ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGE1NCY
           OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT
               EPA 330/3-74-001
           EVALUATION OF
    ITT RAYONIER,  INC. OUTFALL
       PORT ANGELES HARBOR
             WASHINGTON
NATIONAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS CENTER-DENVER
             DENVER. COLORADO
              DECEMBER  1974

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       ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
            OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT
                EVALUATION OF
         ITT RAYONIER, INC. OUTFALL
             PORT ANGELES HARBOR
                 WASHINGTON
NATIONAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS CENTER - DENVER
              DENVER, COLORADO
                DECEMBER 1974

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                               CONTENTS

   I.     INTRODUCTION	   1
         ITT RAYON IER DISCHARGES TO THE HARBOR	   1
         OTHER DISCHARGES TO THE HARBOR	   5

  II.     SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS	   7
 III.     PREVIOUS STUDIES  ...  	 .....  11
         STUDY  I:  POLLUTION EFFECTS OF PULP
            AND PAPER MILL WASTEl/	12
         STUDY  II:  OUTFALL LOCATION STUDIES -
            PORT ANGELES HARBOR!/  	  13
         NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC  DATA CENTER  	  30
         STORET DATA	33

  IV.     REMOTE SENSING STUDY  .	37
         DROGUE (CURRENT)  STUDY  	  38
         WATER  QUALITY DATA (GROUND TRUTH)	41
         RESULTS OF DROGUE STUDY	44
         ANALYSIS OF EFFLUENT  CONCENTRATIONS	51
         ITT RAYONIER DISCHARGES ALONG SHORE	57
         CROWN  ZELLERBACH  CORPORATION .	  .  60

' V.     MODELING PORT ANGELES HARBOR 	  65
         MODELING ASSUMPTIONS	  65
         THEORY VS. OBSERVATION  .	70
         EVALUATION OF THE MODEL	73
         REFERENCES    .  .  .	  .  80

         APPENDIX A:   REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES 	  81
         APPENDIX B:   TIME-DISTANCE DATA: 24 APRIL
                       1973 FLIGHTS	97
                                   in

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                              TABLES
    III-l     Tidal Velocities and Headings 	      19
    III-2     Rhodamine WT Concentrations  	   23-24
     IV-1     Tide Phase Data at Port Angeles  ........      37
     IV-2     Ground Truth Data, Port Angeles  Harbor. ...      43
     IV-3     Meteorological Data	      44
     IV-4     Crown Zellerbach Corporation Flow Data. ...      60
      V-l     Calculated Values of Frictional  Depth
                and Current Velocity	      71
      V-2     Climatological Summary	      75
                               FIGURES

      1-1      Port  Angeles  Harbor  Location Map	        2
      1-2      Port  Angeles  Harbor  Contour Map  	        3
    III-l      Current Meter Stations	       14
 III- 2-4      Variability of ITT Rayonier Station
                Data in Sampling Depth  and
                Number of Observations	    15-17
 III- 5,6      Dye Tracer Studies  (ITT  Rayonier)	    21,22
III- 7-10      Drogue Releases	    26-29
   III-ll      Oceanographic Stations in
                the Strait  of Juan de  Fuca	       31
   111-12      Predicted Discharge  Characteristics
                of  the Outfall  for the  SSL	       34
     IV-1      Tide  Conditions and  Duration of  Flights  ...       39
     IV-2      Drogue Assembly	       40
     IV-3      Water Quality Data Stations  	       42
  IV- 4-8      Drogue Vector Diagrams (NFIC-D)  	    45-42
     IV-9      Zone  of Dilution for the  ITT
                Rayonier Submerged Diffuser  	       53
    IV-10      Plume from the ITT Rayonier
                Submerged Diffuser	       54
    IV-11      Isoconcentration Diagram  of  ITT
                Rayonier Plume	       56
    IV-12      Thermal Infrared Map of  ITT
                Rayonier Waste Plume	       58
    IV-13      Thermal Infrared Map of  Port Angeles
                Harbor and  ITT Rayonier Discharges	       59
    IV-14      Crown Zellerbach Corporation Discharges  ...       61
    IV-15      Plume of"Discoloration in Strait of Juan
                de  Fuca from Crown Zellerbach  Corp	       62
      V-l      Vertical  Structure of a  Pure Current	       68
      V-2      Vertical  Structure in Drift Currents	       69
      V-3      Adjustment of the Current Vector	       78
                                 iv

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                              CONVERSIONS
  multiply
Metric Unit
                                 to find
                               English Unit
Celsius (°C)         .  .  .

centimeters (cm)     .  .  .
kilograms (kg)       .  .  .
kilometers  (km)      .  .  .
meters (m)           .  .  .
meters/second (m/sec).  .  .
millimeters (mm)     .  .  .
                   o
cubic meters/day (m /day).
metric tons (met. tons).  .
  9/5 (then + 32); or
9/5 (for absolute value)
.  . .    0.394   . .  .  .
.  . .    2.205   . .  .  .
.  . .    0.621   . .  .  .
.  . .    3.281   . .  .  .
.  . .    1.94    . .  .  .
.  . .    0.039   . .  .  .
      (264 x 10"6)
         1.102    .
       Fahrenheit  (°F)

  .  .     inches  (in.)
,  .  .     pounds  (Ib)
,  .  .     miles  (mi)
,  .  .     feet  (ft)
.  .  .     knots  (kn)
,  .  .     inches  (in.)
,  .  .  million  gallons/day
 short tons  (ton;  2,000  Ib)
                             ABBREVIATIONS
BOD      biochemical oxygen demand
DO       dissolved oxygen
hr       hour
IRLS     infrared line scanner
JTU      jackson turbidity units
urn       micrometer
ymho/cm  micromhos/centimeter
               mg/1  milligrams/liter
               min   minute
               mrad  milliradian
               PBI   Pearl-Benson Index
               ppm   parts per million
               SSL   spent sulfite liquor
               TSS   total suspended solids

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                           I.   INTRODUCTION

     Port Angeles Harbor fronts the city of Port Angeles, Hash,  on the
Strait of Juan De Fuca midway between Seattle and the Pacific Ocean
[Fig. 1-1].  The Harbor is separated from the Strait by Ediz Hook, a
narrow peninsula about 4.8 km (3 mi) long [Fig. 1-2].  Harbor width
varies from about 0.8 km (0.5 mi) at the closed west end to 2.4 km
(1.5 mi) at the east end which opens to the Strait.  Water depths range"
from 10 m  (33 ft) near shore to 49 m (161 ft) near Ediz Hook.

ITT RAYONIER DISCHARGES TO THE HARBOR
     At the east end of Port Angeles Harbor is the ITT Rayonier, Inc.
pulp and paper mill [Fig. 1-2].  The mill has five outfalls along the
shore with effluents consisting mostly of process and cooling water.
And the mill has a submerged (extended) outfall which discharges an
ammonia-base hot caustic extract and bleach plant effluent.  The outfall
also discharges 20 percent of the plant's total ammonia-base spent
sulfite liquor (SSL) wasteload; the remaining 80 percent of the SSL is
burned at  the plant site.  The total wasteload discharged by the sub-
merged outfall is 18,100 to 22,700 kg (40,000 to 50,000 Ib) per day of
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).
     The submerged outfall began operation in August 1972.  At that time
the Washington State Department of Ecology established a three-dimensional

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Figure 1—1.   Port Angeles Harbor Location Map
            (Modified  from  Ref.  1.)

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     S   T
                    I   T
                                 0
                                                 u

                                                                              y

                                                                              F
                                                                 D

                                          \
               "T^FJJBR E B'QTft-HTD .PARE f*«,F ROD U C T S
   C R O \A

z E L1- &« B Ar: H
                  PORT   ANGELES    HARBOR
                               (.6



                            ANGELES
                        Figure  1—2.   Porl  Angeles Harbor  Con I our  Map

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dilution zone surrounding the outfall diffuser measuring 378 m (1,240
ft) long, 155 m (510 ft) wide, and 18 m (60 ft) deep (detailed in Fig.
IV-9). The State requires that the effects of chemical  and thermal
(0.28°C or 0.5°F maximum temperature increase above ambient) wastewater
pollutants must not be discernible in the receiving waters outside  this
zone.
     The purpose of this study was to document, using optical and thermal
sensors, the dilution or dispersion characteristics of the diffuser
effluent as a function of various tide conditions.  The study was to
answer the following questions:
     1.   Did the effluent completely disperse within the dilution
          zone?
     2.   Did the effluent always disperse to the Strait of Juan de Fuca
          if it was not completely diluted within the zone?
     3.   Did the effluent enter Port Angeles Harbor if it did not
          completely disperse within the zone?
     The results of this study will be used by EPA Region X and the
Washington State Department of Ecology in assessing the performance of
the extended outfall when reissuing the ITT Rayonier NPDES discharge
permit.

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OTHER DISCHARGES TO THE HARBOR
     Other major discharges to Port Angeles Harbor and the Strait of
Juan de Fuca were observed during the April and July 1973 remote sensing
flights.  This minor portion of the study documented the presence and
visual behavior of the active discharges discussed below.
     Crown Zellerbach Corporation operates a pulp and paper mill at the
west end of Ediz Hook.  Mill capacity is about 360 met. tons (400 tons)
of pulp and 480 tons (435 met. tons) of newsprint daily.  Wastewater
                  2
averaging 34,000 m /day (9 mgd) is discharged to the Strait of Juan de
                                                   ^
Fuca and pollutants from this mill would be substantially diluted before
entering the circulation patterns of the Harbor.  The facility also
discharges 10,200 m /day (2.7 mgd) of wastewater to the Harbor.
     Formerly discharged without treatment, the municipal wastewaters
from the city of Port Angeles (population about 16,000) are now dis-
charged to the Harbor through a deepwater outfall after primary treat-
ment.
     Fibreboard Paper Products Corporation formerly operated a sulfite
pulp and board mill near the west end of the Harbor.  With a capacity of
about 170 met. tons (190 tons) per day, the mill discharged about 15,000
m /day (4 mgd) of wastewater to the Harbor.

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                     II.   SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

     The ITT Rayonier pulp and paper facility at Port Angeles,  Wash.,
installed a submerged outfall  diffuser [Fig.  1-2] in August 1972 to
discharge spent sulfite liquor, spent bleach  and ammonia hot caustic
extract to the waters of Port Angeles Harbor.  The total load discharged
through this outfall ranges from 18,100 to 22,700.kg (40,000 to 50,000 Ib)
biochemical oxygen demand per day.  Twenty percent of the total SSL
discharged from this facility is disposed through the submerged outfall;
the remaining 80 percent is incinerated at the plant.
     In 1972 the Washington State Department  of Ecology established a
zone of dilution around this diffuser, requiring that the effluent mix
to undetectable levels before leaving the zone.  In addition, tempera-
ture of the waters leaving this zone must be  no warmer than 0.28°C
(0.5°F) above that of the receiving waters.
     Remote sensing flights over Port Angeles Harbor on 24 April and 25
July 1973 were designed to study the current  of the waters emerging from
the immediate vicinity of the submerged outfall.  A diagram was derived
for various concentration levels of wastes from the submerged outfall  to
document dispersion characteristics of ITT Rayonier's effluent into the
Harbor receiving waters.
     The current study included five flights, three on 24 April 1973 and
two on 25 July 1973.  Drogue assemblies were  used to monitor the current

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and displacement of water at three preassigned depths and at the sur-
face.  Two of the three April flights showed that the drogues released
near the diffuser moved further into the Harbor (1.5 km; 4,900 ft)
rather than dispersing directly to the Strait of Juan de Fuca as planned
in the diffuser design and location.  During the third flight the
drogues did move north beyond Ediz Hook into the Strait.  The first
flight of July showed the drogues moving in a southwesterly direction
further into the Harbor. The last July flight indiciated that the
effluent would have traveled into the Strait passing close to the east
end of Ediz Hook; this flight was terminated before the drogues reached
Ediz Hook.
     From the airborne data recorded during the first 24 April flight,
isoconcentration levels were determined for the diffuser effluent in the
Harbor's near-surface waters.  Full strength effluent samples obtained
from the ITT Rayonier plant at the time of flight were spectroscopically
tested and used for optical calibration of the airborne imagery.  The
highest concentration in the effluent plume, almost directly above the
diffuser, was approximately 12 percent of the full-strength sample.  The
plume extended from the vicinity of the diffuser nearly 1.5 km (0.9 mi)
westward into the Harbor before disappearing (displaying optical character-
istics identical to those of background water).  The plume extended
through the upper and the west dilution zone boundaries, resulting in a
violation of the State requirements.

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     The airborne thermal  data showed that in the zone of dilution the
plume was as much as 1.0°C (1.8°F) cooler than the surface temperature
of the receiving water.   Thus the plume did not exceed the thermal -
limitation of 0.289 1(0.5°F) maximum temperature increase at the bound-
aries of the zone.
     ITT Rayonier has five shoreline discharges.  A cooling water flow
of 14,800 m /day (3.9 mgd) was being discharged, creating a moderately
sized thermal plume during the 25 July flight.
     The Crown Zellerbach Corporation operates a pulp and paper plant at
the west end of Port Angeles Harbor.  The plant discharges wastewater to
the Strait of Juan de Fuca and to Port Angeles Harbor through eight
outfalls, creating a large yellow plume along the Strait's southern
shore.
     The National Field Investigations Center - Denver (NFIC-D) analyzed
available oceanographic literature on Port Angeles Harbor  and found
the predicted performance of the ITT Rayonier submerged outfall as
                        2 /
described in their study-  to be erroneous.  This conclusion is based on
an-analysis of physical  and chemical data, and the dispersion and
circulation characteristics in the vicinity of the submerged outfall.
However, NFIC-D found correct the conclusion reached by the Federal
Water Pollution Control  Administration and Washington State Pollution
Control  Commission report-  which described a weak cyclonic (counter-
clockwise) motion in Port Angeles Harbor.

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 10
     A review of all available physical observations indicates that a
complicated flushing pattern exists within the Harbor which eliminates a
simple gradient current as a possible model.   Rather, the observations
show that for a significant amount of time a drift current model fits
the data, particularly when wind velocities were known.
     The factor controlling circulation in Port Angeles Harbor is the
wind stress which introduces an Ekman spiral  (change in current direction
with depth).  As a result, water enters the Harbor on the north side,   ""
both at the surface and upwelling from depths, and moves out of the
Harbor in a cyclonic motion along the south shore.  Wastes from the
outfall may be carried westward or southward initially.  But ultimately
they drift eastward along the shore until they reach Green Point or
Dungeness Spit and gradually move into the Strait of Juan de Fuca.
     The EPA studies indicate that the pollutants discharged through the
diffuser can have a long residence in the Harbor.  The extended outfall
and submerged diffuser is not performing as anticipated by design and is
deemed unacceptable.  Therefore, the effluent must be treated to a level
that will continually meet the requirements in the zone of dilution for
all tidal conditions before it is discharged to Port Angeles Harbor.

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                                                                       11




                        III.  PREVIOUS STUDIES






     Two previous studies provide the basis for analyzing the water


current patterns near the ITT Rayonier outfall in Port Angeles Harbor.


     "Pollution Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill Waste in Puget Sound," -'


includes both an oceanographic survey of current patterns and a water


quality study of the Harbor.  It concludes that the dominant cyclonic


(counterclockwise) eddy motion in the Harbor is generated by currents in
             v

the Strait of Juan de Fuca and is superimposed upon weak tidal currents.


Also, pulp and paper mill wastes are damaging to marine life in the


area.  The report recommends construction of a submarine outfall.


     The other study, "Outfall Locations Studies -- Port Angeles, Wash-

        ox
ington" -  (1970) by ITT Rayonier, Inc. considers chemical, physical and


biological parameters, current drogues, and dye studies in determining


tidal current patterns and the optimum location of the submarine outfall.


The report indicates that the location chosen would not harm water


quality.  It concludes that the dominant current pattern in the Harbor


is an anticyclonic (clockwise) eddy with its center lying east of the
          \

midpoint of the entrance to the Harbor.


     The conflict in the 'conclusions of the two reports concerning


flushing characteristics and resultant pollution potential within the


Harbor has been reviewed in depth.  Data in addition to that in the


above reports were obtained from the National Oceanographic Data Center


(NORDAC) to further document water density and dilution characteristics


in Port Angeles Harbor.  The analysis of these data follows.

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  12
STUDY I:  "POLLUTION EFFECTS OF PULP AND PAPER MILL WASTE"  -1
     This report contains only a generalized description of the current
patterns observed during the first of fourteen oceanographic cruises in
the Port Angeles area.  The cruises were conducted at approximately
monthly intervals between September 1962 and January 1964 to determine
water quality. The report concludes that the dominant cyclonic eddy
motion generated by currents in the Strait of Juan de Fuca develops near
shore between Ediz Hook and Dungeness Spit 13 km (8.mi) to the east.  The
current transports the water alongshore counter to the main currents in
the Strait.   It will be shown later that such an eddy circulation can
result from the predominant westerly wind and lack of vertical water
density stratification in the Port Angeles area.
     The report also notes that due to interaction and resonance in the
Puget Sound basin, the flood and ebb of currents in the Strait of Juan
de Fuca were  not necessarily in phase with their respective counterparts
at Port Angeles.  That such a small geographic area as the Port Angeles
Harbor has a  complicated current and tidal pattern compared to the
laminar flow  of the much larger Strait of Juan de Fuca may seem unusual.
However, eddy motion in fluids is far more complex and subject to more
perturbations than the current in laminar flow.
     Local near-surface currents in the Strait of Juan de Fuca were
reported as generally less than 1 m/sec (2 kn) in magnitude in an ebb
direction primarily due to the seaward movement of fresh water inflow to
the Puget Sound basin.  Because there are no significant local fresh-
water sources in the Port Angeles area, the vertical density gradient is
much more gradual than in other areas of Puget Sound.

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                                                                         13
STUDY  II:  "OUTFALL LOCATION STUDIES - PORT ANGELES HARBOR" -

     The ITT Rayonier study reported that the chemical and biological

parameters of Port Angeles Harbor had been extensively studied and that
                                         s
current drogue and dye studies had been conducted.  The study included

114 hr of current meter observations, taping of 82 hr of continuous

current meter readings, and 1,498 individual drogue sightings.

     In direct contrast to the first report, this study concludes that

the dominant circulation pattern in the Harbor is an anticyclonic eddy

with its center lying just east of the midpoint of the entrance to the
                    ^
Harbor.

     The current studies performed by ITT Rayonier represent many hours

of actual measurement.  However, there are many limitations in inter-

pretation because the measurements were brief and intermittent.  For the

four stations established [Fig. III-l] no current roses* are provided

for Station 4, the site of the outfall and thus of great interest.  The

other three stations were sampled 12 days in July, August and September

1970.  Recording time was brief, usually 10 min, with generally an hour

or more between observations.   The number of observations and the sampling

depths varied from one observation day to another.

     Typical  examples of the variability are shown in Figures 111-2

through 4.   Since no synoptic  current data were taken, generalizations

of current patterns are of little value — such as the vector analysis

done on the current roses in Figures III-2 through 4.   An examination of

Figure III-4  shows  that the current  was  moving  in  all  points  of the
  A rose is the card of a mariner's compass.

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STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA
          ITT  RAYONIER
                                                                     GREEN
                                                                      POINT
          Figure III—1.   Current Meter  Stations

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2 meters  @ O915  - 111O h r
   I
   I    1
4 meters  @ O93O -  1125 hr
       1O  meters @ O93O -  11OO hr

               1
     . 2
     13.5 meters @ O915 -  111O  hr
                                                              8  meters @  O95O - 1125  hr
                                                                     A
                                                                    \
                                                                     \
                                                    315
                                                  27O
                                                     225
                                                                 9O
                                                               135
                       18O
     Figure III-2.  Variability  of  ITT Rayonier  Station  Data in Sampling Depth
                  and  Number of Observations (Sla. I,  .7/31/70  U}
                                                                                               en

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 2 meters  @ 14OO-1535 hr
  8 meters  (3) 1415-152O hr
    4  meters @ 14O5-15O8 hr
             	,2	^ 1+2
                                            1O  meters @  14OO-15OO hr
   15  meters @ 1415-1516  hr
2O  meters @  143O-152O hr
                         4O  meters @ 145O-1535 hr
                                                             315
                              45
                                                           270
                                                             225
                                                                           9O
                                                                          35
                                                                   18O
Figure III—3.  Variability of ITT Rayonier Station Data  in  Sampling Depth
            and  ft'umber of Observations  (Sta.  1, 8/17/70 -?-/)

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                   ,12
                              4 meters (g>  O7O6-1915  hr

                                    10  ~~
                                8
                                              12
                                                14
                                                           4     3'
                                                         8 meters  @ O72O-1938 hr
2 meters  @ O645-1835 hr
                        12  meters @ O7OO-1922 hr
1O  meters @  O645-19O8  hr
                                             315
                                           27O
                                             225
                                                         15 meters  @  O716-1935  hr
                                                        45
                                                          |9O
                                                          35
                                                   18O
    Figure  Ill-l.   Variability of ITT  Rayonier  Station  Data in Sampling Depth
                 and  ^mber of Observations (Sta. 2, 8/13/70

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   18
compass during the observation period.   Summing the vectors provides no
real indication of the water movement.   In only one case was there less
than a 90° rotation of current direction in the upper layers during the
observation period.  However, only four observations were made at this
particular station on that date, thus limiting the chances of discovering
rotation of current direction in the water column.  These current observa-
tions do not support the report's conclusion that the outfall discharge
will be carried out of the Harbor into the Strait of Juan de Fuca most
of the time.
     Current velocities and headings were continuously recorded at each
of the four stations on only a few select days, and then only at the
10 m (33 ft) depth.  Since the recorder had not been calibrated until
work was finished on Stations 1 and 2, data from those stations have
been discarded from further consideration here.  A typical set of observa-
tions is given in Table III-l.  From this limited number of observations
it is apparent that the transition from one current direction to another
occurs smoothly.  The table shows that from 1408 to 1508 hours the
current vector changes from a stable heading of essentially 110° to 200°
in a smooth incremental manner.  The abrupt change of this station noted
initially (344° to 20° to 100° in about 10 min) may indicate passage of
a frontal system.  However, without meteorological data it is not poss-
ible to determine coupling, if any, between the atmosphere and the
water.

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                                                                                      19
                                    TABLE III-l
                                                       a/
                          TIDAL VELOCITIES AND HEADINGS-'

               [Obtained from the Continuous Recording Current Meter
           on 31 [sic.] Sept. 1970, from a depth of 10 m at Station 3.]
Time of
Observation
from
0915
1058
1102
1104
1108
1110
1112
1116
1122
1126
1132
1136
1138
1144
1148
1152
1156
1158
1204
1206
1208
1212
1216
1218
1226
1236
1238
1242
1244
1250
1252
1258
1304
1308
to
1058 '
1102
1104
1108
1110
1112
1116
1122
1126
1132
1136
1138
1144
1148
1152
1156
1158
1204
1206
1208
1212
1216
1218
1226
1236
1238
1242
1244
1250
1252
1258
1304
1308
1312
Velocity
(m/sec)
No ticks
0.14
0.13
0.15
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.17
0.15
0.16
0.14
0.13
0.11
0.10
0.12
0.13
0.10
0.09
0.07
0.10
0.09
0.07
0.10
0.11
0.13
0.11
0.13
0.10
0.11
0.14
0.13
tv-oAS
" Current
Heading
(Mag.0)
recorded
344
20
100
102
105
105
105
106
107
108
108
108
108
109
109
109
110
110
no
no
no
no
no
no
114
115
114
no
109
109
109
109
109
Time of
Observation Ve
from
1312
1314
1326
1330
1334
1338
1344
1348
1350
1400
1404
1408
1416
1426
1430
1432
1438
1444
1450
1454
1456
1504
1508
1512
1514
1516
1524
1528
1534
1538
1542
1544
1546
to (
1314
' 1326
1330
1334
1338
1344
1348
1350
1400
1404
1048[sic.]
1416
1426
1430
1432
1438
1444
1450
1454
1456
1504
1508
1512
1514
1516
1524
1528
1534
1538
1542
1544
1546
1605
locity
m/sec)
0.12
0.13
0.11
0.10
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.17
0.10
0.11
0.09
0.10
0.12
0.11
0.13
0.11
0.14
0.11
0.09
0.10
0.16
0.13
0.08
0.11
0.09
0.07
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.13
0.14
0.10
0.14
Current
Heading
(Mag.0)
108
108
108
109
109
109
109
110
no
109
109
no
114
123
130
138
154
169 .
176 '
182
182
182
200
200
200
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
-  Data obtained from ITT Rayonier report-/

-------
   20
     Four dye tracer studies traced the transport of an individual
parcel of surface water.   The dye was released from a pojnt^midway
between the plant and the outfall and in three cases the dye moved east
as it approached the shore.  From its initial release point approxi-
mately 2.4 km (1.5 mi) off shore, the water parcel moved to within
0.8 km (0.5 mi) of shore, then to about 2.4 km (1.5 mi) east near the
entrance to Morse Creek [Fig. III-5].  The fourth release [Fig. III-6]
occurred under different tidal conditions.  The dye was not carried
directly into the Strait of Juan de Fuca.  These dye studies do not
support the assertion that wastes from the proposed outfall would be
carried to the Strait without contaminating the Harbor or the shoreline.
     Dye dispersion studies were also performed on the discharge from
the City of Port Angeles sanitary wast'e outfall.  The results indicated
that the plume did not always reach the surface.  Coupled with the
diverse movement within the water column, this would indicate that a
significant portion of the discharge might be carried into the Harbor at
some depth while water at the surface is moving out of the Harbor. Table
111-2 gives the results of the rhodamine dye injections discussed in the
report.  At a point 7.9 m  (26 ft) laterally from an outfall discharge
port and 4.6 m (15 ft) above it  -- an actual linear distance of 9.0 m
(30 ft) from the discharge port  -- the mean dye concentration was 90
                                                             ^fc'    1
parts per billion in contrast to 11.8 parts per billion at the surf ace'.
                                                              \
Twice the plume did not reach the surface.  The data show that this
could not have been caused by density stratification, or a thermocline
through which the plume could not penetrate, because the decrease in
temperature with depth was very uniform without sharp breaks.

-------
                               STRAIT OF  JUAN DE  FUCA
                                                                             -N-
         1516
 TIDE
O839
       Figure  III-5.   Dye Tracer Studies (ITT  Rayonier, 9/29/70
                                                                                            rv>

-------
                                                                                    ro
                                                                                    ro
                 PORT ANGELES  HARBOR
                              ITT  RAYONIER
Figure 111-6.   Dye Tracer Studies (ITT Rayonier,  10/2/70^)

-------
                                                                    23
                 Table III-2
       Rhodamine WT Concentrations —
[Port Angeles City Outfall Study, Oct.  1969]
Distance in feet
from port
(lateral)
Oct. 22, 1969
0

8.7
17.3
26.0

34.6

45.8

63.2

77.4


Oct. 23, 1969
0

5.2

8.7

11.2

8.7

26.0


31.2


44.7

51.0

above port
(vertical)
- 1658-1706
0

5
10
15

20

20

30

55


- 1640-1653
0

3

5

10

18

15


25


40

55

from port
(I angular)
from surf.
(vertical)
hr, bearing 320° Mag. - port velocity 4
0
-
10
20
30

40

50

70

95

Plume
hr, bearing 0°
0

6

10

15

20

30


40


60

75

55 2
(off
50
45
40

35

35

25

0

with surface boil
Cone.
(ppb)
.10 ft/sec
,900
curve)
131
128
116
64
79
'65
35
42
37.0
17.0
7.5
16.0

Mag. - port velocity 5.73 ft/sec -
55 2,
2,
52

50

45

37

40


30


15

0

280
350
170
194
150
95
60
66
10.4
20.5
35.5
37.0*
45.0*
38.0
39.0*
50.0*
25.0
18.2
7.9
7.5
Mean Cone.
(ppb)
- wind W at 5-6 kn
2,900

131
128
90

72

38.5

27.0

11.8


wind dead calm
2,315

182

122

63

15.4

35.5


38.0


21.6

7.7

           Plume with surface boil

-------
24
                                         Table III-2 (cont.)




                                     Rhodamine WT Concentrations




                            [Port Angeles City Outfall Study, Oct. 1969]
Distance in feet
from port
(lateral)
Oct. 22, 1969
0

3.3

12.5

47.7

72.3
74.8

98.0

148.7

150.0


Oct. 23, 1969
0

14.1
28.3
49.0
69.3

79.4

99.5

199.0


above port
(vertical)
- 1658-1706
0

5

10

15

20
25

20

20

60


- 1340-1357
0

5
10
10
10

10

10

20


from port
(£ angular)
hr, bearing 320
0

6

16

50

75
85

100

150

162

Plume
hr, bearing 280
0

15
30
50
70

80

100

200

Plume
from surf
(vertical)
° Mag. - port velocity
60 2
2
55

50

45

40
35

40

40

0

did not surface
0 Mag. - port velocity
60 2
2
55
50
50
50

50

50

40

did not surface
Cone.
(ppb)
4.10 ft/sec
,350
,350
320
211
57.0
81.0
33.0
30.0
13.8
6.1
8.6
10.9
9.2
3.0
3.8
2.5
0

3.90 ft/sec
,450
,600
155
110
30
17.0
36.5
12.8
23.8
10.1
12.2
7.5
8.6

Mean Cone.
(ppb)
- wind W af. 5-6 kn
2,350

266

69.0

31.5

13.8
7.4

10.0

3.4

1.2


- wind dead calm
2,525

155
110
30
26.8

18.3

11.2

8.0


— Data obtained from ITT Rayonier report —

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                                                                        25
     Since the report demonstrates that there was significant' current
velocity in all directions at depth, a major portion of pollution dis-
charge never reaches the surface.  Thus, while the report concludes that
water movement near the entrance to Port Angeles Harbor is basically
anticyclonic with the outfall waste being rapidly discharged into the
Strait of Juan de Fuca, the data indicate diverse eddy and turbulent
motion at all depths.  This motion would be expected to carry wastes
into the Harbor.
     The drogue* studies were generally synoptic in that several  drogues
were released at different points simultaneously.  They were not  syn-
optic with depth since all drogues were set at 4 m (13 ft) after  earlier
trials indicated this represented the upper 8 m (26 ft) of the water
coJumn.  There were distinct changes in water transport direction within
relatively small distances, indicating eddy and turbulent motion.
     For example, in the mid-ebb release for 22 July 1970 [Fig. III-7],
drogue Nos. 4, 7, 8, 10, 13 and 14 moved from the mouth of Port Angeles
Harbor east to the vicinity of Morse Creek.  However, drogue Nos. 9 and
11, only a few hundred meters northeast, moved in the opposite direc-
tion, north and then west around Ediz Hook.  Figures III-8 and 9  provide
additional examples.  Six releases, at mid-flow, low slack, late  ebb to
low slack, mid-ebb, and high slack tide, all show definite rotary move-
ment.  Figure 111-10 shows the low slack release.  On one occasion, the
    Drogue assembly is shown in Fig. IV-2.

-------
  O522
                191O
                  I
                    STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA
                                                      °,
M ILE
         1157
                                                         KILOMETER
                                                                INTERPRETATION  OF

                                                                WATER MOVEMENT
PORT ANGELES
                                                                                              rv>
                                                                                              en
        Figure III-7.   Mid-Ebb  Drogue Release (ITT  Rayonier, 7/22/70-1/)

-------
           194O
O646
      TIDE
     1239
                                                                             -IM-
                            PORT ANGELES  HARBOR
         Figure  III-8.  Mid-Ebb  Drogue  Release  (ITT Rayonier, 7/23/70

-------
                                                                                             ro
                                                                                             oo
               2O1O
       TIDE
0816
                                                                              -N-
                                                            SUBMERGED OUTFALL
 K ILOMETER
    Figure 111-9.   High Slack Drogue  Release  (ITT Ra yonier, 7/24/ 70

-------
  18O2
                     STRAIT OF JUAN DE  FUCA
                                                                        -N-
•^-INTERPRETATION OF  WATER  MOVEMENT
  Figure III-10.  Low  Slack  Drogue Release (ITT Rayonier, 8/20/70 2  )
                                                                                       ro

-------
   30
midflood release for 28 July 1970, essentially linear motion was ob-
served from the positions of drogue release.  This infrequent occurrence
indicates that rotary motion is the dominant feature in the Harbor area.
     These drogue studies do not support the report's conclusion that
the water motion is predominantly anticyclonic.

NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA CENTER (NORDAC)
     To resolve discrepancies between the two reports, additional data
were sought from the files of NORDAC.  Of more than one hundred oceano-
graphic stations surveyed in the Strait of Juan de Fuca from 1930 to
present, twenty were selected as being sufficiently close to Port Angeles
Harbor to be useful.  The closest station lies about 3 km (2 mi) north
of the point of Ediz Hook.  The others lie further to the north and
northwest [Fig. III-ll].

Hater Density and Temperature
     The data of interest for these stations are the variation in aT
with depth, and the decrease of dissolved oxygen with depth.  The parameter
0y is defined as
                              aT = 1000 (p-1.0)                            (1)
where p is the water density in gm/cc.  The OT values assume one atmos-
phere of pressure at the sea surface.
     Salinity is derived from a determination of the chlorinity of sea
water by the empirical formula:

-------
                                                                             31
  • 14.   • 2.(27/01/54)
(1O/7/57)
           8.(Q1/O4/59)
               /O4/7O)
          20.(01/04/59i,
   I I .(11 /O7/52)
                                16.O7/O1/7O)
                                                               .C<2-7/O1/54)
                                                              7.(21/O4/54)
                                                               (15/04/53)6. ;
                                                              (10/07/53)1 2.
                                                               10/07/57)1 3.
5.(O6/O4/531
                                                         , 0
                                                          9.(14^04/61)
                                                          I 9 (14/O4/61)
                                                               3X17/O1/70)
                                                                     JOO '
                                               (11 /O7/52)l 0.,- —
        * I 8. ( 0\)TO4/59)
                                                               4.(22/O4/52;
                                                               I 5 .(17/01/70")
                Figure  Ill-ll.   Oceanographic Slalions
                      in  the  Strail  uf Juan de Fuca

-------
 32
               S o/oo = 0.03 + 1.805 Cl  o/oo                               (2)

where: S o/oo = salinity (parts per thousand)
       Cl o/oo = chlorinity (parts per thousand of halogen concentration)

     Density or aT at 0°C is obtained from salinity by the formula:
               OT = -0.093 + 0.8149S - 0.000482S2 + 0.0000068S3            (3)
The measurements necessary for determining these parameters have been
standardized for several decades.
     The depth of the  ITT Rayonier outfall diffuser ranges from 17.1 m
(56 ft) to 19.8 m (65  ft).  Any sudden changes in either a-j- or dissolved
oxygen to a depth of about 20 m (66 ft) would be indicative of the
formation of a thermocline or pycnocline and a non-homogeneous water
mass to a depth of the outfall.  However, only indications of homogen-
eous mixing of water masses with a gradual increase in density with
depth were observed.   In fact, at Stations 4, 5 and 11 the density
decreased at depth, indicating strong dynamic motion in the surface
layers.
     Stations 15 through 20 are bathythermograph stations showing the
change in temperature  with water depth.  Any sudden change in tempera-
ture decrease with depth would have been indicative of thermocline
development, but none  was found.  Although no stations were sampled
during autumn, which would be the most likely time for thermoclines

-------
                                                                        33
to develop, their presence seems unlikely since no tendency towards
thermocline development was noted during the winter, spring or summer.
The data indicate that the water is reasonably homogeneous throughout
the year, at least to 18 m (60 ft), the approximate depth of the ITT
Rayonier outfall.
STORET DATA*
     Bioassay studies with juvenile salmon indicated that to protect
young salmon and other fishes the spent sulfite waste liquor concen-
trations (measured by the Pearl-Benson Index) should be less than
1,000 ppm at all times and at all locations in Port Angeles Harbor.
     Storet data for Port Angeles Harbor indicates that at only one
station, adjacent to the outfall, was spent sulfite liquor measured
since the outfall went into operation in September 1972.  This station
is 200 m (650 ft) due west of the southernmost diffuser port on the
outfall.  For the week beginning 31 October 1972 the mean value of six
samples was 14,750 ppm of spent sulfite liquor, according to the Pearl-
Benson Index, with a maximum of 18,800 ppm and a minimum of 7,600 ppm.
     The ITT Rayonier report anticipated the concentration at this
station to be less than 300 ppm under the worst possible conditions when
the current is moving directly west across the outfall [Figure 111-12].
 *STORET is an EPA water quality data base.

-------
34
                                                          WORST  CASE
                                                            X 14
   STORET STATION
   ACTUAL LOCATION
   BEST CASE
                   OUTFALL
                                    X
                                   13
             -N-
                                    SPENT SULFITE LIQUOR  IN  ppm
                              5O
                               I
 10O   15O
_J	I
                           SCALE IN YARDS
          Figure III—12.  Predicted Discharge Characteristics
            of  the  Outfall  for  the  Spent Sulfite  Liquor

-------
                                                                       35
Thus on six consecutive days spent sulfite liquor concentrations ranged
from 25 to 60 times greater than the predicted level.  The ITT Rayonier
report indicates that heavy foam generation begins to occur when the
spent sulfite liquor concentration exceeds 80 ppm.  Therefore, foam
could be expected in this case even though the study concluded that as a
result of the outfall none would occur.

-------
                                                                         37
                       IV.  REMOTE SENSING STUDY


     The remote sensing study was conducted on 24-25 April and 25 July

1973.  It included drogue studies and the analysis of physical and

chemical properties of Port Angeles Harbor.

     The times of flight over Port Angeles Harbor were predicated upon

the tide levels or phases in the immediate area [Table IV-1].  The duration

of flight ranged from 1 to 1% hr [general procedures in App. A].


                              Table IV-1
                    Tide Phase Data At Port Angeles
Date
(1973)

24 April



25 April


25 July



Time
PST^7
0115
0256
1304
2142
1359
cl
PDT£/
0521
1355
1638
2212
Water Height
Above Mean Sea Level
(m)

1.7
1.7
0.1
2.0
0.2


-0.3
1.8
1.7
2.2
(ft)

5.5
5.6
0.3
6.6
0.7


-1.0
6.0
5.6
7.3
Tide Phase-/

HIT
LHT
LLT
HHT
LLT


LLT
LHT
HLT
HHT
ry   Tide Phases:  L = Low;  H = High;  T = Tide
—,   Pacific Standard Time-
-'   Pacific Daylight Time

-------
38
      Figure  IV-1  shows  the  relationship  between  the  times  of  flight  and
 the  tide phases  (LLT -  low  low tide,  HLT -  high  low  tide,  LHT -  low  high
 tide,  HHT -  high  high tide).   The  first  flight in  April was flown  near
 the  end of the LHT-LLT  phase,  the  second near the  end  of the  LLT-HHT
 phase,  while the  third  was  carried out early  in  the  HHT-LLT transition.
 These  tide/time  phase conditions represented  a weak  dynamic state  in the
 Harbor waters providing minimal mixing between the ITT Rayonier  diffuser
 effluent and the  receiving  water.   In July  the two flights were  carried
 out  in a nearly  slack tide  condition, also  indicative  of minimal mixing.
 DROGUE (CURRENT)  STUDY
      The drogue  assembly consists  of  three  integral  units:  the  drogue
 unit,  depth  line,  and surface  float [Fig.  IV-2].   The  four drogue  assem-
 blies  deployed for each flight were adjusted  by  the  depth  line to  0  m
 (surface), 3 m (10 ft), 6m (20 ft),  and 12 m (40  ft)  depths.  They  were
 carried to the diffuser and released  next to  a 1.22  x  4.88 m  (4  x  16 ft)
 panel  that had been tied with  line and anchored  to the ITT Rayonier
 diffuser for a reference point.
     The movement  of the drogues,  caused by the  current at the depth of
 the  drogue unit, was monitored photographically  by an  aircraft for at
 least  an hour.   During  the  nighttime  missions, gas lanterns were mounted
 on the  surface floats to serve as  heat targets which were  monitored  by
 the  infrared line  scanner in the aircraft.

-------
3 -i
2 -
         LHT
    HLT
0-
MEAN SEA LEVEL  /
                                           FLIGHT NUMBER
                                           APRIL 24-25
                                           JULY 25
                                           LOW LOW TIDE
                                     HLT  HIGH LOW TIDE
                                     LHT  LOW HIGH TIDE
                                     HHT  HIGH HIGH TIDE
                                                           LLT
-1
 2400
        0400
OSOO      1200       1*00      2000
          ASTIONOMICAL  TIME (Hoirs)
2400
0400
0800
                Figure IV-1.  Tide Conditions and Duration of Flights
                                                                                               CO

-------
40
                                 4' x 4'
     SURFACE FLOAT
(FOR AIRCRAFT DETECTION)
           DEPTH  LINE-
          DROGUE UNIT
                                                       WATER SURFACE
                                      I
                                      CM
                                      t
                                       2'-*-
                      TOP VIEW  OF DROGUE UNIT
4ft=1.2m

2ft = O.6m
                      Figure IV-2.  Drogue Assembly

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                                                                       41
WATER QUALITY DATA (GROUND TRUTH)

     Water quality data were collected from twelve discrete points in

Port Angeles Harbor during the daylight flights [Fig. IV-3].  The data

included:

     1.   Water surface temperature
     2.   Dissolved oxygen (DO)
     3.   pH
     4.   Conductivity
     5.   Turbidity
     6.   Total suspended solids (TSS)
     7.   Total suspended solids, non-volatile
     8.   Pearl-Benson Index (PBI) for spent sulfite liquor


     The values for the above parameters, obtained during the April

flights, are provided in Table IV-2.

     Only water surface temperatures were measured by ground personnel

during the night missions because the only sensor used during that phase

of the program was the infrared (thermal) line scanner.

     In addition to the above data, a sample of the diffuser effluent

was collected from the ITT Rayonier plant.  The effluent was spectro-

scopically tested to characterize its unique optical properties, or

"fingerprint." The fingerprint was the criterion for analyzing the

airborn imagery.

     Weather information was an important requirement of the sampling

program, especially wind vector data for tracing surface and near-

surface currents in the Harbor.  The weather conditions, recorded at the

U. S. Coast Guard Air Station at the east end of Ediz Hook [Fig. IV-3]

at the time of each flight, are provided in Table IV-3.

-------
                                                                 ,*><>-
            COAST GDARD STATION

          Lath    „„
                                                    at Reference
                                                   for N \ g'hT^FI i g h 1
^-^ F I i g
     ANGELES   HARBOR
                                                                  i
   Figure  IV — 3.   Water  Quality  Data  Stations
(Station Number  Encircled: Dot  Depicts  Location)

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                                               Table IV-2


                                Ground Truth Data for Port Angeles Harbor

                                 [24 April 1973, 1130 to 1250 hours PST]
Station-/ Hour
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
8
9
10
11
12
1240
1300
1315
1345
1230
1240
1245 .
1250
1255
1303
1310
1315
1320
Surface
Temperature
(°C) (°F)
11.3
12.1
11.5
11.1
8.0
8.5
9.0
10.0
10.5
12.5
13.0
21.0
12.0
52.3
53.8
52.7
52.0
46.4
47.3
48.2
50.0
50.9
54.5
55.4
69.8
53.6
DO*/
(mg/0
9.1
9.0
9.1
9.2
9.4
9.2
9.0
9.2
9.2
9.9
9.2.
—
9.3
PH
7.8
7.5
7.8
7.8
7.5
7.8
7.7
7.9
7.8
7.9
7.9
2.5
7.8
Conduc-
tivity
(vimho/cm)
46
44
45
45
45
46
43
45
46
46
26
16
46
,500
,500
,500
,500
,500
,500
,500
,500
,500
,500
,800
,200
,500
Turbidity
(JTU)
0.6
2.8
0.7
1.3
2.2
1.0
1.1
1.4
0.6
0.6
0.6
1.8
0.4
TSS
(mg/1)
14
23
18
19
19
18
21
23
20
20
19
31
15
TSS r/
[non-vol] PBI-7
(mg/1)
4
4
5
3
6
7
9
10
7
6
6
6
4
10
200
5
6
30
15
19
20
11
17
3
233,000
7
2-'.  Depth of Station 8 at 1255 hr was 3 m (10 ft); depth of all other stations was 0 m.
-'.  Measurements collected by a hydrolab ionic probe.
—   Pearl-Benson Index:  concentration of lignin in water (mg/1) from natural sources and pulp/paper
    mill effluents.
                                                                                                                GO

-------
 44
                              Table IV-3
                          Meteorological Data
Date
(1973)
24 April
25 July
RESULTS OF
Flight
1
2
3
1
2
DROGUE STUDY
Air
Temperature
52
51
47
66
67

Wind
Direction
030
030
250
060


Speed
(kn)
3
5
3
1
Calm

Sky
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear

     As mentioned above, there were three flights during the drogue
study on 24 April and two on 25 July.  The results from these five
flights are presented as time-distance tables [App. B] and vector dia-
grams, where practicable.
     The first flight on 24 April was flown 1137 to 1350 hours Pacific
Standard Time during an ebb tide [Fig. IV-1],  The four drogues were
released near the reference panel which was anchored to the ITT Rayonier
diffuser.  Table B-l contains data for the motion of each drogue.  These
data have also been plotted as polar coordinates in Figure IV-4; each
segmented line represents the movement of a particular drogue assembly.
The surface and 3 m (10 ft) drogues moved in similar paths.  The
6 m (20 ft) drogue hooked more quickly than the more shallow drogues.
The 12 m (40 ft) drogue hooked quite sharply in the cyclonic direction
propagating no more than 150 m (490 ft) radially from the reference
panel.   This shows that a moderate vector change in current magnitude and

-------
                                            31OC
                                                        32O,C
                                                                  33O°   34O°    35O°   36OC
29O
28O
                                                                                               -N
       TOO
DROGUE DEPTH
       M   (»»)
       SURFACE
        3   1O
        6   2O
       12   4O
E5SYAHCE
                                                          25O  2OO   15O
                                                        POSCJT (LIETEHS)
                                                                           10O    5O
                                                                                          REFERENCE
                                                                                       o     PO INT
              Figure IV-4. Drogue Vector  Diagram,  Flight  #1  (NFIC-D, 4/24/73)
                                                                                                       -P.
                                                                                                       en

-------
 46
direction took place between the 3 m (10 ft) and 6 m (20 ft) depth, and
a greater change occurred between 6 m (20 ft) and 12 m (40 ft).  Thus
the effluent dispersed from the diffuser to 12 m (40 ft) deep will
probably have higher concentrations than at levels closer to the surface.
The effluent which dispersed to between the surface and 3 m (10 ft)
would propagate a significant distance into the Harbor before dispersing.
During this flight the diffuser plume did reach the surface and move in
a westerly direction.  Visual discoloration was traced approximately
1.5 km (0.9 mi) west of the reference panel before disappearing.
     The tabulated data for the second flight are given in Table B-2 and
the vector diagram derived from these data  in Figure IV-5.  This flight
was made during slack high water  [Fig. IV-1].  All the drogues moved
southwesterly, and the 6 m (20 ft) drogue was furthest displaced.  The
drogues displayed no cyclonic displacement  as during the first flight,
with the possible exception of the 12 m (40 ft) drogue.  However,  during
the latter portion of the flight  it rotated into a line of propagation
nearly equal in polar angle to the other drogues.  These observations
indicated that the effluent from  the submerged diffuser could be carried
by the tidal currents into the Harbor without evidence of a cyclonic
spin-off to the Strait of Juan de Fuca.  No visible plume was recorded
because this was a night flight and the Infrared Line Scanner  (IRLS) was
the only active sensor.
     Data for the last flight in April which was conducted on an ebbing
tide, are tabulated in Table B-3.  The vector diagram [Fig. IV-6]

-------
                                                                       47
                   250°
                                  26O
                                                    280°    290°    300°
            240
      210
        8OO     700
                      60O     BOO      4OO     3OO     2OO
                        DISTANCE FISH IEFEIENCE POINT IHETEIS]
 DROGUE DEPTH
        (H |H|
	  SURFACE
imi_     3  1O
	    6  20
	     12 4O
REFERENCE.
 PO INT
             Figure IV-5.  Drogue Vector  Diagram, Flight #2
                             (NFIC-D, 4/24/73)

-------
48
               -N-
     290
  Sao
37o°
                 310
                                   330
                         320
                                                            35o°
                                                                        36O°
   15OO    135O    12OO
       DgOGUE DEPTH

               (m)  l^)
      	      SURFACE
      CZJDCUOCD     3  -1O
      = = =,=,     6  20
      „.=,.=     12  40
                        1O5O    9OO     75O     6OO
                           DISTflHCE FDOD DEFEGEHGE P9ICT
                                                    45O     3OO
                                                                  15O
REFERENCE POINT
            Figure  IV-6.   Drogue  Vector  Diagram, Flight  #3
                          (NFIC-D,  4/24-25/73)

-------
                                                                          49
shows that the four drogues initially traveled in a westerly direction
(271° true) before abruptly changing direction (average heading of 314°
true) toward the Strait of Juan de Fuca.  About 45 min after release,
the drogues were traveling north and were east of Ediz Hook [Fig. IV-3].
The effluent was being carried directly to the Strait; it did not enter
and disperse in Port Angeles Harbor.
     Two daylight flights were conducted on 25 July near slack tide
[Fig. IV-1].  Some difficulty was encountered in monitoring the surface
panels on the drogues because of the quiescent meteorological conditions
and heavy ship traffic in the Harbor.  The surface waters acted like a
mirror to reflect the clouds and sky above the aircraft and mask the
drogues'  surface floats.  Thus the July data are not as complete as the
April data.
     During these flights the drogues were positioned at 1.6 m (5 ft),
4.6 m (15 ft), 6.1 m (20 ft) and 12.2 m (40 ft) depths at the request of
EPA Region X.  There was no surface drogue.
     The first flight was from 1207 to 1307 hours Pacific Daylight Time
during rising tide [Fig. IV-1].  The 12.2 m (40 ft) drogue was observed
only twice, traveling west-southwest with respect to the reference point
[Fig. IV-7].  Midway through the flight two neighboring drogues could
not be distinguished from each other; their depths were unknown.  On the
sixth pass one of the drogues was traveling with a heading of 243°,
while on the ninth pass the same or another drogue was traveling due
west.  The fourth drogue was not observed.

-------
50
                                   -L^^1 =—J
   270
   26O
      25O
   tfl
   - N
24O
               23O
                               21O
                                        2OO7
                                                              REFERENCE
                                                                PO INT
                                                                10O
                                                              J 2OO
                                                                 300  --'
                                                                 400
                                                                 500
                                                                 6OO
                                                             — II 700
                                                                 8OO
                                                     19OC
                                                              18OC
           ELAPSED TIME
        PASS 4   13 MINUTES
        PASS 5   18 MINUTES
        PASS 6   24 M INUTES
        PASS 9   43 MINUTES
                                 DROGUE DEPTH
                                        M  (ft)
                                  ^^   12  4O
                                  7J a   UNKNOWN
                                   , ^   UNKNOWN
               Figure  IV—7.  Drogue Vector  Diagram,Flight
                             (NFIC-D,  7/25/73)

-------
                                                                         51
    The final flight was from 1530 to 1630 hours PDT during a slack
tide [Fig. IV-1].  Only the last pass recorded both the reference panel
and three of the four drogues.  The 4.5 m (15 ft) drogue was not sighted.
Figure IV-8 shows a single dashed line representing the reference point
and the only position of the remaining three drogues.  The line's head-
ing is 318°.  In 1 hr the drogues had moved 1,500 m (5,000 ft) from the
reference panel.  Had they continued along the average heading, they
would have passed within 215 m (705 ft) of Ediz Hook in approximately
31 min.  The tide phase at that time remained for an additional 4Jg hr
after the last pass.  Barring the effects of any significant cyclonic
currents, the effluent from the diffuser would have dispersed in the
Strait.
ANALYSIS OF EFFLUENT CONCENTRATIONS
     A major purpose of this study (Section I) was to determine optically
if the diffuser effluent was dispersing within the established zone of
dilution [Fig. IV-9] and, subsequently, if the temperature of the effluent
was greater than 0.28°C (0.5°F) above ambient leaving the dilution zone
en route to surface waters.
     During the first flight on 24 April the plume from the diffuser was
reaching the surface and dispersing along a heading of 260° (westerly)
from the reference point anchored to the diffuser [Fig. IV-9].  The
width of the plume as it surfaced was 290 m (995 ft); the measured
distance between the panel and the plume was about 12 m (40 ft).
     Thirteen frames (Fig. IV-10 represents the first frame of the
sequence) of true-color imagery were analyzed for color characterization

-------
  52
                                                         35O°
  230
270
         (DiSTODSE FOOD DJJSQiEuSE POtHT TOc=^>QSPQS§Ea?S  ODE E100Q ElflSPED TIDE)
REFERENCE
  POINT
             Figure  IV-8.   Drogue  Vector  Diagram,  Flighl  #2
                             (^F1C-D,  7/25/73)

-------
                                                              53
                     TOP VIEW
  ZONE  OF
  DILUTION
r i E z
T—DIFFUSER
•

•i




•
M
•

•


•


L
78m
L 	 78m
(255ft) 1 (255ft)
155m (51Oft)
CD O
rf 10
T"
*~\
*J
*4-
0
_^
CS)
V-X
E
r-.
00
CM



V— '
y^\
*^
O
Tt
CM
T~
v-x
E
CO
CO
x~\
E S
CD O
1 * !? •
f














                                                     -N-
 SURFACI
END VIEW
       DIFFUSER
                                      18.3m (6Oft)
                                           BOTTOM
Figure IV-9.   Zone of Dilution  for  the  ITT Rayonier, Inc.
                    Submerged Diffuser

-------
54
        DROGUES
                                                 PLUME BOUNDARIES
              WASTE PLUME
                                                         REFERENCE
                                                           BOAT
 SCALE-- 1: 1 ,76O
                                              SUN

                                                                '

Figure IV—10.  Plume  from the ITT Ravonier  Submerged I) iff user

-------
                                                                        55




from which isoconcentration lines throughout the plume were derived.   In


each frame, densitometer measurements [App. A] were made on a rectangular


matrix with elements separated by 1  cm  (0.4 in.).  This spacing repre-


sents a 30 m (98 ft) interval at the water's surface.  In the analyses


the concept of optical linearity was assumed, in which there is a direct


linear correlation between concentration and optical transmittance/scatter-


ing in the^near-surface waters of. the Harbor., Optically, the extinction


depth* of  the undiluted effluent was 4. cm  (1.6 in.).


     At the time of flight a liquid sample of the effluent to the diffuser


was obtained from the. ITT Rayonier facility.  -This  sample was analyzed


for its unique optical characteristics, or. fingerprint.  The sample was
                          c

tested at  100, 50, 25  and 10 percent concentrations.by dilution with


background water, obtained at the time of  flight  from the Strait of Juan


de Fuca near Ediz Hook.  The optical data was subsequently used to


analyze the-film transmittance data obtained from the diffuser plume.


The analysis indicated that the  surface water just  within the east


(leading)  edge of the  plume [Fig./lV-lO] contained  a concentration of


only 12 percent with respect to  the undiluted effluent subjected to


optical tests.  For the remainder of the analysis,  the area of highest


concentration was normalized at  100 percent.  An  isoconcentration dia-


gram [Fig. IV-11] was derived for 100, 50, 25,: 10,  and less than 10,


percent concentration levels within the plume.
   Extinction depth is the maximum distance that red laser light can be
   transmitted through the effluent sample.

-------
PAGE NOT
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY

-------
                                                                         57
     The perimeter of the dilution zone [Fig. IV-9] has been super-
imposed upon the isoconcentration diagram [Fig. IV-11].  The plume does
not extend beyond the east zone boundary.  However, the plume extends
well beyond the west zone boundary and is detectable nearly 1.5 km
(0.9 mi) west of the outfall.  Because the length  (longitudinal axis) of
the zone was about 43 m  (140 ft) greater than the  angular coverage of
the camera lens, the behavior of the plume at the  south boundary of the
dilution zone could not  be determined.
     The infrared (thermal) map recorded over the  outfall [Fig. IV-12]
shows  that at the surface the plume was 0.5  to  1.0°C  (0.9 to 1.8°F)
cooler than the background surface waters of the Harbor.  This  indicates
that there was no violation of the 0.28°C (0.5°F)  upper temperature
restriction at the boundary of the dilution  zone.
     Stereoscopic analysis of the photographic  imagery shows that  the
effluent from the plume  was passing through  the 0.3 m  (1 ft) upper
boundary [Fig. IV-9] of  the dilution zone to the surface, thereby  not
complying with the Washington State zone requirement.  The  thermal
infrared data also confirm that the plume reached  the  surface of the
receiving waters.

ITT RAYONIER DISCHARGES  ALONG SHORE (Permit  No. 071-06Y-2-038)
     ITT Rayonier, Inc.  has five outfalls which discharge along the
'southern shore of Port Angeles Harbor.  These discharges have a combined
flow rate of 1.5 m /sec  (34.5 mgd) and consist  mostly of process and
cooling water.  They created a thermal plume of moderate size
[Fig.  IV-13] on 25 July.  The plume dispersed easterly along shore.  The

-------
                                                                           CO
Figure IV-12.  Thermal  Infrared Map of ITT Kavonier Waste
              Plume from  Submerged Diffuser

-------
                                                             SCALE-- 1 :  3O.7OO
                               EDIZ HOOK
                        HARBOR

                                  THERMAL PLUMES
                                                    .ITT RAYONIER MILL



Figure IV-13.   Thermal Infrared  Jlap of Porl Angeles Harbor
           and  ITT  R a v o n i e r Discharges (7/25/73)

-------
60
submerged discharge did not create a thermal  plume at the Harbor surface

during this flight.


CROHN ZELLERBACH CORPORATION (Permit No. 071-OYB-3-048)

     Crown Zellerbach Corporation has eight active outfalls which origi-

nate at the mill site at the vertex of Port Angeles Harbor [Fig. IV-14].

Their points of discharge and average daily flow rates are as follows:
                              Table IV-4
                Crown Zellerbach Corporation Flow Data
Outfall
No.
014 ,
01 5f
01 6-7
017
018
019
020
021
Point of Discharge
Strait of Juan de Fuca
Port Angeles Harbor
Port Angeles Harbor
Port Angeles Harbor
Port Angeles Harbor
Strait of Juan de Fuca
Strait of Juan de Fuca
Port Angeles Harbor
Average Fl
(m3/day)
32,000
2,300
1,900
5,700
57
6
2,300
950
ow Rate
(mgd)
8.4
0.6
0.5
1.5
0.015
0.0015
0.6
0.25
      -   Combined flow rate



     These discharges have a combined flow rate of 44,900 m3/day

(11.87 mgd); 34,100 m /day (9 mgd) is discharged to the Strait of Juan
                                   o
de Fuca, and the remaining 10,900 m /day (2.87 mgd) is discharged into

Port Angeles Harbor.

     Outfalls 014, 019 and 020 created a large bright yellow plume of

discoloration along the southern shore of the Strait of Juan de Fuca

-------
STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA
C I ar i f i e r
                                                                 NOT TO  SCALE
            Figure IV—14.  Crown Zellerbach  Corporation  Discharges

-------
                                                                                   CTl
                                                                                   no
Figure IV-15.  Plume  of Discoloration  in  Strait of Juan de Kuca

               from  ("rown  /elIerbach  Corporation

                 (Facility Clarifier  at far  Right)

-------
                                                                         63
[Fig. IV-15].  The waters along shore at the vertex of Port Angeles

Harbor where outfalls 015, 016, 017, 018 and 021  were discharging were

darker than the background waters further into the Harbor.

     The total wastewater discharged from this facility consists of:

     13% cooling water
      1% boiler feed water
   - 53% process water
     33% other wastewater not specifically identified.

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                                                                        65
                   V.  MODELING PORT ANGELES HARBOR
                                          x' ^
     To understand the rationale in developing a model  of the Harbor it

is desirable to understand current motion in the ocean  and the related

equations of state.  These equations will not be derived here and only

those specialized cases which reflect the behavior of Port Angeles will

be considered.  Reference is made to hydrodynamics textbooks which

furnish exact derivations, as well as textbooks of meteorology, which

often prefer intuitive presentations.

MODELING ASSUMPTIONS

     To develop a model for the effect of wind on water masses, three

assumptions are made:  1) the internal pressure forces are neglected --

that is, there is no pileup of water against a land mass; 2) a homoge-

neous harbor is defined as one upon which a constant wind stress is

acting as an external force; and 3) the turbulence of currents is

described by the superposition of short, but intense, fluctuations of

current velocity upon a relatively uniform motion which can be con-

sidered the actual oceanic current.

     A pure drift current is the result of wind stress acting on the

surface of the sea.  This stress is produced either by friction of the

air passing over the water, or by the pressure effect of the wind on

waves which transfers part of the.momentum of the wind to the water.

Both effects usually act in the same direction and can be combined as a

single resultant tangential force (force component parallel to the

water's surface).

-------
  66
     At the sea surface (northern hemisphere), the water in a pure drift
current moves with a velocity VQ in the direction of 45° cum sole* from
the wind direction.  At increasing depth the angle of deflection increases,
and the velocity of the current rapidly decreases.  At some depth D the
deflection will amount to a full 180° and the velocity will have fallen
to e-Tr = 1/23 VQ.  This velocity is small enough that by comparison with
the surface value it can usually be neglected.  The depth D can therefore
be taken as a measure of the depth of penetration of the wind-generated
ocean current.  In general, it is also a measure of the depth to which
the effect of a steadily flowing, horizontal  layer penetrates into the
adjacent water masses and was termed by Ekman-  the "frictional depth."
The equations for these parameters take the form:
                         »o=  	n	r                           <4>
                               (2Dpwsin) ^
                         D  =  /	n  \*                             (5)
Where:  T  = shear stress
        p  = density
        a)  = angular velocity of the earth  (2V86,400 sec)
          = latitude (Coriolis effect)
        n  = exchange coefficient for momentum (eddy coefficient or
             turbulent friction coefficient).

     According to Equation 5, D is also a measure of the internal turbulent
friction.   It should be noted that the shear stress T is not included in
the equation relating D and n.   This gives the indication that the
vertical thickness of the current is independent of the wind intensity
producing it and maintaining it against friction.  Since the frictional
*  In the direction of the apparent azimuth motion of the sun in equatorial
   nl a no
plane.

-------
                                                                         67
coefficient  n increases with wind strength, the frictional  depth D will

increase also.  Figure V-l shows the vertical structure of a pure drift

current.  The arrows projecting from the central column represent the
              i
direction and strength of the: current at the surface at equidistant

levels of 0.1D, 0.2D, etc.  The arrowheads .lie on a doubly curved spiral

which when projected on. the horizontal plane forms a logarithmic curve

known as the Ekman spiral.

     Equation 4 shows that the surface velocity is directly proportional

to the shearing stress T  , but :it is inversely proportional to the

frictional depth D.  The  total water transport due to a drift current

occurs perpendicular cum  sole to the direction of the shearing stress of

the wind producing it,.

     As long as the depth of water is greater than the frictional depth

D, the vertical distribution of the.drift current will be unaffected by

the underlying surface, since the water layers below the frictional

depths have an insignificant share in the drift current.  When the depth

of the water is about the same order as D,  there is a noticeable effect

on the drift current, and the trigonometric  functions in Equations 4 and

5 are replaced by hyperbolic functions.  The sea bottom represents a

boundary to which the water adheres.  When  the water depth d is smaller

than D the effect of the  bottom will increase as the depth decreases.

     Figure V-2 shows the vertical current  structure for depths d equal

to 1.25D, 0.50D, 0.25D, and 0.1D.  The dashed curve near the origin

shows the deviation from  the curve d = 1.25D for d = 2.5D.  In practice

there is no significant difference for even much greater values.  The

angle of deflection decreases rapidly with the depth of the water.

-------
68
          Figure  V-l.   Vertical Structure  of a Pure Current



                     (According  to  Ekman) —'

-------
                                                                 69
  Figure  V—2.  Vertical Structure in  Drift Currents for an Ocean
Depth d Nearly Equal  or Smaller than the Upper  Frictional Depth D
  (10 Small Circles on  Each  Curve Indicate the End  Points of the
      Velocity  Vectors  for  the  Depth 0.0, 0.1, 0.2 d, etc.)

-------
70
In very small  depths (d< 0.1D),  the deflection shows almost no effect of
the earth's rotation.
THEORY VS. OBSERVATION
     Comparison of the theory of drift currents with observations in the
ocean is generally difficult because of simplifying assumptions.   Shorelines
                                               •
of land masses or transport of the drift currents cause pileups of water
which, in turn, induce currents that are included in the observations.
Furthermore, the wind is not uniform over the ocean.  If most of these
difficulties are avoided by careful selection of the areas of observation,
the results of the Ekman theory of drift currents can be confirmed.
This is especially true for the angle of deflection a between the wind,
W, and VQ; the ratio of current velocity to the wind velocity, VQ/W;
and the depth of frictional resistance D.
     Port Angeles Harbor represents such a special case.  Ediz Hook
separates the Harbor from the effects of large-scale perturbations
passing through the Strait of Juan de Fuca.  Neither shoreline has any
sharp protuberances; the Harbor is completely open to the east and the
slope of the bottom is gentle with no projections.  In addition,  the
meteorological data show that for this particular location the wind
blows with great uniformity from the west.  Compilation of data for such
             4/
special cases-  has shown the following relationship to be true:
                         VQ =  xW/(sin$a                            (6)
                                  '^— —             r
where 4> is the latitude, and x a constant equal toNO.Q126 when W is
measured in cm/sec.  As a rule of thumb, the drift velocity is approximately

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                                                                         71
fi.5  percent  of  the wind velocity  in moderate and higher latitudes.  It

 can"also  be  shown that:
                          D  =  7.6  W/ (sin )
  from which  follows
                          D  =  C'V
                                 0
 where C'  is  a constant equal  to
                          C1  =  600
m sec
  cm '
                                    (7)
                                    (8)
(9)
      Using mean monthly wind speed  data [Table V-l]  and  taking  sin*  for

 the entrance to Port Angeles Harbor as 0.745 (48°7'  N),  the values  of D

 and Vn for each month of the year are given in Table V-l.  The agreement

 between the two methods of calculating VQ is excellent.   The last column

 of the Table was computed using a Harbor depth of 16m.


                              Table V-l
     Calculated Values of Frictional Depth and Current Velocity
                         Port Angeles Harbor
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December

(m/sec)
5.0
4.2
4.5
5.0
6.1
6.1
7.1
5.4
4.1
3.5
3.8
4.5
W
(kn)
9.8
8.2
8.7
9.8
11.9
11.9
13.8
10.5
8.0
6.8
7.4
8.7
VQ(m/sec)

.015 W x W/(sin )^
0.077 0.
.063
.067
.077
.092
.092
.106
. 081
.062
.052
.057
.067
074
061
066
074
089
089
104
079
060
051
056
066
D
(600 VQ)
(m)
44
37
39
44
54
54
62
47
36
31
33
39
d
0.360
.43D
.410
.360
.30D
.300
.260
.340
.440
.52D
.480
.410

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  72
Thus, using Figure V-2, during October when d was 0.52D the angle of
deflection at the surface a is approximately 45°, at mid-depth it has
increased to about 60° and at the depth of the outfall  to 90°. This
means that the direction of the current over the outfall would be
directly south, while at the surface the transport would be southeast.
In July when d is 0.26D, the angle of deflection is only about 20°
cum sole at the surface and 30° cum sole at the outfall.
     These examples show the necessity for taking wind and current
measurements concurrently.  The last column of Table V-l shows that
during the course of a year d may be expected to vary between 0.26D and
0.52D.  Using July, the worst possible case, the frictional depth is
still sufficiently shallow at this high latitude to allow the Coriolis
effect to have a significant impact on the current in the Harbor.
     In contrast to pure drift currents, pure gradient currents develop
as a result of the wind piling up water at a shoreline, leading to an
inclination of the sea surface.  Where the actual depth is considerably
less than the frictional depth in a homogeneous sea, as assumed for Port
Angeles, the entire water column would behave as though it were gliding
over the sea floor, retarded only by a slower moving boundary layer. In
this case the Ekman effect would be negligible.  Thus, if water motion
in the Port Angeles Harbor were due to a gradient current induced by the
piling up of water by either winds or tides, one would expect to find
essentially uniform motion throughout the entire water column.

-------
                                                                         73
EVALUATION OF THE MODEL
     Because data collection was not specifically designed to determine
the type of current existing in the Harbor, it is difficult to state
conclusively that a pure drift current resulting in the Ekman spiral
exists in Port Angeles Harbor.  To a certain extent, it is easier to
indicate the current patterns that do not exist.  Although the water in
the basin was shown to be homogeneous by data presented earlier, close
examination of the current roses in the ITT Rayonier report failed to
reveal a single case of uniform unidirectional flow throughout the water
column.  On only a few occasions was a substantial portion of the water
column moving uniformly in direction and speed.
     Topographically the Harbor is a broad, shallow basin with gentle
geographic features open to the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the passing
tides.  Yet, the water does not simply oscillate in and out of the
basin.  If the Harbor were rugged, with many barriers to the flow build-
ing up actual heads of water and resulting in the tidal bores that occur
in many estuaries, an argument could possibly be made for the complicated
circulating patterns in the Harbor.
     Since these two possible models of circulation for the Port Angeles
basin do not occur, it seems reasonable to accept that the wind produces
a drift current with a resulting Ekman spiral, as suggested although not
proven by the data.

-------
  74

     Tidal velocities and headings at 10 m (33 ft)  in the ITT Rayonier
report for Station 4 [Fig. III-l] show that the majority of time current
flow was slightly south of due west.   This indicates that at this depth
the outfall was located sufficiently north of the Ekman spiral to allow
water moving into the Harbor to replace the water flowing out along the
south shore in the drift current.  Thus, the pollutants would be carried
into the Harbor, then southward to the shore, then eastward along the
shore past Morse Creek toward Green Point.  In fact, the data indicate
that for only a few minutes during the afternoon of 5 November 1970 did
the waterflow across the outfall correspond to that which the ITT report
claimed was the predominant flow -- a northward flowing anticyclonic
motion across the outfall.
     Station 3 is of interest because it should be located within the
drift current, if one exists.  The continuous current readings for
Station 3 were also taken only at 10 m.  Accepting the mean wind values
given for September and October, and the values of D calculated from
Table V-2, it is possible to calculate the drift current heading and
relative velocity for this station at 10 m.  Since the station was close
to the bottom of the Harbor (12 m; 40 ft), d is about 0.33D to 0.39D
(September-October).  From Figure V-2, one would expect a at 10 m to be
about 20°  cum sole to the wind which is coming from the west at 90°
relative to the compass.  Tidal heading for the station shows that
except for the period of about an hour and a half on the afternoon of 30
September 1970 the current was within +10° of the predicted 110° given
by the model  at all  times.

-------
                                                                                             Table  V-2
                                      LATTTUDI       48*  07'
                                      LONGITUDE     123*  26'
                                      ILIV. (GROUND)      99 ft .
    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, WEATHER  BUREAU IN COOPERATION WITH
THE WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE  AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
                 CLIMATOGRAPHY OF  THE  UNITED STATES 20-45

                     CJJMATOLOGICAL SUMMARY

                   NORMALS, MEANS, AND  EXTREMES
ST/mo*  PORT ANGELES. HASH.
1
(f)
J

M
A
M
f
J
A
S
0
N
D
Yr
Temperature
Normal
*!
so
43.7
46.0
48.8
54. 2
59.5
62.8
66. S
66.4
63.6
S6.6
49.1
46.0
55.3
Daily
so
33. S
34.5
36.3
40.1
44.5
48.6
51.1
51.0
48.5
43.6
38.2
36.0
42.2
1
so
38.6
40.3
42.6
47.2
52.0
55.7
58.8
58.7
56.1
50.1
43.7
41.0
48.7
Extremes
I*
PC M
SO
62
67
66
74
83
89
93
87
85
81
67
67
93
i

I960'
1941
1930
1955
1956
1958
1941
1952
1955
1936
1950
1940
1941
'S -a
30
7
12
21
25
30
37
41
41
37
74
12
17
7
i

1950
1533
1951
1936
1954
1933
1954
1953.
1937.
1935
1955
1956
1950
Normal degree days ;
30
818
692
694
534
403
279
195
195
267
462
639
744
5922
Precipitation
1
2
30
3.87
3.06
1.99
1.08
.89
.96
.48
.58
1.10
2.48
3.77
4.35
24.61
It
30
11.06
6.97
4.26
2.50
2.49
3.35
1.30
2.23
3.09
7.75
8.44
10.83
11.06
3

1954
1949
1950
1937
1948
1931
1955
1954
1933
1956
1958
1933
1954
Minimum
monthly
30
.90
.84
.57
.09
.07
.01
.00
.02
.04
.25
.60
1.11
.00
1

1942
1956
1944
1956
1935
1934
1958
1955.
1939
1936
1943
1935
1958
Maximum
in 24 hrs.
30
3.02
3.30
1.55
.91
1.00
1.33
.48
.65
1.23
2.05
2.42
2.63
3.30
J

1935
1949
1948
1948
1948
1946
1954
1956
1953
1947
1955
1937
1949
Snow, Sleet
j
30
4.4
1.8
.6







.6
1.1
8.5
Maximum
monthly
30
38.8
15.1
9.2







7.5
7.9
38.8
J

1950
1949
1951







1946
1949
1950
Maximum
in 24 hrs
30
6.5
7.0
7.0




>•

1952
1949
1955







4.5
4.5
7.0


1946
1949
1955"
Relative ,
humidity
\
6
82
84
84
82
85
88
89
92
89
88
86
86
86
fe
S
0
6
78
77
76
72
75
77
79
81
78
80
80
81
78
H
6
77
77

71
74
75
76
79
78
81
81
81
77
8
O
6
82
fl4
83
82
84
M
86
89
88
flR
85
84
85
Wind '
MMD
hourly speed
4
9.7
P Prevailing
direction
6
SSE
8.2J K
8.7, H
9.8, K
11, R
11.9
13.8
10.5
8.0
6.8
7.4
8.7
9.6
K
K
W
N
U
V
tf
wsw
w
Futeat mile
I
2
52
49
53
44
41
3D
38
43
41
47
Direction
2
HSH
WSN
If
WNW
NNW
3

1951
1952
1951
1952
1951
H | 1952.
U
N
tffltf
N
1951
1951
1951
1951
40 ilVSK 1 1952.
58
58
R
n
1951
1951















Average sky cover
sunrise to sunset
6
8.2
O
8,0
7.1
6.8
fl 1
5.4
5.9
5,5
7 4
» 1
8.6
7.1
Mean number oi days
Sunrise to
sunset i
0
6
3
3

5
5
7
10
9
9
5
7
1
t!
6
4
4
6
7
11
9
10
8
9
7
5
4
62 | 84
•S
0
0
6
24
71
27
Ifl
15
14
11
14
12
19
71
26
219
Precipitation
.10 inch or more
30
9
7
•i
4
^

2
2
l
7
9
in
64
1
ajj
M
6
3
.
1
0
0
n
0
0
0
0
0
i
5
a
8
|
1
6
0
n
0
0
l
i
i
i
.
0
Heavy fog *
6
1 .
1
1
1
7
,
5
10
„
5
01 2
Oi 1
4 Uo
Max.
temp.
A!
30
0
n
n
0
n
n

0
n
o
n

•
?.
30
2
.
n
0
o
n
0
0
n

.
.
2
Min.
temp.
v<
30
11
q
7
1

n
0
n
n

4
S
40
1
VII
30
0
Q
n
0
n
n
0
n
n
n
n
n
0
U) Langth oi record, y«*n.  (1931-1960)
 T Trace, aa mount too *maU to measure.
                                                             Also on  earlier  dates, months, or years.

                                                             Leaa than ona half.
                                                                          • Data  recorded at  Weather Bureau Office located at the USCC Air
                                                                            Station durinp period 1947-1952.
                                                                            Data  entered in column "Fastest Mile" are for the fastest
                                                                            observed mile durinp 2-year period 1951-1952.  Station was not
                                                                            equipped with automatic recording wind equipment.

-------
76
     Similar calculations for October indicate that a is only a few
degrees larger and that essentially the same correlation holds for
1 October 1970.  On 2 October the basic direction of flow at 10 m (33 ft)
was between west and west-southwest.  The model may have failed because
of calm wind conditions or because a strong tidal component was imposed
upon the Ekman spiral.  This does not invalidate the long-term net
transport of the spiral.  VQ is predicted to be 0.060 m/sec (0.12 kn)
for September and  .051 m/sec (0.10 kn) for October [Table V-l].  If this
were a drift current one would expect current values at 10 m to remain
considerably below these values, and in fact that was the case.  If it
were a pure gradient current, one would expect essentially the same flow
rate at 10 m as at the surface, which was not the case.
     The dye tracers released on the surface provided the only estimate
of VQ in the ITT Rayonier study.  These reflected the predicted motion
in three out of four cases.  Figure 111-5 shows that dye was released at
a point between Stations 2 and 3.  On 29 and 30 September, and 2 October
1970 the dye moved east by southeast along the shore toward Morse Creek
with surface velocities of 0.061, 0.025 and 0.088 m/sec \0.118, 0.049,
0.171 kn), respectively.  These correspond reasonably well to the pre-
dicted value range of 0.051 to 0.061 m/sec (0.099 to 0.118 kn), particu-
larly against a flood tide.  On 2 October, when the dye moved directly
across the mouth of the Harbor near Ediz Hook [Fig. III-6], the model
may have failed because of a shift in or lack of wind or tidal con-
ditions — in contrast to the other three studies which took place
during flood tide.

-------
                                                                         77
     Each time a long-term change in the direction of wind velocity
occurs, the current vectors must be reestablished.  Figure V-3 shows the
adjustment the current vector VQ follows after the onset of wind.   As
the wind velocity changes in speed but not in direction, the depth of
the frictional resistance D likewise varies.   Thus, current vectors at
depth will change from either a shift in wind speed or direction.
     Since the ITT Rayonier drogue studies were all conducted at the 4 m
(13 ft) depth, the data are not sufficient to show rotary motion through-
out the column, as in the Ekman spiral.  Here again, if gradient cur-
rents alone were acting one would expect all  of the drogues to move
uniformly in the same direction.  However, the only cases in which this
occurred were where the drogues were released within the Strait of Juan
de Fuca. Even in these cases when the drogues entered the Harbor random
motion developed, indicating the lack .of gradient currents within the
basin.  On several -days, such as 20 and 28 August, drogue motion clearly
followed that which was predicted.  Again, lack of windvdata and surface
drogues makes it impossible to validate or reject the model.
     The dispersion of the test dye injected into the city of Port
Angeles sewage outfall [Table III-2] was so rapid that rotary motion
with its attendant turbulence was indicated,  rather than the laminar
flow associated with gradient currents.
     Wind speed and direction on the days of the remote sensing survey
were calm.  This is unfortunate since the model assumes a constant wind
stress. However, Figure IV-4 reflected primarily tidal motion, except

-------
78
 Figure V-3.   Adjustment of the  Current  Vector,  at the Sea  Surface,
  to  a  Stationary Position After Onset of the Wind (Ekman, 1927)  .!/

-------
                                                                         79
for cyclonic motion of the 12 m (40 ft)  drogue.   The latter case-was
probably a result of residual motion of the Ekman spiral  that had  not
completely decayed since the wind ceased.
     A visual inspection was made of Port Angeles Harbor on 28 December
1973, and numerous photographs were taken of the water surface to  record
the movement of surface slicks.  The wind was directly from the west at
about 5 m/sec (10 kn).  Surface slicks or films formed straight lines
several miles long, drifting east by southeast in the southern half of
the Harbor.  These streaks, each a few yards wide, joined near Green
Point, then traveled as one large slick northeast into the Strait  of
Juan de Fuca.  The motion of the slicks reflects the motion of the
surface layer immediately beneath them.   On the north side of the  Harbor,
slicks were broad and diffused as they appeared to be forced into  the
wind.  This reflects an eddy pattern where water enters the Harbor on
the north side around Ediz Hook, moves counterclockwise across the
Harbor, and then moves out of the Harbor along the southern shore,
completing the gyre.

-------
80
                              REFERENCES

1.   Pollution Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill Wastes in Puget Sound,
    U. S. Dept. of the Interior (Federal Water Pollution Control
    Administration Northwest Regional Office, Portland, Oreg.;
    Washington State Pollution Control Commission, Olympia), March 1967,
    474p.

2.   Outfall Location Studies, Port Angeles,  Washington, ITT Rayonier Inc.,
    Olympic Research Division, Shelton, Wash., August 1971, 450p.

3.   Defant, Albert, Physical Oceanography,  Vol. 1, Pergammon Press,
    New York, 1961, p. 401.

4.   Dietrich, Gunter, General Oceanography,  John Wiley & Sons, New
    York, 1963, 588p.

-------
                 APPENDIX A
          REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES
          Aircraft and Sensor Data
      Data Interpretation and Analysis
               Error Analysis
       Film Spectral Sensitivity Data
      Optical Filter Transmittance Data
Development Process for Reconnaissance Films
         Focal Length, Angle of View

-------
 82

                       REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES*

                       AIRCRAFT AND SENSOR DATA

Aircraft and Flight Data
     A high-performance aircraft, specifically designed and equipped for
aerial reconnaissance work, was used for the remote sensing flights.
The aircraft was used for day and night flights over Port Angeles Harbor.
     The flight parameter data that specify the values of the aerial
reconnaissance variables are summarized in Table A-l.  These variables
are important at the time the mission is flown and during the analysis
of the airborne data.  With rare exception, the airspeed variations are
automatically processed in the aircraft computer system and, combined
with aircraft altitude, are used to calculate the amount of photographic
stero overlap.
Cameras
     Three cameras and an infrared line scanner (IRLS) were the sensors
on board the aircraft.  The cameras were KS-87B aerial framing cameras
equipped with 152 mm (6 in.) focal length lens assemblies.  They were
mounted in the aircraft in their respective vertical positions as shown
in Figure A-l.
     The viewing angle of the KS-87B framing cameras was 41° centered
about the aircraft's nadir as shown in Figure A-2.   A diagram of a
typical  framing camera is  shown in Figure A-3.
'Mention of equipment and/or brand names in this report does not constitute
 endorsement or recommendation by the Environmental  Protection Agency.

-------
                               Table A-l

                         Flight  Parameter  Data
                          Port Angeles  Harbor
                                                                           83
Parameter
                                         Date
                     25 April  1973
                                   25 July  1973
Time of Flight
Air Speed

Altitude Above
Ground Level

Sensors
(Day)    1120 to 1250 PST
(Night)  2012 to 2128 PST
(Night)  2337 to 2451 PST

325 kn

(Day)    457 m (1,500 ft)
(Night)  305 m (1,000 ft)
(Day)
(Night)
All
IRLS
                          (Day)    1200  to  1330 PDT
                          (Day)    1520  to  1637 PDT
                          (Day)    1640  to  1730 PDT

                          325  kn

                          457  m  (1,500  ft)
(Day)   All
                                 LEGEND

                            '  XS-17  FRAMING CAMERAS

                            2  INFRARED LINE SCANNER
                Figure A-l.   Aircraft Sensor Locations

-------
84
                                               AIRCRAFT
                                               ALTITUDE
                                GROUND  LEVEL
              Figure A-2.   Viewing Angle of  Framing Camera
                Focal Plane
                                              Film
                                              Guide
                         Shutter
                                        Lens
                         Film Advances Frame by Frame
                     Figure  A-3.   Framing  Camera

-------
                                                                          85
 Films and Filters
      The cameras were loaded with the following  film and  optical  filter
 combinations:
      Camera Station 1 -- Kodak S0-597 Aerographic  Ektachrome  Film (127
 mm;  5 in.)  with a Wratten HF-3/HF-5  gelatin  optical  filter  combination.
 The  film provides a true color transparency  114  mm sq (4.5  in.  sq).   The
 filter combination prevents  ultraviolet light from reaching the film  and
 eliminates  the  effects of atmospheric haze.
      Camera Station 2 -- Backup sensor for Camera  Staton  1.
      Camera Station 3 -- Kodak 2443  Aerochrome Infrared Film  (127 mm)
 with a Wratten  16 gelatin optical  filter.  The film  provides  color
 transparencies  114 mm sq.
      The Wratten  16 filter (deep  orange in color)  transmits a portion of
 the  visible optical  spectrum (i.e.,  deep green, yellow, orange, and red)
 as well  as  the  near-infrared energy  from 7.0  to  1.0  ym.  The film pre-
 sents  a  modified-color  or  false-color  rendition  in the processed trans-
 parency  unlike  the  more  familiar  true-color films.   It has an emulsion
 layer  that  is sensitive  to the  near-infrared  in addition to the red and
 green  layers, whereas the true-color ektachrome films have red, green,
 and blue sensitive  layers.   (Every color film has various combinations
 of red, green, and blue dyes  similar to the red,  green and blue dots on
 the front of a color television picture tube.)  The modified or false-
color rendition comes into play when the exposed  image on the  infrared

-------
  86
film is processed.   In the finished  transparency,  the  scene  objects
(trees, plants, algae) producing  infrared  exposure appear  red, while  red
and green objects produce green and  blue images, respectively.  Most
important, this film records the  presence  of various  levels  of chloro-
phyll in terrestrial and aquatic  plant growth.  The leaves on a healthy
tree will record bright red rather than the usual  green; unhealthy
foliage will appear brownish-red.   The orange filter keeps all blue
light from reaching the film to prevent unbalance  in red,  green,, and
blue.
Infrared Line Scanner
     The aircraft was equipped with  an AN/AAS-18  Infrared  Line Scanner
(IRLS) which images an area along the flight path  of the aircraft.  The
width of the image area depends upon aircraft altitude; the  area  is
encompassed by a 120° field-of-view in crosstrack, or perpendicular to
the flight path [Fig. A-4].
         i • •
         i
      AIRCRAFT
      ALTITUDE
         I
                             GROUND  LEVEL

                  Figure A-4.  Field of View of IRLS

-------
                                                                          87
     An IRLS converts variations in infrared energy emissions from
objects of different temperatures into a thermal map.  The three basic
parts of an IRLS are the scanner optics, a detector array, and a record-
ing unit. The scanner optics collect the infrared emissions from ground
and water areas and focus them on the detectors [Fig. A-5].
                                                D elector
            Folding Mirror
 Folding Mirror
             Folding  Mirror
R otat in g
  Scan
   M ir ror
                                                                   Folding  Mirror
              Figure A-5.  IRLS Optical Collection System

-------
     The detectors, cyrogenically cooled to 26° K, convert the infrared
energy collected by the scanner optics into an electronic signal.   This
signal is processed electronically and subsequently transformed into
visible light through a cathode ray tube.  This light is recorded on
ordinary 126 mm (5 in.) RAR black-and-white film.  The recorded thermal
map is 100 mm (4 in.) wide and its length depends upon the length of a
particular line of flight being imaged.
     The IRLS has a sensitivity bandwidth from 8 to,14 ym, the so-called
thermal band of the electromagnetic spectrum.  Applying Wien's Displacement
Law, this represents a temperature band from -66° to 89° C. The system
has an instantaneous field-of-view of 1 mrad sq.  The total field-of-
view is achieved by the rotating mirror in the optical collection system,
which is 120° x 1 mrad.  The measured noise equivalent temperature
(N.E.T.) of the IRLS is 0.32° C with 100 percent probability of target
detection.  This represents an effective measurement of the temperature
resolution of the system.

                   DATA INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS
     Data is interpreted and analyzed on the original photographic and
Infrared Line Scanner (IRLS) films; prints of duplicated transparencies
degrade the image in scale and color balance.  The original films are:
true color transparencies, false color infrared transparencies, black-
and-white ultraviolet negatives and the IRLS thermal image black-and-
white negatives.

-------
                                                                        89

     Standard image analysis techniques were employed in the reduction
of distances/areas and stereoscopic analysis of areas displaying topo-
graphic gradients on land and in the water.   The reduced data were
subsequently plotted on U. S. Geological Survey 7.5 minute topographic
maps (scale 1:24,000) and U. S. Coast Guard and Geodetic Survey Nautical
Charts (scale 1:10,000).  To evaluate scale consistency, the map scales
were compared to the imagery empirical scales derived from the optical
focal length of each sensor and the altitude of the aircraft above water
level.
     A Macbeth TD-203AM Densitometer was employed during the analysis of
the color films to measure film densities as a function of the three
cardinal colors -- red, blue and green.  This system measures film
densities with an accuracy of 0.02 density units and a measurement
repeatability of 0.01 density units.
     Temperature levels are represented on black-and-white IRLS film by
various shades of gray  in the negative.  Areas of low density (clear
film) represent cooler  temperatures, and as the temperature of a particu-
lar target becomes warmer the density of gray in the film also increases.
Positive prints presented in this report refleqt the reverse of the
negative film.  Cool areas are dark while the warm areas are light gray.
     It is important to note that the IRLS will only record water sur-
face temperatures since water is opaque in this region of the infrared
spectrum.  The maximum depth penetration in either fresh or salt water
is 0.01 cm.  Therefore, a submerged thermal discharge can be detected
from an aircraft with an IRLS only if the warm wastewater reaches the
surface of the receiving waters.

-------
 90
                  DEVELOPMENT  PROCESSES  FOR BLACK-WHITE

                    AND  COLOR RECONNAISSANCE  FILMS


      The  film was processed in Eastman  Kodak  Company processors.  The

 infrared  and true-color  Ektachrome  films were processed  in the  Ekta-

 chrome  RT Processor, Model 1811, Type M, Federal  Stock Number 6740-109-

 2987PK, Part Number 460250.   This machine uses  Kodak EA-5 chemicals.

 The  temperature  of the respective chemicals in  the.processor and  the

 film process rate, in ft/min,  are the important parameters.  Their

 values  were specified as  follows:


                       Prehardener          115°F
                       Neutralizer          115°F
                       First  Developer      115°F
                       First  Stop Bath      115°F
                       Color  Developer      120°F
                       Second  Stop  Bath     120°F
                       Bleach               125°F
                       Fixer                120°F
                       Stabilizer           120°F


     The  film process rate was 9 ft/min.  The nine chemical baths,

mentioned above,  comprise the  EA-5  process used for the color films.  The

temperature and pressure of the fresh water supplied to the processor

was  120°F and 45  psi  minimum,   respectively.   The fresh water is used to

wash the film immediately before entering the dryers.

-------
                                                                          91
                    FILM SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY DATA
                   OPTICAL FILTER TRANSMITTANCE DATA
                        a
     The spectral curves for each film and optical filter used during
this reconnaissance program are provided on the following pages:

               SO-397 with HF3/HF5 filter combination
               2443 with 16.

     To obtain the optical band width B (x) of each film-filter com-
bination let F(x) be the transmittance function of the respective filter
and S(x) be the spectral sensitivity function for the particular film.
Then:                           x?
                         B(X) = f S(A) F(X) dX.
                                XI

-------
  92
                     Kodak Ektachrome EF Aerographic  Film
                       SO-397 Development Process  EA-5
              :  Yellow  forming
                    layer
               '• Cyan  forming
                   layer
                                      Magenta forming
                                           layer
   Normal Exposure, D =
     above minimum dens
Sensitivity = reciprocal of exposure
(ergs/cm^) required to produce specified"!
density above density of base plus fog
                               500

                               Wavelength  in  Nanometers
600
700
               .IX  3
               IX EZ
              i 10 x i i
              100 X
                                                                 AAB*
                                     500
                                   MMVELEN6TH

-------
                                                                                                       93
INFRARED-SENSITIVE FILMS
                                   KODAK AEROCHROME Infrared Film 2443
                                                (ESTAR Base)

                                   KODAK AEROCHROME Infrared Film 3443
                                              (ESTAR Thin Base)

            Critical users of these two films should determine the actual  sensitometric characteristics
            of their particular batch of film  by using their own specialized  techniques. The keeping
            conditions for these films have an effect on their sensitometric  response.

         Spectral Sensitivity Curves:
                                             600       650

                                                  WAVELENGTH (nm)
         Sensitivity = Reciprocal of the exposure (ergs/cm!) required to produce a density of 1.0 above 0 min.
           Measurements were confined to the 400 to 900 nanometer region.


         Spectral Dye Density Curves:
                         200       300       400       500
           AAB   100 %   o
                         200       300
                             700       800       900
400        500       600        700       800        900
       WAVELENGTH (Nanometers)
                         Orange. Permits greater overcorrection of sky than  No. 15. Absorbs
                         small amount of green.

-------
94
                            ERROR ANALYSIS

     Limitations can be placed on the accuracy or uncertainty of the
film analysis measurements carried out on the photographic and thermal
data.  Measurements for linear distance and surface area were made with
scaling instruments and light table microscopes.
     The uncertainty for linear distance (ALD) is:
          ALD = +_ 2 x 10~  x photographic scale (meters)              (1)
The photographic scale for this study was 1:3,000.  The value for
ALD = (+_ 2 x 10   X 3,000) m = + 0.6 m.  A distance X, measured on the
original photographic film, is accurate to within +_ 0.6 m.
     The uncertainty for the surface area (ASA) is (rectangular):
                       ASA = + ALD (± X + Y)                          (2)
For this study ASA = +_ 0.6 (+_ X +_ Y) m2, (ALD = + 0.6 m).
     For example, a rectangular area with dimensions of X +_ 0.6 m and
Y +_ 0.6 m, would have the value [XY + 0.6(+_ X + Y) + 0.36] m2.
     The uncertainty in the IRLS is the measured system noise equivalent
temperature which is +_ 0.32°C.
     No atmospheric corrections were applied to the reconnaissance data
under the assumption that the atmostpheric effect was constant through
the air column between the aircraft and the water during the short
duration of each phase of the mission.

-------
                                                                               95
                       FOCAL LENGTH.  ANGLE OF VIEH
              AND THE EFFECTS OF  FOCAL  LENGTH AND ALTITUDE

     The  focal  length of the aerial  sensors affects the size  (or scale)
of the resulting imagery.  At any  given altitude, the image size changes
in direct proportion to changes  in focal  length.  Also, for a  given
focal length  the image size is inversely proportional to the altitude.
     The  angle  of view of a sensor is  a function of the focal  length and
the image format size.  The importance of the angle of view is  its
relationship  to the amount of target area recorded in the  imagery.
Refer to  the  following diagrams:   A.   Focal length of a simple  lens.
B.  Effect of focal length on scale  and ground coverage.   C.   Effect of
altitude  on scale and ground coverage.

                                             Reproduction of
                                             point at infimty-
                                        [— Focal Length —
                  Point at
                   Infinity
                                                 Focal
                                                 Plane
                              -Parallel light rays from, infinite
                              distance and a single point source.

               Digram A.   Focal  Length of a Simple Lens
    Focal  length is the distance, from the lens  (A) to the film (B)

-------
    96
                                      96
 3-lnch Focal Len9th
                                                                    6-Inch Focal Length
                 30,000 Ft
12-Inch Focal Length
                                 500 Ft
                             Ft
•i  /— 5,000 Ft
               5,000 Ft
                18-Inch Focal Length
   DIAGRAM B    Effect of  Focal  Length on  Scale  and Ground  Coverage
               7\
                                :.:-o: Ft
                                                                      5.000 Ft
                                                                7.500 Ft
                                               —/    A— 7.500 Ft
                                   3-Inch Focal Length
      DIAGRAM  C    Effect of Altitude  on Scale and  Ground Coverage

-------
     APPENDIX B



 TIME-DISTANCE DATA



24 APRIL 1973 FLIGHTS

-------
  98
                                                  Table B-l
                              Time-Distance Data for First Flight, 24 April 1973
Time

11:37
11:44
11:51
12:01
12:13
12:22
12:29
12:36
12:43
12:50
~
11:37
11:44
11:51
12:01
12:13
12:22
12:29
12:36
12:43
12:50
a/
At
(Min.)


7
14
24
36
45
52
59
66
73
73

7
14
24
36
45
52
59
66
73
73

(m) (ft) (km/h) (mph) Headln9
Surface

75 246 .64 .39 289°
75 246 .64 .39 272°
86 280 .51 .32 280°
96 315 .48 .29 276°
63 207 .42 .26 261°
59 192 .50 .31 298°
17 54 .14 .08 316°
105 345 .90 .55 296°
18 59 .15 .09 213°
552 1811 .45 .28 280°
6 m (20 ft)

69 226 .59 .36 289°
57 187 .48 .29 259°
73 240 .62 .38 273°
72 236 .36 .22 259°
48 157 .32 .19 245°
28 92 .24 .14 285°
33 108 .28 .17 332°
50 164 .42 .26 241°
30 98 .13 .08 196°
405 1329 .33 .20 265°
Distance Velocity ,, nrjin_
(m) (ft) (km/h) (mph) "eaaing
3 m (10 ft)

94 310 .81 .50 285°
72 236 .62 .38 276°
90 295 .77 .48 282°
90 295 .77 .48 275°
70 231 .60 .37 264°
55 182 .48 .30 296°
28 93 .24 .15 298°
67 221 .58 .36 302°
19 64 .17 .11 198°
555 1820 .46 .28 280°
12 m (40 ft)

36 118 .30 .19 296°
27 89 .23 .14 256°
30 98 .26 .16 250°
24 79 .20 .12 225°
16 52 .14 .09 180°
12 39 .10 .06 94°
16 52 .14 .09 157°
21 69 .18 .11 183°
28 92 .24 .15 155°
114 374 .09 .06 216°
-  Straight line between first and  last  position.

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                                                                                                        99
                                                  Table B-2
                          Time-Distance Data for Second Flight, 24 April 1973 (Night)
Time

20:28
20:34
20:41
20:51
20:59
21:08
21:15
21:23
S/

20:28
20:34
20:41
20:51
20:59
21:08
21:15
21:23
a/
At
(Min.)


6
13
23
31
40
47
55
55


'6
13
23
31
40
47
55
55
Distance Velocity iim-Hnn
(m) (ft) (km/h) (mph) llLadlliy
Surface

34 110 .34 .21 203°
17 55 .14 .09 203°
-82 268 .49 .30 222°
82 268 .61 .38 235°
144 472 .96 .60 115°
48 157 .41 .26 250°
319 1047 2.39 1.49 215°
706 2315 .77 .48 222°
6 m (20 ft)

62 205 .62 .36 179°
56 185 .48 .30 208°
88 287 .58 .39 199°
77 252 .58 .38 226°
190 622 1.26 .78 224°
54 177 .46 .29 251°
308 1011 2.31 1.43 213°
801 2630 .87 .54 217°
Distance Velocity .. ..
(m) (ft) (km/h) (mph) lleddmy
3 m (10 ft)

34 110 .34 .21 167°
47 154 .40 .24 210°
59 193 .35 .22 212°
98 323 .74 .46 219°
151 496 1.00 .63 220°
72 236 .62 .38 242°
305 1000 2.28 1.42 209°
742 2433 .81 .50 214°
12 m (40 ft)

42 138 .42 .26 170°
46 150 .39 .24 206°
48 157 .29 .18 223°
67 220 .50 .31 244°
107 350 .71 .44 241°
119 390 1.01 .63 271°
163 535 1.24 .76 213°
521 1709 .57 .35 231°
a/
    Straight line between first  and  last  position.

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  TOO
                                                  Table B-3
                       Time-Distance Data for Third Flight, 24 April  1973  (Late Night)
Time

23:37
23:44
23:53
24:03
24:13
24:22
24:32
24:41
24:51
a/
23:37
23:44
23:53
24:03
24:13
24:22
24:32
24:41
24:51
~
At
(Min.)


7
16
26
36
45
55
64
74
74

7
16
26
36
45
55
64
74
74
Distance Velocity .. ..
(m) (ft) (km/hi (mph) Headlng
Surface

134 438 1.14 ' .71 273°
168 552 1.11 .69 321°
194 636 1.15 .72 325°
124 408 .74 .46 320°
102 336 .67 .42 14°
161 528 .96 .60 4°
135 444 .90 .56 0°
104 340 .62 .38 358°
972 3189 .79 .49 326°
6 m (20 ft)

156 511 1.30 .82 275°
144 472 .94 .59 309°
151 494 .90 .56 331°
138 452 .82 .51 306°
126 413 .83 .52 335°
126 413 .74 .46 353°
145 474 .94 .60 334°
132 433 .79 .49 13°
978 3209 .79 .49 317°
Distance ^ Vplnritv .. ..
(m) (ft) (km/h) (mph) Headin9
3 m (10 ft)

134 438 1.14 .71 271°
170 558 1.12 .70 317°
152 498 .90 .56 325°
137 450 .82 .51 317°
90 294 .59 .37 5°
126 413 .76 .47 12°
102 336 .67 .42 343°
126 413 .76 -.47 17°
876 2874 .71 .44 321°
12 m (40 ft)

108 354 .92 .57 264°
132 433 .88 !54 308°
165 541 .99 .61 323°
111 364 .66 .41 308°
126 413 .84 .52 342°
120 393 .72 .44 343°
141 462 .94 .60 325°
141 462 .84 .52 344°
948 3110 .77 .48 312°
a/
   Straight line between  first and last position.

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