ORNL/H—1410
DE91 010240
BUILDINGS SECTOR
FIELD PROGRAM PLANNING
WORKSHOP
January 29-30,1991
Hosted by
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY
Cchostedby
PACIFIC NORTHWEST LABORATORY
WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS
published
March 22,1991
AS
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY
Oak Ridge. Tennessee 37831-6285
managed by
MARTIN MARIE ITA ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC
for the
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
under Contract No. DE-AC05-84OR21400
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CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES v
LIST OF TABLES v
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vii
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. SECTOR DISCUSSION 3
2.1 GENERAL COMMENTS 3
2.2 STRATEGIC ISSUES 6
2.3 REPRESENTATIVE NEW ACTIVITIES 9
3. PROGRAM SUMMARIES 15
3.1 SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM 17
3.2 HEATING AND COOLING EQUIPMENT PROGRAM 23
3.3 LIGHTING AND APPLIANCES PROGRAM 31
3.4 MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES PROGRAM 37
3.5 INDOOR AIR QUALITY PROGRAM 43
3.6 BUILDING SYSTEMS PROGRAM 47
3.7 FEDERAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM 59
3.8 IMPLEMENTATION AND DEPLOYMENT PROGRAM 63
3.9 MANAGEMENT PROGRAM 69
APPENDICES:
APPENDDCA: ATTENDANCE ROSTER 75
APPENDIX B: AGENDA 77
iii \\\!
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LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 1. Preliminary Result for OBT Program Elements 5
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Summary of the vote to prioritize OBT programs 4
Table 2. Recommended FY 1993 Funding Plan for the Solar Technologies Program 18
Table 3. Revised key activities for the Solar Technologies Program 18
Table 4. Recommended FY 1993 Funding Plan for the Heating and Cooling Equipment
Program 24
Table 5. Revised Key Activities for the Heating and Cooling Equipment Program 25
Table 6. Recommended FY 1993 Funding Plan for the Lighting and Appliances Program. ... 32
Table 7. Revised Key Activities for the Lighting and Appliances Program 33
Table 8. Recommended FY 1993 Funding Plan for the Materials and Structures Program. ... 38
Table 9. Revised Key Activities for the Materials and Structures Program 39
Table 10. Recommended FY 1993 Funding Plan for the Indoor Air Quality Program 43
Table 11. Revised Key Activities for the Indoor Air Quality Program 44
Table 12. Recommended FY 1993 Funding Plan for the Buildings Systems Program 48
Table 13. Revised Key Activities for the Buildings Systems Program 49
Table 14. Recommended FY 1993 Funding Plan for the Federal Energy Management
Program 60
Table IS. Recommended FY 1993 Funding Plan for the Implementation and Deployment
Program 64
Table 16. Revised Key Activities for the Implementation and Deployment Program 65
Table 17. Recommended FY 1993 Funding Plan for the Management Program 69
Table 18. Revised Evaluation and Planning Key Activity for the Management Program 71
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
On January 29-31,1991,20 buildings research managers representing 8 national laboratories met in
Oak Ridge, Tennessee, for the "Buildings Sector Field Program Planning Workshop." The purpose
of the Workshop was to provide the Office of Conservation and Renewable Energy (CE) with input
from a coordinated field laboratory effort for the CE FY 1993 budget and planning process.
The workshop, one of five to cover each of the five sectors in CE, was requested by senior CE
management. This report, along with those from the other Sector workshops, has been submitted
to the Laboratory Senior Review Panel. The Panel has worked with CE senior staff to devc'rp
priorities and funding recommendations, based on this input, for the Assistant Secretary. The results
of that effort are reported on separately.
Participants at the Buildings Sector Workshop reviewed the nine existing programs of the Office of
Building Technology (OBT) at the key activity level and discussed a large number of initiatives that
were new relative to the FY 1991 program. Participants did not suggest any changes in the number
or names of OBT programs. However, modifications to incorporate new activities were suggested
in all cases except for the Management Program. The most significant of these modifications are
listed in Table El.
Table El. New key activities for FY 1991 OBT program.
NEW ACTIVITY
High Performance Building
Envelopes and Perimeter Zone
Systems
Assured Building Energy
Savings
Twenty-First Century
Appliances
FEMP Revolving Fund
Technology Support for DSM
Utilities
Thermal Distribution Systems
Very High Efficiency Lighting
Efficient Moisture Control
Strategies
Healthy Buildings Design and
Ratings
Community Systems (New)
PRIMARY PROGRAM(S) FOR
ACTIVITY
Materials and Structures
Solar Technologies
Building Systems
Lighting and Appliances
FEMP
Implementation and
Deployment
Heating and Cooling
Lighting and Appliances
Material and Structures
Indoor Air Quality
Building Systems
OTHER PROGRAMS
AFFECTED
— ~-
Heating and Cooling
All Programs (Tech. Support)
All Programs and the Other
Sectors
Building Systems
Building Systems Indoor Air
Quality
Heating and Cooling
Materials and Structures
Vll
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STRATEGIC ISSUES
In addition to studying the technical content and appropriateness of programs and key activities, the
workshop also discussed the operational strategy of OBT. Three types of strategic issues that could
lead to more effective management emerged from the discussion. These deal with integrated
planning, laboratory effectiveness, and goals/programs mismatches in OBT.
First it was suggested that OBT place increased emphasis on integrated planning. Integrated
planning goes beyond "cross-cutting," which is perceived to be primarily a coordinating activity.
Integrated panning includes strategic planning across programs and with other sectors, it involves an
assessment of the role of Implementation and Deployment within all OBT programs, and it is an
upgrading of the OBT Analysis and Assessment activity. This can have positive benefits for both the
selection and the implementation of programs. Integrated planning improves selection by allowing
a more rich variety of activities because it balances a perceived tendency in the present system to
assign higher priority to activities that are confined within single program boundaries.
Implementation is bcnefiltcd when programs with overlapping elements are all accelerated by sharing
results and when new technologies that bridge gaps between activities are exploited.
Next are two suggestions that are meant to improve the effectiveness of laboratories that support
OBT. The first is an Innovative and Exploratory Research Program to provide seed funding on a
one-time basis for technical staff members to develop promising new concepts. This will allow for
more thoughtful and thorough development of support information for new concepts and it will
increase the incentive for researchers to more freely suggest serious new concepts. The second
suggestion for improved laboratory effectiveness is assignment of a high priority to improvements in
the equipment resources at laboratories through increases in capital equipment funding. State-of-the-
art equipment is needed in order for the laboratories to perform world-class R&D and point the way
for industry to develop new technologies. It is needed to maintain a leadership role in the standards
development process. It is also needed to properly equip the Laboratory User Centers that are an
increasingly important mechanism for technology transfer and industry involvement. Workshop
participants suggest that capital equipment funding be increased to $3 to $5 million for FY 1993 and
that a higher priority be given to obtaining capital equipment funds in out yean.
The third set of strategic issues relate to perceived mismatches between OBT goals and program
elements in two areas. First, the consensus of workshop participants was that existing funding levels
for Retrofit Technology will not allow OBT to meet its long-term objective of leveling sector energy
consumption. The group felt that the current effort must be greatly expanded to reach more markets
in all climatic regions, such as the large middle-income housing sector and the broad range of
commercial and industrial buildings. A more aggressive program is also required to develop and
implement the advanced retrofit technologies necessary to obtain 40-50% energy savings to match
targets for new buildings by the year 2010. This effort includes recommissioning to return systems
to design status, operations, maintenance, and energy management
A second perceived goal/program mismatch is in the Solar Technologies Program. The FY 1993
planning budget provided by DOE management did not adequately reflect research needs and energy
saving opportunities in design-based (passive) solar heating- and cooling-load control technologies if
the OBT objective to use only 75 percent as much nonrenewabls energy by the year 2000 in the
buildings sector is to be achieved. Because of the near-term strategic importance of this issue,
workshop participants recommend revisions in program key elements to reflect the increased relative
viii
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importance of passive solar technology over solar space conditioning equipment research and to
generally strengthen funding for passive solar technologies.
PROGRAM RATINGS
One objective of the workshop was to evaluate OBT programs against one another according to a
benefit/risk scheme consistent with goals in the National Energy Strategy report, In this scheme the
evaluation criteria are energy security, economic competitiveness, environmental quality, market risk,
and technical risk. Two procedures were used; at the workshop a simple voting procedure was
devised in which each voting lab was asked to distribute an additional $12 million over the proposed
FY 1993 budget among the nine revised programs. The total amount given to each program should
reflect the relative importance of each program. Results of this vote arc shown in Table E2 below.
Subsequent to the workshop, participants used a scheme introduced by Sandia National Laboratory
at the Industrial Sector Workshop. Here, a pairwise comparison was made for ail nine revised OBT
programs. A scale of 1 to 5 was used with 1 being "much less important" and 5 being "much more
important." Each participating Lab compared programs agr.inst one another for two risk
criteria—"technical risk" and "economic risk," and three benefit criteria—"energy security," "economic
competitiveness," and "environmental quality." The risk criteria were given equal weight and were
averaged as were the benefit criteria. The results are summarized in Fig. El as a plot of average
benefit against average risk. The ellipses in Fig. El indicate the standard deviation in the
measurements. From this exercise it is seen that OBT programs, when measured by these specific
criteria, tend to be either high-risk, high-benefit or low-iisk, low-benefit. This suggests that, for OBT,
programs have been structured so that benefits are commensurate with risk.
Table E2. Summary of the vote to prioritize OBT programs.
Program
Solar Technologies
Materials and Structures
Lighting and Appliances
Heating and Cooling Equipment
Indoor Air Quality
Building Systems
FEMP
Implementation and Deployment
Management
Laboratory Vote
Lab*1
3
4
1
1
1
2
Lab #2
1
1
0.5
7
2.5
Lab #3
3
1.3
3
4
0.5
0.2
Lab #4
3
2
3
4
Lab 85
2
2
2
1
0.5
3
1
0.5
Lab #6
1
5
2
2
2
Lab #7
5
3
2
2
Total
11
14
9.3
9
5
23
3.5
4
4.2
IX
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LU
111
m
1
LOW
March 11.1991
5
HIGH
RaATME R5KS
1 • Solar Technologies
2 - Materials and Structures
3 • Lighting and Appliances
4 • Heating and Cooling
Equipment
5 - Indoor Air Quality
6 • Building Systems
Research
7 • Federal Energy
Management Program
8 • Implemop illon and
Deployment
9 • Management
Fig. 1. Preliminary results for OBT program elements.
SUMMARY
This workshop is the first attempt to involve the DOE National Laboratories in the senior CE
program exercise. The CE objectives were not all met, particularly those relating to suggesting
priorities and program funding levels. Nevertheless, participants felt that they did make substantive
contributions and that the involvement of the laboratories in this process is beneficial to CE and to
the laboratories.
Attention at the workshop focused on program content and structure. It was concluded that existing
programs have effectively addressed major areas of direct, high-potential energy savings and that new
programs and initiatives will typically be more complex, crossing existing program and even sector
lines and involving a range of researchers, practitioners, and users. It was also concluded that OBT
programs and the potential energy savings resulting from efficiency improvements are strongly
interrelated. This is mostly a peculiarity of the program structure in OBT. Program elements in OBT
typically deal with functional aspects of buildings, not with whole building types, whereas energy
savings are necessarily measured for whole buildings. Thus, it is difficult to rate programs in terms
of energy savings because changes in one program area will affect the performance in others.
Likewise, it is difficult to prioritize programs because all programs contribute collectively to building
performance improvements.
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1. INTRODUCTION
On January 29-31, 1991, 20 buildings research managers representing 8 national laboratories met in
Oak Ridge, Tennessee, for the "Buildings Sector Field Program Planning Workshop." The purpose
of the Workshop was to provide the Office of Conservation and Renewable Energy (CE) with input
from a coordinated field laboratory effort for the CE FY 1993 budget and planning process.
The workshop, one of five to cover each of the five sectors in CE, was requested by senior CE
management. The specific charge from CE requested that workshop participants:
• provide, at the program level, funding and relative priorities for key activities
and new initiatives, descriptions of expected cost sharing and other benefits, and
outyear funding for FY 1994-FY 1997;
• provide, at the sector level, a prioritization of all programs; and,
• identify opportunities to improve operational effectiveness and efficiency.
A draft agenda was submitted and accepted at a planning meeting held at SERI on January 10,1991,
and attended by senior managers from all laboratories and from CE. At that meeting it was agreed
to restrict the attendance at each of the workshops to two representatives from each lab with each
lab also having the option of assigning up to four additional representatives among the five
workshops. The attendance roster, Appendix A, shows all attendees of the Buildings Sector
Workshop.
Each participant was asked to bring to the meeting written material or proposed program
enhancements and new initiatives. This request was particularly effective and reflected the
enthusiasm of participants. Eighty-three (83) proposals were submitted for consideration. This data
was made available to each participant on the first day of the workshop.
The introductory plenary session was a presentation of the workshop strategy and a short overview
of goals, objectives, and issues taken from a document prepared by the Office of Building Technology
(OBT). The workshop strategy will be described in subsequent sections of this report. It assumed
that participants were familiar with and have, in fact, been active contributors to existing OBT
programs. Therefore, the direction of the effort would not likely be a zero-base study of building
energy conservation reseaich, but rather a reaffirmation of its general structure with emphasis on
first-order changes that ensure existing programs will meet revised challenges and new opportunities
of the 1990s. The sector overview was provided to update participants on program elements they
were less familiar with. In addition, participants were asked to reflect on these OBT goals, objectives,
and issues throughout the workshop.
To facilitate the development of coordinated field laboratory input for CE planning, the Host, with
input from DOE organizers, established a structured decision methodology. Each of the OBT
Programs was assigned a facilitator having experience in the program area (see Appendix B). The
facilitators were asked to work with the group assembled for the program discussion and to develop
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recommendations including restructuring of the program, enhancements, and new initiatives according
to a prescription provided by the Host.
Prior to the workshop all participants were given information on the objectives and structure of the
workshop, their role, and the information which they would be responsible for obtaining. They were
sent a briefing package which contained the most recent statement of OBT mission, goals, and
objectives and summary information on the nine program areas. The participants were also provided
with the OBT FY 1992 Budget sans FY 1992 budget figures at the meeting. Participants were
apprised of all group schedules and were allowed to take part in any group activity they chose.
Each program group was asked to conduct a benefit/risk evaluation of their area using a
preconstructed format. Facilitators did not have enough time to do an adequate job; therefore, this
report does not contain a clear benefit/risk analysis at the key activity level. Benefit/risk analysis is
discussed further in Section 2.
2.
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2. SECTOR DISCUSSION
2,1 GENERAL COMMENTS
The workshop was divided into three segments: first, there was a plenary session to establish the
methodology and go over background material; next, participants broke into three smaller groups to
discuss particular O6T programs; and finally, everyone reassembled to review the program results and
to discuss issues and new initiatives that cut across program areas. Procedures and comments relevant
to specific programs arc collected in the next section for each program. The purpose here is to
review observations and suggestions that are appropriate to the whole of OBT.
ID Section 3, where programs are discussed, the distinction between existing activities, revised
activities, and new initiatives is occasionally blurred. For example, in the Materials and Structures
Program, 20/20 Roofs and Super Windows are indicated as new initiatives even though they are
already called out in ic FY 1992 proposed budget, and Window Labels is listed separately but is,
in fact, a revision of an existing program. In these and similar instances in the other program
discussions, participants felt that there was insufficient time at the workshop to revise key activities
so that they would accurately express the priority of important projects previously introduced bu?
either not actually underway at this time or funded at reduced levels that significantly delay
implementation. Thus, they adopted the mere direct approach of discussing these projects separately.
Also, some of the activities listed as new here have appeared on other conservation research lists.
In this latter case the workshop provided an opportunity to reassemble a collection of research and
implementation activities that represent a holistic assault on energy inefficiencies in the buildings
sector.
Setting priorities based on technical merit at the key activity level in OBT is difficult because key
activities, rather than being alternatives, are in fact complementary. That is, one does not decide to
do A and not B, but only to do A before B. Standards and targets that reflect other criteria are
needed. A benefit/risk procedure was provided by CE. Participants were not successful in using this
procedure. This was partly because participants had difficulty interpreting the criteria, partly because
of a lack of experience in using the criteria, partly because the detailed activity information required
to make judgements was not available, and partly because the interrelated impact of activities on
buildings energy use made it difficult not to "multi-count* savings. In one instance the entire group
began rating the OBT programs. By the time the third program (out of nine) had been reached, the
energy savings assigned to the i iting numbers, because of multi-counting, added up to nearly as many
quads as are used by the building sector. Thus, while participants strongly felt the need to use criteria
other than technical merit, the benefit/risk method provided to the group could not be used
effectively.
The prioritization schemes actually used at the key activity level required participants to score each
key activity on a scale of one to five with five meaning "must be done by DOE" and one meaning
"must not be done by DOE." Scores were averaged and the key activities were prioritized according
to their average score. This procedure was subjective, inconsistent across voting groups, and did not
reflect judgment based on well-defined criteria. The results are displayed in each program discussion
in Section 3.
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At the Sector level, two different methods were used to prioritize the nine OBT programs. First,
each voting lab was asked to distribute an additional $12 million over the proposed FY 1993 budget
among the nine revised programs. The total amount given to each program should reflect the relative
importance of each program. The results of this vote are shown in Table 1. This method required
participating laboratories to distribute a total of $12 million over the suggested FY 1991 funding level
among the nine modified OBT programs.
Table 1. Summary of the vote to prioritize OBT programs.
Program
Solar Technologies
Materials and Structures
Lighting and Appliances
Heating and Cooling Eouipment
tndoor Air Quality
Building Systems
FEMP
implementation and Deployment
^Management
Laboratory Vote
Lab #1
3
4
1
1
1
2
Lab #2
1
1
0.5
7
2.5
Lab #3
3
1.3
3
4
0.5
0.2
Lab #4
3
2
3
4
Lab #5
2
2
2
1
0.5
3
1
0.5
Lab 06
1
5
2
2
2
Lab #7
5
3
2
2
Total
11
14
9.3
9
5
23
3.5
4
4.2
Subsequent to the workshop, participants were asked to use a different scheme for determining
benefit/risk priorities that was introduced by Sandia at the Industrial Sector Workshop.
In this scheme a pairwise comparison was made for all nine revised OBT programs. A scale of 1 to
5 was used with 1 being "much less important" and 5 being "much more important" Each
participating lab compared programs against one another for two risk criteria—"technical risk" and
"economic risk," and three benefit criteria—"energy security," "economic competitiveness," and
"environmental quality." The risk criteria were given equal weight and were averaged as were the
benefit criteria. The results are summarized in Fig. 1 as a plot of average benefit against average risk.
The ellipses in Fig. 1 indicate the standard deviation in the measurements. From this simple exercise
it is seen that OBT programs, when measured by these specific criteria, tend to be either high-risk,
high-benefit or low-risk, low-benefit. This Sandia method tends to be consistent with one's intuitive
feeling, that is, that OBT programs have been structured so that benefits are commensurate with
risks. It has been observed, however, that this method is a purely subjective assessment
The main focus of the discussion during the plenary sessions was on suggestions, from a field
laboratory perspective, to improve operational effectiveness of the buildings research programs and
o«i the relative merits of specific new buildings research and implementation projects. Workshop
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UJ
LU
CO
UI
UJ
cc
2 -
1
LOW
March 11,1991
RELATIVE RISKS
5
HIGH
1 - Solar Technologies
2 - Materials and Structures
3 - Lighting and Appliances
4 - Heating and Cooling
Equipment
5 - Indoor Air Quality
6 - Building Systems
Research
7 - Federal Energy
Management Program
8 • Implementation and
Deployment
9 - Management
Fig. 1. Preliminary results for OBT program elements.
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participants consider the following lists of "Strategic Issues" and "Representative New Activities" as
a critical output of their efforts.
22 STRATEGIC ISSUES
Workshop participants generally felt that OBTs effectiveness comes from addressing national needs
to achieve improvements in energy efficiency, and that major research programs already exist in areas
with high potential for public benefit In addition, OBT itself has also identified issues on policy
matters. While participants felt qualified to discuss these policy matters, it was decided that the
Workshop charge was to address planning, i.e., strategic, rather than policy matters. Consequently,
participants focused their attention on suggestions offered as improvements to the implementation
effectiveness and therefore to the quality and timeliness of products from OBT.
The group has observed changes in the structure of initiatives being submitted to OBT as compared
with the past. Recent initiatives are more complex and tend to cut across existing program lines and
even Sector lines. Initiatives that call for a new window, a new initiative, or a new heat pump are
now being replaced by initiatives that ensure energy savings over the life of a building, that match
a new collection of appliances to new building designs, and that integrate advanced insulin-'ons,
windows, and solar perimeter strategies into new envelope systems. These new initiatives have
perhaps even more potential to save energy, but they are more complex and not so easy to define
and to implement The following list of Strategic Issues contains several suggestions to OBT that,
if followed, should help provide an improved basis for attacking new, integrated, and complex
initiatives.
1. OBT Integrated Planning. It was the consensus of the workshop participants that more
frequent planning activities that cut across the existing key activity and program lines, or
"integrated planning," would strengthen OBTs overall program. Such integrated planning will
allow OBT to more effectively assess new initiatives that combine concepts from several
existing program areas. Integrated planning will counter a tendency to assign the highest
priority to activities that are confined within single program boundaries. Symbiosis is also
important. That is, programs with overlapping elements might all be accelerated if the
overlap is understood and if the results are shared. New pi ejects that bridge knowledge gaps
between existing programs can be overlooked if closing gaps is not an objective. A program
plan for buildings should be a holistic plan, yet it cannot be if the elements are separately
planned and executed.
Workshop participants acknowledged the need for integrated planning but at the same time
recognized that the initially prepared material showed only occasional evidence of such
planning and that there was not enough time at the session to rectify the problem. In some
instances the cursory look by workshop participants at multiple programs was fruitful. If one
looks only at a single component of a building envelope—a wall, a roof, a window—moisture
is a problem but not necessarily a dominant problem. Yet, when these elements are looked
at together as a building, moisture becomes the most common cause of degradation of
thermal efficiency.
What can be done? Integrated planning is needed, but it is not needed everywhere. These
matters have been discussed in the past and there is probably no rcsdily agreeable simple
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solution. The best recommendation is just to start, perhaps with a small group, or several
groups working in parallel, toward the goal of identifying high-potential areas. Since new
initiatives submitted to OBT also can cross sector boundaries, e.g., DSM projects (Utilities)
and technology transfer (OFTA), these small group discussions might involve staff from other
sectors in CE.
2. Implementation and Deployment Implementation and Deployment (I&D) is a new program
in OBT that incorporates but extends existing technology transfer activities. The consensus
of the participants was that this is a critical aspect of the OBT program and should be
expanded in scope. It should also, however, be more fully defined and planned to maximize
its usefulness. Not only technology transfer, but related efforts in technical assistance,
information dissemination, marketing, barrier removal, exhibits, and education should be
integral parts of these activities. Development strategies should as nearly as possible be tied
to the potential for energy saving impacts.
3. Strengthening Evaluation and Planning. The development of the National Energy Strategy
has indicated the need for redirecting and strengthening the OBT Planning and Evaluation
Program Element. In the past, OBT has been principally concerned with the planning and
evaluation of R&D. The analysis of options for the National Energy Strategy (NES),
however, has shown the need to develop a better understanding of the costs and benefits of
policy options such as incentives, regulations, and information programs. The NES process
also highlighted the need for improved analytical tools and technical data, especially in the
area of renewable energy potential for buildings. The workshop group is recommending that
OBT strengthen its role in central evaluation and planning to enable more thorough
consideration of these topic areas.
4. Innovative and Exploratory Research Programs. Workshop participants suggest that a
program be established that provides seed funding for research feasibility studies. This will
strengthen the identification of new ideas with their source and will allow for more thoughtful
development of support information. In turn, this should increase the incentive for
researchers to more freely provide new concepts and will insure that the support information
for items selected as new initiatives, is adequate. Projects selected should be buildings-related
but would generally not be elements of the OBT Spending Plan. They would be
characterized by potentially significant but unconfirmed benefits in some combination of
energy efficiency, energy security, cross-cutting of programs, and industrial participation.
Projects typically would focus on improvement of the concept definition, identification of
benefits and risks, and assessment of the likelihood of incorporation into existing programs
or of start-up of a new OBT program. A two- or three-step selection process can be
established for laboratory research personnel to participate in a program similar to SBIR.
Grants would be on a one-time-only basis with no more than $50,000 allocated. Funding
would be based on the relative technical and energy efficiency merits of the project and the
likelihood that the project could result in a major new OBT initiative.
5. Capital Equipment The workshop participants unanimously agreed that the OBT capital
equipment budget is inadequate. The FY 1991 budget is $1.094 million, or 2.5% of the total
OBT budget. The workshop participants recommendation is an increase to $3-5 million for
FY 1993 and a higher priority for capital equipment needs in out years.
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State-of-the-art equipment is needed in order for the laboratories to perform world-class
R&D and point the way for industry to develop new technologies. It is needed to maintain
2 leadership role in the standards development process. It is also needed to properly equip
the Laboratory User Centers that are an increasingly important mechanism for technology
transfer and industry involvement. Without adequate equipment, the efficiency of the
laboratories is reduced and their role tends to be shifted toward analytical studies.
It was noted at the workshop that several of the laboratories conduct research for CE using
equipment from other DOE programs. While this kind of sharing is beneficial and should
continue, it tends to limit the extent of testing that can be done, it can result in extensive
delays due to scheduling and equipment modifications, and it can be more costly. Primary
equipment needs for CE should be supplied through CE budgets.
6. Retrofit Program Expansion. The consensus of the group was that existing funding levels for
RetroGt Technology will not allow OBT to meet its long-term objective of leveling sector
energy consumption. With 90 million existing homes and 60 billion ft2 of commercial floor
space, the U.S. needs to address critical retrofit issues through an expanded and coordinated
effort of research, demonstration, and incentive programs. The FY1991 level of effort in the
Existing Buildings Efficiency Research Program is limited to pilot efforts to promote energy
efficiency in HUD rehabilitation programs, limited monitoring of retrofit performance, and
support for a DOE solicitation. The group felt that the current effort must be greatly
expanded to reach more markets in all climatic regions, such as the large middle-income
housing sector and the broad range of commercial and industrial buildings. A more aggressive
program is also required to develop and implement the advanced retrofit technologies
necessary to obtain 40-50% energy savings to match targets for new buildings by the year
2010. This emphasis includes recommissioning to return systems to design status, operations,
maintenance, and energy management. This latter effort has been combined in a proposed
new initiative called "Assured Building Energy Savings," designed to assure the achievement
and persistence of retrofit energy savings. A description of the initiative is found in the
program summary for Building Systems Research, Section 3.6.
7. Importance of Passive Solar Technologies. During discussion of the Solar Technologies
Program, it became apparent to workshop participants that the FY 1993 planning budget
provided by DOE management did not adequately reflect research needs and energy saving
opportunities in design-based (passive) solar heating- and cooling-load control technologies
if the OBT objective to use only 75% as much nonrenewable energy by the year 2000 in the
buildings sector is to be achieved. Previous successes of the passive solar program have
demonstrated significant reductions in heating, cooling, and lighting loads in residential and
commercial buildings with minimal additional costs. Because of the near-term strategic
importance of this issue, workshop participants recommend revisions in program key elements
to reflect the increased relative importance of passive solar technology over solar space-
conditioning equipment research and to provide adequate funding for passive solar
technologies.
8. Addition of Community Systems Program. The group observed that a range of buildings
systems research projects do not fit into the current OBT program structure. These are
projects that tend to deal with collections of buildings or with the building environment.
Among these are issues such as building siting concerns, climate moderating envelopes, heat
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island effects, and urban planning. Generally, these involve the interaction of a building, or
buildings, with the environment These are not a priori implementation issues. In most
instances there is a recognized need for research. A community systems element of the O8T
Program could address research aspects of these problems and provide technical support to
regional and local agencies involved in energy efficient community planning.
23 REPRESENTATIVE NEW ACTIVITIES
Participants were asked to prepare written summaries of new activities for consideration at the
Workshop. As mentioned earlier, 83 documents resulted from this request Since there were no
restrictions on submissions, there was some overlap between activities and there was a mixture of
activities not yet submitted to O6T, activities in the O6T Budget but not yet funded, and activities
in the OBT Spending Plan but with a low funding priority. In any event, there was a large number
of initiatives, most of which were accepted and discussed by participants. Existing OBT activities were
also discussed and rated. As seen in the Program Summaries in Section 3, ongoing activities were
rated quite high and the consensus was that they should continue to receive a high priority for OBT
support The Program Summaries also contain extensive lists of longer-range activities that
participants placed in line for significant FY 1993 OBT support. Because these lists are long,
participants felt that it would be useful to outline a subset of activities considered to be representative
of the best mid-range to long-range new activities discussed at the workshop.
1. High Performance Building Envelopes and Perimeter Zone Systems. This initiative includes
several components: high thermal resistance "super insulations," advanced window concepts,
perimeter zone control, and elements that integrate these new high energy efficiency concepts
with each other and with buildings practice. The objective is to establish cooperative
laboratory projects to develop and demonstrate economically feasible envelope and perimeter
zone control systems for residential and commercial buildings that maximize direct use of
renewable energy for heating, cooling, and lighting in perimeter zones. This initiative would
expand and integrate existing programs on new insulation technology, thermal mass,
superwindows, smart window technology, perimeter thermal control concepts, and zero energy
dynamic curtain walls. The building envelope and perimeter zones account for 75% of energy
used in the buildings sector. The initiative would include Cooperative Research and
Development Agreements (CRADAs) and other technology transfer instruments to induce
industry to buy into the development and implementation work. As viable systems are
identified, appropriate teams of suppliers; component manufacturers, manufactured building
Grms, curtain wall suppliers, and users; and builders, designers, agencies, and utilities will be
assembled to address issues of market penetration.
2. Assured Building Energy Savings. This initiative addresses the enhancement and persistence
of energy savings that can be achieved through quality assurance during construction and
retrofit, proper commissioning of newly installed energy systems and whole buildings, re-
commissioning of existing systems to return them to operation as designed, efficient operating
procedures, effective maintenance, development of automated systems to support energy-
efficient building operation and maintenance, and development of tools to monitor and track
energy use. It combines the Advanced Diagnostics/Audits and Construction/Commissioning
Operation initiatives that are described in more detail in the Building Systems Program
Summary in Section 3.6. The objective is to develop and test and support private sector
-------
implementation of the scientific and technical base necessary to operate whole buildings as
efficiently as is technically and economically feasible throughout building life. Current
activities related to building commissioning and operation within Commercial Building Systems
and those activities on operation, maintenance, and energy tracking within Retrofit
Technology will be incorporated in this new activity. Close coordination with, and cost-
sharing participation of, private sector organizations such as ASHRAE, ACEC, BOMA, and
the equipment and controls industry will be involved to ensure utilization of products.
This activity is critical if improved energy efficiency in new and existing buildings is to provide
a reliable and persistent substitute for additional energy resource supply. Limited research
to date has shown that building energy use can be reduced by at least 20% (and often much
more) with proper adjustment, repair, and minor modification of energy systems together with
improved operations. An aggressive 1990 conservation scenario is projected to hold
commercial building energy use to about the 14 Q level in the year 2030. However,
inefficiencies due to poor commissioning, operations, and maintenance would prevent
achievement of about 4.4 Q (31%) of the projected annual savings. If this new activity
achieves only 50% of the technical potential, energy savings would reach 2.2 Q/y by 2030.
Without this program, these savings may be lost entirely.
3. Twenty-First Century Appliance Technology. DOE research on appliances has passed
through two phases. First was an extensive program in the late 1970s and early 1980s that
led to a number of notable successes with major home and commercial appliances from
refrigeration systems to oil burners to water heaters. Next was a more focused effort to
hasten market penetration of more efficient major appliances through development of
appliance standards and test procedures, which is ongoing. This new initiative addresses the
need for another phase: a longer-term objective, in cooperation with industry through
mechanisms such as CRADAs, to develop new appliance technologies and to demonstrate
innovative design approaches for incorporating them into a new generation of energy efficient
houses and commercial buildings.
Because this is essentially a new effort, the initial focus will be to identify and assess the
feasibility of the most promising opportunities. The major appliance energy end uses are for
water heating, refrigeration and freezing, and cooking. Other important appliances and "plug
loads" include dishwashers, clothes washers/dryers, communications systems, vending machines,
and computers. Opportunities will be reevaluated for application of "integrated appliance"
concepts such as waste heat recovery for water heating, advanced sensors and controls, self-
diagnostics, advanced motor technologies, and high-performance thermal insulation. The goal
of this effort is to develop new technologies that increase appliance efficiencies by 25-50%
by the year 2000 in conjunction with ongoing efforts to make a transition to environmentally
safe refrigerants. This should ensure that appliance technology is in step with other
anticipated energy efficiency improvements in buildings.
4. Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) Revolving Fund. The purpose of this
initiative is to support the concept of a FEMP revolving fund for federal investments in
energy efficiency improvements in federal facilities and to suggest that the total program
funding be greater than the planned $300 million. A more realistic value is $600 million with
perhaps 50% being obtained through utility cost sharing. This initiative also supports the
addition of quality control measures, audit validation, and savings verification projects
10
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initiated early in the effort. The revolving fund would complement other federal incentives
for agencies to incorporate energy efficiency into buildings. These include legislative
directives and executive orders encouraging efficiency investments, the Federal Shared Energy
Savings Program that allows agencies to enter into shared savings programs with private
industry firms, and encouragement for agencies to take part in utility demand-side
management programs.
The fund is likely to have advantages over other incentive programs. The fund will provide
up-front capital for implementing investments, which will allow agencies to decide on
efficiency improvements outside other priorities for their own scarce capital funds. Although
contracting with private energy service companies and many demand-side management
programs also enables energy efficiency investments without front-end federal funds, such
procedures have a number of disadvantages, including multi-year funding commitments,
reduced savings to the federal treasury (because such firms usually require a high rate of
return on such investments and are often willing to finance only the most reliable and cost-
effective improvements), and more complicated contractual agreements (e.g., provisions
assuring that the actions taken by the energy service company do not adversely affect building
comfort levels or operations). Finally, a central fund for federal efficiency investments would
enable interagency competition among candidate projects that could result in the selection
and financing of more cost-effective investments.
Energy audits of federal facilities indicate that at least $1 billion could be invested in energy
projects that would return the investment in 5 years or less. The first $300-500 million
allocated by the fund would probably have payback periods of 2-4 years (20-50% return on
investment), allowing the fund to support $100-150 million per year of investments while
being continually replenished after the fourth year. In less than 10 years, the revolving fund
would be able to return the original $300 million to the treasury, plus have a return at least
equal to the federal borrowing rate. After the treasury is paid back, the continuing savings
from the investments should be sufficient to maintain the revolving fund for the indefinite
future. It is assumed that such a revolving fund would significantly increase the actual level
of investment made by federal agencies in efficiency improvements and that as much as 50%
of the net energy and cost savings resulting from these investments would not occur without
the fund.
5. Technology Support for Demand Side Management The purpose of this initiative is to
develop an energy efficiency technology infrastructure to support the rapid growth in demand
side management (DSM) programs. This infrastructure is needed to provide assurance that
efficiency measures incorporated into DSM will perform in a predicted manner, to make
available to DSM new efficiency measures as they become available, and to a-sist DSM
technologists with interfacing increasingly sophisticated automatic, computer-base^! control
systems with efficiency measures. It is apparent that this infrastructure is not high on the
agenda for DSM operatives, who are absorbed in complex and important implementation
issues.
Public utility commissions and electric and gas utilities are increasingly embracing the concept
of integrated resource planning (IRP), in which energy-conserving and load-leveling customer-
side programs are considered simultaneously with supply-side programs when making
projections of future utility needs. While gas utilities and regulators are far behind their
11
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electric counterparts in implementing IRP programs, it will be necessary to achieve a certain
amount of integration between electric and gas programs in order to use all available
efficiency and load-leveling options most effectively. A potential shortcoming of current
electric utility DSM programs is that they may use efficiency measures that can be made
obsolete by new gas or electric technologies by the time they are put in place. Concurrently,
those involved in development of new technologies are not typically aware of specific DSM
programs unless high demand rates or similar disincentives are sufficient to create a market
opportunity. The program established by this initiative would make information available on
new measures and available options and would provide the interface between DSM operatives
and developers of efficiency products.
6. Thermal Distribution Systems. Forced air and hydronic systems for distributing heating, air-
conditioning, and ventilation air in buildings are only 50 to 60% efficient Savings from a
national program to improve thermal distribution systems are estimated to be in excess of 2
quads per year. Among the causes of lost efficiency are duct leakage, induced
infiltration/exfiltration, and poor design sizing. Generally, these loss mechanisms are not well
characterized, available design and maintenance guidance is uneven, and distribution system
configurations are not consistent with advanced heating and cooling technology and tight
building concepts. Many of the shortcomings of thermal distribution systems were outlined
in a 1986 DOE Research Plan. Since then, research has reaffirmed these issues and has
brought them to the attention of industry and utilities. The objectives of this activity are to
assist the industry in developing the technical base for distribution systems that optimize the
interface between advanced HVAC equipment and high efficiency envelopes and to promote
actions that lead to early implementation of techniques to improve distribution system
efficiency.
7. Very High Efficiency Lighting. Diode lasers or light emitting diodes (LEDs) used for
illumination could have significant advantages over conventional incandescent or gas discharge
lamps. Several technical approaches now appear quite viable because of the considerable
efforts by various U.S. and Japanese electronic and laser firms. Advances in electrical
conversion efficiency are impressive. Recently, wall electricity-to-light efficiencies of nearly
75% have been reported for lasers operating on the red edge of the visible spectrum (680
nm). This far exceeds the efficiencies of even the best fluorescent lamps (25%). However,
visible lasers and LEDs in the blue-green wavelengths have not reached such high efficiencies.
Research on diode laser illumination systems is high risk; therefore, early industry efforts are
expectedly light DOE involvement would greatly accelerate development work. Because the
payoff is so high for an alternate illumination concept when feasibility is shown, strong
industry participation can be anticipated.
Elements in the research work include (1) resolution of technical issues such as some study
of gallium nitride as a high-power blue-green emitter, selection of best wavelengths for a
narrow-band emitter white-light source, material stability over time, response to voltage
fluctuations, examination of psychophysical responses, and study of color rendition to these
very narrow band emitters; (2) building up power and size to achieve lumen outputs
necessary for general lighting, changing spatial geometries of elements for reducing heating,
study of internal feedbacks as number of elements grows and of possible harmonic generation;
and (3) prototype development and trials in working environments.
12
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8. Efficient Moisture Control Strategies. Moisture is the cause of 90% of premature building
degradation and is the leading factor for loss of thermal performance in existing buildings.
In some instances efficiency improvements are even the cause of moisture problems; for
example, tightening buildings to reduce air infiltration makes them more susceptible to
moisture damage because internally generated moisture has less opportunity to escape.
Several OBT Program Managers have activities underway that look at parts of this issue. The
general pervasiveness of the problem and its complexity, however, require that a much more
substantive, coordinated effort be set in motion if the problem is to receive the attention ii-
merits. The purpose of this initiative is to provide this substantive, coordinated effort
Significant cooperative support will come from the user sector since moisture is a recognized
problem. This support can be strong when the extent of a problem is identified. For
example, the Hotel and Motel Association took their moisture problem to Congress, resulting
in a request in the budget bill that moisture in hotel wall systems be studied. Also, the Air
Force Maintenance Command has given in situ roof drying a high priority for support when
military attention is refocused on domestic facility issues.
A successful program will require cooperation among several OBT program areas: building
structures, materials, windows, air quality, heating and cooling systems, existing buildings, and
modeling. Objectives include development of advanced dehumidification equipment,
development of moisture measuring tools and procedures to allow quantitative data to be
gathered, providing data for design and construction of conventional buildings with effective
moisture control, development of drying programs for buildings with moisture in the envelope
system, and development of a predictive capability to help practitioners avoid moisture
problems in new building concepts. Envelope system moisture control strategies and wetting
and drying rates for in situ insulation need to be determined under well-characterized
conditions and then field demonstrated.
9. Healthy Buildings Design and Ratings. The objective of this new key activity is to identify
and quantify building-system, environmental, and psychosocial variables that ensure that
energy-efficient new and retrofitted office buildings are healthy, comfortable, and productive
environments; to develop guidelines for redesign and retrofit of existing offices with respect
to ventilation and indoor air quality; and to develop design tools for healthy office buildings.
A 25% reduction in the energy used to condition ventilation air in U.S. office buildings would
save about 1 quad per year, or about $1 billion per year. This could be achieved through
increased ventilation system performance and increased ventilation efficiency by funding an
aggressive research program to evaluate the relationships between building factors, ventilation,
indoor air quality, and worker health and comfort in office buildings. Productivity gains in
office workers due to improved air quality are likely to result in even more substantial gains
than those achieved through direct energy savings. A very modest 1% increase in U.S. office
workers' productivity due to improved indoor air quality would have a value of $20 billion per
year. Even a 0.1% gain in productivity yields a savings of $2 billion annually, in addition to
energy savings. Such a study is also likely to generate public interest and provide intangible
gains for DOE The linkage of improved indoor air quality and energy efficient office
buildings cculd help overcome public perceptions that "tight" or energy efficient buildings are
linked to "sick building syndrome." This initiative will produce both the information and the
13
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practical tools needed to reduce office building energy use while maintaining or even
improving indoor air quality to eliminate concern about health problems dus to air quality.
This program will involve multidisciplinsry, hypothesis-driven field and laboratory studies to
determine relationships among occupant health, comfort, and productivity; and building,
ventilation, environmental, and psychosocial variables for a cross-section of new and
retrofitted office buildings. It will require the development of diagnostic tools for large-scale
measurement of air quality. It will also require the development of guidelines for design of
new buildings and the redesign and retrofit of existing office buildings to provide good indoor
air quality.
14
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3. PROGRAM SUMMARIES
As previously stated, each of the nine OBT Programs were reviewed by a subset of the larger working
group. Each session lasted approximately 1.75 hours. In each case, a facilitator opened the session
with an overview of the program area. The group then discussed whether new key activities should
be added to the existing list. This was followed by a discussion of the new initiatives recommended
by each group participant. Finally, the small working group was asked to rank the existing and new
key activities according to the following Likert scale: 1) must not. be done by DOE, 2) should not be
done by DOE, 3) could be done by DOE, 4) should be done by DOE, and 5) must be done by DOE.
The group was also asked to recommend budget levels for FY 1993 for each key activity at "Full
Cost" and at a "Restricted Cost". The "Restricted Costs" were figures recommended by CE
management
Each Program Summary contains roughly the same information: the names of the working group
participants, a brief overview of the Program area, a table that identifies the Likert rankings and the
apportioned budgets, a review of the working group discussion, and finally a brief synopsis of the
recommended key activities or new initiatives.
15
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3.1 SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES PROGPAM
GROUP PARTICIPANTS
Facilitator: Ren Anderson
John Finger
John Andrews Don Neeper
Joan Daisey John Rivera
Phil Fairchild Mike Wahlig
OVERVIEW
Dr. Anderson presented an overview of the Solar Technologies program to the group. Since this
program area is new to OBT, there was a discussion of the main program emphases and their relation
to other OBT programs. Solar technologies provide direct or indirect conversion of renewable energy
sources to partially or fully meet building heating, cooling, lighting, and domestic hot water loads.
Solar technologies include both design-based (passive) and component-based (active) strategies that
control solar energy gains, transport, and storage within buildings. The magnitude of these energy
gains is a strong function of season, climate, and building orientation. The solar resource for space
heating is several times larger than is needed to meet the needs of residential and small commercial
buildings, and the daylighting resource is an order of magnitude larger than is needed to meet
instantaneous lighting loads.
DISCUSSION
Following the opening remarks, the first order of business was to review the depth and scope of the
current key activities—Space Conditioning and Domestic Hot Water Heating Equipment and
Daylighting. It was determined that the Space Conditioning and Water Heating key activity
adequately covered the encompassed projects, but that the Daylighting key activity was not broad
enough in scope to cover projects of interest to DOE. Therefore, it was recommended that a new
key activity, Solar Building Systems, be designated to include some elements of Daylighting in
addition to passive and hybrid solar heating and cooling technologies.
Table 2 is a summary of the group's recommendations for FY 1993 and a priority vote on each
existing key activity and new or revised initiatives. The Solar Building Systems key activity was ranked
higher because these options were believed to be more cost effective in the near term.
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Table 2. Recommended FY 1993 Funding Plan for the Solar Technologies Program,
($ Million)
Key
Activities
Space Conditioning & Water
Heating Equipment
Solar Building Systems
TOTALS
N
R
1
R
Rl
--
FY 1993
Recommended
Budget
(Full cost)
J.b
4.5
8.0
Prioritization
Vote
3.9
4.4
FY 1993
Recommended
Budget
(Restricted)
2.6
3.4
6.0
Key: N = Existing, R = Revised, I = Initiative
The group suggests that several new or revised initiatives re~e>-e funding in FY 1993. These
initiatives were assigned to the revised key activities, as shown Table 3.
Table 3. Revised key activities for the Solar Technologies Program
Space Conditioning and Domestic Hat Water Heating Equipment
Low-Cost Collectors
High-Temperature Collectors
Heating and Cooling Equipment
Solar Building Systems
Advanced Passive/Hybrid Heating and Cooling Systems
Cooling Load Control
Natural Ventilation
System Analysis
Building-Integrated Photovoltaics
Solar Guidelines/Diagnostics/Monitoring
Major barriers for this technology area include first costs, ease of implementation, durability, and
performance. A new initiative for Solar Control Materials was proposed to overcome some of these
barriers during the group meeting. Elements of this initiative included selective coating R&D, phase-
change materials, dynamic coatings, mo/able insulation, and climate-optimized bandpass coatings
(high-R/high-transmissivity materials, etc.). During the Cnal day of the planning session, however,
a mere comprehensive new initiative, "Advanced Perimeter Thermal Control Systems," was developed
with the objective of maximizing the direct contribution of renewable energy sources (including
building-integrated photovoltaic power systems, solar gains, and direct ventilation) to heating, cooling,
18
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and lighting loads in the perimeter zones of residential and commercial buildings. The importance
of this initiative is reflected in the fact that perimeter zones include 40% of the floor space in
commercial buildings, and virtually 100% of the floor space in residential buildings, and account for
75% of the energy used by the building sector. Subsequently this new initiative was combined with
advanced envelope material and component ideas from the Material and Structures Program to
produce the proposed new initiative "High Performance Building Envelope and Perimeter Zone
Systems," which is described in Section 2 of this report.
ACTIVITY DESCRIPTIONS
A brief description of both the revised key activities and surviving new initiatives for the proposed
Solar Technologies Program for FY 1993 is provided next.
Space Conditioning and Domestic Hot Water Heating Equipment
Low-Cost Collectors. The objective of this project is to complete the development of existing thin-
material solar collector research and integrate it into a low-cost solar domestic-hot-water system.
Work will proceed in two main areas: collector development and balance-of-system development.
The collector area will address basic improvements in the thin-material technology, with emphasis on
bonding of the interfaces between thin-film polymers and metal foils, advanced plastics glazing
materials, design of subcomponents that direct and control the flow of water through the collector,
and collector fabrication. In the balance-of-system area, emphasis will be on the development of low-
cost, easily installed storage and controls.
High-Temperature Collectors. Uncompleted research and development issues include component
integrity and durability under high-temperature stagnation conditions, cost-optimized design and
fabrication solutions, and materials selection and testing. Critical balance-of-system issues remain
largely unexplored, such as possible use of heat pipe technology for reliability, durability, and cost
advantages.
Heating and Cooling Equipment Although great strides have been made in reducing the cost and
improving the reliability of active solar energy systems, more research and technology transfer are
needed to bring these systems to their full potential. Work in this area currently includes
Certification and Reliability Research, Advanced Solar Heating Development, Advanced Solar
Collector Development, Systems Analysis, and Technology Demonstrations.
Solar Building Systems
Advanced Passive/Hybrid Heating and Cooling Systems. Passive heating systems can experience
problems in distributing solar heat from a building zone with solar exposure to other zones of the
building. Furthermore, the majority of existing residences are not suited for retrofit with direct-gain,
Trombe wall, or sunspace systems. In contrast, hybrid systems with active collection ard passive
storage and distribution of space heat can be adapted to almost any floor plan or building orientation,
and they are modular, utilize very simple controls, and are suited to retrofit as well as new
construction. These systems may utilize a collector on the roof, where the building's solar resource
is largest, with thermal storage and distribution in interior architectural elements. The research will
include performing simulations as needed to complete the sizing and design rules for hybrid heating
19
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systems. Experimental research will explore key prototype systems ;-i outdoor test cells, with
attention to scaling so that operation is similar to that in actual buildings.
Cooling Load Control The objective of this work would be to develop a robust measurement-based
quantification of the effectiveness of passive and low-energy cooling strategies such as natural and
forced convection, radiative cooling, and solar gain control. These strategies can be very cost
eflecti-'e in many situations, but they have not been widely promoted because their energy
effectiveness has not been accurately quantified.
System Analysis. This project will help set research performance priorities through analyses of the
benefits to system performance and economics of solar heating and cooling technology options being
developed or considered for development. Results of systems analyses will assist in making informed
judgments on priorities for equipment development, and will help identify solar heating and cooling
system configurations that are likely to prove successful (efficient and cost-competitive) in the long
run. Elements of the analysis will aim to predict effects on component and system performance of
improvements in material or subcomponent properties, thereby indicating which improvements are
most worth pursuing experimentally. Systems analyses will similarly be used to calculate expected
performance of specific heating and cooling system configurations and control strategies, providing
guidance on which systems should proceed to experimental testing.
Moisture Transport This project is to develop energy-efficient moisture management techniques for
buildings in humid climates. It should be closely coordinated with the proposed Moisture Control
Strategy project in the Materials and Structures Program. Activities could include 1) developir. :nt
of desiccsnt impregnated building materials to better manage interior humidity swings in buildings
cooled by off-peak air conditioning strategies, 2) development of control system strategies and
advanced equipment to increase building ventilation to improve indoor air quality without significantly
increasing latent loads, and 3) development of an advanced software and material property database
to conduct accurate systems analysis of the above concepts. Such software should be capable of
conducting analysis of combined beat, moisture, and contaminant transport in multi-zone buildings.
It should also be capable of performing control system and :.iechanical system interactions in short
time intervals. The software would be modular, would run on a variety of hardware platforms, and
would be easily upgraded.
Building-Integrated Photovoltaics. While photovoltaics is normally thought of as an electric supply
side option for utilities, real growth opportunity for photovoltaics is in its integration into a building.
Application of photovoltaics in buildings will be assessed on a collaborative basis with progressive
electric utilities, building equipment manufacturers (such as the American Institute of Architects), and
other governmental agencies (such as the Environmental Protection Agency and the state energy
offices). Applications will be primarily for commercial or industrial buildings, either as retrofit options
or for design of new construction.
Dayiighting Systems Daylighting systems include strategies for redirecting sunlight to reduce the
need for conventional lighting in perimeter and core building zones. Natural daylight rivals the
lighting efficiency of the most efficient conventional technologies, and, like other design-based solar
technologies, can be extremely cost-effective. This project would support the development of
integrated daylighting design tools and continue development of advanced performance monitoring
tools for use in collaborative projects with manufacturers and material suppliers. This project would
provide the technical support required to include daylighting strategies in the I~EMP relighting
20
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initiatives as well as evaluate opportunities to incorporate daylighting as part of normal roof repair
and maintenance activities in existing buildings. Research activities relating to development of
advanced daylighting materials and components are discussed in the Materials and Structures Area.
Soiar Guidelines/Diagnostics/Monitoring. This project provides direct support for near-term
deployment o.f solar technologies by working directly with industry groups such as the National
Association of Homebuilders to develop guidelines for design of passive and active solar systems, to
provide technical support for development of performance rating and certification systems for solar
equipment, to provide the analysis needed to incorporate solar technologies in building energy
standards, and to develop advanced monitoring techniques which accurately measure the dynamic
contributions of renewable energy sources to building energy loads. These development activities will
be closely coordinated with related non-solar activities in the Building Systems area.
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3.2 HEATING AND COOLING EQUIPMENT PROGRAM
GROUP PARTICIPANTS
Facilitator: Phil Fairchild
Don Neeper John Rivera
John Andrews Art Rosenfeld
John Finger William Schertz
Roger McDonald
OVERVIEW
Mr. Fairchild presented an overview of the existing Heating and Cooling program to the group. The
goals of this program are to reduce heating and cooling energy consumption by 50% or more, to
achieve additional reductions of 25-50% in electric peak load, to eliminate CFCs, and to significantly
reduce carbon dioxide releases compared with the best available conventional equipment technology.
The Program currently consists of three Key Activities: Space Conditioning Equipment, Refrigeration
Systems, and Distribution and Controls. The goal of the space conditioning equipment activity is to
develop technology to utilize fossil fuels with a heating coefficient of performance of 2.0 compared
with a maximum of 0.95 for the best presently available equipment, to eliminate CFC use in heating
and air-conditioning, and to greatly reduce the impact of air conditioning on electric peak loads. The
goal of the refrigeration systems activity is developing highly efficient alternative technologies to
support an accelerated movement toward complete phaseout of CFCs. The goal of the distribution
and controls activity is to develop basic technology and applications for reducing losses from thermal
energy distribution systems.
DISCUSSION
Table 4 has a summary of the group's recommendations for FY 1993 and a priority vote on each
existing key activity and new or revised initiatives. In the Space Conditioning activity it was
recommended that the base program be expanded to accelerate the commercialization of the thermal
absorption heat pump technology, and one new project was added. The Advanced Refrigeration
Systems activity was expanded with the addition of five initiatives. Three suggested projects were
added to the new Distribution and Controls activity. Finally, two new key activities were proposed:
Technology Development for Demand-Side Management Programs, and Alternative Dehumidification
and Cooling.
The new initiatives were assigned to a revised key activity, as shown in Table 5.
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Table 4. Recommended FY 1993 Funding Plan for the Heating and Cooling Equipment Program.
($ Million)
Key
Activities
Space Conditioning (base
activities)
• Commercial Building Oil
Heating (added project)
Advanced Refrigeration Systems
Distribution and Controls
Technology for Demand-Side
Management
Alternative
Dehumidification/Cooling
TOTALS
N
R
1
N
1
R
N/l
I
1
-
FY 1993
Recommended
Budget
(Full cost)
13.0
1.1
8.5
3.3
2.8
3.1
32.0
Prioritization
Vote
3.7
2.3
4.3
3.6
4.1
3.7
FY 1993
Recommended
Budget
(Restricted)
8.5
0.5
5.3
1.5
1.4
1.25
18.5
Key: N = Existing, R = Revised, I = Initiative
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Table 5. Revised Key Activities for the Heating and Cooling Equipment Program.
Space Conditioning
Commercial-Building Oil Heating
Advanced Refrigeration Systems
Advanced Heat Exchangers
Electric-Powered Space-Conditioning Technologies for Cold Climates
HCFC-22 and HCFC-123 Alternatives
Advanced Materials Development for HVAC&R Systems
Near-Ideal. Long-Term Alternative Refrigerants
Distribution and Controls
Thermal Distribution Systems in Small Buildings
Advanced Diffuser, Control, and Distribution Systems Development and Testing
Project Residential Act, Inc.
Technology for Demand Side Management (DSM)
Utility-Customer Communication, Computation, and Control (UC-3C)
Heating and Cooling Technology Adoption
Alternative Dehumidification/Cooling
Integrated Desiccant Cooling and Dehumidification Systems
Desiccant Heat Pump Technology
A single vote was taken to determine the priority of the existing and new key activities. Advanced
Refrigeration Systems and Technology for Demand-Side Management were deemed very important;
the Space Conditioning work was also deemed important but there were some questions regarding
the relative priority of the Stirling and I.C. Engine research. The new Alternative
Dehumidification/Cooling key activity was also deemed an important expenditure area. The group
felt that the area was very important in hot, humid climates that are experiencing increasing electricity
demand and peak loads due to conventional air conditioning.
The vote was followed by a discussion on the proper distribution of dollars for FY 1993. The group
felt that the successful completion of the heat pump research was greatly enhanced by increased
annual funding. It also felt that there should be a significant increase in the Advanced Refrigeration
Systems budget, including funding for the new project initiatives.
A brief description of the new project initiatives for the Heating and Cooling Program for FY 1993
is provided next.
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Space Conditioning
Commercial-Building OO Heating. Fuel oil consumption for space heating of commercial buildings
presents a significant fraction of distillate fuel use in the U.S. Many opportunities exist for increasing
the efficiency of oil heating systems in commercial buildings—both for retrofits and for new
construction. A 15% increase in efficiency in heating commercial buildings fueled with oil would
reflect an annual savings of 0.28 quads of energy or approximately $2 billion per year. Recent studies
of commercial oil heating systems have found that many problems that limited residential oil heat
efficiency still exist in commercial buildings. Many commercial boilers are older and were designed
before energy efficiency was an important consideration. Boilers are frequently oversized, and the
part-load efficiencies of these systems are low.
Advanced Refrigeration Systems
Advanced Heat Exchangers. The group proposes that three areas of heat exchanger enhancement
be considered. The first is the enhancement of heat exchangers used to replace conventional CFC
systems with ammonia systems for space conditioning and refrigeration systems. This effort deals with
heat exchanger improvements to existing vapor-compression systems using ammonia as the refrigerant
in retrofit situations. The second is the development of advanced heat exchangers to replace
conventional CFC systems with nonazeotropic systems for space conditioning and refrigeration
systems. This effort deals with compact heat exchangers used in conventional vapor-compression
systems with nonazeotropic refrigerant mixtures. Finally, the project would develop advanced heat
exchangers to replace conventional CFC systems with advanced ammonia/water absorption systems.
Comprehensive Assessment of Electric-Powered Space Conditioning Technologies for Cold Climates.
This project would identify promising avenues to energy conservation and utility peak load reduction
in cold climates. Much work has been done to date on various space conditioning technologies.
Recent emphasis has been on warm climates, since that is where the greatest population growth is
occurring. Nevertheless, there is a need to reexamine the options for cold climates to establish
priorities for both research and implementation. In the electric-powered sector, winter peak loads
are an issue in cold climates, even for utilities that are nominally summer peaking, since scheduled
plant outages during the winter months often lead to overload during this time.
HCFC-22 and HCFC-123 Alternatives. Production of CFC-11, the most common refrigerant in
current centrifugal chillers, will be phased out by the year 2000 under the terms of the Montreal
Protocol HCFC-123 is being introduced as an alternative, but HCFCs are scheduled to be phased
out by 2030 by the Clean Air Act Amendments passed in 1990. A long-term alternative to HCFC-
123 is therefore needed. HCFC-22 is the most widely used refrigerant in unitary air conditioning and
heat pump equipment; therefore, an efficient substitute is key to recycling energy use in residential
and smaller commercial buildings. This project would identify and characterize a substitute or
substitutes for HCFC-22 for refrigeration, air-conditioning, and heat pump applications and for
HCFC-123 for use in centrifugal chillers. The substitute(s) would have an ozone depletion potential
(ODP) of zero and minimal global warming. The substitute(s) also would offer capacity and
efficiency comparable or superior to that of HCFC-22 and HCFC-123, preferably without major
equipment redesign, and would be compatible with both the metallic and nonmetallic materials used
in conventional equipment
26
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Advanced Materials Development for HVAC&R Systems. Development of advanced materials for
HVAC&R systems offers significant advantages including improved reliability, reduced system cost,
and improved energy efficiency. For example, development of new materials to enable application
of oil-free refrigerant compressors to refrigeration systems would 1) facilitate transition from CFCs
to chlorine-free alternatives like R134a; 2) reduce system cost and complexity by eliminating the need
for an oil management system; 3) increase energy efficiency by about 10% through better heat
transfer in the heat exchangers, higher refrigerant mass flow, and reduced system pressure drops; 4)
improve reliability by eliminating the potential for oil foaming, oil loss and sludge, varnish, and wax
or acid formation; and 5) eliminate the hazardous-waste oil disposal problem.
Near-Ideal, Long-Term Alternative Refrigerants. This project would concentrate on identifying and
characterizing a refrigerant or family of refrigerants to replace those now in use. The new fluid(s)
must be safe to users, the environment, and equipment and must also be highly efficient. When
introduced, CFC refrigerants were judged to be nearly ideal, based on their comparative safety,
efficiency, and costs relative to the refrigerants ti.sy displaced. Ironically, their very stability, and
therefore long-atmospheric lifetimes, is now recognized as a key factor in their negative ozone-
depletion and greenhouse-gas effects. Near-term, transitional solutions are likely to be compromises
while more ideal solutions are sought.
Distribution and Controls
Thermal Distribution Systems in Residential and Small Commercial Buildings. Thermal distribution
systems—the duct work or piping used to carry heat or cooling from the space-conditioning
equipment (furnace, boiler, air conditioner, or heat pump) to the building spaces—are subject to
significant energy losses. These losses can be direct—by thermal conduction through duct or pipe
walls or via air leakage from ducts—or indirect—through increased air infiltration into the house
caused by operation of a forced-air distribution system. Thermal distribution systems can have
positive or negative effects on indoor air quality, such as providing controlled, even ventilation rates
or inducing radon into a building.
Improvements in the efficiency of existing thermal distribution systems are possible by insulating and
sealing duct work and by conducting system-oriented retrofits such as insulating basements in which
ducts are located or undercutting doorways to reduce pressure imbalances in houses with a single
common return. Improved design of systems for new construction is another major avenue to energy
savings. Overall, it is estimated that more than two quads can be saved through improved thermal
distribution.
Advanced Difituser, Control, and Distribution Systems Development and Testing. Recent changes
in the ASHRAE ventilation standard (ASHRAE 62-89) have tripled the minimum recommended
amount of outdoor air delivered to occupants. Minimizing energy costs while maintaining high local
indoor environmental comfort levels requires careful consideration of the air system components.
Air distribution systems often do not effectively deliver air to all parts of the occupied zone, resulting
in local areas of unacceptable comfort and air quality. Efficient and effective distribution and control
systems eliminate these unacceptable areas.
Typical systems today are inefficient; more air than necessary is conditioned in an attempt to
"oversupply" as a means of overcoming ineffective room air distribution. Improved air distribution
will eliminate these excess capital and operating costs. Therefore, a need exists for better diffuscrs,
27
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controls, and distribution of air within a room. By combining advances in fluid flow, particularly in
the areas of jet excitation and stability, with advances in ventilation technology in the areas of indoor
environmental quality, significant improvements can be made in the design of diffusers. These
diffusers will deliver air more efficiently, resulting in lower energy costs. This project will involve
working closely with industry to design and test advanced diffuser concepts, such as "smart" diffusers
with occupancy sensors, "tunable" diffusers that account for the buoyancy of the air, and "active"
diffusers that target the occupied zone and ignore the unoccupied areas.
Project Residential Act, Inc. (Advanced Concepts and Technology for Implementation in the Next
Century). Substantial expenditures of R&D are being made on advanced building thermal envelope,
materials, and equipment and on measurement of indoor air quality. Not much is being done to
integrate these new technologies into advanced housing concepts. Some areas of R&D that could
lead to improved housing are not being pursued. (Examples: New means of providing comfortable
indoor thermal environments and development of equipment for removal of gaseous air
contaminants.) Implementation of "high-tech" measures to reduce energy consumption in the
buildings sector is needed. Transportation has gone high-tech, buildings have not.
The basic approach will be to bring together and evaluate a wide range of both existing and new ideas
and technologies to develop some preferred advanced housing concepts. Initially, a scoping study
would be conducted to develop some concepts that will give credibility to the idea that this kind of
project could produce some exciting and beneficial results. Energy-use analyses will be conducted
to show that there could be a substantial energy saving. A research program will be defined that
could generate interest and support This program will be comprised of engineering and architectural
studies to implement advanced housing concepts to provide a clean, safe, and comfortable indoor
environment with low energy use at reduced cost
Technology for Demand-side Management
Public utility commissions (PUCs) and electric and gas utilities are increasingly embracing the
Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) planning ethic in which energy-conserving and load-leveling
customer-side programs are considered side-by-side with supply-side programs. Gas utilities and
regulators are far behind their electric counterparts in implementing IRP, and an integration of gas
and electric IRP at the regulatory level is required to assure a level playing field for all beneficial
technologies. A potential shortcoming of many of the current electric utility demand-side
management (DSM) programs is that they are based largely on deployment of existing end-use
products and equipment, which may, in some cases, be obsoleted by new (e.g., dramatically more
efficient) gas or electric end-use technologies by the time (or shortly after) the planned end-use
option is actually installed and operational Concurrently, those involved in research and
development of new end-use technology are usually not cognizant of utility-side load management
issues, unless high demand rates or similar utility 'disincentives" are sufficient to create a market
opportunity (e.g., commercial cool storage). The technological revolution in computers and
communications networks could also transform the gas and electric utility industries and enable them
to automate control end-use equipment and appliances, in addition to transmission and distribution
or pipelines, with net efficiency benefits. This revolution is likely to be paced by a complex
interaction of PUC attitudes, utility acceptance/benefits, customer acceptance/benefits, and equipment
manufacturer perception of market risk. The proposed work features collaborative pilot test and
demonstrations with utilities and prospective industrial partners to demonstrate selected interface and
equipment technologies, to quantify potential utility and customer benefits, and to reduce risks.
28
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Measures for DSM programs are not limited to heating and cooling systems. OBT should consider
DSM as one more means to get all its products into widescale commercial use. Nevertheless, DSM
is particularly effective because utilities have the means of quickly creating widescale introduction of
a technology. Although the topic has been introduced in the Heating and Cooling Program
discussion, it would most effectively be implemented under Implementation and Deployment.
Proactive DOE/utility program coordination will improve technology development and utility program
planning and cause the necessary market opportunities, new products, and/or new implementation
industries to emerge on an accelerated schedule.
Alternative Dchumidification/Cooling
Integrated Coolicg and Dcsiccant Dehumidification Systems. Buildings in the U.S. use about
3.7 quads of primary- energy per year for air conditioning and ventilation. This amount is increasing
and at the same time creating several challenges: increased equipment energy efficiencies, improved
indoor air quality, growing concern for improved comfort and environmental control, increased
ventilation requirements, reduction of CFCs, and rising peak-demand charges. New approaches to
space conditioning will be required to resolve these economic, environmental, and regulatory issues.
Desiccant cooling and dehumidification, a technology known for some time, may provide important
advantages in solving air conditioning problems. The objective of this project is to develop and
evaluate integrated or hybrid desiccant cooling and dehumidification systems with electrically driven
or thermally driven vapor-compression equipment. Integrated desiccant cooling and dehumidification
systems with conventional HVAC systems and thermally driven systems, using the waste heat for
desiccant regeneration, can reduce the total energy consumption for air conditioning by 0.2 to 0.5
quads per year. This work will be closely coordinated with solar-regenerated desiccant research in
the Solar Technology area.
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33 LIGHTING AND APPLIANCES PROGRAM
GROUP PARTICIPANTS
Facilitator: Mark Levine
Phil Fairchild Roger McDonald
John Finger John Rivera
OVERVIEW
Mr. Levine presented an overview of the existing Lighting and Appliances program to the group.
The DOE Lighting and Appliances Program has four objectives: 1) improvement of appliance
efficiency through a comprehensive research and development program; 2) mitigation of global
environmental impacts; 3) improvement of lighting efficiency through the development of advanced
light sources, lighting equipment, and lighting design methods; and 4) improvement of appliance and
lighting efficiency through implementation of the most effective standards and test procedures.
DISCUSSION
Table 6 shows the results of the group prioritization. The five key activities, including two new key
activities, are shown. The budget recommendations for the two FY 1993 levels showed that the three
existing/revised and the two new initiatives have grown substantially. The largest percentage increase
was for CFC replacements, with all three existing activities receiving roughly comparable dollar
increases. Of the two new initiatives, the economic analysis of "Golden Carrot" fared somewhat
better than the Advanced Appliances. The averages in the table mask the fact that two of the panel
members favored CFC replacements and "Golden Cirrot" initiatives; the other two favored Appliance
Standards and Advanced Appliance research. All four participants showed good support for Lighting
Research.
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Table 6. Recommended FY 1993 Fundin;, Plan for the Lighting and Appliances Program.
(S Million)
Key
Activities
Appliance and Lighting Standards
Jghting
Appliances
"Golden Carrot" Economic
Analysis
CFC Replacements for
Refrigerators
TOTALS
N
R
1
R
R
1
1
Rl
-
FY 1993
Recommended
Budget
(Full cost)
4.6
5.3
1.1
1.6
2.9
15.5
Priorittzation
Vote
5.0
4.0
3.0
4.0
4.0
FY 1993
Recommended
Budget
(Restricted)
3.4
4.0
0.7
1.0
2.2
11.3
Key: N = Existing, R = Revised, I = Initiative
The increases in the Appliance and Lighting Standards Program were for two purposes: 1) to
increase the number of appliances for which test procedures and standards can be developed in the
near-term, and 2) to establish a la«np and luminaire standards program. Increases in Lighting include
the establishment of a new in:«iai:ve, the use of diode lasers or light emitting diodes for general
illumination, the development of a microelectronic package to make the surface-wave lamp
technology a viable, cost-effective option, and the expansion of research on lighting applications and
impacts (heslth effects). Funding was also suggested for the advancements of energy efficiency in
appliances, including personal computers, copy machines, and other office equipment that plays a role
in increasing commercial building electricity demand. The group also recommended that research on
non-CFC refrigerants be transferred to the Lighting and Appliances Program and combined with the
Appliances research program into a new key activity called "Advanced Technology and CFC
Alternatives R&D for Appliances. This new key activity is described below. The group also
recommended that the work still be closely coordinated with the Heating and Cooling Equipment
Program.
The key activity structure is shown in Table 7.
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Table 7. Revised Key Activities for the Lighting and Appliances Program.
Appliance and Lighting Standards
lighting
Diode Lasers for General Illumination
Appliances
'Golden Carrot* Economic Analysis
CFC Replacements for Refrigerants
Three new initiatives were proposed in addition to proposals to expand the three existing research
activities: 1) a new activity to evaluate the economics of utility incentives for appliances to "beat" the
appliance standards—the so-called "golden carrot" program, 2) research on advanced concepts for
improving efficiency of appliances and office equipment, and 3) energy labek for office equipment.
The group merged the second and third initiatives.
Three proposals were made to revise existing activities: 1) a much greater effort on standards and test
procedures, because of inadequate resources to meet the requirements of NAECA; 2) expaaiion of
the b'ghting research with a new initiative to explore diodes as an advanced lighting source; and 3)
expansion of the non-CFC refrigerant research combined with other DOE research to increase
refrigerator efficiency.
A brief description of both of the new initiatives for the Lighting and Appliances Program for FY
1993 is provided next
Very High Efficiency Lighting
Diode Lasers or Light Emitting Diodes for General Illumination. Diode lasers or light emitting
diodes (LEDs) used for illumination could have tremendous advantages over conventional
incandescent or gas discharge lamps. Several tecunical approaches now appear quite viable because
of the considerable efforts by various U.S. and Japanese electronic and laser firms. Advances in
electrical conversion efficiency are impressive. Recently, wall electricity-to-light efficiencies of nearly
75% have been reported for lasers operating on the red edge of the visible spectrum (680 nm). This
far exceeds the efficiencies of even the best fluorescent lamps (25%). However, visible lasers and
LEDs in the blue-green wavelengths have not reached such high efficiencies.
Besides their great potential for energy efficiency, they have several other significant attributes: 1)
they are small and lightweight; 2) they provide a very high degree of linear polarization, thus reducing
reflective glare; 3) they have a total absence of any toxic chemicals (mercury, a vital material for all
gas discharge lamps, is toxic); 4) they operate at low voltage and currents, typically 10 volts dc 5 mA,
which allows for very simple and safe wiring; 5) they are instant-start and can be expected to have
very long lifetimes (> 20,000 hours); 6) and there is almost no restriction on shape since the array
elements are very small (1 mm2). In addition, the power supply (10 Vdc) is an already well-
33
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established and extremely energy efficient technology with no health or safety concerns. The laser
diode lamp (LDL) is the candidate for the ultimate light source. A savings of 50% of lighting energy
amounts to 200 X 109 kilowatt hours annually, worth $17 billion.
Advanced Technology and CFC Alternatives R&D for Appliances (Appliances for the Twenty-First
Century)
DOE's appliance efficiency activities have produced a number cf notable achievements. An advanced
supermarket refrigeration system that uses 14% less energy than standard systems was developed and
is now in common use. A refrigerator-freezer (RF) was developed that used 60% less energy than
models typical of the late 1970s, but the technology has not advanced since 1980. Other
developments include electric heat-pump water heaters that use 50% less energy than resistance
heaters, compressors for RFs and vending machines that are 25% more efficient than typical 1980
models, a bi-radiant oven that is 50% more efficient than conventional ovens, and a pulse-combustion
commercial water heater. In addition, work on advanced evacuated panel insulations is being
developed that could increase the Rvalue of appliance insulation by a factor of 2-5.
Appliance research should be expanded to cover other appliances and technology. Because this is
a renewed effort, the initial activities should involve identifying the most promising opportunities to
develop appliances with energy efficiencies consistent with the high performance expected from the
next generation of building design. The major residential/commercial appliance energy end-uses are
water heating, refrigeration and freezing, and cooking. Other important residential appliances include
dishwashers, clothes washers/dryers, and television sets. For the commercial sector, energy use for
many "plug loads" or other appliance uses such as vending machines, escalators/elevators, commercial
laundry equipment, copying machines, personal computers, and other business appliances needs to
be quantified and potential technological advances identified. Opportunities will be evaluated for
application of waste heat recovery for water heating; advanced sensors, performance diagnostics, and
controls; microwave, power electronics, and advanced motor technologies; high-performance appliance
insulation; and integrated-function appliances. The goal of this research is to develop technology to
enable an increase of appliance efficiency by 25-50% compared with current levels by the year 2000,
together with a transition to environmentally safe fluids or alternative technology for residential and
commercial refrigeration appliances. These goals should keep appliance efficiency in line with
expectations for heating and cooling equipment and for building design. The potential market for
these technologies includes all residential and commercial appliance applications. Total annual U.S.
primary energy use for appliances is about 7 quads. At full penetration, the energy savings benefit
from achieving key activity goals would exceed 2 quads.
With respect to CFC alternatives, refrigeration appliances account for f.bout 10% of the total annual
U.S. commercial and residential sector energy use. In addition, this appliance end-use showed the
greatest potential adverse energy impact of any CFC end-use application associated with a CFC
phaseout This is the primary reason that this project is the current main focus of the OBT appliance
key activity. Research addresses elimination of CFC use while also improving efficiency. Research
is being conducted in collaboration with industry in two areas: 1) development of advanced vapor-
compression systems that use non-CFC refrigerants for commercial and household refrigeration, and
2) development of non-vapor-compression refrigeration cycles such as Stirling for these applications.
34
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"Golden Carrot" Economic Analysis
The purpose of this project is to perform the economic analysis necessary to expand to a nationwide
"Golden Carrot" program. Led by Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E), several utilities are forming a
national consortium to offer significant rebates, e.g., $300.00, for the first 100,000 refrigerators sold
that exceed the 1993 NAECA standards by 20-30%. The strategy is to provide industry with a strong
incentive, in the range of $30-50 million, to manufacture a radically new refrigerator. This strategy
has such a large potential that other appliances should be studied and priorities set for an expanded
"Golden Carrot" program. Appliances in the residential and commercial sector use about
1000 BkWhjyear, or the output of about 200 baseload, 1000 MW power plants. Therefore, a 20%
improvement is 200 BkWh, which is worth $15 billion per year.
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3.4 MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES PROGRAM
GROUP PARTICIPANTS
Facilitator: Jetf Christian
Michael Brambley Don Neeper
Mark Levine Steve Selkowitz
Roger McDonald Walter Short
OVERVIEW
A brief presentation was given by Jeff Christian describing the Building Materials Key Activity and
the Walls, Roofs, and Foundations Key Activity. Steve Selkowitz presented a description of the
Windows and Daylighting Key Activities. The goal of the Materials and Structures Program is to
provide the technology for zero net-heating/minimal-cooling energy building-design options to be
demonstrated by the year 2000 through development of a strong fundamental research base along
with support of key, highly leveraged, industry cost-shared program thrusts. The Program focuses on
three key activities: Materials; Advanced Walls, Roofs, and Foundations; and Windows and Glazings.
Major thrusts of the Building Materials activity are development of high thermal resistance (high R-
value) insulations that do not use CFCs, development of special non-CFC insulation for retrofit
applications, and development of building materials with dynamic thermal properties—variable R-
values and switchable emittance coatings.
The Walls, Roofs, and Foundations activity addresses application of advanced materials (dynamic,
high-R, durable, non-CFC), design tools, and new program thrusts (30/30 roofs—R30/30 year life) and
support of the Advanced Dynamic Wall project that provides for the integration of conservation and
solar advances, e.g., high-R electrochromic windows, elimination of thermal bridges, moisture forgiving
joints, and advanced composite walls, into new commercial and residential building wall technology.
Another major thrust in this program is development of energy efficient moisture control strategies.
The Windows and Glazings activity includes 1) developing advanced optical materials and systems
including very high-R "Superwindows," electrochromic "smart windows," and optical materials to
enhance daylighting performance; 2) developing methods to characterise the thermal and daylighting
properties of window systems to support the National Fenestration Rating Council's development of
an accurate and objective window rating and labeling system; and ?> developing tools and guides for
architects and engineers to achieve the program goal of converting v> ndows from net energy losers
to net energy gainers.
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DISCUSSION
Table 8 is a summary of the group's recommendations for FY 1993 and a priority vote on each
existing key activity and new or revised initiatives. The group suggests that nine new or revised
initiatives receive funding in FY 1993. These initiatives include
high performance insulations,
PCM^ thermal storage in building surfaces,
efficient moisture control strategies,
advanced roofs: 20/20, 30/30 (R-30/30 year life),
window rating,
super windows,
smart windows,
zero-energy advanced envelope technology, and
total fuel cycle for building materials.
Table 8. Recommended FY 1993 Funding Plan for the Materials and Structures Program.
($ Million)
Key
Activities
Building Materials (base
activities)
• High Performance
Insulations
Advanced Walls, Roofs, and
Foundations
• Advanced Roofs: 20/20
30/30
• Efficient Moisture Control
Strategies
Windows and Glazings
a Smart Windows
• Window Labe'is
• Super Windows
• Zero-Energy Advanced
Envelopes
TOTALS
N
R
1
R
Rl
R
Rl
1
R
1
Rl
Rl
1
-
FY 1993
Recommended
Budget
(Full cost)
2.8
1.15
3.725
0.5
0.8
6.0
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.6
20.075
Prioritization
L Vote
4.5
3.75
4.3
4.5
4.5
4.75
3.5
4.0
4.5
3.25
FY 1993
Recommended
Budget
(Restricted)
1.2
0.6
1.9
0.5
0.8
3.1
1.5
0.7
1.0
1.0
12.3
These new initiatives were then assigned to a revised key activity, as shown in Table 9.
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Table 9. Revised Key Activities for the Materials and Structures Program.
Materials
High-performance insulations
PCM thermal storage in building surfaces
Total fuel cycle for building materials
Walls. Roofs, and Foundations
Advanced roofs: 20/20, 30/30 (R-30/30 year life)
Efficient moisture control strategies
Windows and Glazings
Window rating
Super windows
Smart windows
Zero-energy advanced envelope technology
There were two votes taken using the 0-5 suggested rating scale. The Grst ranked the three revised
key activities: Building Materials—4.5; Walls, Roofs, and Foundations—4.3; and Windows and
Glazings-4.75. The second vote extended the ranking to include both revised key activities and new
initiatives. This ranking is found in Table 8.
Based on this vote and on discussions among group members, a restricted FY 1993 recommended
budget was derived. This program contained three existing key activities:
• Building Materials;
• Walk, Roofs, and Foundations; and
• Windows and Glazings.
It should be noted that the "Windows and Glazings" key activity has always included a variety of
Daylighting projects, from solar control coatings to the development of Daylighting Design Guides
for architects. The portions of this work that were previously conducted in the "Solar Buildings"
program, e.g., electrochromics, holographies, and simulation studies, have been combined within the
"Windows" key activity. The Facilitator for Solar Technologies agreed this work should be shifted
to the Material and Structures Program. The existing window industry (manufacturers and the design
community) is not separated into supply- and demand-side windows. In other words, they do not
design windows twice—once for heat loss and once for heat gain. Cost sharing and working with
private industry is crucial to the successful implementation and deployment of fenestration and
technologies.
The new initiatives which ranked the highest were Efficient Moisture Control Strategies and Super
Windows. The group did not reduce the full 1993 budgets for these initiatives in the restricted 1993
column because of the high ranking they were awarded by the group. The third highest-ranking
initiative was Advanced Roofs: 20/20, 30/30 (R-30/30 years of life). This has the potential of
39
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improving the efficiency of low-sloped commercial roofs by extending the durability. Current levels
are 8/8.
A brief description of both the revised key activities and surviving new initiatives for the proposed
Materials and Structures Program for 1993 is provided below. It should be noted that a number of
these initiatives have been combined into a single "High Performance Envelope" initiative, which is
described in Section 2. These projects include smart windows, super windows, high-performance
insulations, and zero-energy advanced envelope technology.
Bunding Materials
Because of the environmentally unacceptable ozone depletion and greenhouse warming effects of
CFC and HCFCs, they must be replaced to keep available what has been the highest commercially
available R/inch insulation. Finding replacements for HCFCs will save 0.12 quads/year. Strong cost
sharing is anticipated in this area from EPA and private industry. This would be an expansion of the
existing joint DOE/EPA/Society of Plastic Industry project, but should include composite foams.
"Ageless Foam" is another initiative in this revised key activity. Current foam insulation loses its
initial high R-value with time. Aging can cause an R-value loss of 30% in 10 years for some HCFC
foams. If this R-value loss could be eliminated, 0.29 quads could be saved in residential building
envelopes, commercial building envelopes, and refrigerators. Some very limited research is focused
on "super insulation," such as vacuum insulations, i.e., powder-filled evacuated panels (PEPs). These
panels have 2.5 and 5.0 times the thermal R-value of CFC blown foam and fiberglass insulation,
respectively. Development of PEPs could save 1.35 quads/year in buildings and appliances.
Walk, Roofe, and Foundations
Advanced Wall Systems. The goal of this project is to develop efficient moisture-control strategies
for envelope design and to develop advanced wall systems—first with HCFC foams, then with
composite envelope systems with high R/inch with no CFCs or HCFCs. Tighter buildings save
energy, but moisture control strategic must be incorporated in the design. The research leads to
envelope systems which will not mold, mildew, or rot. This project could save hotel and motel owners
$600 million/year; therefore, cost sharing is likely from private industry such as the American Hotel
and Motel Association. Advanced wall systems development could lead to near-term energy savings
of 03 quads, and integration of advanced wall technology concepts with P.V. could lead to energy
savings exceeding 1.0 quads/year.
Energy Efficient Foundations. A historically ignored component of most buildings, the average R-
value today is less than R-5. Cost-effective systems averaging around R-10 to R-20 should be
adopted. The energy savings potential is 0.5-0.8 quads/year. Shallow insulated foundation systems
restricted by most building codes needs development and demonstration, which could save energy and
be very favorable to attaining the national goal of affordable housing, since first cost would be $1400
less per unit, thus reducing the monthly mortgage costs.
Advanced Roof Systems. This project would develop longer-life roofs and ventless attic systems with
integral moisture control, thus enhancing thermal performance and lowering costs. It would also
develop, with industry collaboration, roofs that can be recovered when they get wet without producing
excess construction waste. Removal and disposal of wet roofs is energy inefficient and an
40
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environmentally harmful process. Technology to reroof wet roofs needs to be further developed and
demonstrated, and supportable guidelines need to be developed. This research could lead to 0.7
quads/year of energy savings.
High-Perfonnance Insulation. Several concepts were presented at the workshop, which could lead
to cost-effective high-R "super insulation," i.e., vacuum panels, gas-filled insulating panels, silica
aerogel, and dynamic-R insulations. Development work is needed to extend life and reduce cost.
New barrier materials and powders would be developed. One very attractive feature of all of these
systems is that the insulation thickness could be dramatically reduced, saving costs of construction by
reducing the need for extended window and door jambs.
Efficient Moisture-Control Strategies. Tighter buildings save energy and can also contribute to
enhanced moisture-control strategies. Building envelopes can be developed which have inherent
moisture control capabilities without increasing building ventilation energy needs. Ninety percent of
premature deterioration in building envelopes is caused by excessive moisture accumulation. Moisture
research is necessary to provide building practitioners with the tools to design and build energy
efficient structures without concern for eventually damaging moisture accumulations. Less than one
percent moisture content by volume in an envelope cavity can increase heat transfer by 100%.
Envelope system moisture-control strategies and wetting and drying rates need to be validated in well
controlled climate chambers. Every year many millions of tons of wet insulation and roofing material
are torn off buildings, less insulation is installed than should be, and landfill space becomes even more
scarce. Concepts employing the envelope to contribute to interior-space humidity control will also
be developed. The American Hotel and Motel Association alone loses $600 million a year because
of excessive moisture accumulation on and in building envelopes.
Windows and Glazings
Smart Windows. The group recommended accelerating development of electrochromic smart
windows. These windows would have electrically controllable transmission properties from 80% in
the clear state to 10% in the dimmed state. This could provide reduced cooling loads, improved
visual comfort and thermal comfort, better utilization of solar gain, and year-round daylighting. A
higher first cost will be offset by reductions in HVAC costs and conventional shading systems.
Window Labels. DOE is working with the National Fenestration Rating Council to develop a
uniform, nationally based energy-rating and labeling system for windows. National energy efficiency
is improved by optimal investment of consumer dollars in window energy efficiency. A rating system
that is consistent across all states and helps differentiate product performance will provide an added
incentive for manufacturers to develop more efficient products. The labeling system will make it
easier for new codes and standards to specify better technology and will enhance the credibility of
product performance claims.
Superwindows. Improve window performance to the point that north-facing windows in cold climates
require less annual heating energy than a highly insulated wall. This will require a total window R-
value of R6-10. An R8 glazing is now available, but the total window R-value is only 4-5 because of
frame losses. This cooperative DOE/industry/utility program would develop the appropriate design
solutions and demonstrate the benefits of superwindows throughout the northern states.
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Zero-Energy Advanced Envelope Technology. This project would develop envelope systems that
require no net energy for heating, cooling, and daylighting. Dynamic energy-control technologies
would employ low-thermal-transmittance glazings and claddings, collect ;,olar gain to minimize cooling
loads, utilize daylighting to minimize interior lighting needs, and provide electric power from
photovoltaic elements incorporated on opaque portions of the envelope or interior of externally
mounted operable shutters. The building envelope currently influences over 5 quads of annual
energy use (heating, cooling, and lighting) and is a primary contributor to peak energy demand in
buildings.
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3.5 INDOOR AIR QUALITY PROGRAM
GROUP PARTICIPANT'S
Facilitator: Joan Daisey
Ren Anderson
Michael Brambley
Jeff Christian
OVERVIEW
The Indoor Air Quality (TAQ) Program, which includes Infiltration and Ventilation, provides the
building science and energy conservation perspective to the nation's indoor air quality issue.
Increased knowledge is needed concerning the relationships among reduced infiltration, adequate
ventilation, and acceptable indoor air quality. Consistent with the goal to "maintain indoor air quality
to ensure an environment conducive to health, safety, comfort, and productivity of occupants," the
program seeks to provide the technology base that would allow for energy efficient buildings that are
comfortable, productive, and have no adverse health effects.
DISCUSSION
Table 10 is a summary of the group's recommendations for FY 1993 and a priority vote on the
existing key activity and two new activities. The group suggests that IAQ core funding be reduced
in FY 1993 to accommodate the two new key activities. The Facilitator provided a minority
recommendation that the FY 1993 IAQ budget not be decreased below $1.8 million. Under the
minority opinion the new Healthy Office Buildings activity would receive S200K.
Table 10. Recommended FY 1993 Funding Plan for the Indoor Air Quality Program.
($ Million)
Key
Activities
Indoor Air Quality
Healthy Office Buildings
Design Guidelines and Tools
Energy Efficient Buildings
Ventilation and IAQ Standards
TOTALS
N
R
1
N
1
1
-
FY1993
Recommended
Budget (Full Cost)
3.0
3.0
0.5
6.5
Priorhization
Vote
4.2
4.0
4.0
FY1993
Recommended
Budget (Restricted)
1.0
0.85
0.15
2.0
Key: N = Existing; R = Revised; I = Initiative.
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Table 11. Revised Key Activities fur (.he Indoor Air Quality Program.
Indoor Air Quality
Healthy 01 rice Buildings Posign Guidelines and Tools
Energy Efficient Buildings Ventilation and IAO Standards
A brief description of the revised key activity and the two new key activities for the Indoor Air
Quality Program for FY 1993 is provided next.
Indoor Air Quality
The objective of this key activity is to increase the understanding of relationships between building
ventilation and indoor air quality to provide the technological base to advance buildings energy
efficiency while maintaining healthy, comfortable and productive environments. Key elements of the
activity include integrated research on building energy systems and ventilation/infiltration/ventilation
efficiency, characterization of indoor pollutants, sources, and concentrations; exposure measurement
and modeling; development of measurement technologies (for ventilation, emissions, and indoor air
quality); indoor air quality control technologies; and integrated assessment of indoor air quality issuer
The activity includes long-, mid-, and short-tern research.
Cost-sharing for the activity comes from EPRI, the California Institute for Energy Efficiency,
Southern California Edison, BPA, the California Air Resources Board, the Consumer Product Safety
Commission, EPA, and the National Institutes of Health.
The energy efficiency potential of this activity is rJout 1 quad of annual savings ($5 billion) in
reduced ventilation and increased ventilation effick.acy. Potential economic savings are high ($66
billion/year) in increased health and productivity.
Healthy Office Buildings Design Guidelines and TOC'JS
Key elements of this activity include 1) multldisciplinary, hypothesis-driven field and laboratory studies
to determine the relationships among occupant health, comfort, and productivity; ventilation; and
environmental and psychosocial variables for a cross-section of new and retrofitted office buildings;
2) development of diagnostic took and guidelines for redesign and retrofit of existing office buildings
to provide indoor air; and 3) development of user-oriented design tools for architects and builders
for design of "healthy buildings."
This area also has the potential for saving about 1 quad of energy and potentially would have $5
billion in health benefits.
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Energy Efficient Buildings Ventilation and IAG Standards
This key activity would establish building ventilation and indoor air quality standards that will protect
human health and materials and provide a basis for 1AQ sensors for energy-efficient ventilation.
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3.6 BUILDING SYSTEMS PROGRAM
GROUP PARTICIPANTS
Facilitator Michael Brambley
Ren Anderson Don Neeper
John Andrews Steve Selkowitz
Joan Daisey Michael Wahlig
Bill Mixon
OVERVIEW
The energy performance of a building depends not only on the performance of the individual
envelope components, e.g., walls, windows, and roofs, HVAC components, and lighting fixtures, but
on the combined performance of these when integrated during design and construction into a whole
building. The energy performance of the building subsequently depends on how the building as an
integrated system is operated and maintained.
The goal of the Building Systems Program is to develop and implement the scientific and technical
basis to design, build, and operate whole buildings as efficiently as is technically and economically
feasible so that the buildings sector serves as a reliable substitute for additional energy resources.
The program can reduce energy consumption in buildings by 25% in the near term (before 2010),
with much greater savings thereafter (5 to 10 quads per year by 2030). The program currently
focuses on 1) developing and implementing building energy standards for new federal buildings and
promoting their adoption by state and local governments; 2) in collaboration with industry, developing
and implementing simulation techniques and advanced computer-aided design tools in which energy
is a primary design consideration; 3) with industry, performing RD&D necessary to encourage energy-
efficient building practices in the industrialized housing industry; and 4) developing and encouraging
adoption of cost-effective retroGt strategies for all existing buildings.
DISCUSSION
Table 12 is a summary of the group recommendations for FY 1993 and a priority vote on each
existing key activity and new or revised initiatives. The group proposed heavily revising the four
current key activities and adding three new activities. These new initiatives include
Construction/Commissioning/Operation Guidance and Tools for Commercial Buildings, including
Monitoring and Diagnostics; Advanced Diagnostics/Audits for Residential and Commercial Retrofits;
and Heat Islands Mitigation. Each of the new key activities have several projects, as noted in Table
13.
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Table 12. Recommended FY 1993 Funding Plan for the Buildings Systems. Program.
(S Million)
Key
Activities
Commercial Buildings
Residential Buildings
Standards and Guidelines
Retrofit Technology
Construction/Commissioning/
Operation Guidance and Tools for
Commercial Buildings, including
Monitoring and Diagnostics
Advanced Diagnostics/Audits for
Residential and Commercial
Retrofits
Heat Islands Mitigation
TOTALS
N
R
1
R
R
R
R
1
1
1
-
FY 1993
Recommended
Budget
(Full Cost)
5.0
6.0
5.0
7.0
1.5
2.2
0.5
27.2
Prioritization
Vote
4.0
3.8
4.7
4.5
4.0
4.3
3.3
FY 1993
Recommended
Budget
(Restricted)
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.9
1.0
1.0
0.1
16.5
Key: N = Existing, R = Revised, I = Initiatives
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Table 13. Revised Key Activities for the Buildings Systems Program.
Commercial Buildings
Design Tool,, (advanced CAD and sizing tools)
Systems Interactions/Innovative Systems
Advanced Performance Simulation (DOE-2, DOE-3, EKS, and ASEAM equivalent)
Air Systems (Test Laboratory and Innovative Concepts)
Residential Buildings
Industrialized Housing
Industrialized Housing Test Center
Advanced Housing Technologies
Joint Venture Residential Research
Hot Climates Research
NAHB National Program Plan
Outstanding Buildings Program
CLEVER House
Standards and Guidelines
Development
Demonstration
Implementation
Retrofit Technology
Retrofit Applications/Field Testing
DOE/HUD Initiative
Advanced Retrofit Technology (e.g., daylighting and EMCS assessment)
Improved Underlying Methods
Model Energy Management Programs
Construction/Commissionino/Qperation Guidance and Tools.
including Monitoring and Diagnostics
Advanced Diagnostics/Audits for Residential and Commercial Retrofit
Heat Island Mitigation
This area drew a great deal of attention because of its relative newness and lack of a comprehensive
strategic plan. Each group member proposed several new activities, many of which overlapped in
content For the most part, the group consolidated these ideas as they appear in this report
Concentration was centered on the areas where most potential energy savings were
perceived—building design, operation, and retrofit. The group felt strongly that if OBT is to meet
its stated goal of level sector energy consumption over the next 40 years, these two areas would have
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to be emphasized, the program emphasis would have to be expanded, and a great deal of additional
funding would have to added.
Recommendations were then made to expand current activities to better capture the opportunities
they present to conserve energy, particularly Residential Buildings and Retrofit Technologies;
establish collaborative efforts with industry to improve implementation, particularly in Residential
Buildings and Standards and Guidelines; and to accelerate selected projects within the key activities,
for example, in Commercial Buildings.
Collaboration and cost-sharing with industry and state/local governments are important ingredients
of most additions to the existing key activities. Developing and implementing new technologies for
energy-efficient building design involves close collaboration with industry to ensure commercialization
of products. Several of the new elements in Residential Buildings involve collaboration with the
home building and industrialized housing industries, and Retrofit Technologies includes interaction
and cost-sharing with utilities, state/local governments, and other federal agencies for successful
implementation.
Several ideas for new initiatives were submitted, including advancements in retrofit technology;
summer heat island mitigation; an "outstanding" buildings program; the CLEVER House; energy
design guidelines for large commercial buildings; an industrialized housing test center, a
demonstration program for advanced and innovative housing designs; performance quality assurance
in building construction, commissioning, and operation; development of an HVAC system design tool;
commercial building diagnostics; several enhancements to the present building standards; and
commercial and residential building systems programs. Many of these overlapped considerably. The
attendees agreed that these could be absorbed as new activities within the existing key program
elements or aggregated into two new key activities:
• Constructioa'Commissioning/Operation Guidance and Tools including Diagnostics and Monitoring,
and
• Advanced Diagnostics/Audits for Residential and Commercial Retrofits.
These areas were recommended as new key activities because they represent gaps in the current
program and address key issues that must be explored to take maximum advantage of energy
conservation opportunities.
The final initiative is Heat Island Mitigation. Although most agreed this is an important topic, the
workshop participants expressed concern over whether Building Systems was the appropriate program
for this topic and discussed the possibility that it be located under Implementation and Deployment
The priorities set by vote indicate the predominant, but not unanimous, view among attendees that
the Retrofit Technologies key activity does not currently address all essential aspects of building
retrofit and the program requires significant expansion. Proposed activities in this area are primarily
focused on reducing the uncertainty in savings available from retrofit, improving estimates of the
savings, developing improved tools to promote retrofit and improve performance, and promoting
more widespread implementation.
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Assured Energy Savings
As part of a continued discourse, Ren Anderson, John Andrews, Mike Brambley, Bill Mixon, and
Mike Wahlig met informally to further discuss the importance of a strong retrofit and operations
activity. They developed a new initiative called "Assured Building Energy Savings Program (Retrofit
and New Buildings)" that combined elements of the Commissionir.g/Construction/Operation and
Advanced Diagnostics/Audits and Retrofit initiatives. This was recommended at the full workshop
meeting as a major new thrust to replace the two previous initiatives and to be included as a
highlighted item in this workshop report.
The objective of this initiative—Construction, Commissioning, Operation, and Maintenance
Technology for Persistent Savings—is to address major gaps in the existing Building Systems program
having significant potential energy savings. Activities would focus o^ developing and implementing
methods and technologies for ensuring proper commissioning and operation of existing and new
buildings to maximize energy performance and to maintain that performance by proper operation and
maintenance over the building's life. This would be a major new thrust for Building Systems research.
A brief description of both the revised key activities and surviving new initiatives for the proposed
Building Systems Program for FY 1993 is provided next.
Commercial Bufldings
Energy-efficiency improvements in the commercial buildings sector have not kept pace with
improvements in the other sectors, including those in residential buildings, despite large potential.
Studies performed in the 1980s showed that efficiency improvements of more than 50% are possible
by considering energy early in building design; 15% of these savings could be achieved with no
increase in first costs. Providing technologies and procedures that ensure proper operation and
maintenance of building systems would result in even greater savings in both new and existing
commercial buildings. Energy has traditionally been a low priority in building design and operation.
Integrating energy efficiency considerations, knowledge, and capabilities into building design and
operation is essential to improve the efficiency of the building stock. Federal involvement is vital to
make this happen; without it, this large potential energy resource will remain untapped. Design
procedures and tools that integrate energy standards with other design considerations are necessary
to eliminate barriers to mere stringent building energy standards; designers need these tools to use
evolving energy standards and will reject the standards without such tools.
Design Took and Advanced Performance Simulation. The objective of this project is to make energy
performance a primary consideration in the design and operation of commercial buildings. This will
be accomplished by continuing development of complementary programs in energy analysis (DOE-2,
DOE-3, and ASEAM) and design technologies (AEDOT). The DOE-3 energy analysis program will
build upon the widely used DOE-2 building energy analysis computer program to make it easier for
users to perform analyses of innovative HVAC systems that are now prohibitively time-consuming.
The additional capability will enable users to select from a library of preconfigured systems or to
assemble systems from component models rather than develop the system and modify the computer
code as is required by DOE-2. DOE should expand the program in simulation to include simplified
energy analysis programs, such as enhanced versions of ASEAM, that run in reasonable times on
widely available personal computers. Professionals in a number of fields, such as building retrofit and
design, are requesting these simplified tools.
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The AEDOT design technology utilizes advanced computer technologies, such as artificial
intelligence, hypermedia, and sophisticated computer visualization techniques, to make readily
available as part of advanced computer-aided design systems the expertise now available to only
relatively few design professionals. These technologies will provide automated access to complex
analysis tools, such as DOE-2 and DOE-3, and important cost and performance databases, as well as
new design tools developed as part of the project. The AEDOT systems will be developed in a
cooperative effort with the CAD industry to ensure that they are integrated into commercially
available CAD systems of the future, enabling architects and designers to routinely include energy
efficiency in design.
System Interactions/Innovative Systems. This project focuses on understanding the interactions
between building systems, developing design guidance that takes advantage of these interactions, and
developing new innovative systems that integrate traditionally separate systems to improve building
energy performance. Previous efforts have focused on an exploratory study of integrating a
commercial building HVAC system with thermal storage provided by the building structure and an
ongoing experimental investigation (at NIST) into the interactions between HVAC and lighting
systems. This project should be expanded to investigate other system interactions and to field-test
concepts that utilize the interactions to increase building energy efficiency.
Air System Efficiency. The objective of this project is to minimize energy use and maximize indoor
environmental quality provided by mechanical ventilation and air handling systems in residential,
commercial, and industrial buildings. The tasks necessary to reach that objective are to 1) reduce air
system capital and operating costs, 2) improve air system performance and reliability, and 3) provide
advanced diagnostic tools and operational ex»>crience.
Residential Buildings
Residential energy efficiency has reached a plateau, and sector energy consumption, especially
electricity from higher cooling demand, is increasing. Proper integration of components and
subsystems can reduce consumption by over 25% from the most stringent pvesent-day residential
standards levels. The movement toward industrialization of the home building market provides
significant opportunity for industry change. Significant energy efficiency improvements are possible
through improved structuring of design, construction, and operation of new residential buildings.
Building most new homes in a factory will allow for improvements in shell tolerances and for the use
of newer technologies while costs are held down.
Industrialized Housing and Advanced Housing Technologies. The objective of this project is to
improve the energy efficiency of housing while enhancing quality and reducing costs. The project will
develop factory-based construction technologies—industrialized housing—that will move as much of
the labor as possible from the building site to a centralized location, permitting closer tolerances that
will improve building longevity and reduce thermal losses. Affordability is expected to be enhanced
by reduced labor requirements.
A second activity, housing technology adoption, will seek to enhance the adoption of new technology
within existing construction practices. This will be done by first analyzing the process of technology
adoption in the homebuiHing industry and then selecting existing technologies that can most improve
product quality, energy efficiency, and cost effectiveness. *
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Each of the above activities will include a program of field evaluations and will be closely coordinated
with the building industry by working with the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB).
Industrialized Housing Test Center. Currently, manufactured buildings use about 1.25 to 2 times the
energy per square foot of site-built structures. However, the factory environment has the inherent
potential for producing buildings of very high thermal quality. One major impediment to realizing
this potential is the lack of hard data on the energy savings potential of various innovative energy
conservation options. It is proposed that an Industrialized Housing Test Center be established that
would allow rapid and accurate determination of the thermal characteristics of manufactured
buildings. The center would include a large-scale high-bay environmental enclosure in which new and
existing industrialized buildings of all types could be tested under controlled conditions of
temperature, radiation, wind, and humidity. Such a facility would not only allow testing of the
buildings, but would also allow rapid development and validation of field-testing techniques and
simulation programs.
Joint Venture Residential Research. The goal of the industrialized housing joint venture program
is to "establish regional projects to develop or demonstrate techniques to improve the energy
performance of factory-made housing offered by United States firms." The selection of projects will
consider regional differences in housing needs, housing design, construction techniques, marketing
practices, and construction materials. Projects must demonstrate state-of-the-art product quality,
energy efficiency, and adaptability to renewable forms of energy of factory-made housing offered for
sale in the U.S. Projects must also 1) be structured to demonstrate improvements in housing design,
fabrication, delivery systems, construction processes, and marketing; 2) develop a detailed
characterization of the needs of the home building industry; 3) establish a close working relationship
with all sectors of the home building industry; and 4) be coordinated to pjol and conserve resources.
The establishment of the joint venture program will complement the research program by accelerating
the use of research results in the industrialized housing market. Joint venture activities have the
potential to reduce energy consumption by 25% compared with current energy standards, to reduce
first and operating costs, and to increase the productivity of the housing industry. DOE has begun
to survey industrialized housing producers, production builders, and material and components
manufacturers, and their respective trade associations, to assess the need for and interest in such a
program.
Depending on the level of funding available, possible joint venture activities include improving the
manufacturing and building process; advancing material, component, and whole building design and
engineering; developing tools to improve productivity; lessening institutional, economic, and
regulatory impediments or barriers to adopting new energy efficiency technologies; and designing and
testing model houses of the future.
Hot Climates Research. With the majority of new home construction taking place in the southern
tier of the United States, a shift is necessary in the focus of the Department of Energy's residential
energy conservation research program. Even though the conservation of heating energy has been
widely explored, the understanding of cooling energy conservation is virtually nonexistent. The goal
of new research would be to develop energy conservation strategies and technology innovations that
would contribute to a 30% reduction in typical air-conditioning energy consumption in the south.
These strategies can include high-technology building systems such as multizone air conditioning and
air distribution systems that are capable of reducing utility peak loads, passive solar techniques
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utilizing natural cooling, and building thermal and moisture capacitances. This research should be
coordinated with related research in the Solar Technology program.
NAHB National Prognun Plan. The objective of this project is to help NAHB develop and
administer a national voluntary energy efficiency progiam, targeted at new and renovated housing,
that can result in a very significant reduction in the annual use of electricity, natural gas, and oil-
based fuels in the U.S. by the year 2001. A policy, research, development, and administrative plan
will be implemented by NAHB. The goal of the project is to significantly improve the way home
builders address energy conservation in new homes and renovations. It will provide educational
material and guidelines on increased levels of insulation, window thermal values, air-tightness and
ventilation, indoor air quality, solar utilization, mechanical systems, advanced digital smart controls,
super-efficient appliances, advanced lighting, and other new-housing, renovation, and light-
construction technology.
Outstanding Buildings Program. This project would identify outstanding buildings and publicize them,
thereby "improving the breed" by promoting selection of better designs by builders, owners, and the
financial community. One of the major impediments to the adoption of energy-conserving
technologies in buildings is lack of credibility concerning what works and what doesn't The home
owner and the builder alike are bombarded with claims, some accurate, some specious. There is a
need for an "honest broker" with no axe to grind who can sort out the good from the bad. It is
proposed that the national laboratories are in a unique position to play this role.
The CLEVER House. This project would be used to design and evaluate, in the field, an integrated,
low-energy housing concept called the CLEVER house (Controlled Living Environment through
Ventilation Energy Recovery). Much has been learned about possible ways to combine desirable
aspects in housing—energy efficiency, affordability, aesthetics, and comfort From Scandinavian
housing in particular we have learned how to produce an energy-efficient, well-ventilated house. The
key elements here are a low natural infiltration rate, adequate thermal insulation, and a forced
ventilation system that employs a heat pump to recover energy that would otherwise be lost. Work
in this country has extended the concept to cover the cooling mode. This same type of system could
provide not only energy efficiency but also very good dehumidification. On the electrical side, the
use of direct current in the house would provide significant possibilities for energy conservation, load
leveling, and integration with photovoltaics to provide a significant portion of the house's energy
needs. Because of the vast potential for energy savings inherent in the above concepts, there is a
need for field evaluation that, if successful, could be replicated on a regional basis as demonstrations.
Standards and Guidelines
The primary objective of this program is to provide economical design standards for new commercial
and residential buildings to improve energy efficiency and promote the use of nondepletable resources
to the maximum extent that is cost-effective. The standards are mandatory for the federal sector and
voluntary for the nonfederal sector. Demonstration activities will assess the energy effects on and
costs to building occupants, owners, and builders. Implementation activities will provide information
and technical assistance to support state and local adoption of improved standards.
The activity will include training and implementation support to administering organizations and the
major cod; organization; conducting field performance testing of buildings designed and consfucted
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to the standards; determining energy saving performance and cost effectiveness of the standards, and
demonstrating that indoor air quality meets acceptable standards.
Retrofit Technology
The average life of current buildings is at least 50 years; many of the buildings that will exist in 2030
already exist today. The large difference in consumption between existing buildings and new
construction indicates significant potential for energy savings (50% in residential buildings and at least
20% in commercial buildings). While a suite of retrofit technologies (and tools for analyzing their
application) exists, their penetration into the building population is limited. Reasons for this include
1) uncertainty about whether savings will be achieved, 2) up-front costs of audits, 3) capital costs for
installation of conservation measures, and 4) (in some cases) physical barrier*. This key activity
directly contributes to the sector goal of accommodating growth in square footage with no increase
in energy consumption by addressing these impediments to more widespread application of retrofits.
The program should implement the following strategies to promote increased application of retrofit
technologies: 1) increase the reliability of energy savings and consumer confidence in them; 2) lower
the costs of audits and installation of retrofit measures; 3) accelerate the rate of adoption of
demonstrated improvements (now at the applied research and demonstration stage); and 4) develop
and demonstrate new retrofit technologies that can reduce energy use by 40-50% (some that are now
at the basic research stage), which for the residential sector will match industry goals for energy
efficiency of new homes by 2010.
Federal, state, and utility programs and the industry need hard data on the actual performance of
retrofit measures and effective delivery mechanisms, and have demonstrated interest in cost-sharing
the needed research. Utilities can provide capital and spread risk, and so they have been and
increasingly will be the focal point for retrofit activities. DOE can provide the technologies and
technological expertise needed to ensure that maximum benefits are achieved and meet expectations.
Retrofit Applications/Field Testing. The objective of this project is to improve and accelerate the
adoption of near-term technologies. This would be done through continuing research to improve
retrofit technologies and diagnostics; developing and demonstrating quicker, simplified audit
techniques and supporting their rapid deployment by the semiskilled labor usually involved in
auditing; developing simplified techniques for identifying opportunities to increase energy efficiency
by improving building operation and maintenance and testing them using existing empirical data;
demonstrating improved retrofit potential in both residential and commercial buildings for all six
regions of the country; developing regional guidance for technology transfer and assistance; providing
technical assistance in the application of retrofit initiatives to HUD and FEMP; expanding field
performance experience in joint efforts with utilities that validate project impacts and test advanced
retrofit concepts; and gaining widespread acceptance of audit procedures through the consensus
standardization process of ASTM.
DOE/HUD Initiative. The overall goals of the DOE-HUD initiative are to 1) apply existing technical
information on energy efficiency to HUD-assisted housing construction and retrofit activity, 2) make
housing more affordable through energy efficiency improvements in HUD programs, 3) reduce federal
outlays for utility expenditures, and 4) make community development activities more competitive
through improved energy efficiency in HUD programs. This effort should be continued through
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financial and technical assistance, information dissemination, prioritizatioii of HUD programs, and
revision of HUD regulation and program guidelines.
Advanced Retrofit Technology. The objective of this project is to develop advanced envelope,
equipment, and operation and maintenance retrofit options, e.g., daylighting retrofit systems for
single-story buildings, to demonstrate cost-effective energy sa^gs of 50% by the year 2000. This will
be done by determining the maximum savings that can be achieved with current and emerging
materials and technologies in four regions cf the country to prioritize these strategies; assessing the
retrofit program potential using existing empirical data; developing advanced material, retrofit systems,
and applications of manufactured housing technologies as necessary to meet the objective;
demonstrating advanced retrofit packages for each building sector in six regions; developing advanced
retrofit packages for each building sector in six regions; developing advanced audit and inspection
protocols and guides; developing material for education programs; and providing assistance during
transfer to practice.
Improved Underlying Methods. The objective of this project is to develop advanced diagnostic,
energy monitoring, and auditing tools that decrease the costs of audits and retrofits and improve the
reliability of energy savings. Efforts will focus on 1) developing the capability to calibrate simulation
and audit tools to empirical data to improve the ability to estimate potential energy savings; 2) doing
research to reduce the time, cost, and complexity of energy monitoring; and 3) developing energy-
savings opportunity screening tools and advanced audit and diagnostic methods, particularly for
commercial and multifamily residential buildings.
Model Energy Management Program. Effective implementation of energy conserving actions results
from a process that involves not only an auditor but a decision maker. The audit identifies
technological (and organizational) opportunities to reduce and manage energy use. These
opportunities must be acted upon by the actual decisionmakers in the organization. Identification
of opportunities from the audit is only the first step and by itself does not result in action to take
advantage of the opportunities. An audit is only one essential part of an ongoing energy management
program that is matched to the needs, capabilities, and opportunities of a particular facility. The
objective of this project is to define, test, and disseminate model energy management programs for
specific identifiable segments of the population of existing buildings.
Technical components of the energy management program should include audit tools, evaluation tools
and procedures, diagnostic tools, and performance tracking and analysis tools and procedures.
Organizational aspects of the energy management programs that should be modeled include the
organizational policy, education and training, financial ciiteria, and sources of financing. Model
energy management programs that account for all these factors should be defined, tested, and
evaluated in a joint effort with utilities, large institutional facility operators, and state, local, and
federal government entities. Development of effective model energy management programs should
then be followed by deployment by utilities, state and local governments, and FEMP.
Constniction/Commissioning/Operation Guidance and Tools, including Monitoring and Diagnostics
The objective of this initiative is to develop in a joint effort with industry the technology and
procedures for ensuring quality construction and retrofit and effective operation and maintenance of
buildings so that energy savings are captured over the entire life of a building. This will require a
comprehensive program that includes developing and disseminating manual procedures to capture a
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portion of the potential savings in the near term and automated, computer-based technologies that
capture and ensure even greater savings by assisting with efficient operation and maintenance over
the entire life of a building in the longer term. Activities will focus on three areas:
a Building Operation Technology: Efforts will focus on joint efforts with industry to develop
technology that will ensure energy-efficient operation of both new and existing buildings. Existing
field databases will be analyzed to identify and characterize building operation problems (in terms
of nature, prevalence, and impact). This will be followed by development of new technologies in
collaboration with industry that focus on solving these problems by providing improved building
operation and maintenance to achieve savings of more than 20% across all new and existing
commercial buildings. Developments will include systems that automatically identify and diagnose
building operation problems in real time and provide assistance to building operators in correcting
them. This is essential to ensure that energy savings are maximized and that they persist over the
building's life. This activity will address the myriad of undetected and uncorrected operating
problems common throughout the commercial building stock today.
• Building Construction: The construction phase is almost always overlooked in efforts to improve
the energy performance of buildings, yet construction is the phase during which quality control is
most critical. This activity will provide tools for 1) ensuring that design expectations manifest in
equipment and installation specifications are effectively communicated to the contractors
responsible for construction, 2) tracking construction activities and providing information and
advice on the energy impacts of decisions (e.g., deviations from design specifications) during
construction, and 3) ensuring that a full description of the as-built building and systems is available
for use during building start-up and operation. Products of this activity will be integrated with
construction management practice.
o Building/System Commissioning: This is the phase of the building life cycle in which contractors
make the building work well enough to be accepted by the owner. This project activity will involve
defining, developing, and testing 1) commissioning protocols, diagnostic methods, and monitoring
technology and protocols for initial start-up and recommissioning (after retrofit) of equipment,
systems, and whole-buildings, 2) benchmarks and standardized tests that allow the contractor to
efficiently communicate to the owner that the design has been implemented, and 3) systems that
continuously self-diagnose, -tune, and -recommission building equipment and systems and become
integrated as part of building operation systems.
Activities in all three areas will involve initial assessment of needs to focus later efforts for greatest
impact, methods and technology development, field testing, and demonstration. All activities will be
performed in collaboration with industry (such as builders, materials suppliers, and building controls
manufacturers) and professional societies such as the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and
Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) and the American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM). In addition to industry, partnerships will be developed with utilities and state and federal
agencies to facilitate field testing and to promote the transfer of results into practice.
Advanced Diagnostics/Audits for Residential and Commercial Retrofit
The objective of this initiative is to develop, test, and demonstrate improved audits and advanced
diagnostic methods to support them as a significant part of the effort to reduce the costs and
uncertainty associated with building retrofits. Products of this effort will include diagnostic
57
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instrumentation, audit tools, analytic methods, and implementation guidelines. Efforts will focus in
four areas:
• less expensive, quicker audits that focus investment on measures and support rapid technology
deployment by semiskilled labor,
o analytic methods to support audits that link savings estimates to empirical data,
• simplified techniques and tools for identifying operation and maintenance opportunities and for
diagnosing building component and equipment failures as part of auditing and retrofits, and
o improved performance tracking and analysis tools and procedures.
Needs in each of these areas will be assessed and development carried out in collaboration with
utilities, professional societies (such as ASHRAE and AEE), state and local government agencies,
other federal agencies, and private auditing and retrofit specialists. The results of research and
development will be Geld tested and demonstrated in joint efforts with these organizations.
Heat Island Mitigation
Summer temperatures in cities are typically 5-10°F higher than those in surrounding areas. These
"heat islands" are growing in size and intensity at the rate of about 1°F per decade in some cities.
Heat island mitigation primarily requires energy-efficient urban design measures. Simple as it may
sound, preliminary analyses suggest that increases in tree coverage and increased surface reflection
from buildings and pavements can reduce peak cooling loads in many American cities by as much as
30%. This translates into many billions of dollars of avoided investment in electric peak generating
capacity, avoided bills for consumers, and avoided emission of COj.
Mitigation measures will Vbiten and green cities"—whiten by increasing the albedo or reflectivity by
lightening the color of roads, parking lots, and roofs, and green by planting trees to shade buildings
and increase cooling by evaporation.
Research is needed to develop inexpensive, durable surfaces that are light colored and to develop
procedures for selecting resilient native deciduous trees and other vegetation. Monitoring and analysis
are needed to document the effect of these strategies on cooling demand. Technology transfer is
needed to persuade utilities and local governments of the benefits of these activities for lowering
peak power demand.
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3.7 FEDERAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
GROUP PARTICIPANTS
Facilitator: Bill Currie
Jerome LaMontagne Art Rosenfeld
Bill Mixon Bill Schertz
OVERVIEW
The Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) provides leadership and guidance to federal
agencies to improve the efficiency and fuel flexibility of energy use in federal buildings, transportation
and operations. Its mission is to transfer energy management experience among federal agencies and
effect adoption of energy efficient technologies through leveraging with the private sector, utilities,
and other federal entities. The program provides leadership in demonstrating energy efficient
techniques and technologies, such as new lighting technologies, so that federal energy consumption
will be reduced by 10% by 1995 and up to 20% by the year 2000. The aging infrastructure of the
federal government offers a significant opportunity to save energy through energy efficient retrofits
and aggressive pursuit of utility demand reduction strategies and, as a result, offers an important
potential to reduce energy consumption and airborne pollutants.
The program focuses on near-tern activities to develop engineering and management tools for federal
energy managers to use in improving the energy efficiency of their facilities and in demonstrating how
effective techniques and technologies are cost-shared by other Federal agencies and the private
sector, with the DOE contribution limited to technical assistance.
DISCUSSION
The group recommended a base program of $12.0 million in FY 1993, an increase of $3 million over
DOE's recommended budget of $9 million. The program funding spread and priority is found in
Table 14. Please note that the group rated all of the key activities a "5"; everyone in the group
thought that DOE has an important obligation to the matter of stimulating energy use reductions in
the federal sector.
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Table 14. Recommended FY 1993 Funding Plan for the Federal Energy Management Program.
($ Million)
Key Activities
Planning and Reporting
Policy Development and
Evaluation
Tool Enhancement
Technical Guidance and
Assistance
Technology Adoption
TOTAI 5
1 \J 1 MLO
N
R
1
R
R
1
R
1
FY 1993
Recommended
Budget
(Full cost)
0.9
0.8
2.6
5.5
2.2
19 O
1 ^.v
Prioritization
Vote
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
FY 1993
Recommended
Budget
(Restricted)
77?
777
777
77?
77?
9n
• V
Key: N = Existing, R = Revised, I = Initiative
The primary reason the group recommended the changes in this program is the level of activity that
will occur in the near term in energy management within federal agencies and installations. The
federal sector is simply not prepared to take full advantage of legislation regarding energy
management, cost-sharing opportunities with utilities, and the implementation of rules. FEMP needs
to 1) rapidly develop the tools, approaches, and protocols that can be easily used by federal energy
managers, and 2) demonstrate these approaches in such a manner that they become an integral pan
of an agency or installation's energy management culture. Failure to do so will result in major costs
to the nation's taxpayers. The group recommended this program regardless of the outcome of the
proposed revolving fund.
In regard to the proposed revolving fund, the group noted that it is under-capitalized at $300 million,
but would be workable with cost sharing in excess of 50%. The group also recommended allocating
12% of the revolving fund project investment for monitoring and verification.
The benefits from the recommended program are huge. Projections are for long-term impact: 1 quad
of annual savings by 2020 with cost sharing in excess of 50%. The near-term economic potential is
also significant through at least a 30% (—0.4 quad in 1987) reduction of annual federal energy use
(excluding jet fuel), amounting to well over $100 billion in cost avoidance and at least 6 quad of
energy savings through the year 2010. By the year 2020, the annual savings from this program will
be over $10 billion (in 1990 dollars). The FEMP has already provided and will continue to provide
other significant benefits to the federal sector, including streamlined federal rules for cost sharing and
procurement and designing/demonstrating fuel-blind integrated resource planning at the
installation/agency level.
A brief description of the revised and new key activities for FEMP for FY 1993 is provided next.
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Planning and Reporting
FEMP is required to track and report to Congress information characterizing the federal
government's energy use and energy bill. New and expected changes in federal energy management
legislation and policy, e.g., Executive Orders, will impose increased tracking and reporting
requirements on FEMP. The federal government's rapidly changing energy management climate is
a reflection of the changes occurring within the electric and gas utilities, the traditional suppliers of
energy to federal facilities. FEMP needs to devote additional resources for a strategy to stay ahead
of these developments. The additional effort in strategic planning is warranted with over $100 billion
in cost savings at stake.
Policy Development and Evaluation
The heightened interest in federal energy management by Congress, DOE, and the private sector will
continue to result in increased emphasis on implementing legislation and policies which are effective.
FEMP needs to evaluate the effectiveness of existing policies, document this, and develop analysis
demonstrating the impact of proposed policies on federal energy management. Some policies are
currently in place, and others are evolving, which will create incentives for federal managers, to
engage in suboptimal behavior. FEMP needs to be positioned to identify these early on. Many states
have experimented with and implemented or rejected myriad polices relate*1 to energy management
in public facilities. A specific activity targeted at formal exchanges of information with states will also
ensure that policies being considered have the highest probability of achieving the intended result.
Tool Enhancement
FEMP is charged with providing expert guidance to federal energy managers on ways to improve
energy efficiency and fuel flexibility. The typical large federal installation is akin to a city; it generates
some of its own energy such as steam, purchases energy, and uses a mix of fuels. However, the
federal installation is typically not metered and is "owned" by one entity. Legislation and orders exist
that require the facility to pursue energy goals and to do so using specific procedures and cost-shared
approaches. Eneigy managers have requested tools which can be directly applied to this situation
with a minimum of effort The purpose of the tool enhancement activity is to position the federal
energy manager to take the most cost-effective actions.
Technical Guidance and Assistance
FEMP needs to demonstrate to federal agencies how tools and procedures being developed can
actually be used to identify and implement the most cost-effective, cost-shared projects. FEMP
designs and conducts workshops to transfer expertise and tools and also works directly with federal
facility managers to demonstrate the application of fuel-blind IRP at installations and within agencies.
The goal is to use the tools to put a process in place which ensures that agencies and installations
will acquire the most cost-effective energy projects.
Technology Adoption
The federal sector is several years behind the private sector in adopting commercially available energy
technology. There are many barriers to the federal sector's adopting new technology, and these are
being identified and documented. One barrier which we have identified is the risk-averse nature of
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federal facility managers and the lack of information on how new technology will perform within the
existing physical infrastructure. To date, FEMP has addressed this barrier by focusing on test beds
for new technology. It is not yet clear if technology test beds will significantly shorten the lead time
for new technology adoption although this is the working hypothesis. All barriers to the federal
sector's rapid adoption of available technology need to be identified, the relative contribution of each
barrier characterized, and strategies developed and implemented for overcoming them.
i
Project Financing
Energy efficiency can only occur with actions which will save energy and reduce cost. Any plan for
achieving this at an agency or installation level must have as one component the insertion of new
technology into the existing physical infrastructure. The most cost-effective way to do this is for the
federal government to provide the financing. FEMP and DOE are supporting the creation of a $300
to $500 millio.n federally financed energy efficiency fund (FFEEF) for this purpose. The current
proposal is for the fund to be capitalized over a four-year period; the cost savings accruing from the
investment would be repaid to the federal treasury. Projects would be cost-shared through utility
DSM programs.
The benefits from having the federal government finance the fund, as opposed to using private sector
capital, are huge. Using the federal cost of capital can result in as much as four times the investment
and three times the aggregate savings that would occur with a privately financed program. Using
federal financing would also dramatically increase the sales and market penetration of many more
emerging energy technologies.
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3.8 IMPUEMENTATION AND DEPLOYMENT PROGRAM
GROUP PARTICIPANTS
Facilitator: Walter Short
Bill Currie Bill Mixon
Jerome LaMontagne Steve Selkowitz
Mark Levine Mike Wahlig
OVERVIEW
The objective of the Implementation and Deployment Program is to foster the adoption and
utilization of energy-efficient and renewable technologies. The strategy emphasizes both direct
contact with producers and service providers to keep a focus on societally relevant issues and
maintenance of strong working relationships with key professional and trade associations and other
research groups that serve as intermediaries and brokers in reaching diverse and fragmented building
sector industries, manufacturers, and consumers.
The Implementation and Deployment Program has evolved from the OBT technology transfer
program; two of the principal components of the FY 1991 effort—outreach to professional trade
groups and product information dissemination—address the original technology transfer objectives to
transfer the results of research to the private sector. However, Implementation and Deployment
should have a broader thrust than the current program, a thrust that addresses the full range of issues
associated with not only information transfer but also with efforts such as barrier mitigation, technical
assistance, and ensuring that future expertise is available. These thrusts should be expanded and
developed further through a detailed planning effort that clearly defines the overall objectives, target
audiences, activities, and effectiveness evaluation process.
DISCUSSION
In FY 1991, the Implementation and Deployment Program has coordinated and cosponsored
conferences and workshops such as the ACEC Institute on Energy and Engineering Education and
the ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings. It has translated a great deal of
technical information into reports, design took, and other products adapted to the needs of
nontechnical users. These include the Energy Conservation Technical Information Guide: Residential
Buildings, Building Energy Technology, and several program overviews. It has also begun work on the
HERS/EEM projects and has continued to work on the Integrated Resource Planning program. The
consensus among the working group was that the current program is reasonable, but not broad
enough. The group felt the exception was the funding of the Oregon Art Institute project, which
does not Gt the scope of the Implementation and Deployment Program. However, because they do
not reflect the full spectrum of activities to implement and deploy building technologies, new key
activities have been defined for which the existing activities become subactivities.
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Table IS. Recommended FY 1993 Funding Plan for the Implementation and Deployment Program.
(S Million)
Key Activities
Planning and Evaluation
Education
Information Dissemination
Technical Assistance
Barrier Removal
TOTALS
N
R
1
1
R
R
i
R
-
FY 1993
Recommended
Budget
(Full cost)
0.5
1.0
2.0
1.5
0.9
5.9
PriorKization
Vote
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
FY 1993
Recommended
Budget
(Restricted)
0.5
1.0
2.0
1.5
0.9
5.9
Key: N = Existing, R = Revised, I = Initiative
The working group did identify a broad spectrum of activities that should be included in the
Implementation and Deployment Program. However, it was strongly felt that a much more detailed
plan needs to be developed. This plan needs to address the overall objective, the target audiences,
audience characterization, the methods/approaches applicable/required to reach each audience or
objective, and methods to evaluate the degree of success of the Implementation and Deployment
efforts. This planning/evaluation effort is considered to be the first priority in Implementation and
Deployment
The working group identified four major activity areas for Implementation and Deployment (the fifth
activity is planning and evaluation, discussed above), which are shown in Table 16. These include the
existing FY 1991 activities, with the exception of the Oregon Ait Institute, shown as subactivities.
They can be categorized in terms of the timing of their effects. The longest-term payoff accrues from
the education activity, which should be designed to ensure that U.S. educational institutions, from
grade schools to graduate schools, emphasize scientific expertise and generate a public interest in and
awareness of energy issues. This activity can be significantly enhanced through collaboration with
other interested parties such as U.S. AID and the Rockefeller Foundation.
Two more direct Implementation and Deployment key activities include Information Dissemination
and Barrier Removal. Information Dissemination includes a wide range of subactivities directed at
ensuring that the appropriate information with respect to current energy use, possibilities for
reductions in energy use, emerging technology characteristics, environmental considerations, etc., is
transferred to the proper parties. Information Dissemination subactivities require the continuation
of current projects such as emerging products dissemination and trade group outreach efforts, along
with a broad expansion that includes an emphasis on innovative education methods such as videos,
traveling exhibits, kiosks in public facilities, and compact disks; international activities; more utility
interaction; and staff exchanges with industry. Regional demonstration of advanced houses is also
recommended, but needs to be coordinated with prototype development and testing under the
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Table Id Revised Key Activities for the Implementation and Deployment Program
Planning and Evaluation
Education
Curriculum Development
Information Dissemination
Outreach to Trade Groups
Emerging Products
Advanced Houses Demonstration
International
Innovative Methods
Staff Interchanges
Utility Interactions
Barrier Removal
HERS/EEM
Technical Assistance
BETAAC
Professional Fellowships
Building Systems research program. No consensus was reached on manufactured-housing testing
facilities, b'U care should be taken to ensure that this issue was also considered under the Building
Systems research program. While the group felt that OBT should continue with international
activities, it did not advance any new ideas because of the uncertain CE policies en international
collaboration.
Barrier Removal is a broad area of activity for which only a HERS/EEM subactivity is defined at this
time. Current HERS efforts are directed at coordination with national players such as mortgage
lenders, NAHB, and HUD and interaction with selected state efforts. This area should be expanded
to include the development of a universal HERS that is derived from existing programs but enhanced
with advanced technologies and that is calibrated using current simulation methods. Other specific
barrier mitigation possibilities were not explicitly addressed but should be included.
The most near-term Implementation and Deployment effect is achieved through technical assistance
to architects, builders, engineers, and product manufacturers. This is also a broad activity for which
only one specific subactivity was explicitly discussed in this planning—Buildings Energy Technologies
Application Assistance Center (BETAAC). This is conceived as a closely coordinated effort making
use of assistance contributions provided by all the national laboratories that have expertise in building
energy technologies. It will emphasize assistance to larger private and regional/state organizations
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with large building inventories, which can apply the technical assistance to many buildings with
potential for largi reductions in total energy use.
The activities proposed for a FY 1993 funding level of $5.9 million are shown in Tables 15 and 16
and aie based on a qualitative assessment of both the importance of the different activities and the
number and content of subactivities under each. Planning am! Evaluation was budgeted at
$0.5 million to emphasize its importance. Information Dissemination is the largest single item
because of the diverse multiple subactivities that could be pursued. Technical Assistance is at $1.5
million because to be useful it requires detailed and therefore expensive work. Generally, these levels
of effort are anticipated for FY 1994-1997 as well, although Barrier Reduction and Technical
Assistance might be expected to grow with the identification of other efforts and the success of the
initial HERS/EEM and BETAAC efforts.
SL^ce the proposed FY 1993 budget for Implementation and Deployment was large, no enhanced
level above $5.9 million was considered.
Brief descriptions of the new initiatives and expanded program activities submitted as inputs to the
workshop for the FY 1993 Implementation and Deployment Program are provided next The new
initiative Technology for Demand-Side Management," discussed in the Heating and Cooling Program
section, probably more appropriately belongs in this section.
Implements. j and Deployment Planning. The CE Strategic Plan establishes goals for changes in
the way energy is used in buildings; major improvements in the efficiency of energy use and increases
in the contribution of renewable energy are seen as desirable for both economic and environmental
reasons. To achieve the goals established by the plan, a major effort will be needed to overcome the
market impediments that have hindered the wider use of renewable energy and energy-efficient
technologies and practices.
The current Implementation and Deployment Program—a collection of activities evolved in large part
from a program designed to disseminate the results of research—should be strengthened and
expanded to ensure that the goals set forth in the Strategic Plan can be achieved. The role of the
Implementation and Deployment Program in achieving OBTs goals must be defined, objectives
established, and a plan developed to accomplish them. This planning effort is a necessary first step
in the creation of an effective OBT Implementation and Deployment Program.
Biaiding Energy Technology Application Assistance Center (BETAAC). A BETAAC would be
established at all participating DOE laboratories active in building energy technology and air quality
research. The purpose ol the centers would be to provide an interface between the laboratory
research community and the intended audience for DOE research. The centers would be proactive
in identifying opportunities to transfer technology and provide technical assistance in situations where
a high degree cf lever? ^e and/or replication can be achieved; the centers would act in the role of
"wholesaler" of information and assistance, rather than "retailer" as has been common in the past
The centers would focus on activities that would have measurable impact in terms of quantifiable
energy savings, and would provide a feedback patn that is effective in defining research needs based
on first-hand applications experience. The centers would work closely with the private sector,
supplementing available capabilities as necessary to ensure more rapid penetration of emerging energy
technology.
Universal Home Energy Rating System (HERS). The objective of this project is to develop, validate,
and disseminate a PC-based universal home-energy rating system tool. This tool will incorporate the
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Automated Residential Energy Standards (ARES) as a base-case reference point. The user can
describe his/her building description including any conventional or energy-efficient conservation or
solar features, and the program would analyze this description and compare it with the standards.
Built-in capabilities will include cost comparisons, mortgage loan and repayment cash-flow
implications, routine HVAC analyses, and comparisons with local performance or prescriptive codes
and standards.
Demonstration of Advanced Houses. The potential exists for savings of up to 80% in new residential
buildings, and also for greatly reducing utility peak loads, if existing technology and design strategies
are properly employed. However, builders are slow to adopt innovative measures because of their
unfamiliarity and fear of higher first costs. This project would design, construct, and evaluate
advanced houses in several regions of the country ^o demonstrate the use of innovation in a credible
way to convince skeptical builders, the public, and local utilities, these projects would be carried out
as collaborative efforts with industry.
International The objective of this project is to develop a coherent international component of
OBTs RD&D program. Such a venture would be characterized by a two-way linkage with both the
developed and the developing countries on key elements of RD&D pertaining to building
technologies.
Evaluating Technology Transfer Effectiveness. Indicators of the effectiveness of OBT technology
transfer activities would be compiled and a system would be developed for periodically updating them.
Requests for information resulting from articles in trade journals, OBT Research-In-Progress, and
other publications would be monitored. Information concerning the number and nature of requests
for CAREIRS fact sheets and assistance from NATAS and SERI's Technical Inquiry Service would
be analyzed. St?tistics would be compiled on other indicators, such as the number of copies of OBT
software packages sold through the National Energy Software Centers, the number of users of the
OSTI standard distribution list for reports, the number of requests for technical reports from NTIS,
etc. Such evaluation measures would help direct OBTs future activities.
Curriculum Development in Technical Schools. One of the major problems encountered today is the
quality of installation or dedication to operation and maintenance of building energy conservation
retrofit measures. This problem is encountered during installation of building equipment such as heat
pumps or building systems such as low-E windows. A program is needed to develop curriculum for
two-year technical schools that can be used to train both energy conservation retrofit installers and
personnel that will operate and maintain energy management systems and equipment.
Professional Fellowships. The objective of this project is to support graduate study in academic
disciplines related to energy conservation and renewable energy sources and to influence career
choices in fields related to DOE's conservation and renewable energy mission. A good example of
the potential for this program is in the area of absorption heat pump technology. There are very few
scientists with expertise and only three centers of excellence working in this vital area. A fellowship
in absorption technology could encourage young scientists to explore this area, working either with
national laboratories, private industry, or both. Although barrels of energy saved cannot be calculated
for this program, the long-term benefits should be substantial. This program will raise the status of
scientists working on energy efficiency research and develop a cadre of highly trains! scientists
committed to pursuing endeavors to increase knowledge about energy.
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3.9 MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
GROUP PARTICIPANTS
Facilitator: Jerome LaMontagne
Jeff Christian
George Courville
Bill Currie
Art Rosenfeld
Walter Short
OVERVIEW
The Management Program provides analytical processes, facilities, and personnel to conduct the OBT
program. It currently consists of three key activities: Evaluation and Planning, which compiles the
data needed and prioritizes and evaluates program components; Facilities; and Program Direction,
which supplies personnel to manage the sector programs. Evaluation and Planning identifies R&D
needs and quantifies the contributions that can be made by energy efficient and renewable
technologies within the buildings sector. Program results will be used to redirect projects to fill the
needs identified for the buildings sector, will improve data quality and completeness, and will result
in a program more likely to lead to accomplishment of long-range (year 2030) goals.
Table 17. Recommended FY 1993 Funding Plan for the Management Program.
($ Million)
Key
Activities
Evaluation and Planning
Facilities
Program Direction
TOTALS
N
R
1
N
N
N
-
FY 1993
Recommended
Budget
(Full cost)
3.1
1.5
5.1
9.7
Prioritization
Vote
5.0
NA
NA
FY 1993
Recommended
Budget
(Restricted)
1.1
1.3
4.3
7.8
Key: N = Existing, R = Revised, I = Initiatives
DISCUSSION
The working group first discussed the planned FY 1991 activities. The group stressed the need for
a strengthened Evaluation and Planning key activity.
The National Energy Strategy (NES) calk for significant increases in energy efficiency in all sectors.
The Conservation and Renewable Energy (CE) Strategic Plan establishes the specific and ambitious
goal of no increase in the amount of nonrenewable energy required for the buildings sector through
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2030. It is the responsibility of OBT Management Program to define the level of resources necessary
to achieve this goal and to ensure that these resources are applied in the most effective way possible.
The Evaluation and Planning key activity provides the analytical foundation for the decisions
necessary to achieve the CE objective. Evaluation and Planning identifies R&D needs, quantifies the
contributions that can be made by energy-efficient and renewable technologies within the buildings
sector, and defines the most effective approaches to ensure their acceptance. Program results will
be used to redirect OBT projects, develop new activities to meet the needs identified in the National
Energy Strategy, improve data quality and completeness, and define a program for buildings which
will lead to the accomplishment of long-term national goals in the most efficient manner possible.
The consensus among the group was that the process and criteria provided for the prioritizaticn were
inappropriate for ranking Evaluation and Planning activities. The energy security, economic
competitiveness, and other benefits achieved by the OBT program will be the result of activities
undertaken by other program elements; benefits cannot be attributed directly to Evaluation and
Planning. However, the degree to which the overall program succeeds in achieving national
objectives is highly dependent on the quality of the planning and evaluation activities contributing
to program design. Without a strong and effective evaluation and planning activity, there is little
likelihood of an effective and successful OBT program. Elements of the Evaluation and Planning
key activity are illustrated in Table 18.
The group decided that recommendations for Capita! Equipment should originate with individual
program areas—no prioritization attempted. There was some sympathy in the group for the general
proposition that facilities and capital equipment funding should be increased. This area was also
deemed a significant issue by all of the workshop participants and as such is discussed in Section 2.
The Program Direction activity provides funding for DOE Headquarters Staff; the group consensus
that it was inappropriate to address this area. A brief description of the Evaluation and Planning key
activity is provided next
Evaluation and Planning
Activity Descriptions. The overall objective of the Evaluation and Planning key activity is to provide
the information necessary to select the appropriate level and mix of activities which will achieve the
national goals for energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy in buildings. Evaluation and
Planning activities fall into four categories: 1) data collection and analytical tool development, 2)
technology assessments, 3) analyses, and 4) management support and publications.
The outputs of the above activities are (or are incorporated in) strategic planning documents,
program plans, operating plans, and budget submissions. These in turn shape the federal buildings
program. Plans are reviewed ar.d updated on an annual basis to account for changes in national
priorities and to include information gained through the conduct of program activities. Areas
receiving increased attention compared with past OBT planning and analysis activities are 1)
expanded data collection and analysis activities to meet needs identified in the preparation of the
National Energy Strategy; 2) increased renewable energy planning and analysis activities, and the
integration of this effort with energy efficiency activities; and 3) greater attention to leveraging
analysis activities with OBT pi'ogram activities, other CE activities, and PE and EIA activities.
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Table 18. Revised Evaluation and Planning Key Activity for the Management Program.
Evaluation and Planning
Data Collection and Analytical Tool Development
Data Collection Activities
Requirements Analysis
Renewable Energy Data and Analysis
Building Energy Compilation and Analysis (BECA)
Analytical Tools
Commercial Building Model
Residential Building Model
CE Spreadsheet Mode!
Technology Assessments
Analyses
Progress Toward OBT Goals
Building Portfolio Evaluation
Revised Estimates of Energy Savings from OBT Programs
OBT R&D Prioritization Exercise
CE Prioritization Exercise
Strategy Analyses
Strategic Value of Standards
Strategic Value of Incentives
Strategic Value of Information and Education Programs
Strategic Value of R&D
International Analyses
Planning and Support for OBT's International Activities
International Energy Studies
Environmental Analyses
Center for Clean Air Policy (CCAP)
Behavioral Analyses
Management Support and Publications
Analysis Integration
Strategic and Multiyear Plans
Annual Report on Analysis
Data Collection and Analytical Tool Development This activity provides the foundation for
conducting the analyses required to plan and direct the OBT program. Central to the activity is the
conduct of a requirements analysis to identify and prioritize the key questions which OBT must
address and to determine the data requirements and appropriate analytical approaches to address
them. The requirements analysis will drive data collection, including data on renewable energy use
in buildings, and the collection and evaluation of measured building energy performance data.
Analytical Tool Development will include the upgrading of the residential and commercial building
71
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energy models and the revision of the buildings formulations in the CE Spreadsheet model, as well
as the development of new analytical tools as appropriate.
Technology Assessments. These assessments seek out the scientific and technical breakthroughs that
can transform the delivery of energy services in the buildings sectors. The activity provides support
to program-level technology evaluations, and provides the technology characterizations used in
program planning and R&D portfolio evaluation.
Analysis. The central focus of analysis within OBT is to monitor progress toward achieving the OBT
goal of no increase in nonrenewable energy use in buildings, to evaluate the buildings portfolio of
programs in the context of this progress and changing conditions, and to suggest modification of the
portfolio where indicated. The activity also prioritizes the components of the R&D program and
provides inputs to the CE prioritization exercise. The activity estimates the strategic value of policy
options (standards, inc-'ntives. information and education, and R&D). Analyses of international
trends in buildings energy use and technology and the impacts of changes in building energy use and
technologies on the environment are also conducted to inform program planning and policy
formulation.
Management Support and Publications. The analysis integration activity integrates the results of data
collection and analyses performed by OBT and others, and uses the results in the preparation of the
building sector's strategic and Multiyear Plans as well as in other activities such as preparation of
OBTs contribution to the National Energy Strategy, reviews of proposed legislation, and responses
to questions regarding the costs and benefits of policy options. The activity also provides an interface
with other analytical groups both within and outside of DOE to ensure consistency and promote
information transfer. Results of analyses and data development activities are presented in ti\e Annual
Report of Analyses to make this information available to others in government and industry.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A: ATTENDANCE ROSTER
Name
ORNL
*Jeff Christian
*'George Courville
•Phil Fairchild
BillMixon
PNL
•Mike Brambley
•Bill Currie
••'John Rivera
SERI
•Ren Anderson
•Walter Short
BNL
John Andrews
•Jerome La Montagne
Roger McDonald
LBL
•Joan Daisey
•Mark Levine
Art Rosenfeld
Steve Selkowitz
Mike Wahlig
aandia
John Finger
Argonne
William Schertz
Los Alamos
Don Neeper
Telephone/Facsimile
(615) 574-5207/(615) 574-9338
(615) 574-19457(615) 574-9338
(615) 574-20207(615) 574-9338
(615) 576-73247(615) 574-9338
(509) 375-68757(509) 375-3614
(509) 375-39697(509) 375-3970
;301) 588-93877(301) 588-0854
(303) 231-1756/(303) 231-1331
(303) 231-77217(303) 231-1997
(516) 282-77267(516) 282-2359
(516) 282-28317(516) 282-2359
(516) 282-41307(516) 282-2359
(415) 486-7491/(4J5) 486-6658
(415) 486-52387FTS 451-69%
FTS 451-48347FTS 451-5394
(415) 486-56057(415) 486-4089
(415) 486-57877(415) 486^260
FTS 844-80897FTS 844-3952
FTS 972-62307FTS 972-4211
FTS 843-3832/FTS 855-2137
Department of Energy
Gary Moore FTS 896-0515/FTS 896-9260
'Program Facilitator
••Host
•••Cohost
75 \1\*
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APPENDIX B: AGENDA
TENTATIVE AGENDA
FIELD PROGRAM PLANNING WORKSHOP
BUILDINGS SECTOR
Building 3147 Conference Room
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
January 29,1991
8:00 - 8:30 Coffee and rolls
Session I - Plenary
8:30 - 9:00 Introduction: purpose of workshop, agenda, and
expected results. George Courville, Host
9:00-9-30 Office of Building Technologies: mission,
objectives, strategies, and issues.
John Rivera, Cohost
9-30 - 10:00 Discussion
Session II - Deliberations by Working Groups: funding, relative priorities, and new activities at key
activity level
Facilitator
Group 1 - Equipment
Program 1 - Solar Technology Ren Anderson
Program 2 - Heating and Cooling Phil Fairchild
Program 3 - Lighting and Appliances Mark Levine
Group 2 - Envelopes
Program 1 - Materials and Structures Jeff Christian
Program 2 - Indoor Air Quality Joan Daisey
Program 3 - Building Systems Research Mike Brambley
Group 3 • Analysis and Implementation
Program 1 - FEMP Bill Currie
Program 2 • Implementation and Deployment Walter Short
Program 3 • Management Jerome La Montagne
Schedule (Groups meet concurrently)
10:00-12:30 Program 1
1230 - 1:30 Working Lunch
130 - 3:00 Program 2
3:00 - 430 Program 3
430 - 530 Preparation of summaries
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TENTATIVE AGENDA
FIELD PROGRAM PLANNING WORKSHOP
BUILDINGS SECTOR
Building 3147 Conference Room
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
January 30, 1991
8:00 - 8:30 Coffee and rolls
Session III - Plenary
8:30 - 10:45 Presentation by Program Facilitators
10:45 - 11:00 Break
11:00 - 12:00 Discussion of Sector Initiatives and Issues
12:00 - 1:00 Working Lunch
1:00 - 2:00 Discussion of Sector Initiatives and Issues (continued)
2:00 - 2:15 Break
Session IV - Plenary
2:15 - 4:00 Preparation and Adoption of Sector Plan
4:00 Adjourn
January 31,1991
Session V - Executive
9:00 - 11:00 Adoption of Workshop Report
78
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PRINTS User:000495 07may93 File(s) 399,8,6 PAGE:
P105: PR 49/5/ALL PORTRAIT SOLO (items 1-156) I tern 101 of 156
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