18425.007 AIR QUALITY IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR THE STATE OF ALASKA VOLUME IV: EMERGENCY EPISODE PLAN DECEMBER 1971 Prepared for the STATE OF ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION TRW SYSTfMS GROUP ONE SPACE PARK * REDONDO BEACH. CALIFORNIA £0278 ------- 18425.007 AIR QUALITY IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR THE STATE OF ALASKA VOLUME IV: EMERGENCY EPISODE PLAN DECEMBER 1971 Prepared for the STATE OF ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION TRW SYSTEMS GROUP ONE SPACE PARK • PEDONDO BEACH. CALIFORNIA S0278 ------- The work upon which this publication is based was performed by TRW Systems Group pursuant to Contract #68-02-0048 with the Office of Air Programs, Environmental Protection Agency. ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1.0 PREFACE 1-1 2.0 LEGAL AUTHORITY 2-1 2.1 Assignment of Responsibilities 2-1 2.2 Episode Status Declaration Authority 2-1 3.0 EPISODE CRITERIA 3-1 3.1 Episode Watch 3-1 3.2 Alert Stage 3-1 3.3 Warning Stage 3-2 3.4 Emergency Stage 3-3 3.5 Episode Stage Termination 3-4 3.6 Special Episode Criteria 3-4 3.6.1 The Specific Pollutant Situation 3-4 3.6.2 The Specific Locality Situation 3-5 4.0 EPISODE ACTION PLAN 4.1 High Wind Episode Condition - Particulate 4-1 4.1.1 General Control Measures 4-1 4.1.2 Specific Control Measure 4-2 4.2 Stagnation Episode - Particulates 4-3 4.2.1 General Episode Watch Action 4-4 4.2.2 Action on Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) . . 4-5 4.2.2.1 ALERT Status - Particulates 4-5 4.2.2.2 WARNING Status - Particulates 4-6 4.2.2.3 EMERGENCY Status - Particulates .... 4-7 4.2.3 Action on Carbon Monoxide (CO) 4-8 4.2.3.1 ALERT Status, Carbon Monoxide 4-9 4.2.3.2 WARNING Status, Carbon Monoxide .... 4-10 4.2.3.3 EMERGENCY Status, Carbon Monoxide ... 4-12 4.2.4 Action on Sulfur Oxides (SOJ 4-13 A 5.0 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES 5-1 5.1 Weather Forecasting 5-1 5.2 Air Quality Data Acquisition 5-1 ii ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued): 5.2.1 Fairbanks-North Star Borough 5-2 5.2.2 Tri-Borough Air Resources Management District . . 5-2 5.2.3 Ketchikan 5-2 5.3 Declaration of Episode Stages 5-3 5.4 Episode Action Plan Implementation 5-6 5.4.1 Partial Activation 5-6 5.4.2 Full Activation 5-11 5.4.3 Termination 5-11 5.5 Source Surveillance 5-18 6.0 ORGANIZATIONAL INTERFACES/COMMUNICATIONS 6-1 6.1 National Weather Service 6-1 6.2 Point Sources 6-1 6.3 News Media 6-2 6.4 State of Alaska 6-2 6.5 Public Safety Organizations 6-3 6.6 Environmental Protection Agency 6-3 APPENDIX A A-l APPENDIX B B-l iii ------- 1.0 PREFACE The following is the Emergency Episode Plan defining contingency measures to be taken by designated agencies and officials of the State of Alaska and cooperating organizations, in order to protect the health of persons during air pollution episodes. An air pollution episode is defined here as an atmospheric condition in which ambient concentra- tions of airborne contaminants tend toward levels that imminently and substantially endanger the health of persons who are exposed to the air. The Emergency Episode Plan for the State of Alaska was developed in accordance with Chapter IV, Title 42, August 14, 1971 Federal Register, Sec. 420.16, entitled, "Prevention of Air Pollution Emergency Episodes." The Plan consists of the following sections. Section 2.0 - Legal Authority Section 3.0 - Episode Criteria Section 4.0 - Episode Action Plan Section 5.0 - Operational Procedures Section 6.0 - Organizational Interfaces/ Communications The evaluation of available air quality data and the identification of major pollution sources in Alaska have resulted in the Plan presented herein. From all the evidence*, it is concluded that the threat of episodes are greatest in the following three areas, at the present time: 1. Total suspended particulates, or TSP in Anchorage and Fairbanks. 2. Carbon monoxide, or CO in Center City of Fairbanks. 3. Oxides of sulfur, expressed in terms of sulfur dioxide, S02 in the Ketchikan Area. *Surveillance Volume 1-1 ------- The Plan is designated as a mechanism for indicating public action, issuing public warning, and attempting to reduce levels of a specific pollutant concentration by reducing major source emissions. Updating will be periodically required as additional air quality data become available in order that the Plan remain sensitive to the needs of the people of the State of Alaska. Table 1-1. REGIONAL PRIORITY DESIGNATIONS Air Quality Control Region 008 Cook Inlet 009 Northern Alaska 010 South Central Oil South Eastern Total Suspended Parti culates I I III III Sulfur Oxides III III III IA .Nitrogen Oxides III III III III Carbon Monoxide III I III III Total Oxidants III III III III This Plan is written for present conditions and problems and will be revised and extended as needed. When adverse air quality measurements are obtained or when general industrial or urban development reaches other areas of the State, a more extensive plan will be developed. Both the air quality criteria and emergency action plans presented in this document are specific to the current air pollution problems in the State of Alaska. 1-2 ------- 2.0 LEGAL AUTHORITY The set of actions provided for in the Emergency Episode Plan is authorized by enabling legislation as cited below. In general, legislation (a) expresses the intent of Congress to assign responsibilities for episode avoidance and (b) conveys to those so designated, specific powers for carrying out their responsibilities in the most effective manner. 2.1 ASSIGNMENT OF RESPONSIBILITIES The Clean Air Act of 1970, Section 303 indicates the intent of the U.S. Congress in preventing or reducing the severity of air pollution disasters that affect the health of people who are exposed to contaminated air. This Act is interpreted in Chapter IV, Title 42, August 14, 1971 Feder- al Register. Sec. 420.16, entitled, "Prevention of Air Pollution Episodes." 2.2 EPISODE STATUS DECLARATION AUTHORITY Announcement of an Internal Episode Watch, and Public Declarations of ALERT Status, WARNING Status, EMERGENCY Status in accordance with Section 3. and termination thereof shall be made by the Governor of Alaska, the Commissioner of the Department of Environmental Conservation or by the Administrative Officer of the local Air Pollution Control Authority in concurrence with the appropriate Chief Executive Officer of the jurisdiction in which episode conditions exist. 2-1 ------- Table 2-1. LEGAL AUTHORITY AVAILABLE FOR STATE ACTIONS IN EMERGENCY AIR POLLUTION EPISODES Authority Enforcement Authority Department of Environmental Conservation State of Alaska, as the prime agency for carrying out emergency functions. Delineation of the area of jurisdiction Basis upon which emergency actions will be initiated Manner in which the specific orders are to be issued and the time period of action Responsibility for development of an Emergency Control Action Plan prescribing specific measures for the major sources of emissions Responsibility for an evaluation of the preventive and abatement actions taken during an episode Conveyance of Specific Powers Control and prevent conditions which threaten or endanger the public health or welfare before the occurrence of actual injury Enforcement of the law by appropriate administrative and judicial proceedings including injunctive relief. Access to records relating to emissions of air contaminants The securing of necessary technical information by contract or otherwise The preparation of comprehensive plans for the control of air pollution, including air quality and emission data, performance of studies, on-site investi- gations and research Establishment of ambient air quality standards and emission standards for all parts of the State of Alaska The exercise of emergency authority to limit or eliminate emissions with minimum delay 2-2 Sourcg AS 44.46.03.820 AS 44.46.03.020 AS 44.46.03.820 AS 44.46.03.820 AS 44.46.03.020 AS 44.46.03.020 AS 44.46.03.820 AS 44.46.03.210 AS 44.46.050 AS 44.46.03.020 AS 44.46.020(a)(2) AS 44.46.020(1) AS44.46.030.020(10) AS 44.46.03.820 ------- Table 2-1. (continued) Authority Source The imposition of penalities for failure AS 44.46.03.760 to comply with regulations, in particular, with legally authorized action under emergency conditions The delegation of performance of duties AS 44.46.03.210 to a subordinate agency To take any action deemed necessary to AS 44.46.020(2) and (4) carry out statute and regulations AS 44.46.03.860 AS 44.46.03.890 2-3 ------- 3.0 EPISODE CRITERIA The conditions described in these sections may initiate action on the part of the appropriate Air Pollution Control Authority (APCA) such as the Department of Environmental Conservation, the Tri-Borough Air Resources Management District, and Fairbanks - North Star Borough. 3.1 EPISODE WATCH The conditions for Episode Watch consist of: • An Atmospheric Stagnation or Wind/Dust Advisory is issued by the National Weather Service Office (Anchorage, Fairbanks or Annette), stating that stagnant atmospheric or wind/dust conditions are expected during the next 36 hours over a specific area of Alaska. In effect, the Advisory cautions of pollutant concentration buildups if air stagnation and large amounts of emissions are present or if particulate loading can be expected to drastically increase due to wind conditions. Either of these advisories will be updated at least every 12 hours during episode conditions. • A forecast by local meteorologists that stagnant atmospheric or high wind conditions could result in high air pollution levels in Alaska. • Validated reports of abnormally high air pollution measure- ments in the local area. 3.2 ALERT STAGE The ALERT level marks the threshold at which selective control action is to begin. An ALERT status may be declared by the APCA following pollutant concentration measured at any monitoring site, and due to adverse meteorological conditions can be expected to remain at these levels or higher for the next 12 hours or more unless control measures are taken. The criteria for ALERT stage are as follows: Particulates • Measured by sequential tape sampler (or EPA-approved equivalent) (soiling index): 3.0 COHs per 1000 linear feet. Running 24-hour average of two-hour samples. 3-1 ------- • Measured by Hi-Vol (high volume sampler), or EPA-approved equivalent: 3 375 yg/m , 24-hour average Carbon Monoxide • Measured by continuous non-dispersive infrared analyzer, or EPA-approved equivalent: o 15 ppm (17 mg/m ), 8-hour average Sulfur Dioxide t Measured by continuous coulometric or colorimetric analyzer, or EPA-approved equivalent: 2 800 yg/m (0.3 ppm), 24-hour average 3.3 WARNING STAGE The WARNING level marks the threshold of a health hazard which requires the curtailment of certain industrial activities according to a pre-arranged schedule. Continued deterioration of air quality to the point where a WARNING level concentration is reported at one or more monitoring sites will result in the declaration of a WARNING Status, based on the official weather prediction that no significant improvement in air quality is expected for the next 12 hours. The APCA may also elect to declare this episode stage in the absence of an adverse meteorological forecast solely on the' basis of air quality measurements which equal or exceed the levels specified below. The following are WARNING criteria. Particulates t Measured by sequential tape sampler, or EPA-approved equivalent (soiling index): 5.0 COHs per 1000 linear feet. Running 24-hour average of two-hour readings t Measured by Hi-Vol, or EPA-approved equivalent, 24-hour accumulation: 24-hour average, 625 yg/m 3-2 ------- Carbon Monoxide t Measured by continuous non-dispersive infrared analyzer, or EPA-approved equivalent: o 34 mg/m (30 ppm), 8-hour average Sulfur Dioxide • Measured by continuous coulometric or colorimetric analyzer, or EPA-approved equivalent: •j 1600 Mg/m (0.6 ppm), 24-hour average 3.4 EMERGENCY STAGE The EMERGENCY level defines the high threshold of air pollution that must not be reached, for it constitutes a substantially dangerous health hazard. If preventive measures fail to avert this condition, all activities that produce emissions will be subject to major curtailment, in accordance with a pre-arranged schedule. Human activities will be generally curtailed. An EMERGENCY Status will be declared if any of the following ambient pollu- tant concentrations are reached or exceeded: Particulates • Measured by sequential tape sampler, or EPA-approved equivalent (soiling index): 7.0 COHs per 1000 linear feet. Running 24-hour average of two-hour samples • Measured by Hi-Vol, or EPA-approved equivalent, 24-hour accumulation: 3 24-hour average, 875 yg/m Carbon Monoxide • Measured by continuous non-dispersive infrared analyzer, or EPA-approved equivalent: 46 mg/m (40 ppm), 8-hour average 3-3 ------- Sulfur Dioxide • Measured by continuous coulometric or colorimetric analyzer, or EPA-approved equivalent: o 2100 pg/m (0.8 ppm), 24-hour average These criteria are tailored to general needs of the people of Alaska and to the averaging capabilities of specified air quality monitors. The example Environmental Protection Agency criteria which are specifically applicable to the local air pollution problems are adopted for the State of Alaska. 3.5 EPISODE STAGE TERMINATION When conditions for a declare episode status are no longer present, the episode stage reached will be terminated or reduced to the next lower stage by the appropriate public announcement. This will occur under the following conditions: a. When ambient pollutant concentrations fall below the level specified for the stage, and a downward trend of concentra- tion is established; and b. When meteorological conditions that attended the high concentrations no longer exist. 3.6 SPECIAL EPISODE CRITERIA In Alaska episode conditions are usually limited to one or two individual pollutants and to a specific locality within the State. In order to minimize disruption to the economic life of the community as a whole, this Episode Plan will hereby define special episode criteria that will enable controls to be applied with a high degree of selectivity. 3.6.1 The-Specific Pollutant Situation If concentrations measured for one or two pollutants reach or exceed criteria levels defined in Sections 3.2 - 3.4, but concentrations of other pollutants exhibit no significant increase or trend beyond 50 percent of ALERT Levels, and no improvement in weather conditions is 3-4 ------- expected, a Specific ALERT. WARNING, or EMERGENCY Status may be declared naming the pollutants that meet these respective criteria. If concentra- tions of two such pollutants meet different criteria, the declared status for the episode shall be the higher of the two. A declaration shall state that an Episode Watch is being maintained on the remaining pollutants. EXAMPLE: One-hour concentrations are as follows: Particulates - 5.0 COHs Carbon Monoxide - 42 ppm (EMERGENCY Level - 40 ppm) If meteorological conditions are met, a declaration will be issued stating that a Specific EMERGENCY Status exists for carbon monoxide, while an Episode Watch is in effect for particulates. 3.6.2 The Specific Locality Situation If high concentrations of one or more pollutants are measured at one of the monitoring sites but not at the others, and the effect is known or suspected to originate from an identifiable source or a local meteorological condition near the given monitoring site, a declaration will be made stating that a Local ALERT, WARNING, or EMERGENCY Status exists for the delineated area, and that an Episode Watch is in effect over the remaining portion of the jurisdictional area. Note that a condition for declaration of a Local Episode (ALERT, WARNING, or EMERGENCY Status) is that meteorological indica- tions favor the maintenance or increase of high concentrations for at least a 12-hour period. 3-5 ------- 4.0 EPISODE ACTION PLAN 4.1 HIGH WIND EPISODE CONDITION - PARTICULATE Examination of the suspended participate measurements made in the Cook Inlet AQCR and in the Fairbanks-North Star Borough indicates that high concentrations are observed under high wind conditions. This is quite distinct from the usual episode condition when pollutant concentra- tions build up during periods of atmospheric stagnation and relatively low wind speed. An essential difference between the two conditions lies in the type of pollution emission sources which have the major influence on the ambient concentrations in each case. During the conventional stagnation episode, man-made stationary and mobile sources are most im- portant. Under high winds, however, the natural evolution of airborne dust from exposed soil is greatly increased and the relative importance of man-made sources is diminished. These considerations significantly affect the design and implementation of a Episode Control Plan for high wind situations. The National Weather Service Offices in Anchorage and Fairbanks will issue High Wind Forecasts to the respective APCA, and these will be utilized in initiating Episode Watch Procedures. These forecasts will be updated every 12 hours during the episode. 4.1.1 General Control Measures A large amount of discretionary authority will reside with the Episode Coordinator during a High Wind Episode. As it may not be possible to prescribe emission reduction measures which will be effective in reduc- ing suspended particulate matter levels under these conditions, the general control actions will be directed toward minimizing exposure to the adverse pollution levels. To this end, the coordinator will issue a public an- nouncement describing the situation and strongly recommending the curtail- 4-1 ------- merit of all unnecessary travel, and outdoor activity until the ambient air quality conditions improve. In addition, the coordinator may elect from the following set of control actions depending upon his evaluation of the situation: 1. A general ban on open burning and solid waste incineration. 2. A directive to elementary and secondary schools to eliminate outdoor activities or to close entirely. 3. In cooperation with the local Public Safety Agency, restriction of traffic movement in seriously affected areas. 4.1.2 Specific Control Measure During a high wind episode, the Episode Coordinator will exercise judgement regarding the imposition of specific source curtailment measures based on wind direction and other factors. If the measured ambient pollutant concentrations appear equally high up and down wind from a major stationary source or source complex, there would be little practical justification for a restriction on source operations. Any stationary source may, in the public interest, be required to reduce emissions according to its approved emergency reduction plan submitted with its Permit to Operation Application. 4-2 ------- 4.2 STAGNATION EPISODE - PARTICIPATES When the ALERT, WARNING, or EMERGENCY conditions are identified, a public declaration will be made. Upon such declaration, a stepwise reduc- tion in man-made emissions will be performed in accordance with the following Plan. Responsibility for action to achieve emission reduction will rest with the owner, manager, and principal operator(s) of the emission source. When an episode occurs, remedial measures are directed primarily at the major point sources of the specific pollutant(s) for which episode levels are observed or predicted. However, in Fairbanks and Anchorage actions are also prescribed for the area sources that include large numbers of small emitters and may require restrictions upon the general public. Hence, the Episode Action Plan specifies both general measures and specific source curtailment for each Episode Status. Depending upon the meteorological conditions, any and all point sources emitting 100 tons or more of particulate matter may be called upon by the Director of the Tri-Borough Air Resources Management District to reduce emissions in accordance with a well-defined Plan to be submitted in the semi-annual report. The Plan will be generated by the Operator of each such facility and will show detailed procedures for curtailing emissions during the ALERT, WARNING, and EMERGENCY Stages of the episode. This Plan will also delineate those measures available to the source for reducing the emission of each specific pollutant characteristic of the source. In the case of Fairbanks-North Star Borough, the central city of Fairbanks is the prime object of the Emergency Action Plan for both particulates and carbon monoxide as described herein. As a result, the specific measures to be taken relate to those point sources which are believed to affect center city air quality. Depending upon meteorological conditions, however, any and all sources in addition to those indicated 4-3 ------- in Sections 4.2.1.2, 4.2.2.2, and 4.2.3.2 or 4.3.1.2, 4.3.2.2, and 4.3.3.3 emitting 100 tons or more of either participates or carbon monoxide may be called upon by the Chairman of the Fairbanks-North Star Borough to reduce emissions in accordance with a well-defined Plan. The Plan will be generated by the Operator of each facility and will show detailed procedures for curtailing emissions during the ALERT, WARNING, and EMERGENCY stages of the episode in accordance with Part B of Table I of Appendix L, Title 42, Chapter IV, Part 420 of the Federal Register. August 14, 1971. As the special studies described in the Air Quality Surveillance Volume are completed, the Episode Action Plan will be updated to reflect the more complete understanding of the particulate pollution problem. 4.2.1 General Episode Watch Action Sources are to be advised by the APCA that an Episode Watch is in effect, but no action to reduce emissions is required in accordance with standby plans. However, certain preparatory measures may be taken in both Fairbanks and Anchorage which shall include: 1. For coal-burning power generating plants: a. Contact outside power sources to determine the amount of power available for purchase. b. Be prepared to reduce operation of units that are known to rank high in pollutant emissions per kilowatt hour and to phase in or increase operation of those that rank lower in this respect. c. Assure the availability of preferably low sulfur oil or gas (if available in the locale). While no action is required on the part of the general public at this time, the Episode Watch Status will be the occasion for the APCA to establish a full communications network for further action. 4-4 ------- 4.2.2 Action on Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) 4.2.2.1 ALERT Status - Particulates When the ALERT Status for particulates is declared, the following actions will be taken to reduce emissions of this pollutant. • General Measures, ALERT Status The following measures will be taken by the APCA: 1. Solid or liquid waste incineration from office buildings, apartment houses, and other facilities will be performed only during certains hours announced by the APCA. However, voluntary post- ponement until episode termination is desirable. 2. There will be no open burning. 3. Soot blowing or boiler lancing on fuel-burning equipment (including ships in harbor) if required, will be done only during certain hours announced by the APCA. 4. Industrial batch processes as applicable will be voluntarily reduced. 5. Persons operating motor vehicles will be requested to eliminate unnecessary driving • Specific Curtailment Action, ALERT Status The point sources (over 100 tons/year emission) will be notified to take curtailment action during ALERT Status for particulate emissions. The following existing sources have been identified in the Fairbanks-North Star Borough: Golden Valley Electric (Illinois Street Plant) Fairbanks Municipal Utilities' University of Alaska Fort Wainwright The action will consist of the following: 1. Reduce coal-burning operations to 70 percent of normal load or convert to 30 percent oil. 2. Increase load at company stations that are outside the episode area. 3. Purchase power from adjacent communities. The APCA will notify Fairbanks International Airport to prepare to reduce aircraft emissions over the center city area if WARNING Status is declared. 4-5 ------- 4.2.2.2 WARNING Status - Particulates When the WARNING Status for participates is declared, the following emission reduction actions will be taken in addition to those taken at the ALERT levels. t General Measures. WARNING Status 1. Solid or liquid waste incineration from office buildings, apartment houses, and other facilities will be postponed until episode termination. 2. There will be no open burning. 3. Soot blowing or boiler lancing on fuel-burning equipment, if required, will be done only upon direct approval of the appropriate APCA. 4. Driving automobiles at speeds in excess of 20 m.p.h. will be prohibited in certain areas to curtail road dust generation. 5. Industrial batch processes will be reduced to 50 percent of normal load. t Specific Curtailment Action, WARNING Status All point sources over 100 tons/year emissions will be required to make such emission reductions as are specified in their curtailment plan for this episode stage. The following existing point sources will be notified by the APCA to take curtailment action in the Fairbanks-North Star Borough during WARNING Status for particulate emissions. Golden Valley Electric (Illinois Street Plant) Fairbanks Municipal Utilities University of Alaska Fort Wainwright The action will consist of the following: 1. Reduce coal-burning operations to 50 percent of normal load or convert to 50 percent oil. 2. Maximize load at company stations that are outside the episode area. The APCA will notify Fairbanks International Airport to: a. Discontinue runup of engines undergoing repair or maintenance. b. Limit take-offs to a minimum spacing of 15 minutes. 4-6 ------- 4.2.2.3 EMERGENCY Status - Particulates When the EMERGENCY Status for particulates is declared, the following actions will be taken in addition to those specified for the ALERT and WARNING Stages. • General Measures, EMERGENCY Status 1. Automobile traffic in areas determined by the episode coordinator will be prohibited to eliminate road dust generation and reduce driving hazard. 2. Incineration of any form of solid or liquid waste will be prohibited. 3. There will be no open burning of any kind of fuel, waste, vegetation, refuse, or other material. 4. During the heating season, the operation of heating units using coal in all buildings with the affected area including public and private office buildings, apartment houses, shops, hotels, schools, recreational facilities, libraries, auditoriums, warehouses, etc., but not include hospitals, sanatoriums, children's homes, and homes for the aged and infirm, will be at thermostat temperature settings no higher than 60 degrees Fahrenheit. 5. During the heating season, heating units using coal in single-family and small multi-family (six-family units or less) that are equipped with thermostats will operate at settings no higher than 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Heating units that are not regulated by thermostats will be operated at a rate that is approximately 20 percent lower than normal for the corresponding season and weather conditions. 6. Exceptions under foregoing 4 and 5 are allowed for persons who are aged, infirm, or ill and under the care of a physician. Exceptions are also allowed under formal permit for facilities where a drastic change in temperature could result in irreparable damage, such as computer rooms, environmental laboratories, cryogenic materials facilities, hazardous materials storages, and meat lockers. 7. All places of employment, where large amounts of fuel are used for heat or hot water will immediately suspend such operations. 4-7 ------- 8. Places of employment will release working personnel ahead of normal close of day, and on a staggered arrangement, based upon travel time to residence for each employee. 9. All batch processes emitting particulate matter, outdoor construction and demolition work will be suspended until episode termination, except for work that, if left unfinished, might result in a public hazard. 10. All commercial and manufacturing establishments not specifically mentioned in this order will institute such actions as will result in reduction of particulate emissions to the maximum reasonable extent. t Specific Curtailment Action, EMERGENCY Status All point sources will be required to initiate the maximum reductions called for in their episode emission reduction plans. The following existing point sources will be notified by the APCA to take curtailment action in the Fairbanks-North Star Borough during EMERGENCY Status for particulate emissions: Golden Valley Electric (Illinois Street Plant) Fairbanks Municipal Utilities University of Alaska Fort Wainwright The action will consist of the following: 1. Reduce coal-burning operations to 30 percent of normal load or convert to 70 percent oil. 2. Reduce line voltage by 8 percent of normal. The APCA will notify Fairbanks International Airport to: a. Cancel flights. b. Divert flights scheduled to terminate at Fairbanks International Airport to alternate airports outside the Fairbanks area. 4.2.3 Action on Carbon Monoxide (CO) The following Emission Action Plan for carbon monoxide applies to the area of Fairbanks-North Star Borough. A large percentage of the carbon monoxide emissions in the area originate from mobile sources. Hence, the measures prescribed herein for reducing emissions are directed at motorists, particularly those who are accustomed to idling their engines continuously 4-8 ------- during Arctic winter days. A partial solution of this problem, recommended in the Control Strategies Volume, requires the use of plug-in heaters on parking lots in the city. 4.2.3.1 ALERT Status. Carbon Monoxide When the ALERT Status for carbon monoxide is declared, the following measures will be taken to reduce emissions of this pollutant. • General Measures, ALERT Status 1. An appeal will be made to the public through news media to curtail unnecessary use of private vehicles and to use public transit for local travel. 2. Operation of government vehicles will be reduced to higher priority needs as defined by officials of the rank of bureau chief or equivalent. 3. The public will be reminded of the boundaries of the center city (4.2.3.2) where concentrations of carbon monoxide are highest. Advisories will discourage incursions into this area unless absolutely necessary, for the duration of the episode. • Specific Curtailment Action, ALERT Status In accordance with federal requirements, the following point sources will be notified by the APCA to take curtailment action in the Fairbanks-North Star Borough during ALERT Status for carbon monoxide emissions: Golden Valley Electric (Illinois Street Plant) Fairbanks Municipal Utilities University of Fairbanks Fort Wainwright The action will consist of the following: 1. Reduce coal-burning operations to 70 percent of normal load or convert to 30 percent oil. 2. Increase load at company stations that are outside the episode area. 3. Purchase power from adjacent communities. 4-9 ------- The APCA will notify Fairbanks International Airport, Metro Field, and Phillips Field to be prepared to reduce aircraft operations over center city area if the WARNING Status is declared. 4.2.3.2 WARNING Status, Carbon Monoxide When the WARNING Status for carbon monoxide is declared, the following measures will be taken to reduce emissions. • General Measures, WARNING Status 1. The center city is defined by the following boundaries; Chena River on the North and East, along Fairbanks city boundaries to 23rd Avenue. 23rd Avenue to Lathrop Street. Lathrop Street north to Chena River. (See Figure 4-1.) 2. All passenger vehicles entering the center city area will be restricted to those carrying four or more persons. All traffic operations within the center city area will be discouraged and an emergency bus service will be initiated for persons outbound from the center city. 3. The public will be notified by news media that no automobile or truck traffic will be permitted within the center city area, as defined, if and when an EMERGENCY Status for carbon monoxide is declared. 4. Designated principal avenues will be made one-way outbound from center city. These routes are listed and shown in Figure 4-1. Airport Road one way going west to Lathrop Cushman Road one way going south from Airport Road to 26th Avenue Gafney Road going east from Cushman Road to Fort Wainwright Cushman Street bridge one way going north. 5. All automobile idling within center city except in traffic will be prohibited. 6. All schools in the center city will be dismissed. 7. Staggered working hours will go into effect in all governmental offices (State, Federal, and Municipal) and in as many private offices as volunteer to do so. 4-10 ------- Figure 4-1. CENTER CITY DESIGNATION AND ONE-WAY ROUTE ASSIGNMENTS FOR THE FAIRBANKS- NORTH STAR BOROUGH FOR USE IN CO EPISODE STAGES. 4-11 ------- 8. Taxi cruising will be prohibited in all parts of the center city. 9. All deliveries and refuse collecting will be curtailed. • Specific Curtailment Action. WARNING Status The following existing point sources will be notified by APCA to curtail action in the Fairbanks-North Star Borough during WARNING Status for carbon monoxide emissions: Golden Valley Electric (Illinois Street Plant) Fairbanks Municipal Utilities University of Alaska Fort Wainwright The action will consist of the following: 1. Reduce coal-burning operations to 50 percent of normal load or convert to 50 percent oil. 2. Maximize load at company stations that are outside the episode area. 3. Purchase power from adjacent communities. The APCA will notify Fairbanks International Airport , Metro Field, and Phillips Field to: 1. Discontinue runup of engines undergoing repair or maintenance. 2. Limit take-offs to a minimum spacing of 15 minutes. 3. Minimize air time over Fairbanks center city. 4.2.3.3 EMERGENCY Status, Carbon Monoxide When an EMERGENCY Status for carbon monoxide is declared, the following emission reduction actions will be taken. • General Measures, EMERGENCY Status 1. No automobile or truck traffic will be permitted within center city as outlined above, except for designated emergency vehicles. 2. Throughout the Fairbanks air shed, all use of motor vehicles will be prohibited except as permitted by Borough authorities. The air shed is defined as the area bound by the Tanana River, the west portion of 4-12 ------- the China Ridge Loop Road. South on Steese Highway and along Trainer Road including Fort Wainwright. Then south on Montgomery and Badger Roads to Richardson Highway. All stores will be closed except for those engaged in the sale of food and medicines. Through bus and truck service will be rerouted to avoid the center city. Scheduled bus service will be curtailed (if applicable). t Specific Source Curtailment, EMERGENCY Status The following point sources will be notified by the APCA to take curtailment actions in the Fairbanks-North Star Borough during an EMERGENCY Status for carbon monoxide emissions: Golden Valley Electric (Illinois Street Plant) Fairbanks Municipal Utilities University of Alaska Fort Wainwright The action will consist of the following: 1. Reduce coal-burning operations to 30 percent of normal load or convert to 70 percent oil. 2. Reduce line voltage by 8 percent of normal. The APCA will notify Fairbanks International Airport, Metro Field, and Phillips Field to: 1. Cancel flights. 2. Divert flights scheduled to terminate at Fairbanks International Airport to alternate airports outside the Fairbanks area. 4.2.4 Action on Sulfur Oxides (SOX) The contingency plan for sulfur dioxide in Southeastern Alaska will consist of a public announcement released through Borough Headquarters in Ketchikan. The public announcement will correspond to the following levels of SO concentration: A • WARNING Status as defined in Section 3.3. . • EMERGENCY Status as deinfed in Section 3.4. 4-13 ------- 5.0 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES The operational procedures associated with the implementation of the Episode Plan require a definition of organization responsibilities for action and coordination. The details of these procedures will necessarily change as the occasion arises for implementation of the Plan. The divi- sion of responsibility for each of the major tasks required to be performed is delineated in the following paragraphs. They consist of the following: Weather Forecasting - Section 5.1 Air Quality Data Acquisition - Section 5.2 Declaration of Episode Stages - Section 5.3 Episode Action Plan Implementation - Section 5.4 Source Surveillance - Section 5.5 5.1 WEATHER FORECASTING The responsibility for generating weather information relating to forecasts of high wind conditions in the Tri-Borough area lies with the National Weather Service Forecast Office (NWS) in Anchorage. Local Offices in Fairbanks and Annette shall disseminate advisory information to the Fairbanks - North Star Borough agency and the DEC, respectively. The expected frequency of episode conditions in the North Star Borough fully justifies the addition of an air pollution meteorologist to the Fairbanks Weather Bureau Staff. This individual would be responsible for the issuance and updating of stagnation advisories. During routine operation, the Weather Service will provide information on weather conditions to the APCA upon contact from such agency. Should an Advisory occur at any time, the NWS will notify the APCA automatically. As the Episode Stages are declared, the APCA will request that weather forecasts from the appropri- ate NWS local office be submitted every 12 hours. The current capabilities of the referenced weather stations are presented in Appendix B. 5.2 AIR QUALITY DATA ACQUISITION The responsibility for air quality data acquisition during routine operations, during an Episode Watch and during the Episode lies with the 5-1 ------- APCA. Upon initiation of an Episode Watch, the APCA will assume the responsibility of collecting air monitoring data on an hourly basis. 5.2.1 Fairbanks-North Star Borough In Fairbanks, the Downtown air quality monitoring site will be designated for EMERGENCY Episode for both CO and Particulate sampling. It consists of a CO non-dispersive infrared monitor and two tape samplers. The monitoring site is located within a few blocks of the offices of Fairbanks-North Star Borough. As a result the site can be manned within minutes after an Episode Watch is declared. During routine operations the CO monitor will be equipped with an internal audible alarm system to allow for immediate detection of excessive CO concentrations. This will be accomplished by a special arrangement between the Borough Air Pollution Control Officer and the local fire station which will be the site of the audible alarm. During Episode Watch the tape samplers will be run in parallel, each providing data for alternate 2 hour periods. The data will be evaluated by the APCA using a spot evaluator. The high-vol air sampler, also available at this station, will also be operated continuously for a 24-hour period. 5.2.2 Tri-Borough Air Resources Management District In Anchorage, EMERGENCY Episode conditions may arise for total suspended particulates. The instrumentation used for initial Episode Watch will be located at the Tri-Borough Air Resources Management District Laboratory and will consist of a tape sampler located at the City Fire Station. During a meteorological advisory or on the basis of measured poor air quality, the tape samplers will be alternately used to provide data on two-hour intervals. The high-vol sampler, also available at this station, will be operated continuously during the Episode. 5.2.3 Ketchikan In Ketchikan, EMERGENCY Episode conditions may arise out of exces- jlp i 5-2 sive SO emissions from the local pulp mill. A continuous flame A ------- photometric SC^ analyzer will be operated in the area and will be the responsibility of the Regional Sanitarian. The DEC will arrange for an internal audible alarm system whereby high SCL concentrations will be immediately ascertained. Upon noting the alarm, the Sanitarian will immediately notify the DEC in Juneau. Under Episode Watch conditions, the DEC will receive data by telephone on an hourly basis. The other S02 bubblers located in the region, will start operation on a 24-hour basis during Episode Watch. 5.3 DECLARATION OF EPISODE STAGES The basis for Episode Stages declaration will first be evaluated by the APCA in the region. After reviewing the meteorological advisory and/ or air quality data, the APCA will advise the appropriate authorities to formally declare an Episode Stage. The Announcement of an internal Episode Watch, and Public Declarations of ALERT, WARNING Status, EMERGENCY Status and termination thereof shall be made by the Governor of Alaska, the Commissioner of the Department of Environmental Conservation or by the administrative officer of the local air pollution control Authority in concurrence with the appropriate chief executive officer of the jurisdiction in which episode conditions exist. The declaration of Episode stages will be accomplished by a public announcement declaration which will typically consist of text presented in Figures 5-1 and 5-2. It will be the responsibility of the local APCA to insure that the news media disseminate this information. The authorities who will make Episode declarations are as follows: Fairbanks North Star Borough Pollution Control Office in conjunction with the Borough Chair- man (the latter makes the announcement) Tri-Borough Air Resources Management District Chairman of the Air Pollution Control Commission in conjunction with the Borough Chairman (the latter makes announcement) 5-3 ------- Figure 5-1 PUBLIC DECLARATION Episode Forecast NEWS RELEASE FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE At (Time) , (Date) the National Weather Service Forecast Office in Anchorage notified the Tri-Borough Air Resources Management District that weather conditions consisting of high wind conditions are developing in the Cook Inlet Area. Similar weather conditions are form- ing over the Coast from Bristol Bay to Yakutat. These weather conditions are expected to continue until late tomorrow (Date) and may result in an increase in the levels of particulate matter in the air. According to the project engineer at the Tri-Borough Air Resources Management District there has been some increase in the levels of particu- lates but the proportions of other contaminants have not reached a point where calling of an air pollution alert is necessary or required. It was also announced that an Emergency Control Center is being placed on a 24-hour operational basis. In order to be fully cognizant of the problems as they arise, the center will maintain a close watch on the conditions and report to the public if there is need for any specific activity. Should conditions deteriorate, another statement will be released within 24 hours. 5-4 ------- Figure 5-2 PUBLIC DECLARATION Episode Forecast NEWS RELEASE FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE At (Time) , (Date) the National Weather Service Forecast Office in Fairbanks notified the Fairbanks-North Star Borough that weather conditions consisting of high pressure and low wind speed are developing in the Fairbanks-North Star area. Similar weather conditions are forming over the rest of the Tanana Valley. These weather conditions are expected to continue until late tomorrow (Date) and may result in an increase in the levels of carbon monoxide. According to the project engineer at the Fairbanks-North Star Borough Offices there has been some increase in the levels of carbon monoxide but the proportions of other contaminants have not reached a point where call- in of an air pollution alert is necessary or required. It was also announced that an Emergency Control Center has been placed on a 24-hour operational basis. In order to be fully cognizant of the problems as they arise, the center will maintain a close watch on-the conditions and report to the public if there is need for any specific activity. Should conditions deteriorate, another statement will be released within 24 hours. 5-5 ------- Southeastern Alaska (Ketchikan) Department of Environmental Conservation Juneau, Alaska in conjunction with the Chairman of Ketchikan Borough (the latter releases the announcement) 5.4 EPISODE ACTION PLAN IMPLEMENTATION The Control Center for emergency action will be at the offices of the appropriate Air Pollution Control Authority and all functions described in the following paragraphs will either be performed or directed from there. The facility requirements will consist of office space and telephones for up to seven individuals. Provision for displays of air quality data should include charts and movable markers, preferably magnetic. During a forecast stage or declared Episode Status, readings should be posted every two hours. In order that observed concentrations can be compared with base-line data, the latter should consist of daily high and low readings for each pollutant for the preceding two weeks. Criteria levels should be shown on the chart for each pollutant. At the top of each chart there should be a removable large shingle on which the word "ALERT", "WARNING", or "EMERGENCY", corresponding to the declared Episode Status, appears in block letters that are at least three inches high. The wall display also should include a base map of the State of Alaska or an appropriate enlarged map of the local Air Quality Control District prominently showing all major point sources and monitoring sites. The map should be mounted so that it can be overlaid with sheets of acetate or similar material on which isopleths or other useful information may be entered. 5.4.1 Partial Activation As the APCA receives the National Weather Service advisory, it formally documents the information in a format indicated in Figure 5-3. 5-6 ------- Figure 5-3 METEOROLOGICAL ADVISORY National Weather Service Advisory: Received by: Name_ Date Time Areas Affected: 5-7 ------- It will immediately gather and activate a team of two individuals previ- ously designated for this task. The Stet required for partial activation are a Coordinator and an air quality monitor. These coordinators are listed below. 1. Ketchikan Gateway Borough Department of Environmental Conservation - Air Quality Control Engineer 2. Tri-Borough Air Resources Management District - Project Engineer 3. Fairbanks-North Star Borough - Pollution Control Officer The Coordinator will perform, in the manner shown in Figure 5-4, the following functions: a. Verify air quality trends as provided by the Air Quality Monitor. b. Maintain contact with appropriate decision-makers including offices of higher authority. Arrange for having telephone lines open through the interface contact with public safety listed in Section 6.5. c. Disseminate notices on impending abatement action and later, as required, convey formal notices for abatement through the interface contact(s) listed in Section 6.2 and record this action on Figure 5-5. d. Keep news media fully informed of development through the interface contact listed in Section 6.3. e. Notify the Department of Environmental Conservation if applicable through the interface contact listed in Section 6.4. f. Notify the EPA through Region Office, and Anchorage Office through interface contacts, listed in Section 6.6. Region X will contact the EPA Emergency Operations Control Center in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. The Coordinator will be assisted by another person designated as the Air Quality Monitor responsible for manning the air sampling equip- ment, acquiring, updating and analyzing the data and documenting relevant data. He will enter these data in a format indicated 1n Figure 5-6. The 5-8 ------- EPISODE DECLARING AUTHORITY NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE NEWS MEDIA COORDINATOR en i vo PUBLIC SAFETY OFFICIALS (POLICE) AIR QUALITY MONITOR AIR QUALITY DATA POINT SOURCES DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION (IF APPLICABLE) ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Figure 5-4. Episode Watch Organization ------- Figure 5-5 COMMUNICATIONS CHECKLIST - Fairbanks-North Star Borough EPISODE STAGE CONTACT Episode Declared: Date Golden Valley Electric (Superintendent of Power Plant) Fairbanks Municipal Utilities (Superintendent of Power Plant) TELEPHONE NUMBER 454-1151 Ext. 259 456-6678 Notifications Time • CALLED BY (initials) TIME INDIVIDUAL CONTACTED 5-10 ------- Coordinator will obtain all necessary approvals for Figures 5-7 through 5-10. 5.4.2 Full Activation The APCA will utilize personnel in addition to those described above to fully activate Emergency Episode operations. Personnel from various areas within the Department of Environmental Conservation, Anchorage Borough, and Fairbanks Borough or the University of Alaska should be contacted for assistance, as required. The additional personnel, performing in a mode presented in Figure 5-11, will consist of the follow- ing: 1. A Meteorologist to interpret weather data 2. An attorney experienced in legal aspects of air pollution abatement 3. A transportation specialist, principally to handle problems relating to curtailment or cessation of private automobile and truck traffic and interface with police enforcement of all abatement action through interface, listed in Section 6.5. It will be the responsibility of the local public safety agencies to enforce and implement emission abatement plans as defined in paragraphs 4.2.1.1, 4.2.2.1, 4.2.3.1, 4.3.1.1, 4.3.2.1 and 4.3.3.1. The exact definition of the actions to be taken will be reported in detail in the first semi-annual report. 4. A public information specialist to disseminate announce- ments to the public and the media relieving the Coordinator of this duty. 5. A senior clerk to assist the Air Quality Monitor to collect, store and file all forms and data. 5.4.3 Termination Upon declaration of Episode Termination, the Emergency Control Center shall revert from Full Activation to Partial Activation for a period of two (2) hours, and then to the Routine Surveillance Mode. This transition to deactivation will provide time for a quick review and assessment of the event and check on all reports and data that may be need for an after-action report and other purposes. 5-11 ------- Figure 5-6. Air Quality Data: Activation Mode Station: Date: Time: Reported by:_ Received by: Time Period Reported: to Particulate SO, CO 3 Date Time COHS yg/m ppm ppm 1200-1400 1400-1600 1600-1800 1800-2000 2000-2200 2200-2400 0000-0200 0200-0400 0400-0600 0600-0800 0800-1000 1000-1200 5-12 ------- Figure 5-7 WATCH Declaration Sheet Area Affected: Prior Level: Pollutant(s): Air Quality Data Summary: Meteorological Summary: Other: WATCH Conditions Met: Date WATCH Authorized: Date BY: to be in effect until: Time Time (Signed) SURVEILLANCE or ALERT Declared: Date 5-13 Time ------- Figure 5-8 Prior Level: ALERT Declaration Sheet Area Affected: Watch Pollutant(s): Particulate Warning SO, CO Air Quality Data Summary: Meteorological Summary: Other: ALERT Conditions Met: Date ALERT Authorized: Date BY: Time Time (Signed) To be in effect until WATCH or WARNING Declared: Date 5-14 Time ------- Prior Level: Pollutant(s): Figure 5-9 WARNING Declaration Sheet Area Affected: Alert Participate Air Quality Data Summary: Emergency CO Meteorological Summary: Other: WARNING Conditions Met: Date: By: To be in effect until: Time (Signed) ALERT or EMERGENCY Declared: Date Time 5-15 ------- Figure 5-10 EMERGENCY Declaration Sheet Area Affected: Polliitant(s): Participate Air Quality Data Summary: SO, CO Meteorological Summary: Other: EMERGENCY Conditions Met: EMERGENCY Authorized: BY: Date Date Time Time Approved: Governor, State of Alaska Date Time By To be in effect until (Signed) (Signed) WARNING Declared: Date Time 5-16 ------- I -g ATTORNEY NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE METEOROLOGIST EPISODE DECLARING AUTHORITY COORDINATOR AIR QUALITY MONITOR V DATA I PUBLIC INFORMATION SPECIALIST TRANSPORTATION SPECIALIST DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION (IF APPLICABLE) POINT SOURCES NEWS MEDIA PUBLIC SAFETY -H OFFICIALS (POLICE) ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Figure 5-11. Emergency Episode Action Organization ------- 5.5 SOURCE SURVEILLANCE All major sources operating under emission curtailment plans will be periodically (at least every 24-hours) visited by a member of the appropri- ate APCA. In the case of curtailment of motor vehicle traffic, the local police agencies will perform the enforcement function. During full activation the transportation expert on the Control Center staff will maintain close contact with the police field enforcement personnel. 5-18 ------- 6.0 ORGANIZATIONAL INTERFACES/COMMUNICATIONS The following communication interfaces will exist between organiza- tions during an Emergency Episode: APCA - National Weather Service APCA - Point Sources (Fairbanks, Anchorage, and Ketchikan) APCA - News Media APCA - State of Alaska APCA - Local Public Safety Organization State of Alaska - Environmental Protection Agency, Region X offices and the EOCC in Research Triangle, N.C. APCA - Local Telephone Company 6.1 NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE The following offices are sources for meteorological data. • Fairbanks-North Star Borough The National Weather Service Chief Meterologist, Telephone 452-3553 • Tri-Borough Air Resources Management District The National Weather Service - Anchorage Fire Weather Supervisor, Telephone 272-5561 X-735 • State of Alaska The National Weather Service - Annette Island Meteorologist-in-charge, Telephone 882-3241 6.2 POINT SOURCES The following people have been designated as the contacts for point source curtailment: • Fairbanks-North Star Borough a. Golden Valley Electric Illinois Street Plant Superintendent of the Power Plant Telephone 452-1151 X-259 6-1 ------- b. Fairbanks Municipal Utilities Superintendent of the Power Plant Telephone 456-6678 c. Fort Wainwright Telephone d. University of Alaska Air Quality Control Engineer -- Dept. of Environmental Conservation Fairbanks Telephone 479-7351 e. Fairbanks Municipal Airport Manager Telephone 452-2151 f. Metro Field Airport Manager Telephone 452-3209 Southeastern Alaska a. Ketchikan Pulp Mill - Ketchikan Operational Interface Telephone 225-2151 6.3 NEWS MEDIA • Fairbanks-North Star Borough Mr. Kear Telephone 452-7125 • Tri-Borough Air Resources Management District Public Relations Telephone 279-8686 X-316 • Juneau Department of Environmental Conservation Scientific Information Officer Telephone 586-6721 6.4 STATE OF ALASKA Department of Environmental Conservation State of Alaska Air Pollution Control Engineer Telephone 586-6721 6-2 ------- 6.5 PUBLIC SAFETY ORGANIZATIONS • Fairbanks Civil Defense Director Telephone 452-1529 • Tri-Borough Air Resources Management District Emergency Disaster Office -- Anchorage Duty Officer Telephone 272-0594 • Ketchikan Gateway Borough Civil Defense Director/City Manager Telephone 225-3111 6.6 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY • Anchorage Office Federal Facilities Coordinator Telephone 272-5561 0 Environmental Protection Agency Region X Seattle* Washington Director of Air Pollution Control Telephone 442-1226 Area Code 206 • Environmental Protection Agency Emergency Operations Control Center Research Triangle Park, North Carolina Telephone 688-8110 Area Code 919 6-3 ------- |