EVALUATION OF GREAT LAKES MONITORING PROGRAMS
TO ESTABLISH AN ADEQUATE STRATEGY
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SURVEILLANCE & ANALYSIS DIVISION
TECHNICAL SUPPORT BRANCH
TECHNICAL SERVICES SECTION
ONE NORTH WACKER DRIVE, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
MARCH 16, 1973
-------
EVALUATION OF GREAT LAKES MONITORING PROGRAMS
TO ESTABLISH AN ADEQUATE STRATEGY - USS. EPA
SURVEILLANCE & ANALYSIS DIVISION
TECHNICAL SUPPORT BRANCH
TECHNICAL SERVICES SECTION
ONE NORTH WACKER DRIVE, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
MARCH 16, 1973
-------
TABLE 0 F CONTENTS
PAGE(s)
I. INTRODUCTION ---------------------------------------- 1
II. WHOLE GREAT LAKES BASELINE MEAN DATA --------------- 1
III. GREAT LAKES OPEN WATER DATA ------------------------- 2
IV. GREAT LAKES IN-SHORE DATA ---------------------------- 2
V. NEEDbU DATA TO ESTABLISH A Dnui. BASE ---------------- 2
VI. VALUATION OF CURRENT MONITORING PROGRAMS IN
THE GREAT LAKES ---------------------------------- 2-3
A. Lakes Superior & Huron (Upper G. L.)- ---- - ---- 3
B. Lake Michigan - --------- ---- -__---_---__-_-- 3
C. Lakes Erie & Ontario ---------------------------- 3-4
VII. METHODOLOGY (SPECIAL) .............. --------- ..... 4
A. Phenols ---------------------------------------- 4
B. Phthalates ------------- ---------------------- 4
Q. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) ---------------- 4
I
VIII. RECOMMENDATIONS ----- - ----------------- ------------- 4
IX. CONCLUSIONS --------------------- ..... ------- ..... 5
-------
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Evaluating Great Lakes Monitoring Parameters to
SUBJECT: in Developing an adequate base-line, establish
cause and effect, and needed surveys for the
Great Lakes
FROM: W. D. Johnson
THRU: E. Pinkstaff
aid
DATE: March 15, 1973
TO: M. W. Tellekson
Chief, Technical Support Branch
I. INTRODUCTION
A. The "Outline of Monitoring Strategy on Lakes Michigan, Erie,
Ontaric"dated 2-14-73 from U. D. Johr.son to Merle Tellekson,
enumerates most of the agencies involved in studies on the lower
Great Lakes. (1)
B. The "Draft Preliminary Outline of Monitoring Strategy for
Pesticides in the Great Lakes "f dated 2-23-73, from W. D. Johnson
to Merie Tellekson, presents a tentative pJan for the Surveillance
of Pesticides in the Great Lakes. (2)
C. This evaluation will explore: . The "Storet System" to
obtain data and information about the deep water and in-shore waters
to establish whether there is enough information to establish a data
base for the Great Lakes, and to point out Store*- gaps in the base-
line picture of the Great Lakes. (See Appendix /.)
The Storet data will include 5 year averages starting from 1969 to
present for some of the most used pesticides (from a 1966 use
survey) and 45 parameters as sho^m in Appendix /..
II. WHOLE GREAT LAKES BASE-LINE MEAN DATA
Base-line and other data from Storet, the Great Lakes States,
IJC, IFYGL, other Federal and private agencies will be referenced
(see tables1A and IB).
The following appendices give general base-line characteristics of
the Great Lakes:
Appendix A - Lakes Superior, Huron, Michigan and Erie (15)
Appendices B - 1&2 - Lakes Erie and Ontario (16)
Appendices C - 2&3 - Lakes Erie, Southern L. Mich. & Superior
EPA Form 1320-6 (Rov. 6-72)
-------
III. GREAT LAKES OPEN WATER DATA
(See Storet Data Appendix D)
(See also, Appendix H)
IV. GREAT LAKES J.N-SHORE DATA
(See Storet and/or other data in Appendix E)
V. NEEDED DATA TO ESTABLISH DATA BASE
1. All data sources appear to be deficient in organic base-
line data, such as:
a. Pesticides, PCBS, PhthaJates, carbon chloroform
extractables, carbon alcohol extractables and phenols, in both in-
shore and open waters.
2. Reference (19) indicates some of the needed parameter
monitoring programs for Lake Michigan for in-shore and open waters:
relevant industrial waste parameters, chlorides, pesticides, phthalates,
and trace metals. (Appendix F)
3. Reference (20) in Appendix G lists 12"Special Attention"
areas which must be monitored Appropriate parameter such as given
in Table 1A and IB.
4. Data from industrial monitoring program associated with
power plant discharges is needed to assess ecological effects for
'necessary remedial action. (See Appendix I).
5. Appendix J indicates that a minimum of 2 lakewide
cruises per year are neede to assess total and soluble phosphorous,
nitrate- nitrogen, and reactive silica. A secondary concurrent
program would be to collect data also, on ammonia and nitrate-nitrogen,
conservative ions (chlorides, sulfates, calcium, magnesium, sodium,
potassium) alkalinity, conductivity, and pH. Parameters like DO
should be measured IN SITU aboard ship.
6. Appendix K indicates the need for atmospheric monitoring
with U. Michigans capability to assist Region V, S&A Division in
setting up a network, if necessary.
VI. EVALUATION OF CURRENT MONITORING PROGRAMS IN THE GREAT LAKES
LAKE SUPERIOR & HURON (UPPER GREAT LAKES)
/L. IJC's Upper Great Lakes Water Quality Studies - Prelimi-
nary Plan by IJC Upper Great Lakes Reference Group, dated Feb. 1973,
appears to be adequate to assess *
-2-
-------
LAKE SUPERIOR'S AND LAKE HURON'S WATER QUALITY
(See Appendix L) along with contributors in Table 1A & B.
B. LAKE MICHIGAN (One of Lower G. L.)
The following contributors are monitoring Lake
Michigan:
1. Interstate Electronic Corporation is making a
study titled "Chicago Study Monitoring Activities"
as shown in Appendix M extending in-shore from
Wisconsin-Illinois line to New Buffalo, Michigan,
showing 15 oon Lr J bu «_o i.'s.
2. U. Wisconsin - Milwa»kee is studying TFH (3 -Tri-
fluromethyl - Nitrophenol) in Milwaukee Harbor,
Biota after chlorination effluents (same location)
Thermal Pollution, at Oak Creek, Wise.
(See Appendix N)
3. U. S. Forest Service (Appendix 0) is doing total .--
and fecal coliform for recreation safety near
Brevoort Lake and also at Porter Creek.
4. Gross IL Laboratory (Appendix E^) anticipating work
to assess an algae CLADOPIIORA with nutrient info
and hazardous materials.
i-
, °> . US EPA District Offices are doing limited
monitoring along with States adjacent to Lake
Michigan (Appendix V* t"» Ref. 1&2)
The above and table 1A & B Programs are inadequate to assess
the in-shore and open waters of Lake Michigan.
A Program similar to the IJC for Upper Great Lakes with more emphasis
on industrial and municipal waste parameter monitors on in-shore
waters as given in Appendix G is needed for Lake Michigan.
C. LAKES ERIE AND ONTARIO
a. The "Lake Erie Nutrient Control Program:
An assessment of its effectiveness in controlling lake eutrophica-
tion" to run from 4-1-73 to 3-31-74 for parameter on Page 10 under
procedure (See Appendix Q).
-3-
-------
b. Programs in Tables 1A & B and references 1, 2, & 4
and Appendix G indicates that adequate monitoring programs are
progressing for Lakes Erie and Ontario.
^
However, adequate programs for in-shore critical point and non-point
sources should be developed in the future for the Great Lakes,
especially for organic parameters like pesticides, PCB's and
phthalates. This monitoring is needed for 1973 and continuing thru
1974 or until enough data is accumulated to assess the pollutional
effects on the Great Lakes.
VII. METHODOLOGY
In general the methods references (1) and (2) should be
employed, employing analytical quality control practices for all
parameters. Special referenced methods are:
A. Phenols ---------------------Appendix S
B. Phthalates Appendix T
C. Polychlorinated Biphenyls--Appendix U
VIII. RECOMMENDATIONS
A. A more^detailed study of industrial, municipal, and
agricultural/sVi'oufcl be made for the Great Lakes including tributaries
discharging into the lakes. This may be shown graphically so that
a better and more effective in-shore monitoring program may be
established.
B. Lake Michigan should be given special attention with
respect to nutrient or eutrophication parameters like phosphorus
and nitrogens, common ions like chlorides, sulfates, and organic
pollutants like PCB's, phthalates, phenols, and pesticides, also
toxic metals like mercury, lead, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium.
Lake Michigan's trend towards eutrophication (aging) may be reversed
or halted, if control limits are put on these substances concen-
trations, with necessary enforcements.
C. Request that all Great Lakes data contributors report
results to Storet or to the Regional Surveillance & Analysis
Division Director. ,
D. Recommend that the monitoring strategy given in
Reference (1) and (2) be effected with modifications given in this
evaluation.
-4-
H
-------
IX
CONCLUSIONS
A. The monitoring strategy recommended will permit better
coordination of Great Lakes data contributors.
B. This monitoring strategy will permit a more thorough
economical coverage of the Great Lakes.
C. Immediate action in effecting this monitoring strategy
is advised, since delays are costly as evidenced by the effort
needed to clean up Lake Erie.
-5-
-------
REFERENCES; -'-' -" '
1. Johnson, W. Dewitt, U.S. EPA - Region V - S & A Div., "Outline of Moni-
toring Strategy on Lakes Michigan, Erie, and Ontario" memo dated 2-1^-73
to Merle W. Tellekson, Chief, Technical Support Branch, Region V - USEPA
Chicago, Illinois.
2. Ibid, "Draft Preliminary Outline of Monitoring Strategy for Pesticides
in the Great Lakes" meco dated 2-3~73 to Merle W. Tellekson, Chief,
Technical Support Branch, Region V - USEPA, Chicago, Illinois.
3. U S D I - FWPCA - GLR - LHBO - "Lake Huron - Michigan Water Quality Data
1965 Survey", Clean Water Series LKBO - 17-A, January 1969, Gross lie,
Michigan U8138.
h. U.S. EPA - Region V Storet (Direct Coomunication)
5. IL - EPA "Lake Michigan Open Water and Lake Bed Survey 1970", Richard
B. Ogilvie, Gov., & William L. Blaser, Director.
6. U S D I - FWPCA - GLR - A comprehensive Water Poll. Program - Lake Mich.
Base, Green Bay Area. 1966, Chicago, Illinois
7. USEPA - OR & M - An eualuation of DDT & Djeldrin in Lake Michigan,
Ecological Research Service & EPA - R . 3 - 72-003 August 1972
Washington, DC. 20U60
8. Lake Michigan Enforcement Conference, (Pest. Tech. Committee) report on
selected trace metals - Sept. 1972
9. Ibid - PCB and phthalate - Sept. 1972
10. Johnson, W. D.; Pesticides in Green Bay area Proc. 10th Conf. GL. Res.
1967 (USDI - F.fPCA, Chicago, Illinois).
11. USEPA to Lake Michigan Enforcement Conference on Chloride, Sept. 1972
12. USDHEW - PHS - DWS & PC, Lake Michigan studies - GLIRBP. Special report
No. LM-8 - Lake Temp April 1963.
- Sp 12-1-6 - Radiological Invest.
- Sp LM-5 - Microbiological Invest.
- Sp LM-3 - Phy. & Chein. Invest.
l
- Sp LM-2 - Sampling Surveys
13. Burns, Noel M. Ph D, and Curtis Ross; Canada Centre for Inland Water,
Paper 7/6, Burlington, Ontario and USEPA, Fairview Park, Ohio Respectively
Project HyPo, "An intensive study of the Lake Erie Central Basin Hypo-
limnion and related surface water phenomena, Tech. report TS-05~71-208-2^,
-February 1972. j
-1-
-------
References Cont'd
_
1^. IJC, Canada 5: USA, Pollution of Lake "and Lake Ontario and the International
Section of the St. Laurence River, 1970, Information Canada Ottav;a, 1971
($:a.75,Cat. No E 95 - 1970).
15. Schelske, C. L. & F. Stoermer, U. Michigan, Inst. of Environmental Science
& Technology, Great Lakes Research Division (Unpublished Data on the Great
Lakes, except Lake Ontario received Via direct contact at Ann Arbor, Mich.
Conference)./^/*?. /9'73.
16. IJC - International Lake Erie Water Pollution Board and the International
Lake Ontario - St. Laurence River Water Pollution Board, report to the
IJC - Pollution of Lake Erie, Lake Ontario and The International Section
of the bt. Lawrence River, Volume 1 - Summary, 1969*
17. USDI - FWPCA - GLR, Lake Erie Report - A plan for water pollution control
August 1968.
18. University of Illinois - Water Resources Center, (Dr. Ben B. Ewing, Direct-
or et a1) Feasibility of Evaluating of Benefits from Improved Great Lakes
Water Quality, WRC Special Report Uo. 2, prepared for U.S. Corp. of Engrs.
under contract No. BACW 23-68-0037. *?EC - U of II - 3220 Civil Engr.
Bldg., Urbana, II. 6l801, May 1968.
19- Letter USEPA - P.V dated 3-7-73 from Walter W. Kovalick Jr. Adn. Acct. CRA
S & A Division, Director, Subject L M E C lion- thermal Issues - Follow-up.
20. Ibid, dated 3-5-73 From James 0. McDonald, Dir. Enf. Div. to Dr. Robert
W. Zeller, Dir. S & A Division, Subject; Great Lakes Initiative Contract
Program.
21. Ibid, dated 2-26-73, from Walter W. Kovalick Jr. Mm. Asst. ORA, to Dir.
S & A Division Subject; Critique on Enviro-Control Briefing, Feb. 16,1973.
22. US - Canada, International Field Year for the Great Lakes (IFYGL)
(Lake Ontario Study) IFYGL Bulletin No. k Sept. 1972, Pub: NOAA, USDC,
Rockville, Md. 20852.
-2-
-------
Page 1 /
TABLE 1A
SOME AGENCIES OF GREAT LAKES SELECTED PARAMETERS FOR BASELINE DATA INDICATIONS
Xs
_..
o
Temp C
Conductivity
Turbidity
Phenols
Ammonia-N
PH
Total Nonfil
Rcsiduc(Solidi
Dissolved
Residue(solids
Total Residue
D 0
BOD
Total Nitrates
Total Organic
Nitrogen
«<
STORET-USEPA |
i
( tl /
Gil
)
)
»
o r^.
-( H 6
0 < M
00 CJ
'O M
(3)LM
(15)GL
LO
(3)
C3)(15
1
(3)1
(3)(15
;s)
(15
(15
i
-WISCONSIN
00
« S
0 p3
00 ^
1-1 ,_:
o >-'
r i p:(
<
I
)
5) LM
(13)
LS
^E
(18)
* INDIANA
o
M
n:
o
Ul
CU
9
u
M
;I)LO-\
;i8)LEC|
.16) I
:i6>
16)
16)
16)
,0
(
o
fei
M
2])LO
21)
21)
Q CJ
co a,
3 jS
(At
(6)
GB
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
o
CO
1^
H
O W
*
<-
6
i i
rn jj-i
CJ K
S8 <
CU
tt! W
<5 J3 CO
iJ U 3
&
0
w
1
00
-1
3:
nn oo BJ
o re oo
oo !X 3:
13 O
(12) LM
:i2>
:u) '
'12)
\
\
12)
Q
0 <
^
ii co
D 3
(13) LE
;u>
:i?)
1
\
i
:n)
13)
-------
' ''L',-.,'ffi?'.* ' " " ' ^V-"- '"'V11!.''-"*' FiW-"
..'?.'. ^,.
TABLE 1A
SOME AGENCIES OF GREAT LAKES SELECTED PARAMETERS FOR BASELINE DATA INDICATIONS
Page 2
_
Total Otho
Tot. Org.
Phosphates
Tot. Phosphate;
Silica-Dissol
Alkalinity
Phenols
Alkalinity
Total
Calcium
Magnesium
Potassium
Chlorides
Sulfates
Cadmium
Total Iron
GL = Great La
LM = Lake Mic
LSME = Lakas,
LO = Lake Ont
£ = Lake Erie
STORET-USEPA
:es
dga
!upg
iric
'-U. of MICH.
i STATE OF
'IICHIGAN
3)(15
(3)
(15
(15
(15
(15
(15
n
i;ior,
'--WISCONSIN
<
)
i
)
tfichig
OO
M
O
00 J
1-1 nJ
o ^*
1 1 fa
J 0
18)
d
(18)
(18)
(18)
(18)
in,
.
>;
& I
^INDIANA
rie
o
X
o
1 1
K
C/5
PJ
oi
P
>-
rs
^-<
-;;
a
h,
M
(16)
(16)
(16)
(16)
O
(21)
(21)
(21)
(21)
(21)
a u
OO O-i
(6)
(6)
(6)
6)(17
(6)
(17
:6)(17
;&)(!?
!6)
o
oo
S j
>-J «i
H
O W
*
-
LAKE MICHIGAN
ENF. CONF.
US EPA
(7) LM
(II)
&
O
a.
u
i
oo
*~r
U
I oo pi
G K 00
OO CU 13
(12)
(12) '
(12)
o
D <:
li 2
>- <
= a
S OO
D 3
-------
o. *j*4-i- t..>ie*_,i.\s.
TABLE IB
SOME AGENCIES OF GREAT LAKES SELECTED PARAMETERS FOR BASELINE DATA INDICATIONS
Page 1
\ AGENCY
\
N.
\.
>.
\^
\.
1 ^v
1 ^v
PARAMETER \
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Arsenic
Dieldrin
Tot. DDT
Toxaphene
Aldrin
Diazinon
*
Sevin
2,4,5-113
2,4-D
ParathifiA*
PCBs < .
.-4
CO
1 1
]
H
w
c^
o
E-
co
(4)
GL
CJ fci
° *-,
JjJ ""^
IM H O
O < M
c~* "r*
CO O
3 M
lj ^
z.
co
"s't
O
u
CO
M
;?
'
J
01
/*-J
^
r^
^
oi
p
^;
a
*?
o
f j
M
(
D(14)
UL
_3
O
K~*
Ci^
M
(10)
1
0
M <
Q O
CO JX<
1^) 'j^
[Vj
(6)
GB
,^
o
K1
5:
O i-]
£ *
a ta
^:
(1C) GB
(10)
(10)
2:
o
n
z: fe
O f.
M O
aJ
DJ W
K/ ^-^
< K oo
J W ID
1 '
o
<:
w
1
CO
(7)
L
M
» i
w
"x, oo cs
o nc c.o
00 Q- S
a
> 0
2) LM
\
>
ol
d( ""^
>- <
r. cj
c^J
s^
1< 00
s^
\
'
\
\
\
;
' ! 1
9 ,
I
t
1
r
:
1
-------
TABLE IB
SOME AGENCIES OF GREAT LAKES SELECTED PARAMETERS FOR BASELINE DATA INDICATIONS
Page 2,
< it
Phthalates
Detergents
Alpha Radiatic
; Beta
Gamma
Microbiology
Macrobiology
>
Mercury
1. Bottom Sed.T.
Alk. Earths
i
, .i Organics
\\
!
GL = Great Lat
UL = Lakes Sup
'; LM = Lake MiS;h
i
<
cu
w
CO
£D
i
£-<
CJ
fS.
O
co
(1
n
V
i
es
eric
igai
nn
CJ ft*
^
w <
*-»-< [-~J O
O -< M
H E
CO O
5? .3 £
;i5)
;L-LO
(15)
1
>r & Hi
I '
z:
t-t
co
s^
O
CJ
CO
M
5?
ron
c/5
M
O
14
C/) J
t i , ^
O M
'/£
i 1 fi-i
J 0
r-( 3
^
(18)
(18)
(18)
(18)
-;
LE =
LO =
^
zz
<^
h-l
Q
Z
M
= L. E:
< L. Oi
o
M
SC
0
ie
itario
.j.
II
**H
*^
^,
^J
K1"1
co
'v;
Ed
CU
^
Uj
o
t^*
CJ
*~~)
3: j w
^ !
*Phj
\
0^'
-<
Ct,
M
(21)
(21)
Select
PA Stc
M <;
Q CJ
co cu
i i t-^.
E
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
ed Par
ret
v
o
CO
o 1-5
£-4
a w
^
ameterj;
h^
CJ
E co oi
O s co
co Cu 2:
=> 1 => Q
(7)
(]
12) LM
\
\
(12)
>
;i3)
,13)
-------
-------
STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENY
.v p/
SUBJECT:
FROM:
TO:
Evaluating Great Lakes Water Quality
Parameters in Designated Deep Water DATE: March 15, 1973
Polygon Lat-Lon
W. D. Johnson &t'$§^~
Robert Bowden
1. Give Storet Data (Statistical Means vrith STD DEAV, Max - Min,
Variance & Confidence Limits for the Parameters (1960 to present),
vith 5 yeer averages and overall averages:
CODE
39380
39370
39516
39^00
39330
39750
39750
39740
39730
395^0
PARAMETER
Dieldrin
Total DDT
PCBs
Toxaphene
Aldrin
Sevin
Diazinon
2,4,5 - T
2,4 - D
Parathion
EPA Fbrm 1320-6 (Rev. 6-72)
-------
EVALUATION OF WATER QUALITY IN GREAT LAKES
LAKE SUPERIOR POLYGON:
POINT LONGITUDE
A = 91° 18' 00"
B = 87° 10' 00"
C = 84° 52' 00"
D = 87° 17' 00"
E = 87° 48' 00"
F - 90° 26' 00''
LAKE HURON
G = 83° 45' 00"
H = 81° 48' 00"
I = 82° 02' 00"
J = 81° 38' 00"
K = 81° 04' 00"
o
L = 80 08' 00"
LAKE MICHIGAN
M = 87° 28' 00"
o
N = 87 41' 00"
0 = 87° 32' 00"
P = 86° 11' 00"
o
Q 85 42' 00"
R = 86° 43' 00"
o
S = 86 20' 00"
o
T = 86 37' 00"
. -^ ' i / /
LATITUDE
47° 23' 00"
48° 35' 00"
46° 47' 00"
46° 33' 00"
47° 35' 00"
46° 36' 00"
45° 47' 00"
45° 22' 00"
43° 17' 00"
45° 28' 00"
45° 53' 00"
o
44 32' 00"
41° 54' 00"
o
43 00' 00"
44° 00' 00"
45° 53' 00"
o
45 53' 00"
44° 00' 00"
o
43 00' 00"
o
41 54' 00"
Summary L. Michigan 3
Polygon given above:
Upper MNST
Middle NORS
Lower Basin OPQR
-------
EVALUATION OF WATER QUALITY IN GREAT LAKES (continued)
LAKE ERIE
POINT LONGITUDE
Wes tern_
Basin
Eastern^
Basin
CM = 82°
V = 82°
s~ O
Lw 80
V = 80°
Y = 79°
v_
23'
23'
30'
30'
18'
00"
00"
00"
00"
00"
42°
42°
42°
o
42
o
42
/ /
LATITUDE
03'
32'
30'
00'
35'
00"
00"
00"
f-\ ^ 1 «
uu
00"
LAKE ONTARIO
o
Z = 79
o
A-l 76
o
B-l 76
00'
27'
30'
00"
00"
00"
43°
o
43
43°
47'
50'
30'
00"
00"
00"
C-l
79 37' 00"
43 18' 00"
Coordinates were rechecked by W. D. Johnson & Robert Bowden
-------
TABLE ^rf~. Benthos data summary. For each taxon and lake zone, the moan percentage of the total fauna
is given. The mean numerical total (number /m ) is given for each lake zone, as well as the ratio of
total Crustacea to total Oligochaeta. ^
>-,
£
VO
Lake Zones
Taxa
Fontoporeia
I-'rjsii,
Chirononidae
Gastropoda
Sphacri Ldae
Gaisur.arus
HirudJnea
Oli gochaeta
Other
Superior
Open
-Lake
54.9
1.8
5.2
0.1
8.0
20.9
0.1
Superior
Bays
50.8
0.9
7.7
13.7
26.8
Huron
Zone
I
71.6
0.3
2.6
0.3
3.1
22.0
0.1
Michigan
66.6
1.7
0.9
7.2
23.2
0.4
Huron
Zone
II
52.0
0.3
2.3
0.2
5.0
0.4
0.1
39.7
0.6
Huron
Zone
IV
31.5
8.3
0.8
1.2
52.7
5.4
Saginaw
Bay
0.9
10.4
0.1
0.5
3.1
0.1
83.7
1.1
Erie
Zone
I
5.8
7.1
22.6
3.0
0.3
57.4
1.6
Erie
Zone
II
11.1
0.7
5.1
0.7
0.9
81.4
0.2
Erie
Zone
III
18.2
0.1
23.9
0.1
0.2
57.5
Total-No.
376
482
1863
3222
4837
623
3499
2967
4204
2293
JJcrustacea/
L'oligochaeta
2.71
1.92
3.27
2.87
1.33
0.60
0.05
0.05
0.01 0.001
-------
Ui
Ul
TABLE '-Stfr Zooplnnkton data summary. For each genus and lake zone, the abundance is represented by Che
mean "value of the relative abundance index (example: 5.0 dominant at every station). Where no value
appears, the genus was not found at any station in that zone. The average number of genera per station,
the average settled volume and the ratio of total calanoids to total cladocerans and rotifers is also given
for e.ich lake zone.
Genera
Calauoid copcpods
Litnuocal nnua
Diu.[>toi'nm
Slcu3 than
-------
TABLE 32. Relative abundance of phytoplankton as per cent occurrence in collec-
tions from Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron and Lake Erie.
Genus
Fragilaria
Tabellaria
Asterionella
Synedra
Dinobryon
Melosira
Anabaena
Rhizoselenia
Pediastrura
Cyclotel]a
Oscillatoria
Ceratium
Microcystis
Aphanizomenon
Lyngbya
Gloecystis
Staurastruin
Cymbella
Stephanodiscus
Navicula
Oedogonium
L. Superior
73
100
100
100
91
82
24
61
6
56
9
0
0
0
67
12
0
40
30
30
0
L. Michigan
100
100
80
100
100
80
60
100
20
20
60
0
0
0
20
0
0
20
20
20
0
L. Huron
100
96
92
76
80
84
76
36
48
72
52
60
40
24
4
40
32
20
24
20
12
L. Erie
90
40
50
30
10
20
75
0
90
5
5
70
80
85
15
35
55
0
5
0
45
i
Average %
90.8
84.0
80.5
76.5
70.3
66.5
58.8
49.3
41.0
38.3
34.7
32.5
30.0
27.3
26.5
21.8
21.8
20.0
19.8
17.5
14.3
146
-------
TABLE 33. Relative abundance of phytoplaukton as per cent occurrence in collec-
tion from Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron and Lake Erie.
Genus
Gomphosphaeria
Merismopedia
Chroococcus
Peridinium
Amphiprora
Dactyloccopsis
Planktonema
Spirogyra
Mougeotia
Stauroneis
Nephrocy tium
Oocystis
Gyros igma
Uroglenopsis
Botryococcus
Die ty os pha er ium
Mallomonas
Amphipleura
Coscinodiscus
Costnarium
Phroinidium
Synura
Amphiprora
Chodatella
Closterium
Coelastruin
Cosmoc3adium
Eudorina
L. Superior
3
12
12
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
i
j
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
L. Michigan
20
0
20
0
0
0
20
0
0
0
0
20
20
20
20
20
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
L. Huron
12
0
0
8
4
0
4
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
12
4
0
12
12
8
8
8
4
4
4
4
4
4
L. Erie
10
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
25
0
0
0
0
10
0"
0
0
Average %
11.3
3.0
8.0
4.0
1.8
0.8
6.8
0.8
0.8
1.8
0.8
8.3
5.0
5.0
8.0
6.0
5.0
3.0
5.5
8.3
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
3.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
147
Continued
-------
TABLE 33" continued
Genus
Scenedesmus
Sphaerocystis
Sphaerozosma
Ulothrix
Actinastrura
Coelosphaeriuin
Colacium
Crucigenia
Triboneraa
L. Superior
0
0
t
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
L. Michigan
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
L. Huron
4
A
A
A
0
0
0
0
0
L. Erie
5
10
0
5
5
5
5
5
5
Average %
2.3
3.5
1.0
2.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1A8
-------
30
TABLE 31.' Phytoplankton identified by genera at stations in the four
lakes.
Superior
Michigan
Huron
Erie
Stations sampled
Total number of genera
Average number of
genera/station
33
28
9.7
5
24
10.8
25
43
12.3
20
34
9.4
144
-------
H
VO
*<"( r IT" - ''
' \ \ '' v ;> Summary of transparency, chlorophyll a, carbon fixation and assimilation ratio in all
zones of the four lakes. Data for each parameter are given as the mean + one standard deviation followed by
the number of observations.
Secchi disc
Lake Superior
Open lake
Bays
Lake Huron
Open lake (I)
(II)
(III)
Bays (IV)
Lake Michigan
Open lake
Lake Erie
W.Ii. North
W.B. South
C.B.
12.6 ± 3.4
6.6 ± 1.1
9.1 ± 2.4
8.0 ± 2.4
5.9 ± 0.62
1.8 ± 0.40
4.8 ± 0.6
1.96 ± 0.43
1.99 ± 0.53
4.41 ± 1.21
(30)
(5)
(7)
(7)
(5)
(6)
(6)
(5)
(7)
(8)
Chlorophyll
0.66
1.46
0.81
0.86
0.86
7.26
1.34
3.65
12.1
7.3
± 0.42
± 0.19
± 0.72
± 0.46
± 0.04
± 3.1
± 0.62
± 1.3
± 3.8
± 6.7
0
(27)
(5)
(7)
(8)
(4)
(6)
(7)
(5)
(7)
(8)
Carbon fixation
0.37
0.59
0.77
1.69
1.50
28
2.40
11
58
24
± 0.18
±0.14
± 0.38
± 0.51
± 0.53
±17
± 0.82
± 5.1
±18
±16
(67)
(15)
(4)
(5)
(4)
(5)
(13)
(3)
(5)
(5)
Assimilation
0.82
1.26
2.67
1.76
4.16
0.74
3.75
4.91
3.78
± 0.45
± 1.0
± 1.4
± 0.63
± 2.5
± 2.9
± 0.78
± 1.5
ratio
(15)
(4)
(5)
(4)
(5)
(3)
(5)
(5)
-------
l * i Summary of transparency, chlorophyll a, carbon fixation and assimilation ratio in all
zones of the four lakes. Data for each parameter are given as the mean + one standard deviation followed by
the number of observations.
Lake Superior
Open lake
Bays
Lake Huron
Open lake (I)
" (II)
(III)
Bays (IV)
Lake Michigan
Open lake
Lake Erie
W.B. North
W.B. South
C.B.
Secchi disc
12.6 ± 3.4 (30)
6.6 ± 1.1 (5)
9.1 ± 2.4 (7)
8.0 ± 2.4 (7)
5.9 ± 0.62 (5)
1.8 ± 0.40 (6)
4.8 ± 0.6 (6)
ff
1.96\± 0.43 (5)
1.99 ± 0.53 (7)
4.41 + 1.21 (8)
Chlorophyll
0.66 ±
1.46 ±
0.81 ±
0.86 ±
0.86 ±
7.26 ±
1.34 ±
3.65 ±
12.1 ±
7.3 ±
0.42
0.19
0.72
0.46
0.04
3.1
0.62
1.3
3.8
6.7
(27)
(5)
(7)
(8)
(4)
(6)
(7)
(5)
(7)
(8)
Carbon fixation
0.37 ± 0.18 (67)
0.59 ± 0.14 (15)
0.77 ± 0.38 (4)
1.69 ± 0.51 (5)
1.50 ± 0.53 (4)
28 ±17 (5)
2.40 ± 0.82 (13)
11 ± 5.1 (3)
58 ±18 (5)
24 ±16 (5)
Assimilation ratio
0.82 ± 0.45 (15)
1.26 ± 1.0 (4)
2.67 ± 1.4 (5)
1.76 ± 0.63 (4)
4.16 ± 2.5 (5)
0.74
3.75 ± 2.9 (3)
4.91 ± 0.78 (5)
3.78 ± 1.5 (5)
1
I r -^prJV
v\ £p" ^ ^_rov"
VJ^ ^
-------
r- *<
TABLE <~ '^ . Summary of temperature and dissolved oxygen In all zones of the four lakes. Data for each
parameter are given as the mean + one standard deviation followed by the number of observations in
parenthesis.
Temperature
Surface
Bottom
Dissolved Oxygen -£>£?
Surface
Bottom
Lake Superior
Open lake
Bays
Lake Huron
Open iakc (I)
Open lake (II)
Open lake (IV)
SagiuAW Bay (III)
Lake Michigan
Open lake
Lake Erie
W. B. North (I)
W. B. South (II)
C. B. (Ill)
8.4 ± 3.7 (30)
14.1 ± 1.2 (5)
16.5 ± 1.2 (7)
18.5 ± 1.6 (8)
20.6 ± 0.9 (5)
22.7 ± 1.1 (6)
14.2 ± 1.2 (6)
24.0 ± 0.9 (5)
24.4 ± 0.4 (7)
24.9 ± 0.5 (8)
3.82 ± 0.36 (29)
4.45 ± 0.04 (2)
4.62 ± 0.84 (5)
4.68 ± 0.82 (5)
13.9 ± 2.7 (10)
16.5 ± 2.7 (6)
4.10 ± 0.14 (2)
22.6 ± 0.8 (5)
23.0 ± 1.1 (7)
16.3 ± 5.2 (8)
12.5 ± 0.87 (20)
10.8 ± 0.21
10.1 ± 0.37 (6)
9.51 ± 0.27 (8)
9.40 ± 0.20 (5)
9.58 ± 0.50 (6)
10.1 ± 1.4 (2)
8.62 ± 0.49 (4)
8.13 ± 0.76 (7)
9.56 ± 0.58 (8)
13.1 ± 0.46 (20).
13.2 * (1)
11.5 ± 0.67 (5)
11.8 ± 0.20 (5)
10.0 ± 0.26 (10)
9.35 ± 0.48 (6)
12.5 (1)
7.60 ± 0.6 (5)
7.20 ± 1.4 (7)
5.15 ± 2.3 (8)
-------
' '" , ! " '- ' > Summary of silica, nitrate nitrogen and particulate phosphorus in all zones of the four
lakes. Data for each parameter are given as the mean + one standard deviation followed by the number of
observations in parenthesis. _ .^t>
j Surface
/
1 Lake Superior
1 Open lake 2.28 ± 0.07
Bays 2.10 ± 0.13
Lake Huron
Open lake (I) 1.07 ± 0.15
Open lake (II) 0.81 ± 0.15
\ " " (IV) 0.65 ± 0.11
[ Sdginaw Bay 1.08 ± 0.26
/Lake Michigan
/ . Open lake 0.27 ± 0.05
Lake Erie
W.B. North 0.97 ± 0.12
W.B. South 0.66 ± 0.26
C.B. 0.25 ± 0.10
^ Bottom is the depth interval
fll. II If ,_., ft . , . !l ' ^
-Si-lica
SiO,, pP**"
£t
Bottom
(25)
(5)
(7)
(8)
(5)
(6)
(4)
(4)
(7)
(8)
from
r -,.> *! V" /
2.28 ±
2.31 ±
1.80 ±
1.78 ±
1.28 ±
1.24 ±
0.85 ±
1.36 ±
72-390
T9-RO n
0.21 (23)
0.01 (2)
0.16 (5)
0.19 (5)
0.08 (2)
0.35 (5)
0.20 (7)
0.76 (8)
m in Lake
i n T oVo V-
-Nitra^e-
Surface Bottom
254 ± 14
229 ± 11
1
, 139 ± 33
141 ± 24
, 136 ± 35
21 ± 16
'
129 ± 6
79 ± 64
86 ± 33
34 ± 24
Superior, /s
ii-rn-n . ~"
(25)
(5)
(7)
(8)
(5)
(6)
(4)
(4)
(7)
(8)
264 ± 7.7
263 ± 2.1
159 ±33
190 ±52
' 190 ± 4
106 ±52
125 ±51
103 ±57
I
(23) :
(2)
(5)
(5)
(2)
(5)
(7)
(8)
- S es t onic -Eiios^hotus
sf\J * j C fly )0
l\f \
-------
TABLE 27. Summary of pH, alkalinity, conductivity, calcium, sulfate and chloride in all zones of the four lakes. Data
for each parameter are given as the mean + one standard deviation followed by the number of observations in parenthesis.
-a Superior
ipen lake
:e Huron
~!pen loke (I)
Dpen lake (II)
Dpen Ju'.c (IV)
j.->>nav Bay (III)
ke Michigan
Open lake
ke Erie
W. E. North (I)
W. S. South (II)
C, E. (Ill)
pli
8.04 ± 0.10 (87)
8.01 ± 0.26 (19)
8.50 ± 0.04 (7)
8.38 ± 0.16 (24)
8.40 ± 0.06 (15)
8.65 t 0.17 (18)
8.50 ± 0.16 (19)
8.63 ± 0.25 (5)*
8.82 ± 0.11 (7)*
8.93 ± 0.06 (8)*
Alkalinity,
43.9 ± 1.8 (85)
41.9 ± 2.4 (19)
76.8 ± 1.9 (25)
76.5 ± 6.7 (24)
82.5 ± 1.2 (15)
88.6 i 3.7 (18)
109 ± 2.8 (19)
83.7 ± 2.1 (14)
88.1 ± 2.9 (21)
92.5 ± 2.5 (24)
Conductivity
95
93
192
195
204
247
261
257
246
293
± 4.8
± 3.0
± 8.0
± 5.7
t 2.7
±20
±11
± 7
t 9
(30)
(5)
(7)
(8)
(5)
(6)
(3)
II
Calcium ,
£> $\~t^-
14.5 ± 1.6
14.7 ± 0.9
21.2 ± 1.7
26.5 ± 0.6
28.0 ± 0.8
30.3 ± 1.7
37.4 i 1.6
31.6 ± 1.2
32.7 t 1.6
37.8 i 1.2
Sulfate ,
(68)
(15)
(21)
(24)
(13)
(18)
(17)
(10)
(14)
(16)
1.46
1.85
10
10.9
12.8
15.5
11,8
16.7
21,6
± 0.41
± 0.49
± 0.72
± 1.8
i 3.0
± 0,84
± 2.A
t 3,3
(57)
(13)
(1)
(12)
(5)
(17)
(14)
(16)
(16)
Chloride _,
1.06
1.13
4.65
5.58
6.6
10.6
7,22
14,3
13.2
14,6
± 0.08 (70)
± 0.10 (15)
± 1.5 (21)
± 0.94 (23)
± 1.4 (16)
± 2.3 (18)
t 0.32 (16)
±1.3 (14)
± 0,5 (20)
± 1.6 (24)
CO
o
-------
Appenc'ix
STA. NO.
LN70- 1
LM70- 2
L1-I70- 3
LK70- 4
LK70- 5
LM70- 6
SU70- 1
SU70- 2
SU70- 3
SU70- 4
SU70- 5
SU70- 6
SU70- 7
SU70- 8
SU70- 9
SU70-10
SU70-15
SU70-16
SU70-17
SU70-18
SU70-19
SU70-20
SU70-21
SU70-22
SU70-23
SII70-25
SU70-26
SU70-27
SU70-28
SU70-29
SU70-30
Table
o
44
44
45
45
45
45
46
46
46
46
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
46
46
46
A
,r. Location, nepth (ire'iors), elate, and tirreC Eastern Standard
' Time, H0urs), for each station, 1970 Great Lakes Limnology cruises,
LOCATION DZPTII DATE Til IE
. . _. 1 l. L«.t ' -V- . -. .
42.9'
54.
00.
15.
32.
44.
41.
40.
47.
52.
00.
00.
06.
21.
26.
39.
41.
39.
37.
36.
34.
32.
31.
29.
23.
14.
10.
02.
54.
44.
32.
6
2
3
8
2
5
5
0
3
7
8
7
1
1
8
0
2
5
0
0
5
2
1
6
4
3
7
6
8
8
N 86
86
85
85
85
85
Lake
84
84
84
84
84
84
85
85
85
85
85
86
86
86
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
86
86
86
86
° 16.9' W
, 08.7
59.4
46.7
30.
26.
5
1
42.7
12.2
37.2
149.3
114.0
13.
0
July
July
July
July
July
July
7
7
7
7
7
7
0650 ,"~ y / ^
0838
0947
1154
1440
1634'
Superior
29.
37.
41.
44.
51,
53.
09.
0
5
0
7
0
3
3
46,4
47.
47.
50.
03.
26.
44.
03.
21.
38.
49.
46.
20.
13.
55.
35.
39.
43.
7
9
8
4
2
5
0
0
7
2
9
8
8
3
3
2
3
24.
77.
20.
103.
152.
11.
192.
88.
17.
169.
135.
181.
184.
274.
320.
215.
4
7
4
6
4
9
0
4
4
2
6
3
4
3
0
8
140.8
94.
35.
166.
53.
177.
396.
204.
32.
8
0
1
3
7
8
2
3
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
C617
0722 -
0829
0925
1048
1130
1252
1622
1721
1858
062S
0802
0946
1131
1327
1520
1702
1914
0717
0912
1022
1211
1412
1610
1747
162
-------
Appendix Table ,Y (Continued)
STA. HO.
SU70-31
SU70-32
SU70-33
SU70-34
SU70-35
SU70-36
SU70-37
SU70-38
SU70-39
SU70-40
LOCATION
46° 25. 5 ' N 86° 38.3' W
46 34.0 86 30.4
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
33.6
34.7
40.6
41.0
44.4
45.0
46.5
47.2
86
86
86
86
86
85
85
84
26.3
23.4
21,
09,
00.
30,
14.
58.
,0
,8
,0
,0
,5
,5
DEPTH
25.0
96.0
18.3
20.4
123.4
21.
9
25.9
131.
17.
1
4
15.2
DATE
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
TIME
1857
0603
0648
0714
0801
0907
1007
1147
1355
1518
Lake Huron
HU70- 1
HU70- 2
KU70- 3
HU70- 4
HU70- 5
HU70- 6
HU70- 7
HU70- 8
HU70- 9
KU70-10
HU70-11
HU70-12
HU70-13
HU70-14
HU70-15
HU70-16
HU70-17
HU70-13
HU70-19
HU70-20
HU70-21
HU70-22
HU70-23
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
43
43
43
43
44
44
43
41.1
39.
38.
6
1
27.8
19.
07.
01.
00.
55.
49.
42.
30.
23.
18.
14.
07.
58.
49.
53.
58.
06.
06.
41.
0
6
3
0
2
5
8
2
7
0
2
5
0
6
5
8
6
5
8
84
84
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
82
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
82
15,
05.
51.
27.
20.
11.
06.
19.
13.
06.
59.
00.
09.
17.
30.
31.
36.
43.
36.
32.
24.
04.
32.
,6
3
,3
0
2
0
0
0
7
6
2
7
6
0
0
8
3
5
5
2
9
0
8
24.
57.
86.
86.
57.
10.
38.
16.
36.
57.
70.
66.
48.
20.
8.
10.
12.
8.
11.
10.
10.
25.
7
0
9
9
3
7
1
1
0
3
1
1
8
4
5
7
2
5
0
7
7
9
20.4
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July.
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
"jfr1
29
29
29
29
29
29
30
0705
0803
0920
1139
1255
1425
1524
0640
0731
0831
0944
1116
1218
1328
1444
0705
0820
0928
1020
1112
1234
1418
0701
163
-------
Appendix iaoje p. ^L-onciuacci J
STA. NO.
HU70-24
KU70-25
HU70-26
LOCATION
43°
43
43
31.1' N
20.0
09.8
82°
82
82
30.4' W
28.1
25.7
Lake Erie
ER70- 1
ER70- 2
ER70- 3
ER70- 4
ER70- 5
ER70- 6
ER70- 7
ER70- 8
ER70- 9
ER70-10
ER70-11
ER70-12
ER70-13
ER70-14
ER70-15
ER70-16
ER70-17
ER70-18
ER70-19
ER70-20
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
57.2
57.0
57.3
50.7
45.3
39.8
39.0
38.6
38.2
37.7
35.0
32.7
28.8
29.8
44.7
48.0
49.0
45.7
48.8
54.1
83
82
82
82
82
82
82
82
82
82
82
82
82
82
82
83
83
83
83
83
05,5
58.7
52.2
52.7
52.5
52.1
36.8
27.5
15.0
03.4
04.9
08.4
23.4
37.8
53.8
02.2
10.6
.8.2
14.9
09.4
DEPTH
9,1
Q .f
9.7
10.7
10.0
9.7
14.6
12.5
15.2
18.6
16.1
10.0
14.6
12.2
10.7
10.4
7.3
7.3
7.9
7.9
DATE
July 30
July 30
July 30
July 31
July 31
July 31
July 31
July 31
July 31
August 1
August 1
August 1
August 1
August 1
August 1
August 1
August 1
August 2
August 2
August 2
August 2
August 2
August 2
TLME
0821
0940
1104
1311
1401
1453
1604
1655
1757
0740
0840
0947
1058
1152
1240
1341
1500
0644
0743
0846
0947
1032
1128
164
-------
'
Appendix 'J-'able JT, Physical and chemical data collected during the;
AVbrByin<.ip_ns_iisod ia Aprocdir Table >?*
STA !TO - Station n viator
D3PTH - D3pth, m
TFJ:P - Temperature, C
DISC - Secchi disc, la
C01ID - Conductivity, yrcho
5.0. - Dissolved oxj'gen, ppu
PH - ?H
ALK - Methyl orange alkalinity, ppn
CA - yaJ.ciu.~n, ppra
FC& - Orthophoaphata phosphorus, ppb
K03 - 'Jitrate, ppl.
1TI-I3 - Anr.onia, pp"o
CL - Uhloric'a, ppa
SO1* - Sulfate, ppsi
SI02 - Silica, ppn
CHL - Chlorophyll a_, ppb
- \ \
165
-------
STA NO DEPTH TEMP DISC COND 0.0.
P04 N03 NH3
CL S04 S 102
LAKE
SU70-
SU7G-
SU7C-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
SU7U-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
SU7C-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
NSU70-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-*
SU70-J
SU70-
1
1
1
1
"2
'2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
0
8
12
22
0
3
6
22
12
0
3
6
12
19
0
3
6
12
99
0
3
6
15
155
0
3
6
9
11
0
13.
12.
9.
7.
15.
15.
14.
9.
4.
13.
13.
13.
10.
7.
13.
, 13*
13.
11.
4.
11.
11.
11 .
0.
3.
10.
10.
9.
7.
6.
3.
5 6.0
C
5
0
1 5.5
C
0
0
9
0 8.0
0
0
0
5
2 7.5
0
0
0
0
2 9.0
C
0
5
5
2 10.0
0
0
2
5
5 15.0
96 10.
12.
88
12.
94 10.
11.
94 ^0.
12.
13.
96
11.
12.
13.
93
11.
12.
94 13.
8
6
0
8
6
6
2
2
4
8
8
8
6
2
7.
8.
7.
7.
8.
8.
7.
8.
8.
8.
7.
8.
8.
8.
8.
8.
7.
8.
8.
7.
8.
8.
8.
8.
90
16
76
82
19
01
05
08
09
16
09
1C
13
19
19
17
93
12
11
99
12
12
19
02
42
41
43
40
43
42
42
44
42
42
34
44
41
43
41
40
42
42
41
41
42
41
38
SUP
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
cO
.0
-.0
,0
.0
,0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
ERIOR
14 .0
13.4
14.0
13.8
14.2
15.0
15.0
16.2
15.0
15.8
15.4
15.8
15.4
16.7
15.2
15.5
15.8
lt>.2
4,0
1.0
1.0
3.0
2.0
4.0
5.0
5.0
1.0
6.0
1.0
2.5
1.0
233
226
232
243
215
234
261
241
246
249
235
239
264
244
245
256
253
9
10
7
14
11
13
14
15
8
11
7
13
11
14
8
11
1.2
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.3
1. 1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.0
2.8
1.8
2.6
2.0
2.4
1.7
1.9
1.9
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.0
1.3
1.4
1.4
2.02
1.98
2.05
2.17
2.30
2.08
2.32
1.98
2.25
2.25
2.03
2.18
2.30
2.24
2.22
2.2o
2.26
CHL
1.6
1.2
1.4
1.7
0.9
1.2
262 10
1.1
1.2 2.32
-------
TA NO DEPTH TEMP DISC COND D.O.
U70- 1
U70- I
U70- 1
U70- 1
U70- 2
U7Q- 2
U70- 2
U70- 2
U70- 2
U70- 3
U7U- 3
U70- 3
U70- 3
1)70- 3
U70- 4
U7C- 4
U70- 4
U70- 4
U70- 4
U70- 5
U70- 5
1)70- 5
U70- 5
U70- 5
U70- 6
U70- 6
U70- 6
U70- 6
U70- 6
U70- 7
0 13.5 6.0
8 12.0
12 9.5
22 7.0
0 15.1 5.5
3 15.0
6 14.0
22 9.0
72 4.9
0 13.0 8.0
3 13.0
6 13.0
12 10.0
19 7.5
0 13.2 7.5
3 13.0
6 13.0
12 11.0
99 4.0
0 11.2 9.0
3 11.0
6 11 .0
15 0.5
155 3.5
0 10.2 10.0
3 10.0
6 9.0
9 7.2
11 6.5
0 3.5 15.0
93
PH ALK CA
LAKE SUPERIOR
96 10.8 7.90
8.16
12.6 7.76
88 7.82
8.19
8.01
12.0 7.05
94 10.8 8.08
8.09
6.16
11.6 7.09
8.10
94 10.6 8.13
8.19
8.19
12.2 8.17
13.2 7.93
96
11.4 8.12
12.8 8.11
13.8 7.99
11.8 8.12
8.12
12.6 8.19
42.0
41.0
43.0
40.0
43.0
42.0
42.0
44.0
42.0
42.0
34.0
44.0
41.0
43.0
41.0
40.0
42.0
l't.0
13.4
14.0
13.8
14.2
15.0
15.0
15.2
15.0
15.8
15.4
15.8
15.4
16.7
42.0
41.0
41.0
42.0
41.0
15.2
15.5
15.8
P04 N03 NH3
4.0 233 9
1.0 226 10
232 7
1.0 243 14
3.0 215 11
234 13
2.0 261 14
4.0 241 15
246
5.0 249
5.0 235
245
2.5 256
1.0 253
8
11
7
1.0 239 13
6.0 264 11
1.0 244 14
8
11
CL
1.2
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.0
S04 S 102 CHL
2.8 2.02
1.8 1.98
2.6 2.05
2.0 2.17
2.4 2.30
1.7 2.08
1.9 2.32
1.9 1.98
1.3 2.25
1.5 2.25
1.3 2.03
1.3 2.18
1.6 2.30
1.0 2.24
1.3 2.22
1.4 2.2o
1.4 2.26
1.6
1.2
1.4
1.7
0.9
1.2
94 13.2 8.02 38.0 16.2
262 10
1.1
1.2 2.32
-------
STA NO DEPTH TEMP DISC COND D.O.
PH
ALK
CA
P04 N03 NH3
CL $04 SI02 CHL
LAKE MICHIGAN
LM70-
LM70-
LM70-
L.v,70-
LM70-
LM70-
LM70-
LM70-
LM70-
Lf':73-
LK70-
LM70-
LM70-
LM7C-
LM70-
LM70-
LM7Q-
,LM70-
LM70-
LM70-
LM70-
LM70-
LM7C-
LM70-
LM70-
LM70-
LM70-
LM70-
LM70-
LH70-
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2 .
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
0
10
15
25
40
0
6
11
0
2
5
10
15
20
30
40
n
10
25
40
125
0
10
25
110
0
2
4
8
13
14.9
14.8
13.0
10.5
7.0
14.0
13.9
13. 7
13.5
13. 5
13.4
13.4
13.0
12.5
9.0
7.0
12.5
12.4
8.0
5.5
4.0
14.5
14.0
9.7
4.2
16.0
15.7
15.5
15.0
14.5
5.0
4.0
5.0
5.5
5.0
10.1
9.0
11.1
12.4
12.5
9.1
9.5
10.0
10.3
10.4
8.56
8.55
8.55
8.54
8.39
8.63
8.63
8.61
8.44
8.38
8.63
8.54
8.29
8.66
8.49
8.48
8.00
8.58
8.46
109
110
118
110
109
110
110
110
110
112
110
108
106
109
1C8
1C7
106
106
106
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
,0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
36
36
36
36
37
35
36
38
37
38
37
37
40
34
33
33
39
.0
.5
.0
.0
.5
.0
.0
.5
.5
.5
.5
.0
.0
.5
.5
.5
.5
7.0
7.0
5.0
1.0
1.0
7.0
7.0
v
5.0
12.0
7.0
5.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
5.0
11.0
133
127
156
174
127
147
131
144
176
134
143
187
121
'
146
193
117
14
18
21
23
30
14
20
12
23
5
9
20
13
18
25
15
7.6
7.8
7.3
7.2
7.2
7.8
6.9
'
7.6
7.2
7.0
7.0
6.9
7.2
7.2
6.9
6.8
15.0
16.5
14.5
14.0
12.5
13.0
15.0
13.0
11.0
14.5
17.5
15.0
14.5
14.5
21.0
21.5
20.0
0.33
0.34
0.53
1.00
0.22 1.80
0.27
2.1
0.39
1.7
0.26
*
0.98
0.28
0.47 1.7
1.23
0.27 0.7
0.17 0.7
0.35
1.34
0.7
0.29
-------
STA NO DEPTH TEMP DISC COND D.O.
PH
ALK
CA
P04 N03 NH3
CL S04 SI02
CHL
LAKE SUPERIOR
cr-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
SU73-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
SU7U-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
SU70-
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
0
8
12
22
0
3
6
22
72
0
3
6
12
19
0
3
6
12
99
0
3
6
15
155
0
3
6
9
11
0
13.5
12.0
9.5
7.0
15. 1
15.0
14.0
9.0
4.9
13.0
13.0
13.0
10.0
7.5
13.2
13.0
13.0
11.0
4.0
11.2
11.0
11 .0
8.5
3.5
10.2
10.0
9.0
7.2
6.5
3.5
6.0
5.5
8.0
7.5
9.0
10.0
96
88
94
94
96
93
15.0
10.8
12.6
12.0
10.8
11.6
10.6
12.2
13.2
11.4
12.8
13.8
11.8
12.6
13.2
7.90
8.16
7.76
7.82
8.19
8.01
7.85
8.08
8.09
8.16
7.09
8.10
8.13
8.19
8.19
8.17
7.93
8.12
8.11
7.99
8.12
8.12
8.19
8.02
42.0
41.0
43.0
40.0
43.0
42.0
42.0
44.0
42.0
42.0
34.0
44.0
41.0
43.0
41.0
40.0
42.0
42.0
41.0
41.0
42.0
41.0
38.0
14.0
13.4
14.0
13.8
14.2
15.0
15.0
16.2
15.0
15.8
15.4
15.8
15.4
16.7
15.2
15.5
15,8
lb.2
4.0
1.0
1.0
3.0
2.0
4.0
5.0
5.0
1.0
6.0
1.0
2.5
1.0
233
226
232
243
215
234
261
241
246
249
235
239
264
244
245
256
253
262
9
10
7
14
11
13
14
15
8
11
7
13
11
14
8
11
10
1.2
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
l.l
1.0
1.1
2.8
1.3
2.6
2.0
2.4
1.7
1.9
1.9
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.0
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.2
2.02
1.98
2.05
2.17
2.30
2.08
2.32
1.98
2.25
2.25
2.03
2.18
2.30
2.24
2.22
2.2t>
2.26
2.32
1.6
1.2
1.4
1.7
0.9
1.2
-------
STA 110 DEPTH TEMP DISC CONG 0.0.
PH
5U70-19 150 3.8
SU70-19 300 3.7
SU70-20 0 5.3 19.0
SU70-20 50 4.5
SU70-20 150 4.1
SU70-20 215 4.0
SU70-21 0 8.0 12.5
SU70-21 3 7.5
SU70-21 50 5.0
SU70-21 140 3.8
SU7C-22 0 15.3 9.0
SU7G-22 10 15.0
SU70-22 20 11.0
SU7G-22 35 9.0
SU70-22 90 4.0
SU70-23 0 14.0 9.0
SU70-23 3 14.5
SU70-23 15 11.6
SU70-23 30 8.5
SU70-25 0 7.5 14.0
SU70-25 3 7.0
SU70-25 75 4.0
SU7C-25 150 3.7
SU70-26 0 7.5 15.0
SU7Q-26 3 6.3
SU70-26 25 5.0
SU70-26 50 4.9
SU70-27 0 6.8 16.5
SU70-27 3 4.4
SU70-27 85 3.9
SU70-27 165 3.5
SU70-28 0 5.5 15.0
95
7.98
13.2 7.S7
91 13.2 8.07
8.07
13.0 7.97
12.9 7.97
94 10.8 8.08
ALK CA
44.0 14.2
44.0 14.2
45.0 15.0
46.0
44.0 15.0
45.0 15.0
44.0
P04
1.1
NG3 NH3
274 5
269 11
CL
1.0
1.0
1.0 250
1.0
255
268
5
6
1.0
1.0
1.0
S04 SIU2 CHL
2.36
1.5 1.37
1.9 2.29
1.9 2.30
1.5 2.37
46.5
45.4
45.7
45.2
44.8
47.2
45.5
44.5
47.5
46.2
45.3
44.3
16.0
15.5
15-. 5
13,5
13.5
13.5
13.5
17.5
9.5
10.5
13.5
13.7
13.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.5
242
251
255
257
262
268
259
266
263 '
268
263
264
276
8
9
20
6
6
11
9
6
10
6
7
6
10
1.1
1.0
1. 1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
2.5
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.5
l.b
2.2
1.3
2.5
2.28
2.24
2.31
2.31
2.36
2.29
2.31
2.28
2.29
2.36
2.31
2.36
2.34
0.2
0.6
0.7
0.4
0.3
0.3
-------
STA NO DEPTH TEMP
SU70-23
SU70-28
SU70-28
SU70-29
SU70-29
SU70-29
SU70-29
SU70-30
SU70-30
SU70-30
SU70-31
SU70-31
SU70-31
SU70-32
SU70-32
~ SU70-32
o SU70-32
SU7C-33
SU70-33
SU70-33
SU70-34
SU70-34
SU70-34
SU7C-35
SU70-35
SU70-35
SU70-35
SU70-36
SU7C-36
SU70-36
SU70-36
SU70-37
3
90
390
0
3
90
180
0
3
30
0
3
22
0
3
10
90
0
3
18
0
7
14
0
3
25
115
0
3
10
19
0
4.3
3.8
3.7
9.0
9.0
3.8
3. 5
12.2
12.0
9.2
15.5
15.5
8. 5
12.5
11.5
10.5
4.8
12. 0
11.0
9.3
13.5
11.0
10.0
8.5
8.0
6.2
4.0
12.5
10. 5
9.0
7.5
10.0
DISC COND D.O. PH
13.1 8.07
13.0 7.97
13.0 7.96
14.0 94 12.7 8.05
12.9 8.01
13.0 7.98
8.5 99 11.5 8.23
8.22
12.3 8.14
6.0 94 11.1 8.23
11.9 8.10
10.0 91 11.5 8.10
12.4
12.2 8.0
9.0 94 12.2 8.15
ALK
CA
P04 NG3 NH3
CL S04 SI02
9.0 96
12.0 110 12.6 8.13
13.0 8.04
13.9 8.00
13.5 95 11.4 7.97
13.0 7.95
12.8 8.17
14.0 108 12.6 8.07
45.3
44.8
45.3
46.2
46.2
46.7
45.4
47.0
45.3
45.1
44.6
13.7
13.5
13.7
13.5
13.7
15.5
13.7
13.5
9.0
5.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
265
266
268
258
224
237
222
240
229
9
14
7
7
10
6
69
9
10
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.9
1.5
1.9
1.2
1.7
0.9
2.29
2.28
2.29
2.32
2.18
2.30
2.17
2.23
2.21
44.6 14.0
43.6 14.0
12.4 8.14 45.4 13.0
43.9
44.5
45.0
45.1
14.8
13.0
13.0
43.6
43.8 11.6
42.6 16.0
243
233
240
254
248
259
252
246
256
10
5
12
6
6
10
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
2.28
1.3 2.41
1.2 2.47
1.8 2.17
2.21
1.2 2.26
CHL
0.1
0.6
1.4
1.2 0.6 2.35
1.2 1.3 2.23 0.5
1.2 1.2 2.29
0.6
0.2
1.0 1.2 2.23
-------
STA NO DEPTH TEMP DISC COND 0.0.
14.0 93
PH
/U.K
CA
SU70-37
SU70-37
SU70-37
SU70-38
SU70-38
SU70-38
SU70-38
SU70-39
SU70-39
SU70-39
SU70-39
SU70-40
SU70-40
SU70-40
3
10
20
0
3
30
120
0
3
10
15
0
3
12
7.6
7. 1
6. 8
7.5
6.8
4.4
4.0
13.0
12.0
11.5
10.6
12.4
11.1
10.0
9.0
94
13.0
13.2
13.2
12.8
13.4
11.2
12.0
12.4
8. 06
8.06
8.00
7.97
7.95
8.22
8.22
8.25
41.6
42.2
42.6
42.4
42.2
43.7
44.6
43.8
15.0
16.0
13.0
13.0
15.0
13.0
15.0
16.0
9.0 102 11.2 8.21 43.7 13.0
11.2 8.14 43.6 15.0
11.8 3.13 42.2 15.0
NO 3
252
253
261
258
257
227
235
236
232
228
NH3
5
6
10
5
7
5
5
11
9
6
CL
1.0
l.C
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
SO 4
1.2
1.4
1.2
0.6
1.7
1.2
1.3
1.7
SIU2
2.26
2.45
2.40
2.47
2.17
2.28
2.40
2.28
2.28
2.23
CHL
0.3
0.2
0.5
-------
STA NO DEPTH TEMP DISC COND 0.0.
PH
ALK
CA
PQ4 N03 NH3
CL SQ4 SI02 CHL
LAKE HURON
HI) 70-
HU70-
HU70-
HU70-
HU70-
HU70-
HU70-
HU70-
HU70-
HU70-
HU70-
HU70-
HU70-
HU70-
HU70-
HU70-
H'170-
HU70-
HU7C-
HU70-
HU70-
HU70-
HU70-
HU7C-
HU70-
HU70-
HU70-
HU70-
HU70-
HU70-
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
0
3
12
20
0
3
20
55
0
3
15
80
0
3
15
80
C
3
20
50
0
3
8
0
3
15
32
0
3
8
18.0
17.5
14. 0
12.0
16.5
15.0
11.0
4. 5
15.0
15.0
8.0
4.0
15.0
15.0
10.0
3.9
16.5
16.2
11.5
4.7
16.2
16. 0
12.0
18.0
17.9
12.4
6.0
19.5
19.5
15.0
6.0 196
8.0 182
9.0 180
10.0 198
13.0 191
11.0 199
7.0 198
6.0 199
8.54
80.0 19.7
134
12
5.6
1.16
1C. 7
12.0
10.0 8.51
10.7
11.0
10.2 8.53
11.9
12.2
10.5 8.49
10.8
11.0
11.9
10.2 8.47
10.2
10.0
1C. 6
10.0 8.49
10.1
10.8
9.4 8.44
9.0
10.6
11.8
9.4 8.46
1C. 8 8.39
72.0
75.0
75.0
74.5
77.0
74.5
74.3
74.5
77.0
76.3
76.2
75.6
79.3
7d.O
75.6
77.4
78.1
79.0
78.0
76.7
78.6
7b.l
75.0
76.6
82.0
59.5
19.4
18.0
17.5
20.1
22.7
20.1
21.3
22.0
22.5
21.6
22.8
19.3
20.1
22.0
22.1
22.8
22.5
23.5
22.2
22.8
26.4
25.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
3.5
1.5
1.0
3.5
10.0
0.0
3.3
158
143
146
161
148
163
106
151
175
158
218
88
108
134
15t>
111
163
110
178
145
136
171
15
9
12
13
21
11
12
13
7
18
10
11
14
22
10
12
8
9
12
11
13
4.0
9.6
4.2
4.4
3.6
4.7
3.5
3.9
5.6
4.9
5.7
2.6
3.0
3.6
5.8
3.6
5.5
3.9
5.7
4.2
5.5
5.4
1.29
1.29
1.21
1.24
1.83
1.20
1.38
1.88
1.08
1.00
1.95
1.08
1 .24
1.76
1.00
0.94
1.08
0.77
1.07
1.54
0.62
1.05
0.40
2.40
0.64
0.40
0.40
0.64
0.80
1.0
-------
STA NO
Hi,1 70- 8
HU70- 9
HU70- 9
HU70- 9
HU70- 9
HU70-10
HU 70-10
HU73-10
HU70-10
HU70-U
HU70-11
HU70-11
hU70-H
HU70-12
HU70-12
HU70-12
' Hi; 70- 12
HU70-13
HU70-13
HU70-13
HU70-13
HU70-14
HIJ70-14
HU70-14
HU70-14
HU /0-15
HU70-15
HU7C-15
HU70-16
HU70-16
HI) 70- 16
HU70-17
HU70-17
DEPTH
14
0
3
20
33
0
3
20
55
0
3
20
65
0
3
20
60
0
3
20
46
0
3 -
10
18
0
3
8
0
3
10
0
3
TEMP
11.5
16,0
16. 8
11. 0
6.0
17.1
16.8
10.4
4.8
17.4
16. 8
10.7
4.1
16.9
16.3
9.3
3.9
20.0
18. 5
13.0
4.6
20.5
17.5
15.0
12.0
19.8
17.1
16.2
21. C
20.0
14.8
22.0
21.0
DISC CCNQ
10.0 192
9.0 193
7.0 189
12,0 188
5.5 193
202
6.5 203
2.5 . 223
1.5 266
D.Q.
10.7
5.7
11.2
11.6
9.8
11.8
12.1
9.9
11.2
11.8
9.5
12.0
11.8
9.4
10.4
11.6
^9.1
9.8
10.2
9.3
9.9
10.1
10. 1
10.0
10.3
8.9
9.0
PH
8.28
8.37
8.33
8.20
8.46
8.45
8.16
8.48
8.48
8.15
8.47
8.47
8.12
8,52
8.43
8.08
8.54
8.47
8.11
8.60
8.59
8.54
8.59
8.62
8.55
8.68
6.60
ALK
60.0
78.0
78.5
80,0
81.0
79.0
80.0
78.5
78.0
76.5
77.5
64.5
70.5
82.0
72.5
79.0
80.5
79.5
81. 0
83.5
72.0
83.0
£4.0
82.2
62.2
93.1
91.3
CA
25.5
26.6
26.4
26,6
26.4
25.7
25.5
26,7
26.4
27. C
26.8
26.5
27.0
2'6,9
25.6
26.4
26.8
26.4
26,8
27.4
26.8
27.6
29.7
28.5
28.7
32.8
29.6
PU4
2.0
1.0
U3
1.8
4.8
2.3
2.5
2.Q
5.0
3.3
2.3
2.3
5,
2,
0,
4,
4.4
6.5
NO 3
183
105
128
98
163
128
213
161
181
200
173
153
223
143
218
115
153
193
128
146
145
48
64
76
10
65
NH3
15
22
42
18
31
25
3Q
19
38
28
32
32
21
26
43
18
15
34
22
18
13
19
22
CL
5.7
3.8
3,8
3,1
5.2
5.7
5.9
5,4
5.8
5.6
5.5
5.8
5.9
7.2
5.9
5.7
6.2
5.5
6.9
6.6
6.
1C
7.6
9.7
11
SQ4
, 2
3
10.0
12.0
2 14.0
12.0
SJG2
i.21
0,94
1.22
1.47
0,97
1,16
1,74
0,84
1.12
1.95
0,98
1*10
1.85
0,65
1,87
0,77
0.80
1,68
0.69
0.73
1,04
0,84
0,75
0.75
U37
1.05
CHL
0.44
0,68
1.2
0.40
1.0
0.44
1.72
2.60
4.84
-------
HU70-17
HU7C-L8
HU 70- i 8
HU7C-18
HU70-19
HU7C-19
HU70-19
HU70-20
HU70-20
HU7C-20
HU70-21
HU70-21
HU70-21
HU70-22
HU70-22
HU70-22
HU70-22
HU70-23
HU70-23
KU70-23
HU7C-23
HU70-24
HU70-24
HU7C-24
HU 70-24
KU70-25
HU70-25
HU70-25
HlT'0-25
HU70-26
hU70-26
HU70-26
HU70-26
11
0
3
7
o
3
8
0
3
9
0
3
9
0
3
15
?2
0
3
10
15
0
3
1C
19
0
3
10
18
0
3
10
15
14.5
23.9
23.9
19.8
23.5
23.2
20.0
22. 8
22.8
15.7
23. 1
22.8
14.0
21.5
20.5
13.9
9.0
20.0
17.6
16.0
12. 2
19.5
,18. 5
16.0
10.5
20.5
20.0
1^.5
13.0
21.5
21.0
17.2
15.3
1.5
1.5
1.8
2.0
7.0
5.5
5.8
5.5
5.8
OND
263
266
238
227
199
206
204
205
204
0.0.
9. 1
9. 1
9.2
9.3
9.5
9.6
9.2
9.9
9.9
9.0
10.0
10.3
9.2
9.4
10.2
10.2
9.6
9.8
9.8
9.6
9.6
10.2
9.2
10.2
10.4
9.2
9.8
10.0
PH
8.27
3»ae
e.72
0.66
8.78
8.67
8.72
8.83
8.72
8.46
8.76
8.86
8.29
8.41
8.39
8.31
8.45
8.40
8.33
8.48
8.36
8.28
8.46
8.47
8.45
8.47
8.44
8.37
ALK
83.7
89.0
91.2
91.2
93.5
92.0
93.0
£8.5
89.6
87.7
87.8
89.0
84.4
81.8
80.8
81.2
82.5
82.0
82.8
64.0
82.8
82.8
83.6
82.0
82.0
83.5
81.0
85.0
CA
27.5
32.0
3C.7
31.4
31.0
31 .5
32.2
30.9
3C.5
28 .9
31.6
30 0
26,6
29, .3
28,. 1
29 .0
27,.6
27.5
28..0
27 ,,5
27,0
27. ,5
28,, 5
29 ,,0
28 ,,0
27 ,.0
PG4
1.4
5.1
5.0
2.8
10.8
0.5
1.8
20.0
0.5
4.2
V
2.4
NO 3
138
8
11
16
10
12
18
18
12
82
33
26
100
153
123
123
176
144
105
161
73
161
168
153
156
175
155
158
158
NH3
37
14
31
36
23
23
28
44
22
23
40
34
22
30
19
16
22
10
29
17
22
10
26
CL
6.1
12.0
11.8
11.9
13.8
13.3
13.6
10.9
9.3
8.8
10.2
11.3
6.8
6.0
8.2
3.7
5.8
7.3
6.8
7.1
3.4
7.3
7.3
7.4
6.6
6.0
7.4
8.5
7.4
$04
15.2
11.8
10.8
10.5
11 .0
11.1
11.8
11.5
10.8
11.8
10.6
9.5
9.8
11.3
10.8
SI02
1.00
1.35
1.27
1.41
1 .13
1.18
1.19
1.08
1 .16
1.06
0.73
0.76
0.94
0.82
C.73
0.95
1.05
0.57
1.00
1.14
0.53
C.83
1.18
C.63
1.01
1.15
0.70
0.70
0.77
ChL
10.90
9.40
i
8.24
7.56
0.80
0.88
0.84
0.88
-------
STA NO DEPTH TEMP DISC CONO 0.0.
PH
ALK
CA
P04 N03 NH3
CL S04 SI02 CHL
LAKE ERIE
ER70- 1
ER70- 1
ER7C- 1
EP TO- 2
FR70- 2
EP70- 2
ER70- 3
EP70- 3
ER70- 3
EP70- 4
ER70- 4
ER70- 4
ER7C- 5
,FP70- 5
, EP 70- 5
ER70- 6
ER70- 6
bR70- 6
EP.70- 7
ER ?0- 7
ER7C- 7
ER7C- ft
ER70- 8
EP7r>- 8
ER70- 9
ER70-- 9
="70- 9
EP70-10
ER70-10
ER70-10
0
2
9
0
2
9
0
2
9
0
2
9
C
2
9
0
2
7
0
2
14
0
2
13
0
2
14
0
2
17
22.8
22.1
21.5
24.0
24.0
23. j5
25.0
25.0
23.0
24. 8
24.6
22.1
2t>.0
24.8
22.5
23.9
23.8
22. 5
24.5
24. 5
17.5
?4 . 9
24. 8
15.0
24.3
24.2
18.0
24.5
24.2
9.5
2.0
2.5
2.0
2.0
2.5
2.8
3.0
2.8
6.0
5.5
261
268
256
242
241
251
286
283
293
300
8.0
8.2
7.8
8.6
9.0
7.6
8.7
8.6
6.6
9.2
9.0
8.2
8.8
9.2
7.4
9.2
10.0
4.4
9.4
9.4
6.3
9.5
10.4
7. 1
9.3
9.4
4. 1
9.0
9.9
4.3
8.40
8,37
8.21
8.66
8.66
8.43
8.86
8.85
8.54
8.89
8.37
8.76
8.88
8.92
8.60
8.98
9.05
8»24
8.90
8.89
8.11
8.98
9.02
8.27
8,90
8.90
7.69
8.86
8.87
7.61
80.1
83.0
83.4
86.7
83.8
£5.2
64.3
84.0
86.0
85.6
64.4
64.7
86.3
86.7
88.0
84.5
87.5
96.8
93.0
93.0
89.0
91.0
91. b
51.0
91.5
90.5
95.0
91.0
91.0
93.5
32.0
32.3
32.7
32.0
32.0
32.7
32.0
31.0
30.5
30.7
32.0
36.5
36.5
37.0
37.0
341. 0
36.5
38.0
39.5
39.0
7.0
4.0
2.5
9.0
1.5
1.5
32.0
1.5
1.5
8.0
15.8
4.0
35.5
11.0
52.0
7.0
32.0
6.5
15.1
17.5
18.0
18.0
16.0
143
156
160
78
81
86
49
46
88
44
43
40
56
48
95
43
37
195
85
66
63
40
83
63
49
61
176
13
18
178
39
28
62
20
32
75
37
39
35
29
^2
35
28
45
36
26
37
63
70
24
30
46
19
15
75
19
13
122
14.0
13.9
16.2
15.2
15.7
15.0
15.0
15.0
14.4
13.6
13.6
13.2
12.9
12.6
13.1
13.2
13.4
14.1
14.7
13. 1
13.5
14.8
15.2
14.0
13.8
15.7
15.7
16.0
16.3
16.7
10.7
11.2
11.0
11.4
11.5
11.2
12.0
12.5
11.2
13.2
11.9
11.5
12.7
14.0
13. 1
15.1
14.0
18.5
25.0
19.5
21.5
21.5
21.5
20.5
21.0
21.0
1.00
1.06
1.13
1.14
1.09
1.33
0.86
0.87
1.78
0.90
C.88
0.83
0.40
0.36
0.76
0.26
0.33
1.22
0.30
0.22
l.'-6
' 0.25
0.52
0.01
0.30
0.30
1.06
0.14
0.16
1.36
2.24
3.96
4.24
5.32
7.84.
17.9
7.44
8.68
1.96
6.84
1
-------
STA NO DEPTH TEMP
ER70-11
ER70-11
EP70-11
ER70-12
ER70-12
EP70-12
EP70-13
ER70-13
ER70-13
ER70-14
ER70-14
ER70-14
ER70-15
ER70-15
ER70-15
EP70-16
ER70-16 '
ER70-16
ER70-17
ER70-17 '
ER70-17
PR 70- 18
FK79-18
ER70-18
ER70-19
ER70-19
ER7Q-19
ER70-20
ER7C-20
ER70-20
0
2
15
0
2
9
0
2
13
0
2
11
0
2
9
0
2
10
0
2
7
0
2
7
0
2
8
0
2
5
24.8
24. 4
10.9
25. 5
25.3
25.1
25.4
25.0
13.8
25.4
25.0
20.8
24. 1
24.0
23.0
23.8
23.8
22.0
24.2
24. 2
24.2
24.3
?4 . 2
24.2
24. 3
24.3
23.5
23.5
23.5
23.1
DISC COND
5.
3.
4.
4.
1.
2.
1.
1.
2.
1.
5 300
5 286
5 287
5 310
5
0
8
3
0
3
0.0.
9.3
8.9
5.5
10.0
10.0
8.8
9.2
9.3
1.1
10.8
10.9
4.0
6.8
7.0
6.7
7.8
7.6
8.4
8.0
7.9
8.0
8. 1
8.2
7.6
8.2
7.6
7.9
7.9
7.8
PH
8.85
8.06
7.86
9.01
9.01
8.93
8.97
8.97
7.52
8.99
9.03
7.96
8.64
8.80
8.79
8.88
8.74
8.36
ALK
<53v5
93.5
95.0
88.5
£9.0
90.0
94.0
91.5
99.0
94.0
94.5
95.5
88.1
86.8
85.7
88.8
C4.8
83.0
88.1
88.8
87.7
89.3
80.9
91.0
91.0
90.9
87.8
80.1
80.4
CA
33.5
33.5
37.0
35.0
38. 0
37.0
40.0
33.0
32.5
31. 8
31.8
32.5
34.0
33.0
35.0
32.5
33.0
31.8
29.0
30.0
P04
15.1
28.8
3.5
3.5
14.3
120.0
13.8
72.0
20.5
17.2
19.0
21.0
27.3
22.6
31.8
27.3
29.0
26.9
16.3
18.0
NO 3
13
8
115
18
18
25
26
36
68
31
38
136
109
49
116
85
86
80
113
104
123
65
58
73
133
195
158
158
NH3
13
13
23
29
14
15
182
13
13
85
26
26
34
30
30
53
44
55
64
52
58
58
45
48
CL
15.7
11.0
16.1
15.5
12.3
15. 1
15.5
15.7
15.5
10.7
14.0
14.6
13.4
13.3
13.4
13.0
13.1
13.4
13.5
12.2
13.7
13.3
12.3
13.4
12.7
13.4
13.5
11.2
504
21.5
20.5
21.0
21.0
19.5
18.0
32.5
19.5
16.5
15.7
17.7
17.7
20.8
17.5
17.5
17.7
19.5
19.5
12.9
13. 3
SI02
0.16
0.11
1.23
0.17
0.16
0.21
C.25
0.23
2.73
0.46
0.60
1.9o
0.93
0.85
0.92
0.88
C.92
0.84
G.64
0 .6b
0.67
0.91
0.93
0.90
C.58
0.62
1.14
1.12
CHL
1.60
6.0
3.32
22.7
8.88
8.76
14.8
14.5
11.7
2.48
-------
"
\
-------
-,45°30:
-45°00
'es'oo'
oux Borqu(t$
*
-}-
\
85-30'
; BEAVER
ISLAND
- n
CHARLEVOIXr-i
S"\
6
TRAVERSE
CJTY
STATUTE MILES
I
FIGURE 5, Lake Michigan sampling area showing locations of six stations,
IB
-------
FIGURE 11. Lake Huron sampling area showing locations of
and 26 stations.
4 zones
58
-------
r1
\
ICHIPICOTf N->'
/*-
.15,
47*50' -- -2I
LAKE S U P E R I 0 R\
46*50'
+
87*30'
84*3d
FIGURE 7. Lake Superior sampling area showing locations of 35 stations.
Approximate limits of the thermal bar are indicated by the broken line.
-------
-42eOO
N
LAKE
ERIE
JO
II
FIGURE 13. Lake Erie sampling area showing locations of 3 zones and 20 stations.
-------
1
APPENDIX -2-;~3r~
SUMMARY OF LOWER LAKES DATA
LAKE ERIE
Basin population: 1966
1986
(est.)
USA
CAN
USA
CAN
10.4
1.4
15.4
2.0
Millions
10.4
1.4
15.4
2.0
Lake Characteristics
English Units Metric Units
Elevation, mean 1940-59
Area; lake surface
land drainage
Volume
Depth: maximum
mean
Outflow, mean annual
Replenishment time
90% removal time
(conservative pollutant)
Loading, total-P, 1967:
entire lake
?er unit lake surface area
retention in lake
% municipal and industrial
Loading, total-N, 1967:
entire lake
per unit lake surface area
% retention in lake
% municipal and industrial
570.6 ft
.2
194,000 cfs
2.6 yr
6-7 yr
173.9 m
25,821 knu
23,650 mi
110 mi3
210 ft
58 ft
76,790 km
458 km3
64 m
17.7 m
5,490 m /sec
2.6 yr
6-7 yr
30,000 27,300
short tons/yr metric tons/yr
9.4 Ib/acre.yr 1.6
84 84
70 70
194,000
short tons/yr
61 Ib/acre.yr
56
30-40
176,000
metric tons/yr
6.8 g/m^.yr
56
30-40
143
-------
LAKE ERIE BASINS
Lake Characteristics
W. Basin C. Basin E. Basin
Total dissolved solids,
mg/1, mean
Specific conductance,
ymhos/cm, 25°C, mean
Alkalinity, mg CaCO3/l,
mean
Turbidity, JTU
Total-N, yg N/l, mean
Total-P, yg P/l, mean
170
280
100
10-5
740
50
185
310
100
2
470
30
190
320
100
2
470
20
Deepwater sediments:
% organic-carbon, lake
range
Eh (0-5 cm) volts, range
0.2 0.2-3.6
Entire lake range
.288 - .147
144
-------
_
APPENDIX '-2^-2-
LAKE ONTARIO
Basin population: 1966
USA
CAN
1986 USA
(est.) CAN
2.3
3.8
2.8
4.8
Millions
2.3
3.8
2.8
4.8
Lake characteristics
English units Metric units
Elevation, mean 1940-59
Area: lake surface
land drainage
Volume i
Depth: maximum
mean
Outflow, mean annual
Replenishment time
90% removal time
(conservative pollutant)
Loading, total-P, 1967:
entire lake
per unit lake surface area
% retention in lake
% municipal and industrial
Loading, total-N, 1967:
entire lake
per unit lake surface area
% retention in lake
% municipal and industrial
245.2 ft
7,340 mi2
24,800 mi2
393 mi3
802 ft
276 ft
232,000 cfs
7.9 yr
21-22 yr
14,000
short tons/yr
6.0 Ib/acre.yr
78
56
173,000
short tons/yr
73 Ib/acre.yr
35
30
74.7 m
19,009 km2
64,229 km2
1,638 km3
244 m
84 m
6,565 m3/sec
7.9 yr
21-22 yr
12,700
metric tons/yr
0.65 g/m2.yr
78
56
157,000
metric tons/yr
8.3 g/m2.yr
35
30
145
-------
1, -..,«^ *.jjjjv.fc
LAKE ERIE BASINS
Lake Characteristics
W. Basin C. Basin E. Basin
Total dissolved solids,
mg/1, mean
Specific conductance,
ymhos/cm, 25°C, mean
Alkalinity, mg CaCO3/l,
mean
Turbidity, JTU
Total-N, yg N/l, mean
Total-P, yg P/l/ mean
Deepwater sediments:
% organic-carbon, lake
range
Eh (0 5 crri) volts, range:
170
280
185
310
190
320
100
10-5
740
50
100
2
470
30
100
2
470
20
0.2 0.2-3.6
Entire lake ranae
.288 - .147
144
-------
SUMMARY OF WATER QUALITY DATA FOR LAKE ERIE (in mg/J> unit except where indicated)
CONSTITUENT
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Chlorine Demand (1 hr)
Chlorine Demand (24 hr)
Color (units)
Sol ids, Dissolved
Specific Conductance
(micro mhos @ 25°C)
Temperature ( i nd icate
°F or °C)
Turbidity (units-Jackson)
BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Algae, Total #/mH
Col i form #/IOOm«,
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(INORGANIC)
A 1 ka 1 i n i ty , Tota 1
(as CaC03 )
Ammonia (as N)
Ca lei urn
Chlorides
Hardness, Noncarbonate
(as CaC03)
Hardness, Total
(as CaC03)
Iron
Magnes ium
Nitrate
Oxygen, Dissolved
pH (units)
Phosphate (PO^)
Potassium
Sil ica
Sod i urn
Sul fates
(ORGANIC)
BOD
Carbon Alcohol Extract
Carbon Chloroform Extract
COD
(RADIOACTIVE)
Total Alpha (pc/fc)
Total Seta (DC/ i)
Buffalo, New
Oct. 1958-Sept
Low
0.
0.2
0.
121.
I.5°C
1.
30.
1.
49.
0.0
18.
NO.
8.0
7.4
17.
O.I
0.107
0.025
0.3
0.0
0.0
Mean
0.8
2.3
O.I
186.
I5.9°C
3.
350.
18.
86.
0.04
27.
123.
11.7
8.1
23.
0.8
0.140
0.049
6.
0.5
26.
York9
. 1959
High
1.8
3.7
10.
264.
25.8°C
12.
850.
180.
98.
0.3
45.
136.
15.
8.5
27.
2.3
0.206
0.064
27.
2.
69.
Buffalo, New
Oct. 1962-Seot.
Low
O.I
I.I
0.
156.
0.0°C
0.0
0.
4.
72.
0.0
18.
120.
7.8
7.9
0.0
19.
0.7
0.098
0.028
4.
0.0
9.
Mean
0.8
1 .9
0.
201.
I2.2°C
12.
233.
34.
86.
0.004
23.
134.
11.3
8.2
O.I
24.
1.7
O.I 18
0.049
15.
0.3
25.
York5
1963
High
2.6
4.0
0.
254.
26.0°C
140.
600.
230.
92.
2.0
25.
142.
14.0
8.6
0.4
28.
3.9
0.173
0.066
141.
2.
53.
Buffalo, Lake Erie-Open Water Environmental and
New York0 Biota Changes6
Mean Min Mean Max 1900 1965
0.
204. 145. 200.
306. - 325.
75.0°F
12.
.
95. 82. 115. 160.
38. 30. 40. 71. 32. 38.
22. 7. 30. 130. 7. 24.
40.
127.
0.03 0.01 0.04 0.12
8.6 5. 9. 13.
0.2 O.I 2. 10.
8.1 6.28 8.0 8.77
0.8
1.4 1. 5. 10.
2. 0.2 2. 6.9
9.5 3. 10. 16. - 6. 12.
23. 14. 35. 71. 13. 25.
-------
SUMMARY OF WATER QUALITY DATA FOR SOUTHERN LAKE MICHIGAN (in mg/£ units except where indicated)
CONSTITUENT
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Chlorine Demand (1 hr)
Chlorine Demand (24 hr)
Color (units)
Sol ids, Dissolved
Sol ids Suspended
Temperature °C
Turbidity (units)
BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Algae, Total #/mH
Col iform #/IOO ml
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(INORGANIC)
A 1 ka 1 i n i ty , Tota 1
Ammonia (as N)
Calcium
Chlorides
Hardness, Total
Oxygen, Dissolved
pH (units)
Phosphate (P04)
Sul fates
(ORGANIC)
BOD
Carbon Alcohol Extract
Carbon Chloroform Extract
COO
(RADIOACTIVE)
Total Alpha (pc/fc)
Total Beta (pc/Z)
Gary, Indiana
Oct. 1958-Sept. 1959
Low
0.4
0.0
5.
151.
1.4
1.
450.
4.
102.
6.
130.
6.7
7.6
0.2
0.034
0.029
0.3
0.
1.
Mean
1.0
2.7
10.
169.
11.9
5.
2340.
354.
1 14.
6.4
135.
1 1.
8.1
2.1
0.096
0.043
7.
0.4
25.
High
2.6
5.6
25.
197.
21.1
18.
9740.
2400.
130.
8.
147.
15.6
8.4
7.
0.14
0.063
26.
2.
109.
Gary, Indiana- Gary, Mouth of Indiana, Environmental and
Oct. 1962-Sept. 1963 Indiana0 Harbor Ship Canal Biota Changes6
Nov. -Dec. 1967
Low
0.4
2.2
0.
144.
1.4
7.
300.
1.
110.
0.0
4.
125.
7.
7.8
0.
21.
O.I
0.067
0.017
12.
0.
3.
Mean
1.2
3.0
8.
153.
10.3
12.
1436.
576.
119.
0.2
6.6
132.
10.6
7.6
0.01
29.
0.8
0.089
0.036
28.
0.5
14.
High Mean Min Mean Max 1900 1965
3.2
4.9
30.
186. 111. 181. 278 132 15/t
3. 10. 28.
21.6
40. 16.
3400.
7000.
138. 122.
0.4 0.01 0.49 1.8
34. 34.
9. 3.9 7,5
160. 142.
14.9
8.3 8.1 7. 8. 8.7
0.3 0.011 0,037 0.102
45. 9. 18.
3.
O.I
0.071
57. 1.3 11.6 50.
4.
30.
NJ
I
-------
SUMMARY OF WATER QUALITY DATA FOR LAKE SUPERIOR (in mg/Z, units except where indicated)
CONSTITUENT
Duluth, Minnesota
Oct. 1958-Sept. 1959
Duluth, Minnesota
Oct. 1962-Sept. 1963
Environmental and
Biota Changes6
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Chlorine Demand (1 hr)
Chlorine Demand (24 hr)
Color (units)
Sol ids, Dissolved
Temperature °C
Turbidity
BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Algae, Total # /ml
Col iform #/IOO mi
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(INORGANIC)
Alkalinity, Total (as CaC03 )
Ammon ia
Ca 1 c i urn
Chlorides
Hardness, Total (as CaCCXj )
Oxygen, Dissolved
pH (units)
Phosphate (P04)
Sod i urn
Sul fates
(ORGANIC)
BOD
Carbon Alcohol Extract
Carbon Chloroform Extract
COD
(RADIOACTIVE)
Total Alpha (pc/8.)
Total Beta (pc/2.)
Low
0.7
1.3
0.
35.
0.6
0.
50.
1.
39.
O.I
1.
37.
9.4
7.5
1 .
0.3
0.063
0.021
2.
0.
0.
Mean
1.0
2.4
2.3
54.
5.5
0.7
240.
12.
43.
0.06
1.8
41.
12.5
7.7
3.7
0.5
0.094
0.026
4.3
0.09
18.
High
1.8
3.4
15.
76.
17.2
6.
780.
68.
45.
0.3
2.
45.
14.
8.
5.
1 .
O.I 16
0.034
8.8
1 .
148.
Low
0.5
I.I
0.
49.
1 .1
0.
0.
1 .
42.
0.
2.
42.
9.8
7.4
0.
2.
0.2
0.033
0.014
5.
0.
3.
Mean
0.7
1 .4
0.8
56.
5.8
1 .
118.
54.
43.
0.
2.
44.
12.3
7.5
0.
2.5
0.4
0.067
0.022
8.6
0.
17.
High 1900 1965
1.
2.2
5.
64. 59. 55.
20.
25.
500.
830.
44.
0.
13. 12.
2. 2. 2.
45.
14.
7.8
0.
3. 2.
4. 4. 3.
1.
0.081
0.033
12.
0.
28.
-------
SUMMARY OF WATER QUALITY DATA FOR LAKE SUPERIOR (in mg/fc unit's except where indicated)
CONSTITUENT
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Chlorine Demand (1 hr)
Chlorine Demand (24 hr)
Color (units)
Sol ids, Dissolved
Temperature °C
Turbidity
BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Algae, Total ft/ml
Col iform #/IOO mi
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(INORGANIC)
Alkalinity, Total (as CaC03 )
Ammonia
Ca 1 c i urn
Chlorides
Hardness, Total (as CaCOg )
Oxygen, Dissolved
pH (units)
Phosphate (P04)
Sod i urn
Sul fates
(ORGANIC)
BOD
Carbon Alcohol Extract
Carbon Chloroform Extract
COD
(RADIOACTIVE)
Total Alpha (pc/Jl)
Total Beta (pc/H)
Dul
Oct.
Low
0.7
1.3
0.
35.
0.6
0.
50.
1 .
39.
O.I
1.
37.
9.4
7.5
1 .
0.3
0.063
0.021
2.
0.
0.
uth, Minnesota
1958-Sept. 1959
Mean
«
1.0
2.4
2.3
54.
5.5
0.7
240.
12.
43.
0.06
1.8
41.
12.5
7.7
3.7
0.5
0.094
0.026
4.3
0.09
18.
High
1.8
3.4
15.
76.
17.2
6.
780.
68.
45.
0.3
2.
45.
14.
8.
5.
1 .
0.116
0.034
8.8
1.
148.
Duluth, Minnesota Environmental and
Oct. 1962-Sept. 1963 Biota Changes6
Low
0.5
1 .1
0.
49.
1 .1
0.
0.
1 .
42.
0.
2.
42.
9.8
7.4
0.
2.
0.2
0.033
0.014
5.
0.
3.
Mean
0.7
1.4
0.8
56.
5.8
1 .
118.
54.
43.
0.
2.
44.
12.3
7.5
0.
2.5
0.4
0.067
0.022
8.6
0.
17.
High 1900 1965
1.
2.2
5.
64. 59. 55.
20.
25.
500.
830.
44.
0.
13. 12.
2. 2. 2.
45.
14.
7.8
0.
3. 2.
4. 4. 3.
1 .
0.081
0.033
12.
0.
28.
-------
SUMMARY OF WATER QUALITY DATA FOR LAKE SUPERIOR (in mq/K, units except where indicated)
CONSTITUENT
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Chlorine Demand (1 hr)
Chlorine Demand (24 hr)
Color (units)
Sol ids, Dissolved
Temperature °C
Turbidity
BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Algae, Total #/mJ,
Col iform #/IOO mi
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(INORGANIC)
Alkalinity, Total (as CaC03 )
Ammonia
Ca 1 c i urn
Chlorides
Hardness, Total (as CaCQj )
Oxygen, Dissolved
pH (units)
Phosphate (P04)
Sod i urn
Sul fates
(ORGANIC)
BOD
Carbon Alcohol Extract
Carbon Chloroform Extract
COD
(RADIOACTIVE)
Total Alpha (pc/Jl)
Total Beta (pc/fc)
Duluth, Minnesota
Oct. 1958-Sept. 1959
Low
0.7
1.3
0.
35.
0.6
0.
50.
1 .
39.
O.I
1.
37.
9.4
7.5
1.
0.3
0.063
0.021
2.
0.
0.
Mean
1.0
2.4
2.3
54.
5.5
0.7
240.
12.
43.
0.06
1.8
41.
12.5
7.7
3.7
0.5
0.094
0.026
4.3
0.09
18.
High
1 .8
3.4
15.
76.
17.2
6.
780.
68.
45.
0.3
2.
45.
14.
8.
5.
1 .
O.I 16
0.034
8.8
1 .
148.
Duluth, Minnesota Environmental and
Oct. 1962-Sept. 1963 Biota Changes6
Low
0.5
1 .1
0.
49.
1 .1
0.
0.
1.
42.
0.
2.
42.
9.8
7.4
0.
2.
0.2
0.033
0.014
5.
0.
3.
Mean
0.7
1 .4
0.8
56.
5.8
1 .
118.
54.
43.
0.
2.
44.
12.3
7.5
0.
2.5
0.4
0.067
0.022
8.6
0.
17.
High 1900 1965
1 .
2.2
5.
64. 59. 55.
20.
25.
500.
830.
44.
0.
13. 12.
2. 2. 2.
45.
14.
7.8
0.
3. 2.
4. 4. 3.
1 .
0.081
0.033
12.
0.
28.
-------
-------
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION V
"ATTNOF Walter W. Kovalick, Jr., Administrative Assistant, ORA OATE: March 7, 1973
SUBJECT LMEC Non-Thermal Issues - Follou-Up
\
TO: Director, Air and Water Programs Division '
Director, Categorical Programs Division
Director, Enforcement Division /
Director, Surveillance and Analysis Division
Director, Office of Research and Monitoring
The attached table reflects ny notes of the January 30 meeting of the
various programs. I an scheduling another meeting of the working group
on Thursday, March 15 at 9:00 A.M. in the Regional Administrator's
Conference Room.
Walter W. Kovalick,
Attachment
EPA Form 1320-6 (11-71)
-------
January 30, 1973
TOPIC
Interim Phosphorus
Removal (12/72)
Industrial Waste Control
DESCRIPTION OF RECOMMENDATION
States use interim facilities
List of sources
Future permits
ACTION TO DATE
FURTHER ACTION
Combined Sewers , States prepare list
Non-Public Waste Dischargers States evaluate
Chlorides Limit with permits
Detailed studies
Phosphorus-Removal
Pesticides
States evaluate needs & costs
EPA evaluates info.
Promote soil conservation
Promote eutro. research
Liaison with BSFW
States advocate legislation
to record HC usage
Enforcement Itr. 1/8/73 Forward copies to central {
Responses from Wis.
and Mich.
file. (Ind. Itr. reed.
2/25/73)
BPI list reviewed by Copies of list to programs '
SAD with some additions _by SAD. j
Enf. permits will reflect
consideration of list
(24 permits est. by 3/18)
Covered in ENF. Itr.
1/10/73
Covered in ENF. Itr.
1/10/73
State action
State action
Will limit with EPA-State
permits
SAD has met with OGLC - SAD responsibility
no info, at 1/30/73
session
2 State Itrs. reed. ENF. solicits others
ENF. will evaluate
No work assignment in ?
SAD reported 1/30/73
V
i
ORM developed research ORM to follow algal assay
requested by ENF. i
need
None
SAD will follow-up.
No longer relevant per CPD will send model legisla
CPD until OEGC tion to States & internal
opinion rendered Reg. V programs.
-------
-2-
OPIC
CB's
hthalates
£ace Metals
DESCRIPTION OF RECOMMENDATION
States survey and report
<
; States report elimination
States monitor
Inauguration of phthalate trends survey
;" Accelerate R&D on toxicity for aquatic
organisms
,. FDA requested to eval. problem
1 Higher priority for R&D
i
,- States monitor trace metals
States decrease trace metals
New research NEEDS
ACTION TO DATE
Mich, responded
FURTHER ACTION
ENF. will follow-up
SAD 12/26/72 Itr. SAD follow-up
& State meetings
held
ORM asked HQ & NWQL ORM follow-up
to accelerate
interest
None
ORM will receive Itr,
and attachments
Programs didn't ORM will contact NWQL
support research Mount
NEEDS (see below) *
SAD 12/26/72 letter SAD follow-up
& State meetings "~*
held
3 ORM research
NEEDS rejected
by programs
Permits by States-EPA
ORM & A&W will rewrite
need statement
-------
TOPIC
Taste and Odor
DESCRIPTION OF RECOMMENDATION
Green Bay area investigations
Research on removal
Toxic Substances
Membership on Committee
ACTION TO DATE
FURTHER ACTION
ENF. sent 1/9/73 Itr. ENF. follow-up
to Wis. to take lead
Research NEEDS in
system
Mich, has submitted
study proposal
Mayo appointed Pearson,
Conlon, and Hanok
-------
UWH ED STATES F=i !V!RO\',MEWrAL PROTECTION AG'f MCY < ^ "".
-//;V
siinirpT Great Lakes Initiative Contract Program
- DATE: March bv 1973
v
FROM: Jan.es 0. McDonald, Director
Enforcement Division
10. Dr. Robert '..'. Zeller, Director
Surveillance i. Analysis Division
Please be advised that a Request for Proposal (RFP) for Investigations
on the Great Lakes '..'ill scon be issued to contractor? respondirg to
our Ociober 27, 1972 advertisement in the Commerce Business Daily
(attached). A copy of the RFP will be sent to you upon -issuance.
Preproposal rreetir.gs have been scheduled in order to provide pro-
spective contract: rs with the opportunity to question the U.S.
- Enviror.rental Protection Agency (EPA) and State agencies v.'ith
regard to relevant inforration needs ana sources as \
-------
In raid or late /^pril, proposals on the above areas will be due. We are
soliciting service by your staff on proposal review panels for these
areas and subseouent participation on these panels in evaluation of
progress reports, etc. A draft "scope of services statement" similar to
the one that will be in the RFP is enclosed for your information.
Questions or comments should be referred to Mr. Howard Zar at 353/1470.
Please advise Mr. Zar by March 15, 1973 whether one of your staff can
attend.
1 ^fl
es 0. McDonald, Director
Enforcement Division
-------
SCOPE OF SERVICES STATEMENT
Great Lakes Initiative Contract Program
Project Title - Uater Quality Investigation of 12 Gr?at Lakes "Special
Attention" Ai ecu.
Estimated period of Performance - One year
Project Officer -
Background - The USEPA has identified twelve areas in the Great Lakes Region
" "*
having the worst water pollution problems as well as the
municipal and industrial concentration. The twelve "Special
Attention" Areas and their areas of primary geographic focus are
as follows: (See Attachment). The newly adopted Federal Uater
Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 present a variety of
information requirements in these areas. Contractors are desired
^ach of the twelve areas.
Purpose - The USEPA desires to obtain additional data regarding the present
nature and trends in water quality, aquatic life, and v.aste loadings
in each of the areas. The Agency also desires to obtain additional
information regarding the expected improvement in water quality
upon application of effluent guidelines developed in accordance
with the r.e./ act. The work is directed towards meeting the
Agency's ccr.nitr.ent under the Great Lakes- l.'ater Quality
Agreement of April.15, 1972 between the U.S.and Canada for
accelerated effort to abate and control water pollution in the
Great Lakes. The data thus obtained will be used to accelerate
development of FJPDES waste discharge permits in accordance with
-------
provisions of the 1972 Amendments to the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act Amendments of 1972 and in the assessment of
compliance v/ith water quality standards and NPDES permits.
Procurement <
Abstract - The contractor shall supply the necessary personnel,materials,
facilities, and services to perform comprehensive water quality
investigations for one or more of the twelve"Special Attention" Ar
Scope of Work -
Task I - Historical Data Analysis
A. Accumulation and evaluation of the existing data base
& historical trends within the '"Special Attention" area
for the following:
1. Community structure of aquatic plant & animal populations.
2. Nature and variation of water quality for a standai ..1
-» v* f* -> <' /N -P r%Ki/«--i^-»T .^K^MviT^^T r>»-*/-J rTn-ir-v»nKT^lr»rtTr*tiT
V i I VJ '-'* » «4 tjf .» i s-*' ; k-J »\_i4< v-c* i 1-1 * * u it* i *- i wi^ i U 4 wv.- i wt* *
parameters. The array of parameters shall be based on
those used in the IIPDES permit system.
3. Particular attention should be given to ths areas r.car
*.
major discharges and to the impact of those discharges on
aquatic life £ water quality. Specific evaluation of water
quality criteria violations should be made.
B. Significant Gaps and undcremhasis in the -current data basis
should be identified. Recommendations for further field
studies should be made.
C. In developing historical data the contractor shall consult
available reports and data. Special attention should be given
to data gathering efforts by others occurring concurrently
.. with this contract. Requests for assistance from State &
Federal Pollution Control agencies should%be minimized through
-------
V
extensive use of publicly available reports, hearing records
etc. Canvassing shall include but not be limited to the
1. Proceedings of the Conference on Great Lakes Research ''
and other published scientific and technical literature.
2. Enforcement Conference Proceedings
3. Impact Statements
A. Enviro-Control Inc. contract report for EPA
5. NOAA sea grant program results
6. Federal £ State Pollution Control Agencies including
data in fiPDES permit applications and the Storet system.
Task II - Field Sampling
A. With the objectives of part A of Task I, field investigations
shall be conducted at a sufficient level of effort to piuduce
together with Task I a comprehensive & current picture of
aquatic biology, water quality, areas of v/ater quality
standards violations, and impact of major discharges.
A substantial field program is contemplated. The emphasis of
the field studies should be the.closing of gaps and deficiencies
in the existing data base and verification of existing data.
Duplication of data obtained by other efforts should be minimized.
B. Field efforts shall be tailored to the specific needs of this
contract. Reasonable efforts should be made to-make this work
complementary to concurrent field studies performed by
pollution control agencies or for them under contract, especially
those efforts undertaken for the purpose of implementing the
FK'PCA Amendments of 1972 or the Great Lakes Initiative program.
-------
Task III - Effluent Analysis
A. Preparation of a profile of present discharges covered by the
NPDES program within or sianificantly affecting the "Special
Attention" area for a standard array of parameters. The array
of parameters shall be based on those used in the HPDCS permit
system. Sufficient information should be obtained to draw a
comprehensive picture of such loadings and together v/ith" Task I
and II to evaluate the present- impact of major discharges.
B. Comparison of present discharge profiles with the "best
practicable" and "best available" profiles established
in accordance v.n't" provisions of the 1972 Amendments to
the Federal Water Foliation Control Act.
C. In developing this data the contractor shall rely primarily
i ' '
. on data witnin the NPDES sysiern and published reports.
Task IV - Data Analysis & projection
A. To statistically analyze and interrelate the data
obtained in Tasks I, II & III to establish levels and
trends in the various parameters; to determine the
relationship between the discharges, water quality &
aquatic life; to determine the areas where water quality
standards are now being violated; and to create a computer-basc-a
bank for this data which is compatible with information systems
in use by EPA and State agencies.
B. To make projections on the basis of the data compiled by
this contract and effluent guidelines established in
accordance with the Fl.'PCA. Amendments of 1972 that can be
--
'achieved within the time and cost restraints of this contract.
-------
I'Jater Quality Modeling efforts, if needed, should be of a
straightforward nature; utilizing straightforward waste
allocation techniques, existing models, and models now under
development cy oiner efforts to i.v.plenicnt the Federal Mater
Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972.
1. The levels of v:ater quality that would result if
effluent guidelines established by the administrator
for compliance \/ith sections 301(b)(l)(A) and
301(b)(l)(B) of the 1972 amendments were met.
2. The levels of water quality'that would result if
effluent guidelines established by the administrator
for compliance with sections 301(b)(2)(A) and
301(b)(2j(B) of me 1972 amendments v/cie met.
3. The effluent levels (if tighter than those referred
to above) which are necessary to meet water quality
standard and/or the requirements of the 1972 act
for "the protection and propagation of fish,
shellfish, and wildlife and provide for recre^ion
in and on the water".
C. To make a final report which presents a comprehensive
picture of water quality in the "special attention area", »
incorporating the foregoing objectives.
D. To conduct a seminar at the EPA Regional Office in Chicago and
one other at a place to be designated in order to advise
* selected Federal, State, and local agency personnel regarding
the significance and uce of this information.
-------
Type reports & frequency of delivery -
A. Monthly progress report (standard requirements)
B. Detailed draft report for Tasks I (within 3 months)
C. Study plan for Tasks II (within 3 months)
D. Study plan for Tasks IV (within 5 months)
E. Final report (within 14 months).
F. Seminars (within 16 months)
Evaluation Criteria - -
A. Comprehensiveness & Applicability of Work Plans &
Consideration of Special Technical Problems.
b. Demonstrated Lapao;:1ty f>»~ tue performance of complex
water quality, biological. I effluent studies for the
purpose of-determining & projecting pollutional impact.
i
1. Experience a kpovneclye of aquatic biology, water
quality, industrial wastess & municipal wastes.
2. Knowledge of the "special attention area".
3. Project personnel qualifications & utilization
4. Adequacy of field, laboratory, & computer facilities
C. Ability of contractor's staff to participate in administrative
or judicial proceedings with respect to information
gathered during the course of this study.
-------
if. » >, r - ;-> --v
V..'' <. 11,1 .11 » «
i
? v
- ii 4
I!,
-- *» * ^«-« *j»vy f
ILIC L'FFITCTS
flVL-S. Nc-oti-
:he Worcester
/, Shrcv.'sbury,
v« in progress
"By virtue of
his institution
a'd experience
the proposed
quest for pro-
ent Branch,
< !> 'v.-.;
Ill c. i i t!
s of Health,
A f I c"t P*Ar^*^I
A i v fJ FA u,; I
nr« r» 11 ">?/ r* r*
L< .: w < i i / -. v -
_A£IS CM! OP-
1DIU7Y, AMD
Line widths
mi(
such
iriZ,
n cf
;e of
P.R. FY 7321-
itsreot should
BC not later
stion.
rometers.
as
lithJ-
hie;.
«*i ?-s ?-> r ** v i
C, i^fj f W/\ I"
3 \rcns-
Dpv r=» i"5* * «--; <-\ t »
I vC.o .:./'. it 'v/r'i
I Agree merit
to be ns3o-
Beo'ford, MA
:e: For infor-
(P23S)
Field,
RO PAG AT I Or.'
o process of
ic Company,
W 13201 for
,letailincr( the
Nanosecond
is a rsoult
'oposcls can-
Proposal not
Mic
Maumee
Stats
"Great
A -- !NVco7ICA7IO;-S ON TMc GREAT LAKES.
The aim of these investi;;:-:ioris is to assess
compliance with water qunlily standards and
Attention Areas," Duluth-Suoericr, Fox River of
Wisconsin and Green Bay, Calumet area of Lake
;hicaf!, Sarjinav/ Bay end River, Detroit area,
River, Toleoi area, Cleveland area,
Ashiabula River, Erie, PA, Buffalo-Niagara, Lake
Ononda^a and the Black River (New York).
These cornprehcnpivo investigations of water
pollution wiil encomoiss Diolo^icai, chemical
and physical field studies as v/oii as historical
data evaluc-iions, wiin particular emphasis on
the impact cf rnrjcr v/r.stc dircharces. The data
obtained from any resultant contract is intended
for use in m-3r,£urin;~ the prepress cf the United
in implementing the articles of the
Lakes Agreement" to support litis"2tion
reports against specific enforcement targets ana
to support compliance reports for use in en-
forcement actions. Firms having Ins capability to
perform in the above 2ress should submit a
brief (not to exceed len (10) 'pc.^e prospectus).
Ths prospectus shou'd detrJ' the firms' or-po-
biJitios, technical expertis-i' and experience in tho
srea of \v£:tar pollution inve3ii~:tions. Fiosumss
of avcilcble personnel that \vouid bo ussd for
performing \vork in this area should
included in the prcspoctus. Thlc is
quest for Propolis. Recoond-snts will
p.OLifieri of the evrluc-tion .results end only those
firms determined 10 be best qu~iified will re-
ceive a copy of any resultcni RFP. An on'cinal
and three coolc-r Cjf e^-Ch qusliric^iions proocsal
shall bo dc.!iv=r-eQ on or "before-; 20 Nov 72
Brochures ere not F.ccoptL-bio and submission
muct include CDIZ pertinent to this requirement.
(P299)
Fnv! j fit" i"'*''TV*"!'l r'TiT'F f "*! r>r» ."nTT»\;
LMllvHt'llil'^i'^^. i 1 »UlCfllv_!i **l.3^'i«t^_7i
O ^ <^ <\ t '. 1 I "'^fv *>-« \ f !jr".r*t*»*/-; >'. t-. i>
Opi'Ul..) i (U;^v.-ic- I FD./Ui u 11: On u
Ctyr-io! ij.:ii! -"-?| iiv'orrt /Cj,
\Yashiri2tori, L:G "0-^30
not
ilco be
a Ro-
not '03
*_A--nES!G!-.'f FAB.1ICATS AI13 PP.OVICE
"SOFT f/10Ui\!TS, approx one hundred-two, consist-
ing of shelf trr.ys and a new mounting tray for
the AN/ARR-75 Sonobuoy Receiver,
515 to incorporate the aforesaid
update A'FC-
oft mounts/,
The Naval Air Systems Cornmrnd intends to ne-
gotiate with Marriri-Mariettn Corp., Eurtern Ave..
by another EPA C
poser will be req
data on fuel gas
^ *~» ^-y-t .^, . «, J I
vantages of the u;^
ditions necessary
and production of
the turbine corncu
composition and 11!
perature and other |
ne\v cornbuslor co:|
to existing cornb1.:^
burn the fuel £ss. i
to (a) stcarn in;e?-:'
flua ess recircuir:;'
tions; (4) Deterr.--::-1
any) that is neec ~|
gas turbine; and (I":'1
in the Some sre:-i. ]
contain optioris \.~\
studies in (4) abc-"
design of a I>0 fric-
tion svithin tsn cJ:.
synopsis, C;U3li'"icr','
as a minim urn: (*..,
e n c e and c r. r.!z b i i i i y
ence for lr.r.7c-:,cci;
burning in\v-cn-3r:.-.y .
msasurinn, -n:1 err
lutants Iii COST, bur.. '-
cial facilities, surv
for turbine ocsl:n <
diction c,' polluir.r,
studies; r.nd (5) ,':
personnel \.'iih rc;-r
transfer, sr,:i reacc.r
sign expsri.; ice ur'.: .
Respondantn will ;
of evalUciticjr.r. of {
however, all qu:--i:f:
the so!icii;;iion \"'n: '
fT ri \*I rn ^^ r*.^ *^» *". ^ ^ ! * ~
U, II v ] J u j i i i 11 -»' »L- *
Attn: Mail Ctc;: .
Rccciirch rrirnr1
P«1 *^ i n {" ** *' ^ n p ^> ^ M i
i I 1 C* I «. ^ . ' ».» . ».* v* C. > * V,
-------
PROGRESS REPORT February 22, 1973
TO: Great Lakes Water Quality Board
FROM: Land Drainage Reference Group
The Governments of Canada and the United States of America,
pursuant to Article IX of the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909, requested
the International Joint Commission to conduct a study of pollution of the
boundary waters of the Great Lakes System from agricultural, forestry
and other land use activities, in the light of the provision of Article IV
of the Treaty which provides that the boundary waters and waters flowing
across the boundary shall not be polluted on either side to the injury
of health and property on the other side, and in the light also of the
Great Likes Water Quality Agreement signed on April 15, 1972.
The Commission was requested to enquire into the report to the
two Governments upon the following questions:
(1) Are the boundary waters of the Great Lakes System being
by land drainage (including ground and surface runoff and
sediments) frcra agriculture, forestry, urban and industrial
land development, recreational and park land development,
utility and transportation systems and natural sources?
(2) If the answer to the foregoing question is in the affirmative,
to what extent, by what causes, and in what localities is the
pollution taking place?
(3) If the Commission should find that pollution of the character
just referred to is taking place, what remedial measures would,
in its judgment, be most practicable and what would be the
probable cost thereof?
The Commission was requested to consider the adequacy of existing
programs and control measures, and the need for improvements thereto,
relating to:
(a) inputs of nutrients, pest control products, sediments, and other
pollutants from the sources referred to above;
(b) land use; '-" .' '
(c) land fills, land dumping, and deep well disposal practices;
(d) confined livestock feeding operations and other animal husbandry
operations; and
(e) pollution from other agricultural, forestry and land use sources.
-------
GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE PROGRAM
"Special Attention" Areas
1. Calumet Area -
Near shore area of Lake Michigan and contiguous
harbors between Chicago south water intake and
Burns Harbor.
2. Duluth - Superior - St. Louis River, Clcquet to the harbor; Duluth-
Superior Harbor; near shore areas of Lake
Superior adjacent ZD Duluth, .Minnesota and
Superior K'I scons in.
3. Fox River and Green Bay- Lower Fox River and Lower Green Bay (out to
Sturgeon Bay).
4. Saginaw Daj- and River - Saoinaw Bay, Port Austin to'Tawas; Saginaw River,
City of Saginaw to the Mouth.
5. Detroit Area -
St. Clair River, Lcke St. Clair, Detroit "-iver,
Near shore erea of Lake Erie south to Monroe
Michigan.
6. Maunee River and Toledo -Ohio portion of the Maunise River and Maumee Bay.
7. Cleveland Area -
8. Ashtabula River -
9. Erie, Pa. Area -
Cuyahoga River to mile point 60, near shore
area of Lake Erie from Rocky River to Euclid,
Black River from Clyria to the nouth.
Ashtabula River, ^ile point 3.0 to the mouth;
Fields Brook,
To be defined at a later date.
10. Buffalo - Niagara -
11. Black River -
12. Rochester - Gcnesee -
Niagara River, Lake Shore of the city of
Buffalo.
Black River from Kayuta reservoir to the mouth
Sackets Harbor of Lake Ontario.
Genesec- Riv:r fro~ "our.t Morris to the rcouth,
near shcre area of Lal.e Ontario between liamioo.
-------
r\c b I UiN V
C.' v
o- V.'alfer W. Kcvalick, Jr., Adminisirative Assistant, ORA DATC February 20, I-;';_
SUBJLCT Critique of Env i ro-Con Iro 1 Briefing - February 16, 1973
.ro Director, Air and Water Programs Division
Director, Enforcement Division '
Director, Surveillance and Analysis Division
Director, Office of Research and Monitoring
Director, Office of Srate and Interstate Programs
Coordinator for Great Lakesv
As Mr. Kayo indicated at the staff rneel i no WP *re to prepare. 2n in-^cp^h
critique of the conclusions and commerrfary expressed in tho briefing docu-
ment presen-ied by Mr. Sprey. Our critique shall be of only two of the-
States that he analyzed Indiana and Michigan.
Using the briefing document as a starting point, please comment on its
tabular and prose discussions and conclusions, and reference pertinent
data bases (including computerized), pub Iications, reports, etc. In
addition, a list of individuals contacted by Enviro-Control in each of
our Greet Lakes States will foliow (when it is received).
Piease a'itaon to your critique a list, by State, of individuals Ihat
you feel were critical to the conclusions of the document, but not
interviewed. You nay be interes'rcd 1o knc,; that there is no finai
report extant relating the 15,000 page data base to the briefing dccu-
rJibfri . One vi i ! i evenludi iy be prepared.
Your comments and lists will be consolidated and submitted to headquarters
as well as TO the consultant. In addition, site visits to Indiana and
Michigan may be scheduled to retrace the consultant's steps.
Your response is requested by COB March 9, 1973, so that our comments
may be consolidated and forwarded by early the next week.
Walter W. Kovalick,
EPA Form 1320-6 (11-71)
-------
Y~o
-------
POLLUTION ABATEMENT
IN THE CivEAT LAKE? EAS'
BRIEFING I COTES
to: Office of Planning end Evaluation
Environmental Protection Agency
V/ashingion, D. C.
Submitted by: Envir'o Control, Inc.
9bO Thompson Avori'ie
RockviJle, M£.rulpnci 20852
February, 1973
-------
i. S'rujjy oni _._
The orljjr: ,1 or>jcc.i\ c of the co.rrrni. in\ <. ,-ui'j --tion. ^voc
to clol vj.3 ini.'ic, from (he available cviccncc, Jhe client of progres s
in ?baling poll'iiion. in (ho Gr-^al l^ake? Basin since ihe Wr.tcr
Pollution ConLrc] Aci of lrj^r: -- and (o under?t^nci the reasons for
progress or 3acl; of progress. II was hoped the study results would
be. directly applicable to implementing the ne.w Act.
A number of hypotheses were to be tested based on'the
data collected; then, included the follov.ing:
1. State political climate, legislative powers, formal
achrnrds-tral-Jve structure, manpover and budget are
significant factors in achi c-^'ing progress.
i
2. Most States are underfunded.
3. Some States, if not most, will enforce more vigor-
ously against smpl.1 dischargers than against large
ones.
4. It is possible to structure a reporting scheme which,
when implemented by the Slates, will allow EPA to
j
evaluate their progress, based on submitted reports.
j
5. Federal efforts, at least since 1965, have h?d a
I
significant effect on;abatemcut progress.
i
6. States enjoying excellent reputations within EPA
I
(viz. Michigan) have made significant progress;
! "
Stater, "with a reputation, for weak programs have made
«7
little progress (viz. Indiana).
-------
ii. sriim1 ,u, n-jous . I
The va--t bulk of the .slii'Ly i Qoil \vas eNp'-i'ck-i1 in collecting
a siv'ible sample of thoroi'gJOy doc inn^-if-l mu3n r.JpoJ and jirniMrial
discharger case }>> rrtories . intended to tr.tc?: qua.1 imitative changes
in cfj~'uK>:it lorjd.j ("..id local \vatcr quality) as well r.s the chronolr-gy of
State and Pcdcm] actions v/5lh respect lo each dibcharger. Emphasis
v/as placcrl on coDecting data on most of the largest cli scha.rpers plus
a representative sample of smaller ones. .
The dal?. sources included Region V enforcement files, State
files and individual discharger files. The study (earn microfilmed
and cataloged 15,000 pages of primary source documents, in
addition to collscLJng a small library of State and Federal reports,
proceedings and hearings; this material 35 being submitted as the
backup to the s-urnmaries of each discharger and Sia.te. Becau.se
the historical perspective became so interesting, individual dis-
charger cases vere traced back to the ]940's; arcliival inaterial
was used to trace State programs hrxck to World Yfar I in most
cases.
The study team was £iven unrestricted access to the files
of each Great Lakes State with the single exception of New Yorl^.
New York reserved the right to censor each file requested and con-
sequent]-/ v/as not evaluated. The process of collecting data from
\
State and Federal files permitted team members to enjoy working
-------
contact, v.iUi nn < c client c-or.r .SCO'IOM o/ poirbOiV" 1 from in ouch
Staf o -.M'er Cj>--xli!y M^o^rc-^-i, rnAgin*', Ir-'o:, progr^:^ director:, {:>
d e-iLjjjic _jrs. _7I~.c.h. coopir'-p.tin? S'.aic was brii ft ! i'.iforiru-.Hy
y.
on th-j approxinidi c l"Jridin«? of the study in that Su-le and v/a s
invited to ccrniv.enf .
The evidence collected in coch Ptnle (as \vell a.s the final
evaluation) j'ocimscd OJT a.ncv.>eriiig the fo31o\v5ng simple questions:
1. Doer> tl.c State know the quality of its waters,
including changes in quality over time and violations
of standard.0, (i. e, , does it monitor sensibly)?
2. Does the State know its pollution souj-ces and v/hat
thev arc discharging?
j G CJ>
3. 'Does the State know the effect of these discharges on
water qo.ality and does it write rea.sona.ble waste
allocations, orders or permits based on this knowledge
(i. e. , does it plan competently)?
4. Does the State inspect, enforce and achieve comp^nce
after writing these orders?
5. Does the State know whether water quality improved
after compliance?
6. Has water quality improved in the State?
In answering these questions, quantitative evidence supported by
meosuremenls (on the rare occasions when it was available) was always
preferred over qualitative judgments.
3
TT
-------
TT
J. J.
7.. Overview of ^oiliUr'on .in tVi Great Lohes
1. Gre< !; Jakes i-.tp
2. Water Ouaiity ij'caGnro.-'i^r.tr- for Great Lokcp
3. R^ljablo Evl cvncG c£ Op an V?ato.r T,\'Q Chanc;os
4. Phcsohorus Snugc-it
B. State Performance
1. Eva.TuczLiori oT States vritb respecc to Basics
2. Penney Ivan j.s, ITototj & ilff.l\ient 'J'able
3. Ohio, Hotos £ Effluent Tablo
4 . 111.: i: o i s , No tor; £ E f f .1 u en r Table
5. Minnesota, Koccs £ Effluent Table
6. Indiana, Hot2s f; refluent. Table
7. Michigan, No to-is & Kf f 1'ii^nt Table
8. Iv'isconsii;, No'ces £ CfTluent Table
9. Lac]: of cc>rrKJ.c.t.lon - fJto L o Proqrar. Plan VG. Pcrforr
1C. Clainc'3 Gcvr.-r and Troat/ae:; L L-?vel, 1940 - 1962
11. An Historical View
C. Federal Performance and Construction Grants
3 . Notes OJi the Federal Program
2. Construction Effort and Grants by State
4
-------
Chicago
ClBVClvl
hogs P..
^C.4"l>>0
FIGURE OVKRVIEW OF THi: GREAT LAKES
-------
\v-i-.;. p-, -, f-pv .,'-'.:
"'() ! '' , «' i :'7\'" 1. ' ;s
MIL
BUF
/"I ;'': i.-. 5 HAY
.1 . rj ' 2.0
(rr.?n)
? 1
583
402
329
4 2 S
549
395
57-
60-
58-
GO--
57-
57-
f, 'i
0 f-
69
GM
69
70
CUr.MTCAL OXYGEN D}:i3M7D, LOW LrV
0 5 10 35 20
25
30
DUL
SALT
MIL
G7iR
POR
DJ-IT
I'.U^1
/ / / / //
f/rs / / -x
J77ry- -^
f / /v /' "-
!/Z>^;V
/" / x / //'
'//!
,-!
/ /i
/ / /
,~"?
y' /
1 ' '
j
]
//////// A ?,36..lfii
>L T 1 -- ----- j
1 .... . I ... .
N YRS
576 58-C9
479 60-69
409
293 58-69
32 6]-63
568 57-69
601 57-70
DISSOLVED ORGANIC CJjRBOn (ppra)
0 1 2 - - 3 4 5 6 7
10
11
N
YRS
DUL / / 77 / / /\ \
?AU x'-/lx/'^ ''V'f |
MIL /_^£//\ i ..__
POR /I/-"' ;XXJ '"1
Dm1 Y////<'/\ L " ~"
PTIF Y / / / // / A 1
24
25
25
1 9
'} A.
22
20
65-6
"
i:
ii
ii
DUL
SAU
MIL
Concentration
Mean
2 Std. Dev.
TJOR
DV.T
"Dulnth
Sault :^h. Mario
'lil'.-aulcec
f??xy, luH .
Pox-t Huron
Detroit:
-------
r.OTAL OV.MTC C--V.LC-" (py
01 ^ ' 5
1 f
11
DU1
GAR
Dr'rV
P.7 1''.'.
sV^y/i/r-'-VTf ' ' ~"L~
',// ' 1
L ...'.L^l-... '.'.Si } -
: '"''"'/' A ' _..7 JL -
.._. .
I
' "1. " " ~ ~
. - j 31
- - . 1 34
--- -I 25
- . 1 79
26
NITRITE & NITRATE KITROniK (ppm)
.2 .3
.7
.8
DUL
SAU
MIL
G7\.R
POT?
MI*
,
^7~7~/'~~/
\ -
i-- ,- / x
f' /- "'/
_:>^;/
j > x";
4 X ^ *
iy~'*,/~y~/
a.
./ / ,''
^ / '
X' ' ''
/ X /'
/ , /
/ / \ ! _.
"VI. I , . _, .
;//'! " " j
' /7\ !
7'\ . i
i ... .._...
N
41
42
39
31
34
32
YP.S
-r?.
64-C
64-6 B
A?J.MO:JIACJ\L MI TROPE*:
J*
DUL '.;
SAU ^ J .... .
MIL -f | . . . .
GAR x -'' /' -'
POP f x -1 !
RHP !!... .1 .. . _. .. . ._. _ _ .. , ... . ... ..
N
,347
311
254
215
526
YRS
57-65
59-G9
64-60
63-65
60-69
57-69
M.oan Concentration
"' Mean + 2 Std. Dev
DUL = DuDuth
- Sau3t Ft. .'larde
^ nary. Inrl.
- Po.vt Huron-
= Detroit
f a.lo
POR
DPT
-------
D i :-;.I:-O:IV'.':D A^I'VU.^CA.',
0 r'. 5
(pPm)
1 .
j -' " \/ ' ' * , \ !
or? \:"/~.'' -- -. . .i
n
3 n
2 /.
12
10
3
13
14
.'!!?.
65-Gf.
11
11
II
II
II
It
TOTAL AMMOIJIACAL & ORGAriC NITRO'SEII (ppm)
,0 0^5 I.
1..5
N
DUI, i/
MIL
POP. !7'~;/"
PET r/~X
/
1
1
i
1
i
1
T"
x' /'j
36
37
36
29
32
34
29
64-68
65-58
DISSOLVED PHOFPHOr.US (ppm)
0 0,5
DDL \S_/\ |
SAU ', ,'"j}
NIL ix'VQ^ZZ"
G?- R ^;> i, "_^
POP. i^yiiizzri
D^.T \ 'Q
P'UF L//Z^j"lI
1.
t
1.5
32
48
34
28
40
43
32
YRS^
65-68
64-69
64-68
i
65-69
64-69
Concentration
DUL ~ Duluth
SAU =" Sault Pt. ?iarie
MIL = ?lilv;aui;ce
r?AR - nary, I ::<!.
POR - ljort Huron
DFT = Detroit
BUF = Buffalo
Mean + 2 Std. Dev.
-------
'A.,0.! ->'' ,','Tfi
in:,- ( ri5>)
ynr;
VTT, '"-",.'} |
p. >_; " 1
..-,Tj i '"! 1
C, \ T ' ! - ' '
PO*"1 ! '' ' , i )
p,-T '<. .:_. '_'. 4
40
4r.
3G
/'?.
42
"J O
64-
64-
64-
n
65-
tl
63
S9
68
d
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (ppn)
100
150
200
25,0
DUJ, //////; i
SAU ''y'V' ''//<' I . - r - - ^,
MIL / x '///'' ' '- / / /' S-' /-s: /'+ ._!
GAT, i-'' '/'//,' > '''//'/ *' '' '/ ' <'\ I
PO^ !''' ' ^ ^ ' ' X X '' / / X ^ ' ' r '
1 ^^ i x /-> / ; ' / s , < x /, '
T)T>rp '-, //'//'/f'S'//\ 1
_,'; [/' / /' .- /"Z-s'^ Z. ' / / - ' / '' /' / / / / / / / -x^'l 1
577
7Q
/i"J 7
O /, /1
6 fi --
/ «±
5/0
589
5 7 J!"g g
PIT f;r5
£ n G t?
I" O /^ fi
D 1 - 6 y
r. -7 ._ /r c;
58-70
SUSPENDED SOLIDS (pp:n)
ij) 50 100 150 200 250
DUL^.^-ZL i '" ' "
S/iuZ/X,! } "
MIL £. ' ~~ -Z-^ ! "
C-,1^ ^ / ^'\ \ \ '
₯C,--~7///, j --- - . _ - ._.
LMJi- Z^/ - //s/\ I
N
1 P T
12'^
l?fi
i o n
138
:/- /,
Ofi
.56
YRS
59-65
59-C?
60-64
59-64
60-64
c g _ £ Q
59-64
'////// ^ean Concentration
Mean + 2 Std. Dev
DUL
MIL
Duluth
Sault St. Morio
ni!T..-au]:ee
PO'l
DI'T
Port Havon
Dotrod t
' '
-------
.-; '";,' (!'
rrs .'-<"," -: OT'iT:
o _ r>,o
DUI ."/"".!"" '"<. "--" "." -
DJ'T '
; 3fiO
-! 5G7
- 613
60 -
57-CO
57-70
////// He an Concentration
Mean + 2 Std. Dev,
DUL = -Duluth
P?\U - Sau]t ft. Marie
MIL == 'lilv/aukeo
^ Hary. 3nrl.
= Port Huron
DKT - Detroit
131 jv-' = Buffalo
-------
TABLE
- RELIABLE EVIDENCE ~'JF OPB>7 WATER QTOLITY CrA^C-ES
IN TFE CRT?AT LAKHS, 1930 - 1970 (3 ClrAI-TGS)
SI'DT'-'^NT
TOTAL
N
OTAL
0-j
NO.
MICHIGAN
HU^OI* '
ERIE
ONTARIO
+110
1-20
I *~* ,>
1- / '
+ "I K Q
T ' J
T:\BLE
- CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS IN Tin
AT LA
AKES
%riSH CATCH
>; 5 -p"m ODT BAN
TYPICAL
PCD ju^
,qT TJ
SUPERIOR
MICHIGAN
HURON
TRIE
ONTARIO
0?, (trout)
30? (total)
claimed small
4-20
8-30
II*
1-10
* INAOEOIRTF
-------
o x
4J 4J
4.0
3.0
C'irit:c-i'! d^n1 eticn. r'i^e1 '
j to rt--,:cl: C/>-0 in 110- dcys.
4-1 f-.
2.0 -
00 in
Q -P 1.0
Ft
C S
0
>i 0
c ^
o
c
' ' ! I
' i 1 '
i i . i
< i i
1 i i
' ' '
. J.J_._.J. _i..J
1
!
I
, 1 '
t
I
M*"" **~ """J »-'
o
O
10
en
H
o
O
{^
Tl
FIGURE
OXYGEN DEPLHTIOH
HAT2 HISTORY FOR
EOTTO:i WATER
-------
20000
XTC
%
OOO
10 000
7}ooo[
"70,o:^\
V.
,r, ",
* -
'
-------
c" i K i
r ' i ' ; t K1' .?' °
VJ ." ':.."'orn'.i '
j o r
b. ' V .''Mcn.l t.c>_-:-: - Pa. is c-^ facto -v*"'
c. D.LSOhc.r.-er ''.nov.'.ledoc - J^a. car.no t perform u.c:,able,
though filas are bvJqing. Fo.: flov; rveavu-'eiuents.
ur^'ilvS coiupu'-.er syste:ri airiost unreadable.
d. Load allocations - based on "practical" technology,
do not consider WQ.
e. Inspection and enforcorasnt - li-ctle usa_b.1e dnspec-
tiori , nninpreK£;:.vo end ag.ves&j\-r Environj.^ntal Strik
Force vjith v;cll--dcvelOT»ed procsclxirefs; tri"^rial fines.
f. WQ afLer cor.^iianco - no knovi
-------
DISCHARGER
TABLE - PENNSYLVANIA : SUMMARY OF EITLLTKT D/'.TA
AVAILAIJLE AT STATE LEVEL FOR DISCHy\?.CTL:iC
PERIOD
SETTERi
TOOAVAI JABI E I >:- r:' ";:
69-70
CALSICAT
JAN.GS-Is'OV. 70
JAN. -NOV.70
70
-------
j. . Cone:: i - r V:: '. .- Mf-h1 - - >' ../Jo} ; c:l i:r? :-
r,:".>."! " - '. r' _ 7" .,,, 'J'o < < '"'". a>i'i C.! c vc.l PHU .
j\T f.; . 1 -..:rc>. :.? r: ".-'..>'. : 'TV '-jr;.t<:_J y
3. a r a ;- ^- . ~- J" 1 ; }- \- o . o , v c re o r -- , . r> :.. '^~- i. .T «.) ri , . o r \r a s i v o
chaos. -..-lix rt- r: o-^j-: ni:-1:: >.. -^. is O^_\n >;i5.'i.
b. vro knov'Ico"o - liL^lo r.onxt-or irg except by USCS
(\,'ich ucii'-.l ciaphcris on h^rr-aess and. si? I:} .
c. D.iFcactr^f?r _\.nov;lcj.r)c,cs - I9S2 ner;ni u Lor,;, gooa lit OP,
very r=Jov: ^.ujn-up . ilalted for 18 i.ionLi'S. 15 yc-.cx?:s
t;o olcfn-i-V'.' J'.ires ir.O'.ic , Goofl"L '.oji , ano' Goodyear. Don ' i.
use self --reports (e.g. llcpub.lic/ nor do thoy
verify tho'.i. Many poor STP : nspactions ; several
superb. 'J hrov; awt.y all data oloer tlian 5 years.
d. Load allcc?tions - no consjstnnt basis found.
11ece:ii:ly use very ncugh language in permits even
v.'ith hichly ooTpl?uar.t industries (e.g. SOII10 at
mouth O-: Mau-'ce) .
Inspection and cnforce-raem: - excellent reports on
Clevelapo ' s ruany ccf icieriC.ic-o - no action. Se\.vr
has v/idely circumvented. As councling e-Jf?e of
Clc^eian..''.' i: "sho\;«?jc curtaine". Little action on
even £lagrer>-c inousvx~ies or municipal-'tics; however,
OK-DA ope: atos v.'ith considerable efficiency in
funding grants.
f. \'Q after compliance - no notion except via USGS
and self-reoorts.
'IS
-------
DISCHARGER
TABLE - 01'IO : SUI-?-"A?.Y OT7 r.^FLU^UT
AVAILABLE AT GTAT3 LEVEL FOP. i-'lJG?, CISCJ'Vi'lTlS
PERIOD
TOO
JO'J-'ES & LAUGHLIH STL. ' JAl'-JULY
1972
SOMIO 60-70
CLE\^ELAND SOUTHERLY 51-72
S7'P
OIL
BOD (200%)
SS
WESTERLY
ST?
MAR-JULY
1272
P ""'.)
COD
CL3\TELMTD EASTERLY
49-72
BOD(300?)
'3
INTERLAKE STEEL
67-72
COO
-------
TABLE - OHIO (COITT'D) : SUMMARY OF EFFLUENT DATA
AVAILABLF AT STP'TE LEVEL FOR "AJOR DISCI'Ar.GTT^S
DISCHARGER
PERIOD
TOO V7^TJ\ri.T] TV 'vOV 'i
v\' A"
IAT'iOND SHAMROCK,
AKRON ST?
TOLEDO ST?
63 to
J'/iY 72
43-70
51-70
SS(50rc.)
BOD(70°d)
SS(50%)
SS
FIP.ESTONE TIRE &
RUBBER
68-72
COD
TS
Cr
US STSEL
OCT 67 to
3.1:?T 69
OIL (90°;)
Fe'f+(95no)
SO 4 (70S)
01(40*)
SS
-------
a. G'-;. ;/-,-;"" ;.->; ..IT..- i" _, en.'" ^ c- y sv-, '.! c!:rrn ru. ':
'co '.-';,'; '..'.::; f '', /: ' -'-"-'/ ~^rJ 0. S. SLcc'
p"I c r. ;;--,, r ..« .CO1 . '"'Utbo:- ' LI '"i.V... } , 5. V.Oii. OV'VC-
j'ic1 7 -;" v. i^c>r;go :.^ct Cciii.'.:. '.'_ I; J\jc-:j:r- ^ <:,ic-bly .'."jo;:
poll ii'-.1 .-.cl an ov i. vui. ur.':_ "3;.". Ill: .c. i:- 1-.'-'/', v.s.
iIS') ib c-x^ollont .\i s tjrurp-7: _ of; dc j-c-.-1.
b. t.'Q kiK'.-/J .jsJro - s\\'I.l aniojnl"- uf r;.oj,.i L-O ing aoro'1!-
pl j'jl.'C*.', ia.cult:-. L'.'ic^'aiJ c.L>!^ due to rcjorgr-r, J i.«i JO:T,
ch;>.cr., uc."'ccr.putcr sysl-rj:^.
c. Dicchorror knc;;.loolc;2 ~ r;.ajcr :.ilc3 i.iisyl cice-.j. (e.g.
South horr.s, U.S. ^-CGG] , i''.--'}u. Lecl, -lc.). Extreniely
SP?>^SG S»I <.. to- i''ec\r-urc;rlxaitb : 1icvally ordt flo^,-;
norraaljy lock for \.7rono polIaLantn (e.g. Fans cool's
t.anta] ai'1, titan.iuia, rpolybaonum aad nt.n-existent
BOD) .
cJ. Loctd allo-ations - prefer effluent standards
(short l.i ct of innrciiriur.! concc;i crtitions} ; reguireriantc
not expl.-'cat^y related to 'X} cinci d.xscha^rges are
e. Inspection and. Cinforcoj^jit - very lo>' field effort
(2 ip.ejt \:i .:h bacJ:uc;; until l«.ot year). Il/J'A tries
cases befor?: PoiJur.ion Cor., i---ni Eorrrl; ^ovcrc J
cases sent horns for lack of evidence. 1\SSD sc-^-'or
bsns rer.;uj rc-d. in a first Vc).riai.co r'l lo\/.i ng 20,000
people to hoc); up. 2-I^ssivs IIIFA vs. UP A vs. 7ib.bott
confasion over ncn--existent testing recuijrenioiits.
Sirnilcir EP.:s \:c.rmr.q to stool con;paiiic--s on CaJuri3t
over non-coir.plianc.7j Vvrith non-existing standards.
f. V7Q after compliance - data not retr.i eveble; no know-
ledge .
-------
TABLE - ILLINOIS : SUMMARY OF EITLUEKT (DATA
AVAILABLE AT STATE LEVEL FOR I1AJOR DISCHARGERS
DISCHARGED
PERIOD
PARAMETERS
rip 7nj:.i:o
TOO "-vAiufvisi.
FANSTEEL
lirlTAL CORP.
FEB.-MAR.69
MAR.-AUG.72
NSSD
WAUKEEGAW
JAN.71-JAN.72
NSSD
NORTH CHICAGO
69-71
CLAYEY ROAD
JAN.-OCT.71
BCD
ss
-------
G :-.. r.:.-."" - : -..-Hclv "tpi1 J ;.t:;^ /-'?:c Sir^vvicr d
L.-:..-(-. u'-Iu ,r-. ..-I . j,,^. -,i ij\ i.-n f:t. J.ouls
ij.'i.'in i.s f o- --r-^oci, 5 tc p P.-..1 j-ijtw'. oil \ avJie
he'*.": L: )'.i 1 J.i Oil c-cir o Lf JT.-;car.ib\,i.;.:i .cock.
b. V7() 'inoi.'ledc :j - only foi'r starJ riis in B.i.s in.
Frr^i'^nt ';";'tJ ILO '.\riC- ~co.rc'.r:jt'.:->; 10 . On^ v'oar hjc-lu1.
to \'rite s^-.c.r.a'--.\cs:. i'ato i^ ^ve!;. 1 oblu . j\o slot Jon
in Lciko lie--^ Oulutn, o:,^pitc obv:i.CMS pol ixiiia on.
c. Discharger J:.7cv;leoge -- no State dntfj cit all on any
ci."LC.c. ^.~»rc,ox"/ K^unj_c."i po a or r-.iji?i.iiri u..."j ci3 . Oj'i iy LwO
iiiou.str.ial self- reports , R?.serve end Super.--ood. Even
dai-.---f rr>o los'-r- of d5 .scliarc-'-'-r orait more than half
of the lc-rc;cr townc.-. an th-D Jiasin, not to rjontion
U.S. Steel, Union Carbiuc, Cont.xnciitaJ Oil and the
US;\r. ITo info at State on 1800 runes - not even
whether oparc-.ting or closed.
d. LOctcl a!3 occ^ti ons -- StrHe has pronulgatcd ecfluent
standards - ths SS stc'.r.c'a.rd is bacj s of KT.3rve case
(19GS).
e. Jnspecztion and enforconiont - no record o" r]T_y
insnpcrions. A] 1 State effort vent into Re^.orve
case - State lost. I?o tcur.i; othor than company
to'./ns ha\ e secondaxy Lreatr^nt or phosphorus re-
moval; even Duiuth rer.iainG unscathed.
f. WQ after coraplJance - this capability regains
untested.
n
-------
tr>n J;i^ iv .
Score 1'j.o-! '
v/astc:, L.'.ro
by o.i, i :,_; '
c-utlior.,. t ..cs
r "'.r^~ I > . 'Ic.::-
anv o.J.cr Scc-.-
'ji "ul 1: gal
b. \?Q ];,nov;lccl'.j3
run
s;,;
publi&hou cTid. even j.nclucle ? trcr.n Ilo:
lully
c. Disc]iarcj.-_r know] edge - only State emphasizing 3 e-rgc
discharcjers; re.l'3y on self-reporting vrnich is not
formally verified. E::cel.lent ST? surveys.
d. Lood Allocation -- no formal sysram though inr.cn5j.ive
reach sarv^ys arc done (but net Dublic:r_ed) . Use
only professional juogenent.
Inspection and enforcement - Iroiana does not USG
permit pc'./er. ; it enforces only throvgh plan review.
Almost no cases cor.'c; to covrv. - corip.lic nee good on
cases reviewed. Almost ever^1 ir;.portcir.t tc'./n ban
secondary, most since late forties. However, little
ernphc-sxn since l?ot roxind of cleanup in Gary despite
major lose? incro.cxses.
V7Q after compliance -- State certainly has data to
determine V.'Q improvements; not };nov;n whether data
is used ior thir, purpose.
.'5
-------
TAP.LE
AVAILABLE AT
: SU'T^TvY 0" r.F
IFVT-IL FOR *,JOH DICCTT'
DICCKARGER
INLAND STTrL CO.
63-72
PAR?\ *' v"
o
AJIFRICAM OIL CO.
65
"AST CHICAGO STP
71-72
ore j;
?:o~ v
GARY STP
SINCLAIR OIL
67-72
65-67
OIL
-------
7. ..TCIIJ',
" \ .'.o ("" '.'_ of ir.de: Lvy and ''-'j'- of :>.;.-la tic i
cvbLlxV' to oV. I-:-- : i Feo;.'3V..L fun:!'/. Agency ;->iOpares
c ^ '5 ' .-.., S L a t o . C ." rose c r 1: e x~.
b. viQ kiic);'lcd-"c - i :?c3)nj call y sound ;,'O ? tan-Jo:. c.s .
Str.t ioaji, ^iiir-c o/.tcn; ).:- regular puljlxcavxc'i
availi^clo. Ex'cc.'ilcnt i.ft-»ugh .Toarse spot surveys
(best surveys .in the'Bs^in). Poo:: £ tatc-'.1:- de
COVG cage.
Discharger knov;ledge - excellent Irjiowledge of those
dischargers surveyed. Require solf-reporI ing for
percu-cs (recently) - fev permits issued. /lave
many ri'cijor discliargers, including these co:~-.>lying
under old orders, v.'ith zero effluent: data (Raich's,
Gerbcr's, liuron Poi'tlaj.d Cement, MicJiigan :lilk
Producer's Assoc.)
d. Load allocations - use V?Q cind occasionally con'putcj:
State; applic:;.t:i ens have grave J:3c-,s (fail to inc^bro-e
to sa'-j point., confound Vcirious BOD sources, "ectii^r.LS "
reacojon ^l t dc-,s). Otliar allocot-ions done on usucil
primitive! basis.
Inspection and anforccTp.ent - superb inspection and.
case preparation; almost no enforcoraent (AG provides
1-1/2 - 3 luanyeais/year) . Atterapted to fine HcCloui-h,
after 40 spa..! Is, $20,000. Court" awarded $500 v/itli
$300 suspended for good intentions. Hercules pre-
vented froii lc-:)d dispcsrl by court':. Sault St. Uarie
very instructive case on EPA vs. iiochigan. Kffluent
loridr-: have decreased for Hercules e.nd t\/o r
corripanies.
f. IvQ after compliance - tv/o cases \.'h^re inproved DO
was cDaji.'ed but \/as actually due to tei.ipe.va cure
being cooler o/i the checkup survey. Normally State
never goes to look afterward.
-------
TABLE - ZIICITIG^N : SUI'JKARY OF EFFLUENT DATA.
AVAILABLE AT STATE LEVEL FOR MAJOJl DISCMVC^IS
DISCHARGER
JiCLOUTH STEEL
PFR.TOD
62-71
EETTER (?0
TT~.O V\ -
,. -/«,/ V. .
* T *"\ »T»"^ i*> T^
FFP.CULFS , INC
MONITOR SUGAR
60-66
47-72
POD (805)
53(507.)
49-70
GREAT LAKES STEEL
»'01JROS STP
:O;TSOLIDATED PKG ,
60-64
65-70
65-70
65-70
63-70
PHENOL (90%)
Fe (705)
TCT.PO, (S0"i) 303(10?)
PHENOL(50%)
BOD (50%) SS(iOO^)
SOD (73%)
-------
.':Ji'3l -- T". >'_*J-."\'~ I" ..." i vy
11 t-.-'jr .. . >; I." ":.' ,'i-c-..-, r-a.
1; ."ic ii.:; ! " .- -, <- .'
to : O J-^.' / - -r-^ .
. ,J lei- to
ro:
b. T f1 kno\'J : d' e - Wisccrs
oi b^r-a'i r,,- -.rts (30 -:-
sor.xcs
KU.'Truri/..
ev
4-7 years, /ilso hos i .i
stations.
uus r.oi'3 ;.-.'C5: Licj as rr.'r:ito_r.ing than aoy
11 L -:- a J n . U & e a w a r d c n a1 f e i: c .
c. Di? chare or knovrledqc - see above.
d. Load c
t^.oris - based 0:1 extremely primitive
c'^iicrdlly leasoriaLlo. Required turbine
. reaeration in tarly sixLles wit>i good result
Irii-^sccio/i srif, Cjj.'"OJ'cc.' ^ni - i r..c:^:.- c-ts c:: 4-7 ycc~r
cycle - quiC'i rhorouc;>.ly even do vr. to land disposal
d"cain;ige. r^ciiely goeo to court desp.ix.e h.-St co:vp3 ic.nc;
record in 2asi:i (par ticulc'irly riiur:.icipaJ i ties ) .
IvVirdens rac> 183 «irresLs in tvo years. lias even
enforced on dicldx"a:i v\ols.t:.cn by '.vool Mill. Only
Ktato \;irh full phoF^iOrur. ic;i''0-"-cl compliance.
Racine is good caae of delay duo to regulations.
f.. WQ alter corrro] iance - brsed on same 4-7 year cycle,
bar-^in reports shov VJO ar-d biota changes since last
report as v.-e.il as tot£-.l efi'l'jor:t trend.
20
-------
TABLE - WISCONSIN : SUMMARY OF SFFLUEST DATO
AVAILABLE AT STATE LEVEL FOR MAJOR DISCHARGES
RACIKE GTP
SCOTT PAPER
OCOJLOFALLS
KII1BE11LY- CL ARK
KJ:EUATI
GRULlw 3AY STP
SUPERIOR FIBER PROD.
SUPERIOR STP
KSNOSHA STP
ShEEOYGAM STP
OSHKOSH STP
66-72
DEC.-liar. 7 2
52-67
52-67 .
JAN.-OCT.70
56-72
57-68
56-63
65-66
66-71
54-G7
51-70
52
EOD (50%)
SS (20°o)
EOD (401)
S3 (95%)
BOD (QCTo)
BCD (30&)
BOD (702)
BOD (30o)
EOD (200%)
SS (100=)
BOD (300?.)
SS (400^)
BOD
-------
TABLE - WIIrCCXTSIH' STPIXA^v or TOTAL S^D
(LDS/DAY - PEAK GIBSON) DI?CI". \RGED TO C77V37M, 1~3G - l^
1930 1949 - 1934
Milk
Cannery
Pnlp & Popor
nisc. Industry
Municipal
Total 1,010,000 1,210,000 1,220,000 1,130.000
42
161
518
11
239
,500
,000
,000
,500
,000
32,
74 r
P57,
10,
231,
700
100
GOO
000
000
26
A.)
943
8
202
,700
, 3 «_ J
, 0 '' 0
,700 '
,000
7, '100
ir. ,7"0
r* ' ") <"» * f\
« > ' , j >
a, crn
207, ?'0
O
-------
\
19.7 IOC.' Jn6/
1957
H
3
n,
£
80
70
60
50
10
30
20
10
19-50 19-15
1957 1962 JO'?
l"'iO 1945
19r>7 1<362 1967
oiiro
'ISCO''PI')
G
C.
80
70
CO
so
<0
30
20
10
1940
on
70
"? '"''-'
D
f. 10
Jr. 30
1-1
:- 20
10
3940 19.35
3957 1962 1967
O
c
t,
c
a
fi
v<
U
80
70
60
50
40
30
?0
10
Secondary
1555
RAW, Mixro
PRIitAP.Y ?nd
SECONDARY
1957 J°62 19f,7
SEWAGE 1PC-»7".i:ST LEVEL /.S RKPORTFD P^ STATLS
tOR TS:U Y."-:, LISTED. Tsl.i"'1^,.' ?Y Pt.FCr\V IS
RAC'.o o; L:T'.T iO'-uLvi, ^ror.rh.:' S),..I:-ILD
OV OK UM1'«:.' !'OJ"_'I_\T:0" FOR i:iA7 VL/R, 1 iilCHCVHR
is Tiif I.A'<.;;C.T :,v^.c>i.
Data collected L>y L'Si'!.'.? ;ncl F«QA (1957).
-------
'_'n:: ci'.do^ \ V n c A'., d:-V.i v< -'; ~v-:vi 'L.i.." -;XV ; > LiLf.-i Pj.c.ns.
r.-.rful C.T. ""JLSOJ: ' ':o :.:'i-'en ?i:-tos ca'"'.or. 'aa^i? y be rr\de bo'jruso
several of Jic k«--'.T c ..r.nl.i-i-d o:; .'.re und ~.f: rr:d , irr.ilurlj ur; nu'-'. or
of dicchaiTat..-.'), nur\'or T.'5tli trea'r.n-^r.t fncilit:i cs.. nxjRber
inspec-Lcd one nv'^bar j ;^ coniplianco. A c lance at tho table shows
that tho Strtos vary consicicrobly even in their dcfinitior of
a discharcer . For instance, Ne\; YorK claizris only 561 nunicipal
discr.irgcrs vhile Pennsylvcxnia has 1,860 and. Illinois has 1,455.
Tho definition or \o.at constitutes a treatment facility for an
industrial discharger is equally suspect, since it could range
fro::; a coarse screar. to a full cc-rtiaiy plant. Needless to say,
the most suj-pact c-v.togor.-'.^ation of al.i is the "in conpJicmca"
definition.
7-vs a renu3t of these loose definitions, only the grossest
ir'iprer.sior.n can be drawn from the State Proc/ram Plan data, as
sxirar.,3 r i ^ed be lov;:
1. Budget effort and allocation: in terns of cibsoiute
v;ater rsrogran si:3e, Pennsylvania and Nc\.T York have by far
the largest program with 3,73 ($4.CK1) and 2] 6 ($4.7M)nan years
:
respectively, though Nev: York spends more than Pennsylvania.
i
This is at least double the size of the other states'
i
progrartus, which are typically between 85 and 115 man years,
except for Illinois at 154: and Indiana at a notably low 63
i
man years. Most States show fairly insignificant changes ,
_, from FY71 to FY72, except for Minnesota, Ohio and Pennsylvania
-------
\ Inch '.!i~- vaic.' ,;-. ^'f < ' '..vr.^\.'or ' .c i <.v,- :-,.'; of <>5 to (>0'. .
£ ...ri'iiot !" . <- --_, to ZiCco^
^c h:v. Jr.cr-^-.ocl 40 r. !l-«r;t St-iJ:c-3
havi roK-i Ivc-ly :. ^o:. 1 SD :'c "-.lr and t'--x proc rr.ns, cxc~}'-
i:or Illi"oi7., O'l :.o c nc3 Kj-7 York \-*hfr-'i; eiir ruus 2 1/2 Lo 3
tim.es IT:'or thr.n \'atcr. In terms of \v.tcr prccjram exp:n
cnres pi-' :?1000 of personal Incomw, the highest spenders
en~e Pc".~-r;v}vr.nicX, Minnssoto and. T7.i sconsin at 33 to 38< j.-t.
capita Tje-c year. The lowest spenders are Ohio and Indian
at 10£ per capita v;ith Illinois only slightly higher at
2. Budge I: cilloca^ion: Percent of \-7aLnr progrc-.n manpo".-7sr
reported ?-"- spent on surveillance and enforcer ont is
reinarlcabJ v const-irJ.; in t3:-e for all spates. Furthermore,
all spore! about 50% of their ^anpover in this activity,
except for Minnesota and Pennsylvania (351,) and Kev? Yorl;
v;hich urcr only 25 o of it? laanpower 3 ri surved ll&nce and
enforcement. Note that all three of these States are
badly in need of better affluent and stream quality data.
On an effort per permittee bc!ci:--., Pennsylvania and
Michican ore highest v.'ith .08 to .1.1 ?1Y'S v?hilc Indiana,
Wisconsin and Ohio are low at .03 to .04 IIY'S per
pernittoc---an interesting fjn^.irig since Wisconsin has
probably ohe best knowledge of its di.schargers and its
stream quality of any of the States while Ohio has among
the worst.
-------
('.-.j^;. r. ~.v jr. ' ~^>j v .--,--, o'.~ c c ire';--1 .,-nt plr.:v. r.-}
a).-.' .'~ f. r.ni.-.j' (stu'!4'':, ro'.'cllin; '.>ro jeer, lou.,- , etc.}
Dirfr: .'--.r'-s .in I^'UMI;: LT.'/ r-oi.-coul--.oo <'G nuch a f u.irc.i .">ij oL accour. L.i jig oaf ir:ition,-3
as of actual c-.f^oirt (u-Tticu.ia2--.lv in ^icw of th^ fact then
EPA repeai'eciiy urges r~osr of the Groat Lokpr; States to GO
more planning). In cxny case, Inc^m?,, ?lichif*an and Ohio
sho-r notably lo>; nanpo-;cr off ortc, 3 to Go, \,'hile Wisconsin
and Nev York sho\7 22% Tvith New York using 32_? of biiogat
dol.iars in this category. Clearly, reported planning effort
is no! cox-reli,ted with results.
Facilities rnanpc'-.-er allocation is not quite as variable
araopc; the State?: as Planning. Tho high States are New York
(44§) and Illinois (35?); the rest are 20 to 307 v:ith
Michigan notably lov; at 12% of manpower in Facilities. O:i
the basis of man year per municipal ST"?, New York is far
and a---ay the highest vith .17 I'.Y'S per STP; the. rest run
.03 to .05 HY'S except for Illinois at .02. Again, v;e see
no correlation between achieving v/idesprcscl satisfactory
municipal trca tinant and ir-c-npov/e-V allocated since Ne;* York
i
has an unusually lov; number of reported STP'S, v/hereas the
States that h_ive achic-'ecl i reasonable secondarv treatrrent in
most major citie:;, Wiscon.'Lin and Indiana, hove only median
manpov/er efforts.
9 '4
-------
lea-t :"/ o : .--. . _: ; p.:i t.'-:: -c\,o^ :, J co
(' 10 'V~ " ~ \i. ~u-*ry) i-~ r.':op':: roj .; j .l.xi:o? -" vhic?)
.its i'° j? cJ p'4l_v,;i ':-:, <.>c;";;p'f rn~T ci or. t/> ent.
?. i-"ion-;: a3 1 ,c:'l'?' S ere u/.dcr so:~;a t--pe of '\>iLo oi'df-r,
permit or rovjsv (ol v~r';cble a--" li^v) arc' have at Ic^st
annual ins.pcctions (of n ^.liable cc^rpetencc) . Inclioiia,
V7iscor:.cin and 'lichdgan inspccb at least tv:Jco por year
(and '-'ith ccn^ic'erciblo co;ripctGrco) .
4. Ji'idustrial activity: Only Indiana ancl Wisconsin have
at least 80 o of their dischargern u:oc?er orders or with approved
plans (and v:ith similarly high percentages of dischnrgtrs
treating). Hid node end I\:ew York have- only 11 to 15% of
Induscriol d-..scl.3;:gcrs tr«atincj- t.i-'e rest rim 60 to 80'o.
Illinois, IlJnnesota, Zlichiaan ar.d Kcv; Yorl; liave notably lov
percentages of jneustrial ciischcrcers covei"c-d by perriits--
abc-iu-. 20 to 351. Again, Illinois and Minnesota achieve the
lowest anount of inspectiot. of industrial perrtittees-the
rest have good coverage, r.hough varying competence.
The conclusion drar,;n from this data is that rninina]
useful inforru- tioii, in the forra thd. I it nov/ appears is
tran.c;-\';i-cted to EP/\. It is apparent that there is no
signifacsnt correlation between ooljars budgeted, MY'S
e::pen:led, and v;ater pollution ab^Iiai-ient. Little en.ergcs
that can usefully be related to the problem of water
pollution in the reporting states.
-------
o
c
;:r * . c . . ,"-. -,;. . i ??;
,i' c/i'i.". '. r" ri "'/. '
c.3 ooo : - i :' : (i:
S i" i T.- i*{,
t;\ 's 3 s i L i ,: r,
FAC E-:-:'^ '"i'.s prp ,".IJ,\'L PLV-T
^ !/ A 'i i j
C^- -
-» i /7P1",1! ''"' r . >i'
" j u/ PI:-" . i i"'- :if.
s^>-
. . , / -
.1 ' .
jt
13',
3 4:
iu
3V-
.05
.02
i ;::
' "' 'b
130-
GDl
: i .r ': - .
L7/t . 96/31
. 72/.7T 1. ?/!.',
3.1 5.2
3.3. 4.3'.,
2. Si ''.S'o.
'9. 63»
2M 12%
.03 $J .31
.OS . 035 -1 tr
i,tr tus rc.ll i ;
255C
11-.
7C2
IS*
761
1000
UK
654
833
60 t
100\ !HYyr)
671
82%
?ono
80',
501
100'-
701
2/ on sr/v '.r'vt
C
> I ' '
/ i:n i-r . 10- 'ii":, 3;i :,-; !',%., i- . <. ;,>. :t j|.A.. i,i .'.!!,-..(.,«:, r/ , v, K M,-U.-
5/ ;<(> iik-Ti.: it," )M)'J. T!-'r. vi JHIJ, i',v.'i i1 in r u;i''i- pi'.-i','..',i i s \'iii: . ,,,. i i.vi?,1
1005
COO
K3 .Si
/
-------
Jctv1 ;:;..! !';- ;C Mvret: C .>.: > :. nr c-- >_c.;-.r Jt couvj ':. '!
.-: ":-" ": ' !. o,. ,v^t.r '"",.' u-:' c. v ."!: \~ i j.vj -II
E.
C.
Jn ]S'37, th? P -.
pro;;."1 1 ."c; on >-PCT
.. ^ "_,. r ^ -
Cl. iVt --- i, -T L V-*-< ^^ .'- t ^-
-*,- .,^.._. ^,
-L^ ^_ L <-. O !_ J- . A
.-^ r.tj .» 1 a
FU?OG-.. pol] nt: on pro^lf: , o'iccpt Cor tl'crr; in
iirpJ 01 .>r;tcd l:ho Panel's procr^n;.
V7e :lncoivifcv"r;i the CTiair'nm of Irhs ?d?:e.l and
arhea hiir. for r.ali-apt :rp\cscions of the Great
Laki-r- Rt-^rs. j-js iGit i::;ot only I-isconsvLn hr.d
rru-i.dc: JiotsbM- ,;,roqr;ess T-'i'ch Indian^ a distant
second cine", tr.3 ros-c. sho.riiio necliijiblo progress.
Ho noted !~'ie erratic and unrolj abl a ncJ tur^ of
the ;,££-i:rovc:-.ua collie t-_.d by rnnncyi^ania ' s
larc;<-;- fic'ld at-aff.
-------
J: i < '" .- L ;: '' '-."" ' v " "i
irc ; . ,: i'.. o.'"' :-.
b.
r..\s :^j o.'. '.";-] y been T,:IO uor.t
5'.:dt_ral ii'oac^. ujidrr the
c. 1,-, xdera':: p j n TOXJC ToJ lutar.ts - ^herc tho
Federal Procrcvi h.zs emy,"]-*^1--;j zoo. important pollutajihs
bes 16-2 POD and SS, reel leadership hai- boon cxortocl
and vr-'OfJ retul'^5 o.ht?iiiion (e.g., i.^orcury and pcsti.-
cjden.. sec Calc:«cat and f.isa ba.ns) .
d. Capj. L:alir,ang on Stare _5\chi cvc'ir^nts - the Feds
have K\'.S^CC; a real cppor ;-.u.;M ty in capj ta1 j zzng on
or \-':. rconco.n ' s
::t.-:'n - thecs would
£o;- -cho
r.ji.-. £ I'-ou torng
exue i leo'. ba
ha'c'o bcon
Stater. The er.i^har:: s cri r---.;:3i^Te p-dnning yr.per\:or
bar; no;, a:--rveca. rl;e Stc-v-c^r. "f;3.1. :-.t ':he s^rie -ci^te ,
the .I'Ltc? have failed to emphasize t)icj really
impo r: tcvii i: veejcr ^^ces such «s II.i.ch.xcMi) ' s Jack of
er..Co:r. c^j.'.znt or Ohio's gwrurul cir'os or Minnesota's
lack u.jT an'-* effjuent cat.?. .
e. Djplomatic Relations with the States - there
has bi;en a notable deterioration in this area,
much of. it due to delays, ^oi:\e due to mere tone.
-------
1937 :s 59 50 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 60 71
24
ICJS rm>H J'X f
3E 59 61 61 6? 63 S< 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
1957-71 TOTAL EXPENDITURE P/C
ou:o
PI:,';SYLVANIA
ILLINOIS
o:
5
;_17_- ffnowxr jL£ss.
;;57 53 59 60
i OHIO
~'i r /'(
C2 63 C1
C-^ ('.
0
fe;
u
IX
1?57 53 59 60 -51 G?
*- I
20
13 |
16
11
12
10
I PENNSYLVANIA
A,
f.
^
rf
'\
c.
1357 58 59 60
62' C.3
;a 59 5D 61 62 63 54 65 55 67 68 65 70
i;r---" r/c
Q
~~
TCT\L COTTRV:T .vrvos (sn"rp AX
rr^T'A TS (rr?! oy r.r.p. C\PTTA n^cis
CONSTANT 1970 $ ("NH)
1JS7 5C 5«
67 63 C
'. S J v
-------
1S52
63
CONSTANT 1?70 S (IT?)
-------
x^x
5f
t.\
cr»
TOTAL * \
/ .
1952
1970
A.%""-'' (crv-^p., r-rr ;,"D TO./M.) \:-
rs ' ^ \ P t L,'.'X\': CM \r\ i>-..~,is.
-------
!. ,°' . .'. l-y-S'.lc- i-.v'1 i'.^ijor. -i.'. r- "- . c;r <-v 07110 run do iot
a;-11; > i ..c bo ^Ic^.c1 V. ">ci] .;.. } sir- . r'!!' of io«.:.l co.virorir/i «.:!< ?.3ir,i.s,
cor ii' ?::- -'ion- ;>rc-;',.-'~.7-n hi J~H, SJL'.O o ivi;in;JO'' 'cr. There .at-e
iiiOac, -.i.Tn^ lL:il ,'3i<.: vt. villi rMUtually ?^:-'.re v/ater quality yt^'is
\vjll ^avc 53'c.Vv.' ulif ' ' cultJ es jjj achicv.ln: L-uL-.^tanfir^ jircogrcc:-.. The
only cr,', r? cLc-.ri ^tic fcliat serves to coj'rtlatc wth a.b."jfenicnt progress
it> ri picrsably orderly and documented l-iiO-xvleUge of \vater quality
a. r.ul 1 1 u~. j :> r d 5 s ch Cl r 3 c, r s .
2. The .Federal water quality pi o^rain, dcppite its pc\vcra,
h? ? yo: Rr.hJov'Cid n\'icli iinpi ovomoni: J'IL State pro^Tams, v/il/i a
noU'':"'O exc<,pLioi? in the setUn^ of v/r-te- tjuality standardb and
some success in eniphasizi::g pollutams oi-hor tha^ the perennial
BOD and suspo.nd^d soUds. Federal ple.nr.ing and rcpcriing requi^-e-
ments as well jiS construction grant procedures and delays have
probably impeded abatement prog rose.
3. Fedoral-StcUo relations are poor, to say the least, and
appear to be deteriorating.
4. State progress cannot be cvajiiated by means of subniittc:'
paper; we know of no way of 'evaluating a State without actually vj citin
to see \vhat the State is doing and not doing.
J u.
-------
, : c'j nil', ';: . '. -j >. niei.l ;..'. « iiclv '. e..''ii.->rii. i--. -' .~
s
r.i'^vc '' ' r> rccc' of pa:^or i::f;I it rcso],"^ in ir..- ^c.c~1. GJI and eriforcc-
rncrtl'.
6. Nonconph.-rj' manicipalilic= -.re cspeciaJly difficulr
for tht- Gtt'Acs and DPA to de;.l \v\th. Sc-wer buns and 180-day notices
do not hrve fie bite of civil Jjijucijons against noncornol., nt incliistries.f
NCV^T 'Jii-,1*-.!. s, son^c Ststca secrn to have rnasf.erc.d the art of exacting
comprl^ncti Irom relucisnt niu^;cipali';i-?c'; more ?.ttoi^bon should bo
paid fu tlJ .- art. "Wisconsin's r^cret soft^TS to be a tcugli barg£JniDg
facade -^ad an adaivrii-st refuse] 10 grant ^.ny extension^, no matter
hov/ rc_ cor.r.hle the: e;-;cu.
-------
I, i .--u1'. . ' ."v;i]\, o v - :~ ' \" JJ --r ; :n>iu--,l 3 i \ L
>:' r-- ;- . > ;, .^ U.S. .- ' '_, l"L.nn i ]y-Cll' - , r-'l hi' I'JZJVl Oil
^
-,.1 .Tj-.iy r. _:-. o i::'-/.' ; c { j. .> n tij.'ir .--, i^m^1] ''^ip. , c ]-'< o, "t'i v tlioufie. az
u -:'!!/. '>'.i. :h m .v b' >.:.:c"' !',: p'uLinj.1 13 ( '. "jia'il c'.5oc~.v~ /, «i-s to crc
f -']^ <:'"""" Jv-rjin^; \--ii!; i- - m -.."lO"" i:ie, mojor >'!.' scJoi'^c.r's hove been
ci: s]»o.5i -;L of. By ar.y r.j'Ic-n?.l s'-cii.clard, fr.r i.oo nn..-h th.-.i3 aii'l effort
are e^vo ilv,^; on relatively trivi.'I <;ou::csr of pol'ut-on,
1 8. Noi'e of the 7rm]ti~ government', ccnlrajiz.od c,c- nitation
districts in the Q-.-c?.i L:,^es :Bas:.n shov/cil r.Dticcablo success in
coping v/ith. po]]uLion v.JiliJu theij- jai-if-'dictJuns.
-------
"i. To r. \ .-<:,<"> \'\_ !,>:., '-c,,~"c r- -.LTC.I.J and v.s<; .Y'edur: !
>;
. ivc7- 1'i :;., "ic-rr LV. «-Jj'-.: i-.M*.::1,, i-Th'A : ; --'-"'', r^'iorct r.>i i.'^mal oj'---i!o
i-vaT-.-. fi.,n uf each G'r { c fapf.ro -i >. -vr.ivl/ 2 ^ici- /or 2 <; i .-];>).
TJ if; c- T'-£.t.csii -n,i..; foe vis or, " % -.uli,.-. in pul Jofion ccr.trol:
i'ic end j-ioduet p]iou]-i bo ?. siiort t\vo prc.^- bLirjtniary of StrJ e cap;..!.>j Vtics
wjt'> re^p-'cc to the 7 r.'-jsnonf; e:viployc-.! {:_ cval'ifvLe S,.'tes. The
ftum?novy xliocld be uscci Jn pvr.:'ci
below) .).s the guidi/3^ clocarrjezit for a]l "diplcmalic" rel.'dJojis and
f
major decisions \vith respect to cac:h Siaic, partici-Jar3y for corj.slracticm
grants, pernpt pro^ra^n deJ elation or rt.\ oration ar.cl program g:ar)if.
These nioiuca aiicl poves s should he appl; ::d specifically J'o i.he St.'Lc
\vrr.k:,ssr,e.-- idontlnod ^n the summary; unclci- PO circumctances should
grant formulas h'o u::cd.
All other JTPA contacts voth the States r.houl'l be min.iniJz;ed.
EPA is not ?, nionolitriic organization; vhen several of iis pluralir.tic
interest groups make direct co-nlact \vit]>, the States and demand in--
conr.istcTit and repetitive cooperarion fro:n sxr-Ifs that are already
overburdened, annoyance and despair i-re the predictable results.
2.. EPA should a?k lor only oj^e annual aabrjiirsjon froin i he
States covering all reports, applications and plans required under the
new Act.
-------
Tlr!,- : <\-.r < : :-!..,, ~"1". ''I'] f . .; .'>.i re-.- >'.'. '<: nor
? . 1:'PA "riov.lc' u?c- c-,""i'ry mr ?:,. '-.Lits tr" f, jjj^ ol to rccl.irc
too in-. " ::. :>/ j_ -.ucrv c _-k T'Cn-'-cd of t" .- ?" .c;lc.: ; ;^ rl.Tilcl c.Loo uiT;c the
S'lVtCS lo iccluce fie pc.oe3",vor.^ thr-y in vavii rec^'ni-e ox bofli V,IL::IJ c.ipz- 1
cj.nd i'dflj .strjc.] cli 5ch:'r<4r>ri;. Thex o ir. fs r too jy.uch clcvzd paper in
filing rahi'iclb, and much of !TUS paper it, very cosily. Why shculcl a
Stale 3 cfj'ur^ cli sc^u.rge? s lo subm.ii clafly ef^'Jucni. reports when it
cannot hope to verify Ihcjn moj*e than OPCC every s./ld be better- devoted to suc^1
abfcluJe css^n <::£.[.': £5 Rirc-Cvr>-i sutveys, on- site inspections, property
e::ccutcc» load rJ^'jor/ai/us, anf. construcf^o/j of i realm enl facilitj c&.
4, The SLr.las must be eucourjv^cd through the new guidelines
to streamline their cuinbersome procedures for collecting essential
data and putting them to work. i
To pixt tharje data to \vor3v, c-vei'y f.'le on. every dischjirgcr
and body of water iiius! bc^in viLh a clce.r chronolo^icr.l summ.:.ijy of
i
\vater- quality condiuoiis, applicable sLandctrds, effluer.i losds, o^forcs-
merit actions, conipli.'vncc schc,-,,i'los (dr'';a due- raid dr.to done), resultant
I
reduction in eJTLuent load, and consequent change in water quality.
-------
Oi< ' '." ' '.,:'-<>. -.- _
ci'il: -i .". t<; v.- C ' . ?'"" ij'tJ--.: t '> .Viio^ J . . '' r:: L c-.J y m -re1 u.c'ul
/, .-. ir ;.i ",i !l:L i. , \\e i'lici r.in.= t be T,\'.'\^ ^hort, L'".c2our;h, ai.cl ^o the
pojr.i T't'fc: PC: i- o. '"-"j-oyrf.:"! i-book! bo "-.;-. vc1 ;' s r, Icvc-- to io/ce t?jc;
S'. --itos '.o {.'Aihor ih.-.sr- e£.scn(i'c.l cL:'r?; it s3iou2cl not be u&cd to complicate
p;ji>fc.3",vf5rk b\ add.'ji^ yet another couvce CL unverif' e;'. inloi'mrtior..
5. TJiere is f?r too inuch delay and ancerl3inly in obtrir.ing
.Fedcrjij funding uncles- the Slc-le Pj-ocrani Grant and Construct-Jori Grant
pj;o«.jr?">ris. Delays and slippage at uie Federal level do jjot set an
excirnplc of pr o^ipiness 10 tho Slates. Pu^tJien^oro. Fcc-^r.'il dt-.jTy is
tlie ri',."'£:i j^Po-l oxc i.'fi c fr, r f'-c Str.tc^r.1 fc.'] c':e lo rnee' cornpli?.ncc^ schedules.
The Gciv!}."1'' st L"'t:o.j rf tlie&e funding pr'^;jr.ms riuct bc^ niade svllf, sure,
and r.iiyrpjc. Deln.y inur,t not be o.sed as ^ mochanisrn for reducing
eripenditures.
6. Just as we advoci-ic (.liat the de.livery of (hese Federal fur^s
should b j a%vift, sure, and simple, v/e encourr..ge EPA to deny a substantial
perce.:'.Age of pi-ogi'.itn grant -3 unril the Si&.tcs n-ieel c orlain f.iiri[.le but
essenual condition? on .stream surveiilvijxcc, el£:acnl inojiitoring. load
aDocr.tior., enforcc-.-^ont of c onvplian.ee schcdiiles, f.nd c&sv preparation.
Through its pov/crs of review and its control of the Federal purse, F/PA
-------
c 1 ear) - ir> ;:! divert LluJled m.^-v^vor from er^en'ual 1:10: ;lori.-ir.
ccmpcJci'l :i?f'p-3c!io;is, c-trai fjafcvu'at-d \v;i;;tc load .?.31t cations and
vigorous < -., -' To r c e rn t" n C.
8. jViurdcip;;! noeds surveys, cons',ruction priority algorithms,
construct] on grant formulas, etc. phould be abrogated. There should
Lc o/_ly one Kcisis for construct\o;\ grant q-.ic jiiicalion 3:1 r}ie next fc\v
years: devn'--v.stra.tc-d vjo]?.iion of JocaJ vater Quality stardaids and a
present discharge in c-.xcer.s of n.;\ er.fc.blisl.i-il \vcxste Itv-d. ui.3oc&'do i fca-
the reach. In terms ef both the Act a.nd reiionril m.xna^ejTien.t, no
municipal "need" should be accepiod unless it meets the a'nove tv,ro
i.
9. Section 20f' arcav/idc n.an^gerner.t authoritlts a.nd plans should
be discoi'r.:,i?ed, not c:ico«r.\giscl. They represent a g. cat polenUr-1
foi- delay s.nd off or no discernible economies.
10. The ne^-T Pmnit Pro^rain should explicitly slate how it
intends to deal \vith and eniorce against large users of :rumicipal cysloms.
This should be decided and settled for each State permit delegation and
for each :nu-->ic:ipaJ permit. Both the States and EPA have actively
-------
'': -o c c > i--'. .O'.'. 1 v' ' !.'>' .". v - <-* e Jo; ri , J !c c^tict ir O"> L'IC ., > , 'i;;. ji Jojt ;r j,:
«*
: v.. po'"% ouj'C >~"-> c.r'1 i . ^troc-v/i ?c?-".J do r.>' c j ~t. 'l1-:-' js, \v^r'.'c
,'r- f'' c::.'oc.-.' -^^L )i ' -,". !->vn cnjcr'_; Cv,u by a-.',t..rn-'=! tbrt o ^.y }-rio\/a
f
r--;r;t ftuu"-c«-.s v^LV.K r.r- Ptur'y r<.-^.r>. cai7 ca.'ic ^ vnler CLialitv fcie-- clurci
\rjc..r.tion.. 'J'lioc, UV.TCJ. larger ]ci,.ds ca^j. be a?Joc;\t~:d ;'o c.ich cb' cc1ja.\'g(?r
thr*n if no,j - j..oint contrj. f lions vers mpdc p'trt of the allocation. This
3cads io j'ccjo-. rjncj si hr.fnniia] troat^ient vl i] c gu?.rcinrfct.5ng the»t £,tnucla.rcl-
v/11] net be met (v.^.ich is pz-obal.^v 511eg?l); jt ?lso creates no \nccjv.ive
fc-x* non-pcir_t soi-rce inor surcmcnl control.
3.2. Sinco thy ,c-i.:./Lcs nori^aily avoid :v orator ing for {or enforcing
f.j-ciinst) i., vide rongc r/to^ac subsir.ncoh, Z'PA t.houL.1 exert strong
pressure i". guidelines, perrnitb and gr&?its 'or simple bic^ogice.] tests
o£ efPur-nL-T. for tordciiy and serioae dciectjon ?.:id euiorccmcnt effort.
The classic;;] pollufio:) control emphasis on BOD and BO f'r.t EPA and
the States have fostered in the past is nrJsg-.udod, to say the least.
-------
:. r. I L. . ' nl hit '" . u-c~;.i / , a t.'n -. -;u: !i
v, ; ":i-, r11, >'.:j.'".~ , "'"T'.'c ^r. j ' : c ' " '.'-" t~. : c. 11 v
>.". ". tict c: *^l:c ''syo'-,'IC:-D :. tir,^!: phott' r-rus; G t.i: .uln bee;
' :.r; Lh i ].;/'.c& i:: 21 _o'_- s Ln:ctio': -"ii'1--^ trii.:- is pxo"'x-bly a ^--2. order of naqnj tu'-le
hf-'P'^-r snJ. ;r.o::'j effective approach to reversing eutro-
hicavfcn than sacc-ndary r.rec.ein?rst.
M 0
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The University of Wisconsin
WATER CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
MADISON, WISCONSIN 537OS
262-247O
AREA CODE 608
February 14, 1973
DeWitt Johnson
U.S.-EPA-Region V
S & A Division, Technical Services
1 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Dear DeWitt:
As a follow-up to your telephone call last week, I wish to
reiterate some of the points made at that time. First, I under-
stand that you are interested in trying to obtain information on
current monitoring programs on selected Great Lakes. In this con-
nection, it is my understanding that the work that we are doing
on Lake .Superior is not within the scope of your study.
I suggest that you contact Nelson Thomas of the EPA Grosse
lie Laboratory. Nelson is the EPA coordinator for the IFYGL stud-
ies on Lake Ontario. He should be able to give you a detailed
breakdown of these studies. I am involved in several phases of
these studies, including work on nutrient transport cycling with-
in Lake Ontario, factors limiting algal growth in Lake Ontario,
and work on chlorinated hydrocarbons of the chlor-ouioxin Type.
I suggest that you contact Dr. Beeton of the University of
Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Center for Great Lakes Studies. He would be
able to inform you about the nature of their studies on Lake Michi-
gan. You should also contact Dr. Sager and also Dr. Wiersma of the
University of Wisconsin-Green Bay. Both of these individuals have
studies underway which may be of interest to your office. At the
University of Michigan, you should contact Dr. Schelske, Dr. Call-
ender, and Dr. Ayers, and at the University of Wisconsin, Madison,
Dr. Bowser.
As far as my own work is concerned, I am currently involved
in the studies of zinc, TFM (sea lamprey larvicide), silica and
phosphorus in Lake Michigan. I can provide additional details on
this work, if you wish.
From you description of your activities, it appears that you
may be duplicating to some degree some of the work that the Inter-
-------
DeWitt Johnson
February 14, 1973
Page 2
national Joint Commission is undertaking with respect to the Great
Lakes. For example, I have recently been appointed to the Committee
on Eutrophication Research for the Great Lakes of the International
Joint Commission. This committee consists of three U.S. and three
Canadian members, with Dr. Vollenweider of the Canada Centre for
Inland Waters as chairman. The Committee is currently undertaking
to define what constitutes a proper monitoring program for the
eutrophication of the Great Lakes. I suggest that you contact Dr.
Vollenweider concerning this situation. He may be able to provide
some general guidance as to expected rate of committee development
.in this area, etc.
One type' of monitoring program that is receiving increasing
use in the Great Lakes today is the industrial monitoring program
associated with thermal electric power plant . discharges . I am cur-
rently serving as a member of two different industry advisory con-
sultant boards where I advise the industry on the type of program
that should be established and on how data should be collected,
examined and reported. These types of programs represent very sig-
nificant sources of data when the data is made available. One of
the current studies that I act as a consultant for is spending
in excess of $1.7 million per year in one relatively small area
of the Lake Michigan shoreline. Another one is spending close to
$1 million per year at another part of the Lake Michigan shore-
line. I know of studies of similar magnitude being conducted at
other power plants on the Great Lakes. Eventually, we will learn a
lot about the Great Lakes as a result of these studies , since for
the first time we are beginning to approach levels of funding nec-
essary to take or. the very complex nearshore environment of the
lakes .
The final point that I wish to make in this letter in regard
to your activities is that I have felt for some time that the EPA
should appoint an informal advisory group to help them establish
a monitoring program on the Great Lakes. I would be pleased to work
informally with you and Dr. Zeller and others in the EPA in this
area . '
Sincerely yours
Fred Lee
Professor of Water Chemistry
GFL/ky
-------
GREAT LAKES RESEARCH DIVISION
THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
1077 NORTH UNIVERSITY BUILDING
ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN 481O4
313/764-2420
February 22, 1973
Mr. Welburne Dewitt Johnson
Surveillance and Analysis Division
Technical Support Branch
Environmental Protection Agency
One North Wacker Drive
Chicago, IL 60606
Dear Mr. Johnson:
Dr. J. T. Wilson, Director of the Institute of Science and Technology, has
asked me to reply to the request expressed on your recent visit to campus for
recommendations on monitoring programs in the Great Lakes. Our recommendations
will be restricted to monitoring water quality. In general we would recommend
that first priority be given to monitoring Lake Michigan for the following
reasons. Lake Ontario is being intensively studied as part of the International
Field Year on the Great Lakes and it and Lake Erie have been investigated
(monitored) by the Canada Centre for Inland Waters in the past several years.
On the other hand, no extensive open lake and near-shore monitoring has been
conducted on Lake Michigan since the early 1960's. It would seem especially
important, considering the present interest in Lake Michigan, that it be given
first priority. We need to know whether or not environmental conditions in
Lake Michigan are improving or deteriorating. We (Schelske and Stoermer 1971,
Science 173, p. 423-424) predicted that environmental quality of Lake Michigan
would deteriorate if phosphate inputs were not controlled. We also questioned
whether current measures to control phosphorus would be sufficient. Questions
such as this can be answered only by instituting monitoring programs on Lake
Michigan.
Our recommendation for a minimum monitoring program would be at least two
lake-wide cruises in 1973 to monitor the following parameters: total and
soluble phosphorus, nitrate nitrogen, and reactive silica. Measurement of these
parameters can be justified on a scientific basis, as well as their usefulness
in a monitoring program. When one monitors these parameters, it would also be
feasible to collect data on ammonia and nitrite nitrogen and on conservative ions
including chloride, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, alkalinity.
conductivity, and pH. Some of these parameters and parameters like dissolved
oxygen must be measured on shipboard as soon as possible after sample collection.
In the past few years, v/e have perfected and refined techniques as they pertain
to the Great Lakes and presently have the capabilities of doing the monitoring
outlined above.
A minimum monitoring program should include as much attention as possible
to the biological components of the system, particularly various parameters
related to phytoplankton. Phytoplankton, being at the base of the food chain,
probably reflect environmental changes more rapidly than other biological
-------
components. In addition, we probably can determine indicator species of
pollution with phytoplankton with greater sensitivity than is possible
with zooplankton, benthos, or fish.
We would therefore recommend that the following be studied with regard to
phytoplankton: abundance and species composition, chlorophyll a^ and primary
productivity. It would also be desirable to obtain data on species composition
and abundance of zooplankton and benthos. Collection of samples could be in-
corporated with the sampling program needed for monitoring at little if any
additional expense. On our large research vessel, we collect samples with
different gear, so several sampling activities can be underway simultaneously.
Other than the need for at least two cruises per year, it is almost impossible
for a number of reasons to recommend other details about a sampling program.
First, the program depends on the amount of money available. Second, costs will
vary depending on whether existing facilities are used or whether large amounts
of money will be needed for equipment. Third, the sampling network proposed
will be a function of the parameters measured which will depend partly on
decisions made by the Environmental Protection Agency. Fourth, your need for
information by March 1 limits us in working out specific details. Fifth, the
March 1 deadline means you hopefully will consider recommendations for sampling
in 1973 on projects which can be implemented within a relatively short time.
My final recommendation therefore would be to select, for your 1973
monitoring, only projects which are currently underway on the Great Lakes and
can be expanded to meet objectives of the Environmental Protection Agency.
During what remains of 1973, plans could be formulated for expanded monitoring
programs to be initiated in 1974.
What has been recommended above can be undertaken as lake-wide monitoring.
The Great Lakes Research Division has staff members who are well qualified and
experienced in all of the areas listed. We could perform the needed monitoring
in 1973 from our vessels and provide experienced project directors on a part-
time basis for all phases of the scientific work. Funds would be needed to
support the project direction and to provide technical assistance in addition
to our present staff.
The Great Lakes Research Division and the University of Michigan obviously
have many other capabilities that go beyond these recommendations, but these
would have to be explored after your March 1 deadline. Professor Baker has
additional recommendations about atmospheric monitoring.
Sincerely yours,
Claire L. Schelske
Research Liinnologist
CLS:jf
-------
i.'******^ /* jTfWr^yv" *j*y"a^^^rv
"* ' -- ""-
The University of Michigan
College of Engineering
DEPARTMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC & OCEANIC SCIENCE ~-~T '* ~ 4072 Easl Engineering «'«'»
"" Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104
313/ 764-3335
February 28, 1973
Welburne DeWitt Johnson
Physical Scientist
Surveillance and Analysis Division
Technical Services Section
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region V
One North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Dear Mr. Johnson:
As agreed upon on 16 February, I spoke to several of my colleagues
in the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science to find out
their research and interest in atmospheric monitoring. Because of
the short notice of your request, I did not have time to go outside
of our department, although I'm sure much is being done.
The people I spoke with were A. Nelson Dingle, Professor of
Meteorology; Donald Stedman, Research Associate in the Institute
of Environmental Quality and Lecturer in both our department and
the Chemistry department; Conrad Mason, Associate Research Physicist.
There was unanimous enthusiasm for the development of monitoring sta-
tions, although it was clear that the details of such a network would
require a considerable amount of planning to be effective. Both
Professor Dingle and Dr. Stedman have been actively involved in try-
ing to establish such a network for environmental reasons and hence
were very happy to hear that EPA is moving in this direction. I
have tried to outline below the expertise in this area of the four
of us. You will notice that this expertise covers a wide range of
physical and chemical aspects of the monitoring problem.
Dingle
Professor Dingle's work, mainly under AEC sponsorship, has
entailed extensive and intensive field sampling programs designed
to measure the amounts of various contaminants brought to the sur-
face by rain. Contaminants studied this way include the important
radionuclides produced by nuclear weapons,- various metallic elements
and plant pollens. This program led to the development of artificial
tracer experiments for the investigation of circulational and
scavenging models of midwestern summer convection storms, and of the
analytical procedures by which metallic indium tracer can be identi-
fied and measured in water samples down to 10"^-^ gm cm~ concentra-
tion.
In conjunction with, and extension of, the neutron activation
analysis techniques and the sampling techniques required for the
-------
Welburne DeWitt Johnson
Page 2
February 28, 1973
above research program, the analytical procedure was adapted to multi-
elemental analysis in the extensive air-pollution study of Rahn.
("Sources of Trace Elements in Aerosolsan Approach to Clean Air";
Ph.D. thesis) The gamma-radiation analyzer has been retained as a
facility in the Phoenix Memorial Laboratory.
Professor Dingle has most recently undertaken the theoretical
modelling of the rain scavenging processes which include nucleation
of the condensation of water, diffusion of contaminant particles to
water drops and droplets, and impact-collection of particles by fal-
ling precipitation. He is moving toward the incorporation of these
models with the dynamic models which govern the primary transport of
the contaminant material, particularly in convective storm systems.
Stedman
Stedman's speciality is in gaseous atmospheric monitoring, with
particular emphasis in developing modern methods for measuring low-
level trace gases. He has taught and/or will be teaching three per-
tinent courses: one in atmospheric chemistry, one in air pollution
chemistry and a laboratory in instrumental analysis. He is currently
directing a student whose thesis research will be air monitoring using
the Wayne County A.P.C.O. equipment. He has set-up bench type NOX/
Ozone monitors in chemistry and a chamber for calibrating gases at
low concentrations. He is active in the development of chemilumines-
cent analysis of NO, NO£, NHj, 03, H2S, SO2, and NoO. His work also
includes studies of the role of hydroxyl radicals in the chemical
kinetics of photo-chemical smog and ambient air monitoring of the
photo-stationary state in photo-chemical smog. He is also involved
in a study of the environmental impact of the space shuttle.
Mason
Dr. Mason's research and teaching has been in many diverse
areas. He has taught courses in air pollution chemistry, air pollu-
tion meteorology, and urban climates. He has had considerable experi-
ence with mass spectrometers and has used them to study stack dis-
charges. Presently, he is conducting a feasibility study of a rocket-
borne chemiluminescent NO detector. Although this study is for
detection of NO in the 30-80 km altitude range, apparently, similar
instrumentation would probably be applicable in the lower atmosphere.
He is particularly interested in dispersion and modelling of disper-
sion processes. Along these lines, he is co-author of a paper,
"Urban Air Pollution Modelling" that will appear in the Encyclopedia
of Environmental Science and Engineering. He is conversant with the
dispersal of biological organisms and serves as a consultant to the
Aero-biology Program of the International Biological Program.
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Welburne DeWitt Johnson
Page 3
February 28, 1973 j
Moses
Although not resident at the University of Michigan, Dr. Harry
Moses of Argonne National Laboratory is an Adjunct Professor with
our department. He is very well-known for his studies of air pollu-
tion episodes in the Chicago region, and studies of nuclear reactors
Unfortunately, I did not get a chance to talk with Dr. Moses con-
cerning the monitoring program.
Baker
I am currently involved in a determination of the effects on
the environment of various nuclear power plant cooling methods.
The major "pollutants" in this case are heat and water vapor. A
network of 25 meteorological stations around the Cook Nuclear Power
Plant and the Palisades Nuclear Power Plant in western Michigan has
been established. The network monitors temperature, moisture, rain-
fall, visibility, radiation and wind. I am also involved in the
large scale and mesoscale variations of the atmospheric boundary
layer, particularly those effects caused by the Great Lakes. As I
am sure you know, it is the mesoscale meteorological variations
which are important in air pollution episodes.
The above covers what is being done. Several suggestions,
which I think may be of value in your planning, were also given so
I thought I would at least mention them.
It was felt by all of us that there should be at least one main
monitoring station which incorporates the latest in monitoring equip-
ment and manned by knowledgeable personnel. In this way new equip-
ment could be tested against standard instruments before sent into
the field. It was pointed out that a site near Ann Arbor would be
a good location since Ann Arbor gets air masses from many different
directions: an E wind brings Detroit air over us, a WSW wind gives
us Chicago air, a N wind brings clean Canadian air in. Hence, air
of many different origins can be sampled at one place. Apparently,
according to the work of Rahn, air of each origin is easily recog-
nized from the ratios of its various pollutant levels, A less
comprehense network of complementary stations around this main
monitoring station was suggested. Such a network would add con-
siderable information on the attenuation and deposition of the air
pollution components.
Some details of the monitoring itself were discussed, although
not in any detail. Apparently, some components can be measured with
-------
DeWitt Johnson
Page 4
February 28, 1973
currently available instrumentation. However, for other components
new instrumentation like mass spectrometers and chemiluminescent
detectors are needed. It was also indicated that a knowledge of the
vertical distribution of gaseous and particulate material is very
important, although the only methods of obtaining this information
put forward was by aircraft soundings and Lidar.
I hope the above information will be of some value to you. Of
course, we would all like to be involved in the establishment of the
monitoring network. In fact, it is my own personal belief that it
would be advisable that a planning study be conducted before any
instrumentation is bought. If I can be of any further assistance,
please let me know, or any member of our group.
Sincerely yours,
Dennis G. Baker
Assistant Professor
of Meteorology
DGB:bb
cc: E. Epstein, Chairman, Atmospheric and Oceanic Science
A. Nelson Dingle
Donald Stedman
Conrad Mason
D. C. Chandler
C. F. Schelske
-------
UPPER GREAT LAKES WATER QUALITY STUDIES
PRELIMINARY STUDY PLAN
by
IOC UPPER GREAT LAKES REFERENCE GROUP
February, 1973
-------
DRAFT PRELIMINARY STUDY PLAN
IJC UPPER GREAT LAKES REFERENCE GROUP
On April 15, 1972, the United States and Canada signed an
Agreement concerning Great Lakes, Water Quality which included among
other items a Reference to the International Joint Commission to study
pollution problems of Lake Huron and Lake Superior.
Subsequently, the Water Quality Board, established by the
IOC, instructed the International Upper Lakes Reference Group, also
established by the IOC, to provide a preliminary study plan, with a
schedule and costs appropriate for the questions posed in the Upper Lakes
Reference, namely:
(1)
Are the waters of Lake Superior and Lake Huron being
polluted on either side of the boundary to an extent
(a) which is causing or is likely to cause injury to
health or property on the other side of the boundary;
or (b) which is causing, or likely to cause, a
degradation of existing levels of water quality in
these two lakes or in downstream portions of the
Great Lakes System?
(2)
(3)
If the foregoing questions are answered in the
affirmative, to what extent, by what causes, and
what localities is such pollution taking place?
in
If the Commission should find that pollution of the
character just referred to is taking place, what
remedial measures would, in its judgement, be most
practicable to restore and protect the quality of the
waters, and what would be the probable cost?
(4) In the event that the Commission should find that
little or no pollution of the character referred to
is taking place at the present time, what preventive
measures would, in its judgement, be most practicable
to ensure that such pollution does not occur in the
future and what would be the probable cost?
The date given by the Water Quality Board for submission to it
of the final report was December 31, 1975.
This document contains a proposed Study Plan which should be
considered as preliminary and subject to intensive review and implementation
in the immediate future.
In the brief time available to prepare this Study Plan, the
Reference Group has consulted with scientists and engineers within the
government bodies which are most likely to participate in the study. From
these sources, most of the study proposals and virtually all of the cost
-------
- 2 -
!
estimates have been obtained. Some major premises were adopted in the pre-
paration of this Study Plan. First, the Canada-U.S. Agreement makes specific
reference to the "non-degradation" of the waters in the Upper Great Lakes.
Consequently, it is considered to be highly important to establish baseline
levels of concentrations and distributions of materials in each of these lakes,
Secondly, the Study Group has strongly recognized that the Upper Great Lakes
differ markedly from the Lower Great Lakes in that the more serious existing
and potential pollution problems exist in the waters of embayments and the
coastal waters adjacent to point sources. For this reason, considerations of
each lake merely as a whole would cause the most serious pollution problems
to be overlooked.
The Study Plan includes several distinct items of attention.
These particular items, and the order in which they appear, are not based
solely on the science of the problems beinQ investigated, but rather or. the
basis of practicalities, such as program management and costing. In many
cases, specific proposals by study groups which provide details of these items
have been reviewed by the Reference Group. In all cases, the Reference Group
has identified a costing source and potential study participants.
T Background Information on the Basin and its Population
The proposed water quality study of the Upper Lakes will
require preparation of background summaries of the characteris-
tics of basin and atmospheric properties which ar£ influential.
This broadly includes: basin geology, hydrology, climate,
population characteristics, land use and development, and water
uses.
Although much of this requirement is straight-forward,
physical and social scientists involved in various aspects of
this Study defined later should provide certain specific summary
requirements.
This aspect of the Study should be undertaken in
conjunction with the same task of the Land Drainage Reference
Group.
7T Surveys of the Main Bodies of the Upper Lakes
In order to enable assessment to be made -cf the existence
and movements of pollutants in the main bodies of Lake Huron and
Lake Superior, and to provide bases for non-degradation criteria,
collections of chemical, physical, biological and geological data
are recommended.
A broad range of chemical data is require., similar to
that collected for the Lower Lakes in the previous IJC study, but
with increased emphasis on pesticides, PCBs, r^rc^y r.nd phenols,
especially near the coastal regions. Data on tr.s sedin.ents are
needed to ascertain the existence and pathways of certain
.< 3/
-------
_ 3 -
TT Surveys of the Main Bodies of the Upper Lakes (cont'd)
pollutants (e.g. mercury), and the history of pollution
occurrence. Temperature data are needed in order to evaluate
the role of thermal structure in the occurrence and movements
of pollutants in various parts of the lakes, and those
limnological processes which encourage productivity.
Biological and microbiological data for the lower
stages of production are needed to assess trophic levels,
influences of pollutants on pop-jletic^?, pollution pathways,
and the occurrence and nature of bacteria populations. Infor-
mation on fish populations and the occurrence of pollutants
in fish is also required but has not yet been introduced into
the Study Plan.
Excluding the fisheries aspects, data of the above
types have been recently collected in all lakes by the
Department of the Environment, Canada. A variety of data also
exists from previous years, collected by several! U.S. and
Canadian agencies. These collections are almost adequate for
Lake Huron, except in the case of certain items {Hg, PCB,
pesticides, phenols) which should be sampled, especially in the
coastal regions. Considerable additional sampling of all types
is needed for Lake Superior and Georgian Bay, anrd for both
lakes in winter months.
Accordingly, it is recommended that the following
"main lake" surveys be done:
1. 6 or 7 surveys of Lake Superior; physical, chemical and
biological (P, C, B) during 1973.
2. 4 surveys of Georgian Bay (P, C, B) during 1974.
3. 2 winter surveys (P, C, B) of Lake Superior and two of
Lake Huron, winter of 1973-1974.
4. 2 "special" surveys of Lake Huron during 19'74 to
collect data itemised above, at about 20 stations,
emphasizing nearshore regions.
5. A geological survey of the sediments of LaHe Superior,
during 1973.
In order to provide information on the transboundary move-
ments of pollutants, a review of past current mister data and a study
of a data collection of the U.S. Environmental i?n>tection Agency will
be included. Further studies during 1974 would bo proposed, if
needed. Two proposed additional circulation sTLiies, one in western
Lake Superior and one in southern Lake Huron, to examine trans-
boundary movements in regions of known interest are proposed by DOE,
-------
_ - - _ - ~ j
ll_ Surveys of the Main Bodies of the Upper Lakes (cont'd)
Canada and should be considered. These are not included in the
cost summary.
Thermal and water colour surveys using remote sensing
techniques from aircraft and satellites are recommended, both
to obtain basic data and to evaluate possible uses of these
techniques for surveillance.
Ill Sources and Characteristics of Material Inputs
In order to determine the net effects of materials inputs
to lakes, materials budgets should be calculated. The loadings of
materials from municipalities, industries and tributaries should
be monitored more intensively and with a high degree of accuracy.
A list of recommended items for tributary inputs is included in
Appendix A. This list should be applied at least once for each
municipal and industrial discharge direct to the lakes. The
atmosphere as a source of materials will also be included in the
study.
Movement of materials between lakes is an important materials
budget consideration. Particular attention should be paid to
interlake transport between Lake Michigan and Lake Huron,
and between Georgian Bay and Lake Huron. Studies on the former
are proposed by the U.S. Lake Survey and on the latter by DOE,
Canada.
A close working relationship must be developed with the
implementation of the Land Drainage Reference Group studies, in
order to enable the Upper Lakes study to benefit from those
studies in determinations of the nature and quantities of inputs
from land drainage.
TV Geographic and Water Resources Relationships
Materials budget data collections such as outlined above,
will hopefully be sufficient to determine an assessment of
present conditions of loading to and deterioration of the Upper
Great Lakes. In order to realistically assess future problems and
permit recommendations on programs to alleviate anticipated problems,
assessments of trends in conditions which cause pollution problems
must be made. These will include studies of the interrelationships
between population, water uses, and the effects of these upon
materials inputs to the lakes. Studies on the future trends which
will influence these interrelationships are considered to be an
important part of this study. The influences of human and other
activities on the land drainage influences on these lakes will be
provided in consultation with the Land Cranuge Reference Group.
-------
- 5 -
Coastal and Local Effects Studies
The Reference Group has recognized that high priority must be
given to the coastal regions of the Upper Lakes as the majority of
presently identifiable v/ater quality problems exist in the bay, and
coastal waters adjacent to sources of inputs. Consequently, studies
in coastal regions are required to identify the occurrence and extent
of water quality impairment and delineate the sources contributing
to this impairment in order to determine what and where remedial and
preventative measures should be taken for the protection of the local
and lake wide quality. Environmental response studies at major waste
sources './ill define their zone of influence and provide the basis for
establishment of limits on "mixing zones" and "localized areas" as
required by the Agreement.
A major program for studies of this nature on Ontario nearshore
waters of lakes Huron and Superior and in the St. Marys River has been <
proposed by the Ontario Ministry of the Environment. Specific studies j
are planned by the Province for the examination of the impact of major j
waste sources at some twelve locations in the Upper Lakes.
Specific studies at point source locations have also been
proposed by each of the States of Micnigan and Wisconsin. In addition,
the federal U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is sponsoring and
proposes to undertake studies in embayments containing known pollution
problems. The Department of the Environment, Canada, has proposed a
"process" oriented study, which would be undertaken at a known problem
source but which would be directed towards improving the understanding
of the differing ways specific pollutants enter, mix with and affect
the lake system, so that the Study directors can better assess future
trends in degradation and better define criteria for mixing zones and
localised areas.
The Reference Group has been advised that, In the case of the
Reserve Mining operations case, which has received considerable public
attention, sufficient data has been acquired for the purposes of this
Study.
Included in the costs shown later, for this study item,
those related to studies of transboundary movements of pollutants in
the St. Marys River region.
_VI_ Main Lake Effects Studies
Section I_I_ defined the data collection program which would
permit scientific and engineering analyses of the concentrations and
distributions of pollutants in the main bodies of the two Upper Great
Lakes. This section (VI) is meant to define the interpretations of
those data which are considered to be necessary to meet the objectives
of the Upper Lakes Reference.
-------
" 6 " _ .
Appropriate scientists should be designated to examine and
interpret the limr.ological, meteorological and related data which
will be collected for this study and indeed participate in the
detailed criteria for the data collection, and requested to provide
information on baseline concentrations of pollutants, assessments of
lake conditions and processes which cause or influence pollution
problems, and provide recommendations for abatement and other
action which would serve to eliminate existing problems and ensure
future non-degradation. Attempts should bs made to interpret
distributions of properties and data of currents in terms of trans-
boundary movement of pollutants, in a realistic manner.
Other Items
The Upper Lakes study report should include a resume of
remedial measures available and recommended which would influence
the effects of existing and predicted quantities of pollutants.
At some time during the Study, the Reference Group may wish to
recommend commencement of research and development of remedial
measures to meet particular identified needs,.
Studies on public perception and attitude are considered
to be of value in connection with the overall assessment of public
involvement in pollution-problem identification and abatement
programs. However, such studies are not deemed to be within the
terms of reference of this Group. Similarly'; although studies or,
- institutional arrangements have been conducted by the Great Lakes
Basin Commission and others are planned by Department of the
Environment, Canada, these are also not included as part of this
Study Plan.
Appendix B contains a detailed breakdown of costs per fiscal
year, with reference to the most probable federal, state or provincial
participant.
Recommendations
1. .It is recommended that the Water Quality Board act immediately to
approve, and establish a procedure for implementing, this
Study Plan. As this is a preliminary plan, broad tasks must be
assigned to groups of experts for detailed design criteria.
2. The Water Quality Board and the TJC should conduct a review of the
membership of the Upper Lakes Reference Group?, in consideration of
the role it should play in the implementation) of the Study Plan.
In particular, strengthening in the realm of scientific expertise
in water quality - fisheries aspects should be considered.
.The successful accomplishment of this study will "depend upon
timely and adequate funding. It is recommended that the Boa
3.
Board seek
the assistance of the IJC in drawing this feet to the attention of
appropriate agencies
-------
Appendix B; Preliminary Upper Great Lakes Study Plan
SCHEDULES AND COSTS
1
Study Item
I Background information: '
hydrology, climate, geology,
peculation, land use, v/ater use
U Main-Lake surveys
- Lake Superior (6,C,P)
- Lake Superior (Geology)
- Winter, Huron & Superior
- Lake Huron, special surveys
- Georgian Bay surveys
- Remote Sensing
II Sources and characteristics of
material input.
- direct discharges
i
- atmospheric loading
S* i
X
1972
i
MY
i
<
/73 > '
$(K)
100
75
973-^*-* 197
/
X
f-t973y
MY
.4
.5
40
7
1
1
'74 ^
S(K)
' 8
12
2
100
660
140
90
22
75
200
23
18
25
30
4, . , -^,1- rf . TQ7
JV-K «i. . jyy
*- 1974/7
MY
4
2.5
6
12
1
1
.*
$(K)
60
E-0
50
80
50
135
35
15
167
23
13
25
30
5 >-
, >,
/
$(K)
2
1
65
12
i 9
.5
13
15
CALENDAR TI;
STUDY DURAT"
FISCAL TIME
Source
Canada
U.S.A.
Ontario
U.S.A.
Canada
Canada
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
Canada
U.S.A.
Canada
Canada
U.S.A.
Ontario
Michigan
Wisconsin
Minnesota
Canada
-------
1972/73
1973/74
1974/75
1975/76
- interlake transport
(Michigan-Huron)
(Huron-Georgian Bay)
Relationships between, & trends
in, geographic & water resources
characteristics.
Local effects (pt. Source Study)
Mole-lake effects, materials
Balance, and other interpretations
if item 2 data
- transboundary movements
'eripheral costs for engineering,
computers, drafting
;eport writing
TOTALS
MY $
.5
,5
121
283
20
20
619
MY $
2
7
21
3
2
7.5
5,5
nn.a
219
50
30
6.5
696
125
450
323
75
81
50
?50
1152
i san
904.5
23
18
25
MY $
3.5
.5
3
14
21.5
3
2
8
1
1
6,5
77.0
30
58
12
42
6.5
510
260
145
310
75
47
50
375
25
25
499
..1460
683 . 5
23
18
25
MY $
.5
5
8
230
4 52
r
<
9
120
2 50
1
1.5
25
67
28
1 35
1.5 50
4
17.0
110
3nq
33?
12
9
13
U.S.A.
Canada
Canada
U.S.A.
Canada
Ontario
* Ontario
Canada
U.S.A.
Canada
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
Canada
Ontario
U.S.A.
Canada
U.S.A.
Canada
Ontario
Michiaan
Wisconsin
Minnesota
except for Canada, man-year estimates are incomplete (unavailable or irrelevant)
Item //9 costs included
otc: Costs arc estimates, provision of funds is subject to funding processes
-------
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INTERSTATE
ELECTRONICS
CORPORATION
Subs dim/of A-T-O Inc
OCcANlOS DIVISION
707 E Vermont Avenue
Post Office Box 3117
Anaheim,Calif 92803
TED ACHREM
Research Analyst
714-772-2811
INTERSTATE
ELECTRONICS
CORPORATION
Subsidiary of A-T-O Inc
OCEANICS DIVISION
707 E Vermont Avenue
Post Office Box 3117
Anaheim,Calif 92803
WILLIAM B. MERSELIS
Staff Oceanographer
714-772-2811
EPA 3TATIOWS
CtTV ot CHICA.C*O -BUROAJ *e WATER
MCTKOPOi-tTAW SANIT
Om fiRCATCR. CHICAGO
I * IMDIAKIA BOAR.O »^ HEALTH
"1 - 0 CMI CAQO BOARD oc HGA.L.TM (0eACH-&A.M
A *& CHICAGO PARK DISTRICT
^MK s%tt?\
?*>~^ Dune )\
OuOMt -^CV-ffS I
PIG 2- I
CH/CAGO CASE STUDV
-------
. A&L
_ Jiflfl.
._ 3~-e
-------
r 7" s~v,'T7"~
K.u~; L_
INTERSTATE
ELECTRON 8CS
CORPORATION
Subsidiary of A-T-O Inc
December 5, 1972
Dear Dr. Beeton:
You have been recommended to us as an informed source on water
quality monitoring activity in your area. We are under contract to
the Environmental Protection Agency to develop a plan for a "National
Coastal Water Quality Monitoring Network Using Existing
Capabilities." Enclosure (]) is a letter from the EPA requesting
your help in providing information necessary to design the plan.
After conducting a national overview of monitoring activites and
general capabilities/ we are now obtaining detailed information in
the areas of water sampling, laboratory analyses, data management,
and program administration. Enclosure (2) illustrates the type of
information we desire. You probably have much of this information
available in the form of research and annual reports, maps,
organization charts, enabling legislation or charter, personnel
directories, etc. In addition, we welcome your plans and opinions on
potential monitoring improvements or the priorities for a program
expansion.
Thank you for your help and cooperation without which we will be
unable to properly complete this important task. Should you have any
questions, please feel free to call Mr. Ted Achrem, or contact Mr.
William B. Merselis, Project Manager, OceanicS Division.
Very truly yours,
INTERSTATE ELECTRONICS CORPORATION
' . V
V V-A-/._A\ .%
V
T. J. Achrem
^Research Analyst
Ext. 1564
TJAtrjm
Enclosures
707 East Vermont Avenue, Post Office Box 3117, Anaheim, California 92003 Telephone 714-772-2811
-------
CLSX13
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
fUational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NATIONAL OCEAN SURVEY
Lake Survey Center
<630 Federal Bldg & U. S. Courthouse
Detroit, Michigan 48226
Dear Sir:
The Lake Survey Center is preparing the 1973 edition of the U. S. Great Lakes
Projects Forecast Directory. Two separate compatible volumes will be
published again in 1973. The Canadian Committee on Oceanography will publish
its Directory in a separate volume from ours.
The attached guide outlines the purpose and use of the project forecasts. We
ask your assistance in promoting voluntary contributions among your colleagues,
Please return all completed project forecasts for 1973 by February 19, 1973.
Sincerely,
y ft / ff
/{ f (0£4."i£j-i^(fc
Louis X. Barbalas
Chief, Library Section
Enclosures
-------
LAKE SURVEY CENTER, LIBRARY SECTION
GUIDE
Forecasted Great Lakes Oceanographic Projects, 1973
PURPOSE
Many agencies and institutions in the United States and Canada perform
Great Lakes oceanographic investigation. This activity requires consider-
able funds, personnel and equipment.
The current information from these forecasts will allow investigators
to coordinate planned projects and avoid duplication of programs and data
collection. The directory can also serve as a catalog to answer information
requests.
SCOPE
Projects should include scientific research for new knowledge,
explorations (e.g., seismic), monitors and surveys (e.g., oceanographic,
hydrographic, fisheries), new engineering developments (e.g., instruments,
equipment, procedure), and technical services (e.g., hydrographic surve>-
ing, data processing and forecasting of waves, fisheries, etc.).
A project is a coherent unit of the program of an agency or institu-
tion. It is directed to a definable objective, and the data and/or results
shall or can be combined when reporting.
Usually a project is managed locally by one person, e.g., the scientist-
in-charge, who is responsible for its completion. Several agencies, disciplines,
and locations may be involved.
MATERIAL PROVIDED
1. Two 1973 project forecasts. Additional forecasts will be provided
on request, or can be prepared by Xerox or similar reproductive technique.
2. Guide for completing forecasts.
INSTRUCTIONS
Descriptions should be completed in space provided. "Agency" means the
agency responsible for the project. It is desirable to consolidate project
forecasts that have similar summaries, but noting the various locations. If
additional space is required, please continue on a second sheet.
The forecast period is January 1, 1973 - December 31, 1973.
A new or nearly new typewriter ribbon should be used before typing.
Type one copy suitable for reproduction on one side of the paper only. Mail
the flat (not folded) copy in the enclosed self-addressed envelope. Mail no
later than February 19, 1973.
For additional information, please contact Mr.'Louis X. Barbalas, Area
Code 313, 226-6295.
-. $
-------
A/
O.M.B. FORM 41-B2685
i
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NATIONAL OCEAN SURVEY
Lake Survey Center
630 Federal Bldg & U. S. Courthouse
Detroit, Michigan 48226
GREAT LAKES OCEANOGRAPHIC PROJECT FORECAST 1973
The following information is requested:
1. Project Name: Microbial Degradation of TFM (3-TRIFLUROMETHYL-4
NITROPHENOL
2. Locations(s):
Milwaukee Harbor, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
3. Agency: Center for Great Lakes Studies, Univ. Wisconsin--Milwaukee
4. Principle Cooperating Agencies: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and
Wildlife Service, Bureau of Sports Fisheries and Wildlife.
5. Date: FROM: 1 January 1973 TO: 31 December 1973
(day, month, year) (day, month, year)
6. Effort (in man years)
1/3 1
Professional Support Services
7. Summary: Purpose, theory, procedures, data collection, season(s), major
facility or vehicle, special equipment, etc.
Objectives are to determine the rates of decomposition of TFM by microbes present
in river sediment and to identify the intermediate compounds formed during this
process, to extend the incubation time of the anerobic incubation systems to determine
if the primary metabolite (RTFM) or TFM is further degraded. To develop methods
for the qualitative and quantitative estimation of TFM melabolites in aqueous systems.
Experiments are carried out in the Center's environmental chamber using river
water sediment systems innoculated with C-14 labeled TFM and maintained in the
dark at 15 ± 3°C.
8. Scientist(s) in charge: Dr< A> M< Beeton and Dr. John Lech.
-------
O.M.B. FORM 41-B2685
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NATIONAL OCEAN SURVEY
Lake Survey Center
630 Federal IUdg & U. S. Courthouse
Detroit, Michigan 48226
GREAT LAKES OCEANOGRAPHIC PROJECT FORECAST 1973
The following information is requested:
l. Project Name: Project to Determine the Consequences to the Biota of Lake
Michigan of Chlorinating a Large Municipal Effluent and Possible Corrective Measures.
2. Location?(s):
Milwaukee Harbor Area, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
3. Agency: Center for Great Lakes Studies, Univ. Wisconsin--Milwaukee
4. Principle Cooperating Agencies: Environmental Protection Agency
s'" """" " *
5. Date: FROM: 1 January 1973 TO: 31 December 1973
(day, month, year) (day, month, year)
6, Effort (in man years) s
Professional " /^ Support Services 2 j
7. Summary: Purpose, theory, procedures, data collection, season(s), major ;
facility or vehicle, special equipment, etc. j
Purpose is to determine the effect of chlorination of a large municipal effluent on the j
biota of a large lake; the effects on major species comprising the benthos and plankton |
populations of Milwaukee Harbor and adjacent Lake Michigan and whether the effects ''
on the above organisms is due to biocidal action of chlorine or fromchloramine com-
pounds resulting from the combining of chlorine with nitrogen compounds in the sewage. |
To determine what additional chemical treatment could be used to eliminate or reduce !
the toxicity of chloramines in the sewage and the effects, if any, of such additional
treatment to the biota.
8. Scientist(s) in charge: Dr. A. M. Beeton and Dr. Peter Kovacic
-------
I
0. I
I u- j
--1
-------
O.M.B. FORM 41-B2685
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
(Uational Oceanic and Atmospheric
NATIONAL OCEAN SURVEY
630 Fc'ihT.il lUtl^ & U. S. Courthouse
Detroit, Michigan 48226
GR^AT LAKES OCEANOGRAPHIC PROJECT FORECAST 1973
The followine information is'requested:
l. Project K.nre: Lake Ontario Temperature Transects Continuously Repeated
2. Locaticnp(s): Transects from Braddock Point, New York to Presqu'ile,
Ontario and from Oswego, New York to Prince Edward Point, Ontario.
3. Agency: Center for Great Lakes Studies -University of Wisconsin -Milwaukee
4. Principle Cooperating Agencies: NOAA (IFYGL Program)
t
5. Date: FROM: 1 January 1973 TO: 31 December 1973
(day, month, year) (day, month, year)
6. Effort (in man years)
Professional _ 1 _ Support Fervices _ 2
7. Summary: Purpose, theory, procedures, data collection, season(s), major
fnciJity or vehicle, Bi>orinl equipment, etc.
As a contribution to the IFYGL Program on Lake Ontario 1972, the
investigators are responsible for the measurements and preliminary
analysis of variations in temperature distribution in the two Lake Ontario
cross-sections as measured from NOAA vessels the RESEARCHER and
ADVANCE II on continuous shuttle operations during the periods 24-28 July,
7-11 August and 2 -6 October. Measurements were made by use of the
Center's developed undulating depth temperature profiler from the
RESEARCHER and MDT's from the ADVANCE II. The data collected is
currently being tabulated and analyzed for the purpose of contributing to
the understanding of the structure and mode of generation of up welling and
dominant internal wave patterns.
8. Scientist(s) in charge: Dr. Clifford H. Mortimer
'.I
-------
IDENTIFICATION AMD EVALUATION O? SOURCES OF HYDRQGRAPHIC DATA
-ON THE GREAT LAKES (R/WQ-5)
Principal Investigator: Alfred Beeton, Center for Great Lakes
Studies, UWMKE
.^ s
BACKGROUND - .
Long term records of environmental conditions are basic to
sound ecological studies. The need for such data is critical
for study of the Great Lakes because of the accelerated eutro- \
phication which Lake Erie has undergone, and because of similar |
changes which have occurred in Lake Ontario, Saginaw Bay, Lake \
Huron (Beeton 1969), and" Green Bay, Lake Michigan (Howiuiller and, \
Beeton 1971). It has only been recently that any year to year !
open-lake sampling has been conducted and such sampling varies f
in extent of area covered, quantity and quality of the observa- jj
tions, accessibility of data, and usually it is not year round.
In the past open lake sampling has consisted of a few surveys
such as those in Lake Superior by the U. S. Army in 1871, the
cooperative studies of Lake Erie in the late 1920's, the Bureau
of Fisheries study of Lake Michigan in 1932-33, and the surveys j
of several areas of the Great Lakes by the U. S. Bureau of }
Commercial Fisheries, Great Lakes Institute of the University j
of Toronto, U. S. Lake Survey and University of Michigan during }
the 1950's, (Beeton and Chandler 1963). Except for a few winter j
observations, these surveys were conducted during the warmer
months. Thus there is need for year round observations as well
as long term records.
The U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service recognized that consider-
able limnological and meteorological data for the Great Lakes
should be available from various agencies in Canada and the United \
States and negotiated a contract with the Great Lakes Research ]
Institute, University of Michigan, to undertake a study of the I
availability, reliability, and extent of such data. The study j,
was to consist "of three phases: 1) location and determination i!
of extent of records, 2) a pilot study in a selected section of f
the Great Lakes (south shore of Lake Erie) to determine the re- |
liability and usefulness of the various records, and 3) accuir.ula |,
tion of those records shown to be useful by Phase II and record ir.cr {
them in a form suitable for easy reference and use. Phases 1.
and 2 were completed. In Phase 1 a total of 1177 data sources
were identified (Powers, Jones, Ayers 1959). Phase 2 studies
demonstrated that certain v/ater..intakes -<.were. representative of
open-lake conditions of Lake Erie whereas others were greatly
influenced by local condi.t: -_'ons. Phase 3 v/as not undertaken.
The objectives of Phase 2 were only accomplished in part in thac
the Usefulness--and representativeness of data f rcr: 'a-f ew*'intakes
were demonstrated but the raliarl/ility of the data -./as not dealt
with adequately. The results oc these investigations were then
published in a report, "Sources of Hydrographic a~± 2!eteorologi-
cal Data on the Great Lakes."
-------
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FOREST SERVICE
Eastern Region
633 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53203
2500
February 12, 1973
Mr. Ron Mustard ---
Environmental Protection Agency
1 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
I
i
Dear Mr. Mustard: |
In response to your telephone request of February 8, the U.S. Forest
Service operates only three water quality sampling stations in the 1
Great Lakes proper. |
Lake Superior
Black River Harbor at confluence of Black River and Lake Superior, |
15 miles north of Bessemer, Michigan. Periodic surface grab samples
take twice yearly since 10/10/72, Analysis for Turb,, Temp., pH,
Hardness, DO, Alkalinity,Free C02, Specific Cond., Color, Cl, P04, 804,
Total-N, Ca, Mg, Fe, K, Na, Si, and Fecal Coliform. Data used to I
measure impact of upstream campgrounds on water quality. Data j
appears in Forest reports and available from Ottawa National Forest, j
Ironwood, Michigan, and EPA STORET system. I
Lake Michigan
Lake Michigan Campground, 1 mile southwest of Brevoort Lake and ]
15 miles northeast St. Ignace, Michigan. Periodic surface grab }
samples, twice monthly May thru September since 1970. Analysis for |
Total and Fecal Colifortn. Data used to monitor swimming water f
public health safety. Data appear in Forest reports and available
from Hiawatha National Forest, Escanaba, Michigan.
Lake Michigan Recreation Area at confluence of Porter Creek and
Lake Michigan, 10 miles north of Ludington, Michigan. Periodic surface
grab samples take twice monthly May thru September since 1967.
Analysis for Total and Fecal Coliform. Data used to monitor
swimming water public health safety. Data appear in Forest reports
and available from Huron-ilanistee National Forest, Cadillac, Michigan.
8200-11 (1/69)
1
,1
-------
Besides those 3 water quality stations in the Great Lakes proper,
the Forest Service also operates an additional 262 water quality
stations in the Great Lakes drainage basin. In the past we have
operated closely with the Great Lakes Basin Commission, the Upper
Great Lakes Regional Commission, and the Center for Great Lakes
Studies. We welcome the opportunity to assist your Task Force and
hope we can work closely together in the future.
Sincerely,
T)
DR. KEN HOLTJE, Branch Chief
Water Quality
Enclosure
-------
V,
*:(?
- X
u.s.
HHGTL< IION AGLNCY
APPLICATION FOR FEDERAL ASSISTANCE
LF'/f (MtOJLCT COtn <(OL HO.
rror.HAL NO.
DA 1L~ firccivt
p.t.
PAfJT I.
GENERAL INFORMATION
iJ APPLICANT
;Charles E. Herdendorf, III
ll. Cjri'APTtEN T'DIVISION
Center for Lake Erie
; The Ohio State University, Area Research
d. AUOfU.-iS
find /i/i C
or /'.O I7i>\ /ViniScr, 7.'o«ii'v v
a GOVERNMKNTAL AGFNCY
I). NONGOVERNMENTAL
C. OTHEf*
MC'NPftOCIT O«G ANI 7 ATIOI-I
O« I1-.ST ITU TION
INDIVIDUAL
M U N I C IP A L
IN Tf RWJNICIP AL
PROFIT-MAKING OfGANIZATION
OR INSTITUTION
COLLECC On UMIVEF7SITY
10. TYPE OF GRANT
O. [X] NEW
CON TINU ATION CCurn n( Grant iViimbi r .
i i. PFOjc-CI
LOCA-
TION
a. STATC
C. MUM 1C IP ALIT Y
b. COUNTY
d CONGPESSIO.J AL DISTRICT
0. STATE
b. COUNTY
12. PROJECT
AREA
C. MUNICIPALITY
tL CONCnES'.ION AL DISTRICT
13. DOES PROJECT REQUIPE CLEARINGHOUSE f'OTI FIC ATION IN ACCORDANCE VrlTH OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND
BUDGET CIRCULAR A-9S»
YES
MO
K. HAS AN ENVIRONMENT AL ASSESSMENT BEEN MADE FOR THIS PROJECT OR FOR A COMPREHENSIVE PLAN WHICH
INCLUDES THIS PROJECT'
IS. HAS AM ENVIRON"i.';TAL IMPACT STATEVENT BECN VAD£ FOR THIS PROJECT OR FOR A CLASS OF PROJECTS
INCLUDING THIS PROJECT'
A L A C C- r-% C '
b. DATE
16. IS THE PPOJCCT COVE°EO BY ACURRENT
FEDERALLY APPROVED PLAN'
17. APPLICANT CONTACT
Thomas J. Curtin
fl. ,_ rx. Program Development
Associate Director for Assistance
C. ADORrSS f S'r.c/, I Hi, .->-.ir, .ail /i;i Ci.tlrJ
The Ohio State University Research Foundation
1314 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212
IB Or r^ ICIAL OR ACL'ICY TO WHOM CHEC1- S ART TO [) L MAIL CD
d. fMOM I NO '/ /
-------
3
^- ^5v
O *>
C£
t Vx
UJ \.
UJ
>- *^~
^_
K? CJ
UJ *^
> UJ
1 5
' u_
UJ UJ
o S
= 1
I'A.CT II SCHCOULL A- DUUGtT
At'i'LICA'jTS NAME EPA PROJLCT CONTROL NO.
The Ohio State University Research Foundation
SECTION A - DUDGET BY SOURCE
EPA
SOURCES
OTHER
FEDERAL
SOURCES
NGN
FEDEPAL
SOURCES
FUNDING SOURCE
*.
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL BUDGET
FUNDS REQUIRCD
OUDCCT PCRIOD
99,450
.
-
-
10,244"
109,694
PnOJFt CT PERIOD
297,719
1
32,295
330,014
SECTION B - BUDGET ESTIMATES FOR BALANCE OF THE PROJECT PERIOD
ADDITIONAL SUPPORT TO COMPLETE PROJECTS
FUNDING BUDGET PERIODS
SOURCE «OM 4-1 -74a;TO 3-31-75 fam 4-1 -75 (1> Tn 3-31 -76 ,_, 'J)TO
EPA SUPPORT 99,182 99,087
OTHER FEDERAL
SUPPORT
OTHER FUNDING , Q
SOURCE lUji^w ! ! ,/:yD
TOTALS 109,938 110,382
SECTION C- FORECAS TED CASH NEEDS iJY QUAFJTLR
FUNDS 'OURCP HRST SECOND THIHO FOURTH
OUAMltn QUARTLH QUARTLR QUARTER
rcorn,.
NON-r|.1t t-4l
TOTAL
Ll'A for... i/JO-11 C-
PA-
< I
-------
£ '"]
to 1*5
^~ r-
( WOD
TOTAL
134,772
6,278
9,000
22,000
26,000
69,000
267,050
62,964
330,014
Rrour DT ED
114,539
3,668
9,000
22,000
26,000
69,000
244,207
53,512
297,719
PROJECT PERIOD
TOTAL
REQUESTED
DUDCCT PCHIOO
TOTAL
41,374
1,991
3,000
12,000
9,000
23,000
90,365
19,329
109,694
RCQUESTLO
34,956
1,163
3,000
12,000
9,000
23,000
83,119
16,331
99,450
BUDGET PERIOD
TOTAL
REQUESTED
tPA USE ONLY
AULO VVAOL C
DUOGC.T Pnnioo
COSTS
-
APP HO VE.D
CF* AN T
Af^OUf-l T
\
EPA USE ONLY
ALLOV/AOL E
BUDGET PERIOD
COSTS
APPROVED
GRANT
.
SECTION' £ - C3FTAILCD 1 T Cr 11 Z AT IOH Or DIRECT COSTS fSc, t,,>.tni,t,,,r,-*'
SECTION F - HiOiKECT COSTS
INDIRECT COSTS ARE A
XX P ''~L'l' T L'lJI'l'. I" n F 1 XCO RAT! ["^PROVISIONAL ft A T f. tin ,1? -.
OF ^alaripq X k'anp«;
.JLI ir.ii i^;. '"^VT,,.
If ll.i.1 i-uliiii.1 i o t r.iit !. pn i!i ii r~.i->i.l fi\iJ, IMI'K.I'C thi- >"< c!> r.il .UM :icy th.it npprovi rl the cost allocution p
i u .in. i. . | o[ . i ( io\ i u . c. , i i ii. .it . n 1 < . i r . ( > in > t.i jt n.i . .i| pro\ cc tn - u o ui.
.>' O^ / j. i^ v
Health, Education
u A r ..,. i/.- >-M (. 7:t
"..-* - _.,- - i.
i t.'c-lfare
1. n or if thi-
i r.iti.
DATL Ol At--F>FtOVAl.
9-9-71
PAGC 3 OP S f'A jLO
-------
I'AKT II iLMLUULb IS - liUUOL 1
( I'cir (O'lStrucli'tll [>'<>!> cl s unit ttll'i r [irit/,-1 I « nn i'fl /'/>, lil'lil itt i/'tt\ttlu'l. Ittriit til i-< luj-r/ictit, c
n loi tilinti <>/ inilnitj'iiil .\ «f/n/ />« w/ir\ si-5. J,
APPLICANT'S NAME EPA PROJECT CONTROL NO.
The Ohio State University Research Foundation
SECTION A - CALCULATION OF EPA GRANT
COST CLASSiriCATION
1. ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES
2. LAND. STRUcS^lDES. Rl OH T-O F-tl A Y
3. ARCHITECTunAL\ENGINE:EmNG BASIC PEES
4. OTHER AnCHITLCfuRAL/OJGINEERING FEES
S. CONSTRUCTION AMDT^POJECT IMPROVEMENT COST
6. EQUIPMENT V
7. COMTINGEMCIES \
8. RELOCATION PAYMENTS \
S. INDIRECT COSTS \
to. TOTALS \^ TOTALS
PROJECT PERIOD
COST
BUDGET PERIOD
COST
y
/
/
/
/
/
/
EPA USF. ONLY
AMOUNT AfPrJovrr
FOH nuoc-jiT P CRior
f
/
f
\f
\ SECTION B - INDIRECT COSTS f
INDIRECT <
-OSTS ARE A PREDETERMINCoVlXC-D RATE OF. "-OF jf
\ X«5ASE
NAME OF AGENCY THAT APPROVED THE RA^5 S
DATE OF APPROVAL
SECTION\C- BUDGET BY FUf>6lNG SOURCE
FUNDING SOURCE ^k
X
EPA
SOURCES
OTHER
FEDERAL
SOURCES
STATE
FUNDS
SUPPLIED
DY
APPLICANT
ornery
NON-
FCDEXAL
SOURCES
\ /
\ /
^
/ \
/ \
/ %
/ TOTAL
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/ TOTAL
STATE AIO jf TOTAL
/
OCN "Tr-AL i7DLIC ATION! TUNOS
R *'vKn\jj( OOr. Dj CCfiTiriCATcs
O T K '. 'f
r
/ TOTAL
/
/
1
f FUNDS REQUIRED
^'ROJECT PERIOD
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
%
TOTAl i
i-l? I-' /.')
-------
CD
n_
O
1 lu- ii nili rsi|Mie cr.nit n fii'.it 10.1 <: (10 Cl K Ch.iptir 1, Subih jpler 11; .uid of the (-.rant aprccnient
S'GtJATUrit OP AUTHORIZED flEPfT T.S EN T A T 1 VE
Vi
TYPED NAME AND TITLE
Ronald A. Wright, Director, Division for
Program Development Assistance
OATC PHONi; NU'-'br.R (!;cl nlv t\na Coi/,)
1/22/73 (614) 422-6243
U.S GOVEP.'1'.'c.'JT USE O'.LY
ACfNCY > TCRIIAI. RCFCHHAL OFFICE | OATt fiECtPVLtJ
AGFNCY EXTCRNAL R E F L R F< A L
.
DATt RECEIVED
OATC RErERntD
OATf; RE^CRRE-D
PROPOSAL VALIDITY OATC
REFERRED TO
-
RCFCRRF.O TO
'
LI A
PA.".' S Or 5 f/Ot.
-------
INTRODUCTION
Objective
The Ohio State University proposes to conduct research on
Lake Erie to determine the effectiveness of Federal, State and
local nutrient control programs in reducing the overenrichment
of this important body of water. The prime objectives of this
research will be the development of a system of indicators which
will index the state of eutrophication in the lake as a function of
time. This objective will be approached through a series of
repetitive field surveys in the western and central basins of Lake
Erie to monitor various trophic levels in the ecosystem of the lake
and to analyze several physicochemical properties of the water and
the sediment.
Background
The water from Lake Erie sustains the industrial complex
which extends from Detroit to Buffalo, but the water as it is
returned to the lake is highly enriched by municipal, agricultural
and industrial waste products. Studies conducted in 1929 (Wright
and Tidd, 1933) showed that the lake was already moderately rich
in nutrients and was experiencing phytoplankton bloom in its western
basin. Adjacent to the Detroit River mouth sensitive mayflies were
being replaced by tubificid worms. In 1953 and 1955, during a
period of thermal stratification, the western basin became severely
depleted in oxygen, and the nymphs of the mayfly Hexagenia suf-
fered a catastrophic mortality (Britt, 1955) and since that time they
nave been nearly absent from this part of the lake.
Since 19OO there has been an apparent increase in the con-
centrations of the major ions, including the nutrients phosphorus .
and nitrogen, in the waters of Lake Erie (Beeton, 1961). Davis
(1964) showed that in central Lake Erie there has been a marked
increase in the average number of cells of phytoplankton per
milliliter. Since 1920 the lake has progressed from spring and
fall algal blooms of moderate densities to blooms that yield high
phytoplankton densities over most of the year; with the changes in
magnitude and duration of the blooms have come changes in the
species dominating the populations. Bottom fauna has also ex-
perienced similar changes typical of excessive organic enrichment.
Species intolerant of the new conditions decreased while tolerant
forms such as Oligochaeta worms and midge larvae (Chironomidae)
became very abundant.
- 6 -
-------
The concept of nutrient control for Lake Erie appears to
have had its origin in 1965, when the U. S. Department of Health,
Education and Welfare called a conference on pollution of Lake
Erie and its tributaries under the authority granted in the Water
Pollution Control Act of 1931 . One of the recommendations of
the conference was that a "Technical Committee" be established
to evaluate water quality problems in Lake Erie related to nutrients
and make recommendations to the conferees. In late 1965 the
Lake Erie Enforcement Technical Committee was formally established
and was directed to explain the problems related to nutrients and
over-enrichment of Lake Erie. The Committee received information
and advice from 26 leading authorities in wateioriented disciplines
and after a year of study (Harlow, 1967) it issued a final report
which contained the following conclusions:
1 . The major pollution problem in Lake Erie results directly
or indirectly from excess algae. These growths are stimulated by
nutrients resulting from man's activities.
2. Silts containing nutrients are being contributed to the lake
from dredging operations, urban and agricultural runoff and shore
erosion.
3. Winainauced currents transport nutrients and silt over wide
areas of the lake.
4. Reliable long-term records for phosphorus and nitrogen are
not available for Lake Erie waters.
5. The one nutrient most susceptible to control is phosphorus.
6. Phosphorus entering the lake originates from municipal
wastes, rural land runoff and industrial wastes. About 80 percent
is attributable to municipal wastes.
7. About 66 percent of the phosphorus in municipal wastes is
from detergents.
8. Earlier data on phosphorus a>~e difficult to interpret due to
lack of information on the analytical procedure used and the method
of expressing the results.
9. Water quality problems will likely occur when the con-
centrations of soluble phosphorus and inorganic nitrogen exceed
0.01 mg/l and 0.30 gm/1 respectively.
- 7 -
-------
10. Water quality objectives should be established that will
prevent nuisance algae conditions.
11. Even if water quality objectives are met, a reduction in
frequency and intensity of algal nuisance conditions will be gradual.
12. Water quality objectives for Lake Erie should be established
so that present high quality water will be preserved and the waters
will be improved in the areas where nuisance conditions now exist.
13. Efforts to limit the growth of the filamentous alga
Cladophora by the application of chemicals in the lake have been
successful only on a small scale. Experience has demonstrated
it is not feasible to apply these techniques to large areas. Chemical
control of plankton algae is also impractical.
14. The quality of the Lake Erie fishery has declined. A
significant factor in the decline of the more desirable species has
been the destruction of a suitable environment within which they could
successfully complete their life cycle and be maintained in abundance.
The Technical Committee recommended lower phosphate and
inorganic nitrogen levels for Lake Erie and suggested that new
treatment processes be developed and employed to effect high phos-
phorus removal. Based on these recommendations the FWPCA and
later the FWQA and more recently the EPA as well as State and
local agencies have embarked on a program to control the flow of
nutrients to Lake Erie.
In 1966, the total phosphorus loading to Lake Erie was
approximately 136,780 Ibs/day (Table 1) with the Detroit area con-
tributing over 40 percent of this amount. Because of the high
loadings from this city, nutrient control was first begun here.
Remus (1970) reported that new treatment facilities constructed
by the Detroit Metropolitan Water Department had reduced the
average orthophosphate in the effluent to the Detroit River from a
high of 7O,000 Ibs/day in 1968 to less than 21,OOO Ibs/day in 1970.
Similar controls, though not as dramatic, have been initiated by-
many of the communities discharging to Lake Erie. The purpose of
the proposed research is to assess the effects of this control on the
ecology of Lake Erie.
- 8 -
-------
TABLE 1
LAKE ERIE WASTE LOADING IN 19661
Drainage Area
SE Michigan
Maumee Basin
N Central Ohio
Cleveland-Akron
NE Ohio
Pennsylvania
sjew York
Ontario
TOTAL
Phosphorus
Ibs/day
55,000
21,OOO
8,500
25,000
2,450
1,830
5, 150
17,850
136,780
o/
/o
41
15
6
18
2
1
4
13
BOD
los/day %
1,180,000 45
390,000 15
110,000 4
470,000 12
30, 000 1
220,000 8
140,000 5
100,000 4
2, 540, 000
Chloride
Ibs/day
8, 1OO,OOO
76O, OOO
4OO, 000
1,700,000
4, 246, 000
78, 000
620, 000
2, 9OO, OOO
18,804,000
o/
/»
43
4
2
9
23
1
3
15
data from FWPCA (1968).
- 9 -
-------
PROCEDURE
The philosophy of the proposed research is based on the
principle that there are good reasons for the distributions and
abundances of individual species to change with changes in their
environments. Such changes through time and space of particular
species and in the composition of communities are caused by per-
sistent environmental changes (e.g. nutrient enrichment) and therefore,
these biological changes can be used as biological indices of environ-
mental alterations.
Field investigations will consist of five to seven cruises in
the western and central basins of Lake Erie depending on weather
and ice conditions. Approximately 50 stations will be established
at equal intervals throughout the basins and will be spaced so as to
provide a good characterization of the conditions in each basin.
Sampling and analysis methods will be those given in "Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 13th Edition"
and will be supplemented by new techniques developed for the
International Field Year on the Great Lakes (IFYGL) study of Lake
Ontario. Parameters to be measured will include:
Biological Sampling and Measurements
1 . Benthos
2. Plankton
3. Productivity - C14
4. Chlorophyll
5. Total Organic Carbon
6. Microbial Activity/Methane Generation/Nitrogen Fixation
Water Chemistry and Physical Measurements
1 . Wind Velocity and Direction
2. Wave Height and Approximate Period
3. Solar Radiation
4. Light Penetration
5. At each meter depth: (including surface)
PH
Tempe ratu re
Conductivity
Dissolved Oxygen
6. At one meter - mid depth - one meter above bottom.
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Total and Inorganic Phosphorous
Total and Inorganic Nitrogen
Alkalinity
7. Consistancy and Nature of Bottom Materials
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Shipboard sampling will be supplemented by a monitoring
program conducted from F. T. Stone Laboratory, The Ohio State
University's biological field station on South Bass Island in Lake
Erie. Water quality, plankton populations (including diatometer
studies) and productivity investigations will be originated from
this station. Stone Laboratory will also serve as the base facility
for laboratory examination and identification of samples.
We propose that the monitoring program be established for
a five-year period consisting of five complete segments. At the
end of each one-year segment the effectivement of the nutrient abate-
ment program will be assessed in light of the data generated by
field monitoring and historical records. The annual assessments
will be cumulative as data from previous years increases the
reliability of the model.
Benthos
A measure of the trophic condition of Lake Erie will be
calculated using a technique originated by Brinkhurst ejt al (1968)
using benthic organisms. The taxa of Chironomidae, for this
purpose, can be divided into various categories corresponding to
their ability to withstand eutrophic conditions, T^e placement of
particular taxa into the appropriate category posed no serious
problem because in most cases their environment requirements
are well-documented in the literature.
In 195O-52 Wood (1S63) showed that the Mollusca composed
81 percent of the benthos of western Lake Erie (wet weight, shell
excluded). He concluded that the distribution of 14 species found in
that part of the lake was controlled by the fish which they parasitize
and the conditions of the lake. We propose to repeat Wood's
survey using identical methods. Dr. Wood has agreed to cooperate
with such a resurvey and he feels confident that information gathered
from this phase of the project will yield new parameters for assessing
the changing condition of the lake.
Plankton
Knowledge of the species of algae found in Lake Erie is
important for an understanding of the eutrophication process and
for an evaluation of general water quality of the lake. Results
from phytoplankton studies have indicated the eutrophic condition of
the western basin of Lake Erie with algal populations decreasing
from the western to the eastern basins. It is the intent of the
proposed study to monitor the seasonal population changes, species
and numbers, in the western and central basins and relate these
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changes to nutrient availability. An atcempt will also be made to
relate the levels or chlorophyll in the water to concentration of
orthophosphate-phosphorus using the method of Richards and
Thompson (1952) as modified for use by the IFYGL Program on
Lake Ontario.
Productivity
When primary production exceeds the consumption of organic
matter it is usually the result of excessive inorganic nutrient levels
in the system. Cody (1972) found a relatively high productivity
rate for western Lake Erie using the carbon-14 method and he
concluded that eutrophication is proceeding rapidly in that basin.
We propose to extend these measurements to include the central
basin of Lake Erie and thereby we hope to monitor any decrease
in nutrient levels through decreased productivity.
Biological Nitrogen Fixation and Methane Generation
The impact of reducing inputs into a freshwater system is
an important consideration in aquatic environment preservation.
Among the indicators useful in the assessment of abatement pro-
cedures are certain microbial forms and their activities. Analysis
of biological nitrogen fixation has snown that the forms capable of
this activity are favored by environments in which nutrient input
is significant. It has been demonstrated that the water contributed
to Green Bay by the Fox River can be distinguished from the waters
contributed by Lake Michigan by analyzing for biological nitrogen
fixing capacity at sites along a grid pattern. If such boundaries
can be distinguished where waters of differing nutrient load mix,
then the decrease in nutrient load in a given body of water resulting
from abatement procedures should also be assessable.
Another biological activity closely associated with the productive
waters receiving nutrient inputs is the production of methane.
Methane producing bacteria are primary stabilizers of fresh organic
matter deposited in sediments. Thus the assessment of methane
production in sediments will give an indication of the loading of those
sediments with fresh readily decomposable organic matter. We propose
the following research activities:
1 . Biological nitrogen fixation capacity of the water column
and sediments of selected grid sites will be assessed by
the acetylene reduction technique. Both algal and bacterial
activity will be determined throughout the sampling schedule.
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2. Methane proouction of the sediments will be analyzed at '
selected grid sites by gas chromatographic techniques.
The methane content of che water column at these same
selected sites will be assessed by gas stripping followed
by gas chromatography.
Utilization of Physicochcrnical Profiles to Monitor Oxygen Production
and Consumption
The monthly collection of biological, chemical, and physical
data at selected stations in the lake will allow a determination of
long-term changes in the environment of quality, but do not, in
themselves provide a valid indication of instantaneous rates of oxygen
consumption or carbon fixation. However, in a sampling procedure
which provides a time sequence of water column and meteorological
data at given locations and times, there is the possibility of ex-
tracting additional information from the data by analysis of the station-
to-station data as if it were taken over a given time sequence at a
single "average" station. The type of analysis required is an
unsteady state analysis of the oxygen, temperature, pH and alkalinity
profiles obtained from stations in similar water masses, with the
time interval between stations being the time interval used in the
finite element unsteady state analysis. The objectives of this phase
of the project are to:
1 . Utilize wave, wind, solar energy and air temperature
measurements, together with temperature profiles, estimate
vertical mixing and surface transfer coefficients based on
a station-to-station analysis of temperature profile changes.
2. Based on estimates from item 1 above, and/or independent
correlations of mixing and transfer coefficients with wind
and temperature conditions, estimate water column
respiration and carbon fixation from a station-to-station
analysis of oxygen, pH and alkalinity profile changes.
The basic raw data required for the intended analyses will be
taken as an integral part of the main sampling program. A
relatively simple two dimensional finite element unsteady state
computer program will be used as the basis for computation of the
carbon fixation and respiration components of the water column. As
this approach has not been utilized previously, a decision as to
whether to continue this approach will be made at the end of the
first year of study.
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FACILITIES
The Ohio State University has had a long history of activities
related to the Great Lakes. For the past seventy-seven years, the
University has maintained a biological field station adjacent to Lake
Erie. In 1895 the first lake laboratory was established in Sandusky,
Ohio and later moved to Cedar Point. This laboratory was then
moved to its present home at Put-in-3ay on South Bass Island and
Gibralter Island in 1925 with the founding of the Franz Theodore
Stone Institute of Hydrobiology.
Throughout the years, the station has been a focal point for
the training of hundreds of undergraduate and graduate students in
aquatic sciences. Research there has contributed to the granting
of more than one hundred masters and doctorate degrees. The
station has also provided facilities for visiting professional scien-
tists whose research was best conducted in the environs of Lake
Erie. Research by these investigators at the lake laboratories of
The Ohio State University has resulted in over six hundred scientific
publications, theses and dissertations relating to the Great Lakes
or other phases of aquatic science.
Stone Laboratory is one of the oldest freshwater research
stations in the United SLaLes and provides researchers with un-
usual opportunities for studying various aspects of lake and island
environments. The facilities include laboratory and office space,
library, housing and dining hall. The laboracory is equipped with
research apparatus for limnological and biological studies including
ordinary laboratory and optical equipment, field sampling and measure-
ment devices, sediment corers, fisheries gear and scale reading
machines, current meters, recording fathometers, tanks and aquaria
for holding aquatic organisms, and basic chemical supplies and
apparatus. Three research boats from 20 to 40 feet in length, in
addition to several smaller outboard motor boats, are especially
equipped for scientific investigations and available for scheduled
research projects.
In May 1971, The Ohio State University established a new
Center for Lake Erie Area Research (CLEAR) to coordinate and
expand programs of interdisciplinary research and technical sei
vices on scientific, technologic and socio-economic problems
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associated with Lake Erie. The University views Lake Erie as
perhaps Ohio's single most, important natural resource and there-
fore vitally important to the economy and welfare of the people of
Ohio. The rapid deterioration of the lake through pollution and
eutrophication has grave socio-economic implications for the State.
The Center for Lake Erie Area Research provides a single focal
point within the University for unified planning, facilities develop-
ment and logistical support for Lake Erie research conducted
toward the solution of these problems.
Research vessels for this project are readily available from
four sources: (l) The Ohio State University, (2) Ohio Department
of Natural Resources, (3) Great Lakes Laboratory, SUNY-Buffalo
and (4) Great Lakes Research Division, The University of Michigan.
Contacts have been made with each of these organizations and
tentative ship-use commitments have been received to adequately
service this project.
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REFERENCES
Beeton, A. M. 1951. Environmental changes in Lake Erie.
Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 90:153-159.
Brinkhurst, R. O. et al. 1968. Components of the bottom
fauna of the Great Lakes. Univ. Toronto, Great Lakes
Inst. PR 33:49 p.
Britt, N. W. 1955. Stratification in western Lake Erie in summer
of 1953: effects on the Hexagenia (Ephemeroptera) population.
Ecology 36:239-244.
Cody, T. E. 1972. Primary productivity in the western basin
of Lake Erie. Ohio State Univ., Ph.D. Diss.
Davis, C. C. 1964. Evidence for the eutrophication of Lake
Erie from phytoplankton records. Limno. Oceano. 9:
275-283.
FWPCA. 1968. Lake Erie Report, a plan for water pollution
control. U. S. Dept. Interior, Fed. Water Pollution Control
Admin. 107 p.
Harlow, G. L. 1967. Report of the Lake Erie Enforcement
Conference Technical Committee. Lake Erie Enforcement
Conf. Tech. Com. 25 p.
Remus, G. J. 1970. Statement of the General Manager, City of
Detroit Metropolitan Water Department to Conferees on Inter-
state Lake Erie Federal-State Pollution Abatement Program.
Proc. 5th Sess., Conf. on Lake Erie Pollution, FWQA,
Detroit, June 3, 4, 1970. 2:444-505.
Richards, F. A., and T. G. Thompson. 1952. 'The estimation
and characterization of plankton populations by pigment
analysis. J. Marine Research 11:156-172.
Wood, K. G. 1963. The bottom fauna of western Lake Erie, 1951-
52. Univ. Mich., Great Lakes Research Div. Pub. 10:
258-265.
Wright, S. and W. M. Tidd. 1933. Summary of limnological
investigations in western Lake Erie in 1929 and 193O. Trans.
Am. Fish Soc. 63:271-235.
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PROSPECTIVE INVESTIGATORS
Project Supervisor <
Dr. Charles E. Herdendorf
Center for Lake Erie Area Research
Benthos:
Dr.N.Wilson Britt
Department of Entomology
Plankton:
Dr. Clarence E. Taft
Department of Botany
Productivity:
Dr. Richard A. Tubb
Department of Zoology
Microbial Activity:
Dr. James I. Frea
Department of Microbiology
Physicochemical Parameters:
Dr. Kenasaw Shumate
Department of Chemical Engineering
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BIOGRAPHICAL DATA
Name: Charles Edward Herdepdorf, III
Title: Director, Center for Lake Erie Area Research
Associate Professor of Zoology
Birthdate: October 2, 1939 : Birthplace: Sheffield Lake, Ohio
Citizenship: U.S.A. Sex: Male
Education:
School Year Field
B.S. Ohio University 1961 Geology
M.S. Ohio University 1963 Geology, sedimentology
Ph.D. Ohio State University 1970 Zoology, limnology
Major Research Interest: Great Lakes research ~ sedimentology,
physical limnology, mineral resources, shoreline erosion
control, and aquatic ecology.
Professional Experience:
1971-present - Director, Center for Lake Erie Area Research and
Associate Professor of Zoology, College of Biological
Sciences, Ohio State University.
1964-1971 Section Head, Lake Erie Section, Ohio Division of
Geological Survey, Ohio Department of Natural Resources,
1961-1964 - Geologist, Lake Erie Section, Ohio Division of
Geological Survey, Ohio Department of Natural Resources,
196O-1951 Geologist, Division of Shore Erosion, Ohio Department
of Natural Resources.
Consulting Experience:
1968-present - Ohio Coordinator for Limnology of Lakes and
Embayments Work Group, Great Lake Basin Com-
mission, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
1969-1970 - Geology and water resources for land use plan, Seneca
Regional Planning Commission, Tiffin, Ohio.
;
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Herdendorf
Consulting Experience con't.
19S9-1970 - Geology and water resources for land use plan,
Crawford Regional Planning Commission, Bucyrus,
Ohio.
1969 - Lake Erie shore erosion control plan, Office of Chief
Engineer, Ohio Department of Natural Resources.
1969 - Water supply plan, Village of Bettsville, Ohio.
1968-1969 - Geology and water resources for land use plan,
Henry Regional Planning Commission, Napoleon,
Ohio.
1967 - Geology and water resources for land use plan,
Erie Regional Planning Commission, Sandusky,
Ohio.
Professional Organizations:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
American Institute of Professional Geologists
American Society of Limnology and Oceanography
Geological Society of America (fellow)
International Association for Great Lakes Research
International Oceanographic Foundation
Midwest Benthological Society
Ohio Academy of Science (fellow)
Societas Internationalis Limnologiae
Publications and Open File Reports:
1) Herdendorf, C. E. 1961. Lake Erie nearshore current study
from Cedar Point to Vermilion, Ohio. Ohio Dept.
Natural Resources, Div. Shore Erosion Open File Rep.
23p.
2) Hyland, J. R., R. P. Hartley and C. E. Herdendorf. 1961.
A preliminary estimate of erosion or accretion along
the Ohio shore of Lake Erie and critical erosion areas.
Ohio Dept. Natural Resources, Div. Shore Erosion
Tech. Rep. 8:13p.
3) Herdendorf, C. E. 1962. The Vermilion River's "Fossil
Turtles". Lorain Councy Park Board, Elyria, Ohio.
Geol. Folder 1-.4p.
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Herdendorf
Publications and Open File Reports con't.
4) Hartley, R. P. and C. E. Herdendorf. 1962. Sand Beach,
Ottawa County, Ohto( shore control study. Ohio Dept.
Natural Resources, Div. Geol. Surv. Open File Rep.
42p.
5) Herdendorf, C. E. 1963. Geology of the Vermilion Quadrangle,
Ohio. M.S. Thesis, Ohio University. 185p.
6) Herdendorf, C. E. 1963. Potential areas for public beaches
and parks along the Ohio shore of Lake Erie. Ohio
Dept. Natural Resources, Div. Geol. Surv. Open File
Rep. 39p.
7) Herdendorf, C. E. 1964. Proposed improvements to an
electric power plant water intake channel in Lorain
Harbor, Ohio. Ohio Dept. Natural Resources, Div.
Geol. Surv. Open File Rep. 22p.
8) Herdendorf, C. E. 1964. SCUBA diving studies of reefs in
western Lake Erie. Ohio Dept. Natural Resources, Div.
Geol. Surv. Open File Rep. 10p.
9) Herdendorf, C. E. 1964. Sedimentary processes at the mouth
of Sandusky Bay. Ohio Dept. Natural Resources, Div.
Geol. Surv. Open File Rep. 15p.
10) Hartley, R. P. and C. E. Herdendorf. 1965. Sedimentological
studies of the southeastern part of the central basin of
Lake Erie. Ohio Dept. Natural Resources, Div. Geol.
Surv. Open File Rep. 54p.
11) Herdendorf, C. E. 1965. Water circulation studies at the
mouths of the major tributaries to Lake Erie using
temperature and conductivity measurements. Ohio Dept.
Natural Resources, Div. Geol. Surv. Open File Rep.
124p.
12) Herdendorf, C. E. 1956. A preliminary report on currents
and water masses in Lake Erie. Ohio Dept. Natural
Resources, Div. Geol. Surv., presented to Ohio Water
Pollution Control Board, Nov. 30, 1966, Cleveland, Ohio.
57p.
13) Herdendorf, C. E. 1956. Lake Erie and associated waterways
in Ohio, a tabulation of water area and shoreline by county.
Ohio Dept. Natural Resources, Div. Ceol. Surv. Open
File Rep. 22p.
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Herdendorf
Publications and Open File Reports con't.
14) Herdendorf, C. E. 1935. Geology of the Berlin Heights and
Vermilion West Quadrangles, Ohio. Ohio Depc. Natural
Resources, Div. Geol. Surv. Rep. Invest. 60. 1 map.
15) Herdendorf, C. E. 1936. Report of shore damage caused by
the high water storm of April 26-27, 1966, in western
Lake Erie. Ohio Dept. Natural Resources, Oiv. Geol.
Surv. Open File Rep. 30p.
16) Hartley, R. P., C. E. Herdendorf, and M. Keller. 1966.
Synoptic survey of water properties in the western basin
of Lake Erie. Ohio Dept. Natural Resources, Div. Geol.
Surv. Rep. Invest. 58:19p.
17) Hartley, R. P., C. E.Herdendorf, and M. Keller. 1966.
Synoptic water sampling survey in the western basin of
Lake Erie. Proc. 9th Conf. Great Lakes Res., Univ.
Michigan, Great Lakes Res. Div. Pub. 15:301-322.
18) Herdendorf, C. E. 1967. Geological map of the Lake Erie
Basin. Ohio Dept. Natural Resources, Div. Geol. Surv.
Open File Map. , 1 map, 10p.
19) Herdendorf, C. E. 1967. Lake Erie bathythermograph re-
cordings 1952-1966. Ohio Dept. Natural Resources,
Div. Geol. Surv. Infor. Circ. 34:36p.
20) Herdendorf, C. E. 1967. Lake Erie Geological Research
Program of the Ohio Department of Natural Resources.
Ohio Dept. Natural Resources, Div. Geol. Surv. Open
File Rep. 34p.
21) Herdendorf, C. E. 1967. Physiographic conditions of Erie
County, p. 1-23. Jn_ Land capability of Erie County.
Erie Regional Planning Comm., Sandusky, Ohio.
22) Herdendorf, C. E. 1967. Shore erosion in the Chagrin River
to Mentor Harbor area of Lake Erie. Ohio Dept. Natural
Resources, Div. Geol. Surv. Open File Rep. 20p.
23) Herdendorf, C. E. 1968. A review of physical science and
engineering activities on Lake Erie by the Ohio Department
of Natural Resources. Ohio Dept. Natural Resources,
Div. Geol. Surv. Open File Rep. 31p.
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Publications and Open File Reports con't.
24) Herdendorf, C. E. 19S8. Sedimentation studies in the south
shore reef area of western Lake Erie. Proc. 11th Conf.
Great Lakes Res., Int. Assn. Great Lakes Res. 1968:
188-205.
25) Herdendorf, C. E. and L. L. Braidech. 19S8. A study of
the physical characteristics of the major reef areas in
the western basin of Lake Erie. Ohio Dept. Natural
Resources, Div. Geol. Surv. Anadromous Fish Proj.
AFCS-1-1, Annu. Progress Rep. 68p.
26) Herdendorf, C. E. 1969. Geology and water resources of
Henry County, p. 1-35. _In_ Physical features for Henry
County, Ohio. Henry Regional Planning Comm.,
Napoleon, Ohio.
27) Herdendorf. C. E. 1969. Water masses and their movements
in western Lake Erie. Ohio Dept. Natural Resources,
Div. Geol. Surv. Rep. Invest. 74:7p.
28) Herdendorf. C. E. and L. L. Braidech. 1969. A study of
the physical characteristics of the major reef areas in
the western basin of Lake Erie. Ohio Dept. Natural
Resources, Div. Geol. Surv. Anadromous Fish Proj.
AFCS-1-2, Annu. Progress Rep. 60p.
29) Hobson, G. D., C. E. Herdendorf, and C. F. M. Lewis.
1969. High resolution reflection seismic survey in
western Lake Erie. Proc. 12th Conf. Great Lakes Res.,
1969:210-224.
SO) Herdendorf, C. E. 1970. Geology and water resources of
Crawford County, p. 1-43. _In_ Physical features for
Crawford County. Crawford Regional Planning Comm.,
Bucyrus, Ohio.
31) Herdendorf, C. E. 197O. Geology and water resources of
Seneca Councy, p. 1-35. Jri Physical features for Seneca
County, Ohio. Seneca Regional Planning Comm., Tiffin,
Ohio.
32) Herdendorf, C. E. 1970. Lake Erie physical limnology cruise,
midsummer 1967. Ohio Dept. Natural Resources, Div.
Geol. Surv. Rep. Invest. 79:77p. ^
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Publications and Open File Reports con't.
33) Herdendorf, C. E. 1970. Limnological investigation of the
spawning reefs of western Lake Erie with particular
attention to their physical characteristics. Ph.D.
Dissertation, Ohio State Univ. 203p.
34) Herdendorf, C. E. 1970. Sand and gravel resources of the
Maumee River Estuary, Toledo to Perrysburg, Ohio.
Ohio Dept. Natural Resources, Div. Geol. Surv. Rep.
Invest. 76:19p.
35) Herdenciorf, C. E. 1970. Sedimentology of Lake Erie _[n
Limnology of lake and embayments. Great Lakes Basin
Comm. Framework Study, Append. 4, Draft 1:901-
924.
36) Herdenciorf. C. E. and L. L. Braidech. 1970. A study of
the physical characteristics of the major reef areas in
the western basin of Lake Erie. Ohio Dept. Natural
Resources, Div. Geol. Surv. Anadromous Fish Proj.
AFCS-1-3, Annu. Progress Rep. 27p. . >
37) Herdendorf, C. E. and L. L. Braidech. 1970. A study of
the physical characteristics of the major reef areas in
the western basin of Lake Erie. Ohio Dept. Natural
Resources, Div. Geol. Surv. Anadromous Fish Proj.
AFCS-1, Final Rep. 139p.
38) Herdendorf, C. E. and L. L. Braidech. 1970. A study of the
sand and gravel deposits of the Maumee River Estuary,
Ohio. Proc. 6th Forum Geol. Ind. Minerals. Michigan
Dept. Natural Resources, Geol. Surv. Div. Misc. 1:
103-116.
39) Herdendorf, C. E. and L. L. Braidech. 1971. Physical
characteristics of the reef area of western Lake Erie.
Ohio Dept. Natural Resources, Div. of Geol. Surv.
Rep. Invest. 82:90p.
40) Herdendorf, C. E. 1971, Shorelands of Lake Erie in Lakeshore
physiography and use. Coastal Zone and Shoreland Manage-
ment in the Great Lakes. U.S. Army Corps of Eng.,
Chicago District. D-9.
41) Herdendorf, C. E. 1972. Investigations of the environmental
" impact of dredging with;ri the Maumee River Estuary.
Ohio Depu. Natural Resources, Div. of Geol. Surv. Rep.
Invest, (in press).
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' Herdena'orf
Publications and Open File Reports con'c.
42) Braidech, l_. L. and C. E. Herdendorf. 1972. Lake Erie
shore erosion control study in Lake County, Ohio.
Ohio Dept. Natural Resources, Div. of Geol. Surv.
Rep. Invest, (in press).
43) Herdendorf, C. E. and L. L. Braidech. 1972. Lake Erie
shore erosion control study in Erie County, Ohio. Ohio
Dept. Natural Resources, Div. of Geol. Surv. Rep.
Invest, (in manuscript).
44) Anders, H. K., L. J . Charlesworth, C. E. Herdendorf,
W. B. Jackson. T. L. Kovacik, C. S. Sikes, E. J.
Skoch, L. J. Walters and D. K. Webb. 1972. In-
vestigations of heavy metals in the western basin of
Lake Erie, (in manuscript).
45) Brant, R. A. and C. E. Herdendorf. 1972. Delineation of
Great Lakes estuaries. Proc. 15th Conf. Intern, Assoc.
Great Lakes Research, Madison, Wis. (in press).
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Name: Richard A. Tubb
Date and Place of Birth; December 18, 1931, Weatherford, Oklahoma
Citizenship: United States
Marital Status; Married, 1957, 2 children
Education:
1949 - Graduate from high school, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
1958 - B. S. (Major - Geology) (Minor - Zoology) Oklahoma State University,
StiIIwater, Oklahoma
I960 - M. S. (Nat. Sci.) Oklahoma State University
;1963 - Ph. D. (Zoology) Oklahoma State University
Brief Chronology of Employment:
1958 - 59 - High School Science Teacher, Prague, Oklahoma.
1959 - 60 - Academic Year Institute for High School Teachers, Oklahoma
State University.
I960 - 62 - Graduate Research Assistant, Aquatic Biology Laboratory,
1 Oklahoma State University.
1962 - University of Texas NSF traineeship at Texas Institute Marine
Science.
1962 - 63 - NIH terminal year fellowship.
1963 - 66 - Assistant Professor of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand
Forks, North Dakota.
1966 - 67 - Assistant Leader, South Dakota Cooperative Fishery Unit, Brookings
South Dakota.
1967 - Leader, Ohio Cooperative Fishery Unit, Columbus, Ohio.
1968 - Associate Professor, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
1972 - Professor, Ohio State University> Columbus, Ohio
Mi Iitary Servi ce:
U.S. Navy, October, 1951 - September, 1955. 3rd Class P.O., teaching radio
navigation to Naval cadets.
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Research Grants:
Biogeochemistry of Devils Lake, North Dakota, North Dakota Water
Resources grant, 1965-66, $8,600.
Pub I ications:
Tubb, Richard A., F. A. Copes and C. Johnston. 1965. Fishes of the Sheyenne
River of North Dakota. North Dakota Academy of Sciences. Vol. 19, pp. 120-128.
Tubb, Richard A. and Troy C. Dorris. 1965. Herbivorous -insect populations in
oil refinery effluent holding pond series. Limnology and Oceanography. Vol.
10, pp. 121-134.
Copes, F. A. and R. A. Tubb. 1966. Fishes of the Red River tributaries in
North Dakota. Contributions of Inst. Ecol. Studies. Vol. 1,26pp.
Tubb, Richard A. 1966. Effects of winter aeration of Turtle Mountain
Lakes of North Dakota. North Dakota Game & Fish Dept. DingeI[-Johnson
Project R-2-R-I3. Report 1093. 25pp.
Kochsiek, Kenneth and Richard A. Tubb. 1967. Salinity tolerances of three
fish, Pimephales promelas, Fundulus diaphanus, and Culaea inconstans.
Proceedings of South Dakota Academy of Science. Vol. 46, pp.95-99.
Armstrong, Richard and Richard A. Tubb. 1967. Uptake of glyciene and
phenvlalanine in some fresh-water invertebrates. North Dakota Academy
of Science. Vol. 21, pp. 103-111.
Tubb, R. A., S. H. Taub and R. E. Deis. 1968. Potential of a strip-
mined area for fish and wildlife reclamation, (aquatic). O.S.U. Research
Foundation. Project #2296. Contract #14-16-0008-771. 84pp.
Tidd, Wilbur M. and R. A. Tubb. 1970. Abstract. Investigations of
Whirling Disease in Ohio. JJ. of Parasitology. Vol. 56 No. 4 Section II,
pp. 344-45.
Fikes, Martha F. and R. A. Tubb. 1971. Amblema pIicata as a pesticide
monitor. Proceedings of a Symposium on Rare and Endangered Mollusks
(Naiads) of the U. S. Ed. by S. E. Jorgensen and R. W. Sharp. U. S.
Dep'K of Interior Fish and Wildlife Service Bureau of Sport Fisheries
and Wildlife Region 3 p. 34-37.
Prasher, Janis B., Wilbur M. Tidd and Richard A. Tubb. 1971. Techniques
for extracting and quantitatively studying the spore stage of the protozoan
Myxosoma cerebral is. The Progressive Fish-CuIturist. Vol. 33. No. 4,
pp. 193-196":
Fikes, Martha H. and Richard A. Tubb. 1972. Dieldrin uptake in the three-
ridge naiad. JI. of Wildlife Management, (in press Jl. Wild. Mgmt.)
- 26 -
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Societies:
Phi Kappa Phi
Sigma Xi
American Society of Limnology and Oceanography
International Society of Limnology
American Fisheries Society
WiId Iife Society
Phi Sigma
Sigma Gamma Epsilon (Honorary Geological Society)
American Institute of Fishery Research Biologists
Resea rch Inte rests:
Chemical and physical factors affecting populations of aquatic
animals, population dynamics of fish and energy flows in aquatic
ecosystems.
Teaching Experience in the following courses:
General Biology, University of North Dakota 1963, 1964, 1965
Biology for High School Teachers (A.Y.I, course sponsored by N.S.F.)
Limnology, University of North Dakota 1964, 1965
Fisheries Biology, University of North Dakota 1965
Ichthyology, University of North Dakota 1964
i
Aquatic Ecology, University of South Dakota 1966
Fish Ecology, F. T. Stone Laboratory 1968, 1969
Other - with Dr. Robert Seabloom, I organized an undergraduate
program in Wildlife and Fish Management at the University
of North Dakota in 1964.
*
Limnology, Ohio State University 1970, 1971
Supervision of the Following Studies by Graduate Students:
I. Copes, F. A. 1965. Fishes of the Red River tributaries in
North Dakota. M. S. thesis. University of North Dakota, p.57.
2. Kochsick, K. A. 1965. A study of the salinity tolerances of
three fishes occurring in northeastern North Dakota. Pimepha!es
promelas, Culaea inconstans and Fundulus diaphanus. M. S. thesis.
University of North Dakota, p.55^
3. Armstrong, Richard. 1965. Uptake of amino acids by benthic
invertebrates. M. S. thesis. University of North Dakota, p.45.
- 27 -
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Supervision of the Following Studios by Graduate Students: (cont'd)
4. Anderson, David W. 1966. A study of the productivity and plankton of
Devils Lake, North Dakola. M. S. thesis. University of North Dakota.
p.45.
<
5. Felix, Thomas. 1965. Movement of forage fishes in a small South Dakota
stream. M. S. thesis. South Dakota State University. 48p.
6. Gartman, Donald K. 1969. The abundance and distribution of zooplankton
in Hoover Reservoir, Ohio. M. S. thesis. The Ohio State University.
48p.
7. Birch, Thomas J. 1969. Sources of pollution in the drainage basin
contributing to the eutrop'n icat ion of Hoover Reservoir, Ohio. Ph. D.
dissertation. The Ohio State University. 126pp. (coadvisor)
8. Prasher, Janis B. 1970. Techniques for extracting and quantitatively
studying the spore stage of the protozoan parasite Myxosoma cerebraIi s.
M. S. thesis. The Ohio State University. 30p. (coadvisor)
9. Judd, John B. 1971. The effects of ecological changes on the largemouth
bass of Buckeye Lake, Ohio. p.86.
10. Fikes, Martha H. 1971. The uptake retention and release of dieldrin
in the gills of the naiad mo Musk Amb lema pi icata. M. S. thesis.
The Ohio State University. 21 p.
»
\\. Cody, Terence E. 1972. Primary Productivity relationships in the
western basin of Lake Erie. Ph. D. dissertation. The Ohio State
University. (coadvisor)
Other duties:
I. Associate Editor (fisheries) Journal Wildlife Managment, 1968-70.
2. Chairman, Fisheries Publication Av/ard Committee, Wildlife Soc., 1970.
3. American Fisheries Society Resolution Committee, 1970.
4. Member of Graduate Committee, Zoology Dept. The Ohio State University,
1970-72.
5. Member of Pesticide Advisory Committee, The Ohio State University, 1970.
6. Ohio Water Commission, Technical Advisory Committee, !97!~
7. Testimony before The National Academy of Science, Water Quality Advisory
Panel, 1971.
8. President - Ohio Chapter of Wildlife Society, 1972.
- 28 -
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Supervision of the Following Studies in Progress: ,
~~' ~ i
I. An environmental evaluation of a nuclear power plant on Lake Erie.
1969-1972 with L. S. Putnam. Funded by D.J. Fish Restoration Act.
2. Impact of fish hatcheries effluent on receiving otreams over a large
geographic area. 1971-1972. Research Foundation.
3. Uptake of mercury by Cladophora in western Lake Erie. 1971-with
Robert Burkett.
4. Detection of Myxosoiia cerebral is spores in trout-holding facilities.
1970-1972 with Wilbur Tidd. NOAA National Marine Fisheries.
In addition to these studies I am supervising several other studies
conducted by graduate students at various stages of completion.
Special Awards:
U.S. Department of the Interior - Superior Service Award-Presented 8/23/72
Regional Achievement Award - Presented 8/23/72
- 29 -
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
I
li'sne: James I. Frca, Associate Professor of Microbiology
place of Birth: Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin
Birthdate: March 1, 1937
Education: University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin B.S. 1959
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin M.S. 1961
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin Ph.D. 1963
Honors: Phi Eta Sigma, Phi Kappa Phi, Alpha Zeta, Phi Lambda Upsilon,
National Science Foundation Cooperative Fellowship, National Science
Foundation Regular Pre-Doctoral Fellowship
Major Research Interest: Microbial physiology
Actinomycete physiology
Biochemical ecology
Research and/or Professional Experience:
Associate Professor of Microbiology, Academic Faculty of Microbial
and Cellular Biology, Ohio State University, 1969 to present.
Assistant Professor of Microbiology, Academic Faculty of Microbial and
Cellular Biology, Ohio State University, 1965 - 1969.
Chief, Microbiology Section, First US Army Medical Laboratory, 1963-1965.
Acting Chief, Chemistry Division, First US Army Medical Laboratory.
Short periods, 1963-1965.
National Science Foundation Pre-doctoral Fellow in Bacteriology and
Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1959-1963.
Teaching Assistant in Bacteriology and Biochemistry, University of
Wisconsin, 1961-1962.
Member: American Society for Microbiolojry; The Society of Sigma Xi;
Ohio Branch of American Society for Microbiology; American Chemical
Society; American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Doctoral research problem: "Isolation of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin."
Personal Publications:
Frca, J. I., Elisabeth McCoy arid F.M. Strong, 1963. Purification of type
B Staphylococcal er.terotoxin. J. Bacteriol. 86:1303-1313.
Frca, J. I., Elizabeth McCoy and F.M. Strong, 1963. Purification of
stnphylococcal enterotoxin. Federation Proc. 22 :482.
Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1963. Isolation of staphylococcal
cntcrotoxin.
M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1961. A study of the environmental
and nutritional factors in staphylococcal enterotoxin production.
Bednar, Joyce J. and Ja~es I. Frea, 1967. DXA base composition of
Strcptoru-co^ frrdir.c and its asporogcnous variant. Eactcriol. Proc.
1967:173.
Pfistcr, R.M., ?.;. ^ir-.-.n ;.r.d J.I. Trc;:, 19GS. Methods for reparation
niul c-::.1 .i \\-\<. Lo:\ o." ..:'v. LO.'.CO^IC p.-.rl j c .il.il.ii fi^.cLio.is in water and the
rcl.itionrhip to ?c\:.:i.ic microflora. Abstracts Elcvcr.t.h Couf. on
Great Lake a Kc-s. p. 53.
- 30 -
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.,l-;Ccr, R. M., P. R. Dugan end J. I. Fren, 1968. Psrticulate fractions in v/ster
and the relationship to aquatic microflora. Proc. Eleventh Conf. on Great Lakes
. 1968: 111-116.
*vcfl» J- J-» M- s- Kleins, and £. M. Pfister, 1969. Survey of the potential gram
character of bacteria by the KOH procedure, J. Comp. Lab. Med. 3:5.
v'tister, R. M., P. R. Dugan, and J, I. Frea, 1969. Micropart iculates : Isolation from
water and identification of rssociated chlorinated pesticides, Science 166:878.
Ffister, R. M. , J. I. Frea, P. R, Dugan, Kathleen Zacbst, Jo Ann Duchene, R. Kennedy,
and Tatia HcNair, 1970. Lake Erie Kicroparticulate , pesticide r.nd microorganism
Interactions, Abs. Thirteenth Conf. on Great Lakes Rus. 1970: 38.
Howard, D. L. , J. I. Frea, R. M. Pfister, and P. R. Dugan, 1970. Biological nitrogen
fixation potential in Lake Erie, Abs. Thirteenth Couf. on Great Lakes Res. 1970: 14.
Leshniowsky, W. , P. R. Dugan, R. M. Pfister, and J. I. Frea, 1970. Accumulation of
chlorinated hydrocarbons by raicrobial floe and its ecological implication, Abs.
Thirteenth Conf. on Great Lakes Res. 1970: 37.
Danford, T. R. and J. I. Frea, 1970. Actinomycete protoplast formation in high-salt
media, Bacteriol. Proc. 1970: 37.
Ebner, Joyce B. and J. I. Fren, 1970. Heat resistance during the life "cycle of
Strep tomyces f radiae, Microbios. 5:43.
Howard, D. L. , J. I. Frea, R. M. Pfistcr, and P. R. Dugan, 1970. Biologic-Pi nitrogen
fixation in Lake Erie, Science 169:61.
Leshniowsky, W. 0., P. R. Dugan, R. M. Pfister, J. I. Frea, and C. I. Randies, 1970.
Aldrin: Removal from lake water by flocculent bacteria, Science 169:993.
Pfister, R. M., J. I. Frea, P. R. Dugan, C. I. Randies, K. Zaebst, J. Duchene,
T. McNair, and R. Kennedy, 1970. Chlorinated hydrocarbon, micropart iculate
effects on nicroorganisas isolated from Lake Erie, Proc. Thirteenth Conf. on
Great Lakes Res. 1970: 82-92.
Dugan, P. R., J. I, Frea, and R. M. Pfister, 1970. Sorre microbial-chemical interactions
as systems par?r~.cters in Lake Erie. In proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Water
Resources Research of the Ohio State University, Water Resources Center.
Dug.-.n, P. R., R. M. Pfister, and J. I. Frea, 1970. Implications of microbial polymer
synthesis in waste treatment and lake eutrophication, Proc. 5th International Conf.
on Water Pollution (in press).
Leshniowsky, W. 0., P. R. Dupan, R. M. Pficter, J. I. Frea, and C. I. Randies, 1970.
Adsorption of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides by microbial floe and lake sediment
end its ecological inipl icrtions . Proc. Thirteenth Conf. on Great Lakes Res.
1970 (in press).
Howard, D. L. 2nd J.I. Frcn, 1971. Biological ncthane activity in l.nke Eric. Abr. .
Co:if. oa Gi '-aL LJ':-. r. Uos. r;71:25.
flcCabc, I'jtrlcta A. end J. I. Frcr., 1971. Interaction of n clay iMuoral, wlcrohlcl
cellr; rnd «-:i.:y; i-s in the !»(:. I.ition of no lid oi};nnic materials. Abs. I'ourl corah
Conf. on Ci-fiit J..n';c:: 1U-:.. lV71:.J'i.
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BIOGRAPHICAL DATA
Name: N. Wilson Britt
.Title: Professor, Entomology, The Ohio State University
Birthdate: January 3, 1913 Birthplace: Lucas, Kentucky
Citizenship: U.S.A. Sex: Male
Education:
School Year
B.S. Western Kentucky State College 1939
M.S. The Ohio State University 1947
Ph.D. The Ohio State University 1950
Major Research Interest: Aquatic Entomology, especially Ephemeroptera,
Limnology, especially of Lake Erie.
Professional Experience:
Thirty-One years teaching expeirnece including elementary and
secondary public schools, Army Air Force, and University teaching
for the last 21 years. Asst. Prof., Hydrobiolcgy, Franz Theodore
Stone Institute of Hydrobiology, the Ohio State University, July
1950-Sept. 1955. Asst. Prof. Zool. & Entomol., The Ohio State
University, 1955-1959. Assoc. Prof. Zool. & Entomol., The Ohio
State University, 1959-1968. Prof. 1968-Present. Research (1)
Life history and ecology of the aquatic insects of Lake Erie -
principally the Ephemeroptera. (2) Studies dealing with the physical,
chemical, and biological factors influencing eutrophication of Lake Erie.
Publications:
1948 Observations on the life history of the collembolan
Achorutes armaLus. Abstracts of Masters Theses, No.
55, The Ohio State University Press, 1948.
1951 Observations on the life history of the collembolan
Achorutes armatus. American Microscopical Society
70(2):119-132. April 1951.
1951 Observations on the life history of the collembolan,
Achorutes armatus. Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc. 70(2):
" 119-132, 1951. Biological Abstracts 25(10):Abst. No. 32474
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Britt
Publications con't.
1953 Differences between measurements of living and preserved
aquatic nymphs caused by injury and preservatives.
Ecology 34(4):802-8O3. October 1953.
1953 The life history and ecology of the white may fly, Ephoron
album Say, in Lake Erie. Abstracts of Doctoral Dissertations
No. 64. Ohio State University Press, 1953.
1954 Mayflies - friends or foes! The Ohio Conservation Bulletin
18(5): 2-3, 31-32, May 1954.
1954 Pseudo tides in Lake Erie. Inland Seas 10(4):294,
photographs p. 265. Winter 1954.
1954 Differences between measurements of living and preserved
aquatic nymphs caused by injury and preservatives.
Ecology 34(4):802-803. 1953 Biological Abstracts 28(12):
Abst. No. 23863.
1955 Stratification in western Lake Erie in summer of 1953;
effects on the Hexagenia (Ephemeroptera) population.
Ecology 36(2):239-244. April 1955.
1955 New method of collecting bottom fauna from shoals or rubble
bottom of lakes and streams. Ecology 36(3)-.524-525 .
1955 Hexagenia (Ephemeroptera) population recovery in western
Lake Erie following the 1953 catastrophe. Ecology 36(3):
520-522.
1956 Extension of the range of Eumeces fasciatus in Ohio
Copeia 1956, No. 1, p. 54.
1956 Bibliography of physical limnology 1781-1954. James L.
Verber. Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division
of Shore Erosion, Division of Geological Survey, Report
of Investigations No. 25. (Contribution No. 4 Lake Erie
Geological Research Program,) 1955. Review in Ohio Jour.
Sci. 56(2): 124, March, 1956.
1956 Stratification in western Lake Erie in summer of 1953:
effects on the Hexagenia (Ephemeroptera) population.
Ecology 35(2).239-244. Illus. 1955. Biological Abstracts
30(7): Abst. No. 18669.
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Britt
Publications con't,
1956
Hexagenia (Ephemeroptera) population recovery in western
Lake Erie following the 1953 catastrophe. Ecology 36(3):
520-522. Illus. 1955. Biological Abstracts 3O(8):Abst.
No. 21725.
1956 New methods of collecting bottom fauna from shoals or
rubble bottoms of lakes and streams. Ecology 36(3):
524-525. Illus. 1955. Biological Abstracts 30(8):
Abst. No. 21726.
1957 Range extension of Eumeces fasciatus (Scincidae) into
Sandusky County, Ohio. Ohio Jour. Sci. 57(2):9O.
1957 Handbook of snakes of the United States and Canada.
Albert Hazen Wright and Anna Allen Wright. Comstock
Publishing Associates, Ithaca, New York, 1947. Review
in Ohio Jour. Sci. 57(4):233.
1960 Co-author with William A. Brungs.
skink, Eumeces fasciatus Linnaeus.
369-370.
An albino five lined
Copeia 1960(4):
1961 Extended limnological studies in western Lake Erie
sponsored by the Ncitural Resources Institute of the
Ohio State University. Abstract of paper presented
at Fourth Conference on Great Lakes Research, published
in Proceedings Fourth Conference on Great Lakes Research 1961
Great Lakes Research Division Publication No. 10.
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
1962 Biology of two species of Lake Erie mayflies, Ephoron
album (Say) and Ephemera simulars Walker. Bull. Ohio
Biol. Survey, New Series, Vol. 1, No. 5, p. 1-70.
1962 Biology of two species of Lake Erie mayfiles. Ephoron
album (Say) and Ephemera simulars Walker. (Ephemeroptera).
Bull. Ohio Biological Survey, New Series 1(5): 1-72.
Illus. 1962. Biological Abstracts, Vol. 40(5) Abstract
No. 21258- 1952.
1963 Some changes in the bottom fauna of the island area of
western Lake Erie in the decade 1953-1963, with special
reference to the aquatic insects. Great Lakes Research
Division, Institute of Science and Technology, University
of Michigan. Publication No. 10. Proceedings Sixth
Conference crs Great Lakes Research. (An abscract of a
paper presented at the Sixtn Conference on Great Lakes Research),
- 34 -
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Britt
Publications con't,
1965 A brief note on the distribution of the polychaete,
Manayunkia speciosa Leidy, in western Lake Erie. The
Ohio Journal of Science 65(4): 175-176 .
1966 Benthic changes in the island area of western Lake Erie
during the past 15 years as indicated by 1959-1965
bottom fauna collections. The Wheaton Club Bulletin,
New Series Vol. 11: 14-15. September 1966.
1966 Britt, N. Wilson and James T. Addis. 1966. Limnological
studies of the island area of western Lake Erie 1959-1965.
Special Report of the Natural Resources Institute, The
Ohio State University, pp. I-IV, 1-147. Feb. 1966.
Although about 50 copies of this report were distributed
to various State and Federal agencies it was not generally
distributed to the public and may not be considered a
publication in the strictest sense. It does have a section
dealing with the aquatic insects inhabiting the bottom of
the lake.
1968 Water and algae; world problems. Clarence E. Taft.
Education Publishers, Inc., Chicago, Illinois. 1965.
XX + 236 P. illus. $5.50. Review in Ohio Journal of
Science 68(1):59.
1968 Britt, N. Wilson, Edwin J. Skoch, and Kenneth R. Smith,
1968. Record low dissolved oxygen in the island area
of Lake Erie. The Ohio Jour, of Sci. 68(3): 175-179.
1969 Skoch, Edwin J. and N. Wilson Britt. 1969. Monthly
variations in phosphate and related chemicals found in
the sediment in the island area of Lake Erie, 1967-68, with
reference to samples collected in 1964, 1965, and 1966.
Proc. 12ch Conf. Great Lakes Res. 1969:329-340. Internat.
Assoc. Great Lakes Res.
197O Britt, N. W., Edwin J. Skoch and Kenneth R. Smith. 1970,
Relationships between phosphate and other chemicals at
the water-substrate interface in Lake Erie. Project
Completion Report No. 333X. U.S. Dept. Interior Contract
No. A-008-Ohio. Printed by State of Ohio Water Resources
'Center, Ohio State University.
- 35 -
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Name: Nationality; U. S. Citizen
f
Clarence E. Taft Social Security Xumber; 297-40-3064
Birthdate; Birthplace;
November 13, 1906 Romeo, Michigan
Education;
Michigan State Normal College, Ypsilanti, Michigan A.B. 1929
University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma M.S, 1931
Ohio State University, Colimbus, Ohio Ph.D. 1934
Honors;
Phi Sigma
Sigma Xi
Gamma Sigma Deity
Phi Epsilon Phi
Major Research Interest;
Taxonomy and ecology of fresh-water algae
Research and/or Professional Experience;
Instructor in Botany, The Ohio State University, 1934-1940
Assistant Professor of Botany, The Ohio State Univ., 1940-1945
Associate Professor of Botany, The Ohio State Univ., 1945-1951
Professor of Bocany, The Oriio State Univ., 1951
Exchange Instructor, in B'otany, Cornell Univ., Spring Quarter, 1937
Instructor in Botany, The Franz Theodore Stone Laboratory, ?ut-in-Bay,
Ohio, Summers, 1938 and 1940
Assistant Professor in Bocany, The Franz Theodore Stone Laboratory,
Put-in-Bay, Ohio, Suirjiicrs, 1941 and 1942
Associate Professor in Botany, The Franz Theodore Stone Laboratory,
Put-in-Bay, Ohio, Sumner, 1951
Professor in Botany, The Franz Theodore Stone Laboratory, Put-in-Bay,
Ohio, Summers, 1952, 1954, 1956, 1958, 1960, 1962, 1964, 1966
Investigator for the Balyeat Hay Fever Clinic, Oklahoma City, Okla., 1930
University Scholar in Botany, The Ohio State Univ., 1931-1932
Assistant Director and Professor, The International School of America,
Columbus, Ohio, Sept. 1, 1958 to Oct. 1, i960
Acting Director, Stone Laboratory, OSU, ?ut-in-Bay, Ohio July 24 -
Sept. 1, 1964
Principal Investigator - NIH Grant WP-OG317-05 (R.F. 1964), The
Deatonis of 'western Lake Erie
Cladophora in relation to pollution in Western Lake Erie, U.S. Dept.
Interior U-lli, Grant funded through Water Resources Center,
The Ohio State University
Publications;
List attached '
- 36 -
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Publications;
9
The Dcsmids of Oklahoma, Okla. Biol. Survey Bull. 3(3):277-321, 1931.
The Rotifers of Oklahoma, Ohio Journal of Science. 32(6): 492-504, 1933.
Balyeat, Ray M., T. R. Stcmcn and C. E. Taft. Comparative Pollen, mold,
butterfly and moth emanation content of air. Journ. Allergy.
3(3): 234-237, 1932.
The Desmids of Oklahoma II. Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc. 53(2): 95-101, 1934.
New Species of Zygncmataceac (Transeau, Riffany, Taft and Li) Trans.
Amer. Micros. Soc. 53(3): 208-230, 1934.
The Oedogoniaceae of Oklahoma, including new species and varieties.
Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 62: 281-290, 1935.
The Heterophyceae and Chlorophyceae of Oklahoma. Abstract of Doctor's
Dissertation, No. 16. The Ohio State Univ., 1935.
The Desmids of Oklahoma III. Trans. Arner. Micros. Soc. 56(4): 397-404, 1937.
The Life History of a new species of Mesotaenium. Bull. Torrey Bot.
Club. 64: 75-79, 1937.
A new species of Vaucheria. Bull Torrev Bot. Club 64: 557, 1937.
Additions to the Algae of Michigan. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 66: 77-85, 1939.
Asexual and Sexual reproduction in Platydorina caudata Kofoid. Trans.
Amer. Micros. Soc. 59(1): 1-11, 1940.
Additions to the Algae of Oklahoma. Proc. Okla. Sci. 20: 49-54, 1940
Inversion of the developing Coenobium in Pandorian Morum. Trans.
Amer. Micros. Soc. 60(3): 327-328, 1941.
New species of Cylindrocystis. Ohio Jour. Sci. 42(3): 122, 1942.
Additions to the algae of the West end of Lake Erie. Ohio Jour. Sci.
42(6): 251-256, 1942.
A new asymmetric Cosmatium. Ohio Jour. Sci. 44(1): 25, 1944.
New species of Zygnemacaccae. Ohio Jour. Sci. 44(5): 238, 1944.
The similarity existing between some £ilg
-------
- Taft
Publications: (continued)
A key for the field identification of some algae. Turtox News 35(4):
104-197, 1957.
Kormandin, Robert and Clec-rence E. Taft. A new species of Basicladia
from the snail Viviparus Malleatus Reeve. Ohio Jour. Sci.
59(1) : 58-62, 1959.
A revised key for the field identification of some genera of algae.
Turtox News, .April, 196].
New records of algae from the west end of Lake Erie. Ohio Jour. Sci.
64(1): 43-50,' 1964:
The occurrence of Monostroma and Enteronorpha in Ohio. Ohio Jour.
Sci. 64(4): 272-274, 1964.
Collecting algae for winter teaching. Turtox News, October, 1964.
Water and algae - World Problems. A Book. Educational Publishers, Inc.
Chicago, 111., 1965.
Workbook in General Botany, Senior author. Harper & Row, New York, 1967.
Algae in western Lake Erie. In Review. (A Book)
Algae from western Lake Erie. Ohio Jour. Sci. 68(2) 80-83, 1968.
Co-author - W. Jack Kishler.
- 30 -
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Biographical Sketch
Kcnosgw Sloan Shumate, Associate Professor, Chemical Engineering
Born: June 25, 1937, Columbus, Ohio
jDcgrccs:
B. Sc. Caso Institute of Technology, Civil Engineering, 1959
M. Sc. The Ohio State University, Sanitary Engineering, 1961
Ph. D. The Ohio State University, Sanitary Engineering, 1963
Research and Teaching Experience:
Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, The Ohio State University, 1963-1968
Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, The Ohio State University, July, 1968;
June, 1972
Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering, The Ohio State University, July,
1972 - present
^Administrative Experience:
Acting Director, The Ohio State University Water Resources Center, September,
I960 through August, 19G7; and June, 1969 through August, 1969
Director, The Ohio State University Water Resources Center, August, 1971 to
present
Professional Societies:
American Institute of Chemical Engineers
Mining and Metallurgical Institute of Japan
Tau Beta Pi
Sigma Xi
CM Epsilon
- 39 -
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Publications;
Shumate, K. S. "Physical and Biological Effects of Copper on the
Activated Sludge Process." Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State
University (19G3).
Shumate, K. S. and Moulton, E.Q. "The Physical and Biological
Effects of Copper on Aorobic Biological V/a^io Treatment
Processes. " Proceedings. 38th Purdue Industrial Waste
Conference (19GH).
Ayers, K. C., Shumate, K. S., and Hanna, G. P. 'Toxicity of Copper
to Activated Sludge. " Proceedings, 20th Purdue Industrial
Waste Conference (10G5).
Kawamura, S., Ilanna, G. P., Shumate, K. S. "Application of
Colloid Titration Technique to Flocculation Control." J.
Amer. Water Works Assoc.. 5J), 1003 (19G7).
Smith, E. E., Shumate, K. S., and Svanks, K. "Sulfide to Sulfate
Reaction Studies". Proceedings, Second Symposium on Coal
Mine Drainage Research, Mellon Inst., May 14-15, 1968.
Shumate, K. S. and Smith, E. E. "Development of a Natural
Laboratory for the Study of Acid Mine Drainage Production."
Proceedings, Second Symposium on Coal Mine Drainage
Research, Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa. May (1968).
Shumate, K. S., Smith, E. E., and Brant, R. A. "A Model for
Pyritic Systems." Proceedings, 157th National Meeting
Am. Chem. Soc., Division of Fuel Chemistry, Minneapolis,
Minn., April (19G9).
Shumate, K. S. ct al. "ftTA Removal by Activated Sludge - Field Study. "
J. Water Polhition Control Federation, 42, 631 (1970).
Lau, C. M., Shumate, K.S., and Smith, E. E. "The Role of Bacteria
in Pyrite Oxidation Kinetics. "Proceedings, Third Symposium on
Coal Mine Drainage Research, Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa.,
May (1970).
Morth, A., Smith, E. E., and Shumate, K.S, "Pyritic Systems: A
Mathematical Model." Proceedings, Third Syrr.nosium on Coal
Mine Drair.r.rc Research. Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa.,
May (197C).
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Good, D. M., Ricca, V. T., nnd Shurnntc, K. S. "The Relation of
Refuse Pile Hydrology to Acid Production. " Proccrdin^s. Third
Symposium on Coal Mine Drainage Research, Mellon Institute,
Pittsburgh, Pa., May (1970).
Smith, E. E., and Shumate, K. S. "Sulfidc to Sulfatc Reaction Mechanism."
Publication No. 14010 FPS, Water Pol. Control Res. Series,
Environmental Protection Agency, February (1970).
Smith. E. E., and Shumate, K. S. "Pilot Scale Study of Acid Mine Drainage".
Publication No. 14010 EXA, Water Pol. Control Res. Series,
Environmental Protection Agency, March (1971).
Shumate, K. S. _ct^l. "Acid Mine Drainage Formation and Abatement."
Publication No. DAST-42 14010 FPR,- Water Pollution Control
Research Series, Environmental Protection Agency, April (1971).
Shumate, K. S. and Smith, E. E. "Mine Sealing Alternatives," Proceedings,
Joint Meeting of American Institute of Mining Engineers and the
Mining and Metallurgical Institute of Japan, Tokyo, May (1S72).
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
.f>t / O./
ii
if
REPLY TO
ATTN OF
Tudor T. Davies, Director
Grosse lie Laboratory
DATE February 21, 1973
SUBJECT- Monitoring on Lakes Michigan, Erie and Ontario
TO:
DeWitt Johnson,
EPA, Region V
The Office of Research and Monitoring and Region II are currently
engaged in an extensive study of Lake Ontario. The field portion of
the study will be completed by July 1973. Data interpretation will
require an additional two years. This study should provide a model
from which a monitoring program could be developed. Enclosed is a
copy of one of the IFYGL reports that summarizes the current studies.
Our present plans call for a follow-up study on Lake Ontario for
the biological assessment of the effectiveness of nutrient control
measurements. This study would focus primarily on the biotic community
and supporting nutrients.
In Lake Erie we are funding a study to develop a model of the
transport and dispersion of nutrients in the nearshore area of the
lake. The funding of a study on the Lake Erie nutrient control program:
"An Assessment of Its Effectiveness in Controlling Lake Eutrophication"
is in question at this time because of the uncertainty of the FY 73
funds. If this project is not started in 73, it will certainly be
started in 74. This project will run for several years with annual
reports being submitted shortly after the completion of each field
season. Enclosed is a copy of the grant application from Ohio State
University for the study of Lake Erie.
Our efforts on Lake Michigan will include the following types of
studies: As you are aware, Cladophora is a serious problem on Lake
Michigan; therefore, we are anticipating sponsoring a grant on the
nutrient and growth requirements of this alga. In addition, we hope
to be able to fund two additional grants in this field; one of which
is to measure the abundance of Cladophora with remote sensing and the
other is a taxonomic description of the benthic algae of the Great Lakes.
As in the other lower lakes, we will be funding a grant to determine
the effectiveness of the nutrient control measurements through changes in
the biota and certain chemical parameters. This grant will either be
funded in FY 73 or 74.
One other area that may be of interest to you in which we are
anticipating some work is in the field of hazardous materials. This would
be a fairly broad study to determine the significance, pathways and
possible control measures.
EPA Form 1320-6 (11-71)
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- 2 -
I am also enclosing a copy of abstracts that were distributed at
the ICMSE Conference, which pertains to the participation of other
federal agencies in Great Lakes research.
I would suggest that you visit the Canada Centre for Inland Waters
to obtain their program for sampling of the Great Lakes. They generally
operate in a three-year pattern.
As you are formulating your monitoring program, please feel free to
contact us as to the nature of our program.
Tudor T. Davies
Ends.
-------
Environment Canada Environnement Canada
MEMORANDUM NOTE DE SERVICE Ou'"°
TO.
Inland Waters Directorate.
Dr. A.T. Prince, Director-General,
A
FROM: J.P. Lively,
DE
Water Quality Branch.
SUJET Phenol - I.J.C. Reference
Canada - U.S.
The Subcommittee or Working Group on the above subject
met at the CCIW on November 21, 1972 to establish a/standard method
for determining phenol. Representatives of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Cincinnati and Grosse lie; the State of
Michigan; the Ontario Ministry of the Environment (OWRC); and our
own people attended. A list of those attending is attached.
The following summarizes the recommendations of the
Working Group.
1. Agreement was reached on methods to sample, preserve and analyse
Great Lakes waters for phenol determination and these methods
are recommended for studies connected with the above subject.
A copy is attached.
2. Because the method of analysis of phenols has its limitations,
the Group strongly recommends that a research project on phenol
be carried out. The objective of this project is to characterize
the phenolic compounds which affect the water quality in the
Great Lakes system so that these compounds can be identified
and quantified on a regular basis.
3. The Group recommends that a standing committee or Subcommittee
be struck under the Water Quality Board of the International
Joint Commission to establish and upgrade standard methods of
water analysis for Canada-U.S. Water Quality Agreement studies.
Since the initial request was to resolve the phenol question
only, I do not intend to have the group meet again, unless, of course,
you advise otherwise.
J.P. Lively.
JPL:pd
c.c. R.H. Millest
A.R. LeFeuvre
Encl.
Pecember. 5, 19 72.
F.3013 (Rev. 1/72)
-------
I.J.C. Meeting - November 21, 1972
Attending
J.P. Lively Canada, DOE, Ottawa
W.J. Traversy Canada, DOE, Burlington
R. Booth U.S., E.P.A., Cincinnati, Ohio
C.T. Elly U.S., E.P.A., Grosse He,
Michigan
R. Kreuger ' Michigan State
-------
Amendment
I.J.C. Meeting - Noveirber 21, 1972
Attending
<;
The name of Mr. G. Wyhowsky (OWRC-Toronto) should be
added to the list of those attending.
-------
PHENOLICS
(Method for sampling, preserving and analysing
water samples for IJC Reference Studies)
SAMPLE COLLECTION
Two different methods are used to collect samples for the
determination of phenol; the kind of launch, if one is used, and
the location will determine which one. The first method is termed
"indirect" and employs a deep water sampler such as a Knudson
bottle; the other is a "direct" method using a sample bottle in a
holder attached to the end of a pole or rod.
Vessels equipped for deep water sampling shall use the
"indirect" method and sample the water at a minimum depth of 2 feet
below its surface. The sample is transferred from the deep water
sampler to a one liter glass or plastic (polyethylene) bottle,
previously checked to determine that interfering phenolic compounds
are not present.
On other moving launches or at fixed sampling sites, the
"direct" bottle method shall be used. A one liter glass or plastic
sample bottle previously checked to ensure the absence of interfering
phenolic compounds is used to collect the sample at a minimum depth
of 2 feet below the surface of the water (depth allowing, other-
wise mid depth).
PRESERVATION
If the sample cannot be analysed within 4 hours then
immediately upon collection it must be preserved. Add to it
one gram (1.0) of copper sulphate (CuSO SH 0) (in liquid or
solid form) and phosphoric acid (H PO.) to obtain pH 4.0.
O ^
When conditions permit, the sample shall then be kept
in a dark place at a temperature of 5-10°C. The sample can be
kept in this preserved state, that is from the time of collection
to the time of analysis, up to a maximum of 24 hours. It must be
analysed within this time period and it is preferable to carry out
the analysis as soon as possible after the sample is collected.
ANALYSIS
Scope and Application
This method is applicable to the determination of phenolic
compounds in Great Lakes waters. It is capable of measuring phenol
and some ortho and meta substituted derivatives. It is not suitable
for determining para substituted derivatives. The applicable range
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-2-
is 1.0 to 1000 ug/1 phenol. By using an absorption cell providing
a light path of 5 cm. the minimum detectable quantity is 1.0 ug/1
phenol.*
Interferences
1) Oxidizing agents, such as chlorine and as detected by the
liberation of iodine upon acidification in the presence of
potassium iodide, are removed immediately after sampling by the
addition of an excess of ferrous sulfate or sodium arsenite. If
oxidizing agents are not removed, the phenolic compounds will be
partially oxidized and the results will be low.
2) Sulfur compounds are removed by acidifying the sample to a pH
less than 4.0 with H PO., using methyl orange or a pH meter, and
aerating briefly by stirring prior to the addition of CuSO . This
should eliminate the interferences of H?S and S0».
3) Oils and tars contain phenols, so that alkaline extraction is
requiied prior to the addition of CuSO . The pH of the sample is
adjusted to 12-12.5 by the addition of NaOH pellets. The oil and
tar are extracted from the aqueous solution by CC1 . Discard the
oil - or tar -containing layer. Any excess of CC1 in the aqueous
layer is removed by warming on a water bath before proceeding
with the distillation step.
A. Distillation Step:
1. Principle
The phenols are distilled at a more or less constant
rate from the non-volatile impurities. The rate of volatilization
of the phenols is gradual so that the volume of the distillate
must equal that of the sample being distilled. The use of
CuSO. during distillation of an acidic sample permits the
formation of cupric sulfide without subsequent decomposition to
H_S. The acidic solution also prevents the precipitation of
cupric hydroxide, which acts as an oxidizing agent toward phenols.
2.. Apparatus
a) Distillation apparatus, all-glass, consisting of a 1-liter pyrex
distilling apparatus with Graham condenser.**
b) pH meter. ' .
* A lower level of detection was attained by using a 10 cm long
micro-absorption cell.
** Corning No. 3360 or equivalent.
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-3-
3. Reagents
All reagents must be prepared with distilled water
free of phenols and chlorine.
a) Copper sulfate, CuSO 5H 0 solid, or a 10% solution.
b) Phosphoric acid solution, 1+9. Dilute 10 ml 85% H PO. to
100 ml with distilled water.
c) Methyl orange indicator: Dissolve 0.5 g methyl orange in 1
liter Distilled water.
d) Special reagents for turbid distillates:
1) Sulfuric acid, IN,
2) Sodium chloride,
3) Chloroform or ethyl ether,
4) Sodium hydroxide, 2.5N: Dilute 41.7 ml 6N NaOH to 100 ml
or dissolve 10 g NaOH in 100 ml distilled water.
4. Procedure
a) Measure 500 ml sample into a beakei, lower the pH to approximately
4.0 with the 1+9 H PO. solution using the methyl orange indicator
or a pH meter, add 0.5 g copper sulfate, and transfer to the
distillation apparatus. Use a 500-ml graduated cylinder as a
receiver. The additions of H_PO. and CuSO. must be omitted if the
34 4
sample was preserved with these reagents.
b) Distill 450 ml of sample, stop the distillation and when boiling
ceases, add 50 ml phenol-free distilled water to the distilling
flask. Continue distillation until a total of 500 ml has been
collected.
c) One distillation should prove sufficient for purification of
the sample. Occasionally, however, the distillate is turbid. In
this case, acidify the turbid distillate with 1+9 H PO , add O.S g
copper sulfate, and distill as described in paragraph 4b above.
If the second distillate is still turbid, an extraction process.
described in paragraph 4d following, is required before distillation
of the sample.
d) Treatment when second distillate is turbid: Extract a 500 ml
aliquot of the original sample as follows: Add 4 drops methyl orange
indicator and sufficient IN H-SO. to make the solution acidic.
Transfer to a scparatory funnel and add 150 g NaCl. Shake with five
increments of chloroform, using 40 ml in the first increment and
25 ml in each of the increments following. Place the chloroform
layer in a second separatory funnel and shake with three successive
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-4-
increments of 2.5N NaOli solution, using 4.0 ml in the first
increment and 3.0 ml in each of the next two increments. Combine
the alkaline extracts, heat on a water bath until the chloroform
has been removed, then cool and dilute to 500 ml with distilled
water. Proceed with distillation as described in paragraphs 4a and
4b above
NOTE: Diethyl ether may be used instead of chloroform, especially
if an emulsion forms when extracting the chloroform solution with
N*OH. When ether is used, a better distribution coefficient is
obtained for phenol between the ether and water phases and it is
not necessary to use NaCl. Chloroform is" preferred because of the
hazards in handling ether.
B. Chloroform Extraction Step:
1. General Discussion
a) Principle: The steam-distillable phenols react with 4-amino-
antipyrine at a pH of 10.0 - 0.2 in the presence of potassium
ferricyanide to form a colored antipyrine dye. This dye is
extracted from aqueous solution with chloroform and the absorbance
is measured at 460 mu. The concentration of phenolic compounds
is expressed as ug/1 of phenol (C H OK). This method covers the
phenol concentration range of 1.0 to 1,000 ug/1 with a sensitivity
of 1 ug/1.
b) Interference: All interferences are eliminated or reduced to
a minimum if the sample has been preserved and stored, and
distilled in accordance with the foregoing instructions.
c) Minimum detectable concentration: The minimum detectable
quantity is 1 ug/1 phenol in a 500 ml distillate when a 25 ml
CHC1 extraction with 5 cm cell is used in the photometric
measurement.
2. Apparatus
a) Photometric equipment: One of the following, equipped with
absorption cells providing light paths of 5 cnu
1) Spectrophotometer, for use at 460 mu.
2) Filter photometer, equipped with a filter exhibiting maximum
light transmission near 460 mu.
b) Funnels: Buchner type with fritted disk (such as 15 ml Corning
No. 36060 or equivalent.)
c) Filter paper: An appropriate 11 cm filter paper may be used
for filtration of the chloroform extracts in place of the Buchner-
type funnels and anhydrous sodium sulfate.
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-5-
d) pH meter
e) Separator/ funnel: 1,000 ml, Squibb form, with ground-glass
stoppers and teflon stopcocks. At least eight are required.
f) Nessler tubes, matched, 50-ml, tall form.
3. Reagents
All reagents must be prepared with distilled water free
of phenols and chlorine.
a) StocK phenol solution: Dissolve 1.00 g reagent-grade phenol
in freshly boiled and cooled distilled water and dilute to 1,000 ml,
Ordinarily this direct weighing of the phenol constitutes a
standard solution. However, if extreme accuracy is required,
standardize as directed in paragraph 4a below.
b) Intermediate phenol solution: Dilute 10.0 ml stock phenol
solution to 1,000 ml in freshly distilled water; 1 ml=10;0ug phenol.
Prepare a fresh solution on each day of use.
c) Standard phenol solution: Dilute 50.0 ml intermediate phenol
solution to 500 ml with freshly boiled and cooled distilled water;
1 ml=1.0 ug phenol. Prepare this solution within 2 hrs. of use.
d) Bromate-bromide solution, 0.10N: Dissolve 2.784 g anhydrous
potassium bromate, KBrO_, in distilled water, add 10 g potassium
bromide (KBr crystals), dissolve, and dilute to 1,000 ml.
e) Hydrochloric acid, concentrated.
f)" Standard sodium thiosulfate titrant, 0.025N: Prepare by
dissolving 6.205 g Na_S 0 5H 0 in freshly boiled and cooled
distilled water and diluting to 1,000 ml. Standard sodium
thiosulfate solution may be preserved by adding 5 ml chloroform
or 0.4 g NaOH per liter, or 4 g borax and 5-10 mg Hgl per
liter. I l
Standardize with (1) biniodate or (2) dichromate:
I
1) Standard Potassium Biniodate Solution, 0.0250N: A stock
solution equivalent in strength to 0.100N thiosulfate solution
contains 3.249 g/1 KH(IO ) . Jhe biniodate solution equivalent
to the 0.0250N thiosulfate contains 812.4 mg/1 KH(IO ) and may
be prepared by diluting 250 ml stock solution to 1 liter.
Standardization: Dissolve approximately 2g KI, free from iodate,
in an Erlenmeyer flask with 100 to 150 ml distilled water; add
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-6-
10 ml 1+9 H SO followed by exactly 20.00 ml standard biniodate
solution, uilute 200 ml and titrate the liberated iodine with the
thiosulfate titrant, adding starch toward the end of the titration,
when a pale straw color is reached. Exactly 20.00 ml 0.0250N
thiosulfate should be required when the solutions under comparison
are of equal strength. It is convenient to adjust the thiosulfate
solution to exactly 0.02SON.
2) Standard Potassium Dichromate Solution, 0.0250N: Potassium
dichromate may be substituted for biniodate. A solution equivalent
to 0.0250N sodium thiosulfate contains 1.226 g/1 K2Cr 0_. The K Cr 0?
should be previously dried at 103°C for 2 hr. The solution should oe
prepare-^ > n a volumetric flask.
Standardization: Same as with biniodale, except that 20.00 ml
standard dichromate solution are used. Place in the dark for 5
min., dilute to approximately 400 ml, and titrate with 0.0250N
thiosulfate solution.
g) Starch solution: Prepare the aqueous solution by adding a
cold water suspension of 5 g arrowroot or soluble starch to
approximately 800 ml of boiling water, with stirring. Dilute to
1 liter, allow to boil a few minutes, and let settle overnight.
Use the clear supernate. This solution may be preserved with
1.25 g salicylic acid per liter or by the addition of a few
drops of toluene.
h) Ammonium chloride solution: Dissolve 50 g NH.C1 in distilled
water and dilute to 1,000 ml.
i) Ammonium hydroxide, concentrated*
j) Aminoantipyrine solution: Dissolve 2.0 g 4-aminoantipyrine
in distilled water and dilute to 100 ml. This solution should
be prepared each day of use.
k) Potassium ferricyanide solution: Dissolve 8.0 g K Fe(CN) in
distilled water and dilute to 100 ml. Filter if necessary. Prepare
fresh each week of use,
i
1) Chloroform. I
i
m) Sodium sulfate, anhydrous, granular.
n) Potassium iodide, crystals.
I
4a Standardization of Phenol Solution
i
1) To 100 ml distilled water in a 500 ml glass-stoppered conical
flask, add 50.0 ml stock phenol solution and 10.0 ml 0.1N brcmate-
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-7-
bromide solution. Immediately add 5 ml cone HC1 and swirl the
stoppered flask gently. If the brown color of free bromine does
not persist add 10.0 ml portions of bromate-bromide solution
until the color does persist. Keep the flask stoppered and allow
to stand for 10 min; then add approximately 1 g KI . Usually
four 10 ml portions of bromate-bromide solution are required if
the stock phenol solution contains 1,000 mg/1 phenol.
2) Prepare a blank in exactly the same manner, using distilled
water and 10.0 ml 0.1N bromate-bromide solution. Titrate the
blank and sample with the 0.025N sodium thiosulfate titrant,
using staiJi solution as the indicator.
3) Calculate the concentration of the nhenol solution as follows:
mg/1 phenol = 7.842 (AB-C)'
where A=ml thiosulfate for blank; b=ml bromate-bromide solution
used for sample divided by 10; and c=ml thiosulfate used for sample.
4b Procedure
1) Place 500 ml of the distillate, or a suitable aliquot diluted
to 500 ml, in a 1-liter beaker. If all 500 ml of distillate is
used, it may not contain more than 50 ug (0.1 mg/1) phenol. If the
sample is known to contain more than 50 ug phenol, a smaller aliquot
must be used. Practically, the smallest aliquot would be 50 ml
that contains not more than 50 ug (1 mg/1) phenol.
2) If the approximate phenol concentration of the original sample
is not knovn, determine by a preliminary check the proper aliquot of
the distillate and of the CHC1_ to use for the final determination.
This may be done without CHC1, extraction by carrying out the reaction
in 50 ml nessler tubes and comparing against suitable phenol standards.
3) Prepare a 1000 ml distilled water blank and a series of 500 ml
phenol standards containing 1,2,4,6,8, and 10 ug/1 phenol.
4) Treat sample and standards as follows: Add 10 ml ammonium chloride
solution andadjust with cone NH OH to pH 10.0 - 0.2. Transfer to the
1-liter separatory funnels, add 3.0 ml aminoantipyrine solution,
mix well, add 3.0 ml potassium ferri cyanide solution, again mix well,
and allow the color to develop for 3 min. The solution should be clear
and light yellow. For the blank, use double portions of reagents.
5) Extract immediately with CHC1 , using 25 ml. Use 50 ml for
the blank. Shake the separatory tunnel at least 10 times, allow the
CHC1- to settle, shake again 10 times, and allow the CHC1- to settle again.
J J
6) Filter each of the chloroform extracts through the filter paper or
through the fritted-glass funnels containing a 5-g layer of the
anhydrous sodium sulfate. Collect the dried extracts in clean cells for
the absorbance measurements; do not add more CHC1,.
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-8-
7) Read the absorbance of the sample and standards against the blank
at a wavelength of 460 mu. Plot absorbance against ug/1 of standard
phenol solutions for the calibration curve. Estimate the phenol concen-
tration of the sample from the calibration curve. A separate calibration
curve must be constructed for each photometer and each curve must be
checked periodically to ensure reproducibility.
5. Precis ion and Accuracy
In one laboratory (V.'QB) , 1.0 - 0.2 ug/1 phenol was
measured at a 95% level of confidence. 10.0 - 0.5 ug/1 phenol was
measured at 95% level of confidence. Over the range 1.0 to 10.0 ppb,
relative errors of 8% to 3% were found.
6. Reference
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,
13th Edition, 1971, APHA. AWWA. WPCF.
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Reprinted from ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, Vo! 37, Page 1709, December 1965
Copyright ) 965 by the American Chemical Society and reprinted by permission of (he copyright owner
r i i- i
Determination or Carboxylic Acids Present as Esters
in Plasficizers and Polymers by Transesterification
and Gas Chromatography
STANLEY J. JANKOWSKI and PATRICIA GARNER
Ce/anese Corp. of An,<=..ca, Central Research Laboratories, Summit, .'.'. J.
t» A gas chromatographic procedure
is proposed for the determination of
dicarboxylic and monocarboxylic acids
present as ester functionalities in
plastiazers and polymers These car-
boxylic acids are converted to their
methyl esters by transestenfication
using a sodium me^c-xide-methano!-
methyl acetate reagent, extracted with
benzene containing diphenyl ether,
as an irterna! standard, anc! sep-
arated and determined by gas chro-
matographic techniques. Conversion
to the methyl esters has been quanti-
tative for a variety of aliphatic and
aromatic carboxylic acid esters of
aliphatic and aromatic mono- and poly-
hydroxy compounds. Acid contents
in the range 3 to 81% have been
studied. Free carboxylic acids are
not converted to their methyl esters
by this technique.
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS are present as
ester functionalities in an exten-
sne variety of mafenals which are of
impoitance in the chemical industry.
Coatings, fats and oils, fibers, films, and
plasticizers are areas where ester
functionalities are ficquently en-
countered The complexity of the
matcii.il varies f:om «imple esteic, such
as dioctyl phthalate or polyethylene
terephthalate, to highly complex mi.x-
tuies such as alkyd resins
Wet chemical analysis (6) of ester
functionalities has consisted of saponi-
fication of the material with aqueous or
alcoholic cau=tic followed by reco\ery
and "separation of the hbeiated caibox-
3 lie acid,*- or their salts. The procedures
are labouous and time consuming, and
quantitative sepaiation of the individual
acids pie«cnt is seldom achieved.
Infiared absorption spcctrophotom-
etry has been used to determine ester
functionalities Ho\\e\er, its applica-
tion is limited to very simple mixtuies
Because of similanty of the infiared
spectra of aliphatic carboxyhc acid
esters, the mfraied appioach also
lacks sensitivity for the anah^is of
small amounts of one cs'er in t^e pies-
euce of large amounts of another ester.
Thus, as much as 10% of an unknown
ester piesent in a po'j ester pohiner or
icsin will not be detected unless further
wet chemical opciations aie under-
taken.
Ultra\ iolet absorption spectrophotom-
etry has been applied in the analjais
of esters containing aromatic or un-
satuiated acids. This method is very
sensitive but its application is limited
to the most simple mixtures. The
pie=«nce of seveial aiomatic and/or
unsaturated functionalities requues
sepaiation of the components, prior to
measuiemcnt of the specific components
by ultraviolet absorption techniques.
Gas chiomatogiaphy has increased
the possibilities of analyzing esters
rapidly with excellent precision Cur-
rently, direct deteimination of esters
by gas chromatographic techniques is
limited to those compounds having
sufficient vapor pressure at the opeiat-
ing temperature of the analytical column
to permit elution of the ester in a reason-
able period of time. The esters must
be stable at the temperatures required
for introduction of the sample onto the
chromatographic columns. Esters \\ith
boiling points as high as 400°C. have
been anahzed in this laboiatory by gas
chromatographic techniques.
Espofito and Swann (2) have re-
ported the use of a tiansesterification
technique for identification of some 19
earbo\yhc acids u^ed in the" production
of synthetic resin. No quantitative
results were presented by these workers,
and the \voik was limited to alkyd and
polyester coating reMns. Percival (7)
has extended this woik to include semi-
quantuative icsults The v.ork was
limited to polyestei ie=ins, and reaction
times of IS iu 42 houis are required for
transect ei ification
Woik in this laboratory has shown
these techniques are not applicable to
the analysis of high molecular weight
poh ester polymei s such as polyethylene
terephthalate fiber and film 01 spandex
fibers
Reflux of these materials with up to a
100-fold excess of 0.5.V lithium or
sodium methoxide in methanol or 10%
boion tnfluoride in methanol for periods
of up to S hours gave no significant
amounts of the corresponding dimethyl
esters Conveision was less than 1%.
Use of pressure equipment to increase
the reaction temperature to 100°C.
did not significantly improve the re-
sults.
EXPERIMENTAL
Apparatus and Materials. CHRO-
MATOGRAPHic UXIT. The instrument
used to obtain the chromatograms was
a Model A-700 Aerograph Autoprep
(Wilkens In^tiument and Research,
Inc ) equipped \\ith a blown Electronik
Recorder (Minneapolis-Honeywell Reg-
ulator Co.).
Opciating conditions were detector
cell tempcratuie, 250° C ; detector cell
cuirent, 175 ma ; injection poit tem-
perature, 250° C ; helium flow at
exit, 70 cc. per minute; column
tempcratuie, Ucon-5UHB2SOX, 170°
C., and Bentone 34-Carbo\vax 20M,
195° C.
COLUMN* PnFPMivnoN The Ucon
column packing was made with 15%
by weight of liquid pha--e on CO- to
SO-mcsh Chiomosoib W. The Bentone-
VOL 37, NO. 13, DECEMBER 1965 1709
-------
Onrbcmax column was pit-pared with
5% b\ wcipjit JJciitone 34 and 15% by
weifdft of Caibo\\a\ 20.M on GO- to SO-
jucsli Chiomo-oib \V An S-foot length
'of '/.pinch copper tubing was u^ed for
each column. The Bentone-Caibowav
column was conditioned for 24 hours at
200° G. pnor to u-e.
REAGFXTS Sodium methovide in
mcthanol (1 molal) was prepared by
slowly adding 54 giams of sodium
methoxide (Mathe--on; Colcman &; Bell)
to 1000 ml of mcthanol
A standaid diphen\l ether solution
was made by adding 23 giams of
diphenj 1 etliei (Eastman Oi iramc Chem-
icals) to a 100-ml \olumctiic flask and
diluting with benzene.
Procedure. An air dried carbo\jlic
acid ester-containing sample, weigh-
ing 02 to 05 giam was placed in a
250-ml. iodine flask to h:ch had been
Table I. Relative Detector Response
Factors and Retention Times for Various
Dimethyl Esters
Relative Relative
detector
response
1 00
Compound
Diphenyl ether
retention
time
1 00
1 00
0 99
0 99
0 93
0 94
0 93
0 89
0 88
0 S3
1 00
(1 00)°
0.1S
Dimethyl
succinite
Dimethyl
glutarate
Dimethjl
adipate
Dimeth) 1
pnneiate
Dimeth\l
suberate
Dimethyl
azelate
Dimeth\l
sebacate
Dimethyl
terephthalate
Dimethyl
isophthalate
Dimetlnl
phthalate
" \Yhen Ucon-50HB2SOX column is
used.
0.31
0 45
0 GS
1 00
(1 10)°
1 31
1 83
2.02
2 20
2 52
added 25 ml of sodium methoxide in
methrmol solution and 25 ml of meth>l
acetate \ ^-hoit West icflux condenser
was attached to the f1.i-~k wlnrh was
then placed on a hot pl.ite and allowed
to leflux for 1 hour if the sample was a
polj ester or 2 houis if the sample was a
Spandex pol\rner. Aftei ipfluxing. the
fla--k was allowed to cool and 25 ml
of l.V acetic acid, 25 ml of saturated
aqueous sodium chlondc solution and
10 ml. of standaid diphenyl ether
solution were added. The flask was
then shaken well and the contents
were transferred to a sepaiatory funnel.
The solution was allotted to settle and
the aqueous phase was drawn on and
discarded The benzene la\er was
placed in a serum bottle or small
Erlenmcyer flask that could be stop-
pered with a lubbei septum A boiling
stone v :-.*. ridded to thv bcii/enc phase
to avoid losses due to bumping. The
benzene phase was evaporated to about
10 ml. on a steam br.'h or lev,- tem-
perature hot plate After cooling, the
container was stoppered and was then
icady for chiomatogiaphic anal\-is.
The S-foot Bentone-Caibowax column
was mounted in position after being
initially conditioned for 24 hoars at
200° C., and heated to operating
tempeiature About 5 n\. of sample
were mtioduced onto the column
and all emeiging volatile components
were recorded. If d'ni°*hyl s>i!x>ratc
was formed, the S-foot Ucon column was
used. The resulting iccorded areas
were measured with a plammeter
From the data of the ielati\e areas of
the internal standard and the dimethyl
ester, the amount of caiboxvhc acid,
present as an ester functionality in the
original sample, was calculated using
the appropriate response factor found in
Table I.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The response factors and retention
times, relative to diphenyl ether, for a (
number of the methj 1 esters of car-
boxylic acids commonly found in
Table II
Material
Polyethylene
terephthalate
(commercial fiber)
Polyester fiber
Spandex fiber
Dieth\lene gljcol
adipate
" Diphenjl phthalate
Dibutyl
terephthalate
DibuUl sebacate
Diben/,\l suctmate
Dibenzyl phthaLite
Sorbitan
monolauratc
Analysis of Ester Containing ,
Acid present Transes
Terephthahc 81 0 (
Isophthalic 10 0
Terephthahc 59 7
Materials
Saponifi-
erifieation cation
7 = 19) 82
10
CO
Adipic 40. 5 O = 1.0) 41
Adipic '66.6
Phthahc 52.2
Terephthalic 58 0
Sebacic GO 6
Succimc 33 5
Phthahc 48 0
M>nstic 11.7
Laurie 30.1
Capric 3 4
Caprj he 3 0
67
52
.6
.2
5S.4
G2.9
3S
47
11
31
3
O
*i
2
.8
.5
.9
3
.8
plasticizeis and pohmcis have \xcn
clctcimined and aic shown in Table I.
All aie icadih sepaiated unrlpi the
Mmple isothenna] .conditions us?d ex-
cept dimelhjl Mibeiate which is iu-
ficquently encountcied but can be
readily separated on a Ucon-50HH2SOX
column.
The gas chiomatogiaphic separation
of the three isomenc chmcthj 1 phthalate
esters has not been icpoited pieviously
The gas chromatographic scpaiation of
the methjl esteis of fattj- atids has
been intensuelj iruestimated (/, -(. 5)
and only the comei'ion of the fatty
acid esteis to then metlul esters was of
interest in this in\estigation Ucon or
sihcone grease eohimn- aie used in this
laboiatory for sepaiation and analysis
of the methyl cstc.L of rr.t'." acids
A comparison of results for a -variety
of matanals obtained by me tran=esifn-
fication technique piopo^-ed here ".nd
the older technique-, of sapomficaiion,
isolation, and detcimmation is shown in
Table II Thcie is good agicement in
the results of the two techniques and
the relative simplicity, specificity and
speed of the transc^tei ification pi ocedure
indicate studies of its application to
related materials would be fiuitful
Free carbo.\\ he acids, such as adipic,
palmitic, and terephthahc, are not con-
verted to their methyl esteis by this
transestenfication technique making this
method specific for ester functionalities.
The work earned out on the at-
tempted tiansesteiification of pohe^ter
polymers with methoxide-methanol rea-
gents suggested traces of water and the
relative insolubility of =taitingpol\mers,
and resulting dimethyl estei in meih-
anol were responsible for the low levels
of conversion to the chmethjl encis
Presence of water results in the forma-
tion of the metal hydioxide, which
leads to the foimation of the metal
salts of the acid The metal salts of
the acids are not icadily converted to the
corresponding methyl esters. Methj 1
acetate is believed to coiueit the so-
dium hydroxide, w hen foi mcd because of
piesence of water, to mcthanol and so-
dium acetate which is innocuous Sol-
ubility of vanous dimethyl esters in the
reagent system repoited here is excel-
lent.
Sodium methoxide in methyl acetate
alone could not be uccd because of
undesirable side reactions. High yields
of methyl acetoacetate have beci. re-
ported for this nuxtuie (3). Substitu-
tion of ethyl acetate for methyl acetate
decreases the time requued foi dige-tion
of the pol3'mer samples, but the resiilt-
ing reaction products aie mixed methyl-
ethyl esters which are unsatisfactory for
analytical purposes Use of a etlunol-
ethyl acetate-sodium ethoxidc tjstem
would eliminate this difficulty but did
not offer sufficient acK antage to ju=tify
additional imcstigations requued
-------
Recovery of the hydioxy] compounds
resulting fiom trarLsestenfication of the
samples is not quantitative. This sug-
gests the hydioxy compound may be
undergoing dchvdration in this media
fljW'NSMgh wi those polymei^ containing
fet4%lene glycol none of the expected
products such as acetaldehyde, cthj lene
oxide, mejhj 1 cellosohe, or polyethylene
glycol ha,\ e been recovered.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are giateful to C. L.
Kolb for Ins inteicstand ad\isorj assist-
ance dining the course of the-^ m-
\estigation:, and to 11 A Janiak who
earned out some of the analysis
LITERATURE CITED
(1) D.il Nogare, S, Juvct, K S, Jr.,
ANAL CHEM 34,35 R(1'J02)
(2) Esposito, C! G , Swann, M. H , Ibul,
34, 104S(1%2)
(3) Fibhcr, N., MtElvam, S M, J.
Am Chfin Knr, 56, 1760 (19IM)
(4) Clclnkc, C \V , Cocrhtz, D I', ANM.
CHEM 35, 70 (19G.J).
(o) Hornstcin, I., Crouc, P. F., Ibid , 33,
(G) Kline, G M , "Analytical Chemistry
of ]>ol\ iner-,," P.irt I, p 2'J7, Inter-
scieure, New York, 1959
(7) Percival, D. F , ANAL. CHEM. 35,
230(1903).
RECEIVED for review August 30, 190o.
Accepted October 4, 1905.
-------
'-U
ADDENDUM TO , ,,
' f?>
METHODS FOR ORGANIC PESTICIDES ' *>./ -,
IN WATER AND WASTEWATER
B. METHOD FOR POLYCHLORINATED
BIPHENYLS IN WATER
THOMAS A. BELLAR AND JAI-.TS J. LICHTENBERG
MAY 1972
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER
CINCINNATI, OHIO
45268
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B. METHOD FOR POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS IN WATER
1. Scope and Application '
"1.1 This method covers the determination of certain polychlorinated
biphenyls PCB's (Aroclors^jT including: 1221, 1232, 1242, 1248,
1254 and 1260.
1.2 The method is an extension of the Environmental Protection Agency's
"Method for Organochlorine Pesticides" (1). It is designed so
that determination of both the PLB's and the organochlorine
pesticides may be made on the same sample.
2. Summary
2.1 The PCB's and the organochlorine pesticides are co-extracted by
liquid-liquid extraction and, insofar as possible, the two classes
of compounds separated from one another prior to gas chromato-
graphic determination. A combination of the standard Florisil
column/procedure and the silica gel microcolumn/procedure of
Leoni (2) are employed. Identification is made from gas chromato-
graphic patterns obtained through the use of two or more unlike
columns. Detection and measurement is accomplished using an
electron capture, microcoulometric, or electrolytic conductivity
detector. Techniques for confirming qualitative identification
are suggested.
Trade name of the Monsanto Co., St. Louis, Missouri
-------
3. Significance
3.1 The extensive and widespread use of PCB's has resulted in their
»»
presence in all parts of the environment. Like the organochlorine
pesticides the PCB's are very persistent. While they are generally
less toxic than the organochlorine pesticides they do have lethal
effects on fish and other aquatic animals. Thus, it is imperative
tha^ '-re identify and qu?ntit?te ^Via PCB's present in the envi^1^"-
mer.t.
3.2 Because of their cumulative nature, we need to detect small
quantitaties (yg/1 and less) of the PCB's in water.
4. Interferences
4.1 Refer to LPA Method for Organochiorine Pesticides. Phthalate
esters, certain organophosphorus pesticides, and elemental
sulfur will interfere when using electron capture for detection.
4.2 Organochlorine pesticides and other halogenated compounds con-
stitute interferences in the determination of PCB's. Most of
these are separated by the method described below. However,
certain compounds, if present in the sample, will occur with
\
the PCB's. Included are: Sulfury Heptachlor, aldrin, chlordane, rvu
and to some extent o, p'-DDT and p,p'-DDT.
5. Method of Analysis
«
5.1 Extraction of Sample
5.1.1 Transfer a measured volume of sample (1-liter) to a
2-liter separatory funnel equipped with a Teflon stopcock.
Extract the sample twice with 60 ml of 15% ethyl ether in
hexane and once with 60 ml of hexane only according to
-------
Part II, A, 5.1.
5.1.2 Dry the combined extracts by pouring over a column of
anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrate to 10 ml in a
Kuderna-Danish evaporator. Qualitatively analyze the
sample by gas chromatography using the non-polar column
' described in Table 2, with an electron capture detector.
From the response obtained determine:
a. If. there are any organochJorine pesticides present,
b. If there are any PCB's present.
. c. If there is a combination of a and b,
d. If the response is too complex to determine a, b, or c.
If no response, concentrate to 1.0 ml or less, as required,
according to Pai't II, A, 5.1.4 and repeat the analysis
looking for a, b, c, and d.
5.1.3 If condition a_ exists, quantitatively determine the organo-
chlorines pesticides according to Part II, A, 5.2 and 5.3.
5.1.4 If condition b_ exists, PCB's only are present, no further
separation or clean-up is necessary. Quantitatively determine
the PCB's according to 5.6.1.
5.1.5 If condition coexists, compare peaks obtained from sample
to those of standard Aroclors and make a judgment as to
which Aroclors may be present. To separate the PCB's from
the organochlorine pesticides, continue as outlined below.
5.1.6 If condition d_ exists, apply standard Florisil column pro-
cedure, Part II, A, 5.2.2. The first eluate from the
Florisil column will contain certain of the organochlorine
-------
pesticides and all of Aroclors 1221, 1232, 1242, 1248,
r
1254, and 1260, if they are present in the sample. Analyze
the first eluate as indicated in 5.1.2 above. Analyze
the second eluate according to Part II, A, 5.3.
5.2 Silica Gel Micro Column Separation Procedure
5.2.1 Apparatus
5.2.1.1 Micro Column - Constructed of borosilicate glass tubing,
according to Figure 1.
5.2.1.2 Erlenmeyer Flask - 250 ml, glass stoppered (24/40)
5.2.1.3 Desiccator - Vacuum, bobosilicate glass, 160 mm diameter
x 255 mm high.
'5.2.2 Standards, Reagent and Solvents
5.2.2.1 Standards - Aroclors 1221, 1232, 1242, 1248, 1254 and 1260,
Monsanto Co., St. Louis, MO and polychlorinated biphenyl
isomers (99% pure), Analabs, 80 Republic Drive, North
Haven, CT 06473.
5.2.2.2 n-Hexane - Pesticide quality (not mixed hexanes).
5.2.2.3 Benzene - Pesticide quality
5.2.2.4 Silica Gel - Davison Code 950-08-08-226 (60-200 mesh).
5.2.2.5 Glass Wool - Pre-extracted with Hexane.
5.2.2.6 Sodium Sulfate - Anhydrous, granular, conditioned for
2 hours @ 400°C.
5.2.2.7 Gas Chromatographic Column - liquid phase OV-1
5.3 Activation for Silica Gel
5.3.1 Place about 20 g of silica gel in an open, tared, glass
stoppered, 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and heat at 130°C for
-------
8 hours. Remove from the oven and weigh, while still
hot, on a triple beam balance. Then seal with ground
glass stopper and store in vented desiccator, containing
c.
no desicant, until cool. Then deactivate with 5% distilled
water. Add the water dropwise down the side of the flask
and shake until all lumps are broken and the silica gel
is free flowing. Store for about 8 hours in a sealed des-
iccator, containing no desicant, prior to use to insure
equal distribution of the water. The proper activation
state will be maintained for about 10 days, if stored in
a well sealed flask in the desiccator.
5.4 Preparation of the Chromatographic Column
5.4.1 Pack the lower, 2mm I.D. section of the micro column v/ith
\
glass wool and add 1 g ± 20 mg of activated silica gel to
the column. Tap the column to pack the silica gel. This
should result in a column of adsorbent "10 cm high. Mark
this level, and for future work fill to the mark. Add 1 cm
of sodium sulfate to the top of the column and tap to settle.
5.4.2 Pipet a 1.0 ml aliquot of the concentrated sample extract
(previously reduced to a total volume of 2.0 ml) on to the
column (do not prewash the column). As the last of the
sample passes into the sodium sulfate layer, rinse down the
internal wall of the column twice with a minimum of n-hexane.
Then assemble the upper section of the column. As the last
of the n-hexane rinse reaches the surface of the sodium
sulfate, add enough n-hexane (volume predetermined, see 5.5
-------
below) to just elute all of the PCB's present in the
sample. Apply air pressure until the effluent flow is
1 ml/min. Collect the desired volume of eluate (predeter-
mined, see 5.5 below) in an accurately calibrated ampul.
As the last of the n-hexane reaches the surface of the
- sodium sulfate, release the air pressure and change the
collection airpul
5.4.3 Fill the column with benzene, again apply air pressure
and adjust flow to 1 ml/min. Collect the eluate until
all of the organochlorine pesticides of interest have
been eluted (volume predetermined, see 5.5 below).
5.5, Determination of Elution Volumes
5.5.1 The elution volumes for the PCB's and the pesticides depend
upon a number of parameters which are difficult to control.
These include variation in:
a. Mesh size of the silica gel
b. Adsorption properties of the silica gel.
c. Polar contaminants present in the eluting solvent.
d. Polar materials present in the sample and sample
solvent.
e. The dimensions of the microcolumns.
t
Therefore, the optimum elution volume must be experimentally
determined each time a parameter is changed. To determine
the elution volumes, add standard mixtures of Aroclors and
pesticides to the column and collect 1 ml elution volumes.
-------
Analyze the individual eluates by gas chromatography and
determine the cut-ofdT volume for n-hexane and for benzene.
Table 1 lists the retention order of the various Aroclor
components and of the pesticides. Using the data in this
table, prepare the proper standard mixtures required for
analysis of the n-hexane and benzene eluates.
5.5 ? In determining the volu"10 of hexane required to elute the
PCB's, the sample volume fl ml), the volume of hexane
retained by the silica gel (~0.5 ml), and the volume of
n-hexane used to rinse the column wall must be considered.
Thus, if it is determined that a 10.0 ml elution volume
is required to elute the PCB's, the volume of hexane tc
be added in addition to the sample volume but including the
rinse volume should be 9.5 ml.
5.5.3 Figure 2 shows that as the average chlorine content of a
PCB mixture decreases the solvent volume for complete elution
increases. Qualitative determination (5.1.2) indicates
which Aroclors are present and provides the basis for selec-
tion of the ideal elution volume. This helps to minimize
the quantity of organochlorine pesticides which will elute
j
along with the low percent chlorine PCB's and insures the
most efficient separations possible for accurate analysis.
I
i
5.6 Quantitative Determination
|
5.6.1 Measure the volume of the n-hexane eluate, containing the
PCB's, and inject 'l to 5 yl into the gas chromatograph.
-------
(Conditions are listed in Table 2) . If necessary, adjust
the volume of- the eluate to give linear response to the
electron capture detector (Detection limit approximately
0.01 ng/yl) . The microcoulometric or the electrolytic
detector may be employed to improve specificity for samples
having higher concentrations of PCB's (Detection limit
approximately lu ng/yij .
5.6.2 Calculations
5.6.2.1 Since polychlorinated biphenyls occur in the environment
in varying degrees of complexity:
a. As the original mixture, unchanged, eg., Aroclor 12^2,
b. As a combination of Aroclors, eg., 1242 + 1260.
c. As metabolized or biodegraded products of the
original Aroclor or combination of Aroclors.
d. As a combination of a, b, and c, it is impossible
to prescribe a simple method for quantitative
determination .'
5.6.2.2 For the least complicated situation, a_ , compare quantita-
tive Aroclor reference standards (eg. 1242, 1248) to the
unknown. Measure and sum the areas of the unknown and the
reference Aroclor and calculate the result as follows:
Mi crograms/ liter = . X 2
I V 1 J L V S J
A = ng of Standard Injected = ng
I, of Peak Areas 2
i nun
i
2
B = Z of Sample Peak Areas = mm
Vi = Volume of sample injected
i
Vt = Volume of total extract (yl)
-------
Vs = Volume of water sample extracted (ml)~:
5.6.2.3 For situation b_, combination of intact Aroclors,
prepare mixtures of Aroclor reference standards and
compare them to the unknown until similar chromato-
\ grams are obtained. Calculate the result as in 5.6.2.
I
At best, this is a time consuming procedure and the
analyst may choose to use the approach described bel0''1
5.6.2.4 The most pi'actical calibration procedure for complex
mixtures of PCB's involves:
a. Identification of the individual isomers,
b. Grouping them according to the number of chlorine
atoms present in the molecule,
c. Reporting the amount of the various isomeric
groups present based on the average response
factor obtained for each group.
Since the response factors for PCB isomers, containing
the same number of chlorine atoms, may vary, the average
response factor for the isomers in the group should be
used for calculation. To obtain the average response
/ *"
factor for each isomeric group to the electron capture
detector, prepare standard mixtures of the individual
pure isomers and determine gas c-hromatographic response.
This operation is not necessary when using the micro-
coulometric detector, since its response is directly pro-
portional to the amount of chlorine entering the cell
tihie
per unit, ie, the number of chlorine atoms in the molecule.
-------
The various isomeric groups are located by
experimentally duplicating the chromatogram shown in
Figure 3. Obtain the chromatogram on the OV-1 column
by injecting a mixture of Aroclors 1221, 1242, 1248,
1254 and 1260 (1232 is not included because it is a
mixture of 1221 and 1242), ]Q ng each in a total of
100 ml of hexane. There are 209 possible isomers of
PCB's (5). Many of them overlap and it is impossible
to resolve them by common gas chromatographic techniques.
In the case of the above mixtures, the isomers have
been identified as accurately as possible using GC-MS.
Minor amounts of various isomers. in the mixture do over-
lap and are unavoidably included in certain isomeric
groups.
Calculate the results by summing the areas of the
peaks in each isomeric group and applying the appropriate
response factor as indicated below:
microgram/liter , = [A] [B] [Vt]
C1x [Vi] [Vs]
A = I ng Cl Standard
Z Areas Cl Standard
J{
B = I Sample Areas of Cl
Vt = Volume of total extract (yl)
Vi = Volume of extract injected (yl)
Vs = Volume of water sample extracted (ml)
Cl" = Isomeric group, where x = 1 thru 8.
-------
5.6.3 Confirmatory Techniques
5.6.3.1 Unequivocal identification of PCB's can be made by GC-MS
when present in sufficient concentration (approximately
20 ng/pl in the final extract). The methods described by
Bonelli (6) and Budde (7) are useful for this purpose. Mien
GC-MS is not available, separate GC analysis using both
non-polar and polar coluirjis will give added confidence in
ths qualitative determination. The use of specific halogen
detectors, such as the microcoulometric and electrolytic
conductivity, will eliminate non-halogen interferences and
further support the identification. The concentration of PCB's
required is about 10 ng/yl in the final extract.
5.6.3.2 The Monsanto method (8) for PCB's which incorporates a
two-step chemical treatment - saponification with alcoholic
potassium hydroxide followed by sulfuric acid effectively
eliminates many interferences while the PCB's are retained
inta ct.
-------
REFERENCES
f
(1) "Methods for Organic Pesticides in Water and Wastewater",
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Environmental
Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, 1971.
(2) Leoni,'V., "The Separation of Fifty Pesticides and Related Compounds
and Polychlorinated Biphenyls into Four Groups by Silica Gel Micro-
column Chromatography", Journal of Chromatography, 62, 63 (1971).
v
(3) Rote, J.W. and Murphy, P.G., "A Method for the Quantitation of
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Isomers", Bulletin of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology, 6_, 377 (1971)
(4) Zitko, V., Hutzinger, 0., arid Safe, S., "Retention Times and
Electron Capture Detector Response of Some Individual Chlorobiphenyls",
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 6_, 160 (1971) .
(5) Hayes, H. and Riseborough, R.W., Natural History, 80, 38 (1971)
(6) Bonelli, E.J., "Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometer Techniques for
. Determination of Interferences in Pesticide Analysis", Analytical
Chemistry, 40, 603 (1972).
(7) Budde, W.L., Private Communication, May, 1972.
(8) Monsanto Methodology for Aroclors - Analysis of Water $ Sediment for
Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Analytical Method 69-13, Monsanto Co.,
800 North Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63166.
-------
pressure il necessary
|0.nt 10/19
25cm x 10mm I.C
pint 10/19
30 cm x 42 mm I D.
3.5 cm x 2 mm I.D.
Fig. i. The microcolumn.
-------
I SULFUR |
HEPTACHLOR
I
DDE
ALDRIN
TECHNICAL CHLORODANE
OP' a PP' DDT
CHLORODANE
50
_J
-------
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-------
STATE-
STREAM POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
INDIANAPOLIS 46206
'' 1330 West Michigan Street
633-4420
January 11, 1073
Mr. Valdas V. Adamkus
Acting Regional Administrator
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region V
1 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Dear Mr. Adamkus:
Re: Non-Thermal Recommendations of the Public Session
of Lake Michigan States and the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency - November 9, 1972
This will acknowledge your letter of December 26, 1972, regarding the
above subject.
Pursuant to the recommendations of the participants of the above session,
the State of Indiana has initiated a PCB and phthalates monitoring program
in the Lake Michigan Basin. In addition,we have expanded our existing metals
monitoring program in the Basin.
The first set of samples for PCB and phthalate analysis was collected on
November 27 and 28, 1972. This set included 24-hour composite samples from
a few municipal sewage treatment plants and grab samples from receiving waters.
A second, similar, set of samples was collected on December 20 and 21, 1972.
Starting this month, samples will be collected from pem^nant stream and
Lake Michigan sampling stations on a regular basis. Municipal sewage treatment
plants in the Basin will be sampled at intervals determined on the basis of
the results of two sets of grab samples. Various industries in the basin will
be required to dojtheir-own- muni luring.
We will be pleased to meet with Dr. Zeller to discuss our monitoring pro->
in more jjgtai Li ~ ~ ~-'""'
Very truly yours,
Oral H. Hert
Technical Secretary
JLWinters/dsc
cc: Dr. Robert W. Zelleri
Steve Kin
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