THUNDER BAY RIVER - MICHIGAN

    WATER QUALITY DATA
        1965 Survey
Clean Water Series LHBQ-19-A
          U.S. DEPARTMENT  OF  THE INTERIOR

             Wnt*r  Pollution Control Adminiftrfition
                   Grant  Lokos  Region

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             THUNDER BAY RIVER -MICHIGAN

                 WATER QUALITY DATA
                     1965 Survey
             Clean Water Series LHBO~19~A
                   JANUARY 1969
        UoSo DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR -
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
              Great Lakes Region
           Lake Huron Basin Office
            U.S. Naval Air Station
             Grosse lie,, Michigan

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                      TABLE OF CONTENTS


                                                     Page Ho.

INTRODUCTION . . <> „ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  .    1

GENERAL DESCRIPTION . « . „ o , « . . . . . » . . .  »   6

    Area Description
    Climate .
    Hydrology
WATER USE
    Municipal Water Supply-
    Industrial Water Supply
    Water -Related Recreation
    Commercial Shipping

SOURCES ANB.CIARACTERISTICS OF WASTES o . . . .  .  .    18

    Municipal
    Industrial
    Federal

POPUiATIOl AND WASTELOAD PROJECTIONS ........   23

WATER QUALITY DATA ....'.............   28

    Thunder Bay River
    Alpena Harbor
    Rogers City-Calcite Harbor
    Biological Studies
    Radiochemi s try

WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS ...............   63

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                       LIST OF TABLES


Table Mo.                                                 Page No.

   1       Flov Characteristics                              10

   2       Thunder Bay River Basin Sampling Stations         13

   3       Municipal Water Supplies                          16
                                                                 i

   4       Industrial Water Use                              17

   5       Projected Water Use                               17

   6       Municipal Waste Treatment Plants                  20
           Effluent Characteristics

   7       Industrial Waste Inventory                        21

   8       Industrial Waste Characteristics                  21

   9       Inventory of Wastewater Disposalj at
           Federal Installations           •                  22

  10       Waste Flow Projections                            25

  11       BOD^ Projections                                  26

  12       Water Quality Data - Thunder Bay River            36-40

  13       Water Quality Data -  Alpena Harbor               41-43

  Ik       Water Quality Data - Thunder Bay                  kk-kj

  15       Water Quality Data - Rogers City-Calcite Harbor   1|6-51

  16       Biological Data - Physical Observations           52

  17       Biological Data - Benthic Macroinvertebrates      53,5^

  18       Biological Data - Phytoplankton                   55>56
                             ii

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                         LIST OF TABLES
Table Ho.                                                  Pa'ge Mo°

   19       Biological Data - Attached Algae and              57
            Aquatic Vegetation

   20       Water Quality Data - Radioactivity                58
            Thunder Bay River

   21       Water Quality Data - Radioactivity                59,60
            Alpena Harbor

  , 22       Water Quality Data. - Radioactivity                6l#62
            Rogers City-Calcite Harbor
                             iii

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                     LIST OP FIGURES


Figure Ro»                                                  Page No.

   1        Drainage Basins of the Great Lakes                3

   2        Lake Huron Basin                                  k

   3        Thunder Bay River Basin Sampling Locations        5

   k        Flo-w Duration Curve - Thunder 'Bay River          11
            near Boiton                           i

   5        Flow Duration.Curve - Horth Branch Thunder      , 12
            Bay River near Boiton

   6        Population and Municipal Waste Flow Projections  2J
                             iv

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                           INTRODUCTION


     The water quality data contained in this report are the results

of field investigations and other studies conducted in 1965 and 1966 to

provide information for a water pollution control plan for the Lake

Huron Basin.   The Lake Huron Basin Study is a part of the Great Lakes-

Illinois River Basins Project,  directed by the Great Lakes Region,

Federal Water Pollution Control Administration (FWPCA) and under

authority of Public Law 84-660  (33 U.S.C. 466 et seq.).
     Sec. 3. (a)'  The Secretary shall, after careful investigation,
     and in cooperation with other Federal agencies, with State
     water pollution control agencies and interstate agencies, and
     with the municipalities and industries involved, prepare or
     develop comprehensive programs for eliminating or reducing the
     pollution of interstate waters and tributaries thereof and
     improving the sanitary condition of surface and underground
     waters.  In the development of such comprehensive programs due
     regard shall be given to the improvements which are necessary
     to conserve such waters for public water supplies, propagation
     of fish and aquatic life and wildlife, recreational purposes,
     and agricultural, industrial, and other legitimate uses.  For
     the purpose of this section, the Secretary is authorized to
     make joint investigations with any such agencies of the con-
     dition of any waters in any State or States, and of the
     discharges of any sewage, industrial wastes, or substance
     which may adversely affect such waters.
     Total water quality planning begins in the headwaters of the

individual river basins and continues downstream through the major

tributaries to and including the Great Lakes.  The extent and complex-

ity of the Great Lakes and tributaries are shown on Figures 1, 2,

and 3.

     Water quality standards for interstate waters (Lake Huron) have

been adopted by the State of Michigan and approved by the Secretary

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of the Interior.   Intrastate standards for Michigan are being implemented

by the Michigan Water Resources Commission.   These standards will form

a basis for long-range plan for controlling pollution and maintaining

water quality for Lake Huron and its tributaries.


                          ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

     The principal agencies taking an active part  in providing assistance

in the preparation of the report are as follows:

     State Agencies   - Michigan Water Resources Commission
                        Michigan Department of Public Health

     Federal Agencies - U.S. Department of Commerce
                           Weather Bureau
                           Office of Business Economics
                           Bureau of Census

                        U.S. Department of the Interior
                           Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
                           Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.
                           Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
                           Geological Survey

     For further information, contact the following:

          Lake Huron Basin Office
          Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
          U.S. Naval Air Station
          Grosse lie, Michigan  48138

          Michigan Water Resources Commission
          Stevens T. Mason Building
          Lansing, Michigan  48926

          Michigan Department of Public Health
          3500 N. Logan
          Lansing, Michigan  48914

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                                                       ONTARIO
        DETROIT  PROGRAM  OFFICE

  DRAINAGE  BASINS  OF   THE

          GREAT   LAKES
        U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL  WATER  POLLUTION  CONTROL AOMINISTRAT ION
 GREAT LAKES REGION       GRCSSE ILE, MICHIGAN

                SCALE IN MILES
                                                                                          90
                                                                                                100    ISO     200
                                                                                               QUEBEC
MINNESOTA
           I    WISCONSIN  /
                                                                                        P E N N S Y L V A N I A .
                                                                                                                NEW

                                                                                                                YORK
                                                                                                                         c
                                                                                                                         3)
                                                                                                                         m

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                                                                                 MGURE 2
I.  SAOINAW RIVER
2.  CASS  RIVER
3.  FLINT  RIVER
4.  SHIAWASSEE  RIVER
6.  TITTABAWASSEE RIVER
                               8
                               9
                               10
                               I I
MICHIGAN TRIBUTARIES
TO SAOINAW  BAY
MICHIGAN TRIBUTARIES
TO LOWER LAKE  HURON
AU SABLE  RIVER
THUNDER BAY  RIVER
CHEBOYGAN RIVER
ST. MARYS RIVER  AND
MICHIGAN UPPER PENINSULA
TRIBUTARIES  TO LAKE HURON
12,
13.
14.
15,
16.
ir.
18.
10.
20.
21 .
MISSISSAGI RIVER
SPANISH  RIVER
WANAPITEI  RIVER
FRENCH  RIVER
MAGANATAWAN  RIVER
MUSKOKA RIVER
SEVERN  RIVER
8AUGEEN  RIVER
MAITLAND RIVER
AU SABLE RIVER
                             LAKE\HURON
                         ..   DETROIT   PROGRAM  OFFICE

                            LAKE   HURON    BASIN
                             U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE  INTERIOR
                    FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL  ADMINISTRATION
                     GREAT  LAKES  REGION         GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN

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                                                                                                                                                                         THUNDER  BAY  RIVER  BASIN
                                                                                                                                                                     LEGEND
                                                                                                                                                                     • Y200  FWPCA  Sampling  Station*
                                                                                                                                                                     •«	 Municipal 8 Industrial Wott« Outtalli
                                                                                                                                                                     • 15-TB  MWRC  Sampling  Station*
                                                                                                                                                                        A     USOS  Gaging  Station*"^'.   -
 OTSEGO  CO.      MONTMORe_NCJL_CO._-_
CRAWFORD CO. |      OSCODA" CO.

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                        GENERAL DESCRIPTION



Area Description


     .The Thunder Bay River  Basin with a drainage .area of 1/120.square


miles,  lies 'In the northeastern part of the Lower  Peninsula and.is
                            '                   !      .       •        '

 comprised of  parts of-the counties of Presque Isle^, Montmorency,  Otsego,


 Oscoda, and Aipena. The City of Aipena, the largest community, in the


 "basin,  is the center for summer and winter recreational activities.'  It
 '...''                          - •                '          ' '  '

.is  a major port on Lake Huron and the site of the,world8s largest-Portland


 cement  manufacturing center,,


      The basin is usually described as being bounded on the northwest by


 the Cheboygan River Basin,  on the northeast and  east by land adjacent to


 Lake Huron and on the  poiith by the Au Sable River  Basin „  However, for the

y     '..''.      .  •              .' '   '     •.    •          i  '
 purpose of this report the  land on 'thfe northeast and east.adjacent to Lake


 Huron will be included as part of the basin inasmuch as it is tributary


 to  Lake Huron (Fig. 3).

                                                           i   -    \ ,
      The main stem of  Thunder Bay River is located.iri Mpntmorency and


 Alpena  Counties and flows in  a southeasterly direction to the mouth into
            •                                          .               \
 Thunder Bay - an arm of .Lake  Huron.  The major tributaries, North. Branch,


:Upper South Branch, and the Lower South Branch drain the northern and


 southern areas of the  basin.   .The area drained is  25 percent swamps and


 lakes,  thus giving this basin the highest percentage' of'swamps and lakes


 of  any  river  basin in  the Lower Peninsula.          '


      The western half  of the  basin, much of which  lies in Montmorency


 County, is sparsely populated and much of the area is allotted to the


 Thunder Bay State Forest.  The community of Atlanta is the county seat

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and the chief population centero  Part of Oscoda County that lies within the


the basin is also sparsely populated and contains portions of the Thunder


Bay State Forest.  The portion of the "basin lying in Alpena County has much

   .•''•'      '         '•               . '                 '
of'the' land area occupied by the Alpena State Forest,,


     The City of Alpena located near the mouth of the Thunder Bay River ii


the county seat and: had a population of lU,TOO according*to the I960 ceri-

                 1        '•'      '                  ,:   -'               '
sus.  The southcentral and .lower southeastern parts of the basin occupy


a portion of Alcoria County that is sparsely populated.,  Part'of the Huron
 ''•'•'        '    ..     •   '               •              i           •

National Forest extends'into this•part of the basin\from the,south as well


as the east.  This portion of the basin contains Hubbard lake and Fletcher


Pond, two of the largest impoundments in the drainage basin. : The north-


eastern tip of the basin extends into the lower part of Presque Isle County


in a north to. northwestern direction.  .Part 'of the Black Lake State Forest


is, in. .this, sparsely populated area.


     In areas adjacent to Lake Huron, the shoreline drainage basin' is


sparsely populated with the exception of Rogers City.  In recent years.?

           'i                 .    '
the number of summer residences has increased along the shores of Lake


Huron,  and Grand and Long Lakes» . .The latter two lakesJhave surface areas


of 5/600 and 5>652 acres, respectively, which makes them the 19th and 20th


largest inland lakes in Michigan.


     From the Thunder Bay area to the Au Sable River basin, there are a"


number of small communities which lie either on or near the shore of Lake


Huron.  It is an area of rolling topography.  Devils Lake, a long, narrow


impoundment, and branches of the Black River parallel the shoreline.  At '


present no municipal waste treatment systems or .significant industries' are

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located in this area,,  The Alpena metropolitan area is expanding to the


northward'into the area.


     There are numerdus lakes and impoundments throughout the basin,


created for water frontage by clubs and resorts,  A trout research station


on Hunt Creek, public fishing sites, numerous campgrounds, picnic areas,


and gravel mining account for the development in most of the drainage "basin,•


     Most of the basin is forested with spruce and firs. ' Jack, red, and


white pine predominate in the southern and southwestern portions while birch,


beech, maple, and hemlocks line the eastern fringes of the basin»

                      i
Climate            •    .  .


     The climate of the.Thunder Bay River Basin is greatly modified by the


upper Great lakes - warming the air in winter and cooling it in summer.


This climate is typical of the entire upper Great Lakes area, and can be


described as having a wide, seasonal variation, many storms, and constant


yearly precipitation distribution.  In the winter, this precipitation is


in the form of snow-  Alpena has a mean annual temperature of *f2°F.  Average


summer temperature is 63°F, while average winter temperature is 21°Fo


Average yearly precipitation at Alpena is 30 inches.  Average peak pre-


cipitation occurs from April to September.


Hydrology


     There are three U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) stream gaging stations


in the Thunder Bay River Basin.                             -   '


     The first of these is Thunder Bay River near Hillmano'  It has a


drainage area of 232 square miles and is located on the left bank 25 feet
                                                       i        w

upstream from the bridge on State Highway M-32, A mile downstream from
                                  8

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 Miller Creek and  5«2 miles  southwest of Hillman<,   It has been in operation

 since

    1  The second gaging station maintained by the  USGS is Thunder Bay River
    .  •                •    ,   ~ f    ' "     .              ~                ,
.near Bolton.  It  is located on the left bank,  i5  mile upstream from Orchard

 Hill bridge, k miles upstream from North Branch Thunder Bay River, '5 miles
    ,                                     '      !       t*
 southwest of Bolton and 11  miles  northwest of Alpena» It  has been  in
   i

 operation since 19^5°   This drainage area is 588  square miles„'

      The third USGS gaging  station is North Branch Thunder Bay_JRiver near
                                                   .-'.'.'     ! i
 Bolton o  It has a drainage  area of iBk square miles and has been in oper-
                                                    i
 ation since 19^5»  It  is located  on the left bank 1<>5 miles upstream from  '

 the mouth, 2»5 miles  south  of Bolton, and 9 miles northwest of Alpena..

      The range of observed  daily  discharges and yields for these gaging  ''

 stations is.shown in Table  1«

      The low-flow1 average discharge for orie^:seven, and  thirty consecutive,

 days" duration with a  recurrence  interval of ten  years have been calculat-

 ed by use of Gumbel's  logarithmic extremal probability paper„  'The  stations

 used were Thunder Bay  River near  Bolton and Uorth Branch Thunder Bay River

 (Table l).

      Figures ^ and 5 are1 flow duration curves for the Thunder Bay River

 near Bolton and Worth Branch Thunder;;Bay River near Bolton.  The extreme

 gradient of the Horth Branch curve indicated the  variability in flow.

 The very low drought yield  also indicated low base flow in this river»

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         Location

Thunder Bay River "near Bolton
.588 sq.. mi.   19^5-1960.
North Branch Thunder Bay River
"     SCL.'ini.   19^5-1960
Thunder Bay River near Hillman
 232 act*- mi.  . 19U5-1360
                                  TABLE"!.,  FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
                                      Thunder Bay River Basin
USGS', Re cords.
Flow •  YjLeld
(cfs)  Cfrfsm)

h}070  6.$20
   92  0.156
Maximum
Minimum
Average

Maximum
Minimum
Average

Maximum
Minimum
Average
2,920 15.88C
  •O.V  O'o002
  102  0.555

1,710  T«360
   98  0^22
  207  ,0.890
                            Computed  Drought(Lov)  Flow*
                             DofaTpiii  Flow   Yield
                               (dayjp)'    Cc'fs)   (cfsm)
1
7
3'o .
i
7
30
•'",--—
165
188
209
2.1
. 2.5
3A
.280
.320
.356
'.001^
.00136
.0185
* Recurrence, interval  of once.in  10 years  for period of record plotted on
    Gumbelps logarithmic extremal probability.

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                                                                          i  iGUR £ 4
                           FLOW   DURAT ION. CURVE
                 THUNDER  BAY  RIVER  NEAR  BOLTON
                                         1946-1964
     100.0
  UJ
o o:
  
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                                                                               r IGUR E  5.
 E
 in
   UJ
gS

CC  =J
UJ  O
CL  (/)
Q  'T
z  oo
o  —
o  "
UJ  <
00  UJ
   o:
cc  <
UJ
a.  tu
   o
K  <
UJ  Z
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.o

 CD
   or
   o
                             FLOW   DURATION   CURVE
                  NORTH   BRANCH  THUNDER   BAY   RIVER
                                       NEAR   BOLTON
                                            1946-1964
        10.0
         1.0
         O.I
        O.OI
      O.OOI
                                                 \
                                                    \
                                                       \
                                                                        \
          O.OI O.O5 O.I O.2  O.9 12    9   10   2O  30 4O SO 6O 70  60   9O   95   98 99


                              TIME  IN  PERCENT OF  TOTAL  PERIOD
                                                                                 99.6 99.9 99.99

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           TABLE 2.  THUNDER BAY RIVER BASIN SAMPLING STATIONS
                           Mainstream Stations
Station Ho-
Y200
Y220
Y230
Y250
15 -TB
(MWRC)
Mile Point
Location

0»5 Second Avenue bridge in Alpena
2..0 US-23
bridge in Alpena

12 oO Herron Road bridge
40o8 M-32 bridge, 5°2 miles southwest of
(USGS 7^-1325)
At south breakwater
below Alpena. sewage treatment
Hillman
plant
Alpena Harbor
  H36l
  H362
  H366
Thunder Bay
  H363
  H36V
  H365
  H370
                             Hearshore^tettipris^

                 Midway between breakwater and Alpena light
                 1.3 miles - 186° from Alpena light
                 1.5 miles - Qk° from Alpena light
                 1<>6 miles - 150° from south end of North.Point
                 2«7 miles - 231° from bell buoy
                 5«,3 miles - 231° from bell buoy
                 4.9 miles - 21ij.° from Thunder Bay light
Rogers City-Calcite
  H400           3,000" - 0° from landing light at Rogers City
  H^Ol           300' - 102° from landing light at- Rogers City
  Hil-02           5,350' - 102° from landing light at Rogers City
                 At breakwater light in Calcite
                 3,000' southeast of Calcite Point breakwater ligtit
                                   13

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                            WATER USE


Municipal Water Supply

     Thunder Bay Elver Basin and adjacent shoreline areas had a population

served by public vater supplies of 20,500,,  Sources include wells and

Lake Huron.

     Total municipal -water use in the basin was .2.5 million gallons per

day (MGD) in 1965.  Projected water use in 2020 is estimated to be

11.1* MGD.

     Table 3 lists the present water supplies and sources.,  The projected

municipal water uses for 1990 and 2020 are shown in Table k,

Industrial Water Supply

     Industrial water taken from surface sources in the basin totaled

8.3 MGD of which 5 MGD from Thunder Bay were used by :the Huron Portland

Cement Company.  The other 3.3 MGD came from Thunder Bay River in Aliens

     Table U shows a breakdown of the water use.  Projections of future

use are shown in Table 5»

Water-Related Recreation

     The Thunder Bay River Basin has a low population dens i,ty in an area
                                                         i .
of outstanding recreational resources.  The watershed is- heavily forested

and the river.has a number of dams along the length which provide oppor-

tunity for swimming, fishing, and boating.  In 19^5> there were an estima-

ted 3,500 boats registered by residents of the:basin<>  Most of these boats

are located in and around Alpena.

     A variety of game fish are found in the Thunder Bay River and tribu-

taries as well as Thunder Bay and Lake Huron.  The waters.in the,area, have

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been adversely affected by activities of mario  Wood chips, slabs, and

sawdust, which were disposed of in Thunder Bay .several decades ago during

                                                    . i     '        .'
the peak of the lumber business, still show up from time to  time as  float-
                                  •'                     /      '•            '
ing debris on :the beaches«  More detailed discussions of basin recreation

  :  '  '       ',                      '                 ~l   ' .    \          '
are contained in the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation publication "Water-
         '                                ,'•'>(•   i     '•
Oriented Outdoor Recreation, Lake Huron Basin - 1967."•

Commercial Shipping

    J0f the 28,3^,888 tons of commodities shipped into and  out of the

Michigan ports on Lake Huron, 61=. 6 percent was recorded in the Thunder Bay

River Basino

     The total tonnage of the basin was 17>^-65,280°  Following is a  break-

down of the 1966 commodities and tonnage for the two major harbors.  Rogers

City,  a small port, handled only 63 tons of fresh fish.


    Harbor                  Commodity.                      Tonnage

    Alpena             Miscellaneous nonmetallic        2,335,071"
                         mineral products   '

                       Coal and lignite                   771,152

                       Gasoline                            10,8l6

                       Distillate fuel oil                   6,353

                       Slag                                  2,ii-20

    Calcite            Limestone                       1^,189,^07

                       Coal and lignite                    ;69,3^3
                          •  ...                           • /  .
                       Asphalt, tar and pitches             7>3
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              TABLE 3.  MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLIES*
   Community
     and
Population( I960)
Alpena
Hillman
14,682
Freaque Isle
 Township  •
                325


Rogers City   4,722   municipal
                       Owngr^            Source

                      municipal   2,, 000s cf 40-inch line
                                    in Thunder Bay
         municipal   wells in drift to 90°

         private     wells
                                  wells in drift  37"  to  .
                                    43 °c deep and  in rock
                                    152° deep
Treatment

standard   ;
 filtration,
fluoridation

chlorination
                                               chlorination,
                                               fluoridation
.* Taken from  "Data on Public Water Supplies in Michigan,". Engineering
 . Bulletin Ho. 4 by the Michigan Department of Public Healtho, , ,

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                TABLE 4.   IKDUSTRIAL WATER USE
    User

Abitibi Corporation

Besser Company

Fletcher Paper Company
Quantity
 (MSD)

 2,40

 0.06
Huron Portland Cement Co, 5<,00
    Source

Thunder Bay River

Thunder Bay River

Thunder Bay River


Thunder Bay
 Use_

Process

Cooling

Process and
Cooling

Cooling
                TABLE 5<>  PROJECTED WATER USE (M3D)
                                      iggo      2020
Municipal*'

Industrial
               Total
             ig.6

     606     I7o4
  Includes water for some industrial use>
                                IT

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              SOURCES AM) CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTES






Municipal




    The City of Alpena is the major source of municipal waste in the




Thunder Bay River Basin and is served by a combined sever system, having




an estimated population of l4,600o  The municipal waste treatment plant




at Alpena is a primary plant, averaging 2.25 MGD with average efficiency




of kk percent BOD5 removal.  Data showed that the highest monthly flows




occurred during April when the effluent quality was the best with low




temperature and low BODc.  The lowest monthly flows occurred during




July when the temperature  and BODtj were highest.  The village of Hillman




was cited by MWRC in 1966 for discharging raw and semi-treated sewage to




the Thunder Bay River.




    On the adjacent shoreline area, the community of Rogers City con-




tributed additional municipal waste to the Thunder Bay River Basin areao




The population of ks5QO. was served by a primary sewage treatment plant




that had an average flow of Q.,^8 MGD.  The BOD5 removal was estimated




to be 50 percent.




    Municipal waste treatment plants are described in Table 6.  The in-




formation is based on 1965 records of the Michigan Department of Public




Health (MDPH).'  Prior to January 1967, all plants were required to practice




disinfection from May 15 to September 15.  Since that date, continuous  •




year-round disinfection is required by the MDPH regulation„  Effluent




characteristics based on the 1965 plant operating records are also listed




in Table 6 arid outfall locations are shown in Figure 3°
                                18

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Industrial


     There are four major industries in the Thunder Bay River Basin;
                          •              •                  . i '
Abitibi Corporation, Besser Company., Fletcher Paper Company, and Huron


Portland Cement Company,.  All of these industries are located in Alpena


and discharge wastes to the Thunder Bay River except Huron Portland Cement


Company which discharges waste to Thunder Bay,.  The industries are rated


annually by the MWRC on adequacy of treatment.


     Outfall locations for the industrial plants are shown in Figure 3.


Industrial waste inventory information is shown in Table 7-  The Indus-
       • •     •               •                      .   ,1   ,           i

trial waste data of the MWRC are listed in Table 8.


    The Abitibi Corporation operates a pressed-wood plant with an average


flow of 2.U MGD which is treated by primary clarification with chemical


coagulation.  Waste constituents include BOD^ and solids«


    The Besser CompAny has an average flow of 0.06 MGD,,  Waste con-


stituents containing cyanide and plating wastes are treated chemically


before being discharged upstream from the intake.


    The Fletcher Paper Company, discharges 0.85 MGD of process and cooling


water to the river.  This waste, containing BOD^, suspended solids, and


suspended volatile solids, is treated by a pressufe-flotatlon^sys'^S^f;! •


    The Huron-Portland Cement Company discharges about 5.0 MGD of cooling


water' to. Thunder Bay.  The cement plant, one of the largest in the world,


has switched to a dry process so the only waste constituent is heat.


Federal Installation's


    The status of wastewater disposal at Federal installations in the


Thunder Bay River Basin i's shown in Table 9°
                                19

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ro
o
     Community
        and
     Population   Type of
       Se^Ved.    Treatment
     Alpena
      Ik,600
primary
     Rogers  City  primary
      : 4,500
     Hillman
         450
lagoon
                                     TABLE 6.  MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT PLANTS
                                           1965 Effluent 'Characteri&tics*
                                                Thunder; Bay River.' Basin
           Percent      Flov.(MGD); .....   Temp.    BOD;j  (mg/l)
Removal   Avg.  ,Min.  • MaXo.
 Li . L. 11: ma uii|   ring i?tii.iia . ' *L*—^mm±-f ' ' rmciiii ' I: •
           ' -;r--r;^=5si

          2.25  1-55
              5.0
.48
                          Avgo  Min...  Max,.
                          i  gKni " " r- -i j _ .: 1 1   uln. i « ....... •!
                                    '

                                 20     62
Susp«
Solids
(mg/l)

.  68
V61.
Susp.
Solids
(mg/l)


  46
                                                                     26
7-1
                   7-5
     *Based  on monthly averages of daily plant .operation records>submitted by plants
      ..'to Michigan Department! of Public Health.  .      '.                 ./           •

-------
ro
H
        Industry      Location

      Abitibi Corp.     Alpena
      Bdsser Company    Alpena

      Fletcher Paper    Alpena
       Company

      Huron Portland    Alpena
       Cement Company
                                  TABLE 7°  INDUSTRIAL WASTE IEVEHTORY
                                          Thunder Bay River Basin
        Industry

      Abitibi Corp*

      Besser Company
         Receiving
          Stream

       Thunder Bay River


       Thunder Bay River
    Waste
 Constituents
      solids
cyanide, plating
 Average
Waste Flow   .Treatment
 (MSP)       Provided

   2o4o  primary clarification,
         chemical coagulation

   0..06  chemical
       Thunder Bay River    BQDs, susp. solids,  0,85  pressore-floatation
                            volo susp. solids
       Thunder Bay
heat
                                  TABLE 80  INDUSTRIAL WASTE CHARACTERISTICS
                                          Thunder Bay River Basin   L
                                                                Solids
         Flow
 •Date*  (MSP) DO   BOD5

3/1964   2.4   7=6  1,750

1/1962   o.oi   -
1/1964   Oo03
Suspo
(K«IGBdKa»
250
OB
Vol.
§US£o_
230
a
Total
16,700
a
Total
_Vol^
3.025
e=
Phenols
0.10
0
Fletcher Paper Co.  1/1964   1.44
                                                 42
                              76    63
                                 0
                     7»4
      * Survey and analysis" by MWRC

-------
                                  TABLE 9-  "INVENTORY OF WASTEWATER DISPOSAL
                                                AT FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS
                                                  Thunder Bay River Basin
ro
    Installation
Municipality and County

Phelps Collins Airport
(Air National Guard)
Alpena, Alpena County

Thunder Bay Island
 Light Station.
Alpena, Alpena County

Presque Isle Light Station
Presque Isle County
                                    Type/"
                                    Volume

                                  sanitary
                                  20,000 GPD
Receiving Waters

Thunder Bay River
                                  sanitary
                                  560 GPD      ground
                                  sanitary     ground
                                  350 GPD
Treatment '
Provided

secondary,
chlorination
                     septic tank,
                     drain field

                     septic tank,
                     drain field
Remarks
                  drain field installed
                  in 1956, condition
                  satisfactory

                  drain field installed
                  in 19^, .condition
                  satisfactory

-------
             POPULATION AND WASTELOAD PROJECTIONS






     Demographic studies were conducted "by the Great Lakes-Illinois River




Basins Project, Chicago, Illinois for the Lake Huron Basin.  Population




trends on a national, regional, and county basis were analyzed and popula-




tion projections were developed for the various areas of the Lake Huron




Basin.  In 1960, approximately 1.2 million persons lived in the Lake Hurori




watershed - double the 1920 population»  By the year 2020, it is estimated




that the population of the watershed will be approximately 3° 2 million .




     The population center in the Thunder Bay River Basin is Alpena




( 1^,682) according to the 1960 census figures.  For this report,, the




Alpena area was analyzed assuming that by 2020 it would be urbanized and




served by water and sewer systems,.  The population served by sewers in




1965 was estimated to be 19,780 and projected to be 39,000 by 1990 and




69,000 by the year 2020.




     Table 10 shows the estimated waste flow in MGD for the Thunder Bay




River Basin and Figure 6 gives a graphic illustration of the population




and municipal waste flow projections for the basin including adjacent




shoreline areas.




     BOD^ projections are based on present-day inventory information




obtained from the Michigan Water Resources Commission (MWRC), Michigan




Department of Public Health (MDPH), and the U.S. Public Health Service




(PHS).  Municipal and industrial water use growth rates and BODj pro-




duction in terms of population were determined from studies on the




Lake Michigan basin and applied to the inventory data obtained for the




Thunder Bay River Basin,,






                                23

-------
     The results of these projections are shown in liable 11.  The munici-
                                                    j       i
pal BODc load for 1965 was calculated on the basis of 01J Ibs/day of BODc;

per person served  and the 1990 and 2020 load factors-ol8 and .20 Ibs/day
     • •    .                   ' ,'            '           ,             '
of BOD5 per person.  For example, in 1965 a total of 60^00 Ibs/day of
     '     •             '          '              '          :.'   "i
BOI>5 was produced in the basin of which 39 percent was removed by treatment

leaving 36,630 Ibs. of BODc being discharged to the river,  By the year

2020 with the same percentage of treatment, 238,600 IbSo -would reach the

rivero   In order to show an improvement'over present'water quality, 90 per-

cent or more removal will be necessary at that time»

-------
               TABLE.. 10.  WASTE FLOW PROJECTIONS
                             (MGD)
Municipal
       Residential                               1»9       3,9        6«9
       Commercial                                o_=^9_
                  Total                          2o8       '"6.2      12.3
Industrial                                       3«3      10.6
 (direct to river)
                  Total  to  river                6,1      1608       37.3

-------
                   TABLE 11=  BOD5 PROJECTIONS
                     Thunder Bay River Basin
              (including adjacent shoreline areas)
                             ^Xbs/day)
Untreated
   Municipal
    Residential
    Commercial

1990
                                                  2020
   Industrial
Treated BOD5
   Municipal
               Subtotal
               Total Untreated BOD5
Percent ReBioyal

  ^7 (present)
  90
  95
  99

  39 (present)
  90h
  95
  99
Total Treated BOD5 39 (present)
                   90
                   95
                   99
   Industrial
1,845
2,l4o
58^200
60,440
214
107
21
35,500
5,830
2,915
' 583
36,625
3*022
6,720
7,492
162 , ooo
169 , 492
3,990
749
375
75
97,825
16,200
8,100
1,620
101,815
16,949
8,475
1,695
13,800
Is 820
15,620
281^000
396,620
8,350
1,562'
781
156
230,250
38,100
' 19,050
3,810
238,600
39,662
19,831
• 3,966
                                26

-------
                                                            IGURE 6
                 POPULATION  AND  MUNICIPAL
           WASTE  FLOW  PROJECTIONS FOR THE
                 THUNDER  BAY  RIVER  BASIN
  1,000,000
Q
UJ
cc
UJ
o
I-
<
Q.
O
0.
   100,000
    10,000
                X
                          I I I I I I I
                                  I I I I I I I
                                              I I
                                                      I I
                                                                I 100
                                                                 10
                                                                    cc
                                                                    UJ
                                                                    a

                                                                    to
                                                                    z
                                                                    o
                                                                    <
                                                                    e>
       I960
               1970
                       I960      1990      2000

                                 YEARS
                                              2010
                                                       2020
                                                                 I
                                                              2030

-------
                        WATER  QUALITY DATA




      The  FWPCA  sampled  the  Thunder  Bay River Basin during 1965  to  determine


 the  water quality of the  river and  the adjacent  shoreline areas of Lake


 Huron,,  Station locations are  shown on Figure  3  and described in Table  2°


 Samples collected were  analyzed  for physical,  chemical, microbiological,


 and  biological  parameters.


      One  location (Y200)  one-half mile from the  mouth of  the  river at


 the  Second Avenue bridge  in Alpena  was sampled periodically from January


 through November for temperature and bacteriological parameters.  Another


 location  (Y250) 5 miles southwest of Hillman was sampled  6 times during


 May  through  November»   MWRC maintained a water quality monitoring  station


 (15-TB) downstream from the Alpena  sewage treatment plant,, Two stations


 (Y220 and Y230) located 2 and  12 miles from the  mouth were used to


 determine biological parameters  and were sampled only once for  chemical


 parameters.


      Sampling was carried out  five  times at three locations (H36l, H362,


 H366) in  the immediate  vicinity of  Alpena harbor, and four times at k-


 locations (H363, E36k',  H365, H370)  at the mouth  of Thunder Bay. Samples


 were collected  only once  at adjacent nearshore Lake Huron stations at
  ,        '              i
                                               \

 k locations  (H^OO, H*K)1,  H^02, H403) near Rogers  City in May 1965.

             •  i              •                   '   •
 Thunder Bay  River


      Dissolved  oxygen (DO)  level in the  Thunder  Bay River was high with an


 average of 80 percent saturation at the  sites  studied during  the 1965


;survey.   There  was no indication that photosynthesis was  a factor  in the


 oxygen level as no samples  indicated supersaturation. Hear the mouth 'Of

-------
the river, DO levels ranged from 7o4 to 12„4 mg/1 with an average of
10.3 mg/1.,  At the FWPCA station^ the range was 1 oh to 1308 mg/1 -with
an average of 9"^ rog/l°  A single low percent saturation value of
58 percent was found.
     Organic matter expressed in terms of BODjj and oxidizable nitrogen
(organic^ ammonia, and nitrite) also indicated little degradation
levels averaged 2 to k mg/1 with a maximum of 5 mg/1, and this was at the
mouth of the river*  The phosphate and nitrogen levels were not found
in levels that would promote algal growth "but did indicate minor
pollution (Table 12)«
     Chlorides and total solids levels indicated, an erratic variation,
being lower during the latter half of the year.,.  This may be due in
part to the influence of the lake water flowing upstream past the
sampling station.
     Bacteriological data indicated'pollution near the mouth of the
river averaging U,300 org/100 ml, which exceeds the body contact
minimumo
Alpena .Harbor
     During the 19&5 sampling season the FWPCA sampled five times at the
three stations (H36l, H362, H366) in the inner Alpena Harbor and fetor
times in the outer area (H363, H364, H365, H370)o  Tables 13 and 1^ con-
tain the datao  Average DO concentrations were near saturation for all
seven stations with averages ranging from 88 to 101 percent„  The BODc
did not indicate pollution problems as it averaged 2 mg/1 or less for
all the stations..
     The nutrient concentrations indicated some degradation.  The
phosphate and nitrogens occasionally ranged to levels that could promote
                                29

-------
algal growths.  The total solids and chlorides did not exceed the maximum



concentrations of 200 mg/1 and' 50 mg/1.  The remaining chemical parameters



were at levels that were not considered problems as they did not exceed



the. body contact minimums.



     Coliform data indicated some minor pollution from the river but the



levels were within the limits for partial body contact"  The coliform



concentrations were diluted in the bay and the water quality was found



to be excellent in the outer area.



     The data indicated the bay water to show evidence of pollution but



this was diluted in the bay waters and did not show an effect on water



quality in Lake Huron.



     For comparison of areas and data evaluation^, the stations were com-



bined into three groups %  stations in the river^ in the immediate vicin-



ity of Alpena Harbor^ and those at the mouth of Thunder Bay.  Included



is the quality of the Thunder Bay River from the mouth.  There was no



apparent seasonal variation in the data nor significant variation among



the stations in a group.,  There was some difference between the groups,



with the groups farthest from the mouth showing lesser concentrations



for the parameters.  At one station hear the mouth of the bay, samples



were also collected at a depth of sixty feet.  There was no significant



difference in the surface and depth samples.  The water quality appeared



to improve from the river to the outer bay.  Average DO concentrations



were near saturation.  Suspended solids concentrations averaged 16 mg/1



at the mouth of the river to 5 mg/1 in the inner portion of the bay.



Bacterial densities ranged from moderately high in the river and inner
                                 30

-------
hart) or > to miniinal in the outer harbor.
     This area contained four stations (l&OO,, HUOl, Ek02s H403) and •(•fas



sampled only once in May during the 1965 sampling season „  All parameters



appeared to be within the minimum acceptable water quality concentrations,



There appeared to be slight bacteriological increase possibly from the



marina, but the concentrations were below body contact minimums.



     With the exception of an apparent moderate increase in coliform



concentration south of the marina area, no pollution problems were evident



from the analyses of the four samples collected during the survey.



     The data from these samples are listed in Table 15=  The increase



in bacterial levels below the marina area was reduced in passage to the



Port of Calciteo  Most other parameters were within the body contact



acceptable levels .



Biological Studies



     Biological investigations of the Thunder Bay River and adjacent near-



shore areas in Thunder Bay and Rogers City were conducted between November



1964 and November 1965 (Fig, 3).  Three river stations (Y200, Y220, Y230)



and eight nearshore stations (H36l, H362, H366, tfKX), H^Ol, H402, Hk03,



!&(&•) were sampled for benthic and plank tonic organisms.  In September



1965, MWRC also conducted a detailed investigation of the benthic organ-



isms in Thunder Bay and the Thunder Bay River.,



     Thunder Bay River varied in depth and bottom type (Table l6)0  Sand



and gravel substrates were observed above the several impoundments that



dominate the middle section of the river „  Near the mouth of the river,
                                31

-------
a great variety of material was deposited on the bottom.  The river



environment is thus characterized "by large variations in physical



features..  The limit of visibility in the Thunder Bay River increased



from three feet above the impoundments to six feet near the mouth.  The



upstream -water was no tea to be tea-colored.  Tannin and lignin from swamp



drainage often imparts a tea color to water.



     The near shore Thunder Bay stations had a predominantly sand and



silt bottom type, except nearest the mouth of the river where wood parti-



cles and paper fibers were observed.  The Rogers City-Caleite area had a



mixed bottom type.  A fine grey silt was found overlaying the natural clay



and gravel bottom near the. loading facilities at Calcite (Table 16).



     MWRC found a significant reduction in secchi disc transparency



readings around the Abitibi Corporation outfall due to the discharge of



suspended solids into Thunder Bay.  FWPCA found reduced transparencies in



.Calcite Bay compared with similar measurements at nearby Rogers City.



     Analyses of the benthic fauna collections revealed a variety of



aquatic invertebrates at the stations above the reservoirs, including



many pollution-sensitive species (Table IT)-  The Second Avenue station



(Y200) nearest the mouth, however, was inhabited by many pollution-



tolerant organisms.  Sludgeworms predominated comprising 82 percent of



the total number of organisms.  The bottom sine lied of paper mill wastes



and macroscopic life was practically eliminated in the central portion



of the river.



     MWRC also found a definite decline in the quality of aquatic life



in Thunder Bay River downstream from the Fletcher Paper Company.
                                32

-------
     In Thunder Bay, the benthic macroinvertebrate populations also show-



ed some signs of pollution damage„   The nearshore station H36l and



Abitibi Corporation outfall had a benthic population composed of 97 per-



cent sludge-worms and bloodworms .  A more detailed sampling of this area by



the MWRC detected a biologically demeaned area of about kOO acres near the



moutho  Changes in the turbidity and bottom substrate due to the Abitibi



Corporation discharge was thought to be primarily responsible for the



changes in aquatic life in the bay.,



     Benthic organisms collected in the Calcite area seemed encouraged



by the new bottom sediments..  Higher standing crops^ especially burro-wing



organisms, were collected in this area«



     Evaluation of phytoplanktcn populations collected from Thunder Bay,



Rogers City, and the Thunder Bay River revealed no evidence of biological



degradation in these areas (Table 18).  The populations were moderate in



numbers, ranging from 80 to 5>T^O and averaging l,110/ml<,  Obnoxious and



nuisance species of planktonic algae were not common in the water sampled.



Nuisance growths of higher aquatic plants have been reported along the



beaches of Thunder Bay near Alpena; however, an attached algal population



characteristic of hard and organically-enriched waters was  growing in



the Thunder Bay River at Second Avenue in Alpena (Table 19)°



     Biological studies conducted by both MWRC and FWPCA have found



deteriorative effects on the benthic fauna of the Thunder Bay River



near the mouth and in the bay near Alpena„  V7ood chips and detritus from



past lumbering operations are only partly to blame for the undesireable



biotic changeso  MHRC has demonstrated through the comparison of 1957
                                33

-------
and 1965 studies that recent contributions of suspended solids have

spread the biological degraded area much farther into the bay,,

Radiochemis try

     Tables 20 through 22 contain the radiochemistry data compiled from
                               ' «
the 1965 sampling program for the Thunder Bay River Basin and adjacent

shoreline areas .  The water samples., in some cases composites, were

analyzed for alpha and beta emitters in the suspended (non-filtrable)

and dissolved (filtrable) portions when filtered through a 1.2 micro-

membrane filter.  The results for water samples were measured in

picocuries per liter (pc/l) of -water sample.  Maximum activity level

of alpha emitter on water samples were <<£>5 pc/l dissolved and  < .05

pc/l suspended.  Maximum beta emitters measured 10.0 pc/l dissolved

and 1.7 pc/l suspended.

     The counting error was in the magnitude of the activity and  in-

dicated that the activity was 0 or below the sensitivity of the test-

The data indicated no apparent problems with radioactivity.

-------
                                KEY
                                FOR
                       WATER QUALITY TABLES
Station- Location shown on Figure 3.


Chemical Parameters  -  all results milligrams per liter  (mg/1)
                        (exceptions noted)

     Phosphate - reported as phosphate (PO,)
          Total Phosphate - includes ortho, poly, biological, and
             organic.
          Total Soluble Phosphate - includes soluble ortho, soluble
             poly, and soluble organic.

     Vol. Susp. Solids - Volatile Suspended Solids,

     Phenol - reported as micrograms per liter
     pH - measure of hydrogen ion activity - acidic  (0), alkaline  (14),
        neutral (7).                                 .  .            .

     7o Saturation - reported as percent.

     Total Iron - reported as micrograms per liter  (jig/1)

     Total Hardness - reported as Calcium Carbonate  (CaCOo)

     Conductivity - micromhos per centimeter (jamhos/cm)
Microbiological Parameters  -  values obtained by membrane filter
                               technique, unless otherwise noted.

     Median values shown in Average column

     Total Coliform      )
     Fecal Coliform      )  reported as organisms/100 ml
     Fecal Streptococcus )

     Total Plate Count - number of bacteria/ml

     Michigan Water Resources Commission reported values in terms of
        MPN/100 ml (most probable number/100 ml)
                                35

-------
                                      TABLE 12." WATER QUALITY DATA
                                       Thunder Bay River - 1965
                                            Y200 at Alpena
   Parameters

Dissolved Oxygen

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Ammonia Nitrogen

Organic Nitrogen

Nitrate Nitrogen

Nitrite Nitrogen

Total Phosphate

Total Soluble Phosphate

Total Solids

Suspended Solids

Vol. Susp. Solids

Chloride

Phenol

PH

Chemical Oxygen Demand


NS = number of samples
NS
5
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
-3
2
2
2
2
2
2
Avg. Low
• 9.0 T.U
2 2
.05
.21
.1 ' .1
- < .01
- < .6k
- <.ok
240 210
3
3
6
A
- 7.6
."21
High
13.8
3
.15
.83
.2
.01
.Ok
_.Qk
260
*
*
7
1*
8.2
33
Parameters
Temperature (°C)
Percent Saturation
Total Iron
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Sujfate
-Total Hardness
Conductivity
Total Coliform
Fecal Coliform
Fecal Streptococcus
Total Plate Count
20°C
Total Plate Count
35°C
NS
10
5
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
10
10
10
0
0
Avg.
7.0
82
-
5 .
2.0
-
-
-
-
-
510
- 100
32
:
Low
0.0
58
<100
*
.8
57
15
- 5 .
200
290
90
10
12
-
High
22.0
'"<*
300
7
2.9
59
17
. 19
200
350
2,700
>500
170
-

-------
                                          TABLE 12.  WATER QUALITY DATA
                                          Thunder Bay River - 1965 (cont.)
                                                      Y220
(JO
-j
     Parameters

Dissolved Oxygen

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Ammonia Nitrogen

Organic Nitrogen

Nitrate Nitrogen

Nitrite Nitrogen

Total Phosphate

Total Soluble Phosphate

Total Solids

Suspended Solids

Vol. Susp. Solids

Chloride

Phenol

PH

Chemical Oxygen Demand
NS   Avg.   . Lov   High



 1      2

 1    .18
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
.10
.1
-
.06
.(*
250
9
-
5
5
7-9
_
   Parameters       NS

Temperature (°C)     1

Percent Saturation   1

Total Iron           0

Sodium               1

Potassium            1

Calcium              0

Magnesium            0

Sulfate              0

Total Hardness       0

Conductivity         1

Total Coliform       0

Fecal Coliform       0

Fecal Streptococcus  0

Total Plate Count    0
 20°C         '    •
Total Plate Count    0
 35°C
                                                                                      Avg.

                                                                                       8-5
                                                                                         6

                                                                                       2,0
Lov   High
    NS = number of samples

-------
                                         TABLE 12.  WATER QUALITY DATA
                                          Thunder Bay River - 1965 (cont.)
                                                   Y230
     Parameters

Dissolved Oxygen

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Ammonia Nitrogen

Organic Nitrogen

Nitrate Nitrogen

Nitrite Nitrogen

Total Phosphate

Total Soluble Phosphate

Total Solids

Suspended Solids

Vol. Susp. Solids

Chloride

Phenol

PH

Chemical Oxygen Demand

NS = number of samples
NS
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
Avg.
10.7
2
.Ik
:o8
• .1
-
.06
,06
230
5
-
2
k
7»9
on
Low    High
   Parameters

Temperature(°C)

Percent Saturation

Total Iron

Sodium

Potassium

Calcium

Magnesium

Sulfate

Total Hardness

Conductivity

Total Coliform

Fecal Coliform

Fecal Streptococcus

Total Plate Count
   20°C
Total Plate Count
   35°C
MS   Avg.    Lov     High
                                           7.0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
_
k
1.3
-
-
_
-
330
-
-
_
_

-------
                                         TABLE 12.   WATER QUALITY DATA"
                                          Thunder Bay River - 1965 (cont.)
                                               Y250 near Hilman
     Parameters

Dissolved Oxygen

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Ammonia Nitrogen

Organic Nitrogen

Nitrate Nitrogen

Nitrite Nitrogen

Total Phosphate

Total Soluble Phosphate

Total Solids

Suspended Solids

Vol. Susp. Solids

Chloride

Phenol

PH

Chemical Oxygen Demand

NS = number of samples
2§.

0
0
3
3
6
! 5
6
6
6
6
3
6
0
6
Avg. Low _High

-
-
.13 .07
.15 .06.
- <.l
< .01
- <.o^
- <.ok
230 170
'8 3
3 .0
3 1
-
8.1 7-9

-
-
.23
.26
.1
.01
.1
.1
350
'12
7
9
-
8.2
Parameters

Temperature (°C)
Percent Saturation
Total Iron
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Sulfate
Total Hardness
Conductivity
Total Coliform
Fecal Coliform
Fecal Streptococcus
Total Plate Count
_ _ **. _.
NS

6
0
2
U
h
3
h
k
2
6
0
0
0
0
Avg: Low

-.12.0 2,0
_
100
k h
1.8 1.1
52 50
18 15
17 2
190
320 2^0

-
_
_
High
j
•19/5
-
100
5
2.6
5^
22
60
200
VfO
-
-
-
-
0
   20°C
Total Plate Count    o
   35°c

-------
   Parameters

Dissolved Oxygen

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Ammonia Nitrogen

Organic Nitrogen

Nitrate Nitrogen

Nitrite Nitrogen

Totax Phosphate

Total Soluble Phosphate

Total Solids

Suspended Solids

Vol. Susp. Solids

Chloride

Phenol

PH

Chemical Oxygen Demand
                                       TABLE 12.  WATER QUALITY DATA"
                                       Thunder Bay River - 1965 (cont.)
                                         15-TB at Mouth (MWRC)
   Parameters
NS
10
7
9
0
9
0
9
0
0 ..
7
3
9
o'
10
0
Avg.
10.3
k
.06
-
.1
-
.01
-
-
16
9
3
-
7.S
«.
Low
TA
2
.0
-
.0
-
.00
-
-
6
h
0
-
7.5
_
High
12.it
5
• 33
-
' -3
-
,30
-
-
29
12
6
-
8.3
—
Temperature (°C)    10

Percent Saturation  10

Total Iron

Sodium

Potassium

Calcium

Magnesium

Sulfate

Total Hardness

Conductivity

Total' Coliform

Fecal Coliform

Fecal Streptococcus  0

Total Plate Count    0

                     0
E
.0
.0
0
1
1
1
1
1
i"
9
7
0
Avg. Low High
7.5 o.o 23.0
84 65 97
_
5
"I — —
48
15
14
180 - -
370 270 500
4,300 360 43,000
M _ —
 20°C
Total Plate Count
 35°C
NS = number of samples

-------
                                             TABLE 13.   WATER QUALITY DATA
                                                   Alpena Harbor - 1965
                                                        H361
H
     Parameters

Dissolved Oxygen

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Ammonia Uitrogen

Organic Nitrogen

Nitrate Nitrogen

Nitrite Nitrogen

Total Phosphate

Total Soluble Phosphate

Total Solids

Suspended Solids

Vol. Susp. Solids

Chloride

Phenol

PH

Chemical Oxygen Demand

NS = number of samples
NS
5
k
5
5
5
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
5
2
Avg.
9-5
2
.18
.16
-
_
-
00
160
6
2
6
=
7*7
-
Low
9.0
i
< °05
.11
<.l
< .01
< ,0k
< .Ok
120
0
0
5
<2
7-3
10
High
10.8
2
.27
c20
.2
< .01
.2
.2
200
11
I*
7
6
8.0
20
Parameters
Temperature ( °C )
Percent Saturation
Total Iron
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Sulfate
Total Hardness
Conductivity
Total Coliform
Fecal Coliform
Fecal Streptococcus
Total Plate Count
20°C
Total Plate Count
35°C
NS
5
5
5
k
k
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
k
k
AYJL,
1A.5
9^
-
h
2.2
33
11
17
120
220
500
150
Ik
1,300
330
Low
11.0
88
W
<100
k'
1.7
23
8
11*
100
200
30
5
U
lUo
32
High
20.0
100
800
5
2,8
U2
14
22
. lUO
270
3>00
270
51
5,300
3,^00

-------
                                          TABLE  13.  WATER QUALITY, DATA
                                                Alpena Harbor  - 1965  (cont.)
                                                    H362
     Parameters

Dissolved Oxygen

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Ammonia Nitrogen

Organic Nitrogen

Nitrate Nitrogen

Nitrite Nitrogen

Total Phosphate

Total Soluble Phosphate

Total Solids

Suspended Solids

Vol. Susp. Solids

Chloride

Phenol

PH

Chemical Oxygen Demand

NS = number of samples
NB
5
1*
5
5
5
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
2
5
2
Avg. Lov
9.8 8.9
2 1
.15 ^.05
.17 .11
- < .1
- <.01
- < .04
- <.0i*
ii*o no
k 2
2 0
5 4
- < 2
7-9 7«7
10
High
10.8
2
.22
,21*
.2
A 01
,08
.08
180
6
3
6
3
8,0
' 21
Parameters
Temperature ( °C )
Percent Saturation
Total Iron
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Sulfate
Total Eardness
Conductivity
Total Coliform
Fecal Coliform
Fecal Streptococcus
Total Plate Count
20°C
Total Plate Count
35°C
NS
5
5
5
3
3
5
. 5
5
5
5
5
5
5
|i
Ji
ll*,0
96
_
5
2.3
30
10
18
110
220
81*
10
<2
1,900
190
Lov
11. 0
92
< 100
4
1.7
22
8
16
<*
190
*5

-------
                                         TABLE 13o  WATER QUALITY DATA
                                             Alpena Harbor - 1965 (cont.)
                                                    H366  "
     Parameters

Dissolved Oxygen

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Ammonia Nitrogen

Organic Nitrogen

Nitrate Nitrogen

Nitrite Nitrogen

Total Phosphate

Total Soluble Phosphate

Total Solids

Suspended Solids

Vol. Susp. Solids

Chloride

Phenol

PH

Chemical Oxygen Demand

NS = number of samples
NS_ Avg.
5 9-4
4 2
5
5 • .18
5
3
5
"5 ™
5 l4o
5 5
5 3
5 5
2 -
5 7.8
P <=>

Low
8.2
\
<&.
.10
<-l
<.01
<,04
<,o4
.120
2
0
5
2
7.5
20

High
11.0
. 3
.38
,36
.2
<.01
.1
.1
180
10
6
6
3
8.1
23

Parame ters
Temperature ( °C )
Peraent Saturation
Total Iron
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Sulfate
Total Hardness
Conductivity-
Total Coliform
Fecal Coliform
Fecal Streptococcus
Total Plate Count
20°C
Total Plate Count
35°c
NS
5
5
5
3
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
5

Avg.
14.0
92
-
5
2,7
30
10
24
110
220
60
7
2
310
100

Low
10.5
89
<100
4
lA
23
9
19
88
190
15
< 1
< 1
200
23

High
20.0
100
1,400
5
4.7
38
11
35
120
260
340
19
4
10,000
2,800


-------
                                          TABLE llf.  WATER QUALITY DATA
                                                Thunder Bay - 1965
                                                      H363
     Parameters

Dissolved Oxygen

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Ammonia Nitrogen

Organic Nitrogen

Nitrate Nitrogen

Nitrite Nitrogen

Total Phosphate

Total Soluble Phosphate

Total Solids

Suspended Solids

Yol. Susp. Solids

Chloride

Phenol

PH

Chemical Oxygen Demand

NS «= number of samples
NS
1
If
3
If
3
k
2
U
If
U
If
^
5
3
*
1
Avg.
llol
1
-
. .13
• 3
-
=09
,08
120
5
3
5
-
7.8
6
Low-
10.1
1
< .05
.08
.2
<.01
.08
.(A
100
i
i
. i*
<2
7A
=•
_High
11.8
1
.23
.19
.5
<.oi
.1
.1
1*0
8
5
6
3
8.1
-
Parame ters
Temperature^)
Percent Saturation
Total Iron
Sodium
Potassiuro
Calcium
Magnesium
Sulfate
Total Hardness
Conductivity
Total Coliform
Feeal Coliform
Fecal Streptococcus
Total Plate Count
20°C
Total Plate Count
35°C
NS
If
If
4
if
u
If
If
If
If
If
If
2
2
3
If
Avg.
9-5
98
-
If
1.8
27
9
16
96
190
2
-
-
IfO
, 15
Low
8.0
9^
<100
If
1.2
26
8
15
90
180
<1
<1
<1
10
10
2-ijih,
12.0
101
600
h
2.h
28
9
17
100
210
3
<2
<2
69
lf6o

-------
        Parameters

   Dissolved Oxygen

   Biochemical Oxygen Deuiand

   Ammonia Nitrogen

   Organic Nitrogen

   Nitrate Nitrogen

   Nitrite Nitrogen
f
^ Total Phosphate

   Total Soluble Phosphate

   Total Solids

   Suspended Solids

   Vol. Susp, Solids

   Chloride

   Phenol

   pH

   Che/nical Oxygen Demand

   NS » muriber of samples
ws
4
3
4
*'
4
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
2
4
l
ASL
11.4.
1
,18
.14
o2
-
«09
-
120
3
1
5
«
7»9
4
Lovr
10.3
1
.08
< .05
.1
< a 01
<.04
<.
-------
TABLE 14.   WATER QUALITY"DATA
    Thunder Bay - 1965 (cent.)
        .   H365        .     .
     Parameters

Dissolved Oxygen

Biochemical Oxygen Bemud

Ammonia Nitrogen

Organic Nitrogen

Nitrate Nitrogen

Nitrite Nitrogen

Total Phosphate

Total Soluble Phosphate

Total Solids

Suspended Solids

Vol. Susp. Solids

Chloride

Phenol

PH

Chemical Oxygen Demand

MS = number of samples
NS
4
3
4
4
4
2
4
4
4
4
3
4
2
4
1
Avg.
11.1
1
-
.09
,2
-
.05
^i.o4
120
4
2
5
-
7.9
6
LOyT
10.3
1
< .05
.06
.1
< ..01
< .04
< .04
no
i
0
5
<2
7.8
-
™s*=-S™=
11.7
2
.39
•1U
o2
< .01
.1
.1
130
7
3
5
3
8.1
«
Parameters
Temperature ( °C )
Percent Saturation
Total Iron
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Sulfate
Total Hardness
Conductivity
Total Colifom
Fecal Coliform
Fecal Streptococcus
Total Pl-ite Count
20°C
Total Plate Count
S3 .
4
4
4
4.
}f
K
4
4
4
4
2
2
3
4
10.5
99
400
4
1.7
27
9
18
95
190
^2
_
-
11
Lov
8.5
96
100
4
1.2
24
8
15
90
180
< 1
< 1
< 1
34
2
High.
12.0
104
800
5
2.3
30
9
22
100
210
3
< 2
< 2
62
26
                   35°G

-------
                                         TABLE Ik.  WATER 'QUALITY DATA
                                                Thunder Bay - 1965 (cent.)
                                                    H370
     Parameters

Dissolved Oxygen

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Ammonia Nitrogen

Organic Nitrogen

Nitrate Nitrogen

Nitrite Nitrogen

Total Phosphate

Total Soluble Phosphate

Total Solids

Suspended Solld3

Vol. Susp. Solids

Chloride

Phenol

PH

Chemical Oxygen Demand

NS = nuiriber of samples
NS
6
5
k
k
6
2
k
6
6
k
k
6
2
6
l
ll.l
1
10
.18
= 2
»
-
^
120
3
2
5
~
7.9
q
Low
9 = 3
1
^.05
ell
,1
< .01
< ,0k
< ,0k
100
1
0
k
<:2
7-6
_
High
12.6
2
.23
<29
.3
' ,01
.1
.1
130
5
k
5
2
8,2
-•
Parame ters
Temperature ( °C )
Percent Saturation
Total Iron
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Sulfate
Total Hardness
Conductivity-
Total Coliform
Fecal Coliform
Fecal Streptococcus
Total Plate Count
20°C
Total Plate Count
35°C
NS
6
6
k
5
5
5
5
5
k
5
6
2
2
6
5
11.2
101
_
k
1.5
26
8
20
95
180
1
-
'•
12
2
Lov
6.0
95
< 100
3
.8
2k
1
12
88
180
<1
< 1
< 1
7
1
High
17.0
106
300
k
2.k
30
9
25
100
200
6
<2
^2
ito
UU

-------
                                      TABLE 15.  WATER QUALITY DATA
                                         Rogers City - 1965
                                                H400
   Parameters

Dissolved Oxygen

Biochemical Oxygen Demand   0

Ammonia Nitrogen

Organic Nitrogen

Nitrate Nitrogen

Nitrite Nitrogen

Total Phosphate

Total Soluble Phosphate

Total,Solids

Suspended Solids

Vol. Susp. Solids

Chloride

Phenol

PH

Chemical Oxygen Demand
NS
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
Avg.
13.0
-
.28
,16
.2
<.01.
.2
.1
120
3
2
5
<2
7-9
—
                                         Low   High
   Parameters
                                                         Temperature (°C)

                                                         Percent Saturation

                                                         Total Iron

                                                         Sodium

                                                         Potassium

                                                         Calcium

                                                         Magnesium

                                                         Sulfate

                                                         Total Hardness

                                                         Conductivity

                                                         Total Coliform

                                                         Fecal Coliform

                                                         Fecal Streptococcus  1

                                                         Total Plate Count    0

                                                                              0
NS_

 1

 1

 1

 1

 1

 1

 1

 1

 1

 1

 1

 1
Avg.

 5.0

 101

 300

   k

 2.1

  25

   9

  18

  96

 190

 < 2

  <2

 <2
Low   High
  20°C
Total Plate Count
  35°C
NS = number of samples

-------
                                      TABLE 15.  WATER QUALITY DATA
                                       Rogers City - 1965 (cont.)
  Parameters

Dissolved Oxygen

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Ammonia Nitrogen

Organic Nitrogen

Nitrate Nitrogen

Nitrite Nitrogen

Total Phosphate

Total Soluble Phosphate

Total, Solids

Suspended Solids

Vol. Susp. Solids

Chloride

Phenol

PH

Chemical Oxygen Demand
NS   Avg^    Low   High

 1   12.1

 0      -      -

 1    .22      -

 1    .19

 1     .1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
,1
.1
130
7
*
5
<2
8.0
—
   Parameters

Temperature (°C)

Percent Saturation

Total Iron

Sodium

Potassium

Calcium

Magnesium

Sulfate

Total Hardness  •

Conductivity

Total Coliform

Fecal Coliform

Fecal Streptococcus  1

Total Plate Count    0
  20°C
Total Plate Count    0
  35°C
[S
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Avg.
6.5
98
too
k
2.1
26
9
17
100
200
260
7^
                                                        30
Low   High
NS = number of samples

-------
                                     TABLE 15.  WATER QUALITY DATA
                                      Rogers City  - 1965  (cont.)
  Parameters

Dissolved Oxygen

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Ammonia nitrogen

Organic Nitrogen

Kitrate Nitrogen

Nitrite Nitrogen

Total Phosphate

Total Soluble Phosphate

Total, Solids

Suspended Solids

Vol. Susp. Solids

Chloride

Phenol

PH

Chemical Oxygen Demand
NS   Avg;

 1   13'.1

 0

      .26

      .18

       .2
1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0
      .08

      .06

      140

        6

        5

        k

        2

      8.0
            Lov   High
   Parameters       NS

Temperature (°C)     1

Percent Saturation

Total Iron

Sodium

Potassium

Calcium

Magnesium

Sulfate

Total Hardness

Conductivity

Total Coliforin

Fecal Coliform

Fecal Streptococcus  1

Total Plate Count    0
  20°C ,
Total Plate Count    0
  35°C
Avg.    Low   High
1
'l
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
101
500
*
2.1
30
9
18
96
200
68
16
NS = number of samples

-------
                                       TABLE 15.  WATER QUALITY DATA

                                        Rogers City - 1965 (cont.)

                                              H403
  Parameters



Dissolved Oxygen



Biochemical Oxygen Demand



Ammonia Nitrogen



Organic Nitrogen



Nitrate Nitrogen



Nitrite Nitrogen



Total Phosphate



Total Soluble Phosphate



Total Solids



Suspended Solids



Vol. Susp. Solids
 !


Chloride



Phenol



pH



Chemical Oxygen Demand
NS   Avg.    Lov   High


1    13-0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
i
i
0
-
.23
.12
.1
<.QL
.1
.1
120
-
-
5
<2
8.0
—
    Parameters



 Temperature (°C)


 Percent Saturation



 Total Iron


 Sodium



 Potassium



 Calcium



 Magnesium



 Sulfate



 Total Hardness



.Conductivity


 Total Coliform


 Fecal Coliform



 Fecal Streptococcus  1



 Total Plate Count    0


                      0
EL
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
Avg.
6.0
1(A
300
k
2.1
27
9
18
100
200
34
20
< 2
Lov   High
                               20°C
                             Total Plate Count

                                35°C
NS = number of samples

-------
vn
                               TABLE 17„  BIOLOGICAL DATA - BEKTHIC MACROIHVERTEBRATES
                                        Thunder Bay River Basin  1964-1965
                                                  (org/sq.oft.)

                                                           Finger-
                        Sludge-  Blood-  Sow     Snails    nail            May-   Caddis-
Station
Date
Nearshore Thunder
H366


H36l


H362

Thunder
Y200


Y220

Y230


4/21/65
7/H/65
9/16/65
4/21/65
7/11/65
9/16/65
4/21/65
9/16/65
Bay River
11/10/64
V20/65
T^5
9/16/65
4/20/65
7/11/65
11/10/64
4/20/65
7/11/65.
9/15/65
worm
Bay
17
318
189
202
222
73
, 18
10

489
5
64
.#
?°
OB
• 26
*
worm

32
22
.
65
8
3
65
33

65
8
39
*
*
7
9
#
bug/ Puluic Proso, clams Scuds flies flies

1 - 11 22 10 1
- - X 19 12 X
30 -
2 - • X - 44 X
„ «
X_= _ 7 <. - -
j
1
_ _, =.

2 . 2
1 ' 1. X
; : : - : ..; :
* * * * * *
- . * . - * *
« JT i « i
J.JU JU
!).__.» * * *
# # * * * : #
Other**

2(e)x(a)X(i)
4l(e)
^7(e)
X(c)X(a)
_
Me)
X(c)2(e)2(a)
13(e)5(k)

ea
-
:
_
(d)*(f.)»
6(kj
(b)*(h)*(k>*
(Saws)*
Total

96
403
266
277
230
83
88
61

558
15
89
68
«.,
---
25
39
-
                    ,                                                                       (b)*(c)*
     See footnotes on next page

-------
vn
                            TABLE 17.  BIOLOGICAL DATA - BEHTHIC- MACROINVERTEBRATES
                                      Thunder Bay River Basin 1964-1965 (conto)
                                  :       •'     (org/eq.ft.)




Station Date
Rogers
H401

H402


H403
H4o4

City-Calcite
4/20/65
7/11/65
4/20/65

7/H/65
7/H/65
4/20/65
7/H/65

Sludge -
•worm

24
16
181

5
3T9
18
248
Finger-
Blood- Soy Snails nail
worm bug Pulm. Proso, clams

o =, _ „ _
8 -
164 - 5 • -

Q^J ™ « on ae
96 4 4 258
If - • 5
26 . 2 32

May-
Scuds flies

1 —
2
41 5

14
„
y —
Ij. „

Caddis -
flies Other**

X(a)

3 2(a)5(c)
2(n)2(f)

H(e)
X(a)
2(a)lO(e)


Total

27
26
410

25
752
27
324
    *   Present in qualitative sample
    X':"  Less than one per square foot
    Other** -
        a -  Ceratopogonidae     g,~ Anisoptera
        b -  -Decapoda            ho ° Corixidae
        •c -  Hirudinea           i. ~ Elmidae
        d -  Plecoptera          j." Diptefa
        e -  Wematoda            ko= Coleoptera
        f -  Hydracarina         1.~ Zygoptera

-------
                                 TABLE 18.   BIOLOGICAL DATA  -PHYTOPLAWKTON
                                  Thunder Bay River  Basin  19614-1965
                                             (no/ml)


Station Date
Nearshore Thunder
H366 7/13/65
H361 4/20/65
7/13/65
H362 7/13/65
Thunder Bay River
Y200 11/10/64
2/24/65
3/16/65
4/12/65
4/20/65
5/12/65
7/7/65
7/H/65
9/16/65

Centric
Diatoms
Bay
360
190
210
150

20
40
20
60
4oo
-
34o
80
20

Pennate
Diatoms

1A30
190
1,110
380

200
20
20
480
80
250
40
190
46

Green
Coccoids

170
20
130
150

90

20
-
_
-
4o
130
60
Blue- Blue-
Green Green Fila
Coccoids mentous

20
40
40
-

20
=
_ =,
20
60
„
20
100
-
Green Brown
.- Flag" Flag-
elletes elleteS

20 60
500
190
40 60

290
20
60 20
60
_
60
20
290
60 20
Predominant
Genera*
Total (16$ or more

1,760 d,a,g,i
940 p-,a' '
1,680 d,f,i,a
780 a,f

620 f,p
80 a,h,p
°s ), C\ *^«4T»V*«
14U pjELfi. fRfQ
620 'b^d^f^a^p
540 a^h,m
310 f,e,p
460 a
790 p,l>a,f
200 _o,a,f,h,j,
11/30/65
                         80
270
100
20
;20'
80
570
*Key on next page

-------
                                  TABLE 18.  BIOLOGICAL DATA - PHYTOPLANKTON
                                      Thunder Bay River Basin  19614—1965
                                                   (no./ml)
o\
Centric Pehnate Green Green
Station Date Diatoms Diatoms Coccoids Coccoids
Green Fila- Flag- Flag- .
mentous elletes elletes
Thunder Bay_ River ( cont . )
Y200 11/10/64
4/20/65
11/7/65
Y230 11/20/64
4/20/65
7/11/65
9/15/65
Rogers City-Calcite
H402 4/20/65
* Centric
- Diatoms
a Cyclotella -
Stephanodiscus



90 240
100 210
1,830 310
200 570
40 310
400 1,030
100 290
Harbor .
250 290
Pennate
Diatoms
b Diatoma
c Gomphonema
d Wavicula
e Nitzschia
f Synedra
g Tabellaria
40
20
210 100
40 70
210 170
210 710
_
Green
Coccoids
i Closterium
j Oocystis
k Seenedesmus

Blue -Green
Coccoids
330
420
130
- - 330 20
100
20 130 20
190 . - .
5,120 80
Blue -Green Green
Filamentous Fla^elletes
m Os cilia tor ia n Euglena
o Trachelmo:
p Unidentif

Brown
Flagelletes
                                                                         Green    Brown            Predominant
                                                                                                    Genera*
             700  p,f,a
             750  p,a,c
           2,580  a,f

           1,230  p,a,e,f
             450  p,b
           1,980  a,f,h
           1,500  l,p,k
                                                                                           5,7^0
                          h  Unidentified
                                            1  Anacystis
Dinobryon

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TABLE 19.  BIOLOGICAL DATA - ATTACHED ALGAE' AND AQUATIC VEGETATION
                 Thunder Bay River Basin .-> 1964-1965        !
Station
 Date
Nearshore Thunder Bay

  H362                 9/16/65

  H366                 4/21/65
                       7/11/65
                       9/16/65
                Vegetation Type
             Fotamogeton. spo

             Chara sp.
             Pi chtomos iphon s£»
             Dichtomosiphon sp_0, Microcoleus
Thunder Bay River

  Y200



  Y220

  Y230
10/6/64
9/16/65
4/20/65
9/15/65  .
             Abundant algae on pilings
             Spirogyra s£» f Cladophora sp_
             Os cilia tor ia s£o , Mougeotia
4/20/65     . Vallisneria sp.,' tfyriophyllum sp_o
             Batrachosperum ££
             Pbtamogeton s_£0
                                57

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                                  TABLE 20o  WATER QUALITY DATA  - RADIOACTIVITY
                                          Thunder Bay River  - 1965
00

Parameters
Dissolved
ALPHA
Error
BETA
Error
Suspended
ALPHA
Error
BETA
Error

NS

2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
Y200
Avg. Low

- < 0.05<
O.k
1.6
1.8

0.3
0.3
0,8
1.0

High

0.05
0.8
9.3
1-9

0.3
0.3
1.7
1.6

NS

1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1 '
Y250
Avg.

< 0.05
0.6
3.3
l.U

< 0.05
o»3
0.3-
0,2

Low High

'
_
-
_

.
_
-
_ _
      Note:  Y200  - results from 3 samples  composited into 2.
             Y250-  - results from 2 samples  composted into 1.

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                                    TABLE 21.    WATER QUALITY DATA - RADIOACTIVITY
                                              Alpena Harbor - 1965
VJl
VQ
    Parameters


Dissolved


    ALPHA


       Error


    BETA'


       Error



Suspended


    ALPHA


       Error


    BETA


       Error
, 11361
IS
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Avgo
<0.05
1.2
6.2
1.7
<0.05
0.3
1.1
1.0
Low High WS
1
1
1
1
— — 1
1
1
1
H362
Avg.
<0.05
0.9
5-0
1.6
<0.05
0.3
0.6
0.9
Low High HS
2
2
2
2
— — p
~ ~ 2
2 .
2
H363
.Avg. iiow
- <0.05
0.5
2.0
1.3
- <0.05
0.3
<0.05
0.8

High
<0.05
0.6
3A
1.5
<0.05
0.3
<0.05
0.9'
    Kote:  H36l, H362- results from 2 samples composited into 1.

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                                 TABLE 21.  WATER QUALITY DATA - RADIOACTIVITY
                                          Alpena Harbor  - 1965  (cont.)
H364
H365
                                                                                             H366
NS
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Avg. .
< 0.05
0.5
2.8
1.4
< 0.05 .
0.2
< 0.05
0.8
Low High WS Avg. .
2
— — 2 —
_ _ o _
_ _ 2 —
_ _ 2 -
_ _ 2 -
2
am mm P «.
Lov
<0.05
0..6
3.9
1.5
cp.05
0.3
0.3
0.9
High
< 0.05
0.7
5.6
Io6
0.20
0.4
1.4
1..0
NS.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Avg. Low
< 0.05 -
0.6 -
10.0 -
1.9 -
0.3 -
0.4 -
3.4 -
1.1 -
High
-
-
-
-
_
-
-
-
     Parameters

   Dissolved

       ALPHA

          Error

       BETA

          Error


o  Suspended

       ALPHA

          Error  .

       BETA

          Error
   Note:  H364, H366 - results from 2 samples composited into 1.
          H365 - results from 4 samples composited into 2.

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                              TABLE 22.  WATER QUALITY DATA"- RADIOACTIVITY
                                      Rogers City-Calcite Harbor
Dissolved

    ALPHA

       Error

    BETA

       Error


Suspended

    ALPHA

       Error

    BETA

       Error

£
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
tfKX)
Avg. Low
< .05
OA
2.8
1A
< 0.05
0.2
< 0.05
0.9

High NS
••^•vSav av^K
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
HUOl
Avg. Low
< 0.05
0,6
2.9
1A
< 0.05
0.3
< 0.05
0.9

High NS
1
1
1
1
— 1
1
1
1
.$+02 ..
Avg. Low
< 0.05 -
0,6 -
IL ^ —
1 it —
< 0.05 -
0.3 -
< 0.05 -
0.7 -

High
-
-
-
—
-
-
«
-

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ON
ro

              Suspended
                                  TABLE 22.   WATER QUALITY DATA - RADIOACTIVITY

                                    :      Rogers City-Calcite Harbor  1965 (eont.)
                                     1®L    Avg,     Low    High



              Dissolved



                ALPHA                1  <0.05



                    Error             1    0.7



                BETA                 1    0.7      -



                    Error             1    1.2
                ALPHA                1  <0.05



                   ' Error             1    0»3



                BETA                 1  < 0.05



                    Error             1    0.8

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                       WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS






     Water quality in the Thunder Bay River Basin was found to be in a




degraded condition near the City of Alpena.  Pollution-tolerant bottom




organisms were in abundance.  The water was often mucky and wood waste




products and bottom materials with a sewage odor were found.  Dissolved




oxygen levels during May and June 19&5 vere generally 8-12 percent lower




in the nearshore area of Thunder Bay and total solids 50-100 mg/1 higher.




Bacteriological results on several, occasions reached or exceeded the




desired levels for water contact uses near the nearshore waters.




     During the summer months, the river flow is lowest and lake level




the highest,resulting in lower velocities and longer flushing times in




the lower reach of the river and immediate harbor area of Thunder Bay*




Operation of the dam forming Besser Lake for peak power production also




results in considerable velocity fluctuations in the lower reach of the




river«




     Directly below the Fletcher Paper Company, total solids values




averaging 2kO mg/1 exceeded the maximum recommended limit of 200 mg/1.




Sludgeworms comprised 82 percent of the organisms found at this location




and macroscopic life was practically eliminated at this station (Y200).




     The mouth of the river - H36l - had a benthic population of 97 per-




cent sludgeworms and bloodworms.  The discharge from the Abitibi Cor-




poration was thought to be primarily responsible for changes in aquatic




life in the bay.  Nutrient values were at levels that could produce




algal problems.

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     Biological studies have found deteriorated effects on the benthic




fauna near the mouth of the Thunder Bay River and in the bay near Alpena.




Wood chips and detritus from past lumbering operations are only partly




to blame for the undesireable biotic changes.  Comparison of 1957 and




1965 data by MWRC indicated that suspended solids have spread the




biologically degraded area much farther into the bay.




     Because of the wild and natural beauty of the Thunder Bay River




Basin, people will be drawn to the area.  Development of cottage sites,




destruction of wild habitats^ and installation of septic tanks are




potential water problems.

-------