Report on Water Pollution
in the
n
I
GiNAW RIVER
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
GREAT LAKES REGION
NOVEMBER 1966
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REPORT ON
WATER POLLUTION IN THE LAKE HURON BASIN
SAGINAW RIVER
NOVEMBER 1966
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Great Lakes Region
Detroit Program Office
U.S. Naval Air Station
Grosse lie, Michigan
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PREFACE
This document was assembled by the Detroit Program Office, Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration, with the intention that it be used
together with information from other sources to develop a comprehensive
plan for water pollution control in the tributaries of the Lake Huron Basin.
The intended purpose of the plan would be to restore the usefulness of these
water* for recreational purposes, provide a more suitable environment for
V.
fish and aquatic life, and enhance the value of this resource. It would
improve the quality of the area's waters for municipal and industrial purposes,
aesthetic enjoyment, and other beneficial uses.
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ONTARIO
DETROIT PROGRAM OFFICE
GREAT LAKES-ILLINOIS RIVER BASIN PROJECT
DRAINAGE BASINS OF THE
GREAT LAKES
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
GREAT LAKES REGION GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN
SCALE IN MILES
IOO
ISO 200
QUEBEC
MINNESOTA
WISCONSIN /
N /
PENNSYLVANIA
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I. SA6INAW RIVER
2. CASS RIVER
3. FLINT RIVER
4. SHIAWASSEE RIVER
6. TITTABAWA33EE RIVER
6. MICHIGAN TRIBUTARIES
TO SAOINAW BAY .'
7. MICHIGAN TRIBUTARIES
TO LOWER LAKE HURON
0. AU SABLE RIVER
9. THUNDER BAY RIVER
10. CHEBOYGAN RIVER
II. ST. MARYS RIVER AND
MICHIGAN UPPER PENINSULA
TRIBUTARIES TO LAKE HURON
12. MISSISSAOI RIVER
13. SPANISH RIVER
.14. WANAPITEI RIVER
13, FRENCH RIVER
16. MAGANATAWAN RIVER
17. MUSKOKA RIVER
18. SEVERN RIVER
10. SAU3EEN RIVER
20. MAITLANO RIVER
21 . AU SABLE RIVER
DETROIT PROGRAM OFFICE
GREAT LAKES ILLINOIS RIVER BASIN PROJECT
LAKE HURON BASIN
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
GREAT LAKES REGION GROSSE ILE, MICHIGAN
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LAKE HURON PROGRAM OFFICE
GREAT LAKES-ILLINOIS RIVER BASIN PROJECT
DRAINAGE BASIN
SAGINAW RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
HEAT LAKES RE610N 4H033E ILt. MICHIGAN
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
INTRODUCTION ...» ..,..,,.,,,,,... ,,..,.,.«, 1
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Area Description 5
Hydrology 6
Climate 7
WATER USE ....,.,.,.....,, , . , ....,..,..,,..,.,. 13
Municipal 13
Industrial 13
Recreational 13
Dredging and Commercial Shipping 14
SOURCES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTE ,...,,.,,....,.,.....,,.. 23
Municipal 23
Industrial 25
POPULATIONS AND WASTE LOAD PROJECTIONS , 33
WATER QUALITY ..I,..,.,...,.*.,,..,.,...,,.,, 39
Physical and Chemical 39
Microbiology 46
Biological 48
DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROJECTIONS .,.,..,,., , 82
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Jfo. Page No.
1. Saginaw Basin Map 4
2 Time of Passage 10
3 Mean Monthly Flow - Saginaw River at Saginaw 11
4 Mean Daily Flow - Saginaw River at Saginaw 12
and Rainfall - Saginaw Basin
5 Industrial and Municipal Waste Outfalls 30
6 Saginaw Basin Population and Water Use 35
Projection Areas
7 Population and Flow Projections - Saginaw 36
River and Tributaries
8 Loadings to the Saginaw River - Solids, 56
Chlorides and Phosphates
9 Loadings to the Saginaw River - Phenol, 57
BOD and Nitrogen
10 Dissolved Oxygen - July 20-22, 1965 Survey 63
11 5-Day BOD and Kjeldahl Nitrogen - July 20-22, 64
1965 Survey
12 Dissolved Oxygen - Oct. 26-28, 1965 Survey 65
13 5-Day BOD and Kjeldahl Nitrogen - Oct. 26-28, 66
1965 Survey
14 Average Seasonal Total Phytoplankton 1965 67
15 Dissolved Oxygen Surveys - May 25, 1965 and 68
June 1 and 7, 1966
16 5-Day BOD and Kjeldahl Nitrogen - June 1 & 7, 69
1966
17 Dissolved Oxygen and Monthly Flows - Saginaw 70
River - 1963-1966
18 Chloride - July 20-22, 1965 Survey 71
11
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LIST OF FIGURES
(Cont'd)
Figure No. Page No.
19 Chloride - Oct. 26-28, 1965 Survey 72
20 Total Coliform Densities - Summer and July 73
20-22, 1965
21 Total Coliform Densities - Spring, Fall and 74
Oct. 26-28, 1965
22 Total Coliforms - Dry and Wet Weather 75
23 Mean Number of Benthic Animals per Square Meter 79
24 Mean Phytoplankton Populations per Milliliter 81
25 Dissolved Oxygen Projections for Saginaw River - 86
October 1965 Survey Conditions
26 Dissolved Oxygen Projections for Saginaw River - 87
June 1966 Survey Conditions
27 Dissolved Oxygen Profiles - October Conditions 88
28 Dissolved Oxygen Profiles - October and June 89
Conditions
29 Dissolved Oxygen Projections for Saginaw River - 95
June 1966 Survey Conditions
iii
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LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Page No.
1. Municipal Water Supply Systems - Saginaw 16, 17
River Basin
Owner and Treatment Code (for Table 1) 18
2. Projected Water Use (MGD) 19
3. Industrial Water Use - 1965 20
Saginaw River Basin
4. Waterborne Commerce on the Saginaw River 21
Explanation of Terminology (for Table 4) 22
5. Saginaw River Municipal Wastes 29
6. Saginaw River Industrial Waste Inventory - 1965 31
7. Industrial Waste Inventory 32
8. Waste Flow Projections 37
9. BOD5 Projections 38
10. Saginaw River and Tributaries - 1965 Average 52, 53
Concentrations
11. Annual Means for the Mouth of the Saginaw River 54
12. 1965 Tributary Contributions to the Saginaw 55
River
13. Saginaw River - Comparison of 1965 Summer 58
Averages with July 20-22, 1965 Survey
14. Saginaw River Tributaries - Comparison of 1965 59
Summer Averages with July 20-22, 1965 Survey
15. Saginaw River - Comparison of 1965 Fall Averages 60
with October 26-28, 1965 Survey
16. Saginaw River Tributaries - Comparison of 1965 61
Fall Averages with October 26-28, 1965 Survey
17. Total Coliform Geometric Means 62
IV
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LIST OF TABLES
(Cont'd)
Table No. Page No^
18. Benthic Macroinvertebrates, Saginaw River, 76, 77
November 1964-September 1965
19. Benthic Macroinvertebrates, Saginaw River 78
Tributaries, April-September 1965
20. Phytoplankton, Saginaw River, Fall 1964-Fall " 80
1965
21. Inputs - Saginaw River - July Survey - Match 90
Run
22. Inputs - Saginaw River - October Survey - 91
Match Run
23. Inputs - Saginaw River - June Survey - Match 92
Run
24 < Loadings for Projection Runs 93
25. Summary of K-Rates and Velocities 94
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INTRODUCTION
AUTHORITY
Comprehensive water pollution control studies were authorized by
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1956, as amended (33 USC 466
et seq.).
Sec. 3. (a) "The Secretary shall, after careful investi-
gation, and in cooperation with other Federal agencies, with
State water pollution control agencies and interstate agencies,
and with the municipalities and industries involved, prepare
or develop comprehensive programs for eliminating or reducing
the pollution of interstate waters and tributaries thereof and
improving the sanitary condition of surface and underground
waters. In the development of such comprehensive programs due
regard shall be given to the improvements which are necessary
to conserve such waters for public water supplies, propagation
of fish and aquatic life and wildlife, recreational purposes,
and agricultural, industrial, and other legitimate uses. For
the purpose of this section, the Secretary is authorized to
make joint investigations with any such agencies of the condi-
tion of any waters in any State or States, and of the discharges
of any sewage, industrial wastes, or substance which may adversely
affect such waters."
Sec. 5.(f) "The Secretary shall conduct research and
technical development work, and make studies, with respect
to the quality of the waters of the Great Lakes, including
an analysis of the present and projected future water quality
of the Great Lakes under varying conditions of waste treat-
ment and disposal, an evaluation of the water quality needs
of those to be served by such waters, an evaluation of muni-
cipal, industrial, and vessel waste treatment and disposal
practices with respect to such waters, and a study of alternate
means of solving water pollution problems (including additional
waste treatment measures) with respect to such waters."
Initiation of the Great Lakes-Illinois River Comprehensive Program
Activity followed an appropriation of funds by the 86th Congress late in
1960. In accordance with the provisions of the Act, the Secretary of
Health, Education, and Welfare delegated the responsibility for the study
to the Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control of the Public Health
Service. Passage of the "Water Quality Act of 1965" gave the responsibility
1
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for these studies to the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
(FWPCA). As a result of Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1966, the FWPCA was
transferred from the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare to the
Department of the Interior effective May 10, 1966.
PURPOSE
This report presents the water quality of the Saginaw River, Michigan
as it exists today, and includes predictions of population, water use, and
waste load trends for future years. Its purpose is to present information
that can be used as a basis for developing a basin wide water pollution
control program.
The objectives of the FWPCA are to enhance the quality and value of
the Nation's water resources, and to prevent,control, and abate water
pollution through cooperative local, State, and Federal pollution control
plans.
SCOPE
The area covered by this report is the Saginaw River, Michigan,
a 22 mile reach between the mouth of the river at Saginaw Bay, and the
confluence of the Tittabawassee, Shiawassee, Flint, and Cass Rivers,
which form the Saginaw River. These major tributaries will be described
in separate reports, and will become a part of a report on the Lake Huron
Basin.
ORGANIZATION
The Detroit Program Office, located at the Naval Air Station, Grosse
lie, Michigan, began collecting water quality data on the Saginaw River
in 1965. Its staff include specialists in several professional skills,
2
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including sanitary engineers, hydrologists, chemists, biologists, and
bacteriologists. The resources of the Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering
Center at Cincinnati, Ohio have been utilized, and assistance and guidance
have been obtained from the Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins Project,
Chicago.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Detroit Program Office has received the cooperation and assistance
of local, State, and Federal agencies, as well as interested individuals.
The principal agencies taking an active part in providing assistance in the
preparation of the report are as follows:
State Agencies -
Michigan Water Resources Commission
Michigan Department of Public Health
Federal Agencies -
U.S. Department of Commerce
Weather Bureau
Office of Business Economics
Bureau of Census
U.S. Department of the Interior
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Bureau of Sports Fisheries and Wildlife
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
Geological Survey
U.S. Department of Defense
Detroit District, Corps of Engineers
Lake Survey, Corps of Engineers
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LAKE HURON PROGRAM OFFICE
GREAT LAKES-ILLINOIS RIVER BASIN PROJECT
DRAINAGE BASIN
SAGINAW RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES
U.S. DEPARTME
GREAT LAKES REGION
THE INTERIOR
NTROL. ADMINISTRATION
GR09SE ILE, MICHIGAN
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GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Area Description
The Saginaw River Basin, in the center of the lower peninsula, is the
largest river basin in Michigan. It comprises a drainage area of approxi-
mately 6,200 square miles, and includes all or parts of 21 counties. The
major population centers in the basin are Flint, Saginaw, Midland, and Bay
City. Manufacturing and agriculture are the main industries of the area.
The Saginaw River Basin is characterized, hydrologically, by low
relief, low elevation above lake level, and poor natural drainage.
Geologically, the soils of the tributaries that form the Saginaw River are
composed of moraine, lake plain, outwash, and till plain. In the upper
reaches of these rivers the predominant soil type is moraine, with smaller
sections of outwash and till plain. As the rivers converge, the percentages
of moraine, outwash, and till plain are reduced, and the predominant soil
type changes to lake plain.
The river is about 22 miles long, and is formed by the junction of
its 4 major tributaries: the Tittabawassee, Shiawassee, Flint, and Cass
Rivers. The Saginaw River flows in a northerly direction and empties into
Saginaw Bay downstream from Bay City. Its width varies between 350 and 1,700
feet and averages about 500 feet. There is a shipping channel dredged in the
river that extends from Saginaw Bay to the City of Saginaw. It has a minimum
depth of 20 feet up to the Sixth Street bridge in Saginaw and 16 feet there-
after, and a width of 200 feet. The river is crossed by 15 bridges along,
its length. Generally, it is narrow at its upstream end and widens as it
moves downstream.
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The slope of the Saginaw River is very flat, averaging a 2-foot drop
in 22 miles. This causes the depth, velocity, and discharge of the river
to be greatly affected by the height of the water in Saginaw Bay. A sustained
southwest wind will cause the level of Saginaw Bay to be lowered. This. in;..;
turn will result in the decreasing of the depth of the river, and also in
temporarily increasing its velocity and discharge. A sustained northeast
wind causes the opposite result. The bay rises, the river rises, and the
velocity and discharge of the river are lowered. At times the flow of. the
river reverses.
The junction of the four tributaries to the Saginaw River occurs in an
area known as the Shiawassee Flats. It is a swampy, level region with poor
drainage and wetland vegetation. The rivers flowing through this area wind
and meander. Water motion is very slow and not at all conducive to measure-
ment. At the present time,.much of the area is set aside as a wild fowl
sanctuary, with water levels maintained at appropriate levels by means of
dikes. Other diked areas in private ownership are highly productive agri-
cultural developments. This area also acts as a flow regulator, in the
sense that it greatly reduces flow peaks as they pass through, and also adds
water from bank storage in times of low flow. In these respects, it greatly
modifies the expected hydrograph of the Saginaw River.
Hydrology
The U.S. Geological Survey maintains a gaging station on the Saginaw
River in the City of Saginaw. However, due to the hydrological conditions
of the river, there is only a definite stage-discharge relationship at flows
greater than 10,000 cubic feet per second (cfs). The greatest recorded
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discharge of the river at this location was 68,000 cfs on March 29, 1904.
Figures 3 and 4 show composite flows in the Saginaw River based on the flow-
area relationship in the four tributaries.
Time of passage for various flows are shown on the..following": t#ble..and
Figure 2.
TIME OF PASSAGE - SAGINAW RIVER
Cumulative Travel Times (days)
Mile Point 350 cfs 525 cfs 700 cfs 875 cfs 2.000 cfs 2.300 cfs
22.25
21.14
14.44
10.44
6.52
4.99
0.00
0.00
0.81
7.86
12.62
18.14
20.65
29.40
0.00
0.53
5.25
8.53
12.30
14.04
20.05
0.00
0.40
3.96
6.44
9.30
10.62
15.20
0.00
0.33
3.18
5.20
7.52
8.59
12.34
0.00
0.14
1.39
2.31
3.38
3.88
5.62
0.00
0.12
1.21
2.01
2.94
3.37
4.89
Climate
The Saginaw River Basin has a climate that is typical of the lower Great
Lakes area. This climate can be generalized as having a great seasonal
temperature variation, many storms, and a relatively constant yearly precipi-
tation distribution. The winter precipitation is usually in the form of
snow. This climate is modified by the water masses that nearly surround the
State, and is less extreme than that experienced to the west and southwest
of Michigan.
The mean yearly temperature is about 45 F, while the mean winter and
summer temperatures are about 20 F and 70 F, respectively. There is an
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average yearly precipitation of 30 inches on the basin.
During the summer and fall of 1965 the rainfall was below normal in July
and October, and above normal in August and September. The average of the
rainfall records at Flint, Saginaw, and Mt. Pleasant was assumed to be
indicative of the Saginaw Basin as a whole. During the July and October
surveys on the river, and the two days preceding each survey, only traces of
rain were reported at Flint, Saginaw, and Mt. Pleasant. From these rainfall
records it can be assumed that no unusual additions were made to the river
that could have been caused by rain.
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FIGURE 2 ,
TIME OF PASSAGE OF THE
SAGINAW RIVER
FLOW AT SAGINAW
(SAVQ) 39VSSVd JO 3Wli
-------
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16,000
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MEAN DAILY FLOW
SAGINAW RIVER AT SAGINAW
AND
RAINFALL-SAGINAW BASJN
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WATER USE
Municipal
Two cities, Saginaw and Bay City, constitute the major water use in the
Saginav River area; however, the river is not used for municipal supply.
The Saginaw-Midland Water Authority furnishes water to the City of Saginaw
through a pipeline from Whitestone Point in Saginaw Bay. Saginaw at one time
used the Saginaw River as a water supply, but poor water quality forced them
to seek a new supply.
Bay City has its own water supply system which has an intake located in
Saginaw Bay approximately five miles northwest of the mouth of the Saginaw
River. Bay City is studying a site near Oak Point in Saginaw Bay as a possible
new source of water. Also under consideration is the purchase of water whole-
sale from the Saginaw-Midland Water Authority.
Table 1 lists the water supply systems in the Saginaw River Basin, and
gives some details on the source. Present and projected water supply demands
are listed in Table 2.
Industrial
The Saginaw River has numerous water-using industries along its banks.
The industries, as a rule, obtain their process and cooling water from the
river, and their potable water from the municipal supply. ,
Table 3 shows the industry, amount of water used, use, and the source
in 1965. Projected:..water. use'is shewn in.Table 4.
Recreation
Boating is the main recreational activity on the river, with over 13,000
boats registered in Bay and Saginaw Counties in 1965. The population of
.13
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these two counties is approximately 3.8 percent of the State total, and 3.3
percent of the State's boats are registered in these two counties. There are
approximately 1,000 berthing sites at marinas and several boat launching ramps
along the river. There is limited fishing and swimming in the river, with
some water skiing between Saginaw and Bay City.
Dredging and Commercial Shipping
The length of the Saginaw River is about 22 miles; of this, approximately 20
miles has been dredged for shipping. The channel extends from Saginaw Bay into
the City of Saginaw. It has a minimum depth of 20 feet up to the Sixth Street
bridge in Saginaw and 16 feet thereafter, and a width of 200 feet.
The following is a list of the past and contemplated improvements in the
Saginaw River by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers:
1. 1961 - During the summer season, approximately 1,500,000
c.y. of sand and clay was dredged from the D&M Railroad
Bridge in Bay City out into the New Bay Channel. This was
performed by contract for deepening the river and con-
structing a new entrance channel. The material was
deposited on shore for the river portion and in the water
adjacent to the channel for the new entrance channel in the
lake. Additionally, approximately 167,000 c.y. of sand and
clay were dredged from Sixth Street to Court Street in :.-...
Saginaw. This material was placed on shore.
2. 1963 - In June, approximately 14,500 c.y. of sand, clay,
and gravel was dredged from the D&M Railroad Bridge in Bay
City to the Sixth Street Bridge in Saginaw. Disposal of
this material was on shore. From July through November,
approximately 444,000 c.y. of sand, clay, and silt was
dredged from the D&M Railroad Bridge out into the Bay
Channel. Disposal was in diked shore areas and in the lake
dump ground west of the Bay Channel.
3. 1965 - In June and July, approximately 688,000 c.y. of sand
and clay was dredged from the D&M Railroad Bridge out into
the Bay Channel. Disposal of this material was in the
dumping ground west of the channel.
4. In the next few years several modifications will be made in
the Saginaw River. The river section from the D&M Railroad
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Bridge lakeward to the Bay Channel will be deepened
from one (1) to two(2) feet. Two turning basins
will be constructed, one above the Sixth Street
Bridge, and the other opposite the Hames Clement
Airport. Also, the Essexville Turning Basin will
be enlarged.
The Saginaw River handles domestic and foreign shipping. Table 4 lists
a breakdown of this waterborne commerce. All of the following information is
taken from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers publication entitled "Waterborne
Commerce of the United States, Calendar Year 1964." This date, therefore,
includes barge, ferry, and tugboat traffic during the navigation season from
March 26 to December 17.
During 1964 a total of 5,051,511 tons of imports and 462,001 tons of
exports were handled by commercial shipping on the Saginaw River. Approxi-
mately 80 percent of the import tonnage consisted of bituminous coal and
lignite, plus crushed limestone.
15
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TABLE 1. MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
Saginaw River Basin
Town 1960 Pop.
Saginaw County
Saginaw 98,265
Zilwaukee
Carrollton
Buena Vista
Saginaw Twp.
1,874
6,718
11,610
15,619
Owner**
M
M
T
T
Source
Lake Huron 10,000'
of 66" intake 51'
deep at Whitestone
Point in Arenac County
(LHSMP)
Wells in rock 105' to
171' deep
LHSMP
Water from City of
Saginaw
LHSMP
Treatment**
Bay County
Bay City 53,604 M
Essexville 4,590 M
Frankenlust Twp.
Delta College D
Bay County DPW C
Bangor Twp.* 1,600 T
Hampton Twp.* T
Metro District 3,600 T
Monitor Twp.*
East Midland Water 180 P
Asso.
* Part in basin
** See Owner and Treatment Code Pag* L8*
Saginaw Bay 4,000' -
48" intake 10' deep,
18,800' - 48" intake
17' deep
Water from Bay City
LHSMP
Water from Bay City
Water from Bay City
Water from Bay City
LHSMP
LHSMP
2, 6
16
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TABLE 1. MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS (cont'd)
Saginaw River Basin
Town 1960 Pop. Owner** Source Treatment**
Goetz Water-
line Asso. 380 P LHSMP 7
Bay County DPW C Water from Bay City
Portsmouth Twp.*
Bay County DPW C Water from Bay City
* Part in Basin
** See Owner and Treatment Code Page 1.8'.
17
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OWNER AND TREATMENT CODE
Owner Code
M = City or Village
T = Township
P = Private
D = District
C = County
S = State
U.S. = Federal
Treatment Code
1. Std. Filtration*
2. Lime Softening**
3. Zeolite Softening
4. Iron Removal
5. Chlorination
6. Fluoridation
7. Diatomite Filtration
* Implies at least chlorination, chemical coagulation, and rapid
sand filtration.
** Lime softening v ' includes filtration.
-------
TABLE 2. PROJECTED WATER USE
(MGD)
User 1965 1990 2020
Municipal* 60 120 :-210
Industrial** 600 1.320 2.270
Total 660 1,440 2,480
* includes industries which presently purchase water from the municipal
system.
** these volumes of water are returned to the river after use.
19
-------
TABLE 3., INDUSTRIAL WATER USE - 1965
Saginaw River Basin
Industry
Bay Refining Co.
Div. of Dow
Quantity
(HGD)
13.9
Source
Saginaw River
Use
Process
Consumers Power
Saginaw Bay Div.
Dow Chemical Co.
CMC-Chevrolet Div.
500
66
0.1
Saginaw River
Saginaw River
City of Saginaw
Cool ing
Mainly process
and cooling
Process
CMC-Chevrolet Grey
Iron Div.
12
Saginaw River
For waste
sand handling
and cooling
Monitor Sugar Co.
Saginaw River
Process and
washing
Michigan Sugar Co.
Saginaw River
Process and
washino
* seasonal use
20
-------
TABLE 4. WATER BORNE COMMERCE ON THE SAGINAW RIVER
Comparative Statement of Traffic
Year
Tons
Passengers
Year
Tons
Passenaers
1955,-
1957
1958
1959.
-4,51C
-4,607,686
-4,810,845
-4,309,886
893
5,041,897
,886
1,
1,
1,
Total Passages
Inbound
Outbound
Tonnage Breakdown *
Overseas Imports
Overseas Exports
Canadian Imports
Canadian Exports
Coastwise Receipts
Lakewise Receipts
Lakewise Shipments
Internal Receipts
Local
142,266
222,396
193,915
15,068
4,809,9^7
125,820
4,578
356,796
Tonnage Summary 1964
Inbound . 5,051,511
Outbound 462,001
Internal & Local 361,374
Tdtal 5,874,886
Passenger Traffic
Inbound 393
Outbound 376
*See following explanation of terminology.
.21
-------
EXPLANATION OF TERMINOLOGY
Overseas Exports and Imports refers to tonnage shipped in and out the
Saginaw River by the United States to and from foreign ports, including
the Canal Zone.
Canadian Exports and Imports refers to the shipping trade between the
United States and Canada.
Coastwise Shipping refers to domestic traffic involving transportation
over the ocean, e.g. Chicago to Boston.
Lakewise Shipping refers to traffic between U.S. ports on the Great Lakes
System.
Internal Shipping refers to traffic involving carriage on both inland
waterways and the waters of the Great Lakes System.
Local commerce includes movement of freight within the confines of a
single arm or channel of a port, or within the limits of a port having
only one project, arm, or channel, except ferries. The term is also
applied to marine products, sand, and gravel taken from the Great Lakes.
22
-------
SOURCES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTES
Municipal
The treatment plant effluents along the Saginaw River were sampled on
July 19, 20, and 21, 1965. This survey, set up by the Michigan Department
of Public Health, consisted of three 24-hour composite samples taken by
plant personnel. Samples for bacterial content were taken every four hours.
The results from this survey were compared with yearly average results of
treatment plant testing, as listed in Table 5. Locations of plants and outfalls
are shown on Figure 5.
All of these plants chlorinate their effluent from May 15 through
September 15, which is a minimum requirement of the State of Michigan for all
sewage treatment plants. (Note: beginning January 1, 1967 the Michigan
Department of Public Health requires year round disinfection by all municipal
plants.)
Essexville Sewage Treatment Plant - 1965
The plant is a primary unit serving about 4,500 people, with combined
sewers at a flow of approximately one-half million gallons per day (MGD).
The flow during the July survey was in the range of 0.2 MGD, which is less
than half the yearly average. Effluent 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
for 1965 ranged from 44 milligrams per liter (mg/1) to 260 mg/1; the latter
occurring at a flow of approximately 0.2 MGD. Total coliform averages ranged
from 40 to 260 organisms/100 ml of sample.
Buena Vista Sewage Treatment Plant - 1965
The Buena Vista plant is located about a mile from the Saginaw River,
23
-------
but has a direct outfall to the river. The treated waste flow of 0.5 MGD has
a BOD population equivalent of 2,600 people. The plant is a standard primary
unit, and is served by combined sewers. Average coliform densities during
the chlorination period varied from 30 to 2,100 org/100 ml. BOD values for 1965
ranged from 53 mg/1 to 188 mg/1. Plant operation during the survey seemed
normal.
Carrollton Sewage Treatment Plant - 1965
This plant has no laboratory facilities, and therefore no plant records
are on file with the Michigan Department of Public Health. The Public Health
Department made a survey of this plant in early July 1965 for one week, and
there are the only data available from the plant other than the July survey.
Carrollton has separate sewers which serve about 6,000 people plus the
Merritt Packing Company. The BOD from the plant varied from 78 mg/1 to 245
mg/1, with the flow around 0.2 MGD as shown on records available. Merritt
contributes a heavy BOD and chlorine demand load on this plant. Generally,
the chlorination of the waste is effective enough to keep the coliform density
below 300 org/100 ml. Plant efficiency will vary with load and operation
technique, but operation seemed normal during the July survey.
Saginaw Sewage Treatment Plant - 1965
By far the largest on the river, the Saginaw plant has an average flow
of approximately 23 MGD. This plant serves over 100,000 people and numerous
industries. BOD values for 1965 varied from 56 mg/1 to 129 mg/1, and
typical results were obtained on July 19, 20, and 21, 1965. From May 15 to
September 15, 1965 the median coliform density was below 1,500 org/100 ml,
24
-------
but during the July survey coliform values varied from 30 to 2,000,000 org/100 ml.
Bay City Sewage Treatment Plant g 1965
Bay City treats a combined sewer flow of approximately 10 MGD with primary
treatment. Over 50,000 people are served by this plant, along with several
large industries. The industrial wastes cause some intermittent problems,
but plant operators have kept the effects minimal. Effluent BOD values for
1965 varied from 41 mg/1 to 110 mg/1, with 70 mg/1 to 103 mg/1 during the
survey. Plant operation during the survey seemed to be typical, with good
bacteria control. Average counts ranged from 9 to 460 org/100 ml during the
July survey.
Zilwaukee - 1965
The Township of Zilwaukee has a newly completed sewage treatment plant
which will add a small load to the stream. This primary plant is planned to
be in operation by early 1967.
Industrial - 1965
The major industrial water users on the Saginaw River are Consumers
Power, Saginaw Bay Division of Dow Chemical Company, Bay Refining Company,
Michigan Sugar Company, General Motors Corporation - Chevrolet Division,
Saginaw Chevrolet - Grey Iron Division, and Monitor Sugar Company. It should
be noted that the waste flows listed in Tables 6 and 7 have not taken into
consideration any contaminants in the intake water. Figure 5 shows where the
industrial wastes enter the river.
The Michigan Water Resources Commission sampled and tested the industrial
wastes listed in this section of the report.
25
-------
Although the aforementioned industries are the major industrial water
users, there are other industries along the river that could be a threat to
clean water. One of these is the oil storage tanks near the mouth of the
Saginaw River. An accidental oil spill while loading one of the many tankers
on the river could have far reaching effects. Also, along the river are
numerous stockpiles of aggregates for construction purposes, which could
add solids to the river during heavy rains. These industries are but two of
the varieties of potential pollution loads along the Saginaw River.
Saginaw Bay Division - Dow Chemical Company
This plant is known as the Petro-chemical Unit which provides "BIO-OX"
(biological-oxidation) treatment to .4 MGD of contaminated waste flow. This
process is preceded by an oil separation unit, and the final effluent is chlor-
inated. Approximately 66 MGD of cooling and condensing water is also discharged.
This plant's effluent was surveyed on July 26, 27, and 28, 1965 by the
Michigan Water Resources Commission, and their results are listed in Table 7.
Consumers Power
This power-generating plant is located near the mouth of the Saginaw River.
The intake is from the river, but the outfall flow goes to Saginaw Bay. The
plant uses 500 MGD for cooling only. This large use at times causes water to
be drawn in from the bay when not enough water comes downstream to satisfy the
demand. No samples were taken from its outfall as it did not affect the Saginaw
River water quality.
Bay Refining Company - Division of Dow Chemical Company
Refining of crude oil into such products as kerosene, gasoline, and a
variety of distillates is the job of the crude unit (outfall No. 2). The
26
-------
cracking unit (outfall No. 1) produces ethylene, which is used by the Saginaw
Bay Division.
Disposal of waste from these two units does not present any great
problem as they are relatively free from contaminants. A standard API oil
separator is used for treatment of most of the waste. Several thousand gallons
a day of caustic waste, plus some diluted cuprous ammonium acetate, are
pumped into a deep well for disposal. In-plant controls, in connection with
other facilities at the plant, upgrade effluent quality. The Michigan Water
Resources Commission rates the facilities as "A".
This plant was surveyed by the Michigan Water Resources Commission at
the same time they surveyed the Saginaw Bay Division on July 26, 27, and 28,
1965.
General Motors Corporation
Chevrolet Division
This industry gets its water supply from the City of Saginaw. About 0.1
MGD is used and returned to the city sewers for primary treatment at the
Saginaw sewage treatment plant. The wastes are typical of general manufacturing
wastes.
Michigan and Monitor Sugar Companies
These two companies are a seasonal operation that produce sugar from
sugar beets grown in the area. The period of operation usually extends from
October, when the beets are harvested, to January or February when the
processing is completed. These plants were surveyed by the Michigan Water ;;. = :
Resources Commission on October 25, 26, and 27, 1965. Michigan Sugar Company
provides screens and lagoons with controlled discharge for treating 4 MGD when
27
-------
in operation. Monitor Sugar has a primary treatment system with chemical
precipitation for 6 MGD flow when operating. The waste flow from both of
these plants is high in BOD and solids. Process water is taken from and
returned to the Saginaw River. At the time of the survey, both treatment
facilities were rated "A" by the Michigan Water Resources Commission.
Saginaw Chevrolet -
Grey Iron Division
The Michigan Water Resources Commission studied the waste from this plant
on September 13 to 16, 1965. The plant, which employs about 7,700 people,
produces various castings used in automobile production. They produce engine
blocks, heads, and other parts by pouring molten iron into preformed sand
molds. The sand is then discarded via a 12 MGD water carriage system to
settling lagoons. The sand, plus some oil which is burned off, are the main
waste products. Sand is reclaimed from the lagoons .to prevent solids buildup.
There is a large demand for this sand as it is a good road building material.
The potable water is bought from the city and is returned to the city for
treatment. The 12 MGD process water supply comes from the Saginaw River and
is returned to the river, and in some cases, cleaner than it was originally.
The plant is in an expansion phase and its process water use should double
within the next year or so.
28
-------
TABLE 5. SAGINAW RIVER MUNICIPAL WASTES
(Yearly averages for 1965 in mg/1 unless otherwise noted)
All plants are primary
Plant
Essexville
Bay Gity
Buena Vista
Saginaw
Carrollton
Temp.
Flow °C
MGD (Raw)
0.47
9.91
0.57
23.20
0.20**
13
15
12
16
_
5- Day Susp.
BOD Solids
147
58
101
93
210**
72
76
93
146
_
Susp.
Vol.
Solids
54
60
72
109
_
pH #/day Res.
7.3 45 1.5
708 0.5
7.4 58 1.0
7.3 1,700
_ _ _
Total
Coliforms
ger 100ml
-
-
1,650
-
_
* During chlorination period, usually from May 15 through September 15.
** Limited records available.
29
-------
DOW CHEMICAL 00.-
BAY REFINING OIV.
DOW CHEMICAL CO.-
SAGINAW BAY
-CONSUMERS
-ESSEXVILLE STP
INDUSTRIAL 8 MUNCIPAL WASTE OUTFALLS
SAGINAW RIVER
MONITOR 3UGAR-
-BAY CITY STP
SAGINAW COUNTY"
* """
I BAY COUNTY |>
SAGINAW~~COUNfV |o
CARROLLTON STP-
MICHIGAN SUGAR CO.-
-BUENA VISTA STP
-SAGINAW STP
CHEVROLET-SAGINAW
GREY IRON DIVISION
GENERAL MOTORS CORP.
! JREESE
I I
-------
TABLE 6. SAGINAW RIVER INDUSTRIAL WASTE INVENTORY
1965
Industry
Bay Refining Co.
Div. of Dow Chemical
Consumers Power
Dow-Sag. Bay Division
Petro-Chemical
GMC-Chev. Div.
GMC-Grey Iron Fdry.
#1
#2
Monitor Sugar Co.
Michigan Sugar
4->
C C
T- 0
O "-
0. +J
m
V 0
r- O
aE *~
#1-1.70
#2-2.80
0.25
0.75
15.60
16.77
17.56
8.32
16.93
Receiving
Stream
Sag.
Sag.
Bay
Sag.
Sag.
Sag.
Sag.
Dutch
Cr.to
Sag'.
Sag.
i
0> t-
M *J W
in in 4->
10 C C
> 0 4)
03
4-»
Oil, phenols
Heat
BOD, Chem.
Gen. Mfg.
Solids(sand)
Sol ids(sand)
BOD>Susp.So1 .,
Susp.Vol .Sol .
BOD,Susp.So1 .,
Susp.Vol .Sol .
0
IZ 0
0
V X
+» ^*
Vt
10
*
13.9
500
66
0.1
2.3
9.7
2.5
2.8
4->
c -o
V O
E X)
M T-
n >
tt) O
L. U
-0- 1
Oil separation,
deep wel 1 in-
jection
:
none
Conv. Secondary
& well disposal
Primary
Lagoons
Lagoons
Primary & Chem.
Precipitation
Screening Lagoons
31
£*
IDlTi
1-vO
O>
0
cc
t
A
A
A
-
A
A
A
A
ro cr
C 4)
0 »-
*^ .
4-> 4->
r- «D
tJ 0)
o i.
-------
TABLE 7
u>
Plant
Monitor
Sugar
Michigan
Sugar #1
Michigan
Suoar'n
8ay Refin.
OutFall *l
Bay ReFin.
Outfall #2
Oo« - Saq.
Bay Olv.
Ch«v.-Gr«y
Iron Fdry.
N. OutfallffI
Chev.-Grey
S. QutfalllK
A.,.
Oatni of Flow T«ntp.
10/26/65 2.4*.
10/27/65 2.6
10/26/65 0.5
10/27/65
10/26/65 2.J
10/27/65
7/26-27/65 lo.l
7/27-28/65 10.7 ffl
7/26-27/65 3.6
7/27-28/65 3.5 17
6/24/65 1.4
3/15/62 1.6
7/26-27/65 66.1
7/27-2B/6S 65. 6 30
9/15/65 2.3 23
9/16/65 2.36 18
9/14/65 9.7 24
S-o«y
DO eoo
Wl M/l
330
247
820
1100
2SO
214
B.O
7.4 8.0
7.3
7.4 6.0
8.0
6.4
7.4 7.6
6.4 5.0
7.1 3.1
4.8 2.6
K|r»to coo Solids
0.22 420 996
944
1400
0.15 380 1016
1150
0.06 47 890
50 746
0.06 60 1108
71 1084
42
34
51 360
54 620
34 750
.03 25 984
21 776
Solids Solids
mg/1 mg/l
332 136
345 1 32
216
156
160 86
495 88
208 30
274 4!
240 40
294 38
222 64
296 51
10
12
20
19
pH Chlorides
6.2 220
6.7
6.4
5.7
6.8 *" 205
7.0
7.7 300
7.9 255
7.8 400
7.7 400
7.6
7.3
7.8 285
B.O 275
7.9 185
8.1 260
7.6 210
7.9 175
Sol. M02 Org. HOj Org. c«'j Susp.Vol. Total
Phonols POi H ' PO, » ' Iron Cr° CN Pn S04 Cu » *H3 ""3 Extract Solids Oil CollFon-
tng/l tag/I mg/1 mq/l rag/1 mq/l mo/I mq/| mq/l mq/l mo/1 mq/l rag/I rao/1 mg/l rag/1 mg/l 1000/IOOs!
0.02 0.0 3.7 2.0 9.5 5.0 240 70
76
,04
1 00
0.02 0.0 1.0 2.0 9-fl fc-0 -50 78
70
0.015 0.3 0.18 0.9 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.3 - 4.0 IS 100**
0.015 0.2 0.10 0.6 0.9 0.0 0-0 67 0.0 135 1.2 20
0.008 1.0 0.26 1.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 3.5 1.1 2.4 16
0.010 0.7 0.23 1.2 0.8 0.0 0.0 97 0.3 170 3.6 21 II
0.04 15 1.6
3.22 14 4.6
0.004 0.6 0.16 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.0 3.5 0.4 2.8 26 e*
0.004 0.2 0.14 1.2 0.7 0.0 0.0 73 0.0 145 2.6 20 16
0.00 0.2 0.21 3.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 78 0.0 0.0 170 j. X '.': _
0.00 0.0 0.23 3.0 0.0 80 0.0 0.2 175 2.8 In 1.5 '
0.00 0.0 0.17 2.6 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 74 0.2 i$5 7.8 2
0.00 0.0 0.20 2.9 2.0 0.0 0.0 7o 0.2 152 5.6 ,',
* Seasonal Flow
**ArithmBtlc Avarag*
-------
POPULATION AND WASTE LOAD PROJECTIONS
Demographic studies were conducted by the Great Lakes-Illinois River
Basins Project, Chicago for the Lake Huron Basin. Population trends on a
national, regional, and county basis were analyzed, and population projections
were developed for the various areas of the Lake Huron Basin. In 1960,
approximately 1.2 million persons lived in the Lake Huron Watershed - about
double the 1920 population. By the year 2020, it is estimated that the
population of the watershed will be approximately 3.2 million.
The two major cities on the Saginaw River are Saginaw (98,265), and Bay
City (53,604), according to the 1960 census figures. For this report the
Saginaw-Bay City area and surrounding communities were analyzed as a unit,
assuming that by 2020 the entire area will be urbanized and served by water and
sewer systems. For this area the 1965 population served by sewerage systems
was estimated to be 180,000, and projected to be 340,000 by 1990 and 570,000
by the year 2020.
Table 8 shows the estimated waste flow in MGD for the Saginaw-Bay City
area.
BOD projections were based on present day inventory information obtained
from the Michigan Water Resources Commission, the Michigan Department of Public
Health, and the U.S. Public Health Service Publication "Municipal Water
Facilities - Communities of 25,000 Population or Over." Municipal and indus-
trial water use growth rates and BOD production in terms of population equiva-
lents were determined from studies on the Lake Michigan Basin and applied to
the inventory data obtained for the Saginaw-Bay City area.
The results of these projections are shown on Table 9. For example, .
33
-------
in 1965 a total of 53,620 pounds per day of BOD are produced in the area of
which 30 percent are removed by treatment, leaving 34,000 pounds of BOD being
discharged to the river. By the year 2020, with the same.:percentage of treat-
ment, 128,400 pounds would reach the river. In order to show an improvement
over present water quality, 90 percent or more removal will be necessary at
that time.
34
-------
LAKE HURON PROGRAM OFFICE
GREAT LAKES-ILLINOIS RIVER BASIN PROJECT
SAGINAW BASIN
POPULATION AND WATER USE
PROJECTION AREAS
o
c
U.S. DEPARTME
FEDERAL WATER POLLU1
GREAT LAKES REGION
OHOSSE ILE, MICHIGAN
-------
LAKE HURON PROGRAM OFFICE
GREAT LAKES-ILLINOIS RIVER BASIN PROJECT
SAGINAW BAY
POPULATION AND FLOW PROJECTIONS
SAGINAW RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES
BAY COUNTY _J>
SAGINAW"COUNTY~|n
00.0
YEAR
CASS RIVER BASIN
980 IftTO I960 1990 2000 2010 2O2O 2030
YEAR
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER BASIN
I9«0 1070 1980 IB90 2000 2O10 2020 2030
YEAR
SHIAWASSEE RIVER BASIN
I960 I»TO I960 I99O 2OOO ZOIO 2O2O 2O5O
YEAR
FLINT RIVER BASIN
-------
TABLE 8. WASTE FLOW PROJECTIONS
1965 1990 2020
Municipal (MGD)
Residential 23.2 55.7 101
Industrial 11.5 25.3 43.5
Total 34.7 81.0 144.5
Industrial 100 220 378
(direct..to river)
Total to River 134.7 301 522
37
-------
TABLE 9 . BOO. PROJECTIONS
1965 1990 2020
#/day #/day #/day
Municipal
Residential 31,300 61,200 111*, 000
Industrial 7,320 16,100 27,700
Total Municipal 37,620 77,300 1M.700
Present 35% removal 24,260 50,250 92,100
With 90% removal 3,760 7,730 14,170
With 95% removal 1,880 3,865 7,085
Industrial 16,000 35,200 60,500
(direct to river)
present 40% removal 9,770 21,100 36,300
With 90% removal 1,600 3,520 6,050
With 95% removal 800 1,760 3,025
Total to River (Raw) 53,620 112,500 202,200
Present 30% removal 3M30 71,350 128,400
With 90% removal 5,362 11,250 20,220
With 95% removal 2,681 5,625 10,110
38
-------
WATER QUALITY
Physical and Chemical
Of the many water quality measurements made during 1965, those presented
in this report are: dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD),
nitrogens (ammonia, organic, nitrate, and nitrite), phosphates (total and
total soluble), solids (total, total suspended, and volatile suspended),
chlorides, and phenols. Average results from these measurements are presented
in Table 10 for locations on the Saginaw River at mile points 3.69, 14.44,
and 20.56. Also shown are results from the four main tributaries to the
Saginaw River - Tittabawassee, Shiawassee, Flint, and Cass Rivers.
The mouth of the Saginaw River as it enters Saginaw Bay has been sampled
by the Michigan Water Resources Commission since 1963. Average results are
shown in Table 11.
The four tributaries entering the Saginaw River have a wide variance in
water quality along with some seasonal changes.
The Flint and Tittabawassee Rivers which contribute the largest flows - 65
percent of the total to the Saginaw River - are also the most significant in
water quality differences.
Total phosphates were markedly higher in the Flint River, 3 to 10 times
that found in the Cass or Shiawassee Rivers, and 3 to 30 times that found in
the Tittabawassee River. Also, total phosphates in the Flint River increased
from spring to fall during the 1965 sampling season. Soluble phosphate as
a percent of total phosphate in all tributaries was generally 68 to 87 percent.
In the case of the Tittabawassee River, total solids and chlorides were
significantly high, with seasonal averages of 1,093, 966, and 1,212 mg/1 for
39
-------
solids, which was generally two times that found in the other tributaries, and
in some instances almost three times. Chloride levels made up 33 to 43 percent
of the total solids, whereas it was 11 to 18 percent for the other tributaries.
Chlorides and solids were found to be high on certain days of the week -
Tuesdays being the highest, and Mondays being higher than Wednesdays.
Phenol concentrations in the Tittabawassee River were also higher than the
other tfibutaries by as much as five times in the spring to slightly higher in
the fall. In taking averages by days sampled, phenols were identical to solids
and chlorides - highest on Tuesdays, with Mondays higher than Wednesdays.
The following table summarizes these daily averages.
TITTABAWASSEE RIVER DAILY AVERAGES
M-46 Bridge (X410)
Mon. Tues. Wed.
Chlorides - mg/1 405 510 350
Total Solids - mg/1 1,020 1,240 775
Phenols - ug/1 12 17 11
The Flint River generally had higher total nitrogen averages by two to
three times that found in other tributaries, particularly in the summer and
fall. As organic nitrogen was the same for the tributaries, the higher total
nitrogen was due to ammonia and nitrate nitrogens.
As all the previous description and discussion was related to qualitative
water quality, the magnitude of tributary volume contributions are better
appreciated by stream loadings (average pounds per day) presented in Figures 8
and 9. Table 12 briefly summarizes tributary loadings as percent of volumes
that each tributary contributes to the Saginaw River.
40
-------
From the preceding, percents of volume distributions, it is quite clear
the major contributions to the Saginaw River are the Tittabawassee and Flint
Rivers.
The Tittabawassee River, which contributes 41 percent of the flow, accounts
for 93 to 98 percent of the chlorides, 77 to 93 percent of solids, and 71 to 87
percent of phenols*
Contributions by the Tittabawassee River of phosphates and nitrogen in
percents are not as high as solids, chlorides, and phenols, but are still
significant. The Flint and Tittabawassee Rivers together make up 65 percent
of the inflow to the Saginaw River. These two rivers contribute 72 to 91
percent of the pounds of phosphates, and 66 to 88 percent of the total pounds
of nitrogen found in the Saginaw River. High percentages are predominate
during the summer and fall.
BOD contributed by these two tributaries accounts for 80 to 90 percent
of the total.
Sampling in the Saginaw River at mile points 20.56, 14.44, and 3.69
during 1965 provided average seasonal conditions. These stations gave valid
measurements for non-degradable constituents such as solids and chlorides,
but degradable constituents, BOD and Kjeldahl nitrogen, as they affect
dissolved oxygen were not adequately measured. Additional:: field,: informa&jUaaiwas
- bbia1tftedciid.ua;iag:..^cooperative' surveys with the Michigan Water Resources
Commission during July and October. Data collected during these surveys are
summarized in Tables 13, 14, 15, and 16 except biological measurements, which
are in the Biology Section of this report.
During the July survey, water quality was much different from that
indicated by summer averages at the regular three sampling stations. The
41
-------
difference was in dissolved oxygen and BOD, and occurred most noticeably at
mile point 20.56, just downstream where the tributaries enter, and at mile
_point 8.0, upstream of Middle Ground Island. These two locations exhibited
very high dissolved oxygen, with 48-hour averages between 12 and 13 mg/1, and
associated saturations of 145 to 158 percent.
Maximums at these two locations from samples collected every four hours
were 18 to 20 mg/1 for dissolved oxygen, and saturations of 220 to 235 percent.
Also, at .these two locations, minimum dissolved oxygen saturation did not drop
below 100 percent over the 48-hour survey.
The lowest dissolved oxygen levels were recorded at mile point 14.44,
downstream from Carrollton, Saginaw, and Buena Vista sewage treatment plant
effluents. The 48-hour average was 4.2 mg/1, with respective maximum and
minimum values of 11.5 and 2.0 mg/1. Dissolved oxygen saturation average was
low, 50 percent, and maximum to minimum ranges of 127 and 25 percent. Excluding
the 127 percent high value, the saturation never exceeded 100 percent during
the survey at this point. A similar condition was measured just downstream
from the Bay City sewage treatment plant effluent, with a survey average
of 6.2 mg/1 for dissolved oxygen, and 72 percent saturation. Maximum and
minimums were in the same range as the low point at mile point 14.44 - 4.0
to 9.0 mg/1 for dissolved oxygen, and 46 to 107 percent saturation. Five-
day BOD results of grab samples every four hours had high levels, 4 to 18 mg/1,
at the same mile point locations as the extreme dissolved oxygen. The range
of BOD results were less, 5 to 9 mg/1, where the low dissolved oxygen was
found.
These high and low dissolved oxygen and BOD levels coincided with high ^
and low phytoplankton populations. This is readily seen by comparing Figures 10
42
-------
and 14. (See Biology Section for a complete description of biology conditions.)
Such high phytoplankton populations - maximums from samples collected every
four hours were 32,000 to 97,000 numbers/ml - produce excessive amounts of
oxygen by photosynthesis. Almost 100 percent of the possible sunlight was
available during the survey, and over 75 percent of possible sunlight was
available preceding the survey. These large numbers of phytoplankton also
interfere with the BOD analysis by adding BOD to that already in the sample
attributable to the river wastes. Filtered BOD analysis was: made by the
Michigan Water Resources Commission on the first day of the survey. This
analysis better reflects waste BOD's in the river, but are lower than what
V
actually was in the river. See Figure 11.
Kjeldahl nitrogen levels, another oxygen demanding constituent (4.5 mg/1
of oxygen demand per 1*0 mg/1 of Kjeldahl nitrogen), were similar to those
found during regular summer sampling.
As a result of the complicating phytoplankton - dissolved oxygen - BOD
condition found during the July survey, additional surveys were made on
June 1 and 7, 1966. These findings are presented in Figures 15 and 16. From
these results and those found on May 25, 1965 (dissolved oxygen profile only,
Figure 15), it is concluded there are two oxygen resource conditions in the
Saginaw River - absence of excessive phytoplankton populations, and presence of
excessive populations. Dissolved oxygen, BOD, and Kjeldahl nitrogen computed
V
profiles for the June condition are shown in Figures 15 and 16.
The survey conducted in October to evaluate added effects on dissolved
oxygen from sugar beet wastes is summarized in Figures 12 and 13. These
results are much like those found during fall regular sampling for all measure-
ments, except in the Shiawassee River where dissolved oxygen was depressed,
43
-------
and BOD was twice as high as fall conditions. Since the Shiawassee River is
not a major contributor in the makeup of the Saginaw River water quality, this
was not considered significant.
Probably the more important factors in October were: 1) no significant
effect on dissolved oxygen from excessive phytoplankton populations as found
in July; and 2) additional 5-day BOD wastes of 11,300 pounds/day from sugar
beet wastes. With the stream flow almost three times greater than that in
July, and river temperature 10 C lower, dissolved oxygen at the low points
found during the July survey were at the same location and level as that found
in October. With reduced phytoplankton populations, no dissolved oxygen peaks
occurred. Instead, the average dissolved oxygen at the upstream station,
mile point 21.2, was 9 mg/1 (78 percent saturation). Farther downstream the
dissolved oxygen decreased to 6.2 mg/1, and saturation to 55 percent at
mile point 10.98 and remaining at this level for the next eight miles downstream.
At the mouth of the river, the dissolved oxygen increased to 8.7 mg/1, which
was due to mixing with Saginaw Bay water.
As previously discussed, it is felt there are generally two dissolved
oxygen conditions - absence and presence of significant phytoplankton popu-
lations, and/or photosynthetic production in the Saginaw River. This is
further supported by reviewing all data collected by the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration during 1965, and the Michigan Water Resources Commission
monitoring station from March 1963 to May 1966.
Measurements made from May to September 1965, at mile points 20.56
and 3.69, revealed no supersaturation.
44
-------
Supersaturated dissolved oxygen (150 to 250 percent) was found at these two
locations during the July survey. During three years of operation of the
Michigan Water Resources Commission bi-weekly sampling at the mouth of the
Saginaw River, not one supersaturated dissolved oxygen was found. In fact,
during the summer months dissolved oxygen was usually below 75 percent satura-
tion. See Figure 17.
The July and October surveys which were primarily for evaluating oxygen
resources also provided additional information. Figures 18 and 19 show
varying levels of chlorides for July and October which define slugs moving: in
the river. These slugs have large volumes, as demonstrated by both July and
October data. The July 20 to 22 chloride slug (Figure 18), with a high point
at mile point 13 and a length of 8 miles, has a loading rate of 1,840,000
pounds/day at the high point and 1,440,000 pounds/day at the low point, or a
difference of 440,000 pounds/day for a flow of 730 cfs. The October conditions
are moie distinct (Figure 19) and have a maximum loading rate of 2,900,000
pounds/day and 2,200,000 pounds/day at the preceding low point - a difference
of 700,000 pounds/day for a flow of 1,700 cfs. This extreme difference is
certainly not attributed to waste sources on the Saginaw River, as their
combined chloride effluents are 73,000 pounds/day.
Occurrence of high and low peaks, and locations showing displacements
indicating waste slugs, are identical for solids and phenols.
Phosphates have slugs moving in the river, and these slugs tend to follow
the chloride pattern during October primarily in shape with a slight shift
in displacement. Of interest is the difference between the peaks of each day.
The difference in the Saginaw area shows an increase of more than 1,100
45
-------
pounds/day soluble phosphates, compared with sewage treatment plant effluents
of 1,600 pounds/day, and the Bay City area shows an increase of 2,200 pounds/day
compared with effluents of 960 pounds/day. Total phosphates were not run both
days so comparisons could not be made.
July phosphates seemed to have slugs, but they tended to be masked by
phosphate losses due to phytoplankton uptake and settling. This is suggested
by the seasonal phosphate tributary loadings. When adding up the loadings, the
spring and fall average combined tributary loads show phosphates equal to
slightly higher than that found at mile point 20.56 in the Saginaw River. But
during the summer there was an average loss of 1,900 pounds of total phosphates
between the tributaries and mile point 20.56, or 20 percent. Soluble phosphates
showed a larger loss of 40 percent, or 3,500 pounds/day.
Other quantities measured balanced out between the four tributaries and
mile point 20.56 for all three seasons.
Microbiology
These bacterial results of sampling in 1965 were separated into three inter-
vals - January 11 to May 15; between May 15 and September 15; and September 15
to November 30 - to coincide with municipal waste chlorination beginning May 15
and ending September 15. Average results of the surveys are reported in Table 17.
Figure 20 shows the profile of the Saginaw River during the summer months, and
Figure 21 shows this for the spring and fall months. Also shown on these
figures are the results of the two-day surveys which were conducted during July
and October. During these surveys, bacteriological samples were collected
every 8 hours.
Total coliform levels were as expected during the spring and fall when
municipal waste treatment effluents were not chlorinated.
During the chlorination period, May 15 to September 15, total coliform
46
-------
organisms were unexpectedly high downstream from the Saginaw waste treatment
plant. These high concentrations were influenced by the Saginaw effluent
which was not receiving the same degree of chlorination as the other four Saginaw
effluents, as seen in the summary of the July 19 to 21 survey results reported
in the following table.
TOTAL COLIFORM JULY 19-21
Municipal Waste Treatment Surveys
Plant
No. of Samples Geometric Mean*
Maximum*
Minimum*
Essexville
Bay City
Buena Vista
Saginaw
Carrollton
18
18
19
19
15
45
66
35
5,900
22
1,400
1,100
1,900
20,000,000
<100
2, which is the
47
-------
estimated average. From sampling results, total coliforms have been measured
as high as 1,100,000 organisms/100 ml after a storm in the Saginaw area,
and 240,000 organisms/100 ml at the mouth of the river, which are much higher
than the levels shown in Figure 22.
In 1965, from May 15 to September 15, rainfall records indicate that
wet-weather conditions can be expected to affect the Saginaw River 70 days,
or 58 percent of the time.. Also, in comparing Figures 20 and 21, high levels
can be expected much like the wet-weather condition when the degree of waste
/
effluent treatment by chlorination decreases.
Therefore, it is concluded that total coliform average levels throughout
the Saginaw River exceed 5,000 organisms/100 ml over 58 percent of the summer
recreation period. Also, during the summer, under dry-weather conditions.
and existing chlorination practices, the level of average total coliforms
will exceed 1,000 organisms/100 ml.
Biological
Aquatic Biology
Biological investigations of the Saginaw River were conducted from
November 1964 through September 1965.
Three elements of the biota were sampled: benthic fauna, planktonic
algae, and attached algae. Weather conditions, water and bottom sediment
temperatures, transparency as measured with a secchi disc, bottom type, and
conditions of the water surface and stream bottom were routinely recorded.
Benthic Fauna
Tables 18 and 19, and Figure 23, present the average number of bottom-
48
-------
dwelling animals found in samples collected in the Saginaw River and its
tributaries.
Sludgeworms comprised over 99 percent of the total benthic population
in the Saginaw River. The average number of these organisms per station
was 4,600 per square meter. Over 25,000 sludgeworms per square meter were
collected at Station X101 near the mouth.
Benthic populations generally increased toward the river's mouth. This
was apparently a reflection of the bottom condition, an ooze type bottom being
found more frequently in the downstream reaches. Averages showed an increase
from 500 per square meter at X180, the upstream end, to over 7,500 per square
meter at X105, near the mouth of the river.
Degradation of the water quality in the Saginaw River was shown by the
condition of the benthic fauna. The bottom-dwelling animals never comprised
less than 99 percent pollution-tolerant forms at any station. The principal
forms were sludgeworms and bloodworms. Fingernail clams and leeches occurred
less frequently. No pollution-sensitive animals were collected from the
Saginaw River in November 1964 and July 1965. A few sensitive crayfish,
caddis flies, and snails were collected from Station X114 upstream to
Station X170 in April, and a few scuds were found at Station X114 upstream
to X180 in November. (Sampling stations are shown on Figure 23.)
Phytoplankton
The Saginaw River algal populations were predominated by the diatoms
Cyclotella-Stephanodiscus* and by green flagellated forms. The same forms
were predominant at stations in the Flint, Cass, Shiawassee, and Tittabawassee
* Because of the difficulty in distinguishing between Cyclotella and
Stephenodiscus at the magnification at which the phytoplankton samples
were analyzed, the two genera were counted as one.
49
-------
Rivers. These algae are the common forms in many nutrient-enriched midwestern
streams. Certain pennate diatoms typical of clear, clean swift-flowing streams
were not present.
Total phytoplankton populations are presented in Table 20, and are
illustrated in Figure 24. The predominant genera are listed in Table 20.
Phytoplankton populations over 25,000 per milliliter (/ml), and in many
instances reaching 57,000/ml at Station X185, were typical of the findings during
the warm summer months. Populations in the cooler seasons of the year were gen-
erally less than 5,000/ml. The average concentration for all stations in the
Saginaw River for the entire sampling period was 10,000/ml, with a range of 925
to over 57,000.
Sawyer, in his Madison, Wisconsin Lake Studies, found that concentration of
inorganic nitrogen and soluble phosphorus in excess of .3 ppm (as N) and .01
ppm (as P), respectively, can result in nuisance algal blooms.
Nutrient data from Saginaw River Stations X110, X160, and X180 revealed that
these critical concentrations of soluble phosphate and inorganic nitrogen were
exceeded throughout the year, partially accounting for the nuisance blooms of
algae found.
Attached Algae
The nutrients that support planktonic algae also promote the development
of attached algae. Those forms will cling to suitable substrata whenever
sufficient light can penetrate.
Abundant growths of attached filamentous algae were found in the Saginaw
River in the summer and fall, most frequently attached to navigation buoys.
The predominant forms were the green alga Cladophora, and the blue-green
Oscillatoria and Lyngbya. Large amounts of Oscillatoria were found on the
50
-------
east shore of the^Saginaw River just upstream from Cheboyganing Creek in
the fall. These algal forms are generally considered pollution-tolerant and
typical of -enriched waters. Filamentous green algae, mostly Cladophora
and Spirogyra. were frequently collected from the bottom at the tributary
stations.
Physical Conditions
Transparency, as measured with the secchi disc, was always low in the
Saginaw River. The highest values, only 1.5 meters, were observed at
Stations X110 and X114 in the fall of 1964. The values were lowest in July 1965,
averaging .33 meters for all stations. This corresponds to the high phyto-
plankton counts which occurred during this period. The water had a murkish
appearance at each station. No rooted aquatic plants were observed, their
existence most likely being inhibited by the depth and high turbidities which
would prevent light from penetrating to the bottom.
The bottom muds at the upstream and downstream reaches of the river
consisted of a soft, black non-granular slimy material (ooze). Between
these reaches, clay, sand, and smaller amounts of ooze were found. Sewage
odors in the bottom materials were present at almost every station. Petroleum
odors were detected .at iStationis:'X110:i.,.X1^0V.'and:.XI85.
51
-------
Ui
NJ
TABLE 10. SAGINAW RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES
1965 AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS
January-April 1965
River
Dissolved Oxygen
Avg Max Mi n
Saginaw
Bay City
N. of Saginaw
S. of Saginaw
Ti ttabawassee
Shi awassee
Flint
Cass
Saginaw
Bay City
N. of Saginaw
S. of Saginaw
Ti ttabawassee
Shi awassee
Flint
Cass
9
10
10
11
12
10
10
5
5
8
6
6
8
5
.9
.1*
.6
.2
.2
.2
.5
.6
.9
.7
.5
.2
.9
.2
11
11
11
12
13
12
12
13
11
19
9
11*
13
21
.0
.0
.3
.0
.2
.9
.6
.0
.3
.4
.<*
.6
.6
.7
8
9
9
10
10
5
5
3
2
It
5
3
3
3
.5
.5
.2
.0
.5
.2
.1*
.0
.1
.7
.2
.1*
.7
.3
; Sat
87
77
77
83
89
77
76
BOD
_
-
.
_
-
Org
N
.31*
'.28
.21
.29
.20
.23
.22
Kjel
N
H
1
1
1
1
1
1
.1*1
.26
.08
.1*1*
.85
.80
.80
Tot
N
3
2
2
2
2
3
3
.02
.83
.69
.68
.1*5
.21*
.26
Tot
PO
M
1.
.
1.
,
2.
May-September
63
63
97
73
68
90
53
5
5
1*
3
1*
6
3
.1*
.2
.8
.1
.8
.1
.2
.28
.29
.29
.18
.38
.36
.30
1
1
1
.20
.61
.11*
.91*
.92
.86
.80
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
.83
.26
.93
.38
.38
.95
.26
1.
1.
1.
i!
i*.
.
1*
08
81*
08
71*
88
20 1
1*3
1965
1*3 1
38
05
1*6
68 1
1*6 3
81
Sol
POj,
.65
.60
.68
.50
.61*
.77
.30
.18
.96
.65
.31*
.1*6
.26
.62
Vol
S.S.
9
11
11
6
8
11
12
11
7
9
7
11
1*
7
S.S. Sol C1 Phenols
1*2 760 205
1*5 692 182
50 639
28
31
37.
51 b
33
22
27
23
33
18
23
1093
391
1*61*
392
951
866
1131
966
516
533
581*
1.67
28
77
26
292
301*
31*0
370
58
83
72
13
11
8
16
3
5
5
6
1*
9
8
3
1*
2
x
Suspended Solids
Extreme value of 12l* mg/1, adjusted average would be 37
-------
River
Saginaw
Bay City
N. of Saginaw
S. of Saginaw
Ti ttabawassee
Shiawassee
Flint
tSCass
Saginaw
Bay City
N. of Saginaw
S. of Saginaw
Ti ttabawassee
Shiawassee
Flint
Cass
TABLE 10. SAGINAW RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES
1965 AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS
(continued)
October-December 1965
Dissolved Oxygen
Avg Max Hin % Sat
7.6
8.1
9.4
9.8
9.6
9.1
10.5
7.1
7.8
9.4
8.8
9.1
9.4
8.5
10...5
11.1
11.3
11.5
12J
11.2
12..1
13.0
11.3
19.4
12..0
14..6
13.6
21, .7
6.0
5.0
8.4
8.7
3.4
5.6
7.6
3.0
2.1
4.7
5.2
3.4
3.7
3.3
65
68
80
83
77
75
85
69
69
87
78
77
81
70
BOO
3
4
3
3
4
5
**
.9
.7
.4
.8
.7
.0
.0
Org
N
.28
.27
;i4
.17
..30
.24
.32
Kjel
N
1
^VM^ ,
.80**
.83
.53
.54
.59
.21
.73
Tot
N
1
2
2
1
2
4
1
Tot
POjj
.98**1
.45
.19
.84
.09
.31
.66
January-December
4
5
4
3
it
5
3
.7
.0
.1
.4
.8
.7
.5
.30
.28
.21
.22
.28
.27
.27
1
1
1
1
.24**2
.26
.94
.03
.82
.37
.83
2
2
2
2
3
1
1
1
1
9
»
07
07
.62
32
33
23
40
Sol
PO/j
.67
.78
.83
.19
1.06
6.90
.33
Vo
S.!
MBH
8
10
7
8
15
6
5
1965
.41**!
.53
.31
.00
.08
.36
.82
1
1
1
4
20
08
20
54
24
36
56
.83
.77
.71
.36
1.00
3.29
.42
9
9
9
7
9
7
8
bt
S *
o »
««
23
2it
2it
25
79a
9
17
34
31
35
26
itl
25
34
Tot
Sol
1067
985
985
1212
504
55^
479
893
817
862
1083
455
505
479
C1
206
277
311
itOO
55
100
58
243
248
255
417
itl
83
46
Phenols
4
7
8
10
7
8
4
8
7
8
12
4
5
4
Note: All results in mg/1 except % saturation of dissolved oxygen and phenols (ug/1).
Phosphates (PO^) reported as'PO/,.
Nitrogens reported as nitrogen.
Flint River sampling station is located 17 miles downstream from Flint sewage treatment plant and 28 miles
upstream from Shiawassee River.
* Suspended solids
**Extrcrne value of 3.10
of NH, omitted in calculation of mean
§ Extreme value of 194 mg/1, adjusted average would be 22
Extreme value of 124 mg/1, adjusted average would be 37
-------
TABLE 11. ANNUAL MEANS FOR THE MOUTH OF THE SAGINAW RIVER
JU
Michigan Water Resources Commission Station
. 1963-
Parameter 1963 1964 1965 1965
D.O. mg/1 6.5 6.7 7.2 6.7
0.0. % Sat.
BOO mg/1
NOo-N mg/1
Cl mg/1
T-PO^ as PO^ mg/1
S-PO^ as PO^ mg/1
NH-j-N mg/1
Phenols ug/1
Col iform-MPNb/1 00ml
64
3.7
0.5
229
-
0.5
0.8
8
5200
59
4.9
0.6
214
-
0.7
0.8
-
3000
64 62
5.4 4.5
1.3 0.7
197 216
- .
0.5 0.6
0.6 0.8
8
12000 5300
1965 **
LHPO Station
7.1
69
4.7
1.1
243
1.20
0.83
1.0
8
25000***
Michigan Water Resources Commission Water Quality Monitoring Program -
Station located at Essexville, water intake at Weadock Plant, Consumers
Power Company, Mile Point 0.45.
Lake Huron Program Office station - located on Patterson Street bridge,
Bay City, Mile Point 3.69.
*** Coliform organisms (MF)/100ml
b Geometric means
54
-------
TABLE I2"i 1965 TRIBUTARY CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SAGINAW RIVER
Tributary
Spring
Total
Solids
Shiawassee 6
Tittabawassee 77
Cass 9
Flint _8
Saginaw River
mile point
20.56 100%
Chlorides Phenols
1
95
1
3
100%
6
71
12
11
100%
Total
Phosphates
38
100%
Soluble
Phosphates
12
38
13
37
100%
Total
Nitrogen
13
51
21
15
100%
BOD
Summer
Shiawassee 10
Tittabawassee 78
Cass 5
Flint 7
Saginaw River
mile point
20.56
100%
1
93
1
5
100%
8k
3
9
100%
35
8
100%
16
29
8
100%
8
65
7
20
11
52
9
28
100% 100%
Fall
Shiawassee 2
Tittabawassee 93
Cass 2
Flint 3
Saginaw River
mile point
20.56
100%
1
98
1
1
100%
87
1
7
100%
26
2
65
100%
7
21
2
70
100%
7
68
5
20
6
79
k
11
100% 100%
55
-------
LOADINGS TO THE SAGINAW RIVER
SOLIDS, CHLORIDES AND PHOSPHATES
.SOLIDS CL. P04
ANNl'AL LOADINGS
TO SAGINAW BAT
FROM SAGINAW RIVER
SOLIDS CL. P04 I
I DUTCH CREEK
T.SOLtDS CL11. P04 I
STJ_«T_PJ __ ^COUNTY IE
"" SAGINAW COUNTY^n
1 0>
H M SOLUBLE PNOaPHATCg
s d ; 1 i n s
1= ! H; !
TOTAL SOLIDS CKLOflCDES PHOSPHATES
CASS RIVER X6IO
-------
LOADINGS TO THE SAGINAW RIVER
PHENOL, BOD AND NITROGEN
51 ill I ."'I lr.-»»l I
PHENOL BOO NITROGEN!
[ESSEXVILLESTP I
ENOL BOO NITROGEN! I
PHENOL 600 NITROGEN
AVERAGE MUNICIPAL ft INDUSTRIAL LOADINGS
ON_£2 MILES OF SABINAW RIVER J
l-jL°£J l-V-J I "By
I PHENOL' -BOD NITROGEN!
I BUENA VISTA STP I BAY COUNTY
SAGINAW "COUNTY
s I i s 111 5 5 i 3
» a - « 3 .. « «. 5 2 S
I £ f E I < I ! I : 5 aot-*-; U oo i « I pjfl . i
PHENOL BOO NITROGEN 1 I 2 i a X«z "5^3
!IM Ml (Ml
PHENOL BOD NITROGEN
"H Ml MM
PHENOL
-------
TABLE 1,3 . SAGINAW RIVER
Comparison of 1965 Summer Averages with
July 20-22, 1965 Survey
X180
a
Above Saginaw
Parameter
DO
% Saturation
BOD- 5 Day
Kjeldahl Nitrogen
Total Nitrogen
Total P04 (as P04>
Soluble PO^ (as P04>
Total Solids
Total Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
Chlorides
Phenols*
Survey
10-12
120-160
8-3
1.6-1.7
.5-2.2
1.4-2.0
.9-1.6
-
21-33
10-12
305-445
0-23
Summer
Mile Pt.
20.56
8.7
97
5
1.14
1.9
L-..I;.
.7.
1,131
27
9
340
9
X160
g,
Below Saginaw
Survey
4-13
50-150
13-4
.3-1.8
.6-2.2
1.3-2.0
.8-1.0
-
21-32
10-16
425-470
0-9
Summer
Mile Pt.
14.44
5.9
63
5
1.61
2.3
1.3
1.0
866
22
7
304
4
XllO
Bay City Area3
Survey
5-10
65-110
6-8
.3-1.1
.5-1.4
.9-1.2
.2-. 8
-
20-31
11-17
260-445
0-16
Summer
Mile Pt.
3.69
5.6
63
5
1.20
1.8
1.4
1.2
951
33
11
292
6
a = Survey Stations:
* = Phenols
Above Saginaw - Mile Point 15 to Mile Point 21
Below Saginaw - Mile Point 7 to Mile Point 14
Bay City Area - Mile Point 0 to Mile Point 6
(Survey results shown are the averages of results
obtained from the analysis of composite samples.
Each sample was a composite of samples collected
at 4-hour intervals over a 24-hour period.)
reported in^g/1; other parameters in mg/1 except Saturation as %.
58
-------
TABLE U4"
. SAGINAW RIVER TRIBUTARIES
Comparison of 1965 Summer Averages
wi th
July 20-22, 1965 Survey
Parameter
Ti ttabawassee River
Survey (Summer Avg
Shiawassee River
Survey (Summer Avg
Flint River
Survey I Summer Avg
Cass River
Survey |Summer Avg
Ui
VD
DO
% Saturation
BOD-5 Day
Kjeldahl Nitrogen
Total Nitrogen
Total PO^ (as PO.)
Soluble PO^ (as PO.)
Total Solids
Total Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
Chlorides
«L , *
Phenols
7
80
2
}.k
1.5
.5
.2
-
}k
7
500
12
6.5
73
3
.9*
1.4
5
.3
966
23
7
370
8
lit
"7
k
.3
.9
1.1
1.0
-
65
18
75
3
6.2
68
5
.92
1.4
1.7
1.5
516
33
11
58
3
10
110
3
1.2
3.8
13.2
12.6
-
2k
10
106
2
8.9
90
6
.86
3
k.5
3.3
533
18
k
83 .
k
}k
165
11
-
-
2.3
.8
-.
to
13
110
3
5.2
53
3
.80
1.3
.8
.6
58*t
: 23
; 7
72
2
Phenols reported as ug/1. All others reported as mg/1 except saturation as %.
-------
TABLE 1&
SAGINAW RIVER
Comparison of 1965 Fall Averages
wi th
October 26-28, 1965 Survey
Parameter
Above Saginaw3
Survey
Fall
M;P.20.56
Below Saginaw3 !
Survey
Fall
.M.P.14.^
Bay City Area8
I
Survey
M.P. 3.69
DO
% Saturation
BOO-5 Day
Kjeldahl Nitrogen
Total Nitrogen
Total PO^ (as
Soluble PO^ (as
Total Solids
Total Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
Chlorides
Phenols
8.7-9.0
75-78
2.9-3.2
.52-.60
1.3-1.6
.9-1.0
.6-. 9
830-960
7-17
5-8
260-285
6-8
9.4
80
3.**
.53
2.2
1.6
.8
985
2k
7
311
8
6.2-7.0
55-62
3.3-5.**
.52-1.07
1.1-2.0
.7-1.5
.6-1.3
760-1070
12-18
6-10
215-270
5-7
8.1
68
4.7
.83
2 »5
1.1
.8
985
2k
10
277
7
6.3-8.7
56-77
3.1-3.6
.31-.87
.6-1.4
.8-1.3
.3-.7
630-830
11-13
6-10
167-230
4-6
7.6
65
3.9
.80
2.0
1.1
7-
1067
23
8
206
k
a - Survey Stations - Above Saginaw, Mile Point 15 to Mile Point 21
Below Saginaw, Mile Point 7 to Mile Point 14
Bay City Area, Mile Point .0 to Mile Point 6
*Pheno1s reported in ug/1. Other parameters in mg/1 except saturation as %.
60
-------
TABLE 16.
SAGINAW RIVER TRIBUTARIES
Comparison of 1965 Fall Averages
wi th
October 26-28, 1965 Survey
Parameter
Tittabawassee River
Survey \~ Fal V Avg
Shiawassee River
Survey j Fal 1 Avq
Flint River
Survey |"F.eM.-Avg -
Cass River
Survey [Fall Avg
DO
% Saturation
BOD-5 Day
Kjeldahl Nitrogen
Total Nitrogen
Total PO^ (as PO/,)
Soluble PO^as PO^)
Total Solids
Total Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
Chlorides
Phenols*
9.2
81
3.9
.5
1.1
.4 '
.3
920
16
10
280
5
9.8
83
3.8
.54
1.84
.32
.19
1212
25
8
400
10
4.7
39
8.1
.6
.9
1.3
.8
570
30
13
60
6
9.6
77
4.7
.59
2.09
1.33
1.06
504
22
15
55
7
10.1
84
2.1
.9
3.9
10.8
8.9
590
5
3
105
4
9.1
75
5.0
1.21
4.31
9.23
6.90
554
9
6
100
8
8.5
70
3.8
.6
.9
.8
.5
560
27
10
90
5
10.5
85
4.0
.73
1.66
.40
.33
479
\7
5
58
4
Phenols reported as ug/1
All others reported as mg/1 except saturation as %.
-------
TABLE 17. TOTAL COLIFORM GEOMETRIC MEANS
(Organisms/100 ml
r-o
River
Saginaw
Saginaw
Saginaw
Cass
Flint
Shiawassee
Location
Bay City -
mile point 3.69
Saginaw -
mile point 14.44
Saginaw -
mile point 20.56
8 miles upstream
25 miles upstream
12 miles upstream
No. of
Samples
8
8
8
9
10
9
Jan 11-
May 15
50,000
74,000
21,000
86,000
94,000
43,000
No. of
Samples
6
6
6
4
5
5
May 15-
Sept 15
5,700
41,000
2,300
16,000
2,300
40,000
No. of
Samples
4
4
4
2
2
2
Sept 15-
Dec.
58,000
350,000
16,000
76,000
2,400
20,000
-------
FIGURE 10
'OIX
diS
0»IX>
129IX
dlS
DISSOLVED OXYGEN
JULY 20-22,1965 SURVEY
r'
MAXIMUM
MATCH CONDITIO
FLOW= TOOefs
TEMP.= 23°C
/
/
/
\
-
^'
X
o ^
/
/
\s-
-S
k1
DO SATURATION
r
«v
'
(
i
CO
' I
1 OMITTED
6
10
u.
o
UJ
3
% EXTREME
_J
ul
_j
u.
o
ce.
a.
Y
COMPUTED
r
VI
NOJ
33S6VM
jjoir
IOIX
90IX dO.S_
ni/vx3S53«
80(X <11.S~
OIIX
' VIIX.
9IIX
8IIX
OtlX*
09IX
29IX diS-
>IA WN3HB
1-9IX diS .
MVNIOVS
551 X -
i9IX diS *
motiBto
Oiix
Siix .
08IX.
ceix
»8VJ.ill«
ssvo.
3 J.NI-.J.
OI£X
«
0
w
2 26 24 1 20 16 1
SHIAWASSEE SAGINAW .,.- ... ^^
RIVER 1 RIVEK RIVER MILES
o
N
I/6W-N39AXO Q3A10SSIQ
-------
FIGURE II
5-DAY BOD a
KJELDAHL NITROGEN
JULY 20-22, 1965 SURVEY
I/6UJ -G09 AVQ S
so |/6iu-N390ailN IH
-------
DISSOLVED OXYGEN
OCT. 26-28, 1965 SURVEY
FIGURE 12
n,,v ^y *»'*
OMX^S-^ a^s
801 X
9IX dlS
. MVNISffS
OilX
sxix
08IX '
E8IX
33GSVWV8V11I1«
LJ
CC
UJ
CC
2°=
I/61U-N39AXO Q3ATOSSIQ
-------
FIGURE .13
5-DAY BOD a
KJELDAHL NITROGEN
OCT. 26-28, 1965 SUR.VEY
I/6UJ -009 AVd S
so |/6uj-N390HllN THVQT
3PX
-------
A. va m v ms> rs
AVERAGE SEASONAL
TOTAL PHYTOPLANKTON
1965
FIGURE 14
i«Vsy
-------
FIGURE 15
DISSOLVED OXYGEN SURVEYS
MAY 25, 1965 a JUNE I 87, 1966
Z9IX diS _|
V1SIA VN30S
f3IX dlS
YVfJISVS
>. 03;ATQSS.ia. '
-------
.FIGURE 16
5-DAY BOD a
KJELDAHL NITROGEN
JUNE I & 7, 1966
|/6iu -QO.a AVQ 2
N so I/6W-N390H1IN
-------
FIGURE 17
DISSOLVED OXYGEN* a MONTHLY FLOWS
SAG1NAW RIVER
1963-1966
100
I I I 1 I I I I I I I
FROM MWRC WATER
D AT ESSEXVILLE,
QUALITY RECORDS
MILE POIN T O.45
MEAN YEARLY FLOW
JTMAMJJASOND
1963
JFMAMJJASOND
1964
JFMAMJJASONO
1965
JFMAMJJASOND
1966
YEAR AND MONTH
-------
FIGURE 18
CHLORIDE
JULY 20-22,1965 SURVEY
l/5ui_3aiyoiHD-31ISOdWOO
-------
FIGURE 19
CHLORIDE
OCT. 26-28, 1965 SURVEY
-------
TOTAL COLIFORM DENSITIES
SUMMER a JULY 20-22, 1965
FIGURE 20
oiai3wo39) iwooi/'oyo (jw) waojnoo ivioi
-------
TOTAL COLIFORM DENSITIES
SPRING, FALL a OCT. 26-28, 1965
FIGURE 21
oiai3W039) Twooi/'syo (jw) wyojnoo nvioi
-------
TOTAL COLIFORMS
DRY a WET WEATHER
AVERAGE* CONDITIONS
FIGURE 22
nwooi/swsiNvoyo-waodnoo
-------
TABLE 18
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES, SAGINAW RIVER, NOVEMBER 196^-SEPTEMBER 1965
Ch
STATION
AND
DATE
X101
11/64
X105
V65
7/65
9/65
X110
11/64
V65
7/65
9/65
X1 11/64
4/65
7/65
9/65
X160
11/64
4/65
7/65
9/65
TUBIFICIOAE
(Sludgeworms)
27,700
13,100
4,750
5,680
14,400
5,970
4,270
10,100
6,920
180
290
2,640
160
3,240
620
770
MEAN NUMBERS BENTHIC ANIMALS PER SQUARE METER
TENOIPEDIOAE SPHAERIIOAE . HIRUOINEA PULMONATA PROSOBRANCHIA
(Bloodworms) (Fingernail (Leeches) (Lung-breath- (Gill-breath-
clams) ing Snails) ing Snails)
10
20
5 20
5
10
5
10 5 20
5
10
OTHER TOTAL*
(a) 5 27,700
13,100
4,750
5,700
(a)20 14,400
5,970
4,270
10,100
6,930
(b) 5 185
(a) 5 300
(c) 5 2,680
'»
. 160
(d) 5 3,260
620
l(c)lO 790
-------
X185
TABLE IS(continued)
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES, SAGINAW RIVER, NOVEMBER 196^-SEPTEMBER 1965
.STATION
AND
DATE
X170
11/64
V65
7/65
9/65
X180
V65
7/65
9/65
JUBIFICIDAE
(SI udge worms )
310
.;' 440
U110
20
330
2,140
MEAN NUMBERS BENTHIC ANIMALS PER SQUARE METER
JENDIPEDIDAE SPHAERIIDAE HIRUDINEA .PULMONATA PROSOBRANCHIA
(Bloodworms) (Fingernail (Leeches) (Lung-breath- (Gill-breath-
clams) ing Snails) ing Snails)
20
10
5
40 40
190
20
OTHER TOTAL*
20
320
445
1,190
20
520
(c) 5 2,170
1,700
70
1,770
Others:
a. Diptera (Phantom midges)
b. Decapoda (Crayfish)
c. Amphipoda (Scuds)
d. Trichoptera (Caddis flies)
e. Diptera (Crane flies)
f. Hemiptera (Bugs)
*Three significant figures
-------
TABLE 19
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES, SAGINAW RIVER TRIBUTARIES, APRIL-SEPTEMBER 1965
MEAN NUMBERS BENTHIC ANIMALS PER SQUARE METER
STATION
and
DATE
TUBIFICIDAE
(Sludgeworms)
TENDIPEOIOAE
(Bloodworms)
SPHAERIIDAE
(Fingernail
clams)
HIRUDINEA
(Leeches)
PULMONATA
(Lung-breath
ing snails)
PROSOBRANCHIA
(Gil 1-breath-
ing snails)
OTHER TOTAL**
oo
Tittabawassee
River X*MO
M65* "
7/65*
9/65*
Cass River
X610
V65.
7/65*
9/65
Flint R jv
290
60
130
360
70
7/65*
9/65
Shiawassee
River X330
V65
7/65^
9/65*
40
560
1,770
60
260
130
720
320
90
8,610
20
2*»0
170
100
20
(a)10
(b)20
(c)20
(d)lO
(c)10
(e)30
290
210
300
1,090
390
530
8,650
600
2,020
260
360
Others: a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Trichoptera (Caddis flies)
Emphemeroptera (May flies)
Zygoptera (Damsel flies)
Diptera (Biting midges)
Diptera (Soldier flies)
* Results of non-quantitative samples collected at same time:
XMO 7/65 Pulmonata (Lung-breathing Snails)
9/65 Pulmonata (lung-breathing Snails)
X610 7/65 Decapoda (Crayfish); Coleopter (Beetles);
Hempitera (Water-boatmen)
X240 7/65 Anisoptora (Dragon flies); Zygoptera (Damsel fli-
Coleoptera (Beetles); Hemiptera (Water-boatmen)
X330 9/65 Ephemeroptera (May flies); Zygoptera (Damsel fli
Hemiptera (Water-boatmen)
** Three significant figures
-------
LAKt HURON PROQRAy OFFICE
ORIAT lAKU-llllNOIS RtVIM BASIN FROJECf
SAGIMAW BAY
MEAN NUMBER OF BENTHIC ANIMALS
PER SQUARE METER
SAOINAW RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES
U.I. DEPARTMENT Or THE INTERIOR
PEOCRAt VATPR POLLUTION CONmot ADMINISTIIATIOII
LC, MfCHKAN
c- SA'CINAW COUNTY
LCOENO
B Perc«nl Pollution-Tdleronl Form*
I BAY COUNTY J>
SAGINAW" COUNfV'lo
-------
TABLE 20
PHYTOPLANKTON, SAGINAW RIVER, FALL-196fr-FALL 1965
oo
o
Nl
STATION SEASON*
S)
X105
X110
xm
X160
X170
XI 86
XI 85
Spring-65
Winter -65
Spring-65
Summer-65
Fall -65
Fall-6**
Spring-65
Summer-65
Fall -61*
Winter-65
Spring-65
Summer-65
Fall-65
Fa11-6l*
Spring-65
Summer-65
Spring-65
Summer-65
Fall-65
Fall -61*
Summer-65
JMBER
OF
\MPLES
1
1
1
5
2
3
2
1
k
1
1
1
*t
2
*
1
1
DIATOMS
2,100
700
270
1,790
Il*,200
3,570
750
2,860
32,300
1,^70
170
1,000
13,700
3,760
1,520
900
5,180
210
1*,060
2,610
800
6,720
*Seasons:
Winter = 12,
Spring = 3,
Summer = 6,
Fall = 9,
1, 2
**, 5
7, 8
10, 11
ALGAL
PtNNAIt
DIATOMS
270
950
190
500
1,2to
310
WO
too
630
i*to
80
230
1,120
too
1,280
380
1,610
300
800
750
Ufrio
1,260
**Three si
TYPES PER MILLILITER
GREENS
150
200
20
120
6,530
670
200
130
12,000
330
to
50
8,680
670
200
60
9,030
30
7,210
1,1*70
220
17,900
gnificant
BLUt-
GREENS
20
10
280
50
80
520
180
to
50
20
20
20
110
figures
UKthN
FLAGELLATES
570
220
too
too
2, 2 to
1,070
310
590
310
20
1,280
900
1*,130
700
220
610
16,200
5,670
6,300
1,790
590
31,600
BKUWN
FLAGELLATES TOTAL**
3,090
2,070
920
2,910
21*, 500
5,670
i,7to
1*,080
1*5,800
2,i*to
1,610
10 2,190
27,600
5,580
3,2to
1,970
32,000
6,230
18,370
50 6,670
3,020
57,600
HKtUUMltoMNT
GENERA
(10% or more)
a,
a,
a,
a,
a,
a,
a,
a,
a,
a,
a,
a,
a,
a,
a,
a,
a,
a,
a,
xa,
a,
*.'
k
e
k
d,
b,
k
e,
k
g»
e
k
k
e,
e,
e
k
g,
c,
g,
d,
d,
f,
k
g, k
k
k
k
g, k
k
k
k
g, k
e, k
k
-------
SASINAW BtY
MIDLAND !
BAY COUNTY
SAGINAW COUNTY"
BAY J
30.0OO
45,000
I3.00O
20,000
13,000
IO.OOO
L*KI HWON M
0REAT LAKE8-ILUNOII
M OfFICC
i*»tM PHOJCCT
MEAN PHYTOPLANKTON POPULATIONS
PER HILLILITEM
3A6INAW RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES
«1». MPMTMVT OP THt INTtRIO*
FEDCRAL WATCH POLLUTtOM COWTHOU AOVUnflTIATIOH
MAT LAKH MCCtON flMOHI ILC.HtCHIMH
j _ BAY COUNTY IS
SAGINAW""COUNtV |0
o*
!c
. -I,
-------
DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROJECTIONS
The water quality data described in previous sections of this report
were submitted to analyses in a mathematical model depicting oxygen balance
in streams. This particular model is a modification of the classical
Streeter-Phelps formulation for oxygen balance in a stream. This equation
includes an additional non-conservative oxygen demand (Kjeldahl nitrogen),
which acts in a similar fashion to the BOD factor in the original formulation.
Long-term oxygen demand and nitrogen balance determinations were made
on stream and waste source samples to determine a laboratory K-rate in order
to calculate the ultimate carbonaceous oxygen demand. The ultimate carbonaceous
demand stream profile was constructed, and the stream BOD decay rate determined.
A similar profile of the Kjeldahl nitrogen yielded the nitrogenous demand
decay rate. These profiles were checked by a wastes loadings profile. All
values were converted from stream temperature to 20 C. The BOD and Kjeldahl
nitrogen profiles for July were affected by the high concentrations of algae in
certain areas of the river.
Reaeration rates were initially calculated based on the O'Connor-Dobbins
formulation for natural streams using computed reach velocities and depths.
These gross calculated values did not in many reaches provide sufficient
reaeration to match observed DO profiles. These values were increased to
match the observed profiles. This increase of reaeration may be due to the
nature of the stream, with additional turbulence induced by vessel traffic
and channel configuration not accounted for in the average velocity and
depth. The rates for the July survey were extensively influenced by algal
production in certain reaches as evidenced by biological sampling.
Both the deoxygenation and reoxygenation rates were small, and the
82
-------
ratio of reaeration to decay was often less than one. These rates are
suggestive of backwaters, impoundments, and sluggish streams. The results
of the match computer profiles are shown in Figures 10 through 16.
The parameters determined for the June and October conditions were used
to project the expected DO profiles at a number of flow and loading conditions.
Graphical summaries of these data are shown in Figures 10 to 16.
Figures 25a through 25f are projections for the minimum DO expected
below the Saginaw area under October conditions of assimilation. Figures 25a,
25c, and 25e show expected DO for various flows, temperature, and percent
treatment. These values are for the effect of municipal wastes only. The 1965
waste loading is assumed to be 40 percent removal. The 90 and 95 percent
removal refers to only the carbonaceous fraction of the waste; that is, the
nitrogenous concentration remains constant for all three percents.
Figure 25b shows the effect of the 1965 sugar wastes added to the 90
percent removal of municipal wastes (Figure 25c). Figure 25d shows the
effect of removal of a percentage of the total sugar oxygen demand (carbon-
aceous and nitrogenous). Figure 25f shows the effect at a single temperature
of various percent removal of the municipal wastes.
Figures 26a through 26d are similar projections for the municipal loads
only under the June conditions of assimilation. These graphs would indicate
that better assimilative conditions exist in June than in October
(Figures 25a, 25c, and 25e). However, a comparison of Figures 25f and 26d
indicates that the assimilative capacities are similar at the expected
temperatures for June (23°C) and October (13°C).
Figure 26e .is a DO profile for the June conditions at a minimum flow
of 350 cfs, a temperature of 23 C, and municipal loads only. The effect
83
-------
of the municipal loads in the Saginaw and Bay City areas are apparent. The
effect of additional treatment on the total stream is seen.
Figures 27a through 27c are DO profiles for October conditions. Figure 27a
is a profile for 90 percent removal of municipal wastes at 13 C for various
flows. The anomaly of better conditions downstream at a lower flow is due
in part to the much longer time of passage, and consequently time for
recovery at the lower flow.
Figure 27b for 350 cfs at 13°C is similar to Figure 26e and shows the
effect of additional treatment for the municipal wastes on the stream profile
under October conditions.
Figure 27c is a profile for 90 percent removal of municipal wastes at 350
cfs, and shows the effect of various temperatures on the profile.
Figure 28a shows the effect of varying sugar loads on the base October
profile of 90 percent removal at 350 cfs and 13°C.
Figure 28b shows the effect of the upstream loading of carbonaceous
and nitrogenous oxygen demand on the base June profile of 90 percent removal
of municipal wastes at 350 cfs and 23 C. The effect of higher loadings on
the profile above and immediately below the Saginaw area is apparent, although
the effect is minimal in the vicinity of Bay City.
Although this steady state model does not project a problem downstream
of the Bay City.area, water quality measurements show there are periods of
low dissolved oxygen levels. From the Michigan Water Resources Commission
sampling from 1963 to 1966, dissolved oxygen for June, July, and August
averaged 4.3 mg/1, 30 percent of the time dissolved oxygen was equal to less
than 3.4 mg/1, 10 percent of the time it was equal to less than 1.6 mg/1.
84
-------
Tables 21, 22, and 23 list the values for the various parameters used
in the match runs. These parameters are shown both as concentration and as
loading. The ultimate nitrogenous demand is equivalent to 4.5 times the
nitrogen value. Total ultimate oxygen demand is equivalent to the ultimate
carbonaceous demand (BOD (U)) plus the ultimate nitrogenous demand.
Table 24 lists the waste and tributary inputs used in the projection
runs. For model simplicity, the municipal wastes of Buena Vista and Carrollton
were combined with Saginaw, and the Essexville wastes were combined with Bay
City. Various combinations of these wastes and other percents removal were
also"used and are detailed on the graphs (Figure 29).
Table 25 is a summary of K-rates and velocities used or determined in
the match runs. The velocities at projection flows were proportional to
the match velocity. The various K-rates as matched were used in the projection
«.
runs.
85
-------
FIGURE 25
OCTOBER 1965 SURVEY CONDITIONS
DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROJECTIONS
FOR SAGINAW RIVER
BELOW SAGINAW, CARROLLTON 8 BUENA VISTA
1965 MUNICIPAL WASTES EQUIVALENT TO -40% REMOVAL
IB6S MUNICIPAL WASTES ONLY
6
o
E 4
1
O
O
2
0
/
''
^
^x-;:
^
-*
360 ' 526 . . ~ 875
FLOW-cfs .
(b)e
90% REMOVAL OF MUNICIPAL WASTES
WITH I960 SUOAR WASTES
01
f
O
O
350 526
FLOW-cfs
875
90% REMOVAL OF MUNICIPAL WASTES ONLY
90% REMOVAL OF MUNICIPAL WASTES
WITH VARYING SUOAR WASTES AT I3°C
\v| o
6
X
o>
E 4
1
O
a
0
.
^^
XV
^
. » o C
-~
,-* '
\ 8° ^
-'
^23^£-
g
V.
Ol
i
O
O
o
,
>
,
**
^o|ox^
'^vS
X'
e \jG'
O F
^o^C^-O"*--
^*J^- '
^
R
^
350 S25 ~ 875 ', 360 523 875
FLOW-cfs FLOW-cfs
95% REMOVAL OF MUNICIPAL WASTES ONLY
MUNICIPAL WASTES ONLY
VARIOUS REMOVALS AT 13°
>-» o
Q
cn
E 4
|
o
o
0
/
^^^
^^
\^ J^-
r *
^?l*--~"
z*^->
. ^
9>
6 e.
O
O
a
\
.^*',
'
/
r* f? 't"± I
U^^"^"^^
90°/°
t*2^'
*v
330 526 / ' 875 ' ; . 350 525 875
FLOW-cfs FLOW-.cfs
-------
FIGURE 26
1 JUNE 1966 SURVEY CONDITIONS
DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROJECTIONS
FOR SAGINAW RIVER
BELOW SAGINAW, CARROLLTON a BUENA VISTA
1965 MUNICIPAL 'WASTES EQUIVALENT TO. 40% REMOVAL
1969 MUNICIPAL WASTES ONLY
90% REMOVAL OF MUNICIPAL WASTES ONLV
6
o>
E 4
1
O
O
. 2
_ 0
.'
'
4
S
/
vj^^ '
i»t£--~
-^
^
^
350 525 . 875
F L 0 W - C f S
(c) e
6
o>
E 4
O
O
2
0
96% REMOVAL OF MUNICIPAL WASTES ONLY
^
«
^-*
. '
.j»y
-
350 526 876
FLOW-CfS
MUNICIPAL WASTES ONLY
VARIOUS REMOVALS AT 23°C
350 525 875 _350 525
FLOW -cts FLOW-cfs
DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROFILES
JUNE CONDITIONS
875
10
MUNICIPAL
350 c f i 23
VARYING P
WASTES ONLY
C
ERCENT REMOVAL
o>
E
INCOMING LOAD
AT MILEPOINT
BOO 5 = 4.0
KJ-N = 1.0
00 6.8
2U
24
20
16 12 8
MILES ABOVE SAGINAW BAY
-------
FIGURE 27
DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROFILES
OCTOBER CONDITIONS
(o)
10
MUNICIPAL
I3°C 9O%
VARYIN 0
LOADS ONLY
REMOVAL
FLOWS
c<*.
s
s -
20
16
12
LOADS ONLY
C
PERCENT REMOVAL
(C)
10
MUNICIPAL
390 ct *
VARY ING
LOADS ONLY
90% REMOVAL
TEMPERATURE
I3a
£
I
O
O
20
16 12 8
ii ES ABOVE SAGINAW BAY
-------
FIGURE 28
DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROFILES
OCTOBER CONDITIONS
10
90% REMOVAL
330ef« I3°C
VARYING SUGAR
OF MUNICIPAL
LOADS
WASTES ONLY
o>
E-
I
O
24
20
16 12 - 8
MILES ABOVE SAGINAW BAY
DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROFILES
JUNE -C-ONDITIONS
E
i
O
O
£
4
2
0
^
\ 'V
\
\\
\
\
\
1 1 I
90% REMOVAL
35O of« 23°C
VAR.YING INIT.I
. ^^
^"»> ^^^^^^
^_ <
"" "* **""
\
r^-*-" i
OF 'MUNICIPAL
, .
\\. BOO 8 NIT
.
""I
1
\
V
\ \^
\ 1 ^
*"~ _ _--*
-
K -^
\-»*-\ 1
WASTES ONLY
^
^^^t
J/S/'
^^^ / f
^^ s' /
'' /
'
r
1 1 1
^^^
^S x^
^ ^
X^
i i i
£3
-»-.«u
BOO NIT
mg/l mg/l
1 - 3.4 0.6
2- 6.0 1.0
3-10.0 2.0
1 1 1
24 20 16 - . 12 8 4 0
MILES ABOVE SAGINAW BAY
-------
TABLE 21. INPUTS . - SAGINAW RIVER - JULY SURVEY - MATcH KJN
Concentration Load
Initial Flow
F low mgd and cf s
BOO (U)
BOD (5)
NIT
DO
TEMP
K1 and factor
Cheboyqaninq Creek
Flow mgd and cfs
BOD (U)
BOO (5)
NIT
DO
TEMP
K1 and factor
Dutch Creek
Flow mqd and cfs
BOD (U)
BOD (5)
MIT
DO
TEMP
Kl and factor
(mg/1)
1*52.5
10
6.8
2
8.7
23
.10
3.9
12
8.2
2
8.7
23
.10
1.3
26
18
3
7
23
.10
(#/day)
700
37,700
25,700
7,550
32,800
1.46
6
390
267
65
283
1.46
2
282
195
33
76
1.46
Concentration Load
Carroll ton STP (mg/1 )
.2
250
170
48
-
19
.10
Saqinaw STP
20.8
175
111
23
_
23
.085
Buena Vista STP
.3
212
145
33
19
.10
(#/dsy)
.3
417
284
80
.
1.46-
32
30,400
19,260
3,990
1.6
.5
530
363
83
1.46
CSGI
Flow mgd and cfs 12
BOD (U) 9.7
BOD (5) 2.9
NIT 1.0
DO
TEMP 23
Kl and factor .03
19
971
290
100
Bay City STP
8.6
175
97
26
22
.07
BDOW
Flow mgd and cfs 80 124
BOD (U) 16 10,680
BOD (5) 8 . 5,340
NIT 2 1,334
DO
TEMP 30
Kl and factor .06
Essexvil1e STP
2.0
225
154
30
19
.3
13
12,550
6,960
1,865
1.8
563
385
75
.5
.10
1.46
* Inputs indicate the concentrations and loadings of the effluent discharged
by the individual industry or community. No consideration is given to
^ influent concentrations and loadings.
90
-------
TABLE 22. INPUTS - .SAGINAW RIVER - OCTOBER SURVEY - MATCH «UN
Concentration Load Concentration Load
Initial Flow
Flow mgd and cfs
BOD (U)
BOD (5)
NIT
DO
TEMP
Kl and factor
Cheboyqsning Creek
Flow mgd and cfs
BOD (U)
BOD (5)
NIT
DO
TEMP
K1 and factor
Dutch Creek
Flow mqd and cfs
BOD (U)
BOD (5)
HIT
DO
TEMP
Kl and factor
C-SGI
Flow mgd and cfs
BOD (U)
BOO (5)
NIT
DO
TEMP
Kl and factor
BDOW
Flow mgd and cfs
BOO (U)
BOD (5)
NIT
DO
TEMP
Kl and factor
MICH
Flow mgd and cfs
BOD (U)
BOD (5)
NIT
DO
TEMP
Kl and factor
(mg/1) >
1292.8
4
3.6
0.7
8.7
10
.2
3.9
4
3.6
1
6.8
10
.20
1.3
10
6.8
3
13
.20
12
9.7
2.9
1.0
'
23
,03
80 -
16
8
2
-
30
.06
3.3
420
345
14
_
45
.15
(#/day) Carroll ton STP
2,000
43,100
38,800
7,550
93,800
1.11
Saginaw STP
6
130
117
33
221
'..''
1.11
Buena Vista STP
2
108
74
33
-
1.11
Bay City STP
19
971 .
290
100
.
-
3.4
Essexville STP
124
10,680
5,340
1,334
-
2.0
MONI
. 5
11,560
9,500
385
_
1.22..
(mg/1)
.2
250
170
48
.
15
.10
21.5
175
111
23
19 -
.085
.3
212
145
33
_
14
.10
9.6
175
97
26
_
18
.07
.3
225
154
30
_
17
.10
2.5
356
330
14
38
.22
(///dsy)
.3
417
284
80
-
1.46
33
31,400
19,900
6,280
_
1.6
.5
530
363
83
_
1.46
15
14,010
7,770
3,200
_
1.8
.5
563
335
75
_
1.46
4
7,420
6,880
292
1.09
* see explanation page SO.
91
-------
TABLE 23. INPUTS/-. SAGINAW RIVER - JUNE SURVEY - MATCH RUN
Concentration Load ;
Initial Flow \
F 1 ow mgd and cfs
BOD (U)
BOD (5)
NIT
DO
TEMP
Kl and factor
Cheboyqsninq Creek
Flow mgd and cfs
BOD (U)
BOD (5)
NIT
DO
TEMP
Kl and factor
Dutch Creek
Flow mqd and cfs
BOD (U)
BOD (5)
NIT
DO
TEMP
Kl and factor
CSGI
Flow mgd and cfs
BOD (U).
BOO (5) .
NIT
DO
TEMP
Kl and factor
BDOW
Flow mgd and cfs
BOD (U)
BOD (5)
NIT
(mg/1)
905
6.2
4.2 .
1.2
6.9
20
.10
3.9
12
8.2
2
8.7
23
.10
1.3
26
18
3
7
23
.10
12
9.7
2.9
1.0
-'
23
.03
80
16
8
2
(#/day)
1,400
46,800
31,700 .
9,060
52,100
1.46
6
390
267
65
283
1.46
2
282
195
33
76
1.46
19
971
1290
100
3.4
A 1
124
10,680
5,340
1,334
Carrol 1 ton STP
i
.
\
Saginaw STP
Buena Vista STP
.
Bay City STP
.
.
Essexville STP
ncentrati
(mg/1 )
.2
250
170
48
19
.10
20.8
175
111
23
23
.085
.3
212
145
33
19
.10
8.6
175
97
26
22
.07
.3
225
154
30
on Load
(#/dav)
. 3
417
284
80
1.46
32
30,400
19,260
3,990
1.6
.5
530
363
83
1.46
13
12,550
6,960
1,865
1.8
.5
563
385
75
DO
TEMP
Kl and factor
30
19
06
2.0
.10
1.46
* see explanation page 90.
92
-------
JABLE 24. LOADINGS FOR PROJECTION RUNS
.Saginaw Area Bay City Area.
VO
u>
Municipal Wastes
Flow - MGD
Ultimate BOD - mg/1
5-Day BOD - mg/1
Kjeldahl Nit. - mg/1
Temperature - °C
Industrial Wastes
Flow - MGD
Ultimate BOD - mg/1
5-Day BOD - mg/1
Kjeldahl Nit. - mg/1
Temperature - °C
Sugar Wastes
Flow - MGD
Ultimate BOD - mg/1
5-Day BOD - mg/1
Kjel'dahl Nit. - mg/1
Temperature - °C
Tributaries
Flow - MGD
Ultimate BOD - mg/1
5-Day BOD - mg/1
Kjeldahl Nit. - mg/1
Temperature - C
J965 ,1990
23.2 5^.2
175 187
111 117
25
20
12 26 J*
9
3
1
23
3.3 7.3
A20
3^5
20
*5
Initial
.
6.0
*t.O
1.0
2020 1965
91.7 11.5
191* 175
121 97
25
20
1*5 80
16
8
2
30
12. k 2.5
356
330
20
..:.:- 38
Cheboyganing Creek
3.9
12
8
2
1990 2020
26.8 ^7.8
187 19**
10^ 108
_
-
176 300
_ _
.
.
~
5.5 9.A
-
- -
_ _
-
Dutch Creek
1.3
26
18
3
Municipal wastes assume *tO% removal of Raw Load and Raw BOD concentration increase of 7% for 1990
and 11% for 2020. \
-------
TABLE 25. SUMMARY OF K-RAIt.S AND VELOCITILS
June 1**00 cfs 20°C
July 700 cfs 23°b
October 1^00 cfs 10°C
Reach
10. It- 6.5
6.5- 5.0
5.0- 0.0
10.*t- 6.5
6.5- 5.0
5.0- 0.0
Vel
.23
.19
.16
.13
.12
May
Vel
.33
.27
.22
.19
.18
KD
.08
.Ok
.03
.02
.02
2000
KD
.03
.02
.02
.02
.02
KN
.15
.08
.07
.06
.06
cfs 20°C
KN
.06
.O^f
.01*
.0/1
.0*f
K2
.1
.1
.1
.08
.08
K2
**
**
**
**
**
Vel
.12
.10
.08
.07
.07
July
Vel
.38
.31
.26
.22
.20
KD
.07
.03
.03
.02
.02
2300
KO
.26
.13
.11
.08
.07
KN
.12
.65
.05
.05
.05
cfs
KN
.37
.19
.16
.16
.15
K2
*
.15
.8
.15
.02
23°C
K2
*->v
**
>«.-
**
**
Vel
.23
.19
.16
.3
.12
KD
.10
.11
.09
.08
.07
October
Vel
.33
.27
.22
.19
.18
KD
.15
.16
.13
.11
.11
KN
.28 .
.27
.23
.19
.17
2000 cfs
KN
,M>
.39
.32
.27
.26
K2
.1**
.}k
.]k
.1
.1
10°C
K2
.2
.2
.2
.1*f
.14
Reach - mile points above Saginaw Bay (second reach begins at HP 15.2 in model)
Vel - Velocity in feet per second determined by time of passage
KD - rate per day base 10
KN - rate per day base 10
K2 - rate per day base 10
* K2 - 21.1-19.** = 0.8, I8.lf-15.6 = 0.2, 15.6-15.2 = .18
* K2s not finalized; match at these conditions not used
-------
FIGURE 29
JUNE 1966 SURVEY
DISSOLVED OXYGEN
FOR SAGINAW
CONDITIONS
PROJECTIONS
RIVER
BELOW SAGINAW, CARROLLTON 8 BUENA VISTA'
1965 MUNICIPAL WASTES EQUIVALENT TO 40% REMOVAL
90% REMOVAL OF MUNICIPAL WASTES ONLY MUNICIPAL WASTES ONLY
VARIOUS NITROGEN CONCENTRATIONS
VARIOUS NI.TR06EN CONCE NTRATIONS AT 23«C
O
o
°C
9O% REMOVAL
$50 325
FLOW-cfs
879
350 525
FLOW-cfs
875,
DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROFILES
OCTOBER CONDITIONS .
20
10
16 12 8
JUNE CONDITIONS
MUNICIPAL
350 cf 23
VARYING
WASTES ONLY
»C
PERCENT REMOVAL
OF NITROGEN 8
BOO
o>
E
I
INCOMING LOAD
AT MILE POINT
BOD 5 = 4.0
KJ-N =1.0
DO 6.6
24
20
16 12 8
MLLES ABOVE SAGINAW BAY
-------
SUMMARY AND WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS
Water quality of the Saginaw River is poor. Dissolved oxygen depressions
have been observed below the cities of Saginaw and Bay City. Excessive
levels of coliform organisms have also been observed in the river below the
municipalities. These high levels occur even during the disinfection season
below the City of Saginaw. Average chloride levels are approximately those
recommended as the maximum level in the U.S. Public Health Service drinking
water standards (1962). Nutrient levels, both phosphate and nitrate, are far
in excess of those required for phytoplankton growth. There is a high sus-
pended sediment load in the river, and also numerous areas with deposited
sludge. Almost all bottom-growing forms found in the river bed are pollution
tolerant. Sludge worms composed over 99 percent of the total benthic popula-
tion in the Saginaw River. Phytoplankton and attached algae types are pollu-
tion tolerant and typical of those found in enriched streams.
The drainage of the Saginaw River above Saginaw is composed of the
Tittabawassee River Basin (15 percent), Shiawassee River Basin (23 percent),
Flint River Basin (20 percent), and Cass River Basin (42 percent). Within
the immediate drainage basin (246 square miles), there are two major popula-
tion centers and four minor municipal areas which have waste treatment plants.
Saginaw, the largest, had a 1960 population of 98,265, and Bay City had a 1960
population of 53,604. The remaining communities are Carrollton (6,718),
Zilwaukee (1,874), and Buena Vista (11,160) - all located in the Saginaw area.
Essexville (4,590) is located near Bay City. The City of Zilwaukee recently
(1966) put into operation a primary treatment plant.
There are seven industrial sources located along the Saginaw River
which discharge effluent directly to the river. Consumers Power Company,
96
-------
located near the outlet of Saginaw River into Saginaw Bay, uses the river
water only for cooling, and discharges the heated effluent directly to
Saginaw Bay. Monitor Sugar Company near Bay City discharges to Dutch Creek,
a tributary to the west channel of the Saginaw River. Michigan Sugar Company
near Saginaw discharges through Carrollton sewage treatment plant outfall;
also, the sugar plant has seasonal operations and discharges during the late
fall and winter months. The Grey Iron Division, Chevrolet Division - General
Motors Corporation, discharges its wastes to the Saginaw River near the City
of Saginaw. Chevrolet Division - General Motors Corporation discharges a
small amount of waste effluent to Saginaw City's sewer for treatment at the
municipal waste treatment plant. The Bay Refining Company, Division of Dow
Chemical Company, discharges wastes from crude oil processing, and also from
the cracking unit, to Saginaw River near Essexville. The Saginaw Bay
Division - Dow Chemical Company discharges petro-chemical waste effluent to
the Saginaw River near its outlet to Saginaw Bay.
Three locations on the Saginaw River were sampled routinely by FWPCA
in 1965. These were above the City of Saginaw, below the City of Saginaw, and
below Bay City. The results of the year's sampling are listed on the following
table, pages 101 and 102.
The data collected at these three stations indicate that there is no
significant difference in the water quality in the Saginaw River, with the
exception of oxidizable nitrogen levels, DO levels, and bacteriological
quality. There is a significant increase in the coliform concentrations below
Saginaw and, although the level is reduced below Bay City, the level is still
higher than that found above Saginaw. The Bay City location is upstream of
the effluent of the Bay City sewage treatment plant. The levels of all
97
-------
parameters are indicative of moderately high municipal and industrial
pollution. The high level of pollution indicated above the main waste sources
of the Saginaw River indicate that much of the pollution comes from the
tributaries to the Saginaw River.
The impact of the Saginaw River may be clearly observed by an analysis
of data collected in Saginaw Bay at the mouth of the Saginaw River. Samples
were collected on a monthly basis by the FWPCA from May through November 1965.
The results of these analyses are listed on the following table, pages 103 and 104.
Although this station is approximately 2,000 feet out in the bay, the
effect of predominate river flow may be noticed in the various parameters,
particularly in the chlorides, nutrients, and DO level. The annual variation
in the data corresponds in general to the variation in the flow of the Saginaw
River.
The Michigan Water Resources Commission has maintained a sampling loca-
tion at the Consumers Power Company water intake at Essexville since 1957.
This location has become part of their water quality monitoring program.
Temperature at this location has ranged from a minimum of 0 C to maximum
observed temperature of 29 C. Maximum monthly average temperatures are
about 24 C found during the months of July and August. DO has varied from
the maximum of 15.5 mg/1 to a minimum of 1.0 mg/1. Minimum monthly average
DO .is.£4:14cmg/l.G?-aF.ive-day BOD concentrations have ranged from a maximum 9.4
mg/1 to a minimum of 0.6 mg/1, with a maximum monthly average of 6.2 mg/1.
The maximum temperature, minimum DO, and maximum BOD during the period of
record occurred in the summer months - June, July, and August. The following
table lists the summary of the 1965 water quality monitoring program results
at this station. These analyses were performed by the Michigan Water
Resources Commission.
98
-------
The phosphate is soluble orthophosphate, and is not exactly comparable to
the total or soluble phosphates reported by the FWPCA. Nitrate was originally
reported by the Michigan Water Resources Commission as NCL and ammonia as NH_.
These were converted by appropriate factors to nitrate and ammonia as nitrogen,
as reported by the FWPCA. The bacterial densities are reported as most
probable numbers, using the multitube technique, and are more generally
comparable to the membrane filter results reported by the FWPCA.
Approximately two-thirds of the present municipal load comes from the
four plants in the Saginaw area - Saginaw, Carrollton, Buena Vista, and
Zilwaukee - with the remainder from the two plants in the Bay City area -
Bay City and Essexville. During the seasonal operation of the sugar plants,
the added load amounts to about 25 percent increase of the municipal loads.
The major upstream tributary organic loads are flow and season dependent,
but account for a substantial percentage of the total load in the river.
At one time, the Saginaw River was used as a water supply by the City
of Saginaw. Poor quality of the river eventually forced the abandonment of
this convenient source as a municipal supply. Numerous industries, however,
continue to use the river as a source of both process and cooling waters.
Of particular importance is the use by the two sugar companies of the river
water for washing and processing the sugar beets. The river is an active
recreation area with numerous marinas and parks. Extensive use of the river
is made for water skiing with limited swimming activity. The cities of
Essexville and Bay City were once the ports of a large commercial fishery
which has long abandoned the Saginaw River. Sport fishing still occurs in
the river both from boats and from shore. There are a number of shoreline
parks.
99
-------
A prime consideration for the Saginaw River is its impact on the uses
of Saginaw Bay. These uses include the municipal water supplies of the
Saginaw-Midland pipeline of Bay City, and of numerous other communities on
Saginaw Bay. The bay is used extensively for recreational boating, including
water skiing activity. There are numerous beaches along the shore of the
bay which are used for swimming.
Saginaw Bay, with its shallow water, bountiful food supply, and low
marshy shorelines is a most important waterfowl production and migration
stopping point in Michigan. This area is also an important hunting area.
The bay is a productive, accessible, and suitable area for both the commercial
and sports fishermen.
100
-------
Water Quality
SAGINA.W RIVER
1965
Parameters
Dissolved Oxygen
5 -day BOD
KH3-N
Org-N
N03~N
N02-N
Total P04
Total Sol. PO^
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Vol. Susp. Solids
cr
Phenol
PH
Xl80 above Saginav
NS |Avg Low High
12
7
12
12
14
10
14
14
14
14
13
16
15
16
8.9 . 4.7 11.3
4 35
0.67 0.15 1.22
0.23 0.12 0.44
1.5 0.6 2.8
0.03 0.009 0.07
. 1.2 0.2 4.2
0.7 0.06 1.8
856 46l . 1700
40 5 132
10 2 . . 25
236 56 424
9 1 16
7.7 7.2 8.1
Xl60 below Saginaw
NS
11
7
13
13
14
10
14
.14
14
14
13
16
13
16
Avg Low High
8.5 5.1 li.l
537
0.98 0.38 2.30
0.27 0.06 0.72
1.4 0.6 2.4
0.03 o.oi . 0.06
0.9 0.4 1.5
0.7 0.3 1.5
799 561 1236
36 11 149
9 2 20
218 88 439
8 0 23
7.7 7.1 8.0
X110 at Bav Citv
NS
14'
7
12
12
14
10
14
14
14
14
13
18
15
19
Avjr Low Hirfi
7.3 3.0 11.0
43 6
1.15 0.36 3.10
0.32 o.io 1.25
1.3 0.5 1.9
0.04 0.02 . 0.07
1.2 0.5 3-4
0.9 0.1 . 3-4
901 495 2159
37 10 197
, 10 3 23
223 ' 35 ^02
9 V<2, . 26
7.6 7.1--" 8.0
-------
Water Quality
SAGINAW RIVER
1965
Parameters
Total Iron
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Sulfate
Total Hardness .
Conductivity
Total Coliform
Fecal Coliform
Fecal Strep
Total Plate Count 20°(
Total Plate Count 35°C
X180 above Saginaw
NS
It
12
12
lt-
It
13
15
16
Ik
>
i
It
0
0
Avg Low High
2,100 100 8,300
87 18 252
18 8 38
100 38 182
26 10 tl
81 in 125
353 210 572
1,050 510 2,OtO
it,50o 1,500 73,000
660 130 7,200
105 25 9,800
_
Xl60 below Saginaw
NS
It
12
12
It
It
It
15
'16
It
It
It
0
0
Avg Low High
2,200 100 10,800
90 2t 258
16 ^-1 3T
102 72 162
26 16 36
81 tl 122
3t2 258 t92
1,020 6tO 1,660
183,000 t,900 290,000
7,500 /^ioo 58,000
1,250 Z. 20 7,200
- . -
X110 at Bay City
NS
It
12
12
It
& .
It
v:
20
13
13
12
0
0
Avg Low High
2,000 /- 100 12,60
91 2t . 25
17 t 3
103 7t 13
28 13 1*
85 39 12
337 19t t7
1,010 t6o 1,80
to,ooo 3,300 110,00
5,500 tOO 2t,OC
820 ^ 10 -A 6,00
, #
V
« i ' »
o
N3
-------
Water Quality
SAGIKAW RIVER
1965
Parameters
Dissolved Oxygen
5 -day BOD
NH3-N
Org-N
N03-N
N02-N
Total P04
Total Sol. POjj.
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Vol. Susp. Solids
cr
Phenol
PH
X100 bay near mouth
KS |Avg Low High
10
5
5
6
6
*.
6
6
6
6
6
9
6
10
8.0 5.5 9.7
4 37
0.55 0.10 0..91
0.23 o.oo 0.50
0.7 0.1 1.2
0.0k 0.01 0.06
.0.6 0.05 1.4
0.5 o.o4 i.o
694 35^ 912
27 14 47
9 .0 17
169 73 330
2 0 5
7.7 7A 8.2
MV7RC-SAG at mouth
NS
10
.8
9
0
9
0
0
0
0
8
7
9
0
10
Avg Low High
7.3 3.8 11.4
5 3 9
0.6l 0.16 2.10
N '
1.3 0.1 2.7
. - . _
-
- . -
.
43 8 l4l
10 5 16
198 122 360
. -
7.9 7-6 8.1
NS
Avg Low Hifih
o
OJ
-------
Water Quality
SAGINAW RIVER
1965
Parameters
Total Iron
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Sulfate
Total Hardness
Conductivity
Total Coliform
Fecal Coliform
Fecal Strep
Total Plate Count 20°(
Total Plate Count 35°C
X100 bay near mouth
NS
5
*
1*
" 6-
6
6
6
10
5
5
5
*'
6
Avg Low High
980 100 3,100
52 20 -S100
11* 8 16
87 1*9 103
26 17 37
72 1*1* 100
296 178 352
820 1*50 1,350
1,700 ^2 87,000
^100' ^i 3,too
4. 10 1 1*00
5,550 .730 , 22,000
8,850 2,000 1*8,000
MWRC-SAG at mouth
NS
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
8
7
0
0
0
0
Avg Low High
-
86 79 92
1* 1* 1*
92 86 98
20 19 21
69 68 70
308 300 315
1,060 810 1,600
23,000 730 21*0,000
...
- . - -
.- -
NS
Avg Low High
------- |