FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
NORTHWEST REGION. PACIFIC NORTHWEST WATER LABORATORY
BASIC WASTE
CHARACTERISTICS .
AT
WINTER RECREATION
AREAS
Progress Report
January 1969
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BASIC WASTE CHARACTERISTICS
AT
WINTER RECREATION AREAS
Progress Report
A Technical Project Report
Prepared by
B. David Clark
Special Studies Branch
Report No. PR-7
United States Department of the Interior
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Northwest Region
Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory
200 South Thirty-fifth Street
Con/all is, Oregon 97330
August 1968
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION 1
Purpose and Scope 1
Authority 2
Study Area Descriptions 3
Acknowledgments 10
SUMMARY 15
Findings 15
Conclusions 17
Recommendations 18
STUDY PROCEDURES 21
RESULTS 27
Waste Quantities 27
Waste Quality 33
Correlation Analyses 40
DISCUSSION 43
DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 49
APPENDIX 55
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ii
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Day Lodge Water Use Relationships 27
2 Overnight Lodge Water Use Relationships 31
3 Sewage Flow Variations 34
4 Average Raw Wastewater Quality for 35
Timber!ine Lodge and Crystal Mountain
Ski Areas
5 Summary of Correlation Analyses 41
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in
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 Study Area 4
/
2 Crystal Mountain Ski Area 7
3 Crystal House, Silver Skis Chalet and Alpine 8
Inn Complex
4 Crystal Mountain Chapel, Ski Shop, Day Lodge, 9
and Sewage Treatment Plant
5 Timberline Lodge Ski Area 11
6 Bachelor Butte Ski Area 12
7 Crystal Mountain Survey Equipment 22
8 Timberline Lodge Raw Sewage Sampler and 25
Location
9 Crystal Mountain Waste Flow vs Water Use 28
10 Day Lodge Water Use 30
11 Overnight Lodge Water Use 32
12 Crystal Mountain Air and Sewage Temperatures 36
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iv
ABBREVIATIONS
BODg - Five day biochemical oxygen demand
COD - Chemical oxygen demand
TPO. - Total Phosphate
OPO. - Ortho Phosphate
TS - Total Solids
TVS - Total Volatile Solids
SS - Suspended Solids
VSS - Volatile Suspended Solids
NFL - Ammonia Nitrogen as Nitrogen
N02 - Nitrite Nitrogen as Nitrogen
N03 - Nitrate Nitrogen as Nitrogen
TKN - Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen as Nitrogen
Alk - Alkalinity
mg - Million Gallons
mgd - Million Gallons Per Day
gpd - Gallons Per Day
E - Full-time Lodge Employees
TV - Total Visitors Per Day as Measured by Traffic Counter
and Assuming 4 Persons Per Vehicle
G - Overnight Guests Per Day as Measured by Actual Head Count
f.u. - Fixture-units
Q - Daily Water Use, gpd
W - Daily Wastewater Discharge
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ABBREVIATIONS (CONT.)
Base Use - Water Required to Run Establishment Including Use for
Employees, Building Maintenance, etc.
pH - Analytical Measurement of Hydrogen Ion Concentration
Giving an Indication of Acidity or Alkalinity
Mg/1 - Milligrams per Liter
Cl - Chlorides
TH - Total Hardness
CaH - Calcium Hardness
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INTRODUCTION
Purpose and Scope
The disposal of wastewaters from recreation areas has
become increasingly of major concern regarding water pollution
and public health problems with the rapid growth in recreation
use and development of new and more sophisticated areas. Many
existing areas, as well as most of the new areas, that use
septic tank and drainfield systems have had to look for better
methods of disposal due to failure of this type of system to
provide adequate treatment and safeguard against water pollution
and potential public health hazards. This is also true regarding
the use of standard secondary treatment facilities such as
package treatment plants. The problem is compounded by the fact
that in most situations, wastewater is discharged to a watercourse
that is of extremely high quality and must not degrade or lower
the existing quality of the waterbody in keeping with State and
Federal non-degradation policies. This requires, then, that a
very high level of treatment be provided with essentially complete
removal of degradable organic matter, suspended solids, nutrients
and complete disinfection.
In order to design facilities that will provide this high
level of treatment, sound design criteria must be developed on the
basic characteristics of wastewater from recreation areas and on
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2
treatment processes that will function under extreme loading
and temperature conditions.
The Recreational Sites Wastes Treatment Project was initiated
in August 1967 at the request of the Washington State Water
Pollution Control Commission and strongly supported by the U. S.
Forest Service, National Park Service and the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration. The study is currently planned
for completion in September 1969.
The overall objective of the study is to develop a waste
treatment guide for the planning and design of wastewater treat-
ment facilities at various recreation areas. It will be con-
ducted in essentially three phases as follows:
Phase I: Winter Recreation Area Surveys
Phase II: Summer Recreation Area Surveys
Phase III: Pilot Plant Studies
This report summarizes the findings of surveys at three
winter sports areas to determine basic wastewater characteristics
and recommend criteria for use in the design of treatment facilities,
The study was conducted over the 1967-68 recreation season from
approximately December 1967 to May 1968.
Authority
The Secretary of the Interior is authorized to conduct special
studies on water pollution problems at the request of a state by
Section 5 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act as amended.
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3
The State of Washington has made such a request through a letter
dated July 24, 1967 to the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration.
The Secretary of the Interior is also authorized through
Executive Order 11288 to assist other Federal agencies in the
abatement and prevention of water pollution.
Study Area
Three sites were selected for study on the basis of types of
facilities and suitability for study. These were Crystal Mountain
Ski Area near Mt. Rainier National Park in the State of Washington,
Timber!ine Lodge on Mt. Hood, approximately 50 miles east of
Portland, Oregon and Bachelor Butte Ski Area approximately 20 miles
west of Bend, Oregon. Figure 1 illustrates the location of these
areas. To compare the various lodges on an equal basis, the
number of plumbing fixtures were determined and weighted according
to fixture-units which is defined by the American Standard National
Plumbing Code, ASA A40.8-1955, as "a quantity in terms of which
the load-producing effects on the plumbing system of different kinds
of plumbing fixtures are expressed on some arbitrarily chosen scale".
For example, a water closet, flush valve operated, has 8 fixture-
units while a lavatory has 2 fixture-units. >
Crystal Mountain
This area has a day-lodge with a lunch counter and ski patrol
office, an area business office and ski equipment rental and sales
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PACIFIC
OCEAN
WASHINGTON
CRYSTAL
MOUNTAIN
TIMBERLINE LODGE
.BEND
BACHELOR
BUTTE
OREGON
FIGURE I. STUDY AREA
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5
office, a non-denominational chapel, two motel-type overnight
lodges (Crystal House and Silver Skis Chalet), a combination
overnight lodge, lounge and restaurant complex (Alpine Inn) and
a series of privately owned condominiums. The condominiums were
not included in the study of this area. The area is open 7 days
per week and particularly caters to the skier holiday type of
operation.
It is estimated that the day lodge has 150 fixture-units, the
Alpine Inn has 225 fixture-units, Silver Skis Chalet has 380 and
the Crystal House has 150 fixture-units.
The day lodge, the ski shop and the chapel have a total of 13
employees during the week and 36 on weekends. Of these totals, 1
employee stays overnight during the week and 13 on weekends.
The Alpine Inn, including the restaurant and lounge, employs
8 people on weekdays and 13 on weekends. Approximately 7 stay
overnight on weekdays and 9 on weekends.
The Silver Skis Chalet employs 3 people on weekdays and 4
people on weekends. Two people stay overnight on both weekdays and
weekends.
The Crystal House employs 3 people on weekdays and 4 people
on weekends. Three people stay overnight on both weekdays and
weekends.
The day lodge, chapel, Silver Skis Chalet and Crystal House
are connected by sewers to an extended aeration type treatment
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6
system. The treatment system effluent is discharged to a soil
absorption drainfield. The Alpine Inn complex has a septic tank
and drainfield waste treatment system.
Figures 2, 3, and 4 illustrate the various facilities of this
area.
Timber!ine Lodge
This area has a lodge that provides both overnight and day
use accommodations including a ski shop, gift shop, first aid
room, and a swimming pool.
The lodge has a cafeteria, a restaurant, and a bar, and a
total of 76 rooms. Sixty of these rooms have private bathrooms
and 16 share 2 hall bathrooms - one each for men and women. There
are also 2 public restrooms.
The men's restrooms have 10 water closets, 8 urinals, 3 showers
and 5 lavatories. The women's rooms have 11 water closets, 3
showers and 5 wash basins. It is estimated that the lodge has on
the order of 400 fixture-units.
The lodge employs 90 to 95 permanent full-time people, 10 of
whom reside at the lodge. In addition they use 10 part-time people
on weekends. There are also 50 ski instructors at the area during
weekends, 3 of whom are full-time during the week. The Ski Patrol,
which has facilities at the lodge, has 20-25 members with 2 on a
permanent basis.
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SKI AREA LOCATION
CRYSTAL
INN
CRYSTAL
HOUSE
SILVER
SKIS
CHAPEL
SKI SHOP
DETAIL
FIGURE 2 CRYSTAL MOUNTAIN SKI AREA
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CRYSTAL HOUSE AND SILVER SKIS CHALET
ALPINE INN COMPLEX
FIGURES. CRYSTAL HOUSE, SILVER SKIS CHALET
AND ALPINE INN COMPLEX
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CHAPEL, SKI SHOP AND DAY LODGE
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
FIGURE 4 CRYSTAL MOUNTAIN CHAPEL, SKI SHOP,
DAY LODGE AND SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
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The lodge wastewaters are treated at a 60,000 gpd extended
aeration plant and then chlorinated. The plant effluent is dis-
charged to a small tributary of the West Fork of the Salmon River.
Figure 5 illustrates this ski area and its facilities.
Bachelor Butte
Accommodations at this area include a day lodge with cafeteria
and an overnight lodge with restaurant and lounge. Only the day
lodge has been included in this study due to lack of complete
information from the overnight lodge.
During this study the area operated only during weekend
periods.
The day lodge has 2 public restrooms - one each for men and
women. The men's room has 6 urinals, 5 water closets and 1 circle
sink. The women's has 10 water closets and 1 circle sink. This
facility has approximately 120 fixture-units. The lodge employs
approximately 5 persons on weekends and 2 to 3 on weekdays, none
of whom stay overnight. The waste from this facility flows to a
septic tank and drain field. Figure 6 illustrates the area location
and day lodge.
Acknowledgments
The assistance and cooperation of the following agencies in
making this study is acknowledged:
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TIMBERLINE LODGE SKI AREA
TIMBERLINE LODGE AND SEWAGE TREATMENT PLAN
FIGURE 5. TIMBERLINE LODGE SKI AREA
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SKI AREA LOCATION
DAY LODGE
FIGURE 6 BACHELOR BUTTE SKI AREA
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1) U.S. Forest Service
Mt. Hood National Forest, Zig Zag Ranger Station
Snoqualmie National Forest, White River Ranger District
Deschutes National Forest, Bend Ranger District
2) Crystal Mountain, Inc.
3) Timber!ine Lodge Corp.
4) Bachelor Butte Ski Area
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SUMMARY
Findings
1. Approximately 70% of water used at Crystal Mountain Ski
Area is returned as wastewater, which is lower than what was
expected. This is attributed to consumptive and exfiltration
losses.
2. Day Lodge water use relationships as a function of total
daily visitors were derived for Crystal Mountain and Bachelor Butte
ski areas. These relationships with the 95% confidence limits
of the coefficients are:
Crystal Mountain Q = 3000 + 2.61 +_0.46(TV)
Bachelor Butte Q = 1095 + 0.83 +_0.25(TV)
3. Overnight lodge water use relationships as a function of
total daily overnight guests were derived for three lodges at
Crystal Mountain. Their relationships indicated an average per
guest water use that varied from 17 to 57 gpd and a base water use
that varied from 780-3470 gpd. These relationships with the 95%
confidence limits of the coefficients are:
Alpine Inn Q = 3470 + 57 + 15(6)
Silver Skis Q = 2100 + 34 + 7(G)
Crystal House Q = 780 + 17 i 5(G)
4. A combined overnight-day lodge water use relationship
was derived from data for Timberline Lodge ski area and an assumed
/
30% consumptive loss. These data indicated the following average
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relationship with 95% confidence limits of the coefficients:
W = 6700 +1.4+ 0.4(TV) + 23 + 13(6)
5. Data on sewage flow variations at Crystal Mountain and
Timberline Lodge indicated the following ratios:
a. The ratio of 16-hour to 24-hour average flow varied
from 1.25 to 1.48
b. The ratio of peak to 24-hour average flow varied
from 8.5 to 10.9 flow, and
c. The ratio of maximum hour to 24-hour average varied
from 3.1 to 4.2.
6. The raw wastewater temperature at Crystal Mountain Ski
Area varied from 5 - 7°C above the air temperature.
7. The average wastewater strengths in mg/1 (except pH)
from Timberline Lodge and Crystal Mountain are as follows:
Parameter Timberline Lodge Crystal Mountain
PH
TS
% Volatile TS
SS
% Volatile SS
COD
TP04
% OP04
TKN
6.2
657
88
321
87
749
12.7
50
76.6
6.6
785
94
372
92
832
13.2
55
80.0
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Parameter Timberline Lodge Crystal Mountain
NH3 28.5 17.3
BOD5 395 382
% Soluble BOD5 63
8. Correlations between daily visitor and overnight use
and the various wastewater parameters gave the following relation-
ships with 95% confidence limits in terms of pounds per day:
SS (Ib/day) = 0.059 E + 0.0031 + 0.01265(TV) + 0.292 ±0.21(6)
COD (Ib/day) = 0.24 E + 0.0168 +_ 0.0133(TV) + 0.0844 + 0.23(6)
TP04(lb/day) = 0.00017 E + 0.0136 + 0.012(6)
TKN (Ib/day) = 0.0156 E + 0.00886 + 0.0096(TV)
BOD,-(Ib/day) = 0.17 E + 0.0057 + 0.0078(TV) + 0.041 +0.132(6)
o
Conclusions
1. Water use and wastewater discharged at the various
facilities at winter sports areas is a linear function of full-time
employees, number of fixture-units, and overnight guests and total
daily visitors.
2. Base use which was defined as the fixed amount of water
required to run a facility is apparently a function of the number
of full-time employees and number of fixture-units. An average
value was calculated of 1.73 gallons per day per employee per
fixture-unit. This value had a range from 1.49 to 1.93 at the
six lodges studied.
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3. Per capita water use per total visitor at day lodges is
apparently a function of area operation which in turn affects the
percent of skiers and non-skiers. The two areas studied have
been classed as:
Type I: Resort area operating 7 days per week.
Type II: Weekend area with major use primarily on
weekends only.
4. Per capita water use per overnight guest at overnight lodges
is a function of type of facility and type of guest that stays
there. There are at least three types of overnight lodges:
Type I: Dormitory
Type II: Condominium
Type III: Dormitory with attached restaurant and lounge
Type I has the least per capita use and Type III has the
maximum.
5. The quantity of various wastewater parameters discharged
is a linear function of number of full-time employees, and either
or both total visitors and overnight guests depending on the facility.
This relationship was verified by multiple linear regression
analysis techniques. Statistically significant but highly variable
relations were developed for COD, BOD5, SS, TKN, and TP04.
Recommendations
1. That the maximum value of the 95 percent confidence limit
be used in selecting design values.
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2. That a consumptive loss be assumed when estimating waste-
water flows from water use relationships.
3. That the peak flow be estimated at 10 times the average
daily flow.
4. That the following relationships be used to estimate water
use at various lodges at winter sports areas.
Day Lodges
Type I: Q = 1.73(E)(f.u.) + 3.07(TV)
Type II: Q = 1.73(E)(f.u.) + 1.08(TV)
Overnight Lodges
Type I: Q = 1.73(E)(f.u.) + 22(G)
Type II: Q = 1.73(E)(f.u.) + 41 (G)
Type III: Q = 1.73(E)(f.u.) + 72(G)
Combined Overnight-Day Lodge
Q = 1.73(E)(f.u.) + 1.8(TV) + 36(G)
5. That the following relationships be used for estimating
the BOD5 and COD strength of wastewaters from winter sports areas:
BOD5 (Ib/day) = 0.17(E) + 0.0135(TV) + 0.173(6)
COD (Ib/day) = 0.24(E) + 0.03(TV) + 0.31(G)
6. That the following relationships be used to estimate the
solids strength of winter sports area wastewaters:
SS (Ib/day) = 0.059(E) + 0.013(TV) + 0.29(G)
VSS = 0.90(SS)
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STUDY PROCEDURES
Crystal Mountain
Water use data were collected for the Day Lodge, Alpine Inn,
Crystal House and Silver Skis Chalet by reading water meters at
each location every Friday and Monday at approximately 1:00 pm
from January 12 through April 26, 1968. Total daily visitor atten-
dance at the area was determined from a traffic counter which was
installed and read by the U. S. Forest Service and an estimated
4 persons per vehicle.
Overnight guests were recorded by the lodge owners and sub-
mitted to the U. S. Forest Service Snow Ranger at the area.
Wastewater flow to the treatment plant was measured by
installing a 60° V-notch weir on the effluent side of the plant
clarifier. A water stage recorder* was installed to record the
gage height which was then converted to flow. An 8-day chart was
used and changed by the U. S. Forest Service Snow Ranger once per
week. This recorder was installed on January 12 and removed on
April 26, 1968. Figure 7 illustrates the installation of this
unit.
The raw wastewater quality was determined by collecting samples
every hour at an influent manhole before the treatment plant.
* Leupold-Stevens Type F Recorder
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FLOW MEASUREMENT WEIR AND RECORDER
RAW SEWAGE SAMPLING LOCATION AND SAMPLER
FIGURE 7. CRYSTAL MOUNTAIN SURVEY EQUIPMENT
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23
These samples were collected using an automatic sampler* and then
composited porportionately with the flows measured by the recorder.
See Figure 7 for an illustration of this sampler and the location
of the sampling point.
The wastewater samples were put into an iced container and
sent via bus to the Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory in Con/all is,
Oregon for analysis. Analyses of unpreserved samples for BOD,-
occurred within a 24-hr period. Samples for COD analysis were
preserved with concentrated sulfuric acid and samples for the
nitrogen and phosphorous forms were preserved with mercuric chloride.
A grab sample that was collected on January 12, transported on
ice to the Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory and analyzed immediately
and 24-hrs later for BOD,- showed less than 10% difference in values.
Three surveys were made at the area from February 1-18, March
8-12, and April 26-29, 1968.
Data were collected on air temperature and influent sewage
temperature from March 8 to March 14 using continuous recording
thermometers**
Timber!ine Lodge
Total daily visitor attendance at the area was measured by a
traffic counter installed and maintained by the Oregon State Highway
Department.
* Servco Sampler
** Ryan Recording Thermometers
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Overnight guests were recorded by the Timber!ine Lodge
Management on a daily basis and submitted to the U. S. Forest
Service on a monthly basis.
Wastewater flow from the area is continuously measured by
a 22.5° V-notch weir at the sewage treatment plant. The plant
operator reads a totalizer on the weir-stage recorder daily and
submits this information on a monthly basis to the Oregon State
Sanitary Authority. Copies of these monthly reports were pro-
vided by the U. S. Forest Service.
The raw wastewater quality of the area wastes was determined
in a manner similar to that described for the Crystal Mountain
Surveys. Figure 8 illustrates the samplers and location where
these data were collected.
Bachelor Butte
Water use data were collected at the day lodge by reading the
lodge water meter. This meter was read as often as possible by the
lodge manager and the data then was given to the U. S. Forest
Service Snow Ranger at the area.
Total daily visitor data were obtained from a traffic counter
at the area. Data on overnight guests at the overnight lodge
were provided by the lodge manager.
Data at this area were collected from the period December 15,
1967 through May 5, 1968.
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FIGURE 8
TIMBERLINE LODGE RAW SEWAGE SAMPLER
AND LOCATION.
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RESULTS
Waste Quantities
In order to measure consumptive water loss and to provide a
basis for converting water use data collected to a reasonable
value of wastewater flow, water used and waste discharged were
measured at Crystal Mountain for the period 2/12-4/29/68. This
comparison indicated that approximately 70% of the water used is
returned as waste and that the relationship is linear or that
the percentage returned is constant. Figure 9 shows this relation-
ship. The data points, which fall well outside the relationship,
are attributed primarily to infiltration which occurred as a
result of heavy rainfall and warm weather during this period.
Day Lodge Water Use
The water use data obtained for the two day-lodges, Crystal
Mountain and Bachelor Butte, indicate a linear relationship
between water use and total daily visitors. These relationships
together with the statistical significance of the per visitor use
are summarized below:
TABLE 1: DAY LODGE WATER USE RELATIONSHIPS
Confidence Limits of Per Visitor Use.gpd
Area Relationship 90% 95% 99%
Crystal
Mountain Q=3000+2.61 TV 2.22-2.99 2.15-3.07 1.99-3.23
Bachelor
Butte Q=1095+0.83 TV 0.62-1.04 0.58-1.08 0.50-1.16
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8
Q WATER USED IN UNITS OF
10.000 GALLONS
10
FIGURE 9. CRYSTAL MOUNTAIN WASTE FLOW VS
WATER USE
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Figure 10 illustrates the data collected and the computed
relationships.
As can be seen, the mean per visitor use varies from 0.83
gpd for Bachelor Butte to 2.61 gpd for Crystal Mountain with
"base use" at these areas 1095 and 3000 gpd respectively. This
base use which has been defined previously includes the quantity
of water required to run the establishment regardless of number
of visitors and may include use for steam heating systems,
automatic flush urinals, and employees use.
Overnight Lodges
The three overnight lodges studied indicated a highly
variable per capita use per overnight guest that seemed to vary
also with type of facility and size.
The Alpine Inn, which has complete overnight facilities
with a restaurant and lounge, had the highest per guest and base
water use of the three units studied with an average per guest use
of 57 gpd and a base use of 3470 gpd. The 95% confidence limits
of the per guest use varied from 41-72 gpd.
The Silver Skis Chalet, the next largest unit had a base use
of 2100 gpd and a per guest use of 34 gpd. The per guest use of
34 gpd for this facility showed the least variation with a 95%
confidence interval from 27-41 gpd.
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16.000
LEGEND
o CRYSTAL MTN.
x BACHELOR BUTTE
14,000--
laooo--
IO.OOO-
Q
CL
O
Ld
(/)
(T
LJ
I
a
8.00O-
6.000- •
4OOO--
2.000 -
Q=l095-t-0.83TV
0
1 1 1 1—
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
TV, TOTAL DAILY VISITOR
FIGURE: 10 DAY LODGE WATER USE
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The Crystal House, the smallest unit, had the smallest base
use and per guest use with 780 gpd and 17 gpd respectively. The
95% confidence limits of the guest use varied from 11-22 gpd.
These data and the computed relationships are shown in
Figure 11.
The relationships together with the statistical significance
of the per guest use are summarized below.
TABLE 2: OVERNIGHT LODGE WATER USE RELATIONSHIPS
Unit Relationships
Alpine Inn Q=3470+57G
Silver Skis Q=2100+34G
Crystal House Q=780+17G
Confidence
90%
44-70
28-40
12-21
Limits of Per
95%
41-72
27-41
11-22
Guest Use, gpd
99%
36-78
25-43
9-24
Combined Overnight-Day Lodge
The only combined overnight-day lodge studied was that at
Timberline Lodge. Analysis of the data indicated a base flow of
4700 gpd, an average per visitor waste flow with 95% confidence
limits of 1.0 gpd (+0.26) and an average per guest flow of 16 gpd
(+9). However, based on the 70% wastewater to water use ratio, the
average water use figures would be 1.4 and 23 gpd respectively for
total visitor and overnight guests, which are in the same range as
those reported previously for the day lodges and overnight lodges.
The computed relationship, then, for water use at a combined over-
night-day lodge is as follows:
Q = 6700 + 1.4 + 0.4(TV) + 23 +_ 13(G)
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10.000- -
_J
<
O
Q
LJ
V)
CC
LJ
I
5.00O-
O
I I
ALPINE INN
0=3470+57G
SILVER SKIS
Q=2IOO+34G
CRYSTAL HOUSE
Q-780+ 17 G
LEGEND
H 1-
-I h
-f
• CRYSTAL HOUSE
o SILVER SKIS CHALET
X ALPINE INN.
_, ^
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300
OVERNIGHT GUESTS , G
FIGURE II. OVERNIGHT LODGE WATER USE
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Sewage Flow Variations
The hourly, daily, and weekly sewage flow fluctuations were
studied at both Crystal Mountain and Timber!ine Lodge. Pertinent
ratios are reported for the 16-hour average, the maximum hour and
the maximum peak in terms of the 24-hour average flows for both week-
days (Monday through Friday) and weekends (Saturday and Sunday).
The average ratio of 16-hour to 24-hour average flow for Timber-
line Lodge was 1.48 on weekdays with a range from 1.1 to 2.0. For
weekends the average was lower at 1.28 with a range from 1.0 to 1.7.
The ratio of maximum hour to 24-hour average flow at Timberline
Lodge was 4.2 on weekdays with a range from 1.1 to 9.5 and 3.1 on
weekends with a range from 1.2 to 5.2.
The average ratio of 16-hour to 24-hour average flow at Crystal
Mountain was essentially the same for both weekdays and weekends with
values of 1.25 and 1.26 respectively. This ratio showed a range from
1.0 to 2.2.
The average ratio of peak flow to 24-hour average flow at Crystal
Mountain was higher for weekdays than weekends, with values of 10.9
and 8.5 respectively. The range was from 3.0 to 30.0 for this ratio.
Table 3 summarizes these data.
Waste Quality
Data collected on the physical, chemical and organic strength
of the wastewater from the two winter recreation areas studied,
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34
Crystal Mountain and Timber!ine Lodge, are summarized in Table 4,
Complete data are presented in the Appendix.
TABLE 3: SEWAGE FLOW VARIATIONS
Flow Timber!ine Crystal
Ratio Lodge Mountain
Weekday
16-hr ave. 1.48 1.25
Max. ave. 4.2-/ 10.9^
Weekend
16-hr ave. 1.28 1.26
Max. ave. 3.I-/ 8.S-/
a/ ratio is for maximum 1-hour average
b/ ratio based on maximum peak daily flow
Physical
Significant parameters studied in this category include
temperature, pH and solids.
Temperature data, which is particularly significant if a bio-
logical treatment process is considered at the area, was studied
at Crystal Mountain by installing continuous recording thermometers
as previously described.
The results of this study, presented in Figure 12, indicate
that the waste temperature runs approximately 5-7°C above the air
temperature. For the first several days of this study, March 8 and
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TABLE 4: AVERAGE RAW WASTEWATER QUALITY
FOR TIMBERLINE LODGE AND CRYSTAL MOUNTAIN SKI AREAS
35
Analysis
BOD (Total)
mg/1
BOD (Centri-
fuged)mg/l
COD mg/1
TS mg/1
TVS mg/1
SS mg/1
VSS mg/1
pH (field)
Alk mg/1
TPO. mg/1
4 as P
OPO, mg/1
4 as P
NH- mg/1
J as N
NO- mg/1
as N
NO, mg/1
J as N
TKN mg/1
as N
Cl mg/1
TH mg/1
as CaC03
Area
Timberline Lodge
Standard
Average Deviation
395 126
250
749 198
657
426
321 177
278
6.2
205
12.7 2.4
6.2 1.5
28.5 36.5
0.09
0.22
76.6
48.0
30.0
Crystal
Average
382
88
832
785
562
372
341
6.6
277
13.2
7.4
17.3
0.08
0.21
80.0
35.0
60.0
Mountain
Standard
Deviation
170
-
233
-
-
208
-
-
-
6.6
3.0
14.9
-
-
29.3
-
-
-------
20--
15--
,~
I I
I i
1
DATA
h- UNRELIABLE
,^~\ SEWAGE
AIR
MAR 8 MAR 9 ' MAR 10 MAR II MAR I a MAR 13 ' MAR 14
FIGURE 12. CRYSTAL MOUNTAIN AIR AND SEWAGE TEMPERATURES
-------
37
9, the waste temperature held constant at approximately 5°C,
regardless of air temperature. Then from March 10 through March 11
the waste tmperature varied almost consistently 6-7°C above the
air temperature. Temperature was again constant from March 11-13,
but then varied with air temperature from March 13-14. It is
believed that data are unreliable for the periods of high variation.
It should be noted that the temperature relationships presented
here are specific to the Crystal Mountain location and should serve
only as a guide if applied to other areas. This is because of the
physical characteristics of the sewerage system such as water
tightness, depth, slope, etc. and the types and numbers of fixtures
contributing to flow. All of these variables are specific to
Crystal Mountain for the data presented.
The second parameter in this category is pH which is an
approximate measure of the acidity or alkalinity of the waste.
The Crystal Mountain pH as measured in the field ranged from
6.1 to 7.0. For Timber!ine Lodge the range was from 5.5 to 7.3
For both areas, the laboratory analysis for pH gave a value approx-
imately 10 percent greater than that obtained in the field. This
is attributed to differences in analytical instruments and changes
in transit from the field to the laboratory.
Solids are the third parameter in this group and include analytical
determinations for total solids, total volatile solids, suspended
solids and volatile suspended solids.
-------
38
Total solids averaged 657 mg/1 for Timberline Lodge and 785
mg/1 for Crystal Mountain. The percent volatile matter was 88 and
94 percent respectively for the two areas.
Suspended solids averaged 321 and 372 mg/1 for Timberline
Lodge and Crystal Mountain respectively with corresponding standard
deviations of 177 mg/1 and 208 mg/1. The percent volatile matter
was 87 percent for Timberline and 92 percent for Crystal Mountain.
Chemical
Included in this group are the parameters chemical oxygen
demand, (COD), alkalinity (Alk), total and ortho phosphates (TPO,
and OPO»), chlorides (Cl), total hardness (TH), and ammonia,
nitrite, nitrate and total kjeldahl nitrogen (NH~, N0?, N0« and TKN)
The average COD for Timberline Lodge was 749 mg/1 with a
standard deviation of 198 mg/1. For Crystal Mountain this average
COD was 832 with a standard deviation of 233 mg/1.
The average alkalinity, total hardness and chlorides in the
wastewaters at both Crystal Mountain and Timberline Lodge were
similar and not much different than a normal domestic sewage.
Phosphate analyses for the two areas for total and ortho
phosphates forms were very close to the same for both areas. Total
phosphate analysis gave an average value of 12.7 and 13.2 mg/1
for Timberline and Crystal respectively with respective standard
deviations of 2.4 and 6.6 mg/1. Soluble or ortho phosphates were
approximately 50-55 percent of the total phosphates.
-------
39
Analysis for the nitrogen forms NH~, NOp, NCL, and TKN, in-
dicated that essentially all of the nitrogen in the wastewater is
in the form of NhL and organic nitrogen which is typical of domestic
wastewaters.
For Timberline Lodge the average TKN concentration, which
measures NH~ and organic nitrogen, was 76.6 mg/1. Approximately 37
percent or 28.5 mg/1 was in the form of NH~.
For Crystal Mountain the average TKN was 80.0 mg/1 with a
standard deviation of 29.3 mg/1. Approximately 22 percent or 17.3
mg/1 was in the form of NH3-
Biological
The only parameter studied in this category was the 5-day 20°C
biological oxygen demand (BOD5) which is a standard measure of the
degradable organic strength of a wastewater. Average concentrations
at the two areas studied were determined together with correlation
between COD and total visitors and overnight guests. The soluble
portion of the BOD,- at Timberline was also determined for the first
phase of the survey at this area.
The values reported here are most likely on the order of 10
percent low due to degradation during time of transit from the field
to the laboratory. This figure was measured prior to surveys at
each area as explained previously.
The average concentrations determined at both areas were very close
to the same with an average value of 395 mg/1 (standard deviation
126 mg/1) for Timberline Lodge and an average of 382 mg/1 (standard
deviation of 170 mg/1) for Crystal Mountain. Data collected
-------
40
at Timber!ine indicated that approximately 63 percent of the total
BOD5 is soluble.
Correlation Analyses
Correlation analyses between total visitor use, overnight
guests and the parameters suspended solids, COD, BOD,-, total
kjeldahl nitrogen and total phosphate were made from the combina-
tion of data from Timberline Lodge and Crystal Mountain. These
analyses were made using multiple linear regression analysis tech-
niques and on the assumption that the data fit a linear relation
of the form
y = a + b(TV) + C (G)
where
y = dependent variables SS, COD, BODg, TKN and TP04
a = base value constant
b = total visitor coefficient
TV = independent variable, total visitors
C = overnight guests coefficient
G = independent variable, overnight guests
The correlation equations for the 5 parameters studied are
summarized in Table 5, together with the 95% confidence limits of
the coefficient developed.
-------
TABLE 5
SUMMARY OF CORRELATION ANALYSES
Parameter,
Ib/day
Suspended Solids, SS
Chemical Oxygen
Demand, COD
Biochemical Oxygen
Demand, BOD5
Total Kjeldahl
Nitrogen, TKN
Total Phosphates
TPO,
Base Value
Constant
lb/ employee/
day a/
0.059
0.24
0.17
-0.0473
0.00098
Average
Ib/total
per day
0.00031
0.0168
0.0057
0.0062
-0.00016
95% Confidence
visitor Limits
lb/ total
visitors/day
+0.01265
+0.0133
+ 0.0078
+ 0.0105
+ 0.0007
Average
Ib/overnight
guest/day
0.292
0.0844
0.041
0.0697
0.0154
95% Confidence
Limits
Ib/overnight
guest/day
+ 0.21
+ 0.23
+ 0.132
+0.190
+ 0.0116
a_/= These values based on a total of 109 full-time employees contributing to base use at the
areas studied.
SS = 0.059 E + 0.00031 + 0.01265(TV) + 0.292 + 0.21(G)
COD = 0.24 E + 0.0168 + 0.0133(TV) + 0.0844 + 0.23(G)
BOD5 = 0.17 E + 0.0057 + 0.0078(TV) + 0.041 + 0.132(6)
TKN = -0.0473 E + 0.0062 + 0.0105(TV) + 0.0697 + 0.190(G)
TP04 = 0.00098 E + 0.0154 + 0.0116(G) - 0.00016 + 0.0007(TV)
-------
42
-------
DISCUSSION
Consumptive Use
Consumptive water loss at the Crystal Mountain ski area
was measured at 30 percent. This value seemed extremely high
when considering normal consumptive uses such as for cleaning,
culinary purposes and etc. However, the value may not be un-
reasonable if additional losses for heating system make-up water,
and exfiltration losses in the sewerage system are considered.
Water Use
From the relationships developed for estimating water use
at various winter sports area facilities, it is apparent that
there are two primary factors involved: Base use and the per
capita use of total visitors and/or overnight guests.
The base water use at the various lodges appears to be
primarily a function of number of employees and number and type
of water using fixtures as measured by fixture-units (f.u.). This
is demonstrated by the consistency of the unit base flow values
(gallons/employee/fixture-unit) as shown in Table 6. The range
of these values is from 1.49 to 1.93 with differences easily
accounted for by errors in estimating the number of fixture-units
at the lodges. For this reason it is felt that an average value
of the unit flows would be a more representative value rather
than assuming that the value varies with type of lodge. The
-------
44
average unit flow value is 1.73 and is used for all the lodges
throughout the remainder of this report. The fact that this
figure is apparently consistent for all the lodges regardless
of type and location should permit the application of the relation-
ships developed in this report to any winter recreation facility
regardless of size or location, if a reasonable estimate can be
made of the number of full-time employees and lodge fixture-units.
TABLE 6
CONVERSION OF BASE FLOW TO UNIT TERMS
Lodge
Timberline Lodge
Crystal Day Lodge
Bachelor Day Lodge
Alpine Inn
Silver Skis
Crystal House
a/ Based on number
Full Time Fixture Base Unit Base
Employees Units Flow Flow
E f.u. gpd gpd/E/f.u.
15*/
13
5
8
3
3
of employees
300
150
120
225
380
150
that
6700
3000
1095
3470
2100
780
stay overnight
1.49
1.54
1.83
1.93
1.84
1.73
Per capita water use per total visitor at the two day lodges
varied from 0.83 gpd at Bachelor Butte to 2.61 gpd at Crystal
Mountain. This variance is attributed to the fact that the Bachelor
Butte area is principally a weekend sports area with a high percent
of skiers in the total visitor use, whereas Crystal Mountain is
-------
45
quite active 7 days a week with a much lower percent of skiers.
Because of the wide difference in per capita water use and dif-
ference in type of area, it is felt that the figures from the two
areas cannot be averaged into a figure representative of day
lodges in general, but should be considered separately. The
per capita water use per total visitor at Timberline Lodge was
1.4 gpd. , or between that for Bachelor and Crystal. The area
could also be considered as operating somewhere between the two.
There was considerable difference in the per capita use per
overnight guest at the overnight lodges, with a range from 17 to
57 gpd. This difference is attributed to type of facility and
type of guests that stay there. The Crystal House which had the
lowest per guest use of 17 gpd is primarily a dormitory type
facility with individual bathrooms for each room. It is reasoned
that a younger aged population, young married couples or groups
of young men or women would stay here. This group is more active
and most likely spend considerable amount of a day's time away from
their rooms, thereby giving a low per capita water use. The Silver
Skis Chalet on the other hand has complete apartments with kitchen
facilities and is more suited to accommodate full families, where
perhaps the wife or children may not ski. It is presumed, then,
that this segment of the population would probably spend more time
in their rooms than the younger type which may stay at the Crystal
House and,therefore,use more water. The Alpine Inn which had the
-------
46
highest per capita use has dormitory type and family type accommo-
dations which would be expected to give a use somewhere between
that for Crystal House and Silver Skis Chalet. However, the lounge
and restaurant, which serves guests other than those staying at
the Alpine Inn, would be expected to raise the per capita use, as
is the case. Per capita use per overnight guest at Timberline
Lodge was calculated as 23 gpd which is higher than the dormitory
type lodge but lower than the condominium type.
Sewage Flow Variations
The sewage flow variations at Crystal Mountain and Timberline
Lodge are very similar to those of small communities with 16-hour
average to 24-hour average flow ratios of 1.25 to 1.5 and maximum
ratios of 3.1 to 10.9 for hourly and peak flows to 24-hour averages.
While these values are not unusually high, it should be noted that
the extreme range of these variations is quite high with peak flows
being as high as 30 times the average daily and the 16-hour average
being as high as 2 times the average daily. A more extreme varia-
tion in flows on weekdays was noted but is not considered unusual
because of the lower use during this period when extremes would be
more noticeable.
Wastewater Quality
The quality of the wastewaters discharged at both the Timberline
and Crystal ski areas showed little significant variation in the
-------
47
average values of the data collected and were quite similar to a
strong municipal sewage in terms of BOD,-, COD, SS and nutrients.
The statistical correlation analyses between the various
waste parameters and use indicated relationships dependent on full-
time employees, overnight guests and total visitors. As was ex-
pected, the relationships developed were linear, quite variable,
and indicated that the contribution from an overnight guest or a
full-time employee is considerably greater than that from daily
visitor. The relationships also indicated that the per capita
contributions of BOD5 and COD from full-time employees are essentially
the same as those from a normal residential population.
The total kjeldahl (TKN) relationship, which gave a negative
value for full-time employees, is obviously unreliable. This is
attributed to the fact that there were insufficient data available
to properly define the relationship (approximately 1/2 the number
of data used in developing the other relations).
The total phosphate (TPO.) relationship also gave a negative
coefficient but for total visitors in this case. The fact that
the average value is negative is attributed primarily to a lack of
sufficient data to adequately define the average value of the total
visitor coefficient, but also due to the relative insignificance
of the total visitor contribution of TPO, as compared to overnight
guests. However, the fact that the 95% confidence limit of the
total visitor coefficient does have a positive figure, and in
-------
48
actuality could probably range from near zero to 0.00054 Ib/day
would seem to indicate that perhaps the relationship may have some
application. The weak relationship of the total visitor coefficient
is not unusual when considering the expected sources of TPO* in
the wastewater. It was found that the TPO. is principally in the
soluble orthophosphate form which comes principally from phosphate
base detergents and soaps. Since the total visitor would have
little reason to use soaps while at a ski area, it is not unusual
to see a very low per capita contribution of TPO. from total visitors.
-------
DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS
It is felt that the data presented in this report will
support recommendations for design values of wastewater flows
from various types of facilities at winter sports areas and for
the organic and nutrient strength of these wastewaters. It is
recognized that there may be circumstances where the recommenda-
tion of this report does not apply. However, this is left up to
the judgement of the design engineer.
Design Flow
It is the recommendation of this report that the upper limit
of the 95% confidence interval for all of the relationships devel-
oped be used when considering the selection of a loading value.
The selection of this confidence interval is based on the low
stream flow criteria recommended in the Federal Water Pollution
Control's Guidelines issued as an aid to the States in their devel-
opment of water quality standards. This guide suggests the use of
the 10-day low flow with a recurrence interval of 25 years. This
offers protection approximately 96 percent of the time.
It is also recommended that average wastewater flows calculated
from water use should be adjusted for a consumptive loss. While
the consumptive loss measured in this study was 30 percent there
is not sufficient data to recommend that this percentage be used
for all areas.
-------
50
On the basis of the results from the flow study at the two
day lodges, Crystal Mountain and Bachelor Butte, it appears
necessary to characterize day lodges by two types: Type I as a
resort type with 7-day a week operation and Type II, the weekend
type with primarily weekend use only. For estimating the daily
water use in gallons per day from day lodges, the following
relationships are recommended:
Type I: Q = 1.73 (E)(f.u.) + 3.07(TV)
Type II: Q = 1.73 (E)(f.u.) + 1.08(TV)
where
Q = water use, gallons per day
E = number of full-time employees
f.u. = number of lodge fixture-units
TV = total visitors to area that day
Since there are also various types of overnight lodges with
per capita water use varying by type, overnight lodges have been
classed as follows:
Type I: Dormitory type with no cooking facilities
(Crystal House).
Type II: Condominium type with full kitchens and
bathroom facilities (Silver Skis Chalet).
Type III: Dormitory type with attached restaurant and
lounge (Alpine Inn).
The following relations are recommended for estimating water
use from these three types of overnight lodges:
-------
51
Type I: Q = 1.73 (E)(f.u.) + 22(G)
Type II: Q = 1.73 (E)(f.u.) + 41(G)
Type III: Q = 1.73 (E)(f.u.) + 72(G)
The third type of lodge studied during this survey was the
combined day-overnight lodge at the Timberline Lodge ski area.
Since the water use at this type of lodge is affected by both
total visitor and overnight guests, both of these parameters are
included as independent variables in the relation.
Combined Overnight-Day Lodge
Q = 1.73(E)(f.u.) + 1.8(TV) + 36(G)
The peak daily flow is also an important parameter in sizing
secondary clarifier overflow rates to insure against the carryover
of biological solids. Since the data for this parameter was
obtained from only one system and it is known that peak flow varies
with size, the use of the figure should be limited to areas of
similar size. The figure recommended for the peak design flow rate
is 10 times the average 24-hour daily average as computed from the
previously given relationships.
Design Organic Loading
In a secondary biological treatment system the organic loading
in terms of ultimate BOD (estimated by COD) or five-day BOD is of
primary importance in sizing lagoons, aeration tank volumes, aerator
capacities, and final clarifiers. The following relations are
recommended for use in estimating the organic loading from a com-
bined system at a winter sports area:
-------
52
Ultimate BOD(COD) = 0.24 (E) + 0.03(TV) + 0.31(G)
or
BOD5 = 0.17 (E) + 0.0135(TV) + 0.173(6)
Design Solids Loading
Suspended solids are a significant design parameter of a
treatment system as they directly affect the quantity of solids
that must be disposed of, through settling in a septic tank,
primary settler, or in a lagoon.
The following relationship is recommended for use in estimating
the total suspended solids in wastewater from a winter sports area:
SS (Ib/day) = 0.059 (E) + 0.013(TV) + 0.29(G)
It will be noted that the average per capita value for the contri-
bution from overnight guests of 0.29 Ib/day is used rather than
the maximum value of the 95% confidence limit, which would be 0.503
Ib/day. This is done because it is felt that a value as high as
the 0.503 Ib/day is unreasonably high on the basis of values reported
in the literature.
To provide the reader with a better understanding in the use
of the recommended relationships presented in this report, an
example of how they may be applied is given as follows:
Design Example
Assume a winter sports area that has a Type I day lodge (7-
day a week operation) with 15 full-time employees and 150 fixture-
units and a Type III overnight lodge with 5 employees and 200 fixture-
-------
53
units. Assume also that the projected maximum use at the area for
design purposes is 10,000 daily total visitors and 200 overnight
guests. Assume also a 30% consumptive loss of water.
Design Flow:
Type I Day Lodge Q = (1.73)(E)(f.u.) + 3.07(TV)
Q = (1.73)(15)(150) + (3.07)00,000)
Q - 3900 + 30,700
Q = 34,600 gpd
Type III Overnight
Lodge Q = (1.73)(E)(f.u.) + 72(G)
Q = (1.73)(5)(200) + 72 x 200
Q = 1730 + 14,400
Q = 16,130 gpd
Design Waste Flow W = 50,730 x 0.7 = 35,500 gpd
Design Organic Load:
= 0.17(E)+ 0.0135(TV) + 0.173(6)
= (0.17)(20) + 0.0135(10,000) + 0.173 x 200
= 3.4 + 135 + 34.6
= 173 Ib/day
BOD5 Concentration = 173/8.34 x 0.0355 = 585 mg/1
BOD5 (Ib/day)
Design Solids Load:
SS (Ib/day)
SS Concentration
= 0.059(E) + 0.013(TV) + 0.29(G)
= (0.059)(20) + (0.013)00,000) + (0.29)(200)
=1.2+130+58
= 189.2 Ib/day
= 189.2/8.34 x 0.0355 = 640 mg/1
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54
-------
APPENDIX
-------
56
TABLE A-l: CRYSTAL MOUNTAIN
VISITOR AND GUEST DATA
Period
1/12-15
1/15-19
1/19-22
1/22-26
1/26-29
1/29-2/2
2/2-2/5
2/5-2/9
2/12
2/16
2/19
2/23
2/26
3/1
3/4
3/8
3/11
3/15
3/15-3/18
3/22
Area
Total VI
7119
1473
1473
7810
12287
1869
7343
2212
12426
2544
7842
3150
7607
1640
6311
1327
9237
1450
7794
3443
Day Lodge
s. Skiers
3943
552
552
4447
8733
1361
5091
1595
9251
1705
5135
2059
5967
798
4538
491
5396
926
4567
2373
Alpine Inn
G
132
32
110
54
151
42
155
76
155
64
220
117
124
31
77
59
218
94
184
80
Silver Ski
G
66
78
870
75
900
486
601
75
600
210
675
150
600
57
630
167
650
55
540
25
Crystal H
G
219
39
162
147
258
78
144
90
333
126
180
78
50
22
70
68
131
65
91
48
-------
57
TABLE A-l: CRYSTAL MOUNTAIN
VISITOR AND GUEST DATA (CONT.)
Area
Period Total Vis.
3/25
3/29
4/1
4/5
4/8
4/12
4/15
4/19
4/22
4/26
6797
1106
7941
876
4762
4722
6661
801
5671
254
Day Lodge
, Skiers
5085
723
5547
688
3712
4166
4660
668
3713
143
Alpine Inn
G
92
44
108
37
138
229
177
24
93
16
Silver Ski
G
510
31
525
36
450
175
210
19
168
8
Crystal H
G
88
29
61
43
80
166
65
32
47
12
-------
58
TABLE A-2: CRYSTAL MOUNTAIN WATER USE, GAL.
Period
1/12-15
1/15-19
1/19-22
1/22-26
1/26-29
1/29-2/1
2/2-5
2/5-9
2/9-12
2/12-16
2/16-19
2/19-23
2/23-26
2/26-3/1
3/1-4
3/4-8
3/7-8
3/8-9
3/9-10
3/10-11
Day Lodge
28,000
12,900
22,300
12,150
44,000
11,550
30,400
12,800
41,800
14,350
30,100
15,350
28,900
13,250
26,300
19,750
6,570
11,550
14,350
7,620
Alpine
NA
15,250
17,850
18,750
21 ,000
14,600
18,450
13,500
22,100
16,150
21,200
18,700
18,350
17,350
17,150
21,800
-
-
-
-
Crystal H.
5,000
2,550
4,050
4,950
7,050
3,450
4,800
3,740
6,300
5,910
6,200
5,690
5,540
2,020
4,640
4,340
1,400
2,780
2,830
1,065
Silver Skis
24,700
9,000
22,700
8,630
35,000
17,450
18,800
8,250
28,200
15,750
34,200
20,600
31 ,300
8,400
24,900
16,200
5,900
13,700
13,720
7,130
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59
TABLE A-2: CRYSTAL MOUNTAIN WATER USE, GAL.
(CONT.)
Period
3/11-12
3/12-13
3/8-11
3/11-15
3/15-18
3/18-22
3/25-29
3/29-4/1
4/1-5
4/5-8
4/8-12
4/12-15
4/15-18
4/18-22
4/22-26
4/26-29
4/27-28
4/28-29
Day Lodge
4,330
4,360
34,500
20,800
30,600
25,200
18,200
30,600
16,850
25,200
28,100
24,800
13,400
18,350
4,800
13,920
5,600
4,490
Alpine
-
-
22,400
18,350
19,700
18,950
12,550
15,900
13,500
18,000
18,550
22,900
13,100
21 ,900
2,510
-
-
Crystal H.
635
765
6,360
3,440
5,010
3,000
2,920
3,440
2,470
4,800
8,450
3,300
1,570
2,700
600
2,510
1,445
580
Silver Skis
4,320
4,230
34,900
17,800
23,400
14,550
6,740
19,350
7,250
29,600
38,100
24,500
7,420
17,000
15,100
30,400
-
4,450
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60
TABLE A-3: BACHELOR BUTTE WATER USE
Meter
25,500
25,600
26,100
29,300
31 ,000
-
-
-
31 ,400
31 ,500
31 ,700
34,300
-
-
-
37,500
37,600
37,700
40,500
-
-
Day Lodge
Reading Use Gal .
-
100
500
3,200
1,700
-
-
-
400
100
200
2,600
-
-
-
3,200
100
100
2,800
-
-
Area
Total Visitors
302
531
1,858
-
1,425
160
221
299
251
166
1,581
1,802
115
132
146
92
477
1,813
1,860
208
180
Skiers
249
445
1,559
-
1,193
132
182
246
207
137
1,319
1,484
95
109
120
76
400
1,514
1,543
171
148
-------
61
TABLE A-3: BACHELOR BUTTE WATER USE
Day Lodge
Meter Reading Use Gal.
-
-
44,200 3,700
44,300 100
46,800 2,500
-
-
-
49,800 3,000
-
50,200 400
52,800 2,600
55,400 2,600
-
-
-
55,600 200
59,100 3,500
-
61,800 2,700
-
Area
Total Visitors
330
537
401
2,354
2,383
319
302
364
673
670
2,378
2,373
667
625
374
684
775
2,651
2,907
191
296
Skiers
272
442
330
1,960
1,963
263
249
300
554
552
1,974
1,954
549
515
308
563
638
2,212
2,405
157
244
-------
62
TABLE A-3: BACHELOR BUTTE WATER USE
Day Lodge
Meter Reading Use Gal.
-
-
-
-
>
- •
-
-
62,000 200
64,700 2,700
-
67,700 3,000
-
-
-
67,800 100
71,300 3,500
-
74,200 2,900
77,000 2,800
80,300 3,300
Area
Total Visitors
3TO
656
969
1,986
2,390
276
211
242
255
2,051
2,389
231
216
389
245
366
2,450
3,114
1,768
1,529
1,814
Skiers
255
540
798
1,647
227
174
199
210
179
1,710
1,973
190
260
238
202
307
2,062
2,570
1,456
1,268
1,513
-------
TABLE A-3: BACHELOR BUTTE WATER USE
63
Day Lodge
Meter Reading Use Gal.
83,400
86,700
90,300
94,600
99,100
100,400
101,100
102,200
103,100
106,390
109,660
-
-
-
-
110,090
113,000
116,000
-
_
3,100
3,300
3,600
4,300
4,500
1,300
700
1,100
900
3,290
3,260
-
-
430
2,910
3,000
-
Area
Total Visitors
1,623
1,718
2,972
3,218
738
520
656
931
622
2,690
2,336
310
248
197
360
378
2,754
2,696
166
146
194
Skiers
1,343
1,421
2,459
2,656
608
428
540
767
512
2,220
1,924
255
204
162
302
311
2,284
2,220
137
120
160
-------
64
TABLE A-3: BACHELOR BUTTE WATER USE
Day Lodge
Meter Reading Use Gal.
-
116,200
119,100 2
-
121,800 2
-
-
-
-
122,000
124,300 2
126,400 2
-
-
-
-
126,600
129,100 2
132,000 2
132,200
135,600 3
-
200
,900
-
,700
-
-
-
-
200
,300
,100
-
-
-
-
200
,500
,900
200
,400
Area
Total Visitors
183
231
2,166
1,721
85
129
177
160
191
1,649
1,353
106
163
153
234
157
1,146
1,591
-
1,173
1,387
Skiers
151
190
1,784
1,417
70
106
146
132
157
1,358
1,114
87
134
126
193
129
944
1,310
-
966
1,142
-------
65
TABLE A-3: BACHELOR BUTTE WATER USE
Day Lodge" Area
Meter Reading Use Gal. Total Visitors Skiers
137,100 1,500 408 336
138,600 1,500 319 263
-------
TABLE A-4: Crystal Mountain Raw Sewage
Analysis
BOD
COD
IS
TVS
SS
TVSS
Lab pH
Alkalini
TPO^as P
NH3 as N
N03 as N
N02 as N
TKN as N
Cl
TH
CaH
Color
Hours in
Compos
Flow
pH
2/10
:y
Lte
14', 7 00
2/11
335
1081
736
520
340
300
8.0
350
11.4
7.6
11.5
0.33
0.07
112
4
47
100
19
32,900
6.3
2/12
350
1314
960
608
456
408
8.2
392
11.8
7.2
14.5
0.29
0.09
103
50
60
24
14,350
6.1
2/13
188
514
740
560
300
280
7.8
191
8.1
5.8
59.4
0.35
0.09
60.0
23
42
75
20
6,020
6.6
2/14
255
652
688
500
310
310
-
235
20.7
5.9
0.36
0.03
72
35
47
17
5,660
6.7
2/16
833
740
• 472
360
312
7.4
378
14.4
9.0
3
48
75
19
9,840
6.5
2/17
500
838
900
612
450
390
7.6
334
19.5
12.1
0.29
0.05
83
67
77
100
23
26,600
6.7
2/18
640
1380
1300
952
860
780
7.0
307
28.9
11.3
0.5
0.37
0.04
94
82
-
22
17,100
6.2
2/19
520
1002
1090
800
168
160
7.4
370
18.2
10.6
31.4
<0.05
0.04
114.4
86
86
150
21
5,805
6.4
3/8
230
-
624
480
260
196
6.9
162
6.4
3.8
8.7
0.1
0.05
40.5
26
75
20
19,100
6.9
3/9
333
-
420
290
136
120
7.2
167
4.5
3.1
8.9
0.1
0.11
54.1
34
40
20
47,000
6.7
3/10
330
710
1000
800
540
490
7.5
248
14.1
5.8
13.7
0.07
0.12
70.3
30
300
20
24,000
6.7
3/11
490
-
340
172
192
180
8.1
270
6.6
4.3
14.1
0.11
0.04
51.3
36
100
24
17,400
6.8
4/26
183
310
504
364
168
164
6.7
167
5.1
3.5
8.2
0.2
0.06
42
16
175
19
2,590
7.0
4/27
198
337
528
328
296
260
7
208
9.5
6.5
14.6
0.32
0.1
59
25
100
20
5,590.
6.6
4/28
450
680
848
624
340
340
7.8
347
13.5
8.8
15.5
0.3
0.13
126
48
200
24
11,610
6.7
4/29
740
1270
1160
896
780
780
7.7
283
17.3
11.6
23.4
0.07
0.21
118
47
400
19
9.09C
6.9
Ave
382
832
785
562
372
341
7.5
277
13.2
7.4
17.3
.21
0.08
80.0
35
60
140
14,916
6.6
'Note: All values in mg/1 except pH, Color, and Flow
-------
TABLE A-5: DAY LODGE DATA
67
Crystal
Water Use
gpa
9,350
5,030
3,040
14,667
2,887
10,130
3,200
13,850
3,590
10,060
3,840
9,630
3,310
8,767
4,937
11,500
5,200
10,200
6,300
9,867
4,550
Mountain
Visitors
2,370
210
1,952
4,096
467
2,444
553
4,142
636
2,814
788
2,540
410
2,104
332
3,080
362
2,598
861
2,266
277
Bachelor
Water Use
gpd
3,200
1,700
2,600
2,800
2,800
3,300
2,500
2,700
2,600
2,600
3,500
2,700
2,700
3,000
3,500
2,900
2,800
3,300
3,100
3,300
3,600
Butte
Visitors
1,858
1,425
1,581
1,802
1,813
1,860
2,354
2,383
2,378
2,373
2,651
2,907
2,051
2,389
2,450
3,114
1,768
1,529
1,814
1,623
1,718
-------
68
TABLE A-5: DAY LODGE DATA
(CONT.)
Crystal
Water Use
gpa
10,200
4,210
8,400
7,025
8,260
4,460
4,580
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Mountain
Visitors
2,647
219
1,587
1,180
2,220
267
1,415
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Bachelor
Water Use
gpd
4,300
4,500
1,300
700
1,100
900
3,290
3,260
2,910
3,000
2,900
2,700
2,300
2,100
2,500
2,900
Butte
Visitors
2,972
3,956
520
656
931
622
2,690
2,336
2,754
2,696
2,166
1,721
1,649
1,353
1,146
1,591
-------
69
TABLE A-6: OVERNIGHT LODGE DATA
Alpine
Water Use
gpd
3,810
5,950
4,700
7,000
3,650
6,150
3,370
7,360
4,040
7,100
4,670
6,120
4,340
5,720
5,450
7,460
4,600
6,600
4,750
5,400
3,150
Inn
Guests
8
37
14
50
10
52
19
52
16
73
29
41
8
26
15
73
24
61
20
31
11
Silver Ski
Water Use
gpa
2,250
7,560
2,160
11,670
4,360
6,270
2,060
9,400
3,940
11,400
5,150
10,430
2,100
8,300
4,050
11,630
4,600
7,800
7,230
1,685
6,450
s
Guests
20
190
19
300
122
201
19
200
52
225
115
200
14
210
42
217
52
180
170
8
175
Crystal
Water Use
gpd
1,667
637
1,350
1,237
2,350
862
1,000
935
2,100
1,480
2,067
1,422
1,846
505
1,546
1,085
2,120
860
1,670
750
1,273
House
Guests
73
10
54
37
86
20
48
22
111
32
60
20
17
6
23
17
44
16
30
12
29
-------
70
TABLE A-6: OVERNIGHT LODGE DATA
(CONT.)
Alpine
Water Use
gpa
5,300
3,370
6,000
4,640
7,630
3,270
7,300
_
Inn
Guests
36
9
46
57
59
6
31
_
Silver
Water Use
gpd
1,813
9,530
8,170
1,870
5,660
-
-
—
Skis
Guests
9
150
70
5
56
-
-
mm
Crystal
Water Use
gpcj
730
1,146
617
1,600
2,113
1,100
392
900
House
Guests
7
20
11
27
42
22
8
16
-------
TABLE A-7: TIMBERLINE LODGE SEWAGE FLOWS, gpd
Month
Date
'1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Nov. Dec.
3
6
9
5
3
3
4,000 3
2,000 3
3,000 9
3,600 8
4,840 5
8,160 9
3,240 5
,800
,200
,800
,208
,792
,640
,200
,360
,800
,400
,660
,880
,620
Jan.
14
6
4
4
4
9
10
15
4
6
23
3
12
,000
,600
,600
,600
,000
,000
,000
,800
,200
,400
,800
,600
,400
Feb.
10
6
14
6
7
5
5
6
14
13
6
6
,200
-
,600
,000
,200
,600
,200
,200
,600
,600
,600
,200
,200
Mar.
14
14
14
8
5
5
4
4
10
11
6
9
7
,200
,000
,400
,200
,800
,600
,400
,600
,200
,800
,000
,200
,800
Apr.
6,400
6,400
7,000
6,600
5,600
9,000
10,000
4,000
4,000
10,800
10,200
21 ,000
9,800
May
4,400
5,200
5,200
9,200
10,000
4,000
4,600
3,600
5,200
4,800
12,000
7,000
6,400
June
5,800
6,000
3,400
3,400
4,000
4,200
6,600
6,600
5,600
4,200
4,000
4,000
8,200
-------
TABLE A-7: TIMBERLINE LODGE SEWAGE FLOWS, gpd (CONT.)
ro
Date
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Nov.
2,580
2,000
2,010
2,010
5,560
6,020
4,400
3,980
4,640
5,100
5,420
8,800
14,320
Dec.
3,500
3,600
7,480
9,702
10,010
5,400
6,400
5,080
5,440
8,040
7,200
13,400
14,000
Jan.
1,800
10,000
44,000
4,200
4,600
4,200
12,400
12,600
7,000
4,800
5,400
6,200
4,800
Month
Feb.
6,200
4,800
4,200
8,600
12,400
5,000
5,400
6,000
12,400
13,000
19,000
17,600
12,000
Mar.
8,800
7,000
9,200
12,200
5,620
7,180
6,200
6,600
5,400
17,800
10,600
5,400
4,200
Apr.
12,800
8,800
8,800
7, -7 00
8,200
6,000
6,200
10,000
7,000
5,600
5,000
5,800
4,000
May
3,600
4,000
3,600
4,200
9,600
15,400
15,000
2,600
5,100
5,100
7,000
6,600
5,400
June
6,200
10,200
13,000
8,400
8,000
4,200
15,600
8,000
8,200
11,000
9,000
5,800
6,600
-------
TABLE A-7: TIMBERLINE LODGE SEWAGE FLOWS, 9Pd (CONT.)
Date
27
28
29
30
31
Nov.
6,040
9,280
3,400
3,600
-
Dec.
11,800
10,800
11,800
10,000
12,400
Jan.
13,400
14,200
6,200
5,200
5,400
Month
Feb.
10,000
10,200
9,000
-
-
Mar.
3,800
4,000
4,400
11,200
13,000
Apr.
10,200
13,800
10,000
9,400
-
May
6,000
3,200
4,800
5,800
5,200
June
6,800
6,800
7,400
8,600
-
GO
-------
74
TABLE A-8: SKI AREA SURVEY - TIMBERLINE LODGE
Date
Dec. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Total Visitors
830
3,536
4,308
522
553
700
641
774
4,064
5,380
641
1,113
959
1,059
819
2,428
4,112
935
924
784
725
Total Skiers
78
786
1,047
45
54
117
133
172
414
664
81
145
158
174
254
518
1,107
287
388
242
226
Overnight Guests
36
107
24
17
22
11
14
46
147
77
78
72
57
76
60
56
97
80
93
66
76
-------
75
TABLE A-8: SKI AREA SURVEY - TIMBERLINE LODGE
(CONT.)
Date
Dec.
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Jan 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Total Visitors
1,424
2,800
3,048
2,576
3,064
4,972
5,200
4,636
6,476
-
-
-
-
784
553
4,960
4,152
529
581
588
676
Total Skiers
118
601
510
95
668
841
1,272
1,393
1,616
1,257
614
215
173
223
109
1,571
1,358
62
80
119
162
Overnight Guests
78
141
171
128
169
180
172
175
169
170
75
57
45
43
51
144
15
24
23
36
30
-------
76
TABLE A-8: SKI AREA SURVEY - TIMBERLINE LODGE
(CONT.)
Date
Jan.
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Total Visitors
375
5,480
6,004
483
497
609
746
1,040
5,800
4,128
952
816
679
616
651
4,740
4,568
522
735
434
Total Skiers
93
1,127
715
50
102
90
181
107
970
1,151
327
130
75
132
170
1,424
1,292
101
224
44
Overnight Guests
57
137
28
32
31
31
39
164
188
55
42
39
37
79
120
145
41
25
35
39
-------
77
TABLE A-8: SKI AREA SURVEY - TIMBERLINE LODGE
(CONT.)
Date
Feb 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
n
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Total Visitors
595
763
4,960
5,620
945
1,183
833
1,001
1,103
6,756
9,080
1,082
819
917
864
840
4,048
5,760
434
536
525
Total Skiers
147
75
1,012
1,135
265
417
187
235
222
1,081
1,370
0
43
128
134
120
857
718
0
40
60
Overnight Guests
40
77
154
50
55
35
34
39
117
159
71
53
42
46
31
75
145
22
25
26
72
-------
78
TABLE A-8: SKI AREA SURVEY - TIMBERLINE LODGE
(CONT.)
Date
Feb.
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
March
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Total Visitors
2,560
823
6,716
8,024
816
1,582
917
945
732
7,620
6,680
515
511
935
606
742
5,140
6,364
1,204
1,218
Total Skiers
256
240
1,614
1,506
128
167
151
220
' 109
1,453
1,220
94
107
185
158
137
1,277
1,219
320
320
Overnight Guests
170
189
185
63
55
50
44
53
119
177
88
86
78
62
60
137
145
113
150
154
-------
79
TABLE A-8: SKI AREA SURVEY - TIMBERD-INE LODGE
(CONT.)
Date
March
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Apri 1
1
Total Visitors
1,393
1,540
1,614
2,984
3,988
718
1,040
1,344
1,330
1,071
3,292
4,456
417
567
483
651
623
3,548
5,340
413
Total Skiers
462
542
512
727
996
297
307
372
388
250
614
928
91
86
109
59
73
759
1,167
102
Overnight Guests
113
137
132
139
61
80
84
32
45
71
113
52
0
33
24
29
108
163
45
46
-------
80
TABLE A-8: SKI AREA SURVEY - TIMBERLINE LODGE
(CONT.)
Date
April
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Total Visitors
490
623
641
564
1,912
3,240
767
1,117
1,383
851
872
2,844
2,424
522
469
774
816
595
-
_
Total Skiers
70
119
145
95
444
979
281
276
344
293
262
759
300
334
195
279
312
197
-
mm
Overnight Guests
55
25
24
83
111
160
156
181
216
166
145
148
102
116
90
102
86
32
65
22
-------
81
TABLE A-8: SKI AREA SURVEY - TIMBERLINE LODGE
(CONT.)
Date
April
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
May 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Total Visitors
-
473
546
413
588
2,728
4,924
690
455
466
560
658
2,100
3,040
431
567
630
641
574
1,440
2,020
Total Skiers
-
55
97
84
50
564
666
91
13
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Overnight Guests
14
24
16
10
130
137
6
94
8
11
7
0
119
46
33
11
24
16
62
134
6
-------
82
TABLE A-8: SKI AREA SURVEY - TIMBERLINE LODGE
(CONT.)
Date
May
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Total Visitors
357
357
504
616
735
2,276
2,388
494
462
490
403
718
1,296
1,836
483
434
462
2,867
994
Total Skiers
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Overnight Guests
7
5
3
5
42
145
113
10
5
4
6
63
109
9
11
18
33
23
53
-------
TABLE A-9: TIMBERLINE LODGE RAW SEWAGE
Analysis
BODT
BODC
CODT
CODC
TS
TVS
SS
TVSS
Lab pH
Alk
Field pH
TP04
OP04
NH3
N03
1/21
485
245
899
540
853
586
420
390
8
294
7.3
12.6
6.8
-
—
1/22
540
340
917
-
-
-
-
-
7.2
360
6.7
14.5
7.4
-
—
1/23
620
255
994
-
620
474
480
400
6.5
112
6.0
12.4
6.7
-
0.12
1/24
460
225
868
377
570
414
380
300
6.5
96
6.0
9.8
4.7
-
0.2
1/25
-
-
827
459
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.27
1/26
460
215
869
320
1000
730
600
540
6.7
131
6.2
16.5
6.9
22.7
0.08
1/27
430
265
636
296
-
-
-
-
7.7
349
7.1
14.1
6.6
5.9
0.49
1/29
388
205
659
-
-
-
-
-
7.8
384
7.2
12.5
7.6
102
0.07
5/10
145
-
286
-
350
196
92
80
6.4
122
5.6
9.5
4.4
8.0
0.08
5/11
198
-
533
-
432
180
156
130
-
130
5.5
14.9
7.7
16.9
0.59
5/12
280
-
710
-
570
448
244
212
6.0
115
5.7
9.7
3.6
15.9
0.12
5/13
345
-
790
-
860
384
192
172
6.2
165
5.8
-
-
-
~
Ave.
395
250
749
398
657
426
321
278
6.8
205
6.2
12.7
6.2
28.5
.22
-------
TABLE A-9: TIMBERLINE LODGE RAW SEWAGE (CONT.)
00
Analysis
N02
KN
Cl
TH
CaH
Composite
FLOW
gpd
1/21
-
89.2
-
26
22
24
12,400
1/22
-
112.7
-
36
30
24
10,400
1/23
0.06
49.3
-
36
31
24
6,000
1/24
0.08
44.6
-
27
22
12
4,800
1/25
0.21
57.6
-
-
-
12
9,800
1/26
0.08
49.3
-
24
23
24
5,200
1/27
0.11
105.3
-
29
19
24
9,200
1/29
0.03
203.0
-
35
26
7
12,000
5/10
0.05
44.0
23
21
20
24
3,800
5/11
0.08
56.0
13
40
37
-
5,700
5/12
0.08
32.4
14
23
1
-
15,800
5/13
-
-
140
29
25
-
5,200
Ave.
.09
76.6
48
30
23
19
8,358
Mrs in
------- |