TITTABAWASSEE RIVER - MICHIGAN
WATER QUALITY DATA
1.96.5 SURVEY
Clean Water Series DPO-ll-C
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Ped«rol Wnt*r Pollution Control AdmlnUtratton
Greet Lokos Region
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TITTABAWASSEE RIVER - MICHIGAN
WATER QUALITY DATA
1965 SURVEY
Clean Water Series DPO-ll-C
JULY 1968
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Great Lakes Region
Detroit Program Office
U.S. Naval Air Station
Grosse lie, Michigan
48138
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
Page No.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Area Description
Climate
Hydrology
WATER USE 20
Municipal Water Supply
Industrial Water Use
Water-related Recreation
SOURCES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTE . 27
Municipal
Industrial
POPULATION AND WASTE LOAD PROJECTIONS 35
WATER QUALITY DATA ........ 45
Reconnaissance Surveys
Regular Tributary Sampling
Tittabawassee River Dissolved Oxygen Profile
Study
Intensive Tributary Studies
Biology
DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROJECTIONS 109
WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS 120
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LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Paae No.
1 Drought Flows 13
2 Tittabawassee River Sampling Stations 16-18
3 Municipal Water Supplies 22, 23
Owner and Treatment Code (for Table 3) 24
4 Projected Water Use 25
5 Industrial Water Use 26
6 Municipal Waste Effluents 29
7 Industrial Waste Inventory 32
8 Industrial Waste Characteristics 33, 34
9 BOD5 Projections 37-39
10 Waste Flow Projections 40, 41
Notes for Water Quality Tables 57
Reconnaissance Survey Data:
11 Tobacco River 58
12 Chippewa River 59
13 Pine River 60
14 Tittabawassee River 61
Water Quality:
15 Tobacco River 62, 63
16 Chippewa River . 64, 65
17 Pine River 66, 67
18 Tittabawassee River 68, 69
1965 Seasonal Variation:
19 January - April 70
20 May - September 71
21 October - December 72
22 Annual 73
23 1965 Seasonal Nutrient Variation 74
24 1965 Seasonal Coliform Variation 75
11
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LIST OF TABLES
(cont'd)
Table No. Page No.
1965 Radioactivity:
25 Tobacco River 76
26 Chippewa River 77, 78
27 Pine River 79
28 Tittabawassee River 80
29 Intensive Dissolved Oxygen Survey -
September 15-16, 1965 &l
30 Diurnal Dissolved Oxygen Fluctuation 82
Intensive Tributary Survey:
31 Tobacco River 83, 84
32 Chippewa River 85, 86
33 Pine River 87, 88
34 Tittabawassee River 89
35 Physical Observations - Tittabawassee
River Basin - Fall 1.964-Fall 1965 98-101
36 Benthic Macroinvertebrates -
Tittabawassee River Basin - Fall
1964-Fa 1.1 1965 . 102, 103
37 Phytoplankton - Tittabawassee River
Basin - Fall 1964-Fall 1965 104-107
Explanation List for Predominant
Phytoplankton Genera (Table 37) 108
38 Loadings for Match Run - 1965 Model 112
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Page No.
1 Drainage Basins of the Great Lakes 3
2 Drainage Basins of Lake Huron 4
3 Drainage Basin - Saginaw River
and Tributaries 5
4 Tittabawassee River Basin 11
5 Time of Passage - Tittabawassee River 12
6 Flow Duration Curve - Tittabawassee
River - Midland 14
7 Drainage Area vs River Miles 15
8 Location of Sampling Stations -
Tittabawassee River 19
9 Municipal and Industrial Outfalls 28
10 Population and Municipal Waste
Flow Projections 42-44
Midland Area
Alma-St. Louis Area
Mt. Pleasant Area
Clare Area
Tittabawassee River Basin
11 Dissolved Oxygen and 5-Day BOD Profile 90
12 Nitrate Concentration Profile 91
13 Total and Soluble Phosphate Profile 92
14 Total Solids and Chlorides Profile 93
15 Total Coliform Densities Profile 94
16 Dissolved Oxygen Profile 113
17 Kjeldahl Nitrogen as N and 5-Day BOD 114
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LIST OF FIGURES
(cont'd)
Figure No. Page No.
18 Computed Dissolved Oxygen Profiles -
1965 Loadings 115
19 Computed Dissolved Oxygen Profiles -
1990 Loadings 116
20 Computed Dissolved Oxygen Profiles -
2020 Loadings 117
21 Computed Minimum Dissolved Oxygen
Level 118
22 Computed Final Dissolved Oxygen Level 119
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INTRODUCTION
The water quality data contained in this report are the results
of field investigations and other studies conducted in 1965 and 1966. to
provide information for a water pollution control plan for the Lake
Huron Basin. The Lake Huron Basin Study is a part of the Great Lakes-
Illinois River Basins Project, directed by the Great Lakes Region,
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration (FWPCA) and under
authority of Public Law 84-660 (33 U.S.C. 466 et seq.).
Sec. 3. (a)' The Secretary shall, after careful investigation,
and in cooperation with other Federal agencies, with State
water pollution control agencies and interstate agencies, and
with the municipalities and industries involved, prepare or
develop comprehensive programs for eliminating or reducing the
pollution of interstate waters and tributaries thereof and
improving the sanitary condition of surface and underground
waters. In the development of such comprehensive programs due
regard shall be given to the improvements which are necessary
to conserve such waters for public water supplies, propagation
of fish and aquatic life and wildlife, recreational purposes,
and agricultural, industrial, and other legitimate uses. For
the purpose of this section, the Secretary is authorized to
make joint investigations with any such agencies of the con-
dition of any waters in any State or States, and of the
discharges of any sewage, industrial wastes, or substance
which may adversely affect such waters.
Total water quality planning begins in the headwaters of the
individual river basins and continues downstream through the major
tributaries to and including the Great Lakes. The extent and complex-
ity of the Great Lakes and tributaries are shown on Figures 1, 2,
and 3.
Water quality standards for interstate waters (Lake Huron) have
been adopted by the State of Michigan and approved by the Secretary
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of the Interior. Intrastate standards for Michigan are being implemented
by the Michigan Water Resources Commission. These standards will form
a basis for long-range plan for controlling pollution and maintaining
water quality for Lake Huron and its tributaries.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The principal agencies taking an active part in providing assistance
in the preparation of the report are as follows:
State Agencies - Michigan Water Resources Commission
Michigan Department of Public Health
Federal Agencies - U.S. Department of Commerce
Weather Bureau
Office of Business Economics
Bureau of Census
U.S. Department of the Interior
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
Geological Survey
For further information, contact the following:
Detroit Program Office
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
U.S. Naval Air Station
Grosse lie, Michigan 48138
Michigan Water Resources Commission
Reniger Building
200 Mill Street
Lansing, Michigan 48913
Michigan Department of Public Health
3500 N. Logan
Lansing, Michigan 48914
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ONTARIO
DETROIT PROGRAM OFFICE
DRAINAGE BASINS OF THE
GREAT LAKES
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
GREAT LAKES REGION GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN
SCALE IN MILES
00 190 200
QUEBEC
MINNESOTA
PENNSYLVANIA
NEW
YORK
r
j
j
ILLINOIS
y
I IN DIANA \.
I ^*^
o
c
2)
m
OHIO
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FIGURE 2
I. SAOINAW RIVER
Z. C ASS RIVER
3. FLINT RIVER
4. SHIAWASSEE RIVER
5. TIBBABAWASSEE RIVER
8
9
10
I I
MICHIGAN TRIBUTARIES
TO SAGINAW BAY
MICHIGAN TRIBUTARIES
TO LOWER LAKE; HURON
AU SABLE RIVER
THUNDER BAY RIVER
CHEBOYOAN RIVER
ST. MARYS RIVER AND
MICHIGAN UPPER PENINSULA
TRIBUTARIES TOLAKE HURON
12.
19 .
14.
IS.
16 .
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
MISSIS SAGI RIVER
SPANISH RIVER
WANAPITEI RIVER
FRENCH RIVER
MAGANATAWAN RIVER
MUSKOKA RIVER
SEVERN RIVER
SAUGEEN RIVER
MAITLANO RIVER
AU SABLE
L AK E \ HURON
so
DETROIT PROGRAM OFFICE
LAKE HURON BASIN
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
GREAT LAKES REGION G ROSSE I L E . Ml CHIGAN
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LEGEND
Tittobowossee River Basin
DETROIT .PROGRAM OFFICE
DRAINAGE BASIN
SAGINAW RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES
U.S. DCPARTHtUT OF TNI INTCRIOR
rtOIRAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AOMIHIITP. AT ION
m*T LAKH KIIION
KOSJt III, HICNKAM
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GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Area Description
The Tittabawassee River is the largest of the four main tributaries
j
of the Saginaw River Basin. The total drainage area of the Tittabawassee
River Basin is approximately 2,520 square miles. All or part of Clare,
Gladwin, Gratiot, Isabella, Mecosta, Midland, Montcalm, Ogemaw, Roscommon,
and Saginaw Counties lie within the Tittabawassee River Basin. With the
headwaters in the southeastern part of Roscommon County and the south-
western part of Ogemaw County, the river flows southerly to Midland,
where it then flows southeasterly to its junction with the Saginaw River
near Saginaw.
The basin is irregular in shape, as shown in Figure 4, with a
maximum width and length of approximately 60 miles each. Near the. mouth
of the Tittabawassee River, the basin narrows to less than five miles
in width. The total length of the river from the headwaters to the
junction of the Saginaw River is approximately 86 miles.
The Tittabawassee River Basin is bounded on the south by the Grand,
and Shiawassee Basins; on the east by land tributary to the Saginaw
River and Saginaw Bay; on the northeast by the Rifle Basin; on the north
by the Au Sable Basin; and on the west by the Muskegon Basin.
The four major tributaries to the Tittabawassee River are the
Tobacco, Salt, Chippeaw, and Pine Rivers. Flowing from the western
portion of the basin, these tributaries join the Tittabawassee River at
or above the City of Midland. The Tobacco River, with its headwaters
in Clare County, drains 531 square miles. The Salt River, rising in
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Isabella County, drains 231 square miles. The Chippeaw River, with its
4
headwaters in Isabella County, drains an area of 605 square miles. The
Pine River rising in Mecosta County drains 397 square miles.
The Tittabawassee River Basin is sparsely settled. Midland and
Mt. Pleasant are the two largest cities. Major industrial developments
center around the extensive brine fields underlying the basin in the
vicinity of Midland, with its chemical companies, and several oil fields
in the vicinity of Mt. Pleasant.
The topography of the eastern and southeastern part of the basin is
comparatively flat. In the western and northern portions, the topo-
graphy is rolling and hilly. The basin contains relatively few lakes
and little swampland.
The eastern section of the Tittabawassee.River Basin consists
primarily of glacial lake deposits which are composed of finji sand with
imbedded clay layers. North of Saginaw, the Tittabawassee River follows
the western border of the Port Huron moraine. This moraine is character-
ized by low relief and interbedding of glacial till with lake sediments.
Climate
The Tittabawassee River Basin, located in central Michigan, has a
climate that conforms to the general weather pattern existing over the
lower Great Lakes region. This weather pattern is a direct result of
the close proximity of the large bodies of water in the area. These
large masses cool the air in the summer and warm it in the winter, with
the result that Michigan has a much more moderate climate than is
experienced in the areas to the west and southwest. There is a wide
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seasonal temperature, with many storms and a relatively constant yearly
precipitation distribution. In the winter, this precipitation is usually
in the form of snow.
The mean yearly temperature is about 47 F (at Mt. Pleasant) with
reported high and low temperatures of over 105 F and under -30 F,
respectively. The mean summer and winter temperatures are 70 F and 25 F
(at Mt. Pleasant), respectively. There is an average precipitation at
Mt. Pleasant of 29 inches. The growing season varies from 150 days, in
the southern portion of the basin to 120 days in the north.
Hydrology
The slope of the Tittabawassee. River below Midland averages about
one foot per mile. Four power dams are located above Midland where the
slope of the stream bed varies from 3-1/2 feet to 4 feet per mile. The
headwaters of each dam nearly reach the tailwater of the next dam
upstream.
The flow of the Tittabawassee River is modified by the power dams
located upstream of Midland and the tributaries to the Tittabawassee
River - Tobacco, Pine, and Chippewa Rivers. The flow of the Tittabawas-
see River and its main tributaries is measured at several stream gaging
stations. The stations are operated by the U.S. Geological Survey.
Location of U.S. Geological Survey Gages
There are seven U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) stream gaging stations
in the Tittabawassee River Basin, of which three were utilized by the
Federal.Water Pollution Control Administration.
The first of these is Chippewa River near Midland, Michigan. It
8
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has a drainage area of 597 square miles and is located on the bridge
on Meridian Road, six miles southwest of Midland. It Has been in opera-
tion from October 1947 to the present. The FWPCA sampling station X-740
is located at this bridge.
The second USGS gaging station is Pine River near Midland, Michigan.
It is located on the Meridian Road bridge and has a drainage area of
approximately 390 square miles. It has been in operation from May 1934
to September 1938 and from February 1948 to the present. The Meridian
Road bridge is the site of the FWPCA sampling station X-820.
The third USGS gaging station is Tittabawassee River at Midland,
Michigan. It is located one-half mile downstream from the Dow Chemical
Company powerplant.in Midland and one mile upstream from Bullock Greek.
The drainage area for this gage is approximately 2,400 square miles': (this
gagehas .been in operation since March 1936). The Dow Chemical Company
diverts some water from the Tittabawassee River above the gage and
returns it below the gage. This diversion is reported to the USGS on a
monthly basis and must be added to the flow at the gage to obtain the
correct discharge in the river below the gage.
The range of observed discharges at these gaging stations are as
follows:
Chippewa River near Midland - Maximum - 8,510 cfs
Average - 411 cfs
Minimum - 44 cfs
Pine River near Midland - Maximum - 6,360 cfs
Average - 263 cfs
Minimum - not determined
Tittabawassee River at Midland - Maximum - 34,000 cfs
Average - 1,511 cfs
Minimum - 39 cfs
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Time of Passage
Time of passage determinations were made on the Tittabawassee
River to establish waste decay rates. Recorded flows for the gage
"Tittabawassee River at Midland, Michigan" were used in these compu-
-^_
tations and were corrected to include diversion.
Field studies of time of passage on the Tittabawassee River were
made by the Detroit Program .Office during 1965. These studies used
multiple releases of Rhodamine B dye and measured the time of occurrence
and concentration of the dye at downstream point^. The reaches measured
coincide with the intensive sampling areas below Midland.
In a report by C.. J. Velz for the Michigan Water Resources Commis-
sion, times of passage were calculated for the river. These values
showed close agreement with FWPCA studies.
Drought Flow
The calculation of the Tittabawassee River drought flows is compli-
cated because the Dow Chemical Company diverts water around the USGS
gage located in Midland, Michigan. The amount of diverted water is
reported to the USGS as a monthly average. When calculating drought
flows, this monthly diversion must be included in the computation. In
this office, the reported diversion for the month of September 1965
was added to the previously arrived at one and seven-day low flows for
each year. These adjusted values were then plotted on Gumbel Extremal
Probability paper to yield the drought flow at the Midland gage. The
flow at the remaining stations along the river was based on the ratio of
the drainage area to that of the Midland gage (2,400 square miles).
10
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FIGURE 4
i
LOCATION MAP
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER BASIN
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4.00
3.00
(O
Q
Ul
O
0.
U.
O
S
I-
2.00
1.00
0.00
TIME OF PASSAGE OF THE
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER
FLOW AT MIDLAND
15 10
RIVER MILES
o
c
3D
m
Ul
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TABLE 1. DROUGHT FLOWS
(Once in Ten Years)
Drainage Area 1-Day Flow 7-Day Flow
Station (square miles) cfs cf s
Xr.452 1,400 116.2 145.9
X-440 2,462 204.3 256.5 v
X-430 2,479 205.8 258.3
X-420 2,492 206.8 ' 259.7
X-410 2,509 208.2 261.4
X-405 2,514 208.7 262 ..0
Mouth 2,518 209.0 262.4
13
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FIGURE 6
FLOW DURATION CURVE
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER AT MIDLAND
1937- 1964
100,000
10,000
Q
2
O
O
UJ
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FIGURE 7
DRAINAGE AREA VS. RIVER MILES
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER
CO
LJ
O d
CM .=-
LJ
cr
to
CM
X33UO MO
oiina
Sd3AIU VM 3ddlHO 9
3Nld
M33U3
Nosoanis
Vbd
X3380 TOdUVO
O
CO
USA
d J.1VS
O
O
(O
O
O
*
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TABLE 2. TITTABAWASSEE RIVER SAMPLING STATIONS
Station
X-405
X-410
X-420
X-430
X-440
X-449
X-452
X-460
Station
X-730
X-740
X-745
X-750
X-755
X-758
X-760
X-762
X-764
Mile
:.2
5
10
15
19
24
24
34
Mile
Point
5.8
7.7
10.5
14.7
17.0
19.5
22.7
25.3
28.4
Mainstream
Point Location
.5 N. Center
Stations
Road bridge near Shields
.0 M-46 Gratiot Road bridge, east of Shields
.2 West bank
of river, Dice Road and N. River Road
.0 W. Freeland Road bridge in Freeland
.2 Bridge on
Smith's Crossing Road
.2 Midland sewage treatment plant
.5 Bridge at
Currie Parkway
.0 Saginaw Road bridge in Sanford
Tributary
On Tributary
Chippewa River
ii
it
ii
it
ii
ii
n
ii
Stations
Confluence
Mile Point Location
24.2. Homer Street bridge
11 M-30 bridge near
Gordonville (USGS)
" Bridge at 8-Mile Road
" End of 11-Mile Road
off N. Bank
11 Bridge at Magrudder Road
" Bridge at S. Geneva Road
" Bridge at Coleman Road
11 Bridge at Chippewa Road
" Bridge at Loomis Road
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TABLE 2. TITTABAWASSEE RIVER SAMPLING STATIONS (cont'd)
Tributary Stations (cont'd)
Station'
X-766
X-770
X-780
X-810
X-815
'%
X-820
X-830
X-835
X-840
X-850
X-870
X0875
X-880
X-520
X-530
X-535
X-540
X-545
Mile
"Point On Tributary
32.0 Chippewa River
37.8
42.1 "
. 7 Pine. River
4.1 "
^
6.5
11.4 "
14.5 "
21.2 "
24.4 "
26.3 "
31,3
33.7
5.1 Tobacco River
9.2 "
11.8 "
15.2
18.8 "
Confluence
Mile Point Location
: .24.2 Bridge at Leaton Road
" Bridge at N. Mission Road
- f^^ c o "7 \
t^vU . o . Z / )
" Bridge at S. Lincoln Road
2.7* Bridge at Prairie Road
11 Edge of Homer Road off
E. bank - 5 miles up-
stream from Midland
" Bridge at Meridian Road
(M-30) (USGS)
" Bridge at S. 9-Mile Road
" Bridge at Porter Road
" Bridge at Redstone Road
" Bridge at Bagley Road
" Bridge at McGregor Road
" Bridge at M-27 Road
" Bridge at Woodworth
Road in Alma
44.7 Bridge at Dale, Road
" Bridge at Glidden Road
(USGS)
" Bridge at Roehrs Road
" Bridge at Grout Road
" Bridge at Bard Road
* Miles on Chippewa River
17
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TABLE 2. TITTABAWASSEE RIVER SAMPLING STATIONS (cont'd)
Tributary Stations (cont'd)
Mile
Station Point
On Tributary
X-550 21.6 Tobacco River
X-560 24.2 "
X-570 26.6 "
X-580 28.6 "
X-585 31.9
Confluence
Mile Point
44.7
Location
Off S. bank 50 yards
downstream.from Hoover
Avenue and Oak Road
Bridge at Colonville Road
Bridge at Brand Avenue
Bridge at Cornwell Road
Bridge at Woodlawn Street
18
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FIGURE 6
LOCATION HAP
PWPCA Sompllng Slotiorii
4 USOS Goging Slolloni
tc«LC I* HILtl
OCTROIT fHOORAM OfflCl
LOCATION OF f AMPLIN8 STATION*
TiTTABAWAsaee RIVIR IASIN
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WATER USE
1965
Municipal Water Supply
The water supply for the 75,000 people served in the Tittabawassee
River Basin comes from local wells except for the City of Midland, which
obtains its water from the Saginaw-Midland Water Authority, intake in
Lake Huron at Whitestone Point. Population served in 1990 and 2020 for
the basin is estimated to be 150,000 and 300,000 people, respectively.
These figures should not be construed to be total population in the
basin.
Table 3 lists the individual municipality in the basin and gives
the water source. Projections for total water used in the basin in 1990
and 2020 are shown in Table 4.
Industrial Water Use
Dow Chemical Company is by far the largest water user in the. basin.
Several other industries in the basin use smaller amounts of water.
Dow Chemical uses in excess of 200 million gallons per day (MGD) for
cooling water and obtains approximately 10 MGD from the Saginaw-Midland
Water Authority for process water.
Table 5 lists the. individual water users and the use. Projections
of industrial water use in 1990 and 2020 are shown in Table 4.
Water-related Recreation
v.
In the Tittabawassee River Basin north of Midland, water-related
recreation opportunities are extensive and actively used. Some parts
of the area are in the semiwilderness state typical of the northern lower
20
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peninsula areas. Its proximity to the populous and industrialized
Flint-Saginaw-Midland complex .make it desirable for outdoor recreation
activities. The number of state owned recreation areas is limited, but
there are; many local and private sites, especially in the headwaters of
the Chippewa. and Pine Rivers and upper Tittabawassee River. For the
boating enthusiast, there are numerous, water access sites. Many impound-
ments along the basin streams were created primarily for power production.
but are now used primarily for recreation. The 257 natural and artificial
lakes in the basin vary in size from a few acres to the 2,000 acres.of
Wixom Reservoir on the Tittabawassee River. Most of the rivers are
shallow except where impounded. The Michigan Tourist Council and the
State. Conservation Department have designated the Chippewa River, lower
Tobacco River, and the Tittabawassee River as canoe trails.
The basin waters are extensively used.for fishing, swimming, water-
skiing, and boating. Almost all 9,000 boats registered in the basin
in 1965 were under 20 feet in length. An active trout managing program
is conducted by the State Conservation Department, and many stream seg-
ments have been improved and classified as trout waters.
Water-enhanced activities such as hunting, camping, skiing, hiking,
and sightseeing are extensively practiced in the basin. A hiking trail
has been designated which parallels the Tittabawassee River, extending
from the Saginaw area to the Mackinac Straits. .A great potential exists
in the basin for the development of more recreation areas, both water-
dependent and water-enhanced. A more detailed discussion of basin
recreation is contained in the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation publication
"Water-Oriented Outdoor Recreation, Lake Huron Basin" 1967.
21
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TABLE 3. MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLIES*
Tittabawassee River Basin
Municipality
Thomas Twp.
Freeland
Alma
St. Louis
Coleman
Midland
1960
Pop.
4,631
850
8,978
A"fr^t
Owner Source .Treatment
-T Wells in drift 145' deep 5
T Wells in drift 166' deep
M 400' of 36" intake.7' deep
in Pine River; wells in
drift 82' to 164' deep,
stand-by well in rock 550'
deep. Piped to.filter plant 2 & 6
3,808 M Wells in drift 213' to 223'
deep
Breckenridge 1,131
1,264
27,779
Mt. Pleasant 14,875
Mt. Pleasant 1,500
State Home &
Training School
Shepherd
Clare
1,293
2,442
M Wells in rock 393' to 402' 3 & 4
deep
M Well in drift 155' deep; 4
well in rock 555' deep
M Lake Huron 10,000' of 66" 2 & 6
intake, 51" deep.-at White-
stone Point in-Arenac County
M Ground water collector 5 & 6**
with horizontal laterals
near Chippewa River north
of Broomfield Road
S Water from City of Mt.
Pleasant
M Well in drift 151' deep -
and 160' deep
M Wells in drift 60' to 4 & 5
125' deep
** Taken from "Data on Public Water Supplies.in Michigan," Engineering
Bulletin. No. 4 by the Michigan Department of Public Health.
** Part of municipality
*** See Owner and Treatment Code, page 24.
22
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TABLE 3. MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLIES (cont'd)
Tittabawassee River Basin ".
1960
Municipality Pop. Owner Source .Treatment
Farwell 737 M Wells in drift 229' deep
Harrison 1,072 M Wells in drift 225' deep
/
Beaverton 926 M Wells in drift 93' deep
Gladwin 2,226 M Wells in rock 470' to 600'
deep
* Taken from "Data on Public Water Supplies in Michigan," Engineering
_ Bulletin No..4 by the Michigan Department of Public Health.
*** See Owner and Treatment Code, page 24.
23
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OWNER AND TREATMENT CODE
Owner Code
M = City or Village
T = Township
P = Private
D = District
C = County
S = State
U.S. = Federal
Treatment Code
*
1. Std. Filtration
2. Lime softening
3. Zeolite softening
4. Iron removal
5. Chlorination
6. Fluoridation
* Implies at least chlorination, chemical coagulation, and rapid
. sand filtration.
** Lime softening includes filtration.
24
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TABLE 4. PROJECTED WATER USE
(million gallons per day)
Tittabawassee River Basin
1965 1990 2020
Municipal . 18 32 61
Industrial . 235 650 1,430
TOTAL 253 682 1,491
* Includes water for small industries and commercial use,
25
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TABLE 5. INDUSTRIAL.WATER USE
Tittabawassee River Basin
Name of User
Alma Products Co.
Leonard Refineries
Inc.
Michigan Chemical
Corp.
Ferro Stamping and
Mfg. Co.
Remus Cooperative
Creamery Co.
Dow Chemical Co.
Quantity
Used
(MGD)
0.11
0.3
223
Source
Wells
Wells
Use'
Process
Process & Cooling
10 Pine'River and , Process & Cooling
wells
0.06 Chippewa River Process & Cooling
0.02 Wells
Tittabawassee
River, Saginaw-
Midland. Water
Authority
Process
Process & Cooling
26
-------
SOURCES. AND CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTE -
1965 SURVEY
Municipal
The Tittabawassee River Basin is one of the largest (in area) in
the State of Michigan, Total municipal waste sources, in the basin have
an approximate flow of 10 MGD from about'58,800 people. In addition,
Dow Chemical Company in Midland has a 50. MGD industrial waste treatment
plant.
Essentially, all of the population served by municipal sewer systems
live in Midland, Mt. Pleasant, St. Louis, Clare, and Alma. There are
several communities in the basin that have no sewer system .but are
served by private septic tanks and drain fields. Some of this septic
tank effluent apparently reaches watercourses in villages such as
Beaverton, Coleman, Remus, and Farwell. The construction of a sewer
system and waste stabilization lagoon at Beaverton is underway. The
communities of Breckenridge, Barryton, Coleman, Remus, Chippewa Lake,
and Rosebush have been cited or contacted by the Michigan Water Resources
Commission to correct pollution discharges.
Municipal waste treatment plants are described in Table 6. The
information is based on 1965 records of the Michigan Department of
Public Health. Prior to January 1967, all plants were required to
practice disinfection from May 15 to September 15. Since that date,
continuous year-round disinfection is required by Michigan Department
of Public Health regulation. Effluent characteristics based on the 1965
plant operating records are also listed In Table 6 .and outfall locations
are shown on Figure 9. '
27
-------
FIGURE 9
s
4
SCALE IN MILES
TICE
MUNICIPAL a INDUSTRIAL WASTE OUTFALLS
TITTABAWA33EE RIVER BASIN
-------
ro
vo
TABLE 6. MUNICIPAL WASTE EFFLUENTS
1965
Community
*
Clare
Alma
St. Louis
Mt. Pleasant
Shepherd
Gladwin
Midland
Percent
Type Removal
primary 41
primary
primary
primary 33
lagoon
primary 40
secondary
Pop.
Served
2,500
9,000
4,000
12,000
1,200
2,000
31,400
Flow (MGD)
Avg.
0.47
1.50
0.65
1.90
0.16
0.61
5.30
Max.
-
2.76
1.52
2.75
-
1.00
7.80
Min.
-
9.90
0.32
1.36
-
0.38
3.80
Temp.
OF
50
62
55
59
.-
54
57
BOD5 (.mg/i;
Avg.
149
123
71
135
-
70
26
Max.
-
183
99
177
-
104
35
Min.
-
65
42
110
-
42
16
Susp.
Solids
(mg/1)
96
107
97
100
-
61
" ll
Vol.
Susp.
Solids
(mg/1)
79
65
74
80
-
48
16
PH
-
7.7
7.7
7.3
-
7.7
7.4
* Scheduled for addition of aerated lagoon.
** Based on information from Michigan Department of Public Health.
-------
Industrial
The major industries in the'Tittabawassee River. Basin are: Dow
Chemical Company, Michigan Chemical Corporation, Alma Products Company,
Leonard Refineries, Inc., Remus Cooperative.Creamery Company, and Ferro
Stamping and Manufacturing Corporation. Except for Remus Creamery, all
of these industries have treatment facilities. The Michigan Water
Resources Commission rates these plants annually on the facilities pro-
vided and effluent quality.
Industrial outfalls and listings of the chemical characteristics are
shown on Figure 9 and in Table 7, respectively. Industrial waste survey
data of the Michigan Water Resources Commission are listed on Table 8.
Dow Chemical Company
The Midland plant of Dow Chemical is one of the largest chemical
complexes in the world. The plant has a 50 MGD biological waste treat-
ment unit for treating organic wastes and trickling filters- for phenolic
wastes that are pretreated in equalization ponds, holding lagoons for
chloride wastes which are discharged when river flow is sufficient, and
deep well injection for concentrated waste. . They also use in excess
of 200 MGD for cooling water.
/~
^
Alma Products Company
This plant, located in Alma, discharges its waste flow of 0.11 MGD
to the Pine River via a county drain. .Wastes constituents include oil,
copper, zinc, and chromium. Treatment facilities consist of oil separa-
tion, skimmer, and lagoon.
30
-------
Leonard Refineries Incorporated:-.
Located in Alma, it discharges a waste flow of approximately 0.3 MGD
to a county drain which flows into the Pine River. Phenolic compounds,
oil,.and chlorides are part of the waste load. Treatment facilities
consist of deep well injections, lagoons, settling;tanks,. and air floata-
tion devices.
Michigan Chemical Corporation
This plant is located on the Pine River in St. Louis. The plant
uses about 10 MGD of water from their reservoir on the Pine. River next
to the plant. The water is returned to the reservoir and reused. Waste
constituents include general chemical wastes and chlorides.
Ferro Stamping and Manufacturing Company
This plant is located on the Chippewa River in Mt. Pleasant. The
waste flow of 0.06 MGD contains such elements as cyanide and zinc.
Treatment consists of chemical addition and settling.
Remus Cooperative Creamery
This is a small milk processing plant located in Remus on the
Chippewa River. They have.no treatment facilities at present.
-------
TABLE 7. INDUSTRIAL WASTE INVENTORY
Tittabawassee River Basin
Industry
Location
Receiving
Stream
Waste
Constituents
Waste
Flow
(MGD)
Treatment
Provided
Alma Products Co.
Leonard Refineries
Inc.
Alma
Alma -(BR 27)
Michigan Chemical St.. Louis
Corp.
County Drain
Pine River
County Drain
Pine River
Pine River
Ferro Stamping and Mt. Pleasant Chippewa River
Manufacturing Co.
Zinc, copper, 0.11
chromium, oil
Oil wastes, oil 0.3
chlorides,
phenol wastes
Solids, brine 10
wastes
Cyanide, zinc 0.06
Oil separation
lagoon, skimmer
lagoons, settling,
air floatation,
groundwater
Recovery and
reuse
Settling-^
chemical treat-
ment of cyanide
wastes
Remus Cooperative Remus
Creamery Co.
Dow Chemical Co.
Midland
Chippewa River
(Pine Lake
.Drain)
Tittabawassee
Milk wastes
Brine wastes, 47.6
Oxygen Demand Wastes
Taste and odor
producing wastes
None
Conv. secondary,
deep well
injection
-------
TABLE 8. INDUSTRIAL WASTE CHARACTERISTICS
(mg/1)
Tittabawassee River Basin
t_0
u>
Industry
Dow Chemical Co.
Alma Products Co.
Leonard Refineries
Inc.
Michigan Chemical
Corp.
Outfall #1
Outfall #2
Outfall #3
Outfall #4
Ferro Stamping and
Manufacturing Co.
1965
1963
1964
1964
Sept.
Nov.
1965
1965
1965
1965
1965
1966
Flow Temp. Susp.
(MGD) °C Solids
47.600 - 60
0.144 10
0.108 - 42
0.290
0.580 24
0.540 - . 336
0.090 3
0.120 19
0.060 3
0.140 - 57
0.050 - 136
Vol.
Susp. Total (jag/1)
Solids Solids Chlorides Phenols pH
3,860 0.12
6.3
12 - - 5.40
0.01 7.8
0.70 3.0
46 30,260 16,500 - 8.8
2,000 - 8.1
850 - 2.2
20 - 8.0
8.4
9.2
Remus Cooperative
Creamery Co.
1965
0.026
350
350
-------
TABLES. INDUSTRIAL WASTE CHARACTERISTICS (Cont'd)
(mg/1)
Tittabawassee River Basin
(
Industry BOD5 COD DO NH^-N 1-CN C1'2 Fe Mg Ca Br _Na Cu Zn Cr6 Gr3 Oil
Dow Chemical Co. 1965 18.4 114
Alma Products Co. 1963 23 54
1964 20 0.5
Leonard Refiner- 1964
ies Inc. Sept. 1.2 1.8
Nov. 0.85 10 7
Michigan Chemical
Corp.
Outfall #1 1965 240 7,400 60 1,800
Outfall #2 1965 24 720 5 460
Outfall #3 1965 6 14 170 120 310 25
Outfall #4 1965
Ferro Stamping and 1965 1.8 132
Manufacturing Co. 1966 18 168 9.2
Remus Cooperative 1965 1,440
Creamery Co.
-------
POPULATION AND WASTE LOAD PROJECTIONS
Demographic studies were conducted by the Great Lakes-Illinois River
Basins Project, Chicago, for the Lake Huron Basin. Population trends on
a national, regional, and county basis were analyzed, and population pro-
jections were developed for the various areas of the Lake Huron Basin.
In 1960, approximately 1.2 million persons lived in the Lake Huron Water-
shed,.about double the 1920 population. By the year 2020, it is estimated
that the population of the watershed will be approximately 3.2 million.
The four, major areas in the Tittabawassee River Basin are: Midland
(27,700), Clare (2,500), Alma-St. Louis (13,000), and Mt. Pleasant
(14,900), according to the 1960 census figuresv For this report, each
area and the surrounding communities were analyzed as a unit, assuming
that by 2020 the area will be urbanized and served by water and sewer
systems. For these areas, the total 1965 population served by sewerage
systems was estimated to be 58,800 and projected to be 125,000 by 1990
and 255,000 by the year 2020.
BODr projections were based on 1965 inventory information obtained
from the Michigan Water Resources Commission, the Michigan Department of
Public Health, and the U.S. Public Health Service. Municipal and
industrial water use growth rates and BODr production in terms of
population equivalents were determined from studies on the Lake Michigan.
Basin and applied to the inventory data obtained for the Tittabawassee
River Basin.
The results of these projections are shown on Table 9. For
example, in 1965, a total of 78,920 pounds per day of BOD^ was produced
in the Midland area, of which 89 percent was removed by treatment,
35
-------
leaving 8,477 pounds of BODc which was discharged to the river. By the
year 2020, with the same percentage of treatment, 53,000 pounds would
reach the river. In order to show an improvement over present water
quality, 99 percent or more removal will be necessary at that time.
Table 10 shows the estimated waste flow in million gallons per day
for the various areas.
36
-------
TABLE 9. BOD PROJECTIONS
(#/iay)
1965 1990 2020
Midland. Area
Residential 5,340 12,600 32,800
Industrial 5J.O 1*430 ^4.50
Total Municipal 5,856 f4,OJ(f 3T,lJ5Tf
Present 80% removal 1,170 -2,860 7,170
With 90% removal 468 1,403 3,595
With 95% removal 234 702 1,788
Industrial (direct to river) 73,070 204,500 446,000
Present 90% removal 77307 20,450 44,600
With 90% removal 7,307 20,450 44,600
With 95% removal 3,653 10,225 22..300
Total (before treatment) 78,920 218,530 481,950
Present removal 8,477 23,310 51,770
With 90% removal 7,892 21,853 48,195
With 95% removal 3,946 10,926 24,096
Alma-St. Louis Area
Residential 2,210 4,140 7,800
Industrial 793 2,220 4,840
Total Municipal 3,003 6,360 12,640
With 30% removal - 4,450 8,840
Present 36% removal 1,920 4,070 8,080
With 90% removal 300 636 1,264
With 95% removal 150 318 632
Industrial (direct to river) 390 1,090 2,380
With 30% removal 273 763 1,665
Present 10% removal 340 981 2,142
With 90% removal 39 109 238
With 95% removal 20 55 119
Total (before treatment) 3,393 7,450 15,020
With 30% removal - 5,213 10,505
Present removal 2,260 5,051 10,222
With 90% removal 339 745 1,502
With 95% removal 170 372 751
37
-------
TABLE 9. BOD5 PROJECTIONS (cont'd)
(#/day)
1965 1990 2020
Mt. Pleasant Area
Residential 2,040 4,860 9,000
Industrial 950 2,565 4,560
Total Municipal 2,990 7,425 13,560
With 30% removal - 5,200 9,480
Present 30% removal 2,090 5,200 9,480
With 90% removal 299 742 1,356
With 95% removal 150 371 673
Industrial (direct to river) -
With 30% removal . -
Present removal -
With 90% removal -
With 95% removal -
Total (before treatment) 2,990 7,425 13,560
With 30% removal - 5,200 9,480
Present 30% removal .2,090 5,200 9,480
With 90% removal 299 742 1,356
With 95% removal 150 371 673
Clare Area
Residential 408 810 1,520
Industrial 559 1,680 3,350
Total Municipal 967 2,490 4,870
With 30% removal - 1,740 3,410
Present 40% removal 580 1,495 2,920
With 90% removal 97 249 487
With 95% removal 48 125 244
Industrial (direct to river)
With 30% removal
Present 40% removal -
With 90% removal -
With 95% removal -
Total (before treatment) 967 2,490 4,870
With.30% removal - 1,740 3,410
Present 40% removal 580 1,495 2,920
With 90% removal 97 249 487
With 95% removal 48 125 244
38
-------
TABLE 9. BOD5 PROJECTIONS (cont'd)
(#/day)
1965 1990 2020
Total Basin
Municipal
Residential 9,998 22,410 51,120
Industrial 2,812 7,895 15^900
Total Municipal 12,810 30,305 67,020
Present 55% removal 5,764 13,637 30,159
With 90%-removal 1,281 3,030 6,702
With 95% removal 640 1,515 3,351
Industrial (direct to river) 73,460 205,590 448,380
Present.90% removal . 7,346 20,559 44,838
With 90% removal 7,346 20,559 44,838
With 95% removal 3,673 10,280 22,419
Total (before treatment) 86,270 235,895 515,400
Present 84% removal. 13,803 37,743 82,464
With 90% removal 8,627 23,590 51,540
With 95% removal 4,314 11,795 25,770
39
-------
TABLE 10. WASTE FLOW PROJECTIONS
(MGD)
1965 1990 2020
Midland Area
Municipal
Residential 4.6 15.9 39.8
Industrial 0.8 2.2 4.9
Total 5.4 18.1 44.7
Industrial (direct to river) 48 135 293
Total to River 53.4 153.1 337.7
Alma-St. Louis Area
Municipal
Residential 1.2 2.5 4.6
Industrial 1.1 3.1 6.7
Total 2.3 5.6 11.3
/
Industrial (direct to river) 10 28 61
Total ,to JCiyer 12.3 33.6 72.3
'^v,
v ~-<.
Mt. Pleasant Area
Municipal
Residential 1.5 3.9 7.0
Industrial 0.4 1.1 2.4
Total 1.7 5.0 9.4
Industrial (direct to river) -
Total to River 1.7 5.0 9.4
40
-------
TABLE 10. WASTE FLOW PROJECTIONS (cont'd)
(MGD)
1965
1990
2020
.Clare Area
Municipal
Residential
Industrial
Total
Industrial (direct to. river)
Total to River
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.6
1.1
1.1
0.9
1.2
2.1
2.1
Total Basin
Municipal
Residential
Industrial
Total
Industrial (direct to river)
Total to River
7.5
2.5
10.0
58
68
22.8
7.0
29.8
163
192.8
52.3
15.2
67.5
354
421.5
41
-------
F IGURE lOo
POPULATION 8 MUNICIPAL WASTE FLOW PROJECTIONS
FOR THE MIDLAND 8 ALMA-ST. LOUIS AREAS
IN THE TITTABAWASSEE RIVER BASIN
1,000,000
o
Ul
o:
ui
CO
§ 100,000
o.
o
0.
10,000 111 I I I I I I I I I I I I
MIDLAND AREA
100
10
en
ui
CO
z
o
I-
<
_l
3
O.
O
0.
wuu,uuw
100,000
10,000
19
^
i i I i I I i II
^^f
^^
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I
^
^^
^=
1 1 1 1 I I I I I
ALMA-ST. LOUIS AREA
t
__
^^^i**"
r^^
^^
1 1 1 l l 1 1 1 1
^^^^"^
^-
-
_»« ^
^
l
i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
60 1970 I960 1990 2000 2010 2020 20
1 U
1
30
o:
ui
a.
CO
o
z
o
YEARS
-------
f- ,bURE IUD
POPULATION a MUNICIPAL WASTE FLOW PROJECTIONS
FOR THE MT.PLEASANT a CLARE AREAS
IN THE TITTABAWASSEE RIVER. BASIN
I,UUU,VUU
o
LU
QC.
UJ
~
V~
_l
13
0
10,000
/
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
^^
^-*»-
1 1 1 t t 1 1 1 1
-J
^^^
f2&'~~*
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
^ -
~-^
^ -
r- "
i i i i i i r i i
MT. PL
^^*^^-~
^-
EASAN"^
<
_^-*^^
- '
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' AREA
i
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1 I I I I 1 1 i I
>
o
or
0.
CO
z
.0 5
^
o
z
o
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5
1
I960
1970
I960
1990 2000
YEARS
2010 .
2020
2030
100,000
o
LJ
>
o:
LL)
V)
z
o
D
o.
o
a.
10,000
1,000
i i i i i 11 i i
OP;
CLARE AREA
10
cc
UJ
o.
CO
z
o
I960 1970 I960 1990 20OO
YEARS
2010
2020
O.I
203O
-------
FIGURE I0c
POPULATION AND MUNICIPAL
WASTE FLOW PROJECTIONS FOR THE
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER BASIN
1,000,000
o
UJ
cc
UJ
o 100,000
K
<
0.
o
Q.
X
X
10,000 1 1 I I i i i 1 i I I i i i i i i i I i I I i i i I I i i i I I I I i 1 i I I I t I I I I i i I I i i i i i i i i i i I i i i i i i i j i
I960 I97O I960 1990 20OO 2010 2020 203O
100
cc
UJ
a.
10
o
z
o
YEARS .
-------
WATER QUALITY DATA
The Detroit Program Office conducted water quality surveys of the
Tittabawassee River and its tributaries (Chippewa, Pine, and Tobacco
Rivers) during 1965. .Station locations are shown on Figure 8.
Reconnaissance surveys of the main stem Tittabawassee River, and
the Tobacco, Pine, and Chippewa Rivers,, were conducted during February
1965. .Single grab samples were collected at many locations and analyzed
for alkalinity, chloride, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and total
coliform concentrations. On the basis of these surveys, a number of
locations were selected for routine sampling, which was conducted approxi-
«
mately twice a month for one year.
An intensive survey was conducted September 15-16, 1965 to determine
the effect of waste loading on the lower 25 miles of the Tittabawassee
River from Midland to the mouth. Six locations at about 5-mile inter-
vals along the river were sampled every 4 hours for 24 hours. Dissolved
oxygen and temperature were determined on each sample. Composites were
prepared for other parameters. Samples for bacteriological analyses
were collected twice per day.
Additional surveys were conducted on the major tributaries -
Tobacco, Chippewa, and Pine Rivers - in the fall of 1965 to determine
the effect of waste loadings on dissolved oxygen profile. Samples were
collected on each of two runs at many stations on the rivers.
The results of these surveys are described in the following sections.
Data tabulations and graphical presentations for the surveys are included
on Tables 11 to 34 and Figures 11 to 15.
45
-------
Reconnaissance Surveys
The survey of the Tobacco River from above Clare to below Beaverton
(Table 11) indicated high levels of coliform bacteria below Clare.
Chloride levels doubled below the city but decreased downstream.
The survey of the Chippewa River from above Mt. Pleasant to near.the
confluence with the Pine River (Table 12) indicated excessive coliform
levels below. Mt. Pleasant. These levels persisted for about 20 miles.
Chloride levels increased moderately.
The survey of the Pine River from above Alma to near the confluence
with the Chippewa (Table 13) indicated high coliform densities below the
Alma-St. Louis area. These levels persisted for about 10 miles.
Chloride levels increased tenfold below St. Louis and the conductivity
more than doubled.
The survey of the Tittabawassee River from above Sanford Lake to
the confluence with the Saginaw River (Table 14) indicated a low level
of bacterial contamination, with the exception of a sample collected
near Lingle Drain, the effluent from the Midland sewage treatment plant.
Conductivity increased sixfold at Midland and chloride levels increased
50 times. A part of this increase was from the Pine River; however, most
of the waste load was from the Midland plant of the Dow Chemical Company.
Regular Tributary Sampling
The following eleven stations on the Tittabawassee River and
tributaries were sampled approximately twice a month during 1965:
Tittabawassee River Tobacco River Chippewa River .. Pine. River
X460 X585 X780 X880
X440 X580 X770 .X870
X410 X740 X820
46
-------
The stations are described in Table 2 and located on Figure 5.
Tables 15 to 18 list the water quality data obtained during the 1965
survey. Data are listed for each station. Also included are seasonal
groupings of certain parameters and yearly averages for all stations in
the basin (Tables 19 to 24). In general, major waste sources or tribu-
taries enter the streams between the first two stations. The third
station is generally about twenty miles below the major waste sources.
Dissolved oxygen levels were high throughout the basin (Tables 15-to 18).
With the exception of a single value of 2.2 mg/1, 24 percent saturation,
reported in the Pine River below the Alma^-St. Louis area, all tributary
concentrations were above 7 mg/1. With the exception of this location,
the yearly averages for tributaries were above 10 mg/1. In the. main
stem of the Tittabawassee River, below Midland, dissolved oxygen average
concentrations were above 9 mg/1, with a minimum of 5.3 mg/1 (62 percent).
The minimum level above Midland was 6.3 mg/1 (74 percent).
Organic matter (Tables 15 to 18), expressed in terms of five-day BOD
(BODr) and ammonia and organic nitrogen, was low throughout the basin,
with the exception of the Pine River below Alma-St. Louis. A maximum
BOD,- level of 11 mg/1 occurred at this location, with an average annual
concentration of 5 mg/1. Maximum ammonia and organic nitrogen levels
were 2.7 mg/1 and 0.5 mg/1, with average values of .96 mg/1 and .21 mg/1.
With respect to organic concentrations, this location was the most
polluted in the basin, exceeding the level of the Tittabawassee River
downstream from Midland. BODc levels throughout the remainder of the
basin averaged 1 to 2 mg/1. Ammonia levels were generally well below
0.5 mg/1, except in the Tittabawassee River below Midland. As indicated
. . 47
-------
in Tables 19 through 22, there was no significant seasonal variation
apparent in the basin for the organic parameters.
Nutrient levels expressed in terms of nitrate as nitrogen, and total and
soluble phosphorous as phosphate, were moderately high throughout the
basin (Tables 15 to 18). Nutrient levels in the Tobacco River, the
Chippewa River above Mt. Pleasant, the Pine River above Alma-St. Louis,
and the Tittabawassee River above Midland, were low, with average
nitrate-nitrogen and total phosphate concentrations of less than 0.5 mg/1
and 0.2 mg/1, respectively. Average concentrations below the cities were
considerably higher, especially in the Pine River below Alma-St. Louis
where, the average levels were 1.3 and 1.0 mg/1, respectively. The
concentrations of nutrients increased downstream.to levels of 1.5 and
1.1 mg/1 nitrate and phosphate, respectively. The maximum levels of 3.1
and 4.6 mg/1 in the basin occurred at this location. Average levels in
the Tittabawassee and Chippewa Rivers downstream of the waste sources
were about 0.8 mg/1 nitrate and 0.4 mg/1 phosphate.
Chlorides and other dissolved solids are the greatest delineators
of industrial waste discharges in the basin. .As indicated in Tables 15
to 18, distinct differences are apparent in basin water quality by the
use of these parameters. Both the petrochemical industries in Alma-St.
Louis and at Midland are discernible in their effect upon the chloride
level in the Pine and Tittabawassee Rivers. Above these sources, the
average total solids concentration is about 300 mg/1 and below these
sources, about 1,100 mg/1 - a fourfold increase. Although there is an
increase in the chloride levels below the cities on the Tobacco and
Chippewa Rivers, the average concentration above major industrial sources
48
-------
is less than 25 mg/1. Below these industrial sources, the level averages
about 400 mg/1 - a sixteenfold increase. The increase on the Tittabawas-
see River from 14 to 417 mg/1 is due both to the Chippewa-Pine tributary
, and to the industrial source at Midland.
There was no apparent seasonal variation in total solids or chloride
concentration upstream of the industrial sources (Tables 19.through 22),
On the Pine River below Alma-St. Louis, the chloride and total solids
concentrations were lowest in the spring, averaging one-half to three-
quarters of the annual concentration. In the Tittabawassee River, however,
the lowest concentrations occurred during the summer season, although the
seasonal difference was not as great. These average concentrations of
chloride and total solids in the Pine River below Alma-St. Louis and
the Tittabawassee River below Midland are extremely high in comparison
to the recommended drinking water level of 250 mg/1.
Bacterial quality of the basin waters was, in general, severely
impaired as measured by total coliform, fecal coliform, and fecal strep-
tococcus concentrations (Tables 15 to 18). On the Tobacco, Chippewa,
and Pine Rivers, the annual median concentration averaged 1,000 organ-
isms/100 ml total coliform above the major cities. Annual median
concentrations below these cities ranged from 32,000 organisms/100 ml
on the Pine River to 70,000 organisms/100 ml on the Tobacco and Chippewa
Rivers. At locations 20 miles below the major sources, the annual
medians were 6,000 organisms/100 ml on the Tittabawassee, Chippewa, and
Pine Rivers. Generally, comparable levels of fecal coliform and fecal
streptococcus were found, although above the municipalities the fecal
coliform to total coliform ratio, was not as great as below the
49
-------
municipalities.
During the disinfection or summer season (Table 24), the median
total coliform level was below 5,000 organisms/100 ml, except on the
Tobacco River below the City of Clare. Maximum levels at all locations
during the period ranged from 5,000 to 220,000 organisms/100 ml, or
about the same as the range over the entire year. In general, the
bacterial quality of the Tittabawassee River below Midland was better
than the quality of the tributaries during the disinfection and non-
disinfection periods.
During the nondisinfection period - September 15 to May 15 -
median total coliform concentrations ranged from a minimum of about 200
organisms/100 ml on the Tittabawassee River below Sanford Dam to 82,000
organisms/100 ml on the Chippewa River below Mt. Pleasant. The maximum
observed concentration was 420,000 organisms/100 ml below Mt. Pleasant.
Maximum fecal coliform levels of 38,000 organisms/100 ml and fecal
streptococcus levels of 15,000 organisms/100 ml occurred below Alma-St.
Louis.
Radiochemistry data based on the 1965 regular tributary sampling
program are listed on Tables 25 through 28 for the Tittabawassee River
and main tributaries: Tobacco, Chippewa, and Pine Rivers. The data are
1-isted in pico curies per liter of water sample. The sample is reported in
terms of suspended (nonfiltrable) and dissolved (filtrable) portion.
Alpha emitters and beta emitters were measured. Many of the samples
-12
indicated levels of less than 0.05 pico curies per liter (10 curies/
liter). Maximum levels of alpha emitters were 2.5 pc/1 dissolved and
0.6 pc/1 suspended. Maximum levels of beta emitters were 22 pc/1
50
-------
dissolved and 3.6 pc/1 suspended. These maximum levels occurred in the
Pine River. For most samples the. standard counting error exceeded the
level of the sample, indicating a very low level of radioactivity in the
sample.
Tittabawassee River Dissolved Oxygen Profile Study
Data collected during the intensive .survey on September 15-16, 1965
are listed on Table 29 and shown on Figures 11 to 15. During this survey,
.water quality was similar to the annual average water quality at those
stations routinely sampled. Exceptions were in dissolved oxygen (DO)
levels and bacterial densities.
The DO profile (Figure 11) indicates a minor depression occurs below
the Midland area. Average depletion was about 1 mg/1 from the upstream
concentration. Both the average level and the minimum levels indicate
a sufficiently high level of DO existed in the stream.
Diurnal variation in DO level was a maximum of about 2 mg/1.
Minimum DO observed was 6.1 mg/1, which occurred near the confluence
with the Saginaw River in a mid-morning sample. During'a mid=summer
intensive DO study of the Saginaw River, a minimum value of 5..2 mg/1
or 61 percent saturation was observed in the Tittabawassee River near
this location. Diurnal variation (Table 30) for various surveys
indicates that a moderate amount of photosynthetic activity exists in
the Tittabawassee River. As indicated in this table, DO levels are
51
-------
considerably lower during the warmer months.
Organic matter expressed as five-day BOD (Figure 11 and Table 29)
was at a low level, indicating that under the survey flow conditions
only moderate organic pollution existed in the stream. Nitrogenous
oxygen demanding materials expressed in terms of ammonia and organic
nitrogen were at moderate levels. There was little change in the level
of the BOD and nitrogen parameters throughout the stream below the waste
sources, indicating a slow decay rate. The intensive survey levels of
these parameters compare favorably with the average annual concentration.
Nutrient levels, in terms of phosphates and nitrate nitrogen
(Figures 13 and 12 and Table 29), were high, with average, nitrate nitro-
gen concentrations of 1.0 mg/1 and total phosphorous expressed as phosphate
of 0.5 mg/1. Soluble phosphate level was 0.1 mg/1 less.
By far, the greatest indicator of pollution in the Tittabawassee
River is the level of chlorides and other dissolved solids (Figure 14 and
Table 29). During the intensive survey, chloride level increased fifteen-
fold below the Midland waste sources. This increase was from a level
of 28 mg/1 to a level of 420 mg/1. The concentration of the tributaries,
Ghippewa and Pine Rivers, were 34 and 40 mg/1, respectively. On the
basis that during this intensive survey, the flow from each tributary
was equal and together equivalent to.the upstream flow of the Tittabawas-
see River, most of the increased chloride concentration occurs in the
Midland area. The levels of both chloride and total solids were the
same in the lower Tittabawassee River as the average annual concentra-
tion. The levels of chloride at the upper station (above.the confluence
of the Chippewa-Pine) were considerably greater than at the routine
52
-------
sampling station below Sanford Dam.
Total coliform densities (Figure 15 and Table 29) indicated moderate
pollution during this survey, with only a single sample exceeding a level
of 5,000 organisms/100 ml. Although there was a gradual increase in the
coliform level, this increase was not significant. Survey levels com-
pared favorably with the annual median level at the downstream location.
At the upstream survey location, which is located within the City of
Midland, the survey level was significantly higher than at the year-
round station below Sanford reservoir.
In general, this intensive survey compared favorably, with the
results of the year-round sampling. It indicated that for most para-
meters .there is little change in level in the twenty miles of stream from
the major waste sources to the confluence with the Saginaw River, and
that the use of a single station near the. mouth of the Tittabawassee
River is a good indicator of water quality.
Intensive Tributary Studies
Tobacco River
Seven stations were sampled on the Tobacco River. The data
(Table 31) indicate low levels of pollution in the Tobacco River. With
the exception of bacterial densities and chloride levels, there was no
significant change in the water quality below the .waste sources. DO
levels were high and BODt- levels were low, averaging 1 mg/1. Chloride
concentrations doubled below the City of Clare and remained at this
level until after the confluence of the Cedar River at Beaverton. Bac-
terial densities for total and fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus
53
-------
increased below the City of Clare and gradually decreased downstream.
An increase again occurred below'the confluence of the Cedar River at
Beaverton. The City of Gladwin is located on the Cedar River about five
miles above.the confluence.
The results of the intensive study compared very favorably, with
the regular tributary sampling at the two stations above and below Clare,
with the exception of DO and coliform levels. Minimum DO levels were
significantly lower as expected, due to the higher temperature conditions
included during the summer months of the regular tributary sampling.
Minimum coliform levels were also lower during the regular sampling
season due to disinfection practiced in the summer months, at the time
of the survey.
.Chippewa River
Eight stations were sampled on the Chippewa River. The data
(Table 32) indicate that moderate amounts of pollution exist from Mt.
Pleasant downstream. A minor depression of DO level was noted below
Mt. Pleasant. The BOD- level increased (from 1 mg/1 to 2 mg/1) down-
stream of the city. Minor increases in the nitrate and chloride levels
were also indicated. A significant increase in bacterial densities
occurred below Mt. Pleasant. These levels gradually decreased down-
stream, although remaining excessive even near Midland, a distance of 40
miles. All other parauiectrs indicated no significant change due to
effluents from Mt. Pleasant.
The results of the intensive survey compare favorably with the
regular tributary sampling at the three stations included in both series.
DO levels were higher during the intensive survey due to the decreased
54
-------
stream temperatures. Minimum bacterial levels at the two regular stations
below Mt. Pleasant were significantly lower during the regular sampling
period, which included the summer disinfection season.
Pine River
Seven stations were sampled on the Pine River. The data (Table 33)
indicate that moderate levels of pollution exist below the Alma-St.
Louis:area. A minor DO depression exists for some distance below these
cities. There is recovery, however, within ten miles downstream of
the two cities, with the maximum DO level being found near Midland.
Ammonia nitrogen levels increased below Alma and then again below St.
Louis. Phosphate levels also increased substantially. Chlorides, dis-
solved solids,, and conductivity increased substantially below-St. Louis,
reflecting the industrial wastes of the petrochemical industries. The
microbiological quality is severely degraded below Alma. Partial
recovery is achieved below St. Louis, and a gradual decline in the numbers
of coliform organisms occurred with the bacteriological quality near
Midland, approximately the same as that above Alma-St. Louis.
The results of the intensive survey compare favorably with the
regular tributary sampling at the three stations included in both
series. DO levels were higher during the intensive survey period due
to the higher temperature period included in the year-round sampling.
Minimum bacterial levels were significantly lower at the two stations
below the Alma-St. Louis area during regular sampling as a result of
disinfection practiced during the summer months at the time of the
survey. The chloride and associated parameters (conductivity, dis-
solved solids, and other minerals) were at the maximum.yearly level on
55
-------
one of the intensive survey runs.
Three stations on the Tittabawassee River - below Sanford, below
Midland, and at Shields - were also sampled during the intensive surveys
on the Tobacco, Chippewa, and Pine Rivers. The data (Table 34) at the
Sanford station indicated a very favorable comparison with the yearly
data, with the exception of DO and bacterial level. Data at the two
stations below Midland indicated that the quality of the Tittabawassee
River, especially relating to chloride and associated parameters, are
highly variable. The influence of the. Midland area on lessening water
quality of the Tittabawa.ssee River is apparent from these intensive
surveys.
56
-------
NOTES
FOR
WATER QUALITY TABLES
NS - Number of Samples
Chemical Parameters
CL - Chloride Mg - Magnesium
Fe - Iron Na. - Sodium
SO- - Sulfate K - Potassium
Si - Silica C03 - Carbonate
Ca - Calcium HCO-j Bicarbonate
Total hardness: reported as
Nitrogens: ammonia (NH~), organic, nitrates
and nitrites (N02) reported as nitrogen
equivalent (N)
Phosphates: reported as PO,
Total phosphates include: ortho, poly, biological, and
organic.
Total soluble phosphates include: soluble ortho,
soluble poly, and soluble organic.
pH: reported in standard units
All results recorded in milligrams per liter (mg/1) except:
phenols and iron - micrograms per liter (jag/1)
conductivity - micromhos per centimeter (umhos/cm)
Microbiological Parameters
Total Coliform )
Fecal Coliform ) reported as organisms (MF)/ 100 ml
Fecal Streptococcus ) . . .
Total Plate Count: number of bacteria/ml
'Median value is used for "average" statistic except as
noted.
Indeterminate.values (less than <1 or greater than > ) not
used in calculating average.
57
-------
TABLE 11. WATER QUALITY DATA - RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY
TOBACCO RIVER
February 9-10, 1965
Ln
00
Station
X-585
X-580
X-570
X-560
Xr 550
Xr545
X-540
X-535
X-530
X-520
River
Mile*
31.9
28.6
26.6
24.2
21.6
18.8
15.2
11.8
9.2
5.1
Alkalinity
168
162
154
162
164
150
145
150
172
178
Dissolved
Oxygen
13.8
13.8
12.5
12.5
11.2
11.2
11.2
11.2
13.8
12.5
8.0
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.6
7.5
7.6
7.6
7.8
7.6
Total
Coliform
1,000
150,000
30,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
21,000
7,600
21,000
5,600
Conductivity
342
412
392
394
396
388
414
412
398
408
Chloride
11
17
23
23
22
25
22
25
13
13
* miles above confluence with Tittabawassee River.
-------
TABLE 12. WATER QUALITY DATA - RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY
CHIPPEWA RIVER
February 16, 1965
Station
X-780
X-770
X-766
X-764
X- 762
X-760
X-758
X-755
X-750
X- 745 .
X-740
X-730
River
Mile*
42.1
37.8
32.0
28.4
25.3
22.7
19.5
17.0
14.7
10.5
7.7
5.8
Alkalinity
152
156
158
154
151
154
154
152
144
128
116
118
Dissolved
Oxygen
14.0
12.9
11.7
11.3
11.8
12.4
11.8
11.1
11.0
10.9
10.7
10.6
Total
pH Coliform Conductivity
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
7.8
8.0
8.0
8.0
7.9
7.8
8.0
; 7.8
6,200
66,000
69,000
53,000
60,000
67,000
53,000 ;
40,000
72,0"00;i-
12,000:.:
7,400-;:
19,000':
380
380
390
400
400
420
420
410
390
350
370
350
Chloride
19
21
21
23
25
31
32
30
26
21
32
25
* miles above confluence with Tittabawassee River.
-------
TABLE 13. WATER QUALITY DATA - RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY
PINE RIVER
February 17, 1965
Station
X-880
X-875
X-870
X-850
X-840
X-835
X-830
X-820
X-815
X-810
River
Mile*
33.7
31.3
26.3
24.4
21.2
14.5
11.4
6.5
4.1
CO. 7
Alkalinity
134
134
124
123
125
120
122
114
120
116
Dissolved
Oxygen
15.5
13.9
11.7
10.6
9.4
8.9
8.9
8.3
9.4
8.9
7.7
7.6
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.8
7.6
7.6
7.9
7.7
Total
Coliform
1,800
12,000
15,000
16,000
31,000
9,300
8,400
6,200
7,200
5,400
Conductivity
370
370
840
680
630
690
600
570
580
580
Chloride
20
19
193
135
118
141
108
98
106
106
* miles above confluence with Chippewa River.
-------
TABLE 14. WATER QUALITY DATA - RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER
February 17, 1965
Station
X-480
X-462
X-460
X-456
X-454
X-452
X-445
X-440
X-430
X-420
X-415
X-410
X-405
River
Mile*
43.9
35.1
34.0
31.2
27.9
24.5
21.4
19.2
15.0
10.2
6.7
5.0
2.5
Alkalinity
155
176
179
172
172
130
132
136
144
140
146
140
144
Dissolved
Oxygen
10.0
10.0
10.5
10.0
10.5
11.1
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.5
10.0
10.0
£H_
8.0
8.2
8.2
8.2
7.8
7.8
7.6
7. -8
7.8
8.1
7.9
7.8
7.8
Total
Coliform
1,700
700
600
700
1,000
1,500
15,000
900
100
100
200
100
600
Conductivity
360
400
390
390
400
460
2,240
2,620
2,700
2,120
1,920
1,820
1,740
Chloride
11
13
12
14
16
45
715
865
1,015
685
600
575
530
* miles above confluence with Saginaw River.
-------
TABLE 15. WATER QUALITY
TOBACCO RIVER
1965
X585 above Clare
X580 below Clare
Parameters
Dissolved Oxygen
5- day BOD
NH3-N
Org-N
N03-N
N02-N
Total PO^
Total Sol. PO^
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Vol. Susp. Solids
Cl"
Phenol
PH
Temperature
% Saturation
NS
11
7
13
13
14
10
14
14
14
14
12
16
14
16
16
11
Avg . Low
10.9 8.9
1 <1
0.23 0.10
Or15 0.07
0.3 0.1
0.01 <0.01
0.2 <0.1
0.1 <0.1
261 215
16 1
11 <1-
11 7
4 . <1 .
8.0 7.7
4.5 0
87 70 .
High
13.5
2
0.45
0.32
0.9
0.01
0.6
0.4.
324
105
92
30
8
8.4
19.0
100
NS
11
7
13
11
13
9
13
13
13
13
12
15
14
15
15
11
Avg.
10.6
2
0.27
0.15
0.5
0.01
0.2
0.1
299
9
3
17
3
7.9
5.5
86
Low
7.5
1
0.16
0.06
0.1
0.01
<0.1
< 0.1
229
2
<1.
10
-------
TABLE 15. WATER QUALITY (cont'd)
TOBACCO RIVER
1965
X585 above Clare
X580 below Clare
U)
Parameters
Total Iron
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Sulfate
Total Hardness
Conductivity
Total Coliform
Fecal Coliform
Fecal Strep
NS
14
11
11
14
14
14
14
16
14
14
14
Avg.
550
17
4
55
18
32
199
370
700
120
90
Low
<100
5
1
44
10
15
150
280
90
20
4
High
2,000
64
10
62
28
42
228
440
5,000
9,700
1,700
NS
13
10
10
13
13
13
13
15
14
12
12
Avg.
840
16
3
60
19
47
214
420
71,500
8,800
1,250
Low
<100
6
2
43
13
28
152
280
40
15
20
High
3,800
44
5
73
31
80
250
510
220,000
26,000
4,400
-------
TABLE 16. WATER QUALITY
CHIPPEWA RIVER
1965
X780 above Mt. Pleasant
X770 below Mt. Pleasant
X740 near Midland
Parameters
Dissolved Oxygen
5- day BOD
NH3-N
Org-N
N03-N
N02-N
Total PO,
Total Sol. PO^
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Vol. Susp. Solids
Cl"
Phenol
pH
Temperature
% Saturation
NS
11
7
14
13
14
10
14
14
13
14
13
16
15
16
16
11
Avg.
10.8
2
0.26
0.20
0.8
0.01
0.2
0.1
290
24
5
19
4
7.9
6.0
89
Low
7.5
1
0.14
0.06
0.1
<0.01
<0.1
<0.1
234
3.
' 1
12
*1
7.5
-CO/.
67
High
16.0
4
0.49
0.42
1.2
0.02
0.4
0.3
343
124
9
23
8
8.2
21.5
109
NS
11
7
14
12
14
10
14
14
13
14
11
16
15
16
16
11
Avg.
10.4
2
0.44
0.19
0.8
0.01
0.4
0.3
304
18
6
25
6
7.9
6.0
86
Low
7.6
2
0.18
0.06
0.2
<0.01
0.04
<0.04
251
6
1
13
< 1
7.6
q-
68
High
.'13.4
3
0.92
0.41
1.5
0.02
1.7
1.3
351
66
11
39
28
8.2X
24.0
93
NS
13
9
15
14
16
1Q
16
16
15
16
15
18
16
18
18
13
Avg.
10.3
2
0.30
0.19
1.0
0.01
0.3
0.2
317
20
5
36
4
-7.9
7.0
88
Low
7.8
1
0.06
0.07
0.1
0.01
0.1
0.04
72
4
<1
17
-£ 1
7.5
'$
61
High
14.0
3
0.53
0.36
2.5
0.02
0.4
0.4
480
57
12
69
6
- 8.3
24.5
114
-------
TABLE 16. WATER QUALITY
CHIPPEWA RIVER (cont'd)
1965
X780 above Mt. Pleasant
X770 below Mt. Pleasant
X740 near Midland
Parameters
Total Iron
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Sulfate
Total Hardness
Conductivity
Total Coliform
Fecal Coliform
Fecal Strep
NS
14
11
11
14
14
14
14
16
15
12
13
Avg.
1,350
15
4
55
19
35
208
390
2,300
290
<100
Low
<100
5
2
43
11
25
142
: 270
80
130
20
High
5,700
40
8
70
27
49
254
490
17,000
2,000
12,000
NS
14
10
10
14
14
14
14
16
15
13
13
Avg.
1,140
23
5
57
19
38
213
410
66,000
6,100
1,500
Low
<100
6
2
42
10
26
138
270
1,000
160
100
High
5,800
60
11
. 75
29'
53
290
520
420,000
58,000
5,400
NS
16
12
12
15
15
15
15
18
17
14
14
Avg.
960
29
6
61
19
47
223
460
8,000
1,000
160
Low
<100
7
2
34
7
22
112
270
410
^ 10
^5
High
3,300
106
13
85
31
63
302
660
30,000
3,700
2,300
-------
TABLE 17. WATER QUALITY
PINE RIVER
1965
X880 above Alma-St. Louis
X870 below Alma-St. Louis
X820 near Midland
ON
Parameters
Dissolved Oxygen
5- day BOD
NH -N
Org-N
N03-N
N02-N
Total P04
Total Sol. PO^
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Vol." Susp. Solids
Cl"
Phenol
PH
Temperature
% Saturation
NS
10
7
13
13
14
10
14
14
13
13
10
15
15
15
15
10
Avg.
10.6
2
0.26
0.17
0.8
0.01
0.2
0.1
350
5
3
28
4
7.9
6.5
91
Low
8.8
1
0.04
0.05
0.1
0.01
-------
TABLE 17. WATER. QUALITY
PINE RIVER (cont'd)
1965
X880 above Alma-St. Louis
X870 below Alma-St. Louis
JX820 near Midland
cr>
Parameters
Total Iron
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Sulfate
Total Hardness
Conductivity
\
Total Coliform
Fecal Coliform
Fecal Strep
NS
14
11
11
14
14
14
14
15
13
11
12
Avg.
610
19
5
81
22
55
270
480
1,000
90
75
Low
100
4
1
34
7
35
112
260
190
30
4
High
3,200
50
8
211
36
75
472
610
7,900
1,300
4,000
NS
14
12
12
14
14
14
14
16
14
12
12
Avg.
810
89
20
212
27
69
570
1,480
32,000
12,000
1,300
Low
<100
15
3
51
10
35
164
220
1,500
530
55
High
2,800
224
40
524
42
90
1,360
3,860
170,000
38,000
15,000
NS
15
12
12
13
14
13
14
17
16
13
13
Avg.
1,010
96
22
199
27
73
559
1,420
6,400
2,500
100
Low
<100
18
3
52
9
35
160
360
<20
20
8
High
3,100
315
55
412
52
101
1,095
3,060
51,000
13,000
2,400
-------
TABLE 18. WATER QUALITY
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER
1965
X460 below Sanford
X440 below Midland
X410 at Shields
oo
Parameters
Dissolved Oxygen
5- day BOD
NH--N
Org-N
N03-N
N02-N
Total P04
Total Sol. PO,
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Vol. Susp. Solids
Cl"
Phenol
PH
Temperature
70 Saturation
NS
10
6
13
13
13
10
13
13
13
13
11
15
14
15
15
10
Avg.
9.7
2
0.26
0.18
0.5
0.01
0.2
0.1
269
13
5
14
5
8.0
6.5
81
Low
6.3
1
0.12
0.07
0.1
£0.01
<0.1
<0.1
193
3
3
8
1
7.6
.0
70
High
12.2
3
0.42
0.40
1.8
0.02
0.6
0.4
356
31
9
36
13
8.4
22.5
97
NS
6
6
6
6
6
1
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
Avg.
9.7
3
0.78
0.35
1.1
0.01
0.5
0.2
1,149
22
7
402
22
7.6
10.5
88
Low
7.0
2
0.25
0.13
0.3
-
0.1
0.04
618
11
<1
138
9
6.9
2.0
76
High
11.8
4
2.60
0.99
1.8
-
1.4
0.5
1,430
34
14
558
39
8.2
19.0
94
NS
12
7
13
12
14
10
14
12
14
14
13
15
15
16
17
12
Avg.
9.3
3
0.84
0.25
1.1
0.02
0.6
0.4
1,100
30
8
424
13
7.8
8.0
79
Low
5.3
3
0.24
0.11
0.3
0.01
0.1
0.04
722
6
<1
200
2
6.9
-.0 .
62
High
12.0
4
1.52
0.59
2.0
0.04
1.6
1.2
1,601
63
26
830
31
8.3
24.0
98
-------
TABLE 18 . WATER QUALITY
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER (cont !d)
1965
X460 below Sanford
X440 below Midland
X410 at Shields
Parameters
Total Iron
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
ON Sulfate
Total Hardness
Conductivity
Total Coliform
Fecal Coliform
Fecal Strep
NS
13
11
11
13
13
13
12
14
14
12
12
Avg.
1,060
16
4
54
17
41
194
350
190
12
12
Low
^100
3
2
32
7
30
106
230
8
2
^2
High
3,600
36
6
67
28
50
252
450
5,600
490
1,100
NS
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
Avg.
130
84
23
121
23
70
424
1,610
21,500
2,350
215
Low
<100
28
13
61
14
60
278
800
^100
^5
^
High
300
>100
32
188
29
90
560
2,070
41,000
7,600
530
NS
13
13
13
14
14
13
15
17
16
12
12
Avg.
1,220
145
27
128
28
70
567
1,510
3,600
790
105
Low
<100
48
9
50
16
14
260
840
>10
10
10
High
4,300
305
71
182
48
106
2,620
2,500
54,000
>3,000
1,700
-------
TABLE 19. TITTABAWASSEE RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY
1965 SEASONAL VARIATION
River
Tittabawassee
X410
X460
Chippewa
X740
X770
X780
Pine
X820
X870
X880
Tobacco
X580
X585
January - April
Dissolved Oxygen Tot.
Avg. Max. Min. BOD5 NH3-N Org-N NO.,-N P04
11.2 12.0 10.0
10.2 10.5 10.0
Tot. Vol.
Sol. Total Susp. Susp.
PO,.
Sol. Sol. Sol. Cl Phenols
10.8 12.4 9.0
11.9 13.4 9.7
12.5-16.0 9.4
10.9 12.4 8J9
11.2 12.1 9.4
11.4 12.3 10.0
12.1 13.4 10.0
12.0 13.5 9.7
0.42 0.14 1.15 0.30 .20
0.56 0.18 1.05 0.51 .34
0.34 0.22 1.01 0.20 .13
0.85 0.28 1.51 0.80 .56
0.89 0.18 1.37 1.06 .81
0.35 0.12 1.01 0.11 .11
0.32 0.14 0.66 0.17
0.30 0.15 0.43 0.11
.50
.08
.20
.34
.13
.56
.81
.11
.10
.10
1,093
246
291
300
291
723
827
321
283
259
28
10
20
19
36
29
14
4
9
11
6
3
6
5
6
8
6
2
2
3
467
11
37
23
18
259
255
24
16
11
16
4
4
6
3
7
10
3
3
4
-------
TABLE 20. TITTABAWASSEE RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY
1965 SEASONAL VARIATION
-r /-September
Dissolved Oxygen
Tot.
Tot. Vol.
Sol. Total Susp. Susp.
River
Avg.
Max.
Min.
B0%
NH3-N
Org-N
N03-N
P04
P04
Sol.
Sol.
Sol.
Cl Phenols
Tittabawassee
X410
X460
Chippewa
X740
X770
X780
Pine
X820
X870
X880
Tobacco
r\ X580
X585
6.5
8.0
8.6
8.1
8.3
8.8
6.4
9.1
8.3
9.1
9.4
9.4
9.4
8.7
8.7
9.9
8.7
9.8
9.0
9.3
5.2
6.3
7.8
7.6
7.5
7.8
2.2
8.8
7.5
8.9
3
1
2
2
1
3
5
1
2
1
0.94
0.26
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.23
0.78
0.16
0.26
0.18
0.18
0.21
0.17
0.25
0.20
0.37
0.24
0.22
0.18
0.14
0.42
0.22
0.38
0.27
0.30
0.98
1.12
0.12
0.12
,0.22
0.46
0.28
0.24
0.20
0.10
1.86
1.20
0.10
0.22
0.25
0.34
0.21
0.17
0.15
0.10
1.44
0.88
0.06
0.12
0.18
966
278 '"
333
314
291
1,423
1,368
378
317
269
23
15
26
18
11
30
17
6
12
36
7
4
5
8
5
8
5
3
4
28
370
20
35
26
20
451
502
37
18
10
8
6
4
4
3
3
5
2
3
4
-------
TABLE 21. TITTABAWASSEE RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY
1965 SEASONAL VARIATION
October - December
River
Tittabawassee
X410
X460
Tot.
Dissolved Oxygen Tot. Sol.
Avg. Max. Min. BOE^ NH3-N Org-N NO -N PO, P04
Vol.
Total Susp. Susp.
Sol. Sol. Sol. . Cl
9.3 11.5 8.7 3
11.7 12.2 11.3 1
Phenols
0.29 .17 1.28 .32 .19 1,212 25 8 400 10
0.12 .12 1.00 .35 .04 329 16 ^ 8 15 3
Chippewa
X740
X770
X780
Pine
X820
X870
X880
Tobacco
X580
X585
12.0
11.3
11.9
12.1
9.3
11.7
11.6
11.8
14.0
12.6
12.4
13.3
11.9
12.3
12.4
12.3
10.2
10.6
11.4
11.1
8.0
10.8
10.2
10.9
1
2
1
2
4
1
1
1
0.10
0.36
0.16
0.38
1.35
0.16
0.17
0.15
.27
.13
.14
.21
.22
.25
.15
.14
1.42
0.73
0.80
2.50
1.40
1.00
0.50
0.30
.20
.25
.11
.70
.63
.28
.18
.09
.10
.16
.07
.33
.53
.23
.07
.09
351
299
283 ;
966
1,944
394
306
252
10
11
11
10
11
4
5
2
2
4
4
7
7
3
1
1
35
24
19
511
676
26
17
-:'9
2
4
3
10
4
4
2
1
-------
TABLE 22. TITTABAWASSEE RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY
1965 SEASONAL VARIATION
AnnuaI
to
Dissolved Oxygen
River
Tittabawassee
X410
X460
Chippewa
X740
X770
X780
Pine
X820
X870
X880
Tobacco
X580
X585
Avg.
7.8
9.6
10.3
10.4
10.8
v
10.3
8.9
10.6
10.6
10.9
Max.
12.0
12.2
14.0
13.4
16.0
13.3
12.1
12.3
13.4
13.5
Min.
5.2
6.3
7.8
7.6
7.5
7.8
2.2
8.8
7.5
8.9
BOD5
3
1
1
2
1
3
4
1
1
1
NH3-N
.83
,26
.29
.43
.26
.53
.96
.26
.27
.23
Org-N
.21
.17
.18
.18
.20
.29
.20
.17
.15
.14
N03-N
0.95
0.45
0.97
0.76
0.76
1.53
1.30
0.75
0.46
0.34
Tot.
P04
.55
..23
.26
.37
.15
1.13
1.01
0.14
0.19
0.15
Tot.
Sol.
P04
.36
.12
.17
.25
.10
.81
.77
.12
.10
.12
Tot.
Sol.
1,083
269
317
304
290
1,008
1,165
350
299
260
Susp.
Sol.
26
13
20
17
23
25
14
4
9
16
Vol.
Susp.
Sol.
7
4
5
5
5
8
6
3
3
11
Cl
417
14
36
24
19
360
396
28
16
10
Phenols
12
4
4
5
3
6
7
3
2
3
-------
TABLE 23. TITTABAWASSEE RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY
1965 SEASONAL NUTRIENT VARIATION
River
Nitrate-Nitrogen (mg/1)
Jan.-Apr. May-Sept. Oct.-Dec
Annua1
Total Phosphate (mg/1)
Jan.-Apr. May-Sept. Oct.-Dec. ,v Annua 1
TtLttabawassee
X410
X460
Chippewa
X740 .,
X770
X780
Pine
X820
X870
X880
Tobacco
X580
X585
1.23
0.42
1.15
1.05
1.01
1
1.51'
1.37
1.01
0.66
0.43
0.42
0.22
0.38
0.27
0.30
0.98
1.12
0.12
0.12
0,22
1.28
1.00
1.42
0.73
0.80
2.50
1.40
1.00
0.50
0.30
0.95
0.45
0.97
0.76
0.76
1.53
1.30
0.75
0.46
0.34
0.74
0.16
0.30
0.51
0.20
0.80
1.06
0.11
. 0.17
0.11
0.46
0.28
0.24
0.20
0.10
1.86
1.20
0.10
--
0.22
0.25
0.65
0.32
0.20
0.25
0.11
0.70
0.63
0.28
0.18
0.09
0.95
0.45
0.26
0.37
0.15
1.13
1.01
0.14
0.19
0.15
-------
Ul
TABLE 24. TITTABAWASSEE RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY
1965 SEASONAL COLIFORM VARIATION
January- April May- September October-December Annual
Location Med. Low High Med. Low High Med. Low High Med. Low High
Tittabawassee
X410 2,650 <10 30,000 3,500 1,500 6,800 27,000 12,000 54,000 4,100 ^10 54,000
r
X460 210 <10 5,600 1,750 100 4,000 - 60 60 190 <10 5,600
Chippewa
X740 8,000 2,100 26,000 480 ^10 25,000 20,000 12,000 30,000 8,000 <10 30,000
X770 82,000 23,000 420,000 5,000 1,000 220,000 227,000 64,000 390,000 66,000 1,000 420,000
X780 4,500 100 17,000 4,550 80 16,000 835 740 930 2,300 80~ 17,000
.
Pine ' L
X820 9,300 1,500 51,000 900 <20 25,000 1,200 300 2,100 6,400 20 51,000
X870 34,000 15,000 170,000 5,600 1,500 88,000 74,500 29,000 120,000 32,000 1,500 170,000
X880 2,800 500 7,900 740 400 5,200 595 190 1,000 1,000 190 7,900
Tobacco
X580 56,500 25,000 160,000 66,650 40 220,000 160,000 140,000 180,000 71.50Q 40 220,000
X585 230 90 2,800 2,050 700 5,000 830 700 960 700 90 5,000
-------
TABLE 25. TITTABAWASSEE RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY
1965 RADIOACTIVITY
Tobacco River
Parameters
Dissolved
ALPHA
Error
BETA
Error
Suspended
ALPHA
Error
BETA
Error
NS
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
X580
Avg . Low
<0.05 <0.05
1.4 1.2
5.1 4.3
2.4 1.7
0.10 <0.05
0.3 0.2
<0.05 <0.05
1.4 0.9
. High
<0.05
1.7
5.6
2.8
0.20
0.4
<0.05
1.6
NS
9 (3)
9 (3)
9 (3)
9 (3)
9 (3)
9 (3)
9 (3)
9 (3)
X585
Avg. Low High NS Avg. Low High
<0.05 <0.05 <:0.05
1.1 1.1 1.2
4.4 2.9 5.4
1.7 1.5 1.9
0.17
-------
Parameters
Dissolved
ALPHA
Error
BETA
Error
TABLE 26. TITTABAWASSEE RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY
1965 RADIOACTIVITY
Chippewa River
X740
NS
Avc
Low
High.
10 (3) <0.05 <0.05 <0.05
10 (3) 1.4 0.8 1.7
10 (3) 7.1 3.6 9.1
10 (3) 2.6 2.0 3.1
NS
2
2
2
2
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
X745
Avg^ . Low
^0.05
1.8
6.2
2.9
High NS
9 (3)
9 (3)
9 (3)
9 (3)
X770
Avg . 'Low
--G.47 <0.05
1.2 0.4
5.48 <:0.05
2.6 1.5
High
1.30
2.1
12.00
3.2
Suspended
ALPHA
Error
BETA
Error
10 (3) ^0.05
-------
oo
Parameters
Dissolved
ALPHA
Error
BETA
Error
Suspended
ALPHA
Error
BETA
Error
TABLE 26. TITTABAWASSEE RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY
1965 RADIOACTIVITY
Chippewa River (cont'd)
X780
NS
Avg. Low High NS Avg. Low High
NS
AVE
Low
High
9 (3) <0.05
-------
TABLE 27. TITTABAWASSEE RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY
1965 RADIOACTIVITY
Pine River
X820
VO
Parameters
Dissolved
ALPHA
Error
BETA
Error
Suspended
ALPHA
Error
BETA
Error
NS
AVE
, Low
High
9 (3) <0.05 <0.05 <0.05
9 (3) 5.0 3.7 6.4
9 (3) 14.7 9.2 22.0
9 (3) 7.6 6.5 9.5
9 (3) <0.05 <0.05 ^0.05
9 (3) 1.5 il.4 1.6
9 (3) 1.62 <0.05 3.00
9 (3) 4.6 4.0 5.3
NS
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
X870
Avej. Low High
<0.05 ^0.05 <£0.05
5.1 3.3 7.5
9.35 <:0.05 15.00
7.8 7.0 9.1
<0.05 <0.05 <0.05
1.2 0.7 1.7
1.2 <0.05 3.6
4.7 4.4 5.4
X880
NS
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9.
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
,(3)
Avg.
1.42
1.5
3.78
2.2
0.20
0.3
0.23
1.2
Low
-------
TABLE 28. TITTABAWASSEE RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY
1965 RADIOACTIVITY
Tittabawassee River
CO
o
Parameters
Dissolved
ALPHA
.. ..Error
BETA
Error
Suspended
ALPHA
Error
BETA
Error
NS
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
X410
Avg . Low High
£0.05 £0.05 CO. 05
2.9 1.2 4.6
14.5 12.0 17.0
5.5 3.3 7.7
0.33 <0.05 0.60
0.9 0.8 0.9
0.18 ^0.05 0.30
3.2 1.9 4.4
NS
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
X440
Avg . Low
-£0.05
5.0
11.0
7.1
<£0.05
1.4
<0.05
3.8
High NS
8
8
8
8
- 8
8
8
8
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
X460
Avg. Low
0.68 <0.05
1.4 1.2
6.8 4.9
2.2 1.8
£0.05 ^10.05
0.3 0.2
1.4 0.6
1.2 0.9
High
1.10
1.7
7.8
2.8
-£0.05
0.4
1.9
1.8
-------
TABLE 29. INTENSIVE DISSOLVED OXYGEN SURVEY
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER
September 15-16, 1965
oo
Station
X-452
X-740
X-820
X-440
X-430
X-420
X-410
X-4p5
Avg.
Temp.
(°C)
18
18
19
21
21
21
20
20
Dissolved
Oxygen
Avg.
8.2
7.8
7.8
7.5
7.2
7.0
6.6
6.8
Max.
9:1
-
8.2V
7.5
7.7 .
7.4
7.3
Min.
7.6
-
-
6.9
6.7
6.2
6.2
6.1
Percent
Saturation
Avg.
87.
82
85
85
81
79
74
75
Max.
99
-
-
89
84
87
82
81
Min.
80.
-
-
80
76
69
68
69
BOD5
4
3
3
6
6
4
4
4
Nitrogen
NH3
.11
.50
.30
.26
.61
.64
.56
-
Org.
.10
.10
-
.21
.10
.06
.09
-
N03
0.3
0.6
1.4
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.0
Phosphates
Total
0.08
0.1
1.1
1.5
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.6
-Sbluble
0.08
0.05
0.6
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.3
Phenols
3
' 4
4
21
. 18
24
9
29
Solids
Total Coliform
Station Total Suspended Volatile Chlorides Conductivity Alkalinity pH Iron Max.
X-452
X-740
X-820
X-440
X-430
X-420
X-410
X-405
312
375
1,134
1,105
1,028
1,033
1,016
1,035
12
51
38
13
11
18
20
38
3
10
10
7
3
-
5
-
28
34
40
425
.430
350
405
390
450
480
,200
,500
,450
,300
,500
Min.
150
156
178
150
146
150
150
146
7.8
7.5
8.0
7.6
7.4
7.6
7.6
7.7
0.6
0.3
0.6
0.8
0.7
1.2
0.3
0.1
1,800
2,600
320
1,600
2,900
2,600
5,800
3,900
250
-
-
1,400
1,800
2,200
2,600
2,200
-------
TABLE 30. DIURNAL DISSOLVED OXYGEN FLUCTUATION
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER
. Station X410
7/20
7/21
.7/21
7/22
9/15
9/16
10/26
10/27
10/27
10/28
Time
0920
1315
1654
2050
0035
0425
1120
1520
1855
2250
0230
0635
0935
1315
1715
2130
0130
0535
0820
1220
1620
2025
0025
0415
1030
1500
1900
2235
0220
0630
23
25
26
24
24
23
24
27
27
24
25
24
21
21
20
20
20
19
10
11
11
10
10
10
11
10
10
10
9
//
DO
(mg/1)
5.2
6.5
7.2
6.4
5.9
5.7
7.2
8.4
9.4
.6
.8
7,
5.
,5.4
/6.2
6.8
6.2
7.4
6.9
6.2
9.4
9.4
9.4
9.0
8.7
8.7
9.7
9.8
9.6
9,3
8.9
8.9
Percent
Saturation
61
79
90
77
71
67
86
107
119
91
71
65
70
77
69
82
76
68
84
86
.86
80
77
77
86
89
85
83
78
77
82
-------
- oo
TABLE 31. INTENSIVE TRIBUTARY SURVEY
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER BASIN
Tobacco River
Solids
Station
X-585
X-580
X-570
X-560
X-545
X-540
X-530
Date
1965
10/6
11/9
10/6
11/9
10/6
11/9
10/6
11/9
10/6
11/9
10/6
11/9
10/6
11/9
Temp.
°C
7.0
4.5
8.5
6.0
8.0
6.0
8.0
5.0
8.0
5.0
8.0
5.0
10.5
6.5
DO
10.9
12.2
10.2
12.4
10.0
12.2
10.0
12.2
10.1
11.7
10.6
12.2
11.0
12.7
Percent
Saturation
89
94
87
99
84
98
84
95
85
91
89
95
99
103
Nitrogen
BOD5
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
4
2
1
NH3
0.24
0.11
0.18
0.19
0.52
0.12
0.08
0.15
0.58
0.18
0.06
0.15
0.15
0.14
. Org.
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.42
0.10
0.26
0.22
0.22
0.29
0.25
0.18
0.18
0.24
N03
0.20
0.30
0.30
0.20
0.40
0.30
0.40
0.30
0.50
0.20
0.50
0.20
0.30
0.10
Phosphates .! jlV.'.Jl.s-
Total
0.20
<0.04
0.10
0.40
0.20
0.06
0.30
. 0.08
0.20
0.60
0.10
0.04
<0.04
<0.04
Soluble
0.20
<0.04
0.10
0.08
0.20
0.06
0.20
0.06
0.20
0.40
0.10
<0.04
<0.04
<0.04
Phenols
0
1
0
3
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
Diss.
260
250
320
290
330
290
330
320
330
300
340
350
340
1,290
Susp.
3
3
2
6
8
11
7
13
12
9
8
13
7
Vol ...
Susp.
3
1
2
0
0
1
0
4
3
2
3
3
2
-------
00
TABLE 31. INTENSIVE TRIBUTARY SURVEY
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER BASIN
Tobacco River (cont'd)
Colifonfl
Station
X-585
X-580
X-570
X-560
X-545
X-540
X-530
Date
1965
10/6
11/9
10/6
11/9
10/6
11/9
10/6
11/9
10/6
11/9
10/6
11/9
10/6
11/9
Chlorides
10
10
19
17
17
15
17
15
19
15
17
18
13
.. 11
Conductivity
410
420
490
470
500
500
490
490
510
500
510
520
460
460
Alkalinity
188
180
195
172
200
203
202
206
204
206
205
210
197
203
£H_
8.0
8.1
7.2
8.1
7.9
8.1
8.1
8.0
7.9
8.0
8.2
8.1
8.1
8.3
Iron
<1QO
«*Tl6o
^1100
<£100
^100
<100
200
100
-£100
-------
00
Ln
TABLE 32. INTENSIVE TRIBUTARY SURVEY
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER BASIN
Chippewa River
Solids
Station
X-780
X-770
X-766
X-764
X-760
X-755
X-745
X-740
Date
1965
10/5
11/9
10/5
11/9
10/5
11/9
10/5
11/9
10/5
11/9
10/5
11/9
10/5
11/9
10/5
11/9
Temp.
°C
10.0
6.0
9.5
6.5
10.0
6.5
10.0
6.0
9.0
6.0
9.0
5.5
9.0
6.0
9.0
6.0
Percent
DO Saturation
11.9
11.4
10.6
10.7
10.5
9.7
10.7
10.5
10.7
8.9
10.3
10.2
11.1
10.2
11.2
10.2
106
91
93
87
93
78
95
84
93
71
90
80
96
82
97
82
Nitrogen
BOD^
1
1
3
2
1
3
2
3
2
1
3
1
1
3
1-
1
0.16
0.16
0.57
0.34
6.32
0.26
0.26
0.22
0.20
0.30
0.14
.0.12
0.18
0.10
0.12
0.14
Org.
0.16
0.16
0.08
0.18
0.20
0.14
0.17
0.16
0.25
0.28
0.15
0.09
0.37
,0.14
*
0.36
0.20
0.70
0.60
1.10
0.50
0.70
0.60
1.20
0.60
0.80
0.70
1.20
0.60
0.37
2.40
1.90
0.60
Phosphates
Total
0.20
0.08
0.60
0.10
<0.04
0.20
0.20
0.30
0.20
0.30
0.20
<0.04
0.10
0.04
0.20
0.10
Soluble
0.10
0.06
0.40
<0.04
<0.04
0.10
0.10
.0.20
0.10
0.20
0.10
0.10
<0.04
0.10
0.08
Phenols Diss.
5
0
9
0
7
0
9 -
0
9
0
6
o
7
0
3
0
300
270.
300
300
310
290
300
290
320
320
340
310
360
320
400
340
Susp.
8
8
11
7
5
9
11
8
7
9
9
12
8
9
5
9
Vol.
Susp.
5
4
1
4
2
4
5
5
3
5 ;
5
9
2
3
1
2
-------
00
TABLE 32. INTENSIVE TRIBUTARY SURVEY
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER BASIN
Chlppewa River (cont'd)
Station
X-780
X-770
X-766
X-764
X-760
X- 755
X-745
X- 740
Date
1965
10/5
11/9
10/5
11/9
10/5
11/9
10/5
11/9
10/5
11/9
10/5
11/9
10/5
11/9
10/5
11/9
Coliform
Chlorides
18
22
25
27
23
27
25
29
30
39
30
28
30
31
34
36
Conductivity
410
45"0
450
460
450
490
450
500
480
530
480
500
520
500
530 -
500
Alkalinity
172
184
178
191
180
190
182
190
180
191
181
187
187
191
190
192
£H_
8.0
8.1
8.0
7.9
7.9
8.0
8.0
7.9
7.8
8.1
7.8
8.0
7.9
8.0
8.1
8.1
Iron
<100
<100
100
<100
100
<100
100
<100
100
<100
100
<100
100
-------
TABLE 33 . . INTENSIVE TRIBUTARY SURVEY
' TITTABAWASSEE RIVER BASIN
00
Station
X-880
X-875
X-870
X-850
X-840
X-835
X-820
Date
1965
10/5
11/2
10/5
11/2
10/5
11/2
10/5
11/2
10/5
11/2
10/5
11/2
10/5
11/2
Temp.
°C
9.0
6.0
9.5
6.0
10.0
7.0
10.0
6.5
9.0
6.0
9.0
6.0
9.0
6.0
Percent
DO Saturation
10.8
12.2
9.8
10.7
8.0
8.0
7.9
7.9
8.6
10.1
10.4
11.1
13.3
94
98
86
86
71
66
70
64
75
88
83
96
106
Pine River
Nitrogen
BOD,;
1
1
2
3
4
4
3
4
7
4
3
2
2
2
NH^
0.21
0.40
0.34
0.80
2.70
0.42
0.34
0.37
0.11
0.47
Org.
0.40
0.34
0.04
0.36
0.18
0.61
0.22
0.34
0.15
0.37
N03
0.90
0.40
1.50
0.50
1.60
2.30
3.00
3.10
2.80 .
2:60
3.30
3.10
2.80
3.10
Solids
Phosphates
Total Soluble
0.70
0.10
0.40
0.60
. 0.60
0.80
0.90
0.60
1.40
0.60
1.10
0.70
1.20
0.60
0.04
0.30
0.30
0.40
0.70
0.60
0.40
0.60
0.40
0.70
0.20
0.70
Vol.
Phenols Diss. Susp. Susp.
9
0
5
0
5
4
J.-.3
1
3
3
4
6
6
2
450
400
420
400
1,620
2,660
1,450
--. 2,450
1,400
2,380
1,440
2,450
1,330
870
4
6
11
8
17
3
4
2
8
0
2
8
7
13
3
3
2
4
-------
TABLE 33. INTENSIVE TRIBUTARY SURVEY
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER BASIN
Pine River (cont'd)
00
00
Station
X-880
X-875
X-870
X-850
X-840
X-835
X-820
Date
1965
10/5
11/2
10/5
11/2
10/5
11/2
10/5
11/2
10/5
11/2
10/5
11/2
10/5
11/2
Col if or m
Chlorides
27
31
29
33
486
1,188
446
1,050
404
1,019
419
1,029
374
876
Conductivity
600
590
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
600
580
,760
,860
,880
,460
,760
,400
,820
,440
,700
,060
Alkalinity
228
232
228
233
214
209
214
202
203
204
210
204
194
208
£H_
8.0
8.2
8.0
8.2
8.2
7.6
8.0
7.5
8.0
7.6
8.2
7.8
7.8
8.0
Iron
<100
<100
100
<100
100
100
100
200
100
<100
100
<100
100
100
Total
1,000
900
140,000
490,000
120,000
29,000
22,000
2,800
7,600
3,100
2,000
600
2,100
300
Fecal
32
71
17
11
3
1
2
1
90
60
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,300
,100
,500
120
90
110
20
Fecal
Strep.
55
25
2,200
7,500
580
1,200
270
500
240
500
80
80
8
16
-------
oo
VD
TABLE 34. INTENSIVE TRIBUTARY SURVEY
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER BASIN
Tittabawassee River
Solids
Station
X-460
X-440
X-410
Station
X-460
X-440
X-410
Date
1965
11/2
10/6
.11/9
10/6
11/2
Date
1965
11/2
10/6
11/9
10/6
11/2
Temp. Percent
°C DO Saturation BOD,;
7.5 11.3
15.0 9.3
10.0 9.8
12.5 9.2
10.0 9.3
Chlorides
16
417
424
293
629
94 1
93 2
87 3
86 3
83 3
Conductivity
4^0
1,760
1,660
1,340
2,340
Nitrogen
NHQ Org.
0.12 0.15
2.60 0.15
0.34 0,29
0.38 0.34
0.42 0.11
Alkalinity
168
179
142
179 .
179
Phosphates
N03 Total Soluble
0.20 0.30 <0.04
1.50 0.50 0.10
0.90
1.30 0.40 0,20
2.00 0.40 0.10
pH Iron
8.2 100
8.0 100
7.4 100
8.0 <100:
7.9 <100
Phenols Diss. Susp.
1 '
26 1,
13 1,
13
21 1,
Coliforffic,
Total
60
<100
^13,000
34,000
54,000
330 16
230 18
160 19
940 29
570 36
_,,^c.;:u
Fecal
20
<5
4,000
1,100
1,800
Vol.
Susp.
9
8
7
7
9
Fecal
Strep.
<5
<5
340
80
130
-------
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER
DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND BOD
SEPTEMBER 15-16, 1965 SURVEY
1 U
g
6
4
2
0
jiii
iiii
i
!
.
/
X
/
Ul HI ~*
> id *°-
wo _ «
if o » 10 2 2 o
E
I
o
O
m
o
2
Z
UJ
X
o
o
UJ
o
(0
o
c
m
STATION
NOS.
X X
RIVER MILES
-------
10.0
1.0
E
z
i
tu
O.I
o.oi
STATION
NOS »
x
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER
NITRATE CONCENTRATION
SEPTEMBER 15-16, 1965 SURVEY
1
4 i ' 1
LLu L NU
A
MAXIMUMf
AVERAGE
.MINIMUM *
till
COMPOSITE SAMPLE
SEPT. 15-16, 1965 SUR
AVERAGE a RANGE
OF 1965 SAMPLES
/
S
S
/
a. K
U Ul
> Ul ZO.
te " 4 ^
in o tt
t ( . 1 1
5 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
O N OO O x o ">
o
-------
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER
TOTAL AND SOLUBLE PHOSPHATE
SEPTEMBER 15-16, 1965 SURVEY
10.0
1.0
0
Q.
in
o
0>
f
Ul
X
0.
CO
o
X
a
«<
COMPOSITE SAMPLE! SOLUBLE P04
SEPT. 15-16.1965 S.URVEY
0.01
MAXIMUM
AVERAGE
MINIMUM
TOTAL PHOSPHATE
AVERAGE B RAN6E
1965 SAMPLES
SJ
-=.%_
'
-------
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER
TOTAL SOLIDS AND CHLORIDES
SEPTEMBER" 15-16, 1965 SURVEY
10,000
\
g 1,000
'
Ul
o
_I
I
0
o loo
2;
<
V)
0
_»
o
(/>
_J
< 10
(_ IV
o
H
1
3
T A T 1 0 N
<
J
Z
c
u
r
i i i
3
J
?
1 1 I I
0 2
jS^
X"'"
/
^
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
ff
K
u 5 a.
S **"
u ° an
I o a. 00
2S S* u-
_. Q -1 j
*S j* °°
On DO 5 Z
o D a o _i *
t o|o O|o 01
J 2
e
*
<
2
e
<
m
1 I - i -I
0
0
0
-n
o
c
30
m
*
NOS .
RIVER MILES
-------
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER
TOTAL COLIFORM DENSITIES
SEPTEMBER 15-16, 1965 SURVEY
100,000
TTEironr
SAMPLE TAKEN SEPT
IS, 1965
SAMPLE TAKEN SEPT.
16, 1965
e
V)
5
CO
z
o
o:
o
i
o
u.
o
u
10,000
HIGH
MEDIAN
LOW
j
*
1
MEDIAN 8 RANGE
OF 1965 SAMPLES
1,000
100
** 7
-*-!-!
*
O <0 3 O ±
O D ffi O J 3
O(O O|O O|
o
c
m
Ol
35
30
25
20
STATION
NOS.
O
u>
«r
(M
10
15
O
10
10
o
-------
Biology
Investigations on the biological condition of the Tittabawassee"
River and its three main tributaries were conducted from October 1964
through November 1965, as a part of the water quality study of Lake
Huron and its major tributaries. Eleven locations were sampled for
phytoplankton and benthic organisms within the Tittabawassee River
Basin.
Physical observations on the Tittabawassee River and the three
tributaries (Chippewa, Pine, and Tobacco Rivers) are presented in
Table 35. The water transparency was reduced at some stations by
spring rains; however, secchi disc readings ranged from 0.8 feet up
to 6 feet. Light penetration to the bottom of these shallow rivers
was common. Aquatic vascular plant growth was sparce except at X870
on the Pine River, downstream from Alma and St. Louis. Strong
chemical odors in the water and bottom muds were noted below Midland
at stations X440 and X410. No chemical smells were detected at X460
upstream from Midland. An oily, and sometimes septic, smelling river
bottom was found in the Chippewa River below Mt. Pleasant.
The species of bottom-dwelling invertebrates in this basin,
presented in Table 36, changed from clean water forms above the major
cities of Mt. Pleasant and Midland to pollution tolerant communities
downstream. Observations in the Pine River above Alma and St» Louis
revealed a variety of intolerant organisms; however, below these
towns at station X870, the river appeared highly enriched. Potomogeton
choked the river channel, attached algae covered the submerged rocks,
95
-------
and blue-green algae coated the river banks. Sludgeworms and blood-
worms comprised the entire benthic fauna community. Station X410,
near the confluence of the Tittabawassee and Saginaw Rivers, had
moderate numbers of pollution tolerant organisms, along with some
intolerant forms, indicating a recovery of the benthic community.
The furthest downstream stations on the Chippewa and Pine Rivers also
had clean water communities. The Tobacco River supported a large
variety of intolerant organisms above the City of Clare.
Populations of the phytoplankton of the Tittabawassee River and
the three tributaries are presented in Table 37. Algae populations
of the Tittabawassee River were dominated by the diatom, Cyclotella-
Stephanodiscus, and by green flagellated forms usually common in
nutrient-enriched midwestern streams.
Summer phytoplankton populations averaged 740 organisms/ml at
the upper Tittabawassee River station (X460) above Midland. During
the same time, phytoplankton populations at station X440, located
a short distance below Midland, averaged 5,960 organisms/ml. Further
downstream at the lower station (X410), the phytoplankton populations
averaged 3,190 organisms/ml. This indicates more nutrient enrichment
of the water at the two lower stations.
Phytoplankton populations varied considerably at the downstream
stations on the three tributaries of the Tittabawassee River. The
average populations per milliliter for the summer sampling period at
the lower stations were: Tobacco River - 860; Chippewa River - 1,040;
and Pine River - 25,060.
96
-------
Data from samples collected from the three Pine River stations
on July 9, 1965 show a large increase in the standing crop. At the
upstream station (X880), 120 organisms/ml were recorded; at the
station below St.. Louis (X870), 2,770 organisms/ml were recorded;
and at the lower station (X820), 25,060 organisms/ml were recorded.
These values indicate that the Pine River received considerable
nutrient-enrichment below Alma and St. Louis
Spirogyra was noted at three Tittabawassee River stations in
the fall of 1964. Oscillatoria was noted at one station. These
algae are typically found in enriched waters.
Physical observations, benthic and phytoplankton community
evaluations point out water quality impairments below the cities of
Midland, Mt. Pleasant and Alma-St. Louis. The lower sections of the
tributaries and the Tittabawassee River seem to be somewhat improved,
however, standing crops of algae often are increased.
97
-------
TABLE 35. PHYSICAL OBSERVATIONS
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER BASIN
FALL 1964-FALL 1965
VO
oo .
Depth
Station Date (ft.) Bottom Type
Tittabawassee River
X460 10/21/64
4/23/65
7/9/65
9/18/65
X440 10/21/64
4/24/65
7/8/65
9/18/65
3 Sand
6 Gravel, rock
5 Rock
3 Sand, gravel,
rock
5 Sand
7 Sand, rock
3 Sand
3 Sand, gravel,
rock
Bottom
Odor
Norma 1
Normal
Norma 1
-
Sewage or
chemical
Chemical
Chemical
Petro-
chemical
Water
Odor
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Sewage
Normal
Chemical
Chemical
Secchi
Disc
(ft.) Remarks
5.0 Water turbid.
0.8 Water is turbid, high, and
swift
1.5 Water muddy, moderate flow; no
vegetation or filamentous algae
2.0 No emergent vegetation
5cO Water greenish and turbid.
2.5 Water swift, turbid and high.
1.5 No vegetation.
1.5 No- vegetation. Rocks slimy;
water suds when shaken.
X430 10/21/64
Silt, sand
Sewage
1.5 Water greenish and turbid,
algal, slime along the shore;
chemical smell in the air;
large sewage outfall below
bridge.
-------
TABLE 35. PHYSICAL OBSERVATIONS (cont'd)
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER BASIN
FALL 1964-FALL 1965
ID
V£>
Station
X410
Tobacco
Date
4/24/65
7/8/65
9/18/65
River
Depth Bottom
(ft.) Bottom Type Odor
7 Sand, snail Chemical
shells
3 Sand, rock Normal
5 Silt, fine Chemical
sand
Secchi
Water Disc
Odor (ft.)
Chemical 2.5
Chemical 1.5
Chemical 1.5
Remarks
Water swift, turbid, and high.
Water turbid, flow slow, little
vegetation.
Rapid flow, no emergent
vegetation.
X585 4/19/65
Sand, rock
7/9/65 1.5 Silt, sand
detritus
9/14/65
Sand, gravel
Normal Normal To Bottom No vegetation, fairly good
quality.
Normal Normal To Bottom Clear water, minnows and water
striders, no aquatic plants or
attached algae.
Normal To Bottom Water clean and clear, no .emer-
gent vegetation or attached
algae, "typical" trout stream.
X580
4/19/65
9/14/65
Sand, gravel Normal
Sand Normal
Normal
2c5 More polluted than upstream.
Normal To Bottom Verv little emergent vegetation,
degraded from upstream.
-------
TABLE 35. PHYSICAL OBSERVATIONS (cont'd)
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER BASIN
FALL 1964-FALL 1965
Station
Date
Chippewa River
X780 4/19/65
Depth
(ft.)
o
o
9/14/65
Bottom Type
Sand, rock
Bottom
Odor
Normal
7/9/65 3 Sand, gravel Normal
rock
Clay, sand, Normal
gravel, rock
Water
Odor
Secchi
Disc
(ft.)
1.5
Remarks
Water turbid and high; water
treatment plant upstream.
To Bottom Vegetation sparse but varied,
algae, minnows, rock bass.
To Bottom Dark tea color, slight foam
patches; appears good quality.
X770 4/19/65 7 Silt, sand Petro. Normal
7/9/65 3 Silt, sand, Sewage Sewage
gravel
9/14/65 3 Clay, sand, Petro Normal
gravel, rock
1.5
Very turbid, slight oil slick.
To Bottom Water muddier than at X780.
Minnows, rock bass, algae on
rock and bottom.
To Bottom Blue-green scum on rocks and
bottom, slight oil slick on
surface, small tarry particles
on water.
X740 4/23/65 5 Gravel, rock Normal
7/9/65 1.5 Sand, gravel, Normal
rock
2=5 Appears cleaner than the
Tittabawassee River in this area
Normal To Bottom No aquatic plants, much fila-
mentous algae on bottom,
suckers.
7/18/65
Normal
To Bottom Shallow, rapid, clean and clear.
-------
TABLE 35. PHYSICAL OBSERVATIONS (cont'd)
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER BASIN
FALL 1964-FALL 1965
Depth
Bottom Type
Bottom
Odor
Water
Odor
Seechi
Disc
(ft.)
Remarks
Pine River
X880 4/18/65
9/13/65
Rubble, rock
7/9/65 4.5 Silt, sand, Normal
gravel, rubble
Gravel, rock,
detritus
Normal
Normal
Norma1
6.0
Water tea colored.
To Bottom Water clean; pike and panfish;
aquatic plants scarce but of
wide variety.
To Bottom Water tea colored, appears
clearer than before; suds on
water.
X870 4/18/65 5 Sand
7/9/65 1.5 Silt, sand,
gravel, rock
9/13/65 5 Sand, gravel
Norma1
Sewage and Normal
sulfur
To Bottom Water tea colored; no aquatics,
To Bottom Massive Potomogeton growths
extend far upstream. Carp.
2.5 Water whitish cast; abundant
Potomogeton, although less
than previous survey.
X820 4/23/65
9/18/65
Sand
Sand
Normal
7/9/65 3 Silt, sand, Normal
gravel
Normal 1.5 Water tea colored; high and
turbid.
Normal 1.5 Dark water with foam particles,
To Bottom Clear, tea colored; minnows;
no emergents.
-------
TABLE 36. BENTHIC MA.CROINVERTEBRATES
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER BASIN
FALL 1964-FALL 1965
Organisms per Square Foot
Station
Oligo-
Date chaeta
Tubifi- Tendi- Ephemer-
cidae pedidae Pulmonata optera
Trich-
optera Others* Total
Tittabawassee River
X410
X430
X440
X460
Tobacco
X585
Chippewa
4/24/65
7/8/65
9/18/65 4
10/21/64
4/24/65
7/8/65
9/8/65
4/23/65
River
7/9/65 19
River
28
6 14
9 13 - 2
19
10 2
9 4
7
8
110 1 1
28
5-25
(e) 2 30
19
12
13
(b) 1 8
5 - 13
(b) 16, (f) 2, 152
(d) 2, (a).l
X740 7/9/65
X770 7/9/65 20
X780... 7/9/65 4
29
260
150
13
18
21
(e) 1
65
298
160
* see following page for explanations.
-------
TABLE 36. BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES (cont'd)
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER BASIN
FALL 1964-FALL 1965
Station
Pine River
X820
X870
X880
Date
7/9/65
7/9/65
7/9/65
Oligo-
chaeta
1
-
82
Tubifi-
cidae
8
35
75
Tendi-
pedidae
21
25
360
Ephemer-
Pulmonata optera
16 1
-
8
Trich-
optera
1
-
-
Others*
(f) 4
-
(b) 11, (c) 9
Tota!
52
60
547
(g) 1, (h) 1
Others a. Plecoptera
b. Diptera
c. Isopoda
d. Sphaeriidae
e.
f.
Cr a
h.
Zygoptera
Coleoptera
Nematoda
Hemiptera
-------
TABLE 37. PHY-TOPLANKTON
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER BASIN
FALL 1964-FALL 1965
Average Number per Milliliter
Number
Station/ of
Season* Samples
Tittabawassee
X460
Spring 1965
Summer 1965
Fall 1965
X440
Fall 1964
Summer 1965
Fall 1965
X430
Fall 1965
X410
Winter 1964
Spring 1965 .
Summer 1965
Fall 1965
River
2
2
2
1
1
7
1
1
6
2
7
Centric
Diatoms
150
200
330
220
1,090
540
130
100
370
60
640
Pennate
Diatoms
90
30
60
420
630
450
370
250
360
420
640
Blue-
Green Green
Coccoids Coccoids
60
40
40
20
2,140
140 10
40
40
100
870 20
140 10
Blue- Green
Fila-
mentous
10
60
-
20
-
10
20
20
10
1,820
70
Green
Flag-
ellates
-
270
300
130
2,100
80
530
-
180
-
230
Brown
Flag-
ellates Total
310
140 740
730
810
5,960
220 1,450
1,090
410
120 1,140
3,190
30 1,760
Predominant
Genera**
(10% or
. more)
a,
a,
a,
a,
a,
a,
a,
a,
a,
a,
a,
h,
g,
o,
g>
k,
g
g,
g>
g,
e,
c,
k
P
P
h, p
P
P
f, P
P
P
P
*Season: Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Dec,, Jan., Feb.
March, April, May
June, July, Aug.
Sept., Oct., Nov.
** see explanation list, page 108.
-------
TABLE 37. PHYTOPLANKTON (cont'd)
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER BASIN
FALL 1964-FALL 1965
Average Number per Milliliter
Station/
Season
Number
of
Samples
Centric
Diatoms
Pennate
Diatoms
Green
Coccoids
Blue-
Green
Coccoids
Blue- Green
Fila-
mentous
Green
Flag-
ellates
Brown
Flag-
ellates Total
Predominant
Genera**
(10% or
more)
Tobacco River
(-
o
Ln
X585
Spring
Summer
Fall
X580
Spring
Summer
Fall
2
1
3
1
1
4
30
40
70
80
340
30
360
630
240
190
310
300
10
40
10
150
180
40
110 - 510 f, j, p
60 20 790 d, g
60 10 390 a, e, g, h,
P
310 a, f, g, j
60 - 860 a, g, j
510 g, j, m
Chippewa River
X780
Spring
Summer
Fall
X770
Spring
Summer
Fall
1
1
3
2
1
2
670
130
480
340
460
90
440
190
1,150
430
670
780
-
190
40
-
100
10
^Seasons Winter = Dec,, Jan., Feb.
Spring = March, April, May
Summer = June, July, Aug.
Fall = -Sept., Oct., Nov.
** see explanation list, page 108.
150
40
10
10
1,300 a, f, m
510 a, e, 1
1,680 a, g, h
770 a, f, g, h
1,230 a, g
890
g,
-------
TABLE 37. PHYTOPLANKTON (cont'd)
TIT1ABAWASSEE RIVER BASIN
FALL 1964-FALL 1965
Average Number per Milliliter
Station/
Season*
Chippewa
X740
Spring
Summer
Fall
Number
of
Samples
River
2
1
6
Centric
Diatoms
460
100
130
Pennate
Diatoms
480
730
930
Blue-
Green Green
Coccoids Coccoids
20
150
20 x
Blue- Green Green
Fila- Flag-
mentous ellates
80
60
30
Brown
Flag-
ellates Total
1,040
1,040
1,110
Predominant
Genera**
(10% or
more)
a, f
a, h, i, c,
1
a, g, m
Pine River
X880
Spring
Summer
Fall
X870
Spring
Summer
Fall
2
1
4
2
1
3
210
20
50
80
860
40
170
100
150
170
150
140
30
-
50
150
1,660 60
30 x
20 8,540
-
20
20 20
40
60 10
8,970
120
270
440
2,770
280
P
a, b, f, j
a, j
a, j, m
a, k, 1, m
a, g, P, h
Season: Winter = Dec., Jan., Feb.
Spring = March, April, May
Summer = June, July, Aug.
Fall = Sept., Oct., Nov.
** see explanation list, page 108.
x less than 10
-------
TABLE 37. PHYTOPLANKTON (cont'd)
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER BASIN
FALL 1964-FALL 1965
Average Number per Milliliter
Station/
Season
Pine River
X820
Spring
Summer
Fall
Number Blue- Blue-Green Green Brown
of Centric Pennate Green Green Fila- Flag- Flag-
Samples Diatoms Diatoms Coccoids Coccoids mentous ellates ellates Total
Predominant
Genera**
(10% or
more)
2
1
3
90
6,300
970
350
630
880
30
13,580
250
70
10
20
4,480
540
490 a, f, g, j
25,060 a, k, 1, p
2,650 a, g, p
Season: Winter = Dec., Jan., Feb.
Spring = March, April, May
Summer = June, July, Aug.
Fall = Sept., Oct., Nov.
see explanation list, page 108.
-------
EXPLANATION LIST FOR
PREDOMINANT PHYTOPLANKTON GENERA (Table 37)
Centric Diatoms
a. Cyclotella-Stephanodiscus
Pennate Diatoms
b. Amphora
c. Cocconeis
d, Cymbella
e. Diatoma
f. Gomphonema
g. Navicula
h. Nitzschia
i. Synedra
j. Unidentified
Green Coccoids
k. Ankistrodesmus
1. Scenedesmus
nu Unidentified
Blue-Green Filamentous
n. Oscillatoria
Green Flagellates
o. Trachelomonas
p. Unidentified
Brown Flagellates
q. Ceratium
108
-------
DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROJECTIONS
The water quality data described in previous sections of this
report were submitted to analyses in a mathematical model depicting
oxygen balance in streams. This particular model is a modification
of the classical Streeter-Phelps formulation for oxygen balance in
a stream. This equation includes an additional nonconservative
oxygen demand (Kjeldahl nitrogen), which acts in a similar fashion
to the BOD factor in the original formulation.
Long-term oxygen demand and nitrogen balance determinations were
made on stream and waste source samples to determine a laboratory K-rate
in order to calculate the ultimate carbonaceous oxygen demand. The
ultimate carbonaceous oxygen demand Istream profile was constructed and
the stream BOD decay rate determined. A similar profile of the Kjeldahl
nitrogen yielded the nitrogenous demand decay rate. These profiles
were checked by a wastes loadings profile. All rates were converted
from the stream temperature to 20°C.
Reaeration rates were initially calculated based on the O'Connor-
Dobbins formulation for natural streams using computed reach velocities
and depths. These values were used for initial match runs, but were
then modified somewhat in the final match run for simplicity in the
projection runs.
An apparent nitrogen lag was simulated by the use of a low (.01)
nitrogen decay rate in the initial reaches. The stream nitrogen level
was low, preventing the abnormally high decay rate found previously on
other streams. With the exception of the initial low nitrogen K-rate,
109
-------
uniform rates were used for all stream reaches. The computed match run
profiles are shown superimposed on the survey data (Figures 16 to 17).
Loadings for the final match run are included in Table 38.
The characteristics determined by the match run were used to project
the expected DO profiles for a number of flow and loading conditions.
Minor modifications were made for ease in projection changes. Both the
Chippewa-Pine River and Tittabawassee River above Midland were assumed
to have the average of the parameter values found during the survey. The
flow from both of these sources was approximately the same. A constant
stream temperature was assumed to occur throughout the stream for all
projection runs. Calculations based on previously (1957) measured heat
loadings indicated that extremely high temperatures could be expected to
occur downstream of the heat source; however, these high temperatures
could be expected to decay to ambient temperature over the entire stream.
The assumption of a constant temperature as used for projection runs will
result in an approximate average profile over the entire stream. These
projected profiles are shown in Figures 18 thru 20.
Figures 18 thru 20 are dissolved oxygen profiles for five stream
temperature ranges: 15 to 35°C at 5 degree increments; three flow
regimes - survey (800 cfs), seven-day (250 cfs), and one-day (200 cfs);
and three loadings - 1965 (100 percent), 1990 (287 percent), and 2020
(633 percent) of the 1965 survey waste flows. The BOD concentration of
the municipal source assumed for these projections is the survey value
occurring during the effluent chlorination period and approximates 95
percent removal. The nonchlorinated effluent samples had a yearly
average (1965) concentration of 26 mg/1 of five-day BOD. Projection
110
-------
runs were also made for the above conditions using an ultimate BOD con-
centration of 30 mg/1. For all projection runs, the tributary and initial
stream parameters, with the exception of flow, remained constant.
The minimum stream DO for both the 95 percent and 80 percent removal
were plotted and are shown on Figure 21. The influence of the higher
municipal waste concentration is readily apparent at the low stream flow
and higher waste flow. Figure 22 is a plot of the effect of streamflow,
temperature, waste flow, and municipal BOD concentration on the dissolved
oxygen level at the confluence of the Tittabawassee River with the
Saginaw River. The anomalous curves are due, in part, to a higher decay
rate at elevated temperatures, with less oxygen demanding material
remaining at the downstream point.
Ill
-------
TABLE 38. LOADINGS FOR MATCH RUN - 1965 MODEL
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER
**
Municipal Wastes
Midland
Industrial Wastes
Dow water treat-
ment plant
Cooling Water
Lingle Drain*
Bullock Creek*
Tributary Flow
Tittabawassee
Chippewa-Pine
Flow
MGD
5.4
48.1
150.0
7.1
13.0
279.3
248.2
cfs
8.4
74.0
232.0
11.0
20.0'
432.0
384.0
5- Day BOD
mg/1
7
15
5
4
3
4
3
fit/day
315
6,020
6,240
237
325
9,320
6,210
Ultimate BOD
mg/1
8
30
5
8
6
5.7
4.3
#/day
360
12,040
6,240
474
651
13,300
8,900
Kieldahl
Nit.
mg/1 #/day
11.2 504
1.0
1.0 1
1.0
1.0
.4
.6 1
401
,250
59
108
932
,240
Diss.
mg/1
4.0
4.0
6.7-
4.0
6.0
7.8
7.8
Oxygen
#/day
180
1,605
8,380
237
651
18,200
16,100
* These sources were combined with the Dow water treatment plant effluent on flow basis for
projection runs.
** K-1 Rates = .18 - Midland sewage treatment plant
.06 - Dow water treatment plant, Lingle Drain, Bullock Creek
.105 - Tittabawassee River above Midland, Chippewa - Pine River
-------
Temp.= 2l°C
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER
DISSOLVED OXYGEN
SUMMER 1965 SURVEY
Flow= 8l6cfs at
Smiths Crossing (X440)
P.O. SATURATION
8.8 ma/1 at 2I°C
RIVER MILES
-------
100.0
Temp.= 2I°C
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER
KJELDAHL NITROGEN as N AND 5-DAY BOD
SUMMER 1965 SURVEY
Flow = 8l6cfs of Smiths Crossing (X440)
LEGEND
o
A
10.0
COMPOSITE 5-DAY B
COMPOSITE KJELDAH
COMPUTED PROFILE
COMPUTED PROFILE
OD
NITROGEN
ULTIMATE BOD
KJELDAHL NITR03EN
O>
6
I
z
LU
O
O
or
o>
E
O
o
CO .
I- >
I
<
q
_j
ut
o
I
10
t.O
Ar-
O.I
STATION
NOS.
< O o « ui 2
O O _| DO I
O ^ (DO Ju
O|O OIQ QJ
O
c
m
30
25
20
O
-------
10
FIGURE 18
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER
COMPUTED DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROFILES .
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND FLOW
1965 LOADINGS
(a) 1965 SUMMER SURVEY FLOW (SOOcfs)
LEGEND
I5°C
20°C
25°C
30°C
39°C
28
19 10
RIVER MILES.
10
(b) 7 DAY ONCE IN 10 YEAR LOW FLOW (250cfs)
o>
E
28
20
15 10
RIVER MILES
(c) I DAY ONCE IN 10 YEAR LOW FLOW (200cfs)
20
IS 10
RIVER MILES
-------
FIGURE 19
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER
COMPUTED DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROFILES
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND FLOW
1990 LOADINGS
(a) 1965 SUMMER SURVEY FLOW (800 cf s)
2B
20
15 10
RIVER MILES
(b) 7 DAY ONCE IN 10 YEAR LOW FLOW (250cfs)
20
IB 10
RIVER MILES
(c) I DAY ONCE IN 10 YEAR LOW FLOW (ZOOcfs)
20
IB 10
RIVER MILES
-------
FIGURE 20
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER
COMPUTED DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROFILES
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND FLOW
2020 LOADINGS
(o) 1965 SUMMER SURVEY FLOW (SOOcfs)
is 10
RIVER MILES
(b) 7 DAY ONCE IN 10 YEAR LOW FLOW (250cfs)
20
IS 10
RIVER MILES
(c) I DAY ONCE IN 10 YEAR LOW FLOW (200cfs)
19 10
RIVER MILES
-------
FIGURE 21
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER
COMPUTED MINIMUM DISSOLVED OXYGEN LEVEL
EFFECT OF MUNICIPAL WASTE BOD CONCENTRATION
(a)
o>
E 4
1
O
O
99% REMOVAL 1965 LOADINGS
/
S
\*
oC
..oO.
I*.-'
200 250 600
FLOW-cfs
(b)
o>
E 4
1
O
a
80% REMOVAL I960 LOADINGS
-oC.
200 230 80O
FLOW -cfs
(c)
6 4
1
O
O
2
95% REMOVAL 1990 LOADINGS
I4J J
> O
200 230 800
FLOW-cfs
(d)
o
a
80% REMOVAL 1990 LOADINGS
X
X00 x'>
*'
200 230 800
FLOW-cfs
(e)
o>
E 4
l
O
0
99% REMOVAL 2020 LOADINGS
, S
200 230 800
FLOW-cfs
(f)
o>
f '
O
O
80% REMOVAL 2020 LOADINGS
20O 250 800
FLOW -cfs
-------
FIGURE 22
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER
COMPUTED FINAL DISSOLVED OXYGEN LEVEL
EFFECT OF MUNICIPAL WASTE BOD CONCENTRATION
99% REMOVAL 1965 LOADINGS
80% REMOVAL I960 LOADINGS
200 250 800
FLOW-cfs
200 290 800
FLOW-cfs
/c\ 99% REMOVAL 1990 LOADINGS
£ 4
O
O
^oG^
>0
K -1
3 K.
200 290 800
FLOW-cfs
(d)
I
o
o
80% REMOVAL 1990 LOADINGS
-oC
200 290 600
FLOW-cfs
(e) - 95% REMOVAL 2020 LOADINGS'
o>
E 4
I
O
O
s $
o o
> o
IK -J
200 290 800
FLOW-cfs
(f)
E
i
O
O
80% REMOVAL 2020 LOADINGS
200 250 800
FLOW-cfs
-------
WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS
Field studies conducted by the FWPCA in 1965 indicated that the
upper reaches of the Tittabawassee River and tributaries above -the
municipalities were of good quality. Stream reaches below the
municipalities were moderately to excessively polluted, from a bac-
teriological standpoint. The Pine River below Alma-St. Louis and the
Tittabawassee River below the Chippewa (Pine) River confluence at
Midland had excess levels of chlorides, conductivity, total solids,
and hardness.
Effluent from the Clare primary sewage treatment plant increased
the coliform level of the Tobacco River significantly. This increase
was less during the summer period when chlorination was practiced.
Bacterial contamination also existed below the Gladwin sewage treat-
ment plant.
The coliform level in the Chippewa River was increased signifi-
cantly by effluent from the Mt. Pleasant primary sewage treatment
*f
plant. This increase was less during the summer chlorination season.
During the nonchlorination period, the bacterial level must be
considered excessive under any set of criteria.
A significant increase in pollution level of the Pine River
occurred in the Alma-St. Louis area, because of the primary sewage
treatment plants at Alma and St. Louis and the industrial waste efflu-
ents of Alma Products Company and Leonard Refineries Incorporated,
both in Alma, and Michigan Chemical Corporation in St. Louis. The
chloride increase of fourteenfold below the chemical company was the
9
120
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most obvious, together with the conductivity (threefold) and dissolved
solids (threefold) increases. The nitrogen levels - nitrate, nitrite,
and ammonia - also increased, as did the phosphates (sevenfold).
Bacterial densities were at high pollution levels.
Pollution of the Tittabawassee River increased in the Midland
area downstream from the Midland secondary treatment plant and indus-
trial effluents of Dow Chemical Company, especially brine wastes.
The chloride increase of thirtyfold was most obvious, together with
the conductivity (fourfold) and dissolved solids (fourfold) increases.
The total nitrogen levels - nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, and organic -
doubled, as did total and soluble phosphate levels. Bacterial
densities increased.
The Tittabawassee River, with 42 percent of the tributary drain-
age area to the Saginaw River, contributed on an annual average basis
95 percent of the chlorides, 90 percent of the dissolved solids, and
80 percent of the phenols which entered the Saginaw River.
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