18425.007
AIR QUALITY
IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
FOR THE
STATE OF ALASKA
VOLUME V: SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
DECEMBER 1971
Prepared for the
STATE OF ALASKA
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION
TRW
SYSTEMS GROUP
WE SPACE PARK • REDONDO BEACH, CALIFORNIA S0278
-------
18425.007
AIR QUALITY
IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
FOR THE
STATE OF ALASKA
VOLUME V: SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
DECEMBER 1971
Prepared for the
STATE OF ALASKA
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION
TRW
SYSTEMS GROUP
ONE SPACE PARK • REDONDO BEACH. CALIFORNIA S0278
-------
The work upon which this publication is based
was performed by TRW Systems Group pursuant
to Contract #68-02-0048 with the Office of Air
Programs, Environmental Protection Agency.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
Page
1.0 Overview 1-1
2.0 Cook Inlet Air Quality Control Region 2-1
2.1 Existing Program and Air Quality Data 2-1
2.2 Regional Classification 2-8
2.3 Minimum Requirements Surveillance System 2-9
2.4 Proposed Surveillance System 2-12
3.0 Fairbanks North Star Borough 3-1
3.1 Existing Program and Air Quality Data 3-1
3.2 Regional Classification 3-6
3.3 Minimum Requirements Surveillance System 3-7
3.4 Proposed Surveillance System 3-10
4.0 Balance of State 4-1
4.1 Existing Program and Air Quality Data 4_i
4.2 Regional Classification 4-2
4.3 Minimum Requirements Surveillance System 4-5
4.4 Proposed Surveillance System ' 4.5
5.0 Sample Collection and Data Handling 5_i
5.1 Sample Collection and Analysis 5-1
5.2 Data Handling 5.5
5.3 Data Analysis 5-8
6.0 Special Studies 6-1
6.1 Traffic Generated Suspended Particulate 6-1
6.2 Particulate Matter Distribution by Height 6-5
6.3 A Special Study for the Identification of 6-8
Suspended Particulate Matter
6.4 Remote Area Sampling 6-11
6.5 Hazardous Materials 6-12
6.6 Gaseous Pollutants 6-13
7.0 Timetable for Completion and Resource 7-1
Requirements
7.1 Timetable for Completion 7-1
7.2 Manpower 7-3
7.3 Surveillance Equipment Acquisition 7-4
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1.0 OVERVIEW
Air quality sampling instruments> if operated on a
regular schedule with consistent sampling and analytical
procedures, will produce data to allow long-term trends
and short-term excursions in air pollutant levels to be
identified. By proper location of samplers, maximal and
minimal (background) concentrations can be quantified,
as well as pollutant levels near centers of population,
hospitals, or other areas of interest. During unfavorable
meteorological conditions, i.e., air pollution episodes,
the surveillance system must provide information on which
to base source emission reduction decisions.
Paragraph 420.17 of the August 14, 1971, Federal
Register. "Requirements for Preparation, Adoption and
Submittal of Implementation Plans," enumerates the EPA
requirements concerning state air quality surveillance
networks and is quoted below:
420.17 Air quality surveillance.
(a) (1) The plan shall provide for the
establishment of an air quality surveillance
system which shall be completed and in operation
as expeditiously as practicable, but not later
than 2 years after the date of the Administrator's
approval of the plan, and which shall meet, as
a minimum, the following requirements:
(2) At least one sampling site must be located
in the area of estimated maximum pollutant
concentrations.
(b) The plan shall include a description of
the existing and proposed air quality surveillance
system, which shall set forth:
(1) The basis for the design of the surveillance
system, selection of samplers, and sampling sites.
1-1
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(2) The locations of the samplers by Universal
Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid coordinates or
the equivalent. Any EPA monitoring stations
may be designated as a sampler location.
(3) The sampling schedules.
(4) The methods of sampling and analysis.
(5) The method of data handling and analysis
procedures.
(6) The timetable for the installation of
any additional equipment needed to complete
the system.
(c) The plan shall provide for monitoring of
air quality during any air pollution emergency
episode stage. The stations selected during
such periods must be in operation within 1 year
after the date of the Administrator's approval
of the plan and be capable of indicating when
pollutant concentrations have reached, or are
approaching, any episode criteria established
pursuant to Para. 420.16.
Additional information in considerably more detail
is contained in Document AP-98, "Guidelines: Air Quality
Surveillance Networks," published by the Environmental
Protection Agency. The recommendations for number of
samplers in this document generally are higher than those
defined as minimum legal requirements in the August 14,
1971, Federal Register.
Air pollution problems in the State of Alaska are
more complex than in many other parts of the world.
Alaska is geologically composed of glacial deposits which
are, in many areas, composed of gravel and fine sand
rather than clay. This type soil tends to extreme
dustiness when disturbed during dry climatological
conditions. The nature of the soil may be the principal
causative factor for the elevated suspended particulate
1-2
-------
measurements in the state, but this cannot be definitely
stated without considerable study. Section 6.0 of this
report discusses a series of special studies which will
provide insight into this matter, and may ultimately
lead to the definition of particulate control strategies
which will reduce the burden of suspended particulate
matter in the air.
The climatology of the State of Alaska is unique
in the United States because of the arctic conditions which
prevail over most of the state. Extended periods of stagnant
air conditions occur, particularly in the winter. Anti-
cyclonic conditions tend to persist for periods of a few
days to one or two weeks. During these periods, any air
pollutants generated will be trapped in a small volume of
air, and the elevated concentrations of pollutants which
develop do not decrease until the air stagnation conditions
change naturally. Elevated carbon monoxide concentrations
have been measured in Fairbanks. ' -
Sections 2.0, 3,0 and 4.0 of this document contain
descriptions of the existing air pollution control programs
in the State of Alaska, detailed discussions of the existing
air quality data, and a definition of an air quality
surveillance program which will meet the minimum federal
requirements as defined by the Federal Register. Section 5.0
defines the procedures which will be used in sample
collection, sample analysis, and data handling.
The principal purposes of an air quality surveillance
program are to show how air quality compares with regula-
tory standards and to indicate trends in air pollutant
concentrations. In the State of Alaska, it is equally
important that the air quality monitoring program define
1-3
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the existing problems in such detail that cause-and-effect
relationships can be developed to both solve existing problems
and prevent the perpetuation of the problems in the future.
Section 6.0 addresses this aspect of the air quality
surveillance program.
1-4
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2.0 COOK INLET INTRASTATE
AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION #008
2.1 EXISTING PROGRAM AND AIR QUALITY DATA
The National Air Surveillance Network (NASN) has
measured suspended particulates in Anchorage since 1953.
The high volume sampler has been operated at three
different locations, as noted in Table 2.1. From 1958
through 1962, an additional NASN high volume sampler was
operated at an FAA remote receiver on Point Woronzof,
at the tip of the Anchorage Peninsula.
During calendar year 1969, Anchorage was a sampling
station for the NASN Interstate Effects Surveillance
Network, a static air pollution effects sampling program.
Metal corrosion, fabric discoloration, silver tarnishing,
sulfation, dustfall, nylon deterioration, rubber cracking,
and windblown particulates were evaluated. The effects
package was located adjacent to the NASN high volume
sampler on the roof of the two-story building at 527
E. 4th Street.
For a one-year period between September, 1967,
and September, 1968, the Arctic Health Research Center
of the U. S. Public Health Service conducted an air
quality study at Elmendorf Air Force Base in Anchorage.
Four sampling sites on the base were evaluated for
suspended particulates, nitrogen dioxide by the Saltzman
2-1
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TABLE 2.1
National Air Surveillance Network Data for Anchorage
ro
i
ro
Sampling
Location Interval
(Height)* (moj
Anchorage NASN
City Fire Hall
(15 feet)
6th & K St.
(26 feet)
527 E. 4th
(26 feet)
Pt. Woronzof
FAA Remote Site
(5 feet)
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
Start
Date
01/54
01/55
01/16/57
01/14/58
01/14/59
01/30/60
01/22/61
01/27/62
01/03/63
01/08/64
01/16/67
01/12/68
01/04/69
01/03/70
01/11/58
01/04/59
01/02/60
01/04/61
01/09/62
End
Date
12/54
12/55
12/29/57
12/29/58
12/28/59
12/21/60
12/04/61
12/22/62
12/19/63
12/16/64
12/21/67
12/16/68
12/16/69
12/12/70
12/26/58
12/18/59
12/22/60
12/19/61
12/24/62
No. of
Samples
48
34
26
26
25
26
25
25
27
24
24
26
25
24
23
25
26
26
25
24-Hr.
Max.
3112
703
338
487
281
269
243
165
234
342
320
190
268
258
83
54
48
45
125'
Geo.
Mean
214
165
144
106
65
74
54
69
51
68
69
60
79
72
18
13
- 15
11
12
Geo. Std.
Dev.
2.43
3.02
2.12
2.19
2.07
2.19
1.98
1.57
2.38
2.79
2.36
2.21
2.30 ,
2.21
2.04
2.02
2.07
2.08
2.29
*elevation of sampler inlet above ground
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technique, total nitrogen oxides by the Saltzman technique,
sulfur dioxide by the West-Gaeke technique, aldehydes
by the MBTH method and ammonia by the Nesslerization
method. Pertinent data are presented in Table 2.2.
The Tri-Borough Air Resources Management District
began an air quality surveillance program in 1969.
This program is currently operating high volume samplers
at 15 sites within the region, and is the operator
for the NASN sampler. These sampling locations are
listed in Table 2.3. These locations are indicated
on the maps presented in Section 1 of.the Control
Strategy Volume.
Suspended particulate data are shown in Table 2.4.
The high school sites are not included because only
limited cooperation was received in changing samples,
and there were too few samples for valid statistical
treatment.
During 1969, a six-month study of dustfall was
conducted at twenty locations in Anchorage. The levels
are high compared to most urban areas in the lower 48
states. A point of reference is an opinion study
conducted in Birmingham, Alabama (published in the
March, 1967, issue of the Journal of the Air Pollution
Control Association) where interviews with 7,200
households indicated that half the population considered
2
dustfall a nuisance at 40 T/mi /mo and one-third of
2
the population considered it a nuisance at 30 T/mi /mo.
The dustfall levels determined in Anchorage, Table
2.5, are frequently above these values.
2-3
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A detailed analysis of the correlation of suspended
particulates with climatological factors is presented
in the Control Strategy Volume. It shows that suspended
particulate concentrations are higher on dry days than
on wet days, relatively insensitive to wind speed,
somewhat sensitive to wind direction at some sampling
sites, and increase as the temperature raises above
freezing.
A comparison of the data from the NASN sampler
and the City Fire Station sampler, which are both in
downtown Anchorage, suggests that the elevation of the
sampler above ground may have a strong influence on
the reported data. The Tri-Borough sampler located
at the City Fire Station reported mean values of 124
and 53 yg/m3 for dry and wet days, respectively.
The NASN results for dry and wet days were 82 and 66
yg/m3 , respectively. The ratios of suspended particu-
late concentration for dry and wet days are 2.34 for
the City Fire Station data and 1.28 for the NASN data.
The sampler elevation at the City Fire Station is
five feet, and at the NASN site it is 26 feet. These
data are tabulated in Appendix 2-A of the Control
Strategy Volume.
2-4
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TABLE 2 . 2
Arctic Health Research Center Study Data
Pollutant
TSP 3
yg/m
S°2 3
yg/m
N02 3
yg/m
TSP 3
yg/m
S02 3
yg/m
NOn 3
yg/m
TSP ,
J
yg/m
SO, 3
yg/m
NO, 3
yg/m
TygV
S02 3
yg/m
NO, 3
yg/m
Location
(Height)*
Elmendorf AFB :
Firehouse
(5 feet)
Bldg. 31-270
(5 feet)
At "Top Cover"
Sign (5 feet)
At Diesel Plant
(5 feet)
Sampling
Interval
(mo. )
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
Start End No. of
Date Date Samples
09/14/67 09/26/68 15
17
15
09/14/67 09/26/68 14
14
14
09/14/67 09/26/68 14
16
12
09/14/67 09/26/68 16
18
17
24-Hr. Geo. Geo. Std.
Max. Mean Dev.
270 84 2.98
5
51 18 1.91
152 55 2.47
9 __ __
33 17 1.90
173 58 2.27
6
47 15 2.14
321 79 2.73
7
81 14 2.18
*elevation of sampler inlet above ground
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TABLE 2.4
Tri-Borough Air Resources Management District Suspended Particulate Data
ro
i
Sampling
Location Interval Start
Pollutant (Height)* (mo.) Date
TSP 3 Anchorage :
yg/m Muldoon Fire
Station (51 )
Sand Lake Fire
Station (51 )
City Fire
Station (51 )
Tudor Fire
Station (5' )
Matanuska Valley
Exp. Farm (51 )
Palmer Agric.
Bldg. (51)
Nikiski-Phillips
Plant (5' )
Kenai Borough
Office (51)
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
03/19/69
03/21/70
03/25/69
03/25/69
03/21/70
03/21/70
01/20/70
01/20/70
01/13/70
01/13/70
End
Date
03/06/70
03/05/71
03/24/70
03/19/70
03/15/71
03/15/71
01/08/71
01/08/71
01/12/71
01/12/71
No. of
Samples
99
124
101
134
128
124
39
45
39
38
24-Hr.
Max.
358
413
503
312
371
255
586
2020
68
246
Geo.
Mean
97
55
80
86
104
62
52
55
16
52
Geo. Std.
Dev.
2.71
1.94
2.99
2.05
2.06
1.91
3.44
4.67
1.94
2.77
*elevation of sampler inlet above ground
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TABLE
2.5
Tri-Borough Air Resources Management District
Dustfall Study Data
1969 Dustfall.
Location
3rd & Eagle
10th & Hyder
Airport Dr. & DeBarr
Mt. View & Commercial
Hoyt & Thompson
Muldoon Fire Station
16th & Ermine
Henning Way & Debora
N. Lights & Boniface
Dog Pound
Lake Otis & Tudor
Lake Otis & No. Lights
C St. & N. Lights
Arctic & Chugac Dr.
Wilson Way & 46th
Sand Lake Fire
Spenard & Northwood
N. Lights & Barbara
20th & Arctic
7th & C
June
15
85
29
20
28
23
45
6
12
74
43
46
41
164
24
47
45
16
21
void
July
21
68
lost
43
lost
9
52
28
98
16
35
lost
52
56
28
14
63
27
34
22
Aug.
18
77
32
29
17
lost
12
13
52
8
30
37
33
44
23
8
38
18
17
13
Tons /Mi2 /Mo.
Sept.
22
160
42
32
lost
45
20
10
79
34
10
60
60
50
16
78
77
30
17
14
Oct.
23
106
52
41
lost
28
28
lost
109
5
38
48
48
39
18
8
70
26
9
18
Nov.
25
36
lost
13
lost
18
lost
9
55
5
17
23
24
14
9
2
23
13
6
10
2-7
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Reentrained street dust is thought to contribute to
this difference in results. The special studies
described in Section 6 .0 address this subject directly.
The Tri-Borough Air Resources Management
District has a current equipment inventory of 17 high
volume samplers, 15 high volume sampler shelters,
one high volume sampler calibrator, three MRI portable
weather stations, three AISI tape samplers, one manual
spot evaluator, two RAG #2333A bubblers, one spirometer,
and one Mark 2 visible emission training smoke generator.
A laboratory with a fume hood and approximately 25
feet of bench space is in use. The laboratory is
equipped with a spectrophotometer, analytical balance
and a standard assortment of laboratory ware.
2.2 REGIONAL CLASSIFICATION
The Cook Inlet Intrastate Air Quality Control
Region is classified as priority I for suspended
particulates on the basis of a 1970-71 annual geometric
mean suspended particulate concentration of 104 pg/m
measured at the City Fire Station. The classification
for all other pollutants is priority III, based on
the Arctic Health Research Center study at Elmendorf
Air Force Base and the fact that the "urban place"
population does not exceed 200,000.
Based on the population and these classifications,
the minimum requirements for air quality surveillance
as defined in the August 14, 1971, Federal Register
are:
2-8
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For particulate matter, five high volume
samplers collecting one 24-hour sample every
sixth day, and one tape sampler collecting 2-
hour samples continuously.
For sulfur dioxide, one bubbler collecting
one 24-hour sample every sixth day.
2.3 MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
Major considerations in the design of a
surveillance system are the location of high popula-
tion density areas, the pattern of emission sources,
and the distribution of samplers to provide air quality
monitoring in all portions of the region.
Major point sources (>100 tons/year uncontrolled
emissions) for the Cook Inlet Intrastate Air Quality
Control Region are given in Table 2.6. It can be
seen from the inventory that the point sources in this
region are concentrated in the Anchorage and Kenai
political jurisdictions. Airports are the major
sources of carbon monoxide and S02 in this region.
Emission sources for particulates, SO^, and carbon
monoxide only are given in Table 2.6. Hydrocarbon
and nitrogen oxides sources are not of immediate
concern. More detailed information on all sources is
given in the Air Emissions Inventory for the State of
Alaska, Appendix I. The locations of major point
sources are indicated on mazes in the Control Strategy Volume,
Downtown Anchorage is identified as the location
for a sampling site in the area of estimated maximum
suspended particulate concentration. This is the area
of maximum population density within the region.
2-9
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TABLE
2.6
Major Emission Sources ( 100 Tons/year)
ro
i
Region 008 - Cook Inlet Intrastate
Pollutant (
Parti culate
SO2
CO
Source No. Political
^nyentory;) Source Name Jurisdiction*
1
30
69
72
1
29
1
27
29
69
76
Anchorage Int'l. Airport
McArthur River-Union/A
Elmendorf AFB
Collier Carbon & Chem.
Anchorage Int'l. Airport
Merrill Airport
Anchorage Int'l. Airport
Hood Airport
Merrill Airport
Elmendorf AFB
Atlantic-Richfield Spark
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Current Emissions
Emissions (T/yr)
(T/yr) Controlled
550
107
257
201 2
168
130
2310
140
771
577
Platform
216
*1. Anchorage Borough
2., Kenai Borough
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The sampling system will include sampling sites
in the industrial area of the Kenai Peninsula and in
the agricultural area near Palmer to provide surveillance
in the region. A sampler will be located in a lightly
populated area of the city of Anchorage to provide
background information. Two sampling sites will be
operated within the city of Anchorage to allow the
determination of trends in suspended particulate
concentrations in the most populous portion of the
region.
In order to meet the minimum requirements
consistent with the design basis as described above,
sampling sites will be as follows:
Kenai Peninsula—the existing sampling location
at the Phillips Petroleum Company plant.
Palmer—the present sampling site at the Matanuska
Valley experimental farm.
Anchorage City Background—a location on Trails'
End Road, about 8 miles southeast of downtown
Anchorage and somewhat elevated from the Anchorage
Peninsula plateau.
Downtown Anchorage—the NASN sampler at 527
E. 4th Street.
Anchorage Second Site—the offices of the Tri-
Borough Air Resources Management District on
Tudor Road.
The tape sampler will be operated at the
Health Department building adjacent to the NASN
sampler site. The sulfur dioxide bubbler will be
operated at the offices of the Tri-Borough Air Resources
Management District. An analysis of existing ambient
measurements of sulfur dioxide and of the emission inventory
estimates of this pollutant both indicate that no current
problems exist for this pollutant.
2-11
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The procedures which will be used for locating
samplers at these sites, for collecting and analyzing
samples, and for data handling are in Section 5.0.
2.4 PROPOSED SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
The Tri-Borough Air Resources Management
District currently owns sampling equipment beyond
that specified by the minimum requirements. In order
to extend the geographical coverage of the region, and
to utilize the available equipment, the high volume
sampling network will be increased to continue sampling
at some sites where a historical data base exists and
to conduct special studies (Section 6.0).
/ •
The existing high volume samplers at the City
Fire Station and the Muldoon Fire Station will continue
to operate. To extend the geographical coverage of
the region, high volume samplers will be operated at
Talkeetna, Seward and Eagle River.
The measurement of dustfall provides an indica-
tion of the level of settleable particulates in a
localized area. While not a highly precise measure-
ment, it is relatively inexpensive and will provide
data which can be evaluated on a year-to-year basis
to show trends. This will be an effective check on
any control strategies which are implemented to reduce
blowing and/or traffic-entrained dust. Dustfall will
be measured at each of the sites where high volume
samplers are located, according to ISC Method No.
21101-01-70T*. A sampler elevation of 8-12 feet will
be used.
*See Appendix
2-12
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The proposed surveillance system for this region
is listed in Table 2.7.
In order to establish background information on
carbon monoxide and photochemical oxidants, short-
term sampling programs will be conducted twice yearly.
During February and August, one week sampling programs
will be conducted to measure these gases. Samples
will be taken in downtown Anchorage twice daily
(morning and afternoon) on Monday through Friday.
Manual sampling procedures will be used. For carbon
monoxide, grab samples will be collected and analyzed
by the manual colorimetric method, ISC No. 42101-02-69T.*
For photochemical oxidants, 30 minute samples will
be collected according to ISC method No. 44101-01-70T*,
with appropriate consideration for sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen dioxide. These manual techniques will provide
an indication of the levels of these pollutants. If
the levels exceed 50% of the respective ambient air
quality standards, purchase of instrumentation for
measurement by federally approved methods will be
considered.
During these same two weeks, nitrogen dioxide
will be measured using the 24-hour bubbler technique
detailed in the April 30, 1971, Federal Register.
*See Appendix
2-13
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TABLE 2.7
Cook Inlet Region: Proposed Air Monitoring System
S02
Location Hi Vol Tape Dustfall Bubbler
_._ L ... - - — - - - ^•^^— il I H«_lAM_ ^^_«^_«W_>«^^ ' - __-
527 E. 4th (NASN) XX XX X
Tri-Borough Office
(Tudor Road) XX X XX
Trails' End Road XX X
Kenai - Phillips XX X
Palmer (Ag. Farm) XX X
Muldoon Fire Station X X
Talkeetna X X
Seward X X
Eagle River X X
TOTAL 919 1
XX - Minimum Requirement
2-14
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3.0 FAIRBANKS NORTH STAR BOROUGH
3.1 EXISTING PROGRAM AND AIR QUALITY DATA
A National Air Surveillance System high volume sampler
and gas bubbler have operated at Third and Cushman Streets,
with a sampler inlet elevation of three feet, since 1967.
Gas bubbler sample results have been reported for sulfur
dioxide by the West-Gaeke technique and nitrogen dioxide by
the Jacobs-Hochheiser technique. Data are shown in Table 3.1.
During calendar year 1969, Fairbanks was a sampling
station for the NASN Interstate Effects Surveillance
Network, a static air pollution effects sampling program.
Metal corrosion, fabric discoloration, silver tarnishing,
sulfation, dustfall, nylon deterioration, rubber cracking
and windblown particulates were evaluated. The effects
package sampler was located on the roof of the four-
story Post Office at Third and Cushman, at an elevation
of approximately 60 feet.
The NASN high volume sampler and gas bubbler are
the only samplers active in the Fairbanks North Star
Borough at the present time. The Arctic Health Research
Center has performed a number of studies which are no
longer active. During the two-year period 08/25/67 to
6/11/69, an air quality study was performed at four
sampling sites at Eielson Air Force Base, approximately
23 miles southeast of Fairbanks. Total suspended particu-
late, nitrogen dioxide, total nitrogen oxides, sulfur
dioxide, aldehydes and ammonia were evaluated. Pertinent
data are shown in Table 3.2.
During 1970 and 1971, in conjunction with an epidemic-
logical study (submitted to the Archives of Environmental
Health for publication), extensive data on carbon monoxide
and nitrogen dioxide concentrations were obtained in the
3-1
-------
Pollutant Location
TSP
Fairbanks NASN
3rd & Cushman
(3 feet)
SO
NO
CO
I
no
Oxidant
TABLE 3 .1
NASN Data: Fairbanks
Sampling
Interval
(mo.)
12
12
12
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
6
12
12
6
Start
Date
01/67
01/68
' 01/69
01/05/70
01/67
01/68
01/69
01/67
01 /<68
01/69
01/70
01/68
01/69
01/70
End
Date
12/67
12/68
12/69
11/06/70
12/67
12/68
12/69
12/67
12/68
12/69
06/70
12/68
12/69
06/70
Number
Samples
23
24
24
21
41
22
25
39
21
23
11
21
9
4
24-Hr.
Max.
767
715
867
511
107
22
28
224
269
233
30
18
17
Ari th . Geo .
Mean Mean
124
157
175
9
8
9
75
96
68
87
13.9
12.0
11.5
Geo. Std.
Dev.
2.84
2.15
2.21
.
1.97
1.69
1.54
1.76
1.64
2.04
-------
Table 3.2 ARCTIC HEALTH RESEARCH CENTER STUDY DATA: EIELSON AFB
CO
I
CO
>llutant
TSP 3
yg/m
6°?L
N02
TSP
yg/m3
S02
yg/m3
N02
yg/m3
TSP
yg/m-3
S02
N02
yg/nv3
TSP
yg/m3
so2
yg/m-3
NO,
Location
(height)
Eielson AFB
Guardhouse
(5 ft)
Eielson AFB
Warehouse
(5 ft)
Eielson AFB
Chapel
(5 ft)
Eielson AFB
Officers' Club
^5 ft)
Sampling
Interval
(mo.)
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
Start
Date
08/25/67
08/25/67
08/25/67
08/25/67
08/25/67
08/25/67
08/25/67
08/25/67
08/25/67
08/25/67
08/25/67
08/25/67
End
Date
06/11/69
06/11/69
06/11/69
06/11/69
06/11/69
06/11/69
06/11/69
06/11/69
06/11/69
06/11/69
06/11/69
06/11/69
Number
Samples
23
26
25
22
25
22
23
24
23
21
23
24
24-Hr.
Max.
178
4
78
468
4
67
336
13
60
135
12
29
Ari th . Geo .
Mean Mean
67 56
0.18 —
19.3 13
114 73
0.52 —
13.7 7.4
111 83
0.76 —
18.6 12
57 43
0.63 —
7.8 5.1
Geo. Std.
Dev.
2.06
2.93
2.64
. _ _ •>
2.96
2.21
2.98
2.33
_ _ _ mr
2.. 7 5
yg/m
-------
city of Fairbanks. Some samples for suspended particulate
were obtained during this period, although the sampling
schedule for particulate was not as complete as for the
gaseous air pollutants.
Carbon monoxide was monitored using an MSA-Lira non-
dispersive infrared carbon monoxide analyzer physically
located in the basement of the Post Office at Third and
Cushman Streets. The sampling inlet line extended out
to the sidewalk and the inlet of the line was approximately
5 feet above sidewalk level. During the month of February,
1970, an average concentration of 11.8 mg/m of CO
was determined. This average of hourly data collected
over an entire month is excessive since the NAAQS
standard for eight hours is 10 mg/m . The maximum hourly
value of 81 mg/m was noted in the late afternoon.
To augment the data from this single point, air
samples were collected in mylar bags at Nordale School,
Barnette School and University Park School every morning,
Monday through Friday, during the three-month period
December, 1969, through February, 1970. For comparability
of data, a bag sample was collected at the Post Office
as well as at the three schools. The concentrations of
carbon monoxide were evaluated using the continuous
instrument. The concentrations are noted in Table 3.3.
The Arctic Health Research Center has conducted
special sampling studies during periods of ice fog, a
condition unique to arctic regions. The ice fog, which
has a particle size range extending below 10 microns,
forms when ambient temperatures are below about -35 F.
When high volume samplers were operated during ice
fog conditions, the ice buildup on the filter reached
a depth of over one inch. When the filters were returned
to the laboratory the melting ice saturated the filter
so that weighing could not be accomplished.
3-4
-------
TABLE 3.3
AVERAGE WEEKLY VALUES, CO, ppm
WINTER 1969 - 1970
oo
i
in
Date
Dec. 69
3-5
8-12
15-19
22-24
Jan. 70
5-9
12-16
19-23
26-30
Feb. 70
2-6
9-13
16-20
23-27
Nordale School Post Office Barnette School University Park School
15
8
8
9
5
6
8
5
6
8
4
6
31
20
25
19
15
11
22
10
17
15
13
9
11
14
9
8
5
7
8
5
4
11
3
8
8
6
6
5
4
8
8
4
3
8
4
6
5.2
2.2
4.2
9.6
5.4
5.3
4.0
3.9
7.1
5.2
4.8
7.6
13
-7
6
2
13
-26
-9
-17
13
13
8
25
*U.S. Weather Bureau, Fairbanks International Airport
-------
The Fairbanks North Star Borough operates as a
local air pollution control agency in the State of Alaska.
An Air Pollution Control Officer joined the staff in
September, 1971. A local air quality surveillance program
is in the preliminary stages of development at this time.
The only complete air quality data for the borough for
the year of 1971 are from the NASN sampler.
3.2 REGIONAL CLASSIFICATION
The Northern Alaska Intrastate Air Quality Control
Region is classified as Priority I for suspended particulates
on the basis of the National Air Surveillance Network
Fairbanks data. It is classified as Priority I for carbon
monoxide on the basis of the data collected in Fairbanks
by the Arctic Health Research Center. On the basis of
the NASN gas bubbler data "and the Eielson Air Force
Base study conducted by the Arctic Health Research Center
the region is classified as Priority III for all other
pollutants.
The Fairbanks North Star Borough encompasses all
of the sampling sites where data for the regional classifi-
cation were collected. On the basis of these classifications
and the regional population, the minimum sampling require-
ments are:
For particulates, four high volume samplers, each
collecting one 24-hour sample every sixth day, and
one tape sampler collecting 2-hour samples continuously.
For sulfur dioxide, one bubbler collecting one 24-
hour sample once every six days.
For carbon monoxide, one continuous analyzer.
All of these sampling instruments will operate within
the Fairbanks North Star Borough.
3-6
-------
3.3 MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
Major considerations in the design of this area's
air quality surveillance system are. the measured data
which indicate where elevated concentrations have been
noted, the population concentration in the City of Fair-
banks, and the local geography.
Major point sources (>100 tons/year) for the entire
Northern Alaska Intrastate AQCR are shown in Table 3.4.
Further detail will be found in the Air Emissions Inventory
for the State of Alaska, Appendix I, and in the Strategy
section.
The area of estimated maximum concentration for
particulates and CO is downtown Fairbanks. The NASN
station will be one of the minimum requirements samplers
for suspended particulates, and the bubbler will be the
minimum requirement sampler for S02.
A second high volume sampler, and the tape sampler,
will be operated at the offices of the Pollution Control
Office in downtown Fairbanks. This will be the episode
monitoring station for particulates. Based on the Anchorage
data, the elevation of the high volume sampler can have
an effect on the reported values. The NASN sampler in
Fairbanks is located on a sidewalk between a but'y street
and a four-story building. This site will be extremely
sensitive to reentrained street dust, if this is a
contributing factor. To accomplish measurements which
better indicate the true suspended particulate concentration
in downtown Fairbanks, this high volume sampler will be
located on a first or second story roof where it would
not be unduly influenced by street dust.
3-7
-------
OJ
t
00
TABLE 3.4
Major Emission Sources (>100 Tons/Year)
Region 009 - Northern Alaska Intrastate
Pollutant
Participate
so2
CO,
Source No.
(Inventory)
9
10
13
14
20
21
22
28
47
9
13
22
28
47
8
9
10
19
22
28
38
Source Name
Eielson AFB
Fairbanks Airport
Fairbanks Municipal Util.
Fairbanks Municipal Util.
Ft. Wainwright
Ft. Wainwright
Ft. Wainwright
Golden Valley Elect.
Univ. of Alaska
Eielson AFB
Fairbanks Municipal Util.
Ft. Wainwright
Golden Valley Elect.
Univ. of Alaska
Eielson AFB
Eielson AFB
Fairbanks Airport
Ft. Greely
Ft. Wainwright
Golden Valley Elect.
NASA Station
Political
Jurisdiction*
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2*
2
2
2
2
2*
2
2
2
2
2*
2
2*
2
Current
Emissions
(T/yr)
424
190
900
160
366
178
167C
957
195
570
235
650
392
190
852
750
709
191
168
103
106
Emissions
(T/yr)
( Uncontrolled)
8,482
190
4,500
880
1,219
1,487
13,700
6,377
3,250
570
235
650
392
190
852
150
709
191
168
103
106
2 Fairbanks North Star Borough
2* Northern Alaska AQCR but not in rairhanks North Star Borough
-------
The third high volume sampler will be located
at University Park School, representative of a residential
area in Fairbanks.
The fourth high volume sampler will be a back-
ground monitor, operated at a convenient location on
Birch Hill. Observations during ice fog conditions
indicate that Birch Hill is above the winter inversions.
The continuous CO monitor will be operated at
the Pollution Control Office in downtown Fairbanks.
This instrument must have a full scale range of 100 ppm
in order to measure the anticipated range of concentra-
tions.
The operation of the high volume samplers and
tape sampler during ice fog conditions, based on the
Arctic Health Research Center experience, will require
some modification of the standard instruments in order
to collect useful data. One technique which promises
success is the warming of the air to the point where
the ice fog particles will sublime. The first tech-
nique which will be evaluated is the installation of
radiant heat lamps in the roof of the high volume
sampler shelter. For the tape sampler, a section of
metal tubing wrapped with heating coils will be used.
Technical assistance from EPA will be sought to verify
this modification, and for alternate suggestions if
this proves unsatisfactory.
In order to predict air stagnations, which are
the major factor leading to air pollution emergency
episodes, it is critically important that accurate
predictive meteorological forecasts be received in a
timely fashion. Because the Fairbanks geography is such
3-9
-------
that episodes could occur over a small area, a local
climatologist must issue these forecasts. The National
Weather Service office at the Fairbanks International
Airport is the best possibility for this coordination.
3.4 PROPOSED SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
The minimum requirements surveillance system
does not provide adequate geographical coverage of the
City of Fairbanks or the remainder of the borough.
Additional high volume samplers will be located
at the Nordale School, at a site in the Aurora sub-
division, at a site in the South Fairbanks subdivision,
at the Fairbanks International Airport, at a site in
the community of North Pole, and, if possible, at a
presently unidentified site on the flat plain about 15
miles south of Fairbanks. The last site will provide
data on the suspended particulate concentration in an
uninhabited and unpopulated portion of the borough.
This will be valuable in confirming whether or not the •
Birch Hill site represents an appropriate background
location. To augment the carbon monoxide data acquired
by the continuous monitor, grab samples will be collected
at the downtown station, University Park School, Nordale
School, the Aurora subdivision station and the South
Fairbanks subdivision station on an intermittent basis.
These samples will be collected in mylar bags using a
small diaphragm pump with an inlet line filter and a
needle valve to control the flow rate so that the bags
fill at a constant rate over a period of one hour.
Analyses will be performed at the continuous instrument.
The purpose of the sample at the downtown location is to
verify that the sampling technique is valid, i.e., that
3-10
-------
there is no decay of CO from the time the samples are
collected to the time they are analyzed. Once this is
verified, the apparatus used to collect the downtown
sample will be free for use at other locations which
may be of interest. The background site at Birch
Hill is one location which should be checked during a
winter inversion; other samples will be taken to deter-
mine the geographical extent of elevated CO values.
These grab samples for CO will be collected
during air stagnation periods as a basic investigation
to provide engineering data valuable in evaluating the
control strategy for CO.- While some samples may be
taken for special studies during good atmospheric
ventilation periods to check out the equipment and obtain
baseline data, the primary use of the technique will be
during air stagnation periods. Samples will be collected
on an infrequent and intermittent basis; perhaps only
once or twice daily for a period of one or two weeks
if the results show a consistent pattern of CO distribu-
tion. The NASN bubbler will continue to obtain data
on N02.
The reported NASN data for suspended particulates
suggest that there is a significant particulate problem
in Fairbanks. The annual geometric mean of 175 yg/m
is more than double the primary air quality standard
of 75 yg/m . As discussed in Section 3.3, Minimum
Requirements, this data may only be representative of
a localized dusty street problem rather than a signifi-
cant general problem. Some of the special studies
described in Section 6.0 are intended to resolve this
matter.
-------
To provide baseline information on dust levels
in the borough, dust fall samples will be collected
at the downtown site, University Park School, Nordale
School, Birch Hill and the site about 15 miles south
of Fairbanks. Dustfall equipment is inexpensive and
the data will be useful to evaluate trends on a year-
by-year basis. The information gained will provide
one measure of the effectiveness of particulate control
strategies.
The proposed air quality surveillance system is
shown in Table 3.5.
3-12
-------
TABLE 3.5
FAIRBANKS NORTH STAR BOROUGHS: PROPOSED AIR QUALITY SURVEILLANCE
Location
3rd & Cushman (NASN)
Downtown
University Park School
Nordale School
Aurora Subdivision
S. Fairbanks Subdivision
Airport
Birch Hill
North Pole
About 15 miles South
TOTAL 10
Hi Vol
XX
XX
XX
X
X
X
X
XX
X
X
Tape - Dustfall
XX X
X
X
X
X
S02 N02 Continuous Grab
Bubbler Bubbler CO CO
XX X
xx x
X
X
X
X
XX = Minimum Requirement
XX^ = Episode monitoring station
-------
4.0 BALANCE OF STATE
The two local programs will operate and maintain
the air quality surveillance programs in their respective
areas. The state program will be responsible for monitoring
the air quality over the balance of the state, performing
special studies throughout the state, and providing
technical assistance as required to the local program.
Although the population is low and there is relatively
little industrial activity at the present time, the State
of Alaska has a significant potential for growth, both
in population and industrial activity. To adequately
protect the air resources of the state, an orderly plan
for the acquisition of air quality data with limited
resources has been developed.and is outlined below.
The state program is solely responsible for the
balance of the Northern Alaska AQCR (that portion outside
of the Fairbanks North Star Borough) and the entire
South Central and Southeastern AQCR's. The initial step
in the planned activity will be to meet the minimum
federal requirements in these Air Quality Control Regions.
Once these requirements are met, or scheduled to be met
in compliance with the prescribed schedule, major attention
will be devoted to special studies.
4.1 EXISTING PROGRAM AND AIR QUALITY DATA
The air pollution program of the State of Alaska
became viable in mid-1971 when the first full-time
professional staff member was retained to work full
time on air pollution. With the additional capability
of federally funded state assignees in 1972, the program
is in a position to initiate air quality surveillance
activities.
4-1
-------
No air quality data have been collected for the
State of Alaska beyond that already reported for the
Anchorage and Fairbanks areas.
4.2 REGIONAL CLASSIFICATION
The Northern Alaska Intrastate Air Quality Control
Region #009, as discussed above, is classified as priority
I for particulate matter and carbon monoxide, and priority
III for all other pollutants.
The South Central Intrastate Air Quality Control
Region #010 is nearly devoid of air pollution sources.
The emission inventory for major point sources (*100
tons/year) is shown in Table 4.1. This region is
classified as priority III for all pollutants.
The Southeastern Alaska Intrastate Air Quality
Control Region #011 has the most temperate climate
in the state. Forest product industries are the
principal activity, as shown in Table 4.2, the emis-
sion inventory for major point sources. Based on
calculations of the maximum ground level concentration
of sulfur dioxide from the largest point source in
the region, a priority I classification is determined.
Since this is a single source, the region is classified
as priority IA for sulfur dioxide. The classification
for all other pollutants is priority III.
Based on these classifications, the minimum
requirements which must be met are:
Region 009
(See Section 3.2)
4-2
-------
-c*
I
CO
TABLE 4.1
Major Emission Sources (>100 Tons/Year)
Region 010 - South Central Alaska Intrastate
Pollutant
Parti cu late
SO 2
CO
Source No.
(Inventory)
24
6
22
11
15
19
20
24
28
30
Source Name
Naval Sta. - Kodiak
Cape Romanzoff
Naval Sta. - Kodiak
King Salmon Airport
Kodiak Electric
Naval Comm. Sta. - Adak
Naval Comm. Sta. - Adak
Naval Sta. - Kodiak
Shemya AFB
Shemya AFB
Political
Jurisdiction*
5
2
5
3
5
1
1
5
1
1
Current
Emissions**
(T/yr)
200
151
180
350
384
153
680
1,058
488
122
1 -- Aleutian Islands
2 Bethel - Kiskokwin
3 Bristol
5 Kodiak Island
** All sources are currently uncontrolled.
-------
TABLE 4.2
Major Emission Sources (>100 Tons/Year)
Pollutant
Parti cul ate
S0?
c.
CO
..
i>
Source No.
(Inventory)
7
8
10
22
23
25
26
25
26
1
4
6
8
9
10
11
12
14
21
22
23
,wu * vi i \* \ i WWMVIIWU*; v^- iii i i i M*J IN** * i
Source Name
Alaska Wood Products
Alaska Wood Products
Belardi & Schneider
Wrangell Lumber
Wrangell Lumber
Alaska Lumber & Pulp
Ketchikan Pulp
Alaska Lumber & Pulp
Ketchikan Pulp
Alaska Elect. Light
Alaska Prince Timber
Alaska Prince Timber
Alaska Wood Products
Annette Airport
Belardi & Schneider
Juneau Airport
Ketchikan City P.U.
Mitkoff Lumber
Wrangell City
Wrangell Lumber
Wrangell Lumber
1 V 1 M-^ W Vi V—
Political
Jurisdiction*
6
6
3
6
6
5
2
5
2
3
6
6
6
6
3
3
2
6
6
6
6
Current
Emissions**
(T/yr)
744
107
1270
395
143
1000
2000
1600
3400
160
107
156
1988
159
3750
243
158
325
106
7342
2649
2. Ketchikan
3. Juneau - Douglas
5. Sitka
6. Wrangell-Petersburg
** All emission sources are currently uncontrolled.
-------
Region 010; South Central Intrastate AQCR
For particulates, one high volume sampler
collecting one 24-hour sample every sixth
day.
For sulfur dioxide, one bubbler collecting
one 24-hour sample every sixth day.
Region Oil; Southeastern Intrastate AQCR
For particulates, one high volume sampler
collecting one 24-hour sample once every
sixth day.
For sulfur dioxide, three bubblers each
collecting one 24-hour sample every
sixth day; and one continuous analyzer.
4.3 MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
The minimum requirements for the Northern
Alaska Intrastate AQCR are met by the surveillance
system in the Fairbanks North Star Borough.
The South Central AQCR is rich in mineral
resources which are presently untapped due to the
expense of developing the known reserves. The single
industrial project which is now in the advanced plan-
ning stage,and which could have a major impact on air
quality, is the development of a deep water shipping
facility at Valdez, the proposed terminus of the
Alyeska pipeline. The air quality surveillance system
for this region will be preventative in that it will
provide baseline information against which future air
quality can be compared. The minimum sampling require-
ments will be met by the installation of a high volume
sampler and sulfur dioxide bubbler in Valdez.
4-5
-------
In the Southeastern Alaska AQCR the high volume
sampler, two bubblers and the continuous sulfur dioxide
analyzer will operate in the immediate vicinity of the
pulp mill at Ketchikan. The bubblers will be sited at
other locations in the vicinity, to verify that the area
of maximum ground level concentrations is being monitored
by the continuous instrument. The third sulfur dioxide
bubbler for this AQCR will be located in the immediate
vicinity of the pulp mill at Sitka at the area of estimated
maximum ground level concentration.
4.4 PROPOSED SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
Extensions beyond the minimum systems will be
heavily dependent on available manpower and resources.
Attention to special studies may preclude additional
routine surveillance activities until 1973 or later.
In order to protect the air resources of the
State of Alaska from degradation through industrial
development, the Permit System will be the primary
mechanism to assure that emissions of air pollutants
are planned at levels which will not be undesirable.
To augment this procedure, the developers of major
projects will be required to conduct a pre-operational
air quality study, and a similar post-operational study,
to verify that their operations are not causing an
undue increase in the air pollutant burden. At a
minimum, these studies will include measurement of
suspended particulate matter at a minimum of two sampling
sites. If any other air pollutants, e.g., sulfur dioxide
4-6
-------
in the case of non-ferrous smelting operations, are
anticipated, tests for the appropriate pollutants
will be included. The relationship between climatological
factors and measured suspended particulate concentrations
in Anchorage and Fairbanks indicates that climatological
factors should be recorded at the time each sample is
collected. The details of test programs of this type,
including a detailed schedule of sampling and analytical
procedures, will be prepared by each industry concerned.
Since this plan must be approved by the State of Alaska,
it is expedient that the industry work in cooperation
with the state during the formulation of the test
program.
In the Southeastern Alaska AQCR, two additions
to the minimum surveillance system are planned. A
high volume sampler will be operated in conjunction
with the sulfur dioxide bubbler at Sitka. In the
vicinity of Wrangell there are several large teepee
burners. A high volume sampler will be operated near
one of the large teepee burners, for a period of at
least one year, to establish the particulate air
quality.
4-7
-------
5.0 SAMPLE COLLECTION AND DATA HANDLING
5.1 SAMPLE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
The procedure for placement of samplers, the mechanism of collecting
samples, and the techniques for analysis will be consistent throughout the
State of Alaska.
EPA Publication No. AP-98, "Guidelines: Air Quality Surveillance
Networks," presents specific information pertaining to the operation of
surveillance networks. The four points of concern for sampling site
characteristics, for example, are:
1. Uniformity in height above ground level is desirable
for the entire network within the region. Some exceptions
may include canyons, high-rise apartments, and sites for
special purpose samplers.
2. Constraints to air flow from any direction should be
avoided by placing inlet probes at least three meters
from buildings or other obstructions. Inlet probes
should be placed to avoid influence of convection cur-
rents.
3. The surrounding area should be free from stacks, chimneys
or other local emission points.
4. An elevation of three to six meters is suggested as
the most suitable for representative sampling, especially
in residential areas. Placement above three meters
prevents most reentrainment of particulates as well as
the direct influence of automobile exhaust.
The fourth point, pertaining to the elevation of samplers, is particularly
important for placement of high volume samplers in Alaska because of the
apparent effect of reentrained road dust.
High volume samplers and sulfur dioxide bubblers will operate every
sixth day. The state will issue a sampling schedule in November for the
following year. All 24-hour samples will be collected midnight-to-mid-
night, local time.
5-1
-------
The operating procedure for high volume samplers
is detailed in the April 30, 1971, Federal Register.
This document includes procedures for instrument calibra-
tion procedures to correct for extreme atmospheric
conditions.
Bubblers for sulfur dioxide rely on a very small
orifice for air flow regulation. This orifice is subject
to clogging, so a flow check will be made just prior
to collecting each sample, and just after the sampling
period is completed. If the latter reading indicates
that the air flow is reduced, that sample will be
discarded.
In many cases, it will be possible to locate
P
bubblers inside buildings, using glass or teflon
tubing to bring the air sample to the bubbler. Where
the bubbler must be used outside in the winter, special
arrangements must be made to prevent freezing. The
Arctic Health Research Center has developed a satis-
factory procedure. The bubbler box is placed inside
a foot locker which is insulated and heated. This
adequately protects the bubbler and the pump from rain-,
snow and extreme cold.
The sampling and analytical procedures for sulfur
dioxide (and nitrogen dioxide) bubbler samples are
detailed in the April 30, 1971, Federal Register.
The continuous sulfur dioxide analyzer will
operate near Ketchikan. Specifications are detailed
in paragraph 420.17 of the August 14, 1971, Federal
Register. The pulp mill which is the point source
in the area is a sulfite process mill, so the sulfur
emissions are essentially all sulfur dioxide. For
5-2
-------
operational reliability, a dry state flame photometric
sulfur dioxide analyzer will be used rather than an analyzer
based on automated wet chemistry. The basic flame photo-
metric detector is a total sulfur analyzer.
If a kraft process pulp plant is initiated in the
state, the flame photometric analyzer will report reduced
sulfur compounds as S02. Odor complaints are generally
based on the mercaptans and other reduced sulfur compounds
rather than sulfur dioxide; to upgrade the flame photo-
metric detector to measure these components individually
P
a teflon gas chromatographic column can be used ahead
of the detector. This procedure was developed by EPA.
It adds to the cost and complexity of the instrument, but
will be considered as a useful extension of the air
quality surveillance system should a kraft process pulp
plant initiate operation in the State of Alaska.
Calibration of the continuous sulfur dioxide
analyzer can be accomplished by three methods. The bubbler
samples which will be collected at the site are a basic
calibration technique. Alternately, a prepared mixture of
sulfur dioxide in air can be generated and measured con-
currently by the instrument and a midget impinger. Permeation
tubes are commonly used to generate the sulfur dioxide-in-
air mixture. The third technique uses calibrated permeation
tubes at a controlled temperature to generate a known
concentration of sulfur dioxide. The latter technique
is not easily adapted to field use, but is preferred
where laboratory conditions can be duplicated.
The continuous analyzer for carbon monoxide will
meet the specifications of paragraph 420.17 of the
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August 14, 1971, Federal Register, with the single
exception being a full scale range of 100 ppm rather
than 50 ppm. Calibration of this instrument simply
involves routine checks using a "zero CO" gas and a
span gas, containing 60-80 ppm of CO. Adjustments to
the instrument are made as required to maintain calibra-
tion.
In those portions of the state where local
assistance will be required to maintain and operate
sampling equipment, the operator will be instructed
in writing and in person by state personnel concerning
the procedures for sample collection and handling.
Samples will be sent to the state laboratory in Juneau
for analysis, and supplies will be sent from this
laboratory to such locations. EPA has developed
detailed procedures for handling high volume sampler
filters and the liquid reagents from gas bubblers.
There will be no loss in accuracy for the gas bubblers
if the fresh reagent and/or the samples are frozen in
transit.
5.2 DATA HANDLING
Requirements for reporting of data are detailed
in Paragraph 420.7 of the August 14, 1971, Federal Register
(a) On a quarterly basis commencing with the
end of the first full quarter after approval of
a plan, or any portion thereof, by the Administra-
tor, the State shall submit to the Administrator
(through the appropriate regional office) informa-
tion on air quality. The quarters of the year
are January 1 through March 31, April 1 through
June 30, July 1 through September 30, and October 1
through December 31.
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(b) The reports required by this section shall
be submitted within 45 days after the end of each
reporting period in a manner which shall be
prescribed by the Administrator.
The precise format for submission of data has
not been defined by EPA at this time. Until such time
as it is defined, the format from Appendix H of the
August 14, 1971, Federal Register, will be used. This
requires that, for each pollutant reported, specific
information be provided on sample site location,
number of months in the sampling interval, start date,
end date, and number of samples be reported. For
high volume samples the maximum 24-hour value, geometric
mean and geometric standard deviation are to be reported.
For sulfur dioxide, from either bubblers or continuous
instruments, the maximum 24-hour value, annual arithmetic
mean and geometric standard deviation are to be reported.
The report for carbon monoxide is to include the maximum
one-hour and maximum eight-hour value, with the geometric
standard deviation. For carbon monoxide, the geometric
standard deviation will be based on one-hour values
unless the new reporting requirements specify a
different value.
The SAROAD format, developed by EPA, will be
used for numerical identification of sample site
location, pollutant, measurement technique and analytical
technique.
Manual reduction of data from recorder strip
charts is a time-consuming and inefficient task.
Lower overall costs and increased accuracy are available
through the use of electronic data processing techniques.
The two continuous analyzers will have a strip chart
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recorder and a system to record the instrument output
on magnetic tape cassettes. These cassettes, available
from Westinghouse and other manufacturers, can be
returned to the supplier for data reduction and
statistical treatment on a contract basis, or processed
on special equipment designed for that purpose.
The reporting format calls for the calculation
of the geometric standard deviation of all pollutants.
This will present no problems with suspended particulate
matter. The method has a lower limit of range of one
microgram per cubic meter, which will result in non-
zero measurements for all 24-hour samples.
When values are determined which are below the
range of a method, or when there is none of the measured
pollutant in the air stream, zero readings can result.
Since it is not possible to compute logarithmic para-
meters of zero, alternate techniques must be used.
One technique which has been used successfully
to determine the geometric standard deviation of air
pollution measurements is possible because most measure-
ments follow a log-normal distribution. When the
frequency distribution is plotted on logarithmic
probability graph paper, a straight line results. The
geometric standard deviation is determined by dividing
the 84.13 percentile value by the 50.00 percentile value.
This method can be used when a body of data contains
zero readings by plotting the frequency distribution
curve, estimating by eye the best fit straight line
for the high concentration end of the curve, and extending
this straight line through the percentiie values noted
above.
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In order to use direct computation techniques,
either by desk calculator or by computer, a "near-zero"
dummy value must be substituted for .the zero readings.
Values which will be used are 0.2 ppm for carbon
monoxide and 1.0 yg/m for sulfur dioxide.
5.3 DATA ANALYSIS
The objective of the Air Surveillance System is to
produce data to allow long term trends and short-term
excursions in air pollutant levels to be identified.
Analysis of this data provides the information on which
episode condition identification and resulting actions
are based. Analysis can also identify trends to assist
in future agency planning and control action.
Proper interpretation of the air quality measurements
will depend upon the collection and evaluation of additional
data. Meteorological parameters significantly influence
ambient air quality and two specific types of data
collection activities are recommended to complement the
air quality surveillance activities. First, the station
operator should observe and record, at the time of
sample collection, the temperature, wind speed and
direction, cloud cover, surface moisture and any other
factor which can be easily observed and might assist
in data interpretation. Second, the Local Climatological
Data summaries prepared by the Environmental Science
Services Administration should be obtained on a monthly
basis. These two data sources will permit a meaningful
analysis of ambient air quality measurements in terms
of local meteorological conditions. Data concerning
emission sources must also be considered in the analysis
and this data will continuously be updated through the
use of an ongoing permit and registration system.
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The statistical treatment of the data depends on
the specific objective of the analysis. Arithmetic
means, median values and their distribution statistics
summarized in the reporting formats identified in
Section 5.2 can be used to identify long term trends
and cycles. The success of the control program will be
judged against these trends and decisions on the degree
of future control may also be based on trend measurements.
A more rigorous statistical approach is required to
identify and quantify short-term air quality excursions.
The time parameters for measurements are particularly
important for these conditions. For example, continuous
measurements (suitably damped by an appropriate moving
average or digital filtering techniques) are needed to
study relationships between contaminant levels and a
controlling feature such as atmospheric temperature
inversion conditions. Because not all the monitoring is
continuous, a frequency distribution approximation based
upon probability techniques would be required to estimate
time variables at intermittent sites. Various statistical
techniques (variance analysis, regression analysis, etc.)
are used to insure significance between predicted and
measured values during data analysis. This is particularly
important during episode conditions to ensure that the
decisions concerning control actions are adequate to
meet emission reduction requirements without unduly
curtailing the general activity of the affected region.
The two major analyses to be performed using the
data for short-term excursions are the relationship
between pollutant levels and meteorological factors
and between emission sources and air quality. These
relationships must be analyzed together to determine the
degree to which air quality is affected by known sources,
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both during episode curtailment decisions and for long-
term control. In special circumstances, these techniques
can be used to identify unknown sources through the
collection, measurement and analysis of particular air
contaminants.
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6.0 SPECIAL STUDIES
The determination of cause and effect relationships
between sources of air pollution and ambient concentrations
is an essential step in the development of air pollution
control strategies. The acquisition of air quality data
under controlled conditions can contribute to this know-
ledge. While the term "air surveillance network" normally
refers to the operation of sampling instruments at a fixed
site over an extended period of time, "special studies"
refers to a short-term study with a specific objective.
6.1 TRAFFIC GENERATED SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER
The measured elevated suspended particulate levels
in Anchorage and Fairbanks are not solely caused by
point sources of emission, as discussed in the Strategy
section. Based on the climatological analysis, the
elevated levels are definitely associated with warm,
dry days. There are numerous hypotheses which may explain
this phenomenon, among them dust from unpaved roads,
an elevated "background" level from winds over exposed
glacial silt, dust on the streets resulting from the
sand, etc., used on the icy streets during the winter,
and the general dustiness of the street.
Table 6.1 describes a methodology to be used for
the evaluation of the degree of entrainment of dust from
streets. This study procedure will be used at a street
or road location upwind of the central business and
commercial district in the city where the test is
conducted. The results will show the effect of traffic
on suspended particulate concentrations upwind and downwind
of the road. This methodology will be used to evaluate
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specific road treatment techniques such as water washing,
vacuum cleaning, and any other techniques which might
prevent the reentrainment of particulate matter.
The basic study matter described in Table 6.1 can
be further utilized if the preliminary results show a
definite correlation between traffic, road conditions,
/
and suspended particulate concentration. Additional
high volume samplers may be placed farther downwind,
and at varying elevations, to determine the extent of
the travel of traffic-generated particulate matter.
The suspended particulate data obtained from this
study will be used to quantify the contribution of traffic
generated dust. It may not be possible to develop an
emission factor relating a certain level of traffic on
a specific type of surface to tons of particulate matter
generated. The up and down wind measurements will,
however, give a relative measure for different types of
roadways and for different control measures. For example,
suppose a certain traffic level produces a difference
between up and downwind samples of 30 yg/m3 on a paved
road and street sweeping reduces this difference to 15
If oiling of soft shoulders on the same roadway
reduces the concentration difference only to 25 ,
it can be concluded that the street sweeping program is
more effective than oiling road shoulders and will
produce a larger, although unknown, decrement in ambient
air concentrations.
The special study deailing with traffic generated
dust will be instituted during June and July of 1972.
This will allow initial study results to assist in the
determination of the specific control measures to be
6.2
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used in the initial year's control strategy. Continuation
of the study through the remainder of 1972 and the first
half of 1973 will provide the data base necessary for
planning the 1973-1974 control program. This study will
be initiated in the Greater Anchorage Area due to the
availability of sampling equipment and trained technicians
at this location. A series of tests will be scheduled
later in the study for the Fairbanks North Star Borough.
TABLE 6.1
DUST GENERATED BY MOTOR VEHICLES: SPECIAL STUDY
Purpose:
To measure the effect of automotive traffic on
total suspended particulates.
Equipment and Manpower Requirements:
2 Hi Vols
1 Anemometer - portable
1 Technician/day
Procedure:
1. There should be a very light cross wind to
minimize natural dust entrainment.
2. Place two hi vols on opposite sides of the road
in the following arrangement:
a. Place one hi vol 30 feet from the curb in
the upwind direction and five feet above
street level.
b. Place the second hi vol four feet from the
opposite curb in the downwind direction and
five feet from the street level.
3. Place the anemometer near the first hi vol.
4. Sample for four hours. Record the average
wind speed and direction and the total traffic
•t
volume and estimated average car speed.
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5. The experiment will be conducted by sampling
under some or all of the following conditions:
a. Baseline Measurements - These tests will
define particulate matter generation under
current conditions.
Uncontrolled Traffic Flow
(1) Paved road - slow traffic
(2) Unpaved road - fast traffic
(3) Unpaved road - slow traffic
(4) Any or all of the above on a wet day
(5) Any or all of the above on a windy
day (5-12 mph)
Controlled Traffic Flow
(1) Five cars at 30 mph.
Two car lengths apart in a continuous
loop.
(2) Five cars at 50 mph - Four car lengths
apart.
(3) Two cars at 30 mph - One minute apart.
b. Road Surface Treatments - Repeat any of the
above with the following added conditions to
test the effectiveness of the proposed
control measures.
(1) Immediately after street sweeping on
a paved road.
(2) Twenty-four hours and forty-eight hours
following street sweeping under generally
the same climatic conditions.
(3) Immediately, 7 days and 21 days following
the application of oil to a gravel
road. Again roughly similar climatic
conditions must be selected for sampling.
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6.2 PARTICULATE MATTER DISTRIBUTION BY HEIGHT
The suspended particulate measurements at the City
Fire Station and the NASN site in Anchorage suggest the
elevation of the high volume sampler may affect the
results. This difference can be determined by operating
two high volume samplers at the same site but at different
elevations. Table 6.2 describes a special study which
can be conducted to provide a substantive basis for
selection of a desirable sampling elevation. The particle
size distribution of the suspended particulate matter in
Alaska has not been determined. The federal criteria
for suspended particulate matter are based on the usual
particle size distribution measured by the National Air
Surveillance Network, mainly in urban areas of the lower
48 states. EPA data (presently being prepared for publica-
tion) using the Andersen sampling attachment on a high
volume sampler indicates that the mass mean diameter
of suspended particulate matter in both center city
locations, urban locations, e.g., Steubenville, Ohio, and
Seattle, Washington; and non-urban locations, e.g.,
Grand Canyon National Park, varies from about 0.5 to
1.0 microns. If reentrained road dust is a major factor
affecting the Hi Vol sampling results in Alaska, the mass
mean diameter of the suspended particulate matter will
decrease as elevation increases. Three basic considerations
will be used in evaluating the results of this study.
1. EPA guidelines for sampler placement specify
desirable sampling elevations of between 3 to
6 meters above the ground.
2. This study will define the sampler elevation
at which a representative sample of airborne
particulates can be obtained.
3. The criteria to be used in determining this
elevation will be mass median diameter.
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EPA is leading the technology in this type of
measurement, so close coordination with EPA
will be maintained when these studies are
conducted.
The samples which will be routinely collected to
determine dustfall may be sensitive to sampler elevation.
The study described in Table 6.3 will quantify these
differences at various urban and non-urban sampling
sites. On the basis of these results, a single elevation
considered to be most representative will be selected
for sampling in the State of Alaska.
TABLE 6.2
RELATIONSHIP OF HIGH VOLUME SAMPLER ELEVATION
AND PARTICULATE SIZE DISTRIBUTION:
SPECIAL STUDIES
Purpose:
To evaluate the particle size distribution of
suspended particulate matter as a function sampler
elevation.
Equipment Requirements and Manpower;
2 Hi Vol samplers with Andersen Sampling Head
1 Technician, 6 hours per test
Procedure:
1. Place one sampler at an elevation of 4 feet
above ground in a downtown location next to a
one-story building where the street is paved
and there are sidewalks and curbs.
2. Place second sampler on the roof of the building
above the first sampler.
3. Sample for 24 hours.
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4. Analyze the samples and calculate the particulate
size distribution.
5. Repeat the tests six times.
6. This experiment can be repeated at:
a. Different elevations
b. Different sampling locations where streets
are not paved or were paved but were more
or less dusty than at the original location.
c. Different location with very light traffic.
TABLE 6.3
DUSTFALL: SPECIAL STUDY
Purpose:
To measure the variation in dustfall with sampling
elevation.
Equipment and Manpower Requirements;
4 dustfall jars
1 technician - 1 man-day
Procedure;
1. Prepare four dustfall jars.
2. Arrange the four jars on a utility pole or
other usable pole at least 20 feet high. Place
the jars five feet apart vertically beginning
at five feet above the ground.
3. Sample for one month and analyze the particulate
concentration in each of the four jars. Note
any variation in particle size or type in the
four jars.
4. This experiment can be repeated under varying
meteorological conditions and at various urban
and non-urban sites.
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6.3 A SPECIAL STUDY FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF SUSPENDED
PARTICULATE MATTER
The objective of this study will be to identify the
sources of suspended particulate matter under varying
conditions in the Fairbanks North Star Borough. The
desirability of the study was indicated by the results
of the atmospheric diffusion estimates made during the
selection of control strategies. These results indicated
that a high proportion of the suspended particulate matter
during the winter season could be accounted for from
the emissions of coal fired boilers in the Fairbanks
area. If this result can be verified, the application
of efficient particulate collection devices on a relatively
few sources could achieve National Ambient Air Quality
Standards during the winter months in Fairbanks. The
basic objective of this study done will be to determine
the fraction of suspended particulate matter which can
be attributed to coal combustion.
Methods and Equipment - There are several possible
methods for obtaining the desired information. It is
not possible at this time to predict which method or
combination of methods will most adequately describe
the situation in the Fairbanks area. Three potential
methods are presented below, together with a description
of how they may be implemented and evaluated with regard
to the objectives of the study.
First, morphological particle identification. This
method, using a light microscope, represents the easiest
and potentially the most applicable method available
for this study and should be evaluated first. The
procedure consists of preparing a suitable microscope
specimen which is then visually examined or photographed
and the particle size and shape are correlated with the
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potential source of the particulates. The initial step
in this investigation will be to obtain a sample of the
fly-ash from one or more of the large coal burning
installations in the area. Another sample of road dust
and/or soil from the area will be microscopically examined
at the same time. If the visible characteristics of the
,two types of particulate matter appear to be sufficiently
distinct then the microscopic evaluation technique can
be applied to ambient air quality samples. A refinement
of this procedure using an electron scanning microscope
can be considered if the ambient samples show a large
portion of the particulate matter to be in the submicron
particle size range. An applicable reference to this
procedure is the work of Walter C. McCrone.
Chemical Composition Analysis - The second method
for approaching the problem of separately identifying
the various sources of suspended particulate matter is
the detailed chemical analysis of the various particulates.
This would be a qualitative and quantitative description
of the elemental composition of fly-ash and road dust
or soil samples. The key element in such an analysis
would be the presence of a chemical element in the fly-ash
sample which was not normally found in the dust or soil
samples in the vicinity. This key element could then
be analyzed for in the ambient air samples and would
provide an indication of the degree to which fly-ash
was contributing to the mass of the collected material.
The chemical analysis would probably be done by mass
spectrographic techniques and the Fairbanks North Star
Borough or the State should probably consider retaining
the services of a consulting chemical laboratory for this
study if the chemical analysis method is chosen.
'Walter C. McCrone in: Air Pollution, Vol. 2, edited
by Arthur C. Stern, Academic Press, New York, 1968,
Page 301
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Tracer Study - The third approach that may be
considered in the analysis of this problem would be the
use of artificial tracers to measure the distribution of
pollutants from particular sources. In this case a
tracer material would be introduced into the exhaust
gas stream of several of the major coal burning facilities
in the area. -This sampling network would be set up in
the area of interest and the samples would be analyzed
for the tracer material. This would provide an indication
of the absolute amount of air pollutant contributed to
ambient concentrations by the group of coal burning
sources. Tracer materials which can be considered for
such a study include zinc cadmium sulfide, a phos-
phorescent light. Second tracer material in wide use is
sodium hexafluoride. This gas has a very high sensitivity
of detection by gas chromatographic methods. The use of
a tracer study to define this problem, while adequate
results could probably be obtained, is not recommended
since a good deal of expense both in terms of equipment
and technically trained manpower would be required to
initiate and carry out such an investigation. It should
be hoped that the first method, morphological microscope
analysis, would provide at least a rough indication of
the relative importance of the various sources in the
Fairbanks area.
Scheduling - Initial work on this study should
begin during this summer of 1972 so that the background
data and methodology can be finalized prior to the winter
of 1972/73. In the study phase, simultaneous ambient
measurements at at least two locations should be made
with three replicata tests taken under essentially
similar climatological conditions. The field sampling
phase will thus consist of taking samples at two locations
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for 24 hours. This sampling will be repeated on 10 to
15 days in the course of a six-month period. This schedule
will allow a full appreciation of the impact of stationary
coal fired combustion units on the ambient particulate
matter levels in the Fairbanks area by mid-summer 1973.
Data Interpretation and Evaluation - The details
of the data collected under the special study will,
of course, depend upon the precise method used. In
any case, however, the basic and decision making aspect
of the study will be the percentage contribution to the
ambient suspended particulate matter concentrations of
the coal fired boilers. These data will allow a recon-
sideration of the desirability and effectiveness of
installing highly efficient particulate collection
devices on these sources. If this study indicates
that only a relatively small reduction in ambient
concentrations could be expected from the installation
of such devices then the recommendations as presented in
the Control Strategy Volume would have to be modified.
On the other hand, if the results substantiate the air
quality calculations made then the control agency will
be in a sounder position in recommending and requiring
the installation of efficient particulate collection
equipment.
6.4 REMOTE AREA SAMPLING
The problems of transportation and severe climate
suggest that the most economical procedure for determining
air quality in remote areas would be the performance of
short-term intensive studies at as many locations as
possible when conditions permit travel. Since particulates
are the major problem in most areas of Alaska, some form
of particulate sampling would be a primary requirement
-------
for a remote area sampling unit. Total suspended particulate
data from Anchorage and Fairbanks indicate a very strong
correlation between meteorological conditions and particulate
concentrations; therefore, any remote sampling must include
the acquisition of climatological data. In order for
the data to be representative of air quality on an annual
basis, there would have to be some basis for extrapolating
from the short-term data base to a longer time period.
It is concluded that it is impractical to monitor
suspended particulates in remote areas through short-term
studies. If a location, e.g., Kodiak or Kotzebue,
is considered for the determination of suspended particulate
levels, then local assistance will be arranged so that
the normal sampling schedule can be followed.
It may be desirable to conduct sampling programs
for hazardous materials or gases in remote areas. In
these cases, should they arise, special arrangements
will be made to fit the needs of the specific situation.
6.5 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
The mineral wealth of Alaska includes such potentially
hazardous materials as beryllium and mercury. Most of
the potentially hazardous air pollutants are in the form
of particulate matter at ambient conditions. When processing
plants for potentially hazardous materials are constructed,
there will be at least two high volume samplers in operation
on an every-sixth-day schedule for a period of at least
one year. Specific analytical procedures, and technical
assistance if required, will be sought from EPA to
assure that the analyses are meaningful.
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6.6 GASEOUS POLLUTANTS
At the present time EPA has defined ambient air
quality criteria for sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide,
photochemical oxidants and nitrogen dioxide. Hydrocarbons
are considered only as a precursor to photochemical
oxidants. In the near future, it is anticipated that
federal ambient air quality standards will be issued
for more gases, including (at least) fluorides and
odorous compounds.
As each of the new criteria is developed, the
potential sources of emission in the State of Alaska
will be evaluated with respect to the specific air
pollutant. As appropriate,, special studies of these
gaseous pollutants will be conducted.
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7.0 TIMETABLE FOR COMPLETION AND RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS
The priority for implementing the air quality
surveillance program will, as a first consideration, meet
the minimum federal requirements. The second consideration
will be the performance of special studies needed to
develop control strategies, especially for particulates.
7.1 TIMETABLE FOR COMPLETION
The minimum requirements call for the following
array of sampling equipment in the State of Alaska:
Number of Samplers
Type of Sampler Cook Inlet Northern South Central South Eastern
Particulate
High Volume 5 4 1 1
Tape 1 1
Sulfur Dioxide
Bubbler 111 3
Continuous 1
Carbon Monoxide
Continuous 1
Only the Cook Inlet Region currently has the equip-
ment necessary to implement the minimum requirements
immediately. All other instrumentation, with the exception
of one high volume sampler and the bubbler in the Northern
Alaska region (NASN) must be purchased.
Episode monitoring stations, which must be operational
within one year after EPA approval of the implementation
plan, include one high volume and one tape sampler in
Anchorage and Fairbanks, one continuous CO analyzer in
Fairbanks, and one continuous SO2 analyzer in Ketchikan.
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Since all 50 states will be operating on essentially the
same timetable, there will be a significant demand
for these instruments. The delivery time will be 150-
180 days, and it normally takes at least 30 days of
operation to bring a new instrument to smooth operation
once it is started. All episode monitoring instrumentation
will be ordered not less than seven months prior to the
time that data is required from that instrument.
The balance of the minimum requirements system will
become operational within the two-year time period
defined as a regulatory requirement.
The proposed sampling system, including samplers
for the special studies, increase the requirement to
these totals (by owner):
Tri-Borough Fairbanks N. S. State
Particulate
High Volume 9 10 8
Andersen 2
Tape 11
Dustfall 9 55
Sulfur Dioxide
Bubbler 1 11
Continuous
Carbon Monoxide
Continuous 1
With allowances for existing equipment and that
already assigned to meeting the minimum requirements,
the equipment to be purchased becomes:
7-2
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Cook Inlet Fairbanks N. S. State Total
Particulate
High Volume 6 6 12
Andersen 2 2
Dustfall 9 5 5 19
This equipment will be acquired before the end of
calendar year 1972. The dustfall samplers will be
constructed locally and are not a factor in the cost
estimate.
7.2 MANPOWER
The experience of many air pollution control agencies
indicates that much of the air quality surveillance
effort can be accomplished by technicians, under the super-
vision and direction of professional staff members.
Based on this experience, manpower projections for the
performance of the air quality surveillance task are:
Program Level
Minimum Proposed
Cook Inlet
Engineer 1-1/4 time 1-1/2 time
Technician 1-1/2 time 1-full time
Local Assistance* 2 4
Fairbanks N.S.
Engineer 1-1/3 time 1-1/2 time
Technician 1-3/4 time 1-full time
Local Assistance 0 1
State
Engineer 1-1/4 time 1-1/2 time
Technician 1-1/2 time 2-full time
Local Assistance 3 4
*Local Assistance: A person to change high volume
samples and/or bubblers once or twice a week.
*A more detailed discussion of these required man-hours
is presented in the Resources Volume of this Report.
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7.3 SURVEILLANCE EQUIPMENT ACQUISITION
The major equipment items which must be purchased
to meet the minimum requirements are the continuous CO
monitor for Fairbanks and the continuous SO, monitor
for Ketchikan. The cost of these instruments, with a
strip chart recorder and magnetic tape data acquisition
system, is:
CO: Non-dispersive infrared. 0-100 ppm
Basic instrument $3500
Recorder 1000
Mag. tape unit 800
$5300
SO,,; Flame photometric, linear output
Basic instrument $4500
Recorder 1000
Mag. tape unit 800
$6300
In addition to these major items, two high volume
samplers and two tape samplers are required to meet the
minimum episode requirements. All episode instrumentation
must be operational within one year after EPA approval
of the implementation plan.
Spare parts and supplies must be purchased in order
to keep the system operational, and an additional cost of
is used for estimated budgeting purposes.
The episode instrumentation requirement is;
1 - CO analyzer @ $5300 $5300
1 - SO2 analyzer @> $6300 6300
2 - HiVolS @ $200 400
2 - Tape Samplers @$850 1700
$13,700 + 10% = $15,070
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This equipment requirement is reduced by one hi-vol
(the NASN samplers in Anchorage) and by one tape sampler
(currently in the Tri-Borough equipment inventory).
All other instruments must be purchased at a cost of
$13.915.
The remainder of the minimum equipment requirements
must be operational within two years after EPA approval
of the implementation plan:
8 - HiVols d> $200 $1,600
6 - Bubblers for S02 @ $475 2.850
$4,450 + 10* - $4,895
This equipment requirement is reduced by one bubbler
(NASN in Fairbanks), and by four hi-vols currently in
the Tri-Borough equipment inventory, and by the NASN
hi-vol in Fairbanks. The purchase cost for new instruments
is $3795.
To expand the surveillance equipment inventory to
meet the proposed system in the state, additional equipment
must be constructed and/or purchased.
19 - Dustfall stations @ $30 $ 570
12 - HiVols @ $200 2400
2 - Andersen samplers @ $1200 2400
$5370 + 10* = $5,424
In summary, the cost of additional surveillance
equipment to conduct an adequate program in the State
of Alaska is:
7-5
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With Allowance for
Equipment Use All Purchased Present Equipment
Episode $15,070 $13,915
Balance of Minimum 4,895 3,795
Proposed 5.424 5.424
$25,389 $23,134
All costs are based on F.O.B. manufacturer's plant.
High volume samplers and bubblers are available
within two months after placement of a purchase order.
The two continuous instruments will be in significant
demand since all 50 states must meet the same time schedule
for episode monitoring station installation. Delivery
is estimated at 90-150 days for these instruments.
7-6
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