions being performed.
In situations where the type(s) of chemical(s), concen-
tration (s) and possibilities of contact are not known, a more sub-
jective determination based on pro fessional experience and judge-
nent must be made for selecting the appropriate Level of Protec-
tion.
While personnel protective equipment reduces the potential
for personnel contact with harmful chemical substances, insuring
the health and safety of response personnel requires that in
addi tion to protective clothing and respiratory protection, safe
work practices, standard operating procedures, decontamination,
site entry protocols, and other safety considerations be developed
and implemen ted. Together these protocols establish a comprehen-
sive approach for reducing potential harm to respon se workers.
LEVEL A PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Pressure-Demand, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus
(OSHA/NIOSH approved)
Fully-Encapsulating Chemical Resistant Suit
Gloves, inner, chemical resistant
Boots, chemical resistant, steel toe and shank. {Depend ing
on suit boot construction, worn over or under suit boot.)
Gloves, outer, chemical resistant
Underwear, cotton, long-John type.*
Hard Hat* (under suit)
Disposable protective suit, gloves, and boots*
(Worn over fu11y-encapsulating suit).
Coveralls* (under suit)
2-way radio communications (intrinsically safe)
*0ptional
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CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF LEVEL A PROTECTION
When the chemical substance(s) have been Identified and re-
quire the highest level of protection for the respiratory system,
skin and eyes based on:
1. Measured or potential for high concentration^)
of vapors, gases or particulates in the atmosphere
that will effect the skin.
2. Site operations and work functions involve high potential
for splash, immersion or exposure to unexpected vapor
generation of chemical compounds which are extremely
hazardous to the skin.
When extremely hazardous substances such as, but not limited
to, dioxin, cyanide compounds, concentrated pesticides, Department
of Transportation Poison A materials, carginogenic agents, and in-
fectious substances, are known or suspected to be present and con-
tact with this material is possible.
Operations that must be conducted in confined, poorly venti-
lated areas, until the absence oŁ hazards requiring Level A pro-
tection is demonstrated.
Total atmospheric readings on the OSHA/NIOSH approved
portable air monitoring devices or equivalent instrumentation,
indicate Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)
concentrations present of a known contaminant or 500-1000 ppm of
an unknown contamiant.
GUIDANCE ON SELECTION CRITERIA FOR LEVEL A PROTECTION
The fully-encapsulating suit provides the highest degree of
protection to the skin, eyes, and mucous membrane providing the
suit material is impermeable to the chemical(s) of concern over
the period of time the suit is to be worn and/or at the measured
or anticipated concentrations. While Level A provides the maximum
protection available, clothing material may be rapidly permeable
to and penetrated by certain chemicals in extremely high air con-
centrations , splashes or Immersion of boots or gloves in concen-
trated liquids or sludges. Although these limitations are seldom
encountered in response operations, they should be recognized and
considered.
The use of Level A protection requires that the problems of
physical stress, in particular heat stress associated with the
wearing of impermeable protective clothing, be evaluated. Re-
sponse personnel shall be carefully monitored for physical toler-
ance and recovery. Heat stress problems are also associated with
wearing Level B and C protection.
Many toxic substances are not amenable to field detection or
rapid qualitative and quantative analysis. In situations where
these materials are known or suspected to be present and personnel
contact with them unavoidable, especially those which are readily
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absorbed by tho- skin, Level A protection should be worn, until
more definitive information can be obtained.
LEVEL B PERSONAL, PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Pressure-Demand, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus
(OSHA/NIOSH approved)
Chemical resistant clothing (overalls and long sleeved
Jacket; coveralls; hooded, two-piece chenical-splash suit;
disposable chemical resistant coveralls)
Coveralls (under splash suit)*
Gloves, outer, chemical resistant
- Gloves, inner, chemical resistant
Boots, outer, chemical resistant, steel toe and shank
Boots, outer chemical resistant (disposable)*
2-way radio communications (intrinsically safe)
Hard Hat*
Face Shield*
CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF LEVEL B PROTECTION
When the type(s) and atmospheric concentration(s) of toxic
substances are known and require the highest degree of respiratory
protection, but a lower level of skin and eye, protection. These
would be:
1. Atmospheres with concentrations Imrnedlately Dangerous
to Life and Health (IDLH) or
2. Air concentrations exceeding protection afforded by a
full-face, air-purifying mask or
3. Atmospheres containing substances for which air-purifying
cartridges or canisters do not exist or have low removal
efficiency.
Atmospheres with less than 19.5% oxygen.
Potential dermal and eye exposure due to site operations or
work assignments is highly unlikely or is within skin exposure
guidelines or does not require a fully-encapsulating suit.
Total atmospheric vapor concentrations range from 5 ppm to
500 ppm on instruments such as the OSH/NIOSH air monitoring system
and vapors are not suspected of containing high levels of
chemicals toxic to the skin.
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GUIDANCE ON SELECTION CRITERIA FOR LEVEL B PROTECTION
Level B personnel protective equipment provides a high degree
of protection to the respiratory tract, but a somewhat.lower level
of protection to the skin and eyes. The chemicai. resistant
clothing required in Level B Is available in a wide variety of
styles , materials , construction detail, permeability, -'-etc. these
factors all effect the degree of protection afforded. Therefore,
the selection of the most effective chemical resistant clothing
(and fully-encapsulating suit) should be done by a qualified
individual based on the known or anticipated hazards and/or job
function required.
The selection of Level B rather than LeveJ. A is generally
based on the protection needed against known or anticipated toxic
hazards affecting the skin. The determination is based on:
1. Comparison of air concentrations of identified
substances with criteria for protection for skin.
'A. A lesser potential for splash, vapor generation, or
contact with substances because of Job functions and/or
the substances encountered are Judged to present a
lesser degree of hazard to the skin.
3. The absence of toxic substances affecting the skin, or
substances that are not amenable to rapid field
analysis or monitoring.
For initial site entry and reconnaissance at an open site,
approaching whenever possible from the upwind direction, Level B
Protection (with good quality, hooded, chemical resistant cloth-
ing) should protect response personnel providing the conditions
described in selecting Level A Protection are known or Judged to
be absent.
In situations where extensive personnel decontamination may
be required, the exposed self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)
presents a decontamination problem. To prevent or reduce such
difficulties, Level A protection which is less difficult to decon-
taminate could be worn, or a modified Level B using a chemical
resistant apron (smock), or a disposable, encapsulasting garment
worn over the chemical resistant suit.
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LEVEL C PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Full-face, air-purifying respirator (OSHA/NIOSH approved)
- Chemical resistant clothing (one-piece coverallj hooded,
two piece chemical splash suit; chemical resistant hood
and apron; disposable chemical resistant coveralls)
Gloves , outer, chemical resistant "-
Gloves, inner, chemical resistant*
Boots, steel toe and shank, chemical resistant.
- Cloth coveralls* (inside chemical protective clothing)
Hard Hat (face shield)*
Boots , outer, chemical resistant (disposable)*
2-way radio communications (intrinsically safe)
Escape mask
CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF LEVEL C PROTECTION
Measured air concentrations will be reduced by the respirator
to or below the substance's protection guideline and the concen-
tration is below the service limit of the canister.
Atmospheric contaminant concentrations do not exceed the IDLH
levels.
Contaminant exposure to unprotected areas (head and neck) are
within skin exposure guidelines, or dermal hazards do not exist.
Job functions and potential for high exposures have been
judged not to require a higher Level of Protection.
Total vapor readings register between 0 ppm and 5 ppm above
background on OSHA/NIOSH approved portable air monitoring
instruments.
Periodic air monitoring must occur.
GUIDANCE ON SELECTION CRITERIA FOR LEVEL C PROTBCITON
Level C protection is distinguished from Level B in the
equipment used to protect the respiratory system, assuming the
same type of chemical resistant clothing is used. The main
selection criteria for Level C is that conditions are such that
air-purlfying devices may be worn.
The air-purifying device must be a full-face mask
(OSHA/NIOSH approved), equipped with a chin or harness suspended
canister. Canister/cartridges must be appropriate to remove the
substances encountered. Quarter or half-masks or cheek cartridge
full-face masks, should not be used on a routine basis for
response activities and only when their use is approved by a
qualified individual.
*0ptional
-------
In addition, a full-face, air-purifying mask shall be used
only under the following conditions:
1 . Oxygen content of the atmosphere is at least 19.5% by
volume.
2. Substance(s) is identified and it's concentra^ion(s)
measured.
3. Substance(s) has adequate warning properties.
4. Individual is successfully qualitative fit-tested to
the mask.
5. Appropriate cartridge/canister is used and its service
limit concentration is not exceeded.
W henever Level C is used, an air mon itor ing •program must be
instituted to detect any changes in atmospheric concentrations.
An air monitoring program is required during all longer-term site
operations where atmospheric contamination may occur.
Total unidentified vapor/gas concentrations of 5 ppm above
background concentrations require that Level 8 protection be used.
The selection of Level C (air-purifying respirators) protection
for use in an unidentified vapor/gas concentration from 0-5 ppm
above background should only be done by a qualified individual.
When using the cannister-type mask for known contaminants, Level B
protection should be used when readings over 1000 ppm. are
detected.
LEVEL D PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Coveralls
Boots/shoes, safety or chemical resistant steel toe and
shank
Boots, outer (chemical resistant disposables)*
Safety glasses or chemical splash goggles*
Hard Hat (face shield)*
Escape Mask*
Gloves*
CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF LEVEL D PROTECTION
No idication of any atmospheric hazards.
Work function precludes splashes, Immersion, or potential for
exposure to any chemicals.
GUIDANCE ON SELECTION CRITERIA FOR LEVEL D PROTECTION
Level D protection is primarily a work uniform and should not
be worn in any area where the potential for contamination exists.
In situations where respiratory protection is not necessary,
but site activies are needed, chemical resistant garments high
quality or disposable must be worn.
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CONSIDERATIONS FOR SELECTING LEVELS OF PROTECTION IN UNKNOWN
ENVIRONMENTS
The protection of the health and safety of response personnel
is an important consideration in all site operations; Selecting
the appropriate personnel protection equipment to be;worn is one
o~f the first requirements in reducing the potential"- for adverse
health effects. Until the hazardous conditions presented by an
environmental episode can be identified and personnel safety com-
mensurate with the recognized hazards • real or potential - in-
stituted, preliminary measures to protect the health and safety of
response personnel will have to be based on experience, judgement
and professional knowledge applied to the particular incident at
hand. Lack of knowledge concerning the hazardous environment that
could be encountered precludes the use of conventional decision
logic for selecting protective equipment based on comparing envi-
ronmental concentrations of known toxicants against protection
factors associated with various types of personnel protective
equipment.
One of the first considerations for evaluating the risk of an
unknown environment is the presence of immediate atmospheric
hazards such as the concentrations of vapors/gases or their po-
tential , oxygen content of the air, explosive potential, and to a
lesser degree, the possibility of radiation exposure. In addition
to air measurements, the degree of risk from other materials that
are explosive, have a high fire potential, are extremely toxic or
exhibit other hazardous characteristics that can not conveniently
be monitored by field instruments, must be determined by visual
observation and/or an evaluation of existing data.
The initial on-site survey and reconnaissance which may con-
sist of more than one entry is to characterize the immediate
hazards and based on these findings, establish safety require-
ments. As data is obtained from the initial survey, the Level of
Protection and other safety procedures are adjusted accordingly,
No method exists for selecting a level of proteciton in an unknown
environment which is applicable to all situations. Each unknown
situation must be examined based on its own unique circumstances.
Some general criteria or approaches can be given, however, for
judging the situation and determining the Level of Protection
required.
A. Level C protection (full-face, air-purifying respirator)
should not be worn routinely in an atmosphere until the
type(s) of air contaminant(s) is identified and its (their)
concentrations measured. To permit a degree of flexibility in
prescribing a Level of Protecton at certain environmental
episodes and/or site operations air-purifying respirators
could be considered for use by a qualified individual, in
-------
unidentified
million. T^
0-5 ppm above
vapor/gas concentrations of a few parts per
e guideline of total vapor/gas concentration of
e background should not be the sole criteria for
vcl C. Using the canister-type mask with known
QUALIFIED PERSONNEL
The selection of the most effective Level of Protection
requires not only expertise in the technical areas of respirators,
protective clothing, site safety procedures, environmental mon-
itoring , etc. , but also experience and professional judgement.
The correct decisions concerning the selection of personnel pro-
tection equipment can only be made by an individual who through a
combination of professional education, on-the-job experience,
short course training, and continual study is qualified. The
technical judgements that are required for evaluating a particular
set of circumstances and determining the apropriate safety
requirements should only be done by a competent, qualified
person.
9.1.4 Medical
All personnel who will be involved in field activities where
there is a potential for exposure to hazardous substances should
be offered pre-assignment and periodic medical exams and an appro-
priate medical exam after each exposure to hazardous substances.
The examination should be designed specifically to detect results
of low-level exposures.
9. 1.5 Training
Personnel responding to spill incidents must be thoroughly
trained in both program and safety areas pertinent to their
respective tasks. Program training should include a basic
orientation to legislation, field procedures, coordination
requirements, etc. Safety training should involve recognition of
hazards, use and limitations of appropriate personal safety
equipment, basic first aid, etc. This training is for the purpose
of enabling personnel to recognize and avoid hazardous situations
and should not be construed as encouraging deliberate exposure to
hazardous substances. Periodic training and practice in use and
care of safety equipment is necessary to maintain adequate skill
levels.
9.2 WATERFOWL CONSERVATION
Oil and hazardous substance discharges, particularly in
estuarine and near shore areas, often cause severe stress to
resident and migratory bird species. The DOI (Department of
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the Interior) representatives and the State liaison to the RRT
will arrange for and coordinate actions of professional and
volunteer groups that wish to establish bird collection, cleaning,
and recovery centers.
9.3 ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE ASSESSMENT
Even though initial response to an environmental emergency
does not include a formal damage assessment, the field investi-
gator should be alert to the obvious signs of environmental harm.
This could include indications of a fish kill, oiled and dying
birds, contamination of beaches and marshlands, etc. Any signs of
environmental damage should be reported to the EPA Emergency
Response Team who will, in conjunction with the appropriate
resource agencies, coordinate any necessary damage assessment.
10.0 SAMPLING AND DOCUMENTATION
10.1 SAMPLING PROCEDURES
The collection and subsequent analyses of samples is im-
portant in evaluating the progress of spill clean-up, the exposure
levels of clean-up personnel and exposed general population and
the damages to natural resources. Therefore, it is also important
to collect samples as soon as possible after the spill occurs for
spill identification and assessment and for later use as evidence.
Likewise, it is important to collect samples at the beginning of
and during the cleanup operation to document the progress of the
cleanup. Proper sample collection involves a variety of factors
relating to container material, quantity of samples, preservation,
hazards to sampling personnel and others which are most properly
addressed by having a sample collection SOP prepared in advance of
response activities and having sampling done by professional per-
sonnel operating in concert with the selected analytical labor-
atory .
lO.l.i Method of Sampling
Sample collection during the early phases of response actions
will generally be discrete grab samples collected manually.
Samples should not be collected without adequate for thought as to
the desired data outputs and the hazard of the material involved.
There are certain objectives of sampling during hazardous
materials incidents which occur frequently enough to list as
generally applicable to all incidents.
1) releases material - a sample (generally l pt or less in
glass) of the undiluted spilled material may be collected
by hand with adequate safety precautions to document the
hazard, identify responsible parties and evaluate
treatment and disposal options.
2) reaction products released material mixed in some envi-
ronmental matrix (soil or water) may be sampled (generally
for more of the same containers as the pure spilled pro-
duct) to assist with evaluations of removal and recovery
options.
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3) exposure of personnel - sampling of atmospheric or potable
water supply contamination is generally performed by an
experienced team with specialized materials.
In summary, sampling at the scene of a spill will usually be
performed manually because of the emergency and temporary nature
of the situation. Also, the presence of personnel an the scene
may make it convenient and economical to take manual field
samples. Guidance on selection and use of automatic samplers
analytical devices can be found in other publications. The
following discussion will assume manual sample collection although
the theory could also apply to the use of an automatic sampler.
10.1.z Type of Samples
There are two types of samples which can be collected for
analysis: 1. Grab (discrete samples) and 2. Composite samples.
Grab or discrete samples characterize the material being
sampled at a particular instant in time. The purpose of a
composite sample is to mix discrete samples in such a way to
represent the average characteristic over a period of time or over
an extensive area. In addition to generating an average value,
composition is often done to reduce the analytical load placed on
the laboratory.
The choice of the type of sample should depend on the objec-
tive of the sampling and the variability of the material or area.
If the variability of the parameter of interest is low (that is,
if the concentration of the parameter of interest changes little
over time), then a grab sample may characterize the quality
adequately. On the other hand, if the variability is high, then a
composite should be formed from grab samples taken at short
intervals, or the grab samples themselves should be collected and
analyzed. If nothing is known about the variability of the
material, then grab samples should be collected and analyzed
initially to determine the variability. Judgement will have to be
exercised in terms of the allowed variability.
lQ.i.3 Sample Containers
Samples must be taken in appropriate sample containers to
reduce the possibility of contamination or adsorption which will
yield incorrect results. The container must be completely clean
and equipped with a tightly fitting cap. Organic hazardous mater-
ials must be contained in a glass jar or bottle to reduce adsorp-
tion to the container walls. Specifically, oils and grease, pest-
icides, or even short chain organic compounds should be placed
into glass containers. Other materials such as metallic salts,
can be stored in plastic containers with no adverse effect.
-------
Sample containers should be provided from the nearest
analytical laboratory to insure use of the proper type or, if
necessary , the bottles can be purchased from a local bottle
supplier . 1 f possible , use wide mouth containers with a lined cap
except where interaction between the sample and cap material must
be modi f ied . (Then use narrow necked containers.) If commerc ial
sample bottles can not be obtained, wide mouth canning- jars can be
used if an aluminum foil liner is provided. Where a plastic
container is applicable , distilled water can be pur-chased , the
bottles emptied and the containers used when no other bottles are
avaialble. However, the use of these bottles is not recommended
without speci fie instructions from the OSC .
To clean sample containers prior to reuso, the following
procedures have been found to be effective:
1. Wash containers and caps with non-phospha te detergent
and scrub strongly with a brush.
2. Rinse with tap water, then distilled water.
3. Invert to drain dry.
4 . If additional cleaning is needed, rinse with sulfuric
acid, tap water and distilled water.
In certain cases, sample bottles are further rinsed with
chemicals to remove traces of materials left by previous samples.
These procedures are outlined as follows:
1. Acid Rinse: If metals are to be analyzed, rinse the con-
tainer with a solution of one part nitric acid to four
parts water, then with distilled water. If phosphorus
is to be analyzed, rinse the container with a solution of
one part hydrochloric acid to one part water followed by
distilled water.
2 . Solvent Rinse: If oil and grease or pesticides are to
be analyzed, rinse the sample container with hexane, then
acetone, and distilled water. The container should have
been previously cleaned with acid solution. Treat the
container caps similarly.
For long term monitoring , however , the analytical laboratory per-
forming the analyses should provide prepared bottles for samp-
ling.
1 0. 1 . 4 Sample Preservation
is to maintain the con-
closest to being a
with any analyses.
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For a long term sampling program or for process monitoring
samples, the laboratory performing the analyses should be con-
sul ted for specific instructions regarding preservation techniques
and sample containers.
10.1.5 Sample Identification
Once the sample is taken, certain procedures must oe followed
to allow the identification of the sample and to record the chain
of custody. It is important that these techniques be standardized
and become a part of normal field procedure.
Each sample should be assigned a unique number to allow easy
identification in the field and the laboratory. It is important
that the number include relatively few digits so that it will not
be abbreviated during successive handling. It is recommended that
each person who samples be assigned a roll of peel back labels.
These labels would include the person' s initials and sequential
numbering. As a sample is taken and sealed, a numer will be
affixed to the bottle. The label would include sufficient space
for added information such as date, preservative added,etc. Then
the specifics regarding the sampling location, type of sample, and
other pertinent facts would be recorded in the field notebook.
10.1.6 Chain of Custody
In cases of litigation, there must be proof of the chain of
possession that occurs from the time of sample collection to final
destruction. If a sample cannot be traced completely, the valid-
ity of the analytical result may be doubtful. Therefore, it is
important that procedures for a written record of chain of custody
be included as normal field practice. A person has custody of a
sample if one of the following requirements are fulfilled:
1. It is in his actual physical possession.
2. It is in his view after being in his actual
physical possession.
3. It was locked up by him after being in his
physical possession.
4. It was kept in a secured area, restricted to
authorized personnel after being in his physical
possession.
When the sample leaves his custody, then a record should be made
indicating that this has been done.
10.2 DOCUMENTATION
The importance of keeping written records cannot be empha-
sized too strongly. As documentation of the events surrounding
-------
the spill and its cleanup, _these written records may have import-
ant legal implications, particularly in cost recovery or reim-
bursement. The records may also serve as a learning tool in that
the knowledge gained from the spill can be applied to future spill
situations. It is a good practice after the spill is 'cleaned up,
and the emergency is over, to go back and assess t-he measures
talcen at the scene. Evaluation of this sort is important in
improving response techniques. A record of the progress being
made in the cleanup is also important in making decisions at the
scene of the spill.
It is recommended that the OSC keep in a permanent bound book
a log or diary of the chronological events from the time of noti f-
i cation of the spill until the cleanup and his duties are com-
pleted. All events of any significance should be recorded in the
log with notation of the date and time. The information should
include records of flow, operation, maintenance, sampling, fuel
used, problems encountered, telephone conversations, meet ings
held, orders issued, weather observations, etc. The log should be
kept in a bound, sequentially numbered notebook. Entries should
be made in the log immediately and the date and time indicated.
No pages should be removed from the notebook. I f a page is
ruined, it should be marked "VOID". Important observat ions
involving judgement and sampling records should be signed by the
principal investigator and countersigned by a witness.
The important records that should be kept in the notebook can
be listed as follows:
1. General events for each day start/stop times for
cleanup activities, arrival or procurement of equipment,
documentation for authorization, weather observations.
Treatment gallons treated by each process, hours
of operation of each process, maintenance needed and/or
performed, fuel used, equipment breakdowns, ultimate
disposal.
3. Sampling - records of sampling, sample preservation
methods, and destination and analyses required of samples
4. Personnel - a record of all personnel on site, their
function, and the actual times present. This is especially
important for those personnel, whether from a government
agency or third party contractor, associated with the
cleanup/treatment operation itself. It is imperative that
the OSC develop a rigid communication network with the per-
sonnel attending the respective operation.
5. Photographs a record of times and locations of all
photographs including a brief description of the subject.
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APPENDIX A
SPILL INFORMATION
A-l INFORMATION CONTACTS
Information Type of
Source Assistance
OHMTADS-EPA Oil and
Hazardous Materials
Technical Assistance
Data System
CHEMTREC - Chemical
Transportation
Emergency Center
CHLOREP - Chlorine
Emergency Plan
Pesticides Safety
Team Network
Posion Control Centers:
Access
Telephone
SPA Regional
Office
913/236-3778
800/424-9300
Through CHEMTREC
(see above)
415/233-3737
618/254-7331
Through CHEMTREC
(see above)
See local
directory
2,3
1,2,3
2-Chevron
Products
2-Shell Chemicals
1,2, j
CHRIS - Coast Guard Chemical 2,4
Hazards Response Information
System
EPA ERT - Environmental
Response Team
Coast Guard National
Strike Force
Nat 1. Response
Center
800/424-8802
EPA Regional
Office (above)
Nat 1. Response
Center of Gulf
Strike Team
601-688-2330
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Information Type of Access
Source Assistance Telephone
U.S. Army Technical 1 EPA Regional
Escort Center, Chemical Office or
Emergency Response Team J03/521-2185
"Key 1. Respond to scene with trained personnel if required
2. Provide information on identify, hazards, or what
to do
3. Refer to knowledgeable contact
4. On-line computer available
A^2INFORMATION SOURCES
American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Control of Hazardous
Material Spills. Proceedings of the 1974 National Con-
ference. New York.
American National Red Cross. American Red Cross Standard First
Aid and Personal Safety. 1973. Garden City, New York:
Doubleday and Company.
American Public Health Association. Standard Methods for Ex-
amination of Water and Wastewater.
Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives.
Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface
Transportation. Washington, D.C.
Best Company. Best's Environmental and Safety Directory.
Morristown, New Jersey. A.M. Best Company.
Biosciences Information Service. Abstracts on Health Effects
of Environmental Pollutants. 1975. Philadelphia:
Chemical Index Guide.
Chrlstensen, H.E. and Luginbybl, T.L. NIOSH Registry of toxic
Effects of Chemical Substances. Rockville, MD; U.S.
Department of Health, Education and Welfare.
Dow Chemical U.S.a. Chlorinated Solvents - Toxicity, Handling
Precautions, First Aid. Form No. 100-54490-76. Midland,
Michigan.
Hawley, G.G. Condensed Chemical Dictionary. New York: Van
Nostrand Reinhold Co.
Little, Arthur D. Company. Spill Prevention Techniques for
Hazardous Polluting Substances. Washington, DC: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
-------
Meidl, James H. Hazardous Materials Handbook. 1972. Beverly
Hills- Glenco Press.
Mellan Ibert. Industrial Solvents Handbook. 1977. Park
Ridge, New Jersey: Noyes Data Corporation.
Meyer, E. Chemistry of Hazardous Materials. Englewood Cliffs,
New Jersey Prentice Hall.
National Association of Mutual Casualty Companies. Handbook
of Organic Industrial Solvents. 2nd Ed. 1961. Chicago.
National Fire Protection Association. Fire Officers Guide to
Dangerous Chemicals. Boston.
Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. Boston.
Hazardous Chemicals Data 1976. NFPA No. 49. Boston.
National Fire Codes. Vol. 13, Hazardous Materials. Boston.
Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. 1978. New York:
John Wiley and Sons.
Powers, Philip W. How to Dispose of Toxic Substances and
Industrial Wastes. 1976. Park Ridge, New Jersey. Noyes
Data Corporation.
Sax, Irving. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
New York: Van Nostrand ReinhoId Company.
TRW Systems Group. Recommended Methods of Reduction , Neutrali-
zation, Recovery or Disposal of Hazardous Waste (Volumes
1-16). Springfield, Virginia: U.S. Department of Commerce.
Ture, R.L. Principles of Fire Protection Chemistry. Boston-
National Fire Protection Association.
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. Chemical Data
Guide for Bulk Shipment by Water. Washington, DC: U.S.
Government Printing Office.
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. 1974. An
Indentification System for Occupationally Hazardous
Materials. Washington, DC: National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health.
Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, Volumes
I and II. 1977. Washington, DC.
-------
NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. Cincinnati, Ohio: NIOSH
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Farm Chemical Hand-
book. Toxic and Hazardous Industrial Chemicals.
NIOSH Publication Catalog. 1970-1977. Cincinnati, Ohio:
Public Health Service. "=
Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards.
U.S. Department of Transportation. Hazardous Materials Ehiercency
Action Guide. 1977.
U.S. Enviroraental Protection Agency. Field Detection and
Damage Assessment Manual for 0: il and Hazardous Material
Spills- 1977. Washington, DC: Office of Oil and Hazardous
Materials.
Quality Criteria for Water. 1976.
Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings.
Second Edition. 1977.
Manual for the Control of Hazardous Material Spills: 1977.
Vol. I Spill Assessment and Water Treatment Techniques.
Verschueren, Karel. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic
Chemicals. 1977. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.
Walters, Douglas B., Safety Handling of Chemical Carcinogens,
Mutagens, and Teratogens and Highly Toxic Substances.
Volumes 1 and 2. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Science Publishers.
tflndholz. E., Editor. The Merck Index. 1976. Rahway, New
Jersey: Merck and Company.
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APPENDIX B
Clean-up Con tractors
Superfund Approved Contractors
Contractor & Service jfopne
Amino Brothers Co., Inc. Ł13/287-4510
8110 Kaw Dr. 913/334-2330
P.O. Box 11277
Kansas City, Kansas 66111
General response service.
Broski Brothers Co., Inc. 816/924-0044
6400 E. 35th St.
Kansas City, MO 64129
Manufacturer, supplier, and
installation of chain link
fence fabric and gates.
Double Check Co. 816/921-5032
4614 Prospect
Kansas City, Missouri 64130
Service station leaks and spills;
related fuel leaks and spills.
Environmental Emergency Services Co. 1-800/547-0792
529 Spirit of St. Louis Blvd.
Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
Nationwide oil and hazardous materials
contractor-no nukes or explosives.
Environmental Int'l, Inc. 913/648-6778
912 Scott
Kansas City, Kansas 66104
Nationwide planning response services for
hazardous waste. Services include engineering,
laboratory analyses, and professional investigate
services for remedial action design or dariage
assessmen t.
Holland Bros. Cons. Co., Inc. 319/382-2412
Highway 9 West or
Decorah, Iowa 52101 319/382-4620
Grading , emban kment, excavation,
clearing, grubbing and demolition.
J.H. Berre Const. Co.. Inc 218/628-5180
5091 New Baumgartner Road
St. Louis, Missouri 63129
General response service and also
marine transporter. Demoli tion.
Kehe Const. Co. 319/352-3212
2700 5th Ave. N.W.
tfav'erP?? ?o2w7a 50677
General construction service -
Iowa only.
-70-
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Contractor & Service Phone
Llonmark, Inc., & Subsidiaries 314/991-2180
1E520 Woodson Road
St. Louis, Missouri 63114
Land of subsurface excavations, all types
of trucking and hauling, loading and lifting.
Olson-Deane Co. 314/428-7870
1850 Walton Road
St. Louis, MO 63114
General response services.
Petroleum Maintenance 515/285-8778
Service, Inc.
2431 Dean Ave.
Des Moines, Iowa 50317
Off-shore, inland water, land, and
subsurface for Region VII. Pads,
booms, sweeps, skimmers and boat.
Radium Petroleum Co. 913/631-8181
P.O. Box 6206
1633 S. Marsh
Kansas City, MO 64126
General response services.
React 314/569-0991
P.O. Box 27310
St. Louis, MO 63141
Land, inland water, and subsurface for
Region VII. Hazardous material cleanup,
treatment and disposal capabilities
Lncluding manpower, equipment and supplies,
and technical engineering services.
Russell 6 Sons Const. 316/583-5512
Co. , Inc.
P.O. Box 535
Eureka, KS 67045
Kansas only Full line of heavy
construction equipment, earth moving
and excavation. Environmental aquatic
control capability.
Sajan Construction Corp. 314/725-3533
P.O. Box 628
Slkeston, MO 63801
Complete line of construction
equipment and specializing in
excavating and hauling.
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Contractor & Service Phone
Shaw & Sons Enviro-pro 816/637-5487
500 Bennington
Kansas City, Missouri 64125
Respond to oil spills in Missouri ,
Nebraska, Kansas and Iowa and parts
of Oklahoma.
Thompson Const. Co., Inc. 316/564-3204
P.O. Box 65
Ell inwood, Kansas 67526
General construction.
Environmental Specialists, Inc. 800/821-5446
3001 East 83rd St.
Kansas City, Missouri 64132
Oil and hazardous waste at any level in
four-state area; Transporter services,
Analytical services.
M. W. Watson, Inc. 913/235-6228
P.O. Box 978
Topeka, Kansas 66601
General construction.
Clean-up Contractors
Not Superfund Approved Contractors
Amoco Oil Company Terminal 515/223-6666
Des Moines, Iowa
Provide supplies only. Oil clean-up
supplies, 3m absorbent, containment barriers
(available on replacement basis).
Amoco Oil Company 712/366-9462
829 E. Southbridge Road
Council Bluffs, Iowa
Equipment and personnel for petroleum recovery.
Portable filter pump can recover up to 99% of a
spill. Have absorbent booms, etc. Can provide
service throughout state; Council Bluffs,
Bettendorf, Ottumwa, Dubuque, etc. Prefer to
have companies provide their own personnel. Provide
service to Nebraska also.
Cooper Equipment Co. 402/393-7563
1601 North 84th St.
Omaha, Nebraska
Petroleum products only, personnel and
equipment, sorbents, pump unit, booms, sweeps,
rolls, particulate, SCUBA, remote air masks, rubber
gear. Install tanks, clean tanks.
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Contractors & Service Phones
Ebco Safety Service Co 402/330-4200
13326 C Street
Omaha, Nebraska 68144
Sales - Absorbent pads, bales, booms, etc.,
personal safety gear and supplies (clothing,
respirators, etc.).
Emergency Response Sec. 402/831-0596
Calgon Activated
Carbon Division
11506 Rock Island Court
Maryland Heights, Missouri 63043
Nationwide response to all types of spills Primary
expertise in surface and groundwater treatment. Also,
capability for vapor phase toxics.
Hartnett Service Company 816/776-6736
903 East 18th
Kansas City, Missouri 64108
Sells and services service station equipment.
Has Kentmore testing equipment, Will go as far
as anybody wants to pay.
Petroleum Equipment & Service, Inc. 319/377-6357
220 35th St.
Marion, Iowa
Have absorbent pads, test underground storage tanks
(Kent-Moore system). Main job is installation,
service work and cleaning of bulk storage tanks.
Handle some spills. Work mostly within a 60-mile
radius of their offices.
Petroleum Maintenance Service, Inc. 515/285-8778
2431 Dean Ave.
Des Moines, Iowa
Petroleum incidents only surface and underground
spills. Equipment to be used for spills available.
Will work entire region. Run three trucks 1,000 gallons
of storage carry some booms. Can get additional equipment
from distributors.
Reddl Root'r 515/441-3638
5171 Leavenworth Rd.
Kansas City, Kansas
Primarily plumbing for residences and
business • possibility for oil spills
work in greater Kansas City area.
United American Minorities 417/73^-7976
Box 201
Republic, Missouri 65738
General engineering services.
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APPENDIX C
OIL SHEEN REFERENCE
Standard Terms for High Viscosity Oil Films and
Descriptive Appearance of High Viscosity Oil on" Water
Approximate
Standard Film Thickness
Term (millimeters)
Barely
visible
Silvery
Slightly
colored
brightly
colored
.00004
.00008
.00015
.0003
25
50
100
200 :
Approximate
Quantity of
Oil in Film
(Gals. per (Li ters per
;q. mile)_ sg. km. ) Appearance
37 Barelyvisibleun-
der most favorable
light conditions
75
Visible as a sil-
very sheen on
water surface.
First trace of
color may be
observed
Bright bands of
color are visible
Colors begin to
turn dull brown
Dark
.002
1400
2045
Colors are much
darker brown or
black
NOT E: Each one-inch thickness of oil equals 5.61 gallons per square
yard or 17,400,000 U.S. gallons per square mile.
APPENDIX D
STANDARD TERMS AND CONVERSION TABLF
Knowing
Gallon(U. S)
Barrel
Cubic Feet
Litre
Mul
U.S. Gallon
1.0000
42.0000
7.4805
u.2641
tiply by factor
U.S. Barrel
0.02381
1.00000
0. 1781
0.00629
to
obtain
Cubic Feet
0.
5.
1.
u.
13368
6146
0000
03532
Litre
3.785
158.930
28.310
1 .000
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APPENDIX E
TELEPHONE DIRECTORY
jja,tiion_a_l_ Response Center
U_._S. Environmental Protection Agency
Regional Office . . . 24-hour number:
EP&R Program
U.S. Coast Guard
2ndDistricb . . . . Operation Center:
HEP Branch:
MSO Offices . . . St. Louis:
Davenport, Iowa:
Gulf Strike Team
C_grjJs. PŁ Engineers
Emergency Operations Manager
Federal Emergency Management Agency_^(FEHA)_:^
Regional Office .... Kansas City:
Iowa Department of Environmental Quality
State Emergency Operations Center:
Kansas Department of Health and Environment
Missouri Department of Natural Resources
Nebraska - Department of Environmental Control
Phone
800/424-8802
913/236-3778
314/425-4612
314/425-4567
314/425-6297
601/688-2380
816/426-6320
816/426-6882
515/281-8694
515/281-8752
913/296-1500
314/634-2436
402/471-4545
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Phone
Oil Spill Co-ops
Iowa Bi-State Metropolitan Oil Control 918/743-5311
Coordination Committee
Kansas - Mutual Assistance Pact (Wichita Area) 918/743-5311
Texaco-Cities Service Pipeline
Nebraska Omaha-Council Bluffs Metropolitan Oil Control 402/342-5476
Coordination Committee
Hazardous Material Waste Disposal Site
Kansas: Kansas Industrial Environmental Services, Inc.
P.O. Box 475
Wichita, Kansas 67201
Contact: Lee Deets, (316) 744-1286
Permit: Kansas Dept. of Health and Environment (Solid Wastes
Facility: Hazardous Waste Landfill
Missouri: Bob's Home Service Special Industrial Waste Disposal
Facility
Rt. 1 Box 116F
Wright City, Missouri 63390
Owner: Glennon Zykan, President
Rt. 1 Box 116F
Wright City, Missouri 63390
Contact. Mike Gill, Manager, (314) 745-3371 or 745-3372
Permit. Missouri Dept. of Natural Resources (Solid Wastes)
Facility: Hazardous Waste Landfill
BFI Liquid Reception Center and Sludge Disposal
Clay County, Missouri
(1/2 mile north of Missouri City, Missouri)
Owner: Lincoln Brothers Land, Inc. Operator Browning-Ferris Ind.
Westowne, Box 283 Waste Systems Divisior
Liberty, Missouri 64068 3150 N. 7th St.
Kansas City, KS 66115
Contact: Manager, (816) 781-1614
Permit: Missouri Dept. of Natural Resources (Solid Wastes)
Facilities. Liquid solidification, sludge dowatering and disposal
-76-
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FREQUENTLY CALLED NAMES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS.
Name Telephone Number
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Telephone Number
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