ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGE1NCY
OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT
EPA 330/3-74-001
EVALUATION OF
ITT RAYONIER, INC. OUTFALL
PORT ANGELES HARBOR
WASHINGTON
NATIONAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS CENTER-DENVER
DENVER. COLORADO
DECEMBER 1974
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT
EVALUATION OF
ITT RAYONIER, INC. OUTFALL
PORT ANGELES HARBOR
WASHINGTON
NATIONAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS CENTER - DENVER
DENVER, COLORADO
DECEMBER 1974
-------
CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION 1
ITT RAYON IER DISCHARGES TO THE HARBOR 1
OTHER DISCHARGES TO THE HARBOR 5
II. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 7
III. PREVIOUS STUDIES ... ..... 11
STUDY I: POLLUTION EFFECTS OF PULP
AND PAPER MILL WASTEl/ 12
STUDY II: OUTFALL LOCATION STUDIES -
PORT ANGELES HARBOR!/ 13
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA CENTER 30
STORET DATA 33
IV. REMOTE SENSING STUDY . 37
DROGUE (CURRENT) STUDY 38
WATER QUALITY DATA (GROUND TRUTH) 41
RESULTS OF DROGUE STUDY 44
ANALYSIS OF EFFLUENT CONCENTRATIONS 51
ITT RAYONIER DISCHARGES ALONG SHORE 57
CROWN ZELLERBACH CORPORATION . . 60
' V. MODELING PORT ANGELES HARBOR 65
MODELING ASSUMPTIONS 65
THEORY VS. OBSERVATION . 70
EVALUATION OF THE MODEL 73
REFERENCES . . . . 80
APPENDIX A: REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES 81
APPENDIX B: TIME-DISTANCE DATA: 24 APRIL
1973 FLIGHTS 97
in
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TABLES
III-l Tidal Velocities and Headings 19
III-2 Rhodamine WT Concentrations 23-24
IV-1 Tide Phase Data at Port Angeles ........ 37
IV-2 Ground Truth Data, Port Angeles Harbor. ... 43
IV-3 Meteorological Data 44
IV-4 Crown Zellerbach Corporation Flow Data. ... 60
V-l Calculated Values of Frictional Depth
and Current Velocity 71
V-2 Climatological Summary 75
FIGURES
1-1 Port Angeles Harbor Location Map 2
1-2 Port Angeles Harbor Contour Map 3
III-l Current Meter Stations 14
III- 2-4 Variability of ITT Rayonier Station
Data in Sampling Depth and
Number of Observations 15-17
III- 5,6 Dye Tracer Studies (ITT Rayonier) 21,22
III- 7-10 Drogue Releases 26-29
III-ll Oceanographic Stations in
the Strait of Juan de Fuca 31
111-12 Predicted Discharge Characteristics
of the Outfall for the SSL 34
IV-1 Tide Conditions and Duration of Flights ... 39
IV-2 Drogue Assembly 40
IV-3 Water Quality Data Stations 42
IV- 4-8 Drogue Vector Diagrams (NFIC-D) 45-42
IV-9 Zone of Dilution for the ITT
Rayonier Submerged Diffuser 53
IV-10 Plume from the ITT Rayonier
Submerged Diffuser 54
IV-11 Isoconcentration Diagram of ITT
Rayonier Plume 56
IV-12 Thermal Infrared Map of ITT
Rayonier Waste Plume 58
IV-13 Thermal Infrared Map of Port Angeles
Harbor and ITT Rayonier Discharges 59
IV-14 Crown Zellerbach Corporation Discharges ... 61
IV-15 Plume of"Discoloration in Strait of Juan
de Fuca from Crown Zellerbach Corp 62
V-l Vertical Structure of a Pure Current 68
V-2 Vertical Structure in Drift Currents 69
V-3 Adjustment of the Current Vector 78
iv
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CONVERSIONS
multiply
Metric Unit
to find
English Unit
Celsius (°C) . . .
centimeters (cm) . . .
kilograms (kg) . . .
kilometers (km) . . .
meters (m) . . .
meters/second (m/sec). . .
millimeters (mm) . . .
o
cubic meters/day (m /day).
metric tons (met. tons). .
9/5 (then + 32); or
9/5 (for absolute value)
. . . 0.394 . . . .
. . . 2.205 . . . .
. . . 0.621 . . . .
. . . 3.281 . . . .
. . . 1.94 . . . .
. . . 0.039 . . . .
(264 x 10"6)
1.102 .
Fahrenheit (°F)
. . inches (in.)
, . . pounds (Ib)
, . . miles (mi)
, . . feet (ft)
. . . knots (kn)
, . . inches (in.)
, . . million gallons/day
short tons (ton; 2,000 Ib)
ABBREVIATIONS
BOD biochemical oxygen demand
DO dissolved oxygen
hr hour
IRLS infrared line scanner
JTU jackson turbidity units
urn micrometer
ymho/cm micromhos/centimeter
mg/1 milligrams/liter
min minute
mrad milliradian
PBI Pearl-Benson Index
ppm parts per million
SSL spent sulfite liquor
TSS total suspended solids
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I. INTRODUCTION
Port Angeles Harbor fronts the city of Port Angeles, Hash, on the
Strait of Juan De Fuca midway between Seattle and the Pacific Ocean
[Fig. 1-1]. The Harbor is separated from the Strait by Ediz Hook, a
narrow peninsula about 4.8 km (3 mi) long [Fig. 1-2]. Harbor width
varies from about 0.8 km (0.5 mi) at the closed west end to 2.4 km
(1.5 mi) at the east end which opens to the Strait. Water depths range"
from 10 m (33 ft) near shore to 49 m (161 ft) near Ediz Hook.
ITT RAYONIER DISCHARGES TO THE HARBOR
At the east end of Port Angeles Harbor is the ITT Rayonier, Inc.
pulp and paper mill [Fig. 1-2]. The mill has five outfalls along the
shore with effluents consisting mostly of process and cooling water.
And the mill has a submerged (extended) outfall which discharges an
ammonia-base hot caustic extract and bleach plant effluent. The outfall
also discharges 20 percent of the plant's total ammonia-base spent
sulfite liquor (SSL) wasteload; the remaining 80 percent of the SSL is
burned at the plant site. The total wasteload discharged by the sub-
merged outfall is 18,100 to 22,700 kg (40,000 to 50,000 Ib) per day of
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).
The submerged outfall began operation in August 1972. At that time
the Washington State Department of Ecology established a three-dimensional
-------
Figure 1—1. Port Angeles Harbor Location Map
(Modified from Ref. 1.)
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S T
I T
0
u
y
F
D
\
"T^FJJBR E B'QTft-HTD .PARE f*«,F ROD U C T S
C R O \A
z E L1- &« B Ar: H
PORT ANGELES HARBOR
(.6
ANGELES
Figure 1—2. Porl Angeles Harbor Con I our Map
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dilution zone surrounding the outfall diffuser measuring 378 m (1,240
ft) long, 155 m (510 ft) wide, and 18 m (60 ft) deep (detailed in Fig.
IV-9). The State requires that the effects of chemical and thermal
(0.28°C or 0.5°F maximum temperature increase above ambient) wastewater
pollutants must not be discernible in the receiving waters outside this
zone.
The purpose of this study was to document, using optical and thermal
sensors, the dilution or dispersion characteristics of the diffuser
effluent as a function of various tide conditions. The study was to
answer the following questions:
1. Did the effluent completely disperse within the dilution
zone?
2. Did the effluent always disperse to the Strait of Juan de Fuca
if it was not completely diluted within the zone?
3. Did the effluent enter Port Angeles Harbor if it did not
completely disperse within the zone?
The results of this study will be used by EPA Region X and the
Washington State Department of Ecology in assessing the performance of
the extended outfall when reissuing the ITT Rayonier NPDES discharge
permit.
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OTHER DISCHARGES TO THE HARBOR
Other major discharges to Port Angeles Harbor and the Strait of
Juan de Fuca were observed during the April and July 1973 remote sensing
flights. This minor portion of the study documented the presence and
visual behavior of the active discharges discussed below.
Crown Zellerbach Corporation operates a pulp and paper mill at the
west end of Ediz Hook. Mill capacity is about 360 met. tons (400 tons)
of pulp and 480 tons (435 met. tons) of newsprint daily. Wastewater
2
averaging 34,000 m /day (9 mgd) is discharged to the Strait of Juan de
^
Fuca and pollutants from this mill would be substantially diluted before
entering the circulation patterns of the Harbor. The facility also
discharges 10,200 m /day (2.7 mgd) of wastewater to the Harbor.
Formerly discharged without treatment, the municipal wastewaters
from the city of Port Angeles (population about 16,000) are now dis-
charged to the Harbor through a deepwater outfall after primary treat-
ment.
Fibreboard Paper Products Corporation formerly operated a sulfite
pulp and board mill near the west end of the Harbor. With a capacity of
about 170 met. tons (190 tons) per day, the mill discharged about 15,000
m /day (4 mgd) of wastewater to the Harbor.
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II. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The ITT Rayonier pulp and paper facility at Port Angeles, Wash.,
installed a submerged outfall diffuser [Fig. 1-2] in August 1972 to
discharge spent sulfite liquor, spent bleach and ammonia hot caustic
extract to the waters of Port Angeles Harbor. The total load discharged
through this outfall ranges from 18,100 to 22,700.kg (40,000 to 50,000 Ib)
biochemical oxygen demand per day. Twenty percent of the total SSL
discharged from this facility is disposed through the submerged outfall;
the remaining 80 percent is incinerated at the plant.
In 1972 the Washington State Department of Ecology established a
zone of dilution around this diffuser, requiring that the effluent mix
to undetectable levels before leaving the zone. In addition, tempera-
ture of the waters leaving this zone must be no warmer than 0.28°C
(0.5°F) above that of the receiving waters.
Remote sensing flights over Port Angeles Harbor on 24 April and 25
July 1973 were designed to study the current of the waters emerging from
the immediate vicinity of the submerged outfall. A diagram was derived
for various concentration levels of wastes from the submerged outfall to
document dispersion characteristics of ITT Rayonier's effluent into the
Harbor receiving waters.
The current study included five flights, three on 24 April 1973 and
two on 25 July 1973. Drogue assemblies were used to monitor the current
-------
and displacement of water at three preassigned depths and at the sur-
face. Two of the three April flights showed that the drogues released
near the diffuser moved further into the Harbor (1.5 km; 4,900 ft)
rather than dispersing directly to the Strait of Juan de Fuca as planned
in the diffuser design and location. During the third flight the
drogues did move north beyond Ediz Hook into the Strait. The first
flight of July showed the drogues moving in a southwesterly direction
further into the Harbor. The last July flight indiciated that the
effluent would have traveled into the Strait passing close to the east
end of Ediz Hook; this flight was terminated before the drogues reached
Ediz Hook.
From the airborne data recorded during the first 24 April flight,
isoconcentration levels were determined for the diffuser effluent in the
Harbor's near-surface waters. Full strength effluent samples obtained
from the ITT Rayonier plant at the time of flight were spectroscopically
tested and used for optical calibration of the airborne imagery. The
highest concentration in the effluent plume, almost directly above the
diffuser, was approximately 12 percent of the full-strength sample. The
plume extended from the vicinity of the diffuser nearly 1.5 km (0.9 mi)
westward into the Harbor before disappearing (displaying optical character-
istics identical to those of background water). The plume extended
through the upper and the west dilution zone boundaries, resulting in a
violation of the State requirements.
-------
The airborne thermal data showed that in the zone of dilution the
plume was as much as 1.0°C (1.8°F) cooler than the surface temperature
of the receiving water. Thus the plume did not exceed the thermal -
limitation of 0.289 1(0.5°F) maximum temperature increase at the bound-
aries of the zone.
ITT Rayonier has five shoreline discharges. A cooling water flow
of 14,800 m /day (3.9 mgd) was being discharged, creating a moderately
sized thermal plume during the 25 July flight.
The Crown Zellerbach Corporation operates a pulp and paper plant at
the west end of Port Angeles Harbor. The plant discharges wastewater to
the Strait of Juan de Fuca and to Port Angeles Harbor through eight
outfalls, creating a large yellow plume along the Strait's southern
shore.
The National Field Investigations Center - Denver (NFIC-D) analyzed
available oceanographic literature on Port Angeles Harbor and found
the predicted performance of the ITT Rayonier submerged outfall as
2 /
described in their study- to be erroneous. This conclusion is based on
an-analysis of physical and chemical data, and the dispersion and
circulation characteristics in the vicinity of the submerged outfall.
However, NFIC-D found correct the conclusion reached by the Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration and Washington State Pollution
Control Commission report- which described a weak cyclonic (counter-
clockwise) motion in Port Angeles Harbor.
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10
A review of all available physical observations indicates that a
complicated flushing pattern exists within the Harbor which eliminates a
simple gradient current as a possible model. Rather, the observations
show that for a significant amount of time a drift current model fits
the data, particularly when wind velocities were known.
The factor controlling circulation in Port Angeles Harbor is the
wind stress which introduces an Ekman spiral (change in current direction
with depth). As a result, water enters the Harbor on the north side, ""
both at the surface and upwelling from depths, and moves out of the
Harbor in a cyclonic motion along the south shore. Wastes from the
outfall may be carried westward or southward initially. But ultimately
they drift eastward along the shore until they reach Green Point or
Dungeness Spit and gradually move into the Strait of Juan de Fuca.
The EPA studies indicate that the pollutants discharged through the
diffuser can have a long residence in the Harbor. The extended outfall
and submerged diffuser is not performing as anticipated by design and is
deemed unacceptable. Therefore, the effluent must be treated to a level
that will continually meet the requirements in the zone of dilution for
all tidal conditions before it is discharged to Port Angeles Harbor.
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11
III. PREVIOUS STUDIES
Two previous studies provide the basis for analyzing the water
current patterns near the ITT Rayonier outfall in Port Angeles Harbor.
"Pollution Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill Waste in Puget Sound," -'
includes both an oceanographic survey of current patterns and a water
quality study of the Harbor. It concludes that the dominant cyclonic
(counterclockwise) eddy motion in the Harbor is generated by currents in
v
the Strait of Juan de Fuca and is superimposed upon weak tidal currents.
Also, pulp and paper mill wastes are damaging to marine life in the
area. The report recommends construction of a submarine outfall.
The other study, "Outfall Locations Studies -- Port Angeles, Wash-
ox
ington" - (1970) by ITT Rayonier, Inc. considers chemical, physical and
biological parameters, current drogues, and dye studies in determining
tidal current patterns and the optimum location of the submarine outfall.
The report indicates that the location chosen would not harm water
quality. It concludes that the dominant current pattern in the Harbor
is an anticyclonic (clockwise) eddy with its center lying east of the
\
midpoint of the entrance to the Harbor.
The conflict in the 'conclusions of the two reports concerning
flushing characteristics and resultant pollution potential within the
Harbor has been reviewed in depth. Data in addition to that in the
above reports were obtained from the National Oceanographic Data Center
(NORDAC) to further document water density and dilution characteristics
in Port Angeles Harbor. The analysis of these data follows.
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12
STUDY I: "POLLUTION EFFECTS OF PULP AND PAPER MILL WASTE" -1
This report contains only a generalized description of the current
patterns observed during the first of fourteen oceanographic cruises in
the Port Angeles area. The cruises were conducted at approximately
monthly intervals between September 1962 and January 1964 to determine
water quality. The report concludes that the dominant cyclonic eddy
motion generated by currents in the Strait of Juan de Fuca develops near
shore between Ediz Hook and Dungeness Spit 13 km (8.mi) to the east. The
current transports the water alongshore counter to the main currents in
the Strait. It will be shown later that such an eddy circulation can
result from the predominant westerly wind and lack of vertical water
density stratification in the Port Angeles area.
The report also notes that due to interaction and resonance in the
Puget Sound basin, the flood and ebb of currents in the Strait of Juan
de Fuca were not necessarily in phase with their respective counterparts
at Port Angeles. That such a small geographic area as the Port Angeles
Harbor has a complicated current and tidal pattern compared to the
laminar flow of the much larger Strait of Juan de Fuca may seem unusual.
However, eddy motion in fluids is far more complex and subject to more
perturbations than the current in laminar flow.
Local near-surface currents in the Strait of Juan de Fuca were
reported as generally less than 1 m/sec (2 kn) in magnitude in an ebb
direction primarily due to the seaward movement of fresh water inflow to
the Puget Sound basin. Because there are no significant local fresh-
water sources in the Port Angeles area, the vertical density gradient is
much more gradual than in other areas of Puget Sound.
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13
STUDY II: "OUTFALL LOCATION STUDIES - PORT ANGELES HARBOR" -
The ITT Rayonier study reported that the chemical and biological
parameters of Port Angeles Harbor had been extensively studied and that
s
current drogue and dye studies had been conducted. The study included
114 hr of current meter observations, taping of 82 hr of continuous
current meter readings, and 1,498 individual drogue sightings.
In direct contrast to the first report, this study concludes that
the dominant circulation pattern in the Harbor is an anticyclonic eddy
with its center lying just east of the midpoint of the entrance to the
^
Harbor.
The current studies performed by ITT Rayonier represent many hours
of actual measurement. However, there are many limitations in inter-
pretation because the measurements were brief and intermittent. For the
four stations established [Fig. III-l] no current roses* are provided
for Station 4, the site of the outfall and thus of great interest. The
other three stations were sampled 12 days in July, August and September
1970. Recording time was brief, usually 10 min, with generally an hour
or more between observations. The number of observations and the sampling
depths varied from one observation day to another.
Typical examples of the variability are shown in Figures 111-2
through 4. Since no synoptic current data were taken, generalizations
of current patterns are of little value — such as the vector analysis
done on the current roses in Figures III-2 through 4. An examination of
Figure III-4 shows that the current was moving in all points of the
A rose is the card of a mariner's compass.
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STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA
ITT RAYONIER
GREEN
POINT
Figure III—1. Current Meter Stations
-------
2 meters @ O915 - 111O h r
I
I 1
4 meters @ O93O - 1125 hr
1O meters @ O93O - 11OO hr
1
. 2
13.5 meters @ O915 - 111O hr
8 meters @ O95O - 1125 hr
A
\
\
315
27O
225
9O
135
18O
Figure III-2. Variability of ITT Rayonier Station Data in Sampling Depth
and Number of Observations (Sla. I, .7/31/70 U}
en
-------
2 meters @ 14OO-1535 hr
8 meters (3) 1415-152O hr
4 meters @ 14O5-15O8 hr
,2 ^ 1+2
1O meters @ 14OO-15OO hr
15 meters @ 1415-1516 hr
2O meters @ 143O-152O hr
4O meters @ 145O-1535 hr
315
45
270
225
9O
35
18O
Figure III—3. Variability of ITT Rayonier Station Data in Sampling Depth
and ft'umber of Observations (Sta. 1, 8/17/70 -?-/)
-------
,12
4 meters (g> O7O6-1915 hr
10 ~~
8
12
14
4 3'
8 meters @ O72O-1938 hr
2 meters @ O645-1835 hr
12 meters @ O7OO-1922 hr
1O meters @ O645-19O8 hr
315
27O
225
15 meters @ O716-1935 hr
45
|9O
35
18O
Figure Ill-l. Variability of ITT Rayonier Station Data in Sampling Depth
and ^mber of Observations (Sta. 2, 8/13/70
-------
18
compass during the observation period. Summing the vectors provides no
real indication of the water movement. In only one case was there less
than a 90° rotation of current direction in the upper layers during the
observation period. However, only four observations were made at this
particular station on that date, thus limiting the chances of discovering
rotation of current direction in the water column. These current observa-
tions do not support the report's conclusion that the outfall discharge
will be carried out of the Harbor into the Strait of Juan de Fuca most
of the time.
Current velocities and headings were continuously recorded at each
of the four stations on only a few select days, and then only at the
10 m (33 ft) depth. Since the recorder had not been calibrated until
work was finished on Stations 1 and 2, data from those stations have
been discarded from further consideration here. A typical set of observa-
tions is given in Table III-l. From this limited number of observations
it is apparent that the transition from one current direction to another
occurs smoothly. The table shows that from 1408 to 1508 hours the
current vector changes from a stable heading of essentially 110° to 200°
in a smooth incremental manner. The abrupt change of this station noted
initially (344° to 20° to 100° in about 10 min) may indicate passage of
a frontal system. However, without meteorological data it is not poss-
ible to determine coupling, if any, between the atmosphere and the
water.
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19
TABLE III-l
a/
TIDAL VELOCITIES AND HEADINGS-'
[Obtained from the Continuous Recording Current Meter
on 31 [sic.] Sept. 1970, from a depth of 10 m at Station 3.]
Time of
Observation
from
0915
1058
1102
1104
1108
1110
1112
1116
1122
1126
1132
1136
1138
1144
1148
1152
1156
1158
1204
1206
1208
1212
1216
1218
1226
1236
1238
1242
1244
1250
1252
1258
1304
1308
to
1058 '
1102
1104
1108
1110
1112
1116
1122
1126
1132
1136
1138
1144
1148
1152
1156
1158
1204
1206
1208
1212
1216
1218
1226
1236
1238
1242
1244
1250
1252
1258
1304
1308
1312
Velocity
(m/sec)
No ticks
0.14
0.13
0.15
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.17
0.15
0.16
0.14
0.13
0.11
0.10
0.12
0.13
0.10
0.09
0.07
0.10
0.09
0.07
0.10
0.11
0.13
0.11
0.13
0.10
0.11
0.14
0.13
tv-oAS
" Current
Heading
(Mag.0)
recorded
344
20
100
102
105
105
105
106
107
108
108
108
108
109
109
109
110
110
no
no
no
no
no
no
114
115
114
no
109
109
109
109
109
Time of
Observation Ve
from
1312
1314
1326
1330
1334
1338
1344
1348
1350
1400
1404
1408
1416
1426
1430
1432
1438
1444
1450
1454
1456
1504
1508
1512
1514
1516
1524
1528
1534
1538
1542
1544
1546
to (
1314
' 1326
1330
1334
1338
1344
1348
1350
1400
1404
1048[sic.]
1416
1426
1430
1432
1438
1444
1450
1454
1456
1504
1508
1512
1514
1516
1524
1528
1534
1538
1542
1544
1546
1605
locity
m/sec)
0.12
0.13
0.11
0.10
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.17
0.10
0.11
0.09
0.10
0.12
0.11
0.13
0.11
0.14
0.11
0.09
0.10
0.16
0.13
0.08
0.11
0.09
0.07
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.13
0.14
0.10
0.14
Current
Heading
(Mag.0)
108
108
108
109
109
109
109
110
no
109
109
no
114
123
130
138
154
169 .
176 '
182
182
182
200
200
200
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
- Data obtained from ITT Rayonier report-/
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20
Four dye tracer studies traced the transport of an individual
parcel of surface water. The dye was released from a pojnt^midway
between the plant and the outfall and in three cases the dye moved east
as it approached the shore. From its initial release point approxi-
mately 2.4 km (1.5 mi) off shore, the water parcel moved to within
0.8 km (0.5 mi) of shore, then to about 2.4 km (1.5 mi) east near the
entrance to Morse Creek [Fig. III-5]. The fourth release [Fig. III-6]
occurred under different tidal conditions. The dye was not carried
directly into the Strait of Juan de Fuca. These dye studies do not
support the assertion that wastes from the proposed outfall would be
carried to the Strait without contaminating the Harbor or the shoreline.
Dye dispersion studies were also performed on the discharge from
the City of Port Angeles sanitary wast'e outfall. The results indicated
that the plume did not always reach the surface. Coupled with the
diverse movement within the water column, this would indicate that a
significant portion of the discharge might be carried into the Harbor at
some depth while water at the surface is moving out of the Harbor. Table
111-2 gives the results of the rhodamine dye injections discussed in the
report. At a point 7.9 m (26 ft) laterally from an outfall discharge
port and 4.6 m (15 ft) above it -- an actual linear distance of 9.0 m
(30 ft) from the discharge port -- the mean dye concentration was 90
^fc' 1
parts per billion in contrast to 11.8 parts per billion at the surf ace'.
\
Twice the plume did not reach the surface. The data show that this
could not have been caused by density stratification, or a thermocline
through which the plume could not penetrate, because the decrease in
temperature with depth was very uniform without sharp breaks.
-------
STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA
-N-
1516
TIDE
O839
Figure III-5. Dye Tracer Studies (ITT Rayonier, 9/29/70
rv>
-------
ro
ro
PORT ANGELES HARBOR
ITT RAYONIER
Figure 111-6. Dye Tracer Studies (ITT Rayonier, 10/2/70^)
-------
23
Table III-2
Rhodamine WT Concentrations —
[Port Angeles City Outfall Study, Oct. 1969]
Distance in feet
from port
(lateral)
Oct. 22, 1969
0
8.7
17.3
26.0
34.6
45.8
63.2
77.4
Oct. 23, 1969
0
5.2
8.7
11.2
8.7
26.0
31.2
44.7
51.0
above port
(vertical)
- 1658-1706
0
5
10
15
20
20
30
55
- 1640-1653
0
3
5
10
18
15
25
40
55
from port
(I angular)
from surf.
(vertical)
hr, bearing 320° Mag. - port velocity 4
0
-
10
20
30
40
50
70
95
Plume
hr, bearing 0°
0
6
10
15
20
30
40
60
75
55 2
(off
50
45
40
35
35
25
0
with surface boil
Cone.
(ppb)
.10 ft/sec
,900
curve)
131
128
116
64
79
'65
35
42
37.0
17.0
7.5
16.0
Mag. - port velocity 5.73 ft/sec -
55 2,
2,
52
50
45
37
40
30
15
0
280
350
170
194
150
95
60
66
10.4
20.5
35.5
37.0*
45.0*
38.0
39.0*
50.0*
25.0
18.2
7.9
7.5
Mean Cone.
(ppb)
- wind W at 5-6 kn
2,900
131
128
90
72
38.5
27.0
11.8
wind dead calm
2,315
182
122
63
15.4
35.5
38.0
21.6
7.7
Plume with surface boil
-------
24
Table III-2 (cont.)
Rhodamine WT Concentrations
[Port Angeles City Outfall Study, Oct. 1969]
Distance in feet
from port
(lateral)
Oct. 22, 1969
0
3.3
12.5
47.7
72.3
74.8
98.0
148.7
150.0
Oct. 23, 1969
0
14.1
28.3
49.0
69.3
79.4
99.5
199.0
above port
(vertical)
- 1658-1706
0
5
10
15
20
25
20
20
60
- 1340-1357
0
5
10
10
10
10
10
20
from port
(£ angular)
hr, bearing 320
0
6
16
50
75
85
100
150
162
Plume
hr, bearing 280
0
15
30
50
70
80
100
200
Plume
from surf
(vertical)
° Mag. - port velocity
60 2
2
55
50
45
40
35
40
40
0
did not surface
0 Mag. - port velocity
60 2
2
55
50
50
50
50
50
40
did not surface
Cone.
(ppb)
4.10 ft/sec
,350
,350
320
211
57.0
81.0
33.0
30.0
13.8
6.1
8.6
10.9
9.2
3.0
3.8
2.5
0
3.90 ft/sec
,450
,600
155
110
30
17.0
36.5
12.8
23.8
10.1
12.2
7.5
8.6
Mean Cone.
(ppb)
- wind W af. 5-6 kn
2,350
266
69.0
31.5
13.8
7.4
10.0
3.4
1.2
- wind dead calm
2,525
155
110
30
26.8
18.3
11.2
8.0
— Data obtained from ITT Rayonier report —
-------
25
Since the report demonstrates that there was significant' current
velocity in all directions at depth, a major portion of pollution dis-
charge never reaches the surface. Thus, while the report concludes that
water movement near the entrance to Port Angeles Harbor is basically
anticyclonic with the outfall waste being rapidly discharged into the
Strait of Juan de Fuca, the data indicate diverse eddy and turbulent
motion at all depths. This motion would be expected to carry wastes
into the Harbor.
The drogue* studies were generally synoptic in that several drogues
were released at different points simultaneously. They were not syn-
optic with depth since all drogues were set at 4 m (13 ft) after earlier
trials indicated this represented the upper 8 m (26 ft) of the water
coJumn. There were distinct changes in water transport direction within
relatively small distances, indicating eddy and turbulent motion.
For example, in the mid-ebb release for 22 July 1970 [Fig. III-7],
drogue Nos. 4, 7, 8, 10, 13 and 14 moved from the mouth of Port Angeles
Harbor east to the vicinity of Morse Creek. However, drogue Nos. 9 and
11, only a few hundred meters northeast, moved in the opposite direc-
tion, north and then west around Ediz Hook. Figures III-8 and 9 provide
additional examples. Six releases, at mid-flow, low slack, late ebb to
low slack, mid-ebb, and high slack tide, all show definite rotary move-
ment. Figure 111-10 shows the low slack release. On one occasion, the
Drogue assembly is shown in Fig. IV-2.
-------
O522
191O
I
STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA
°,
M ILE
1157
KILOMETER
INTERPRETATION OF
WATER MOVEMENT
PORT ANGELES
rv>
en
Figure III-7. Mid-Ebb Drogue Release (ITT Rayonier, 7/22/70-1/)
-------
194O
O646
TIDE
1239
-IM-
PORT ANGELES HARBOR
Figure III-8. Mid-Ebb Drogue Release (ITT Rayonier, 7/23/70
-------
ro
oo
2O1O
TIDE
0816
-N-
SUBMERGED OUTFALL
K ILOMETER
Figure 111-9. High Slack Drogue Release (ITT Ra yonier, 7/24/ 70
-------
18O2
STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA
-N-
•^-INTERPRETATION OF WATER MOVEMENT
Figure III-10. Low Slack Drogue Release (ITT Rayonier, 8/20/70 2 )
ro
-------
30
midflood release for 28 July 1970, essentially linear motion was ob-
served from the positions of drogue release. This infrequent occurrence
indicates that rotary motion is the dominant feature in the Harbor area.
These drogue studies do not support the report's conclusion that
the water motion is predominantly anticyclonic.
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA CENTER (NORDAC)
To resolve discrepancies between the two reports, additional data
were sought from the files of NORDAC. Of more than one hundred oceano-
graphic stations surveyed in the Strait of Juan de Fuca from 1930 to
present, twenty were selected as being sufficiently close to Port Angeles
Harbor to be useful. The closest station lies about 3 km (2 mi) north
of the point of Ediz Hook. The others lie further to the north and
northwest [Fig. III-ll].
Hater Density and Temperature
The data of interest for these stations are the variation in aT
with depth, and the decrease of dissolved oxygen with depth. The parameter
0y is defined as
aT = 1000 (p-1.0) (1)
where p is the water density in gm/cc. The OT values assume one atmos-
phere of pressure at the sea surface.
Salinity is derived from a determination of the chlorinity of sea
water by the empirical formula:
-------
31
• 14. • 2.(27/01/54)
(1O/7/57)
8.(Q1/O4/59)
/O4/7O)
20.(01/04/59i,
I I .(11 /O7/52)
16.O7/O1/7O)
.C<2-7/O1/54)
7.(21/O4/54)
(15/04/53)6. ;
(10/07/53)1 2.
10/07/57)1 3.
5.(O6/O4/531
, 0
9.(14^04/61)
I 9 (14/O4/61)
3X17/O1/70)
JOO '
(11 /O7/52)l 0.,- —
* I 8. ( 0\)TO4/59)
4.(22/O4/52;
I 5 .(17/01/70")
Figure Ill-ll. Oceanographic Slalions
in the Strail uf Juan de Fuca
-------
32
S o/oo = 0.03 + 1.805 Cl o/oo (2)
where: S o/oo = salinity (parts per thousand)
Cl o/oo = chlorinity (parts per thousand of halogen concentration)
Density or aT at 0°C is obtained from salinity by the formula:
OT = -0.093 + 0.8149S - 0.000482S2 + 0.0000068S3 (3)
The measurements necessary for determining these parameters have been
standardized for several decades.
The depth of the ITT Rayonier outfall diffuser ranges from 17.1 m
(56 ft) to 19.8 m (65 ft). Any sudden changes in either a-j- or dissolved
oxygen to a depth of about 20 m (66 ft) would be indicative of the
formation of a thermocline or pycnocline and a non-homogeneous water
mass to a depth of the outfall. However, only indications of homogen-
eous mixing of water masses with a gradual increase in density with
depth were observed. In fact, at Stations 4, 5 and 11 the density
decreased at depth, indicating strong dynamic motion in the surface
layers.
Stations 15 through 20 are bathythermograph stations showing the
change in temperature with water depth. Any sudden change in tempera-
ture decrease with depth would have been indicative of thermocline
development, but none was found. Although no stations were sampled
during autumn, which would be the most likely time for thermoclines
-------
33
to develop, their presence seems unlikely since no tendency towards
thermocline development was noted during the winter, spring or summer.
The data indicate that the water is reasonably homogeneous throughout
the year, at least to 18 m (60 ft), the approximate depth of the ITT
Rayonier outfall.
STORET DATA*
Bioassay studies with juvenile salmon indicated that to protect
young salmon and other fishes the spent sulfite waste liquor concen-
trations (measured by the Pearl-Benson Index) should be less than
1,000 ppm at all times and at all locations in Port Angeles Harbor.
Storet data for Port Angeles Harbor indicates that at only one
station, adjacent to the outfall, was spent sulfite liquor measured
since the outfall went into operation in September 1972. This station
is 200 m (650 ft) due west of the southernmost diffuser port on the
outfall. For the week beginning 31 October 1972 the mean value of six
samples was 14,750 ppm of spent sulfite liquor, according to the Pearl-
Benson Index, with a maximum of 18,800 ppm and a minimum of 7,600 ppm.
The ITT Rayonier report anticipated the concentration at this
station to be less than 300 ppm under the worst possible conditions when
the current is moving directly west across the outfall [Figure 111-12].
*STORET is an EPA water quality data base.
-------
34
WORST CASE
X 14
STORET STATION
ACTUAL LOCATION
BEST CASE
OUTFALL
X
13
-N-
SPENT SULFITE LIQUOR IN ppm
5O
I
10O 15O
_J I
SCALE IN YARDS
Figure III—12. Predicted Discharge Characteristics
of the Outfall for the Spent Sulfite Liquor
-------
35
Thus on six consecutive days spent sulfite liquor concentrations ranged
from 25 to 60 times greater than the predicted level. The ITT Rayonier
report indicates that heavy foam generation begins to occur when the
spent sulfite liquor concentration exceeds 80 ppm. Therefore, foam
could be expected in this case even though the study concluded that as a
result of the outfall none would occur.
-------
37
IV. REMOTE SENSING STUDY
The remote sensing study was conducted on 24-25 April and 25 July
1973. It included drogue studies and the analysis of physical and
chemical properties of Port Angeles Harbor.
The times of flight over Port Angeles Harbor were predicated upon
the tide levels or phases in the immediate area [Table IV-1]. The duration
of flight ranged from 1 to 1% hr [general procedures in App. A].
Table IV-1
Tide Phase Data At Port Angeles
Date
(1973)
24 April
25 April
25 July
Time
PST^7
0115
0256
1304
2142
1359
cl
PDT£/
0521
1355
1638
2212
Water Height
Above Mean Sea Level
(m)
1.7
1.7
0.1
2.0
0.2
-0.3
1.8
1.7
2.2
(ft)
5.5
5.6
0.3
6.6
0.7
-1.0
6.0
5.6
7.3
Tide Phase-/
HIT
LHT
LLT
HHT
LLT
LLT
LHT
HLT
HHT
ry Tide Phases: L = Low; H = High; T = Tide
—, Pacific Standard Time-
-' Pacific Daylight Time
-------
38
Figure IV-1 shows the relationship between the times of flight and
the tide phases (LLT - low low tide, HLT - high low tide, LHT - low high
tide, HHT - high high tide). The first flight in April was flown near
the end of the LHT-LLT phase, the second near the end of the LLT-HHT
phase, while the third was carried out early in the HHT-LLT transition.
These tide/time phase conditions represented a weak dynamic state in the
Harbor waters providing minimal mixing between the ITT Rayonier diffuser
effluent and the receiving water. In July the two flights were carried
out in a nearly slack tide condition, also indicative of minimal mixing.
DROGUE (CURRENT) STUDY
The drogue assembly consists of three integral units: the drogue
unit, depth line, and surface float [Fig. IV-2]. The four drogue assem-
blies deployed for each flight were adjusted by the depth line to 0 m
(surface), 3 m (10 ft), 6m (20 ft), and 12 m (40 ft) depths. They were
carried to the diffuser and released next to a 1.22 x 4.88 m (4 x 16 ft)
panel that had been tied with line and anchored to the ITT Rayonier
diffuser for a reference point.
The movement of the drogues, caused by the current at the depth of
the drogue unit, was monitored photographically by an aircraft for at
least an hour. During the nighttime missions, gas lanterns were mounted
on the surface floats to serve as heat targets which were monitored by
the infrared line scanner in the aircraft.
-------
3 -i
2 -
LHT
HLT
0-
MEAN SEA LEVEL /
FLIGHT NUMBER
APRIL 24-25
JULY 25
LOW LOW TIDE
HLT HIGH LOW TIDE
LHT LOW HIGH TIDE
HHT HIGH HIGH TIDE
LLT
-1
2400
0400
OSOO 1200 1*00 2000
ASTIONOMICAL TIME (Hoirs)
2400
0400
0800
Figure IV-1. Tide Conditions and Duration of Flights
CO
-------
40
4' x 4'
SURFACE FLOAT
(FOR AIRCRAFT DETECTION)
DEPTH LINE-
DROGUE UNIT
WATER SURFACE
I
CM
t
2'-*-
TOP VIEW OF DROGUE UNIT
4ft=1.2m
2ft = O.6m
Figure IV-2. Drogue Assembly
-------
41
WATER QUALITY DATA (GROUND TRUTH)
Water quality data were collected from twelve discrete points in
Port Angeles Harbor during the daylight flights [Fig. IV-3]. The data
included:
1. Water surface temperature
2. Dissolved oxygen (DO)
3. pH
4. Conductivity
5. Turbidity
6. Total suspended solids (TSS)
7. Total suspended solids, non-volatile
8. Pearl-Benson Index (PBI) for spent sulfite liquor
The values for the above parameters, obtained during the April
flights, are provided in Table IV-2.
Only water surface temperatures were measured by ground personnel
during the night missions because the only sensor used during that phase
of the program was the infrared (thermal) line scanner.
In addition to the above data, a sample of the diffuser effluent
was collected from the ITT Rayonier plant. The effluent was spectro-
scopically tested to characterize its unique optical properties, or
"fingerprint." The fingerprint was the criterion for analyzing the
airborn imagery.
Weather information was an important requirement of the sampling
program, especially wind vector data for tracing surface and near-
surface currents in the Harbor. The weather conditions, recorded at the
U. S. Coast Guard Air Station at the east end of Ediz Hook [Fig. IV-3]
at the time of each flight, are provided in Table IV-3.
-------
,*><>-
COAST GDARD STATION
Lath „„
at Reference
for N \ g'hT^FI i g h 1
^-^ F I i g
ANGELES HARBOR
i
Figure IV — 3. Water Quality Data Stations
(Station Number Encircled: Dot Depicts Location)
-------
Table IV-2
Ground Truth Data for Port Angeles Harbor
[24 April 1973, 1130 to 1250 hours PST]
Station-/ Hour
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
8
9
10
11
12
1240
1300
1315
1345
1230
1240
1245 .
1250
1255
1303
1310
1315
1320
Surface
Temperature
(°C) (°F)
11.3
12.1
11.5
11.1
8.0
8.5
9.0
10.0
10.5
12.5
13.0
21.0
12.0
52.3
53.8
52.7
52.0
46.4
47.3
48.2
50.0
50.9
54.5
55.4
69.8
53.6
DO*/
(mg/0
9.1
9.0
9.1
9.2
9.4
9.2
9.0
9.2
9.2
9.9
9.2.
—
9.3
PH
7.8
7.5
7.8
7.8
7.5
7.8
7.7
7.9
7.8
7.9
7.9
2.5
7.8
Conduc-
tivity
(vimho/cm)
46
44
45
45
45
46
43
45
46
46
26
16
46
,500
,500
,500
,500
,500
,500
,500
,500
,500
,500
,800
,200
,500
Turbidity
(JTU)
0.6
2.8
0.7
1.3
2.2
1.0
1.1
1.4
0.6
0.6
0.6
1.8
0.4
TSS
(mg/1)
14
23
18
19
19
18
21
23
20
20
19
31
15
TSS r/
[non-vol] PBI-7
(mg/1)
4
4
5
3
6
7
9
10
7
6
6
6
4
10
200
5
6
30
15
19
20
11
17
3
233,000
7
2-'. Depth of Station 8 at 1255 hr was 3 m (10 ft); depth of all other stations was 0 m.
-'. Measurements collected by a hydrolab ionic probe.
— Pearl-Benson Index: concentration of lignin in water (mg/1) from natural sources and pulp/paper
mill effluents.
GO
-------
44
Table IV-3
Meteorological Data
Date
(1973)
24 April
25 July
RESULTS OF
Flight
1
2
3
1
2
DROGUE STUDY
Air
Temperature
52
51
47
66
67
Wind
Direction
030
030
250
060
Speed
(kn)
3
5
3
1
Calm
Sky
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
As mentioned above, there were three flights during the drogue
study on 24 April and two on 25 July. The results from these five
flights are presented as time-distance tables [App. B] and vector dia-
grams, where practicable.
The first flight on 24 April was flown 1137 to 1350 hours Pacific
Standard Time during an ebb tide [Fig. IV-1], The four drogues were
released near the reference panel which was anchored to the ITT Rayonier
diffuser. Table B-l contains data for the motion of each drogue. These
data have also been plotted as polar coordinates in Figure IV-4; each
segmented line represents the movement of a particular drogue assembly.
The surface and 3 m (10 ft) drogues moved in similar paths. The
6 m (20 ft) drogue hooked more quickly than the more shallow drogues.
The 12 m (40 ft) drogue hooked quite sharply in the cyclonic direction
propagating no more than 150 m (490 ft) radially from the reference
panel. This shows that a moderate vector change in current magnitude and
-------
31OC
32O,C
33O° 34O° 35O° 36OC
29O
28O
-N
TOO
DROGUE DEPTH
M (»»)
SURFACE
3 1O
6 2O
12 4O
E5SYAHCE
25O 2OO 15O
POSCJT (LIETEHS)
10O 5O
REFERENCE
o PO INT
Figure IV-4. Drogue Vector Diagram, Flight #1 (NFIC-D, 4/24/73)
-P.
en
-------
46
direction took place between the 3 m (10 ft) and 6 m (20 ft) depth, and
a greater change occurred between 6 m (20 ft) and 12 m (40 ft). Thus
the effluent dispersed from the diffuser to 12 m (40 ft) deep will
probably have higher concentrations than at levels closer to the surface.
The effluent which dispersed to between the surface and 3 m (10 ft)
would propagate a significant distance into the Harbor before dispersing.
During this flight the diffuser plume did reach the surface and move in
a westerly direction. Visual discoloration was traced approximately
1.5 km (0.9 mi) west of the reference panel before disappearing.
The tabulated data for the second flight are given in Table B-2 and
the vector diagram derived from these data in Figure IV-5. This flight
was made during slack high water [Fig. IV-1]. All the drogues moved
southwesterly, and the 6 m (20 ft) drogue was furthest displaced. The
drogues displayed no cyclonic displacement as during the first flight,
with the possible exception of the 12 m (40 ft) drogue. However, during
the latter portion of the flight it rotated into a line of propagation
nearly equal in polar angle to the other drogues. These observations
indicated that the effluent from the submerged diffuser could be carried
by the tidal currents into the Harbor without evidence of a cyclonic
spin-off to the Strait of Juan de Fuca. No visible plume was recorded
because this was a night flight and the Infrared Line Scanner (IRLS) was
the only active sensor.
Data for the last flight in April which was conducted on an ebbing
tide, are tabulated in Table B-3. The vector diagram [Fig. IV-6]
-------
47
250°
26O
280° 290° 300°
240
210
8OO 700
60O BOO 4OO 3OO 2OO
DISTANCE FISH IEFEIENCE POINT IHETEIS]
DROGUE DEPTH
(H |H|
SURFACE
imi_ 3 1O
6 20
12 4O
REFERENCE.
PO INT
Figure IV-5. Drogue Vector Diagram, Flight #2
(NFIC-D, 4/24/73)
-------
48
-N-
290
Sao
37o°
310
330
320
35o°
36O°
15OO 135O 12OO
DgOGUE DEPTH
(m) l^)
SURFACE
CZJDCUOCD 3 -1O
= = =,=, 6 20
„.=,.= 12 40
1O5O 9OO 75O 6OO
DISTflHCE FDOD DEFEGEHGE P9ICT
45O 3OO
15O
REFERENCE POINT
Figure IV-6. Drogue Vector Diagram, Flight #3
(NFIC-D, 4/24-25/73)
-------
49
shows that the four drogues initially traveled in a westerly direction
(271° true) before abruptly changing direction (average heading of 314°
true) toward the Strait of Juan de Fuca. About 45 min after release,
the drogues were traveling north and were east of Ediz Hook [Fig. IV-3].
The effluent was being carried directly to the Strait; it did not enter
and disperse in Port Angeles Harbor.
Two daylight flights were conducted on 25 July near slack tide
[Fig. IV-1]. Some difficulty was encountered in monitoring the surface
panels on the drogues because of the quiescent meteorological conditions
and heavy ship traffic in the Harbor. The surface waters acted like a
mirror to reflect the clouds and sky above the aircraft and mask the
drogues' surface floats. Thus the July data are not as complete as the
April data.
During these flights the drogues were positioned at 1.6 m (5 ft),
4.6 m (15 ft), 6.1 m (20 ft) and 12.2 m (40 ft) depths at the request of
EPA Region X. There was no surface drogue.
The first flight was from 1207 to 1307 hours Pacific Daylight Time
during rising tide [Fig. IV-1]. The 12.2 m (40 ft) drogue was observed
only twice, traveling west-southwest with respect to the reference point
[Fig. IV-7]. Midway through the flight two neighboring drogues could
not be distinguished from each other; their depths were unknown. On the
sixth pass one of the drogues was traveling with a heading of 243°,
while on the ninth pass the same or another drogue was traveling due
west. The fourth drogue was not observed.
-------
50
-L^^1 =—J
270
26O
25O
tfl
- N
24O
23O
21O
2OO7
REFERENCE
PO INT
10O
J 2OO
300 --'
400
500
6OO
— II 700
8OO
19OC
18OC
ELAPSED TIME
PASS 4 13 MINUTES
PASS 5 18 MINUTES
PASS 6 24 M INUTES
PASS 9 43 MINUTES
DROGUE DEPTH
M (ft)
^^ 12 4O
7J a UNKNOWN
, ^ UNKNOWN
Figure IV—7. Drogue Vector Diagram,Flight
(NFIC-D, 7/25/73)
-------
51
The final flight was from 1530 to 1630 hours PDT during a slack
tide [Fig. IV-1]. Only the last pass recorded both the reference panel
and three of the four drogues. The 4.5 m (15 ft) drogue was not sighted.
Figure IV-8 shows a single dashed line representing the reference point
and the only position of the remaining three drogues. The line's head-
ing is 318°. In 1 hr the drogues had moved 1,500 m (5,000 ft) from the
reference panel. Had they continued along the average heading, they
would have passed within 215 m (705 ft) of Ediz Hook in approximately
31 min. The tide phase at that time remained for an additional 4Jg hr
after the last pass. Barring the effects of any significant cyclonic
currents, the effluent from the diffuser would have dispersed in the
Strait.
ANALYSIS OF EFFLUENT CONCENTRATIONS
A major purpose of this study (Section I) was to determine optically
if the diffuser effluent was dispersing within the established zone of
dilution [Fig. IV-9] and, subsequently, if the temperature of the effluent
was greater than 0.28°C (0.5°F) above ambient leaving the dilution zone
en route to surface waters.
During the first flight on 24 April the plume from the diffuser was
reaching the surface and dispersing along a heading of 260° (westerly)
from the reference point anchored to the diffuser [Fig. IV-9]. The
width of the plume as it surfaced was 290 m (995 ft); the measured
distance between the panel and the plume was about 12 m (40 ft).
Thirteen frames (Fig. IV-10 represents the first frame of the
sequence) of true-color imagery were analyzed for color characterization
-------
52
35O°
230
270
(DiSTODSE FOOD DJJSQiEuSE POtHT TOc=^>QSPQS§Ea?S ODE E100Q ElflSPED TIDE)
REFERENCE
POINT
Figure IV-8. Drogue Vector Diagram, Flighl #2
(^F1C-D, 7/25/73)
-------
53
TOP VIEW
ZONE OF
DILUTION
r i E z
T—DIFFUSER
•
•i
•
M
•
•
•
L
78m
L 78m
(255ft) 1 (255ft)
155m (51Oft)
CD O
rf 10
T"
*~\
*J
*4-
0
_^
CS)
V-X
E
r-.
00
CM
V— '
y^\
*^
O
Tt
CM
T~
v-x
E
CO
CO
x~\
E S
CD O
1 * !? •
f
-N-
SURFACI
END VIEW
DIFFUSER
18.3m (6Oft)
BOTTOM
Figure IV-9. Zone of Dilution for the ITT Rayonier, Inc.
Submerged Diffuser
-------
54
DROGUES
PLUME BOUNDARIES
WASTE PLUME
REFERENCE
BOAT
SCALE-- 1: 1 ,76O
SUN
'
Figure IV—10. Plume from the ITT Ravonier Submerged I) iff user
-------
55
from which isoconcentration lines throughout the plume were derived. In
each frame, densitometer measurements [App. A] were made on a rectangular
matrix with elements separated by 1 cm (0.4 in.). This spacing repre-
sents a 30 m (98 ft) interval at the water's surface. In the analyses
the concept of optical linearity was assumed, in which there is a direct
linear correlation between concentration and optical transmittance/scatter-
ing in the^near-surface waters of. the Harbor., Optically, the extinction
depth* of the undiluted effluent was 4. cm (1.6 in.).
At the time of flight a liquid sample of the effluent to the diffuser
was obtained from the. ITT Rayonier facility. -This sample was analyzed
for its unique optical characteristics, or. fingerprint. The sample was
c
tested at 100, 50, 25 and 10 percent concentrations.by dilution with
background water, obtained at the time of flight from the Strait of Juan
de Fuca near Ediz Hook. The optical data was subsequently used to
analyze the-film transmittance data obtained from the diffuser plume.
The analysis indicated that the surface water just within the east
(leading) edge of the plume [Fig./lV-lO] contained a concentration of
only 12 percent with respect to the undiluted effluent subjected to
optical tests. For the remainder of the analysis, the area of highest
concentration was normalized at 100 percent. An isoconcentration dia-
gram [Fig. IV-11] was derived for 100, 50, 25,: 10, and less than 10,
percent concentration levels within the plume.
Extinction depth is the maximum distance that red laser light can be
transmitted through the effluent sample.
-------
PAGE NOT
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY
-------
57
The perimeter of the dilution zone [Fig. IV-9] has been super-
imposed upon the isoconcentration diagram [Fig. IV-11]. The plume does
not extend beyond the east zone boundary. However, the plume extends
well beyond the west zone boundary and is detectable nearly 1.5 km
(0.9 mi) west of the outfall. Because the length (longitudinal axis) of
the zone was about 43 m (140 ft) greater than the angular coverage of
the camera lens, the behavior of the plume at the south boundary of the
dilution zone could not be determined.
The infrared (thermal) map recorded over the outfall [Fig. IV-12]
shows that at the surface the plume was 0.5 to 1.0°C (0.9 to 1.8°F)
cooler than the background surface waters of the Harbor. This indicates
that there was no violation of the 0.28°C (0.5°F) upper temperature
restriction at the boundary of the dilution zone.
Stereoscopic analysis of the photographic imagery shows that the
effluent from the plume was passing through the 0.3 m (1 ft) upper
boundary [Fig. IV-9] of the dilution zone to the surface, thereby not
complying with the Washington State zone requirement. The thermal
infrared data also confirm that the plume reached the surface of the
receiving waters.
ITT RAYONIER DISCHARGES ALONG SHORE (Permit No. 071-06Y-2-038)
ITT Rayonier, Inc. has five outfalls which discharge along the
'southern shore of Port Angeles Harbor. These discharges have a combined
flow rate of 1.5 m /sec (34.5 mgd) and consist mostly of process and
cooling water. They created a thermal plume of moderate size
[Fig. IV-13] on 25 July. The plume dispersed easterly along shore. The
-------
CO
Figure IV-12. Thermal Infrared Map of ITT Kavonier Waste
Plume from Submerged Diffuser
-------
SCALE-- 1 : 3O.7OO
EDIZ HOOK
HARBOR
THERMAL PLUMES
.ITT RAYONIER MILL
Figure IV-13. Thermal Infrared Jlap of Porl Angeles Harbor
and ITT R a v o n i e r Discharges (7/25/73)
-------
60
submerged discharge did not create a thermal plume at the Harbor surface
during this flight.
CROHN ZELLERBACH CORPORATION (Permit No. 071-OYB-3-048)
Crown Zellerbach Corporation has eight active outfalls which origi-
nate at the mill site at the vertex of Port Angeles Harbor [Fig. IV-14].
Their points of discharge and average daily flow rates are as follows:
Table IV-4
Crown Zellerbach Corporation Flow Data
Outfall
No.
014 ,
01 5f
01 6-7
017
018
019
020
021
Point of Discharge
Strait of Juan de Fuca
Port Angeles Harbor
Port Angeles Harbor
Port Angeles Harbor
Port Angeles Harbor
Strait of Juan de Fuca
Strait of Juan de Fuca
Port Angeles Harbor
Average Fl
(m3/day)
32,000
2,300
1,900
5,700
57
6
2,300
950
ow Rate
(mgd)
8.4
0.6
0.5
1.5
0.015
0.0015
0.6
0.25
- Combined flow rate
These discharges have a combined flow rate of 44,900 m3/day
(11.87 mgd); 34,100 m /day (9 mgd) is discharged to the Strait of Juan
o
de Fuca, and the remaining 10,900 m /day (2.87 mgd) is discharged into
Port Angeles Harbor.
Outfalls 014, 019 and 020 created a large bright yellow plume of
discoloration along the southern shore of the Strait of Juan de Fuca
-------
STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA
C I ar i f i e r
NOT TO SCALE
Figure IV—14. Crown Zellerbach Corporation Discharges
-------
CTl
no
Figure IV-15. Plume of Discoloration in Strait of Juan de Kuca
from ("rown /elIerbach Corporation
(Facility Clarifier at far Right)
-------
63
[Fig. IV-15]. The waters along shore at the vertex of Port Angeles
Harbor where outfalls 015, 016, 017, 018 and 021 were discharging were
darker than the background waters further into the Harbor.
The total wastewater discharged from this facility consists of:
13% cooling water
1% boiler feed water
- 53% process water
33% other wastewater not specifically identified.
-------
65
V. MODELING PORT ANGELES HARBOR
x' ^
To understand the rationale in developing a model of the Harbor it
is desirable to understand current motion in the ocean and the related
equations of state. These equations will not be derived here and only
those specialized cases which reflect the behavior of Port Angeles will
be considered. Reference is made to hydrodynamics textbooks which
furnish exact derivations, as well as textbooks of meteorology, which
often prefer intuitive presentations.
MODELING ASSUMPTIONS
To develop a model for the effect of wind on water masses, three
assumptions are made: 1) the internal pressure forces are neglected --
that is, there is no pileup of water against a land mass; 2) a homoge-
neous harbor is defined as one upon which a constant wind stress is
acting as an external force; and 3) the turbulence of currents is
described by the superposition of short, but intense, fluctuations of
current velocity upon a relatively uniform motion which can be con-
sidered the actual oceanic current.
A pure drift current is the result of wind stress acting on the
surface of the sea. This stress is produced either by friction of the
air passing over the water, or by the pressure effect of the wind on
waves which transfers part of the.momentum of the wind to the water.
Both effects usually act in the same direction and can be combined as a
single resultant tangential force (force component parallel to the
water's surface).
-------
66
At the sea surface (northern hemisphere), the water in a pure drift
current moves with a velocity VQ in the direction of 45° cum sole* from
the wind direction. At increasing depth the angle of deflection increases,
and the velocity of the current rapidly decreases. At some depth D the
deflection will amount to a full 180° and the velocity will have fallen
to e-Tr = 1/23 VQ. This velocity is small enough that by comparison with
the surface value it can usually be neglected. The depth D can therefore
be taken as a measure of the depth of penetration of the wind-generated
ocean current. In general, it is also a measure of the depth to which
the effect of a steadily flowing, horizontal layer penetrates into the
adjacent water masses and was termed by Ekman- the "frictional depth."
The equations for these parameters take the form:
»o= n r <4>
(2Dpwsin) ^
D = / n \* (5)
Where: T = shear stress
p = density
a) = angular velocity of the earth (2V86,400 sec)
= latitude (Coriolis effect)
n = exchange coefficient for momentum (eddy coefficient or
turbulent friction coefficient).
According to Equation 5, D is also a measure of the internal turbulent
friction. It should be noted that the shear stress T is not included in
the equation relating D and n. This gives the indication that the
vertical thickness of the current is independent of the wind intensity
producing it and maintaining it against friction. Since the frictional
* In the direction of the apparent azimuth motion of the sun in equatorial
nl a no
plane.
-------
67
coefficient n increases with wind strength, the frictional depth D will
increase also. Figure V-l shows the vertical structure of a pure drift
current. The arrows projecting from the central column represent the
i
direction and strength of the: current at the surface at equidistant
levels of 0.1D, 0.2D, etc. The arrowheads .lie on a doubly curved spiral
which when projected on. the horizontal plane forms a logarithmic curve
known as the Ekman spiral.
Equation 4 shows that the surface velocity is directly proportional
to the shearing stress T , but :it is inversely proportional to the
frictional depth D. The total water transport due to a drift current
occurs perpendicular cum sole to the direction of the shearing stress of
the wind producing it,.
As long as the depth of water is greater than the frictional depth
D, the vertical distribution of the.drift current will be unaffected by
the underlying surface, since the water layers below the frictional
depths have an insignificant share in the drift current. When the depth
of the water is about the same order as D, there is a noticeable effect
on the drift current, and the trigonometric functions in Equations 4 and
5 are replaced by hyperbolic functions. The sea bottom represents a
boundary to which the water adheres. When the water depth d is smaller
than D the effect of the bottom will increase as the depth decreases.
Figure V-2 shows the vertical current structure for depths d equal
to 1.25D, 0.50D, 0.25D, and 0.1D. The dashed curve near the origin
shows the deviation from the curve d = 1.25D for d = 2.5D. In practice
there is no significant difference for even much greater values. The
angle of deflection decreases rapidly with the depth of the water.
-------
68
Figure V-l. Vertical Structure of a Pure Current
(According to Ekman) —'
-------
69
Figure V—2. Vertical Structure in Drift Currents for an Ocean
Depth d Nearly Equal or Smaller than the Upper Frictional Depth D
(10 Small Circles on Each Curve Indicate the End Points of the
Velocity Vectors for the Depth 0.0, 0.1, 0.2 d, etc.)
-------
70
In very small depths (d< 0.1D), the deflection shows almost no effect of
the earth's rotation.
THEORY VS. OBSERVATION
Comparison of the theory of drift currents with observations in the
ocean is generally difficult because of simplifying assumptions. Shorelines
•
of land masses or transport of the drift currents cause pileups of water
which, in turn, induce currents that are included in the observations.
Furthermore, the wind is not uniform over the ocean. If most of these
difficulties are avoided by careful selection of the areas of observation,
the results of the Ekman theory of drift currents can be confirmed.
This is especially true for the angle of deflection a between the wind,
W, and VQ; the ratio of current velocity to the wind velocity, VQ/W;
and the depth of frictional resistance D.
Port Angeles Harbor represents such a special case. Ediz Hook
separates the Harbor from the effects of large-scale perturbations
passing through the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Neither shoreline has any
sharp protuberances; the Harbor is completely open to the east and the
slope of the bottom is gentle with no projections. In addition, the
meteorological data show that for this particular location the wind
blows with great uniformity from the west. Compilation of data for such
4/
special cases- has shown the following relationship to be true:
VQ = xW/(sin$a (6)
'^— — r
where 4> is the latitude, and x a constant equal toNO.Q126 when W is
measured in cm/sec. As a rule of thumb, the drift velocity is approximately
-------
71
fi.5 percent of the wind velocity in moderate and higher latitudes. It
can"also be shown that:
D = 7.6 W/ (sin )
from which follows
D = C'V
0
where C' is a constant equal to
C1 = 600
m sec
cm '
(7)
(8)
(9)
Using mean monthly wind speed data [Table V-l] and taking sin* for
the entrance to Port Angeles Harbor as 0.745 (48°7' N), the values of D
and Vn for each month of the year are given in Table V-l. The agreement
between the two methods of calculating VQ is excellent. The last column
of the Table was computed using a Harbor depth of 16m.
Table V-l
Calculated Values of Frictional Depth and Current Velocity
Port Angeles Harbor
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
(m/sec)
5.0
4.2
4.5
5.0
6.1
6.1
7.1
5.4
4.1
3.5
3.8
4.5
W
(kn)
9.8
8.2
8.7
9.8
11.9
11.9
13.8
10.5
8.0
6.8
7.4
8.7
VQ(m/sec)
.015 W x W/(sin )^
0.077 0.
.063
.067
.077
.092
.092
.106
. 081
.062
.052
.057
.067
074
061
066
074
089
089
104
079
060
051
056
066
D
(600 VQ)
(m)
44
37
39
44
54
54
62
47
36
31
33
39
d
0.360
.43D
.410
.360
.30D
.300
.260
.340
.440
.52D
.480
.410
-------
72
Thus, using Figure V-2, during October when d was 0.52D the angle of
deflection at the surface a is approximately 45°, at mid-depth it has
increased to about 60° and at the depth of the outfall to 90°. This
means that the direction of the current over the outfall would be
directly south, while at the surface the transport would be southeast.
In July when d is 0.26D, the angle of deflection is only about 20°
cum sole at the surface and 30° cum sole at the outfall.
These examples show the necessity for taking wind and current
measurements concurrently. The last column of Table V-l shows that
during the course of a year d may be expected to vary between 0.26D and
0.52D. Using July, the worst possible case, the frictional depth is
still sufficiently shallow at this high latitude to allow the Coriolis
effect to have a significant impact on the current in the Harbor.
In contrast to pure drift currents, pure gradient currents develop
as a result of the wind piling up water at a shoreline, leading to an
inclination of the sea surface. Where the actual depth is considerably
less than the frictional depth in a homogeneous sea, as assumed for Port
Angeles, the entire water column would behave as though it were gliding
over the sea floor, retarded only by a slower moving boundary layer. In
this case the Ekman effect would be negligible. Thus, if water motion
in the Port Angeles Harbor were due to a gradient current induced by the
piling up of water by either winds or tides, one would expect to find
essentially uniform motion throughout the entire water column.
-------
73
EVALUATION OF THE MODEL
Because data collection was not specifically designed to determine
the type of current existing in the Harbor, it is difficult to state
conclusively that a pure drift current resulting in the Ekman spiral
exists in Port Angeles Harbor. To a certain extent, it is easier to
indicate the current patterns that do not exist. Although the water in
the basin was shown to be homogeneous by data presented earlier, close
examination of the current roses in the ITT Rayonier report failed to
reveal a single case of uniform unidirectional flow throughout the water
column. On only a few occasions was a substantial portion of the water
column moving uniformly in direction and speed.
Topographically the Harbor is a broad, shallow basin with gentle
geographic features open to the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the passing
tides. Yet, the water does not simply oscillate in and out of the
basin. If the Harbor were rugged, with many barriers to the flow build-
ing up actual heads of water and resulting in the tidal bores that occur
in many estuaries, an argument could possibly be made for the complicated
circulating patterns in the Harbor.
Since these two possible models of circulation for the Port Angeles
basin do not occur, it seems reasonable to accept that the wind produces
a drift current with a resulting Ekman spiral, as suggested although not
proven by the data.
-------
74
Tidal velocities and headings at 10 m (33 ft) in the ITT Rayonier
report for Station 4 [Fig. III-l] show that the majority of time current
flow was slightly south of due west. This indicates that at this depth
the outfall was located sufficiently north of the Ekman spiral to allow
water moving into the Harbor to replace the water flowing out along the
south shore in the drift current. Thus, the pollutants would be carried
into the Harbor, then southward to the shore, then eastward along the
shore past Morse Creek toward Green Point. In fact, the data indicate
that for only a few minutes during the afternoon of 5 November 1970 did
the waterflow across the outfall correspond to that which the ITT report
claimed was the predominant flow -- a northward flowing anticyclonic
motion across the outfall.
Station 3 is of interest because it should be located within the
drift current, if one exists. The continuous current readings for
Station 3 were also taken only at 10 m. Accepting the mean wind values
given for September and October, and the values of D calculated from
Table V-2, it is possible to calculate the drift current heading and
relative velocity for this station at 10 m. Since the station was close
to the bottom of the Harbor (12 m; 40 ft), d is about 0.33D to 0.39D
(September-October). From Figure V-2, one would expect a at 10 m to be
about 20° cum sole to the wind which is coming from the west at 90°
relative to the compass. Tidal heading for the station shows that
except for the period of about an hour and a half on the afternoon of 30
September 1970 the current was within +10° of the predicted 110° given
by the model at all times.
-------
Table V-2
LATTTUDI 48* 07'
LONGITUDE 123* 26'
ILIV. (GROUND) 99 ft .
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, WEATHER BUREAU IN COOPERATION WITH
THE WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
CLIMATOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES 20-45
CJJMATOLOGICAL SUMMARY
NORMALS, MEANS, AND EXTREMES
ST/mo* PORT ANGELES. HASH.
1
(f)
J
M
A
M
f
J
A
S
0
N
D
Yr
Temperature
Normal
*!
so
43.7
46.0
48.8
54. 2
59.5
62.8
66. S
66.4
63.6
S6.6
49.1
46.0
55.3
Daily
so
33. S
34.5
36.3
40.1
44.5
48.6
51.1
51.0
48.5
43.6
38.2
36.0
42.2
1
so
38.6
40.3
42.6
47.2
52.0
55.7
58.8
58.7
56.1
50.1
43.7
41.0
48.7
Extremes
I*
PC M
SO
62
67
66
74
83
89
93
87
85
81
67
67
93
i
I960'
1941
1930
1955
1956
1958
1941
1952
1955
1936
1950
1940
1941
'S -a
30
7
12
21
25
30
37
41
41
37
74
12
17
7
i
1950
1533
1951
1936
1954
1933
1954
1953.
1937.
1935
1955
1956
1950
Normal degree days ;
30
818
692
694
534
403
279
195
195
267
462
639
744
5922
Precipitation
1
2
30
3.87
3.06
1.99
1.08
.89
.96
.48
.58
1.10
2.48
3.77
4.35
24.61
It
30
11.06
6.97
4.26
2.50
2.49
3.35
1.30
2.23
3.09
7.75
8.44
10.83
11.06
3
1954
1949
1950
1937
1948
1931
1955
1954
1933
1956
1958
1933
1954
Minimum
monthly
30
.90
.84
.57
.09
.07
.01
.00
.02
.04
.25
.60
1.11
.00
1
1942
1956
1944
1956
1935
1934
1958
1955.
1939
1936
1943
1935
1958
Maximum
in 24 hrs.
30
3.02
3.30
1.55
.91
1.00
1.33
.48
.65
1.23
2.05
2.42
2.63
3.30
J
1935
1949
1948
1948
1948
1946
1954
1956
1953
1947
1955
1937
1949
Snow, Sleet
j
30
4.4
1.8
.6
.6
1.1
8.5
Maximum
monthly
30
38.8
15.1
9.2
7.5
7.9
38.8
J
1950
1949
1951
1946
1949
1950
Maximum
in 24 hrs
30
6.5
7.0
7.0
>•
1952
1949
1955
4.5
4.5
7.0
1946
1949
1955"
Relative ,
humidity
\
6
82
84
84
82
85
88
89
92
89
88
86
86
86
fe
S
0
6
78
77
76
72
75
77
79
81
78
80
80
81
78
H
6
77
77
71
74
75
76
79
78
81
81
81
77
8
O
6
82
fl4
83
82
84
M
86
89
88
flR
85
84
85
Wind '
MMD
hourly speed
4
9.7
P Prevailing
direction
6
SSE
8.2J K
8.7, H
9.8, K
11, R
11.9
13.8
10.5
8.0
6.8
7.4
8.7
9.6
K
K
W
N
U
V
tf
wsw
w
Futeat mile
I
2
52
49
53
44
41
3D
38
43
41
47
Direction
2
HSH
WSN
If
WNW
NNW
3
1951
1952
1951
1952
1951
H | 1952.
U
N
tffltf
N
1951
1951
1951
1951
40 ilVSK 1 1952.
58
58
R
n
1951
1951
Average sky cover
sunrise to sunset
6
8.2
O
8,0
7.1
6.8
fl 1
5.4
5.9
5,5
7 4
» 1
8.6
7.1
Mean number oi days
Sunrise to
sunset i
0
6
3
3
5
5
7
10
9
9
5
7
1
t!
6
4
4
6
7
11
9
10
8
9
7
5
4
62 | 84
•S
0
0
6
24
71
27
Ifl
15
14
11
14
12
19
71
26
219
Precipitation
.10 inch or more
30
9
7
•i
4
^
2
2
l
7
9
in
64
1
ajj
M
6
3
.
1
0
0
n
0
0
0
0
0
i
5
a
8
|
1
6
0
n
0
0
l
i
i
i
.
0
Heavy fog *
6
1 .
1
1
1
7
,
5
10
„
5
01 2
Oi 1
4 Uo
Max.
temp.
A!
30
0
n
n
0
n
n
0
n
o
n
•
?.
30
2
.
n
0
o
n
0
0
n
.
.
2
Min.
temp.
v<
30
11
q
7
1
n
0
n
n
4
S
40
1
VII
30
0
Q
n
0
n
n
0
n
n
n
n
n
0
U) Langth oi record, y«*n. (1931-1960)
T Trace, aa mount too *maU to measure.
Also on earlier dates, months, or years.
Leaa than ona half.
• Data recorded at Weather Bureau Office located at the USCC Air
Station durinp period 1947-1952.
Data entered in column "Fastest Mile" are for the fastest
observed mile durinp 2-year period 1951-1952. Station was not
equipped with automatic recording wind equipment.
-------
76
Similar calculations for October indicate that a is only a few
degrees larger and that essentially the same correlation holds for
1 October 1970. On 2 October the basic direction of flow at 10 m (33 ft)
was between west and west-southwest. The model may have failed because
of calm wind conditions or because a strong tidal component was imposed
upon the Ekman spiral. This does not invalidate the long-term net
transport of the spiral. VQ is predicted to be 0.060 m/sec (0.12 kn)
for September and .051 m/sec (0.10 kn) for October [Table V-l]. If this
were a drift current one would expect current values at 10 m to remain
considerably below these values, and in fact that was the case. If it
were a pure gradient current, one would expect essentially the same flow
rate at 10 m as at the surface, which was not the case.
The dye tracers released on the surface provided the only estimate
of VQ in the ITT Rayonier study. These reflected the predicted motion
in three out of four cases. Figure 111-5 shows that dye was released at
a point between Stations 2 and 3. On 29 and 30 September, and 2 October
1970 the dye moved east by southeast along the shore toward Morse Creek
with surface velocities of 0.061, 0.025 and 0.088 m/sec \0.118, 0.049,
0.171 kn), respectively. These correspond reasonably well to the pre-
dicted value range of 0.051 to 0.061 m/sec (0.099 to 0.118 kn), particu-
larly against a flood tide. On 2 October, when the dye moved directly
across the mouth of the Harbor near Ediz Hook [Fig. III-6], the model
may have failed because of a shift in or lack of wind or tidal con-
ditions — in contrast to the other three studies which took place
during flood tide.
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77
Each time a long-term change in the direction of wind velocity
occurs, the current vectors must be reestablished. Figure V-3 shows the
adjustment the current vector VQ follows after the onset of wind. As
the wind velocity changes in speed but not in direction, the depth of
the frictional resistance D likewise varies. Thus, current vectors at
depth will change from either a shift in wind speed or direction.
Since the ITT Rayonier drogue studies were all conducted at the 4 m
(13 ft) depth, the data are not sufficient to show rotary motion through-
out the column, as in the Ekman spiral. Here again, if gradient cur-
rents alone were acting one would expect all of the drogues to move
uniformly in the same direction. However, the only cases in which this
occurred were where the drogues were released within the Strait of Juan
de Fuca. Even in these cases when the drogues entered the Harbor random
motion developed, indicating the lack .of gradient currents within the
basin. On several -days, such as 20 and 28 August, drogue motion clearly
followed that which was predicted. Again, lack of windvdata and surface
drogues makes it impossible to validate or reject the model.
The dispersion of the test dye injected into the city of Port
Angeles sewage outfall [Table III-2] was so rapid that rotary motion
with its attendant turbulence was indicated, rather than the laminar
flow associated with gradient currents.
Wind speed and direction on the days of the remote sensing survey
were calm. This is unfortunate since the model assumes a constant wind
stress. However, Figure IV-4 reflected primarily tidal motion, except
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78
Figure V-3. Adjustment of the Current Vector, at the Sea Surface,
to a Stationary Position After Onset of the Wind (Ekman, 1927) .!/
-------
79
for cyclonic motion of the 12 m (40 ft) drogue. The latter case-was
probably a result of residual motion of the Ekman spiral that had not
completely decayed since the wind ceased.
A visual inspection was made of Port Angeles Harbor on 28 December
1973, and numerous photographs were taken of the water surface to record
the movement of surface slicks. The wind was directly from the west at
about 5 m/sec (10 kn). Surface slicks or films formed straight lines
several miles long, drifting east by southeast in the southern half of
the Harbor. These streaks, each a few yards wide, joined near Green
Point, then traveled as one large slick northeast into the Strait of
Juan de Fuca. The motion of the slicks reflects the motion of the
surface layer immediately beneath them. On the north side of the Harbor,
slicks were broad and diffused as they appeared to be forced into the
wind. This reflects an eddy pattern where water enters the Harbor on
the north side around Ediz Hook, moves counterclockwise across the
Harbor, and then moves out of the Harbor along the southern shore,
completing the gyre.
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80
REFERENCES
1. Pollution Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill Wastes in Puget Sound,
U. S. Dept. of the Interior (Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration Northwest Regional Office, Portland, Oreg.;
Washington State Pollution Control Commission, Olympia), March 1967,
474p.
2. Outfall Location Studies, Port Angeles, Washington, ITT Rayonier Inc.,
Olympic Research Division, Shelton, Wash., August 1971, 450p.
3. Defant, Albert, Physical Oceanography, Vol. 1, Pergammon Press,
New York, 1961, p. 401.
4. Dietrich, Gunter, General Oceanography, John Wiley & Sons, New
York, 1963, 588p.
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APPENDIX A
REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES
Aircraft and Sensor Data
Data Interpretation and Analysis
Error Analysis
Film Spectral Sensitivity Data
Optical Filter Transmittance Data
Development Process for Reconnaissance Films
Focal Length, Angle of View
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82
REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES*
AIRCRAFT AND SENSOR DATA
Aircraft and Flight Data
A high-performance aircraft, specifically designed and equipped for
aerial reconnaissance work, was used for the remote sensing flights.
The aircraft was used for day and night flights over Port Angeles Harbor.
The flight parameter data that specify the values of the aerial
reconnaissance variables are summarized in Table A-l. These variables
are important at the time the mission is flown and during the analysis
of the airborne data. With rare exception, the airspeed variations are
automatically processed in the aircraft computer system and, combined
with aircraft altitude, are used to calculate the amount of photographic
stero overlap.
Cameras
Three cameras and an infrared line scanner (IRLS) were the sensors
on board the aircraft. The cameras were KS-87B aerial framing cameras
equipped with 152 mm (6 in.) focal length lens assemblies. They were
mounted in the aircraft in their respective vertical positions as shown
in Figure A-l.
The viewing angle of the KS-87B framing cameras was 41° centered
about the aircraft's nadir as shown in Figure A-2. A diagram of a
typical framing camera is shown in Figure A-3.
'Mention of equipment and/or brand names in this report does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation by the Environmental Protection Agency.
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Table A-l
Flight Parameter Data
Port Angeles Harbor
83
Parameter
Date
25 April 1973
25 July 1973
Time of Flight
Air Speed
Altitude Above
Ground Level
Sensors
(Day) 1120 to 1250 PST
(Night) 2012 to 2128 PST
(Night) 2337 to 2451 PST
325 kn
(Day) 457 m (1,500 ft)
(Night) 305 m (1,000 ft)
(Day)
(Night)
All
IRLS
(Day) 1200 to 1330 PDT
(Day) 1520 to 1637 PDT
(Day) 1640 to 1730 PDT
325 kn
457 m (1,500 ft)
(Day) All
LEGEND
' XS-17 FRAMING CAMERAS
2 INFRARED LINE SCANNER
Figure A-l. Aircraft Sensor Locations
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84
AIRCRAFT
ALTITUDE
GROUND LEVEL
Figure A-2. Viewing Angle of Framing Camera
Focal Plane
Film
Guide
Shutter
Lens
Film Advances Frame by Frame
Figure A-3. Framing Camera
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85
Films and Filters
The cameras were loaded with the following film and optical filter
combinations:
Camera Station 1 -- Kodak S0-597 Aerographic Ektachrome Film (127
mm; 5 in.) with a Wratten HF-3/HF-5 gelatin optical filter combination.
The film provides a true color transparency 114 mm sq (4.5 in. sq). The
filter combination prevents ultraviolet light from reaching the film and
eliminates the effects of atmospheric haze.
Camera Station 2 -- Backup sensor for Camera Staton 1.
Camera Station 3 -- Kodak 2443 Aerochrome Infrared Film (127 mm)
with a Wratten 16 gelatin optical filter. The film provides color
transparencies 114 mm sq.
The Wratten 16 filter (deep orange in color) transmits a portion of
the visible optical spectrum (i.e., deep green, yellow, orange, and red)
as well as the near-infrared energy from 7.0 to 1.0 ym. The film pre-
sents a modified-color or false-color rendition in the processed trans-
parency unlike the more familiar true-color films. It has an emulsion
layer that is sensitive to the near-infrared in addition to the red and
green layers, whereas the true-color ektachrome films have red, green,
and blue sensitive layers. (Every color film has various combinations
of red, green, and blue dyes similar to the red, green and blue dots on
the front of a color television picture tube.) The modified or false-
color rendition comes into play when the exposed image on the infrared
-------
86
film is processed. In the finished transparency, the scene objects
(trees, plants, algae) producing infrared exposure appear red, while red
and green objects produce green and blue images, respectively. Most
important, this film records the presence of various levels of chloro-
phyll in terrestrial and aquatic plant growth. The leaves on a healthy
tree will record bright red rather than the usual green; unhealthy
foliage will appear brownish-red. The orange filter keeps all blue
light from reaching the film to prevent unbalance in red, green,, and
blue.
Infrared Line Scanner
The aircraft was equipped with an AN/AAS-18 Infrared Line Scanner
(IRLS) which images an area along the flight path of the aircraft. The
width of the image area depends upon aircraft altitude; the area is
encompassed by a 120° field-of-view in crosstrack, or perpendicular to
the flight path [Fig. A-4].
i • •
i
AIRCRAFT
ALTITUDE
I
GROUND LEVEL
Figure A-4. Field of View of IRLS
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87
An IRLS converts variations in infrared energy emissions from
objects of different temperatures into a thermal map. The three basic
parts of an IRLS are the scanner optics, a detector array, and a record-
ing unit. The scanner optics collect the infrared emissions from ground
and water areas and focus them on the detectors [Fig. A-5].
D elector
Folding Mirror
Folding Mirror
Folding Mirror
R otat in g
Scan
M ir ror
Folding Mirror
Figure A-5. IRLS Optical Collection System
-------
The detectors, cyrogenically cooled to 26° K, convert the infrared
energy collected by the scanner optics into an electronic signal. This
signal is processed electronically and subsequently transformed into
visible light through a cathode ray tube. This light is recorded on
ordinary 126 mm (5 in.) RAR black-and-white film. The recorded thermal
map is 100 mm (4 in.) wide and its length depends upon the length of a
particular line of flight being imaged.
The IRLS has a sensitivity bandwidth from 8 to,14 ym, the so-called
thermal band of the electromagnetic spectrum. Applying Wien's Displacement
Law, this represents a temperature band from -66° to 89° C. The system
has an instantaneous field-of-view of 1 mrad sq. The total field-of-
view is achieved by the rotating mirror in the optical collection system,
which is 120° x 1 mrad. The measured noise equivalent temperature
(N.E.T.) of the IRLS is 0.32° C with 100 percent probability of target
detection. This represents an effective measurement of the temperature
resolution of the system.
DATA INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS
Data is interpreted and analyzed on the original photographic and
Infrared Line Scanner (IRLS) films; prints of duplicated transparencies
degrade the image in scale and color balance. The original films are:
true color transparencies, false color infrared transparencies, black-
and-white ultraviolet negatives and the IRLS thermal image black-and-
white negatives.
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89
Standard image analysis techniques were employed in the reduction
of distances/areas and stereoscopic analysis of areas displaying topo-
graphic gradients on land and in the water. The reduced data were
subsequently plotted on U. S. Geological Survey 7.5 minute topographic
maps (scale 1:24,000) and U. S. Coast Guard and Geodetic Survey Nautical
Charts (scale 1:10,000). To evaluate scale consistency, the map scales
were compared to the imagery empirical scales derived from the optical
focal length of each sensor and the altitude of the aircraft above water
level.
A Macbeth TD-203AM Densitometer was employed during the analysis of
the color films to measure film densities as a function of the three
cardinal colors -- red, blue and green. This system measures film
densities with an accuracy of 0.02 density units and a measurement
repeatability of 0.01 density units.
Temperature levels are represented on black-and-white IRLS film by
various shades of gray in the negative. Areas of low density (clear
film) represent cooler temperatures, and as the temperature of a particu-
lar target becomes warmer the density of gray in the film also increases.
Positive prints presented in this report refleqt the reverse of the
negative film. Cool areas are dark while the warm areas are light gray.
It is important to note that the IRLS will only record water sur-
face temperatures since water is opaque in this region of the infrared
spectrum. The maximum depth penetration in either fresh or salt water
is 0.01 cm. Therefore, a submerged thermal discharge can be detected
from an aircraft with an IRLS only if the warm wastewater reaches the
surface of the receiving waters.
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90
DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES FOR BLACK-WHITE
AND COLOR RECONNAISSANCE FILMS
The film was processed in Eastman Kodak Company processors. The
infrared and true-color Ektachrome films were processed in the Ekta-
chrome RT Processor, Model 1811, Type M, Federal Stock Number 6740-109-
2987PK, Part Number 460250. This machine uses Kodak EA-5 chemicals.
The temperature of the respective chemicals in the.processor and the
film process rate, in ft/min, are the important parameters. Their
values were specified as follows:
Prehardener 115°F
Neutralizer 115°F
First Developer 115°F
First Stop Bath 115°F
Color Developer 120°F
Second Stop Bath 120°F
Bleach 125°F
Fixer 120°F
Stabilizer 120°F
The film process rate was 9 ft/min. The nine chemical baths,
mentioned above, comprise the EA-5 process used for the color films. The
temperature and pressure of the fresh water supplied to the processor
was 120°F and 45 psi minimum, respectively. The fresh water is used to
wash the film immediately before entering the dryers.
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91
FILM SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY DATA
OPTICAL FILTER TRANSMITTANCE DATA
a
The spectral curves for each film and optical filter used during
this reconnaissance program are provided on the following pages:
SO-397 with HF3/HF5 filter combination
2443 with 16.
To obtain the optical band width B (x) of each film-filter com-
bination let F(x) be the transmittance function of the respective filter
and S(x) be the spectral sensitivity function for the particular film.
Then: x?
B(X) = f S(A) F(X) dX.
XI
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92
Kodak Ektachrome EF Aerographic Film
SO-397 Development Process EA-5
: Yellow forming
layer
'• Cyan forming
layer
Magenta forming
layer
Normal Exposure, D =
above minimum dens
Sensitivity = reciprocal of exposure
(ergs/cm^) required to produce specified"!
density above density of base plus fog
500
Wavelength in Nanometers
600
700
.IX 3
IX EZ
i 10 x i i
100 X
AAB*
500
MMVELEN6TH
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93
INFRARED-SENSITIVE FILMS
KODAK AEROCHROME Infrared Film 2443
(ESTAR Base)
KODAK AEROCHROME Infrared Film 3443
(ESTAR Thin Base)
Critical users of these two films should determine the actual sensitometric characteristics
of their particular batch of film by using their own specialized techniques. The keeping
conditions for these films have an effect on their sensitometric response.
Spectral Sensitivity Curves:
600 650
WAVELENGTH (nm)
Sensitivity = Reciprocal of the exposure (ergs/cm!) required to produce a density of 1.0 above 0 min.
Measurements were confined to the 400 to 900 nanometer region.
Spectral Dye Density Curves:
200 300 400 500
AAB 100 % o
200 300
700 800 900
400 500 600 700 800 900
WAVELENGTH (Nanometers)
Orange. Permits greater overcorrection of sky than No. 15. Absorbs
small amount of green.
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94
ERROR ANALYSIS
Limitations can be placed on the accuracy or uncertainty of the
film analysis measurements carried out on the photographic and thermal
data. Measurements for linear distance and surface area were made with
scaling instruments and light table microscopes.
The uncertainty for linear distance (ALD) is:
ALD = +_ 2 x 10~ x photographic scale (meters) (1)
The photographic scale for this study was 1:3,000. The value for
ALD = (+_ 2 x 10 X 3,000) m = + 0.6 m. A distance X, measured on the
original photographic film, is accurate to within +_ 0.6 m.
The uncertainty for the surface area (ASA) is (rectangular):
ASA = + ALD (± X + Y) (2)
For this study ASA = +_ 0.6 (+_ X +_ Y) m2, (ALD = + 0.6 m).
For example, a rectangular area with dimensions of X +_ 0.6 m and
Y +_ 0.6 m, would have the value [XY + 0.6(+_ X + Y) + 0.36] m2.
The uncertainty in the IRLS is the measured system noise equivalent
temperature which is +_ 0.32°C.
No atmospheric corrections were applied to the reconnaissance data
under the assumption that the atmostpheric effect was constant through
the air column between the aircraft and the water during the short
duration of each phase of the mission.
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95
FOCAL LENGTH. ANGLE OF VIEH
AND THE EFFECTS OF FOCAL LENGTH AND ALTITUDE
The focal length of the aerial sensors affects the size (or scale)
of the resulting imagery. At any given altitude, the image size changes
in direct proportion to changes in focal length. Also, for a given
focal length the image size is inversely proportional to the altitude.
The angle of view of a sensor is a function of the focal length and
the image format size. The importance of the angle of view is its
relationship to the amount of target area recorded in the imagery.
Refer to the following diagrams: A. Focal length of a simple lens.
B. Effect of focal length on scale and ground coverage. C. Effect of
altitude on scale and ground coverage.
Reproduction of
point at infimty-
[— Focal Length —
Point at
Infinity
Focal
Plane
-Parallel light rays from, infinite
distance and a single point source.
Digram A. Focal Length of a Simple Lens
Focal length is the distance, from the lens (A) to the film (B)
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96
96
3-lnch Focal Len9th
6-Inch Focal Length
30,000 Ft
12-Inch Focal Length
500 Ft
Ft
•i /— 5,000 Ft
5,000 Ft
18-Inch Focal Length
DIAGRAM B Effect of Focal Length on Scale and Ground Coverage
7\
:.:-o: Ft
5.000 Ft
7.500 Ft
—/ A— 7.500 Ft
3-Inch Focal Length
DIAGRAM C Effect of Altitude on Scale and Ground Coverage
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APPENDIX B
TIME-DISTANCE DATA
24 APRIL 1973 FLIGHTS
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98
Table B-l
Time-Distance Data for First Flight, 24 April 1973
Time
11:37
11:44
11:51
12:01
12:13
12:22
12:29
12:36
12:43
12:50
~
11:37
11:44
11:51
12:01
12:13
12:22
12:29
12:36
12:43
12:50
a/
At
(Min.)
7
14
24
36
45
52
59
66
73
73
7
14
24
36
45
52
59
66
73
73
(m) (ft) (km/h) (mph) Headln9
Surface
75 246 .64 .39 289°
75 246 .64 .39 272°
86 280 .51 .32 280°
96 315 .48 .29 276°
63 207 .42 .26 261°
59 192 .50 .31 298°
17 54 .14 .08 316°
105 345 .90 .55 296°
18 59 .15 .09 213°
552 1811 .45 .28 280°
6 m (20 ft)
69 226 .59 .36 289°
57 187 .48 .29 259°
73 240 .62 .38 273°
72 236 .36 .22 259°
48 157 .32 .19 245°
28 92 .24 .14 285°
33 108 .28 .17 332°
50 164 .42 .26 241°
30 98 .13 .08 196°
405 1329 .33 .20 265°
Distance Velocity ,, nrjin_
(m) (ft) (km/h) (mph) "eaaing
3 m (10 ft)
94 310 .81 .50 285°
72 236 .62 .38 276°
90 295 .77 .48 282°
90 295 .77 .48 275°
70 231 .60 .37 264°
55 182 .48 .30 296°
28 93 .24 .15 298°
67 221 .58 .36 302°
19 64 .17 .11 198°
555 1820 .46 .28 280°
12 m (40 ft)
36 118 .30 .19 296°
27 89 .23 .14 256°
30 98 .26 .16 250°
24 79 .20 .12 225°
16 52 .14 .09 180°
12 39 .10 .06 94°
16 52 .14 .09 157°
21 69 .18 .11 183°
28 92 .24 .15 155°
114 374 .09 .06 216°
- Straight line between first and last position.
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99
Table B-2
Time-Distance Data for Second Flight, 24 April 1973 (Night)
Time
20:28
20:34
20:41
20:51
20:59
21:08
21:15
21:23
S/
20:28
20:34
20:41
20:51
20:59
21:08
21:15
21:23
a/
At
(Min.)
6
13
23
31
40
47
55
55
'6
13
23
31
40
47
55
55
Distance Velocity iim-Hnn
(m) (ft) (km/h) (mph) llLadlliy
Surface
34 110 .34 .21 203°
17 55 .14 .09 203°
-82 268 .49 .30 222°
82 268 .61 .38 235°
144 472 .96 .60 115°
48 157 .41 .26 250°
319 1047 2.39 1.49 215°
706 2315 .77 .48 222°
6 m (20 ft)
62 205 .62 .36 179°
56 185 .48 .30 208°
88 287 .58 .39 199°
77 252 .58 .38 226°
190 622 1.26 .78 224°
54 177 .46 .29 251°
308 1011 2.31 1.43 213°
801 2630 .87 .54 217°
Distance Velocity .. ..
(m) (ft) (km/h) (mph) lleddmy
3 m (10 ft)
34 110 .34 .21 167°
47 154 .40 .24 210°
59 193 .35 .22 212°
98 323 .74 .46 219°
151 496 1.00 .63 220°
72 236 .62 .38 242°
305 1000 2.28 1.42 209°
742 2433 .81 .50 214°
12 m (40 ft)
42 138 .42 .26 170°
46 150 .39 .24 206°
48 157 .29 .18 223°
67 220 .50 .31 244°
107 350 .71 .44 241°
119 390 1.01 .63 271°
163 535 1.24 .76 213°
521 1709 .57 .35 231°
a/
Straight line between first and last position.
-------
TOO
Table B-3
Time-Distance Data for Third Flight, 24 April 1973 (Late Night)
Time
23:37
23:44
23:53
24:03
24:13
24:22
24:32
24:41
24:51
a/
23:37
23:44
23:53
24:03
24:13
24:22
24:32
24:41
24:51
~
At
(Min.)
7
16
26
36
45
55
64
74
74
7
16
26
36
45
55
64
74
74
Distance Velocity .. ..
(m) (ft) (km/hi (mph) Headlng
Surface
134 438 1.14 ' .71 273°
168 552 1.11 .69 321°
194 636 1.15 .72 325°
124 408 .74 .46 320°
102 336 .67 .42 14°
161 528 .96 .60 4°
135 444 .90 .56 0°
104 340 .62 .38 358°
972 3189 .79 .49 326°
6 m (20 ft)
156 511 1.30 .82 275°
144 472 .94 .59 309°
151 494 .90 .56 331°
138 452 .82 .51 306°
126 413 .83 .52 335°
126 413 .74 .46 353°
145 474 .94 .60 334°
132 433 .79 .49 13°
978 3209 .79 .49 317°
Distance ^ Vplnritv .. ..
(m) (ft) (km/h) (mph) Headin9
3 m (10 ft)
134 438 1.14 .71 271°
170 558 1.12 .70 317°
152 498 .90 .56 325°
137 450 .82 .51 317°
90 294 .59 .37 5°
126 413 .76 .47 12°
102 336 .67 .42 343°
126 413 .76 -.47 17°
876 2874 .71 .44 321°
12 m (40 ft)
108 354 .92 .57 264°
132 433 .88 !54 308°
165 541 .99 .61 323°
111 364 .66 .41 308°
126 413 .84 .52 342°
120 393 .72 .44 343°
141 462 .94 .60 325°
141 462 .84 .52 344°
948 3110 .77 .48 312°
a/
Straight line between first and last position.
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