Protection Agency
Guidelines Division
,D.C.
PROCESSING STUDY
AUGUST 198O
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APPENDIX A
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-NATIONAL FISHERIES INSTITUTE
1730 Pennsylvania Ave. .Suite 1150
Washington, D. C. 20006
202/785-0500
NATIONAL FOOD PROCESSORS ASSOCIATIG.
1133 - 20th Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20036
202/331-5968
July 14, 1978
Mr. Jeffery D. Denit .
Effluent Guidelines Division (WH-552)
Environmental Protection Agency
Waterside Mall, 401 M Street, S. W. .
Washington, D. C. 20460
Dear Mr. Denit:
We would like to thank you, Mr. Schatzow, and Mr. Ng for meeting with
us and other seafood processing industry representatives on June 16 to discuss
EPA's implementation of the Section 74.Seafood Processing Wastes Study. We
appreciate your taking time for this meeting which we believe was useful to us
and trust that it was useful to you also. Many of the points discussed are
summarized below.
It is the belief of the seafood processing industry that under certain condi-
tions the discharge of wastes from seafood processing plants may be beneficial
to marine life. Indeed, we believe these wastes can and do contribute to the
development.of'a diversity of beneficial marine life species in the areas-where
they are discharged.
When the Congress conducted hearings on the amendment of the Water
Pollution Control Act, representatives of the seafood processing industry testified
and met individually with many congressmen, senators, and their staffs. Seafood
processing industry representatives presented the view that where there is
sufficient flow and aquatic life, the discharge of seafood processing wastes (which
are of themselves non-toxic and non-harmful) should be allowed, in fact encouraged,
to promote the development of aquatic resources. Industry representatives also
expressed the view that where unreasonable, adverse effects on the environment
result from the discharge of such wastes, adequate controls be instituted.
When Congress completed its deliberations on amending the Water Pollution
Control Act, the final bill, PL 95-217, the Clean Water Act, contained a require-
ment for the Environmental Protection Agency to "examine the geographical,
hydrological, and biological characteristics of marine waters to determine the
effects of seafood processes which dispose of untreated, natural wastes into such
waters."
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The Conference Report on Section 74 clearly states that the conferees
intended that the study include an examination of the "compatibility" of seafood
wastes with marine waters. Senator Gravel in the December 15 Congressional
Record debate on the Conference Report stated that the focus of the study should
be ". . . to determine whether there are grounds for relief from the EPA effluent
guidelines for the industry. " Senator Gravel also stated in the August 4
Congressional Record that the study "... would delve into the question of what
organisms or other fish or mammal life feed on the wastes and at what rates of
consumption." He further stated that the study ". . . would discuss . . . the
flushing effects of tides and currents . . . , " and that ". . . the study would be
incomplete without a thorough analysis of the plausibility and environmental effect
of moving the outfall line to eliminate the problem of accumulation of wastes. "
The seafood processing community was pleased that the Congress, by
approving the Section 74 Seafood Study, recognized the merits in the industry's
views and arguments on compatibility with and bio-enhancement of marine life
due to the discharge of seafood processing wastes. Consequently, the industry
viewed the requirement for EPA to conduct the seafood processing study as a means
of determining once and for all the validity of its claim.
For implementation purposes, the Agency has divided the Congressionally-
mandated study into two parts. We have already commented favorably on the
undertaking of the market feasibility study for seafood waste reduction in Alaska.
This letter is mostly concerned with the effects of the discharge of effluents from
seafood processing plants on marine life.
In implementing the second part, according to EPA papers and your comments
at our June 16 meeting, the Agency will
. obtain new field data on the water quality effect of "untreated natural
wastes" from seafood processing only in Alaska and one control site in Oregon;
. examine technologies to facilitate the use of nutrients in these wastes or
to reduce their discharge into the marine environment; and
. conduct a literature review of the discharge of seafood processing wastes.
To implement the above objectives, EPA developed a work plan to be
undertaken and completed by private consultants, the University of Alaska, and
the Effluent Guidelines and Research and Development segments of EPA. The
work plan consists of the following parts:
. A literature search to compile available historical data relating to water
quality work both in Alaska and the forty-eight states;
.A detailed assessment of various technologies which may be used in
treatment, recovery, or disposal;
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. An assessment of the economic feasibility of the manufacture of by-
products from seafood processing wastes; and
. Visits to sites in Alaska and one site in Oregon to examine the geological,
hydrological, and biological characteristics of the receiving water (the field work
will include biological effects on bottom deposits, water column analysis, and
scuba diving to observe macro flora and fauna and evidence of accumulation of
deposits of seafood wastes).
The Agency has interpreted the term "untreated, natural wastes" to mean
only discharges containing gross or ground solids. According to this interpretation,
EPA has assumed that new water quality and marine effects data need only be con-
ducted in the Northwest, since all other parts of the country apply a minimum of
screening treatment. We do not agree with the Agency's interpretation. We believe
that Congress intended screened effluents to be included in the new field work studies.
Contrary to EPA views, we believe that field work should also be done in
other areas of the seafood processing industry, namely, bottom fish, sardines,
shrimp, and tuna. Field work should be scheduled in Southern California, the
center of the United States tuna processing industry; in Louisiana, the center of
the United States shrimp canning industry, and in Maine and Massachusetts, the
center of the United States sardine and bottom fish industries.
Clearly, the study was to be national in nature. Nothing in the language
of Section 74 limits field work to one section of the country. In fact, according to
an EPA March 3 memo, EPA was directed by the staffs of Senators Chafee and
Gravel ". . . that the study should include coverage of all seafood processinff,
not just the Alaskan industry. "
By failing to institute a thorough work plan for site visits to other areas
of the country, new data will not be obtained to demonstrate that bio-enhancement
can indeed occur under certain circumstances. Failure to obtain this data may
result in arbitrarily strineent regulations requiring "treatment for treatment sake"
costing the affected industries many millions of dollars for no environmental benefit
and perhaps a loss in marine improvement. If the data are obtained to demonstrate
that bio-enhancement does indeed occur, the Congress in evaluating the report
might determine at some future date that technology-based standards need not apply
to seafood processors under certain specified conditions. This approach was taken
by the Congress when it granted municipalities an opportunity to apply for a waiver
for secondary treatment requirements based on discharge into marine waters. It
was also taken in the Ocean.Dumping Act, where seafood wastes are excluded from
its provisions.
We acknowledge the below statement from your March 3 memo on the
seafood study that under existing law "Regardless of what we do, accomplishment
and utilization of any kind of water quality review or assessment is legally incon-
sistent with Title III of the Act;" however, this statement and a similar one made
by Agency representatives during the June 16 meeting does not reflect the intent of
the study, which is to provide a report to ConSress containing a full cycle thorough
review of seafood discharges to determine their compatibility with marine waters.
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We believe that the major thrust of the study should be to thoroughly
evaluate the industry's claim of the compatbility and bio-enhancement effects of
seafood wastes so that Congress can base its future deliberations on this subject
with a full understanding of the issues involved. The study should not be based on
the premise that the law will remain the same, as your statements suggest.
We disagree with the following statement from your March 3 memo:
"The request for additional studies in Los Angeles harbor should be
a moot point since all tuna canning effluents have been diverted to
the local POTW. "
This statement again assumes that the existing situation should be continued. We
believe that the Agency should conduct new field work in the harbor to determine
any changes in marine life that have occurred as a result of the canneries ceasing
their discharges. Did the diversity of marine life increase or decrease? What
happened to the dissolved oxygen levels? Answers to these questions should be
included in the report to Congress. This statement is also contrary to the intent
of Congressman Anderson of California who stated in floor debate that "this study
should include an assessment of the discharges from such canneries into Los
Angeles harbor. " (Congressional Record, December 15, 1977.)
We are also concerned that the Agency is failing to complete "full-cycle"
studies of the impact of seafood processing wastes on marine waters. In our view,
it is inappropriate for the Agency to conduct a one or two day site visit and then
claim or assume that this site visit represents typical conditions present at the site
at all times. An effective study should begin with sampling prior to seasonal seafood
plant start-up, at several times during the processing season, and for a period of
time after the plant is no longer in operation. Year-to-year comparisons should
also be made.
From information provided to us by EPA, we are very much concerned that
too much emphasis is being placed on the collection of data to support past rule-
making and future enforcement efforts. On page 8 of the EPA March 3 letter, one
of the con statements for conducting no new water quality field work was that "by
eliminating new field efforts the Agency may miss water quality data which would
assist the regional enforcement efforts. " On page 6 of your March 3 memo, one
of the pros for conducting more water quality/marine effects studies is "detailed
ecological studies may identify more or chronic water quality problems, which
may justify more than BAT for some areas in case-by-case permit situations. "
Another indication of the Agency's emphasis on rulemaking and enforcement
is contained in an EPA summary of the seafood study sent on May 25 to House and
Senate Public Works Committees. The summary states that site visits will be made
"to problem areas on the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts. " Rather than focusing on
"problem areas," to which sufficient attention has already been given, we believe
the majority of the site visits should be made to "non-problem areas" to determine
the beneficial aspects of the discharges and the conditions at these sites that
Congress might wish to consider in its future deliberations.
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Further evidence of the Agency's intention to use the study in support of
rulemaking and enforcement efforts is found in the Agency's April 5, 1978
Research Proposal for Marine effects field work at Yaquina Bay, Oregon,
According to this proposal:
"The principal objective of this project is to assess the detrimental
ecological impact, if any exists, of the cannery effluents . . . The
regulatory significance is two-fold. First, environmental conditions
in Yaquina Bay can serve as a comparison for the effects of cannery
effluents from seafood plants in Alaska . . . Second, an analysis of the
ecological impact of the Yaquina plants can contribute to the scientific
basis for regulatory decisions concerning the need for effluent treatment
beyond screening. "
Obviously, this research is not objective. Its stated purpose is to find "detrimental"
effects and to use the results of the study for increased regulatory requirements.
From the materials presented to industry to date, it does not appear that
the Agency has taken any positive steps to determine under what conditions effluents
from seafood processing plants may enhance the marine environment.
We were pleased to hear you and Mr. Schatzow comment in the June 16
meeting that the statements referred to above erred in that the referenced docu-
ments did not fully explain that compatibility and bio-enhancement effects of
seafood wastes on marine waters were indeed being investigated. However, we
would appreciate receiving additional assurances from your offices to this effect.
We recognize the limitations that the Agency has with respect to timing
and the limited amount of resources available to conduct the study. However,
we do not agree that the limited work plan being implemented is sufficient,
particularly with respect to demonstrating compatibility of seafood processing
wastes with marine waters or their beneficial effects on marine life. Our recom-
mendation is that the Aeency develop a more complete work plan, along the lines
suggested by seafood processing industry representatives on January 27, 1978,
and request additional time and resources from Congress to implement it.
In conclusion, we believe the Agency is failing to carry out the Congressional
intent of the Section 74 Seafood Processing Study. We respectfully request that the
program be redirected to focus on the beneficial aspects of the disposal of seafood
processing wastes and that the rulemaking and enforcement aspects of the Agency's
regulatory programs be separated from the seafood study.
Representatives of the seafood processing industry stand ready to assist
the Agency to develop a more balanced and appropriate work plan. We wish to
participate if at all possible.
Sincerely,
Roy E. Martin, Director
Science and Technology
Gustave Firtschie, Director
Government Relations
Jack L. Cooper, Director
Environmental Affairs
M. Kathryn Nordstrom
Fishery Affairs Coordinator
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FINAL REPORT TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Impact of Seafood Cannery Waste on the Benthic Biota and
Adjacent Waters at Dutch Harbor, Alaska
by
Howard M. Feder
and
David C. Burrell
Institute of Marine Science
University of Alaska
Fairbanks, Alaska 99701
1 April 1979 Grant No. R-803922-03-2
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DISCLAIMER
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FORWARD
iii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DISCLAIMER NOTICE ii
FOREWARD iii
LIST OF TABLES * . . . vi
LIST OF FIGURES vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix
ABSTRACT x
1. INTRODUCTION 1
General Background 1
Previous Work 1
Objectives 4
2. CONCLUSIONS 6
3. RECOMMENDATIONS 9
4. METHODS : 10
Sampling 10
Hydrography 10
Dissolved Oxygen Analysis 10
J Nutrient Analysis 14
Ammonia . 14
Orthosilic Acid 14
Nitrate, Nitrite, Nitrite 14
Orthophosphate ..... .14
v'Sulfide 15
Sediment Total Organic Carbon 15
Sediment Size Analysis 15
Benthic Biological Samples 16
*'Numerical Analysis 16
^Diversity 19
Trophic Structure 20
5. HYDROGRAPHY, CHEMISTRY AND GEOLOGY 22
Introduction 22
Results 23
Discussion 70
Hydrography 70
Water Chemistry 88
Geology 92
6. BENTHIC BIOLOGICAL STUDIES 93
vIntroduction 93
v Results 95
General 95
Analysis of Stations from Field and Television
Observations 95
Numerical Analysis 98
IV
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Continued)
Discussion 109
Sampling Efficiency of the van Veen Grab 109
y_ Analysis Based on Field and Television Observatiion . .109
Numerical Analysis - General 117
Numerical Analysis - Data From Grab Samples 118
Combined Analysis Based on Field and Television
v——Observations and Numerical Analysis 119
7. GENERAL DISCUSSION 122
REFERENCES 125
APPENDIX A - Summary of All Species Data for Stations
Analyzed in the Laboratory 131
APPENDIX B - Taxon Codes and Species Names used in the
Cluster Analyses Described in this Report . . .187
APPENDIX C - Features of Stations Samples in the Vicinity
of Dutch Harbor, Alaska 190
APPENDIX D - Dominant Species at Stations within Station
Groups 203
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.
Table 2.
Table 3.
Table 4.
Table 5.
Table 6.
Table 7.
Table 8.
Table 9.
Table 10.
Table 11.
•Table 12.
Table 13.
Table 14.
Table 15.
Table 16.
Table 17.
Table 18.
Table 19.
Table 20.
Table 21.
Table 22.
Station data for cruise of R/V ACONA in the vicinity
of Dutch Harbor, Alaska 13
DUT-01A 52
DUT-02 53
DUT-00 54
HEL-1 55
Dissolved oxygen and nutrient data:
Dissolved oxygen and nutrient data:
Dissolved oxygen and nutrient data:
Dissolved oxygen and nutrient data:
Dissolved oxygen and nutrient data:
Dissolved oxygen and nutrient data:
Dissolved oxygen and nutrient data:
Dissolved oxygen and nutrient data:
Dissolved oxygen and nutrient data:
Dissolved oxygen and nutrient data:
HEL-2 56
3E 57
HEL-3A 58
HEL-3 . 59
HEL-7 60
HEL-6 61
Dissolved oxygen and nutrient data: HEL-4.
62
Water column chemistry: Total soluble sulfide
concentrations (yg at /£) . 82
Sediment grain size parameters.
Sediment texture .
83
84
Summer distribution of nutrients in surface shelf
waters and bottom basin waters 91
Station groups formed by cluster analysis of In
transformed abundance data
,100
Species groups formed by cluster analysis of In
transformed abundance data 101
Station group - Species group coincidence table formed
by cluster analysis of transformed abundance data 106
Diversity and species richness of station groups formed
by a cluster analysis of In transformed data 107
Station groups formed by cluster analysis of In
transformed and untransformed abundance data Ill
Feeding and motility classes of common benthic
invertebrates from Dutch Harbor 112
vi
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Map of Dutch Harbor and vicinity showing location of
processing plants 2
Figure 2. Hydrographic water chemistry, sedimentological, and
biological sampling grid . 5
Figure 3. Stations occupied for hydro graphic measurements 11
Figure 4. Biological stations with taxonomic data based on
laboratory analysis. Stations used in cluster
analysis 12
Figure 5. Grain size analysis for sediments from three stations
in the Dutch Harbor area 17
Figure 6. Hydrography and vertical profiles: DDT-01A 24
Figure 7. Hydrography and vertical profiles: DUT-02 25
Figure 8. Hydrography and vertical profiles: DOT-00 26
Figure 9. Hydrography and vertical profiles: DUT-05 27
Figure 10. Hydrography and vertical profiles: HEL-1 28
Figure 11. Hydrography and vertical profiles: HEL-2 29
Figure 12. Hydrography and vertical profiles: 3E 30
Figure 13. Hydrography and vertical profiles: HEL-3A 31
Figure 14. Hydrography and vertical profiles: HEL-3. 32
Figure 15. Hydrography and vertical profiles: HEL-7 33
Figure 16. Hydrography and vertical profiles: 7C 34
Figure 17. Hydrography and vertical profiles: HEL-6A 35
Figure 18. Hydrography and vertical profiles: HEL-6 36
Figure 19. Hydrography and vertical profiles: DUT-OA ........ 37
Figure 20. Hydrography and vertical profiles: DUT-00 38
Figure 21. Hydrography and vertical profiles: DUT-OB 39
Figure 22. Hydrography and vertical profiles: HEL-1. 40
Figure 23. Hydrography and vertical profiles: 3H 41
Figure 24. Hydrography and vertical profiles: 3AG 42
Figure 25. Hydrography and vertical profiles: 3G 43
Figure 26. Hydrography and vertical profiles: 3BF . . 44
Figure 27. Hydrography and vertical profiles: 3DE 45
Figure 28. Hydrography and vertical profiles: HEL-4 46
Figure 29. Hydrography and vertical profiles: 4A 47
Figure 30. Longitudinal temperature profiles 48
vii
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LIST OF FIGURES
(Continued)
Figure 31. Longitudinal salinity profiles 49
Figure 32. Longitudinal density profiles .50
Figure 33. Short term temperature and salinity changes at
Stations HEL-1 and DUT-00. T * temperature,
S =• salinity 51
Figure 34. Longitudinal oxygen profiles 63
Figure 35. Longitudinal phosphate profiles 64
Figure 36. Longitudinal ammonia profiles 65
Figure 37. Longitudinal nitrite profiles 66
Figure 38. Longitudinal nitrate profiles 67
Figure 39. Longitudinal NO profiles 68
Figure 40. Longitudinal silicate profiles 69
Figure 41. Vertical nutrient profiles: DUT-00 71
Figure 42. Vertical nutrient profiles: DUT-01A 72
Figure 43. Vertical nutrient profiles: DUT-02 73
Figure 44. Vertical nutrient profiles: HEL-1 74
Figure 45. Vertical nutrient profiles: BEL-2 75
Figure 46. Vertical nutrient profiles: HEL-3 76
Figure 47. Vertical nutrient profiles: HEL-3A. .... 77
Figure 48. Vertical nutrient profiles: 3E 78
Figure 49. Vertical nutrient profiles: HEL-4 79
Figure 50. Vertical nutrient profiles: HEL-6 80
Figure 51. Vertical nutrient profiles: HEL-7 81
Figure 52. Grain size mean distributions of surficial
sediments < 1mm (0) 85
Figure 53. Grain size standard deviation (sorting) distributions
sediments < 1mm (0) 86
Figure 54. Organic carbon contents of surficial sediment (%)..... 87
Figure 55. Longitudinal sulfide distribution 89
Figure 56. Dendrogram produced by cluster analysis using In
transformed numbers of individuals per m2 99
Figure 57. Dendrogram produced by cluster analysis using
number of individuals per m2 . 110
viii
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for support of
this project. The aid of Captain Ken Turner and the crew of the R/V
Acona is appreciated. Max Hoberg and William Kopplin, Institute of
Marine Science, University of Alaska, assisted with the field collection
of data. We also thank all Institute of Marine Science personnel on the
R/V Acona. for their assistance. Max Hoberg provided taxonomic assistance
in the field. Donna Weihs and Malcolm Robb collected physical and chemical
data onboard ship, and ran all analyses on these parameters. Judy McDonald
and Phyllis Shoemaker, Seward Marine Laboratory, were responsible for pro-
cessing all grab material and for identification of infaunal species.
George Mueller and Nora Foster, Seward Marine Laboratory, aided with all
phases of taxonomy. Grant Matheke provided assistance with data processing
and designed computer programs to aid in data analysis. Lon Bentsen,
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), made available television video
tapes of the stations occupied in this study. Calvin Dysinger, EPA,
offered valuable suggestions during the field portion of the project.
ix
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ABSTRACT
The objective of the study reported here was to examine the marine
environment in the vicinity of Dutch Harbor with emphasis on areas which
had formerly, or were presently receiving seafood processing wastes. Over
a period of 24 hours in June 1978, an inventory of dominant infaunal species
was made together with sedimentological measurements at certain stations.
Water column measurements included hydrography and nutrient chemistry. In
a complementary program visible waste circulation and the in situ fauna was
observed via underwater television.
A variety of coastal environments were identified in the vicinity of
Dutch Harbor. North (NE and NW) of Amaknak Island is a dynamic region facing
the Bering Sea and blanketed with coarse grained, well-sorted sediment. The
head of Unalaska Bay (which itself appears to be relatively quiet at depth)
lies immediately south of a shallow sill structure between Hog and Amaknak
Islands separating it from the active region northwards. Net water movement
(at least in the summer) appears to be southwards through the channel, and
south of this sill the relatively carbon-rich surficial sediment is finer
grained and poorly sorted. A number of stations in this latter region
(between Hog and Amaknak Island) show accumulations of plant debris, and it
is here that the bulk of the shellfish processing waste is currently being
dumped. Because of the apparently restricted bottom circulation here, this
waste material is not well dispersed and a localized patch of anoxic water
was observed here.
The sea bottom at the point of discharge of processing wastes where
debris is accumulating, and in areas immediately adjacent to that point,
are always anaerobic and reducing environment. No infaunal or epifaunal
organisms can be expected to survive such conditions, and none were ob-
served in this study. Variable conditions exist at stations near the
waste outfalls on the west side of Amaknak Island depending on their dis-
tance from outfalls, the presence or absence of plant material, their loca-
tion in the channel between Hog and Amaknak Islands where water movement
is reduced, and their proximity to the shallow sill between Hog and Amaknak
Islands where well-mixed water is found. The interpretation of the effects
of processing wastes are complicated by the presence of algal accumulations
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at Stations 3D, 3H, 3AG, 3BF, and 7B (on the far side of Unalaska Bay).
Stress on the benthic system on the west aide of Amaknak Island must be
common whenever plant (marine and terrestrial) material accumulates on the
bottom. The additional input of processing wastes to such a stressed
system can be expected to further alter the benthic infauna.
Processing wastes were formerly discharged directly into Dutch Harbor
proper which, with Iliuliuk Bay, comprises one of the two physically restricted
coastal basins. The bottom of Dutch Harbor-Iliuliuk Bay is composed of fine
grain, poorly sorted sediment relatively enriched in organic carbon. The other,
and much deeper, basin is the adjacent Captains Bay. At the time of year
sampled (June) the spring phytoplankton bloom was apparently complete in
this region and the water within the basins was well stratified and iso-
lated from the adjacent shelf waters. Nitrate was depleted at the surface
and there were strong positive gradients for, in particular, ammonia,
phosphate and silica to the bottom, due to regeneration at depth and in
the surface sediments. Because of the active biological consumption of
oxygen and lack of advective influx of new water, dissolved oxygen con-
centrations at the base of the water column in Dutch Harbor proper were
less than 5 ml/i. However, a high oxygen consumption rate (assuming isola-
tion of the basin water at approximately the same time of year) is not
conspicuously different from that observed a decade previously, at which
time the additional organic loading due to processing waste was much higher.
It appears that oxygen depletion continues through the summer and that
anoxic conditions occur in late summer-fall at depth, persisting until new
shelf water flushes the system at some unknown period during the winter.
This cycle appears to be annual and is apparently a natural consequence of
local productivity and terrestrial carbon input. The infaunal composition
within the Dutch Harbor-Iliuliuk Bay basin reflects a biologically stressed
system. The anoxic conditions that normally occur seasonally within the
basin at depth contribute to the depauperate conditions present there.
However, additional stresses to this system by way of plant debris and/or
processing wastes would be expected to increase the oxygen demand by the
benthos and result in a further reduction of infaunal species present. It
is obvious that the future deposition of processing wastes in this basin
would be ecologically unsound.
xi
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A qualitative assessment of the conditions within the study area in
conjunction with numerical analysis of grab data have clarified the relation-
ship of benthic infauna to seafood processing waste discharge in the Dutch
Harbor area, the numerical analysis delineated seven station groups, and 41
species groups associated with the station groups. An assessment of the
relationships of station and species groups, as delineated by the numerical •
analysis, strengthens the qualitative assessment of each station made by
television and direct observation of grab material on shipboard.
Processing wastes accumulating on the shallow shelf on the west side of
Amaknak Island are responsible for severe anoxic and reducing conditions on
the bottom, at the site of, and immediately adjacent to effluent piles. No
benthic infaunal organisms are surviving under or close to the waste accumu-
lations. However, the negative effects of these wastes are dissipated within
relatively short distances from the accumulated deposits; i.e. healthy
infaunal populations occur within a few hundred meters of these deposits.
Thus, based on the very restricted areas on and around the accumulated shell-
fish waste piles that are affected biologically, it is apparent that existing
water currents are not providing sufficient energy for adequate dispersal
of wastes. Although processing wastes are not presently impacting broad
areas near outfalls, accumulated wastes adjacent to Amaknak Island may even-
tually cover much of the nearshore bottom with serious sanitary and ecological
problems to be expected.
xii
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL BACKGROUND
The oceanographic Impact of effluents discharged from seafood
canning operations has been only superficially examined in a few loca-
tions in Alaska. The primary Impact of such activity is, as added organic
waste, largely in particulate form. Since this is typically discharged
into shallow coastal regions of restricted circulation, the additional
oxygen demand may be such as to overload the system and create local
areas of low oxygen content, anoxic sediments, and even anoxic conditions
in the water column. Only certain microorganisms can exist in the ab-
sence of free oxygen, and the reduced sulfur compounds which are the
primary product of marine anaerobic metabolism are generally toxic to
higher organisms. Recognizing that seafood wastes may have the potential
for either enriching the marine environment or for causing environmental
problems, the U.S. Congress has required EPA to further investigate seafood
waste discharges.
Dutch Harbor is an ideal locality for continuing research on these
problems. The following are the major factors:
1) A number of processing facilities exist in a limited area as shown
in Figure 1.
2) A number of morphologically distinct oceanographic environments
are involved including both restricted basins and open shelf regions.
3) The waste discharge sites have been changed in recent years so
that we have a region which formerly received waste, but no longer does,
and a new area of recent impact.
4) The processing facilities are not presently screening to remove
solids so that, in general, higher levels of degradable organic waste are
discharged into the confined local waters than would be usual in other
regions of the United States.
PREVIOUS WORK
EPA investigations in the Dutch Harbor area in 1975, 1976 and 1977
determined that many of the seafood outfalls were in violation of the pro-
visions of their discharge permits. The major findings of the EPA studies
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1H*1S'
u*6
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were (1) water quality conditions were degraded due to seafood processing
operations. Specifically, low dissolved oxygen (DO) values were found in
Iliuliuk Bay, Dutch Harbor, Captain's Bay and near the old submarine repair
dock. The low DO values in Captain's Bay were attributed to natural con-
ditions, but in the other areas the primary factor was found to be the
seafood wastes with the lowest DO value 0.0 mg/1 near the submarine dock,
(2) seafood wastes were accumulating, causing buildup of anaerobic, black,
organic material. The water movement around the outfall locations was
insufficient to remove the wastes, (3) benthic fauna near the outfalls
consisted primarily of pollution-tolerant polychaete worms. In many of the
areas examined infaunal species were smothered by the waste accumulations,
and (4) H_S concentrations greatly exceeded the 0.002 mg/1 concentration
reported to constitute a hazard for marine life (Stewart and Tangerone, 1977;
Kama, 1978). .
There have been no systematic investigations of the oceanographic
consequences of the seafood disposal practices in Dutch Harbor. However,
a preliminary investigation in the Dutch Harbor area by Colonell and
Reeburgh (1978) determined vertical profiles for the major chemical para-
meters at a number of stations for two observation periods only in September
and October. Current meter data were also obtained at this time to deter-
mine the major circulation patterns prevalent (at this time of year) seaward
of Amaknak Island in Unalaska Bay.
The chemical data showed that, whereas the water chemistry in Unalaska
Bay appeared to be "normal", the bottom waters of both Dutch Harbor and
Iliuliuk Bay were anoxic at this time of year. This work is of considerable
significance since:
1) It is not known whether these conditions are directly induced by
the local industrial activity or are natural. Scan Bay, on the western
side of Unalaska Island contains anoxic bottom waters at certain times of
the year, under natural conditions.
2) In either case, this environment is well suited to an examination
of the chemical gradients resulting from removal of oxygen. In particu-
lar, the distribution of NH3-S, P04, and Si02 are of considerable interest
and significance. The magnitude of such atypical nutrient contents in
the water column will be a function of the length of time the water remains
anoxic; Colonell and Reeburgh (op ait) believe that winter storms
-------
restore oxic conditions but nothing definitive is known of this season-
ality. However, even if anoxic conditions in the water column are tran-
sient, it is likely that long-term overloading of the oxidative capacity
of the sediments adjacent to present or past outfalls has resulted in
continuous anoxic conditions here, and nutrient profiles immediately
adjacent to the sediments may possibly demonstrate a quasi steady state
flux of, e.g., phosphate and ammonia from the sediments.
We are unaware of a previous quantitative investigation of the ben-
chic fauna in the vicinity of Dutch Harbor, although benthic studies on
the southeastern Bering Sea shelf are reported in Feder (1977), Feder
&t al. (1978), and Feder et al. (In press, a and b).
OBJECTIVE
The objective of the study was to examine the marine environment in
the vicinity of Dutch Harbor with emphasis on areas which had formerly,
or were presently, receiving seafood processing waste. The following
activities were part of the investigation.
1) Water column hydrography and chemistry on the grid shown in
Figure 2 consisting of temperature and salinity, dissolved oxygen,
dissolved sulfide, and the nutrients: nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, silicate
and phosphate.
2) Analysis of substrate samples at grab stations for size analysis
and total organic carbon.
3) Visual observations of the sediment-water boundary using under-
water television.
4) An analysis of benthic infaunal invertebrates at stations adjacent
to seafood processing plants and at unpolluted sites in Dutch Harbor and
vicinity.
-------
tn'te
^ WAUHCOIUMN SAMPLE
• QUANTITATIVE 6ENTHIC SAMPLE
kJANIITAIIVE BEN II
COIUUN SAUHES
X OUALITATIVC BENTMIC CAUrtE
O STDONIV
• OUAtlTATIVEefNTHICANOtIO
A QUA1IIATIVC BiNIHICANO
WATCH COiUttN SAMPLES
!*>••
U*lor
Figure 2. Hydrographic water chemistry, sedimentological, and biological sampling
grid.
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SECTION 2
CONCLUSIONS
1. A variety of coastal environments occur in the vicinity of Dutch
Harbor. North of Amaknak Island is a dynamic region facing the Bering Sea.
The head of Unalaska Bay, immediately south of a shallow sill between Hog
and Amaknak Islands, is relatively quiet at depth. Dutch Harbor proper
and Iliuliuk Bay comprises one of two physically restricted coastal basins.
The other, and deeper, basin is the adjacent Captain's Bay.
2. The two basins appear to be advectively isolated through the summer-
early fall period. Biological activity reduces the oxygen at the bottom.
In Dutch Harbor-Iliuliuk Bay, presumably because it is shallower, and this
activity ultimately leads to anoxia in the Fall. This annual oxic-arioxic
cycle is natural. Increased organic loading, resulting from accumulating
plant debris or processing wastes, will, accelerate the oxygen consumption
rate and create anoxic conditions earlier in the season (and for longer
periods depending on the time of renewal).
3. At the time of year sampled, the basin waters were well stratified
and there were strong vertical gradients for the various nitrogen species.
The relatively low N/P ratio at depth in Dutch Harbor probably indicates
enhanced bottom water concentrations of phosphate as is commonly found
where the underlying sediments are anoxic to, or close to, the interface.
4. The sediments in the basins are fine grained and poorly sorted, and
have relatively high organic contents. Sediments north and southeast of
Amaknak Island are coarser and well sorted, reflecting the dynamic environ-
ment there. .The latter situation also applies to the shallow region between
the islands north of Stations 2A and 2B to 31.
5. It is probable that the sediments in regions of high organic load-
ing are anoxic to very close to the sediment-water interface. There is an
indication of an excess flux of phosphate into the base of the water column
over that given by stoichiometric regeneration. This is probably due to
transport in solution in association with ferrous iron.
-------
6. Accumulations
a. There is evidence of multi-year accumulations of processing
wastes and natural plant debris on the shallow shelf on the west
side of Amaknak Island. Processing wastes do not disperse very
far from waste outfall sites, and are not found in the trough
between Amaknak and Hog Islands.
b. Sulfide was present in the sediment at all stations at or
adjacent to processing waste outfalls and in regions of accu-
mulation of plant debris. A black anaerobic bottom was present
at all of the above stations. Total mortality of infaunal or-
ganisms occurred in these regions. Soluble sulfide was locally
present in the water column at 21 and 26 m at Station 3DE.
Sulfide concentration at this station increased an order of
magnitude with a 5 m increase in depth.
c. Anoxic conditions and a very reduced infauna occurred in the
Dutch Harbor-Iliuliuk Bay basin, a region formerly used as a
waste disposal site. These conditions are to be expected here
if anoxic conditions occur in the water column on a seasonal
basis.
7. Benthic Biological Conditions
a. Benthic infaunal organisms were either smothered by the fresh
processing wastes or killed by the decrease in oxygen or the
severe reducing conditions within or close to waste piles.
b. The negative effects of processing wastes on the infauna dis-
sipated over a relatively short distance from the accumulated
deposits since the weak currents present near waste outfalls
are unable to transport the material far from the point of
discharge.
8. Major site — specific characteristics that determine the measured
effects
a. Circulation patterns. The two basins and the trough between
Hog and Amaknak Island (immediately south of a shallow sill)
receive little "flushing action", and may become anoxic
-------
naturally. Hence, these areas are particularly sensitive to
increased organic loading (e.g. seafood wastes and/or plant
debris).
b. Outfall locations. Currently, as in the past, wastes are dis- .
charged into an area with limited circulation. The present
outfall location although "open" is relatively quiescent at
depth, and contributes to the problems detected in this study.
c. Amounts of waste discharged. It is apparent that processing
wastes are accumulating adjacent to outfalls off Amaknak Island
and that the existing water currents there do not provide
sufficient energy for adequate dispersal of the wastes. Although
processing wastes are not presently impacting broad areas near
outfalls, it is probable that accumulated wastes adjacent to
Amaknak Island will eventually cover much of the nearshore bottom.
Potentially serious ecological and sanitary problems may occur
here.
-------
SECTION 3
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Additional studies are needed to (a) determine periods and mecha-
nisms of flushing over a seasonal cycle in the Dutch Harbor basin and the
trough between Amaknak and Hog Islands, (b) determine water column and
longshore primary productivity, and terrestrial carbon input to the shallow
marine system in the Dutch Harbor area to permit computation of a carbon-
oxygen consumption mass balance, and (c) examine basin sediments in the
context of overlying cycling oxic/anoxic water.
2. Development of a seasonal annual program designed to monitor the
marine systems adjacent to processing waste outfalls is essential.
3. Current seafood waste disposal practices should be improved so
that gross solids are either removed or dispersed by discharging effluent
into areas of well-mixed waters. Further study of potential disposal
sites will be needed to ensure that processing wastes are not flushed back
into less dynamic waters where they will accumulate, e.g. the trough between
Hog and Amaknak Islands, and the Dutch Harbor-Iliuliuk Bay basin.
-------
SECTION 4
METHODS
SAMPLING
The station grids shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4 were sampled onboard the
R/V Aaona, 11-12 June 1978. Station descriptive data are included in Table 1.
Water samples for salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrients were collected
using Go-flo Niskin bottles at the stations listed in Table 1.
Splits from the van Veen grabs were taken for size analysis and carbon
analysis.
HYDROGRAPHY
Temperature and salinity were obtained via STD with discrete Nansen
bottle calibrations.
The Institute of Marine Science employs a Plessey Enviromental Systems
9040 STD system (S.N. 5341) for vertical profiling of temperature and salinity.
During a cast, S, T, and D are sampled five times per second and are recorded
digitally on magnetic tape and on analog chart paper. The analog trace is for
backup and field use; the magnetic tape is processed to yield high quality data.
The STD system is capable of high precision but relatively less accuracy
unless field corrected using Nansen bottles for discrete samples. When thusly
corrected, the accuracy is dependent on standard techniques for determining
temperature and salinity. The generally accepted accuracy for temperature using
deep sea reversing thermometer is within ± 0.02°C and that for salinity using
a bench salinometer is within ± 0.02°/00.
The STD system is recalibrated every two years against standards trace-
able to NBS (National Bureau of Standards). Field corrections are determined
separately for each cruise based on discrete samples. Thermometers are
calibrated at least every two years and the bench salinometers are calibrated
on an irregular basis. Records of field corrections are kept to monitor STD
function.
DISSOLVED OXYGEN ANALYSIS
The dissolved oxygen contents of discrete water samples are determined
using the Chesapeake Bay Institution microburet modification of the Winkler
10
-------
U'lff
Figure 3. Stations occupied for hydrographic measurements.
-------
• QUANTITATIVE BENTHIC SAMPLE
X OUAUTATIVE BCNTIUC SAWLE
Of M-
Figure 4. Biological stations with taxonomlc data based on laboratory analysis.
Stations used in cluster analysis.
-------
TABLE 1. STATION DATA FOR CRUISE OF R/V ACONA, 11-12 JUNE 1978 IN THE
VICINITY OF DUTCH HARBOR, ALASKA. HYDROGRAPHIC, WATER CHEMISTRY,
SEDIMENTOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL STATIONS. HC » HYDROGRAPHIC AND
CHEMISTRY STATION; B =• BIOLOGICAL STATION; S - SEDIMENTOLOGICAL
Station
Name
DUT-OLA
DUT-02
DUT-00
DUT-05
HEL-1
1A
HEL-2
3E
3F
3G
3H
31
3J
2A
2B
HEL-3A
3B
3D
3C
3C1
HEL-3
7A
HEL-7
7B
7C
6A
HEL-6
02A
DUT-OA
DUT-OB
HEL-1
3AG
3BF
3DE
HEL-4
4A
Ship
Operation
HC,
HC,
HC,
HC
HC,
B,
HC,
HC,
B*
HC,
HC,
B1,
B
B
B
HC,
B1,
B
B1
B,
HC,
B
HC,
B
HC
HC
HC,
B,S
HC,
HC,
HC,
HC,
HC,
HC,
HC,
HC,
B1
B1
B1
B
S
B
B, S
B1, S
B1, S
S
B1, S
S
S
B1, S
B1
B, S
B1, S
B1, S
B
B, S
B1, S
B, S
B
B
Latitude
53*55.2'
53*52.8'
53*53.5'
55*55.7'
53*56.0'
53*55.3'
53*54.6'
53*52.55'
53*53.2'
53*53.18'
53*53.72'
53*53.94'
53*54.33'
53*54.25'
53*53.87'
53*53.5'
53*53.35'
53*52.95'
53*53.04'
53*53.1'
53*53.2'
53*53.4'
53*53.6'
53*53.8'
53*52.6'
53*54.45'
53*55.2'
53*52.65'
53*54.1'
53*54.44'
53*56.0'
53*53.44'
53*53.27'
53*52.9'
53*52.2'
53*51.3'
Longitude
166*31.15'
166*31.2'
166*30.8'
166*29.97'
166*34.0'
166*33.7'
166*33.5'
166*33.45'
166*33.65'
166*33.3'
166*32.5'
166*32.95'
166*33.6'
166*33.3'
166*33.36'
166*33.21'
166*34.0'
166*33.7'
166*33.9'
166*34.1'
166*34.25'
166*35.1'
166*35.8'
166*36.6'
166*37.15'
166*35.97'
166*35.9'
166*32.65'
166*29.18'
166*28.97'
166*34.0'
166*33.32'
166*33.4'
166*33.4'
166*34.4'
166*34.97'
Depth (m)
28
30
34
55
80
46
15
16
51
31
34
32
14
14
14.
40
51
57
68
48
49
30
98
51
62
117
132
28
29
22
76
38
58
26
95
78
Station for which biological data available for the cluster analysis
included in this report.
13
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titration (Carpenter, 1965). Samples are drawn from the Nansen bottles into
calibrated BCD-type bottles in the usual fashion. One ml each of 3M MnCl.
and the Na OH/Na I (8M and 4M respectively) are added to preserve the oxygen
contents. Analysis consists of acidification with ION H.SO, and titration
against 0.2M sodium thiosulfate using a Gilmont micropipet-buret. Standard-
ization is against KIO,. The precision of this method is about ± 0.05 ml
0./2. (see discussion by Carritt and Carpenter, 1966).
NUTRIENT ANALYSIS
Nutrients are determined using Technicon®1 Autoanalyzer® procedures
based on the manual methods of Murphy and Riley (1962) for reactive phosphorus
and Armstrong at ol. (1967) for dissolved silicon, nitrite. Ammonia is
measured by the pheno-hypochlorite method of Koroleff (1970), as adapted by
Slawyk and Maclsaac (1972).
Ammonia; Ammonia is determined by the Berthelot reaction in which hypo-
chlorous acid and phenol react with ammonia in aqueous alkaline solution to
form indophenol blue, an intensely blue chromophore with an absorption
maximum at 537 nm.
Orthostile Acid; Orthosilic acid is determined by its reaction with molybolate
in aqueous acidic solution to form silicomolybdic acid. In this procedure
stannous chloride is used to reduce silicomolybdite acid to the heteropoly
acid which has an absorption maximum at 820 nm.
Nitrate, Nitrite, Nitrite; Nitrite is determined by the Greiss reaction in
which sulfanilamide and N-(1-naphthyl) ethylenidiamine dihydrochloride (NNED)
reacts with nitrite in aqueous acidic solution to form an intensely pink diazo
dye with an absorption maximum at 570 nm. Nitrate, after it is reduced to
nitrite by passage through a column containing copperized cadmium filings, is
determined in an identical manner. Thus, the sum of nitrate plus nitrite is
determined in the nitrate procedure.
Orthophosphate; Phosphate is determined as phosphomolybdic acid which in its
reduced form in the presence of antimony has an absorption maximum at ^ 880 nm.
1
Copyright notation
14
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SULFIDE
t
Soluble water column sulfide was determined by the method described
by Strickland and Parsons (1968) as modified by Cline (1969). This
involves formation of methylene blue from dimethyl p-phenylene dlamina
and is an application to marine water of a well established colorimetric
procedure.
SEDIMENT TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON
Sediment samples for total organic carbon analysis were collected
by van Veen Grab and frozen shipboard. In the laboratory aliquots were
freeze-dried, rough weighed to approximately 2 g and treated with IN HC1
for four hours in a water bath at 60°C to destroy inorganic carbonate.
After filtering through a 0.45 um glass fiber filter (Gelman AE§>), the mud
was dried at 60°C overnight. Triplicate samples were then weighed into
crucibles along with metal accelerators and analyzed in a Leco® carbon
analyser. The instrument was calibrated with high and low carbon standards
as prescribed by the furnace manufacturers. (High: 0.892 %c/g; low:
0.062 %c/g). The data included in this report are, unfortunately, still
preliminary and subject to revision.
SEDIMENT SIZE ANALYSIS
Two complementary techniques have been used for the sediment grain
size analysis. The size fraction larger than 4 $ (62.5 von) was dried and
passed through a battery of sieves of decreasing 0.5 $ mesh using a
Ro-tap© shaker. After shaking the sediment on each screen was transferred
to pre-weighed beakers for determination of the amount of material in
each size class.
The less than 4 $ fraction was transferred to 1 I volumetric cylinders
in a 27°C water bath. Aliquots were extracted by pipette at different
times and depths according to standard technique based on Stokes Law
assuming a density of 2.65 in this case Calgon® (2.5 g/H) was used as a
dispersant to present flocculation.
15
-------
The above general analytical scheme was prefaced by a peroxide
treatment to destroy organic matter. This particular batch of samples—
particularly those from adjacent to the cannery outfalls—contained
large amounts of fish remains in addition to native organic material so
'that a 50% H-0_ digestive solution was employed and treatment was con-
tinued for several days. Samples from near the outfall sites also
contained very large amounts of refractory biogenic material: crustacean
carapaces, fish bones, etc. Because this material would have severely
biased the sediment size spectrum analysis it was resolved to arbitrarily
discard all material which did not pass a 1 mm (0 ) screen. This
unusual procedural modification must be borne in mind if these data
should be compared with those from elsewhere.
Size class data were plotted in the normal way to give cumulative
curves and the statistical parameters computed according to the methods
of Folk (1968). Representative curves are given in Figure 5.
BENTHIC BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES
A van Veen grab was used to take five replicate samples at each sta-
tion selected. At several stations only 1-2 replicates were taken.
Samples were washed on a 1.0 mm mesh screen, fixed in 10% buffered formalin
and subsequently examined at the Marine Sorting Center, Institute of Marine
Science, Seward.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Site groups and species assemblages were identified using cluster
analysis. Stations used in the analysis are presented in Figure 4. Cluster
analysis can be divided into three basic steps.
1. Calculation of a measure of similarity or dissimilarity between
entities to be classified.
2. Sorting through a matrix of similarity coefficients to arrange
the entities in a hierarchy or dendrogram.
3. Recognition of classes within the hierarchy.
16
-------
4.0 ph
0.0625 mm
Figure 5. Grain size analysis for sediments from three stations
in the Dutch Harbor area.
17
-------
Data reduction prior ,to calculation of similarity coefficients consisted
of elimination of taxa that could not be identified to genus and taxa
that occurred at a single station in low numbers.
The coefficient used to calculate similarity matrices for cluster
analysis routines was the Czekanowski coefficient1
Czekanowski Coefficient
A » the sum of the measures of attributes of
entity one
B 3 the sum of the measures of attributes of
entity two
W « the sum of the lesser measures of attributes
shared by entities one and two.
The Czekanowski coefficient has been used effectively in marine benthic
studies by Field and MacFarlane (1968), Field (1969, 1970 and 1971), Day
et at. (1971), Stephenson and Williams (1971), and Stephenson et at. (1972).
This coefficient emphasizes the effect of dominant species on the classifi-
cation, and is often used with some form of transformation. The Czekanowski
coefficient was used to calculate similarity matrices for normal cluster
analysis (with sites as the entities to be classified and species as their
attributes) and inverse cluster analysis (with species as entities and sites
as attributes) using both untransformed and natural logarithm transformed
abundance data (individuals/m ). The natural logarithm transformation,
Y « £n(X+l), reduces the influence that dominant species have on the simi-
larity determination.
Dendrograms were constructed from the similarity matrices using a group-
average agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis (Lance and Williams,
1966). An an aid in the interpretation of dendrograms formed by cluster
analyses, two-way coincidence tables comparing site groups formed by
normal analysis and species groups formed by inverse analysis were cons-
tructed (Stephenson et al., 1972). In each table the original species x
*The Czekanowski coefficient is synonymous with the Motyka (Mueller-
Dombois and Ellenberg, 1974), and Bray-Curtis (Clifford and Stephenson,
1975) coefficients.
18
-------
sites data matrix was rearranged (based on the results of both normal and
inverse analysis) so that the sites or species with the highest similar-
ities were adjacent to each other.
DIVERSITY
Species diversity can be thought of as a measurable attribute of a
collection or a natural assemblage of species, and consists of two compo-
nents: the number of species or "species richness" and the relative
abundance of each species or "evenness". The two most widely used mea-
sures of diversity which include species richness and evenness are the
Brillouin (1962) and Shannon (Shannon and Weaver, 1963) information mea-
sures of diversity (Nybakken, 1978). There is still disagreement on the
applicability of these indices, and the results are often difficult to
interpret (Sager and Easier, 1969; Hurlbert, 1971; Fager, 1972; Peet,
1974; Pielou, 1966a, b). Pielou (1966a,b, 1977) has outlined some of the
conditions under which these indices are appropriate.
The Shannon Function
ni
H' - -I pt log p where p^ j-
i
where n. = number of individuals in
the ith species
N » total number of individuals
assumes that a random sample has been taken from an infinitely large
population whereas the Brillouin function
is appropriate only if the entire population has been sampled. Thus, if
we wish to estimate the diversity of the fauna at a sampling site the
Shannon function is appropriate. The Brillouin function is merely a
measure of the diversity of the five grab samples taken at each site, and
makes no predictions about the diversity of the benthic community that
the samples were drawn from. The evenness of samples taken at each site
can be calculated using the Brillouin measure of evenness, J = H/H
19
-------
where H = Brillouin diversity function. H . , the maximum possible
diversity for a given number of species, occurs if all species are equally
common and is calculated as:
1 . NI
" M 10§
maximum N *{[N/g],}s-r{([N/g]+1),}r
where [N/s] a the integer part of N/s
s = number of species in the censused
community
r = N - s[N/s]
Theoretically the evenness component of the Shannon function can be
calculated from the following:
H'
J' = - - -f where H1 =• Shannon diversity function
°^ s* » the total number of species in the
randomly sampled community
However, s* is seldom known for benthic infaunal communities. Therefore,
the evenness component of the Shannon diversity index was not calculated
(for a discussion see Pielou, 1977) . Both the Shannon and Brillouin
diversity indices were calculated in the present study (see discussions in
Loya, 1972 and Nybakken, 1978). Species richness (Margalef, 1958) was
calculated as
f 0^1 \
SR = j where S *> the number of species
N = the total number of individuals
The Simpson index (Simpson, 1949) was also calculated to enable
comparison of the dominance structure.
TROPHIC STRUCTURE
The feeding method used by each of the common species collected
was recorded. Species were classified into 5 feeding classes: suspension
feeders (SF) , deposit feeders (DF) , predators (F), scavengers (S) and
other (0) . All species utilized for . the determination of trophic structure
were assigned to feeding classes based on the literature (MacGinitie and
MacGinitie, 1949; Morton, 1958; Fretter and Graham, 1962; J^rgensen,
20
-------
1974; Barnes, 1974; Trueman, 1975; Yonge and Thompson, 1976; Jumars and
Fauchald, 1977; Feder and Matheke, in press) and personal observations.
Since species are distributed along a continuum of feeding types and
many organisms utilize several feeding modes, it is often difficult to
place a species in a specific class. For example, protobranch molluscs,
generally regarded as deposit feeders, may also utilize particles in
suspension (Stasek, 1965; Stanley, 1970). However, since these molluscs
probably obtain most of their nutritional requirements from the sediment,
we classified them as deposit feeders. It is even more difficult to
make a distinction between scavengers and deposit feeders, as for example,
some of the larger polychaetes and amphipods that can ingest larger food
particles as well as small detrital fragments. If these organisms were
motile, and able to operate efficiently as scavengers, as well as incorporate
sediment in their diet, they were classified as both scavengers and
deposit feeders. Species whose feeding behavior was unknown, or uncertain,
were classified as "other". The percentage of individuals belonging to
each feeding classification was calculated for each site group. Where a
species was assigned to two feeding classes we arbitrarily assigned one
half of the individuals of that species to each class. Species were
also classified into three classes of motility: sessile, discretely
motile (generally sessile but capable of movement to escape unfavorable
environmental conditions), and motile (after Jumars and Fauchald, 1977).
The percentage of individuals belonging to each motility class was also
calculated for each station group.
21
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SECTION 5
HYDROGRAPHY, WATER CHEMISTRY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
la this section we consider the hydrography, and limited aspects of
the marine chemistry and sedimentology of the region shown in Figure 1.
The principal physiographic features here are: an indentation (Unalaska
Bay) of the Bering Sea shelf; two shallow and physically isolated basins
(Captains Bay and the combined Dutch Harbor-Iliuliuk Bay area, hereafter
simply referred to as "Dutch Harbor"); and a shallow channel between Hog
and Amaknak Islands. This area borders the southern Bering Sea. Colonell
and Reeburgh (1978) have discussed the summer wind regime here which appears
to be of major importance to local water movements. This is noted further
briefly below.
The overall objective of this section of the project has been to describe
oceanographic conditions with particular reference to those areas which were
the major disposal sites of seafood processing wastes (mainly Dutch Harbor),
and the region on the west coast of Amaknak Island where most of the proces-
sing material is currently discharged.
Alaska has countless examples of semi-restricted bodies of coastal and
estuarine water - fjords, lagoons etc. - that have been seasonally well
studied. In general, because of physical restrictions on the force exchange
of water, the bottom waters in these environments become oxygen deficient
at certain times of the year. Whether true anoxic conditions occur within
the water column depends, however, on localized characteristics such as the
geometry of the basin, the below surface depth of the confining barrier, and
the seasonal density of the source water. In the fjords of south central and
southeast Alaska, all the inlets studied to date flush at least annually
(Heggie and Burrell, 1977). By way of contrast certain Aleutian bays do go
anoxic in the summer: Scan. Bay - a neighbor of Dutch Harbor - is the best
studied to date (Hattori et al., 1978). Unalaska Bay and the region west
of Amaknak Island have relatively unrestricted access to the Bering Sea,
and this precludes anything other than strictly local oxygen deficiency.
Two immediate problems associated with this project appeared to be
whether Dutch Harbor proper (and possibly also Captains Bay) might naturally
22
-------
go anoxic at certain times of the year. Clearly, enhanced anthropogenic
organic loading within Dutch Harbor would exacerbate any such tendency but
might not, per se, be the direct cause of bottom water anoxia. Secondly,
what was the oceanographic regime in the Hog-Amaknak Island channel in
relation to the existing and projected rate of industrial perturbation
there.
Oceanographic conditions here are strongly seasonal. If, for example,
a regular pattern of stagnation were to occur in the basins, flushing would
be a function of the annual regional meteorological conditions. A detailed
description and understanding of this would then require year-round, and
probably, multi-year observation, and this has not been possible to date.
RESULTS
We have obtained data for two days during June (1978) only. Some
comparison may be made with the June 1977 data of Brickell and Goering (1970)
and the October (1977) data of Colonell and Reeburgh (1978). However con-
siderable additional data at other times of the year are an urgent need.
Hydrographic measurements were taken at the stations shown in Figures 2
and 3, and listed in Table 1. These data are tabulated, and vertical profiles
are plotted, in Figures 6-29. Grain size data from stations DUT-02A, DUT-OB,
and HEL-1 are included in Figure 5. To better illustrate the hydrography in
this region, horizontal profiles for temperature, salinity and density along
the tract lines shown in Figure 3 are presented as Figures 30-32. The upper
profile, from stations HEL-6 to 3G, is illustrative of open shelf conditions
up to the near shore region adjacent to the present site of maximum processing
waste dumping. (It should be noted that the slight basin structure shown is
an artifact related to the curvation of the profile line; these are not
closed basins as in the two lower profiles.) The center profile is again
from the open shelf across the shallow region between Amaknak and Hog Islands,
over the sill into Captains Bay. The lower profile is basically Dutch Harbor
proper and the shelf seaward of this. Short-term temperature and salinity
changes at stations HEL-1 and DUT-00 are included in Figure 33.
Dissolved oxygen and nutrient data for the water column are listed in
Tables 2-12. Figures 34-40 show profiles (along the same lines discussed
*Note: Continuation of text on page 70
23
-------
AC CiltllSK 2M C'l.'I'jI'.CliTlvr J-IATION MO. 511.. OUTOOIfl ll/ 6/78
10.0 HOIJKS GMT
LATITUDE = S^ 'J5.2M l.rir.r.l TuOt = 166 ^>.2W SOH1C DEPTH = 28 H
l-OIGtl l/!'AT"Er! C •")'"> t I:- (X.?) )>Ml) 1NOICAIFS CONTINUOUS LAYPR
CtrjjO irPf — ( > >:oi Kfccf'ROr.D ,
CL3JO AMO.t'ir ( » 1|01 I!L'COSD£0,
VISIBILITY ( » MOT RECORDED
Di^frn./i sptrr
I1"' - I'H HE^.R 5 KNOTS
OlRECllfi.'J ItFlGilT PERIOD
SFA 0 - 0 OfcC,."? »•:. SEC5
S.vEuL - r>Ef.9 l-i. SECS
:s -nrv = 10.0 rtCi« t. PAROMETRIC PR. =1019.8 wu
-IvF.T = CtiiR C. TRANSPARENCY = M
n.
1.1
5.1'.
10.0
IS. j
; o. n
Of; f
7.9'.
7.5-V
SALINITY
PPT
30.962
30.998
31.272
31.72A
32.251
32.
-------
•K CR'ilSE 261 CO'lSEClJTIVK STATION NO. 5 52.«H Lf'W.lTUDE - U-6 :U.2W SONIC DEPTH = 30 M
ll/ 6/78
I 1 .6 HOURS r,MT
I-DIGIT WFAT'lEP. COOE If, |X2I AMD INDICATES CONTINUOUS LAYER
CLO'JD TYPE — ( i —MOT (--ECOPDEO .
CLOUD AMOUNT — c » —MOT RECORDED.
VlSIQlLITY ( I MOT PECORDED
WIND
SEA
S«ELL
TEM^E?
DIRECTION
175 - 114
0|WECT|Of|
0 - 0
ATU^ES -!> Kt.OTS
HEIGHT
PEGR M.
n£r.^ M.
= t.i, r.EGR C.
= T'EftR C.
PER ion
SECS
SEC5
PA«OMETRIC PR.
TRANSPARENCY-
=1019.2 MB
= M
H-
a?-
m
28
TEHPEfiflTURE. DEC CEL5IU5
4- 4- 4- S
SflLlNHT. PP1
SIC
DEPTH
to
Ul
o.
1.0
5.f)
I o. ;i
15.o
20.n
.75.0
OEr, C.
7.93
7.92
7.72
7.24
6.03
5.22
SALINITY
PPT
30.516
30.357
31.337
31.762
32.306
32.391
32.461
SIOMA-T
23.81
23.6V
24.52
24.BB
25.46
25.63
25.71
DELTA-0
OYN M
0.
0.004
0.020
0.036
0.050
0.062
0.074
cc.
UJ
56
70
814
98 h
Figure 7. Hydrography and vertical profiles: DUT-02.
112
126
SIGHfl-T
CRUISE 261 STflTION
56
-------
-i'isr.cuTivr MAFIC-J ?iO. 5?t DUTOOO
S3.SH LiVl.MH'Dt = 166 30.Bw SONIC DEPTH -
ll/ 6/7B
13.0 HOUKS
1-DIGlI urAMI-> CT>E |;. (X.-> M'.i) Ir.OlCAUS CONTINUOUS LAYER
CLOJD fYPi ( ) HOT FtCOROCO i
CL3JD AMO'.iMT < » -lOT I5f
VISIBILITY ( I 'iOT
34 ;.|
-«IMD
3EA
SI.ELL
TEIPE'JA
OlPECTlnr; Sf'EFO
l«5 - |-«4 f.EGf; 10 KNOTS
OjHEfilon HClfiHT
O - 0 nE-^P M.
r/EfiR «.
TU";ES -r';}Y = 7.2 ntW C.
-,.L:I = '..tc,f. c.
prftio1^
SEfS
SECS
OAflOMETRlC PR. =1018.3 MB
TRANSPARENCY = K
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
TEMPEflflTURE. DEC CEL51U5
- - - >
28
33.
o.
i .:>
5.0
isln
20.o
TEC, C
7.75
7.73
' 7.63
6.73
&.IO
SALINITY
PPT
30.763
31.211
32.011
32.265
32.161
32.468
SlftMA-T
24.03
24.07
24.40
25.14
25.42
25.42
25.71
DELTA-0
OYN M
0.
0.004
0.019
0.035
0.049
0.061
0.073
x:
o_
&
70
84
Figure 8. Hydrography and vertical profiles: DUT-00.
U2I
126
~^if." fe: 26. 27.
5]GMfl-T
CRUISE 261 STflTIQN 57
-------
:«i;ISE 2t>l r-.Vi«if:Ci!T|vr flATIC>[ flD. SB. DUTOOO H/ 6/78
1*,.7 HOURS r,MT
LATITjOE = 5-i S'i./N LCiliiM Il'Cf = 166 10.ON SONIC DEPTH = 55 M
I-D|G|T W, AT It'? O!>E IS (>'?> AflO |fs'0|CATFS CONTINUOUS LAYER
CLO.ii) TrP> — u.i —i-
N)
TEH^ERflTURE. DEC CEL.5IU5
'*• 4-- -^ ^ -^
SflLlNIlY. PP1
Q^ 30 3J., . .
. 9.
^L'-''|l-' ** 'l" "*• 1
VISIBILITY (71
f>)i~l£."TI.0
10.0
15.0
?0.1
75.0
<0.0
35.0
<,0.0
'tS.o
r,o.n
. 1 — — — 1 / £' .
10-20 ».M
utr.p
Hf
OE'ji; 0.
r>Er,r<
= ft. 3
-
EMOF»ATU
PET, c
7.? 3
7.23
6. 35
t.28
<..?<,
6.?.?
6. IA
( .111
5 . r'!>
5.69
5 .7o
5.61
rti.0
7 KHOTS
I«JHT PERIOD
? H. SECS
M. SECS
OfcGf< C. RAROMETR1C PR. =1017.3 MB
DEGR C. TRANSPARENCY = M
pt SALINITY
PPT
31.636
31.636
32.215
32.238
32.263
32.273
32.292
32.293
32.331
32.339
32.379
32.«.02
SIGMA-T DELTA-D
OYN M
24.79 0.
2
-------
AC O<,,ISE ;^6i rvisroiTivi STATION ND. 5«». HELOOI \\/ 6/78
----------------------- • ---- i.s.o HOUKS GMT
LATITUDE = 5* "it-. Ml Lr.MUTUDE = 166 34.0rt SONIC DEPTH = HO t(
II wrAT'it'-' CODE Is (X?) Mil) IfjOKATFS CONTINUOUS LAYER
TYP- — IM — STPATO
AMD; INT --- (7) --- 7/f.
CO
TEMPEflHTURE. DEC CELSIUS
—^ ? -- -1 -
SflLlNITT. PPT
3D. 31, 32.
— --
ITv ---. (71 10-?0 KM
1/5-1
OlHfcTII
1 75 - I
).l OfEFC • lll
<»4 flEtt 10 KI10TS
mi HI'IbHT PER 100
f(4 (lEO^ ft. 3 M. SECS
DEG9 1'.. SECS
28
HUfcES -OPY = 7.1 OL-jR (.. BAROMETRIC PR. =1017.1 MB
-l-.1
DEr-TH
METERS
0.
1. 1
5.0
10.0
15. .1
.70.1
•>0.o
?0.0
35.0
'.0.0
45.O
50..)
60..)
70. )
•IT = PEuR C. TRANSPARENCY =
TEMPERATURE
TEG C
6.74
6.74
6.4^
6^4?
6.34
fc.?3
6.11
6.03
5.97
5.fi5
f. .6?
5.42
5.17
5.07
SALINITY
PPT
31.128
31 . 1?8
32.208
32.226
32.209
32.246
32. 298
32.310
32.311
32.329
32.366
32.373
32.548
32.571
S1GMA-T
24.45
24.45
25.34
25.35
25.35
25.39
25.45
25.4*
25.48
25.50
25.56
25.59
25.75
25. 7«
M
DELTA-D
DYN M
0.
0.003
0.015
0.028
0.041
0.054
0.067
0.030
0.093
0.105
O.H7
0.130
0.153
0.175
42
^ 5B
cc
t—
UJ
= 70
jf
o_
O QJ|
flf-fc
ad
33.
112
Figure 10. Hydrography and vertical profiles: UEL-1.
126
51GMR-T
CRUISE 261 STflTIQN
59
-------
n-jE ?t.\ ro isrcm ivt <-I.\TIO^ .-40. 60. HELOOZ n/ 6/78
17.7 HOURS
lOE = 51 '.<,.M1 Ln^f.lTUffc = 166 33.5W SONIC DEPTH = I <,
1-OlolT WrA|Mt> CT)E IS (X.1! Af;t> IMOKATFS CONTINUOUS LAYER
CLOJO TYP: — ('-•) :-,Tr'> - I7<. OE'if: lf, KMOTs
0|l!ErT|n:| HEIbHT PfRIOO
SEA 165 - 17*. r>Er,^ 0.3 M. SECS
SrtELL - n£f»R fl. SECS
TEMPE-fATU^KS -.'>PY = 7.8 Ot'iR C. BAROMETRIC PR. =1015.6 MB
-'.(FT = PEGP C. TRANSPARENCY = K
DEl-TH
TER-i
0.
TEMPtRATUFt
DCG C
7.<,0
7.<,0
7.37
SALINITY
PPT
29.837
29.837
30.8SO
5IGHA-T
23.3i
23.31>
2
OELTA-D
OYN M
0.
0.005
0.022
Figure 11. Hydrography and vertical profiles: HEL-2.
TEMfERflTUOE. DEC CEL5IU5
-^- -4--- 4-
SflLlNITT. PPT
28
cr>
0=
IU
o_
SB
70
96
U2
126
"25? "~ ~26.
51GHfl-T
261 STflTIQN
33.
GO
-------
AC CR'ilSE 26; CfVISEC:iT|V<:' 5-T.UIOf! f|0. 6(.
OJ
o
ATITjDE =
rt = 166
O'^E ll/ 6/78
19.3 HOtJUS
SOUIC DEPTH = 16
i-r;iojT i.TAiiitc r.fi))t; is jxri A^O IMOICATTS CONTINUOUS LAYPR
CLOJO A^iOtriT --- 111 --- f/H TOTAL
VISIBILITY --- 171 --- 10-20 KM
wiriD
SHELL
I IS - 144
OIRE'TIOII
0 - 0
JE.M°E?ATU':ES -r,\n
-V/r.T
DEPTH 1
METERS
0.
1.0
5.n
^Er-R
OEf,P.
OEG?
= rt
rn-ipE''
PEG
7.
7.
6.
20 KllfiTS
HEI'OHT PERIOD
n. ' SECS
M. SECS
.3 DEtiFi C. BAROMETRIC PR. =1014. <> 141)
Otfil; C. TRANSPARENCY = M
ATU»t SALINITY
C PPT
ID 30.136
IH 30.136
60 32.074
SIGHA-T DELTA-0
DYN M
23.61 0.
23.61 0.004
25.21 0.01H
ec.
UJ
U-l
of
o_
of-
28
56
70
TEHPERflTURE. DEC CEL51U5
SflLlNHT. PP7
9-
33-
Figure 12. Hydrography and vertical profiles: 3E.
112
126
fill
SIGMfl-T
CRUISE 261 STflTIQN
61
-------
AC rPuisi ?6i O);isi:aiTivf: STATION NO. ?|, HELO^A \n 6//B
2.8 HOURS GMT
LATIT'jfH - 51 'jl.SH L roofi lc |XM AMO |I|0|CATFS RAIN -
CLOJO TYP! --- (7) STRATUS .
CLOJD AMU.i'lT (HI f./f. Tl'TAL .
VISIBILITY CM 10-2T, KM
OHECTIO-I
»;I••.;•) I?,1- - IT'. Otr:R
OlRtrTIOM Htl&HT PERIOD
5FA if,5 - IT', ner.p 0.2 M. SEcS
S*'El.L - OEGR M. SECS
-Oi-^y s 10.0 OtGR C. BAROMETRIC PR. =1008.9 MH
-'..'CT = OEGR C. TRANSPARENCY - M
DEPTH
METER'.
0.
1.0
^.0
10.O
15.r>
20.:>
?5.0
30.0
TEMPERATURt
OFC, C
T.lrt
7. I M
' 7.05
6. 37
'.97
; .19
SALINITY
PPT
30.671
30.671
31.19'i
32.221
32.261
32.251
32.3^,9
51GMA-T
2
-------
AC
CI/.ilSE 261 C.) IsrCilTIVt T.TATlOf. i;0. 7f.. H£L 03
12/ 6/76
8.0 HOURS 0''
LATITUDE
.2fl
= 166 3*.3W SONIC DEPTH =
TEMPERflTURE. DEC CEL5IU5
4- *-- - 4- ^
l-Oi:i|T WfAT'lEi C'j-)t IS (X?> Af;D INDICATES CONTINUOUS LAYER
CLOJD TrPT l ) nni f-tCOPDEO .
CLOUD AMO..INT ( ) HOT RECORDED,
VISIBILITY ( » NOT RECORDED
,,«
ScA
TEMPER
OIHE
i ?r>
DHL
0
AT.KES
r.Tl.vi
- Iff.
CTIJII
0
-OKY
-HET
SrEtO
UEfsP 5 KNOTS
OEf,p
PEGP:
=
1
HE 1 OUT
M.
M.
.l.fc Ofci'iR
C.
C.
PERI Op
SEC 5
SECS
BAROMETRIC PR.
TRANSPARENCY
-1008.0 MB
= M
o^
28
SRUNnr. PPT
30, 31, 32,
...„_ _,.,_.... .^^ _
33.
U)
ts>
OEtTH
METERS
0.
l.o
5.0
10.o
|5.0
.70.0
io.o
15.0
<.0.0
>t"r, c
7.2S
7.28
5.76
5i26
5.26
5.17
5.0.4
SALINITY
PPT
30.570
30.570
31.96*
32.283
32.289
32.371
32.*05
32.*78
32.525
32.582
SIGMA-T
23.9*
23.9*
25.13
25.*5
25.*U
25.5B
25.63
25.69
25.7*
25.7V
DELTA-O
OYN M
0.00*
0.017
0.031
0.0*3
0.056
0.068
0.079
0.091
0.102
Cd
¥
SB -
70
Figure 14. Hydrography and vertical profiles: HEL-3.
U2
126
mo1
23.
"25. ~26. ~27.
S]GMfl~T
CRUISE 261 STflTION 76
-------
2/ 6/78
10.8 HOIUJS
Af CH.ilSE ?.t>l O';SF.C'.IT1V«. Sl'.llO,-| |;D. 7>:., MEL «7
---------------------------
Lallf.iDE - 51 S^.UI LOfifjlTUPfc = H.6 35. 8W SONIC DEPTH - 98 ,v,
TEMFERflTURE. DEC CEL5IU5
1-CI6IT HFATilfcr 0~nt is |X 1 1 AHU INDICATES PARTLY CLOUDY
CL3JD TYPF --- ( » --- NOT ftCOFDtO .
CL3JD AV.O ml --- ( 1 --- MOT CCCO.xDEO,
VISIBILITY --- t I --- HOT PtCOROED
rl \ ND
SF.A
SWELL
TC'IPE
OIFEC
OIREC
\'ATlt'U:S
T 1 Of I
ri.'iti
.?24 OEr.S
OEr.p
-i-.rr -
si tnn
15 K'lOTS
HEIGHT
0.3 K.
M.
.9 OtGK C.
ntsu c.
PER ion
SErS
SECS
BAROMETRIC PR.
TRANSPARENCY
= 1009.6 Mil
= M
CO
DEr-TH
METERS
0.
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
30.'i
•55.il
70.0
75.1
fiO.O
TKMPERATUf.fc
PEG C
fc.41
..29
i.Ofc
5.50
;.43
5.12
5.Of»
4.90
SALINITY
PPT
31.676
31.676
32.236
32.261
32.303
32.336
32.375
32.427
32.528
32.568
32.578
32.5Q8
32.651
32.670
32.6*4
32.688
32.703
SIGMA-T
24.92
24.92
25.37
25.40
25.41
25.55
25.59
25.64
25.74
25. 7U
25. 7B
25. UO
25. t)6
25. bb
25.87
25.90
25.91
OELTA-D
DYN M
0.
0.003
0.014
0.027
0.040
0.053
0.065
0.077
0.088
0.100
0.111
0.122
0.144
C.165
0.176
0.187
0.208
28
UJ
lij
a.
tu
SB
70
84
96
U2
126
Figure 15. Hydrography and vertical profiles: HEL-7.
_ 32, 33
L 257-
SaGHfl-T
CRUISE 261 STflTIQN
78
-------
sc CR USE 26i OMSF.CUTIVF STATION NO. no. /c i2/ 6/78
It,.i, HOURS GMT
LMIT-.iDE = 51 5/!.6M IfiU'.lTUOE = 166 37.2H SONIC DEPTH = 62 M
1-DIGIT UKAT iKli'CODE IS (Xl> A*D iNOICMIS PARTLY CLOUDY
CuO'jo TYIT —- (M
CLOUD AMOUNT — it) —6/fi
VISIBILITY (61 1-10 KM
•n 1 NO
-ri Sftrr
DtC.fr KflOTb
DlRECTIO/l HEIGHT PERIOD
SEA 0 - 0 OEGft M. SECS
5.VELL - OEC.o M. SECS
TEM^E'-'ATU'.'ES -|)
py - 9.^ t;t{lj
J C. BAROMETRIC PR. =1009.9 MB
-vjfT = DECR C. TRANSPARENCY =
DEPTH
METERS
0.
1.0
5,;>
10.0
15. a
20.0
?5.0
30.0
•>. 5 . 0
',0.0
',5.'!
«0.0
TEMPERATUFifc
TFC, C
6.43
t . 3 4
6.17
fc.06
1>.9i>
5.77
?.'>6
'..39
f-.'lO
5.1?.
5.09
SALINITY
PPT
30.955
30.955
32.261
32.293
32.329
32.351
32.356
32.3BB
32.3Q7
32.452
32.568
32.579
SIGMA-T
24.3!>
24.35
25.39
25.44
25. 4U
25.51
25.53
25. 5B
25.61
25. 6B
25. 7f
25.7V
M
-
DELTA-0
DYH M
°« S
0.004 »-
0.015 l^
0.028
0.041 £
0.0r>3 J-
0.066 uj
0.078 a
0.09O
0.102
0.113
0.124
Figure 16. Hydrography and vertical profiles: 7C.
TEMPERHTURE. DEC CEL5IU5
, $ £__
SflUNHY. PP7
I'I
28
SB
70
814
38
112
126
33.
24. 25. 26. "27.
S1GMO--T
CRUISE 261 STflTION 00
-------
AC C:»;IT>K 26i r.Kisrcuf iv! MAT ION *,o. HI. HEL 64 i?/ 6/7a
--------------------------- I/,. 8 HOURS GMT
LUITtiDf - 5t r.<..
LOf.C.lTUDt = 166 36. OW SONIC DEPTH - 117 M
l-OIG|I Wf'AT |F.I' C')f>t IS (XH At:l> INDICATES PARTLY CLOUDY
CLOJD TYPf <7I STfATUL .
CL3UD AMOUNT (61 6/fl .
VISIBILITY (7) 10-?0 KM
OlHEr
SFA o -
IEMPESATURES
T 1 01 1
T 1 'M
0
-DRY
-I;FT
SI-tFO
OEfiPr KNOTS
HEIdltT
DETiS M.
HESP M.
= 7.P OtCiR C.
PFRIOO
sees
sees
BAROMETRIC PR.
TRANSPARENCY
=1009.7 MB
= M
E|>TM
ETErt'i
0.
1 .0
•* .')
10.1
I 5.')
?0. 1
T S . 1
•'.0.1
35. )
«, o . •;>
',5.0
•-.o.o
1, 0 . 0
70.0
75.0
hO.1":
00.0
100. 0
TCMPEPATWt
rfr, c
6.
-------
AC GilllSE 26| OKiSCCul IVK Si'.T ION NO. 6.?. HEL O«> \2f 6/78
J5.<. HOURS GMT
LATIT.lDC - 51 r.r..2N LONf.lTUDE = 166 35.9d SONIC DEPTH = 132 V
I-DIG1T WCAr.iEl? rOOE If. (XI) AND IN&ICATFS PARTLY CLOUDY
CLOJD TYPf- CM STRATUS ,
CLOUD AMO.itiT (61 <>/H .
VISIBILITY (7) IO-2C KM
TEMPEflflTURE. DEC CEL5IU5
i DIRECT ion SI-EED
J ill |N:) - HEW MlOTS
Ot'•:. SECS
SWELL - OEGP M. ;.Ecs
m
28
TEMPERATURES -^'-'Y = 7.H OtGR C. "ARO^ETRIC PR. =1009.9 MB
-'..'f 'T = t'EGP t. TRANSPARENCY = M
DEPTH
METERS
n.
l.'i
5.0
lO.!>
|5.0
?0.0
?. 5 « f 1
30. n
35.0
"lO.T
^•5.0
•; o . o
60. 0
TO.O
75.0
"0.0
oo.o
100.0
1?5.0
TEMPERATURE
MG C
6.51
6.51
£ . 5 .")
6. 15
6.02
5.67
5.56
5.3«.
5.23
5.12
•5.C9
^.98
4.9
A.fl*.
'-.SI
A.fcO
SALINITY
PPT
31.760
31.780
32.051
32.2A8
32.292
32.362
32. 3AA
32.479
32.531
32.5B3
32.5B5
32.637
32.656
32.6BO
32.689
32.693
32.719
32.733
32.706
SIGMA-T
2A.9V
2A.99
25.21
25. AO
25.<>5
25.55
25.55
25. 6B
25.73
25.7V
25.79
25. Ut>
25.87
25.89
25.90
25.91
25.93
25.9".
25.9V
*\<-
DELTA-D
DYN M
-------
AC C.^llSt .'M C'l.iSF.CllTlvr M,M|OM f>:0. 6',, DUI OA \tl 6/78
21.8 HOURS GMT
LAIIT.lOE = Si 5'.. II UitlMTUOt - K.6 29.2H SONIC DEPTH = 20 M
I-:>IGIT wrAnt-? or.f ir — — •• — — — — — — — — — _ — ____..__**..__*_•_«.««»_._••..__*.•.«_.._.•_.••••__„._..___
lf*PE.?ATU';ES -or:Y = U.7 CE'ji; C. BAROMETRIC PR. =1009.2 MH
- /FT = rECiK C. TRANSPARENCY = M
DEl'TH
METTR-,
0.
l.T
5.n
I o. o
|5.0
30.0
TEMprr/ATUfE
r>fcd c
7.20
7.21
• f-.'-2
6 . I fr
SALINITY
PPT
31.609
31.575
32.0^8
32.293
32.193
32.4||
32.^72
SIGMA-T
2
0.02U
0.041
0.053
0.065
a:
UJ
Q_
IL)
a
0^9.
14
28
TEHPf.RflTURE. DEC CELSIUS
SflLlNIlY. PPT
-^ •- c-31-"
56
70
8>4
98
II?
33.
Figure 19. Hydrography and vertical profiles: DUT-OA.
126
CRUISE
SIGMfl-T
261 STflTIQN
27.
-------
LJ
CD
k «_fb^
B^ 9.
AC
CR'.ilSE 261 fi'iM
LAI1T,H>E s 53 S3
r.rci'T iv': STUI
.ON LP»ifilTllt>
l-DIG|T V.Y.ATi!E-> COf.E lf-, (XI 1 AK
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
CLOUD AM(V«JT
VISIBILITY (K
OlIJErno'l
/Mi;:) 1.15 - i«»4
0|PErTlON
SKA 0 - O
•5.VELL
TEMPESATUSF.S -r^Y
-VlCT
DEfTH
METERS
0.
1.0
5.0
|0.0
|5.O
.70.0
?5.0
30.0
35.0
Id} l-'/f.
1 20-50 i.H
SPEED
n£r,» s Kt40
Ht:|bHT
ntr^s ;i.
OEG1 K.
= I?.H r>t'iR
l-.fGR
TEMPFPATUPE
OE'i C
7.20
7.2.1
' fc.39
t- . 1 'I
f. .06
? . 3*
'. . 94
4.?3
4.ft|
O'| NO. 8'..
C - 166 30
D INDICATES
ULUS .
,
TS
PERIOD
5ECS
SECS
DUT 00 1
21 6/7U
-11 n uniiiit ,-ur TPMPPBQTIIBP OPT rpl 5B
0. oc
0.004 |h)
0.016 «A'
0.029 *- 70
0.041 ^J
0.054 f
0.066 fc
0.07U a on
0.091
SflLlNITY. PPT
9- 30, 3}. 32.
^•""s—!^\ ~" " — ~\
/^^ \ \
j ) )
^-^" ^ <{
/^~~^ \. V^
/ 1 \
1 J J
C 1
33.
Figure 20. Hydrography and vertical profiles: DUT-00.
112
126
140 L
S1GMR-T
CRUISE 261 STflTIQN
85
-------
AC CR'.llSE 26i ' I r,l C,ll l\lf. SlA
nO. 86. OUT OB 13/ 6/78
u.i riuuKD MIII II-IH i-iiniuiii-. ijt_u ^i-t.
4, 5. 6. -I.
LATITUDE = ">\ -)4.4N I.Of;GI IIICE = 166 29. 0* SONIC DEPTH = 22 M "~ "^ T ~T
1-OIGlT .HATi'Ci, C'li^E IF IXI» Afll) ItlDKATFS PARTLY CLOUDY
CLO.ID TYP!- - — (6) 'VTPATOCIM'.ULUS .
VISIBILITY - — 20-50 KM
SHL1NHT, PP1
O2,-9'- — & cJ1-^
DI^ECTirm if-tf.D - m • / \
»|'in In 5 - 194 DtGP t KrjOlS / j
U|!)ECt Kifl HEIGHT PERIOD
SfA 0 - 0 HE !-R M. SECS
S*ELL - o£r:R M. sErs
TEMPERATURES -PRY = 12.11 OtfiR C. f\ARO>.'.ETR 1C PR. =1008
-\TT - OtGF: C. TRAHSPARENCY =
DEPTH TEMPERATURE SALINITY SIQMA-T
METFRS DFA c PPT
0. 7.04 31.706 24.86
1.1 7.04 31.706 24. U6
5.0 fc.7? 32.026 25.16
10.0 fc.23 32.247 25.3V
15. n f..0#> 32.320 25.47
?0.0 «i.94 32.304 25.47
f
Figure 21. Hydrography and vertical profiles
T sic
28
.9 H9
DELTA-D
DYN M to bb
0. oc
o!o03 1^
0.015 ^
0.028 70
0.041 jf
0.053 H-
IU
0 BU
38
i
112
: DUT-OB. 126 .
UJO
32
I^_ZT-
SIGMfl-T
CRUISE 261 Sim I ON
33.
~
27.
88
-------
.41"
LAUT.lOF - Si
iT>FC'.IT|Vf slATIO?) HO. 87. HEL "1
>..'H| Li'wr.lTUPt = 166 34.OW SONIC DEPTH = 79 M
13/ 6/78
0.6 HOURS <",MT
TEMPERflTUHE. DEC CELSIUS
-
I-OIGIT W! AMEN C'V,)E If (X|> AMD INDICATES PARTLY CLOUDY
CLC.JD TYPF --- ('•) ---1Tl-ATOf.lif.ULUS .
CLO'JO AMO.niT --- (61 --- fr/fl .
VISIBILITY --- (SI --- 20-50 KM
•jr-trn
7 KtlO
1-iS - 204 nfcr.o
0 1 PEC TIKI HEIGHT
SFA \r>'j - 2n'i DECK 0.2 r.
5;%ELL - OF.r,R M.
PERIOD
TFMPEP.ATU-'FS -HRY = 12.2 PtGf C.
-WFT = f-Efirt C.
nAROv.ETRIC PR. =1008.8 Kl)
TRANSPARENCY = M
28
DEPTH
METERS
0.
10.0
30.0
t.O.I
70.0
75.0
TEMPERATURE
CFG C
7.13
7.13
' 6.96
fc.4<,
5.en
S!M
5.35
5.?')
5.20
5.12
5.07
S.Ofj
4.87
4.P6
SALINITY
PPT
31.392
31.392
31.615
32.179
32.363
32.408
32.492
32.530
32.534
32.570
32.5
or
UJ
56
70
49
SflLlNHY. PP7
Figure 22. Hydrography and vertical profiles: HEL-1.
98
U2
126
140 L
-h. k.
'26.
SIGMfl-T
CRUISE 261 STflTIQN
87
-------
: CR'.MSE 261 C'ViSCCllT m iTnTION H3. 8li<
LATIf.lDE = 5i r.».7fl LOt.f, I TUDt - 166 32.'
3H 13/ 6/78
1.2 HOURS GMT
SONIC DEPTH - 37 M
l-D|G|T i-nAMEr- CODE If. (Xl» ANO IfiOKATFS PARTLY CLOUDY
CuO-'O TyPT (6» '
CL'J.IO AMO.INT (7) 7/9
VISIBILITY J'll 20-50 KM
of
961-
U2 -
TEMPEflflTURE. DEC CEL5IU5
4. .6. 7 ____
. PP1
1 DIRECT IfiM
I A' 1-13 215 - ?.?<•
I DiaEcfi.™
| SEA 215 - 224
1 S-.TH
METERS
0.
1.1
5.0
1 0.0
15.0
.? 0 . :')
Z5.O
30.0
^5.0
• '.0.0
Of'ttO
m
OEr,? 7 KtiOTS
•IE i OUT
HEGR 0.2 M.
OEfiP M.
= 12. S PtGf
PERIOD
SECS
SECS
C. HAPOr-ETPIC PR. =
= rt'CiP C. TRANSPARENCY =
Tf.'HPf RATUF-t
CE^i C
7.4P
7.49
' 7.33
6.12
5.61
5.2.'!
5.23
5.10
5.07
5.04
SALINITY
PPT
30.878
30.868
31.002
32.227
32.298
32.332
32.420
32.494
32.536
26.594
SIGMA-T
24.16
24.15
24. 21
25.3V
25.51
25.61
25.65
25.72
25.76
21.07
26
1008.5 MQ
M l|3
-------
AC C(MlC.E 26| Crifi'juCijr IVf STATION '<3. 80. 3AG I'}/ 6/ IH
_. 1.8 HOOPS GMT
LATIT.li)£ = il VI.4H l.DNGI|UI;Lr = 166 33.3W SONIC DEPTH = <.3 '.«
i-rjiciiT uri\r'it:> coot is ixi> AMJ INDICATTS PARTLY CLOUDY
CLOiJO TYPI-: ('•> STi'AIOCUMULJb .
CLQ'-ID AMO-.IMF (7) -7/F. ,
VISIOIL1TY ?0-?0 KM
DIRECTION SPEFO
ivl'lD 2,"i - .?Ti Otr,R 7 KliCTi
OHECTI.KI HFIGHT PKR
S(A 215 - ?.?<, OET.R 0.2 I-:. SECS
S.VELL - OF.GK l-i. SECS
S -HJ'Y = 12.8 nto'< C. PAROyETRIC PR. =1006.5 MB
-V.fT = f.tuR C. TRANSPARENCY = M
DEPTH
MErEiJS
0.
l.D
S.O
I 0.0
15. )
?0.0
.? S. ()
^o.n
3-5.1
<< 0 . :>
TEMPERATUPE
oer, c
T.'-t-
7.^5
' 7.2fc
fc.23
S.72
f.27
. •>. I 7
s.n
5.08
5.0*.
5.01
SALINITY
PPT
31.123
31.122
31.180
32.200
32.218
32.A26
32.<.78
32.«.96
32.575
32.621
32.626
SIGMA-T
25. 3b
25.<.3
25. 6S
25.70
25.7,;
25. 11
25.83
25.83
OELTA-0
DYN »
0.
O.OOA
O.OHt
0.033
O.OA6
0.05U
0.070
0.081
0.093
0.10*.
O.llb
cr>
a:
tu
. 31
D_
56
70
98
Figure 24. Hydrography and vertical profiles: 3AC.
126
TEMPEfiflTURE. DEC CEL5IU5
4- --?• -V 8r-
30,. _
SflLlNnT. PP1
...... _.
_33.
mo1
~25.
SIGMfl-T
27.
CRUISE 261 STflTIQN
89
-------
AC CRUISE .261 m.VirCl.lTP'K t.T-MIOn NO. So. 3G 13/ 6/78
2.7 HOURS GMl
LATITjDE = 5i ••T.S't LONr. I tllDt = 166 33.3rt SONIC DEPTH = 32 M
i-0|5|T WKAMIftJ .:.f)H |s (X|l AMI) riOICATFS PARTLY CLOUDY
CtOjD TyPf (6) c.Ti?*TOCUMULUS .
CLCUO AMO'*r-U »7) 7/K ,
VISIBILITY ("I ?0-50 KM
io;i sptf.o
.?21 OECB «• KflOTs
OIRtrflOll MFIOHT PERIOO
f.fA 0 - 0 OEr,s M. SECS
5.VELL - OEGK H. SEf.S
fs -->QY = I?.H rtf,R c. BAROMETRIC PR. =IOOB.'. MO i
-]i:T = DEOR C. TRANSPARENCY = M I
DEPTH
METERS
0.
1.1
5.r>
|0.o
15.0
20..T
25.0
30.0
TEHPERATUPt
Off, C
7.52
7.51
7.M
6.1?
5.5*,
«:.??
5.13
T',09
SALINITY
PPT
31.016
30.902
31.005
32.100
32.322
32.448
32.506
32.547
SIGMA-T
24.26
24.24
24.27
25.35
25.53
25.67
25.73
25.76
DELTA-0
DYN M
0.
0.004
0.018
0.034
0.047
0.059
0.070
0.082
Figure 25. Hydrography and vertical profiles: 3G.
s:
of
O-
IH
28
56
70
96
112
126
l')D
TEMPERflTURE. DtC CELSIUS
V. ...SL
SHLINHT, PP1
11._ 32..
25.
S]GMfl-T
CRUISE 261 STflTIQN
90
-------
AC CRUISE 261 r,i,'jsrC;ll )Vf blAflOfl rtO. 9|i 3BF 13/ 6/78
-. 3.1 HOURS r,MT
LUlTjPP - Si 51.1:4 Ln^ClTUCt = 166 13.*U SONIC DEPTH = '38 :.«
1-OIGIT WCATilE:.1 CODE I i> IXIt At 0 INDICATES PARTLY CLOUDY
C 1.0JO TYPr (Ol STPA fOCUM
CLOUD AMO'ii'ii — (7) —?/»•
VISIBILITY (>n 20-SO kit
I DIRECTION
I .M'liT 2«.f. - ?^.«i ritr,^
I l)|iEC,P M. SECS
I TE'IPE'JATU^ES -OPY = 12.2 rEf.R C. RA'iO'.'ETRIC PR. =1008.5 MB
I -'..'FT - fECiR C. TRANSPARENCY = M
TEMPERflTURE. DEC CEL51U5
-
DEPTH
METERS
0.
I. ')
5.0
10.:)
15.0
,?o.n
.?^.^
10.0
'.0.0
TfMPERATUFt
OCr, C
7.A9
5.e<)
?.32
5.21
5.17
5.07
5.01
SALINITY
PPT
30.800
30.800
31.261
32.251
32.100
32.^.28
32,'i85
32.551
32.583
32.590
32.622
32.637
SIGMA-T
25.<,0
25.3*
25.6*
25.70
25.76
25.79
25.80
25.83
25. Hi
DELTA-0
OYN M
0.
0.00*
0.019
0.033
0.0*6
O.ObB
0.070
0.081
0.093
0.10*
0.115
0.126
Q2r9
2B
56
70
S]G
9B
Figure 26. Hydrography and vertical profiles: 3BF.
112
126
UJO
2U3.
SIGMfl-T
CRUISE 261 STflTIQN
"27.
91
-------
AC CRiilOF <"'6l C V.SIXUTIV STUIO'j r<3. 9?. . 30E 13/ 6/78
. <,.2 HOURS GMT
LATITjOC = 'J^ r'i>.1-'l t.O*ji.lruCE = 166 33.4y SONIC DEPTH = 2f> M
I-DIGIT Wf:ATMti> C(V>£ I', (X?» AMU IriDICATFS CONTINUOUS LAYER
CLOJO TYfM: (61 :.Tl'ATOCUt!U|_US .
CLOJD A40'iUT Iftl h/H TOTAL ,
VISIUIUTY (71 10-20 KM
DIRECTION srtro
v. I no z?5 - 23^. ntcn 10 KHnT:-
DIKEC'Tinr* HEIOUT PERIOD
st\ n-o oer^ M. sees
S«ELL - OEGR M. SECS
r>wy = '*.«. r>tc.R c. BAROMETRIC PR. =iooa.5 MB
.-(FT = t tCiP C. TRANSPARENCY = M
i
TEHFERHTURE. DEC CEL5IU5
DEPTH
METFRli
O.
1.1
5..1
10 . C>
15.0
20.0
2"} . 0
TEMPFPATUfit
Off, C
7.5?
7.53
' 7.21
6.2B
•>!23
SALINITY
PPT
31.258
31.258
31.437
32.109
32.226
32.433
32.519
SIGMA-T
25. 2U
25. Ai
25.66
25.73
DELTA-D
DYN M
0.
0.003
0.017
0.032
0.045
0.057
0.069
Figure 27. Hydrography and vertical profiles: 3DE.
28
oc
UJ
56 h
70
98
112
126
"24. ~ 257
51GMR-T
s^
b.
27.
CRUISE 261 STflTIQN
92
-------
r CR ilSt 26| r.-,i|SfCi|T|>.T ', TAT I Or; MO. 93. HEL 04 I3/ 6/78
/,.7 HOURS GMT
LATITjOF = 51 V>.2M LONMUJfrt = 166 34.4W SONIC DEPTH = 05 M
I-OIGIT WF.AMfc-: CO^,E 1 * (X?l AND INDICATES CONTINUOUS LAYER
CLO.JD TYPT — (ft) —STPATOCUMULUS ,
CLOUD AMOUNT — m —7/e .
VISIBILITY (71 10-2d KM
0|f»ECT|fifl . Sf'tlO
fllflD 2-1'i - ?14 Otr-p KNOTS
DlRECTIUtl HEIGHT PERlOO
5EA 0 - O OEfiR (.. SEC5
S*ELL - OEGS n. SECS
-Df9
32.373
32.313
32!417
32.416
32.422
32.449
32.454
32.4<,9
SIGMA-T
24.81
24.81
24.71
25.33
25.37
25.54
25.5V
25.66
25.64
25.74
25. Ti
25.75
25.75
25.77
25.7B
25.77
25.7U
DELTA-D
DYN M
0.
0.003
t).016
0.030
0.043
0.056
0.068
0.080
0.092
0.103
0.114
0.126
0.148
0.171
0.132
0.193
0.216
Figure 28. Hydrography and vertical profiles: HEL-4.
TEMPERflTURE. DEC CELSIUS
$. 6. 7_. 8.
SRUNHY. PP1
30,
28
«n
a:
IU
T.
0-
UJ
70
BH
96
112
126
140
9.
33.
5 G
27.
CRUISE 261 STflTIQN
93
-------
«C CH-.'ISE 2t>\. ('IflSITXilT IVF 5-.TftllOri NO. 9^ • 4A I3/ 6/7H
6.1 HOURS GMT
LATIT.lPE = 5j '>l.V\ LPKC.lHinE = 166 I5.0rf SONIC DEPTH = 78 !«.
1-OIG'lT HI A ME.': COHF. IV. (X?l AND iNOICftTPS CONTINUOUS tAYFR
CLDUO TYPP — <6> —STP
CLOUD AMO.IMT — <7i —7/n
VISIDILITV (7» 10-20 KM
TEMPEHHTURE. DEC CEL5IU5
--- 5, ----- _ -------- 7.
.
rflMO
SEA
S.lFLL
TEKPEA
DIRECTION
2.15 - 214
0|HEr'T|.vi
0 - 0
-
ATUU'ES -r,!>Y
-'.JIT I
DEpTH
METERS
0.
1.0
5.1
10. n
15.0
?0.0
25.0
10.. 1
35.n
nO.o
45.1
.fiO.O
'fcO.O
70.0
75.0
r.ptEO
r>E6R 7 KNOTS
HE 1 OUT
OEGft M.
DEC? M.
= 10.0 OtGR
- l.tC.K'
TEMPESATUht
re.'i c
6.73
6.71
6.5?
5.9fc
•i.57
5.32
4.83
4.61
4.39
4.30
4.?6
4.2S
4.2?
4.24
4.24
PFRion
5ECS
SEC 5
c. CAP.OMETRIC PR. =
C. TRANSPARENCY =
SALINITY
PPT
31.544
31.544
32.026
32.169
32.291
32.292
32.320
32.351
32.383
32.402
32.412
32.417
32.418
32.448
32.445
5IGMA-T
24.78
24.78
25. IB
25.36
25.51
25.54
25.61
25.66
25.71
25.73
25.74
25. 7S
25.7t>
25.77
25.77
1006.0 MB
M
DELTA-D
DYN M
0.
0.003
0.016
0.029
0.042
0.054
0.066
0.078
0.090
0.101
0.113
0.124
0.147
0.169
0.180
Figure 29. Hydrography and vertical profiles: 4A.
I'4
28
if
Q_
SH
56
70
9B
U2
126
SflLlUnY. PPT
30. 31, 3^.
s c
2U. 2s. " ~~te.
51GMfl-T
CRUISE 261 STflTIQN
94
-------
> 7.3
T °C
3G 3E3BF HEL-3
HEL-7
6A HEL-6
HEL-4
HEU-3A
HEL-2
HEL-1
02
DUTCH HARBOR
OA 08
STATION NUMBER
OS
Figure 30. Longitudinal temperature profiles.
48
-------
s %•
3G 3E3BF HEL-3
HEL-7
HEL-8
I 20
I 40
01
a
60
30
4A
HEL4
HEL-3A
HEL-2
HEL-1
201
401
601
OUT
32
02
00
OA OB
STATION NUMBER
DUTCH HARBOR
Figure 31. Longitudinal salinity profiles.
05
49
-------
3G 3E3BF HEL-3
H6L-7
HEL-6
H6L-4
HEL-3A
HEL-2
HEL-1
02
DUTCH HARBOR
OA OB
STATION NUMBER
Figure 32. Longitudinal density profiles.
OS
50
-------
M
ft
4-»
40
t
01
Q
70
TEMPERATURE °C
5 6 7 8
30
SALINITY
31
32
33
June 11 1500 GMT
June 13 0600 GMT
TEMPERATURE °C
5673
u
«- i-»
o>
a.
Ul
O
28
SALINITY
_30 31 32
33
June 12 2300
June 11 1300
Figure 33. Short term temperature and salinity changes at
Stations HEL-1 and DUT-00. T * temperature,
S - salinity.
51
-------
AT rii ISF ?6i r.-rr.rc'ii i»r ST.\TIO-J »iO. Sf. nurnoi
i:Tl|:'!X = 5i •;••..:'M lO'srlrulF = I'./. '!.?•-» SOMIC OFPTH =
ll/
lo.n HOURS
i-r-iG'T '"^TIE? r.v.c IT. »K?I *>-D ir:oir\Trs CONTINUOUS LAYFP
r.i .".:«•' Tvp- — ( » ••:•» '
n n:sn A -n I-.T — i ) --- s
VISIHI) IT.' — I I : rS
5.rFr'i>
r: ':t!OTr.
I OlPErTI'i". HEIGHT PFPIOn
I SFA 0 - 0 DEr.fr |i. SErS
i S.-FIL - »>Frr h,. sErs
I Tl:>"1F-?«TO'PS r'^Py = in." rf.TJ C. nAFOrFTPIC P->. =1019.RMI>" I
I - ("I = I frit C. THAH'.PAPEMCY = •> I
rr-r
r-rp
n
IT U
0
10
5 . '• I
TFM-i
7.S?
7.V.
C..M
•»;•.'
°.o.'
i?.<
Sld-T
2?.. 67
5.IC-T
OXY
?:J2
71'.7
0.37
1*37
l.?0
NH3
01.1
01. I
03.3
05.4
NO?
0.7ft
NO3
OO.O
00.0
no.n
M?4
H29l4
774.1
SI03 PH TALK
24.
XY
.b
.9*
OXY
o.
9.9*
SP VOL
W..06
zn7.ii
DEL 0
.nno
-
Table 2. Dissolved oxygen and nutrient data: DUT-01A
-------
'-r r^'ii -•>?_ ?.•>
i -TIT OF - f.
1 -ni;'. IT '.•'--AT
fl O-l!) TvPi -
Cl O:iO • .)0 i''T
VI filBII. IT" -
1 ."fr'SFCilTl"' eT/.TIOt! ^iO. Sft,
\ ''>?.^fl |-'f:.'lTiirE = \f.f> -\\
if.-; r-v»F Is (XPI *rD I'iDlCMFS
— i i — .;pr r-ErnPDFf> .
— i > — RT prrosjoro.
OUT002
.?M SONIC
C1NTIKUOUS
It/ ft/78
11. ft HOimS CiMT
DEPTH = 30 M
LAYFP
1 iV'U.-'T !f.<"'- •> |.' HCTS
1 0 1 ^F
I v A n
V, 1 S.-.FII.
W T'TF^FF^ftiri'Fi
TT'F PFP
I^.O 0
11.0 "5
1 .- . -1 IS
tr.o ">
' o
•"TIO'I I'FlGlIT PFRlOn
n '>Fr.r< ».:. "Crs
-•Vry ; a..- f-Fr,i; C. *iA >r>-|FTPIC PR. =1019. 2MB |
TF-'-' c./.| «ilG-T OxY
7.c>?\ . . 9.1 ft
7.rTA . . ' 9.44.
M \MOAf .'0
TF «r '.AI SIO.-T n-.:Y
7.'>? . 0 . <«.lf.
'..•»!« .0 . 0.37
•».>-'. . 0 . 6.9")
PC4 NH3
4.97 0'».7
0.39 Ol.|
1.04 05.4
SP VOL
NO? »;o 3 nO SIO
0..-") . 22.
0.?7 00. n i)44.6 6.
O./,? 00. *> 769.6 17.
O.*:B 1.6 ',30.4 64.
OFL 0
PH TALK
Table 3. Dissolved oxygen and nutrient data: DUT-02
-------
ll/ 6/71}
I.STIT
,nc , v, ,,.SM
l-OlfilT '-Jc -\T-lE' C.'Vit
1
1
t
1
1
I
1
n T.in
V IS 1 '•*
:•; \--.r-.
fiFA
V-FI i.
TF'i!^F"
1 1 1 f .
11.6
1 1 .'.
TVPr^ i I —
1. It* ' C > —
m';r.rTi'V
15 _ !•)«, ngr.
n»:;F''T|!V!
0 - i) r»F.f
^AT'l'ir
5 7.(.OA i
1 ^
30
l.i>C.SlTI!rE = lf>6 ^O.BM
1 •» .11 tll^UK^ (-in 1
SONIC DEPTH = -)t, M
I'. |X?» AI'O Ir-OICATPS COMT INUOUI LAYFP
-•K>T f.-Er(iFD?D
vOT r.f-CO^OFD*
-fir>T FE.fn'?DcP
•c.pFcn
T in KiiOTs
• •EIGHT PFRIOri
p ii. ->Ers
» ''. ^ErS
7.? rEr.p r. pA-.nMFT"ic PR. =ioiB.iim i
rEf.f C. TRAN'-.pf.PCVCY
oBsEnvro
C.M SIC.-T OxY PO^
00.7 I7e.<. 40.
T.T.
CM
SIC— T
9. I
SP VOL DEL 0
TALK
Table 4. Dissolved oxygen and nutrient data: DUT-00
-------
*r r.< ii««: ?M mi'
I.ATIT 'OF - ,«> '. •".«,.
1 -fit 61 T V^AT 'Fr> TO
Cl .1.10 TvPf CM
fl :» D A"0 1'iT 1
Vlfililll IT- - — 1 M
I :>• - - • K,
rriiTiv!- •5T\Tlo»f "JO. $•>.
0!| 1 rilirlTlTF. = Ift6 -><.
!)E lr. |X?> A»!0 I^•0|C^TF5
'.T^ATOnjvUl US
71 ---77*
••.rF>"ll
nf! r- Ir /'40TC,
H^I.OOl H7 677R
I'j.O HOI IPS C.MT
.0* SONIC OFPTH = ftO "
CONTINUOUS LAYFR
1
1 ^|i?E"T»TI 'iFiGMT PPRIO^ I
| TFM^F'AT!«.-PS -nr-Y
1 - I'7T
TIMP r>rp f<:r.'>
"•.0 0 6.«*"»n
3.? r> 6.'. ir
?Io in »!>?•>
3.0 7O 5.0M\
^S ^,"
1^0 *-.. 3h
30 i'/.iyi
SO 5.r-7
= ?. p. rF:^r; C. r/^o-'FT^ir. P". =1017.|MR !
= fF'-.r C. iKAM^PAt'-.t'CY = M 1
SH SIP-1 OXY
?".?»*. ??.V, 9. Of,
3?.? lO r'-.Sl 9.01
•»rl><--i '-'^1*'; f>!3i
1?.r-59 7--.F.1 7.4'
'•'t, Sjr,-T OXYr
•»?!'/•.?. ?'"-l37 9lo?
3?IV-.«i ?Kl5fi 7!e«>
PO4 NH3 MO? NO3 "lO SI03 PH
0,.?9 02.6 0.?9 I tit T20.6 1Q.
O.'iS 01.8 0.17 00.0 111.6 15.
O.A4 02.6 O.Ti 00. P 793.7 13.
rt."! 03.6 0.39 6.1 t07.6 23.
l.in 06.2 O.'i? 13.? 786.6 38.
SP VOL DF.L ^
AC'S. 07 .000
?'57tol ln/./i
25A.7I ."?><»
2A?.29 .131
TALK
Table 5. Dissolved oxygen and nutrient data: HEL-1
-------
rif|=.F '«>| fMSSFOlTiV: ^TNTIO'i MO. 61, HFL002
f'T'inr - 5 \ "'.'..Ml I r-v.r.ITI'PE = t'<> 13.*H SOH1C DFPTH =
ll/ r.,/7n
17.7 linuns r,HT
14 ;i
1-niGIT HrftT'tE:? CO^F 1r. |X7| r-rp |t!OICAT'-S CONTINUOUS LAYFP
fin1 o TYP(- c.) r.TnATOrii'-Ui Hi
Cl O.n AMO'l'iT l->.l P/fi
I'.S _ I7/,
c.F
S/
rr
')
A |
Ft 1.
•••~f fOT.I
• ;Fr
A r, —
-
->•<;
TITI
1 7^ nflr'
nr.c-
-•iPY =
- 1" T -
• if IGI'T
11 n.? it.
0 v.
•'.!•. r-Ff.r
PFP|O'-.
FiF. CS
r.frS
C. "Ar-O'TTPIC "P. =1015.6MR
1
1
1
1
1
T 1 v f
15.0
jr. n
7.<,f|a
K
;.f| 51°~T
' I o 16 ? •: 11 '•
O'Y P.T. NH3 HO? MOT 'iO SI03 PH
S.n O.«,a 01.1 0..?5 00.9 796.4 18. ,
10.1- 0.1Z 01.1 O.Z1 00.3 009.8 9.
TALK
MAMf-Ai
OXY
8.31
VOL
Table 6. Dissolved oxygen and nutrient data: HEL-2
-------
no.
IPF =
l-^i:.«T VJto nT — (^»
DEPTH =
(X?» f.HO l»DtCATrS CONTIGUOUS LAYF.R
,rr
S-'F.t 1.
Tp..-..-,
"V.li'TI vi
' o - n IIP/,"
-.irr =
•-I Eni
?r K^OT<
! if 1 fi! !T
**' *
* . »
O S10
O.f.S O5.1 O.?l 00.5 771.<• 12.
n.Bi 06.0 0.2?i 01.^ 792.0 1*1.
103 PH TALK
VOL DFL D
Table 7. Dissolved oxygen and nutrient data: 3E
-------
oo
sr. .'M rv'VriiT|\/.. «,T/>T|O" tlO. 7j, MEI.O3A 12/ C,/7fl
0.3 1101 IP.S '-.M
MIT i^l - 51 •n.'i'l I'.M'lTimr = U-A ?3.?'< SONIC DFPTH = An v
Oirm (J-AT T-.1 OOF Is IX' » Af-'O iNOICATrS PAIM
.
n o o A -n TIT — «i> — •/? TOTAI
'/IM'UI IT' --- in --- |0-?r. irn
!•»•?• C-'TI-TI
\..rf _ )7/,
prr>ior.
l L - ;»ERP f
in.r. "EnR c. r«A-;
rFr.r.1 c. TnAri«p\prNCv = M I
'08SEPVFD
M «£ DFP TFMD VI SIG-T OXY P04 NH3 tn? N03 lO 5103 PH TALK
l"<.3 O 7.77T 30.^'i2 ?3.6? 9.A7 0.25 01.n 0.?3 O0.4 H49.I 13. . .
II.? 5 7.I5A 10.7<0 ?l.H ">.<•? 0.3«5 00.7 0.?3 00.4 773.2 13. . .
I).3 |5 /-..ISA '?.?'>» ?^,4«: 8.6| 1.50 05.4 0.31 O3.5 (iOO.2 19. . .
19.3 ?7 5.?0ft 3?.4-I ??.6« 7.Z-, 1.02 09.0 0.43 10.9 ^44.5 32.
OFP Tl••-,"» Sft) Sld-T OXY SP VOL OFL 0
0 T.77 ?C.r--'? ?3.BO 9.A? 102.flA .000
10 >>.<.7 11.5'C ?<>.7? 8.6"> 3IT.?8
7O 5.V. •>,?."P. P^.Sl n.2> 244.96
Table 8. Dissolved oxygen and nutrient data: HEL-3A
-------
.ir rr I|<^F ,>t,\ '••CIS^CIITIVF ^.TIVTION no. 7/.«
(AjlT'i'iF -- 51 «i3.?!i 1 <>!>!( ITITF = If.* •><•
|-->|."IT ;ir\T IF" rnF !«• It?) ri'l> H'OlCATrS
Ci 0'.>r> T*Pr — - i ") - — f-MT rFrpnrFD ' .
ri 0:10 f.n CIT — ( ) — ' 1 ": - I •=..•. ^Er=- ' t 'TTs
1 O'^F-TIT-I HFI^'IT PFPIO:.
u, 1 -'.FA '1 - 0 ')F-'n '•.. ^F.rS
vo I s.^ii. - i^rr.f i:. '.FrS
1 TFMT?AT'.|-»Cr, -K-Y = |r-.'. PFr.r C. ?A1OiFl
1 - II'T = I'F.fiK C. TmM<~.P
T|«;r r>pn Tfip SM f,lf-T OXY
> f o 7.i4ri ?n.^-'.n ?4.«r 9,47
> 1 15 l>Isn l?!:lr4 ?iiIs^ 7l77
? P 30 5.?3^ T^.A-'S ?^.7f: 7.4fi
? a /,0 fi.OfiA 12. ^'2 2^«8? 7.3?
OFP T^MP S/-I --.ir-T OXY
0 7.14 '10.''">0 ?4.?f 9.4?
10 ?.77 3?.'IO9 ?">.5n (!.?•
70 5.3<- •>.?.°'-4 ?r..6l 7.5"»
30 S.^S 1?.'-:'5 ?r-.7il 7.4'-
»IFL 03
?'J f.O'UC
n«riMtious
rr|C op. =|(
\P = MCY =
P-H NH3
0.24 02.2
O.7| 03.3
1.10 O6.5
1.16 04.0
1.30 05.4
SP VOL
366.95
2*»0 • 7*ii
233.9s
23O.79
12/ 6/7fl
nn i-ini i^ r /~MT
.11 r ' I' ';• i {i^t 1
DEPTH - 4-V M
LAYFR
)on.oivi i
f 1
NO? H03 MO
0.?4 O0.6 n4ft.4
0.10 02.5 -UO.B
0.31) 07. 1 764.8
0.4? 11.2 766.9
0.42 13.4 774.1
DEL r>
.Ooo
.0?)
I07<5
-
fir
25.
32.
30.
PH TALK
Table 9. Dissolved oxygen and nutrient data: IIEL-3
-------
o>
o
\r r;t,i|c.^ -M rrriiTiv" tThTiOn no. 7p, MEL 07 12/ f./~»n
in.B nouns r.MT
I \TU I"'-17 = M •>•».*>« I I •->l-''.lT(ll'E = \t'> ->5.P'-I SOH 1C RFPTIt s OP. M
l-.~.|r,iT \.'.-AT"": • CO-Mr I'. iXII ft'O U.O'CfTFS P*"TLV CLOUOY
n n IP rvp'- — i i —'"IT
ri n-.ir> /V.-«MIIT — « » —•
•'ISIKM.IT- I ) ••O-.
'."•""•r'TI vi
l|-T> ?l« - V, Or*".'* lr- tfMf
I>7"E''TlilM MflGliT
•:,r..\ ?lc> - ??'» Vi-r,'.* f^.1 11.
r -.KI L - rr^;;' ••. sErs
IFv"R^AT'llCS -TV = '.o "Er." C. n.A?0:-.F.TRIC PH. =1009.
-i=T = ^rr.fl C. TP'II^P.'.Pe.MCY = M
I
n.o
p.O
PFP
0
15
10
D'-P
r»
T>
'•13
•VP.
If-T
OVY P14 NHS MO? NO1 NO ,..„
9.11 O.57 02.9 O.'*? . 19.
9.0". 0.5n 02.6 O.V» 01.7 «26.0 17.
».<•'. 0.72 0<,.7 O.J7 . ?0.
7.?". l.«0 Ofl.O 0.3?
>.
-------
->f,t
MO.
I. MITlOF =
r.c..-»! I pr.>r.lTHr-E =
i-niriiT IIFATME-. rnnp. i*. ixi) AKO
Cl nilO TYPr - — (71 --- sT:-ATl|c.
nri'io A"0 INT — IM — •/"
VISIRII.IT.' - — (M --- |n-?( KM
'IF.L 06 I2
!•
.9'< SONIC OFPTM = 132 II
PARTLY CLOUDY
r«r-F.-Ti v: r.i Ff o
r>;3F-Tir.n :!tr|fiHT PrR I Ot:
s'.!FI L - OP'^ ill SErJ
Tr>'.">Fr.AT'|-'FS --•: Y = 1 .f *,E~-." C. nA:>n"F
1 :'f DFP
•;.-* 0
'* . 1 ?>
0 . H 1 *•
^ M ^0
•'•la 50
0.^ 75
r»CI>
0
13
20
TO
r.n
7V.
100
I
|
TPIC PR. =1009. o«n 1
- rt - r-fC-.P. C. TRAW.PAP :('CY = V \
T17"^ SM SU.-f nyy
6.!;AA M.f|<.3 ?f.O'. 9.3l
* • • I* * -
iil^A VI^'H 7^'lio 6l97
<,.71A W. 7,1 70.9-1 6.6*,
TF.JO c/,! sif.-T OVY
'>!?;'' -.iloc? ?5lic; slfi^
sl/ii liplAA1; p^Ifr'. 7l74
<•.?]> 32. Ml ?S.fl<. 7.23
'•177 3?l7^3 2r'*9i- <-l7r,
P0«i NH3 MO? N03 f>0 SI03 PH TALK
^>.2H 01.6 0.^1 13.
f.2B 02.6 0.1? l
.?:>3.77 .ono
Ifellil losis
? 3o * 1 1 Oil
217.42 .126
212.33 . IRO
207.78 ,?12
Table 11. Dissolved oxygen and nutrient data: HEL-6
-------
N)
\r n> list ?t
.1 r ,..;SR
rilTlwr c.T\TIOn MO. 91.
lATIT.I^F rr 5\ ':•?..?'! |-i*irlTI'n'E = \l.t> }4
1-oiGiT virU'iF-> rtnE i<; ixri ton IMMCATFS
n n 13 Tvp1" — '~f
c.r A o
S -'f 1 L
Tr,.,.r,^T!| -ft
1 • • S *?
15. A 10
lr..N '.0
1 ** . 4 *^O
i r- . <• >io
•)FF>
n
10
?o
if)
50
75
I-II 'I
- 'K nf
:-T< -1
0 O1
i - >;~Y =
- :"T »
J|- a
ft.-i/iT
6 • I '• \
".."•IT
A. >>C
Tf!>
6.?'.
t.K
S.*'!
«!>.=>
TFrit
:™ 'r.rnTs
V'FlfiHT PFRlOn
" *\1t I'. SECS
T.r i;. sErS
in." rEr." C. nAi>0 •«£
rf-if C. TPAIK.P
S»l r ^-Jfi^-T, OxY
^?«?**fl ?-t^^ R«PI
1?.',?2 ?K.7l 6.6">
??.*^r- ?^.7ft t.li
ITAHOAPD
?.»! SIC-T OXY
^l.Rr. 5 7^.0| 9.^''
3?.?7ft ?*>.^^ 8 • 9 1
I?!4!? 75.61 7.6P
37l«?9 ?-'l7»! 6lll
H^L O', |3/ 6/73
/. 7 IIHl IDQ *~MT
*r» f *l''llKr) I'lili
.A'l SOfllC OF^TH = 95 '•
CONTINUOUS LAY^R
me i>«. =ioos.
^PENf.Y =
1
1
I
1
irn I
M |
POA NH3 MO? H03 MO
1.13 02.2 0.31
0.^6 03.3 0.
7.00 0<,.2 0.
2.?0 09.0. 0.
?.60 09. *, 0.
5P VOL DEL
2Q£i » ? 7
256.31
237.32
730. 1A
724.62
223. H2
47
'.^ 14. « 724.2
44 in. I 704.4
47 19.0 714.7
r>
.oon
.070
.OS7
.mis
.I'l
.177
5103
IB.
35.
35.
45.
PH TALK
Table 12. Dissolved oxygen and nutrient data: HEL-4
-------
3G 3E3BF HEL-3
HEL-7
6A HEL-6
J 20
x
40
UJ
O
60
80
4A
HEL-4
HEL-3A
HEU-2
HEL-1
20
40
60
OUT
02
DUTCH HARBOR
00 OA OB
STATION NUMBER
Figure 34. Longitudinal oxygen profiles.
05
63
-------
P04 • P M9 at/J
20
40
60
80
100
120
3G 3E3BF HEL-3
HEL-7
6A HEL-6
J 20
£ 40
u
Q .
60
80
4A HEL-4
HEL-3A
HEL-2
HEL-1
20
40
60
3 _ IUUL1UK8A
OUT
02
DUTCH HARBOR
00 OA 08
STATION NUMBER
Figure 35. Longitudinal phosphate profiles.
05
64
-------
20
40
60
80
100
120
3G 3E38F HEL-3
HEL-T
6A HEL-6
HEL-4
HEL-3A
HEL-2
HEL-1
02
DUTCH HARBOR
00
OA OB
STATION NUMBER
Figure 36. Longitudinal ammonia profiles.
65
-------
N02 - N
20
40
60
80
100
120
3G 3E3BF HEL-3
HE157
6A HEL-6
I 20
z
60
80
4A
HEL-4
HEL-3A
HEL-2
HEL-1
20
40
60
OUT
02
00 OA OB
STATION NUMBER
DUTCH HARBOR
Figure 37. Longitudinal nitrite profiles.
05
66
-------
N03-N
20
40
60
80
100
120
3Q 3E3BF HEL-3
HEL-7 * 6A HEL-6
Z
£
Q
20
60
80
4A HEL-4
HEL-3A HEL-2
HEL-1
20
40
60
^V IUUL.IUKOAY
OUT
t t
02
DUTCH HARBOR
00 OA OB
STATION NUMBER
Figure 38. Longitudinal nitrate profiles.
OS
67
-------
NO
20
40
60
80
100 i
120!
3G 3E3BF HEL-3
HEL-7
HEL-6
4A
HEL-3A
HEL-2
HEL-1
20
40
60
OUT
02
DUTCH HARBOR
-00 OA OB
STATION NUMBER
Figure 39. Longitudinal NO profiles.
OS
68
-------
Sio3 - Si
3G 3E3BF HEL-3
HEL-7
HEL-6
20
40
60
80
4A
HEL-4
HEL-3A
20
40
60
OUT
HEL-2
02
DUTCH HARBOR
00
OA 08
STATION NUMBER
Figure 40. Longitudinal silicate profiles.
HEL-1
05
69
-------
above) for dissolved oxygen, phosphate, the inorganic nitrogen, species,
computed NO and silicate respectively. Individual vertical station profiles
are given as Figures 41-51. Sulfide analysis data are given as Table 13.
The principal sedimentological characteristics of the surficial sedi-
ments are listed in Tables 14 and 15. Figures 52 and 53 show the distributions
of the (graphic) grain size means and the sorting indices (graphic standard
deviations). Recent total organic carbon sediment contents are given in Figure
54.
DISCUSSION
Hydrography
In spite of the paucity of coverage certain hydrographic features are
readily apparent. Figure 32 shows the water densities at this time of year
to be well stratified: < 24 at the surface to > 26 at 120 m on the shelf, and
lower surface densities, as would be expected, at the surface in the inlets.
It is apparent also that the two restricted basins - Dutch Harbor and Captains
Bay - are not in free exchange with adjacent shelf waters. Bottom waters
within these basins are colder, and hence denser, than at corresponding shelf
depths. Other factors being equal, it would be expected that summer surface
stratification would maintain the apparent isolation of these basin waters,
and this appears to be the case. In October 1977 - i.e. towards the end of
the summer period - Colonell and Reeburgh (1978) have shown densities at 30 m
at DUT-00 and HEL-1 to be 25.79 and 25.21 respectively; the corresponding
June difference from the data presented here is 0.28. These values are cited
here only as a rough guide since this is a dynamic nearshore environment and
the profiles given have not been time averaged for tidal effects etc. Figure
33, for example, illustrates temperature and salinity profiles at two of these
stations taken on different days and at different times and is illustrative
of the sort of variation expected in the surface waters. Nevertheless from
the little evidence presently available to us, it seems probable that the
bottom waters of these basins are not advectively renewed through the summer.
Colonell and Reeburgh (op ait) have noted that the prevailing summer winds
here are northerly so that upwelling of denser water would not be expected at
*Note: Continuation of text on page 88
70
-------
STA.DUT 080
0 —
D
E 50 —
P
T
H
1 N»Q
0
0
fcd
|
0
1
0
1
0
10 20
i i i i 1 i i i i 1 i
1
1 i 1 1 1 1 i 1
^A^A;^ii-*r*. _
x •-=—"' — —
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
10 20
1
20
1
20
30
1 J L_J L L
2
1 I . j_ 1 .
' ' _-*X
• ^i --
" i r i y~r r
30
] 1
40
— T" r
40
40
. . 1
^X— — — — — —— X
1 ' 1^ +
40
60
• • • i m
60
x AMMONIA
«PHOS
SILICATE
* NITRITE
— NITRATE
CONCENTRATION CUM/LITER)
Figure 41. Vertical nutrient profiles: DUT-00.
-------
STA. OUT 001
0 —
D I
E 50 —
P
r
H
M:100 —
tCfit
b«J
0 5 10 15
) i i l l 1 i i i i 1 i i i i 1 li
0123
1 i i i i 1 i i i i 1 i i i i 1 i t
'WScr-Jlb- -^-
| i i i i | i i i i j i r i
0 10 20
i ' i ' r '
0.0 0.2 0.4
| 1 1 1 1 | 1 1 1 1 | 1 1 1 1 | ! 1
0 5 10 15
20
i i 1
x — x
4
_L_U
O D
' 1* *
30 *
1 A - A
0.6
i i JQ a
20
-x AMMONIA
PHOS
SILICATE
-a NITRATE
CONCENTRATION CUM/LITER}
Figure 42. Vertical nutrient profiles: DUT-01A.
-------
STA. DUT. 002
0- •!
D I
E 50 —
P
T
H
0 20
L_ . i.... 1 ..l
0 2
J-J A y ^
ISfe-il^
I ' 1 ' 1
0 20 40
1 r--r-i---r
024
rr-r-T-i-j-r-T-r-
0 10
40 60
1 _J. J
4 e"*"" " "
J. .1... _J
e *
60 80
6 8
i"T r-r-T" r-]Q ,
20 30
—K AMMONIA
PHOS
SILICATE
-^NITRITE
-a NITRATE
CONCENTRATION CUM/LITER}
Figure 43. Vertical nutrient profiles: DUT-02.
-------
0.0
STA. HEL 001
2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0
J.l...i..,.l.LJ_UL.i_J.UljJ
0 —
D I
E 50 —
P —
T
H
M100-
1C"Q . ,
oW
0
|
>
1 '
0
| 1
0
I
0
_ „...,_.._ ..._.„* _^x x AMMONIA
r*. . «. Ol IOO
4f>-^oc-'x >-'* BPMOS
•'v \ •» " * » »
l\ \ X' ---
1 \ \ ^, ^,,
1 • • X *
1 II 1 A-__---~~_-A CTI Tf^ATIT
10 20 30 40 * SILICATE
I'll 4. ....__„« MTTDTTP
1 2 3.4 -*NITRITC
I J I | i j i j. —NITRATE
20 40 60 80
CONCENTRATION CUM/LITER)
Figure 44. Vertical nutrient profiles: HEL-1.
-------
01
0.0
0
STA. HEL 802
0.5 1.0 1.5
J_.J. .1._..•[_ t..j__j_..L —L-.U -1 —L_ J I
246
._J-_l.~.-.-l 1 I I
^f _J — , ^^ ^_ — ^ ^^^
0—1
D
E 50 —
P
T
H
150
f-r-r-n-p
0 10 20
T~r~r T r i r
p-T-r r j
0.0 0.1
|~n~TTT'"|'T~l
0 1
30
i T i~p -n
0.2 0.3
r ' r vr ~i "I~T
40
~r~|
0.4~
>< AMMONIA
«PHOS
-* SILICATE
•* NITRITE
- NITRATE
2 3
CONCENTRATION CUM/LITER>
4
Figure 45. Vertical nutrient profiles: HEL-2.
-------
0
STA. HEL 0O3
0—
D I
E 50 —
P
T
H
M}00 —
1 bO
0
1 1
0
I
«. *—
V
I
J
0
1
0.0
1 '
0
5 10 15 20
1 1 1 I 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 I ±m; ±i-i-i
~ A «x x AMMONIA
£ 4 D
1 1 1 1 ill
J . , ,. « Dune
.VL •*•».. *_^____^ • • rMUo
X \ x-^"^ *^-* i
1 : ....... : ,-
1 li 1 AJ-------_-A CTI Tf^ATP
i 1,1 i *•* ~~* O±I_J.UA 1 t
, 20, , 40 i 60)
_ __., , . _ , . 1 ,. . _ .__.. ' . . • I 1 1 1 ' • 1
1 1 ' 1 1,1 1 • IJ M , 1 ,
1 I 1 1 ^,.'.,1 _.._* MTTt?TTF"
t* *> at A tx ft "* NJ.IKJ.lt
0,2. , .. . 0.4 , . i i0.. 3 .. ... |,ji ;i ,,,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^ . NITRATE
25 50 .75. .. 100
, i-; i . i i • i •• i •.•!. i i i i. I-.' >
CONCENTRATION CUM/LITER3
Figure 46. Vertical nutrient profiles: HEL-3.
-------
STA. HEL 03A
0 —
D I
E 50 —
P
T
H
• °0
0 10 20 30
1 L-L.J- 1 ._.!.. L _J L-J- A_J-_I_ J l_ 1
024 6
1 L L 1 .....I _ -L 1
V*^ *-. ' ^ "~
1 ' 1 ' ' |, •' ' U___
0 20 40 60
1 : i | " 1 r |i r -' .r T- ~~~T\~I 1 : I
0.0 0.2 0.4' 0 . &
x AMMONIA
«PHOS
*CTI Tf^ATIT
O-LI — LUA 1 tt.
— -*.- KITTOTTB"
* NiL I'KJi I'lL
pr~T~i~i"~|~r"i~r~T j i T I, r | r T T-I~JJ,
0 25 50 75 100
CONCENTRATION- CUM/lLITER->
-N31TRATE
Figure 47. Vertical nutrient profiles: HEL-3A.
-------
do
0
LL
0.00
STA. 03E
5 10 15
. L..I- _L -I.-.I.- J. _l. J -1-.1 -J I I
0.25 0.50 0.75 1.
'-*
D
E 50 —
P
T
H
00 —
150 • j i T —i i—j -j~ r ~ir~"p~T~T i i j
0 10 20 30
-n~ f ~r r T i~j~T~r r i-| -i"i.
.
i
0.0
0. 1
0.2 0.3 0.4
........ J......,,--^^
0 24 6.
CONCENTRATION CUM/LITER>
-x AMMONIA
-•PHOS
-* SILICATE
•*. NITRITE
-.NITRATE
Figure 48. Vertical nutrient profiles: 3E.
-------
STA. HEL 004
0 5 10
I L.J—J.-.L _l_.-l_ _i_.J_ J J ....L -I _..!
15
0—|
--
_
__
D
E 50 —
P
T
H
i 00 ~~~
tCTQ _—
oto '
1 1 1 1 1 *_.-!_ -A 1—.4 J ....!_. _l _.J 1 1 AlwlMr>KITA
0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10/0" x AMMONIA
1 1 i i 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 i i 1 i i i i 1
„ „ r>| in**
I a >t *--_ *• rrlUo
>x!\ ^'^ ~~~~~~* ^"^
^. ^ ^^. ' *
A^ "^x Jk f
\\ N ^%> \
\\ - \ \>
\ x« \\
i \ ^ \\
Ik k *V
1 II 1 -t- ------- --- t <5TI TPATP
0 20 40 60
I i i i i | i
0'0 0.2 0!4 e!e NITRITE
pn""1"'"!"1 r r'-[~« T-r i i-ri-i-r-j, NITRATE
0 25 50 75 100
CONCENTRATION CUM/LITER!)
Figure 49. Vertical nutrient profiles: HEL-4.
-------
OO
o
STA. HEL 006
10 20 30
-L.J- J _1-J. J..J.J...I...U. L..1 J..I_J .
5 10 15
l.l. J-_L L I -1.1 L J-l
40
\
x AMMONIA
* SILICATE
—* NITRITE
— NITRATE
CONCENTRATION CUM/LITER}
Figure 50. Vertical nutrient profiles: HKL.-6.
-------
STA. HEL 007
5 10 15 20
I I i_l..|..|.J...t_l._j. J_t _l_J.-U_J_J
4 6
J I I
x x AMMONIA
\
~n*.
40
Tiry i i i-i"T~n~n j ~i~r
0 10 20 30
| i i r~r i i"rT"rT"T V r r [~n
0.0 0.1 0.2 I 0.3 0.4
I i i i i -j- i n r i-]- H~r T | -T-T-T~r~j ^
0 25 50 75 100
CONCENTRATION CUM/LITER)
-* SILICATE
•* NITRITE
- NITRATE
Figure 51. Vertical nutrient profiles: HEL-7.
-------
TABLE 13. WATER COLUMN CHEMISTRY: TOTAL SOLUBLE SULFIDE
CONCENTRATION (yg at/i)
Station No.
OUT 00
HEL 1
3H
3AG
3G
3BF
3DE
HEL 4
Sample Depth (m)
271
34
67
80
29
34
35
38
24
31
51
58
21
26
95
Sulfide
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.4
12.4
0.0
samples taken on station; ship not anchored at station.
82
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TABLE 14. SEDIMENT GRAIN SIZE PARAMETERS
Station
DOT OA
DUT OB
DOT 02A
1A
HEL 3
HEL 3A
3B
3AG
3BF
3C1
3DE
3E
3G
3H
31
HEL 6
Depth
(m)
29
22
28
46
49
40
51
38
58
48
26
16
31
34
32
132
% Sanda
(weight)
27.3
99.0
23.7
95.7
70.4
88.8
70.3
51.6
36.2
85.7
80.2
72.3
52.8
17.1
89.5
13.2
% Mud
(weight)
72.7
1.0
76.3
4.3
29.6
11.2
29.7
48.4
63.3
14.3
19.8
27.7
47.2
82.9
10.5
86.3
Meanb
(40
6.2
2.8
7.3
2.2
3.5
2.9
4.0
4.4
6.0
2.9
3.1
3.7
5.0
6.6
2.9
6.3
Standard
Deviation
(40
3.2
0.4
3.8
0.8
2.4
1.7
2.5
2.0
3.2
1.7
2.2
2.6
2.9
3.2
0.9
2.8
Skewness
+0.58
+0.06
+0.12
-0.07
+0.44
+0.36
+0.65
+0.67
+0.56
+0.29
+0.43
+0.65
+0.71
+0.41
+0.12
+0.60
a - sand < 1 mm; see text
b - graphic mean ^
c - graphic standard deviation Oj
d - inclusive graphic skewness Sic..
83
-------
TABLE 15. SEDIMENT TEXTURE
Station
Sorting
Skewness
DUT OA
OUT OB
DUT 02A
1A
HEL 3
HEL 3A
3B
3AG
3BF
3C1
3DE
3E
3G
3H
31
HEL 6
very poorly sorted
well sorted
very poorly sorted
moderately sorted
very poorly sorted
poorly sorted
very poorly sorted
poorly sorted
very poorly sorted
poorly sorted
very poorly sorted
very poorly sorted
very poorly sorted
very poorly sorted
moderately sorted
very poorly sorted
strongly fine skewed
near symmetrical
fine skewed
near symmetrical
strongly fine skewed
strongly fine skewed
strongly fine skewed
strongly fine skewed
strongly fine skewed
fine skewed
strongly fine skewed
strongly fine skewed
strongly fine skewed
strongly fine skewed
fine skewed
strongly fine skewed
84
-------
00
en
U'ttf
SI* W
Figure 52. Grain size mean distributions of surficial sediments < 1mm (0).
-------
00
IM'lf
Figure 53. Grain size standard deviation (sorting) distributions of surflcial
sediments < 1mm (0).
-------
!«*]<•
a'ta
Figure 54. Organic carbon contents of surficial sediment (%).
-------
this time. (The effects of tidal mixing are totally unknown.) No winter
observations are presently available so the sequence of post-summer flushing
events is not known.
Water Chemistry
At this time of year (June), oxygen values at the bottom of Captains
Bay are somewhat lower than on the corresponding shelf, but not markedly
so. Within Dutch Harbor proper, bottom oxygen is < 5 ml/2,. At this level
benthic epifauna and pelagic organisms should not be adversely affected,
neither should nitrate reduction occur in the column. However as oxygen
consumption continues through the summer without basin water replenishment,
near bottom anoxic conditions result: Colonell and Reeburgh (op ait)
demonstrate this for the previous October. It should not be an impossible
task to compute an order of magnitude carbon mass balance model, assuming
stagnant conditions, to determine the relative importance of dumped carbon
waste to natural run-off and column productivity in this scheme, but such
data are not available to us at present.
Given the June oxygen distributions, there was no likelihood of other
than a localized occurrence of water column sulfide, and such proved to be
the case. The stations at which analyses for dissolved sulfide were made
are shown in Table 13. Sulfide was present at one station only: 30E
showed 12.4 ug at/& at 26 m and 4.4 ug at/4 five meters higher. (Fig. 55 is
intended to show the approximate locations of this station in relation to the
other parameters presented, but the represented bottom configuration is, as
noted above, somewhat misleading here and the station is not quite on the
profile line;) This locality is adjacent to a major processing waste outfall
site (Universal Seafood Outfall). Although clearly an isolated phenomenon,
such anoxia demonstrates that the carbon waste here is not rapidly dispersed
and that mixing is slow in relation to the rate of production and release
of sulfide at the sediment surface.
NO -N is depleted at the surface through this area and is, in fact,
essentially absent at the surface of Dutch Harbor. At the time of year sampled
(June) it may be assumed that the spring bloom has come and gone. Decomposi-
tion products are present at depth but the marked gradients in all the ni-
trogen species well demonstrate the stable stratification of the water. The
88
-------
SULFI06
20
40
60
30
100
120
30E
UNALASKA BAY
3G 3E3BF HEL-3
HEL-7
6A HEL-6
I 20
I 40
60
80
4A
HEL4
HEL-3A
HEL-2
HEL-1
20
40
60
IUULIUK BAY
'f7777777T777777T.
OUT
02
DUTCH HARBOR
00
OA 08
STATION NUMBER
Figure 55. Longitudinal sulfide distribution.
89
-------
phosphate and ammonia distributions shown in Figures 35 and 36 are of some
interest. As in all shallow water, high organic lead regions, it may be
presumed that major regeneration occurs at the sediment although, in general,
the site of decomposition makes no difference to the mass balance. Table 16
attempts to compare the relative distribution of inorganic nitrogen and
phosphate in the surface waters of "shelf stations" (HEL-1, -3, -6) and
adjacent to the bottom within Captains Bay and Dutch Harbor (see Figs. 43
and 49). Data from June 1967 (Brickell and Goering, 1970), October 1977
(Colonel! and Reeburgh, op ait") and from June 1978 (this study) are given.
A N/P ratio of around 16 conforms with the classic Redfield expression.
(We have combined ammonia, NO--N as being simple additive regeneration-
nitrification products.) The low ratio values for the near bottom waters
of Dutch Harbor may signify a better fit by an "anoxic model" having N/P
closer to 8 as advocated by Suess (1976). However we favor enhanced bottom
water concentrations of phosphate as signalling a significant flux from the
sediments which are anoxic to very close to the benthic boundary. This
phenomenon, basically related to the mobility of ferrous ions, has been
discussed by many people (e.g. Taft and Taylor, 1976). Regardless of the
nutrient sources these waters, once mixed back into the upper layers, nust
support considerable productivity. Given the overall dissolved oxygen con-
centrations at this time of year, the significant NO--N concentrations
(Fig. 37) may be taken as an intermediary nitrification product rather than
an indication of nitrate reduction in the column.
The June 1978 data for nutrients and oxygen are remarkably similar to
values obtained for June ten years earlier by Brickell and Goering (1970).
Changing seafood waste dispersal patterns over this decade are not known
to us in detail, but it seems likely that, within Dutch Harbor proper,
depletion of oxygen in the basin through the summer, leading to near-bottom
fall anoxic conditions, is a natural annual phenomenon. Needless to say, any
additional .anthropogenic organic loading must increase the oxygen consump-
tion rate and result in longer periods of anoxic water prior to the winter
flushing.
90
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TABLE 16. SUMMER DISTRIBUTION OF NUTRIENTS IN SURFACE SHELF WATERS
(STATIONS HEL-1, -3, and -6) AND BOTTOM BASIN WATERS
(STATIONS HEL-4 AND DUT-02)
Ug at/2,; oxygen: ml/2.
June 1967 (Brickell and Goering, 1968)
Station
Depth
NH,-N
N03-N
Total N
P04-P
N/P
Oxygen
B. October 1977
Station
Depth
NH3-N
N03-N
Total N
po4-p
N/P
Oxygen
(Colonell and Reeburgh, 1978)
HEL-1 HEL-6
Surface
1.2
12.5
14.1
1.2
12.0
-
Surface
1.5
13.0
14.9
1.2
12.1
-
HEL-4
Bottom
1.6
20.9
22.1
2.5
9.0
5.6
HEL-4
Bottom
4.5
35.8
40.6
3.3
12.3
2.5
DUT-02
Bottom
23.8
9.2
33.3
5.0
7.8
4.3
DUT-02
Bottom
20.0
1.0
21.1
6.0
3.5
^ 0
A. June 1978 (This study)
Station
Depth
NH3-N
N03-N
Total
po4-P
N/P
Oxygen
HEL-1
Surface
2.6
1.4
4.3
0.3
14.4
-
HEL-3
Surface
2.2
0.6
• 3.0
0.2
12.9
-
HEL-4
Bottom
9.4
19.0
28.9
2.6
11.1
6.1
DUT-02
Bottom
24.6
1.6
26.8
3.4
. 7.8
4.7
91
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Geology
Sediment from within the Dutch Harbor-Iliulluk Bay basin and also from
the floor of Unalaska Bay, is fine-grain (mean > 6 ; Fig. 52) and poorly
sorted (Fig. 53). Only small bottom currents would be expected at the
benthic boundary within the confined basins and the sediment character is
that of a "quiet" environment. We have insufficient information to con-
sider the near-bottom conditons in Unalaska Bay. On the shelf seaward of
Amaknak Island (Stations HEL-1 and DUT-OB), the sedimentology indicates
an active, "dynamic" environment. Here the grain-size mean falls in the
sand range (2.2-2.3 $); winnowing of the finer grained material has resulted
in a well-sorted and coarse grained sediment cover.
The sediment character within the Hog-Amaknak Island channel is more
complex. The shallowest portion is apparently subject to considerable
bottom current action and is sedimentologically akin to the northern
(seaward) shelf region. Stations 2A, 2B and 3J had rocky substrates which
could not be easily sampled using the van Veen grab. It was in this
region - in the vicinity of Station HEL-2 - that Colonell and Reeburgh
(1978) obtained direct, near-bottom current measurements over these periods
in September-October of 1977. The mean N-S Vector component range was
found to be -1.18 - 2.83 cm/sec at approximately 1.5 m above the channel
floor. Here negative velocities indicate currents from the south. These
authors have also shown that wind and current directions closely correlate
- i.e. that these currents are wind-dominated - and that the prevailing
winds are northerly. Station 31 - close to the shore of Amaknak Island -
also shows similar evidence of a dynamic environment: some 90% well-sorted,
sand-sized material.
The group of stations southward of this saddle between the two islands -
i.e. physiographically at the head of the Unalaska Bay indentation - have
a markedly different sediment character. Here finer grained, poorly sorted
sediment predominates and the organic carbon content is generally higher.
Processing waste is accumulating at the shore-side outfall sites and - as
noted in Section 8 - macroalgal debris appears to be accumulating in the
vicinity of Stations 3AG, 3H, 3BF and 3D.
92
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SECTION 6
BENTHIC BIOLOGICAL STUDIES
INTRODUCTION
The activities connected with seafood processing present potential
dangers to the marine environment (see Olson and Burgess, 1967, for gen-
eral discussion of marine pollution problems). Adverse effects to an
environment cannot be assessed, or even predicted, unless background
data are recorded prior to and during industrial operations.
Insufficient long-term information about an environment, and the
basic biology and recruitment of species in chat environment, can lead
to erroneous interpretations of changes in types and density of species
that might occur if the area becomes altered (see Nelson-Smith, 1973;
Pearson, 1971, 1972; Rosenberg 1973; Pearson and Rosenberg, 1976; Rhoads
et al., 1978 for general discussions on benthic biological investigations
in disturbed marine areas, also see Sect. 1 of the present report for
examples of useful environmental data). Populations of marine species
fluctuate over a time span of a few to 30 years (Lewis, 1970). Such
fluctuations are typically unexplainable because of the absence of long-
term data on physical and chemical environmental parameters in association
with biological information on the species involved (Lewis, 1970). Ad-
ditionally, the presence or absence of benthic species can be, in part,
determined by the nature of the substrate. Specifically, the close
relationships of benthic faunal assemblages to particular sediment
characteristics have been shown for some areas (Jones, 1950; Sanders,
19.58). Furthermore, the ability of larval forms of benthic species to
select or reject a substratum'on the basis of its physical and chemical
properties has been determined experimentally (Wilson, 1953). Thus,
changes in the substrate character may be reflected by changes in resident
fauna. However, such changes can only be properly interpreted if the
biota and associated substrata are investigated over a reasonable time
base prior to and after disturbance of the particular area (see Rosenberg,
1973 and Pearson, 1972, 1975, for examples of such an approach for moni-
toring areas affected by industrial activity).
93
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Benthic organisms (primarily the infauna but also sessile and slow-
moving epifauna) are particularly useful as indicator species for a
disturbed area because they tend to remain in place, typically react to
long-range environmental changes, and by their presence, generally re-
flect the nature of the substratum. Consequently, the organisms of the
infaunal benthos have frequently been chosen to monitor long-term pollu-
tion effects, and are believed to reflect the biological health of a
marine area (see Pearson, 1971, 1972, 1975; and Rosenberg, 1973 for dis-
cussion on long-term usage of benthic organisms for monitoring pollution).
Experience in marine benthic areas influenced by industrial activity
in England (Smith, 1968), Scotland (Pearson, 1972, 1975), Sweden
(Rosenberg, 1976), and California (Straughan, 1971) suggests that at the
completion of an initial exploratory study, selected stations should be
examined regularly on a long-term basis to determine any changes in
species content, diversity, abundance and biomass. Such long-term data
acquisition should make it possible to differentiate between normal
ecosystem variation and pollutant-induced biological alteration.
The benthic macrofauna of the southeastern Bering Sea shelf is
relatively well known taxonotaically, and some data on distribution, abun-
dance, and feeding mechanisms are available as well (Feder &t at., 1976;
Feder and Mueller, in press). The relationship of specific infaunal feeding
types to certain substrate conditions also has limited documentation
(Feder, unpub. OCSEAP data). However, detailed information on the temporal
and spatial variability of the benthic fauna is sparse. Most of the benthic
species in the vicinity of Dutch Harbor are the same as those reported by
Feder et a.1. (1976) for the inshore shelf areas of the southeastern Bering
Sea; thus, some comparisons are possible. Some of these species may be
affected by processing activities. Thus, a further understanding of these
species and their interactions with each other and various aspects of the
abiotic features of their environment is essential to the development of
environmental predictive capabilities for the Dutch Harbor area. The benthic
biological survey reported here emphasized a quantitative inventory of
species as part of a preliminary examination of the biological components of
the bottom likely to be impacted by processing operations.
94
-------
The investigation described in this report was designed (1) to
provide preliminary biological information for the nearshore inverte-
brate benthos in Dutch Harbor and vicinity in the summer, and in
association with hydrographic, water chemistry, and sedimentological
investigations, (2) to establish a base suitable for development of a
monitoring program in the area. The study examined the distribution
and relative density of both infaunal and slow-moving epifaunal species.
RESULTS
General
Thirty-two stations were occupied with a van Veen grab. The material
was returned to the University of Alaska where seventeen of the stations
were processed and used in the numerical analyses reported below. Quali-
tative data from all other stations were used for interpretation of
conditions in the study area. Twenty of the stations were monitored with
an underwater television camera. All data are compiled in Appendices A-D.
Analysis of Stations from Field and Television Observations (see Figs. 2, 4;
Appendices A-D for detailed data)
1. Dutch Harbor-Iliuliuk Bay: Stations DUT-00, DUT-OA, DUT-02, DUT-01A.
The sediment at these stations was fine, gray to black in color with
a strong sulfide odor noted. Few species were present; the polychaete
Nephtys aornuta was dominant at all stations. Station DUT-OA had four
species, DUT-02 had two species, DUT-00 had two species (only one
infaunal component), and DUT-01A had four species present. DUT-OA
was close to a sill (see Fig. 2); the sediment was lighter in color
and the sulfide odor was less noticeable than at the other three
stations.
2. Iliuliuk Harbor: Station 02A
The sediment was fine, light gray in color with a moderate sulfide
odor. Three species of polychaetes were present in low numbers.
3. Outer Dutch Harbor: Station DDT-OB
Located seaward of a sill. Sediment was clean sand; no organic
95
-------
odor detectable. Apparent burrowing activity of infauna visible as
mounds on bottom. Many species present including polychaetes,
clams, snails, amphipods, and sea urchins.
4. Stations Adjacent to Processing Plant Outfalls: 3E, 3DE, 3F, 3G,
3H, 3D, 3BF, 3AG, HEL-3A
The sample taken at Station 3£ (located directly over the Universal
Seafood outfall) was composed exclusively of processing wastes (pri-
marily crustacean carapace fragments) in various stages of decomposi-
invertebrates were present. At Station 3DE, located near the Universal
Seafood outfall, the bottom was also composed of decaying processing
wastes; (a strong sulfide odor was detectable. No living organisms
were present. The surface of the grab material at both of these
stations was covered with several centimeters of fresh processing
wastes layered over the major mass of old, blackened shellfish pro-
cessing wastes.
The sediment at Station 3F, off the Vita Outfall, was sandy and
clean with an organic odor; no sulfide odor detected. Polychaetous
annelids were common; a few protobranch clams were present. The
effluent was apparently discharging onshore through a break in the
pipe some 100-150 meters from the station.
Station 3G, off the Pan Alaska-Whitney Fidalgo outfall, was composed
of sandy, black sediment with a relatively strong sulfide odor. Small
polychaetes and a few species of clams were common. Shrimp, probably
Pandalus hypsinotus (coonstripe) were observed in the water column.
Station 3H - the bottom was primarily a black, sandy silt with a
strong sulfide odor. Decaying macroalgae were present in four of the
grabs; the fifth grab was sandy with no sulfide odor detectable.
Station 3D, approximately 300 m from the Universal outfall the tan
sediment had organic odor; no sulfide detectable in three of the
replicates. Two additional grabs had a minor sulfide odor, but fauna
present were similar to that found in the first three grabs.
Blackened plant material in latter two grabs. A snow crab (Chio-
noeaetes sp.) was collected in one of the grabs that had a sulfide
96
-------
odor. All grabs were filled with worm tubes; polychaetes were
common; also present were a few Macoma spp., several Nuoulcma
fossa (a protobranch clam), and several small snails.
Stations 3AG, 3BF, HEL-3A - Located in the trough between Hog and
Amaknak Islands approximately 250-350 m from the Universal Seafood
outfall. Sediment oxic with mild to strong organic odor; no sulfide
detectable. A variety of infaunal species present. Plant debris
found at 3AG and 3BF. Large numbers of shrimp (probably Pandalus
hypsinotus~) present at 3AG.
5. Stations Adjacent to or on the Shallow Substrate Between Hog and
Amaknak Island: 2A, 2B, HEL 2, 31
The bottom consisted of pebbles, gravel, and rock with occasional
presence of sand; epifaunal organisms were common on gravel and rocks.
Pandalid shrimps, Pandalus hypsinotus were common at Station 31.
Greatly increased number of species, both infaunal and epifaunal,
occurred at Station 31.
6. North of Hog and Amaknak Islands: Station 1A, HEL 1, HEL 6
The sediment at all of the stations was clean, generally with a mild
organic odor (no sulfide odor). A diverse and occasionally rich
fauna was collected at the three stations, and consisted of poly-
chaetes, clams, some snails, some brittle stars, and a few miscellaneous
species. No processing wastes were present.
7. Transect Across Unalaska Bay Extending from Area South of Hog Island
to Vicinity of Nateekin Bay: Stations 7A, HEL 7, 7B
The sediments were silty or sandy silt with variable amounts of
organic material present; terrestrial plant debris was abundant at
Station 7B. Polychaetes and clams were common at all stations on
the transect.
8. Captains Bay: Stations HEL 4 and 4A
Silty sediment with mild organic odor (no sulfide). Polychaetes
common; a. few clams noted. This station group is separated by a
sill from Iliuliuk Bay and Unalaska Bay. No processing wastes were
present.
97
-------
Numerical Analysis
A cluster analysis was run on data collected at the following
stations (Figs. 2, 4; see Appendix Tables A-D for species composition of
station groups):
OUT 00
DUT OA
OUT OB
3H
3C
DOT 01A
DUT 02
3BF
3B
3F
HEL 3
HEL 3A
HEL 7
3G
31
Stations HEL 3E and HEL 3DE were not included in the analysis, because
animals were not present at these stations. Station DUT 02A was also
excluded because only one grab was collected (Appendix C), and the data
could not be considered to be quantitative.
A normal cluster analysis using natural logarithm transformed data
delineated seven (7) station groups at the 43% similarity level (Fig. 56;
Table 17). Four of the "groups" formed, Station Groups 2, 5, 6, and 7,
were composed of single stations. An inverse cluster analysis delineated
41 species "groups at the 60% similarity level (Table 18). A two-way
coincidence table (Table 19) comparing the station groups formed by the
normal cluster analysis and species groups formed by an inverse cluster
analysis was utilized to determine the species which characterized each of
the station groups. Station Group 1 was composed of stations inside the
sill in Dutch Harbor (Fig. 4). Stations in Station Group 1 were charac-
terized by a polychaetous annelid of the family Nephtyidae, Nephtys
aovnuta; these stations had a very low species richness and diversity
(Table 20). Station Group 2 was composed of Station 3H located in Unalaska
Bay on the west shore of Amaknak Island. Nephtys cornuta was also the
dominant organism in this station and TTwx^jX sp., Prionospio malmgreni,
Axinopsida serricdta, were also common at this station. The diversity
and species richness in Station 3H was slightly higher than that of sta-
tions in Station Group 1. Station Group 3 was composed of 3 offshore
stations (3BF, 3C and HEL 7). These stations were characterized by Species
Groups 14 through 19, and Nephtys aornuta (Species Group 21). The
diversity, species richness and abundance of the fauna of stations in
this group (Group 3) was higher than that of Station Groups 1 and 2
*Note - text continued on page 108
98
-------
Station Groups Station Numbers
Gl
DUTOA
OUT 02
OUTDO
==,====»%*.
G3
G4
H£L3 -
.tiiL3A,-
. ZSET—.;
~0OTDir-
43% SIMILARITY LEVEL
Figure 56. Dendrogram produced by cluster analysis using In transformed
numbers of Individuals per m ,
-------
TABLE 17. STATION GROUPS FORMED BY CLUSTER ANALYSIS
OF In TRANSFORMED ABUNDANCE DATA
Station Station
Group Components Notes
1 DUT OA Very low diversity and species richness.
DUT 02 High dominance.
DUT 00 Characterized by Nephtys aornuta
DUT 01A
2 3H Slight increase in diversity and species
richness.
Characterized by Nephtys covnuta., Tharyx
sp., Prianospio malmgreni and Axinopsida
serviaata.
3 3BF Increased diversity and species richness
3C over the above Station Groups.
HEL 7 Characterized by Species Groups1 14-19, 21.
4 3B Continued increase in diversity and species
3F richness.
HEL 3 Characterized by Species Groups 19-26.
HEL 3A
5 3G Reduced diversity and species richness.
Characterized by Species Groups 19, 25, 26.
6 31 Highest diversity and species richness.
Characterized by Species Groups 15, 19-22,
28-34.
7 DUT OB Second highest diversity and species richness
of all of the stations occupied.
Characterized by Species Groups 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 8, 9, 10, 19.
1Based on In transformed data. See Table 19.
100
-------
TABLE 18. SPECIES GROUPS FORMED BY AN INVERSE CLUSTER ANALYSIS
OF In TRANSFORMED ABUNDANCE DATA (#/m2)
Species Group 1
Monoculodes sp.
Eahinarachnius parma
Besperonoe aonjplanata
Thraaia beringi
Retusa sp.
S-igalion sp.
Teltina lutea
Lyansia sp.
Thraoia sp.
Diplodonta ateutiaa
Species Group 2
Cvenetla dessicata
Allooentrotus fragilis
Psephidia lordi
Ampelisaa. macvoaephala
Sthsnelais sp.
Liwibrineris bicirrata.
Mysella sp.
Macoma moesta moesta
Opchomene sp.
Oenopota sp.
Spisula poiynyma
Hippomedon sp.
Paraphoxus sp.
Magelona longicornis
Cingiila sp.
Eudovellopsis deformis
Species Group 3
Nephtys ferruginea
Spisula sp.
Species Group 4
Solariella obseura
Species Group 5
Spiophanes bombyx
Species Group 6
Spiophanes oirvata
Prattillella praetermissa
(continued)
101
-------
TABLE 18 (continued)
Species Group 8
Tindaria sp.
Species Group 9
Samothoe imbrieata
Glyainde armigera
Solariella sp.
Species Group 10
Seoloplos fuliginosa
Prionospio sp.
Species Group 11
Golfingia. margaritacea
Clinooardium ciliatum
Species Group 12
Brada inlnab-itis
Terebellides stroemii
Gorriada. masulata
Saplosaoloptos sp.
Species Group 13
Onuphis ividesaens
Mel-Lima arista.ta
Species Group 14
Prionospio cirrifera
Chaetozone setosa
Eteone longa
Pholoe mirtuta
Species Group 15
Polynoe gracilis
Species Group 16
Arioidea jeffreysii-
Species Group 17
Gyptis brevipalpa
Nephtys punctata
Species Group 18
Maaoma brota
(continued)
102
-------
TABLE 18 (continued)
Species Group 19
Scalibregma inflation
Hetepomastus filiformis
Lumbvineris luti
Prionospio malmgveni
Axinapsida aeTvicata
Glyoi-nde piota
Saplosooloploa slongatus
Species Group 20
Ammotrypane aulogaster
Species Group 21
-Nephtys eornuta
Species Group 22
Glyceva. oap-itata
Lysippe labiata.
Species Group 23
Spio filiaorn-is
Ampharete arotica
Notomastus laeriatus
Capitella eapitata
Nu.cu.la tenuis
Notomastus sp.
Axiothella oatenata
Magelona paaifica
Chone oinata
Nuaulana fossa
Maaoma calcarea
Species Group 24
Spiophanes kroyeri
Species Group 25
Thyas-ira flexuosa
Species Group 26
Tharyx sp.
(continued)
103
-------
TABLE 18 (continued)
Species Group 27
Acmasa sp.
Pirmiaa sp.
Modiolus modiolus
Species Group 28
Pagurus sp.
Species Group 29
Paleanotus bellis
Exogone gernmifera
Oregon-La graailis
Fhasaolion strombi
Eunoe depressa
Tvophonapsis sp.
Siphonaria sp.
Collisellas-p.
Moelleria quadrat
Serpula sp.
Pododesntus maoroahisma
Nereis sp.
Polydora ciliata
Pionosyllis gigantea
Exogone molesta
Earmothoe extenuata
Species Group 30
Idanthyraus armatus
Balanus erenatus
Species Group 31
Anaitides sp.
Laonome kroyeri
Eunoe oerstedi
Eteone sp.
Polydora limiaola
Ouenia fusiformis
Ampharete sp.
Modiolus sp.
Chitinopoma groenlandica
Peisidiae aspera
Peatinaria granulata
Eiatella sp.
Cryptobranahia ooncentrica
Spirorbis semidentatus
(continued)
104
-------
TABLE 18 (continued)
Species Group 32
Aft/a sp.
Balanus sp.
Species Group 33
Mypioahele heeri
Species Group 34
Clinoeardium sp.
Species Group 35
SolarieVia. sp.
Species Group 36
Heteromastus gigantsus
Servipes gyoenlandiaus
Syllis sp.
Spiaphanes sp.
Species Group 37
LaonLae sp.
Maooma caplottensis
Species Group 38
Cossura longoaiwa.-ta
Zoldia tkraciaeformis
Species Group 39
Antinoella sar&i,
Species Group 40
Nuaulana sp.
loldiella. sp.
Species Group 41
Diplodsmta sp.
Pandalus hypsinotus
105
-------
3HOUM
Table 19. Station group - Species group coincidence table formed by cluster
analysis of transformed abundance data.
106
-------
TABLE 20. DIVERSITY (SIMPSON, SHANNON, BRILLOUIN) AND SPECIES RICHNESS OF STATION
GROUPS FORMED BY A CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF In TRANSFORMED DATA
Station
Group 1
OUT 00
DUT OA
OUT OLA
DUT 02
X
Station
Group 2
3H
Station
Group 3
3BF
3C
HEL 7
X
Station
Group 4
3B
3F
HEL 3
HEL 3A
X
Station
Group 5
3G
Station
Group 6
31
Station
Group 7
DUT OB
No.
Ind/m2
150
450
38
357
249
213
1630
1616
2338
1861
2902
4556
4582
5242
4321
702
2946
2184
No.
Species
2
4
4
2
4
8
26
38
32
32
50
46
69
50
54
26
85
59
Simpson
Diversity
0.97
0.83
0.37
0.86
0.76
0.49
0.16
0.19
0.21
0.19
0.37
0.32
0.13
0.57
0.35
0.21
0.10
0.13
Brillouin
Diversity
0.06
0.39
1.01
Q.25
0.43
1.07
2.14
2.17
2.06
2.12
1.82
1.95
2.75
1.24
1.94
2.04
2.97
2.67
Shannon
Diversity
0.07
0.41
1.17
Q.27
0.48
1.14
2.18
2.21
2.10
2.16
1.85
1.98
2.78
1.26
1.97
2.11
3.03
2.72
Brillouin
Evenness
0.09
0.25
0.71
0.37
0.36
0.53
0.67
0.60
0.60
0.62
0.47
0.51
0.65
0.31
0.49
0.64
0.68
0.67
Species
Richness
0.19
0.65
1.09
0.17
0.53
1.30
3.38
5.00
3.99
4.12
6.15
5.34
8.06
5.72
6.32
3.82
10.51
7.54
107
-------
(Tables 17, 20), Station Group 4 was composed of 4 stations (3B, HEL 3A,
EEL 3, 3C) south of Hog Island and Station 3F adjacent to Amaknak Island.
These stations were characterized by Species Groups 17, 19, 20, 21, 22,
23, 24, 25 and 26 Axinapsida serrioata. was the dominant organism in these
2
five stations, and it ranged in abundance from 1414 individuals/m in Station
2
HEL 3 to 3922 ind/m in Station HEL 3A. The abundance and species richness
of the fauna in the stations of Station Group 4 was higher than that in
Station Groups 1-3. However, the diversity in some of the stations in
Group 4 was lower than that of stations in Group 3 and 5, because the
high abundance of Axinopsida serrica.ta in several Group 4 stations reduced
the evenness component of the diversity index, thus reducing the diversity.
Station Group 5 was composed of one station, 3G, close to Amaknak
Island, and was composed of three species groups (19, 25, 26, 32).
The dominant species at this station were the polychaetes Lumbrineris
luti, Prioncspio malmgreni, and Tharyx sp., and the clam Axinopsida servi-
cata. The abundance and species richness of Station 3G was lower than that
of Station Groups 3 and 4 while the diversity, as noted above, was higher
than that of Station Group 4; the abundance, diversity and species richness
was higher than that of Station Groups 1 and 2.
Station Group 6 was composed of one station, 31, close to Amaknak
Island adjacent to a shallow sill. Station 31 was composed of Species
Groups 15, 19, 20, 21, 22, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34. The most common
organisms at this station were Prionospio malmgreni, Spi,o filiaornis,
Cirratulidae, Heteromzstus filiformis, Myriochele heeri, Idanthyrsus armatus,
Spirorbis senidentatua, Axinopsido. serricata, Maaoma sp., Hiatella sp.,
Cryptobvanalvia. conaentrica, Balccnua orenatus, Amphipoda. The diversity and
species richness was the highest of all station groups.
Station Group 7 was composed of one station, DUT OB, located just
outside of Iliuliuk Bay and separated from the Bay by a shallow sill.
Station DUT OB comprised Species Groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 19. The
most common organisms were Foraminifera, Saploscolaplos elongatus, Spi-
ophanes borribyx, Magelonz langicorn-Ls,• Cirratulidae, Axinopsida serrieata,
Spisula sp., Cingula sp., Endorellopsis deformis, Amphipoda, Strongy-
locentrotidae. This station had the second highest diversity and species
richness of all the stations occupied.
108
-------
Station groups formed by a cluster analysis of untransformed abundance
data are presented in Figure 57 and Table 21.
DISCUSSION
Sampling Efficiency of the van Veen Grab
The van Veen grab functioned effectively in the fine sediments
covering most of the sampling area, and typically delivered 15-19 liters
of sediment. Penetration was reduced in sites with considerable concen-
trations of sand or gravel. The surface of all samples, examined through
the top door of the grab, was relatively undisturbed as evidenced by the
smooth detrital cover (see Feder et at., 1973, for further discussion).
Analysis Based on Field and Television Observation (see Appendices A-D;
Table 22 for detailed data; Fig. 2)
The number of infaunal species present in the Dutch Harbor-Iliuliuk
Bay basin is very much reduced with one polychaete worm, Nephtys aornuta,
dominant at all of the stations (DUT 00, OA, 02 01A, 02A). The paucity
of the fauna at stations in this region appears to reflect the stressful
aspects of the reducing conditions present throughout the basin. Sulfide
concentrations, as determined qualitatively by sight and odor of sediment
samples on shipboard, were greatest at Station DUT 01A, a site located
within the old shellfish disposal area of several years ago. The few
infaunal organisms present here were primarily deposit-feeding polychaetes.
Sulfide deposition was also extensive at DUT 00 located in the approximate
center of Iliuliuk Bay, and only one infaunal species, the deposit-
feeding polychaete N. cornuta, was found here. Sulfide concentration
was also high at DUT 02, inner Iliuliuk Bay, with concomitant reduced
number of infaunal species present - two deposit-feeding polychaetes. DUT
02A, a station adjacent to most of the processing plants in Iliuliuk
Harbor (Fig. 1), also contained a reduced number of species (three species)
of polychaetes: two deposit feeders, one suspension feeder. Sulfide
concentration appeared to be less here than that at DUT OlA and DUT 00.
Station DUT OA, located in outer Iliuliuk Bay, adjacent to a shallow sill
separating the bay from the Bering Sea, is influenced by its proximity to
109
-------
49% SIMILARITY LEVEL
Station Groupt Sution NumiMfl
DUTOA
„, OUT 02
01 OUT 00
G3
__ _ _ _UQ „__ , J l . _,
o< - H!
"
1=1 h
1
' i 1 !
. — — . . — .. _ — i i
i
i '
b
Figure 57. Dendrogram produced by cluster analysis using number of
individuals per m2.
-------
TABLE 21. STATION GROUPS FORMED BY CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF In TRANSFORMED
AND UNTRANSFORMED ABUNDANCE DATA
Transformed Data
Untransformed Data
Station Group 1
Station Group 2
Station Group 3
Station Group 8
Station Group 4
Station Group 5
Station Group 6
Station Group 7
DUT OA
OUT 02
DUT 00
DUT OLA-
3BF
3C
HEL 7-
3B
3F
HEL 3
HEL 3A
3G
31
DUT OB
DUT OA
DUT 02
DUT 00
•3H
•DUT 01A
3BF
3C
•HEL 7
3B
3F
HEL 3
HEL 3A
3G
31
DUT OB
111
-------
TABLE 22. FEEDING1 AND MOTILITY2 CLASSES OF COMMON BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES
FROM DUTCH HARBOR, ALASKA, BENTHIC SAMPLES OF JUNE 1978
Phylum
Protozoa
Cnidaria
Rhynchocoela
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Identified Taxon
Foraminifera
Anthozoa
Rhynchocoela
Polynoidae
Harmothoe imbriaata
Polynoe gicacilis
Pholoe minuta
Eteone longa
Gyptis brevipalpa
Nephtys aovnuta
Nephtys punctata
Nephtys fermginea
Glyaera capitata
Glycinde piata
Glycinde camLgeva
Onuphis irideseens
Lumbvineris luti
Haplosaoloplos •
e longatus
Saoloplos fuliginosa
Ariaidea jeffreysii
Polydora sp.
Prionospio malmgreni
Prionospio oirrifera
Spio filieornis
Spiophanes bombyx
Spiophanes kroyeri
Magelona paaifiaa
Cirritulidae
Thcan/x sp.
Chaetozone setosa
Scalibregma inflation
Ammotrypane aulogastsr
Capitellidae
Capitella. eapitata
Heteromastus f Hi forms
Hotomastus sp.
Notomastus laeriatus
Maldanidae
Axiothella oatenata
Myrioahele heeri.
Idanthyrsus armztus
Amphatetidae
Ampharete arotiaa
Family
„
-
-
-
Polynoidae
Polynoidae
Sigalionidae
Phyllodocidae
Hesionidae
Nephtyidae
Nephtyidae
Nephtyidae
Gylceridae
Goniadidae
Goniadidae
Onuphidae
Lumbrineridae
Orbiniidae
Orbiniidae
Paraonidae
Spionidae
Spionidae
Spionidae
Spionidae
Spionidae
Spionidae
Magelonidae
Cirratulidae
Cirratulidae
Cirratulidae
Scalibregmidae
Opheliidae
Capitellidae
Capitellidae
Capitellidae
Capitellidae
Capitellidae
Maldanidae
Maldanidae
Owenidae
Sabellariidae
Aapharetidae
Ampharetidae
Common Name
—
anemone
ribbon worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
Feeding
Class
P
SF
P
S
S
S
S
P
P
DF/P
DF/P
DF/P
DF/P
DF/P
DF/P
DF
DF/P
DF/
DF
DF
DF
DF
DF
DF
DF
DF
DF
DF
DF
DF
DF
DF
DF
DF
DF
DF
DF
DF
DF
SF/DF
SF
DF
DF
Motility
Class
M
S
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
S/DM
M
M
M
M
DM
DM
DM
DM
DM
DM
DM
S/DM
S/DM
DM
DM
DM
M
M
M
M
M
S
S
S
S
S
S
112
-------
TABLE 22 (continued)
Phylum
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Annelida
Mollusca
Mollusca
Mollusca
Mollusca
Mollusca
Mollusca
Mollusca
Mollusca
Mollusca
Mollusca
Mollusca
Mollusca
Mollusca
Mollusca
Mollusca
Mollusca
Mollusca
Mollusca
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Arthropoda
Arthropoda
Arthropoda
Arthropoda
Echinodermata
Chorda ta
Identified Taxon
Lysippe labiata
Chone cincta
Spirorbis semidentatus
Cossura longocirrata
Nuaula tenuis
Nuculanidae
Nueulana fossa
Tindaria sp.
loldia sp.
Zoldia tkraciaeformis
Axinapsida serricata
Thyasira flexousa
Clinocardium ei.lia.tim
Spisula polynyma
Macoma sp.
Macoma calcarea
Maaoma bvota
Siatella aratiaa
Mya sp.
Cvyp tobranahia
ooneentriaa
Solsrislla sp.
Solcanella obscura.
Alvinia sp.
Balanus sp.
Balanus arenatus
Cumacea
Amphipoda
Pandalus hypsinotus
Ophiuridae
Pholididae
Family
Ampharecidae
Sabellidae
Serpulidae
Cossuridae
Nuculidae
Nuculanidae
Nuculanidae
Nuculanidae
Nuculanidae
Nuculanidae
Thyasiridae
Thyasiridae
Cardiidae
Mactridae
Tellinidae
Tellinidae
Tellinidae
Hiatellidae
Myidae
Lepetidae
Trochidae
Trochidae
Rissoidae
Balanidae
Balanidae
-
-
Pandalidae
-
-
Common Name
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
segmented worm
clam
clam
clam
clam
clam
clam
clam
clam
cockle
clam
clam
clam
clam
clam
clam
limpet
snail
snail
snail
barnacle
barnacle
-
sand flea
shrimp
brittle star
fish-gunnel
Feeding
Class
OF
SF
SF
DF
DF
DF
DF
DF
DF
DF
SF/DF
SF/DF
SF
SF
DF
DF
DF
SF
SF
S/P
S/P
S/P
SF
SF
DF
DF/S
S/P
DF
DF
Motility
Class
S
S
S
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
S
S
M
M
S
S
S
S
S
M
M
M
S
S
M
M
M
M
M
1 P = predator; SF » suspension feeder; DF = deposit feeder; S = scavenger
2 M =» motile; DM = discretely motile; S » sessile
113
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a region of extensive mixing. Only a moderate sulfide odor was detectable
in sediments here. However, only four infaunal species were present. The
number of individuals of each infaunal species at OUT OA was high in
comparison to densities at OUT 01A and 02A. In general, conditions in
Iliuliuk Bay are not presently conducive to the establishment of the diverse
assemblages of species found at DDT OB, just outside of Iliuliuk Bay (see
Discussion below).
Station BUT OB is located approximately 2000 m from OUT OA, and is
separated from the latter station by a shallow sill (Fig. 2). The over-
lying waters' in the vicinity of OUT OB are well mixed. The sediment was
clean sand, and no organic odor was detectable. Thejaottom, as viewed^ by
television, reflected the activities of infaunal species, as opposed to
the uniform sediment surface visible at stations in Iliuliuk Bay and
Iliuliuk Harbor. A dramatic increase of species occurred at OUT OB: 59
species here, in contrast to a mean of 4 species at stations in Iliuliuk
Bay.
The bottom on and adjacent to the Universal Seafood outfall (Stations
3E and 3DE) was covered by blackened processing wastes. The very extensive
amount of wastes present and the marked reducing conditions associated with
them strongly suggests that these wastes are accumulating, and are not
being removed to any extent by water movement. So infaunal organisms were
able to tolerate the toxic conditions associated with the decaying process-
ing wastes. Similar observations were reported for this region in 1976
and 1977 (Kama, 1978).
The bottom approximately 100 m north of the Vita Food Products outfall
(Station 3F) was free of processing wastes, and sulfide was not detectable
in the grab samples. A large number of species were present.(46) with
polychaetes and clams dominant. Effluent was apparently discharging
through a break in the pipe onshore some 100-150 m from Station 3F. The
i'»"
relative health of the infauna erf the area and lack of processing wastes
in the grab samples indicate that little or no material is moving from
the disposal sites described in Kama (1978) to adjacent areas.
114
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The sediment, as observed in the grab samples, at Station 3G near
the Pan Alaska-Whitney Fidalgo outfalls was black with a strong sulfide
odor. Although processing wastes were not detectable (i.e., crustaceans
skeletal parts), the marked reducing conditions present here suggest that
dissolved or particulate organic material is carried into the area. The
reduced number of infaunal species (26) here reflects the presence of
sulfide in the sediment. Again, the lack of skeletal fragments from the
nearby outfall indicates little movement of the larger fractions of pro-
cessing material from the waste piles (see Karna, 1978 for photographs
and diagrams) to adjacent areas. The fully oxygenated conditions of the
overlying waters was emphasized by the presence of healthy shrimp and fish
over the bottom at Station 3G (Appendix C).
The bottom at Station 3H, north of 3G, varied from a light-colored
oxic to a black anaerobic sediment. No processing wastes were detectable,
and the reducing conditions present here were presumably a response of
the system to the accumulation of macrophytes (algae) in the area. The
toxic conditions at this station are demonstrated by the presence of
only eight infaunal species.
The polychaete fJ. cornuta. was dominant here as it was at Stations DUT
00, OA, 02, 01A, 02A in Iliuliuk Bay where sediment sulfide concentrations
were also high. The accumulation of plant material on the bottom at this
station once again suggests that water movement is sufficient for removal
and transport of dense materials, such as processing wastes, from the
shallow shelf of Amaknak Island.
The well-mixed shallow area at Station HEL-2, as well as adjacent near-
shore stations (31, 3J, 2A and 2B), showed increased numbers of species
(e.g. 31 has 35 species). No processing wastes were evident at these sta-
tions.
The bottom between Hog and Amaknak Islands was enriched with organic
material (Stations 3BF, 3AG), although no sulfide odor was detectable.
No processing wastes were present, but terrestrial plant debris had
accumulated at Stations 3AG and 3BF, -indicating little water movement
here. Twenty-six infaunal species were present at Station 3BF.
115
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The bottom at Station HEL-3A, close to 3BF and SAG, did not have
accumulations of plant debris present, and no processing wastes were
present. An organic odor was noticeable, but a sulfide odor was not
detectable in the sediment. Fifty species were present at EEL 3A. Accumu-
lation of plant and processing wastes might be expected at HEL-3A if the
accumulated wastes in shallow water were dispersed by water movement' (e.g.
longshore currents, tidal action, wave activity). The relatively clean
bottom at this station (as well as lack of processing wastes at 3BF and 3AG)
indicates that wastes are not being moved to or deposited in the channel
located less than one mile from the processing plant outfalls.
An examination of a transect extending from the Universal Seafood
outfall site (Station 3E where no infaunal organisms were found) through
a series of stations extending to the far side of Unalaska Bay demon-
strates changes on the bottom at varying distances from a point source
of pollution. Some of the stations on this transect were also sampled
for hydrographic data (see Fig. 3; Sect. 5). A summarization of some
data at the appropriate stations is tabulated below (see Table 20; Appen-
dix C):
No. Approx. dist.
species Brillouin Species from 3E (out-
Station present diversity richness fall) (m) Comments
3E
3DE
3BF
3C
3B
HEL-3
HEL-7
0
0
26
38
50
69
32
0
100
2.14 3.38 250-300
2.17 5.00 750-800
1.82 6.15 750-800
2.75 8.06 1200-1400
2.06 3.99 2500-2700
At discharge point.
H«S present
Processing wastes.
H-S present
Large amount terres-
trial plant debris.
No H-S. Strong
organic odor.
No debris. Clean.
Mild organic odor.
No debris. Clean.
Mild organic odor.
No debris. Clean.
Mild organic odor.
No debris. Clean.
No odor.
116
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The summary above and the previous discussion for all stations indicate
that the negative effects of processing wastes do not extend far from the
point source of discharge. On the other hand, dissolved and small parti-
cular e wastes dispersing from the point source may enrich the bottom and
serve as an additional food source for infaunal deposit feeders in adjacent
areas. No benthic infauna can be expected under and directly next to
accumulations of processing wastes.
Numerical Analysis; General
Numerical analysis makes the evaluation of large data sets feasible,
and its use has greatly reduced the subjective element in the analysis
of benthic faunal distributions. However, numerical techniques have not
completely eliminated subjectivity. Among the subjective decisions re-
quired during the development of the numerical analysis protocols used'
in this study were the selection of (1) a method of data standardization
of transformation (if any were desired); (2) a similarity coefficient; and
(3) a clustering strategy or method of ordination. A subjective Judgement
delimiting the groups formed by the analysis must also be made, either by
examining a dendrogram (classification) or loadings of points on coordinate
or component axes (ordination). The effectiveness of the analysis chosen
for this study (classification) was evaluated by using two-way coincidence
tables and examining the extent to which the groupings formed by cluster
analysis reflected environmental (physical, chemical, biological) conditions.
Some form of data transformation or standardization has often been
utilized in the analysis of benthic communities (Field and MacFarlane,
1968; Field and Robb, 1970; Ebeling et al., 1970; Day et at., 1971;
Thorrington-Smith, 1971; Stephenson and Williams, 1971; Stephenson et
al., 1972; Raphael and Stephenson, 1972; Williams and Stephenson, 1973;
Levings, 1975; Maurer et al., 1978). Boesch (1973) used a double stan-
dardization to eliminate the effects of differences in abundance between
individuals. He argued that two species which might have "similar
habitat requirements, yet one is always much more abundant than the
other", would be segregated by the analysis unless abundances are stan-
dardized. Some form of standardization or transformation should be
117
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utilized; however, differences in abundance may also imply chat differences
in the suitability of the habitat for the species in question may, in fact,
exist. In the absence of a thorough knowledge of the habitat requirements
of the species utilized for the analysis we feel that both unaltered and
transformed or standardized data should be examined.
The Czekanowski coefficient was used in the present study to calculate
similarity matrices for cluster analysis because it tends to emphasize
the effect of dominant species on the classification. Raphael and Stephen-
son (1972) found that the Czekanowski coefficient, with its emphasis on
dominant species, produced station groups that were more closely correlated
with abiotic attributes.
A hierarchical agglomerative clustering strategy was .used to create
dendrograms from similarity matrices. We have found that the group
average sorting strategy gives useful results, and we have used it almost
exclusively here. Boesch (1973) and Stephenson et al. (1972) used both
group average and "flexible" sorting strategies (Lance and Williams, 1966).
Boesch (1973) found the flexible strategy yielded "the more instructive
classification" while Stephenson et at. (1972), using a variety of criteria,
found both strategies to have merit. We experimented with the use of the
flexible sorting strategy with a = 0.85 using data collected in the north-
eastern Gulf of Alaska (Feder and Matheke, in press), and found that the
results were not appreciably different from those obtained using the group
average strategy.
Numerical Analysis; Data From Grab Samples
The station groups formed by a cluster analysis of untransformed
abundance data (Fig. 57) were similar to those formed by cluster analysis
of natural logarithm transformed data (Fig. 56). The only differences
between the results of these two analyses were (Table 21):
1. Station 3H switched from Group 2 (In transformed data) to Group 1
when untransformed data were used.
2. Station BUT 01A switched from Group 1 (In transformed data) to
Group 2 when untransformed data were used.
3. Station HEL 7 was split from Group 3 (In transformed data) to
form a new "single station" group, Group 8 untransformed data.
118
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When untransformed data are used, Che effect that dominant species
have on the analysis is emphasized (see Appendices A-D for data). Thus,
when untransformed data was used, Station DUT OLA was excluded from
Group 1 because of differences in the abundance of the dominant species,
PJephtys eornuta in both Group 1 and Group 2 stations. The abundance of
Nephtys cornuta was lower in Station DUT 01A than in the other stations
in Group 1. Similarly Station 3H was included in Group 1 when untransformed
data was used because the abundance of Nephtys cormtta in the station was
similar to that of Stations DUT OA, 02, 00, even though Station HEL 3H was
less similar to Stations DUT OA, 02, 00, in terms of its total species
composition. Station HEL 7 differed from the other stations in Station
Group 3 in the abundance of the polychaetous annelid Saalibregma -inflation.
2
This polychaete was much more abundant in Station HEL 7 (1570 ind/m ) than
_ 2
in Stations 3BF and 3C (x =• 160.0 ind/m ) and as a result Station HEL 7
was not included in Station Group 3 when untransformed data was used.
Stations 3DE and 3E were not included in the analysis because no
fauna was collected in these stations. 'According to the coefficient,
the Czekanowski coefficient, used for calculating similarities they would
have no similarities with any station group. In reality these stations
are more similar to Stations DUT OA, 02, 00, OLA, and HEL 3H, all of
which have a very low species richness (number of species) and low den-
sities of individuals, than they are to other stations with a greater
number of species.
Combined Analysis Based on Field and Television Observations and
Numerical Analysis
A qualitative assessment of the conditions within the study area in
conjunction with numerical analysis of grab data have clarified the
relationship of benthic infauna to seafood processing waste discharge
in the Dutch Harbor area. The numerical analysis delineated seven sta-
tion groups, and 41 species groups associated with the station groups.
An assessment of the relationships of station and species groups as
delineated by numerical analysis strengthens the qualitative assessment
of each station made by underwater television and direct observation of
grab material on shipboard.
119
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All analyses indicate chat the Dutch Harbor-Iliuliuk Bay basin
(Station Group 1 as formed by cluster analysis; Table 17; Appendix C) is
a stressed area with few infaunal individuals and species present. The
anoxic conditions that may normally occur within this basin in the fall
would result in a reduced infauna there. Additional stresses to the
system by way of increased organic loading (e.g. processing wastes)' and
oxygen demand would further reduce the number of infaunal species that
could survive in the area.
The sea bottom at the point of discharge of processing wastes and
areas immediately adjacent to that point are always anaerobic and
reducing environments. No iafaunal or epifaunal organisms can be expected
to survive such conditions, and none were observed in this study. However,
as indicated in the previous discussion, the effects of shellfish wastes
were dissipated over a relatively short distance. The stations on the
west side of Amaknak Island near the waste outfalls are considered in the
Results and previous Discussion sections of this report (also see Appendix
C). Variable conditions exist at these stations depending on their dis-
tance from outfalls, the presence or absence of plant material, their
location in the channel between Hog and Amaknak Islands where water move-
ment is reduced, and their proximity to the shallow sill between Hog and
Amaknak Islands where well-mixed water is found. The interpretation of
the effects of processing wastes are complicated by the presence of algal
accumulations at Stations 3D, 3H, 3AG, 3BF, 7B on the far side of Unalaska
Bay. Stress on the benthic system in the Dutch Harbor basins must be a
common occurrence whenever plant (marine and terrestrial) material accu-
mulates on the bottom. The additional input of processing wastes to such
a stressed system in conjunction with reduced water movement (e.g. inside
a sill) can be expected to alter the benthic infauna. Ultimately, pelagic
organisms (e.g. shrimps) would be affected if hydrogen sulfide diffuses
into overlying waters in the stressed areas, as noted at Station DE in the
present study (see Sect. 5).
An examination of all station groups formed by cluster analysis and
the qualitative assessment of species in these groups and at stations not
processed, suggest that a reasonable data base now exists to monitor the
120
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Dutch Harbor area. The infaunal species are now well known, and the use
of numerical analysis will make it possible to assess change in bottom
fauna as industrial activity progresses.
Underwater television used in conjunction with bottom sampling is
also a good tool to examine the shallow bottom regions on a continuing
basis. The TV monitor can identify stressed areas by identifying relative
amounts of suspended processing wastes, accumulations of processing wastes
on the bottom, and the color of the bottom - a black bottom indicating
extreme reducing conditions.
121
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SECTION 7
GENERAL DISCUSSION
A variety of coastal environments are present in the vicinity of
Dutch Harbor. North (NE & NW) of Amaknak Island is a dynamic region
facing the Bering Sea and blanketed with coarse grained, well-sorted
sediment. The head of Unalaska Bay (which itself appears to be relatively
quiet at depth) lies immediately south of a shallow sill structure between
Hog and Amaknak Islands separating it from the active region northwards.
Net water movement (at least in the summer) appears to be southwards
through the channel and south of this sill the relatively carbon-rich
surficial sediment is finer grained and poorly sorted. A number of stations
in this latter region show accumulations of algal debris and it is here
that the bulk of the shellfish processing waste is currently being dumped.
Because of the apparently restricted bottom circulation here, this waste
material is not well dispersed and a very localized patch of anoxic
water was observed.
Processing waste was formerly discharged directly into Dutch Harbor
proper which, with Iliuliuk Bay, comprises one of the two physically
restricted coastal basins. The other - much deeper - basin is the
adjacent Captains Bay. At the time of year sampled (June) the spring
phytoplankton bloom was apparently complete in this region and the water
within the basins was well stratified and isolated from the adjacent .shelf
waters. Nitrate was depleted at the surface and there were strong posi-
tive gradients for, in particular, ammonia, phosphate and silica to the
bottom, due to regeneration at depth and in the surface sediments. Because
of this active consumption and lack of advective influx of new water, dis-
solved oxygen concentrations at the base of the water column in Dutch
Harbor were less than 3 ml/2.. However, this consumption rate (assuming
isolation of the basin water at approximately the same time of year) is
not conspicuously different from that observed a decade previously, at
which time the additional organic loading due to processing waste was much
higher. From data obtained the previous September (1977) it appears that
oxygen depletion continues through the summer and that anoxic conditions
occur in late summer-fall at depth, persisting until new shelf water flushes
122
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Co be annual and is apparently a natural consequence of local productivity
and terrestrial carbon input; ie., while anthropogenic carbon dumping must
exacerbate the situation, it is unlikely to be, per se, .the cause of summer
basin anoxia. Chemical trends in Captains Bay proceed along similar
paths but the greater volume of water there, and possibly unknown differ-
ences in natural carbon input, do not allow complete removal of oxygen
within the water column. The sediments in both these basins are anoxic
almost to the surface and, particularly in Dutch Harbor, there is a sub-
stantial additional flux of phosphate into the water.
The infaunal composition within the Dutch Harbor-Iliuliuk Bay basin
reflects a biologically stressed system. The anoxic conditions that nor-
mally occur seasonally within this basin at depth contribute to the depaup-
erate conditions present there. However, additional stresses to this system
by way of plant debris and/or processing wastes would be expected to increase
the oxygen demand by the benthos and result in a further reduction of in-
faunal species present. It is obvious that the future deposition of pro-
cessing wastes in this basin would be ecologically unsound.
Processing wastes accumulating on the shallow shelf on the west side
of Amaknak Island are responsible for severe anoxic and reducing conditions
on the bottom at the site of and immediately adjacent to effluent piles.
No benthic infaunal organisms are surviving under or close to the waste
accumulations. However, the negative effects of these wastes dissipate over
relatively short distances from the accumulated deposits, and healthy in-
faunal populations occur within a few hundred meters of these deposits.
It is apparent that processing wastes are accumulating adjacent to
outfalls off Amaknak Island and that the existing water currents do not
provide sufficient energy for adequate dispersal of the wastes (also
see report of Stewart and Tangerone, 1977). Thus, although processing
wastes are not presently impacting broad areas near outfalls, it is pro-
bable that accumulated wastes adjacent to Amaknak Island will eventually
cover much of the nearshore bottom with potentially serious ecological
and sanitary problems to be expected."
123
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The television camera, used in conjunction with the grab, is a
useful tool to delineate the extent of bottom areas contaminated by pro-
cessing wastes. Stations, with a black bottom, indicating the presence
of sulfide, was detectable by the camera and was verified by the van
Veen Grab.
124
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Murphy, J. and J. P. Riley. 1962. A modified single solution method for
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Nelson-Smith, A. 1973. -Oil Pollution and Marine Ecology. Paul Elek
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Nybakken, J. 1978. Abundance, diversity and temporal variability in a
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128
-------
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130
-------
APPENDIX A
SUMMARY OF ALL SPECIES DATA FOR
STATIONS ANALYZED IN THE LABORATORY
131
-------
DUTCH HARBOR BENTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1976
STATION-SAMPLE LISTING
03/25/79
PAGE
CRU
CRU
CRU
CRJ
CRJ
CRll
CRU
can
CRU
CRUIS
C^IIIS
CRUISE
CRUISE
CRUISE
CR'JJSE
CRUISE _ .
CRUISE 2
-------
DUTCH HARBOR RENTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
LIST OF ALL TAxOHOMIC GROUPS FOUND
03/25/79
PAGE
CRITE9
CRJTER
i CRITER
I- TAxON OCCURS IN 50 PCT OR MORE 0
?- AT LFAST 10 PCT OF INDIVIDUALS A
»- AT LEAST 10 PCT OF WET BK
I TAXON CODE
i 310431000000
! 330100000000
i 330)00000000
! 3303000000FO
i 340000000000
400000000000
4000000000FO
440000000000
4600000000FO
43010000nOOO
480IOOOOOOFO
480101000000
480101020000
480101020200
4R01010S0200
430101050500
430101090300
480131080*00
480101150200
483101170100
480102010100
490)05000000
480105010100
480105030000
480105040000
4B01070101CO
480112010000
4S0112020000
430112020500
4S01120205FO
480120010200
480122020000
430122020100
4flO|2207o200
480122070400
480123000000
490123040000
490124010000
490
'.go
480
490
240
2401
240
240
OOFO
0400
0500
)100
460126000000
490126010100
480
490
480
^7010100
27010300
27020200
28010300
PCT OF WET BIOMASS At
TAXON NAME
F STATIONS
T SOME STAT
s....
5TAT
loH
FORAKllMIFERA
HYDR070A
AHTH070A
AMTH070A FRAGS
fTENOPHORA
PHYNCHnCOElA
RHYMCHOCOEI.A FRAGS.
NEMATODA
ANMELIDA FRAf,S
OLYCHAFTA
POLYCHAFTA FRAG.
POI Y MO I DAE
NFMlDl
ANTINOI
UNOE
SP.
LLA SARSI
JEPRESSA
tlJNOE OERSTED!
HAFKOninE EXTFNUATA
HARKOTHOE iHBRicAtA
POLYN3E GRACll IS
HFSPERONE COMPLANATA
PEISIDICE A5PFHA
ICNlDAt
PHLflE Ml NUT A
STHENELAIS SP.
SlGALIOM SP.
PALEANOTUS flElLIS
A.'IAI TIDES SP.
ETFONg SP.
EIFONE I.OMGA
ElEONE LOMGA FRAGS
GYPTIS BREVIPALPA
SYLLlS SP,
- osYLUis GIGANTEA
GEMMlFERA
MOLESTA
xOGOM
EXOGON
NEREIDAE
NEREIS
SP.
NEPHTyS SP.
NFPHTvS SP. Fk?AGS
NF.PHTYS CORNUTA
NFPHTyS PUMCTATA
NEPHTYS FfRPUGINEA
GLYCER|D*£
GLYCERA
OMUPHIS
CAPITATA
• PICJA
: AftMlGE
MACULA]
IRIDESC
CRITERIA 4- ABUNDANT WRT NO. INDIVIDUALS AT SOME STATION
CRITERIA 5- ABUNDANT WRT TOTAL BIOMASS AT SOME STATION
' STA OCC
i
CRITI CRIT2 CRIT3 CRIT4 CHIT5
X X
X X
'X
-------
DUTCH HAqfllR HEUTHIC
LIST OF ALL TAxONOMlC
GRAB DATA — JUNE 1»78
GROUPS FOUND
CIITF^U 1- TAxOM OCCURS Is 50 PCT OR MORE OF STATIONS
C=? TE=J A 2- AT LEAST 10 PCT Of INDIVIDUALS AT SOME STATION
C9ITE3IA 3- AT LEAST 10 PCT OF HET BJOMASS AT SOME STATION
TAXON C0.1E
4801300000FO
480130010100
48013001)900
4e013900fiOFO
480139010000
430139310200
410139030000
4H0140000000
4S014002040O
4«OI42GO!)000
480l4200oOFO
480142020000
430142040000
480142040500
48014204)500
480142050000
480142050100
480142050200
480142070100
480142100000
480142100100
480142103200
4B0142I00300
480143010200
480143010500
480149000000
480149030000
48014904oOFO
480149040100
480152010300
480155010100
480156010100
480158000000
4801580000FO
480158010100
480153020000
480158020100
430156020200
480158030000
480158030600
480161000000
48016100OOFO
480 41080100
480 41090200
480 611002FO
480U2010200
480162020100
TAXON NAME
LUMBRlflEPlOAE FRA§S
UJMBRINERIS SP, FRAGS.
UlllBRlNFRlS BlCIRRATA
LljHBRINERIS LuTI
OPRllilDAE FRAGS
HAPLOSCOLOPLOS SP.
HAPLOSCOLOPLOS ELONGATUS '
SCOLOPLOS FULIGINOSA
PARAONlDAE
ARIClOEA jEFFnEYSM
.SPIOtlUiAE
SP IOM I DAE FRAGS
I AONICE SP.
POLYDORA SP.
POLYDORA CII.IATA
POLYDORA LIMICOLA
PR ONOSP o SP.
PR ONOSP O MAl MGRENI
PR OHOSP 0 CloRIFERA
SP O FlL CORNIS 1
Sp OPHANE5 SP.
Sp oPHAll S BOnBYX
Sp OPHANES KRnYERI
SPIOPHANES CJRRATA
MAGF.LDUA LON
-------
DUTCH HARBOR RENTH1C GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
LIST OF ALL TAxONOMIC GROUPS FOUND
CRITERIA I- TAxON OCCURS IN 50 PCT OR MORE OF STATIONS
CRITERIA 2- AT LEAST 10 PCT OF INDIVIDUALS AT SOME STATION
CRITERIA 3- AT LEAST 10 PCT OF WET BlOMASS AT SOME STATION
TAXON CODE
440163010200
4601M030300
490165000000
480165023000
".90165020100
480165040100
460165050100
4B0167010100
480168000000
480 680000FO
490168010300
430166140100
490 TOOOnOOO
480 10010200
4BO '
4SO
70050300
75010100
oooonooo
490300000000
490400000000
4904000000FO
490402020100
490403000000
490403020000
490403020300
490403040000
490403050000
490403050700
490403060000
490407060000
490407060100
490410010100
490414000000
490415020000
4904(5030100
490416010000
490416010200
490417000000
49041B010000
490420010000
490420010100
• 490420020100
44042105(1100
490423010000
490423010100
49042^010000
490424010100
TAXON NAME
lOANTHYRSUS ApMATUS
JNARlA GRANULATA
pECV.
AMPHARETIDA,.
AKPHARET
AMPHARET
LYSIRPE
A
ABl
ICA
SAHEl
SAREL
IDAE
IDAE
HONE
LAONO
SERPUL.DAE
JELL IDES STROEMII
FRAGS.
CINCTA
4E KROYERI
HlTlNOPOMA GffOENLANDICA
5ERPULA SP.
SplRORBIS SEMIDENTATUS
COSSUHA LONGOCIRRATA
OLIGOCHAETA
POLYPI- * rOPK "
PELECYPnOA
PELECYPODA FRAGS.
NIlCULA TENUIS
NUCULANA SP.
HUCULANA FOSSA
TlfDABlA SP.
YOLDIA SP.
YIUDJA THRAClAEFORMIS
YOLDJELLA SP.
CPEHEH.A OESSUCATA
MODIOLUS SP.
MODIOLUS MOOIOLUS
PODODESMUS MACROCHISMA
LUf IfJlDAE
AXIK'OPSIDA SP.
THYASlRA FLEXllOSA
DIPLOOOHTA SP.
DIPLDOONTA ALEUTICA
KElLHCAE
KVSELLA SP.
CLJNOCARDJUM SP.
CLINOCARDIUH CILIATUM
SERPIPES GROEHLANDICUS
PSEPHI.OIA LORnI
SPISULA SP.
SPISULA Po
MAfOMA SP.
MACOMA CALCAREA
03/25/79
PAGE
CRITERIA 4- ABUNDANT WRT NO. INDIVIDUALS AT SOME STATION
CRITERIA 5- ABUNDANT WRT TOTAL BlOMASS AT SOME STATION
CRIT1 CRIT2 CRIT3 CRIT4 CRIT5
STA OCC
X
I
X
-------
LO
OV
DUTCH HARBOR «E»|TIHC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
LIST OF ALL TAxOMOMIC GROUPS FOUND
CBJTER
CUJTER
CRlIER
TAXON COnE
03/25/79
PAGE
[A I- TAxON OCCURS IN 50 PCT OR MORE OF STATIONS OlITERIA 4- ABUNDANT WRT NO. INDIVIDUALS AT SOME STATION
!A 2- AT LF.AST 10 PCT OF INDIVIDUALS AT SOMl! STATION CRITERIA <&- ABUNDANT WRT TOTAL 8IOMASS AT SOME STATION
I A 3- AT LEAST 10 PCT OF WET BIOMASS AT SOME STATION
TAXON NAME
A90428020000
^90433020000
A90«.35020500
A90SOOOOOOOO
<.90'50000oOFO
',9050'.020000
490505010100
490S060AOOOO
490506040200
490507020100
490511010000
490511030000
490530040000
490541040000
490545010000
49057f>01f)000
530000000000
530200GOOOOO
531200000000
531602010000
53IR02010400
532800000000
532904030400
533100000000
533102010100
533134140000
533134210000
533134290000
533137080000
533142070000
533300000000
533304010600
533311000000
533311020000
533317010100
533321030000
590101010100
590101020100
680201010100
680204000000
HACOMA BROTA
MACOMA HOfcSTA MOEST/I
MACpMA.CARLOTTENSIS
CRIT1 CRIT2 CRIT3 CR1T4 CRIT5
X X
STA OCC
TELLINA LUTEA
MYIDAE
MyA SP.
HIATELLA SP.
LYOMSIA SP.
THRACIA
GASTROPODA
GASTROPODA FRAGs
Acr.AEA SP.
COLISELLA SP.
CRYPTnBRANClllA CONCENTRICA
SOLARlfLLA SP.
SOLARlELlA ORr»
MoELLFRlA OUAh
SOLARIELLA SP.
HO_
SOLA
CIKGULA SP
... XURA
OUAnRAI
SP.
CRUSTACEA
AHOSTPArA
CYCLOP01DA
RETUSA SP.
SIPHOtJARlA SP.
CUMACEA
AMPHIPOHA
SALANUS
BALANUS
ElJDORELLOPSIS DEFORM!S
AMPELISCA MACROCEPHALA
SP.
p.
pAn&pi-inxu^ <;P
DECAPODA
PANDALUS HYPSINOTUS
PARURlDAE
PAGURUS SP.
QREGOHfA GRACILIS
rAARGAHITACEA
QN STftOHBl
£R EXCENTRICUS
STRONGYLOCENTROTIDAE
-------
DUTCH HARBnR BEMTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
LIST OF ALL TAxOHOMIC GROUPS FOUND
CRITERIA 1- TAXON OCCURS Iw «>O PCT OR MORE OF STATIONS
CRITERIA 2- AT LEAST 10 PfT OF INDIVIDUALS AT SOME STAT.
CRITERIA 3- AT LEAST Id PCT
WEt'BJOMASS At SOME
- -.ION
TATION
TAXON COf>E
TAXHN NAME
6B020A010100
680309000000
6803090010FO
791613000000
999900000000
999999999900
9999999999FO
ALLO<
OPHlllRIDA
nPHlllRIDA
PHnLlDlDAI
Nn FAUNA COI.LFCTEO II
UNIDENTIFIED
IINIOEMTIFIED FRAGS.
LOCENTROTUS FRA6ILIS
FRAGS
THIS GRAB
TOTAL NUMBER OF TAXONS = 198
03/25/79
PAGE
CRITERIA 4- ABUNDANT WRT NO. INDIVIDUALS AT SOME STATION
CRITERIA 3- ABUNDANT WRT TOTAL BIOMASS AT SOME STATION
CRITI CRIT2 CRIT3 CRIT4 CRIT5
STA OCC
-------
DUTCH HARBaR RENTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
C4U1SE ?61 STATION OA
03/25/79
PERCENTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
PAGE
TAXON COOE
TAXON NAME
4801000000FO POLYCHAETA FPAG.
480124010400
490155010100
480155010100
480156010100
490415020000
490415020000
HEPHTYS C03NUTA
NEpHTYS CORNUTA
SCALIB
-------
vO
DUTCH HARBnR BENTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
CRUISE 261 STATION OB
PERCENTS RtFER TO
TAXON CODE
310431000000
310431000000
310431000000
TAXON NAME
FORAMiNlFERA
FORAM1NJFERA
FORAMINIFERA
400000000000 RHYNCHOCOELA
4301000000FO
4601000000FO
4601000000FO
430101000000
430101080600
480101080600
430101170100
4B0105030000
480105030000
480105030000
480105030000
460105030000
480105040000
43012401QOOO
480124011100
490124011100
43012401)100
43012401)100
480124011100
4901270
4801270
4801270
4B01270
0100
0100
0100
0100
4901
4601
'7010300
•7010300
4A012B010300
480128010300
POLYCHAETA FRAG.
POLYCHAETA FRAG.
POLYCHAETA FRAG.
POLYNOlDAE
HARMOTHOE IMBRICATA
HARHOTHOE IMBRICATA
HESPERONE COMPl ANATA
SjHENELA S SP.
STHEMELA S SP.
STHFHELA S SP.
STHF.NELA S SP.
STHENELA S SP.
SlGALlON SP.
NEpHTYS SP.
NEpHTYS
NEPHTYS
MEpHTYS
NEpHTYS
hEpHTYS
iPRUGlNEA
iRRUGlNEA
•RRUGlNEA
•RRllGlNEA
ERRtjGlNEA
GLYCINDE PICTA
GLYCJNDE PICTA
:!NDE PICTA
:!NDE PICTA
ARMIGF.RA
ARMiCERA
DNllPHlS IRIOESCENS
ONUPHiS IRIOESrENJ
SAMPLE
DATE
SAMP
NO.
06/12/78
06/12/76
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/76
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78 .
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/
06/
06/
Ofc/
06/
2/78 1
2/78 3
2/78 2
2/78 4
2/78 5
UBTOTAL
9.6/12/18
'it
06>l2/t8 I
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT
ET
03/25/79
THIS STATION
PAGE
COUNT
NO. PCT
116 10.55
113 10.27
325 29!sl
1 0.09
10.09
0.09
0.09
3 0.27
2 0.18
50.09
0.09
0.18
06/12/78 4 1
06/12/78 4 1
06/12/78 4 5
06/12/78 5 2
06/12/78 2 2
06/12/78 3 3
06/l?/78 1 2
SUBTOTAL 14
06/12/76 1 2
06/12/78 i 2
06/12/78 2 2
06/12/78 5 7
SUBTOTAL 13
06/}2/7« 2 1
06/12/78 1 2
SUBTOTAL 3
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.73
0.18
0.09
0.09
MET WEIGH
CRAMS
0.335
0.289
0.648
0.004
0.040
0.077
0.045
0.162
0.072
0.032
0.104
0.009
0.230
0.210
2.023
0.001
0.046
0.081
0.106
0.060
0.094
O.JO)
0.442
0.020
0.014
0.009
0.133
0.176
8:813
0.134
0.260
0.274
0.534
PC!
8:i|
o:§6
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.05
0.16
0.011 0.01
0.07
0.03
0.11
0.09 0.015 0.02
0.05
0.08
Oil 4
0.54
PER SO METER
WWGT BIT CRITERIA
0.670
0.578
0.446
1.696
0.008
0.080
0.154
0.090
0.324
0.022
0.144
0.064
0.208
0.030
8
X
X
X
X
t
2
2
2
16
2
2
'!
6
28
4
4
4
11.
6
2
2
4
2.362
01786
0.018
0.460
0.420
4.046
0.002
0.092
0.162
0.212
0.120
o. IBB
0.202
0.664
0.040
0.028
0.018
0.266
0.352
0.102
0.166
0.266
0.520
0.548
1.068
X
X
X
X
-------
DUTCH HARBlR nENTHtC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1*78
CQUISE 261 STATION OB
TAXON CODE
4901300000FO
480130010100
480130010100
480130010(00
480130010(00
4301390000FO
480
483
490
480
430
390)0200
39010200
3901C200
.39010200
139010200
480139030000
4801420000FO
4801420000FO
480142040000
t- 480142050000
•t-
0 480142050100
480142100100
480142100100
480142100100
480142100100
490142100100
4901430
4901430
48014301
4901430*
0500
0500
0500
0500
480143010500
480149000000
480149000000
480149000000
480149000000
480149000000
TAXON NAME
LUMHRINERIDAE FRAGS
LUMDRlNERIS BICIRRATA
fl{rJRRAJA
BJC IRRATA
lS BIclRRATA
HER
lUMBRlNERl
ORBINlOAE FRAGS
HAPLOSCOLOPLO5 ELONGATUS
HAPLOSCOLOPLOS ELON<»ATUS
HAPLOSCOLOPLOS ELONGATUS
HAPLOSCOLOPLOS i'LONGATUS
HAPLOSCOLOPLOS ELONGATUS
SCOLOPLOS FULIGINOSA
SPjr.NiDAE FRAGS
SPlnNJOAE FRAGS
POLYDORA SP.
PRIQNOSPIO SP.
PRlOflOSPIO HALMGRENI
SPIOPHANFS BOMRYX
SPIOPHAUFS BOMHYX
SPJOPHANES BnMfiYX
SPIOPHANES BOMHYX
SPJOPHANES BOMflYX
MAGELONA
MAGELONA
MAGELONA
MAGELONA
MAGELONA
-ONG
hONG
LONG
LONG
LONG
CORN
CORN
CORN
CORN
CORN
CIRBATUl
c RBATUL
CIRfJATUL
CIRBATUL
CIRRA1UL
DAE
OAE
8AE
AF.
DAE
03/25/79
PERCENTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
SAMP
NO.
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/70
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/I2/
06/12/
06/12/1
06/12/:
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/70
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/7H
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
COUNT
NO. PCT
8:o
8 0.73
1 0.09
WET WEIGHT
GRAMS -•"
PCT
I 0.09 0.031 0.03
0.44
0.36
.224
65S
3.687
"U • J"U J V
\im 1
.68
3.74
0.027 0.03
11
g
f^
9
35
1
1
2
1
1
1
5
5
1?
33
I
4
!
32
iZ
19
2
69
1.00
0*73
0 36
0« 82
3.18
0.09
8:8?
0.18
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.45
0.45
KO&
o:ia
3.00
0.55*
0^3
0.36
0.82
§:§?
f:t5
1.73
HI
6 27
O« £ f
0.201
O.C14
0.262
0.050
0.051
0.576
0.001
0.005
0:02?
0.032
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.046
0.026
8:2?i
Olo05
0.530
0.047
0.044
0.022
0.044
0.040
0.197
0.046
0^78
0.095
0.138
0.050
0.407
0.20
0.01
0.27
0.05
OI05
0.59
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.03
0*00
0.00
0.00
0.05
§.03
:la
o'.oi
0.54
8.05
.04
0.02
0.04
0.04
0.20
0.05
8.08
.10
0.14
0.05
0.41
PER SO METER
NO. WWGT
2 6.062
4 0.890
| 0.726
4 2.448
6 3^10
16 7.374
2 0.054
22 0.402
0.028
0.524
0.100
Otl02
1.156
0.002
8.010
.054
0.064
'*
PAGE
BIT CRITERIJ
2
2
2
10
10
22
t,
66
12
1 6
0
Ja
0
4
||
40
38
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.092
0.052
0.362
0.544
0.010
1.060
0.094
o.oea
0.044
o.oaa
o.oeo
0.394
0.092
8:13$
0.276
0.100
0.814
X
- —
X
X
X
X
X
X
1
8
X
$
-------
DUTCH HARBOR BEHTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
CRUISE ?6J STATION OB
03/25/79
PERCENTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
PAGE
10
TAXON CODE
480149030000
480156010100
480161000000
480161000000
480161080100
480161080100
460165000000
490403040000
490407020100
490407020100
490407020100
49041502OOOO
490415020000
490415020000
490415020000
49041502nOOO
490416010200
4904)6010200
490418010000
490416010000
490418010000
490421050100
49042J050JOO
490421050)00
490421050100
490423010000
490423010000
490423010000
490423010000
TAXON NAME
THARYX SP.
AMMOTRYPANE AUlOGASTER
MALOAHlOAE
MALDAMlDAE
AXIOTHELLA CATFNATA
AXIOTHELLA CATFNATA
AMPHARET1DAE
TlNDARlA SP.
CREMEI-LA DESSUCATA
CREHELLA OESSUrATA
CRENELLA DESSUcATA
AXINOPS
AXINCPS
AXINOPS
AX|HOPS
AXINOPS
DA
DA
DA
DA
DA
SP.
SP.
SP.
SP.
SP.
DlPLODONTA AI.EllTKA
OlPLODONTA ALEllTKA
MYSELLA SP.
MYSELLA SP.
MYSELLA SP.
PSEPHlO
PSEPHC
LORD I
LOHOI
PSEPHJDJA LOR
PSEPHIDIA LOa
SPISULA SP.
SPISULA SP.
SPISULA SP.
SPISULA SP.
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78 3
06/12/78 •>
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78 2
06/12/78 I
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78 5
06/12/78 . 1
06/12/78 3
06/12/78 5
06/17/78 4
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78 4
06/12/78 5
06/12/78 3
06/12/78 2
06/12/78 I
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78 1
06/12/78 4
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78 4
06/12/78 1
06/12/78 2
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78 3
06/12/78 I
06/12/78 4
06/12/78 5
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78 5
06/12/78 4
06/12/78 3
06/12/78 2
SUBTOTAL
COUNT WET WEIGHT
NO. PCT GRAMS PCT
1
1
1
5
I
2
1
1
5
lz
A 5
39
I?!
1
2
i
^
j
7
|
10
4
2\
0.09
0.09
0.36
0.09
0.45
0.09
0.09
o.ia
0.09
0.09
0.27
0.09
0.09
0.45
Sill
4.09
3.55
2.64
16.27
0.09
0,09
0.18
0.09
0.27
0.27
0.64
0.27
0.27
o.i a
S:*!
O.6*
0*64
0.36
0.27
1.91
0.005
0.001
0.702
0.104
0.606
0.240
0?103
0.343
0.002
0.001
8.035
.004
0.005
0.044
8:4ll
0*350
0« 392
U985
0.271
0.001
0.272
0.002
0.004
0.004
0.010
0.006
0.036
0.003
0.035
0.080
0.027
0.043
77.422
o.oil
77.503
0.01
0.00
0.71
0.11
0.62
0.24
o.to
0.35
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.01
0.04
8.45
.42
0.36
0.40
0.39
2.0|
0.28
0.00
0.28
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.03
0.04
78.57
o.oi
76. £5
Pf<0.S° C6J!" BIT CRITERIA
2
2
|
10
i
4
2
2
A
2
2
10
48
84
90
78
58
358
2
4
2
6
6
14
i
20
I^
^
8
4,2
0.010 X
0.002 X
1.404 X X
0.208 X X
1.612
0.480
0.206
0.686
0.004
0.002
"~ 0.070
0.008
0.010
0.088
8.882 X X X X
.836 X X X X
0.700 X X X X
0.784 X X X X
0.76B X X X X
3.970
0.542
0.002
0.544
0.004
o.ooa
o.ooa
0.020
0.012
o!oo6
0.070
8.054 X X
.086 X X
154.844 X X
0.022 X X
155.006
-------
OUTCH HARBOR REtlTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 19?8
CRUISE ?61 STATION OB
TAXON CODE
490423010100
490424010700
490424010700
490424020100
490433020000
490433020000
490435020000
490435020000
490435020500
490500000000
490506040000
490506040200
490506040200
490506040200
490511030000
49051103^000
490511030000
490511030000
490511030000
490541040000
490541040000
493541040000
490541040000
490545010000
532804030400
532604030400
532804030400
532804030400
532604030400
TAXON NAME
SPISULA POLYNYMA
M.ACOMA MOESTA MOE
MACOMA MotSTA MOE
TELL1NA LUTEA
LYONSlA SP.
LtONSlA SP.
iTA
iTA
THHACIA SP.
TWACIA SP.
THRAClA BERlNGl
GASTROPODA
SOLAR1ELLA SP.
SOLARIELLA OBSfURA
SOLARJELLA ORSCURA
SOLAR IELLA OBSfURA
NGULA SP.
NGULA SP.
NGULA SP.
NGULA SP.
NGULA SP.
OENOPOTA SP.
OENOPOTA SP.
OENOPOTA Sp,
nENOPOTA SP.
RETUSA SP.
FUOORELLOPSIS DEFORM
EUDOPELLOPSIS HEFORM
EUr>ORELLOPsls REFORM
FUOORELLOPsfs OEFORM
EUDORELLOPSIS OEFORM
03/25/79
PERCENTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
SAMPLE SAMP
DATE NO.
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78 .
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/ 2/78
06/ 2/78
06/ 2/7fl
06/ 2/78
Ob/ 2/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/7B
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
1
2
5
4
3
1
1
5
1
2
5
5
5
4
^
2
T
2
T
S
5
COUNT
NO. PCT
4
|
1
1
2
I
2
3
3
5
5
10
2
5
1
ia
3
29
1
1
2
5
0.36
0.09
0.45
0.55
0.09
0.09
0.09
o.ia
0.09
0.09
o.ia
0.09
0.18
0.27
0.27
0.16
0.45
0.91
0.16
0.45
0.09
1.64
0.27
2.64
0.09
0.09
o!o9
o.ia
fll45
MET MEISHT
GRAMS PCT
0.012
0.420
1.546
U966
3.083
0.002
0.005
0.007
0.177
0.052
0.229
0.099
0.015
0.013
0.083
0.060
0.073
0.216
0.002
0.004
0.002
0.016
0.002
0.026
0.013
0.096
0.160
0.092
0.361
0.01
til
3.13
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.16
0.05
0.23
0.10
0.02
0.01
0.08
0.06
0.07
0.22
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.10
0.16
0.09
0.37
PER SO METER
NO. WWGT
6
if
2
2
2
4
I
4
2
4
6
6
4
i°
20
4
1 0
2
36
£
58
2
2
4
10
0.024
0.840
3.092
5.932
6.166
0.004
0.010
0.014
0.354
0.104
0.456
0.196
0.030
0.026
0.166
0.120
0.146
0.432
0.004
8.006
.004
0.032
0.004
0.052
0.026
0.192
0.320
0.164
0.722
06/12/78
06/
06 /
06/
06/
06/
2/78
2/78
2/78
2/78
2/78
UBTOTAL
1 0.09 0.005 0.01
0.010
o
0
\l
41
0.62
0.73
Ot27
1.00
0.91
3.73
0.009
0.009
0.003
0.009
0.006
0.036
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
O.'Ol
0.04
18
16
20
62
0.016
0.016
8.006
.ota
0.012
0.072
PAGE 11
BIT CRITERIA
-------
DUTCH HARBOR BEHTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
CRUISE 261 STATION OB
TAXON CODE TAXON NAME
533100000000 AMPHIPODA
533102010100 AMPELISCA MACRnCEPHALA
533102010JOO AMpELJSCA MACRnCEPHALA
533102010100 AMPELJ5CA MACRnCEPHALA
533102010100 AMPELISCA MACRnCEPHALA
533102010100 AMPELISCA MACRnCEPHALA
533134140000
533134140000
533134140000
533134140000
533134140300
533134290000
533134290000
533134290000
H
H
H
H
H
PPOMEDON
PPOMFDON
PPOMEQOM
PPOMEDON
PPOMEDON
ORCHOMENE SP.
nRCHOMENE SP.
ORCHOMENE SP.
533137080000
533142070000
533142070000
533142070000
533142070000
533142070000
533300000000
680201010100
680204000000
680204000000
6B0204000000
680204000000
680204010100
6803090000FO
MOMOCULODES SP.
PARAPHOXUS
P
PARAPHOXUS tpt
PARAPHOXUS SP.
SP»
SP.
PA|}APJIOXU«
PARAPHOXUS
DECAPODA
OENDRASTER EXCFNTRICUS
IOAF
lpAF
STRnNf,Y|.OCENTPOTlDAF
STRnNGYLOCENTROTlDAE
ALLOCENTROTUS FRAQ1LIS
OPHlURlOAE FRAGS
03/25/79
PERCENTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
SAMPLE SAMP
DATE NO.
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
86/12/78
6/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
STATION TOTAL
4
4
5
J
2
2
I
5
|
2
5
I
2
3
i
2
2
2
I
5
1
2
COUNT
NO. PCT
1
2
2
1
1
9
10
g
if
42
2
1
3
6
1
IE
a
7
4
44
1
1
19
If
28
80
11
1
1100
0.09
0.18
0.27
0.09
0.18
0.09
0.82
0.91
0 73
°*55
3tfl2
o.ie
0.09
0.27
0.55
0.09
1.36
0.91
0.73
0.64
0.36
4.00
0.09
0.09
1.73
.09
155
1.00
0.09
WET WEIGHT
GRAMS PCT
0.003
0.004
0.053
0.036
0.049
0.002
0.144
0.077
0.060
0.015
0.151
0.060
0.363
8.004
.003
0.033
0.040
0.002
0.046
0.027
0.024
0.023
0.014
0.134
0.005
0.205
0.032
0.016
0.026
0.037
o.ui
0.014
0.406
98.540
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.00
0.15
o.oa
8.06
.02
0.15
0.06
0.37
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.04
0.00
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.14
0.01
0.21
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.11
0.01
Q.41
PER SO METER
NO. WWGT
2
4
6
I
2
18
20
16
1*
To
64
4
2
6
12
2
30
20
16
14
a
ea
2
2
38
42
56
160
22
2
2200
0.006
0.008
0.106
0.072
0.098
0.004
0.288
0.154
0.120
0.030
0.302
0.120
0.726
o.ooa
0.006
0.066
o.oeo
0.004
0.092
0.054
0.048
0.046
0.026
0.268
0.010
0.410
0.064
8:81!
0.074
0.028
0.812
197.080
PAGE 12
BIT CRITERI/
X
$
X
SIMPSON INDEX 0.131458
SHANNON DIVERSITY INDEX
-------
DUTCH HARBOR BENTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE l»78
CRUISE ?61 STATION 00
TAXON COnE
A80I2A010400
430l240tnAOO
A5012A010AOO
AB012AOtOAOO
533300000000
TAXON NAME
DECAPOOA
KEPHTYS CORNllT
NEPHTY5 CORHUl
NiPHTYS COaWJJ
MEpHTYS CORNU]
NEpHTYS CORNUT
03/25/79
PERCENTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
SAMPLE SAMP
DATE NO.
05/11/78 5
05/11/78 A
05/11/78 I
05/11/78 2
05/11/78 1
SUBTOTAL
05/11/78 3
STATION TOTAL
C
NO.
\\
11
1
75
SIMPSON INDEX 0.973333
COUNT
SO METER
WWGT
PAGE
BIT CRITERIA
SHANNON DIVERSITY INDEX 0.070611
-------
HUTCH HARBOR BENTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
CRUISE ?t>l STATION OU
TAXON CODE
4ft0124010<>00
4801?40J0400
480124010400
430124010400
TAXON NAME
HEPHTYS CORMUTA
NEPHTYS CORMUTA
HtpHTYS CORHUTA
MEPHTVS CORNUTA
480142100100 SPIOPHANES BOMBYX
480158010100 CAPITELLA CAPlTATA
791613000000 PHOl IDlDAE
999900000000 NO FAUNA COLLECTED IN THIS GRAB
03/25/79
PERCENTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
PAGE 14
SAMPLE SAMP
DATE NO.
05/11/78
05/11/78
05/11/78
05/11/78
SUBTOTAL
05/11/78
05/11/78
05/11/78
05/11/78
STATION TOTAL
SIMPSON INDEX
4
2
3
2
1
0.
COUNT
NO. PCT
16
1
1
1
0
19
701754
llilf
5.26
5.26
5.26
0*
WET WEIGHT PER SC
CRAMS PCT NO.
0.038
0.040
0.046
0.046
0.170
0.004
0.167
0.327
0.
0.668
6.89
6.89
25.45
0.60
25.00
48.95
0*
6
2
2
2
0
38
SHANNON DIVERSITY
> METER
WWGT
0.076
o.oao
0.092
0.092
0.340
0.008
0.334
0.654
0.
1.336
INDEX 0.
BIT CRITERIA
xxxx
xxxx
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
xxxx
X
X X
609627
•p-
01
-------
DUTCH HARBOR BENTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
CRUISE 761 STATION 02
TAXON COOE
A801000000FO
ABO
480
480
>40}0400
!40l0400
4801550)0(00
4801S50ioiOO
TAXON NAME
POLYCHAETA FRAG.
NEPHTYS
:ORNU
:QRNU
"ORNU
TA
tt
SCALIgREGMA INFLAT.
SCALIB3EGMA INFtATUM
kTUM
*
03/25/79
PAGE 15
PERCENTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
SAMPLE SAMP COUNT
DATE 140. NO. PCT
06/12/78 5 1 0.93
06/12/78 5 35 32. SI
06/12/78 4 44 40.74
06/12/78 3 20 18.52
SUBTOTAL 99 91.67
86/12/78 3 1 0.93
6/12/78 4 7 6.48
SUBTOTAL 8 7.41
STATION TOTAL 108
SIMPSON INDEX o. 8*4*10
MET WEIGHT PER SO METER
SRAMS PCT NO. WHGT
0.005 0.46 3 0.017
§.151 13.92 117 0.503
.280 25.61 !
-------
DUTCH HARBOR BEltTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
CRUISE ?61 STATION 02A
TAXON CODE
480105010100
48012*010400
480155010100
TAXON NAME
PHLOE MlNUTA
nEpHTYS CORNUTA
SCALIBREGHA INFLATUM
03/25/79
PEKCENTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
PAGE 16
SAMPLE SAMP COUNT
DATE NO. NO. PC
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
STATION TOTAL
1
1
1
1
5
1
7
14.
71.
14.
T
29
43
29
WET HEIGHT
GRAMS PCT
0.001
o.oia
0.005
0.024
4.17
75.00
20.83
PER SO METER
NO. wwdr
10
50
10
70
0.010
0.180
0.050
0.240
BIT CRITERIA
.
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
SIMPSON INDEX 0.476190
SHANNON DIVERSITY INDEX 0.796312
-------
DUTCH HARBOR REMTH1C GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
CRUISE ?61 STATION 3
03/25/79
PERCENTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
PAGE 17
CO
TAXON CODE
4000000000FO
400000000000
400000000000
4SOOOOOOOOFO
4900000000FO
4S00000030FO
4B30000000FO
4S01000000FO
4B01000000FO
4801000000FO
480101000000
480101000000
480101080600
480101080600
480101150200
480105000000
4801050 0100
4801050 OlOO
4801053 0100
480112020500
480120010200
4601240100FO
480124010400
480124010500
480126010100
480126010100
4801270 OlOO
4801270 OlOO
4801270 OlOO
4801270 0100
4801270 0100
TAXON NAME
RHYNCHOCOELA FRAGS.
8HYNCHOCOELA
HYNCHOCOELA
ANNELIDA FRAGS
ANNF.LIDA FRAGS
ANNELIDA FRAGS
ANNELIDA FRAGS
POLYCHAETA FRAG.
POLYCHAETA FRAG.
POLYCHAETA FRAG.
POLYNOIOAE
POLYNOIOAE
HARMOTHOE IMBRICATA
HARMOTHOE IMBRICATA
POLYHOE GRACILIS
. SIGALlOiMDAE
PHLOE HI NUT A
PHLOE MI NUT A
PHLOE HINUTA
ETEONE LONGA
'GYPTIS BREVIPAl PA
NEPHTYS SP. FRAGS
NEPHTYS CORNUTA
NEPHTYS PUNCTATA
GLYCERA CAPITATA
GLYCERA CAplTATA
GLYCINOE PlCTA
GLyCINDE PlCTA
GLYCINOE PlCTA
GLYCINOE PlCTA
GLYCINOE P CTA
SAMPLE SAMP
DATE NO.
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/79
SUB TOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
4
i
f
\
I
i
f
5
5
2
5
1
2
2
4
1
2
i
§
4
COUNT
NO. PC
1
I
I
4
!
j
§
*
i
i
i
2
1
1
1
1
?
* 3
9
^
6
11
33
0.
0.
0.
0.
o.
0.
0.
p.-
8-
8*
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
8*
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
T
04
?7
04
04
8!
17
8*
04
13
09
04
13
09
09
17
04
04
^
\l
09
04
»
04
04
04
09
04
13
39
13
26
\l
43
WET WE IS
GRAMS P
8.570
0.078
0:009
oloaf
0.065
0.092
•0.078
0.066
0.301
8:112
0.506
1.381
0.006
0.001
0.007
0.041
0.055
0.096
0.057
0.001
0.005
0.002
0.007
0.014
0.014
0.001
1.131
0.005
1.409
8.116
.006
0.122
0.050
0.034
0.052
0.083
0.090
0.309
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
21
•
•
•
•
•
•
*
*
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
*
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
76
12
n
10
14
is
45
50
80
75
06
01
00
01
06
08
14
08
00
01
00
01
02
02
00
68
0«01
2
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
•
»
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
10
ol
18
07
05
08
li
46
PER SO METER
(JO. WWGT BIT CRITERIA
2
I
2
|
a
6
4
6
4
8
2
2
16
4
2
2
2
2
\
6
18
6
12
22
66
17.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0;
1:
8*
8:
8:
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
8-
0.
0.
0.
2.
0.
2.
o.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
8:
0.
140 XX
156
130
184
156
132
602
tit X
91! x
012
002
014
082
110
192
114
002
010 X
004 X
014 X
028
028
002
262
010 X X X X X
818
232
012
244
100 X
068 X
104 X
J66 X
80 X
18
-------
DUTCH HA«BnR BENTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE. 1978
CRUISE ?61 STATION 3
TAXON CODE'
480127010300
460127010300
480127020200
48012B010300
4B01300100FO
46013001)900
43013001)900
48013001)900
480130011900
48013001)900
400139010000
430)39010200
480139010200
4SOI39010200
4B01390102GO
(-•
S 480139030000
430139030000
4B014200DOFO
480)42040000
4301420400GO
48014204.1000
430142040000
480142040000
480142050000
480142050000
490142050100
460142050100
460142050100
4BOI42050100
460142050100
TAXON NAME
ARMlGfRA
ARMIGFRA
GONIADA MACULATA
ONuPHlS IRIDESCENS
LUMBRlNERlS SP. FRAGS.
I UMfiR
IUMBR
LUMBR
LUMOR
1.UMBR
S LUT
HAPLOSCOLOPLOS SP.
HAPLOSCOLOPLOS
HApLOSfOLOPLOS
HAPLOSCOLOPLOS
HAPLOSCOLOPLOS
ELONGATUS
JLONGAtUS
iLONGATUS
:LONGATUS
SCOLOPLOS FULlGlNOSA
SCOLOPLOS FULlGlNOSA
SPlnMlOAE FRAGS
POLYDORA Sp.
POLYDORA 5P.
POLYDORA SP.
POLYDOSA SP.
POLYDORA Sp.
PR)ONOSP10 SP.
PR IONOSP10 SP.
PRIONOSP
PR
PR
PR
PR
ONOSP
ONOSP
ONOSP
ONOSP
8MALMGREN
MALMGREN
0 MALMGREN
0 MALMGREN
0 MALMGREN
03/25/79
PERCENTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
SAMPLE SAMP
TE
DAT
NO.
WET WEIGHT
GRAMS PCI
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
0.044
0.004
0.048
06/11/78 3
,06/11/78 3
06/ 1/78 4
06/ 1/78 S
06/11/78 I
06/1/78 2
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78 2
Ot/H/78 4
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78 4
06/11/78 3
06/11/78 5
06/11/78 2
06/11/78 1
SUBTOTAL
291 12.61
O.O44
0.010
0.054
0.406
0.115
0.164
0.101
0.092
0.878
0.07
oloi
0.07
0.029 0.04
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/
06/
06/
06/
06/
1/78
1/78
i/78
1/78
1/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/
06 /
06/
06/
1/78
1/78
1/78
1/78
SUBTOTAL
06/1 1/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
5
2
?
5
3
2
1
4
5
t
i
i
54
el
11
313
2
i
1
2
J
5
11
28
0.
0.
2.
t(
2J
13!
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
04
04
34
v 4
30
57
09
04
04
09
04
22
74
48
21
0
O
8
0
8
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
•
•
•
•
«
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
008
175
in
751
860
450
678
016
035
013
014
016
078
148
051
199
0
0
g
1
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.01
.26
•i6
• 1 2
'67
• Of
.99
.02
.05
.02
.02
.02
.12
.22
.08
.30
0.035 0.05
0.009
0.006
0.045
0.002
0.015
0.077
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.01
o.oe
PER SO METER
r NO. WWGT
'•' 6 o.oaa
•»' 2 o.ooa
a 0.096
2 0.05B
08
42
06
626
a
44
104
82
300
46
50
582
1.720
1.900
5.356
0.032
0.070
0.026
0.026
0.032
0.156
0.296
0.102
0.398
0.070
0.018
0.012
0.090
0.004
0.030
0.154
0.088
0.020
0.10B
0.812
0.230
0.328
0.202
0.184
1.756
PAGE 18
BIT CRITERIA
-------
DUTCH HARBlR BEMTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
CRUISE 261 STATION 3
TAXON COnE
480142050200
480142050200
2070100
lOJojpo
48014J
480141_._.__
480l4207olOO
480142100200
480
480
480
480
480
143010200
43010200
430
430
430
i0200
0200
0200
480149000000
480149000000
480149030000
480149030000
460149030000
I-1
Ui
o
4801490400FO
480149040100
480152010300
(.60155010100
4801550
4801550
4801550
4801550
460
480
480
480
480
560
560
560
560
560
inioo
oioo
moo
oioo
oioo
oioo
oioo
nioo
oioo
480I580000FO
480I560000FO
TAXON NAME
PRIONOSPIO ClRRlFERA
PRIONOSPIO CIRRIFERA
SPIO EILlCORNlS
SP 0 MtjCORNls
SPIO FltiCORNIS
SPIOPHANE5 KROvERI
MAGELONA
HAGELONA
ACIFfCA
AClFlCA
AClFlCA
AClFlCA
AClFlCA
MAGELONA
MAGELONA
CIRRATULIDAE
CIRRATUL1DAE
THARVX SP.
THARYX SP.
THARYX SP.
CHAETOZONE SP. FRAGS
CHAETOZOUE SETnSA
BRAOA INHABILIS
SCAL
SCAL
SCAL
SCAL
SCAL
1REGMA INFLATUM
5REGMA INFLATUM
5SEGMA JNFLATUM
JREGMA INFLATUH
iREGMA NFLATUM
AMMOTRYPANE AUl OGASTER
AMMOTRYPANE AUl.OGASTER
AMMOTRYPANE AU| OGASTER
AMMOTRYPANE AU| OGASTER
AMMOTRYPANE AUl OGASTER
CAPITELL10AE
CAPlTECLIDAf
FRAGS
FRAGS
03/25/79
PER.CEHTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
PAGE 19
SAMPLE SAMP
DATE NO.
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/ 1/78
06/ 1/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/1 /78
06/1 1/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
1
!
I
2
5
3
i
t
2
5
3
3
4
5
2
J
\
COUNT
NO. PCT
3
4
11
84
1
*
1 5
ll
47
B
7
44
1
3
1
§-
if
25
\
I
12
I
2
0.13
0.04
0.17
1:8
3.64
0.04
0.17
0.48
0.65
0.56
0.17
2.04
8:69
1.60
0.30
0^7
0.74
1.91
0.04
0.13
0.04
0.09
0.13
0.22
0.4B
0.17
l.oa
0.17
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.52
0.04
8.04
.09
WET WEIGHT
GRAMS PCT
0.003
0.001
0.004
oloaa
0.444
0.003
0.015
0.111
0.111
0.128
0.048
0.433
0.037
0.093
0.130
0.029
0.096
0.07B
0.203
0.008
0.014
0.397
0.022
!:$
0.492
0.158
0.049
0.094
0.254
0.048
0.603
8:8??
0.025
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.16
0.37
0.13
0.66
0.00
0.02
0.17
0.20
0.19
0.07
0.64
0.06
0.14
0.19
0.04
0.14
0.12
0.30
0.01
0.02
0.59
0.03
0.25
0.10
0.24
0.10
0.73
0.24
0.07
m
0.90
0.01
0.03
0.04
PER SO
NO.
J
a
54
168
2
a
22
30
2fl
94
42
4$
34
aa
2
6
2
4
6
\l
50
I
4
4
24
\
4
METER
WWGT
0.006
0.002
O.OOB
0:i76
0.888
0.006
0.030
0^22
0.262
8.256
.096
0.866
0.074
0.186
0.260
0.05B
0.192
0.156
0.406
0.016
0.02B
0.794
0.044
0.336
0.140
0^324
0^40
0.984
0.316
0.098
0.188
0.508
0.096
1.206
8.016
• 034
0.050
BIT CRITERIA
XX X
XX X
X
X X X X X
X X X X X
X X X X X
X X X X X
X X X X X
'5
-------
DUTCH HARBnR BENTHIC CRAB DATA — JUNE 1*78
CRUISE 261 STATION 3
TAKON CORE
480156000000
480158010100
480158010)00
480156010100
480158020000
480156020100
460)58020100
480158020100
480158020100
480158030000
4B015B030000
430158030000
480158030600
480158030600
480161000000
48016100(1000
480161080100
480161080100
480161080100
4801611002FO
480163010200
460163010200
480165020100
480165020100
480165020100
480165040100
44016<>040lOO
-------
Ln
N>
DUTCH HARBnR BENTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 19?8
CRUISE 261 STATION 3
TAXON COOE
480165050100
480165050100
480167010100
480168010^00
4801680)0300
480168010300
4B316B010300
430168010300
490400000000
490402020100
490402020100
490402020100
490402020100
490402020100
490403000000
490403020300
490403020300
490403020300
490403020300
490403020300
490415020000
4904I502OOOO
490415020000
490415020000
490415020000
490415030100
490415030)00
490415030100
490415030100
490420010100
490420010100
490424010000
490424010000
490424010000
TAXON NAME
MELINNA CRJSTATA
MELINNA CRIST ATA
TEREBELLIOES STROEMII
CHONE
CHOME
CHONE
CHOME
CHONE
NCTA
PELECYPOnA
NUCULA
NUCULA TENU
NUCUL.
NUCULA
NUCULA
NUCllLANlOAE
ENII
ENlj
ENu
ENll
.. ... FOSSA
HUCULAfjA FOSSA
..-..*,<— -» - t05S^
NUCUI.A(jA FOSSA
NUCULANA FOSSA
ti
AX
AX
AX
HOPS
HOPS
MOPS
NOPS
NOPS
CA SP.
THVASIRA FLExUnSA
THYASlRA FLEXUnSA
FLEXUnSA
LEXUnSA
CLINOCARDIUM
MACOMA SP.
MACOMA 5P.
MACOMA SP.
CILIATUM
CfLIATUM
03/25/79
PERCENTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
SAMP
NO.
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06 /
06/
06/
06 /
06 /
1/78 2
1/78 I
J/7B 5
1/78 4
1/78 5
UBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/
06/
06/
06/
06/
/78
/78
/78
/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78 4
06/11/78 4
06/11/78 3
06/11/78 5
86/11/78 2
6/11/78 I
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78 1
06/11/78 2
06/11/78 5
06/11/70 3
06/11/78 4
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78 4
06/jj/jfl 5
06/11/78 2
06/11/78 1
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78 5
06/11/78 3
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78 3
06/11/78 5
06/11/78 2
SUBTOTAL
WET WEIGHT
GRAMS PCT
PER SO METER
NO. HW6T
PAGE 21
BIT CRITERIA
0.022
O.OOB
0.030
0.03
O.Ot
0.04
0.144 0.21
0.170
0.026
0.258
0.102
0.311
0.867
0.25
0.04
0.38
0.15
0.46
1.29
1.239 1.85
0.0)
0.01
w
36
92
2
8.044
.016
0.060
0.288
0.340
0.052
0.516
0.204
0.622
1.734
2.478
0.001 0.
0.002
it
7
i!
146
150
84
137
29
6
9
1
i 4^
3
8
1.
0.
0.
0.
3.
6.
6.
3.
5.
8.
30.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
48
60
30
It
73
11
94
&
22
04
n
it
39
04
j ~f
13
35
1
0
S
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
9
*
1
2
5
.544
.950
.978
.834
1378
.684
.834
.600
.473
.734
.974
.615
.153
1 186
.382
.255
.545
.800
.697
.629
.082
.403
I
|
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
'1%
*<>6
ill
.93
ill
.09
.45
.38
.23
.04
.03
1
i
74 '
14
1.088
i.900
.956
!$ ?•$£?
26 2.756
72 17.368
92
00
68 (
iz& i
1414
.668
.200
.946
.468
.948
.230
xx
X
X
X
XXX
XXX
XXX
5
X
X
X
10 0.306
2 (
J.050
2 0.036
6 0.372
20 0.764
13.78
0.81
14.40
2
2
e
.53
.43
.10
.05
12 18.510
6 1.090
18 19.600
2
a
).394
1.268
6 4^164
16 10.816
5
X
x
X
-------
Ol
CO
DUTCH HARBOR BENTH1C GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
CRUISE 261 STATION 3
TAXON NAME
HYIOAE
SOLARI ELLA SP.
CUMACEA
TAXON COOE
490424010100
490424010100
490428000000
490506040000
490506040000
490506040200
490506040200
532800000000
532B04030400
533100000000
533100000000
533100000000
533300COOOOO
590101010100
590(01010100
590101010100
590101010100
680309000000
680309000000
9999999999FO UNIDENTIFIED FRAGs.
HACOHA CALCAREA
MACOMA CALCAREA
SOLAR|ELLA SP.
SOLAR I ELLA OBSrURA
S0[ARI ELLA OBSfURA
EUDORELLOPSIS DEFORMIS
AMPHIPODA
AMPIJjPnOA
AHPHIPnDA
DECAPOOA
GOLFINS
GOLFJN5IA MARGAR
GOLF ING I A MARGAR
GOLFING I A MARGAR
A MARGARITACEA
TACEA
A
A
TAC
TAC
OPHIURlDAE
03/25/79
PERCENTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
PAGE 22
SAMP! E SAMP COUNT
DAT£ NO. NO. PCT
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBIOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
STATION TOTAL
4
1
*
I
\
3
\
2
2
5
I
5
4
1
§
6
1
I
3
i
|
I
i
2307
0.17
0.04
0.22
0.04
0.04
0.09
0.13
0.09
0.04
0.04
1.17
8.48
.04
1.69
0.04
0.04
0.09
0.26
0.22
0.61
0.13
0.04
0.17
0.04
*
WET WEIGHT
SHAMS pet
2.338
41325
0.012
0.008
0.027
0.035
0.022
0.140
0.162
0.001
0.001
0.175
0.021
0.001
0.19?
0.002
0.013
0.004
0.025
0.108
0.150
0.926
0.001
0.927
0.056
67.145
3.48
2.96
6.44
0.02
0.01
0.04
0.05
0.03
0.21
0.24
0.00
0.00
0.26
0.03
0.00
0.29
0.00
0.02
0.01
8.04
.16
0.22
1.38
0.00
1.36
0.08
PER SO METER
NO. WWGT BIT CRITER
8
10
2
4
6
12
2
2
if
78
2
28
J
8
2
4614
4.676 X X
3.974 X X
8.650
0.024
0.016
0.054
0.070
0.044
0.280
0.324
0.002
0.002
0.350
0.042
0.002
0.394
0.004
0.026
0.008
0^216
0.300
1.852
0.002
1.854
0.112
134.290 •
SIMPSON INDEX 0.136190
SHANNON DIVERSITY INDEX 2.746S46
-------
DUTCH HARBOR flENTHIC GRA9 DATA — JUNE 1*78
CRUISE 761 STATION 3A
03/25/79
PERCENTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
PAGE 23
TAXON CODE
330100000000
40000000QOFO
4000000000FO
400000000000
400000000000
400000000000
4B01000000FO
4801000000FO
4801000000FO
480105010100
480105010100
480105010100
4801120205FO
480112020500
480122020000
480123000000
480124010000
480124011100
*80l2'.Ol(IOO
48012401)100
48012401(100
480127010100
490127010100
480127010100
4801270(0100
480127010100
480128010300
48013001(900
£ (I A I 2 A A I t O A A
4801
480i
480!
30011900
3001(900
3001(900
TAXON NAME
HYDR020A
RHYNCHOCOFLA FRA(
RHYHCHOCOECA FRA<
RHYNCHOCOF.LA
RHYHCHOCOELA
RHYNCHOCOELA
POLYCHAETA FRAG*
POLYCHAETA FfiAG.
POLYCHAETA FRAG.
PHlOE MlNUTA
PHLOE HJNUTA
PHLOE MlNUTA
FTEONE LONGA FfiAGS
ETEONE LONGA
SYLLIS SP.
NfRFICAE
NfiPHTYS SP.
NiPHTYS FERRllGlNEA
NlPHTYS FERRUGINEA
NEPHTYS FERRUGINEA
NEPHTYS FERRUGINEA
GLYCINOE PICTA
GLYCIHDE PICTA
GLYCJNOE PICTA
GLYCINOE P CJA
GLyCINDE P|C|A
ONUPHIS IRlDESrENS
LUHBR
t.UMRR
LUMhR
I.UMHR
LUMBR
NERIS LUT
N ^>
NER
UT
SAMPLE SAMP
DATE NO.
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/1 1/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/1 1/78
06/1 1/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/1 /78
06/j /78
06/i /78
06/1 /78
SUBTOTAL
06/1 1/78
06/ 1/78
06/ 1/78
06/ 1/76
06/ 1/78 .'
06/ 1/78
SUBTOTAL
2
f
|
|
!
2
5
2
3
1
|
5
4
1
3
1
2
5
i
COUNT
NO. PCT
1
i
3
I
1
3
a
i
i
i
i
2
i
6
16
6
a
5
39
1
il
30
40
67
196
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.08
0.11
0.04
0.04
0.19
0.04
0.04
o!o4
0.11
0*1*5
0.30
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.08
0.19
O.lt
0.08
0.23
0.61
0.23
0.30
0.19
1.48
0.04
0*8*4
1.14
1.52
m
WET WEIGHT
GRAMS PCT
0.001
0.010
8.008
.018
0.016
0.00)
o.ooi
0.018
0.017
0.159
0.208
0.384
0.003
0.002
0.006
0.011
0.001
0.007
0.002
0.003
2.345
0.031
0.055
0.068
0.022
0.196
0.180
0.149
0.207
0.168
0.061
0.765
0.126
0.490
0.247
0.356
0.486
0.690
2.269
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.03
0.25
0.32
0.59
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
3.61
0.05
0.08
0.14
0,03
0.30
0.28
0.23
0*32
0.26
0.09
1.1 8
0'19
0.76
0.38
0.55
fll75
1.06
3.50
PER SO
NO.
2
|
6
10
I
6
16
2
2
2
2
4
1
32
12
16
h
10
78
2
4*4
60
ao
134
392
METER
HHGT
0.002
0.020
0.016
0.036
0.032
0.002
0.002
0.036
0.034
0.318
0.416
0.768
0.006
0.004
0.012
0.022
0.002
0.014
0.004
0.006
4.690
0.062
o.TTo
0.176
0.044
0.392
0.360
0*414
0.336
0.122
1.530
0.252
0.980
0.494
0*712
0.972
1.380
4.538
BIT CRITERIA
S S
9
X
I
X
X
X
J£
xx x
XX X
XX X
XX X
-------
DUTCH HARBnR BENTH1C GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
CRUISE ?61 STATION 3A
TAXON COnE
4801390
4801390
4BQI390
48013
90
0200
0200
0200
0200
0200
C
in
480140020400
480140020400
480142040000
480142050100
480142050100
480142050100
480)42050100
480142050100
480142070100
480(42070100
480142070100
480142070100
460142100000
490142100100
480143010200
460143010200
480149000000
480149000000
480149000000
480149000000
480149000000
480155010100
480155010100
480155010100
480155010100
480156010100
TAXON NAME
HAPLOSCOLOPLOS
HAPLOSCOLOPLOS
HAPLOSCOLOPLOS
HAPLOSCOLOPLOS
HAPLOSCOLOPLOS
ELONGATUS
ELO.NGATUS
ELONGATUS
ELONGATUS
ELONGATUS
ARIC1
A JEFFREYS! I
! I
JEFFREYS
POLYOORA SP.
ONOSPIO MALMGREN
OMOSP10 MALMGREN
MALMGRFN
... . MALMGREN
SPiO MALMGREN
10 FILICORNJS
10 FILICnRNJS
SP
ORNJS
ORNlS
SP10PHANES SP.
SPlOPHANES BOMRYX
MAGELONA PAC|F|CA
MAGELONA PACfFlCA
CIRRATUu
CIRRATUL
CIRRATUL
CIRRATUL
DAE
DAE
DAE
DAE
CIRRATULIOAE
SCALIBREGMA
' 1RE5MA
JREGMA
3HEGMA
INFLATUI4
INFLATUM
INFLATUM
INFLATUM
03/25/79
PERCENT* REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
SAMP
NO.
06/1
06/1
06/1
06/1
06/1
/78
/78
/7fl
/78
/78
SUBTOTAL
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/1
06/1
06/1
06/1
06/1
/7H
/7B
/78
/78
/78
AMMOTRYPANE AU| OGASTER
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78 I
06/11/78 ' 4
06/11/78 5
06/11/78 3
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78 3
06/11/78 3
06/11/78 4
06/11/78 1
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78 1
06/11/78 4
06/11/78 5
06/11/78 3
06/11/78 2
SUBTOTAL .
06/U/7H 2
06/11/78 5
06/11/78 4
06/11/78 1
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78 4
NO.
COU
NT
PCT
6
8
7
8
a
37
1
1
jl
4
1
27
\
\
7
I
1
j
2
3
3
6
5
2
19
2
I
•
6
0.23
0.30
0.27
0.30
0.30
1.41
0.04
0.04
0.08
0.04
0.42
0.19
8:1!
0.04
1.03
0.11
O.OB
0.04
0.04
0.27
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.08
0.11
0.11
8:23
0.19
0.08
0.^2
0.08
0.08
0.04
0.04
0.23
0.003 0.00
0.101
o.oi-
0.03
o:o4_
0.008
0.209
0.019
0.003
0.007
0.002
0.031
0.003
0.001
0.005
0.032
0.037
0.013
8.022
.034
0.035
0.004
0.108
0.147
8.046
.026
0.007
0.226
0.03
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.05
0.06
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.05
0.23
0.07
0.04
8'§l
0.35
PNg.S° JOT
54
2
6
6
if
38
4
2
0.360
0.712
01422
2.076
K
74
2 0.002
2 0.004
4 0.006
2 0.006
0.202
0.038
0.076
0.086
0.016
0.418
1 0.04 0.093 0*14
0.038
0.006
0.014
0.004
0.062
0.006
0.002
0.010
0.064
0.074
0.026
0.044
0.068
0.070
0.008
0.216
0.294
0.092
0.052
0.014
0.452
0.186
PAGE 24
BIT CRITERIA
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
8
X
X
X X X X X
X X X X X
XXX
XXX
l\ r\
Sx
-------
DUTCH HARBOR BENTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
CRUISE 761 . STATION 3A
TAXON COOE
480158010100
480158020100
480158020200
480158030600
480158030600
480161000000
480161000000
480162020100
480165020100
480165020100
480165050100
480165050100
4801680000FO
480168010300
480UB010300
490402020100
490402020100
490403020300
490403020300
490403020300
490403050000
490403050000
4904
4904
4904
4904
4904
5020000
5020000
5020000
5020000
5020000
TAXDN NAME
CAPITELLA CAPlTATA
HETEROMASTUS FjLIFORMIS
HETEROMASTUS CfGANTEUS
MOTOMASTUS
NOTOMASIUS
LAEnlATUS
LAERlATUS
MALOAMjOAE
MALDANlDAE
HYHIOCHELE HEERl
AMPHARETE ARCTlCA
AMPHARETE ARCTlCA
MEl.INNA CRISTATA
MELINNA CRISTATA
SABFLLlDAE FRA&S.
CHOME ClNCTA
CHONE ClNCTA
NUCULA TENUIS
KUCULA TENUIS
NUCULANA FOSSA
MUCULAHA FOSSA
NUCULAfjA FOSSA
YOL01A SP.
VOLOIA SP.
AXINOPS
AXINOPS
AX|MOPS
AXINOPS
AX HOPS
DA SP.
DA SP.
OA SP.
DA SP.
DA SP.
03/25/79
PERCENTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
PAGE 25
SAMPLE SAMP
DATE NO.
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/1J/7B
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/1 /78
06/1 /78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/1 /78
06/1 /78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/1 /78
06/1 /78
06/1 /78
06/1 /78
06/1 /78
SUBTOTAL
2
4
5
5
3
3
5
f
I
1
3
i
i
\
4
5
COUNT
NO. PCT
1
1
1
3
4
j
2
1
»
2
1
2
1
1
3
§
\
2
6
\
m
260
299
1961
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
\l
h
u
.04
.04
.04
.11
*04
IOB
.04
.04
.04
.08
.04
.04
.08
.04
.04
.08
.11
•4
• OB
loJ
.08
.23
.11
ill
WET WEI5HT
GRAMS PCT
0.
0.
0.
0.
o.
0.
8:
0.
0.
8:
o!
o'.
0.
0.
o.
0.
0.
o.
2«
0.
o.
o.
0.
0.
o.
o.
0.
1
003
002
004
010
003
013
027
004
031
021
005
002
007
007
004
Oil
001
018
004
022
013
006
019
053
075
555
004
001
005
If?
978
398
019
0
- o
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
*
•
•
•
•
•
*
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
00
00
01
02
00
02
04
01
05
03
80
0 1
01
oi
02
00
03
01
03
02
01
03
66
08
12
86
01
00
01
1
PER SO METER
NO. WWGT BIT CRITERIA
2
2
2
g
6
I
4
2
f
4
i
4
2
I
6
.8
6
4
12
|
US
1010
520
598
3922
0.006 X
0.004 X X X X
0.008
0.020
0.006
0.026
0.054 X X
0.008 X X
0.062
0.042
0.010
0.004
0.014
0.014
0.008
0.022
0.002
0.036
0.008
0.044
0.026
0.012
0.038
0.854 X X
0.106 X X
0.150 X X
lino
0.008
0.002
0.010
2.938 X X X X
2.494 X X X X
3.854 X X X X
1.956 X X X X
2.796 X X X X
14.038
-------
DUTCH HARBOR REflTHlC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
CRUISE 261 STATION 3A
TAXON COnE
490415030100
490420010000
490420010000
490420010000
490420020100
4904230
4904230
4904230,
49042301
0000
0000
0000
0000
490423010000
490424010000
490424010000
490424010000
490424010000
490424010000
490428020000
490428020000
490428020000
490428020000
(.90428020000
490500000000
490506040200
490506040200
490506040200
490506040200
490506040200
4905110)0000
490511010000
530200000000
531802010000
532800000000
532800000000
TAXON NAME
THYASIRA FLEXUnSA
INOCARDlUM SP.
INOCARDJUM SP.
INOCAROIUM SP.
SERRIPES GROENI ANDICUS
MSULA SP.
!SUf A S|.
i v*» ** 5* •
>ULA SP.
MACOMA SP.
MACOMA SP.
MACOMA SP.
MACOMA SP.
MACOMA SP.
MYA 5P.
MYA SP.
MYA SP.
MYA SP.
MYA SP.
GASTROPODA
SOLAR
SOLAP
SOL*R
SOLAR
SOLAR
IhhX
ELLA
ELLA
ELLA
SOLARIFLLA
SOLAR! ELLA
OBSCURA
ORSfURA
OBSCURA
OBSCURA
OBSCURA
SP.
SP.
ANOSTRACA
BALANUS SP.
CUMACEA
CU.MACEA
03/25/79
PERCENTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
PAGE 26
06/11/78
06/
06/
06/1
1/78
1/78
1/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/
06/
06/
06/
06/
/78
/ 7 fl
/7fl
1/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/1 1/78
06/11/78
06/1 1/78
SUBTOTAL
06/
06/
06/
06/
06/
/78
/78
/78
/7B
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78 '
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
\
3
3
2
4
5
i
I
*
1
t
i
i-
5
2
i
j
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78 2
06/11/78 4
06/11/78 4
06/11/78 5
SUBTOTAL
COUNT
NO. PCT
9 0.34
16
15
42
|
4
T
15
12
i
a
i
15
IS
11
I
\
20
I
0.61
0.30
O.Q8
0.57
0.04
1.60
0.19
0.1 1
0.15
0.08
0.04
Ol57
0.46
0.19
0.34
0.46
0.04
1.48
0.04
0.57
0.11
0.53
0.76
8:5?.
8:8*
o.oa
0.04
0.76
0.04
0.04
0.08
WET WEIGHT PER SO METER
CRAMS PCT NO. WWGT BIT CRITERIA
0.137 0.21 IB 0.274
2 0.08 0.004 0.01
I 0.04 0.010 0.02
2 O.OB 0.009 0.01
5 0.19 0.023 0.04
1 0.04 0.211 0.33
0.032
0.010
0.003
0.031
0.002
0.078
1.284
6.024
6^757
0.003
0.
8.068
0.023
0.009
8:811
8:88*
0.05
0.02
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.12
>.98
10*42
0.00
ii:44
0.04
0.01
8:846
8:?§
0.004 0.01
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.00
0.00
0.00
-»
10
o.ooa
o.o?o
0.018
0.046
0.422
32
1 6
^
30
2
84
l°6
0
4
2
30
24
10
12
7i
0.064
0.020
0.006
0.062
0.004
0.156
2.568
0.048
13.514
0.006
0.
16.136
O.046
0.018
C.078
0.048
0.004
0.194
0.008
2.404
0.176
.808
.902
.558
.848
0.002
0.004
0.006
-------
DUTCH HARBrtR HEtiTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
CRUISE 761 STATION 3A
TAXON CODE
933100000000
333100000000
933100000000
933100000000
933100000000
6803090000FO
6803090000FO
680309000000
680309000000
TAXON NAME
AMPHIPDDA
AMPHIPODA
AMPHIPflDA
AMPHJPnDA
AMPHIPOOA
OPHIURlDAE FRAC
OPHIURlOAE FRAC
OPHIURlDAE
OPHIURlDAE
03/25/79
PERCENT5 REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
PAGE 27
SAMPLE SAMP
DATE NO.
06/1
06/1
06/1
06/1
06/1
/78
/78
/78
/78
/78
5
4
1
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
\
COUNT
NO.
12
21
5
5
44
I
SUBTOTAL 2
06/1
06/1
/78
/78
4
3
SUBTOTAL
2
4
6
PCT
0.46
O.BO
0.19
8:tt
1.67
0.04
0.04
0.08
0.08
0.15
0.23
MET HEIGHT
GRAMS
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.036
.031
.068
.001
.029
.165
.040
1298
.338
.017
.055
.072
PCT
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
8:
0.
0.
0.
0.
06
05
10
00
04
25
46"
52
03
08
11
PER SO METER
NO.
24
42
10
,0
68
1
4
4
8
12
WWGT BIT CRITERIA
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
o!
0.
0.
0.
072
062
136
85*1
330
080
596
676
034
110
144
STATION TOTAL 2630
SIMPSON INDEX 0.563487
64.877 5260 129.754
SHANNON DIVERSITY INDEX 1.279623
Ol
00
-------
DUTCH HARBnR BENTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
CRUISE 761 ' STATION 38
03/25/79
PERCENTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
' PAGE 28
TAXON COOE
TAXON NAME
4000000000FO RHYNCHOCOfL A FfcAGs.
4000000000FO RHYriCHOCOfL A FRAGs.
4onooooot)OFO RMYNCHOCOELA FRAGS.
40000000QOFO RHYNCHOCOELA FRAGS.
400000000000 RHYNCHOCOELA
400000000000 RHYMCHOCOFLA
400000000000 HHYMCHOCOELA
480IOOOOOOFO
4801000000FO
4801000000FO
4B01000000FO
4B0101000000
480101000000
480101000000
480101050500
480105000000
480112010000
480112020500
48012O010200
480120010200
480i?4010400
480124010400
480124010400
480(24010400
480124010400
480124010500
4B0124010500
480126010100
4B0127010100
4BOI27010100
480l2701nlOO
480127010100
POLYCHAFTA FRAG.
POLYCHAETA FRAG.
POLYCMAETA FRAG.
POLYCHAETA FRAG.
POLvNOlOAE
POLrNOlDAE
POLvNOlOAE
fUNOE OERSTED I
SIGALIONIOAE
ANA I TIDES SP.
ETEONE LONGA
GYPTIS B«Ev|PA| PA
GVPTIS BREvlPAl PA
NEpHTYS CORNUTA
NEPHTYS CORNUTA
NEPHTYS COPNUTA
NtpHTYS CORNUTA
HEPHTYS CORNUTA
NEPHTYS PUNCTATA
HEPHTYS PUKCTATA
Gi-YCERA CAP1TATA
GLYCINDE PKTA
GLYCINOE PICTA
GLYCINDE PfCTA
GLYCINOE PICTA
SAMPLE SAMP
DATE NO.
06/1 1/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/H/7B
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/1 1/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/7B
SUBTOTAL
06/1 1/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/1 1/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
I
4
3
f
1
2
4
J
1
4
5
4
I
1
5
5
4
1
1
3
4
5
COUNT
NO. PCT
I
1
1
4
3
7
2
i
i
4
1
1
I
I
2
2
11
2
20
1
2
1
7
|
14
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.27
8:11
0.07
0.48
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.27
0.14
0.07
0.07
0.27
0.07
0.27
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.14
0.14
0.75
0.21
0.14
0.14
1.37
0.07
0.07
0.14
0.07
0.48
0.14
0.14
0.21
0.96
WET WEIGHT
GRAMS PCT
0.192
0.016
0.083
0.097
0.388
0.057
0.043
O.OOl
0.101
0.048
0:029
0.006
0.027
0.112
0.006
0.030
0.001
0.037
0.016
0.024
0.028
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.007
0.002
0.018
0.002
0.006
0.003
0.031
1.514
6.205
7.719
0.065
O.OB1
0.032
0.026
0.018
0.157
8:1!
0.08
0.09
0.37
0.06
0.04
0.00
0.10
8.05
.03
0.01
0.03
0.11
0.01
0.03
0.00
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.02
0,00
0.01
0.00
0.03
•5:9$
7.45
0.06
0.08
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.15
PER SO METER
NO. WHGT BIT CRITERIA
I
2
2
8
6
1
14
2
2
2
a
J
I
2
8
2
2
2
5
4
4
2|
4
40
2
4
2
14
6
28
8.384 X X
.032 X X
0.166 X X
0.194 X X
0.776
0.114
0.086
0.002
0.202
8.096 X
.058 X
0.016 X
0.054 X
0.224
0.012
0.060
0.002
0.074
0.032
0.048
0.056
0.004
0.006
O.OOB
0.014
0.004 X X X X X '
0.036 X X X X X
0.004 X X X X X
0.012 X X X X X
0.006 X X X X X
0.062
3.028
12.410
15.438
0.130
0.162 X
0.064 X
0.052 X
0.036 X
0.314
-------
DUTCH HARBnR REMTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 197B
CRUISE ?6I STATION 3B
TAXON CODE
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
30011900
3001(900
300M900
3001 1900
30011900
39010200
39010200
39010200
39010200
480139030000
480142050100
480142050100
480142050100
480l4205nlOO
480142050100
480142050200
480142100200
480142100200
480142100200
483142100200
480142100200
480143010200
4801430(0200
480143010200
480143010200
480149000000
480l4900nOOO
480149000000
4B0149000000
480149000000
480155010100
480155010100
480155010100
480155010100
480155010100
TAXON NAME
lUMBR
i UMBR
tUMBR
UK!1
U8!
I LUT
HAPLOSCOLOPLOS
HAPLOSCOLOPLOS
APLOSCOLOPLOS ELONGATE
HAPLOSCOLOPLOS ELONGATU5
LONC
ATUS
SCOLOPLOS FULlf.lHOSA
PRIONOSPIO MALMfiREN
PR10HOSPIO MALMGREN
PRlONOsPjO MALMGREN
PRIONOSPIO MALMGREN
PRIONOSPIO MALMGREN
PRIONOSPIO CIRRIFERA
SPlOPHANF.
SPIOPHANE
SPIOPHANE
SPIOPHANE
SPIOPHANE
KROvER
KROyER
KROvER
KROvER
KROvER
CIRRATUL
CIRPATUL
CIRBATUl
CJRBATUL
C1RRATUL
DAE
DAE
DAE
DAE
DA£
BREGMA
BREGMA
BREGMA
INFLATUM
INFLATUM
B INFLATUM
BqEGMA INFLATUM
BREGMA INFLATUM
03/25/79
PERCENTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
PAGE 29
SAMPLE SAMP
DATE NO.
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/18
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/7B
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/ 1/78
06/ 1/78
06/ j/78
06/ 1/78
06/ 1/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/1 1/78
06/11/78
06/ 1/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/1 1/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
5
2
*.
4
1
9
COUNT
NO. PCT
420
24
28
J5
tf\
1.6<
l>%
4.2!
WET WEI3H
GRAMS PC
0.298
i 0.471
> 0.369
' 0.460
t 0.272
> 1.870
2 0.14 0.087
I 0.07 0.004
2 0.14 0.042
4 0.27 0.176
9
1
0.62 0.309
0.07 0.015
5 14 0.96 0.148
2 7 0.48 0.124
5
1
4
4
3
I
\
3
3
|
5
i
i
42
87
1
6
3
3
4
20
2
2.8i
0.6S
0.91
5.9<
1 0.425
| O.OBB
> 0.165
> 0.950
0.07 0.002
0.41
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
1.31
0.110
0.028
0.090
8:0li
r 0.443
0.14 0.024
0.41 0.092
0.14 0.015
2 0.14 01021
12
5
l*
10
43
2
0,§2 0.152
0.34 0.026
0.96 O.J22
8 .48 0.070
.69 0.107
0.46 0.052
2.95 0.377
0.14 0.070
0.14 0.097
2 2 0.14 0.046
4
l!
0.27 0.273
0.21 0.177
0.8«
> 0.663
8*
T PER SO METER
T NO. WWGT
29 '
45 1
.4 0.596
10 0.942
0^6 48 0.73B
?:
ooo
. • .
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
•0.
0.
0*
0.
8*
9*
0.
0.
0.
0.
BIT
X
X
X
CRITERIA
X
X
X
1
X
44 56 0.920 XX X
26 42 OT544 XX 8
BO 270 3.740
88
04
17
4 0.174
2 0.608
4 O.OB4
8 0.352
30 IB 0.618
01
1*
4 i *
OS
ti i
00
2 0.030
B 0.296
4 0.248
4 0.850
§0.176
0.330
4 1.900
2 0.004
X
X
y
*
X
X
X
X
8
X
X
x
5
8
11 12 0.220
03
09
OB3
6 0.056
6 0.180
8 0.260
B 0.170
43 40 0.886
02
8? '
02
4 0.048
12 0.184
4 0.030
4 0.042
15 24 0.304
03 10 0.052
0? i
10
OS
36 i
07
09
04
26
>8 0.244
4 0.140
0 0.214
4 0.104
56 0.754
4 0.140
4 0.194
4 0.092
2 0»546
6 . 0.354
64 26 1.326
X
Y
)(
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
S
X
j(
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
jj
x
-------
DUTCH HARBOR RENTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
CRUISE ?61 STATION 3B
TAXON CODE
4B015601O100
480156010100
480156010100
480158010100
480158010100
48015B020100
480158020100
480158020100
480158030000
4B015833nOOO
480158030000
430158030000
480158030000
480161080100
480161080100
480161080100
480161080100
480U1000100
480163010200
4*80165000000
480165020100
480165020100
480165040100
480165040100
480168010300
480168010300
480168140100
480170000000
480175010100
TAXON NAME
AHMOTRVPANE AU| OGASTER
AMMOTRYPANE AUl OGAStER
AMMOTRyPANE AUl OGASTER
CAPITELLA CAPlTATA
CAP1TELLA CAPlTATA
HETERO*ASTUS FIL1FORM1S
HlTEROMASTuS FlLJFORMJS
HETEROMASTUS F L FORM 5
NOTOKASTUS
HOTOMASTUS
NOTO^ASTUS
HOTOMASTUS
HOTOMASTUS SP*
AXIOTHELLA CATFNATA
AX
AX
AX
OTHELLA CATFNATA
ELLA CATFNATA
8111
_ ELLA CATFNATA
OTHELLA CATFNATA
TFNAT*
TFNAT/
IDANTHYRSUS ARMATUS
AMPHARETIOAE
AMPHARETE ARCTlCA
AMpHARETE ARCTlCA
LYSIPPE LABIATA
LYSIPPE LABIATA
CHOME CjNCTA
CHONE CINCTA
LAQNOME KROYERI
SFRPULlDAE
COSSUR* LONGOCIRRATA
03/25/79
PERCENTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
PAGE 30
SAMPLE
DATE
SAMP
NO.
06/11/78 4
06/11/78 5
06/11/78 1
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78 1
06/11/78 2
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78 3
06/IJ/78 f
06/11/78 4
SUBTOTAL
06/11/7B 4
06/11/78 5
06/JI/78 3
06/11/78 2
06/11/78 I
SUBTOTAL
06 /
06/
06/
06/
06 /
1/78
1/78
J/78
1/78
1/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78 4
06/11/78 1
06/11/78 4
06/11/78 5
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78 4
06/11/78 3
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78 1
06/11/78 5
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78 4
06/11/78 4
06/11/78 5
COUNT
NO. PCT
1
tt
O.ll_
0.472
0.11
0.46
4 0.27 0.020 0.02
3 0.21 0.134 0.13
7 0.48 0.154 0.15
1
23
6
1
6
22
9
10
iZ
13
53
1
1
2
2
10
1
2
3
1
2
1
0.48
0.48
0.62
U5.8
0.41
0.41
0.21
0.07
0.41
1.51
0.62
ot48
0^96
0 • B9
3.63
0.07
0.07
0.14
0.186 0.18
0.267 0.26
0.096 0.09
0.549 0.53
0.025 0.02
0.027 0.03
0.012 0.01
0.005 0.00
0.021 0.02
0.090 0.09
1.344
1.300
0.423 i
1.496
1.804
6.367 <
.30
.25
'.U
• 7^»
V.14
0.009 0.01
0.002 0.00
0.006 0.01
0.004 0.00
8l2^ 0.010 0.01
0.48
0.21
0.69
0.07
0.14
0.21
0.07
0.14
0.07
0.034 0.03
0.005 0.00
0.039 0.04
0.021 0.02
0.051 0.05
0.072 0.07
/
0.002 0.00
0.001 0.00
0.001 0.00
NO.5'
1
16
a
,s
\\
46
if
12
44
18
20
14
28
26
106
2
2
4
a
20
4
6
2
4
2
) METER
WWGT
0.594
0.126
0.224
0.944
0.040
0.268
0.308
0.372
0.534
0.192
1.09B
0.050
0.054
0.024
0.010
0.042
0.180
2.688
2.600
0.018
0.004
0.012
O.OOB
0.020
O.O68
o.oTo
0.078
0.042
0.102
0.144
0.004
0.002
0.002
BIT CRITERIA
X
X
X
X
X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
•
-------
DUTCH HARBOR BENTH1C GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
CRUISE ?61 STATION 36
TAXON CODE
490402020100
490402020100
490402020)00
490402020100
490403020300
490403020300
490403020300
49Q403020300
4)0403020300
490407060100
490407060100
490415020000
490415020000
490415020000
490415020000
490415020000
,-< 490415030100
0. 490415030100
ro 490415030100
.490424010100
'490424010100
4934240!n[oO
490424010100
490424010300
490504010000
531802010000
533100000000
533100000000
533100000000
533311020000
533321030000
TAXON NAME
NUCULA
NUCULA
HUCULA
NUCULA
}ENU|S
ENUlS
ENUlS
ENlJlS
NUCULANA FOSSA
NUCULANA FOSSA
NUCULANA FOSSA
NUCULANA FOSSA
NUCULANA FOSSA
MOOIOLUS MODJOl US
KODJOLUS MOD! 01 US
AX
AX
AX
NOPS
NOPS
noPs
HOPS
NOPS
DA SP.
B* §p-
DA SP.
DA SP.
DA SP.
THVAIJRA
... ... . FLExUnSA
T VASJRA FLExUnSA
THYAStRA FLEXUnSA
MACOMA CALCAREA
MACOMA CALCAREA
MACOMA CALCAREA
MACOMA CALCAREA
MACOMA BROTA
ACMAEA SP.
BALANUS SP.
AMPHIPODA
AMPHIPnOA
AMPHIPODA
pAGURUS SP.
PlNNlXA SP.
03/25/79
PERCENTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
PAGE 31
SAMPLE SAMP
DATE NO.
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/1 1/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/1 j/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/J1/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
I
2
|
4
3
3
2
1
4
i
1
1
1
4
3
5
4
4
3
4
4
COUNT
NO. PCT
I
ll
|
3
9
20
1
!
ill
m.
130
868
2
1
4
3
|
10
1
1
1
2
3
i
3
1
0.62
0.27
0.07
0.14
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.62
1.37
0.07
Ml
}!:!!
al9i
59.49
0.14
0.07
0.07
0.27
0.21
0.07
0.21
0.21
0.69
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.14
0.07
0.41
0.21
0.07
WET WEIGHT PER SO METER
GRAMS PCT NO. WHGT
8.013
.005
0.001
0.002
0.021
0.223
0.252
0.070
0.125
0.877
1.547
0.004
0.001
0.005
0*?3?
01785
0.763
0.698
3.291
0.050
0.145
0.429
0.624
22.318
lift!
38^661
37.685
0.001
0.025
0.004
0.013
0.002
0.019
0.170
0.016
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.22
0.24
0.07
0.12
0.85
1.49
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.30
0.71
0.76
S:^
3.18
0.05
0.14
0.41
0.60
21.54
4*01
slo4
37.31
36.37
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.02
t
0.16
0.02
1
3!
I
6
18
40
2
I
}of
260
1736
4
2
8
»
1
&
20
2
2
2
4
6
li
6
2
0.026
0.010
0.002
0.004
0.042
0.446
0.504
0.140
0.250
1.754
3.094
0.008
0.002
0.010
I°l474
:m
.396
.582
0.100
0.290
0.858
1.248
44.636
7.614
8^312
16.760
77.322
75.370
0.002
0.050
0.008
0.026
0.004
0.038
0.340
0.032
BIT CRITERIA
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
x
i
8
g
[
c
. X X
X X
-------
I DUTCH HARBnft BENTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 197Q
CRUISE ?61 STATION 38
03/25/79
PERCENTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
TAXON COnE
660309000000
680309000000
TAXON NAME
OPHlURlDAE
OPHlURlDA
SUBTOTAL
STATION TOTAL 1459
SIMPSON INDEX 0.369512
IP
4
cou
NO.
w
8:
0.
T
1!
WET WEIGHT
GRAMS PCT
0.071 0.07
0.242 0.23
0.313 0.30
PER
NO
SO
.
4
8
METER
WWGT
0.142
0.484
0.626
PAGE 32
BIT CRITERI.
103.614
2918 207.228
SHANNON DIVERSITY INDEX 1.849111
-------
DUTCH HARBnR BENTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1«78
CRUISE 261 STATION 3BF
TAXON COnE
340000000000
4000000000FO
4801003000FO
4801003000FO
4B01000000FO
480101000000
480101150200
480105010100
480112020500
4B0112020500
4B0124010400
480124010400
480124010400
480127010100
480127010100
480127010100
4801300U900
683130011900
4BOi300l|900
480140000000
480140020400
4801420SOIOO
480)42050100
460142050100
480142050200
480142050200
480142100200
TAXON NAME
CTENOPHORA
RHYNCHOCOELA FRA&S.
POLYCHAETA FRAG.
POLYCHAETA FRAG.
POLYCHAETA FRAG.
POLYNOlDAE
POLYNOE GRACILIS
PHLOE MINUTA
E|EOf!E LONGA
ETEOME CONGA
NfPHTYS CORNU
NEpMtVS CORNll
HEPHTYS CORNU
{A
A
A
GLYCINOE
GLYCINDE
GLYCINOE
II
-TA
lUMBRlMERlS
I UlBRJNERJS
UMDR HER 5
PARAONlOAE
AR1CIOEA JEFFREYS!!
PRIONOSPIO MALMGRE
PRIONOSPJO MALM' ~
PR ONOSPIO MALM
III
PRIONOSPIO CIRRIFERA
PRIONOSPIO CIRRI PERA
SPIOPHANES KROvERI
03/25/79
PERCENTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
PAGE 33
SAMPLE SAMP
DATE NO.
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
i
1
!
2
1
i
1
2
COUNT
NO. PCT
1
1
[
I
3
1
I
20
11
96
6
1
1
1
20
i!
i
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.61
0.20
0.61
0.20
0.81
0.46
1.21
4.05
4.45
10.93
19.43
8:58
0.20
0.81
0.40
1.42
0.20
0.20
1.01
3^4
0.20
WET WEIGHT PER SO METER
GRAMS PCT NO. NHGT BIT CRITERIA
1.574
0.170
0.050
0.049
0.046
0.145
0.009
0.020
0.002
0.006
olooS
0.009
0.040
0.056
Ojns
0.271
0.075
0.011
0.016
0.102
0.002
0.065
0.028
0.095
0.006
0.002
0.0)5
0.066
0.021
0.102
0.002
0.010
0.012
0.002
7.91
0.85
0.25
0.25
0.23
0.13
0.05
0.10
0.01
0.03
0.02
0.05
0.20
8.28 '
.88
1.36
oloa
0.51
0.01
0.33
0.14
0.48
0.03
0.01
Jill
0*06
0.01
3
3
3
10
3
10
3
'*
20
773
180
320
10
20
;!
3
3
30
50
3
5.247
0.567 X X
0.167 X
0.163 X
0.153 X
0.483
0.030
0.067
0.007 X
0.020
0.010
0.030
°»m 55565
8:5?! 1 5 5 x a
0.903
8:o1? x
Mil x
0.007 XX X
0.217 XX X
0.093 XX X
0.317
0.020
0.007 •
0.050 XX X
0.220 XX X
0.070 XX X
0.340
0.007
8.033
.040
0.007
-------
DUTCH MARBnR BENTHIC GRAB DATA -- JUNE 1978
CRUISE 261 STATION 3BF
TAXON COftE
480149000000
480149000000
480149000000
480149040100
4BOI4904Q100
480149040100
480155010100
480155010100
480155010100
480158010100
480158020100
480158020100
480158020100
480175010100
480175010100
490402020100
490402020100
49040304QOOO
490403050700
490415020000
490415020000
490415020000
490424010000
490424010000
530000000000
533100000000
6803090000FO
TAXON NAME
CIRBATULIDAE
CIRBATULICAE
CIRRATUL1DAE
CHAETOZONE SETOSA
SETnSA
SETnSA
1.1 me |U£urvt ,
CHAETOZONE SElnSA
CHAET070NE
SCALlBftEGMA INFLATUM
SCALJgREGMA INFLATUM
SCAL1BREGMA INFLATUM
CAplTELLA CAPITATA
HETEROMASTliS FlLIFORMIS
HETEROKASTUS FlLiFORMlS
HETEROMASTUS FILIFORMIS
fOSSURA LONGOCIRRATA
COSSURA LONGOCIRRATA
NUCULA TENuIS
NUCULA tENuIS
TlNDARlA SP.
YOLDIA THRACIAFFORMIS
AXIHOPSIDA SP.
AXJNOPSIDA SP*
AX NOPS DA SP.
MACOMA SP.
MACOMA SP.
CRUSTACEA
AMPHIPODA
OPHlURlDAE FRAGS
03/25/79
PERCENTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
ffiMF'RU
SAMPLE SAMP COUNT
DATE NO. NO. PCT
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
P6/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
STATION TOTAL
SIMPSON INDEX <
1
1
!
2
!
i
2
3
3
1
5
2
3
1
J»
u
36
65
7
11
!i
2
32
66
140
|
i
4
1
is
Ya
I
2
2
1
494
160046
l:ll
I*:2*
1.42
0.61
0.20
2.23
0.20
2.43
5*23
4.86
0.40
6.48
'HS
B.5O
28.34
0.61
0.40
0.20
0.20
0.40
0.81
0.20
4.05
7.09
3.04
14.17
0.20
0.20
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.20
0.028
0.068
0.086
0.182
0.042
0.022
0.004
0.068
53
0.43
0.92
0.21
0.1
0
10
1
27
65
.492 22-.59
0.008 0.04
0.918 4.62
3.677 18.4?
3.776
8.371
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.003
0.007
1.201
0.166
0.220
0.060
0.466
0.004
0.001
0.005
16.99
42.09
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.04
6.04
0.83
1.11
0.40
2.34
0.02
0.01
0.03
PNO.S°
6-0
120
217
23
37
40
37
80
7
107
220
140
467
!?
3
13
3
67
233
1
7
7
3
1647
BEWGTR
8:|||
0*607
0.140
0.073
0.013
0^227
5.177
.060
.737
1A.973
0.027
3.060
12.257
12.587
27.903
0.003
0.003
0.007
0.007
0.003
0.010
0.023
4.003
0.553
0.733
0.267
1.553
0.013
0.003
8.527
0.010
0.003
66.293
PAGE 34
BIT CRITERIA
XX X
XX X
XX X
X X X X X
X X X X X
X X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
2.558 12.86
0.003 0.'02
0.001 0.01
19.888
SHANNON DIVERSITY INDEX 2.226502
-------
DUTCH HARBOR BENTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
CRUISE ?61 STATION. 3C
TAXON COnE
3303000000FO
330300000000
4000000030FO
4000000000FO
4000000000FO
4000000000FO
40000000QOFO
TAXON NAME
ANTHOZOA FRAGS
ANTHOZOA
RHYNCHOCOELA FRA&S.
RHYNCHOCOFLA FRAgS.
RHYMCHOCOFLA FRAGS.
RHYHCMOCOFLA FRAGS.
RHYNCHOCOELA FRAGS.
400000000000
440000000000
480IOOOOOOFO
4801000000FO
48010000QOFO
4801000000FO
4801000000FO
RHYNCHOCOELA
NEHATOOA
POLYCHAETA
POLYCHAETA
POLYCHAETA
POLYCHAETA
POLYCHAETA
FRAG.
FRAG.
FRAG.
FRAG.
FRAG.
480101000000
480101000000
430101000000
490101000000
480101000000
480105010100
460120010200
480124010400
440124010400
480124010400
490124010400
480124010400
480124010500
480126000000
480126000000
480127010100
480130011900
440130011900
480130011900
480130011900
POLYNO
POLvNO
PDLYNO
POLYNO
POLYNO
PHLOE Ml NUTA
GYPT1S BREVIPAIPA
NEpHTYS CORNU
NEPIITYS CORNU
K'EPHTVS COPMll
NEPHTYS CORNU
NEpllTYS CORNU
NEPHTYS PUNCTATA
Gl.YrERjDA|
GLYfERIDAE
GLYCINDE P1CTA
03/25/79
PERCENTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
SAMP
NO.
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/ 2/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/
06/
06/
06/
06/
lUMBRlN
2/78
2/78
2/78
2/78
2/78
UBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/7B
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
COUNT
NO.
1
1
PCT
I 0.12
1 0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
01 9
• Is
0.12
> 0.61
1 0.12
7 0.85
iO.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
1 8:1!
1 0.12
I 8:il
! 8:1*
15 1.83
I 0.12
1 0.12
6 0.73
23 2.BO
29 3.54
5 0.61
27 3.29,
WET WEIGHT
GRAMS PCT
0.461 0.13
191.000 54.67
90 10.93
0.12
0.24
0.37
0.082
0.183
0.214
S'93,6.
0.123
0.638
0.002
0.082
loif
0.020
0.064
0.091
o.oia
0.084
0.277
0.12 9.358
0.002
0.016
0.018
2 0.24 0.009
10.12 0.009
0.12 0.007
0.12 0.013
0.24 0.038
0.61 0.067
0.02
0.05
0.06
8:81
0.18
0.002 0.00
0.002 0.00
0.027
0.152
0.038
0.086
0.060
0.
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.05
0.004 0.00
0.003 0.00
0.01
).02
8-88
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
PER SO METER
NO. WWGT
2
2
2
10
2
14
to
1
6
30
2
2
11
it
160
2
6
0.922
382.000
0.164
0.366
0.428
0.072
0.246
1.276
0.004
0.004
0.054
0.304
0.076
0.172
0.120
0.726
0.004
0.164
0.034
0.040
0.102
0.344
0.008
0.006
0.040
0.128
0.182
0.036
O.T68
0.554
18.716
0.004
0.032
0.036
0.01B
PAGE 35
BIT CRITERIA
X X
X X
X I
x 8
X X X X X
X X X X X
10
X X
-------
OUTCH HARBOR RENTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
CRUISE 261 STATION 3C
TAXON CODE
480142000000
480142020000
480142050100
480142050100
480142050100
4B0142050100
480142050100
48014
48014
'050200
'050200
480142100100
480142100200
4B0142100200
48014900OOOO
48014900nOOO
480149000000
480149000000
430149000000
480149040100
480149040100
480149040100
480155010100
490155010100
480155010100
480155010100
480155010100
480156010100
480156010100
480158020100
48015&020IOO
480158020100
480158020100
480158020(00
TAXON NAME
spiONIDAE
LAONICE SP.
PRIONOSPIO MALMGRENI
PRIONOSPIO MALMGRENI
PRIONOSPIO MALMGREN!
FRIONOSPIO MALMGREN;
PRlOMOSPIO MALMGRENI
PRIONOSPIO ClRRlFERA
FRIONOSPIO ClRRlFERA
SPIOPHANES BOMHYX
SPIOPHANES KROYERI
SPIOPHANES KROYERI
CIRRATUUCAf
CIRBATULJDAF
ClRnATULlDAE
CIRnATULlDAE
CHAFT070NE SETOSA
CMAF.T070NE SETnSA
CHAETOZONE SEToSA
SCAL1BREGMA INFLATUM
SCALIBREGMA INFLATUM
SCAL BREGMA INFLATUM
sOLJBsEGMA INFLATUM
INFLATUM
AMMOTRYPANF. AUl OGASTER
AMMOTRVPANE AUl OGASTER
F|L
HETEPOMASTUS F|L
HETEROMASTUS F|L
HEjEROMASTUS FlL
HETEROMASTUS FlL
FORMIS
FORMIS
FORMIS
FORMIS
FORMIS
03/25/79
PERCENTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
SAMPLE SAMP COUNT WET WEIGHT PER SO METER
DATE NO. NO. PCT GRAMS PCT NO. WUGT
06/12/78 1 1 0.12 0.012 0.00 2 0.024
PAGE 36
BIT CRITERIA
06/12/78 2
06/12/78 2
06/12/78 1
06/12/78 5
06/12/78 4'
06/12/78 3
SUBTOTAL
UBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/
06/
06/
Oft/
06/
2/78
2/78
2/70
2/78
2/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78 1
06/12/78 5
06/12/78 4
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78 4
06/12/78 i
06/12/78 3
06/12/7B 2
06/12/78 I
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78 2
06/12/78 5
SUBTOTAL
06/
06/
06/
06/
06/
2/78
2/78
2/78
2/78
2/78
SUBTOTAL
1 0.12 0.002 0.00
18 U22
2 0.24
32 3.90
4:13
1:1!
0.24
3.90
till
0.12
0.24
0.37
3.05
Ml
125 15.24
0.040
0.021
0.064
0.084
0.003
0.212
0.0
0
:8o?
toil
307 37.44
0.043
0.007
0.050
0.129
0.200
0.128
0.078
0.096
0.631
8.041
.030
0.047
0.118
2.863
1.802
4.280
4.068
uaai
14.894
0.141
0.055
0.196
2.480
0^320
2.475
5.436
1.310
12.021
0.01
o.of
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.12 0,001 0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.03
O.04
0.02
0.06
3.44
112
'to
614
0.004
*2
20
20
64
24
26
2
I
6
50
]|
44
250
g
14
26
ii
74
48
42
240
0.080
0.042
0.128
0.168
0.006
0.424
0.020
0.002
0.022
0.002
0.086
0.014
0.100
0.258
0.400
0.256
8.156
.192
1.262
8.082
.060
0.094
0.236
5.726
3.604
8.560
8.136
3.762
29.788
X
X
y
x
X
X
xxxx
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
)(
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
s
X
X
X
X
xxxx
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
9
X
9
.640
4.950
10.87
2^62
24.042
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
xxxx
-------
ON
OO
DUTCH HARBflR RENTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 19?B
CRUISE 261 STATION 3C
03/25/79
PERCENT5 ttEFEa TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
PAGE 37
TAXON CODE
480175010100
490403000000
490403000030
490403000000
490403000000
490403020300
490403050700
490403050700
490403050700
490415020000
490415020000
490415020000
490415020000
490415020000
490423010000
490424010100
490424010300
490424010300
'490424011300
490500000000
533100000000
53)100000000
533300000000
9999999999FO
999999999900
TAXON NAME
COSSURA LONGOClRRATA
NllCiiLAN DAE
NliCliLAN DAE
NllGlUN DAE
NUCllLAH DAE
NUCULANA FOSSA
yOtOlA THRACIAFFORMIS
yOLDJA TMRACIAFFORMJS
yOLDIA THRACIAFFORMIS
AX NOPS DA SP.
AX MOPS DA SP.
AX MOPS DA SP.
AX NOPS DA SP.
AX HOPS DA SP.
5PJSULA SP.
MACOMA CALCAREA
MACOMA BROTA
MACOMA BROTA
MACOMA CARLOTTENSIS
GASTROPODA
AMPHIPODA
AMPHIPODA
DECAPODA
UNIDENTIFIED FRAGS.
UNIDENTIFIED
SAMPLE SAMP
DATE NO.
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/79
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78 .
STATIQN TOTAL
4
i
4
4 -
2
4
4
1
3
2
4-
\
4
5
I
COUNT
NO. PCT
2
I
10
1
I
29
1
1
!
i
2
i
t
i
2
820
0.24
0.24
0.12
0.49
0.37
1.22
0.12
0.12
0.12
-8:1?
8-Ji
0.12
0.98
0.61
3.54
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.24
0.12
0.24
0.73
0.12
0.85
0.12
0.12
0.24
WET WEIGHT
GRAMS PCT
o.oot
0.005
0.001
0.009
0.005
0.020
0.016
19.485
ll:ll\
47.318
8:?o9
0.001
0.073
0.022
0.273
0.001
3.701
41.655
24.846
66.501
0.558
0.002
0.011
0.002
0.013
0.288
0.123
0.002
349.339
0.00
. 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
5.58
5.67
2.30
13.55
S-2S
0.03
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.06
0.00
1.06
l\:\l
19.04
0.16
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
o.oa
0.04
0.00
PER
NO.
4
4
6
20
2
2
6
If
1°
58
2
2
!
2
4
12
14
2
2
4
1640
SO METER
WWGT
0.002
0.010
0.002
0.018
0.010
0.040
0.032
38.970
39.582
16.0B4
94.636
0.140
0.214
0.002
0.146
0.044
0.546
0.002
7.402
83.310
49.692
133.002
1.116
0.004
0.022
0.004
0.026
0.576
0.246
0.004
698.678
BIT CR
X
X
X
X
Hi
XXX
XXX
XXX
X
X
X
X
ITER
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1
SIMPSON INDEX 0.200015
SHANNON DIVERSITY INDEX 2.134240
-------
DUTCH HARBnR BENTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
CRUISE 261 STATION 3E
TAXON CODE TAXON NAME
999900000000 NO TAUNA COLLErTED IN THIS GRAB
03/25/79
PERCENTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
JET WEISHT PER SO METER
SAMP
NO.
06/11/78
COUNT
NO. PCT
0«*****
MET WEIGHT
GRAMS PCT
0.
«»•***
_- TED
NO. WWGT
0.
PAGE 36
BIT CRITERIA
X X X X
-------
DUTCH HARBOR nENTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
CRUISE 261 STATION 3F
TAXON CODE
310431000000
400000000000
4800000000FO
4800000000FO
4BOIOOOOOOFO
4BOIOOOOOOFO
480101000000
480101000000
480101000000
480101020000
480120010200
460124010400
tSOl24010400
480124010400
480124010500
430124010500
480126010100
480126010100
480127010100
480127010100
430127010100
480127010JOO
480127010100
480127010300
4B013001nOFO
48013001)900
430130011900
480130011900
4301300)1900
480130011900
TAXON NAME
FORAMINIFERA
RHYNCHOCOELA
AMNPLIOA FRAGS
ANNELIDA FRAGS
POUYCHAETA FRAG.
POLYCHAETA FRAG.
POLvNOlDAE
POLvNOJDAE
PQLYNOIDAE
NEMlDlA SP.
GYPT1S BREvlPAlPA
NEPHTYS CORNUTA
NEPHTYS CORNUTA
NEPHTY5 CORNUTA
NEPHTYS PUNCTATA
NEPHTYS PUNCTATA
GLyCFRA CAPITArA
GLYCERA CApltATA
GLYC
GLYC
GLYC
GLYC
GLYC
NDE PICTA
NOE PICTA
Sol PICTA
DE P CTA
NOE PICTA
GLYCINOE ARMIGFRA
lUMBRlHERIS SP. FRAGS.
I.UMBR
IUMOR
LUMBR
IUMBR
LUMBR
NER]
NER
HER
NER
NER 1
03/25/79
PERCENTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
SAMPLE SA»tP
DATE NO.
06/11/78 2
06/11/78 5
06/11/78 2
06/11/78 1
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78 5
06/11/7B 4
SUBTOTAL
06/1
06/L..._
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/H/78 4
06/11/78 5
06/11/78 4
06/11/78 3
06/11/78 2
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78 1
06/11/78 4
SUBTOTAL
06/
6/
11/78
1/78
SUBTOTAL
UT
LUTl
06/11/78 2
06/11/78 I
06/11/78 §
06/11/78 4
06/11/78 5
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78 5
06/11/78 5
06/11/78 5
06/11/78 4
06/11/78 3
06/11/78 1
06/11/73 2
SUBTOTAL
COUNT
NO. PCT
1
2
1
i.
13
1
2
i
j
|
16
a
39
1
1
71
62
248
0.04
0.09
0.04
0.04
0.09
0.04
0.04
0.09
0.13
0.13
0.31
0.57
0.04
0.09
0.09
0.04
0.04
0.17
0.04
0.04
0.09
0.09
0.04
0.13
0.70
0.31
O.lJ
0.17
1.70
0.04
0.04
3.10
0.96
10.83
WET HEI5HT
GRAMS PCT
0.001
0.041
0.818 '
0.622
1.440
0.183
0.124
0.307
0.021
0.019
0.020
0.060
0.005
0.003
0.004
0.001
o.ooi
0.006
2.123
0.733
2.856
0.065
0.066
0.131
0.236
0.214
0.1 10
fl!o72
0.095
0.727
0.002
0.292
0.453
0.307
0.142
0.554
0.595
2.051
0.00
0.04
0.83
0.63
1.45
0.18
0.13
0.31
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.06
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
2.14
0.74
2.88
0.07
0.07
0.13
0.24
1:1?
0.10
0.73
0.00
0.29
0.46
otll
ot56
0.60
2.07
PER SO
NO.
2
4
2
4
4
6
A
2
4
8
\
I
\l
2
2
142
44
$
496
METER
WMGT
0.002
0.092
1.636
1.244
2.880
0.366
0.248
0.614
8.042
.038
8.040
.120
0.010
0.006
0.008
0.002
0.002
0.012
4.246
8:18
0.262
0.472
0.428
0.220
0.144
0.190
1.454
0.004
0.584
0.906
0.614
0.284
Y.ioa
I. 190
4.102
PAGE 39
BIT CRITERIA
X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
-------
DUTCH HARBOR RENTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
CRUISE 261 STATION 3F
TAXON cone
480139010200
480139010200
480139010200
48013901(1200
480139030000
480139030000
4801420000FO
4801420000FO
480142043000
490142050100
480142051100
490142350100
490142050100
480142050100
480142070100
480142100200
480142100200
490142100200
480142100300
480142100300
480143010200
4901430] '"
4901430'
4901430
4801430
0200
0200
0200
0200
480149000000
480149030000,
480(49030000
480149030000
480149030000
TAXON NAME
HAPLO
PLO
iCQLOpLOS
ELONGATUS
ELONGATUJ
HAPLOSCOLOPLOS
HAPLOSCOLOPLOS ELONGATUS
HAPLOSCOLOPLOS ELOMGATUS
SCOLOPLOS FULlGlNOSA
SCOLOPLOS FULlGlNOSA
FRAGS
SPlnNlDAE FRA6S
inNi
lnNl
POLYD03A SP.
PRIONOSP
PRIONOSP
PRIONOSP
PRIONOSP
JCNOSI
IQNOSI
PRIONOSP!
0 MALMGREN
0 MALMGREN
0 MALMGRP
0 MALMGRE
0 MALMGRl
SPIO FILICORNIS
SPIOPHANES KROyERI
~- KROvERl
SPIOPHANEJ
SP1CPHANE!
KROvERI
SPIGPHANES CIRRATA
SPIOPHANES CIRSATA
MAGEI
MAGE
MAGE
MAGE
MAGE
LONA PAC
.ONA PAC
.OHA PAC
.or4A PAC
LONA PAC
««<
uuuuu
U.U.U.U.U.
CIRQATULIDAE
THARYX SP.
T.HARVX sp.
tHARYX SP.
THARYX SP.
03/25/79
PERCENTS REFEP TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
SAMP
NO.
SAMPLE
DATE
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
11
1
06/11/78 2
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78 5
06/11/78 4
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78 1
06/:
06/
06 /
86/
6/
!/7B
/78
/78
1/78
1/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78 5
06/11/78 3
06/11/78 2
06/11/78 1
SUBTOTAL
06/11/73 5
06/11/78 *
SUBTOTAL
06/1
06/1
06/1
06/1
06/1
/78
/78
/78
/78
/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78 5
06/11/78 4
06/11/78 3
06/11/78 2
06/11/78 1
SUBTOTAL
2 0.09
7 0.31
0.304
OM22
0.021
0.325
0.772
0.017
0.011
0.028
0.590
0.109
0.699
0.027
0.126
o!J59
0.078
O.T89
0.710
0.31
0.12
0.02
0.33
0.78
0.02
8:83
8:f?
0.71
0.03
0.13
0.16
0.16
0.08
0.19
).72
0.16
0.39
56
42
32
0.608
1.244
18 «...
il 8:6lo
34 1.544
0.034
0.022
0.056
1.398
0.054
0.252
0.316
0.318
0.156
0.378
1.420
14 0.092
16
|?8
216
54
1?
\Z
tj
lt
58
0.688
4.802
1.710
7.200
1.390
0.348
1.738
0.078
0.240
0.028
0.170
0.022
0.538
PAGE 40
BIT CRITERIA
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
138
0.258 X X
0.054 X
0.240 8
0.160 X
0.320 X
0.774
I
-------
DUTCH HARBnR RENTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
CRUISE ?61 STATION 3F
TAXON COOE
480
480
480
430
430
55010100
550
550
550
550
0100
0100
njoo
oioo
4801560)0100
490156010100
4B01580000FO
460156000000
460158010100
480158010100
480158010100
480156020000
480158020000
480158020000
480156020100
480158020100
48015B020100
480158030000
4B0158030COO
490156030600
4801610000FO
480161080100
490 6|08njOO
480(61080100
480161090200
480165000000
.430165020100
480165020100
TAXON NAME
SCAL
SCAL
SCAL
SCAL
SCAL
BREGMA
UEGMA
JREGMA
UEGMA
B^EGMA
NFLATUM
NFLATUM
NFLATUM
HFLATUM
FLATUM
AMMOTgVPANE AUl OGASTER
AMMOTRYPANE AUl OGASTER
CAPITELLIDAE FRAGS
CAP1TFLLIOAE
CAP
CAP
CAP
\m
CAPlTATA
CAPJTATA
CAPlTATA
HfTFROMASIU
HETEROMAS
HETEROtiAS
5P. FRAGS
Sp. FRAGS
SP. FRAGS
HETEROMASTUS FlLIFORMIl
HETEROMASTUS FlLIFORMi!
HETEROMASTUS FlLIFORMl!
NOTOMAsTUS SP.
NOTOMASTUS SP.
NOTOMASTUS LAERlATUS
MALOANlOAE FRAGS.
AXIOTHELLA CATFNATA
AXICTHEUA CATFNATA
AXIOTHELLA CATfNATA
PRAXILLELLA PRAETERMISSA
AMPHA'RETIDAE
AMPHARf
AMPHARC
TF ARCTlCA
TE ARCTlCA
PERCENTS REFER TO
SAMPLE SAMP
DATE NO.
06 /
06 /
06 /
06 /
06 /
'
06/1
06/1
5
06/1
/78
/78
/78
ft\
UBTOTAL
UBTOTAL
1/78
06/11/78
i
2
I
j
j
4 •
5
06/11/78 3
06/11/78 2
06/11/78 I
SUBTOTAL .
06/1
06/j
06/j
1/78
1/78
1/78
UBTOTAL
4
06/11/78 4
06/1
06/j
06/1
06/j
1/78
1/78
UBTOTAL
1/78
1/78
UBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/1
06/|
06/1
06/1
1/78
1/78
1/78
UBTOTAL
1/78
06/11/78
06/1
06/j
1/78
1/78
UBTOTAL
5
I
4
5
5
5
i
i
4
2
I
03/25/79
TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
COUNT
NO. PCT
10
9
II
•
|
2
1
1
!f
4
12
9
29
39
3
I
5
1
i
Q
25
7
1
|
0.
0.
0.
8:
2.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
!:
o.
• o.
0.
0.
0.
0.
?:
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
0.
0.
o.
0.
0.
44
39
48
II
04
04
09
04
04
62
|i
52
39
92
39
70
13
22
04
04
39
09
31
04
??
26
MET WEIGHT
GRAMS PCT
0.
0.
8:
§:
0.
0.
0.
0.
8:
8:
o.
0.
0.
0.
0.
8:
0.
o.
0.
0.
1.
0.
2 •
2 •
0.
0.
8:
583
317
284
at
984
067
067
134
106
003
111
662
013
004
129
146
198
307
676
006
041
143
657
864
605
126
347
005
007
008
015
0.59
0.32
1.30
8:11
3.01
0.07
0.07
0.14
0.11
0.00
8:67
0.01
o.oo
0.13
0.15
0.20
8'1?
0.31
0.68
0.01
StSi
0.04
1.15
0.66
2 . 89
2.63
6.19
0.35
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
PER SO METER
NO. WWGT
20
18
,1
>
2
4
2
2
12
g
10
24
18
7§
6
10
10
2
2
is
18
14
2
a
12
1.166
0 . 634
5^68
!j^
34
68
0.212
0.006
0.840
0.248
0.236
1.324
0.026
0.008
0.258
0.292
0.396
0.342
0.614
1.352
0.012
o.oia
0.030
0.082
2.286
1.314
5 . T28
5.210
12.252
0.694
0.010
0.014
0.016
0.030
PAGE 41
BIT CRITERIA
X X X X X
X X X X X
X X X X X
Xx x x x x
X
X
X
xx
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
-------
DUTCH HARBOR HEHTHIC GPAB DATA — JUNE 1978
CB-JISE ?61 STATION 3F
TAXON COflE
480168010300
480168010300
480168010300
480I680J0300
480168010300
4904000000FO
490402020100
490402020100
490403000000
490403000000
490403000000
490403000000
490403020300
490403020300
490403020300
490403320300
490403020300
490403040000
490415020000
490415020000
490415020000
490415020000
490415020000
490424010100
4904240)0100
490424010100
490424010300
4905000000FO
531200000000
590101010100
5901010)0100
590101010100
TAXON NAME
CHONE
CHnNE
CHnNE
CHONE
CHONE
PELECYPOJIA FRAGS.
NCTA
NCTA
NUCULA TENUIS
NUCULA TENDIS
NllCiiLANIDAf
NUCnLANlDAf
WjenLANlDAE
NUCllLANlOAl
NUCULANA FOSSA
NUCUtAHA FOSSA
NUCULANA FOSSA
NUCULAMA FOSSA
HUCULANA FOSSA
TlMDARlA SP.
AXINOPS
AXISCPS
AXINOPS
AXINOPS
AXINOPS
OA SP.
DA SP.
DA SP.
DA SP.
DA SP.
MACOMA CALCAREA
MACOMA CALCAREA
MACOMA CALCAREA
MACOMA BROTA
GASTsoponA FRAGS
CYCLOPOlnA
GOLFINGIA MARGARITACEA
GOLFJNSIA MARGARITACEA
GOLFINGIA MARGARITACEA
03/25/79
PERCENTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
PAGE 42
SAMPLE SAMP COUNT WET WEIGHT
DATE NO. NO. PCT GRAMS PCT
06/1 /7B
06/1 /7D
06/ /7B
06/ /78
06/ /7Q
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/ 1/78
06/ 1/78
06 / 1/78
06 / J/7B
06 / i/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/70
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/7*
SUBTOTAL
STATION TOTAL
SIMPSON INDEX
5
I
3
4
2
2
f
5
9
4
4
4
y
j
^
3
2
2
2
0.
'I
1!
i
i
3
}
4
11
13
I
26
4
185
137
350
264
313
1249
3
j
2
8
2
1
1
6
10
2289
317553
0.74
0.04
0.67
0.09
0.57
2.32
0.04
0.04
0.13
o!i7
0.04
0.17
0.17
0.09
0.48
0.57
0.04
0.04
0.13
0.35
1.14
0.17
8.08
5.99
15^9
11.53
13.67
54.57
0.13
0.13
0.09*
0.35
0.09
0.04
0.04
0.26
0.09
8:«
0.490
0.023
0:531
0.013
0.410
1.467
0.340
0.001
0.006
0.007
0.001
0.008
0.003
0.004
0.016
1.128
0.048
0.087
0.094
1.012
2.369
0.008
0.877
1.819
.488
.013
.330
.527
1.998
5.315
14:352
21.665
39.726
0.001
0.001
0.028
0^20
0.005
0.053
99.041
8:i!
8:!l
0.41
1.48
0.34
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.02
0:o*
0.09
0.09
!:«
0.01
0.89
0.83
1.50
.02
1.34
5.58
2.02
5.37
14^9
21.87
40,11
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.05
PER SO METER
NO. WWGT
34
40
26
106
2
2
6
a
2
6
8
22
26
2
6
i!
8
370
ill
626
2498
6
6
4
16
4
2
2
12
4
20
4578
SHANNON DIVERSITY
0.960
0.046
1.062
0.026
0.820
2.934
0.680
0.002
0.012
0.014
0.002
0.016
0.006
0.008
0.032
2.256
0.096
0.174
0.188
2.024
4.738
0.016
1.754
1.638
2.976
2.026
2.660
11.054
3.996
10.630
28:704
43.330
79.452
0.002
0.002
0.056
0.040
0.010
0.106
198.082
INDEX 1
BIT CRIT
X
X
X
i
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
x
)(
• X
X
.990431
-------
DUTCH HAQBoR BENTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
CRUISE ?61 STATION 3G
03/25/79
PERCENTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
PAGE 43
TAXON CODE
4800000000FO
4B01000000FO
480100000000
480124010400
480124010400
480124010400
460126000000
480127010100
480127010100
480130011900
4B013001I900
480139010200
480139010200
,_. 480142050100
d 480142050100
4> 430142050100
.480142100100
480143010200
480149030000
480149030000
4B01580000FO
4801580000FO
480158000000
480158020000
480156020000
TAXON NAME
ANNELIDA FRAGS
POLYCHAETA FRAG.
POLYCHAETA
• NEPHTYS CORNIJTA
NEPHTYS C03NUTA
NEPHTYS CORNIJTA
GLYfERlDAE
GLYCINDE PJCTA
GLYCINDE PJCTA
LUMBRJNERlS LUTj
LUMBRlNERlS LUTl
HAPLOSCOLOPLOS ELONGATUS
HAPLOSCOLOPLOS ELONGATUS
PRIONOsPIO MALMGRENI
f-RlONOsPJO MALMGRENI
PRIONOsPfO MALMGREN!
SPIOPHANES BOMRYX
MAGELONA PAClFlCA
THAPYX SP.
THARYX SP.
CAPITF.LLIDAE FRAGS
CAP! TELL IDAF FRAGS
CAPITELLIDAE
HETEROHASTUS SP. FRAGS
HETEROMASTUS §P. FRAGS
SAMPLE SAMP
DATE NO.
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
Oft/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
3
4
5
5
3
3
I
i
5
1
3
3
3
?
3
J
COUNT
NO. PCT
1
1
1
5
1
2
4*
46
15
9
53
1
7
9
\l
1
1
1
0.28
^0.28
0.28
0.28
T.40
0.28
1.97
0.28
0.56
0.28
0.84
0.28
12.64
12.92
3.09
1*12
4.21
2.53
11.52
O.B4
14.89
0.28
1.97
2.53
4.78
7.30
0.28
0.28
0.56
0.28
8:ii
0.84
WET WEIGHT
GRAMS PCT
0.834
0.001
0.003
0.002
0.007
0.002
0.011
0.003
0.031
0.034
0.06S
0.061
0.990
1.051
0.894
0.382
1.276
0.020
0.186
0.005
0.211
0.010
0.078
0.054
0.112
0.166
0.133
0.116
0:249
0.001
0.073
0.053
0.126
2.05
0.00
0.01
0^0
0.03
0.01
0.08
1:59
2.20
0.94
3.14
0.05
0.46
0.01
0.52
0.02
0.19
°0'M
0.41
0.33
0.29
0.61
0.00
0.18
0.13
0.31
PER SO METER
NO. WWGT BIT CRITE
2
2
2
14
2
I
92
30
18
82
6
106
2
14
IB
34
52
1
2
6
1.
0.
0.
0.
8:
0.
0.
o.
0.
0.
I:
II
....
oooo
0.
0.
...
ooo
0.
o.
0.
0.
0.
0.
668
002 X
006
004 X X )
014 XX)
004 XX)
022
006
062 X
068 X
130
122 X X
980 X X
102
788
764
552
?!! **
020
156
224 X
266
III
002
lot
252
11
5
XXX
4904000000FO
PELECYPOOA FRAGS.
06/11/78
1 0.28 0.005 0.01
0.010
-------
,DUTCH HARBOR 8ENTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
CRUISE ?61 STATION 3G
03/25/79
PERCEMTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
PAGE 44
TAXON COOF.
490403020000
490403060000
490414000000
490415020000
490415020000
490415020000
490415020000
490415030100
490415030100
490417000000
490424010100
490424010300
49042800r>000
490428020000
490428020000
490506040000
490511010000
TAXON NAME
MUCULANA SP.
YOLOIELLA SP.
LllClNlOAE
AXINOPSIDA SP.
AXlNOPsiDA SP,
AX IMOPSIDA SP.
AXINOPSIOA SP.
THyASlRA FLt
THyASlRA FLl
xunSA
XUOSA
KELl HOAE
HACOMA CALCAREA
MACOHA BROTA
MY1OAE
MYA SP.
MYA SP.
SOLARIELLA SP.
SOLARlELLA SP.
SAMPLE SAMP
DATE NO.
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
STATION TOTAL
SIMPSON INDEX
3
5
3
f
2
!
3
3
I
3
i
3
4
0.
COUNT
NO. PCT
1
1
6
83
26
139
1
7
1
1
13
|
1
1
356
200253
0.28
0.28
1.69
23.31
1.40
7.02
7.30
39.04
9-?8
1.69
1.97
1.97
0.28
0.28
3.65
•4:H
2?53
0.28
0.28
WET WEIGHT
GRAMS PCT
0.595
0.00)
0.009
0.124
0.005
0.093
0.054
0.276
8:?tt
0.263
0.009
0.356
34.902
0.027
0.011
0.005
0.016
0.051
0.002
40.599
1.47
0.01
0.02
0.31
O.Ql
0.23
0.13
0.6B
8:11
0.65
0.02
0.88
85.97
0.07
8.03
.01
0.04
0.13
0.00
P58.S° C5SP BIT CRITER,
2
2
12
166
10
So
52
278
i!
14
2
2
26
"4
IB
2
2
712
SHANNON DIVERSITY
1.190
0.006
0.018
0.248 X X X X
0.010 X X X X
0.166 X X X X
0.108 X X X X
0.552
«:«*
0.526
0.018
0.712 X X
69.804 X X
0.054
0.022
0.010
0.032
0.102
0.004
81.198
INDEX 2.155550
-------
DUTCH HARBOR BEMTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1970
CRUISE ?61 STATION 3H
TAXON CORE
4800000000FO
480124010400
480124010400
480142050100
4B0149030000
480158000000
4904000000FO
490415020000
490416010000
490424010300
533304010600
TAXON NAME
ANNFLIDA FRAGS
NfPHTYS CORNUTA
HEPHTYS CORNUTA
PRIONOSPIO MALMGRENI
THARYX SP.
CAPITFLLIDAE
PELECYPOnA FRAGS.
AX|MOPSIDA SP.
DlPLODoNTA SP.
HACOMA BROTA
pAfjDALUS HyPSlNOTUS
999900000000 NO FAUNA COLLECTED IN THIS GRAB
PERCtNTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS
SAMPLE SAMP
OATE NO.
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/76
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
STATION TOTA|
SIMPSON INDEX
5
I
5
5
5
S
5
5
5
5
1
COUNT
NO. PCT
1
:i
3
B
4
I
2
1
1
t
0
66
1.52
61*52
66167
4.55
12.12
6.06
1.52
3.03
1.52
1.52
1.52
0.
0.458741
03/25/79
AT THIS STATION
WET HEIGHT
GRAMS PCT
0.014
0.069
0.005
0.074
0.004
0.009
0.733
0.002
0.006
0.001
24.372
1.705
0.
26.920
0.05
Sill
0.01
0.03
2.72
0.01
0.02
0.00
90.53
6.33
0.
PER SO METER
NO* WWGT
3
143
147
10
27
13
3
7
3
3
3
0
220
SHANNON DIVERSITY
0.047
0.230
0.017
0.247
0.013
0.030
2.443
0.007
0.020
0.003
81.240
5. 663
0.
69.733
INDEX
PAGE
45
BIT CRITERIA
XXX
XXX
X X
X
XXX
X
X X
1.259649
X X
X X
X
X
X
X X
-------
DUTCH HARBOR BEflTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
CRUISE 261 STATION M
03/25/79
PERCENT5 REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
PAGE 46
TAXON CODE
TAXOM NAMg
4000000000FO RHYNCHOCOELA FRAGs.
4000000000FO RHYNCHOCOELA FRAGs.
4000000000FO RHYNCHOCOELA FRA&S.
4801000000FO
4S01000000FO
430IOOOOOOFO
4301000000FO
480100000000
480101000000
480101000000
480101050200
480101050500
4S0101050500
480101080300
480101080600
480102010100
<.831020)0100
480102010100
490105010100
.480105010100
480107010100
480107010100
460112010000
480112010000
480112310000
480112020000
480112020000
POLYCHAETA FRAG.
POLYCHAETA FRAG.
POLYCHAFTA FpAG.
POLYCHAETA FRAG.
POLYCHAETA
POLYNOlDAE
POLYNOlDAE
EUHOE OEPRESSA
FUNOE aERSTEOl
EUNOE OERSTED!
HARMOTHOE EXTEhUATA
HARMOTHOE IMBRICATA
PEISIDICE ASPERA
PfiSIPICE ASPERA
PEISIDICE ASPERA
PHI.OE MI NUT A
PHLOE MINUTA
PALEANOTUS BELl IS
PALEAMOTUS BELl IS
ANAJTIOES SP.
ANAJTJOES SP.
ANAlTlOES SP.
ETEONE SP.
ETEONE SP.
SAMPLE SAMP
DATE NO.
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
•06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/1 t/78
SUBTOTAL
06/1 1/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
J
i
3
f
1
1
1
1
!
!
}
I
4
3
COUNT
NO. PCT
1
i
3
3
1
I
1
1
6
15
I
1
4
I
3
4
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.20
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.27
0.20
0.07
0.14
0.20
0.07
0.07
0.14
0.20
0.07
0.07
0^41
1.01
0.34
0.07
0.41
0.07
0.07
0.1^4
0.27
0.27
0.07
0.61
0.20
0.27
0.47
WET WEIGHT PER SO METER
GRAMS PCT NO. WMGT BIT CRITERIA
0.108
0.121
0.014
0.243
0.190
0.138
0.076
0.107
0.511
0.003
0.072
0.003
0.075
0.002
0.131
0.048
0.179
0.012
0.121
0.006
0.056
0.038
0.100
0.006
0.001
0.007
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.004
0.027
0.005
0.032
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
8.00
.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
.0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1
6
2
8
6
2
6
2
6
2
2
ii
10
12
4
a
\
IB
6
a
14
0.216 X X
0.242 X X
0.028 X X
0.486
0.380 X
0.276 X
0.152 X
0.214 X
1.022
0.006
0.144
0.006
0.150
0.004
0.262
0.096
0.358 '
0.024
0.242
0.012
0.112
0.076
0.200
0.012 X
0.002 X
0.014
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.002
0.004
0.002
0.008
0.054
-------
DUTCH HARBnR BENTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
CRUISE 261 STATION 31
TAXON CODE
480112020500
480112020500
480122020100
480122070200
480122070400
430123040000
48012401O400
480124011100
480126010100
480126010100
480126010100
48012601olOO
00
4801;
4801;
7010100
70
4801270
4601?70
4801270
0100
0100
OlOO
0100
430127010300
480130011900
480130011900
480130011900
480130011900
480139010200
480139010200
48014200QOOO
480142040000
480142040000
480142040500
PERCENTS REFER TO
03/25/79
TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
PAGE 47
TAXON NAME
FTEONE LONGA
FTEONE LONGA
PlOMOSYLLlS GIGANTEA
EXOGONE GEMMIFFRA
EXOGONE MOLESTA
NEREIS SP.
NEPHTYS CORNUTA
NEPHTYS FERRIJGINEA
GLYCERA CAplTATA
GLyCERA CAplTATA
GLyCERA CAplTATA
CLyCERA CAP I TATA
GLYC NOE PICTA
C.LYC NOE PICTA
fitYC NDE PICTA
GLyC NO: PICTA
GLyC NDE PICTA
GLYCINDE ARMlGFRA
LUMRPlNERIS LUTl
lUMRRjNERJS LUTJ
1 UllBR NfcR S LUTl
LUMBRlNERlS LUTl
HAPLOSCOLOPLOS ELONGATUS
HAPLOSCOLOPLOS ELONGATUS
SPInNlDAE
POlYDORA Sp.
POLvDORA SP.
SAMPLE SAMP
DATE NO.
06/1
06/1
Si
/78
/7B
JBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/1
06/1
06/1
06/1
06/1
06/1
06/1
06/1
Si
/78
/78
/78
JBTOTAL
/78
/78
/78
/78
/78
JBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/1
06/1
06/1
06/1
Si
06/1
Si
/7ft
/78
/78
/78
JBTOTAL
/78
/78
JBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/ll/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
f
2
3
1
3
2
2
1
1
i
4
4
4
2
4
COUNT
NO. PCT
\
1
2
1
1
1
1
s
22
1
9
11
5
1
0.07
0.20
0.27
0.07
0.14
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07 •
0.07
0.27
0.41
0.27
0.47
1.49
0.07
8:89
0.07
0.27
0.6)
0.68
0.07
0.74
0.34
0.07
0.14
0.20
WET WEIGHT
GRAMS PCT
0.003
0.003
0.006
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.132
8.002
.004
0.020
0.010
0.036
0.004
0.009
0.158
0.241
0.132
0.544
0.036
2'922
0.008
0.004
0.055
0.089
0.282
0.056
0.338
0.002
0.004
0.004
o.ooa
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
o.oo
0.00
0.00
0.00
o.oo
0.00
0.00
o.oo
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.0}
o.ot
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0,00
PER SO
NO.
6
a
2
4
2
2
2
2
10
a
4*
2
li
22
10
6
METER
WWGT
0.006
0.006
0.012
0.004
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.264
8.004
.008
0.040
0.020
0.072
0.008
O.OIB
0.316
0.482
0.264
1.088
0.072
0.044
0.016
0,008
0.110
0.178
0.564
0.112
0.676
0.004
0.008
o.ooa
0.016
BIT CRITERIA
X X X X X
Xx
X
X
X
is i
XX X
POLYDORA CILIATA
06/11/78
I 0.07 0.001 0.00
0.002
-------
DUTCH HARBnR BENTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
CRUISE 261 STATION 31
03/25/79
TAXON CODE
48014204)500
430142050100
430142050100
480142051)100
460142050100
460142050100
480U2050200
480142050200
480J'.205o?00
480142050200
430142070100
480142070100
480142070100
490142070100
4aoi4900nooo
460149000000
480149000000
480149000000
480149040100
480149040100
480156010100
480158010100
490158010100
480158010100
480158020000
480153020100
480156020100
460158020100
480162010200
460162010200
480162010200
480162010200
TAXON NAME
POLYDOBA LIMICOLA
PRIONOSPIO MALMGREN
10 MALHGR-
10 MALM6R_ „
0 MALMGRENI
IONOS
PRION05
PRIONOS
>J
F>{0
NI
N j
Nf
MALMGRENt
PRIONOSPIO CIRRIFERA
SPIO ML]
SPIO Fltl-
SPJO Fit CORN s
SPIO FILICORNlS
CORNlS
CORNIs
CIRRATULlDAE
CIRRATUl. DAE
CjRnATUL &AE
JBATUlUbA
CHAETOZONE
CHAETOZONE
5ETOSA
SETnSA
AMrtOTRYPANE AUl OGASTER
CAplTELLA CAPlyATA
CApJTELLA CAPJTATA
CAplTELLA CAPITATA
HETEROMASTUS Sp. FRAGS
HETFROMASTUS F|LIFORM1S
HETEROMASTUS FlLIFORMlS
HETEROMASTUS FtLIFORHIS
OWENiA FUSIFORM!
OWENIA FUSIFORM!
nwENJA FUSIFORM
OWENIA FUSIFORM!
PERCENTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
SAMPLE SAMP COUNT WET HEIGHT
DATE ND. NO. PCT GRAMS PCT
06/11/78 1 7 0.47 0.007 0.00 14 0.014
PER 50 METER
NO. KWGT
PAGE 48
BIT CRITERIA
06/ 1/78
06/ 1/78
06/ i/78
06/ 1/78
06/ 1/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78 5
O6/I1/78 3
06/11/78 1
06/11/78 2
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78 3
06/11/78 2
06/11/70 5
06/11/78 4
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78 4
06/11/78 5
06/11/78 I
06/11/78 1
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78 3
06/11/78 ?
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78 3
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78 5
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
1
06/11/78 3
06/11/79 2
06/11/78 4
SUBTOTAL
06/11/73 3
06/11/78 I
06/11/78 |
06/11/78 4
SUBTOTAL
71
ft
36
277
1
10
3
4
18
2
^
3
13
22
20
32
6
7
4.80
6.35
5.07
2.43
0.07
18.72
0.07
0.68
0^0
^22
0.14
0.27
0.20
0.88
1.49
1.35
0^34
0.41
2.16
0.07
0.41
0.47
0.097
fcltt-
0.060
0.002
0.485
0.001
0.002
0:004
0.004
0.011
0.001
oiooi
0.001
0.052
0.057
0.062
0.010
0.051
0^20
0.143
0.003
0.055
0.058
0.00
0.01
o.oi
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
2 0.14 0.049 0.00
1 0.07
1 0.07
I 0.07
3 0.20
12 0.81
0.001
0.003
0.032
0.036
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.011 0.00
17
6
24
1
2
8 .
1.15
0.07
0.41
1.62
0.07
0.14
0.14
0.20
0.54
0.019
0.001
0.002
0.022
0.048
0.140
0.008
0.010
0.206
A. 00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
o;oi
0.00
0.00
0.01
142
50
7!
554
2
20
6
8
36
i
6
26
44
ii
64
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.194
M
.120
.004
.970
.002
.004
.008
.008
.022
:oo6
.002
.104
.114
.124
.020
.102
.040
.286
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
xxxx
X
g
X
X
xxxx
24
34
ii
1 2
\
16
0.006
0.098
0.002
0.006
0.064
0.072
0.022
0.038
0.002
0.004
0.044
0.096
0.280
0.016
0.020
0.412
X
X
X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
-------
'DUTCH HARBOR HENTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
CRUISE ?61 STATION 31
00
o
TAXON CODE
TAXON NAME
480162020100
480162020100
480162020100
480162020100
480163010200
480143010200
480163010200
480164030300
480(64030300
480)64030300
480165020000
480165020100
480165020100
480165040100 ,
480168000000
480168000000
480168000000
480168140100
480170010200
4801 70010200
480170040000
480170050300
480170050300
480200000000
480200000000
490300000000
490402020100
MYRIOCHELE HEERl
MYRIOCHELE HEEPJ
MYRIOCHELE HEE'M
MYRlOCHELE HEERl
iDANTHyasUS ARMATUS
iDANTHyRSUS ARMATUS
tOANTHyRSUS ARMATUS
PECTINARIA GRANULATA
PfCTINARlA GRANULATA
PECTINAHIA GRANULATA
AMPHARETE SP.
AMPHARETE ARCTlCA
AMPHARETE ARCTlCA
LYSIPPE LABIATA
SABFLI lOAE
SABFLI JDAE
SABFtLIOAE
LAONOME KROYERl
CHlTJNnPQMA GRnENLANDICA
CHITINOPOMA GRnENLANDICA
SERPULA SP.
SPIRORB1S SEMlDENTATUS
SPIRORBIS SEMloENTATUS
OLIGOCHAFTA
OLIGOCHAFTA
POLYPLACOPHORA
NUCULA TENUIS
PERCENTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS
SAMPLE SAMP
DATE NO.
06/1 /78
06/j /7B
06/j /78
06/1 /78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/79
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
Ofc/il/73
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78 '
»
2
3
3
2
1
I
2
5
1
1
1
4
|
1
3
*
1
2
1
3
COUNT
NO. PCT
14
20
33
ill
|
11
5
4
!
2
;!
6
|
4
1
9
H
7
it
1
1
0.20
0.95
0.14
?:b
2.23
0.20
0^4
0.74
0.34
0.27
0.20
0.47
0.14
0.07
0.88
0.07
1.01
0.41
0.14
o.i4
0.27
0.07
0.6f
?Z42
0.47
0.27
0.74
0.07
0.07
03/25/79
AT THIS STATION
WET WEIGHT
GRAMS PCT
0.017
0.207
o.ooa
0.002
0.234
0.138
0.031
1.206
1.375
0.262
0.490
0.096
0.848
0.032
0.021
0.042
0.063
0.003
0.001
0.017
0.001
0.019
0.030
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.017
0.003
0.044
0.047
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.031
0.001
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0* 00
0.04
0.05
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
8.00
.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
o.'oo
PER SO METER
NO. WWGT
28*
4
4g
66
6
»!
1
22
10
a
6
14
4
30
12
4
a
2
18
tt
14
22
2
2
0.034
0.414
0.016
0.004
0.468
0.276
0.062
8:310-
0.192
1.696
0.064
0.042
0.084
0.126
0.006
O.002
0.034
0.002
0.038
0.060
8.002
.004
0.006
0.034
0.006
8.088
.094
0.004
0.008
0.062
0.002
PAGE 49
BIT CRITERIA
-------
DUTCH HARBOR BENTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
CRUISE 761 STATION 31
TAXON CODE
490403050000
490403050000
490407020100
490407060000
490407060000
490407060000
490410010100
490415020000
4904)5020000
490415020000
490415020000
490415020000
490420010000
490420010000
490424010000
490424010000
4904240JOOOO
4304240(0000
490424010000
490428020000
490428020000
490428020000
.490429020000
'490429020000
490429020000
490429020000
490500000000
490500000000
490500000000
490504020000
TAXON NAME
-
YOLOIA
SP.
SP.
CRENELLA DESSUCATA
HO
MOL
MOO
D OLUS
DJOLUS
OtOLuS
SP.
SP.
SP.
PODODESMUS MACROCHISMA
AXINOPS
AXINOPS
AXINOPS
AX 1 HOPS
AXINOPS
DA SP.
DA SP.
DA SP.
DA SP.
DA SP.
CLINOCARDIUM Sp
rLlNOCARDIUM Sp
MACOMA 5P.
MACOMA SP.
MACOMA SP.
MACOMA SP.
MACOMA SP.
MYA SP.
MVA SP.
MVA SP.
HlATELLA SP.
HIATELLA 5P.
HJATELLA SP.
HIATELLA SP*
GASTROPODA
GASTROPODA
GASTROPODA
03/25/79
PERCENTS REFSR TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
SAMPLE SAMP
NO.
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/73
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/
06/
06/1
06/!
06/
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/79
SUBTOTAL
06/1 1/73
06/11/78
06/11/79
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
O6/1 1/79
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
I
3
2
1
1
!
COUNT WET WEIGHT
NO. PCT GRAMS PCT
0.045 0.00
0.003 0.00
0.048 0.00
I 0.07 0.002 0.00
0.07
0.07
0.14
0.0
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
1 0.07 0.001 0.00
14
6
I
lit
it
15
9
ll
48
3
2
7
14
6
1?
i
f
1
3
0.95
1.82
0.41
Hi**
lili
1.01
0.61
1.01
0.54
0.07
3.24
0.20
0.14
0.14
0.47
8.95
?41
0.68
0.07
2.09
0.07
0.01
0.07
0.20
0.133
0.220
0.066
0.002
0.823
1.244
0.006
0.346
0.352
0.200
0.340
0.228
0.610
0.002
1.380
0.043
0.016
0.020
0.079
1.283
0.168
0.592
0.011
2.054
0.009
0?005
0.016
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.04
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.01
0.02
8:89
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
PE8 SQ
NO. '
4
2
!
12
2
r
in
46
30
18
30
16
96
6
4
14
28
20
A
6
METER
WWGT
0.090
0.006
0.096
0.004
0.036
0.142
0.454
0.632
0.002
0.266
0.440
0.132
0.004
1.646
2.488
0.012
0.692
0.704
0.400
0.680
0.456
1.220
0.004
2.760
0.086
0.032
0.040
0.158
2.566
0.336
1.1 84
0.022
4.108
0.018
0.004
0.010
0.032
PAGE 50
BIT CRITERIA
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
X
X
X
X
X
f\
S
8
COL I SELLA SP.
06/11/78
1 0.07 0.002 0.00
0.004
-------
oo
K>
DUTCH HARBnR BENTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
CRUISE ?6l STATION 31
03/25/79
PERCENTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
PAGE 51
TAXON CODE
490505010100
490505010100
490505010100
490506040200
490506040200
490507020100
490511010000
490511010000
490511010000
490530040000
490576010000
530000000000
530000000000
531802010000
53(802010400
531302010400
532800000000
532800000000
533100000000
533100000000
533100000000
533100000000
533100000000
533311000000
533311000000
533311020000
533317010100
TAXON NAME
CRUSTACEA
CRUSTACEA
CUMACEA
CUMACEA
AMPHIPOOA
AMPHIPODA
AMPHIPDOA
AMPHJPnDA
AHPHlPnDA
CRYPTOBRANCHlA CONCENTRICA
fRYPTOBRANCHIA CONCENTRICA
CRYPTOBRANCHlA CONCENTRICA
SOLAR 1 ELL A OBSCURA
SOLAR I ELLA OOSfUHA
MOELLERIA QUAORAI
SOLARJELLA SP.
SOLARJELCA SP.
SOLARIELLA SP.
TROPHONOPSIS SP.
SlpHONARlA SP. :
i
I
BALANUS SP.
BALANUS CRENATuS
BALANUS CRENATuS
PAGllRlDAE
PAGllRlDAE
PAGURUS SP.
OREGON I A GRACll IS
SAMPLE SAMP
DATE NO.
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/73
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/ji/7a
06/11/78
SUOTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/78
06/11/79
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/73
SUBTOTAL
06/11/78
06/11/78
i
!
2
1
2
3
i
3
2
1
i
\
\
3
COUNT
NO. PCT
33
4
6
1
1
1
1
I
9
182
58
240
J
f!
62
i
1
1
0.81
1.26
0.14
2.23
0.27
0.14
0.41
0.07
0.20
0.07
0.07
0.34
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.14
0.61
12.3017;
3.9210
16.2227!
0.07
0.14
0.20
0.07
0.07
0^95
4.19.
0.07
0.07
0.14
0.07
0.07
WET WEI3HT
GRAMS PCT
1.571
1.374
0.010
2.955
0.507
0.095
0.602
0.003
0*005
0.044
0.032
0.006
0.268
0.002
0.270
1.204
'0.000
H.500
51.500
0.001
0.003
0.004
0.008
0.001
0.028
0.179
0.019
0.235
0.026
0.693
0.719
0.295
2.978
0.06
0.05
.0.00
0.11
0.02
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.04
62.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
8:80
0.01
o.oo
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.11
PER SO METER
NO. WWGT BIT CRi
66
2
12
2
10
2
2
\
18
o!o2o
5.910
l!204
0.006
0.054
0.024
0.010 .
0.088
0.064
0.012
0.536
0.004
0.540
2.408
3643440.000
1162063.000
4805503.000
I
6
46
46
li$
I
2
2
0.002
0.006
0.008
0.016
0.002
0.056
0.358
0.038
0.470
0.052
1.386
1.438
0.590
5.956
x
X
X X
X X
-------
DUTCH HARB,1<» RENTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1*78
CRUISE 261 .STATION 31
TAXON COnE
590101030100
680204010100
680309000000
791613000000
TAXON NAME
PHA5COLION STROMBI
ALLOCEHTROTUS FRAGILIS
OPHIURIDAE
PHOl IDIOAE
PERCEMTS REFER TO TOTAL
SAMPLE SAMP
DATE NO.
06/1
06/1
06/1
06/1
STATION
SIMPSON
1/78
1/78
1/78
1/78
TOTAL
INDEX
1
1
2
2
COLLECTIONS
COUNT
NO. PCT
I
3
1
1
1480
0
0
0
0
.07
.20
.07
.07
AT
03/25/79
THIS STATION
WET WEIGHT
GRAMS PCT
0
0
0
0
2773
0.096444
.007
.199
.006
.419
.256
0
0
0
0
.00
.01
.00
.02
PER SO METER
NO. WWGT
2
6
2
2
0.014
0.398
0.012
0.838
29605546.512
SHANNON
DIVERSITY
INDEX
PAGE 52
6IT CRITERIA
3.014152
CD
CO
-------
DUTCH HARBnft BENTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 197B
CRUISE 261 STATION 7
03/25/79
PERCENTS REFER TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
PAGE
TAXON CODE
480100000OFO
4801000000FO
4801000000FO
4BOfOOOOaOFO
4801000000FO
480101003000
460101000000
480101000000
480101020200
480101150200
480105010100
480105010100
480112020500
480120010200
4SOI20010200
480124010400
480124010400
480124010400
480124010400
480124010400
480124011100
.•480127010100
48013001)900
480130011900
480130011900
48013001)900
480130011900
480139010200
480139010200
480139010200
TAXON NAME
POLYCHAETA FRAG
POLYCHAETA F
POLYCHAETA
POLYCHAETA
POCYCHAETA
RAG.
PAG.
RAG.
RAG.
POLYNfllDAE
POLYNOJDAE
POLVNOIOAE
ANTINOELLA SAR.Sl
POLYNOE GRACILIS'
PHLOE MlNUTA
PHLOE MlNUTA
ETEONE LONGA
GYPTIS BREVIPAi PA
GYPTIS BREvlPAlPA
NEPHTYS
flEPHTYS
HEPHTYS
NEPHTYS
HEPHTYS
CORNUTA
CORNU1
COSNU
CORNtl
CORNU
A
A
A
FA
NEpMTYS FERRUGlNEA
GLYCINDE P1CTA
i UMRR
LUMRR
I.UMP.R
i UMBH
NER
NER
NER
NER
NER
HAPLOSCOLOPLOS ELONGATUS
HAPLOSCOLOPLOS ELONGATUS
HAPLOSCOLOPLOS ELONGATUS
SAMPLE
DATE
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
SAMP
NO
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
•
I
4
\
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/73
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
2
5
5
5
3
5
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/79
06/ 2/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/73
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
c
1
3
4
1
3
2
!
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
2
5
i
COUNT
NO. PCT
j
!
4
11
2
2
i
1
1
15
•;l
2
1
1
II
!
0.09
0.09
0.09
0^3
0.34
0.17
0.43
0.94
6.17
0.17
0.09
0.09
0.17
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.17
1.28
4^00
0.17
0.09
0.34
0.85
0.43
0.43
0.94
2. 98
2'°.?
0.26
0.17
0.51
WET HEIGHT
GRAMS PCT
0.015
Oll39
0.023
0.012
0.225
0.022
0.021 "
0.053
0.096
0.023
0.010
0.020
0.001
0.021
0.01
0.02
0.08
8:8
0.13
0.01
8:8l
0.06
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.001 0.00
0.004
o.ooi
0.005
0.009
0.042
0.004
0.045
0.149
8'199
0.06,3
o.o?$
0.045
0.145
0.402
O.O35
0.074
0.041
0.150
0.00
0.00
0.00
8:8?
0.03
0.00
0.03
0.09
1.641 0.98
0.002 0.00
0.06
0.04
0.03
8.03
.09
0.24
8:8?
0.02
0.09
PER SO METER
NO. WU6T BIT CRITERIA
a
10
0
0
0
6
12
2 0.030
2 0.072
2 0.27?
10
8
10
22
0.044
0.042
0.106
0.192
0.046
0.020
0.040
0.002
0.042
0.002
0.006
0.002
0.010
0.098
0.018
0.084
o.ooa
0.090
0.298
3.282
0.004
0.200
0.126
0.098
0.090
0.290
0.804
0.070
0.148
0.082
0.300
XXX
X X
X X
X X
-------
oo
Ul
DUTCH HARBOR BENTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
CRUISE 261 STATION 7
TAXON CODE
480140020
-------
OUTCH HARBnR BENTHIC GRAB DATA — JUNE 1978
CRUISE 261 STATION 7
03/25/79
PERCENTS REF2R TO TOTAL COLLECTIONS AT THIS STATION
PAGE 55
oo
OS
TAXON CODE
49040000QOFO
4904000000FO
490400000000
490403020300
490403050000
490403050000
490403050000
490403050000
490415020000
490415020000
490415020000
490415020000
490415020000
490424010000
490424010000
490424010000
490424010000
530000000000
530000000000
533100000000
533100000000
533100000000
•TAXON NAME
PELECYPOnA
PELECYPOnA
PELECYPOnA
FRAGS.
FRAGS!
NUCULANA FOSSA
CRUSTACEA
CRUSTACEA
AMPHIPODA
AMPHlPODft
AMPHIPODA
YOLDIA SP.
YOLDJA SP.
YOLDJA SP.
YOLDIA SP.
AXIKOPS DA
AX NOPS DA
AXJNOPS DA
AXlNOPS DA
AX | NOPS DA
MACOMA SP.
MACOMA SP.
MACOMA SP.
MACOMA SP.
•
SP.
IS:
SP.
SAMPLE SAMP
DATE NO.
06/12/78 3
06/12/78 I
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/73
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/79
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/79
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
86/12/78
6/12/78
SUBTOTAL
06/12/78
06/12/78
06/12/78
SUBTOTAL
STATION TOTAL
SIMPSON INDEX
2
3
i
£
5
5
!
2
i
5
I
\
0.
COUNT
NO. PCT
1 0.09
1 0.09
2
1
1
i
2
1
7
2i
16
6?
1
J
o
i
»
1176
458069
0.17
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.26
0.17
0.09
0.60
1.79
{•3!
ot|7
5.19
0.09
0.17
0.09
olsi
0.09
0.09
0.17
0.26
0.09
0.09
0.43
WET WEIGHT
GRAMS PCT
0.647 0.39
0.037 0.02
0.684
0.159
0.056
0.003
0.006
0.004
0.003
0.016
0.103
0.034
0.016
0.037
13.650
14.846
61.274
7.101
96.871
8.005
.005
0.010
0.012
0.001
o.oot
0.014
167.697
0.41
0.09
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.06
0.02
0.01
0.02
B.14
8.85
57177
0.00
0.00
0.01
8:80
0.00
0.01
PER SCI METER
NO. WWGT
I 0:0?*
4
2
2
6
4
2
14
42
28
16
122
2
I
12
|
li
2352
SHANNON DIVERSITY
1.368
0.318
0.112
0.006
0.012
0.008
0.006
0.032
0.206
0.068
0.032
0.074
0.036
0.416
27.300
29.692
122.546
14.202
1*3.742
0.010
0.010
0.020
0.024
0.002
0.002
0.028
335.394
INDEX 1
BIT CRITI
X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
. X X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
.469269
:R
X
X
X
X
SUCCESSFUL FOJ.
-------
APPENDIX B
TAXON CODES AND SPECIES NAMES USED IN THE
CLUSTER ANALYSES DESCRIBED IN THIS REPORT
187
-------
TAXON CODES IN SORTED ORDER
TAXA
48010
48010
48010
48010
48010
48010
02000
02020
05020
05050
03030
L08060
48010115020
48010117010
48010201010
48010501010
48010503000
48010504000
48010701010
48011201000
48011202000
48011202050
48012001020
48012207000
43012202010
48012207020
48012207040
48012304000
48012401040
48012401050
4301240U10
48012601010
48012701010
48012701030
48017702020
48012801030
48013001010
4801300U90
48013901000
43013901020
48013903000
4801400?040
48014202000
48014204050
48014204150
48014205000
48014205010
48014205020
48014207010
48014210000
48014210010
48014210020
48014210030
48014301020
48014301050
48014903000
43014904010
48015201030
48015501010
48015601010
48015801010
48015802010
48015802020
48015803000
48015303060
48016103010
480U109020
-48016201020
48016202010
NEMIOIA SP. ,
ANTINOELLA SARSI
EUNOE DEPRESSA
EUNOE OERSTED!
HARMOTHOE EXTENUATA
HAPMOTHOE IMBRICATA
POt YNOE GRACILIS
•PHOLOE MIHUTA,. .
STHENELAIS SP.
SIGALION SP«
PA| EANOTUS BELL IS
ANAITIOES SP.
ETEONE SP.
ETFONE LONGA
GYPTIS BREVIPALPA
SYLLIS SP.
PIONOSYLLIS GIGANTEA
EXnGONE GEMMIFERA
EXOGONE MOLESTA
NEPEIS SP.
NEPHTYS CORNUTA
NEDHTYS PUNCTATA
NEPHTYS FERRUGINEA
GLYCERA CAPITATA
GLYCINDE PICTA
GLYCINDE ARMIGERA
GONlAOA MACULATA
ONllPHIS IRIDESCENS
LUMBRIMERIS BICIRR.ATA
LUM8RINERIS LUTI
HAPLOSCOLOPLOS SP.
HAPLOSCOLOPLOS ELONGATUS
SCOLOPLOS FULIGINOSA
ARTCIDEA JEFFREYSII
LAoNICE SP.
POl YDORA CILIATA
POl.YDORA LIMICOLA
PRTONOSPIO SP.
PRTONOSPIO MALMGRE
PRTONOSPIO CIRRIFE
SPIO FILICORNIS
SPTOPHANES SP.
SPTOPHANES BOMBYX
SPTOPHANES KROYERI
SPTOPHANES CIRRATA
MACiELONA PACIFICA
MAGELONA LONGICORNIS
THARYX SP.
CHAETOZONE SETOSA
BRADA INHABILIS
SCALIBREGMA INFLATUM
AMMOTRYPANE AULOGASTER
CAPITELLA CAPITATA
HETEROMASTUS FILIFORMIS
HETEROMASTUS GIGANTEUS
NOTOMASTUS SP.
NOTOMASTUS LAERIATUS
AXTOTHELLA CATEMATA
PRAXILLELLA PRAETERMISSA
OWFNIA FUS-IFORMES
MYRlOCHELE HEERI
MI
RA
188
-------
48016301020
48016*03030
48016502000
48016502010
48016504010
48016505010
48016701010
48016801030
48016814010
48017001020
48017004000
48017005030
48017501010
490*0202010
490*0307000
490*030?030
490*0304000
490*030-3070
490*0306000
490*0702010
490*0706000
490*0706010
490*1001010
*90*l502000
490*1503010
490*1601000
490*1601020
490*1801000
490*2001000
490*2001010
490*2002010
*90*210<3010
*90*230iOOO
490*2301010
49Q42401010
490*7401030
490*2*01070
490*2*01130
490*2*02010
490*2802000
490*2902000
490*3302000
490*3502000
490*3502050
49050*01000
49050*02000
49050501010
49050604000
49050604020
49050702010
49051101000
4905U03000
49053004000
49054104000
49054501000
49057601000
53180201000
53180201040
53280*03040
53310201010
53313*1*000
53313*29000
5331370POOO
5331*207000
53330*01060
•53331107000
53331701010
53332103000
59010101010
59010102010
68020101010
68020*01010
IDANTHYRSUS ARMATUS
•PECTIINARIA GRANULATA
AMpHARETE SP.
AMPHARETE ARCTICA
LYSIPPE LABIATA
ME| INNA CRISTATA
TEREBELLIDES STROEMII
CHnNE CINCTA
L.AONOME KROYERI
CHTTINOPOMA GROENLANDICA
SERPULA SP.
SPTRORBIS SEMIOENTATUS
COsSURA LONGOCIRRATA
NUCULA TENUIS
NUCULANA SP. ,
NUCULAN* FOSSA
TlNOARIA SP.
YOl.DIA THRACIAEFORM1S
. YOLDIELLA SP. . .
CRENELLA DECUSSATA
MOOIOLUS SP.
MOnroCus MOOIOLUS
. poneoesMUs MACROCHISMA
AXINOPSIDA SERRICATA
THYASIRA FLEXUOSA
DlPLODONTA SP.
oipuoDONTA ALEUTICA
MYStLLA SP.
CLINOCARDIUM SP.
CLTNOCARDIUM CILIATUM
SERRIPES GROENLANDICUS
PSFPHIDIA LOROI
SPTSULA SP.
SPTSULA POLYNYMA
MACOMA CALCAREA
MACOMA BROTA
MACOMA MOE5TA MOE5TA
MACOMA CARLOTTENSIS
TEl LINA LUTEA
MYA SP.
HlATELLA SP.
LYnNSIA SP.
THRACIA SP.
THRACIA BERINGI
ACMAEA SP.
COLISEL.LA SP.
CRYPTOBF ' ~"
_ _3RANCHIA CONCENTRICA
SOI ARIELLA SP.
SOI ARIELLA OBSCURA
MOFLLERIA QUADRAI
SOI:ARIELLA SP.
ClMGULA SP.
TROPHONOPSIS SP.
OENOPOTA SP.
RETUSA SP.
SlPHONARIA SP.
BAI.ANUS SP.
BAl ANUS CRENATUS
EUDORELLOP5IS DEFORMIS
AMPELISCA MACROCEPHALA
HlPPOMEDON
ORCHOMENE SP.
MONOCULODES SP.
PARAPHOXUS SP.
PAwDALUS HYPSINOTU5
PAfiURUS SP.
ORFGONIA GRACILIS -
PlNNIXA SP.
GOlFINGIA MARGARITACEA
PHASCOLION 5TROM8I
_::::HARACHN:_: ":.:.:'.".
ALI.OCENTROTU5 FRAGILIS
-ECHINARACHN'IUS PARMA
189
-------
APPENDIX C
FEATURES OF STATIONS SAMPLED IN THE VICINITY OF DUTCH HARBOR, ALASKA
11-12 JUNE 1978, BY THE INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF
ALASKA, FAIRBANKS, ALASKA BASED ON FIELD NOTES OF H. FEDER, TELEVISION
OBSERVATIONS AND DATA DERIVED FROM LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF GRAB SAMPLES.
NOT ALL SAMPLES HAVE BEEN ANALYZED.
T.V. » Television Observation on Shipboard, Grab 3 van Veen Grab,
Polychaetous Annelid « PA, C » Clam and S a Snail
190
-------
A. Stations with samples processed, and taxonomic determinations, numbers
of individuals and biomass available for this report. Stations are
grouped according to cluster analysis of In transformed data (see
Fig. 4 and Table 17). All species in grab samples are included in
Appendices A, B, and D.
STATION GROUP 1
Station DUT-OA, 29M
(1) T.V. - shell fragments noted on the bottom, a snow crab, Chianoe-
setea sp., observed moving on the bottom. Sand-shell; silty
sand tan-brown to gray sticky.
(2) Grab - moderate sulfide odor; shell fragments. Few organisms
observable in screened samples on shipboard.
(3) Laboratory analysis of grab samples - dominant species
Nephtys aornuta (PA) - Abundant
Scalibregma inflation (PA) - Few
Axinapsida servioata (C) - Few
Ammotrypane aulogastev (PA) - Few
No other species present
Species present were primarily deposit feeders
Station DUT-02, 30M
(1) T.V. - a large amount of fine sediment observed as T.V. camera
contacted bottom; bottom not as black as at OUT 01A (see below);
sediment surface reflected some light.
(2) Grabs - black sediment with strong sulfide odor; screened more
readily than OUT 01A. Shell common. No living organisms
observable in screened sample on shipboard.
(3) Laboratory analysis of grab samples - dominant species
Nephtys aornuta (PA) - Abundant
Saalibregma inflation (PA) - Few
No other species present
Species present were deposit feeders.
191
-------
Station OUT 00, 34M
(1) TV - showed lighter bottom. A snow crab and several fish (round
fish) observed.
(2) Grabs - sediment black; strong sulfide smell. No observable living
organisms in screened samples on shipboard.
(3) Laboratory analysis - dominant species in grab samples.
Nephtya cornuta (PA) - Common
Unidentified crab - Few
No other species present
The one infaunal species present is a deposit feeder.
Station OUT 01A, Station in Dutch Harbor behind spit, 28M
(1) TV not able to show bottom - presumably due to black sulfide deposits.
(2) Grabs showed black sediment with very strong sulfide smell. Water
during washing process was foamy black. Sediment fine and difficult
to screen. One replicate had dead juvenile fish; moribund but fresh
in appearance. Many clam shells. One replicate had no organisms.
Nephtys covnuta (PA) - Common
Spiophanes bombyx (PA) and Capitella aapitata (PA) - Few; both
deposit feeders
Only one other organism, a burrowing clam collected
Species present are deposit feeders.
STATION GROUP 2
Station 3H, 34M
(1) TV showed light colored bottom; observed 1 roundfish; particulate
matter common.
(2) Four grabs were black; strong sulfide smell; sandy silt; large amount
of tnacroalgal debris. One grab sandy with no_ sulfide odor detectable;
very little plant material. One replicate had no organisms observable.
(3) Laboratory analysis of grab samples - dominant species.
Nephtys cornicta, (PA) - Few -to Common
Other polychaetous annelids - Few
192
-------
Clams - Few
Pandalus hypsinotus (coonstripe shrimp) - Two specimens
Species present primarily deposit feeders.
STATION GROUP 3
Station 3BF, 58M
(1) TV - too deep for television
(2) Grabs - sandy-silt firmly held together; brownish gray with fine
layer on top of tannish material (2-3 cm thick); fishy smell or
marine organic smell. Large amount of terrestrial plant debris
made samples difficult to wash. After washing, a large amount
of debris was left behind (terrestrial plant). Very few organ-
isms were observable in screened samples.
(3) Laboratory analysis of grab samples - dominant species
Four species of polychaetous annelids
(Cirratulidae, Chaetozone setosa,
Scalibregma inflation, Seteromastus
filifozmis) - Common to Abundant
Two species of polychaetes - Few
Aainopsida serviaata (C) - Common
loldia tkraciaefozmis (C) - One large individual
Three other species of clams - Few
Deposit - feeding polychaetous annelids and clams few to common.
Station 3C, 68M
(1) TV - too deep for television
(2) Grabs - silty sand, tan in color; mild organic smell, sticky. Shell
common. Oxic.
(3) Laboratory analysis of grab samples - dominant species
Polychaetous annelids - Few to Abundant
- the most common polychaetes, were Prionospio malmgreni,
Cirratulidae, Sealibregma inflatum, Retevomastus filiformis
Nuculanidae (C)- Common
Aainopsida serviaata (C) - Common
loldia tkraciaefozmis, Spisula sp., Macoma spp. - Few
Gastropods, amphipods, decapods - Few
Deposit-feeding polychaetes and clams common to abundant.
193
-------
Station HEL-7, 98M
(1) TV - too deep for television
(2) Grabs - grey-brown silt; no obvious odor; few Maaoma fragments; sedi-
ment readily washed through screens.
(3) Laboratory analysis of grab samples - dominant species
Polychaetous annelids - Few to Abundant
- the most common polychaetes were Nephtys aornuta, Lumbrineris
lutij Soalibvegm inflation (abundant) Eetevomastua filiformia
Axinopsida serricata (C) - Common
Yoldia sp. (C) and Maaoma sp. (C) - Few
Amphipod crustaceans - Few
Deposit-feeding polychaetes and clams common to abundant.
STATION GROUP 4
Station 3B, 51M
(1) TV - no observation made
(2) Grabs - silty sand; mild organic smell, but no sulfide odor. Sand
color - tannish gray. Grabs were full, and difficult to
wash through the screen. Shells of Maaoma spp. common.
(3) Laboratory analysis of grab samples, - dominant species.
Polychaetous annelids - Few to Abundant
- the most common polychaetes were Nephtys aornuta, Glydnde
piota, Lwnbrineris luti, Prionospio malmgreni, Spiophanes
kroyeri, Cirratulidae, Scalibregma inflation, Seteromastus
filiformis, Notomastus sp., Aaiothella catenata.
Nucula tennis (C) - Few
Nuculana fossa (C) - Few
Aainopsida serricata (C) - Abundant
Amphipods, hermit crabs, Pirmixa sp.
(pea crab), Ophiuroid (brittle star) - Few
Deposit-feeding polychaetes and clams few to common. Few large
errant polychaetes.
Station 3F - Approximately 100M off underwater location of Vita Food
Products Outfall, 51M. Pipe broken, and was apparently
discharging onshore. '
194
-------
(1) TV - no observation made
(2) Grabs - sandy, clean. Organic smell but no sulfide odor detectable.
(3) Laboratory analysis of grab samples - dominant species.
Polychaetous annelids - Few to Abundant
- the most common polychaetes were Glyoinde picta, Liaribrineiris
luti, Pvionospio malmgreni, Spiaphanes teoyeri, S. airrata,
Magelana paeifioa, Scalibregma inflation, Capitella aapitata,
Seteromastus filiformis, Axiofhella oatenata, Chone einota
Clams present but only few of a variety of species such as Nuaula
tunuis, Nuculana fossa, Axinopsida serriaata, Macoma aaloarea
Golfingia margaritacea (sipunculid) - Few
A variety of deposit and suspension feeding species present.
Station HEL-3, 49M
(1) TV - no observations made
(2) Grabs - silt gray-brown in color; mild organic odor; sticky
composition with Chlamys beringana, Pandora gigantea, Maaoma spp.,
Clinoeardium sp., Nuaulana sp., Mya valves and shell fragments.
(3) Laboratory analysis of grab samples - dominant species
Polychaetous annelids - Few to Abundant
- the most common polychaetes were Glycinde piata, Lumbrineris
luti, Saoloplos fuliginosa, Polydora sp., Prionospio malmgreni,
Spio-filicornis, Magelona pasifiaa, Cirratulidae, Tharyx sp.,
Scalibregma inflation, Seteromastus filiformis, Notomastus sp.,
Maldanidae, Axiothella aatenata, Ampharete avctiaa, Chane cincta
Clams - Common to Abundant
- the most common clams were Nuaula te.nu.is, Nuauiana fossa,
Axinopsida serricata
Amphipods - Abundant
Golfingia margaritaceat brittle stars,
Solariella spp. - Few
Deposit feeders very common
Station HEL-3A, 40M
(1) TV - no observation
(2) Grabs - organic smell, no sulfide; silty-sand, tannish gray.
(3) Laboratory analysis of grab samples - dominant species
195
-------
Polychaetes - Few Co Abundant. Fewer species than Station HEL-3.
- the most common polychaetes were Uephtys ferruginea,
Glycinde piata, Lmbfineris lut-i, Baploaeoloplcs elongatus,
Prianospio maltngren'i
Clams - Few to Abundant
- the most common dams were Spisula sp., Maacma sp., Mya sp.
Solariella obscwxi (S) - very common
Balanus sp. - abundant and found in only one replicate
Amphipoda - very common
Ophiuroids - few
Deposit and suspension feeding species common.
STATION GROUP 5
Station 3G, off Pan Alaska - Whitney Fidalgo Outfall, 31M
(1) TV - clean bottom, sandy-silt; small amount of fine sediment
observable in overlying water after frame hit bottom. Just
before frame contacted bottom, the camera passed through a
school of shrimp (probably Pandalus hypsinotus, the coonstripe
shrimp). When the frame settled down, fish moved into and out
of the frame - possibly the eel pout Lycodes diapterus. The
fish were vigorous. The area appeared healthy and surface was
light and appeared oxic.
(2) Grabs - sandy, black sediment. Strong sulfide odor, but not as
strong as at 3E. Reduced number of species.
(3) Laboratory analysis of grab samples - dominant species.
Polychaetes annelids - few to abundant, patchy. Fewer species
than in 3F or 3A.
- the most common polychaetes were Lumbrineri.3 luti, Haptosaoloplos
elongatus, Prionospio malmgreni, Thcaryx sp.
Clams - few to common; the most abundant species were Axinopsida serricata
Mya sp. also common
Solariella sp. - few present
Deposit-feeding polychaetes dominant
196
-------
STATION GROUP 6
Station 31, 31M
(1) TV - showed dense population of shrimps - probably PandaJus hypainotus,
(2) Grabs - all had small pebbles to large cobbles. No sulfide noted.
Crushed shell and sand mixture. Small volume of samples - 4-5L.
Acorn barnacles numerous, limpets common. The most diverse sta-
tion sampled.
(3) Laboratory analysis of grab samples - dominant species
Polychaetes annelids - few to abundant
- the most common polychaetes were Glyoinde piota, Prionospio
malmgreni, Cirratulidae, Heteromastus filiformis, Myrioahele
heeri, Idanthyrus armatus, Sabellidae, Spirorbis semidentatus
Clams - few to abundant
- the most common clams were Axinopsida serviaata, Clinocardium
sp., Macoma sp., Riatella sp.
Limpets - few to common; Cvyptobrcmohia aoncentrica - very common
Snails - few of several species; Solariella spp. most common
The barnacle Balanus arenatus - abundant
Amphipoda, hermit crabs, Oregonia graoilis (crab), Allooentvotus
fragilis (sea urchin), brittle stars - few of each
Gunnel (fish) - 1 specimen
Suspension feeders common at this station.
STATION GROUP 7
Station DUT-OB, 22M
(1) TV - sandy bottom with humps that appear to be produced by animals.
Some shell, some amphipods. Bottom appears clean. Species
diversity high number of polychaete species reduced. Clams common.
(2) Grabs - very clean sand, no organic odor, some shell. Oxic.
(3) Laboratory analysis of grab samples - dominant species
Foraminifera - very abundant
Polychaetous annelids - few; number of species and number of
individuals of each species low
- the most common polychaetes were Nephtys fermginea,. Glycinde
spp., Lumbrinevia b-icirrata, Haplosooloplos elongatus,
Spionidae, Magelona- Icngiaornisj Cirratulidae
Clams - few to very common
- the most common clams were Spisula sp., Axinopsida serriaata
- also present were Psephidia lordi, Macoma moesta, Lyonaia
sp., Fhraeia sp., Tellina lutea
197
-------
Snails - few; Solariella obscura and Cingula sp., Retusa sp.
Cumaceans - few; Eudovellapsis deformia
Amphipoda - common
Sea urchins - few to common; includes Allocentrotus fragilis
Deposit and suspension feeding species common/
B. Station processed, but only one grab taken; not included in cluster
analysis.
Station 02A, 27.5M
(1) TV - light, gray bottom, no sign of animal castings or burrows.
Large amount of debris present in the water column.
(2) Grab - sulfide odor, but not strong as in 3DE or 3E (see below),
One specimen of each of the following species of polychaetes
present: Fholce mi.na.ta, Nephtys corraita, Scalibregma inflation.
C. Stations located on or immediately adjacent to the Universal Seafood Outfall.
Station 3E. Station was directly over the Universal Seafood Outfall; the
discharge was periodic with crab debris welling up to the
water surface. 11-16M
(1) TV - showed many crustacean fragments in water column. TV on bottom
buried in sediment initially - when TV unit pulled up, could not
see bottom due to black sediment. No living organisms observed.
(2) Grabs - only 1 grab taken; nauseating H.S odor. Surface of grab
material covered with several centimeters of fresh processing waste
layered over many centimeters of old black waste and cobble. Dif-
ficult to wash. When washed only black shells, black debris,
remained in screen. Strong sulfide smell. No organisms present.
(3) Laboratory analysis of grab samples - no organisms present.
198
-------
Station 3DE, 28M
(1) TV - large amount of debris in water column indicating proximity to
effluent outflow. When frame on bottom, it was apparent that it landed
on an effluent pile (the effluent surface discharge was about 100 m
off); large amounts of processing debris moved out to the water
when the frame contacted the bottom.
(2) Grabs - came up full of processing wastes.. No organisms present.
(3) Laboratory analysis of grab samples - no organisms present.
D. Stations unprocessed. Only field observations available.
Station 3J, 14M
(1) TV - showed very little.
(2) Grabs - Fine gravel and cobbles. Only 2 grabs obtained. Many grabs
attempted.
- 1 polychaete
- 3 amphipods
Station 2A, 14-27.5M
(1) TV - No observations
(2) Grabs at 14M. Samples of rock collected; organism attached:
/
- coralline algae
- chitons
- few brittle stars
- compound tunicate
Grabs at 27.5M - Sulfide odor but not as strong as at Station
3E. No observation of screened material available.
Station 2B, 14M
(1) TV - No observation
(2) Grab - No grab samples. Large rocks only. No epifauna.
Station 3AG, 38M
(1) TV - considerable debris in water. On approach of camera to the
bottom several fish swam away; as frame hit bottom fine sediments
199
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were stirred up and soon settled revealing 13-20 Pandalua kypsinotus
(coonstripe shrimp). The shrimp remained within the TV frame - some
swimming in and out; as frame moved, shrimps moved. The impression
is that the bottom has large numbers of these shrimp present. Im-
pression of a clean silty-sand, oxic bottom.
(2) Grabs - Light colored, silty-sand (mainly sand); appears somewhat
"gelatinous", very clean - oxic. Slight to strong organic odor.
No sulfide odor. Considerable plant debris. No sign of processing
wastes. Large Macoma shells common.
- few polychaetes
- few clams
- some large, healthy looking Macoma sp.
Station 3D, 57M
(1) TV - No TV
(2) Grabs - All grabs full with worm tubes projecting from the mud.
Sediment - tannish with some black coloration; silty sand; "fishy"
organic smell; in two grabs shell held grab jaws
open slightly.
- in grabs: Macoma sp., Pododeamus macroehisma and Mytilus sp.
shell fragments; some plant material (blackened); small amount
unidentifiable black debris - none with sulfide odor.
Noticeable fishy odor as material concentrated by washing in
screen box. Sediments oxic with healthy appearing fauna in 3
replicates; sulfide smell in last 2 grabs, but fauna healthy
and same as above. One grab had juvenile snow crab in sulfide -
smelling sediment, crab healthy in appearance.
- Polychaetes - F to C; Macama sp. - few; Uuaulana sp. - few;
Maldanidae - common; Solariella sp. - few.
- Several plastic garbage bags, strapping material, pieces of
lumber (ship), piece of kelp.
Station 3C1, 43M
(1) No TV
(2) Grabs - Silty sand; brown-tan color; mild organic odor; sticky
composition; numerous shell-fragments.
- few anemones
- Maldanidae - common
- Nephtys sp. - rare
200
-------
- polychaetes - common
- Nuculana sp. - common
- polychaete tubes - rare
Station HEL 2, 17H
(1) No TV observation
(2) No grab samples collected. Rocky bottom. Rocks had encrusting
sponge, bryozoans, chitons.
Station 1A, 46M
(1) No TV
(2) Grabs - Bottom sandy, cobble
(3) No ,sulfide smell, organic smell. Clean area, very patchy.
- some replicates in sand, others in cobble. Species observed
in replicates vary from one grab to another. A diversity of
epifaunal (on rock) and infaunal species collected.
- many barnacles.
- 1 Ig. Serripes groenlandicus
- few Ophiura sp.
- 1 Cistenides sp.
- few Bryozoa
- few frlaGoma spp.
- few Laqueii8(l) sp.
- few polychaetes
- few chitons, limpets
- 1 Natica sp.
Station HEL 1, 8CM
(1) No TV
(2) Grabs - Dark - sandy-silt - held together well.
(3) Rich organic odor but no sulfide. Rich fauna.
- few Cyalocardia araasidensl
- few Ciinooardiian ailiatum
- many polychaetes
- worm tubes
- Nuculcma sp.
- 1 Mueculus sp.
- few amphipods
201
-------
Station 7A, 80M
(1) No TV
(2) Grabs - Sllty-clay, black gray, mild organic odor. Sticky
composition Macoma, Nucu.la.na fragments unidentified shell fragments.
- common Ophelia sp.
- common polychaete
- rare Macama sp.
Station 7B, 51M
(1) No TV
(2) Grabs - Sandy-silt; no odor; large amount of organic debris - mainly
plant.
- polychaetes (Capitellidae, few Scalibregma inflation, 1 large
errant polychaete) - few to common
Station HEL-6, 132M
(1) No TV
(2) Grabs - Silt-clay, tan; sticky mud. No odor. Some plant debris.
Oxic.
- polychaetes - common (Scalibregma inflation and some Capitellidae)
- Maaoma spp. - few to common
- Axinapsida serviaata - few to common
- Uusulana sp. - few
Station HEL-4, 95M
(1) No TV
(2) Grabs - Silty-clay-sand, sticky composition, brown-black-gray,
loldia and Macama. shell fragments, organic odor. No sulfide odor.
- polychaete worms - few
- Maldanidae
- Maaoma intermedia!
Station HEL-4A, 78M
(1) No TV
(2) Grabs - One taken. No data available on biota.
202
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APPENDIX D
DOMINANT SPECIES AT STATIONS WITHIN STATION GROUPS.
DOMINANCE OF SPECIES BY NUMBERS ONLY.
203
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APPENDIX D
DOMINANT SPECIES AT STATIONS WITHIN STATION GROUPS.
DOMINANCE OF SPECIES BY NUMBERS ONLY.
Station
Abundant Species
Taxonomic Categories
Common Name
Station Group 1
OUT OA Nephtys aovruta
OUT 02
OUT 00
DUT OLA
Nephtys aornuta
Nephtys aornuta
Nephtys aaimuta
Station Group 2
3H Nephtys cornuta
Station Group 3
3BF
Nephtys oornuta
Prionospio spp.
Cirratulidae
Chaetozone setosa.
Saalibregma inflatuan
Setaromastus
filiformis
Asinops-ida serrioata
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Nephtyidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Nephtyidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Nephtyidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Nephtyidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Nephtyidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Nephtyidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Spionidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Cirratulidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Cirratulidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Scalibregmidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Capitellidae
Mollusca, Pelecypoda
Thyasiridae
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Clam
204
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Station
Abundant Species
Taxonomic Categories
.Common Name
Station Group 3
3C Nephtys cornuta
Prionospio malmgreni
Cirratulidae
Scalibregma inflation
Heteromastus
filiformi.8
Axinopsida serricata
Nephtys cornuta
Lumbrineris luti
Aria-idea jeffreysii
Scalibregma inflation
Ammotpypane auiogaster
Heteromastus
filiformis
Axinopsida. serricata
Station Group 4
3B Lumbrineris luti
Prionospio malmgreni
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Nephtyidae
Annelida, Polyehaeta,
Spionidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Cirratulidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Scalibregmidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Capitellidae
Mollusca, Pelecypoda,
Thyasiridae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Nephtyidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Lumbrineridae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Paraonidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Scalibregmidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Opheliidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Capitellidae
Mollusca, Pelecypoda,
Thyasiridae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Lumbrineridae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Spionidae
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Clam
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Clam
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
205
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Station
Abundant Species
Taxonomic Categories
Common Name
Station Group 4 (continued)
3B Spiophanes kroyeri
Cirratulidae
Heteromastus
filiformia
Notomastus sp.
Axiothella eatenata
Nucula tenuis
Nuaulana fossa
Axinops-idz serriaata
3F
Glycinde picta
Lumbvineris luti
Prionospio malmgreni
Spiophanes kroyeri
Spiophanes airrata
Magelona paaifiaa
Tharyx sp.
Scalibregma inflatum
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Spionidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Cirratulidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Capitellidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Capitellidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Maldanidae
Mollusca, Pelecypoda,
Nuculidae
Mollusca, Pelecypoda,
Nuculanidae
Mollusca, Pelecypoda,
Thyasiridae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Goniadidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Lumbriner idae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Spionidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Spionidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Spionidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Magelonidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Cirratulidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Scalibregmidae
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worn
Segmented Worn
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Protobranch
clam
Protobranch
clam
Clam
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
206
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Station
Abundant Species
Taxonomic Categories
Common Name
Station Group 4
3F Capitella aapitata
Heteramastus
filiformia
Axiothella catenate.
Chone cincta
Nuaulana fossa
Axinopsida serricata
Glyeinde picta
Lumbirineris luti
Sooloplos fuliginosa
Spionidae
Prionospio malmgreni
Spio filicornis
Magelona paaifiaa
Cirratulidae
Scalibregma inflation
Heteromastus
filiformis
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Capitallidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Capitellidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Maldanidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Sabellidae
Mollusca, Palecypoda,
Nuculanidae
Mollusca, Pelecypoda,
Thyasiridae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Goniadidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Lumbrineridae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Orbiniidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Spionidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Spionidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Spionidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Magelonidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Cirratulidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Scalibregmidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Capitellidae
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Protobranch
clam
Clam
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
207
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Station
Abundant Species
Taxonomic Categories
Common Name
Station Group 4 (continued)
3 Capitellidae
Maldanidae
Chone cincta
Nucula tennis
Nuculana fossa
Axinopsida
3A
Amphipoda
Glyainde piata
Lumbrineris luti
Haploscoloplos
elongatue
Pri-onosp-io malmgveni
Aainopsida serricata
Sp-isula sp.
Mya ap.
Solariella obsaura
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Capitellidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Maldanidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Sabellidae
Mollusca, Pelecypoda,
Nuculidae
Mollusca, Pelecypoda,
Nuculanidae
Mollusca, Pelecypoda,
Thyasiridae
Arthropoda, Crustacea
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Goniadidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Lumbrineridae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Orbiniidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Spionidae
Mollusca, Pelecypoda,
Thyasiridae
Mollusca, Pelecypoda,
Mactridae
Mollusca, Pelecypoda,
Myidae
Mollusca, Gastropoda,
Trochidae
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Protobranch
clam
Protobranch
clam
Protobranch
clam
Sand flea
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Clam
Clam
Clam
Snail
208
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Station
Abundant Species
Taxonomic Categories
Common Name
Station Group 4 (continued)
3A Amphipoda
Station Group 5
3G Lunibrineris luti
Prionosp-io malmgreni
Tharyx sp.
Axinops-ida serriaata
Station Group 6
31 Glycinds piata
Prionospio malmgreni,
Spio fi,li
Arthropoda, Crustacea Sand flea
Cirratulidae
Heteromastus
filiformis
Myvioahele he&ri
Idanthyrus aamatus
Sabellidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Lumbrineridae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Spionidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Cirratulidae
Mollusca, Pelecypoda,
Thyasiridae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Goniadidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Spionidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Spionidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Cirratulidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Capitellidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Owenidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Sabellariidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Sabellidae
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Clam
Spirorlris semidentatus Annelida, Polychaeta,
Serpulidae
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
209
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Station
Abundant Species
Taxonomic Categories
Common Name
Station Group 6 (continued)
31 Axinopaida aerricata
Maooma sp.
Clinocardiion sp.
Siatella sp.
Cryptobranchia.
eoneentrica
Balanus crenatus
Amphipoda
Mollusca, Pelecypoda, Clam
Thyasiridae
Mollusca, Pelecypoda, Clam
Tellinidae
Mollusca, Pelecypoda, Cockle
Cardiidae
Mollusca, Pelecypoda, Clam
Hiatellidae
Mollusca, Gastropoda, Limpet
Lepetidae
Arthropoda, Crustacea, Barnacle
Balanidae
Arthropoda, Crustacea, Sand flea
Station Group 7
OUT OB Foramiaifera
Haplosaoloplos
elongatua
Spiophonea bombyx
Magslona longiconvia
Cirratulidae
Axinopsido. sewioato.
Spiauta sp.
Cingulo. sp.
Protozoa, Foraminifera
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Orbiniidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Spionidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Magelonidae
Annelida, Polychaeta,
Cirratulidae
Mollusca, Pelecypoda,
Thyasiridae
Mollusca, Pelecypoda,
Mactridae
Mollusca, Gastropoda,
Littorinidae
none
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Segmented Worm
Clam
Clam
Snail
210
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Station Abundant Species Taxonomic Categories Common Name
Station Group 7 (continued)
OUT OB Eudorellapsis deformis Arthropoda, Crustacea, none
Cumacea
Amphipoda Arthropoda, Crustacea Sand flea
Strongylocentrotidae Echinodermata, Echinoidea Sea urchin
S trongylocent ro tidae
211
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Marine Fisheries Service
Washington. D.C. 20235
October 5, 1979 F:PB:F7:YB
Mr. Albert J. Erickson
Acting, Deputy Assistant Administrator
for Water Planning and Standards
Environmental Protection Agency (WH-551)
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
Dear Mr. Erickson:
As I indicated to Mr. Swep Davis in my letter of June 15, 1979,
the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) is interested in commenting
on EPA's mandated report to Congress on the environmental impacts of
seafood effluents (Section 74, Clean Water Act of 1977). Subsequently,
we were informally requested by your staff to review the basic reports
on which the final report is to be based.
As a result, we have made some general reviews of these reports,
which I have enclosed. Our overall view is that although seafood
processing wastes cannot be shown to be significantly beneficial to
the environment, neither can it be said that they pose a uniform
threat under conditions outlined in the studies. We feel that more
data are needed to establish firm baselines upon which to draw these
conclusions. Therefore, further and more comprehensive research is
necessary. We would hope that such factors are noted in your summary
report to Congress.
The environmental aspects of seafood waste discharges are of deep
concern to this agency. We are striving to protect our nation's living
marine resources and their habitats while at the same time not jeop-
ardizing the development of our fishery resources. The conclusions
drawn as a result of EPA's Section 74 seafood study could, therefore,
be critical in formulating long range seafood waste disposal policies
which adequately address environmental concerns in terms of full
utilization of fishery resources, as well as costs in terms of impacts
on the industry and the consumers.
We appreciate the opportunity to comment on these basic reports
and look forward to reviewing and commenting on the final summary
report to Congress.
Sincerely yours,
1
T.e
erry L. Leitzel
Assistant Administrator
for Fisheries
Enclosure
-------
National Marine Fisheries Service
Comments on Reports Submitted by Environment Protection Agency
Under Section 74 of PL 95-217
"1. Benthic Macrofauna Sediment and Water Quality Near Seafood Cannery
Outfalls in Kenai and Cordova, Alaska, final report, dated February 15,
1979, by SCS Engineers, Long Beach, California, under contract
number 68-03-2578.
COMMENT:
An informative but hardly adequate study of the two areas considering
the problems of sampling and the need at -each site to reconcile obser-
vations with natural conditions. Particularly at Kenai, it appears that
water and benthic sampling and analysis achieve little if not related to
natural benthic conditions (page 86). In Cordova the observations of
local waste accumulations with no observed effects on dissolved oxygen
values simply verifies the stratification of water above the bottom in a
tidal environment. The problem of how to distribute and minimize the
benthic impact was not studied but should be if long-term solutions to
waste handling are to be developed.
Benthic Macrofauna, Sediment and Water Quality Near Seafood Cannery
Outfalls in Yaquina Bay, Oregon, dated January 29, 1979, by the
Marine and Fresh Water Ecology Branch, Corvallis Environmental
Research Laboratory, EPA, Marine Science Center, Newport, Oregon
COMMENT:
A brief but adequate study of the limited effects of waste discharge
in a harbor with excellent flushing action. Although the visual or
esthetic effects of the effluent plumes were noted, the investigators
did not observe any biological or benthic effects with one exception.
In their discussion (page 3 of Discussion and Conclusions) they suggest
additional study of intertidal fauna and flora beneath the cannery
docks. This would seem to be a useful extension of the work for a longer-
term understanding of ecological effects in the harbor.
3. An Investigation of Certain Aspects of Crab Processing Wastes Disposal
Practices; Insitu and in Vitro Responses of Vibrio Parahemoliticus
and Vibrio Anguillarum, prepared by the University of Alaska.
COMMENT:
The first four conclusions of this study (page 2) are useful and
factual; however, the extrapolation to "hazardous to humans" and "hazard-
ous to fish and ....fauna" in Conclusions 5 and 6 are unwarranted inter-
pretations. Obviously, vibrifl and other pathogenic organisms might be
shown to survive and grow in the accumulated crab wastes; however, this
knowledge does not create a hazard unless a reasonable probability or
epidemiology can be constructed. This was not done by the investigators.
The single finding of }[. alginolytious is important but in our judgement
is insufficient to raise the hazard flag.
-------
-2-
/4. Impact of Seafood Cannery Waste on the Benthic Biota and Adjacent
Water at Dutch Harbor, Alaska, prepared by the Institute of Marine
Science, University of Alaska under contract number R803922-03-1,
dated April 1, 1979.
COMMENT:
The study clearly showed the adverse impact of accumulated wastes in
the areas adjacent to the outfalls of the processing plants but also
reported that the broad areas near outfalls were not impacted at present.
The conclusion of the investigators is that eventually the broad areas
will be adversely affected. This may be a reasonable assumption, but
it appears that better documentation is needed. There should be a more
adequate documentation of the ecological effects of continued dumping in
the nearshore environment. The recommendations of the report (page 9)
appear reasonable and suggest that studies should proceed to better evaluate
the alternatives - i.e. ecology of important marine environments, industry
economics, and other involved factors. We note that the investigators comment
(page 23) that the anoxic bottom conditions observed are at least in part
attributed to oceanographic-meteorological conditions not well understood,
particularly since the sampling and field study has not been conducted on a
year-round-basis. This also suggests that the longer-term study is needed.
In the absence of a sanitary health crisis (suggested but not documented)
or a broad ecological impact, some reasonable alternatives for amelioration
of the industry dumping practices might be proposed while further studies
proceed as recommended. Alternatively, the processors may be faced with
difficult and uneconomic alternatives for either waste treatment or dumping
in offshore distribution areas. This study does not provide the technological
alternatives as suggested by Section 74. From an overall viewpoint the report
appears to add no new understanding or dimensions to the problem of localized
accumulations of processed waste in a discharge area of limited tidal-current
flow. The study was short and intense (24 hours in June 1978) but extrapolates
much based on previous limited studies and general understanding of the problem.
/
5. Draft Report Market Feasibility Study of Seafood Waste Reduction
in Alaska, prepared by Development Planning and Research Associates,
Manhattan, Kansas. - •- .- • . .._.
COMMENT:
The report lacks a summary and conclusions section. It also lacks
a statement that tells the purpose of the study. The title implies it
is a study on the feasibility of marketing fish meal and oil produced
in Alaska.
Actually, the report is: (1) an estimate of the economic losses:
that would be incurred by fish-reduction operations in Alaska and (2)
a comparison with the cost of barging seafoods wastes to dump sites,
The report concludes that in three locations, Ketchikan, Seward, and
Kodiak, it would probably be better to operate reduction plants than to
barge the wastes to deep water, Just a cursory examination of the data
presented leads the reader to question whether or not this conclusion
is realistic. In table IV-10 on page IV-16 the Ketchikan plant size
is given as 50 tons per day. In appendix Table II-l the estimated sea-
food wastes are given at 7.3 million pounds. This waste is available
during a 4-month period with the major amount available in August,
-------
-3-
*
which is estimated at 3.7 million pounds. This would require a 50-ton-
per-day plant to exceed its production capacity by about 10 tons a day
during the entire month of August, Compare this with the Petersburg
situations where waste is available year around and a reduction plant
capable of handling most of the waste available already exists, Yet
this plant has apparently not operated at a profit. Can a plant to be
located in Ketchikan for only 4 months of the year be expected to turn
a profit? How would operation of such a plant OH a four months basis
compare economically with operation of barge equipment on the same time
frame?
6. Technology for Seafood Processing Waste Treatment and Utilization^
Section 74 Seafood Processing Study, prepared by the E,C, Jordan
Company, Portland, Maine, under contract number 68-01-4831, dated
February 1979.
COMMENT; "." .
A good survey of the alternatives for seafood waste control, treat-
ment, and utilization, with no surprises or new solutions. The disposal
of liquid wastes and sludges on land is reviewed, but the costs of pick-up
and distribution and the limitation of its use on agricultural and forest
lands are treated insufficiently, particularly the economics, The dis-
cussion of the need of industry to start with in-plant waste separation
and control is good. More helpful would be detailed studies of specific
plant operations and waste output in relation to costs, This is partic-
ularly important in relating alternatives for conversion of wastes to
protein hydrolysates, silage, liquid fertilizers, and fish meal, The
discussion of waste reduction in Alaska fails to emphasize the very real
problem of high operating costs, low returns, and negative profit. Costs
of barging in Alaska should be treated more realistically,
//. Ecological Changes in Outer Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbors Following
Initiation of Secondary Waste Treatment and Cessation of Fish Cannery
Waste Effluent by Dr. Dorothy Soule.
COMMENT:
In all fairness to Dr. Soule and her colleagues, it must be recognized
that (1) the task attempted by her,conclusively demonstrating postcessation
changes^is extremely difficult and (2) logic suggests that removing the energy
rich cannery effluent should result in some of the changes she believes occurred.
Because natural conditions vary so much, it is extremely difficult to describe
a base line. Numerous years of study are needed and often a true base line may
not exist. Yet Dr. Soule was forced to base her comparisons on just a few
studies made before cessation and on studies made during a very brief period
after cessation. Naturally, some differences were shown, but it would be
virtually impossible—in the statistical and scientific sense—to prove conclusively
that cessation caused the changes. The problem may not be whether or not organic
wastes will result in bioenhancement, but, rather how much organic matter can
a given body of water receive. The uniqueness of each body of water makes it
difficult to pre-determine this amount of organic matter that can be placed in
it without resulting in "too much" having been added.
-------
-4-
Further, logic suggests that the addition and then removal
f* flnr»o***» »,»*» *• ^ **• — — *-
sr SAKsii-ss- :=
In our review of the Harbors Environmental Project renort «» c „»,,. M,
answers to the following question: "oject report, we sought the
_ 1. Were there true differences between bioloeirfli ,.,»„« n u t
after the cessation of dumping of cannery affluent^ the harb"? ***
2. If there were differences, were these directly attributable to cessation?
And, finally, an. entirely different type of question.
or J^irfblef 6renCeS a"ribUtable C° C6SSation °««red. -re they desirable
*** "* questlons' »« conclusion is that
the — "
eference/° the th^d question posed, we believe that even if the
' We,bellf^ that ev^ if long-term changes have occurred as a
dUmln Changes are not necessarily"
however'ic also may create
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PACIFIC SEAFOOD PROCESSORS ASSOCIATION
1600 South Jackson Street
Seattle, Washington 98144
(206) 323-3540
April 16, 1979
Mr. Calvin J. Dysinger
Effluent Guidelines Divison (WH-552)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
Dear Cal:
Enclosed are comments by the Pacific Seafood Processors
Association on the Section 74 Seafood Study reports titled:
Macrofanna, Sediment and Water Quality Near Sea-
food Cannery Outfalls in Kenai and Cordova, Alaska" by
SCS Engineering, February 15, 1979.
"An Investigation of Certain Aspects of Crab Processing
Waste Disposal Practices: In Situ and in Vitro Responses
.of Vibrio Parahemoliticus and Vibrio Anuillarum" , 1978.
"Interim Report to Environmental Protection Agency of the
" Impact of Seafood Cannery Waste on the Benthic Biota and
Adjacent Water at Dutch Harbor, Alaska" by Howard Feder
and David Burrell, University of Alaska, October 1, 1978.
" Benthic Macrofanna, Sediment and Water Quality Near
Seafood Cannery Outfalls in Yaquina Bay, Oregon" by
Environmental Protection Agency, Marine Science Center,
Newport, Oregon, January 29, 1979.
Since these reports are site specific for Oregon and Alaska
it was felt that comments by the Pacific Seafood Processors
Association, whose members operate in these areas, would be most
appropriate. These companies are also members of the Nationa
Food Processors Association which has recently submitted comments
on the other Section 74 contractor's reports that have nationwide
implications.
In addition to our comments on the contractor's reports, we
are including copies of the following additional material which
we feel should be considered in the Section 74 Study.
Ecological Changes in Outer Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbors
Following Initiation of Secondary Waste Treatment and
-------
rage 2.
Cessation of Fish Cannery Waste Effluent" by Institute for
Marine and Coastal Studies, A-lan Hancock Foundation, Los
Angeles, California, April 1979. ._
-\ "Biological and Water Quality Implications of ^Current Crab
Processing Waste Disposal Practies in Dutch Harbor, Alaska",
by Dr. Timothy J. Bechtel, March 1979.
^"Investigation of Crab Waste Disposal Alternatives in Dutch
Harbor, Alaska", by Brown and Caldwell Consulting Engineers,
March 1979.
We with to thank you for keeping us involved in the study
procedure and for the extention of the comment period which was
necessary for the completion of our submission. We hope that
when you have completed your review of the contractor's reports
and the public comments, we will be given the opportunity to
review and comment on your draft Section 74 Seafood Study Report.
Very truly yours,
Roger A. DeCamp
Technical Director
RAD/ch
encl.
-------
Comments by the Pacific Seafood Processors Association on the
Oregon and Alaska Site Specific Reports for the Section 74
Seafood Study.
The Pacific Seafood Processors Association represents the
majority of the seafood processors in Alaska, WashingtSn and
Oregon. As such the Association is vitally concerned in the
Section 74 Seafood Study mandated by Congress in the 1977
Clean Water Act, Public Law 95-217. This Act required the
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency to conduct a study to
determine the effects of seafood processing waste on the
receiving waters as follows.
SEC. 74. The Administrator of the Environmental Pro-
tection Agency shall conduct a study to examine the geograpical,
hydrological, and biological characteristics of marine waters
to determine the effects of seafood processes which dispose
of untreated natural wastes into such waters. In addition,
such-study shall examine technologies which may be used in such
processes to facilitate the use of the nutrients in these wastes
or to reduce the discharge of such wastes into the marine environ-
ment. The results of such study shall be submitted to Congress
not later than January 1, 1979.
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Eage 2.
Comments on Report Titled "Benthic Macrofanna, Sediment and
Water Quality Near Seafood Cannery Outfa-ls In Kenai and Cordova,
Alaska" by SCS Engineering, February 15, 1979.
This report by SCS Engineering represents a significant portion
of the Section 74 Study and, as such, the industry is most con-
cerned about the conclusions drawn from this investigation. We
have several general comments on the report and also several
comments concerning specific points in the text.
General Comments
1. This study represents the worst possible conditions that
would be encountered at the sites visited. The investigators
arrived at the peak of the season or shortly thereafter and,
because of this, they sampled at a time in which the impacts,
if any, of the seafood waste would be most marked. Had the
investigaors been able to continue the study over a longer time
span, it is likely that the conditions observed would have been
similar to those noted at the NEFCO outfalls which had not been
operating for several months at the time of the study.
2. It must be noted that, although the study was limited to
benthic organisms, there was abundant evidence of pelagic species
and other marine life in the areas of the discharges which were
not observed at the non-discharge sites. The final report should
acknowledge the presence of these fishes and crustaceans as well
as noting the results of the benthic studies.
3. It is most unfortunate that during the period the Cordova
plants were visited, several of the plants were encountering
mechanical difficulties with their waste-discharge systems. In
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Page 3.
these instances, the study is actually more an indication of the
effects of the discharge of whole, unground waste than that of the
discharge of waste ground to the size required by the NPDS Permits
for Remote Alaska locations, namely one-half inch in size.
Specific Comments
Page 3. It should be noted that both the 1966 University of
Alaska Study and the Brickell and Goering Study were measuring
the effects of unground waste discharged into Iliuliuk Bay which
is an area of very poor water circulation. The industry has since
moved its discharge points from this location to Unalaska Bay on
the seaward side of Amaknak Island. This relocation was done
by industry in an attempt to prevent a problem from developing
in the Bay similar to that which occurred in Kodiak's St. Paul
Harbor. Unalaska Bay has superior circulation and water exchange
rate compared to Iliuliuk Bay. The conditions noted in these
studies for that body of water no longer exist.
Page 3. The Brickell and Goering work at Little Port Walter
shows that the Alaskan receiving waters naturally receive load-
ings of seafood material in excess of that discharged by seafood
processing plants. It must be remembered that there are many
more salmon spawning streams than there are processors in the
state.
Page 4. The Dutch Harbor surveys mentioned will be discussed
in the comments concerning the University of Alaska's Interim
Interim Report to the EPA titled, "Impact of Seafood Cannery
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Page 4.
Waste on the Benthic Biota and Adjacent Water at Dutch Harbor,
Alaska" and in the additional material submitted by this Association.
*_
Page 5. Reference is made to the EPA Region X Study on the
Pollution Problem from Shellfish Processor Discharges in Kodiak
Harbo-r, St. Paul Harbor and Gibson Cove, Alaska. It should be
remembered that Kodiak represented a unique -situation where a
large number of processing plants were discharging into a body
of water which had a poor circulation pattern. Moreover, these
plants were unique in that they were operating on a year-round
basis with shrimp and crab comprising the majority of the products
processed. For these reasons, the Kodiak situation developed into
a considerable problem. To remedy this situation tangential
screens were installed by the Kodiak processors and, it should be
noted, that conditions in the St. Paul Harbor area have improved
considerably over those noted during the 1971 investigations.
A document which should have been included in the literature review
was the report titled " Evaluation of Waste Disposal Practices of
Alaska Seafood Processors from the National Field Investigations
Center, Denver, Colorado, and Region X, Seattle, Washington, Offices
of the Environmental Protection Agency", published in December 1974.
This study investigated 26 Alaska seafood plants and included
bottom samples in the areas of many of the plants. This study
pointed out the benificial effects that grinding and discharge into
areas of adequate tidal flushing have on seafood discharge into
marine waters.
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Page 5.
Kenai
Page. 22. The values in both tables 1 and 2 represent the total
waste from each of the product commodities listed. However, it
should be noted that much of this waste is in the form of blood
and other liquids and, as such, does not represent recoverable
waste or waste which would have an effect on the benthis community.
It is estimated by industry sources that while waste from a canned
salmon process may represent 35% of the live weight, only 20% of
this live weight is what is termed "recoverable waste". For a
fresh and frozen operation, depending upon whether or not the
fish are dressed heads on or heads off, only 10 to 15% of the live
weight is recoverable waste. It must be remembered that the non-
recoverable wastes are not affected by grinding or screening as
they are either liquid or particles too fine to be affected by
the action of the equipment.
Cordova
Page 43. The problem noted at the St. Elias dock with the dumping
of whole crab shells must be recognized as not typical of plants
complying with the Requirements of their NPDS permits.
Page 47. Reference is made to a "fully loaded tender boat". This
is redundant as the industry use of the term "tender" connotates a
boat and, thus, the term "boat" is not necessary. Also, the term
"set" which follows tender boat has a unique meaning within the
1
fishing industry. A set is the term used to describe the setting
of a fishing net during the seining process, and as such, the terms
either the "tender sat on the line" or the "tender went dry on the
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Page 6.
on the line" instead of "set" should be substituted, unless the boat
did actually release its net over the discharge pipe and this was
the cause of the breakage. -
Page 49. In reference to the North Pacific processors discharge
pipe,- the numberous fish tails and heads observed at the North
Pacific processors discharge indicates that the grinder had not
been working at.this location for a considerable period of time.
Had the grinder been working properly, the buildup might not have
occurred.
Page 50. It should be noted that at several locations including
the Morpac outfall there were very few flatfish. This compares
markedly with the number of flatfish noted at the other plant
discharges. It would appear that there is a difference as far as
pelagic fish are concerned in the attractions by seafood waste
depending upon the particle size and the manner in which it is
discharged. We recognize that this study was limited to benthic
organisms and we are familiar with the concerns over the fact that
pelagic fish are migratory and do not necessarily prove that the
environment is desirable. However, we do hope that the final
report will note the presence of the pelagic fish and of starfish,
crabs and sea anemone at the discharge sites from the seafood
processing plants.
Page 51. It is noted that stations M, K and L had a very high
incidence of empty mollusk shells and shell fragments, in some
areas covering an estimated 50% of the area. The report does not
make clear the area this actually represents and how large a portion
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P'age 7.
of the bottom was covered at each of the sites.
Page 54. An absence of waste debris at both NEFCO outfall sites
*_
was noted and it was suggested this was due to good flushing
action. It is also very likely that this was due to proper operation
of the grinder. Had the grinders been maintained at the two out-
falls noted to have grinder problems, namely St. Elias and North
Pacific Processors, it is very likely that no buildup would have
occurred.
Pagd 54. The source of the higher water temperature is hard to
determine. Normally, the seafood processing operation does not
involve the introduction of much heat into the processing stream.
In some processing plants, water is used to cool retorted cans.
However, this would be an intermittant flow and would not cause a
constant elevation of the discharge water temperature. It is more
likely that the water source which raised the temperature was the
Cordova City Municipal Water Collection System which discharges
in the same general area. As this system handles domestic waste
from the city as well as the processing plants, it is possible
that the warmer water noted was from this source.
Page 83. The lack of sediment at both NEFCO sites, GT and N-0
points out the importance of conducting a full cycle survey. It
is unfortunate that SCS Engineering was unable to visit the plants
•*
prior to the beginning of the processing season to determine the
amount of dissipation the waste experienced during the Fall,
Winter and Spring of the year.
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Page 8.
Pages 87, 88 and 89. The study demonstrates the necessity to
maintain grinders in proper working order and the impact that
unground seafood waste has on the ecosystem, as well as the need
*.
for the proper placement of the discharge pipes. Outfalls must be
placed in an area receiving adequate tidal flushing to prevent the
possibility of waste buildup. It should be noted that tidal flush-
ing is peculiar for each location and is not necessarily indicated
by a single, arbitrary depth.
General Comments on Methodology of Biological Assay
It is difficult to compare the results of the SCS study with those
of the EPA group in Yaquina Bay and the University of Alaska group
in Dutch Harbor due to the SCS use of a second screening of 0.5 mm
mesh after the primary screening of 1.0 mm used. To maintain
consistency, we would recommend that the agency used the 1.0 mm
mesh'screening results throughout its final report. It is also
unfortunate that the Yaquina Bay study and the Alaska study
utilized different methods for the determination of species density
as well as different indices of species dominance. It is unclear
how Simpson's Index of Dominance and the Bray-Curtis Dissimilarity
Coefficient used in the Yaquina Bay study compare with the Shannon-
Wiener formula and the Czekanowski Coefficient used by SCS. It
is hoped that the agency will utilize a standard set of methods in
analyzing the data.
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Page 9.
Comments on Report Titled "An Investigation of Certain Aspects of
Crab Processing Waste Disposal Practices: In Situ and In Vitro
Responses of Vibrio Parahemoliticus and Vibrio Anguillarum", 1978.
This study is highly speculative in nature and is limited primarily
to laboratory work. Its application to a study of the effects of
seafood waste on receiving water is of limited value. The EPA in
its Denver report already considered vibrio as a pollution indicator
and in that document dismissed it as being of insignificant con-
sequence. There were four major problems with the study as presented.
1. None of the samples from any of the locations investigated were
positive for either Vibrio parahemoliticus or Vibrio anguillarum.
A third vibrio species was discussed throughout most of the report
but its relationship to the two organisms which were the subject of
this report was never explained.
2. The study utilized crab meal rather than actual crab processing
waste. Since the crab meal has already been broken down to a
certain extent and has had other nutrients released, it can hardly
be compared with actual crab shells. Growth on crab meal does
not conclusively prove that an organism would be capable of grow-
ing on the actual waste.
3. The crab meal was sterilized prior to the innoculation with
the organism to be tested; this eliminated any competitors. It
i
must be remembered that there are numberous competitors present
in the actual marine environment which would greatly affect the
viability of any vibrio present.
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Page 10.
4. Artificial, rather than natural, seawater was used in a number
of the experiments. This artificial seawater did not have the
natural competitors which would be present. This represents a
*_
problem similar to that encountered in sterilizing the*crab meal.
Page 21. It must be noted that the minimum growth temperature
for Vibrio parahemoliticus is above the water temperatures for
Dutch Harbor noted in the report titled "Interim Report to the
Environmental Protection Agency on the Impact of Seafood Cannery
Waste on the Benthic Biota and Adjacent Water at Dutch Harbor,
Alaska" by the University of Alaska, October 1, 1978. Conversation
with Dr. John Liston of the University of Washington, a noted
authority on Vibrio parahemoliticus, indicated that 15 C. is the
minimum growth temperature for Vibrio parahemoliticus in situ.
Of all samples collected during the study, only one was positive
for vibrio. This organism was found in the Cordova area and was
classified as Vibrio alginolyticus. It was not a subject of the
study and is not a human or fish pathogen. The relevance of the
finding of this organism in a single sample is questionable.
There have been no cases of vibrio caused diseases reported for
either the Dutch Harbor area or Codova. We hope that the Agency
will recognize the limited applicability of this report to the
Section 74 Seafood Study.
-------
xx.
Comments on Report Titled "Interim Report to Environmental Protection
Agency of the Impact of Seafood Cannery Waste on the Benthic Biota
and Adjacent Water at Dutch Harbor, Alaska" by Howard M. Feder and
David C. Burrell, Insititute of Marine Science, University of Alaska,
October 1, 1978
As this is an unfinished interim report, the industry feels it can-
not adequately comment on the material presented at this time. The
indication of the impact of the waste on the benthic population
appears to be the major item yet to be concluded and, without this
material, comments would be premature. It is hoped that the agency
will consider the additional new material presented with these
comments titled "Biological and Water Quality Implications of Current
Crab Processing Waste Disposal Practices in Dutch Harbor, Alaska",
March 1979, by Dr. Timothy J. Bechtel and "Investigation of Crab
Waste Disposal Alternatives in Dutch Harbor, Alaska" by Brown and
Caldwell Consulting Engineers, March 1979, when evaluation the
impact of seafood waste at the Dutch Harbor site.
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Page 12.
Comments on Report Titled "Benthic Macrofauna, Sediment and Water
Quality Near Seafood Cannery Outfalls in Yaquina Bay, Oregon, by
Marine and Freshwater Ecology Branch, Corvallis Environmental
Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Marine Science
Center, Newport, Oregon, January 29,1979 -
The industry has only a few general comments on this study. For
the most part, there appear to be no major problems caused by the
seafood discharges in this area. The agency consistently uses the
term "seafood cannery" for processing plants. Very few of the sea-
food processing facilities in Yaquina Bay are actually "canneries".
Most of them, in fact, freeze the product. This same problem in
terminology exists in the Dutch Harbor benthic study. The dis-
tinction is more than academic as there are differences in the
waste generated by canneries compared to waste generated by freez-
ing facilities. The Agency has recognized these differences in
establishing different effluent guideline limitations for canning
operations versus freezing operations.
Again it is noted that the indices of species diversification and
dominance used in this study were different from those used in the
SCS Engineering study. _ - i / • 1 < ' , • c , .
/ff(>. -.-< ,.c-» Zfr~*£t~ -; ft "* " V
/ ••- ** / /**"
f c,_/*Zi,i TT- «~ i~~. t^c*-L&"-/ *"w<.. /--•„ <<"--- .• V v
As a final note, industry again hopes that the agency will note
the presence ofpelagic) species and other marine life in the plant
discharge areas which indicates that the discharges are an impor-
tant part of the marine food web.
-------
Additional Material
We wish to submit the following reports for consideration by the
Agency. We believe that these reports have considerable bearing
on the Section 74 Seafood Study.
"Ecological Changes in Outer Los Angeles - Long Beach Harbors
Following Initiation of Secondary Waste Treatment and Cessation of
Fish Cannery Waste Effluent" by Institue for Marine and Coast
Studies, Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles, California, April 1979.
"Biological and Water Quality Implications of Current Crab Process-
ing Waste Disposal Practices in Dutch Harbor, Alaska" by Dr. Timothy
J. Bechtel, March 1979.
"Investigation of Crab Waste Disposal Alternatives in Dutch Habor,
Alaska" by Brown and Caldwell Consulting Engineers, March 1979.
-------
United States Department of the Interior
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20240
ADDRESS ONLY THE DIRECTOR.
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
In Reply Refer To:
FWS/ES
AUG 3 I 1979 ;
Mr. Robert B. Schaffer
Director
Effluent Guidelines Division
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
Dear Mr. Schaffer:
In response to your letter of May 23, 1979, as well as a meeting with
Mr. Cal Dysinger of your staff on July 24, 1979, we are providing lim-
ited comments on your seafood study. We have reserved comments on the
report by Ms. Dorthy Soule. We understand that staff from our Laguna
Nigel Field Office will provide separate comments on this report. Our
comments will be brief and limited to the Alaska and Oregon reports.
In general, we believe the reports received are based on short-term
studies under conditions requiring an extremely fast turnaround time.
Furthermore, the reports are limited in scope, appear to have signifi-
cant oversights and omissions, and in most cases no provisions appear to
be made for follow-up studies. These reports tend to make rather broad
conclusions regarding environmental impacts which we believe are not in
keeping with the character of the studies. An additional report by the
National Marine Fisheries Service on Finger Bay in Alaska is enclosed
for your information.
Specific Comments;
Under this heading brief comments regarding specific reports are provided.
1. An Investigation of Certain Aspects of Crab Processing Waste
Disposal Practices: In Situ and In Vitro Responses of Vibrio
parahemolitius and Vibrio anguillarium.
This report by the University of Alaska is very specialized and
limited in scope. It is an excellent investigation of the ability
of two marine life intestinal pathogens of the genus Vibrio to
survive in the marine environment near seafood processing wastes.
However, the substance of the report does not justify its use as an
evaluation of the potential for diseases of marine life related to
the dumping of seafood processing wastes. Such wastes are ideal
breeding grounds for large concentrations of fungi, molds, and
-------
other types of decomposers. Many organisms in these groups are
well known to be opportunistic parasites which periodically infect
marine &nd freshwater organisms on a large scale. Such groups
should be thorougly investigated in any evaluation of seafood
dumping sites.
2. Working Papers #EPA 910-8-77-100 and 910-8-78-101: "The Dutch
Harbor Studies"
We fully concur with many of the conclusions of report #EPA 910-8-
77-100 regarding Dutch Harbor. Seafood wastes are primarily re-
sponsible for the adverse conditions observed in Iliuliuk Harbor,
inner Iliuliuk Bay, and Dutch Harbor. Investigations by ourselves
and others support this conclusion. Referral to other studies of
this type suggests that this report does not address the full im-
pact of the discharges of seafood wastes in the bay area. For
instance, there was no attempt to analyze for ^S, a significant
environmental by-product of the waste. Certainly the conclusions
regarding the elimination of discharges from these areas are appro-
priate and well supported.
The investigation of the discharges to the west side of the island
described in report #EPA 910-8-78-101 appears to be superficial and
belie the full impacts which are apparently occurring along the
west coast of the island. The fact that decomposition is consid-
erably slower than the rate of addition by the discharges supports
this belief. It is also supported by the fact that many of the
active discharge pipes were moved during the study period creating
adjacent pollution sites of close proximity. The fact that the
abandoned sites have significant debris and are totally devoid of
life after a period of a year or more would suggest a potential for
significant damage near shore by such movement of the pipe. The
failure of this report to quantitatively assess the amount of I^S
in these locations or determine the western (seaward) extent of the
waste from the discharge pipes also limits the report's value as a
tool for assessing impacts of the processing wastes.
3. Benthic Macrofauna, Sediment, and Water Quality Near Seafood
Cannery Outfalls in Kenai and Cordova, Alaska.
We believe that the conclusions of the study are somewhat mis-
leading. The report appears to minimize existing problems and
fails to address the potential for future problems. Certainly
the study at Cordova occurred during a season of minimum produc-
tivity and the study was not sufficiently in-depth to justify a
solid conclusion that the impacts are of a highly localized nature.
Follow-up studies are needed to verify the findings. Extensive
-------
sediment analysis should be incorporated in future studies in-
cluding nutrient loading, H^S production, and ammonia production.
Trends in the ecosystem near the waste sites and down-current from
them need to be ascertained before any firm conclusions"can be
drawn regarding impacts.
Similar weaknesses are found in the Renai study. Our experts agree
that no significant impacts may be demonstrated at Kenai at this
time. However, they raise the question of potential significant
impacts at Renai with increased loading from additional plants. A
similar argument can be made for the Cordova situation.
In the review of previous Alaskan studies section, there are sev-
eral summaries which are misleading and in some cases invalid. For
example, we cannot accept the analogy to Iliuliuk Bay presented in
the summary of the Brickell and Goering studies. The fact that
natural loading of dissolved organic nitrogen and ammonia in an
estuary where salmon carcasses accumulated after spawning approxi-
mates the ammonia values in Iliuliuk Bay does not mean the two
situations are truly comparable. A consideration of the total
freshwater drainage area discharging into the estuary or bay versus
the loading and other constraints of the two systems would be
necessary before comparability could be contemplated.
The summary of the Nakatoni and Beyer mortality studies provides
another example, since the studies are summarized without noting
the fact that chronic exposure and secondary effects are not
addressed.
The community analysis procedure discussed in the methodology could
prejudice against any rare or endangered species found in the study
area. Furthermore, we disagree with their contention on page 36
that using a 0.5 mm instead of a. 1.0 mm screen changes the condi-
tions described. The conditions are the same; the refinement of
those conditions is what differs. The decision of whether or not
to use more refinement is tied directly to comparability with
techniques used in other studies. Without comparability, refine-
ment is of no value.
A. Benthic Macrofauna, Sediment and Water Quality Near Seafood Cannery
Outfall in Yaquina Bay, Oregon.
This report appears to be better done than the Alaskan reports, but
still suffers from the same basic weaknesses. l^S was not addressed.
No effort was made to evaluate the relationship of carcinogenic
benzopyrene effects to the presence of the seafood wastes, nor was
there an effort to determine the source or other possible inter-
relationships of the benzopyrenes to seafood processing wastes.
-------
Follow-up studies would be needed for the conclusions of this
report to be concrete. In addition, loading evaluations of the
marine system in Yaquina Bay should be conducted.
5. Section 74 Seafood Processing Study.
We agree with the report's observed differences between the Alaskan
seafood industry and the industry found in the contiguous United
States. Furthermore, we concur that the reluctance of other proc-
essors in the vicinity by the Alaskan fish meal plants to screen
their wastes has contributed to the limited success of the enter-
prises. The report's observation that allowing plants to continue
grinding waste for discharge to the marine environment does not
provide the necessary incentive for effective in-plant water and
waste management practices is well taken.
The report only addresses the problem of waste reduction processes.
We believe that the potential value and feasibility of waste dis-
posal technology should also be addressed by EPA, but have no in-
dication that it has been seriously addressed in connection with
this series of reports. One possible disposal technology that
might be explored is the use of the collection system in reverse to
spread the waste over a large area of ocean to create a more natural
situation for its degradation and eliminate its adverse impact.
We trust these comments will be helpful to you in preparing your final
report. Since we realize that these reports are mandated by Congress
and provide the potential basis for future decisions, we have emphasized
their limitations and oversights and how they might affect any conclu-
sions of negative impacts. If there are any additional questions,
please contact my staff for clarification.
Sincerely yours,
Spear
Associate
Enclosure
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IIEPT. OF JENVIHOrtMEiVJr/IL COttSEKVATIOrt
June 20, 1979
ENFORCEMENT DJV73IOK
Mr. Denton Sherry
President
Whitney-Fidalgo Seafood, Inc.
Box C 99308
Seattle, Washington 98199
Dear Mr. Sherry:
This letter is in response to your letter to me dated June 6, 1979. We
appreciate your taking time to set forth your views on seafood waste
disposal regulations in Alaska. Increased dialogue between the Industry
and this Department would, be beneficial' to all concerned parties.
As you are probably aware, we have advocated dropping the distinction
between "remote" and "non-remote" sites for the purpose of seafood waste
disposal. It is our belief that screening of seafood wastes should not
be arbitrarily mandated, but rather should be invoked where receiving
water conditions require it. For example, I'm sure that almost everyone
would agree that the processors around the community of Kodiak need to
be screening their seafood wastes.
Our position on screening has unfortunately been made difficult by some
of the seafood processors in the "non-remote" communities not adequately
disposing of their wastes. Improper disposal includes such practices as
1) dumping wastes including fish heads and whole carcasses in large : -
piles under docks, 2) inadequate outfalls for the waste that is ground
and 3) inadequate attention to reducing floating solids and foam.
Efforts by the entire industry to run as clean an operation as possible
would go a long way to strengthen the industry's position on adequate
disposal practices. Toward that end, we plan to check on industry
progress this summer in Petersburg and Ketchikan.
As you point out, the Dutch Harbor crab waste situation is a vexing
problem. Most o£ tlie processors are to be commended for the measures
that they have taken to clean up the waters of Illiuliuk Harbor.• This
,leaves us all with the problem of rapidly accumulating wastes from the
discharges to the west side of Amaknak Island. As noted in the recent
Bechtel report, prepared at the processors' behest, the piles do last
tlirough the winter. A University of Alaska study shows detrimental
effects on the benthic environment occurring 0.3 mile away from the
outfalls. Accordingly, we can not fully agree with your contention that
the crab waste problems are minimal and localized.
-------
To: Mr. Denton Sherry -2- June 20, 1979
ifopefully, tlie current shallow water discharge study being conducted by
the processors will result in answers that will lielp alleviate some of .
tho existing problems with seafood waste accumulation. It would appear .
tliat the processors should not depend exclusively upon this solution.
The sane large volume of waste is still being discharged in essentially
the samo small area. The processors should continue to explore alterna-
tive disposal options, ive are in omcurrence with the processors1
contentions that physical constraints in the Dutch Harbor area (including
weather) will nuke barging difficult at certain tiwes of the year.
Perhaps barging the majority of tlie wastes while allowing grinding and
discharge during foul weather would be a workable solution.
In conclusion, everyone's best efforts to resolve the existing problems
should result in viable solutions amenable to all. Please let ma know
if I can be of further assistance. .
Sincerely,
C. Dewing Cowles
Deputy COniflissioner
cc: Koger i)
Lloyd Reed
bcc: Kyle Cherry
Deena Henkins
Mark Brodersen
Ron Kansen . ,
-------
PACIFIC SEAFOOD PROCESSORS ASSOCIATION
1600 South Jackson Street
Seattle, Washington 98144
(206) 323-3540
August 17, 1979
Mr. Calvin Dysinger
Effluent Guidelines Division (WH-552)
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
Dear Cal:
The University of Alaska final report, titled
"Impact of Seafood Cannery Waste on the Benthic
Biota and Adjacent Water at Dutch Harbor, April 1,
1979", has been reviewed by a number of our members.
This report contains some well documented,
valuable information on conditions at specific sites
throughout the Dutch Harbor area. This information
will be very helpful as a small part in understanding
the entire question of the condition at Dutch Harbor.
However, this report falls far short of defining the
impact of seafood waste on the area as its title im-
plies .
The fact that the report has expanded from 73
pages in its interim form to 211 pages in its final
form, without any additional site studies, is a symptom
of the problem. From the beginning, we have stated
that investigations for the Section 74 Seafood Study
should cover a sufficient period of time to determine
the changing conditions and effects in an area during
the season. While we understand the money and time
problems in this type of approach, the same question
keeps reoccuring. That is, what is the real impact
of the discharge of seafood waste on the environment?
A study such as this which lasted only 2 days cannot
adequately describe the present situation, let alone
the estimation of effects in the future. This is like
trying to draw a curve from a single data point which
itself is based on an insufficient sampling. The lack
of sufficient data to fully define the impact is
demonstrated in this report by the numerous suppositions
and estimates throughout the text. The terms "expected
to", "may", "probable" and "potential danger" are pre-
valent. The authors themselves recommend that additional
studies be conducted to put the situation in proper per-
spective.
-------
Mr. Calvin Dysinger
August 17, 1979
Page 2.
There are other problems with this report which tend
to cloud the main issures. Areas which receive considerable
attention such as the inner harbor, the outer harbor, Captain's
Bay and Scan Bay, while of academic interest, have nothing to
do with the impact of the discharge of processing waste. All
processing waste is discharged on the north or west side of
Amaknak Island in Unalaska Bay. Lengthy discussions of sills,
currents and natural anoxic conditions in areas not receiving
processing waste do not meet the goal of this study. Even
worse, they set the tone of the report and tend to lead the
reader toward the unsupported conclusion that seafood process-
ing waste is dangerous to the environment. In further support
of our objections, water column sulfide was detected at only
one station, but we were led to believe the situation was much
more serious. Grab samples from the piles should have a sulfide
odor as this is a normal and expected result of decomposition.
"The report states that negative effects of the waste piles
dissipate within a relatively short distance and that processing
is not impacting broad areas near the outfalls. Then, rather
than relating the small size of the affected areas to the large
size of Unalaska Bay and determining why there is no broad im-
pact, the authors jump to the unsupported position that accumu-
lated wastes will eventually cover much of the nearshore bottom
and cause serious ecological and sanitary problems unless the
discharge of waste solids is prohibited.
In summary, we feel that the report is inconclusive and
does not evaluate the impact of the direct discharge of sea-
food processing waste. It leaves unanswered the question of
why years of direct discharge have evidently only slightly
affected the environment. We are dissapointed that so much
effort has been expended without answering the basic question.
In order to determine the mechanics of direct discharge
and its effects on the environment, the Dutch Harbor Processors
are presently conducting a research project. Our earliest con-
cerns have been with the fate of the discharged waste over an
extended period of time. History itself has disproven the theory
that the waste piles grow progressively larger without signifi-
cant dispersion. The enclosed July 1979 Status Report on the
processor's project indicates that there is considerable dis-
persion under certain conditions over a period of time. This
project should provide us with answers to some of the questions
raised when Congress mandated the Section 74 Seafood Study.
We appreciate the opportunity to comment on the University of
Alaska study and are looking forward to seeing the Section 74
Study draft.
Very truly yours,
^Z^^£l£L
Roger A. DeCamp ^
Director, Technical Services
RAD:vcb
Enclosure
-------
NEARSHORE DISCHARGE EXPERIMENT
STATUS REPORT
JULY, 1979
General
The Vita Foods test outfall is located on the west side of
Amaknak Island and serves the Barge Vita and one additional
floating vessel on a seasonal basis. The outfall discharges
ground crab waste through an open-ended pipe, positioned eight
feet off the bottom in 18 feet of water (MLLW). Distance to
shore is about 110 feet. Discharge through the test outfall
began on March 29, 1979.
Results through 1979 Tanner Crab Season -
Production and Waste Discharged. Over the period March 29,
1979 through June 11, 1979, Vita Foods processed 4.1 million
pounds of raw crab and 188,000 pounds of shrimp. Assuming a
waste solids/raw crab ratio of 25 percent, total waste generated
is approximately one million pounds. At 50 pounds crab waste
solids per cubic foot (Bechtel, 1979), this represents approxi-
mately 20,000 cubic feet of crab waste solids. If a recovery
rate of 15.percent is applied to the 188,000 pounds of shrimp
processed (Tondre, 1979), approximately 160,000 pounds of shrimp
waste were discharged.
Waste Pile Observations. The attached table shows the results
of diver observations at the test discharge site. Over the tanner
crab season, the pile grew in size until late May, when it reached
10,000 cubic feet. June 11 observations show an increase in pile
size of over 7,000 cubic feet, while only 3,000 cubic feet of crab
waste was discharged since the prior dive. The difference is
attributed to the shrimp processed during the same period. Shrimp
waste settles poorly, resting as a floe-like blanket on the bottom.
Pile measurement is very-difficult under these conditions.- -
The subsequent dive on July 9, 1979, when shrimp was not being
processed, showed measured pile volume had declined by nearly
10,000 cubic feet, a greater reduction than might have been expected
to occur had the pile consisted of crab waste alone. Neglecting
anomalous June 11 results, maximum pile volume was 10,080 cubic
feet, approximately 57 percent of the amount of waste solids dis-
charged. Maximum area covered was 4,240 square feet in late May
(again neglecting June 11 figures). Diver reports indicate that
the waste pile remained cone-shaped throughout the season with
maximum depth ranging from seven to nine feet.
The principal species processed was C. opilio, which has a waste/
solids ratio slightly higher than the 20 percent reported by Bray
(1978) for C. bairdi.
-------
-2-
Through the entire tanner crab season no onshore accumula-
tions of crab shell were observed. While some lateral pile move-
ment was observed, particularly with lighter shrimp shell, pile
contours did not show pronounced net drift, nor was any signifi-
cant downslope movement indicated. At no time during the season
did waste accumulations exceed applicable permit requirements for
bottom coverage.
Weather. The spring and summer in Dutch Harbor have been
unusually mild with no sustained storms of significance. Over
the period March 29 to June 11, winds exceeding 20 knots were
recorded on only nine occasions. The wave environment in the
vicinity of the test outfall has been similarly mild.
Discussion
The experimental nearshore discharge has now been operational
for four months. In the planning stage, the processors assumed
that this experiment would continue for a relatively longer period
than four months, and that the effects of good and bad weather,
winter and summer and new and mature piles would be observed and
evaluated. The experiment continues to comply with Environmental
Protection Agency conditions that no shore accumulation occur and
that pile size does not become excessive. It would be premature
to attach major significance to preliminary results (e.g., pile
buildup and decay, the lack of beach accumulations, compliance
with the existing permit requirements for bottom coverage). If
the experiment is to produce meaningful results, either positive
or negative, it is important that the duration of the test be
sufficiently long to account for unusual discharge conditions.
Consequently, it is desirable that the nearshore discharge ex-
periment continue.
-------
Vita Foods Test Outfall Waste Pile Volume
Changes: 1979 Tanner Crab Season
Date
3/29
4/5
4/14
4/27
5/11
5/26
6/llb
7/9
Pounds raw crab
processed to date
0
342,662
763,528
1,663.747
2,548,311
3,548,395
4,188,868°
4,188,868
Waste crab solids
discharged to date,
cu ft
0
1,713
3,818
8,319
12,742
17,742
20, 944 d
20.944
Pile volume,
cu ft
0
1,003
4,598
5.656
8,366
10,080
17,295
7,502
Change in
volume, cu ft
—
41,003
43,595
+1,058
+2,710
+1,714
+7,215
-9,793
Area covered,
sq ft"
0
480(3)
2,000(3)
2,960(2)
3.310(1)
4,240(1)
10.950(1)
3,080(4)
Maximum pile
depth, ft
0
8
9
7
9
7-1/2
8-1/2
8
Area covered to depth, in inches, indicated in parentheses.
End of Tanner Crab processing.
Does not include 188,277 pounds of shrimp processed.
Does not include 160,000 pounds of nhrimp waste.
-------
. .g-j, /uut*^^- "f -> i ~-HH
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
CONCLUSIONS ' v
INTRODUCTION 1
MATERIALS AND METHODS 4
Field Activities 4
Underwater Photographs 4
Pile Volume Measurements 4
Review of Previous Studies 4
Data Reduction 5
Pile Volume Calculations 5
Discharged Waste Volume Calculations 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION - . 6
Underwater Photographs and Diver Observations 6
Pile Volume Measurements 13
Pile Volume and Discharged Waste Volume Calculations 13
Waste Pile Volume Reduction Rates 25
Recent Trends in Dutch Harbor Crab Waste Production 26
Effects of Crab Wastes on Water Quality 29
Effects of Crab Wastes on Marine Organisms 30
ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS 34
Environmental Effects of Deepwater Disposal of Crab Wastes 34
LITERATURE CITED 37
-------
LIST OF FIGURES
Number Page
1 Location of Crab Processors and Waste Disposal Sites 2
2 Fresh Crab Waste on Pacific Pearl Waste Piling Looking 7
From Edge of Pile Toward Top
3 Juvenile Baitfish Feeding on Waste Particles Floating 7
Above the Top of the Pacific Pearl Pile
4 Flatfish at Edge of Pacific Pearl Pile 8
5 Attached Organisms on the Universal Discharge Pipe 8
Where It Crosses over Pacific Pearl Pile
6 Organisms on Pan-Alaska Discharge Pipe 90 Feet from 9
Outfall
7 Mud-Sand Bottom Adjacent to Pan-Alaska Discharge Pipe 9
8 Point at Which Pan-Alaska'Discharge Pipe Enters Crab 10
Waste Pile
9 Closeup of Pan-Alaska Waste Pile Showing Decomposed 10
Condition of Wastes Remaining from 1978 Tanner Crab
Season
10 Configurations of Pacific Pearl Waste Pile in October 14
and January (contours in feet)
11 Configurations of Universal Waste Pile in October and 15
January (contours in feet)
12 Configurations of Vita Waste Pile in October and 16
January (contours in feet)
13 Configurations of Pan-Alaska Waste Pile in October and 17
January (contours in feet)
14 Configuration of Whitney-Fidalgo Waste Pile in October 18
and January (contours in feet)
15 Configurations of Sea-Alaska Waste Pile in October and 19
January (contours in feet)
-------
LIST OF TABLtS
Number Page
1 Relationship Between Waste Pile Volume Changes and 20
King Crab Wastes Discharged During 1978 Season
2 Pan-Alaska Waste Pile Volume Changes During 1977 25
Tanner Crab Season
3 Recent Dutch Harbor Crab Production Data 28
iii
-------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study could not have been accomplished without the excellent coopera-
tion received from the Dutch Harbor crab processors. The assistance of
the Steering Committee, consisting of Roger DeCamp, Pacific Seafood
Processors Association; Dick Pace, Universal Seafoods, Ltd.; and Ken
Moll, Castle & Cooke, Inc., is greatly appreciated. Data requests and
information concerning processing activities were expeditiously handled
by Rich White and Bill Tondre, Universal Seafoods, Inc.; Terry Bertoson
and Doug Weaver, Sea-Alaska Products, Inc.; Jack Showalter, Pan-Alaska
Fisheries, Inc.; Lance Van Brocklin and Paul Palmer, Whitney-Fidalgo
Seafoods, Inc.; and Arne Abrams, Pacific Pearl Seafoods.
The assistance of Steve Bingham and Tony Harber, Brown and Caldwell Con-
sulting Engineers, was particularly appreciated. Duane Kama, EPA Region X;
Bob Nelson, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Dutch Harbor; and Howard
Feder, Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska, provided valuable
insight to the biological characteristics of the study area and effects
of crab wastes. Finally, I would like to thank Marty and Paul McCasland,
Dutch Harbor Divers, for their persistent diving efforts, particularly
during less than desirable weather conditions.
IV
-------
CONCLUSIONS
1. Waste pile compaction and slumping, microbial degradation, downslope
movement, and dispersion are four mechanisms affecting the fate of
ground crab wastes discharged in nearshore areas around Amaknak
Island. At the Pacific Pearl and Universal outfall locations, com-
paction, microbial degradation, and downslope movement appear to be
the dominant factors. The majority of wastes discharged at the
shallow Vita outfall are dispersed by wave action with some degrada-
tion and downslope movement occurring. Pan-Alaska and Whitney-
Fidalgo pile volumes are also reduced by compaction, degradation,
and downslope movement, but some dispersion by wave action or wave-
induced bottom currents is also indicated. All wastes discharged
through outfalls at depths ranging from 20 to 50 feet off the spit
separating Dutch Harbor from Iliuliuk Bay were almost completely
dispersed by wave and tidal currents under winter conditions. Only
a small waste pile was observed at the Sea-Alaska outfall in early
January.
2. The waters adjacent to the Dutch Harbor - Iliuliuk Bay spit have a
great capacity for waste dispersion. Essentially all of 91,700
cubic feet (4,585,000 pounds) of ground crab wastes discharged through
three outfalls during the 1978 king crab season were effectively
dispersed east of Amaknak Island over a 112-day period for an average
rate of 819 cubic feet or 0.89 percent per day. Seasonal effects on
waste dispersion are pronounced in this area since only 5,231 cubic
feet or 261,550 pounds of waste in the Sea-Alaska pile were dispersed
and degraded over the three summer months of 1978 for an average
rate of 58 cubic feet or 0.5 percent per day.
3. Whitney-Fidalgo did not process after their waste pile was measured
on October 29. From then until January 3 the pile volume decreased
by 12,146 cubic feet for an average rate of 184 cubic feet or 0.43
percent per day. Vita and Pan-Alaska continued to process crab
through the January pile measurement dates, but since there was a
net reduction in pile volumes, a net reduction rate could be estimated.
Between October 29 and January 7 (70 days) the Vita pile was reduced
at an average rate of 401 cubic feet or 1.1 percent per day, while
the Pan-Alaska pile decreased at 235 cubic feet or 0.43 percent
per day over a 67-day period. Based on these estimates, it appears
that a shallow water discharge on the west side of Amaknak Island
will provide effective dispersion at least during the winter.
4. Review of crab production data from 1975 through 1978 revealed that
the amount of live crab purchased and the amount of waste produced
have increased steadily. However, the percent of total and solid
-------
waste produced per pound of live crab has been steadily declining
because of decreases in meat production and increases in section
production. The consequence of these production changes is that 41
percent less solid waste is discharged per pound of live crab pro-
cessed.
5. Burrowing and attached marine benthic organisms are completely
eliminated from areas that become covered with crab wastes deeper
than about an inch. The wastes appear to have a smothering effect
on these organisms and do not provide a suitable substrate for
recolonization after deposition. Mobile bottom and swimming
organisms are attracted to the piles, particularly those containing
fresh wastes. The soft-tissue component of the waste provides a
food source for these animals. There are no data to evaluate whether
the species diversity and relative abundance of the fish and macro-
invertebrates or any significant nursery areas have been affected
by the wastes.
6. The seaward edges of the waste piles on the west side of Amaknak
Island were observed to be moving downs!ope into deeper water. The
University of Alaska's benthic study indicated that these wastes
were completely degraded to an organic sediment within 0.3 mile of
the shoreline. These results also indicated that complete degradation
of crab waste can occur within several years. This study concluded
that the waste piles caused total mortality of sediment-dwelling
organisms but that these negative effects were dissipated over
relatively short distances from the accumulated deposits. Degraded
wastes provided an adequate substrate for benthic organisms in con-
trast to the partially degraded wastes further inshore and in the
piles.
7. The amount of bottom area covered by the main waste piles varies
during the year as the piles increase and decrease in size. The
maximum extent of bottom coverage by the main piles totaled at least
126,000 square feet (3 acres) of the nearshore zone on the west
side of Amaknak Island. For those wastes moving downslope, an addi-
tional 29 acres of bottom area can be assumed to be affected. The
total bottom area of Unalaska Bay south of Hog Island is about 3.5
miles square or 2,240 acres. Thus, at present, crab wastes directly
affect approximately 1.4 percent of the benthic environment.
8. Water quality data collected in October 1976, October 1977, March
1978, and June 1978 indicated that dissolved oxygen levels were
always greater than 8 mg/1. The majority of samples indicated dis-
solved oxygen concentrations were greater than 10 mg/1 in bottom
water just offshore from the piles on the west side of Amaknak Is-
land. Detectable levels of sulfide within a few feet of the piles,
slightly elevatedNH3 concentrations in the overlying waters, and
increased turbidity around the piles were the only water quality
effects that could be associated with the crab waste discharges.
Large amounts of sulfide are generated by the decomposing wastes,
but the waters are highly oxygenated and have good mixing so that
VI
-------
the sulfide is rapidly oxidized or dispersed. Toxic concentrations
of hydrogen sulfide may diffuse from the waste piles but the diffu-
sion rate is orders of magnitude slower than the dispersion rate of
overlying waters.
9. Observations of marine life around the waste piles indicate that
there are not consistent toxic sulfide conditions existing. It
appears that the surface of the waste pile remains aerobic, but that
the interior portions of the pile are anaerobic. Colonization of
the pile by marine organisms has not been observed because the shell
particles do not provide a suitable substrate for organisms other
than those affecting decay.
10. Evaluation of the screening and barging alternative indicates that
deepwater disposal does not provide any substantial water quality
and marine biological benefits compared to current waste disposal
practices. In fact, there may be some disadvantages with respect to
a slower degradation process and a greater amount of bottom area
covered with crab wastes.
vri
-------
INTRODUCTION
Dutch Harbor, Alaska, is a major center for processing Alaskan red king
crab (Paralithodes ocmtschatica], blue king crab (P. platypus], and tanner
crab (Chionoecetes bairdi). During the 1978 king crab season eight com-
panies in Dutch Harbor processed approximately 60 million pounds of crab
in three shore plants, two operated by Pacific Pearl Seafoods and one
by Pan-Alaska Fisheries, and on twelve vessels from July through December
(Figure 1). In addition, approximately 50 million pounds of tanner crab
were processed from February through June 1978.
All processors attempt to grind wastes generated during processing to
approximately 0.5 inch in diameter. At all but three of the facilities,
ground wastes are transported from the confined harbor areas where the
processors are located through pipes to discharge points in relatively
unconfined nearshore areas. One facility discharges into Captain Bay,
one into Dutch Harbor, and one screens ground wastes for disposal by
barge at a deepwater disposal site northeast of Amaknak Island. Eight
separate pipes discharge the large majority of the wastes into the
nearshore waters on the east and west sides of Amaknak Island (Figure 1).
The Environmental Protection Agency has claimed that the nearshore dis-
charge of processing wastes is unacceptable because of accumulations of
waste on the bottom in the vicinity of the discharges. Current waste
discharge permits issued by EPA require that all processors install
screens to separate waste water from waste solids and barge the solids
to deepwater disposal sites or otherwise dispose of them.
Although acknowledging that the accumulation of wastes in the nearshore
areas has some localized environmental effects, the crab processors have
argued that screening and barging as well as other alternatives such as
production of by-products from the solids are impractical and uneconom-
ical. In addition, all of the alternatives to the present disposal
method suffer environmental and energy conservation disadvantages of
their own. Finally, the processors contend that the extent of environ-
mental degradation created by the accumulated waste has not been ade-
quately defined nor has the problem been evaluated from the perspective
of the overall effects on the nearshore marine ecosystem of Unalaska and
Iliuliuk Bays. The key objectives of this study are to estimate more
precisely the long-term environmental impacts of the current nearshore
waste discharges and to compare them with the potential marine impacts
of alternative disposal methods.
As part of an overall evaluation of current waste disposal practices
and alternatives, the specific objectives of this study were to:
-------
Discharge Line
£ Crab Processing Plants
1978 King Crab Season
1 PACIFIC PEARL (2)
2 GALAXY
3 UNISEA
4 VICEROY
5 VITA
6 WHITNEY
7 MOKA HANA
8 EASTPOINT
9 PAN-ALASKA
10 THERESA LEE
11 SEA ALASKA
12 SEA PRODUCER
13 ROBERT E. RESOFF
14 YARDARM KNOT
Figure 1
LOCATION OF CRAB PROCESSORS AND
WASTE DISPOSAL SITES
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1. Describe the relationship between the amount of crab waste dis-
charged during the 1978 crab season and any subsequent change
in waste pile volumes;
2. Estimate the dissipation rates of the waste piles;
3. Evaluate the marine biological and water quality effects of the
crab wastes as currently being discharged;
4. Examine recent crab production data to identify any trends in
the amount of total and solid wastes being produced; and
5. Evaluate the marine biological and water quality effects of
any alternative disposal systems that might be proposed.
To achieve the objectives of the study, the following tasks were accom-
plished.
1. Dutch Harbor Divers were contacted to measure waste piles at
the combined discharge location of Dutch Harbor Seafoods and
Universal Seafoods and at the location of discharges from Pacific
Pearl Seafoods, Vita Food Products (owned by Universal), Whitney-
Fidalgo Seafoods, Pan-Alaska Fisheries, and Sea-Alaska Products
three times during the 1978 king crab season.
2. Production data from each of the participating companies were
obtained to calculate the volumes of waste discharged during
the intervals between pile measurements. Net waste pile dis-
sipation rates were calculated for those piles having smaller
volumes after the end of the processing season than during the
season.
3. Underwater photographs were taken of the Pacific Pearl and
Pan-Alaska waste piles by John D. Showalter, Director, Quality
Control, Pan-Alaska Fisheries, on September 11. He also photo-
graphed marine life present in the vicinity of the waste piles
as well as that attached to the discharge pipes.
4. Previous crab waste, oceanographic, and water quality studies
in the vicinity of Dutch Harbor were reviewed for pertinent
information. Reports written by divers after routine discharge
pipe inspections or when measuring waste depths 98 feet from
the end of the pipe in accordance with discharge permit re-
quirements were also reviewed.
5. Recent production data were obtained from those companies
participating in this study and compiled to identify product
trends and consequent changes in the amount of wastes discharged.
6. A close working relationship with Stephen H. Bingham and Anthony
F. Harber, Brown and Caldwell Consulting Engineers, was main-
tained as they formulated and evaluated alternative waste dis-
posal concepts.
-------
MATERIALS AND METHODS
FIELD ACTIVITIES
Underwater Photographs. Photographs of the Pacific Pearl and Pan-
Alaska waste piles using Ektachrome ASA 400 slide film were taken on
September 11, 1978, with a Nikonos III camera and a Vivitar 283 flash
with an Ikelite flash housing.
Pile Volume Measurements. At each waste pile the diver measured the
depth of the pile at the end of the discharge pipe with a 10-foot gradu-
ated metal rod, measured distances to the perimeter of the pile in four
directions with a graduated line, and then obtained intermediate waste
depths with the rod between the top and perimeter of the pile. Periodic
water depth measurements were made by the diver using a Dacor depth gage.
Any marine organisms observed during the dive were noted. After each
dive a scaled drawing of the pile was made showing waste depth contours.
REVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDIES
During the last four years several EPA- and industry-sponsored studies
were conducted to:
1. Document the accumulation of processed crab wastes in the dis-
charge areas and to assess their localized effects on marine
organisms and water quality (Stewart and Tangarone 1977;
Kama 1978);
2. Investigate physical oceanographic and water quality conditions
to determine the optimal location for discharges and to evaluate
alternative outfall/diffuser systems (Colonel! and Reeburgh
1978; Brown and Caldwell 1978);
3. Determine the amounts and characteristics of crab wastes and
evaluate the economics of alternative utilization and disposal
systems (Bray 1978); and
4. Document the effects of crab wastes on benthic infaunal inverte-
brates and water quality adjacent to waste disposal locations
and throughout Unalaska and Iliuliuk Bays (Feder and Burrell
1978).
Pertinent data from these studies are utilized in the discussion section
of this report.
-------
DATA REDUCTION
Pile Volume Calculations. Pile volumes were calculated by using an
Ott compensating planimeter to measure the total bottom area covered by
the pile and the area of each successive waste pile depth contour from
the perimeter to the top of the pile. The volume of each contoured sec-
tion was obtained by multiplying the area of that section by its relative
depth. The total pile volume was then determined by summing all the sec-
tion volumes.
Discharged Waste Volume Calculations. For direct comparison with
the waste pile volumes, the volume of waste discharged through each out-
fall between successive pile measurements was required. The production
data supplied by each processor, i.e., pounds of live crab purchased and
pounds of products produced, were used to calculate the total amount of
waste produced. Using figures developed by Bray (1978), the total waste
figures were reduced by 20 percent to account for fluids lost during
butchering and cooking to obtain an estimate of the pounds of solid
waste, i.e., shell, gills, and viscera, discharged. To convert the solid
waste mass discharged to a volume of material on the bottom, a factor of
50 pounds of ground crab shell per cubic foot of waste was applied. This
figure was presented by Bray (1978) and can be deduced considering the
following factors. Brown and Caldwell (1978) found the density of crab
shell to range from 1.15 to 1.20 while the density of crab meat was
between 1.03 and 1.06. The density of seawater characteristic of Dutch
Harbor is approximately 1.027 or 64 pounds per cubic foot. Using a
density of 1.15, a cubic foot of crab shell would weigh 73.6 pounds if
dry and tightly compacted.
Based on diver observations and photographs, the ground shell is not
tightly compacted upon discharge, but rather forms an easily disturbed
pile with a great amount of interstitial water. Consequently, less
waste would be expected to occupy a cubic foot and allows the use of a
lower weight-to-volume conversion factor than would be expected if the
material were deposited on land. Based on this information, the 50
pounds per cubic foot conversion factor appears reasonable. In addition,
processors at Kodiak Island use a rule of thumb of 50 pounds per cubic
foot for king and tanner crab processing wastes delivered to a crab meal
plant.
-------
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAPHS AND DIVER OBSERVATIONS
Several photographs of the Pacific Pearl and Pan-Alaska waste disposal
areas are presented here to depict conditions existing in the vicinity of
the waste piles. All photographs taken on these dives are available for
review at the offices of the Pacific Seafood Processors Association.
Pacific Pearl processed 1.8 million pounds of king crab during the sum-
mer and was discharging wastes when the photographs were taken, so that
the wastes observed were fresh. On the other hand, Pan-Alaska had not
operated since the tanner crab season ended in June, so that wastes ob-
served had been decomposing for approximately three months.
Figures 2 through 5 are photographs of the Pacific Pearl pile. Figure 2
was taken at the edge of the waste pile looking toward the top. The
waste is fresh and readily distinguishable as ground crab shells.
Figure 3 is of juvenile baitfish feeding on waste particles floating
above the top of the pile. These particles are most likely the soft crab
tissues which are almost neutrally buoyant (Brown and Caldwell 1978).
Figure 4 shows a flatfish at the edge of the pile. The discharge pipe
can be seen in the upper left-hand corner. Note that the rocks adjacent
to the pile and the visible section of the pipe are devoid of attached
organisms. The Universal discharge line crosses over the Pacific Pearl
pile. Figure 5 provides an indication of the density of attached organ-
isms on the Universal line. The Pacific Pearl wastes below the line are
visible in the lower right-hand corner. Significant numbers of lighter
waste particles are prevalent in the water column. It appears that
attached organisms can remain on the pipe even if it is close to the
waste pile as long as the organisms are not covered by the waste.
Conditions characteristic of the Pan-Alaska discharge line and waste pile
a few days before processing began are presented in Figures 6 through 9.
Figure 6 shows attached organisms as well as mobile starfish and crabs on
the pipe 90 feet from the outfall. Empty clam shells were prevalent in
this area. The shoreward edge of the waste pile at this time was 45 feet
further down the pipe. Figure 7 shows the mud-sand bottom characteris-
tic of the area adjacent to the discharge line 5 feet from the shoreward
edge of the pile. The pipe can be seen in the upper right-hand corner.
Many small tanner crabs were present in this area. Figure 8 was taken
at the shoreward edge of the pile where the discharge line enters the
pile. Note that the pipe at this point is devoid of attached organisms,
indicating that wastes previously covered it. Figure 9 is a closeup of
the waste pile. In contrast to the Pacific Pearl waste pile (Figure 2),
-------
Figure 2. FRESH CRAB WASTE ON PACIFIC PEARL WASTE PILE
LOOKING FROM EDGE OF PILE TOWARD TOP
Figure 3. JUVENILE BAITFISH FEEDING ON WASTE PARTICLES FLOATING
ABOVE THE TOP OF THE PACIFIC PEARL PILE
-------
Figure 4. FLATFISH AT EDGE OF PACIFIC PEARL PILE
Figure 5. ATTACHED ORGANISMS ON THE UNIVERSAL DISCHARGE PIPE
WHERE IT CROSSES OVER PACIFIC PEARL PILE
8
-------
Figure 6. ORGANISMS ON PAN-ALASKA DISCHARGE PIPE 90 FEET FROM OUTFALL
Figure 7. MUD-SAND BOTTOM ADJACENT TO PAN-ALASKA DISCHARGE PIPE
-------
depth (about 50 feet) characteristic of the discharge areas, but was
away from the influence of any waste discharges.
The EPA control area pictures most likely do accurately represent the
type of attached and mobile benthic community structure to be expected
in areas having a substrate similar to the control area. In this
particular case, it is a medium-sized cobble bottom. What the EPA con-
trol area pictures do not reflect are the communities characteristic of
other types of substrates occurring in the discharge areas. For example,
the Pan-Alaska and Whitney-Fidalgo outfalls discharge onto mud-sand bottoms
containing some rocks (see Figure 7). The shallow Vita pipe discharges
into an area with a rocky bottom that has several large rocky reefs,
some of which extend above the water surface. The deeper Vita discharge
area used in 1977 has a cobble and sand bottom. Pacific Pearl discharges
over a rock ledge onto a sloping rocky bank (see Figure 4). The Universal
discharge area is also predominantly rock, containing small- to medium-
sized cobble and some large rocks. Sand and gravel become more prevalent
near the seaward edge of the pile. The bottom area in the vicinity of
the Sea-Alaska, M/V Robert E. Resoff, and M/V Yardarm Knot outfalls is
covered predominantly by rocks and kelp beds with some sand.
Portions of the Pacific Pearl, Universal, and the abandoned deep Vita dis-
charge areas are the only areas that are comparable with the EPA control
area with respect to similar substrate and depth. That all the discharge
areas resembled the EPA control area before crab wastes were discharged
should not be implied. The predominant substrate in the discharge areas
and seaward of the waste piles is mud-sand and not the type that would
support the attached control area community. Figure 6 provides some
indication of the differences in community structure that can be observed
on mud-sand and hard substrates. However, until a more accurate inventory
of the amount of bottom area comprising the different substrate types and
associated biota both in and away from waste-affected areas is obtained,
the magnitude of benthic community destruction or disruption in the nefer-
shore areas cannot be determined.
The fish and mobile benthic animals observed in the vicinity of the waste
piles appear to be characteristic of Aleutian Island nearshore areas
(Isakson, zt al.t 1971; Simenstad, et at, 1977). What -is not known is
whether the species diversity and relative abundance of the fish and
macroinvertebrate communities or any significant nursery areas have been
affected by waste discharges. At present it is not known whether the
wastes have caused mobile organisms to leave the discharge areas or have
had an attractive effect for feeding purposes. A quantitative compara-
tive study in waste-dominated and unaffected areas similar to that sup-
porting the above-mentioned references would be required to make such a
determination. It would also be informative to investigate the bioen-
hancement potential of the crab wastes. The wastes may provide a source
of nutrients through mineralization during the decay process. Nutrients
diffuse into overlying waters and are reincorporated into the marine
food web.
12
-------
98 • Foot Radius
49- Foot Radius
Figure 10a
10/28/78
Figure 10b
1/5/79
Figure 10. CONFIGURATIONS OF PACIFIC PEARL WASTE PILE IN OCTOBER
AND JANUARY (contours in feet)
14
-------
k 98 • Foot Radius
Figure 12a
10/29/78
Figure 12b
1/7/79
Figure 12.
Pile Measured by Jk
EPA in Sept. 1977 **
CONFIGURATION OF VITA WASTE PILE IN OCTOBER AND JANUARY
(contours in feet)
16
-------
98 • Foot Radius
Figure 14a
10/29/78
98 • Foot Radius
Figure 14b
1 / 3/79
Figure 14. CONFIGURATION OF WHITNEY-FIDALGO WASTE PILE IN OCTOBER
AND JANUARY (contours in feet)
18
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Table 1. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WASTE PILE VOLUME CHANGES AND
KING CRAB WASTES DISCHARGED DURING 1978 SEASON
Discharger
Date
Pile
Measured
Pile
Volume
(ft3)
Change in
Pile Volume
Between
Measurements
(ft3)
Pacific
Pearl
Universal
9/13
10/28
1/5
9/16
10/30
1/8
29,678
41,416
54,527
35,566
66,831
75,585
+11,738
+13,111
+31,265
+8,754
9/15 21,446
10/29 36,364
1/7 13,200
Waste
Discharged
Between
Measurements
(ft3)
6,653a
12,729
8,849
46,293
11,447
50,091
4,922
10,185
10,992
23,738
-0-
63,237
3,247
? Waste discharged between 7/23 and 9/12.
Total bottom area covered could not be determined because wastes were
dispersing downslope into deep water.
c Measurements made at end of tanner crab season.
Vita
Pan-Alaska
Whitney-
Fidalgo
9/14
10/28
1/3
49,305
54,553
49,810
9/14 25,986
10/29 43,246
1/3 31,100
+14,918
-23,164
+5,248
-4,743
+17,260
-12,146
Sea-Alaska
June '78U
9/15
10/29
1/5
11,769
6,538
9,569
291
-5,231
+3,031
-9,278
Bottom
Area
Covered
(ft*)
18,537
17,603
18,140
>32,000b
>32,000
>32,000
7,854
15,588,
>21,062D
>31,416b
>29,447
>32,008
>7,854b
>22,497
>15,224
4,418
1,963
10,148
81
Maxircun
Pile
Depth
(ft)
10
12
10
15
20
12
8.2
15
1.6
10
15
5.7
10
12
4.4
8
10
11
1.6
20
-------
Of the 28,738 cubic feet of waste discharged prior to October 29 by
Whitney-Fidalgo, 17,260 cubic feet or 60 percent accumulated in the
pile. The wastes along the seaward edge of the pile were observed to be
dispersing toward deeper water so that the total bottom area covered
could not be defined. In contrast to Pan-Alaska, Whitney-Fidalgo did not
discharge any waste after October 29.
The Whitney pile decreased in volume by 12,146 cubic feet between October 29
and January 3 and exhibited a rather dramatic change in shape (see Figure 14),
The pile decreased from a maximum depth of 12 to 4.4 feet and spread to
the north. It can be hypothesized that wave-generated bottom currents
flowed downslope counter to the wave trains breaking along this section of
coastline and moved the wastes in a northerly direction.
At the Sea-Alaska outfall, a dive was made in June 1978 by Dutch Harbor
Divers to measure the waste pile at the end of tanner crab season. During
the summer of 1978 there was a net loss of 5,231 cubic feet of wastes
(Table 1). During the height of the 1978 king crab season the amount of
waste discharged was 20 times greater than that which accumulated in the
vicinity of the outfall. The maximum bottom area covered was 10,148
square feet. Although Sea-Alaska was the largest producer of waste during
the 1978 king crab season, waste accumulations five weeks after processing
ended were negligible (Figure 15).
The M/V Robert E. Resoff was added to the Sea-Alaska complex in 1978 to
increase production, and a separate discharge line was installed parallel
to the older line. The new line is closer to shore and discharges in 40
feet of water in contrast to 50 feet for the older line. A dive on the
Resoff line was made on January 5, 1979. There was no waste pile and
only scattered pockets of shell, all less than an inch deep, within
several hundred feet of the outfall. The Resoff had discharged 8,998
cubic feet of waste between the beginning of the season and November 20.
Whitney-Fidalgo brought the processing vessel M/V Yardarm Knot into Dutch
Harbor in 1978 and installed an outfall across the spit from the Yardarm
Knot's moorage 400 feet offshore in 20 feet of water (Figure 1). Between
September 18 and October 24, 9.982 cubic feet of wastes were discharged,
but no wastes were observed around the outfall at the end of the season.
A more complete history of waste pile dynamics during a processing season
was compiled by Pan-Alaska during the 1977 tanner crab season. Beginning
April 22, Gene Anderson, an oceanographer from the University of Washing-
ton, made biweekly dives to measure the pile and, as part of his reports,
provided some detailed descriptions of his observations. Excerpts from
his dive reports are included here verbatim because they provided a great
deal of insight as to how the waste pile changed over time, aided in
interpreting the pile volume data, and indicated some effects on marine
life. Table 2 summarizes the pile changes as derived by planimetry from
Anderson's pile drawings.
April 22: "Today I made my second dive at the effluent line and
placed four marker posts at 100 feet from the pile in each of four
22
-------
June 23: "The effluent pile seems to have rounded off and slumped
down a little during the few days we were not processing. The top
of the pile is much flatter with a large, rounded-out crater and less
steeply sloping sides. The depth of the shell at Station 1 has de-
creased from 10 inches back to 7 inches and is an indication that the
pile has settled downward somewhat. Station 2 has grown to 2 inches
of shell, and station 3 has grown to 1 inch. Station 4 has also
grown slightly to a depth of 1.75 inches.
"The marine life which is represented primarily by clams seems to be
showing a much more adverse reaction to the shell debris. There are
now many small empty shells at the surface which I had not noticed
before, and the large clams are still crawling around over the sedi-
ment surface. Most of them are still alive but react fairly slowly
when touched and a few didn't close at all.
July 11: "The effluent pile has now rounded off to a big slush pile
of muddy crab debris. A large portion of the pile has been reduced
by a combination of factors. Much has apparently washed away as
exemplified by the complete lack of rubber bands which are light and
easily carried away. Some has obviously sunk and compacted downward
since there are no large crab shells or large pieces of debris apparent
at the pile surface. Also, a-small amount has most likely been eaten
by various marine organisms which is indicated by numerous shrimp,
eels, a few flounder, small crabs, and large sculpins on or near the
pile. There are also very distinct wave ripple marks over the whole
pile, giving it an aged look.
"The overall size of the pile has been reduced approximately one-third
since processing stopped (June 21), and the area surrounding the pile
which was lightly dusted with debris is practically barren again.
The shell depth at station 1 is now down to just 3 inches to 5 inches
depending on whether the measurement is made in a trough or at a
peak of a ripple. Stations 2 and 3 are back to 0.5 inch, and station 4
has 0.75 inch of debris.
"The clam community seems to have completely vacated this area since
I was unable to find one live clam or any trails. There were a few
empty shells scattered around but most have been there for awhile.
There were a couple of dead small crabs and one very large dead
buffalo sculpin on the top of the pile."
24
-------
January 7 the Vita pile was reduced at an average rate of 401 cubic feet
or 1.1 percent per day, while the Pan-Alaska pile decreased 235 cubic feet
or 0.43 percent per day. These reduction rates include the wastes dis-
charged between the October and January pile measurement dates. Since the
Pacific Pearl and Universal waste piles increased in volume throughout the
season, any volume reduction estimates are precluded.
Because the Whitney-Fidalgo and Pan-Alaska waste piles occupy the same
general area, are at similar depths (40 feet), and are subjected to sim-
ilar reduction mechanisms, it is not surprising that the percentage reduc-
tion rates for these piles are the same (0.43 percent per day). In com-
parison, the Vita discharge in only 20 feet of water has nearly a three-
fold greater percentage reduction rate (1.1 percent per day), indicating
the better dispersive nature of the shallower nearshore waters.
On the east side of Amaknak Island waste dispersion equaled or exceeded
100 percent of the wastes discharged during the season plus pre-season
accumulated wastes.
Crab was last produced by Sea-Alaska on November 24. A pile containing
9,569 cubic feet on October 29 plus 3,247 cubic feet discharged between
October 29 and November 24 was dispersed to the extent that only 291 cubic
feet remained in the pile on January 5. If it is assumed that all dis-
persion occurred after November 24, the dispersion rate is 298 cubic feet
per day. However, 63,237 cubic feet of wastes were discharged between
September 15 and October 29, while only 3,031 cubic feet accumulated in
the pile, indicating that dispersion may be occurring on a more continu-
ous basis in this area. This dispersion of 60,206 cubic feet of waste
in 44 days results in an average dispersion of 1,368 cubic feet per day.
The total waste dispersed during the king crab season was 72,731 cubic
feet in 112 days for an average rate of 649 cubic feet or 0.89 percent
per day. This can be compared to the 1978 summer dispersion rate of
approximately 58 cubic feet or 0.5 percent per day.
The M/V Yardarm Knot discharged 9,982 cubic feet of waste during 36 days
of production. No accumulated wastes remained at the end of the season.
Similarly, the M/V Robert E. Resoff outfall had no accumulated wastes
around it on January 5 after discharging 8,998 cubic feet between
September 15 and November 20. Considering all three outfalls crossing
the spit, a total of 91,711 cubic feet of crab wastes were effectively
dispersed east of Amaknak Island during the 1978 king crab season.
The average dispersion rate over a 112-day period was 819 cubic feet or
0.89 percent per day.
RECENT TRENDS IN DUTCH HARBOR CRAB WASTE PRODUCTION
At a January 12, 1979, meeting attended by representatives of the crab
processors and EPA personnel, the point was discussed that waste dis-
charged to nearshore waters had been reduced over recent years because
of changes in market demand, i.e., there were now less pounds of meat and
more pounds of sections being produced so that less solid waste was being
generated per pound of crab processed.
26
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Table 3. RECENT DUTCH HARBOR CRAB PRODUCTION DATA
ro
oo
King Crab
1975
1976
1977
1978
Tanner Crab
1976
1977
1978
Live Crab
Purchased
(lb)
21,933,928
26,747,360
30,376,947
57,429,767
9,174,292
27,423,678
48,351,285
Meat
Produced
(lb)
3,613,813
3,208,101
2,728,952
3,693,017
365,160
450,354
50,000
Meat
as
% of
Live
Crab
16.5
12.0
9.0
6.4
4.0
1.6
0.1
Sections
Produced
(lb)
3,910,200
9,310,780
13,550,142
27,559,987
3,330,676
15,570,649
28,907,541
Sections
as % of
Live
Crab
17.8
34.8
44.6
48.0
36.3
56.8
59.8
Total
Products
Produced
(lb)
7,524,013
12,518,881
16,279,094
31,253,004
3,695,836
16,021,003
28,957,541
Total
Products
as % of
Live
Crab
34.3
46.8
53.6
54.4
40.3
58.4
59.9
Total
Waste
Produced
(lb)
14,409,915
14,228,479
14,097,853
26,176,763
5,478,456
11,402,675
19,393,744
Total
Waste
as
% of
Live
Crab
65.7
53.2
46.4
45.6
59.7
41.6
40.1
Solid
Waste
Produced
(lb)
10,023,129
8,879,007
8,022,464
14,690,810
3,643,598
5,917,939
9,723,487
Solid
Waste
as
% of
Live
Crab
45.7
33.2
26.4
25.6
39.7
21.6
20.1
-------
An increased level of sulfide appears to be the major water quality ab-
normality associated with the current ground crab waste disposal prac-
tices. Sulfide will be generated anaerobically during decomposition of
the crab wastes, particularly the tissue protein portion of the waste,
and will continue to be generated as long as degradable organic matter
remains. Sulfide can exist in three forms in the dissolved state depending
on the pH of the water. Within the pH range most likely to occur in the
vicinity of Dutch Harbor, the percent of sulfide ion that is in the form
of undissociated hydrogen sulfide (H£S) will range from about 40 to_5
percent or, conversely, 60 to 95 percent will be in the ion form HS".
The toxicity of sulfide is derived primarily from H?S rather than the sul-
fide ion (NAS 1973).
Sampling conducted by EPA (Kama 1978) and the University of Alaska
(Feder and Burrell 1978) as well as diver observations indicated that
sulfide concentrations were detected only within a few feet of the piles.
Water current measurements, density data, and dissolved oxygen concen-
trations indicated that the waters have reasonably good mixing and are
highly oxygenated in the areas where crab wastes are currently being
discharged, thereby lessening the probability that high concentrations of
sulfide will exist outside the immediate vicinity of the piles.
The most pertinent data on solid waste generation of sulfide can be found
in Pratt et al. (1973). Although this study dealt with compacted house-
hold garbage of which the majority of organic solid material was paper,
their observations on sulfide dynamics appear to be applicable to the
Dutch Harbor situation. These investigators found that the diffusion
rate of H£$ from wastes was on the order of 10'^ cm2/sec, while rates of
dispersion of overlying waters varied from 1 to 10 cm2/sec. Accordingly,
there was a reduced likelihood of toxic H2$ levels in overlying water
other than in the boundary layer in contact with a waste deposit. Although
not directly comparable with dispersion rates, bottom current velocities
measured along the west side of Amaknak Island were on the order of 1 to
11 cm/sec (Brown and Caldwell 1978). These velocities indicate a sig-
nificantly greater overlying water dispersion rate than sulfide diffusion
rate from the waste piles. :
EFFECTS OF CRAB WASTES ON MARINE ORGANISMS
Crab wastes could cause mortality of marine organisms by creating toxic
conditions through sulfide production and by smothering attached and bur-
rowing organisms. Detrimental effects could also involve eliminating
food sources and spawning or nursery areas. On the other hand, the re-
turn of ground crab wastes to the nearshore marine environment could
have beneficial effects by providing a food source (soft tissues) and
enriching the sediments after degradation outside the immediate disposal
area.
30
-------
pile. The benthic sampling program by th? University of Alaska in the
deeper waters of Unalaska Bay helped to define the fate of the crab
wastes moving downslope from the areas occupied by the piles. It should
be noted that the interim report included only field notes made when the
benthic samples were collected. These results thus constitute a quali-
tative analysis. A more detailed analysis and discussion of species
composition by station will be included in their final report. Conse-
quently, there may be some conditions described later which will differ
from the general impression originally obtained by Feder and Burrell
(1978), but it is unlikely that the overall trend observed and discussed
below will be significantly altered.
A grab sample of bottom material from the Universal outfall area yielded
new shell material overlying many centimeters of old black waste. The
sample had a nauseating H2$ odor and no living organisms were observed.
Moving offshore to approximately 0.2 mile, samples were taken in line with
the outfalls and at three stations to the north of the Pan-Alaska and
Whitney-Fidalgo outfalls. A variety of bottom types were found including
sand, black sediment, sandy silt, and fine gravel to cobbles. A few
organisms were found in most samples. Some of the samples had a strong
sulfide smell and some had "fishy" organic smells. At Station 31 north
of the outfall no sulfide was noted, but a crushed shell and sand mixture
was found, indicating some northward dispersion of ground shell.
At stations located further offshore (0.3 to 0.7 mile), sediments were
silty-sand or silt, some of which were black and had strong organic smells
but no sulfide odors. Organisms were found in all samples.
Additional stations sampled throughout Unalaska Bay indicated a variety of
organisms and substrates, some having organic odors, but all appeared to
be uninfluenced by processing wastes.
The University of Alaska's results indicate that the wastes moving down-
slope into the deeper waters off the west side of Amaknak Island are de-
composed to an organic sludge still maintaining the "fishy" organic odor
characteristic of its source, but apparently not harmful to organisms by
the time it has moved offshore 0.3 mile or more. It appears that this
material provides an adequate substrate for burrowing organisms in contrast
to the partially degraded wastes further inshore and in the piles. In
addition, these sediments are aerobic throughout the year (see water
quality section of this report and Feder and Burrell, 1978). The lack of
sulfide odors and identifiable crab shell material in samples from 0.3
mile or more offshore indicates that complete degradation presently occurs
within 0.3 mile of the discharge areas. Since most outfalls had been in
operation about two or three years, it appears that complete degradation
of crab waste can occur within this time frame. A definitive statement
as to whether the bottom areas beyond 0.3 mile are being enriched or
inhibited by the waste-derived sediment will have to be deferred until
the quantitative data are available.
32
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ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF DEEPWATER DISPOSAL OF CRAB WASTES
One of the alternatives to current crab waste disposal practices in Dutch
Harbor is to screen the processing wastewater stream to separate the solid
and liquid portions of the effluent and then barge the solid wastes to a
deepwater disposal site. This alternative is one that has been often
suggested by EPA. The proposed disposal site is in relatively open
water off the northeast coast of Amaknak Island in about 300 feet of
water. The effects of such an operation on water quality and marine
biota in the disposal area are addressed here. Physical aspects of a
barging operation are .discussed by Brown and Caldwell (1979).
As the barging alternative is understood, there would be no grinding of
wastes as is now practiced. Whole carapaces, tails, viscera, gills, and
leg shells, if meat is extracted, would be dumped from a hopper barge
instantaneously while being towed over the disposal site. Any residual
liquids associated with the waste would disperse in the surface waters
immediately upon dumping. The viscera, gills, and other soft-tissue
fragments would tend to disperse or sink slowly in the surface waters
since the density of these materials is only slightly greater than that
of cold seawater. Eventual sinking could be expected, but time and loca-
tion of sinking would depend on water column density stratification,
prevailing winds, currents, and wave action. Some of these soft tissues
could also be expected to be consumed by seabirds and fish. The more
dense shell material would be expected to sink almost straight down and
settle on the bottom. Brown and Caldwell (1979) estimated that the extent
of bottom area covered by each barge load would be about 31,400 square
feet (a 200-fcot-diameter circle) at an average depth of 1.5 inches.
Except for some turbidity generated during the dumping .process, it is
not anticipated that this type of operation Would cause any adverse water
quality or biological effects in the water column.
As is the case with the current discharge of ground wastes in nearshore
waters, the water quality and biological effects of the dumped wastes
will be manifest on the bottom. Deepwater disposal removes a major
dispersive force identified as being responsible for waste dispersion in
shallow waters, i.e., wave action and wave-generated bottom currents.
At 300 feet, little dispersion can be expected. Furthermore, since the
disposal area is relatively flat, little waste movement of any kind can be
expected after initial settling.
The amount of bottom in the disposal area that would be covered with
wastes annually was estimated by Brown and Caldwell (1979) to be 134
acres assuming that- no new waste load overlapped previously dumped
34
-------
sediment and bottom water quality conditions in the inner harbors. How-
ever, one could expect to see floatables and the liquid effluent dis-
persing from the barge during loading operations. This would probably be
more of an aesthetic problem than a long-term detriment to overall water
quality.
Although a good deal of conjecture and supposition has been presented in
the preceding discussion, it appears that deepwater disposal does not
provide any substantial water quality and marine biological benefits com-
pared to current waste disposal practices. In fact, there may be some dis-
advantages with respect to a slower degradation process and a greater
amount of bottom area covered with crab wastes.
36
-------
Simenstad, C. A., J. S. Isakson, and R. E. Nakatani. 1977. "Marine Fish
Communities," pp. 451-492. hi. M. L. Merritt and R. G. Fuller (eds.).
The Environment of Amchitka Island, Alaska., Report TID-26712, Tech-
nical Information Center, Energy Research and Development Adminis-
tration.
Stewart, R. K., and D. R. Tangarone. 1977. Water Quality Investigation
Related to Seafood Processing Wastewater Discharges at Dutch Harbor,
Alaska—October 19753 October 2976. Working Paper No. EPA 910-8-77-100.
Environmental Protection Agency, Surveillance and Analysis Division,
Seattle, Washington.
38
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APPENDIX B
-------
SCS ENGINEERS
STEARNS, CONRAD AND SCHMIDT
CONSULTING ENGINEERS, INC.
-------
BENTHIC MACROFAUNA, SEDIMENT AND WATER
QUALITY NEAR SEAFOOD CANNERY OUTFALLS
IN KENAI AND CORDOVA, ALASKA
Final Report
February 15, 1979
By
Michael A. Caponigro
SCS Engineers
Long Beach, California 90807
Contract Number 68-03-2578
Project Officers
Calvin Dysinger
Kenneth Dostal
Donald Wilson
Industrial Pollution Control Division
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
\
Page
List of Figures 1v
List of Tables v
Acknowl edgements vi i
Abstract vi i i
Introduction 1
Review of Previous Alaskan Studies 2
Purpose of Present Study 6
Materials and Methods 8
General Description of Study Areas 8
Hydrological Determinations 15
Water Quality 15
Sediment Samples * 16
Underwater Photography 18
Biological Indices 18
Limitations to Sampling -., 20
Results and Discussion 21
Kenai 21
Description of Seafood Processing Operations 21
Aesthetic Conditions 21
Bottom Accumulations 25
Hydrological Conditions 25
Water Quality 29
Sediment Particle Size.... 32
Sediment Chemistry '. 32
Macro benthos 35
Cordova 43
Description of Seafood Processing Operations. 43
Aesthetic Conditions 46
Bottom Accumulations 47
Hydrological Conditions 51
Water Quality 54
Sediment Particle Size 56
Sediment Chemistry 58
Macro benthos -60
Conclusions 84
Kenai 84
Aesthetics 84
Water Quality and Sediment Conditions 85
Biological Conditions . 86
Effects of Cannery Discharges 86
\\
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Cordova 87
Aesthetics 87
Bottom Accumulations 87
Water Quality and Sediment Conditions 89
Biological Conditions 90
Effects of Cannery Discharges 90
Comparison of Alaskan Sites 91
Literature Cited... 92
Appendix 94
tit
-------
LIST OF FIGURES
\
Number Page
1. Map of Alaska, showing locations of Kenai and
Cordova, Alaska.. 9
2. Kenai River, Alaska, and location of two study
zones 11
2a. Inset A - Kenai River sampling stations off
Kenai Packers Cannery 12
2b. Inset B - Kenai River sampling station Off
Columbia-Wards Fisheries 13
3. Location of sampling sites at Cordova, Alaska 14
4. Evidence of seafood waste accumulations near Kenai
Packers Cannery outfall 24
5. Variations in tidal height at Kenai Packers Cannery,
Kenai, Alaska 28
6. Species group clusters of Cordova samples
(1 mm and 0.5 mm screenings) 80
7. Station group clusters of Cordova samples
(1 mm and 0.5 mm screenings) 81
\v
-------
LIST OF TABLES
Number Page
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
0.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. '
Estimated Seafood Waste Production
Estimated Seafood Waste Production Columbia-
Tidal Data for Kenai, Alaska July 23-July 26, 1978 ,
Tidal Current Data for Kenai, Alaska July 23-
July 26, 1978 ,
Water Quality and Depth for Kenai River Sampling
Size Distribution (Percent Weight) of Kenai River
Sediment Chemistry Data for Kenai River Sampling
Station List of Macrobenthos of Kenai River
Sediments ( 1 mm Screenings)
Station List of Macrobenthos of Kenai River
Station List of Macrobenthos of Kenai River
Density (N), and Species Richness (S) Values of Kenai
River Benthic Samples (combined 1 and 0.5 mm Screenings
Data)
Estimated Seafood Waste Production St. Elias
Estimated Seafood Waste Production North Pacific
Estimated Seafood Waste Production New England Fish
Company
Tidal Data for Cordova, Alaska July 29-August 1, 1978
Tidal Current Data for Mid-Channel and Control Stations
in Orca Inlet, Cordova, Alaska, July 26-August 1, 1978....,
22
22
26
27
30
33
34
37
38
39
40
44
44
45
52
53
-------
TABLES (continued)
Number Page
17. Water Quality and Depth for Cordova Sampling
Stations 55
18. Size Distribution (Percent Weight) of Cordova
Sediment Samples 57
19. Sediment Chemistry Data for Cordova Sampling
Stations 59
20. Station List of Macrobenthos of Cordova Sediments
(1 mm Screenings) 61
21. Station List of Macrobenthos of Cordova Sediments
(1 mm Screening) 65
22. Station List of Macrobenthos of Cordova Sediments
(1 mm and 0.5 mm Screenings) 69
23. Density (N), Species Richness (S), and Diversity (H1)
Values of Cordova Benthic Samples (1 mm Screenings) 75
'24. Density (N), Species Richness (S), and Diversity (H1)
, Values of Cordova Benthic Samples (0.5 mm Screenings) 76
25. Density (N), Species Richness (S), and Diversity (H1)
Values of Combined Cordova Benthic Samples (1 mm and
0.5 mm Screenings) 77
VI
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Acknowledgements
SCS Engineers wishes.to express its appreciation to Terry
Boston (SCS Engineers), Elizabeth Lundt (SCS Engineers), and
Stephen Petrich (California State Unversity, Long Beach (CSULB))
for their invaluable assistance in collection of field samples
and preliminary data analyses. Special thanks are due to the
Captain, Gerald Sweeney, and crew of the Tres Cher for their
navigational skills and general assistance during the field
monitoring; Dr. Donald J. Reish, CSULB, for his suggestions and
critical review of the manuscript; Tony Phillips for his aid in
development of the computer programs for macrobenthos data
analysis and review of the manuscript; and to the personnel and
management of the canneries at Kenai and Cordova for their
cooperation throughout the field monitoring portion of the study
vii
-------
Abstract
\
Hydrological conditions, sediment and water quality, and
macrobenthos, were examined at two Alaskan coastal sites in an
effort to identify the ecological impacts which result from
seafood processing operations. Monitoring studies were performed
at Kenai and Cordova, Alaska, two sites not previously studied.
At Kenai, the impacts of cannery discharges on the marine
environment were negligible. Little, if any, impact to water and
sediment quality were observed. A poorly developed macrobenthos
community was identified. However, this community structure
appeared to result from natural rather than man-induced
conditions. Tidal induced scouring and burial by bottom
sediments, and daily salinity changes appeared to be the major
«
factors which limited habitat utilization by macrobenthic
organisms. Strong river and tidal currents flush the cannery
discharge areas on a daily basis and problems of persistent
seafood processing waste accumulations were not observed.
At Cordova, poor flushing action in the vicinity of active
cannery outfalls had resulted in considerable accumulations of
nonground processing waste debris at two of the three active
discharge areas. Localized impacts to sediment and water
quality, and surface water aesthetics in the vicinity of the
disposal areas were also recorded. The macrobenthic community
was generally stable and very diverse. The effects of cannery
effluents on the macrobenthos were only observed at one of the
active cannery outfalls. At this one outfall, considerable
reduction in species richness and diversity occurred.
-------
INTRODUCTION
On December 27, 1977, the Clean Water Act of 1977 was
adopted to amend several provisions of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972. Section 74 of the new
Act requires the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to
conduct a study "to determine the effects of seafood processes
which dispose of untreated natural wastes into marine waters, to
examine technologies to facilitate the use of nutrients in these
wastes or to reduce their discharge into the marine environment
(1)". One aspect of the EPA study was to assess the
geographical, hydrol ogical, and b-iplogical characteristics of
marine waters receiving untreated seafood processing waste
discharges. The following report discusses this aspect for two
seafood processing sites in Kenai and Cordova, Alaska.
Alaska is the location of numerous seafood processing
facilities which utilize raw seafood catch in the preparation of
finished products. Generally, a large portion of the raw
material processed at these facilities is not utilized in the
finished product. The percentage of unused or waste material
varies with the species processed. In salmon processing, this
waste material constitutes from 33 to 45 percent of the raw
product (by weight), and from 36 to 88 percent in crab
processing (2).
Although the unused raw product contains large amounts of
protein and nutrients, Alaskan processing facilities usually
1
-------
discharge this material directly to receiving waters after
little or no treatment. In recent years, attention has been
directed at assessing the ecological effects (either beneficial
or adverse) which result from these waste discharges. Both the
seafood industry and the EPA have funded research in Alaska to
study the effects of seafood processing at various sites. The
following paragraphs discuss the results of these efforts.
REVIEW OF PREVIOUS ALASKAN STUDIES
In 1970, a preliminary ecological survey of Bristol Bay and
Kodiak Island, Alaska, was performed by the Fisheries Research
Institute of the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
(3). This study was in response to concerns expressed by the
Northwest Canning Industry about the impact of seafood
processing wastes on the receiving waters in the vicinity of
salmon canneries. These investigations indicated no serious or
significant detrimental effect on the ecology of marine
organisms, although the wastes did cause some small depressions
of dissolved oxygen at the surface and bottom in small, highly
localized areas near the points of discharge (3, 4). These
studies further noted that the depressions were not only highly
confined, but were also very transient because of the twice-
daily scouring and flushing effect of the tides. During the
surveys at these two sites, sufficient amounts of oxygen for the
healthy maintenance and growth of organisms were reported to be
-------
present at all times. Similar results at seven processing sites
in British Columbia were reported from studies performed for the
British Columbia Fisheries Association (5).
' A brief water quality survey conducted by the University of
Alaska in Dutch Harbor, Alaska, in 1968 (cited in 6) observed
higher than normal concentrations of ammonia, and lowered
dissolved oxygen resulting from the decomposition of accumulated
seafood wastes on the bottom.
Brickell and Goering (7) reported large concentrations of
ammonium and considerable oxygen depletion in the receiving
waters of Iliuliuk Bay, Dutch Harbor, Alaska, as a result of
canning activity. They concluded—that the decomposition of
seafood material, in a restricted body of water like the bay,
could significantly influence the nitrogen concentration and
availability in this environment, and some of the higher
concentrations might affect marine organisms. They reported
concentrations in the bay as high as 23.8>cg-atom NH, -N/£ ,
while lower concentrations, although still higher than ambient
levels, were observed over tens of square miles of ocean in the
area. Open ocean ambient concentrations of ammonium were
reported at l>cg-atom NH^ -N/£
In addition to their work at Iliuliuk Bay, Brickell and
Goering examined two other systems; a freshwater stream where
salmon spawning occurred, and the receiving estuary where salmon
carcasses accumulated following spawning. Their purpose in
studying these systems was to evaluate a naturally occurring
situation which showed accumulations of organic material in the
3
-------
marine environment similar to the situation observed in the
vicinity of seafood procesing sites. They found that combined
dissolved organic nitrogen and ammonium values in the natural
systems approximated ammonium values in Iliuliuk Bay. These
results suggested that high concentrations of ammonium and
organic nitrogen from salmon decomposition may not be restricted
to waters receiving wastes from seafood processing (7). Their
results also indicated that dissolved organic nitrogen was the
initial breakdown product of salmon decomposition.
Surveys in 1975 and 1976 by U.S. EPA (6) in Iliuliuk
Harbor, Inner Iliuliuk Bay, and Dutch Harbor, Alaska,
encountered low dissolved oxygen concentrations near the bottom,
increased nutrient concentrations within the bays, and
decomposing sludge deposits of seafood wastes. They attributed
these conditions to large amounts of waste discharges which were
not adequately dispersed due to poor current movement and
t
circulation patterns.
Investigations of seven disposal locations used by seafood
processors at Dutch Harbor, Alaska, during October 1976 and
September 1977, found that, although some shellfish wastes were
dispersed by tides, wave surges, and longshore currents, as well
as being fed upon by aquatic organisms, the reduction of the
waste material by these means and by decomposition was not as
great as the rate of waste accumulation from the discharges
(9). This research also recorded adverse impacts of the waste
sludge beds on the benthic environment. The shellfish debris
physically smothered all immobile organisms within a 30 m radius
-------
of the discharge point (8). Benthic communities on the
periphery of the disposal site showed significantly fewer
organisms than were present in control areas.
In 1971, EPA Region X reported on the pollution problem
from shellfish processor discharges in Kodiak Harbor, St. Paul
Harbor, and Gibson Cove, Alaska (9). These three embayments
receive seafood processing wastes from 15 processing plants in
or near the city of Kodiak. This area represents the greatest
concentration of seafood processing plants in the state. In
this study, Provant, et al. (9), observed oxygen concentrations
of less than 6 mg/j, (with some surface-level concentrations as
low as 1.3 mg/jj), and seafood solids accumulation on the bottom
forming large sludge-like deposits. They estimated a bottom
area of roughly 21 hectares (52 acres) to be severely
impacted. Normal benthic marine life was not observed in this
impacted area. Benthic samples obtained near processor outfalls
did not contain any macroscopic forms, while samples collected
further out from the outfalls contained only ooze-dwelling
polychaetes and amphipods. The authors commented that the
occurrence of these benthic organisms attested to the severely
polluted bottom conditions. Sulfide concentrations in the water
were reported to be at levels which might affect the ecological
balance of the waters^ or cause acute or chronic problems for
marine organisms.
In 1971, the National Canners Association (presently
National Food Processors Association) and Petersburg Fisheries
funded a study to evaluate the impacts of seafood disposal by
5
-------
canneries in Petersburg, Alaska (10). The findings of this
\
study indicated that cannery wastes did not appreciably affect
dissolved oxygen concentrations; populations of intertidal fauna
were abundant through the study area; scavenging fish and birds
fed heavily on wastes from the discharge plume; and other water
quality determinations demonstrated rapid dilution and
dispersion of wastes.
Laboratory studies by Nakatani and Beyer (11), assessing
the effects of salmon cannery waste on juvenile salmon,
*
demonstrated that prolonged periods of exposure were required
for these wastes to cause mortalities in selected juvenile
salmonids. Initial mortalities, even at 20,000 ppm of salmon
processing wastes (70 percent of peak discharge concentrations
reported by Nakatani and Beyer (10) for Petersburg, Alaska), did
not occur until after 20 hr of exposure, well beyond the time of
a total tide cycle (11). Additional screening bioassays of the
salmon waste indicated that the factor causing mortalities in
the juvenile salmon was in solution rather than associated with
particulate waste (11).
PURPOSE OF PRESENT STUDY
As indicated in the above discussion, the discharge of
seafood processing wastes has been shown to cause varying
impacts under different hydrological conditions. The present
study is intended to identify the important site-specific
-------
factors which may determine the nature of the ecological impacts
which result from seafood processing operations.
This study examined the marine environment near seafood
cannery outfalls in Kenai and Cordova, Alaska, two Alaskan sites
not previously studied. These sites differ with respect to
hydrological conditions, seafood processed, and length of
processing season.
The major areas of investigation in this study were:
t Aesthetic conditions, e.g. visible conditions in the water
and along the shore
• Waste accumulations on the ocean bottom
t Hydrological conditions (tides and currents)
• Water and sediment quality
• Macrobenthos
-------
MATERIALS AND METHODS
\
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREAS
Field studies were conducted from July 23 to August 2,
1978, at Kenai and Cordova, Alaska. Kenai as sampled during the
period July 23 to 27, and Cordova July 29 to August 2.
Discussions with Alaskan Fish and Game and Alaskan cannery
personnel in May and June, 1978, indicated that peak salmon runs
and processing periods for Kenai and Cordova would probably
occur during mid to late July for Kenai, and late July to early
August for Cordova. Field sampling periods were selected to
coincide as closely as possible with those projected peak
processing times. The M/V Tres Cher, chartered out of Tacoma,
Washington, was used to transport personnel and equipment to and
from the sampling stations and study sites. When conditions
permitted, some water quality sampling of shallow water stations
was performed from a small skiff.
Kenai is located approximately 113 km (70 mi) south-
«
southwest of Anchorage, Alaska, on the western side of the Kenai
Peninsula (60° 33' N latitude, 151° 14' W Longitude) (Figure 1).
Four canneries are located along the Kenai River and all
discharge their processing wastes directly to the river. The
two largest processors are Kenai Packers (KP), located nearest
the mouth of the river, and Columbia-Wards Fisheries (CWF),
located furthest upstream. The respective locations of these
8
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ARCTIC OCEAN
BERING SEA
ANCHORAGE
KENAI
VALDEZ
^CORDOVA
PACIFIC OCEAN
Figure 1. Map of Alaska, showing locations of Kenai and Cordova, Alaska
-------
two canneries and of the general areas surveyed are shown in
\
Figure 2. Locations of sampling stations are shown in Insets A
and B for KP and CWF, respectively. In Inset A of Figure 2,
Stations A and X are shown located furthest downstream from the
KP cannery. Station B1, located at the outfall pipe, receives
wastes from the egghouse and mechanical butchering operations.
Station C' is shown located near the outfall for the hand
butchering operation. Station E is the furthest upstream
station, and Stations L, M, and N served as controls.
In Inset B of Figure 2, Station S is shown located near the
end of the CWF outfall. Officials at CWF were unsure of its
exact location because they were Jipt present when the line was
relaid in the spring. However, they estimated that its location
was the area designated by Station S. Station R is located
downstream from Station S.
Large tidal fluctuations, strong river and tidal currents,
and shallow waters and hidden shoals prevented more extensive
sampling off CWF. Consequently, the heaviest concentration of
samples was collected off KP.
Cordova is located approximately 257 km (160 mi) southeast
of Anchorage, and roughly 80 km (50 mi) south-southeast of
Valdez, Alaska (60° 33' latitude; 145° 66' W longitude)
(Figure 1). Four canneries are located in Cordova; St. Elias
Ocean Products (St. E), North Pacific Processors (NPP), Morpac,
Inc., and New England Fish Company (NEFCO). The locations of
sampling stations for the Cordova survey are shown in Figure
3. Stations N, 0, and P served as control stations.
10
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—ILJLJUL-
nnn?
SCALE (IN METERS)
uL&\\\i\\\\\\i&&r
N
400
Figure 2. Kenai River, Alaska, and location of two study zones (Insets)
-------
N
KENAI PACKERS
CANNERY (KP)
A OUTFALL STATIONS
200 400
sstss.
SCALE (IN METERS)
Figure 2 (Continued), Inset A. Kenai River sampling stations off Kenai Packers Cannery.
-------
MARSH
COLUMBIA WARD /.
FISHERIES
(CWF)
A OUTFALL STATIONS
200
400
SCALE (IN METERS)
Figure 2 (Continued), Inset B. Kenai River sampling stations
off Columbia Ward Fisheries.
13
-------
S3f ORCA
A OUTFALL STATIONS
0 600 1,200
SCALE (IN METERS)
Figure 3. Location of Sampling Sites at Cordova, Alaska.
-------
HYDROLCGIC*' ^TERMINATIONS
Daily tidal range and tidal currents for the two sites were
calculated using National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA) Tide Tables 1978 (12) and Tidal Current Tables 1978
(13). These tables list high and low water predictions for the
Kenai City Wharf (located less than 1 km upstream of KP), tidal
currents for the KP Wharf, tidal height for Cordova Harbor, and
mid-channel tidal current predictions off Cordova. Field
current measurements were not made because of equipment
malfunctions. " ;
WATER QUALITY
Water quality was determined by measurement of the
following parameters: dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity,
transparency, pH, ammonia, organic (Kjeldahl) nitrogen,
orthophosphate, total phosphorus, and hydrogen sulfide.
Water samples for salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and
nutrients were collected with a 3 Ji , opaque, Van Doren water
sampler at bottom, mid- and surface water depths. Duplicate
samples were obtained for each depth.
Nutrient and hydrogen sulfide analyses were made by Dames
and Moore Engineering, Fairbanks, Alaska, after the methods
described in Standard Methods (14) and U.S. EPA Methods for
Chemicajl Analysis of Water and Wastes (15).
15
-------
Dissolved oxygen was measured by a Modified Winkler
procedure (16); temperature with a stem thermometer
o
( 0.1 C); salinity with an American Optical refractometcr
( 0.2%0), Model No. 10419; transparency with a white Secchi disc
(15 cm diameter); and pH with an Orion field pH meter,
Model No. 339A.
SEDIMENT SAMPLES
Four sediment samples were collected at each station using
p
a 0.1 m Van Veen benthic bottom sampler. At Kenai, benthic
samples from stations exposed during low tide were obtained
o
using a rectangular plastic sampler measuring 0.1 m . For the
latter method, the sample area was randomly selected and the
sampler pushed into the sediment. The material within the
sample area was removed to a maximum depth of 16 cm (6 in).
Two of the four sediment samples were used intact for
benthic faunal analysis. These benthic samples were transferred
to 5-gal plastic buckets, fixed immediately with a 10 percent
buffered formalin solution, sealed, and shipped to the
University of Alaska, Sorting Center, Seward, Alaska, for
sorting and identification of benthic organisms. At the Sorting
Center, the samples were deformal ized using diluted ammonia and
then washed on a 1 mm screen. The material retained was
represerved in 10 percent buffered formalin. The material which
passed through the 1 mm screen was retained and washed again on
a 0.5 mm screen.
16
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The 1 mm screen material was placed on a dark green and
white tray in'water. The material was examined on first the
dark, and then the light side of the tray. The organisms
removed were again preserved for later identification.
The material retained on the 0.5 mm screen was drained. A
pie shaped slice was removed for sorting and identification.
Total 0.5 mm sample weight and weight of each fraction were
determined. The numerical values for the organisms identified
in the sample fraction were corrected to the total weight of the
sample.
Three 500 ml plastic screw-cap jars were filled from each
of the remaining two sediment samples for sediment chemistry
analysis. Total organic carbon (TOC), total volatile sol ids
(TVS), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and total sulfide (TS)
determinations on two of the three sub-samples were conducted by
the Analytical Research Laboratory at University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, California. Procedures described in
Standard Methods (14) were used for TKN, TVS, and TS. TOC
determinations were made on 5 g of wet sediment using a LECO TC-
12 Automatic Carbon Analyzer. Particle size distribution
studies on the third sub-sample were determined by SCS
Engineers, Long Beach, after methods described in American
Standards for Testing and Materials (17).
17
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UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAPHY
Underwater video films were taken at Cordova for
indications of seafood processing waste accumulations and
responses by marine organisms to these wastes. Bottom
conditions at each cannery outfall, at mid-channel stations, and
control sites were recorded. Similar filming at Kenai was not
performed because of highly turbid river waters and strong
currents.
BIOLOGICAL INDICES
Fauna! density at each station was calculated as the total
number of individuals of all species (N). Species richness was
estimated as the number of species (S) collected at each station
Species diversity was calculated according to the Shannon-Wiener
formula:
H1
I P1 In Pi (18)
where P.,- = n^/N; P.,- = proportion of
total number of individuals
occurring in species i.
Normal numerical classification of the benthic data was
also performed. The normal classification grouped the stations
according to species similarities, and the species acording to
18
-------
station similarities. The Czekanowski coefficient (19, 10) was
\
used in the normal classification, and was calculated as
follows:
Cz = 2W/{A + B)
where:
A is the sum of the species scores for sample a;
B is the sum of species scores for sample b;
W is the sum of the smaller scores of each species in the
two samples being compared.
All species counts were log transformed using log (X + 1)
(20). After the formation of a matrix of coefficients, a
dendrogram was produced using group-average sorting (21).
Species represented by five or less individuals in all
benthic samples from a given location were not included in the
statistical analyses of benthic macrofaunal data. While it has
been argued that the elimination of rare species may remove
those species which are highly selective in their habitat type,
it has been shown by Field (19) and Day, et al. (22) that rare
species have virtually no effect on community structure analysis
when using the Czekanowski coefficient of similarity. After the
19
-------
initial data reduction, replicate samples from each station were
pooled for quantitiative faunal analysis.
LIMITATIONS TO SAMPLING
At Kenai, strong tidal currents confined all sampling to
the slack water period. The slack following the maximum flood
usually afforded the most time for sample collections (1-2
hr). As tidal currents increased, severe problems with the wire
angle of water bottle and benthic grab lines were encountered,
thus preventing collection of meaningful samples. Tidal
currents at Cordova were not a hindrance to sample collection.
Limitations imposed by field conditions, available field
sampling time, and in-lab sample processing time, prohibited any
additional sampling or resampling of stations or sites.
20
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
KENAI
Description of Seafood Processing Operations
Salmon and herring processing at Kenai occurs from mid-May
through mid-August. Processing of canned and frozen salmon
products occurs from late June through mid-August at both KP and
CWF. -Herring processing at both canneries is limited to mid-
May.
Estimated seafood waste production quantities for these two
Kenai canneries are shown by seafopd type in Tables 1 and 2. As
indicated in these tables, over 1,200 and 1,500 Tons of
processing wastes were produced and discharged to the Kenai
River by KP and CWF, respectively, in 1977. Waste production
figures for the 1978 season were not available; however, it is
anticipated that 1978 waste production figures will exceed those
of 1977 because of record salmon catches for the 1978 season.
Field monitoring studies at Kenai were performed approxi-
mately one week after the peak cannery processing period,
although considerable processing activity was ongoing during the
field sampling. '
Aesthetic Conditions
At KP, discoloration of surface waters and accumulations of
V ... -
nonground fish parts (heads, fins, viscera, and roe) were
observed at one discharge point (Station B1) during periods of
21
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TABLE 1
ESTIMATED SEAFOOD WASTE PRODUCTION
KENAI PACKERS *
Type of Waste
Salmon
Tanner Crab
Dungeness Crab
Halibut
Herring
Waste Quantity (Tons/year)
1977
1,290
1976
994
104
1975
666
109
TABLE 2
ESTIMATED SEAFOOD WASTE PRODUCTION
COLUMBIA-WARDS FISHERIES*
Type of Waste
Salmon
Tanner Crab
Dungeness Crab
Halibut
Herring
Waste Quantity (Tons/year)
1977
1,550
1976
1975
1,560
101
717
0.6
Ref. 23
22
-------
slack low water. At this discharge point, wastes were being
discharged above the low-tide level, resulting in pinkish
surface discolorations and whole-fish waste accumulations on
shore near the discharge (Figure 4). According to KP Cannery
U4*
officials, whole, -^o-aground wastes were being discharged because
the grinder was inoperative. These effects were limited to an
area of riverbank and adjacent littoral region 15 m downstream
from the discharge at low tide. Beyond 15 m, currents
sufficiently diluted the surface discolorations. The combined
action of currents and tidal fluctuations removed the
accumulated fish wastes to the extent that the shore was clean
by VK€ 1 ow tide jof the following morning. Sediment samples and
general observations of river margins further downstream
(Stations A and X) did not indicate the presence of any fish
parts. The extent, if any, of upstream transport of these
wastes during flood tides was not investigated.
No surface effluent plume or fish wastes were observed at
or near Station C1 (hand butchering outfall). However, a waste
stream was apparent through portions of the dock-face, resulting
in the discoloration of the waters immediately adjacent to the
dock-face near the egghouse at slack waters of low-tide, and in
the accumulation of waste materials on the exposed riverbank
portions at the base of the wharf. The origin of this waste
stream was not apparent, since the' entire understructure of the
wharf is concealed by exterior siding. According to cannery
personnel, however, a waste collection line does run under the
23
-------
4a. Seafood processing waste stream .discharged
above low water level.
... .... ..,.
4b. Accumulations of whole fish parts on
Kenai River bank immediately downstream
of cannery outfall.
figure 4. Evidence of seafood waste accumulations
near Kenai Packers Cannery outfall,
24
-------
wharf from the mechanical-butchering area connecting into the
egghouse discharge line and leaks in this line may have been the
source of the dock-face waste stream. As in the case of the
waste accumulations at Station B1, changes in tidal height and
currents removed these accumulations and diluted surface
discolorations on a daily basis.
At CWF, the grinder system was in operation during the
field sampling, and no surface discolorations, or floating
debris, were observed near the CWF sampling stations.
Decreases in water transparency as the result of cannery
discharges were not assessed because of naturally high
concentrations of suspended material, primarily glacial fines,
in the Kenai River.
Bottom Accumulations
Underwater photography was not performed at Kenai because
water transparency was severely limited by high concentrations
of suspended glacial fines.
Hydrological Conditions
Tidal height data for Kenai is presented in Table 3. As
indicated in this table maximum diurnal tidal ranges of 8.1 m
were encountered at Kenai. The extent of diurnal variation in
tidal height at KP Wharf are shown in Figure 5. Figure 5a
indicates tidal height on July 25 near maximum flood tide and
Figure 5b during ebb tide. Tidal current data for the Kenai
River at the KP Wharf is listed in Table 4.
25
-------
TABLE 3 . TIDAL DATA FOR KENAI, ALASKA
JULY 23-JULY 26, 1978,*
LW
Date
July 23 -0.3
(-1.0)
July 24 -0.2
(-0.5)
July 25 0.1
(0.3)
July 26 0.4
(1.3)
HW
LW
HW Maximum Diurnal Range
meters ifeetj
6.9
(22.8)
6.5
(21.3)
5.9
(19.4)
5.3
(17.5)
-1.2
(-3.9)
-0.6
(-2.1)
0.0
(0.0)
0.7
(2.3)
6.8
(22.4)
6.6
(21.5)
6.2
(20.3)
5.8
(19.0)
8.1
(26.7)
7.2
(23.6)
6.2
(20.4)
5.4
(17.7)
*Ref. 13
Legend: LW
HW
Low Water
High Water
26
-------
TABLE 4. TIDAL CURRENT DATA FOR KENAI, ALASKA
JULY 23-JULY 26, 1978*
Maximum Tidal Current
Date
July 23
July 24
July 25
July 26
Flood
1.9
(1.0)
1.7
(0.9)
1.5
(0.8)
1.1
(0.6)
Ebb
In km/hr
4.1
(2.2)
3.5
(1.9)
2.8
(1.5)
2.2
(1.2)
Flood
(knots)
2.0
(1.1)
3.2
(1.7)
1.5
(0.8)
1.3
(0.7)
Ebb
3.3
(1.8)
1.7
(0.9)
2.6
(1.4)
2.4
(1.3)
*Ref. 14
27
-------
5a. Tidal height off Kenai Packers near maximum
flood tide.
5b. Tidal height off Kenai Packers during'ebb tide.
Figure 5.
Variations in tidal height at Kenai Packers
Cannery, Kenai, Alaska.
28
-------
The combined action of tidal currents and large daily
\
variations in tidal height appeared to sufficiently flush the
Kenai River of seafood processing wastes. As discussed in an
earlier section, no persistent accumulations of processing
wastes were observed. Wastes which did accumulate on shore near
one KP outfall and below the KP wharf at low tide were removed
by the low tide of the next tidal cycle.
Water Qua!ity
Water quality data for Kenai River sampling stations are
presented in Table 5.
Surface dissolved oxygen values for all stations measured
at or near saturation. The lowest oxygen measurement (8.5 rng/n)
V
. v/
was from bottom water at Station C. Values of 9.0 mg/s. or
greater were typically observed, and there were no indications
of depressed oxygen values at any station.
Variations in temperature were primarily a function of
tidal cycle, the degree of mixing, density differences between
brackish and fresh water, and sampling date. Some samples
collected during slack water of ebb or flood tides showed no
stratification of temperature or salinity. Other stations
(e.g., E, F, X, and R), demonstrated inverse temperature and
salinity stratification during sampling, resulting from tidal
flow, water density differences, and incomplete mixing.
Evidence of tidal cycle influence was shown at Stations G and
H. Although these stations were sampled on the same date,
sampling occurred during different portions of the tidal cycle.
29
-------
TABLE 5 , WATER QUALITY AND DEPTH FOR KENAI RIVER SAMPLING STATIONS.
Station
Parameter AB B'C C'O EF G H X R ST
Date (1978)
Time
Depth (m)
Dissolved Oxygen S
(mg/l) M
B
Temperature S
(°C) H
B
Salinity S
(%.) M
B
S
pH H
B
Seech 1 Depth
Ammonia S
(mg/l) H
B
Organic Nitrogen S
(mg/t) H
B
Orthophosphate S
(mg/*) H
B
Total Phosphorus S
(mg/1) H
B
Sulfide S
(mg/l) M
B
7/26
1600
0.3
10.8
12.4
0.0
6.6
—
ND
0.03
ND
0.03
ND
7/24
0600
8.5
9.0
9.0
12.4
12.3
12.3
25
26
26
7.3
7.3
7.4
0.23
ND
ND
ND
0.10
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
ND
ND
ND
7/26
1630
0.3
10.9
12.3
0.0
6.6
--
NO
0.03
NO
0.02
ND
7/23
0650
9.9
9.3
9.0
8.5
12.0
12.0
12.0
22.0
24.0
23.5
8.1
8.0
8.1
0.20
0.04
<0.02
0.02
0.08
0.05
0.06
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.04
ND
ND
ND
7/26
1700
0.3
10.6
13.0
0.0
6.6
—
0.04
0.04
ND
0.02
<0.004
7/26
1500
0.3
10.9
12.4
0.0
6.5
—
ND
0.03
ND
0.03
NO
7/25
0720
6.3
• 9.5
9.1
8.9
12.0
12.4
12.4
19.0
22.0
25.0
7.6
7.6
7.7
--
0.03
ND
ND
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.03
ND
ND
ND
7/25
0750
8.8
9.9
9.0
9.2
11.6
12.1
12.2
11.0
21.0
25.0
7.4
7.5
7.6
--
ND
ND
ND
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
ND
ND
0.005
7/23
1500
7.0
10.0
10.1
10.7
11.1
11.2
11.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
6.4
6.9
7.3
0.20
<0.02
ND
<0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
ND
ND
ND
0.03
0.03
0.02
ND
ND
ND
7/23
1430
12
9.1
8.9
9.1
12.7
12.7
12.7
21.0
24.0
24.0
6.8
7.4
7.7
—
0.02
ND
ND
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
ND
ND
ND
7/26
0830
7.8
9.7
9.0
9.0
11.6
12.2
12.2
22.0
24.0
26.0
7.9
7.6
7.7
—
ND
ND
0.02
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.05
ND
0.004
• ND
7/26
0900
6.5
10.2
9.5
9.5
12.0
12.1
12.2
3.0
12.0
20.0
6.7
7.5
7.6
—
ND
ND
ND
0.02
0.02
0.02
ND
ND
ND
.ND
0.02
ND
ND
ND
ND
7/26
0800
6.5
10.0
10.2
9.6
12.0
12.0
12.1
0.0
0.0
9.0
6.5
6.6
7.4
--
ND
ND
ND
0,03
0.02
0.02
ND
ND
NO
ND
ND
0.02
ND
ND
ND
7/26
072(
5.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
11.9
11.9
11.9
~TTo
0.0
0.0
6.7
6.8
6.6
--
ND
ND
ND
0.02
0.03
0.02
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
CO
o
-------
Salinity showed the most dramatic daily fluctuations of the
parameters examined. Salinity values ranges from fresh water
conditions (0.0%o) during ebb tides to brackish water
concentrations (<26%o) during flood tides. This daily
fluctuation was solely a function of tidal exchange, and any
contribution from cannery discharges would have been
negligible. The greatest range in daily fluctuations occurred
/
/
at KP because of its closer proximity to saline ocean waters.
Fluctuations of 12%o were observed in the river off CWF. \
\
.Variations in pH between stations appeared to parallel
salinity changes. Lower pH values (6.4-6.7) were observed
during ebb tides, while higher pH values corresponded to flood
tides.
The low secchi depth values resulted from the high
concentrations of suspended glacial fines in the water. This
4
suspended matter greatly reduced water transparency.
Nutrient concentrations were extremely low in the river
water and in many instances were below or only slightly above
minimum detection limits. Variations in nutrient concentrations
between stations were not apparent with the possible exception
of higher Kjeldahl nitrogen concentrations at Stations B and
C. At the range of concentrations observed, these differences
may not be important.
Sulfide values were generally below detection limits or at
concentrations which were insignificant.
31
-------
Sediment Particle Size
Sixteen stations were sampled for particle size
distribution of Kenai River sediments. Particle size
distributions for these stations are shown in Table 6.
Substantial variation existed between stations, largely as a
function of the river configuration, current, and sediment
deposition patterns. In the narrower portions of the river off
CWF (Stations R, S, and T), currents scour the bottom and carry
away the finer sized material. Gravel and sand were
characteristic of the sediment at these stations. As the
channel curves downstream from CWF (Figure 2), the riverbank is
eroded and some of the eroded material is carried downstream
with the current. This material is deposited, in part, further
downstream at Stations L, M, and N. Formation of eddies and
bars as the river channel widens toward the mouth will also
cause deposition of material along these features. Although
these features are transient in nature, they may account for the
high sand content observed at Stations E, F, and H. The
riverbank, including the portion housing the KP cannery, is
another point of erosion, and patchy, exposed areas of clay and
sand were commonly observed along this stretch at low tide.
Higher percentages of silt and clay were found in material
collected along this portion of the river (Stations A, B1, C',
and D).
Sediment Chemistry
Results of sediment chemistry analyses for 16 stations in
the Kenai River are shown in Table 7. Sediment chemistry was
32
-------
co
*
Legend
TABLE 6 . SIZE DISTRIBUTION (PERCENT WEIGHT) OF KENAI RIVER SEDIMENT SAMPLES.
Station
Size Class
Gravel*
Sandt
Silt*
Clay**
A
5
49
29
17
B B'
- 0
- 46
- 32
- 22
C
50
44
4
2
C'
9
29
34
28
D
28
22
28
22
E
6
.90
4
0
F
7
89
4
0
G
96
4
0
0
H
8
85
2
5
L
2
92
2
4
M
0
96
1
3
N
4
84
7
5
X
30
66
4
0
R
35
63
2
0
S
93
7
0
0
T
42
51
5
2
Gravel - >2 mm
ISand - 50 microns to 2 mm
*JSilt - 2-50 microns
Clay - >2 microns
-------
TABLE 7 . SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY DATA FOR KENAI RIVER SAMPLING STATIONS.
Station
A B D' C . C' D E F H L H N X R S* T_
Volatile
Solids
(%) 1.57 2.22 1.35 0.78 0.80 2.73 1.49 1.20 1.16 1.22 0.93 1.16 1.32 1.55 1.60 1.44
Total
Organic
Carbon
(X) 0.245 0.282 0.34 0.07 0.33 0.32 0.097 0.096 0.07 0.064 0.060 0.091 0.092 0.105 0.110 0.06
Total
Sulflde
(mg/kg) (dry) 43.4 39.7 290 28.5 72.8 75.5 24.3 58.6 33.5 44.9 43.2 34.5 23.5 28.5 125.0 65.3
Total
Kjeldahl
Nitrogen 107 98 100 46.6 123 68.6 26.3 390 74.6 92 45.3 46.2 30.1 26.3 30.6 46.9
(mg/kg) (dry)
*No replicate.
-------
not performed on Station G sediment because of limited sample
material. TVS content in the river sediment was low, with the
highest values occurring at Stations B (2.22 percent) and D
(2.73 percent). TVS content in outfall station sediments was
among the lowest in value. Although TOC concentrations were
highest at the two KP outfall stations (B1 and C'), high TOC
values were also measured at stations downstream (Station A),
and upstream (Stations B and D) of the outfalls. At this time,
it is not clear whether the higher TOC concentrations at
Stations A, B', B, C', and D are the result of cannery
discharges or naturally high TOC concentrations in the sediment
at these stations. Stations C, L, M, and N had the lowest TOC
values. TOC concentrations at Stations R and S were nearly
twice the concentration at Station T. Although all three of the
CWF stations had sediment that was predominantly sand and
gravel, the higher TOC values at Station S and downstream at
Station R, suggested the possible influence of cannery
discharges on sediment TOC values at these stations. Total
sulfide was highest at outfall Stations B1 and S.
Macrobenthos
Sediment samples for benthic macrofaunal analysis were
collected from all stations except B, C, and S. Adequate-size
samples for benthic analysis could not be obtained at these
stations despite repeated grab attempts. A list of the
35
-------
organisms found at each station in the 1 mm, 0.5 mm, and
combined screenings are given in Tables 8, 9, and 10,
respectively. Density and species richness values for the
combined screening data are shown in Table 11.
The 1 mm screening data in Table 8 indicated that
oligochetes and, to a lesser degree, gammarid amphipods were the
only macrobenthic organisms occurring in significant numbers.
The 0.5 mm screening data (Table 9), however, revealed the
presence of two additional animal groups, nematodes and
piatyhelminths, with nematodes clearly the dominant species, of
the four groups. The appearance of nematodes and pi atyhelminths
in the 0.5 mm screenings also demonstrated the importance of
performing the 0.5 mm screening on benthic samples. The station
occurrence, richness, and density of species had clearly changed
from the conditions described by the 1.0 mm data. Without the
0.5 mm data, an inaccurate description of the benthic community
in the Kenai River would have been made.
The combined macrobenthic data presented in Table 10 showed
that nematodes and oligochaetes were the dominant macrobenthic
species, with nematodes being the principal dominant. Nematode
and oligochaete abundance was greatest in sediment with a high
percentage of sand (e.g., Stations E, F, M, X, and R). Although
these organisms were able to utilize a sand habitat, a sand
habitat can also restrict colonization by some benthic
organisms. Sediment with high sand content may exclude those
36
-------
TABLE 8 STATION LIST OF MACROBENTHOS OF
KENAI RIVER SEDIMENTS ( 1 mm SCREENINGS) *
co
B1
C1
STATION
D
II
M
R
Gammaridae
Oligochaeta
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
8 13
000
127f 173f 0
0
4
0
7
1
41
2
328
14
276
* Unless otherwise noted, abundance values represent mean of replicate samples
t
No replicate.
-------
TABLE 9. STATION LIST OF MACROBENTHOS OF KENAI RIVER
SEDIMENTS (0.5 mm SCREENINGS).*
CO
oo
STATION
Gammaridae
Oligochaeta
Nematoda
Platyhelminthes
A
0
17
0
0
B1
0
0
43
0
C
0
0
11
0
D E
0 0
75+ 1,863
2+ 1,775
0 0
F
0
0
2,250
0
G
0
110+
268+
0
H
0
288+
403+
0
L
0
0
625
0
M
0
0
2,750
250
N
0
1,000
179
0
X
21
489
595
0
R
0
1,352
7,960
0
T
0
561
149
82
* Unless otherwise noted, abundance values represent mean of replicate samples.
+ No replicate.
-------
TABLE 10. STATION LIST OF MACROBENTHOS OF KENAI RIVER
SEDIMENTS ( 1 AND 0.5 mm SCREENINGS)*
VO
STATION
Gammaridae
Oligochaeta
Nematod a
Platyhelminthes
A
0
17
0
0
B1
0
0
43
0
C1
0
0
11
0
D
0
79+
2+
0
E
0
1,863
1,775
0
F
0
13
2,250
0
G
0
237+
268+
0
H
0
461+
403*
0
L
0
0
625
0
M
0
4
2,750
250
N
0
1,007
174
0
X
22
530
595
0
R
2
1,680
7,930
0
T
14
837
149
82
* Unless otherwise noted, abundance values represent mean of replicate samples.
+ No replicate.
-------
TABLE 11. DENSITY (N), AND SPECIES RICHNESS (S)
VALUES OF KENAI RIVER BENTHIC SAMPLES
(COMBINED 1 AND 0.5 mm SCREENING DATA).
Station _N_ A
A 17 1
B1 43 1
C' 11 1
D 81 2
E 3,638 2
F 2,263 2
G 505 2
H 864 2
L 625 1
M 3,004 3
N 1,181 2
X' 1,147 3
R 9,612 3
T 1,082 4
40
-------
benthic forms which require a less coarse sediment for tube
building, or some organisms which are surface detrital and
deposit feeders. The limitations imposed by a sandy habitat may
explain the low species richness observed at these stations.
Species density, and species richness were greatest at
Stations R and T, respectively. Daily salinity changes at these
stations are less than at the other sampling stations, and this
factor may make the sediment environment at Stations R and T
more suitable to benthic organisms. Species density was
greatest at Station R. Although this station is located
downstream of CWF, without benthic samples from Station S and
between Stations R and S, it cann.ot be concluded that the
greater density was associated with CWF waste processing
discharges.
Depauperate macrobenthic conditions were reported for
Stations A, B1, C1, and D. At this time, it is not clear
whether these conditions were the result of cannery discharges
or were due to sediment type. Sediment clay content was highest
at these stations, and this factor may have restricted habitat
utilization by burrowing benthic forms. Some parameter not
tested in this study may also have been responsible.
Community structure analyses of the Kenai River
macrobenthos data were not performed because of the low number
of species.
41
-------
As a whole, the Kenai River benthic community is poorly
developed. Attempts to associate cannery discharges to the
observed benthic conditions were inconclusive. Limitations on
habitat utilization imposed by sediment type, tidal induced
scouring and burial by bottom sediments, and daily salinity
changes are probably the major factors responsible for low
species richness and the generally poorly developed benthic
community.
42
-------
CORDOVA
Description of Seafood Processing Operations
Seafood processing at Cordova differs somewhat from
Kenai. In addition to processing several salmon species, Tanner
and Dungeness crab, halibut, and herring are also processed.
Unlike Kenai, the seafood processing season at Cordova can run
year-round. The actual length of the Cordova season is
dependent upon the seafood catch. The salmon processing season
typically runs from early July through mid-August. Dungeness
crab processing runs from June through October, and Tanner crab
from mid-November through June. • .
Estimated 1977 seafood waste production quantities are
shown by seafood type in Tables 12, 13, and 14, for St. E, NPP,
and NEFCO, respectively. Although written requests for waste
production data were sent in September, 1978y to the home
offices of all processing plants associated with the marine
monitoring program (E. C. Jordan, personal communication), a
response was not received from Morpac, Inc. For the years shown
in Tables 12 and 13, crab processing wastes ranged from 19 to 50
percent of the total waste produced. Waste production figures
for the 1978 season were not available.
At Cordova, 1978 seasonal fish catches and processing
levels were far below pre-season estimates. Consequently,
operations at three of the canneries (St. E., NPP, and Morpac)
were at less than half their normal seasonal levels when the
43
-------
TABLE 12
ESTIMATED SEAFOOD WASTE PRODUCTION
ST. ELIAS OCEAN PRODUCTS*
Type of Waste
Salmon
Tanner Crab
Dungeness Crab
Halibut
Herring
1977
951
108
45.5
-
•
Waste Quantity
1976
749
710
14.0
-
-
(Tons/year)
1975
425
390
48.2
-
-
TABLE 13
ESTIMATED SEAFOOD WASTE PRODUCTION
NORTH PACIFIC PROCESSORS, INC. *
Type of Waste
Salmon
Tanner Crab
Dungeness Crab
Halibut
Herring
1977
1,260
337
0.4
1.0
-
Waste Quantity
1976
1,040
240
-
1.0
-
(Tons /year)
1975
890
797
2.1
-
—
Ref. 23
44
-------
TABLE 14
ESTIMATED SEAFOOD WASTE PRODUCTION
NEW ENGLAND FISH COMPANY*
Waste Quantity (Tons/year)
Type of Waste 1977 • 1976 1975
Salmon 1,150 843
Tanner Crab -- --
Dungeness Crab
Halibut
Herring 18.3
*Ref. 23 *
45
-------
field sampling was conducted. The majority of the processing at
this time was of Dungeness crab. One cannery, NEFCO, never
opened because of the poor season. However, some field samples
were collected from two stations at the NEFCO Cannery in an
effort to assess conditions at an outfall area in which no waste
discharges had occurred for nearly a year.
Aesthetic Conditions
Some surface discolorations and floating debris were
observed near the St. E.dock and in the vicinity of the NPP
outfall. At the St. E. dock, the major, aesthet.jc problem was
from floating debris associated with the dumping of whole crab
shells and some crab appendages off the center of the dock.
According to cannery officials, this practice occurred because
the cannery grinder system was inoperative and alternative
methods for disposal of processing wastes were not available.
The majority of this waste sank to the bottom shortly after
dumping and comparatively small amounts remained on the surface.
At NPP, a surface plume was observed in the vicinity of the
cannery outfall following each discharge. The effluent caused a
whitish-yellow discoloration of the surface water. Considerable
feeding by sea gulls on larger particulate matter in the surface
plume occurred. Because of the intermittent nature of the
discharges, the plume was not continuous. However, patches of
floating debris from previous discharges were recorded over 45 m
from the discharge point.
No aesthetic problems were observed at Morpac, NEFCO, or
the non-outfall stations.
46
-------
Bottom Accumulations
Underwater photography of the St. E. discharge line and
outfall area revealed that the line was broken off approximately
2 m from the cannery dock. Prior to this observation, the plant
manager had estimated the outfall to be located in the inlet,
approximately 45 to 60 m off the cannery dock. According to the
manager, the line had once extended at least 75 m from the
northwest corner of the dock toward Station C; however, at least
half of the line had broken off when a fully loaded tender koat—
set on the line during a low-tide in late spring. No evidence
of the broken section was recorded in the films. Sediment
deposition in the bottom of the 2.m portion indicated that this
discharge line had not been recently used. Twenty to thirty
large starfish were attached to the line, and several were also
attached to nearby pilings.
Video films taken of the inlet bottom, to a distance of 15
m directly off the end of the broken outfall, showed a few
scattered fish heads in various states of decomposition and
empty crab shells. Numerous flatfish (halibut and starry
flounder) were also observed feeding off the bottom in this
immediate area. Judging by the sediment buildup in the pipe, it
appeared that no discharges had recently occurred, and the area
in front of the pipe was relatively clean.
Bottom conditions below the center of the dock-face and to
a distance of 15 m off the dock were also filmed. Directly
below the dock approximately 80 percent of the bottom was
47
-------
covered with whole empty crab shells and some crab appendages.
In some areas the shells were piled on top of one another to a
height of 25-30 cm. At a distance of 3 m, the piles thinned
out. At 5 m the coverage was estimated at 50 percent and no
piles or layering of shells were observed. Flatfish were
abundant and actively swimming and feeding in the area of the
larger piles. A large ray was observed on top of one of the
piles and a few live adult Dungeness crabs were also noted in
this area. At 10 and 15 m from the dock the bottom was
comparatively clean with approximately 5 percent coverage by
empty crab shells. The percent coverage of crab shells under
the dock was very low, 1 percent .or less. From the film record
9
it appeared that the greatest accumulation of crab wastes
occurred directly below the center of the dock, and extended in
a semi-circle out from the dock for a distance of 5m. The
center of this impacted area was approximately 16 m from the St.
E. outfall.
At NPP, the discharge pipe consists of an approximate 30 m
long 10 cm steel pipe which runs off the northwest corner of the
cannery and into the inlet. The line was in use and several
discharges occurred during the filming period.
The pipe is supported roughly 25 cm off the bottom, and
discharges from the pipe have cut a trough 3 m wide and over
6 m long in front of the outfall. The depth of the trough could
not be determined because of debris in the trough. The trough
contained considerable fish and crab processing wastes of
48
-------
various sizes. Numerous fish tails and heads were observed
although crab exoskeletal wastes were estimated at 90 percent of
the waste material. The crab wastes averaged 5 cm in size. At
one point, the diver pushed his arm into the waste pile up to
his shoulder and did not touch a hard bottom. Considerably
greater fish activity was observed around this waste pile than
at Station E. At any one time during the filming, the diver
reported minimally 40-50 flatfish measuring 0.3 m or larger in
length. Discharges which occurred during the filming did not
contain particles the size of those represented in the trough.
The discharges were murky and appeared to consist of only fine
particulate matter. • .
At Morpac, the discharge pipe terminates at the end of the
cannery dock, where the pipe makes a right angle turn down into
the water and ends approximately 1.5 m above the bottom
• Yf v ? i £• «-7
(Station I). Discharges from the pipe are, therefore, J~' *~~~*'
jLowr rather than horizontally. This discharge pattern has
created a depression in the bottom directly below the outfall
which is approximately 0.6 m deep. Surface sediment in this
depression, and for a circular area of 12-16 m in diameter
around the depression, consisted of a layer of primarily silt
and finely ground fish and crab parts. The layer appeared to be
15 to 30 cm deep, and in some instances the diver could not
discern the type of waste because the particle size was so
small. The waste material appeared to be more finely ground
than at the NPP outfall and it did not appear as fresh as the
49
-------
waste debris at NPP or at the crab pile near station St. E.
According to cannery officials, processing had occurred during
this season, but at reduced levels. It could not be determined
whether the observed waste layer represented accumulations from
this year, previous years, or both. Very few flatfish were seen
in this outfall area. Some starfish and sea anemones were
attached to a piece of pipe rising out of the bottom.
Two disposal areas are used at the NEFCO Cannery.
Processing wastes are discharged off the end of a gurry trough
(Station GT), or through a 120 m long flexible plastic discharge
pipe. This discharge pipe is laid in the inlet off the cannery
(Station N-0) when the cannery ts in operation.
Films of the bottom at Station GT showed no evidence of
processing waste accumulations from previous years. The
sediment appeared to be primarily sand and silt with numerous
«
burrows in the sediment. No organisms were identified with
these burrows during the filming. Very few flatfish were
observed in this area.
At Station N-0, the bottom was also clean with a few
scattered empty clam shells. No crab or fish debris from
previous years was apparent. Within a few meters of Station N-
0, an area covered by a 15 cm layer of wood chips, clam shells,
and silt was noted, but the dimensions of the layer were not
recorded. The origin of the wood chips and the reason for their
appearance at this station is not presently known. Several
large brown algae (4-6 m in length), flatfish, and active crabs
were recorded in this area.
50
-------
Bottom conditions at Station M and at a station mid-way
between Stations K and L were very similar. No crab shells or
fish parts were observed, although the incidence of empty
mollusc shells and shell fragments was high; in some areas
viewed, bottom coverage was estimated at over 50 percent at both
points. A few flatfish measuring 30 cm or less in length were
viewed, as well as other unidentified small fish, and several
epibenthic invertebrates. The invertebrates included hermit
crabs, decorator crabs, and sea anemones.
Films of Stations N, 0, and P showed these stations to have
similar bottom conditions. The bottom appeared to be
predominantly sand with irregular troughs and ridges caused by
bottom currents. Detrital material had collected along the
ridges and was noticeably darker in color than the surrounding
sand. The bottom was virtually barren except for a few whole
mollusc shells which measured less than 1 cm in width. Very few
flatfish were observed, and these were small (<15 cm in length).
Hydrological Conditions
Tidal height data for Cordova is listed in Table 15.
Maximum tidal fluctuation at Cordova measured 3.7 m, or less
than half of the tidal range values observed at Kenai.
Tidal current data for the mid-channel and control stations
is listed in Table 16. Distinct ridge and swale patterns on the
sediment surface and the generally barren sediment surface, as
revealed by the underwater films, gave further evidence of
strong tidal current action at these stations.
51
-------
TABLE 15. TIDAL DATA FOR CORDOVA, ALASKA
JULY 29-AUGUST 1, 1978*
Date
July 29
July 30
July 31
August 1
LW
HW
LW
HW M<
meters ^reet
0.5
(1.8)
0.4
(1.3)
0.2
(0.7)
0.0
(0.0)
2.6
(8.4)
2.7
(8.9)
2.9
(9.4)
3.1
(10.0)
1.3
(4.3)
1.3
(4.2)
1.2
(3.9)
1.0
(3.4)
3.4
(11.1)
3.5
(11.4)
3.6
(11.7)
3.7
(12.1)
iximum Diurnal Range
)
2.9
(9.3)
3.1
(10.1)
3.4
(n.o)
3.7
(12.1)
*Ref... 13
Legend: LW = Low Water
HW = High Water
52
-------
TABLE 16. TIDAL CURRENT DATA FOR MID-CHANNEL AND CONTROL STATIONS
IN ORCA INLET, CORDOVA, ALASKA, JULY 26-AUGUST 1, 1978.
Maximum Tidal Current
Date
July 29
July 30
July 31
August 1
Ebb
2.8
(1.5)
3.0
(1.6)
3.3
(1.8)
3.7
(2.0)
Flood
In km/hr
1.3
(0.7)
1.5
(0.8)
1.9
(1.0)
2.0
(1.1)
Ebb
(knots)
1.9
(1.0)
2.0
(1.1)
2.4
(1.3)
2.8
(1.5)
Flood
1.5
(0.8)
1.5
(0.8)
1.7
(0.9)
1.9
(1.0)
*Ref. 14
53
-------
Although current measurements were not made at the cannery
outfall or dumping areas, the extent of waste accumultion at St.
E. and at NPP suggested that currents and tidal flushing were
insufficient to adequately disperse the wastes at these two
sites. At the Morpac outfall (Station I), the wastes appeared
to be more evenly distributed along the bottom, but their
persistence indicated insufficient flushing action to fully
clean this outfall area of debris. The absence of waste debris
at both NEFCO outfalls suggested that the NEFCO discharge areas
received good flushing action and that problems with persistent
waste accumultions did not occurr.
Water Quality • :
Water quality data for Cordova stations are presented in
Table 17.
Dissolved oxygen concentrations were generally 10 mg/£, or
higher, and at no stations were there indications of depressed
oxygen concentrations. Temperature values indicated a pattern
of surface heating and stratification by late afternoon,
followed by breakdown of this stratification during the night,
and a return to near isothermal conditions by morning.
Shallower water stations B, E, and F developed higher bottom
water temperatures resulting from surface to bottom mixing over
these shallower depth ranges. At one deeper station, the NPP
o
outfall, bottom temperature was higher (13.5 C) than would have
been expected from water column mixing alone. The higher value
reported for bottom water at this station was probably the
result of cannery discharge of warmer water effluent.
54
-------
TABLE 17. WATER QUALITY AND DEPTH FOR CORDOVA SAMPLING STATIONS.
Parameter
Date (1978)
Time
Depth (m)
Dissolved Oxygen S
(mg/t.) M
B
Temperature S
(°C) M
B
Salinity c
(%.) 5
B
S
pit n
B
Seechl Depth (m)
Ammonia S
(mg/t) M
B
Organic Nitrogen S
(mg/£) M
B
Orthophosphate S
(mg/l) M
B
Total Phosphorus S
(mg/£) M
B
Sulflde jj
(mgAO J
A
7/30
0950
6.5
10.7
10.7
10.2
11.9
11.5
11.5
25.0
25.0
27.0
8.1
7.8
7.7
1.89
NDf
ND
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.06
0.02
ND
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.03
ND
ND
ND
Stat1°"S St. NEFCO NEFCO
B C D E f G H I J K L M N 0 P NPP Ellas GT N-0
7/30
1550
1.1
10.3
11.1
13.8
13^6
26.0
28.JL.
8.1
8.1
-
0.06
0.02
0.06
0.09
0.05
0.03
0.05
0.05
ND
ND
7/29
1835
12.5
10.8
10.7
10.1
13.0
12.4
11.7
28.0
30.0
28.0
8.2
8.1
8.2
2.00
7/29
1755
8.8
10.9
10.9
10.2
13.5
12.2
11.9
29.0
30.0
29.0
8.2
0.2
8.2
2.09
ND <0.02
0.021 ND
ND <0.02
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.03
ND
ND
ND
0.03
0.02
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
ND
NO
ND
7/30
1610
0.8
10.8
10.7
13.4
13.3
28.0
2L-Q_
8.1
8.1
-
0.12
0.03
0.15
0.06
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
ND
ND
7/30
1630
1.0
10.8
10.9
13.3
13.3
27.0
28.0
8.2
8.2
-
0.11
0.09
0.13
0.12
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.05
ND
ND
7/30
1035
7.5
10.8
10.6
10.0
12.0
11.6
11.4
26.0
28.0
28.0
8.1
8.2
8.2
2.15
ND
ND
cO.02
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.04
ND
ND
ND
7/30
1125
6.8
10.6
10.7
10.1
12.1
11.6
11.6
28.0
28.0
28.0
8.1
7.8
7.7
1.70
ND
ND
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.08
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.05
ND
ND
ND
7/30
1200
7.5
10.9
10.6
10.0
12.1
11.4
11.4
27.0
30.0
29.0
7.9
8.2
8.2
1.6
0.04
0.02
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.04
ND
ND
0.005
7/30
1300
10.5
10.7
10.0
9.9
11.8
11.1
11.1
26.0
30.0
30.0
7.7
8.2
8.1
2.0
NO
ND
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.04
ND
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.03
ND
ND
ND
7/29
1720
8.5
10.9
10.7
10.5
13.4
12.4
11.6
30.0
30.0
30.0
8.2
8.T
8.1
2.24
ND
<0.02
ND
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.02
ND
ND
ND
T/2T
1635
8.0
11.1
11.4
10.6
13.5
12.0
11.9
28.0
28.0
28.0
8.1
8.1
8.0
2. 25
ND
0.02
ND
0.03
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.03
ND
ND
ND
7/29
1600
18.0
10.9
11.1
10.0
13.1
11.7
11.8
28.0
28.0
28.0
7.9
7.7
7.8
2.43
ND
ND
ND
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.04
ND
ND
ND
8/1
950
9
10.3
9.9
10.3
11.7
11.4
11.5
28.0
28.0
28.0
8.2
8.2
8.2
2.0
ND
ND
ND
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.03
0.03
ND
0.03
0.03
0.03
ND
NO
ND
a/i
1100
8
10.2
10.0
10.0
12.5
11.5
11.7
27.0
28.0
28JL
8.2
8.2
8.1
1.95
ND
ND
NO
0.04
0.03
0.04
ND
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
NO-
ND
ND
a/i
1200
8
11.1
12.8
28.0
8.2
-
ND
o.o;
«0.02
ND
ND
//3I
1345
3.5
10.4
10.5
10.5
13.0
13.5
28.0
25.0
24.0
7.9
8.1
8.1
1.62
0.11
0.08
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.23
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.05
ND
ND
0.011
7/31
1500
3
10.7
10.3
13.6
13.6
26.0
27.0
8.1
8.2
-
0.06
0.46
0.17
0.53
0.04
0.08
0.09
0.10
ND
0.014
8/2
1150
-
10.0
12.9
27.0
8.2
-
-
•"
-
-
_
8/2
1220
-
10.1
12.3
26.0
8.0
-.
- -
-
-
-
-
1=
=»
01
en
.Bottom visible from surface.
rND = Not detectable.
-------
With the exception of Stations NPP and A, salinity values
ranged between 27Xto 30%0. The lowest values observed (24%0)
were from bottom water samples at NPP and in surface and
midwater samples at Station A. The lower value at Station NPP
appeared to have been the result of fresh water dilution from
cannery wastewater discharges at this depth. Low surface and
mid-water values at Station A probably resulted from terrestrial
freshwater drainage into the mudflat area near Station A.
Little variation in pH was observed between stations.
Ammonia nitrogen values were highest in the vicinity of Stations
NPP and St. E. Waste disposal activities and decomposing crab
wastes on the bottom near the St.- £. outfall station probably
contributed to the high ammonia value recorded at Station St.
E. Elevated ammonia values were also observed at Stations B, E,
c
and F. Poor flushing action in these shallow embayments may
have accounted for these higher readings.
Orthophosphate values were also slightly higher at Stations
NPP and St. E., while total phosphorus values did not differ
appreciably between stations with the exception of Station St.
E. Total phosphorus values at this outfall station were two to
three times greater than other station values. Sulfide and
organic nitrogen values were also noticeably higher at stations
NPP and St. E.
Sediment Particle Size
Particle size distributions for Cordova marine sediments
are shown in Table 18. Stations B, E, and F were not sampled
56
-------
TABLE 18. SIZE DISTRIBUTION (PERCENT WEIGHT) OF CORDOVA SEDIMENT SAMPLES
Station
Size Class
Gravel*
Sand1"
Silt#
Clay**
Other
A
0
55
35
10
C
0
57
33
10
D
4
60
11
5
20
(C)
G H
0 0
60 54
31 37
9 9
I J
0 5
13 66
41 6
14 9
32 14
K
0
82
7
6
5
(F&C)(C) (M)
L
0
60
6
4
30
(M)
M
0
90
1
4
5
(M)
N
0
95
3
2
0
0
94
2
4
P
0
95
1
4
NPP St.
0
41
8
14
37
(F&C)
Eli as
1
17
41
16
25
(C)
NEFCO
GT
0
70
24
6
NEFCO
N-0
4
68
17
11
en
(C) = Crustacean
Exoskeletal Fragments
(M) = Mollusc Shell
Fragments
(F) = Fish Skeletal
Fragments
Legend
fGravel - >2 mm
#Sand - 50 microns to 2 mm
**Silt - 2-50 microns
Clay - <2 microns
-------
because their shallow depth or submerged obstacles made these
stations inaccessible to the research vessel. Sediment samples
typically had a sand content of 50 percent or more. Few
stations had gravel, although several stations, particularly
those at outfalls, had comparatively high percentages of fish
skeletal, crab shell, or crab exoskeletal fragments which were
retained on the No. 10 sieve (72 mm). Crab exoskeletal and fish
skeletal fragments were found at all operating outfalls, and
crab exoskeletal fragments were also found at Station D.
Stations M, K, and L had empty mollusc shells and shell
fragments. The highest silt concentrations were recorded at two
outfall stations, I, and St. E. -Stations A, C, D, G, H, NPP,
NEFCO GT, and NEFCO N-0, had similar sediment characteristics,
with the exception of varying amounts of shell or skeletal
fragments at some of these stations. Stations J, K, L, M, N, 0,
and P, were primarily sand.
Sediment Chemistry
The results of sediment chemistry analyzes for Cordova are
shown in Table 19. In comparison to Kenai River sediments, TVS
content of Cordova sediments was several fold higher. The
highest values were recorded at Stations H (23.0 percent) and at
NPP (24.5 percent). TOC was highest at NPP (0.264 percent), and
L (0.289 percent).
Total sulfide was considerably higher at outfall stations
I, and St. E. The total sulfide value at Sation NPP was
surprisingly low in view of the high total sulfide values
58
-------
TABLE 19 . SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY DATA FOR CORDOVA SAMPLING STATIONS
in
to
Volatile Solids
Total Organic
Carbon (%)
Total Sulfide
(mg/kg) (dry)
Total Kjeldahl
Nitrogen
(mg/kg) (dry)
Volatile Solids
Total Organic
Carbon (%)
Total Sulfide
(mg/kg) (dry)
Total Kjeldahl
Nitrogen
(mg/kg)'(dry)
AC . D G H I J K
9.01 10.0 16.8 5.90 23 9.20 15.80 13.4
0.065 0.014 0.137 0.149 0.044 0.062 0.129 0.022
72.8 54.8 219 275 94.7 399 54.4 61.3
731 ' 462 . 311 302 346 2620 612 1Q17
* •-....
"" " - " ""St. NEFCO NEFCO
L M N 0 P NPP Elias GT N-C
16.5 7.40 7.18 4.70 7.0 24.5 11.1 12.4 9.09
0.289 .007 0.004 0.10 0.003 0.264 0.160 0.053 0.075
121 29.6 26.3 13.3 15.6 72.7 380 138 125
1904 302 628 480 253 4510 1353 518 304
-------
observed at the other outfall stations. TKN concentrations were
high at outfall Stations I (2,620 mg/kg), NPP (4,510 mg/kg), and
St. E (1,353 mg/kg). TKN concentrations at the NEFCO outfall
stations were considerably lower than the operating outfalls
(518 mg/kg, NEFCO GT; 304 mg/kg, NEFCO N-0). Mid-channel
Stations K and L, however, also showed high TKN concentrations
possibly from mollusc decomposition in the sediment at these
stati ons.
Macrobenthos
Listings of the macrobenthos organisms collected on the 1
mm and 0.5 mm screens, and on the combined screens are given in
Tables 20, 21, and 22, respectively. The number appearing to
the left of each species represents the species code used for
numerical analysis of the data. Shallow water stations B, E,
and F, were not accessible by the research vessel and thus were
«
not sampled. At Station NPP, the depth and extent of fish and
crab wastes prevented collection of satisfactory benthic
samples.
A total of 78 species in the 1 mm screenings, and 41 in the
0.5 mm screenings were recovered. An additional 17 species were
identified from the 0.5 mm material which were not identified in
the 1 mm material. Thus, a total of 95 species were recovered
in all the Cordova sediment samples.
Density, species richness, and species diversity values for
the 1 mm, 0.5 mm, and combined data are shown for each Cordova
station in Tables 23, 24, and 25 respectively. The 1 mm data in
60
-------
TABLE 20. STATION LIST OF MACROBENTWOS OF CORDOVA SEDIMENTS
(1 mm SCREENINGS)
-STATION-
Species
Code
1.
3.
4.
5 .
6.
7.
3.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
13.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31 _
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
41.
38.
39.
40.
Ampharete arctlca
Aoroldes sp. 1
Armandia brevls
Anaitides mucosa
Axinopsida serricata
Bathymedon sp. 1
Boccardla sp. 1
Capital la capita ta
Clstenldes brevicoma
drratulus clrratus
Cllnocardlum nuttallll
Corophlum sp. 1
Cryptobranchla alka
Cyllchna occulata
Diastylls alaskensls
Eteone Tonga
Euhaustorlus wash 1 ngtoni anus
Gastropteron padf 1cum
Glydnde pleta
Haploscoloplos elongata
Harmothoe 1mbr1cata
Harp1n1ops1 s sp. 1
Hemlpodus boreal Is
Hes1on1
-------
TABLE 20 (CONTINUED)
1.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
41.
38.
39.
40.
Ampharete arctica
Aoroides sp . 1 •
Armandia brevis
Anal tides mucosa
Axinopsida serricata
Bathynedon sp. 1
Boccardia sp. 1
Capitella capitata
Cistenides brevicoma
Cirratulus cirratus
Clinocardium nuttallli
Corophium sp. 1
Cryptobranchia al ka
Cyllchna occulata
Diastylls alaskensls
Eteone Tonga
Euhaustorius washi ngtoni anus
Gastropteron pad f icum
Glyeinde p 1 c t a
Haploscoloplos elonqata
Harmothoe imbricata
Harpiniopsis sp. 1
Hemipodus boreal is
Hes1on1dae '
Hiatel la arctiea
Lacuna sp. 1
Lamprops sp. 1
Lumbrineris luti
Lumbrineris sp. 1
Macoma inquinata
Hacoma moesta alaskana
Hagelona sp. 1
Mel ita dentata
MUrella gouldi
Monocul odes sp . 1
Musculus niqer
Mya sp. 1
Hysella tumida
Hysel la sp. 1
Mysta barbata
I M N
7
22
3
12
i n
i
4
41
4
1
2
1
2. .
2
5 24
1
2 1
20 815
8
20
2
1
1 2 2
10
6
15 5 3
3 20 7
9
2 1 1
1
1
5
1
NEFCO NEFCO
0 p GT N-0 St.E.
3
6 S3
7
20 256 1
7
9 152
12 252
2 38
1
3
1 45 8
19 25
9
5 15 18 42
11
3
3
11
1
2 14
12
11 5 78 2
211 5
6 9
1
1 1
1 1
18 1 12
62
-------
TABLE 20(CONTINUED)
42.
2.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63. '
64.
65.
66.
67.
63.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
Nassarius mendicus
Neosabel 1 ides sp. 1
Nephtys cornuta
Nephtys caeca
Neohtys ciliata
Nephtys sp. 1
Nereis sp. 1
Odostomia sp. 1
Oenopota sp.'
01 ivel la blpl icata
Olivella baetica
Ophiuroidea
Orchomene sp.l
Oweniidae
Paqarus ochotensis
Paraphoxus sp. 1
.Phloe minuta
Phoxocephal 1dae
Pleusymtes sp. 1
Polycirrus sp. 1
Polydora socialis
Pontocrates arenarius
Prlonospio ma jmgreni
Protomedeia sp. 1
Protothaca staminea
Psephidia lordl
Pyenoqonlda sp. 1
Saxi'domus qioanteus
Scolelepsis cirratulus
Scoloplos armiger
Solariella obscura
Spio filicornis
Spiophanes bombyx
Streptosyllus sp. 1
Paraoni s qracil is
Turboni 1 la sp. 1
Westwoodilla sp. 1
Ypldla amyqdalea
Total Species Number
A
7
161
13
1
2
1
37
1
269
1
6
1
5
3
1
40
C 0
6
2
1
1
11
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
70
2 11
8 5
1
2 14
6
1
1
15 45
G
2
33
3
1
2
1
1
6
10
64
1
2
10
2
4
30
H
1
325
11
2
1
1
1
21
1
3
14
5
51
2
4
8
4
18
4
39
I J
8
44
2
1
1
1
6
3
9
1
1
28
3
5
1
3
6 150
2
18
1 3
2
7
1 1
2
1
15 49
K
1
2
1
2
1
1
13
1
4
1
22
4
1
2
2
33
63
-------
TABLE 20 (CONTINUED)
42.
2.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
4S.
SO.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.'
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71 .
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
Nassarlus mendleus.
Neosabel 1 1des sp. 1
Nephtys eornuta
Nephtys caeca
Nephtys dliata
Nephtys sp. 1
Nereis sp. 1
Odostomla sp. 1
Oenopota sp.
OHvella blpllcata
Ollvella baetlca
Ophiuroidea
Orchomene sp.l
Owenl idae
Paoarus ochotensls
Paraphoxus sp. 1
Phloe mlnuta
Phoxocephal Idae
Pleusymtes sp. 1
Polyclrrus sp. 1
Polydora social 1s
Pontocrates arenarius .
Prionosplo malmgrenl
Proto;nede1a sp. 1
Protothaca stamlnea
Pseph1d1a lordl
Pycnoqonlda sp. 1
Saxldomus g1 qanteus
Scolelepsls clrratulus
Scoloplos armlaer
Solarlel la obscura
Sp1o f111corn1s
Splophanes bombyx
Streptosyl lus sp. 1
Paraonls graclHs
Turbonllla sp. 1
WestwoodHla sp. 1
Yoldia amygdalea
Total Species Number
NEFCO NEFCO
L M N 0 P GT N-0 St.E.
23 13
1 3 32
2 1 2 4 29
2 1 1
2
2 234
1 4
1
35 10 11
1 3
5
15 1
3 8 15 6 8
2 1 21
2 28 12 29
1
6
2
2212
56 5 17
1 2
4
1 42 4
1 1 9
3 1
8
223
21 10 3 4 6 2
12211
4
8 1 4 14
3
19 10 10 40
1
48 19 15 19 22 16 35 4
64
-------
TABLE 21. STATION LIST OF MACROBENTHOS OF CORDOVA SEDIMENTS
(0.5 mm SCREENINGS)
Species
Code
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20".
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
Amphlpoda
Anpharete arctica
Arraandia brevis
Axinoosida serricata
Arlcldea sp. 1
Aceola
Bathymedon sp. 1
Capitella caoitata
C1sten1des brevlcoma
C11nocard1um sp. 1
Cirratulldae
Diastylls sp. 1
Etsone lonaa
Euhaustorius washinotonlanus
Euhaustorlus sp. 1
Harpacticoida
Haploscoloplos eloneata
lamprops sp. 1 t
Lumbrlneris luti
Luinbrlnerls sp. 1
Haoelona sp. 1
Munna sp. T
Hyt1Hdae
Hacoma sp. 1
Macoma moesta alaskana
Honoculodes sp. 1
My sell a tumlda
Nephtys cornuta
NeosabelUdes sp. 1
Nematoda
Ostracoda
OUgochaeta
Ophluroldea
Phloe mlnuta
Prlonosoio malmareni
Rhychosolo sp. 1
A
11
4
15
36
80
232
4
7'
113
22
4
51
'22
33
n
40
4
4
25
40
4048
22
145
258
18
COG
92 3
10 92 40
7 4
5
3 143 65
1
24
2
: 4 5 10
18
28 45
1
21
12
6
10
5
12 26
108 33
7
145
682 963 658
5
n
7 33
154 163
19 9
H I
62
66
34 28
15
4
15
48
4
96
29
11
34 •
119
3
82
84
•
15
4 57
81
70
48
405 69
2481 1365
26
225
325
31
J
7
43
16
4
35
34
13
13
118
53
14
9
7
16
49
69
24
47
156
4
7
653
47
81
267
28
K
20
1
5
5
4
1
1
1
40
1
1
2
5
1
30
4
209
1.
3
73
1
65
-------
TABLE 21 (CONTINUED)
Species
Code
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15..
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30. .
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
Amphipoda
Aiimharete a ret lea
Araiandia brevls
Axinopsida serricata
Aricidea sp. 1
Aceola
Da thyniedon sp. 1
Caoitella capita ta
Cistenides brevicoma
Clinocardium sp. 1
Cirratulidae
Diastylis sp. 1
Eteone Tonga
Eunaustorius washingtonianus
tuhaustorius sp. 1
Harpacticoida
Haoloscoloplos elongata
Lamprops sp. 1
Luinbri fieri s luti
Lumbrineris sp. 1
Hacelona sp. 1
Munna sp. 1'
Mytilidae
Macoma sp. 1
Macoma moesta alaskana
Honoeulodes^ sp. 1
Hysella tumida
Hephtys cornuta
Neosabellides sp. 1
Nematoda
Ostracoda
Oligochaeta
Ophiuroidea
Phloe minuta
Prionospio malmgreni
P.hyehospio sp. 1
L
16
3
22
41
14
3
3
3
7 ;
3
64
4
6
15
69
6
3
385
28
134
108
NEFCO NEFCO
M N 0 P GT N-0 St.E.
17 2
1 44 86
1 159
19 1
3
7 8 40
42
64 4
1 64 43
38 33
27 22 14 30
7
9 1 6 92 20
2 2 1 5 44 58
2* 3 ;3 8
1 40
1 43
11 13 3 5
1 25
123 7
1 25
24 1 106
1 3 20
272
24 6 5 30 1766 1512 4836
223 67
2 169
3 1 10 64 60
1 31
66
-------
TABLE 21 (CONTINUED)
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
Solo flUcornis
Spiophanes bombyx
Sphaerosyllis brandhorsti
Syllidae
Paraonis gracll is
Total Species Number
A C D G
1
5
4
44 13 10
27 4 13 29
H I
15
15
11
30 4
J K
6
16
6
27 23
67
-------
TABLE 21 (CONTINUED)
37,
38.
39.
40.
41.
Spio filicornis
Sp.i2pJyn£S_ bomb^
Sphaerosyllis brandhorsti
Syllidae
Paraonis gracilis
L M
2
1
4 37
N
1
19
17
0
2
1
33
16
NEFCO N£?CO
P GT N-0 St.E.
1
7
18
32 20
56
Total Species Number 22 18 17 16 18 5 24
68
-------
TABLE 22.
STATION LIST OF MACROBENTHOS. OF CORDOVA SEDIMENTS
(1 mm and 0.5 mm SCREENINGS)
-STATION-
Spedes
Code
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
Acecla
Anpharete arctica
AmpMpoda
Analtides mucosa
Aoroides sp. 1
Aricidea sp. 1
Armandia brevls
Ax i nops Ida serricata
Bathvmedon sp. 1
Boccardia sp. 1
Caoitella capita ta
Cirratulus cirratus
Cirratulidae
Cistenides b rev i coma
CUnoeardlum nuttallii
Clinocardium sp. 1
Corophium sp. 1
Cryptobranehia alka
Cyl ichna oceulata
Diastylls alaskensis
Diastylls sp. 1
Eteone Tonga
Euhaustorlus washinqtonlanus
Euhaustorius sp. 1
Gastropteron padficum
Glycinde plcta
Haploseoloplos elonoata
Harmothoe imbricata
Harpacticolda
Harpiniopsis sp. 1
Hemipodus boreal is
Hesionidae
Hiatella arctica
Lacuna sp. 1
Lamprops sp. 1
Lumbrineris luti
Lumbrineris sp. 1
Ma coma inouinata
A
36
12
3
33
322
1
128
2
; 4
13
18
232
•
16
31
n
1
18
90
113
1
33
51
26
C D
1
1
1
14 168
34 37
5 198
4
1 28
1 2
1
1
4 32
1
1 3
1 40
13
1
1
1
3
12
5 80
G
5
31
45
56
77
1
3
34
' 8
3
2
14
4
8
65
1
18
1
23
11
H
4
2
62
4
15
44
93
15
59
19
21
96
3
33
29
16
8
148
34
1
9
93
84
19
I J
1 3
1
3
4
1 92
38 46
35
2
6
13 1
4 43
1
2
6
20
13
3 1
6
56
18
118
2
2
19
5
9
15 12
K
3
1
1
5
10
4
1
6
1
1
2
3
1
1
41
3
2
2
1 '
2
3
69
-------
TABLE 22 (CONTINUED)
-STAT10N-
Spccics
Code
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
3.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
H.
15.
16.
17.
'18. •
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
23.
29.
30:
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
Aceola
Ampharete arctica
Amphipoda
Ana Hides mucosa
Aoroides sp. 1
Aricidea sp. 1
Annandta brevls
Axinopsida serricata
Bathymedon sp. 1
Boccardia sp. 1
Caoitella caoitata
Cirratulus cirratus
Cirratulidae
dstenides brevicoma
Clinocardium nuttallli
Clinocardium sp. 1
Corophium sp. 1
Cryptobranchia alka
Cyllchna occulata
Diastylls alaskensis
Diastylls sp. 1
Eteone Tonga
Euhaustorius washingtonianus
Euhaustoi-lus sp. 1
Gastropteron pacificum
Glyeinde plcta
Haoloscoloplos elongata
Harmothoe imbricata
Harpacticolda
Harpinlopsis sp. 1
Hemipgdus boreal is
Kesionldae
Hlatella arctica
Lacuna sp. 1
Lamprops sp. 1
lumbrineris luti
Lumbrineris sp. 1
Maconia inquinata
L M N 0
10
3 2
3
19 1
44 1
53 1
14 1 18 7
1
7
4
' :8 1
44
1
2
1
2
9
5 51 41
7
1
2 1
66 10 17 6
8
3916
20
1
1453
10 1
4 1
6 1
NEFCO NEFCO
P GT N-0 St.E.
3
3
7
50 139
20 415 1
3 40
9 152
54 252
64 43
2 33
1
4
3
1 83 38
39 30'
9
20 62 100
11
92 44 20
3
3
11
9
2 54
55
1 5 78 2
70
-------
TABLE 22 (CONTINUED)
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
Macorca moesta alaskana
Hacoma sp. 1
Haoelona sp. 1
MeHta dentata
Hitrella oouldi
Konoculodes sp. 1
Hunna sp. 1
Musculus nlger
Mya sp. 1
Hysella tumida
Mysella sp. 1
Mysta barbata
MytlUdae
Nassarlus mendlcus
Nematoda
NeosabelUdes sp. 1
Nephtys caeca
Nephtys clUata
Nephtys cornuta
Nephtys sp. 1
Nereis sp. 1
Odostomla sp. 1
Oenopott sp. 1
OUgochaeta
Ollvella baetlca
OHvella blpllcata
Ophluroidea
Orehomene sp. 1
Ostracoda
Oweniidae
Paqarus ochotensis
Paraphoxus sp. 1
Phloe mlnuta
Phoxocephalidae
Pleusymtes sp. 1
Polydrrus sp. 1
Polydora socialis
Pontocrates arenarius
A C
156 5
24
6
4
33
1
63 3
4
11
7
' 4048 682
201
38
1
2
22
1
182
1
0
26
4
1
208
33
6
963
1
2
1
11
1
1
3
1
1
9
1
G
77
6
10
40
5
2
658
177
1
10
2
1
1
17
5
43
H I
123 1
2
15
143 1
6
4 57
1
2481 1365
730 113
59
2 1
1
1
26
1 1
21
1
3
239
5
J
29
69
7
5
1
50
16
1
2
162
49
8
653
7
1
6
6
3
9
1
47
28
3
86
1
3
K
3
5
2
33
1
4
1
209
1
2
2
1
1
1
13
2
4
3
1
71
-------
TABLE 22 (CONTINUED)
30.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
SO.
51.
52.
S3.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
63.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
M.KUIIIO mocsU cilaskana
Macoma sp. 1
Magelona sp. 1
Mel 1 ta dentata
Mitrella gouldi
Monoculodes sp. 1
Munna sp. 1
HuscuTus nloer
M^a sp. 1
My sell a tumlda
Mysella sp. 1
Hysta barbata
MytiHdae
Nassarius mendicus
Nematoda
Neosabel Tides sp. 1
Nephtys caeca
Nephtys dliata
Nephtys cornuta
' Nephtys sp. 1
Nereis sp. 1
Odostomia sp. 1
Oenopota sp. 1
Oligochaeta
Olivella baetlca
Olivella biplicata
Ophiuroidea
Orchomene sp. 1
Ostracoda
Oweniidae
Pagarus ochotensis
Paraphoxus sp. 1
Phloe minuta
Phoxocephalidae
Pleusymtes sp. 1
Polycirrus sp. 1
Polydora soclalls
Pontocrates arenarius
L M N
30 6 3
9 31 20
9
2 1 2
1
1
74 2 4
1
. 23
385 24 6
3
2 1
2
8 1
2
1
134
35 10
1
5
28 2 2
15
3 8 IS
2 2
2 28
1
6
2 2
NEFCO NEFCO
0 P GT N-0 St.E.
441 12
9 14
1
11 25
1 1
19 1. 118
1 25
13
5 30 1766 1512 4836
1 3 304
1
1 5 4 49
23 4
4
1
1 1
3
3 67
1
6 8
65 190
12 29
2
1 2
72
-------
TABLE 22 (CONTINUED
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
- PHonospIo malmareni
Protomedela sp. 1
Protothaca stamlnea
Psephidla lordi
Pycnogorn'da sp. 1
Rhychosplo sp. 1
Saxidomus qlqanteus
Scolelepsls clrratulus
Scoloplos aralger
Solariella obscura
Sp1o f1l1corn1s
Sploohanes bombyx
SphaerosylUs brandhorsti
Streptosyllus sp. 1
SylUdae
Paraonis gradlis
Turbonllla sp. 1
Westwoodilla sp. 1
Yoldla amyqdalea
. A
527
1
6
18
1
5
4
44
3
1
C 0
224
2 11
8 5
1
19
2 14
1
6
1
13
1
G
227
1
2
10
9
2
5
5
10
H
376
2
4
8
81
4
15
15
11
18
4
I . J
6 417
2
18
1 3
2
28
7
1 1
16
2
1
K
95
4
1
1
2
8
6
Total Species Number 52 17 49 44 56 17 63 48
73
-------
TABLE 22 (CONTINUED)
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
38.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
I'riunosiMO lualiinircni
Protoinedela sp. 1
Protothaca staminea
Psephidia lord*
Pycnogonida sp. 1
Rhychosoio sp. 1
Saxidomus aiqanteus
Seolelepsls cirratulus
Scoloplos anniaer
Solariella obscura
Spio fillcornis
Soiophanes bombyx
Sph.aerosylUs brandhorsti
Streotosvllus sp. 1
Syllldae
Paraonls gracilis
Turbonllla sp. 1
Westwoodilla sp. 1
Yoldla amygdalea
L M
164 3
1
1
1
2
21 10
1 4
1
: 4 37
8
19
1
N 0
1
1
3
8
2 3
3 6
3 2
4
19 33
18 20
10 10
NEFCO
P GT
10 69
42
1
1
7
3
32
70
40
NEFCO
N-0 St.E.
77
2
4
4
31
9
2
18
20
3
Total Species Number 58 32 25 29 31 20 49
74
-------
TABLE 23. DENSITY (N), SPECIES RICHNESS (S), AND
DIVERSITY (H1) VALUES OF CORDOVA
BENTHIC SAMPLES ( 1 mm SCREENINGS).
Station
A
C
D
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
0
P
NEFCO
GT
NEFCO
N-0
St. E.
N
1,313
71
633
369
851
92
459
102 .
369
129
127
99
223
84
920
263
5
39
15
45
30
40
15
48
35
49
20
16
20
24
17
38
4
H1
2.50
1.93
2.81
2.73
2.54
1.79
2.81
3.05
3.14
2.56
2.28
2.64
2.43
2.35
2.65
0.21
75
-------
TABLE 24. DENSITY(N), SPECIES RICHNESS(S), AND
DIVERSITY (Hr) VALUES OF CORDOVA
BENTHIC SAMPLES (0.5 mm SCREENINGS)
Station
A
C
D
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
0
P
NEFCO
GT
NEFCO
N-0
St. E.
N
5,297
699
1 ,563
1 ,376
4,513
1 ,519
1 ,830
467
946
143
108
101
279
1 ,982
2,905
4,904
S
27
4
13
29
30
4
27
23
22
18
17
16
18
5
24
3
H1
1.15
0.14
1.40
2.03
1.93
0.43
2.39
1 .88
2.07
2.27
2.24
2.05
2.11
0.49
2.00
0.08
76
-------
TABLE 25. DENSITY (N), SPECIES RICHNESS(S), AND
DIVERSITY (H1) VALUES OF COMBINED CORDOVA
BENTHIC SAMPLES ( 1 mm AND 0.5 mm SCREENINGS)
Station
A
C
C
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
0
P
NEFCO
GT
NEFCO
N-0
St. E.
N
6,610
770
2,196
1 ,735
5,314
1,611
2,286
501
1 ,282
254
235
200
497
2,174
3,825
5,159
S
52
17
49
44
56
17
63
48
58
32
25
29
31
20
49
6
H'
1.78
0.60
2.14
2.42
2.22
0.67
2.76
2.26
2.71
2.92
2.62
2.76
2.71
0.90
2.49
0.28
77
-------
Table 23 indicated a diverse benthic community with the
i
exception of the immediate outfall areas at Stations I and St.
E. The lowest species richness (15 and 4, respectively) and
diversity values (1.79 and 0.21, respectively) were recorded at
these two stations.
For the 0.5 mm data (Table 24) diversity values were lower
at all stations with particularly low diversities and species
richness values at four stations, C, I, NEFCO GT, and St. E. At
these four stations, nematode worms accounted for 89 percent or
more of the total species density. The dominance by the
nematodes at these four stations, in particular, as well as at
other stations, was responsible for the lower diversity values.
Addition of the benthic species retained by the 0.5 mm
screen to the 1 mm benthic data reduced species diversity at all
stations (Table 25). While stations I and St. E. continued to
show low diversity values, a marked reduction in diversity also
occurred at Stations C and NEFCO GT. These pronounced
reductions, and the overall reductions in diversity, were again
the result of the addition of nematode worms from the 0.5 mm
data into the total species pool. At Stations C, I, and NEFCO
GT, 81 to 89 percent of the total species abundance consisted of
nematodes, while at Station St. E, nematodes comprised 93
percent. Of the Cordova stations, St. E, still showed the
lowest species richness and diversity values. While species
richness was considerably higher at Stations C, I, and NEFCO GT,
than at Station St. E., the major dominance by nematodes had
78
-------
reduced diversity valves. With the exception of Stations C, I,
NEFCO G-T and St. E., the diversity data indicated a generally
diverse benthic community.
Analysis of the combined data again demonstrated the
importance of the 0.5 mm material in providing a complete
description of the benthic community.
Numerical classification of the combined benthic data
further demonstrated the generally diverse character of the
Cordova benthos. Normal classification and sorting of this data
according to species similarities (Figure 6) did not delineate
species groups characteristic of a particular station type.
Species found at outfall stations were also found at other
stations. Normal classification analysis and sorting according
to station similarities (Figure 7) did not separate the stations
into distinct communities with the exception of Station E., and
Stations A and C. Station St. E. clearly showed the least
similarity to the other stations. Station I, also an outfall
station, was not grouped with Station St. E. because several of
the species at Station I were also found at other nonoutfall
stations. High similarity was only observed between Stations A
and C, even though species density, diversity, and richness were
considerably different at these stations. Of the 17 species
present at Station C, 16 were also present at Station A.
In Figure 7, Stations NEFCO GT and NEFCO N-0, both non-
operative outfalls during the 1978 season, are shown to have a
diverse benthic community. While the results of the
79
-------
CO
Ul
K-*
cj
bJ
D.
OO
i.Qcoo a.ssoo o.eooo o.7coo 0.6QOO o.sooa o.40Qa c.3003 0.20CC Qjiooo c.o:co
SIMILARITY
Figure 6.
Species group
(1 'mm and 0.5
clusters of Cordova samples
mm screenings).
80
-------
<
_1
I—I
z:
o
a
a
o
• •
o
o
o
o
en
o
o
o
o
o
o
in
o
o
o
CO
o
o
o
O
O
O
CO
o
a
o
en
o
o
o
o
en en or) en cncncncncntocncncncncntn
STATION
Figure 7
Station group
(1 mm and 0.5 mm
clusters of Cordova samples
screenings).
81
-------
classification analysis indicated a stable benthic community at
i
the two NEFCO stations, without benthic data from previous
years, the present benthic community structure at these sites
cannot be interpreted to represent recovery of the benthos from
earlier waste discharges.
At Station C, low species diversity and similarity to only
one station were recorded. Evaluation of sediment and water
quality, and sediment composition data for Station C did not
identify a specific factor of factors which were responsible for
the observed benthic conditions. At the present time, it
appears that some parameter which was not tested in this study
is responsible. • :
Normal classification and data sorting were also performed
on the 1 and 0.5 mm data as separate data groups. The species
and station similarity dendrograms resulting from these analyses
are provided in Appendix 1. Since neither of these separate
data sets represented a complete description of the Cordova
benthic community, a discussion of these dendrograms was not
included in the results and discussion section.
The observed impacts on the benthos at Station St. E.,
elevated levels of selected water and sediment quality
parameters at Stations St. E. and NPP, and the extent of waste
accumulation at St. E. and NPP implied that tidal and current
flushing at these stations were more restricted than at other
stations. Indications of improved waste dispersal accompanied
by increased benthic species diversity at Stations I, NEFCO GT,
82
-------
and NEFCO N-0, suggested better flushing of these outfall
stations.
Several authors have reported on situations where tidal or
current dispersion were important in determining the effects of
cannery effluent (3, 4, 6, 7). Beyer, et. al. (6), in their
studies at Petersburg, Alaska, found that strong currents
flushed most of the wastes from the Petersburg harbor area, but
that some temporary accumulations did occur near the cannery
discharges. The number of benthic organisms were reduced in
these areas of waste accumulation. With the exception of these
areas, however, sediment type, tidal level, and the influence of
freshwater input to the system from canneries or rain runoff had
a more significant impact on the benthic community than did
cannery waste effluent.
83
-------
CONCLUSIONS
\
The following conclusions are based on analyses of
macrobenthos, sediment and water quality, and hydrological
conditions at Kenai and Cordova, Alaska. This study was the
result of a single ecological survey during July 23 to 27, at
Kenai, and July 29 to August 2, 1978, at Cordova.
KENAI
Aesthetics
Surface water discolorations and accumulations of whole
fish heads, tails, and viscera on the riverbank were
observed at the< Kenai Packers (KP) egghouse outfall and
at the base of the KP Wharf during low tide. The
accumulations at the egghouse outfall resulted from
discharges which occurred above the low water level. The
source(s) of the wastes below the wharf was not
determined. River and tidal currents, as well as large
fluctuations in tidal height appeared to flush the area
of these wastes on a daily basis. Downstream transport
and deposition of this waste material was not observed.
Neither surface discolorations nor waste accumulations
were observed at or near the Columbia-Wards Fisheries
Cannery (CWF).
84
-------
Water Quality and Sediment Conditions
\
x« Water quality conditions in the Kenai River were not
affected by cannery waste discharges from KP op CWF.
Dissolved oxygen values at all depths sampled were
generally at or near saturation, and_were never lower
than 8.5 mg/A at any station. JOnly salinity varied ~~
/dramatical ly and this variation was entirely a function
i
c h an g e s i n tidal and river flow.
Nutrient concentrations in the river water were very low
and variations between stations were negligible. In many
instances, concentrations were below minimum detection
limits for several of the -nutrients. Cannery discharges
/ did not appear to have an effect on nutrient concentra-
'v^tions in the water.
/ • River configuration, tidal and river currents, and
sediment deposition patterns were the principal factors
affecting particle size characteristics in Kenai River
sediments. The impact of cannery discharges on particle
size was negligible.
• i Cannery discharges did not affect sediment chemistry with
/ the possible exception of total sulfide at two cannery
\ outfall stations. For the range of total sulfide concen-
{ trations observed at all stations, however, the concen-
i
j tration in sediment at these outfalls may not be signifi-
cant.
85
-------
Biological Conditions
• Benthic community structure was poorly developed in the
Kenai River sediments. At several stations only one
species was found and often in very low abundance. The
majority of stations had only two species or less;
maximum species richness was four, and this occurred at
only one station. At all stations, nematodes or
oligochaetes were the dominant macrobenthos.
Effects of Cannery Discharges
• Cannery discharges to the Kenai River had no appreciable
impact on sediment and water quality, and the
macrobenthos. No evidence of persistent waste
accumulations at the Kenai canneries was observed. The
combined action of tidal currents and large twice-daily
variations in tidal height sufficiently flushed the river
of seafood processing wastes. While the Kenai River
benthic community is poorly developed, attempts to
associate cannery discharges to the observed benthic
conditions were inconclusive. Limitations on habitat
utilization imposed by sediment type, tidal induced
scouring and burial by bottom sediments, and daily
salinity changes are probably the major factors
responsible for low species richness and poor community
development.
86
-------
CORDOVA
\
Aesthetics
• Surface discolorations and floating debris were observed
near the St. Elias Cannery Dock (St. E.) and in the
vicinity of the North Pacific Processors (NPP) dock.
At the St. E. dock, the major aesthetic problem was
from floating debris associated with the dumping of
whole crab shells and some crab appendages off the
center of the dock.
At NPP, a whitish-yellowish discoloration of the
surface water resulted.from intermittent cannery
discharges. Patches of floating debris from these
discharges were recorded over 45 m from the discharge
poi nt.
No aesthetic problems were observed at Morpac, New
England Fisheries Company (NEFCO), or the nonoutfall
stations.
Bottom Accumulations
• Underwater photography identified accumulations of fish
and crab wastes around each of the operating cannery
outfalIs.
Whole crab shells and crab appendages had accumulated
directly below the center of the St. Elias Cannery
dock (St. E.). It appeared that all of the crab
wastes had been dumped from the dock. The wastes
87
-------
extended out from the dock in a semicircle for a
\
distance of 5 m. Maximum pile depth was 25-30 cm. ' A
/
' few fish heads and crab shells were observed off the
end of the cannery outfall which was only 16 m from
the crab piles and at one end of the dock.
At the North Pacific Processor (NPP) outfall, waste
discharges have cut a trough approximately 3 m wide
and over 6 m long in front of the outfall. The depth
of the trough was not determined because of
considerable debris in the trough. Diver estimates of
the depth of the debris were over 1 m. Numerous
fishtails and heads were observed in the trough,
although crab exoskeletal wastes were estimated at 90
percent of the waste material. The crab waste
averaged 5 cm in size. Discharges from the pipe which
occurred during filming did not contain particles the
size of those represented in the trough.
In .comparison to the waste debris at St. E. and NPP,
processing wastes at the Morpac outfall were more
finely ground and more evenly distributed over the
bottom. No distinct piles were observed. The wastes
were confined to a circular area extending 12-16 m
from the center of the discharge. Bottom material in
this area consisted of a layer of primarily silt and
finely ground fish and crab parts, 15 to 30 cm deep.
-------
Bottom films of the two discharge areas at the New
\
England Fish Company Cannery (NEFCO) showed no
evidence of processing waste accumulations from
previous years. The NEFCO cannery was not in
operation in 1978.
Water Quality and Sediment Conditions
o At no stations were there indications of depressed oxygen
t, 'x- concentrations. Dissolved oxygen values were generally
1 *v /'
at or above 10 mg/£ .
(M -
o The effects of cannery discharges on nutrient levels in
the water were very localized. Considerably higher
concentrations of ammonia., organic nitrogen, and sulfide
occurred at the NPP outfall and the St. E. dock. Total
phosphorus concentrations at the St. E. dock were 2 to 3
times greater than at any other station.
o Bottom sediment samples obtained from outfall stations
showed typically higher total Kjeldahl nitrogen and total
sulfide concentrations.
o Analyses of macrobenthos data indicated a generally
stable and very diverse benthic community. The effects
of cannery effluents on the benthic community were only
observed in a localized area immediately off the St. E.
dock. Benthic samples from the NPP outfall were not
collected, and no assessment of the impacts of cannery
discharges on the benthic community at the NPP outfall
was made. At the NPP outfall, the depth and horizontal
extent of accumulated fish and crab wastes prevented
collection of satisfactory benthic samples. Macrobenthic
89
-------
conditions at Station C, located approximately 100 m from
i
the St. E. dock were poorer than expected. These
conditions, however, could not be clearly associated with
the sediments or water quality parameters tested, or with
cannery discharges.
Biological Conditions
• Flatfish (halibut and flounder), rays, and other
unidentified fish species were attracted to the waste
accumulations, often in considerable numbers. Large
flatfish (>0.3 m in length) numbering 40 to 50 at any one
time during underwater filming, were observed feeding and
swimming at the NPP waste-trough. Lesser numbers of fish
were observed at the St. E., Morpac, and NEFCO
outfalls. Very few fish were observed at the mid-channel
or control stations. Those which were noted were small
(<15 cm in length).
• Seasonal variations in benthic populations and the
effects these variations may have on interpretation of
the benthic data were not considered. Time constraints
did not permit collection of seasonal samples.
Effects of Cannery Discharges
/• The effects of cannery discharges on sediment and water
quality, and on the macrobenthos were localized in the'
immediate area of waste disposal. The degree of impact
\ \
on these parameters appeared to be a function of the \
degree of flushing occurring at the outfall or, in the
90
-------
case of St. E., the dumping site. Suffici.en.t—t-i-d-al
f 1 ushi ng_ f_p^r_d^ispersal of di scharged or dumped wastes did
not occur at the NPP outfall or the St. E. dock.
Consequently, localized impacts on the above mentioned
parameters were observed.
COMPARISON OF ALASKAN SITES
«
• Hydrological conditions in the vicinity of cannery waste
processing outfalls differ considerably. At Kenai,
canneries discharge their processing wastes into the
Kenai River, a tidal river which experiences twice daily
flushing. As a result of this flushing action, there
were no apparent problems with persistent seafood waste
%
accumulations, and impacts to sediment and water quality
were negligible. A poorly developed benthic community
appeared to result from natural rather than man-induced
causes. At Cordova, tidal flushing action is poor at
three cannery outfall areas; consequently, impacts of
processing waste disposal on sediment and water quality,
macrobenthos, and waste accumulations are more clearly
• defined than at Kenai.
91
-------
LITERATURED CITED
1. Clean Water Act of 1977, P.L. 95-217.
2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Development Document
for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source
Performance Standards for the Fish Meal, Salmon, Bottom
Fish, Clam, Oyster, Sardine, Scallop, Herring, and Abalone
Segment of the Canned and Preserved Fish and Seafood
Processing Industry. Point Source Category, Washington, D.C.,
Efluent Guidelines Division. September 1975. 485 pp.
3. Fisheries Research Institute, University of Washington.
Salmon Cannery Waste Study, Bristol Bay and Kodiak Island,
Alaska, 1970. Final Rept. to National Canning
Association. Seattle, Washington, 1971.
4. Beyer, D.L., R. E. Nakatani, and C. P. Staude. Effects of
Salmon Cannery Wastes on Water Quality and Marine
Organisms. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 47:1857-1869. 1975.
5. Stanley Associates Engineering, Ltd. Fish Processing
Plants: Liquid Waste and Receiving Water Study. Report to
Fisheries Association of British Columbia. Vancouver,
British Columbia. January 1972. 155 pp.
6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Water Quality
Investigation Related to Seafood Processing Wastewater
Discharges at Dutch Harbor, Alaska, October 1975, October
1976. EPA 910/8-77/100, Seattle, Washington, Surveillance
and Analysis Division, 1977. 78 pp.
7. Brickell, D. C. and J. J. Goering. Chemical Effects of
Salmon Decomposition on Aquatic Ecosystems. In: Water
Pollution Control in Cold Climates, International Symposium,
July 22-24, 1970. pp. 125-138.
8. Kama, D. W. Investigations of Seven Disposal Locations Used
by Seafood Processors at Dutch Harbor, Alaska, October 1976
and September 1977. EPA 910/8-77-100, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Seattle, Washington, Surveillance and
Analysis Division, February 1978. 47 pp.
Provant, S. G. , W. T. McFall, and R. K. Stewart. Studies on
Industrial Effluent and its Effect on Water Quality in
St. £jujl and Kodjak. Harbors, and Gibson Cove. Environmental
Protection Agency, Anchorage, Alaska, Region X, Alaska
Operations Office. 1971. 44 pp.
10. Nakatani, R. E., D. L. Beyer, and C. P. Staude. The Effects
of Salmon Cannery Waste on Water Quality and Marine
92
-------
Organisms at Petersburg, Alaska. }971. University of
Washington, Seattle, Fisheries Research Institute, 1971.
47 pp. .
11. Nakatani, R. E. and D. L. Beyer. The Effects of Salmon
Cannery Waste on Juvenile Salmon in a Closed System.
University of Washington, Seattle, Fisheries Research
Institute, April 1973. 33 pp.
12. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Tide
Tables 1978. High and Low Water. Predictions. West Coast of
North and South America, Washington, D.C., 1977. 222 pp.
13. Tidal Current Tables 1978. Pacific Coast of North America
and Asia, Washington, D.C., 1977. 254 pp.
14. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater. 14th Ed. American Public Health Association,
Washington, D.C., 1976. 1232 pp.
15. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Methods for Chemical
Analysis of Water and Wastes. EPA-625/6-74-003a,
Cincinnati, Ohio 1974. 298 pp.
16. Strickland, J. D. And T. R. Parsons. A Practical Handbook
of Seawater Analysis. Bulletin 167. Fisheries Research
Board of Canada, Ottawa, 1972. 310 pp.
17. Standard Methods for Particle Size Analysis of Soils; Annual
Book of ASTM Standards. American Society for Testing and
Materials, Easton, Maryland, 1971. 1110 pp.
18. Pielou, E. C. The measurement of diversity in different
types of biological collections. J. Theor. Biol. 1966.
•13:131-144.
19. Field, J. G. A numerical analysis of changes in the soft-
bottom fauna along a transect across False Bay, south
Africa. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 1971. 7:215-253.
20. Field, J. G., and G. McFarlane. Numerical methods in marine
ecology. I. A quantitative 'similarity' analysis of rocky
shore samples in False Bay, South Africa. Zool. Afr.
1968. 3:119-138.
21. Lance, G. N., and W. T. Williams. A general theory of
classificatory sorting strategies. I. Hierarchial
systems. Comput. J. 1967. 9:373-380.
22. Day, J. H., J. G. Field, and M. Montgomery. The use of
numerical methods to determine the distribution of the
benthic fauna across the continental shelf of North
Carolina. J. Anim. Ecol. 1971. 40:93-126.
23. E. C. Jordan Co., Inc. Unpublished Data.
93
-------
APPENDIX
-------
SIMILARITY
.OOOO O.S03G 0.5000 0.^000 G.200C -.0300
(/>
UJ
1— 1
o
UJ
Q_
t/1
S-! .
;=•; i—i
sJ ! I
SB!- ! 1
SUS 1 i
"7 !!
cap , ! j
*aq 1
*iP*7l i
5P77
§P78
IP?^
»^(.
P.--.-I
^nr .
^p-7-
eF7Ll . i
^P'"!
^ftru
cp-rt
^^fl? . .1
er"! , ,,
ffP"U n
fer«
*IPUP . i
rpl'*)
*•»•»,* n
PP^1
ff-p^.r
S-^p
i
e---7 i
ffP1e i
*P^1
ffPU"
^PIU
C3 1 T .,.
Species group clusters of Cordova samples 0 mm screenings)
94
-------
SIMILARITY
.
I.(1000 0.9500 0.9000 0,0500 0|BOOO O.VSOO 0.7000 0^500 O.COOO 6.5500 0.5000 0,'IGOO O.'IOOO 0.3SOO 0.3000 0,2500 0,2000 0,1500 0,1000 0.05CX
UD
cn
sin
sir:
siu •
Sill
sic
su -
SIL
si i •
su -
sin
SIM •
SIO -
SIP -
Sll.f -
SIIIO-
Slf -
CO
Station group clusters of Cordova samples (1 mm screenings).
-------
SIMILARITY
1
SP1
SP3
SP19
SP4
SP21
SP29
SP5
SP28
SP22
SP23
SP24
SP25
SP27
.OOOO 0.9000 0.3000 0.7000 O.GOOO 0.5000 0.4000 0.3000
i | i i i j j i
SP'40
SP2
5P18
SP7
SP1G
SP10
SP17
SP12
SP13
5P15
SP11
SP26
SP30
SP42
SP6
SP20
SP31
SP8
SP39
SP33
SP34
5P35
SPSS
5P37
SP38
SP9
SP32
CO
LU
o
LU
0.1000 0.0000
Species group clusters of Cordova samples (0.5 mm screenings).
96
-------
P»
rl-
— i.
=3
SIMILARITY
1.0000 0.9000 0.8000 0.7000 0.6000 0.5000 O.MOOO 0.3000 0.2000 0.1000
t i i i i i i i
^ STR
° STC
"° STC;
o STH
r1 STI
w STM
r*- STJ
" co STL
2 -H STK
a* STN
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o = ST E
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IQ
-------
United States Department of the Interior
ADDRESS ONLY THE DIRECTOR.
FISH AND WILDCIFE SERVICE
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20240
In Reply Refer To:
FWS/ES
AUG 3 I 1979 :
Mr. Robert B. Schaffer
Director
Effluent Guidelines Division
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
Dear Mr. Schaffer:
In response to your letter of May 23, 1979, as well as a meeting with
Mr. Gal Dysinger of your staff on July 24, 1979, we are providing lim-
ited comments on your seafood study. We have reserved comments on the
report by Ms. Dorthy Soule. We understand that staff from our Laguna
Nigel Field Office will provide separate comments on this report. Our
comments will be brief and limited to the Alaska and Oregon reports.
In general, we believe the reports received are based on short-term
studies under conditions requiring an extremely fast turnaround time.
Furthermore, the reports are limited in scope, appear to have signifi-
cant oversights and omissions, and in most cases no provisions appear to
be made for follow-up studies. These reports tend to make rather broad
conclusions regarding environmental impacts which we believe are not in
keeping with the character of the studies. An additional report by the
National Marine Fisheries Service on Finger Bay in Alaska is enclosed
for your information.
Specific Comments:
Under this heading brief comments regarding specific reports are provided.
I. An Investigation of Certain Aspects of Crab Processing Waste
Disposal Practices: In Situ and In Vitro Responses of Vibrio
parahemolitius and Vibrio anguillarium.
This report by the University of Alaska is very specialized and
limited in scope. It is an excellent investigation of the ability
of two marine life intestinal pathogens of the genus Vibrio to
survive in the marine environment near seafood processing wastes.
However, the substance of the report does not justify its use as an
evaluation of the potential for diseases of marine life related to
the dumping of seafood processing wastes. Such wastes Sre ideal
breeding grounds for large concentrations of fungi, molds, and
-------
other types of decomposers. Many organisms in these groups are
well known to be opportunistic parasites which periodically infect
marine and freshwater organisms on a large scale. Such'groups
should be thorougly investigated in any evaluation of seafood
dumping sites.
Working Papers #EPA 910-8-77-100 and 910-8-78-101: "The Dutch
Harbor Studies"
We fully concur with many of the conclusions of report #EPA 910-8-
77-100 regarding Dutch Harbor. Seafood wastes are primarily re-
sponsible for the adverse conditions observed in Iliuliuk Harbor,
inner Iliuliuk Bay, and Dutch Harbor. Investigations by ourselves
and others support this conclusion. Referral to other studies of
this type suggests that this report does not address the full im-
pact of the discharges of seafood wastes in the bay area. For
instance, there was no attempt to analyze for l^S, a significant
environmental by-product of the waste. Certainly the conclusions
regarding the elimination of discharges from these areas are appro-
priate and well supported.
The investigation of the discharges to the west side of the island
described in report #EPA 910-8-78-101 appears to be superficial and
belie the full impacts which are apparently occurring along the
west coast of the island. The fact that decomposition is consid-
erably slower than the rate of addition by the discharges supports
this belief. It is also supported by the fact that many of the
active discharge pipes were moved during the study period creating
adjacent pollution sites of close proximity. The fact that the
abandoned sites have significant debris and are totally devoid of
life after a period of a year or more would suggest a potential for
significant damage near shore by such movement of the pipe. The
failure of this report to quantitatively assess the amount of ^S
in these locations or determine the western (seaward) extent of the
waste from the discharge pipes also limits the report's value as a
tool for assessing impacts of the processing wastes.
Benthic Macrofauna, Sediment, and Water Quality Near Seafood
Cannery Outfalls in Kenai and Cordova, Alaska.
We believe that the conclusions of the study are somewhat mis-
leading. The report appears to minimize existing problems_and
f^i^_j^_ajd^r_ess_the_gotential for future problems. Certainly
l:he study at Cordova occurred during a season of minimum produc-
tivity and the study was not sufficiently in-depth to justify a
solid conclusion that the impacts are of a highly localized nature.
Follow-up studies are__needed_to verify the findings. Extensive
-------
sediment^ analysis ^hould be incorporated in future studies in-
^.u^ng_nutrient^ loading, ^ ammonia production.
/'Trends in the ecosystem near the waste sites and down-current from
f them need to be ascertained before any firm conclusions can be
Vdrawn regarding impacts.
Similar weaknesses are found in the Kenai study. Our experts agree
that no significant impacts may be demonstrated at Kenai at this
time. However, they raise the question__of_.p_aten.tialsignificant
impacts^ at Kenai_wi.tih increased_JLjaading_fr_omjadditipnal planj:s. _A
similar argument can be made for the Cordova situation.
In the review of previous Alaskan studies section, there are sev-
eral summaries which are misleading and in some cases invalid. For
example, we cannot accept the analogy to lliuliuk Bay presented in
the summary of the Brickell and Goering studies. The fact that
natural loading of dissolved organic nitrogen and ammonia in an
estuary where salmon carcasses accumulated after spawning approxi-
mates the ammonia values in lliuliuk Bay does not mean the two
situations are truly comparable. A consideration of the total
freshwater drainage area discharging into the estuary or bay versus
the loading and other constraints of the two systems would be
necessary before comparability could be contemplated.
/
/ The summary of the Nakatoni and Beyer mortality studies provides
/ another example, since the studies are summarized without noting
\ the fact that chronic exposure and secondary effects are not
\ addressed.
V
The community analysis procedure discussed in the methodology could
prejudice against any rare or endangered species found in the study
area. Furthermore, we disagree with their contention on page 36
that using a 0.5 mm instead of a 1.0 mm screen changes the condi-
tions described. The conditions are the same; the refinement of
those conditions is what differs. The decision of whether or not
to use more refinement is tied directly to comparability with
techniques used in other studies. Without comparability, refine-
ment is of no value.
Benthic Macrofauna, Sediment and Water Quality Near Seafood Cannery
Outfall in Yaquina Bay, Oregon.
This report appears to be better done than the Alaskan reports, but
still suffers from the same basic weaknesses. I^S was not addressed.
No effort was made to evaluate the relationship of carcinogenic
benzopyrene effects to the presence of the seafood wastes, nor was
there an effort to determine the source or other possible inter-
relationships of the benzopyrenes to seafood processing wastes.
-------
Follow-up studies would be needed for the conclusions of this
report to be concrete. In addition, loading evaluations of the
marine system in Yaquina Bay should be conducted.
5. Section 74 Seafood Processing Study.
We agree with the report's observed differences between the Alaskan
seafood industry and the industry found in the contiguous United
States. Furthermore, we concur that the reluctance of other proc-
.essors in the vicinity by the Alaskan fish meal plants to screen
their wastes has contributed to the limited success of the enter-
prises. The report's observation that allowing plants to continue
grinding waste for discharge to the marine environment does not
provide the necessary incentive for effective in-plant water and
waste management practices is well taken.
The report only addresses the problem of waste reduction processes.
We believe that the potential value and feasibility of waste dis-
posal technology should also be addressed by EPA, but have no in-
dication that it has been seriously addressed in connection with
this series of reports. One possible disposal technology that
might be explored is the use of the collection system in reverse to
spread the waste over a large area of ocean to create a more natural
situation for its degradation and eliminate its adverse impact.
We trust these comments will be helpful to you in preparing your final
report. Since we realize that these reports are mandated by Congress
and provide the potential basis for future decisions, we have emphasized
their limitations and oversights and how they might affect any conclu-
sions of negative impacts. If there are any additional questions,
please contact my staff for clarification.
Sincerely yours,
Spear
Associate Dire
-------
• *»*•*•' V •* ••*
,<
TO:
FROM:?0'
SUBJECT:
BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILUUrt
Director (AE) , FWS, Washington, DC
ATTN: Roger Griffith
Alaska Area Director (AAD-E/ECE)
^(907) 276-3800, ext.. 506
r/vnji v
DATE 7/18/79
,Ut
TIME
B Deliver on regular mail
Call to have picked up
National Marine Fisheries Report - Finger Cove, Alaska
rut!
235-2534
The enclosed report is faxformed to you per your telephone request of
July 16, 1979. '
IMTl
-------
Figure 2. • Approximate areas of kinq crab waste in Finger Cove* Adak Island,
on January 17-lfl, 1972.
-------
natiunai ULCCUIH, aiiu Mtmui>pner ic Monnn
' National Marine Fisheries Service
Environmental Assessment Division
Juneau, Alaska
Report of Field Investigations of Finger Cove,
Adak Island, January 15-22, 1979 .
'In response to a request from the U.S. Navy, Western Division Naval
Facilities Engineering Command, San Bruno, California, the Environmenta'
Assessment Division of the National Marine Fisheries Service inves-
tigated Finger Cove by conducting an underwater bottom survey in the
vicinity of the existing piers and near the cove mouth.
• • .
OBJECTIVES "
.^ . .
1. Determine the extent of biological production in terms of epi-
benthic animals and plants.
2. Locate v/aste discharged from previous king crab floating processor
ships.
•
3. Delineate area covered by discharged waste.
.4. Investigate area in Finger Cove'-'not impacted by crab waste.
METHODS
•
Duane Petersen and Ron Berg (NHFS) conducted this survey, utilizing
SCUBA to obta-in underwater observations. Don Garcia and Steve Dehart,
U.S. Navy EOD, provided backup diving and surface support. Transpor-
»•
tation to and-from Finger Cove was provided by a U.S. Navy tug. Under-
water pictures were taken of the area surveyed. A transect line,
marked in 1-meter (m) intervals, was used to measure widths of waste-
deposition. .Observations of plant and animal life were made while swim-
ming through the area. Substrate composition and deplh were noted and
recorded. All observations were recorded on underwater writing paper..
-------
' Finger Cove is approximately 2 km. long, 183 m. wide at the narrows
part and 460 m. wide at the widest part. Within Finger Cove two a^e
j*
were investigated (Figure 1).
*
Site 1. This area was surveyed on January 17 and 18, 1979. Extep:
amounts of king crab waste were found (Figure 2). The waste v/as ider
fiable to parts of king crab legs and claw parts.; pieces were founHi
to 8 cm. in length. The majority of the debris was black decaying
organic matter and assumed to be of the same, origin. Samples of e«n
material were collected and sent to the Environmental Protection Agen
Laboratory in Seattle, Washington for analysis.
The only area not covered with organic waste was in front of the Ncflt:
Pier as .shown on NAUF&C Drawing No. 6016479. The waste along the PTr.
:• • Dock and along the west side of the "1076 Pier" ranged from 15-19 nfl -
?
width, and from a trace to over 1 m. in depth.
I •
j
Natural bottom substrate beyond the v/aste covered area is hard sand^/i
scattered rocks ranging to 25 cm. in diameter covered with a thin l^e
of silt. Adjacent, to and under the piers the substrate is rocks toBC
cm. in diameter. Attached vegatation was not observed while swimming
through the area. Maximum depth was 12 m. Table 1 is a listing of|h
animals observed during the inner Finger Cove survey.
Site 2. The outer Finger Cove area was surveyed on January 18, 1979.
This area is different from the inner cove in three distinct paramew!
(1) the substrate is composed of sand-and small gravel between outcropf
of bedrock to. about 12 m. from shore; the bottom then grades into bcflk
and gravel to 60 m. and beyond; (2) water depth is greater, reaching^!
m. near the midline; and (3) shore-to-shore width is only 38% of the)
inner cove.
-2-
-------
-3-
-------
Table 1. Species observed during underwater survey of inner fanger
Cove, January 17-18, 1979.
'Phylum Porifera
. Unidentified Sponge
Phylum Coelenterata
Hetridium senile
Cribrinopsis fernaldi
*
Phylum Annelida
• Unidentified sp.
Phylum Mollusca •
Llttorina sp.
Dirona aurantia
Triopha carpenteria
Mopalia muscosa
Pododesmus macroschisma
Phylum Arthropoda
Balanus cariosus (dead)
Panda 1 us gom'urus
Paralithodes camtschatica
Phylum Echinodermata
' Cucumaria vegae _-r'
Phylum Chordata
Phytichthys chirus . '
Citnarichthys stigmaeus
Hyoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus
Common Name
Sponge
Fine tentacled sea anemone
Big pink sea anemone
Worm
Snail
Golden dirona
Clown nudibranch
Mossy chiton
False Pacific jingle
Barnacle
Shrimp
King crab
Sea cucumber
Ribbon prick!eback
Speckled sanddab
Great sculpin
-------
Crab waste was not located; however, non-organic debris related to
fishing activities was found (e.g., rubber boots, pubber gloves, and
beverage, containers).
• •
Species Of algae and animals were,,observed,Jn greater abundance and
diversity (Table 2). •
*
DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Inner Finger Cove is impacted by large amounts of organic waste materia
from previous king crab processing activities. Evidence indicates that
the area, at,some time perhaps in the past>2-4 years, has turned toxic'''
to attached sessile animals inhabiting the area. Barnacles, a sessile
animal-covering.the piles and debris, were dead. No living barnacles
were located in the inner cove. Limpets, snails, small crabs, sponges,
and encrusting algae were either absent or extremely rare.
King crab recovery is about 20%. This means that about 176 kg. of
every 220 kg. of crab processed is waste. When. any.dead organic sub-
stance exists in water, it decays. The chemicalsi;comprising the body of
a dead animal are broken down by a series of bacteria and fungi. The
decaying tissue -is eventually converted to nutrients which are reused by
all living plants and animals present, and to inert (or slowly decaying)
residue. Chiton, a good portion of king crab waste, is degraded slowly
in seawater. • . .
The effect of.the decay process on the .water, depends on the concentra-
tion of material. When oxygen is present in the water, decay is rela- ..
tively inoffensive; the organisms causing decomposition are types that
require oxygen for respiration, and their major products are water-
soluble or odorless nitrates, carbon dioxide, and sulfates. If decom-
posing material becomes highly concentrated, the population of decom-'
poser organisms may place such a demand on the aquatic oxygen supply
that it becomes exhausted. Decay will still proceed, but by means of
-------
j
«
»
i
Table 2. Species observed during underwater survey of outer Finger
•. Cove, January 18, 1979 '
Common Names
ANIMALS
Phylum Forifera
• ,
Unidentified sponge
•
Phylum Coelenterata >
Hetridium senile
Cribrinopsis fernaldi
Tealia sp"i
Phylum Mollusca
Littorina sp.
Boreotrophon pacificus
• Buccinum glad ale
• Dirona aurantla
Triopha carpenteria " '
Hopa 1 i a muscosa r>r~
Pododesmus macroschisma
h'ytilus edulis
Serripes oroenlandicus
Macoma calcarea
Phy.lum Arthopoda
Balanus cariosus
Pandalus gonlurus
P. danae
Elassochirus tenuimanus
Pagurus sp.
Phylum Echinodermata
Henricia sp.
Strongylocentrotus
Cucumaria vegae
polyacanthus
Sponge
Fine tentacled sea anemone
Big pink sea anemone
Sea anemone
Snail
Snail
Snail
Golden dirona
Clown nudibranch
Mossy chiton
False Pacific jingle
Blue mussel
Greenland cockle
Chalky macoma
Barnacle
Shrimp
Dock shrimp
Big-clawed hermit crab
Hermit crab
Starfish
Sea urchin
Sea cucumber
'Phylum Chordata
Hyoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus Great sculpin
• ••
ALGAE
Agarum cribrosum
Alaria crispa
Fucus distichus
Halosaccion g1 andiforme
Iridaea cornucopiae
Odonthalia floccosa •
Khodvmenia oalmata
Sea colander.
Wing kelp
Rockweed
Sea sac
Red algae
Sharptooth brush
Dulse
-------
• ' ' different bacteria, which produce large amounts of nauseating and toxic
gasses, such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methane, mercaptan, and
cadaverin (Imhoff and Fair, 1956). As a result, all_ the ordinary aerob
flora and fauna of the water are deprived of oxygen "and die out. A
' . •
toxic condition need only last for a few hours to destroy life. Anothe
possible cause for the dead barnacles could have been a release of toxi
gasses which could advertently affect not only attached life but also
any motile animals present. Natural or cyclic mortality was ruled out
because of the live attached organisms observed at site 2,.
•
• •
Processing of king crab should not adversely affect Finger Cove if all
organic waste material is deposited in the deeper waters off Finger Bay
near 5r53'30" N. latitude and 176028'00" W.-longitude. If a large
amount of organic waste is deposited within Finger Cove proper, we
"believe that the area--will become unfit for marine life and that the
r - - __.._-
:: ' • runs of pink and coho salmon in the stream flowing from Betty Lake into
^ Finger Cove could be affected.
The underwater photographs and lab analysis will be forwarded with the
proper captions when received. • . • .
' • '' '
. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
•
LCDR Sam Saltoun, Public Works, met'-us at the airport and made arrange-
ments for transportation to and from Finger Cove. CWO Art Huffman and
'crew, EOD, provided equipment and logistics which insured success of the
operation.
i
-------
LITERATURE CITED
Treatraent-
-------
APPENDIX C
-------
Benthic Macrofauna, Sediment and Water Quality
near Seafood Cannery Outfalls in Yaquina Bay, Oregon
Richard C. Swartz
Donald W. Schults
Waldemar A. DeBen
Faith A. Cole
Marine and Freshwater Ecology Branch
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory
Environmental Protection Agency
Marine Science Center
Newport, Oregon 97365
11 September 1978
-------
ABSTRACT
Seafood canneries in lower Yaquina Bay, Oregon process shrimp (Pandalus
Jordani), Dungeness crab (Cancer magister), a variety of bottom fish and
several salmon species. The shrimp wastes are screened and discharged directly
into the Ray beneath the cannery docks. During the shrimp processing season
about 3.8 million liters of wastes are discharged daily.
We conducted a survey of the macrohenthos, sediment, and water quality in
Yaquina Bay in May 1978. The effects of the cannery wastes were restricted to
the immediate vicinity of the cannery docks. The effluent plume was quite
turbid and had high nutrient concentrations. Because of its initial low sal-
inity it was restricted to the surface layer where it mixed with estuarine
water and was rapidly dispersed by strong tidal currents. Dissolved oxygen
concentrations were 7.0 mg/1 or greater in the plume. The strong currents and
screening treatment of the effluent minimized deposition of solids on the sea
bed. Bottom water quality was not adversely affected.
A very diverse and abundant macrofaunal benthic community was present
along the cannery docks. The community structure of the benthos near the can-
nery outfalls was very similar to that at the Marine Science Center docks across
the Bay. Difference in species composition of benthic assemblages in lower
Yaquina Bay were strongly correlated with sediment composition.
-------
INTRODUCTION
The environmental impact of seafood cannery effluents has received rela-
tively little attention by marine ecologists. On the west coast of the United
States environmental conditions in the vicinity of cannery outfalls in Los
Angeles Harbor have been examined by Soule and Oguri (1976) and Reish (1959);
in Dutch Harbor, Alaska by Stewart and Tangarone (1977) and Kama (1978); at
Petersburg, Alaska by Beyer, Nakatani, and Staude (1975), and at sixteen
Alaskan sites by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1975). To our
knowledge the effects of seafood cannery effluents have never been examined
on the Oregon coast.
Section 74 of the Clean Water Act of 1977 (Public Law 95-217) required
the EPA to conduct a study of the ecological effects of seafood cannery wastes.
As part of that study we have examined biological sediment and water conditions
in the vicinity of cannery outfalls in lower Yaquina Ray near Newport, Oregon
(Fig. 1). Cannery operations in Yaquina Bay are representative of those
throughout the Pacific Northwest. The principal species processed include
shrimp (Pandalus jordani), Dungeness crab (Cancer magister), a variety of
bottom fish and several salmon species. The shrimp cannery effluents in
Yaquina Bay are screened, thus removing crustacean shells.
The macrofaunal benthos was selected as the most appropriate indicator
assemblage for determining the effects of cannery effluents because benthic
animals are relatively long lived and permanent residents of a given habitat.
Thus, they are sensitive to the chronic effects of environmental perturbations.
The structure of benthic communities should reflect changes in sediment or
bottom water quality that might result from cannery effluents.
Our principal objective was to assess the ecological impacts, if any
existed, through a comparison of biological, sediment and water quality at
control and cannery sampling sites.
-------
Fig. 1. Cannery row in Yaquina Bay, Newport, Oregon.
-------
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Stations were located along four transects (Fin- 2). Transect A was
immediately adjacent to the docks along canneVy row and transect B was
parallel to A, 100 m offshore. Five stations were occupied on each of these
transects. Transect D included three stations adjacent to the docks for the
three oceanographic vessels of Oregon State University. Three stations were
originally designated along transect C, 100 m off the OSU docks. However,
because of the difficulty in obtaining sediment samples at C, collections were
made at only one C station.
The major survey was conducted on 9-10 May 1978. Initially we attempted
2
to collect benthic samples with a 0.1 m Smith-Mclntyre grab. Adequate samples
could not be obtained with this device because of the shells and coarse sedi-
ments found along the A and C transects. Sediment samples were therefore
collected with a dredge (mouth: 16.5 x 30 cm, depth: 15 cm, lining: 1 mm mesh
screen, (Fig. 3). The dredge was towed for approximately 100 m along the tran-
sect to obtain a single sample. Replicate dredge samples were taken at each
station for fauna! analysis. In the notation used in this report the second
replicate collected at the seventh station on transect B is designated sample
B7-2. Animals were removed by sieving the sediments through a 1 mm screen, pre-
served in 10% buffered formalin, later transferred to 70% ETOH, identified to
the species level and enumerated. A third dredge sample was taken for sediment
chemistry and particle size analyses.
Water samples were collected at the bottom with a 5 1 Niskin bottle and
at the surface with a bucket. Temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen
concentration were determined at the surface, 1 meter depth, and bottom with
*
an RS-5 salinometer (Beckman Instr.) and Model 57 DO meter (Yellow Springs
Instr.). Surface water clarity was estimated with a standard Secchi disc.
Turbidity of the water sample was measured with a Model 2100 Hach turbidi-
-------
Fig. 2. Location of Yaquina Bay stations.
-------
COAST GUARD STATION
OSU DOCK
W ENGLAND FISH CO.
BEE SEAFOODS
DEPOE BAY FISH CO.
ALASKA PACKERS
-------
Fig. -3. Dredge used to collect Yaquina Bay sediment samples,
-------
meter and the results expressed in nephelometric turbidity units (NTU).
On 12 May 1978 sediment traps were placed at stations A5, A7, 01 and
B5. The traps were aluminum cylinders (diameter 15.2 cm, height 63.5 cm,
capacity 11.5 1) covered with a flow straightener. They were strapped to
the shoreward side of the most seaward piling beneath the docks. Their
bottoms were 1 m above the sea bed. Their contents were retrieved after one
week, and filtered through a glass fiber filter. The filtrate v/as preserved
with 80 mg/1 H Cl? and the residue frozen until the chemical analyses
were conducted.
On 18 July 1978 divers collected a second series of sediment samples
for physical and chemical analyses. One core sample was taken at each sta-
tion on transects A and D. The cores were 14 cm deep and 10 cm in diameter.
The sediment particle size distribution was determined for sand by
sieving through a Wentworth scale screen series and for the silt-clay
fractions by the pipette method (Buchanan, 1971). Sediment samples for bulk
chemical analyses were freeze dried and finely ground using a Mullite mortar
and pestle. Interstitial water was obtained by centrifuging the sediment
under a nitrogen atmosphere at 9000 rpm at 5°C for 10 minutes and filtering
the water through a 0.45)a mi Hi pore filter. Interstitial nutrients were
preserved with 40 mg HgCl? per liter of sample. Sediment samples for sul-
fides v/ere collected in 10 cc open barrel syringes; the open end was sealed
after sample collection with plastic film and the contents frozen until
analyzed. Grease and oil samples were collected in clean (hexane washed)
glass bottles with aluminum foil lined lids and kept at 5°C until analyzed.
Bulk organic carbon was determined by subtracting the total inorganic
carbon concentration (measured on an OIC model 303 carbon analyzer) from the
total carbon concentration (measured on a Hewlett Packard C-H-N analyzer.
Sediments for total Kjeldahl nitrogen were digested with hUSO^ and persulfate
and analyzed with a Technicon autoanalyzer using the automated phenate-
-------
method (EPA, 1974). Total grease and oil in sediments were determined by
the Soxhi'et extraction method 502D (APHA, 1975). The hydrocarbon portion
of the extracted grease and oil was determined by infrared analysis for
hydrocarbons after removal of polar material by silica gel (Method 502E,
APHA, 1975). Alkaline soluble sulfide was determined by the method of
Green and Schnitker (1974). Total sulfide was also determined by the Green
and Schnitker method after the sulfides were liberated with H-SCL and trap-
ped in sulfide antioxidant buffer. Nutrients (organic nitrogen, ammonia,
nitrate plus nitrite, total soluble phosphate and orthophosphate) were
analyzed on a Technicon autoanalyzer according to EPA methods (1974).
Biological Indices
Specimens which could not be identified to the species level were ex-
cluded from the community structure analysis. Replicates taken at each
station were not pooled for quantitative fauna 1 analyses. Thus the data set
included 23 biological samples. Fauna! density was calculated as the number
of individuals of all species (M) collected per dredge sample. Area!
species richness was estimated as the number of species (S) collected per
dredge sample. H' diversity and the complement of Simpson's Index
of dominance were calculated as follows:
1 s
H1 = i(N log N - E ni log r\.}
S n.(n.-l)
1 - Simpson's Index = 1 - T. ^_
""
where n. - number of individuals belonging to the i 1 species,
-------
The statistical significance of differences in mean values of density,
richness, diversity and dominance were tested by analysis of variance and
Student-Newman-Keuls multiple range test (Sokal and Rohlf, 1969).
Both normal and inverse numerical classifications were applied to the
data set (Boesch, 1977). The normal classification clusters samples on the
basis of similarity in the composition and relative abundance of species.
Inverse classification clusters species on the basis of similarity in dis-
tribution among samples. The distribution and characteristics of the col-
lection and species groups formed by numerical classification can be cor-
related with environmental factors including stress from pollution.
The classif icatory procedures we used are described in detail by Boesch
(1977). To reduce the data set to a manageable size, rare species repre-
sented by less than ten individuals were excluded from the classification. A
square root transformation was applied in both normal and inverse analyses.
The Bray-Curtis dissimilarity coefficient (D., ) was used in the normal clas-
J K
sification:
where: D., = dissimilarity between collections j and k
J K
x--/,\ = square, root, of the number of individuals of
1Ji ' the i species in the j(k) collection
S = number of species.
Prior to the inverse classification the square root of the abundance of
species in each collection was standardized by dividing it by the sum of the
square roots of the abundance in all collections. This standardization
-------
permits a close affinity between species which differ in abundance but
have similar distributions among the collections. The Manhattan metric dis-
similarity coefficient (D . ) was used in the inverse classification:
D , = l/2z:/ -x , I
ai! ' ca ct>'
where: D , = dissimilarity between species a and b
Q D
x /, x - standardized square root of the abundance in
the c collection of species a(b)
E = number of collections.
Once the matrix of dissimilarity values is generated, the collections
(or species) are clustered to form a dendrogram. In this process all entities
beginning with the least dissimilar are combined in an hierarchial fashion.
This procedure requires a sorting strategy to determine the dissimilarity
between a newly combined pair of entities and all other entities remaining in
the matrix. The method we used is the flexible sorting strategy of Lance and
Williams (1967):
hk
where: entities i and j are fused to form group k
0, , = dissimilarity between group k and entity h
D,. • / • \ - dissimilarity between entities h and i(j) in
'n ^ the matrix prior to fusion of i and j
D-. - dissimilarity between i and j before they were
1J combined.
-------
Relationships between collection groups and species groups can be ex-
amined in two-way tables in which the original data matrix is reduced ac-
cording to the normal arid inverse classification results. We calculated
the mean number of individuals of each species group within the samples of
each collection group. We also determined the constancy of each species
group in each collection group. Constancy is the observed number of occur-
rences of a species group in a collection group divided by the number of
possible occurrences. Thus, if a species group includes 6 species and a
collection group has 5 samples, 30 occurrences are possible. If every
species occurs in every sample, the constancy index would be 1.0. If none
of the species occur in the collection group, the index would be 0.
-------
RESULTS
Cannery Effluents
The principal species processed by seafood canneries in Yaquina Bay
are shrimp (Pandalus jordani), Dungeness crab (Cancer magister), a variety
of bottom fish, and several salmon species. By July 1977 all of the Yaquina
canneries had installed forty mesh screens which retain fish carcasses and v'
•' , kjt*'
/Av^
shrimp and crab shells. These materials are used either as agricultural
fertilizer or mink food. The canneries are constructed on docks and the
effluent passing through the screens is discharged directly into the bay
beneath the docks.
Although the canneries operate throughout the year, the effluent volume
increases substantially during the shrimp season, April to October. During
the 1978 season the Yaquina canneries operated fourteen machines for peel-
ing shrimp, two at the Mew England Fish Co. near station A3, and four each
-_> ,,.~j
at Bumble Bee Seafoods (A5), Depoe Bay Fish Co. (A7), and Alaska Packers As-
sociation (A9) (Fig. 2). At peak production approximately one million gallons
(3.8 x 10 1) of shrimp processing effluent are discharged each day into
Yaquina Bay. The BOD of this effluent is 1000-1500 mg/1 (David Ertz, pers. comm.)
The shrimp processing effluent resulted in a patchy, whitish discolor-
ation of the water beneath the docks along the bayfront and extending a short
distance (10-30 m) into the bay (Fig. 4). This plume was most evident during
slack v/ater and was rapidly dispersed by tidal currents which are rather
strong (100 cm/sec) in the vicinity of the canneries. Because of its buoyant
freshwater nature, the plume was restricted to a relatively thin (<] m) surface
lens. During our surveys we observed large numbers of small fish (probably
whitebait smelt, Allosmerus elongatus) apparently filter feeding within the
plume.
-------
s^».4fr^^^^|g<^^^^y;:^ff.:-:;'.'-'~;---,: :
ii;&;">v^i^^^^SSSQ£^:.-^.^---^/',.•
^s^^S&tr^y^^^^/:?'^ -f:-
•-- -t- "_fmf -i-t^'—i '• ... _ .••^U-- Itt-i- . r r^S - • -• .' - -_L_ ' . •
Fig. 4. Seafood cannery effluent plume In Yaquina Bay.
-------
Water Quality and Depth
Stations A1, Bl, and Cl were located in channels and were deeper (8 -
13 in) than the other stations (3.5 -6.5 in) (Fig. 2, Table 1). Stations B3
and B5 were at the edge of the channel. Stations B7 and 89 were out of the
channel and very near an eelgrass (Zostera marina) bod.
•The discoloration of the surface water was evident in secchi disc
depths and surface turbidity (Table 1). At transect B, C, and D secchi disc
depths ranged from 1.25 to 1.60 m. The secchi depth at stations Al, 3, 7,
and 9 ranged from 0.83 to 1.17 m. The highest secchi depth of the survey
(1.73 m) was recorded at station A5, indicating the patchy nature of the
effluent plume. Surface turbidity showed exactly the same pattern as the
secchi depths (Table 1). However, turbidity in bottom water along the A tran-
sect (1.3 - 2.1 NTU) was actually less than along the B, C and D transects
(2.1 - 3.9 NTU) (Table 1). This reflects the restriction of the plume to the
surface layer.
There was very little difference between the four transects in salinity
and temperature at the surface, 1 m, and bottom (Table 1). Salinities ranged
from 25.4 °/00 on the surface at Cl to 33.4 on the bottom at A3. Tempera-
ture ranged from 13.2°C on the surface at A9 and Cl to 10.0°C on the bottom
at Al atid A3. At most stations the bottom water salinity was 2-3 °/oo
greater and the temperature 1-2°C less than at the surface indicating slight
stratification of the water column. A slight depression in surface salinity
due to the cannery effluents is evident from a comparison of the difference
in salinity between the surface and 1 m (Table 1). This difference was con-
siderably higher along the A transect (x = 2.1 °/0o, range : 0.9 to 3.8 °/0o)
than at the B, C, and D transects (x = 0.5, range : -0.1 to 1.4 °/00). The
dissolved oxygen concentration was > 7.0 nig/1 a I all stations and depths
-------
Table 1. Water quality and depth at the Yaquina Bay stations.
r 4.~4. * An
Parameter
Depth (m)
Salinity (°/00) Surface
1 m
Bottom
Temperature (°C) Surface
1 m
Bottom
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/1) Surface
1 m
Bottom
Seech 1 Depth (m)
Turbidity (NTU) Surface
Bottom
Organic Nitrogen (mg/1) Surface
Bottom
Ammonia (mg/1) Surface
Bottom
Nitrate + Nitrite (mg/1) Surface
Bottom
Total Phosphate (mg/1) Surface
Bottom
Orthophosphate (mg/1) Surface
Bottom
Al
8.0
30.2
31.6
33.0
12.2
11.4
10.0
7.2
7.3
7.4
1.17
3. "8
2.1
6.18
0.20
0.37
0.04
0.16
0.14
0.48
0.05
0.37
0.05
A3
5.5
27.1
30.9
33.4
12.8
11.9
10.0
7.2
7.2
7.3
1.07
3.7
2.1
2.68
0.24
0.14
0.08
0.17
0.12
0.21
0.10
0.16
0.05
A5
5.5
29.1
31.0
32.4
12.3
11.7
10.8
7.9
7.7
7.8
1.78
1.5
2.0
3.30
0.13
0.13
0.03
0.18
0.12
0.26
0.07
0.17
0.05
A7
3.5
26.4
28.6
28.6
12.8
12.5
12.5
7.0
7.1
7.3
0.83
140.0
1.3
88.74
0.59
3.46
0.06
0.31
0.15
6.23
0.12
5.72
0.06
A9
4.0
26.1
28.1
30.1
13.2
12.7
12.0
7.9
7.9
7.9
1.06
8.0
1.6
3.84
0.28
0.24
0.04
0.18
0.14
0.39
0.09
0.29
0.04
B1
13.0
27.1
27.4
31.1
12.9
12.8
11.4
8.2
8.2
7.7
1.59
2.5
2.5
0.14
0.20
0.02
0.02
• 0.17
0.15
0.06
0.04
0.04
0.04
B3 B5
6.5
26.6
27.1
30.2
13.0
12.9
11.8
8.2
8.1
7.9
1.60
2.4
2.4
0.12
0.16
0.02
0.03
0.18
0..12
0.08
0.06
0.03
0.04
4.0
26.1
26.6
29.4
13.1
13.0
12.2
8.3
8.1
8.0
1.53
2.4
2.3
0.21
0.19
0.02
0.03
0.18
0.12
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
B7
4.5
26.2
26.7
30.2
13.1
12.9
11.8
8.2
8.0
7.8
1.57
2.4
2.5
0.15
0.20
0.02
0.03
0.18
0.15
0.04
0.07
0.03
0.04
B9
4.5
26.0
26.5
31.1
13.1
12.9
11.6
8.4
8.2
7.9
1.56
2.1
2.4
0.12
0.16
0.02
0.02
0.19
0.17
0.05
0.06
0.03
0.03
Cl
10.5
25.4
26.8
31.2
13.2
13.0
11.8
8.5
8.3
7.7
1.45
2.5
3.0
0.19
0.26
0.02
0.02
0.20
0.14
0.06
0.06
0.03
0.04
Dl
5.0
29.4
29.3
30.4
12.2
12.4
12.0
8.2
8.0
7.8
1.38
3.5
3.9
0.15 .
0.18
0.02
0.03
0.13
0.11
0.09
0.09
0.05
0.04
D3
6.5
26.1
26.9
29.9
13.0
13.0
12.1
8.4
8.2
7.7
1.33
3.3
3.6
0.24
0.46
0.02
0.03
0.19
0.12
0.08
0.09
0.04
0.04
D5
6.0
27.8
27.7
28.3
12.8
12.8
12.5
8.3
8.2
8.1
1.25
3.5
3.5
0.23
0.29
0.02
0.04
0.14
0.16
0.06
0.06
0.04
0.04
-------
(Table 1). DO concentrations at the surface were slightly less along the A
transect (7.0 - 7.9 mg/1) than at the B, C and D transects (8.2 - 8.5 mg/1).
This difference was less pronounced at 1 m and on the bottom.
The surface concentration of organic nitrogen along the A transect
(2.7 - 88.7 mg/1) was more than an order of magnitude greater than surface
values at the other transects (0.11 - 0.24 mg/1) (Table 1). However, organic
nitrogen concentration at the bottom was very similar at the A (0.13 - 0.59 mg/1)
and B, C,. and D transects (0.16 - 0.45 mg/1). This same pattern was found for
ammonia, total phosphate and orthophosphate (Table 1). Except for the surface
concentration of nitrite plus nitrate at station A7 (0.31 mg/1), there was
very little variation in this parameter between stations although surface con-
centrations (0.13 - 0.22 mg/1) were slightly higher than at the bottom (0.11 -
0.17 mg/1).
Sediment Characteristics
Particle Size Distribution
There were substantial differences in the particle size distribution of
sediments between and within transects (Table 2). With the exception of samples
Al and A9. sediments along the A transect were poorly sorted and contained a
much larger proportion of coarse sands and larger particles (> 20%) than any
of the samples collected on the B and D transects. A particle size analysis
was not conducted for the sample from the C transect because it contained
only large shells and gravel. The only samples with a large proportion
(> 40i) of very fine sands or smaller particles were collected at stations B7
and B9. The other samples collected on the B transect were very well sorted
fine sands. The D transect sediments were characterized by a large propor-
tion of both fine and medium sands. Human artifacts on the bottom along the
A transect were much more numerous than at any of the other stations (Fig. 5).
-------
Table 2. Mean size distribution (percent weight) of Yaquina Bay sediment samples.
Size Class
Coarse sands or larger
Medium sands
Fine sands
Very fine sands or smaller
Al
8.5
11.8
73.9
5.8
A3
62.4
10.5
23.6
3.5
AS
51.5
6.2
26.6
15.7
A7
21.8
35.2
34.8
8.2
A9
2.9
27.0
55.9
14.3
Bl B3
0.5
16.1
83.1
0.4
0
17.7
79.4
3.0
B5
0
9.2
87.0
3.7
B7
0.8
2.4
54.5
42.3
B9
1.2
3.1
39.4
56.3
01
3.7
23.8
63.0
9.6
D3
7.2
42.0
47.4
3.4
05
3.2
44.6
49.4
2.8
-------
Fig. 5. Human artifacts collected in one dredge sample at Yaquina Bay
station A3.
-------
Sediment Chemistry
The results of the chemical analyses performed on sediments collected by
dredging and by divers are given in Tables 3 and 4 respectively. Comparison
of values between these tables may not be valid because of the difference in
collection technique. There was no evidence for a major increase in the con-
centration of any chemical parameter along the A transect. Concentrations
of organic nitrogen, nitrate plus nitrite, and total soluble phosphate in
interstitial water at station A9 were within the ranges recorded at the B and
D transects. Interstitial concentrations of ammonia and orthophosphate at A9
were slightly higher than in the B and D samples. Organic carbon concentra-
tions in bulk sediment samples were inversely related to particle size and
reached a maximum at station B9. Total Kjeldahl nitrogen and total oil and
grease concentrations were relatively high along the A transect although the
ranges overlapped values for the B and D samples. With few exceptions, con-
centrations of hydrocarbon oil and grease, total sulfides and alkaline soluble
sulfides were higher in the A samples.
Characteristics of the material deposited in the sediment traps placed
on pilings under the dock opposite stations A5, A7, Dl, and D5 are-given in
Table 5. The greatest weight of sediment was found in the traps at A7 and
D5. The concentration of total nitrogen and organic carbon was slightly
greater in the residue collected at A5. The organic nitrogen content of the
filtrate was similar in all samples. Nutrients were higher in the filtrate
obtained from traps on the A transect.
Macrobenthos
Density, Diversity, and Species Composition
The structure of the benthic assemblage was very similar at each of the
four transects (Table 6). Analysis of variance showed no significant
-------
Table 3. Chemical analyser, of sediment samples collected by dredging, 10 May 1978.
Parameter
Interstitial water (mg/1 )
Organic nitrogen
Ammonia
Nitrate + nitrite
Total soluble phosphate
Orthophosphate
Bulk sediment (rug/ kg)
Total organic carbon
Total Kjeldahl nitrogen
Total oil/grease
Hydrocarbon oil/grease
Total sul fides
Alkaline soluble sulfides
A9
1.27
2.89
0.23
0.65
0.45
3900
2100
790
100
360
8
Bl
0.62
0.63
0.25
<0.25
0.15
<2000
<200
770
180
<]
0
B3
0.00
1 .26
0.25
<0.25
0.26
•:3100
<200
180
<5
<2
0
B5
0.88
1 .70
<0.05
0.37
0.28
<2600
<500
420
19
13
<2
B7
5.59
2.48
0.23
0.52
0.36
12450
1300
490
<5
95
4
B9
1.43
1.91
0.10
0.42
0.39
29300
2300
290
<5
31
3
Dl
5.01
1.96
0.22
0.77
0.17
5640
710
380
14
29
3
D3
5.40
2.28
0.18
0.40
0.25
1900
1000
650
43
12
2
05
2.31
1.31
0.25
0.26
0.18
<1000
<200
22
28
15
<1
-------
Table 4. Chanical analyses of sediment samples collected by divers, 18 July 1978.
Parameter
Bulk Sediment (rng/kg)
Total organic carbon
Total Kjeldahl nitrogen
Total oil/grease
Hydrocarbon oil/grease
Total sulfides
Alkaline soluble sulfides
Al
5400
440
1950
123
330
6
A3
5600
1250
2120
230
700
•11
A5
18100
1700
2110
554
810
12
~1 UU 1. 1 Ul 1
A7 A9
9500
650
6620
261
1400
24
-
2900
3590
219
520
27
Dl
12200
520
560
79
350
16
D3
12700
<125
560
93
19
3
D5
3400
<100
4060
107
23
2
-------
Table 5. Chemical analyses of Yaquina Bay sediment trap samples.
Parameter
Residue
Weight (gm)
Total nitrogen (gm/kg)
Total organic carbon (gm/kg)
Filtrate (mg/1 )
Organic nitrogen
Ammonia
Nitrate + nitrite
Total phosphate
Orthophosphate
A5
36.2
7.4
52.2
0.24
0.69
0.08
0.31
0.29
A7 Dl
141.3
6.1
44.1
0.20
0.76
0.14
0.10
0.08
21.4
6.2
39.9
0.27
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
D5
88.3
6.3
41.5
0.18
0.10
0.06
0.05
0.04
-------
Table 6. Mean richness, density, dominance, and diversity of benthic samples at Yaquina Bay transects
Parameter
Areal Richness
(S/Dredge)
Density of Individuals
(N/ Dredge)
Dominance
(1 -Simpson' s Index)
Diversity
(H1)
X
Range
X
Range
X
Range
X
Range
A
33.1
10-50
385.3
30-842
0.85
0.74-0.91
1.04
0.84-1.19
B C
31.3
11-53
711.0
43-1283
0.81
0.54-0.93
0.94
0.49-1.18
32.0
24-40
129.5
78-181
0.91
0.89-0.92
1 .21
1.13-1.28
Q
36.5
29-48
255.2
104-382
0.89
0.82-0.91
1.20
1.08-1.37
Analysis of
Variance
F = 0.23 n.s.
F = 3.35*
F = 1.64 n.s.
F = 3.18*
n.s. not significant; *F0>05(2^3) = 3.01; **FQ_01 (24> 3) = 4.72
-------
differences in either area! species richness or dGminrince between the four
transects. The mean number of species collected in a dredge sample varied
between 31.3 at transect B and 36.5 at transect D. Values for the complement
of Simpson's Index varied between 0.31 at transect B and 0.91 at transect C.
The range for both of these parameters was much greater at transects A and B
than at C or D, indicating greater heterogeneity in benthic community struc-
ture at the stations closest to cannery row.
Significant differences were observed between the four transects for •
mean values of both density of individuals and H' diversity (Table 6). The
mean density at transect B (711.0 individuals/dredge) was statistically
greater than at any of the other transects. Although the mean density at
transect C (129.5) was substantially less than at A (385.3) or D (255.2),
the difference was not significant. Mean H' diversity at B (0.94) was sig-
nigicantly less than at D (1.20), but not significantly different from H'
at C (1.21). This apparent contradiction is due to the sensitivity of the
multiple range test to differences in sample size which was greater at D
than at C. There were no other significant differences in mean H' between
the transects.
The similarity in the structure of the benthic assemblage is also re-
flected in the nearly ubiquitous presence of dominant species among the
four transects. Table 7 includes all species which ranked within the ten
most abundant species at any one of the four transects. Of the 24 species
selected by this criterion, all 24 were found at transect B, 22 at both B
and D, and 21 at C. Despite this ubiquitous pattern, no single species ranked
within the 10 most abundant species at all four stations. The differences
between the transects are obviously due to the relative abundance of dominants
rather than qualitative differences in species composition.
-------
Table 7. Mean density of species which ranked within the ten most
abundant species at one or more Yaquina Bay transects. Ranks
are given in parentheses.
Species
Macoma inquinata
Melita dentata
Anisogammarus pugettensis
Capitel la capita ta
Ana i tides williamsi
Protothaca staminea
Photis brevipes
Heptacarpus paludicola
Crangon nigricauda
Platynereis bicanaliculata
Orchomenella sp. 1
01 ivella pycna
Paraphoxus epistomus
Owenia collaris
01 ivel 1 a bipl icata
Aglaja diomedea
Glycinde picta
Pontocjeneia inermis
Podocerus sp. 1
Caprella laeviuscula
Paleanotus bell is
Archaeomysis grebnitzkii
Cryptomya californica
Amphissa columbiana
A
63.5 (1)
48.3 (2)
44.0 (3)
31.0 (4)
30.5 (5)
24.6 (6)
22.2 (7)
16.2 (8)
12.0 (9)
9.9 (10)
.3
.7
.2
1 .4
.1
.2
8.0
3.1
0
.1
2.3
0
6.1
.2
II U II JC<_ t
B C
133.2 (1)
1.4
.3
5.8
.4
36.6 (7)
30.1 (9)
.2
5.0
1.3
74.1 (2)
71.0 (3)
61.6 (4)
42.7 (5)
38.2 (6)
32.0 (8)
24.2 (10)
.4
.1
1.4
.2
2.5
22.6
10.3
1.5
23.0 (1)
0
.5
8.5 (4)
.5
1.0
8.0 (5)
20.5 (2)
2.0
1.5
.5
10.5 (3)
.5
1.0
0
.5
4.0 (6)
4.0 (6)
4.0 (6)
3.5 (9)
3.5 (9)
1.0
0
D
44.8 (1)
3.7
2.5
.8
.7
14.3 (6)
13.5 (7)
.5
.7
3.5
14.8 (5)
7.3 (8)
30.3 (2)
16.3 (3)
.2
2.8
7.0 (9)
0
0
.2
.2
.7
16.3 (3)
5.8 (10)
-------
The dominant species were most similar at transects B and D (Table 7).
The following eight species were among the ten most abundant at both of
these transects: Macoma inquinata, Protothaca staminea, Photis brevipes,
Orchomenella sp. 1, 01iveil a pycna, Paraphoxus epi s tomus, Owenia collaris,
and Glycinde picta. Cryptomya cal ifornica and Am2hjjssa_ columbiana ranked
within the top ten at D, but not at B although the mean catch of both species
per dredge sample was actually greater at B. The mean catch of all ten of
the most abundant species at B was greater than at any other transect. The
sixth and eighth most abundant species at B, Qlivella biplicata and Aglaja
diomedea, were relatively rare at the other transects.
The dominant fauna at transect C was not closely related to that of
any other transect. The five least abundant dominants at C (Pontogeneia inermis,
Podocerus sp. 1, Caprella laeviuscula, Paleanotus be His, and Archaeomysis
grebnitzki) did not rank within the top ten at any other transect and had
rather low densities (.< 4 individuals/dredge). Four of the five most abundant
species at C were also dominants at A: Mel ita denta t.a, Ana i tides willianisi,
Heptacarpus poludicola, and Crangon nigracauda. Paraphoxus epistomus was a
dominant at C, B, and D. Transect A shared the four dominant species listed
above with C, and three species (Macoma inquinata, Protothaca staminea, and
Photis brevipes) with both B and D. Two of the most abundant species at A
(Capitella capitata and PI atynereis bi canaliculata) were present, but not
dominant at B, C, or D.
Numerical Classification
The pattern of overlap between transects in the composition of the
dominant species suggests a lack of fauna! homogeneity within the transects.
The normal classification of the data set resulted in five reasonably well-
defined collection groups (Fig. 6). Twelve of the 14 station replicate pairs
-------
2
n
01
Q
1.8
1.6.
1.4.
1.2.
1.0
.81
|Q Q Q Q Q Q
-------
of samples fell within the same collection group and 11 of these were
"nearest neighbors." That result lends credence to a quantitative analysis
of dredge samples which are often considered qualitative at best.
Samples taken along individual transects did not always fall into the
same collection group (Fig. 6). .Group I includes all transect D samples
plus the replicates taken at station A9. Group II includes all samples from
stations B7 and B9 and possesses the lowest within group faunal dissimilarity.
Group III is restricted to the A transect and includes sample Al-1 and both
replicates at stations A3, A5 and A7. The two replicates at Cl and samples
Al-2 and Bl-2 are included in Group IV which has the highest within group
dissimilarity. Group V indues sample Bl-1 and the replicates at stations B3
and B5. At higher hierarchical levels, Group I is irost closely related to II,
and III to IV. Group V is quite distinct from the other collection groups.
In contrast to the statistical comparison of community structure para-
meters between transects, there were highly significant differences in areal
richness, density of individuals, dominance, and H' diversity between the five
collection groups (Table 8). Student-Newman-Keule multiple range test at
the 0.05 probability level showed that mean areal richness of Group V (21.0
species) was not different from Group IV (23.2), but both means v/ere less
than in the other groups. Richness at III (34.1 species) and I (37.6) were
not different. Richness at II (47.2 species) was greater than at III, but
the difference between II and I was barely insignificant. The mean density
of individuals was greater at II (1245.0 individuals) and less at IV (83.0)
than at any other groups. Density at I (347.3 individuals), III (367.4),
and V (417.4) were not different from one another. Mean values for the com-
planent, of Simpson's Index of dominance and H' diversity were very low at
Group V (0.73 and 0.76, respectively) and significantly different from all
-------
Table 8. Mean richness, density, dominance, and diversity of benthic samples in Yaquina Bay Collection Groups
Parameter
Areal Richness
(S/Dredge)
Density of Individuals
(N/ Dredge)
Dominance
(1 -Simpson' s Index)
Di versi ty
(h1)
X
Range
X
Range
X
Range
X
Range
I
37.6
29-50
347.8
104-842
0.86
0.74-0.93
1.13
0.84-1 .37
- — Co"
II
47.2
41-53
1245.0
1180-1283
0.88
0.84-0.90
1.12
1.02-1 .18
1 lection Groi
III
34.1
22-43
367.4
80-647
0.87
0.81-0.91
1.09
0.94-1.19
in
'M
IV
23.2
10-40
83.0
30-181
0.90
0.87-0.93
1.12
0.90-1 .28
V
21.0
11-35
417.4
272-549
0.73
0.54-0.86
0.76
0.49-1.04
Analysis of
Variance
F = 7.59**
F = 25.95**
F - 4.75**
F - 5.50**
*F0.05(23,4) = 2'80; **F0.01(23,4) = 4'25
-------
other groups. Within the other groups there wore no differences in either
dominance or H" diversity which varied between 0.86 - 0.90 and 1.09 - 1.13,
respectively.
The inverse classification resulted in five species groups (Fig. 7,
Table 9). Two way analyses of the mean number of individuals/sample and
constancy of species groups in collection groups are shown in Tables 10 and
11, respectively.
One~of the major results of the numerical classification was a division
of all except one of the B transect samples into collection groups (CG) II
and CG V which were distinctly different from one another. Group V included
both replicates from stations B3 and E5 plus sample 81-1. It was strongly
dominated by 01 ivel la pycna, 0_. biplicata and Paraphoxus epistomus. These
three species had a total mean abundance of 334.8 individuals/sample and ac-
counted for 80% of the individuals collected in CG V. Their dominance ac-
counts for the very low mean values for H' diversity (0.76) and the comple-
ment of Simpson's Index (0.73). None of the other species collected in
these samples were very abundant. The high constancy and abundance of
species group (SG) 5 in CG V merely reflects the ubiquity and density of the
three dominants. The other ten species in SG 5 had only a moderate constancy
(0.36) and low mean density (2.1 individuals/species/sample). Glycinde picta
was the only species other than the dominants that appeared in all five
samples. CG V had the lowest area! richness (x S/sample - 21.0) and, ex-
cluding the three dominants, the lowest mean density (82.6 individuals/
sample) of any collection group.
The replicates from stations B7 and B9 constituted collection Group II
which had the highest density of individuals, areal species richness, and
within group fauna! homogeneity of any of the collection groups. Species
-------
Fig. 7. Species group clusters for Yaquina Boy ';runp1es.
-------
H
M
o:
-------
Table 9. Mean density of individuals in dredge samples within each collection
group for members of each species group. Rank of the ten most
abundant species within each collection group is given in parentheses.
Collection Group
II III IV
Species Group 1
Glycinde picta
Hacoma inquinata ,
Protothaca staminea
Haploscoloplos elongatus
Sphaerosyllis californiensis
Diastylis alaskensis
Photis brevipes
Cryptomya californica
Mediomastus californiensis
Owenia collarTs
Protomedeia zotea
Prionospio malmgreni
Odostomia phanea
phanea
tuadripl ic
Lamprops quadriplicata
Tel lina-"modes ta
Amphissa columbiana
Species Group 2
Mytilus edulis
Cancer magister
Pinnixia schmitti
Genrna gemma
Cirratulus cirratus
Eupolymnia crescentis
Species Group 3
Tha ryx parvus
Mitrella tuberosa
Ampharete arctica
Dendraster excentricus
Aglaja dTohiedea
Or'choinenena sp. 1
Nassarius mendicus
Nephtys caecoides
Rhyncospio arenicola '
Epitonium indianorum
Species Group 4
Crangon nigricauda
Pontogeneia inermls
Melita dentata
Gnorimosphaeroma oregonensis
Cancer productus
Cancer oregonensis
Paleanotus bell is
Heptacarpus palulTicola
Pholis ornata
Anaitides williamsi
Lumbrineris zonata
Anisogammarus pugettensis
Harmothoe imbricata
Platynereis bicanaliculata
Armandia brevis
Capital la capitata
Petrolisthes eriomerus
Species Group 5
Clinocardium nuttalli
Parapleustes pugettensis
Paraphoxus spinosus
Caprella laeviuscula
Archaeomysis grebnitzkii
Mandibulophoxus gilesi
Hippomedon denticula
liphaustorTus estuarius
Otivella
OHvella
Parapho"xus epistomus
Parophrys vetulus
Caprel la californica
12.8
96.2
36.6
6.4
1.5
4.4
12.5
13.9
4.5
14.0
1.8
1.5
2.2
2.8
3.1
4.4
5.0
6.5
6.4
3.8
6.2
1.8
0
0
0
.1
2.2
11.2
.5
.6
.2
0
1.1
.1
3.6
.1
.4
.2
.4
.6
.1
.9
.5
3.6
1.1
3.9
1.1
24.4
0
1.0
.9
2.1
.1
.5
0
0
.2
5.5
.1
22.8
0
.1
(7)
(1)
(2)
(8)
(6)
(5)
(10)
(9)
(3)
(4)
56
331
89
11
7
8
74
56
11
90
12
1
20
30
10
17
2
1
1
30
27
3
3
80
184
27
1
1
4
1
1
1
2
14
1.
.
5.
i!
i.
.0
.5
.2
.0
.8
.8
.8
.5
.5
.5
.5
.2
.5
.8
.0
.2
.2
.2
.0
.5
.5
0
.5
.5
.2
.0
.0
.8
.2
.2
.8
.5
.8
0
.0
0
0
0
.2
0
0
0
0
.8
.5
.8
0
.2
.2
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
0
2
0
(8)
(D
(4)
(6)
(7)
(3)
(9)
(10)
(5)
(2)
2.7
19.2
5.6
.4
2.0
1.3
28.7
6.3
.4
0
0
0
.6
0
0
.3
1.0
1.6
.3
.9
.7
0
0
0
.4
0
.1
.3
0
0
.3
0
16.1
4.1
67.6
1.4
7.4
3.3
3.0
22.3
2.3
42.7
7.9
59.6
6.1
12.7
.7
17,1
6.0
.1
0
.9
.1
0
0
0
0
1.0
.1
.3
.6
1.4
(6)
(4)
(8)
(D
(5)
(3)
(10)
(2)
(9)
(7)
1
1
1
12
2
13
2
5
5
2
1
2.
2.
3.
1.
1.'
6.
.5
.8
.2
0
0
.2
.2
.5
0
.2
0
0 .
0
.2
0
0
.5
.8
0
0
0
.5
0
0
0
0
0
.8
0
0
0
0
.5 (2)
.5 (7)
.0 (1)
.2
.2
.2
.0
.2 (4)
0
.0 (5)
.2
.2 (9)
.2
.0
0
.2
0
8
2 (9)
5 (7)
8 (6)
8
0
5
0
5
0
0 (3)
0
8
3
1
1
1
2
13
2
3
8
6
1
7
1
1.'
1.
5.
2.
2.
3.
137.
75.
121.
3.
f
.6
.2
.8
.2
0
.0
.2
0
.2
.0
.2
.8
.4
.8
.2
.8
0
.4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.2
0
.4
.2
0
0
0
.2
.6
.4
0
.2
0
0
.2
0
.8
0
0
0
.4
.4
.2
0
4
6
6
4
0
2
0
8
4
6
8
6
2
(4)
(9)
(5)
(7)
(6)
(8)
(9)
(D
(3)
(2)
-------
Table 1Q. Moan density of species groups in dredge samples within
Yaquina Bay collection groups.
Col lection Group 1
I 218.5
II 829.8
III 67.4
Cr
->f
2
29.6
5.5
4.4
>ecies Groi.
3
15.0
363.8
1.1
'P
4
42.2
22.5
280.4
5
33.4
9.8
4.6
IV 5.0 2.8 0.8 45.0 19.8
V 45.4 1.4 0.3 11.4 355.6
-------
fable 11. Constancy of species groups within Yaquina Bay collection
groups. Very high values (;-.75) are underlined twice,
high values (.50-.74), once.
Collection Group
I
II
III
IV
V
1
.78
.97
.44
.20
.40
c
2
.77
.62
.43
.29
.13
ipecies Grou
3
.24
.85
.09
.03
.06
4
.43
.26 ,
.80
.41
.18
5
.28
.31
.19
.38
.51
-------
Groups 1 and 3 are dominant (Tables 9, 10). Constancy was high or very
high for both of these species groups plus SG 2, although the latter was
represented by very few individuals (Table 11). SG 3 was almost entirely
restricted to CG II. SG 1 reached its maximum abundance in CG II, but it was
also the dominant species group in CG I.
Ma coma inquinata and Orchomenella sp. 1 were the first and second most
abundant species in each of the four CG II samples. The tremendous fauna!
homogeneity of this group was also due to the ubiquitous presence of 25
species in all samples. The other dominants include Owenia collar is, P ro to -
thaca staminea, Aglaja diomedea, Photis brevipes, Cryptomya californica,
Glycinde picta, Lamprops quadriplicata, and Tharyx parvus. Al1 of these
species reached their maximum abundance in this collection group.
The benthos at B7 and B9 was very different from that at the other B
transect stations, especially CG V. Only two species, Owenia collaris and
Glycinde picta, ranked within the ten most abundant species in both CG II
and CG V. The three dominants at CG V, Olive! la pycna, 0_. biplicata and
Paraphoxus epistomus had a total mean abundance per dredge sample of only 7.0
individuals within CG II.
Numerical classification also subdivided the A transect stations. The
replicates at A9 clustered with all D transect samples in collection Group I.
The remainder of the A samples (except for Al-2) formed collection Group III.
The structure of the benthos in these groups is very similar, but the dominant
species are rather different (Table 9). Only three species (Macoma inquinata,
Capitella capi ta ta, and Photis brevipes) appear within the ten most abundant
species in both collection groups. The dominants in CG III (Melita dentata,
Anisogaimiarus pugettensis, and Anaitides Williamsi) were not abundant in CG I.
CG I was much more closely related to CG II (stations B7, 9) in dominant
species composition. Species groups 1 and 2 were abundant and had very high
-------
constancy within CG I (Tables 10, 11). Species groiio 4 was most abundant
and ubiquitous in CG III.
The distribution of the opportunistic polychaet.e Capitella capltata is
shown in Table 12. Although C_. caprta_ta_ ranks as the third most abundant
species in CG I, it was present in only three (D3-1, A9-1, A9-2) of the
eight CG I samples. Its spatial distribution indicates a gradient of in-
creasing density along both the A and B transects. It reached its maximum
abundance.at stations A7, A9, and B9. These collections contained a great
variety of other species and relatively high fauna! densities.
The two replicates taken on the C transect and samples Al-2 and Bl-2
form collection Group IV. These samples contained relatively few species
and individuals. The lack of any real dominant species resulted in relative-
ly high values of H' diversity and the complement of Simpson's Index (Table 8).
The constancy and abundance of all species groups was low in CG IV (Table 10,
11). ''jej l_ta_ dentata was the most abundant species, but its mean density/
sample was only 13.0 individuals. The composition of the "dominant" species
in CG IV most closely resembles that of CG III.
Unidentified Species
The preceding results are based on those individuals which were identi-
fied to the species level. Specimens which could be identified only at
hi'jher taxonomic levels are listed in Table 13 for bnth transects and collec-
tion groups. The highest density of unidentified individuals was found at the
A transect and in collection Group III which includes 7 of the 10 A transect
samples. A relatively high abundance of anomuran megalopae is evident in
CG III and of ophiuroideans in CG II (stations B7 and B9).
-------
Table 12- Distribution of Capitella capitata in Yaquina Bay samples.
Transect
A
B
1-1
2
1
1-2
0
0
3-1
19
0
3-2
8
0
Number o
Hi-nH
Ui (_(J
5-1
7
0
f Individ
ge Sample
5-2
15
0
uals
7-1
46
5
7-2
23
3
9-1
25
41
9-2
165
8
C 1 0
D 0 0
-------
Table 13. Distribution of taxa not identified to the species level in Yaquina Bay transects and
collection groups.
Transect •-
Taxon
Anornuran megalopae
Pycnogonida
Ophiuroidea
fJudi branch ia
Brachyuran megalopae
Nemertea
Polycladida
Anthozoa
A
10.7
3.2
1 .4
4.8
3.2
2.5
.1
.3
B
.1
5.2
7.7
1 .7.
.5
.3
.1
0
C D
0 1.3
8.5 2.5
.5 0
2.0 .3
3.0 3.3
0 1 .0
5.5 0
.5 0
Cn 1 1
CU 1 1
I II
1.9 .2
2.1 1.2
0 18.5
.2 0
3.0 .5
1.5 .8
0 0
0 0
ection Group --
III
10.4
4.3
2.0
6.7
4.3
2.7
.1
.3
IV
.8
6.2
.2
1.2
1.8
0
2.8
.2
V
0
7.8
.6
3.4
.6
0
.2
.2
TOTAL
26.2 15.6 20.0
8.7 21.2 30.8 13.2
12.8
-------
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
Cannery Effluents
The effects of seafood cannery effluents on water and sediment quality
in Yaquina Bay are restricted to the immediate vicinity of the cannery docks.
The effluent plume is quite turbid and has high nutrient concentrations. Be-
cause of its initial low salinity it is restricted to the surface layer where
it mixes rapidly with estuarine water and is dispersed by strong tidal cur-
rents. The quality of water at the bottom along the A transect was comparable
to that at other stations in the Bay. The dissolved oxygen concentration at
both the surface and bottom was not less than 7 mg/1.
The strength of the currents along cannery row and the screening treat-
ment of the effluents minimize the deposition of waste materials on the sea
bed. There was no evidence for a major increase in the concentration of any
chemical parameter in the sediments along the A transect. However, concen-
trations of Kjeldahl nitrogen, total and hydrocarbon oil and grease, and
total and alkaline soluble sulfides were generally higher than at the other
transects although the ranges often overlapped. Television observations and
the dredged samples did not indicate the accumulation of shells or other
waste products on the bottom. There was, however, a greatly increased inci-
dence of human artifacts on the bottom at the A stations.
A very diverse and abundant macrofaunal benthic community was found im-
mediately adjacent to the cannery outfalls (transect A). Although this
assemblage differed in species composition from the benthos collected across
the Bay at the Oregon State University docks (transect D), there were no
statistical differences in community structure parameters of density, dominance,
diversity or richness.
Tidal or current dispersion of wastes seems to be the major factor deter-
mining the impact of cannery effluents. Beyer, Nakatani and Staude (1975)
-------
examined environmental conditions near salmon cannery outfalls in an area
of strong tidal action at Petersburg, Alaska. Their results are similar to
ours. DO concentrations near the Petersburg canneries were not lower than
ambient values. Turbidity was high only in the immediate vicinity of the
outfalls. Their analysis of intertidal communities indicated that spatial
differences could not be attributed to outfall effects. The Petersburg
effluents were not screened, resulting in temporary accumulations of heads,
tails and viscera in a small area north of the outfalls. The subtidal benthos
was less diverse beneath these accumulations. Beyer e_t aj_. (1975) believed
that grinding wastes would alleviate this problem.
Cannery effluents can cause major environmental degradation if flushing
is inadequate. Stewart and Tangarone (1977) and Kama (1978) examined water
and sediment quality in the vicinity of seafood cannery outfalls in Dutch
Harbor, Alaska. They found that DO concentrations in bottom water were often
less than 6 mg/1 and in one instance the bottom water was anaerobic. Con-
centrations of ammonia and total phosphorus at the bottom were substantially
greater than at control locations. Most of the shells and heavier wastes
accumulated on the bottom within a 30 m radius of the outfalls. Deposits of
less dense material extended well beyond the 30 m radius. These deposits
resulted in high concentrations of hydrogen sulfides and organic matter in
toe sediments. Qualitative observations during diving surveys indicated a
greatly reduced richness of benthic species in the area of waste deposits.
Reish (1959) and Barnard and Reish (1959) reported a tremendous degra-
dation of the inacrobenthos in poorly flushed embaynients next to fish can-
neries in Los Angeles Harbor and Newport Bay, California. Only 7 species and
134 individuals were collected from the cannery area in Newport Bay, and 3
species and 88 individuals in Los Angeles Harbor. The widely recognized
pollution indicator species, Capi tell a capitata, accounted for about 90% of
-------
the individuals in both cases. This polychaete reached its maximum density
in our survey at stations A7, A9, and B9. The collections at these stations
contained an average of 45 species and 715 individuals per dredqe sample. C_.
capitata accounted for about 7% of the individuals. We do not believe that
a significant ecological alteration is indicated by the presence of an op-
portunistic species in the midst of such an abundance and variety of other
benthic invertebrates.
This report concerns cannery effluent impacts on the macrobenthos,
sediment and water quality as determined from a single ecological survey.
Limitations in time and resources prevented an analysis of temporal changes
or effects on other biological communities. One assemblage that certainly
warrants additional study is the intertidal fauna and flora on the pilings
and rocks beneath the cannery docks. Michael Mix (personal communication)
has observed a high incidence of mortality, abnormal and possibly neoplastic
cells, and inhibited gametogenesis in mussels, Mytil us edulis, collected from
the cannery dock pilings in Yaquina Bay. These disorders were correlated
with increased body burdens of benzo(a)pyrene, a carcinogenic petroleum
hydrocarbon. The source of the benzo(a)pyrene is uncertain. Dunn and Stich (1976)
attributed elevated levels of benzo(a)pyrene in mussels growing near pilings in
Vancouver harbor to the creosote used as a piling preservative.
Spatial Heterogeneity in Yaquina Bay Benthos
We observed substantial within and between transect variations in the
structure and species composition of Yaquina Bay benthic assemblages. The
characteristics of the benthos on the A transect do not seem to be attribut-
able to cannery outfall effects. There were, no substantial differences be-
tween any of the stations in the temperature, salinity or dissolved oxygen
in water near the bottom. Water depth was slightly nreater at the channel
stations (Al, Bl, Cl), but major differences in the benthos were found
-------
between stations of comparable depth. Sediment particle size distribution
is the only environmental factor that was closely related to spatial
changes in the benthos.
The numerical classification of the Yaquina Bay samples produced five
collection groups. The stations which clustered together on the basis of
fauna! similarity are also similar in sediment characteristics. In Table 14
the sediment preferences as described in the scientific literature are given
for benth-ic species collected in Yaquina Bay. Species are listed in Table
14 within the collection group in which they achieved their maximum abundance
(see Table 9 for density data).
Most of the species reached maximum density in collection groups II or
III. Sediments at these two groups of collections were distinctly different.
CG II includes stations B7 and B9 which were the only stations in which the
sediment contained a large proportion of fine particles. Almost all species
which were most abundant at CG II are described in the literature as having
a preference for muddy sand or similar fine sediment types (Table 14). All
species which reached their maximum abundance in CG II were clustered in
species groups 1 and 3 by the inverse numerical classification. The dis-
tinction between these two species groups is that the membersof SG 3 have a
stronger preference for muds and were almost entirely restricted to CG II
(Tables 14, 9). SG 1 however was more tolerant of sandier sediments and
therefore had a wider spatial distribution in the Bay.
In contrast to the muddy sediments at CG II, the sediments at CG III
(sample Al-1 and both replicates at A3, 5, 7) were poorly sorted and con-
tained a large proportion of coarse sands, gravel and shells. The litera-
ture indicates that the species with a maximum density at CG III had a
preference for coarse sediment types (Table 14). These species were re-
stricted to SG 4 which was also present, but much less abundant in CG IV
-------
Table 14. Sediment preference of Yaquina Bay macrobenthos as described in the scientific literature.
group 1n which they achieved their maximum density.
Species are assigned to the collection
Collection Group
Stations
Sediment Type
Collection Group II
Stations B7, B9
Fine sand, silt and
clay.
Collection Group III
Stations Al.3,5,7
Poorly sorted sands,
gravel and shell.
Collection Group V
Stations Bl.3,5
Very well sorted
fine sands
Collection Group I
Stations A9, 01 ,3,5
Fine and medium sands
Species
Glycinde picta
Ma coma inguinata
Protothaca stain in ea
Haploscoloplos elongatus
Sphaerosyl lis californiens i s
Cryptomya californica
Mediomostus californiensis
Owen i a collaris
Lamprops quadripl icata
Tel lina modesta
Amphissa columbiana
Tharyx parvus
Hitrella tuberosa
Ampharete arctica
Aglaja diomedea
Nassarius mendicus
Rhyncospio arenicola
Orchomenella sp.
Crangon nigricauda
Mel ita dentata
Gnqrimosphaeroma oregonensis
Anisogammarus pugettensis
Cancer product us
Heptacarpus paludicola
Anaitides will lamsi
Lumbrineris zonata
Harmothoe imbricata
Platynereis bicanal iculata
Petrol isthes eriomerus
Eohaustorius estuarius
Paraphoxus eplstomus
Olivella biplicata
Cancer magister
Gemma~gemma
Cirratulus cirratus
Eupolymnia crescentis
Capitella capitata
Species Group
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
2
2
2
2
1
Sediment Preference
sandy mud
silt and mud
sandy mud, sands, gravel, rocks
very fine sands, muddy sand
silt, mud, and mixed sediment
mud or sand
mud, fine or very fine sand
muddy sand, fine sand
fine sand
silty sand, sand
sand, gravel, rocks
fine silty muds, muddy sands
sand and gravel
mud
mudflats
mud, sand, rocks
muddy sand
sandy mud
rocks, sand
rocks, stones
sand, stones, gravel, rocks
marshes
coarse sands, gravel, rocks
pools on mudflats and rocky intertidal
muddy sand, shell fragments
mixed sediments or clean sand
rocks
sand, shells, rocks
rocks
clean, medium sand
medium fine unstable sand
clean sand
sand
sands or muddy sands
sand, rocks
sandy mud
organically enriched fine sediments
Reference
1.2
1
1,3,4
5,6.7
1,7
1
1,2,6,8
1,9,10,11
12
1 ,13
,8,14
5
,3,16
17
18
1
19
20
1
21
1
1,14
7
1
1,14
22,23
24
19,25
1
1,21
26
1,27
1
» 14 , to
1 Smith and Carlton (1975), 2 Barnes (1966), 3 Ricketts and Calvin (1952), 4 Fitch (1953), 5 Reish (1963), 6 Reish (1964), 7 Hartman 1968),
8 Vassallo(1970), 9 Perkins (1974), 10 Hartman (1969), 11 Fager (1964), 12 Given (1965), 13 Maurer (1967), 14 Barnard and Reish (1959).
15 Sanders (1960), 16 Abbott (1974), 17 Wieser (1959), 18 Hurley (1963), 19 Bousfield (1973), 20 Rees (1975), 21 Schmitt (1921), 22 Gonor and
Gonor (1973). 23 Knudsen (1964), 24 Bosworth (1973), 25 Maurer e_t al_. (1974), 26 Narchi (1971), 27 Reish (1949), 28 Warren (1977).
-------
(samples Al-2, Bl-2, Cl-1 and 2). The sediments at CG IV were shells and
gravel [sediment data given in Table 2 are representative of the first
replicate taken at stations Al and Bl]. The- depauperate fauna in CG IV may
'be related to the location of these stations in channels where they are sub-
jected to dredging and a great deal of ship activity.
Very well sorted fine sands occurred in sample Bl-1 and both replicates
at stations B3 and B5 (CG V). Species group 5 was dominant and its members
are known to prefer clean fine or medium sands (Table 14). Medium and fine
sands are present at CG V (the D transect and station A9). Species group 2
reached its maximum abundance at CG V and with the exception of Mytilus
edul is, it is a sand dwelling assemblage.
In summary, sediment composition is a major factor controlling the
distribution of subtidal benthic invertebrates in Yaquina Bay. Two major
assemblages were encountered in our survey. The muddy sands at stations B7
and 9 support a very abundant and diverse benthic community dominated by
Macoma inquinata, Qrchomenella sp. 1, and Owenia collaris. The more psam-
mophilic species in this community were also abundant in the medium and fine
sands at station A9 and the D transect. The second major assemblage was found
in the coarser sediments along most of the A transect. The more abundant
species there were Melita dentata, Anisogammarus pugettensis, and Anaitides
wil1iamsi. A depauperate example of this community was encountered in coarse
channel sediments. The fine clean sands along channel banks were densely
populated by only three species, 01 ivel la £ycna_, 0. bipl icata, and Paraphoxus
epistomus.
-------
LITERATURE CITED
Abbott, R. T. 1974. American Seashells. Second edition. Van Nostrand
Reinhold Company. New York. 663 p.
American Public Health Association. 1975. Standard Methods for the
Examination of Hater and Hastewater. 14th edffion. APHA, Washington,
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Barnard, J. L. and D. J. Reish. 1959. Ecology of Amphipoda and Polychaeta
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632 p.
Beyer, D. L., R. E. Nakatani and C. P. Staude. 1975. Effects of salmon
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Boesch, D. F. 1977. Application of numerical classification in ecological
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Bosworth, W. S. 1973. Three new species of Eohaustorius (Amphipoda,
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Fitch, J. E. 1953. Common marine bivalves of California. Cal. Dept. Fish
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Given, R. R. 1965. Five collections of Cumacea from the Alaskan Arctic.
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Gonor, S. L. and J. J. Gonor. 1973. Feeding, cleaning and swimming behavior
in larval stages of Porcellanid crabs. (Crustacea: Anomura). U.S.
Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv. Fish. Bull. 71: 225-234.
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111-124.
-------
Hartman, 0. 1968. Atlas of the errantiate polychaet.ous annelids from
California. Allan Hancock Found., Univ. of So. Calif. Los Angeles,
Calif. 823 p.
Hartman, 0. 1969. Atlas of the sedentariate polychaetous annelids from
California. Allan Hancock Found., Univ. of So. Calif. Los Angeles,
Calif. 812 p.
Hurley, Desmond E. 1963. Amphipoda of the family Lysianassidae from the
west coast of North and Central America. Allan Hancock Found. Pub.,
Occ. Pap. 25. 160 p.
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seafood processors at Dutch Harbor, Alaska. Environ. Prot. Ag. Work.
Pap. No. 910-8-78-101. 39 p.
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of the common Brachyura and crablike Anomura of Puget Sound, Washington.
Pac. Sci. 18: 3-33.
Maurer, D. 1967. Mode of feeding and diet and synthesis on marine pelecy-
pods from Tomales Bay, California. Veliger 10: 72-76.
Maurer, D. e_t a_L 1974. Effect of spoil disposal on benthic comnunities
near the mouth of Delaware Bay. Delaware River and Bay Authority.
231 p.
Narchi, W. 1971. Structure and adaptation in Transennella tantilla and
Gemma gemma (Bivalvia: Veneridae). Bull. Mar. Sci. 21: 866-835.
Perkins, E. J. 1974. The Biology of Estuaries jmd_ Coastal Waters.
Academic Press. London, New York. 678 p.
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two intertidal amphipods. Mar. Biol. 30: 21-26.
Reish, D. J. 1949. The intertidal polychaetous annelids of the Coos Bay,
Oregon region. M.A. Thesis. Oregon State Univ.
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Beach Harbors, California. Allan Hancock Found. Pub., Occ. Pap. 22.
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annelids of Bahia de San Quintin, Baja California. Pacific Naturalist
3: 399-435.
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of Catalina Harbor, Santa Catalina Island, California. Bull. So. Calif.
Acad. Sci. 63: 36-91.
Ricketts, E. F. and J. Calvin. 1952. Between Pac i f ic Tides. Third edition.
Stanford Univ. Press. 502 p.
-------
Sanders, H. L. 1960. Benthic studies in Buzzards Bay. III. The structure
of the soft-bottom community. Limnol. Oceanogr. 5: 138-153.
Schmitt, W. L. 1921. The marine decapod Crustacea of California. Univ.
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Sokal, R. R. and F. J. Rohlf. 1969. Biometry. W. H. Freeman Co. San
•Francisco. 776 p.
Soule, D. F. and M. Oguri. 1976. Marine studies of San Pedro Bay, California.
Part 12: Bioenhancement studies of the receiving waters in outer Los
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of So. Calif., Los Angeles, Calif. 279 p.
Stewart, R. K. and D. R. Tangarone. 1977. Water quality investigations
related to seafood processing wastewater discharges at Dutch Harbor,
Alaska. Environ. Prot. Ag. Work. Pap. No. 910-3-77-100. 78 p.
Vassal lo, M. T. 1970. The ecology of Ma coma inconspicua in central San
Francisco Bay. Veliger 13: 279-285.
Warren, L. M. 1977. The ecology of Capitella capitata in British waters.
J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 57: 151-159.
Wieser, W. 1959. The effect of grain size on the distribution of small in-
vertebrates inhabiting the beaches of Puget Sound. Limnol. Oceanogr. 4:
131 -194.
-------
Appendix 1. Raw data set for the macrofaunal benthic
collections made in Yaquina Bay, Oregon
on 9-10 May 1978.
-------
ACNAEA SP
ACTEOCINA CULCITELLA
"AGLAJA DIOMECEA
AMAENA OCCIDENTALS
AnPHARETE ARCTICA
AMPHISSA COLUMBIANA
A.XPITHOE LACEKTOSA
ANAITIOES UILLIAMSI
ANISOGAWMARUS CONFER V ICOLUS
ANISOGAMMARUS PUGETTENSIS
A1-1
1
A1-2 A3-1 A3-2 A5-1 A5-2 A7-1 A7-2
A9-2
ANOMURAN KEGALOPA
ANT-HQZOAN UNIO
ARMAHOIA SREVIS
8ARNEA SUBTRUNCATA
CANCER ,-AGISTER
CANCER OREGONENSIS
CANCER PROOUCTUS
"CAPTTELLA CAPITATA ~
CAPRELLA CALIFORNICA
CAffiELLA LAEVIUSCULA
1
7 74 93
." .162 ._ .2.3.2..
1
27
35
. _.!__
60
..8
2s
2
J,9
19
11
~Z~
17
-ll-
18
7
1
4
"2?
...2...
1
1
5
1?
14
-2-5—n\"
CIRRATULUS CIRRATUS
CISTEMOES BREVICOMA
CLINOCAROIUM NUTTALLI
COROPHIUH OAKLANDENSE
"CRAB HEGAIOP*
CRANGON NIGRICAUCA
CRYPTOMYA CALIFORNICA
DIASTYLIS ALASKENSIS
OYNAMENELLA SHEARERI
ENOPHRVS BlSOf,
EOHAUSTORIUS ESTUARIUS
-EULALIA AVICULTSFTA '
EUPOLYMNIA CRESCENTIS
EUSYLLIS SLOMSTRANDI
GEMMA GEMMA
GLYCINOE PICTA
GNORIKOSPHAEROMA ORE
GYPTIS BREVIPALPA
HAPLOSCOLOPLOS ELONGATUS
"HARMOTHOE IHBRICATA
HEPTACARPUS PALUOICOLA
HETERG.1ASTUS FILOBRASCHUS
HIATELLA ARCTICA
ICOTEA FEWKESI
ISOPOO A
JASSA FALCATA
CA C UN A ' M A R M 0 F. AT A-
LAMPROPS OUADRIPLICATA
LETOCHELIA DUEIA
LIMNORIA LIGNORUH
LUMSRINERIS-ZGNATA —
MACOMA INOUINATA
MACOMA NASUTA
M E D I'D «*ST irS~T*T.TFORfnTNSI S
MELITA OENTATA
MICROPODARKE CUBIA
MIMULUS FOLIATUS
MYTILUS EDULIS
NE.1ERTEAN UMD - —
NEPHTYS_£AECOIDES
NEPHTYS FERRtnrrvrA
NUOIBRANCH UNID
OOONTOSYLLIS FARVA-
OCOSTOMA SP
0005TGMIA PHANEA
OLIYELLA BIPLICA-TA
OLIVELLA PYCNA
OPHIUROIDEA UMO
ORCHOMENEl'LVf-SP"r
OUENIA COLLARIS
PAGURUS SAMUELIS
1 1 10
2 11
A . - - 2 .. _ 4 6
2
- • • - 1
US
S
HTUS
U
A 144
SCHUS
TA
1 — f\
| _ £y _ .
11 20
lENSlS
27 3 121
1
6
12
7
4
1
8
1
— 19-
14
119
1
29
1
71
1
21
83
4 1
7
1
2
15
77
1
24~
106-
1
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-13
1
6
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1
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4
2
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<5
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1
1
1
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6
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1
~ 6 "
1
12
7
2
^
2
7
172
1
«
7
9
1
2
9
48
20
1
1
1
329
6
9
PALEANOTUS BELLIS
-PAfUPHOXUS EPISTO...
PARAPHOXUS SPINOSUS
PARAPLEUSTES PUGE "~
~P"AROPHRYS 'VETUCUJ
PEISIDICE ASPERA
-PETROLISTHES ERIOMERUS
PHOL1S ORNATA
PHOTIS 3REVIPES
PINNIXIA SCHMITTI
PIONOSYLLI3 GIGANTEA
TTSASTER BREVISPIh'US
HLAIYNEREIS BICANALICULATA
POLYCLAOIOA -UNIO
POLYNOID SP A
POLYNOID SP B
-PONTOGENEIA-INERMIS
PRIONOSPIO CIRRIFERA
PR IONOSPIO MALM6REN1
t A
1 1 15
VA
?
i
1
S 10
OHUS
SUS 4
ETTENSIS
S 1
OMERUS . — - _ 29 -
4
2 2 53
NTPA
14
1
1
1
1 3
61
1
3
1
2
3
1
2
1
26
554
4
2 2 3
7 2 1
i 1
1 13
2
413 2
1
1
4 1 1
26 21 1C 8 11
6 10
19
36
6" ' 1'
PROTOTHACA STAMINEA
PSEUOOPOTAMILLA SOCIALIS --
PUGETTIA PROOUCTA
PYCNOGONID UNIO
PYCNOPOOIA- HELIANTHOIOES —
RHOMBOIDELLA COLUMBIANA
RhYNCOSPIO ARENICOLA
sirrrDO nus"TrrG'/ urns'
SCYRA ACUTIFRCNS
SPHAEROSYLLIS .CALIFORNI ENIS
12
2
12
« 117
90
SPIOPHANES FIM3RIATA
SYLLIS SP (9ANSE)
TbLLINA MODESTA
TIRON 3IOCELLATA
"TP'A N S EN N EL L'A ~TA N TTLTJ'
TRITELLA LAEVIS
I ATA
}
TILLA
P INARUM
111 " "1 " ' " 2
1 1
1
C , '
2
1
-------
ACTEOCINA CULCITELLA
ACTFCCINA HARFA
AGLAJA DIOMEOEA
AKPHARETE ARCTICA
AMFHIS3A CGLUMBIANA
AMSUGAHMARUS PUGETTENSIS
ANOMURAK' HEGALOPA
APCHAEOnYSIS GRE3MT2KII
_ARMAN_DIA SREV1S .....
CALIANASSA CALIFCRNIENSIS
CANCER MAG1STER
CANCER uREGOf.ENSIS
CANCER PRODUCT-IS
CAPITELLA CAPITATA
CAFhELLA CAL1FORVICA
CAFRELLA LAEVIUSCULA
' CIRRATULUS CIRRATUS"" ~ " " "~"
CISTEKIOES BREVICCMA
.CITHARICHTHYS SORDIDUS
CLINOCARDIUM NUTTALLI
coROPhiun OAKLANDENSE
CRAB MEGALOPA
CfcANGCN Ni&R ICAUCA
CKVPTOf.YA CAL1F-JRNICA
CUMELLA -VULGARIS
- OENDRASTER EXCEKTRICUS
OIASTYL1S ALASKENSIS
ENOPHRYS BISON
EPITONIUM INOIANORUK
EUSYLLIS 3LOMSIRAKU1
GEMMA GEMMA
GLYCINDE P.ICT. . .. _
H.LGSYONA 8REUTCSA
HAPLGSCOLOPLOS ELONGATUS
HEPTACARPUS &REV IRCSTR IS
HEPTACARPUS PALUDICOLA
HETERCMASTUS F1LCHRANCHUS
HIATELLA STRIATA .. .
HIFPOKEDON DEMTICULATUS
IDOTEA FEWKESI
LACUNA MAP.HORATA — -
LAMPP.CPS OUADRIPLICATA
LETOCHELIA DUBU
LITIUH1NA SCUTULAIA
LOXCRHYNCHUS CRISPATUS
LUMBRINERIS CALI FORMENSIS
LUMBRINERIS CRUZENSIS
WACOKA INQUINATA
HANDIBULOPHOXUS GILESI
MEDIOHASTUS CALI FORN1 E^SIS "
MELITA DENTATA
KITRELLA TUBEROSA
MONOCULCDES SPINIPES
MYRIOCHELE HEERI
NASSA.RIUS MENCICUS
NBHERTEAN U^ 1C
NEPHTYS CAECA
NEPHTYS CILIATA
S'EPHTYS FERRUGINEA
— NUDIBRANCH UK ID- -- --- -• -
ODOSTOKIA PHANEA
ULIVELLA BIPLICATA
OL IVELLA 'r YL'KA
GPHIUROIOEA UKID
OECHOKENELLA SP I ""
31-1
2
25
. . 1
3
1
7
1
27
... .
1
1
1
1
8
11
A
3
•13
63
.- J-,
~r~
51-2 B3-1 E3-2 B5-1 B5-2
6 28
1
111 2
1
7
1
1
71 53
. . 1 -1 6 9
1
1
1
1 1 1
2 S 12
3 3
1C 1
3 1 2
1
1
1 1
2 133 25 1C5 A7
1 edt bb IV t lib
1 1
2
B7-1
2
79
1
5
2
5
50
. 3
11
1
... .56-
18
60
356
6
A6
30
2
26
i
20
160"
37-2
1
1
•/c"
2
7
1
• 3
1
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1
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A- -
17
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9
1
.1 . _
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1
401
17
1
5
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2-
1
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1
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243
B9-1
2.
34
6
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1
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1
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90
2
S
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7
1
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16
AS
3
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1
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151
B9-2
1
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1 -
1
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6
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1
251
17
1
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AS
1
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1 o
i 55
OUENIA COLLAR IS
— - PAGURL'S SAKUELIS —
PALEANOTUS BELLIS
PANDORA GLACIALIS
PAnAPHOXUS EFISTOKUS
PARAF'HOXUS SPINOSUS
PARAPLEUSTES ,-UGETIENSIS - -
PAROPHRYS VETULUS
PETROLISTHES ERIOMERUS
PHOLO: TUBERC-iLATA
PHOTIS 3REVIFES
flNKilXU' SCHKITTI
PLATYNEREIS BICANALICULATA
FOOOCERUS SP I
POLYCIRRUS SPI
PGLYCLAOIOA UKIO
POhTOGE^EIA IKERKIS
PRIOf'OSPIO CIRRIFEfiA
PklONOSPIO MALMGPENI
PKOTOMEDE1A 2CTEA
PROTOTHACA STAKINEA .
PSEUEOFOTAMILLA SOCIAL. S
PYCNOGON10 UMC
PYCNOPCniA HELIANT»OIDES
RHYNCDSPIC AF.EMCOLA
SABELLARIA CtnEMARlUM
SAXICOMUS GIGAN.IUS
SILIQUA PATULA
SPHAEROSYLLIS CALIFCRNIENIS
SPIONIDAE SP B
SPIOFHAKES BOHBYX
SPICPHANES FIMBRIATA
SPIOFHANES SP A
SYLLIS LLONGATA
TELL1NA 80DEGENSIS
TELLINA MOOESTA
TELLK.A KUCULOIOES
THARYX PARVUS
TRANSENNELLA TANTILLA
•
9?
k
7
1
1
3
3J
1
5
4 1 41 19 81
.! 146 179 138 48
L 1
' '" 1' " " ""7 ~"~3' '"]"
1
1 11J
2 8
1
1 - • • •-
2 2 1
1 3
1 7-63
• 1 1 1
1
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11 9 16 9
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1
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.
-------
ACTEOCIKA HAPFA
AGLAJA 0ICMEDEA
"AMAEM OCCIOEK'TALIS "
A.-.PHISSA COLUMBIAKA
AKPITHCE LACEftTOSA . .
AKAITICES SH A
AMITIDES KILLUKS1
AMSOGAM.tfARUS PUGETTENSIS
ANOMURAN MEGALOPA
AK'THOZOAN UN1C
AFCHAEOMYSIS GRE&MTZKII
ARCKIDQRIS OOHNERI
AF.MAN'OIA 6REVIS
AUTOLYTUS VERF.ILLI
CALLIOSTOMA LIGATUM
CANCER MAGISTER
CANCER CREGOSENSIS
CANCEL PRGiJdClUS
CAPITELLA CAHTATA
._ CAPRELLA CAL IFOR MCA
CAPRELLA LAEVIUSCULA
CIRRATULUS ClfcRATUS - — -
CLIHOCAF.OIUM NUTTALLI
COROPHIUM 3REVIS
CKA'B KttALUHA
: CfcANGON NIGRICAUOA
i CRYPTGMYA CALIFORMCA ... . -
DENORASTER- EXCENTRICUS
D1AST1LIS ALASKENSIS
DOKIOELLA'STEINBERGAE
kUHAUSU'KIUS tSTOAhlUS
ETEOKE LACTEA
- ETEOKE LOt.GA
EliUALIA AUCULISETA
EUPOLYMNIA CRESCEMTIS
GEMHA GEMHA
GLYCINCE PICTA
tKUK 1 KUbFHAbKUHA UKE5UNENSIS
HAPLOSCOLGPLOS ELO^GAIUS
HARMOTHOE IMERICATA
HARMOTHOE LUN'LLATA
KEPTACARPUS FALUCICOLA
HIF-POKEOOS DENTICULATUS
1UUIEA FtWXi-SI
ISCHYF.OCERUS AK'GOIPES
. LACUNA M ARMOR ATA
LAMPRCFS OUACRIPLICATA
LITTORINA SCUTULATA
LOPHOPANOPEUS 8ELLUS
'" 'LUXORH Tf.'CHOS CR1SPATUS
LUKBKINERIS CRUZEKSIS
LUMcKINERIS ZOMATA
KACOMA UQUINATA
HASELCNA SACCULATA
•-- HEDIOMASTUS CALI FDRMENS IS
HELITA OEMATA
HESDCHAETOPTERUS~TATLORI
KONOCULODES SPINIPES
KYTILUS ECULIS
NAINER1S UNCIK-ATA
KASSAR1US MESCICUS
•-' --KfMEF.TEAK UMC, - — -
NEOAfPHITRITE ROBUSTA
NEPHTTS CAECOIOES
1 NuCELLA LAMELLCISA
NUDIBKANCH UNID
' OOOSTOMIA. PHANEA
C1-1 C1
1
17
1
7
2
i
1
6
2
J
1
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1
1
1
1
1
1
1...
2
29 "~
2
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1
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OLIVELLA 31PLICATA
OPHIUR3IDEA UNID
OFCHOKENELLA SP I
OkENIA CClLAfilS
PALEAWOIUS 3ELLIS
- -- PARAPHOXUS EPISTOKUS-. - ... .
PARAPKUXUS SHN'OSUS
PARAPLEUSTES FUGETTENSIS
PHOTIS BREVIPES
PINNIXIA SCHMITTI
PIONOSYLLIS &IGANTEA
PISASTER OCHRACEUS
PLAIYNEREIS BICANALICULATA .
PCDOCERUS SF I
POLYCLADIDA UK'ID
- PONTOGEKEIA INER-flS
FKIDKOSPI& CIF.RIFfRA
PRIONCSFIO hALMGREM
PROTOMEOEIA ZCTEA
PROTCITHACA STAKINEA
FSEUDOPOTAM1LLA SCCIALIS
FYCNOGONID UMO
PYCNOP001A KELIANTHCIDES
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APPENDIX D
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TRIP REPORT
SECTION 74 SEAFOOD PROCESSING STUDY
ALASKAN WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATIONS
JULY 25 THROUGH AUGUST 3, 1978
By
PETER M. MAKER
Edward C. Jordan Co., Inc.
Portland, Maine
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July 25, 1978
On this day, I visited the two major salmon processing plants in Kenai,
Alaska; Kenai Packing Company and Columbia Wards Fisheries. The purpose
of these visits was to collect information relative to production,
processing methods, processing periods, waste disposal and water use.
The following account presents the information collected. Prior to
visiting each plant, I contacted the plant managers to make arrangements
to meet with them.
Kenai Packing is situated on the Kenai River. It is the last fish
processor located on the river before it empties into Cook Inlet.
Salmon is the only commodity presently processed at Kenai Packing. Like
most major processors, Kenai Packing markets the canned and frozen
varieties of salmon. No fish were being processed during my visit
because the season was closed on July 21 to increase the escape rate for
spawning Red salmon. They anticipated that fishing would be reopened on
July 26 or 27, and processing would be initiated the following day.
The following information was provided by Mr. Fred McGill, Plant Manager,
who was very cooperative throughout our discussion. Kenai Packing
employs a maximum of about 270 people. The plant does not operate any
fishing vessels, but purchases fish from approximately 150 privately-
owned fishing boats. Only a portion of the people employed at Kenai
Packing are provided with housing and meals at the cannery.
The last three years of salmon production at Kenai Packing is summarized
as follows:
1977 1976 1975
Hand-Butchered 923,860 Ibs 349,849 Ibs 263,558 Ibs
Mechanically-Butchered 6,996,000 Ibs 5,532,384 Ibs 3,691,425 Ibs
Salmon Roe 389,434 Ibs 225,814 Ibs 189,175 Ibs
The above figures represent finished product weights. For raw production
figures, Mr. McGill indicated that 11.5 percent could be added to the
hand-butchered figures, and 43 percent could be added to the mechanically-
butchered product which is subsequently canned. The processing of hand-
butchered salmon yields approximately 90 percent finished product and 10
percent waste by weight.
About 90 percent of the hand-butchered salmon produced by Kenai Packing
is exported to Japan. Fish exported to Japan are generally Red salmon
with the head-on, as opposed to the remaining 10 percent which are
shipped to Seattle with the head-off. The quantity shipped to Seattle
represents mostly King salmon. All of the roe (eggs) is exported to
Japan.
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\
Mechanically-butchered salmon yields approximately 70 percent finished
product and 30 percent waste by weight. Pink salmon is always canned.
The Silver and Chum species are usually canned, but at times they are
hand-butchered and frozen for export to Japan. Again, the roe is cured,
packaged and exported to Japan.
Average production figures are difficult to develop due to the vari-
ability in salmon fishing. Mr. McGill estimated the average weight of
hand-butchered salmon processed to be 8,000 Ibs of raw product per day
and 100,000 Ibs of mechanically-butchered salmon per day (raw product).
He also estimated the average number of processing days at 20. Typi-
cally, processing will take place during one shift, consisting of 6 to 8
hours.
During approximately seven days per year, Kenai Packing reaches peak
production levels. On these days, approximately 15,000 Ibs per day of
hand-butchered salmon and 300,000 Ibs per day of mechanically butchered
salmon is processed (weights represent raw product). One 12-hour shift
per day is operated during peak production periods. The normal canned
salmon processing period in this area extends from June 25 to August 10.
Kenai Packing utilizes three Model G iron chinks to mechanically butcher
salmon. Each chink has a capacity of approximately 70 fish per minute.
The chinks supply fish to six canning lines which may all be operated
simultaneously. There is one tall (15-1/2 oz), three 1/2-pound (7-3/4
oz), and two 1/4-pound (3-3/4 oz) lines.
Hand-butchered salmon is frozen in seven Dole contact (plate) freezers
which have a total capacity of 3,120 fish (624 pans at 5 fish per pan).
Three air-blast freezer rooms, each with a capacity of 100 tons per 24
hours are also utilized.
There are no byproducts separated from the waste stream at Kenai Packing
with the exception of a small amount of salmon heads for oil extraction.
According to Mr. McGill, all waste solids are ground and discharged via
two outfalls. Canning line wastes are washed into floor drains which
direct the wastewaters into three wet wells located beneath the iron
chinks. Waste solids from the iron chinks are also directed to the
three wet wells. Wastewater containing the solids then flows into a
main collection sump from which the solids are screw conveyed approx-
imately 10 feet to an Autio grinder. Once ground, the solids are flushed
through a 10-inch outfall which discharges into the Kenai River, a
distance of approximately 75 feet. The outfall is in very poor condi-
tion and several leaks were noted by SCS Engineers while sampling in the
area of Kenai Packing. SCS Engineers also mentioned that an extra
length of pipe was added to the outfall on the day preceding my visit.
Prior to the installation of the additional pipe length, the outfall
discharged above the low tide level. Wastes from the roe processing
building are also directed to this outfall.
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Waste solids generated by the hand butchering operation are discharged
via a separate 8-inch, 40-foot outfall. These solids are washed into
floor drains which discharge to a wet well. A 7-1/2 horsepower DeLumper
grinder pump had been used to grind these solids prior to discharge.
Prior to my visit, the DeLumper grinder had been removed from operation
because it often became clogged. Mr. McGill indicated that a Vaughan
grinder pump has been ordered to replace the DeLumper. The 8-inch
outfall appears to be in good condition with no leaks noted. According
to Mr. McGill, the two grinders and respective outfalls have been in
operation for more than 15 years.
Several non-point discharges were observed at the Kenai Packing faci-
lity. From visual observations, these appeared to be water used for
fluming and washdown with some flow originating at the roe building.
In-plant modifications for reducing water use are presently absent at
this processing plant. Hoses were continuously running and there are no
nozzles of any kind being employed. Kenai Packing obtains its water
from six wells, each having a 300 gpm pump. The May 1978 NPDES monitor-
ing report estimated an average water use of 600,000 gpd.
Columbia Wards Fisheries (CWF) is-also located on the Kenai River. This
facility discharges the furthest upstream of all the processors situated
along the Kenai River. CWF processes a small amount of herring in
addition to its major commodity, salmon. Salmon is marketed as both the
frozen and canned products. No fish were being processed during my
visit because fishing was temporarily closed on July 21.
The following information was provided by Mr. Ray Landry, Plant Manager.
This is Mr. Landry's first year as plant manager of the Kenai facility.
CWF is a self-contained cannery which houses, feeds and clothes the
majority of the workers. The cannery owns 30 fishing vessels and buys
fish from 120 privately-owned boats. Mr. Landry was very cooperative in
supplying the information presented below.
Historical data regarding production could not be provided by Mr. Landry
because this information is kept in the main office located in Seattle,
Washington. He thought that this data could be obtained through the
mail or over the phone at the beginning of September. The 1978 produc-
tion information through July 23 is as follows:
Hand-Butchered Salmon 1,000,000 Ibs (round)
Mechanically-Butchered Salmon 2,390,328 Ibs (round)
Frozen Herring 120,000 Ibs (round)
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Herring is processed early in the year prior to initiating salmon oper-
ations. The fish are frozen in the round for export to Japan. Herring
has not been processed every year.
Kenai Packing processed 130,000 Ibs of frozen (custom) salmon for CWF.
The gurry from the hand-butchered fish were disposed of by Kenai Packers.
Approximately 20,000 Ibs of salmon were custom frozen by Kenner Packers
with the gurry transported to CWF for disposal.
All of the hand-butchered salmon processed at CWF is shipped to Seattle,
Washington. The heads are generally removed prior to shipment. Mr.
Landry estimated the percent yield for hand-butchered salmon to be
approximately 82 percent. The percent yield for canned salmon was
estimated to be 70 percent. Most of the hand-butchered fish are King
and Red salmon. The canned product includes Pink, Chum and Silver
salmon. All salmon roe is processed and exported to Japan for sale.
Average production levels at CWF are difficult to estimate because of
the variability in fishing. CWF processes fish a short time after they
are delivered to the plant due to the limited storage facilities.
During the current year, CWF has operated for 29 canning days and 35
freezing (hand-butcher) days. All of the herring was processed over
four days. By dividing the number of processing days into the raw
product figures, average production levels are approximately 24,000 Ibs
of hand-butchered salmon per day, 82,000 Ibs of canned salmon per day
and 30,000 Ibs of herring per day.
Production reaches peak levels at CWF during seven days per year.
During this period, approximately 40,000 Ibs per day of hand-butchered
salmon and 430,000 Ibs per day of mechanically butchered salmon is
processed with weights representing raw product. Two 12-hour shifts per
day are operated during peak production for hand butchered fish. One
shift per day for 12 to 16 hours is operated during peak production
periods for mechanically-butchered salmon. The normal salmon processing
season extends from around June 26 to August 14 at CWF. Herring is
normally processed during the middle part of May.
CWF has three Model G iron chinks available to mechanically butcher
salmon. Only two chinks may operate at one time. Each chink has a
capacity of approximately 70 fish per minute. The chinks are set-up to
supply fish to two canning lines. Any combination of two tall, one 1/2-
Ib or one 1/4-lb canning lines may be utilized. The one-pound lines
have a capacity of 250 cases per hour. The half-pound lines have twice
this capacity and the one-quarter pound lines have four times this
capacity. According to Mr. Landry, there are 72 Ibs of raw product per
case of 1-lb cans, 36 Ibs of raw product per case of 1/2-lb cans and 18-
Ibs of raw product per case of 1/4 Ib cans.
Hand-butchered salmon is frozen in three Dole contact (plate) freezers
which have a total capacity of approximately 15,840 fish (288 pans at
5.5 fish per pan with head-off).
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A small amount of oil is produced from rendered salmon heads. Other
byproducts are not recovered from the wastes generated at CWF. According
to Mr. Landry, all waste solids are ground and discharged through the
outfall. Solids from the canning lines and hand-butchering operations
are washed into floor drains which discharge into wet wells located
beneath the iron chink area. All wastes then flow into the main collec-
tion sump. A 10-Hp, 800 gpm Vaughan pump grinds the gross solids, which
are then discharged through a 6-inch, 100-foot PVC outfall into the
Kenai River. The outfall appeared to be in good condition and no leaks
were observed. The Vaughan grinder was installed this year and replaced
a DeLumper grinder. A small Autio grinder handles the heads for the oil
extraction process. The rendered solids are discharged via the same
100-foot outfall.
No in-plant measures for reducing the use of water are presently em-
ployed at CWF. Process water is obtained from three wells. Accurate
water use records are kept at CWF. During the first 24 days of July,
the average daily flow was 290,379 gallons. Maximum daily flow was
681,900 gallons and minimum daily flow was 81,900 gallons.
July 26, 1978
This day was spent on the charter boat, Tres Cher, observing the water
quality sampling program being undertaken by SCS Engineers for the Kenai
River. Four representatives of SCS took part in the water quality
sampling including the Technical Project Manager, Michael Caponigro.
Mr. Caponigro, Terry Boston and Libby Lundt are all full-time employees
of SCS. Steven Petrich was hired as a private consultant to assist in
this work. Mr. Petrich is a M.A. candidate in Marine Biology at Califor-
nia State University, Long Beach.
Samples were taken at stations located in the Kenai River in the vici-
nity of Kenai Packers and Columbia Ward Fisheries. Tidal fluctuations
in the Kenai River are greater than 20 feet. The bottom is generally
comprised of cobbles and the water is very turbid since the river is
fed for the most part by glacial streams. Visibility is less than one
foot at all times. Because of the high tidal fluctuations, the currents
in the river are strong. The intensity of the currents restricted most
of the sampling effort to approximately 1.5 hours early in the morning,
and one hour during the late afternoon. These time periods coincided
with slack tide when the currents are at a minimum. Considerable effort
was required to obtain representative duplicate sediment samples even at
slack tide, due to the presence of large cobbles which would jam the
benthic grab in an open position.
Samples were obtained at predetermined stations in front of Kenai Packers
and Columbia Ward Fisheries. Neither plant was processing fish during
the sampling program. There were 12 sampling stations located by Mr.
Caponigro in front of Kenai Packers. One station was located in the
vicinity of each outfall operated by Kenai Packers. Stations located
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across the river from this facility served as control sites. The remain-
ing stations were selected along the near shore (Kenai Packers) and at
mid-river transects. Additionally, three stations were located in the
immediate area of Columbia Ward Fisheries with one at the discharge and
the others at upstream and downstream locations.
Three types of samples were taken at each station. Duplicate water
chemistry samples were collected at three different depths. Aliquots
were taken at surface, mid and bottom depths for each station. The
samples were obtained with a Van Doren bottle for the following analyses:
pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature, nutrients and sulfides. On
board, dissolved oxygen concentrations were determined by the modified
Winkler titration method and salinity analysis was accomplished with a
refractometer calibrated against a standard sea water sample. Tempera-
ture and pH were measured with stem thermometers and a field pH meter,
respectively. Samples for nutrients and sulfide analyses were preserved
and iced for shipment to the Dames and Moore laboratory in Fairbanks,
Alaska. When facilities were available, water samples were frozen
following collection.
Duplicate sediment chemistry samples were also taken at each station.
These samples were obtained with a 0.1 nr Van Veen bottom sampler operated
from a winch on the boat. Each duplicate was pulled up from the bottom
and deposited into a galvanized steel tub. If the grab was considered
to be representative (based upon size and amount of sample), a plastic
jar was filled (approximately 500 ml) with bottom sediment to be ana-
lyzed for hydrogen sulfide, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total organic
carbon and volatile solids. A separate jar was filled for' determining
particle size distributions by SCS Engineers at Long Beach. Benthic
samples were obtained in the same manner as sediment chemistry samples.
Duplicates were taken for each station. Deposition of each sample was
accomplished in a galvanized steel tub. The supernatant was decanted
into a plastic pail with a screened bottom. The remaining sediment was
then washed into five-gallon plastic pails along with the screened
material from the supernatant. Sample preservation was accomplished
with buffered formalin. Benthic analysis includes identification of the
species present and population density of specific microorganisms.
July 27. 1978
To obtain general information concerning processing facilities, popula-
tion and work force for the Kenai area, I visited city hall on this day.
Currently, there are four salmon processors operating in Kenai, Alaska,
all of which are located on the Kenai River. Columbia Wards Fisheries
and Kenai Packing Company are the major ones. Dragnet Fisheries and R.
Lee Seafoods are much smaller operations. At the time of my visit, both
R. Lee and Dragnet were idle.
Based on a 1976 census, the city of Kenai has a population of 5,000.
Approximately 2,700 employable people reside within the city limits. Of
these, 2,200 or 81 percent are employed. This information was obtained
from the Kenai Peninsula Borough Planning Agency.
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There is one landfill operated by the Borough which is located within
the Kenai city limits. Road conditions and accessibility to the land-
fill are good. The city has been operating a primary treatment plant
since 1972, which at the present time, does not have the capacity to
accomodate flows from the local seafood processors. Information con-
cerning the average number of days per year acceptable weather condi-
tions for barging occur could not be provided.
R. Lee Seafoods is located upstream of Columbia Wards Fisheries and on
the same side of the Kenai River. Salmon is manually butchered at R.
Lee and frozen. Eggs are extracted, boxed and exported to Japan. Two
butchering tables are used to process up to 150,000 Ibs of raw product
per day at this facility. Three Dole plate freezers are employed to
generate the final product. Waste solids are ground and discharged. An
Autio 1101 grinder is located outside of the processing building. The
discharge pipe (6" PVC) was disconnected on the shore approximately 30
feet from the grinder.
July 31, 1978
The charter boat Tres Cher arrived in Cordova from Kenai on July 29.
The Cordova water quality sampling effort began on July..30 and was
terminated on August 2.
On this day, I was aboard the Tres Cher to observe the sampling effort
and videotaping of the bottom areas adjacent to the outfalls of St.
Elias Ocean Products, North Pacific Processors, Morpac, Inc., and New
England Fish Co. (NEFCO). The SCS Engineers crew was joined on board by
three divers from Industrial Underwater Services of Tacoma, Washington.
There were 20 sampling stations selected, including three control stations
in Orca Inlet. Four of the stations were located at the outfalls operated
by the four processing plants in Cordova. The control stations were
located across the channel approximately 2,000 meters from the processing
plants. The remaining stations were located at distances of 100 to 300
yards from the shore along transects parallel to the shore and included
stations which were up-current and down-current from the discharge
points.
The sampling procedures for collecting water, sediment and benthos
samples employed at Cordova were identical to these in Kenai. Since
Orca Inlet experiences only 10-foot tides, the sampling was more routine
than that experienced in Kenai.
The divers videotaped the areas surrounding each outfall pipe at varying
distances (up to 50 feet). The videotaping was accompanied by an audio
account which was also recorded. The following is a summary of observa-
tions as seen on the TV monitor on board the boat and supplemented by
the divers comments.
The St. Elias outfall is located approximately 10 feet from the left
side of the dock area as observed from off-shore. The pipe is 4-inch
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PVC and positioned a few inches off the bottom. The pipe end is jagged,
apparently the result of a tender shearing it earlier this summer. At
the very end of the outfall, there was no significant buildup of waste
material observed. Only a very few crab shells were located at this
point. A number of flounder and starfish were observed to be feeding
off small solids discharged from the outfall. Moving radially away from
the end of the outfall, the diver noted that the bottom consisted mostly
of crab shells covered with one-half inch of silt. As he moved out to a
distance of 22 feet, the depth of material (shells) increased to approx-
imately 18 inches. At a distance of 28 feet, old fish heads were ob-
served every 2 to 3 feet. These deposits of large solids were probably
the result of dumping wastes at the dock face as opposed to discharges
from the outfall. The visibility also improved and the depth of material
decreased. At 40 feet the bottom was noted to be sandy and barren with
an absence of significant animal life. A stronger current was detected
at 40 feet and the visibility improved, approaching 3 feet.
Next, the diver filmed the bottom areas at the other side of the St.
Elias pier. St. Elias has been dumping crab shells overboard due to a
breakdown in its grinder. Close to the pier, 80 percent of the bottom
was covered mostly with whole crab shells. At the center of the pier
and in 19 feet of water, the bottom was 80 percent covered with 8 inches
of crab shells. The shell density began to thin out at-a distance of 10
feet from the pier. Fifteen feet from the pier, there was 50 percent
bottom coverage with crab shells. .One fish head was observed 40 feet
from the pier and approximately 5 percent of the bottom was covered with
crab shells.
Very few shells were detected beneath the St. Elias pier. ' The divers
collected samples for sediment chemistry and benthic analysis at the
outfall as well as the location where crab shells were being dumped.
The North Pacific Processors outfall extends to the end of the dock and
is approximately 40 feet north-northeast of the dock face. The pipe
situated approximately 10 inches off the bottom is 4-inch galvanized
steel. As a result of discharging wastes through the outfall, a 10-foot
wide by 2-foot deep trough developed in the ocean bottom which extended
from the outfall. A large quantity of unground, gross "fish solids were
noted in the area of the galvanized steel pipe. The depth of solids,
including crab shells and unground fish parts, increased from 8 to 12
inches at the discharge to 4 feet at a radius of 40 feet. The accumula-
tion of solids continued farther than this distance and the termination
could not be seen by the diver. At a distance of 10 feet from the
discharge pipe, 90 percent of the solids were crab shells. At any one
time, approximately 50 flounder could be observed feeding on the debris.
The divers did obtain bottom samples at this location.
The discharge line originating at Morpac, Inc. is 4-inch PVC which
extends horizontally for approximately 200 feet directly beneath the
dock and makes a 90-degree vertical turn into the water at the very end
of the dock. The pipe extends downward and terminates 5 .feet from the
bottom. The discharge has scoured a 2-foot hole directly below the
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\
pipe. The solids were observed to be 6 to 12 inches deep of finely
ground fish parts and very few crab shells. No gross solids were en-
countered. Moving away from the outfall, the solids depth increased to
approximately 3 feet at a distance of 15 feet. Very little marine life
was encountered at Morpac.
August 1, 1978
Visits were made to the three seafood processors operating during the
1978 salmon season in Cordova, Alaska; St. Elias Ocean Products, North
Pacific Processors, Inc., and Morpac, Inc. All three processors are
located on Orca Inlet which empties into Prince William Sound and the
Gulf of Alaska. Prior to visiting each plant, I contacted the plant
managers and made arrangements to meet with them.
At St. Elias Ocean Products (SEOP), I met with Walter Crow, the Plant
Manager and Jim Poor, the Plant Foreman. SEOP employs a maximum of 110
people during the peak of the salmon processing season. The peak usually
occurs around the last two weeks of July when pink and chum salmon are
canned. Approximately 50 people are housed at SEOP. All fish and crab
are purchased from independent fishermen which is common practice for
the processors in Cordova. St. Elias initiated processing in its new $3
million plant this year. For the previous eight years, processing took
place in an old ferry tied up adjacent to the new plant. SEOP processes
Tanner, Dungeness and a very small amount of King crab, hand-butchered
and mechanically-butchered salmon, halibut, and herring. As predicted,
this season has been a poor year for salmon fishing. During my visit,
fishing was closed because the Pink run had just finished and the Silver
run had not yet started. Very few Pink salmon were caught as compared
to previous seasons. Historical production data could not be provided
by SEOP. According to Mr. Crow, this data can be obtained from the main
office in Seattle.
Generally, crab processing begins in mid-November at SEOP. Tanner
(Snow) crab is processed from this date through June 1. In 1978, 2.3
million Ibs of live crab were processed. Approximately 20 percent of
the raw product is converted to meat while 80 percent is discharged as
wastes. Depending on the market conditions, the meat is either canned
or frozen. Of the 1978 Tanner crab meat production, 90 percent was
canned and 10 percent was frozen. Last year's production placed emphasis
on the frozen product with only 10 percent being canned. There are no
peak processing days for Tanner crab. Approximately 30,000 Ibs of raw
product is processed during one 8-hour shift per day throughout the
season. Rollers are used to remove the meat from the shell.
This year was the first time that significant amounts of Dungeness crab
were processed at SEOP. Dungeness crab processing starts around June 1
and extends to mid-September. It is packaged as either frozen whole
crab or crab sections. Since June 1, 1978 approximately 1 million Ibs
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of live Dungeness crab have been processed. Mr. Crow expected that
another 500,000 Ibs would be processed before the end of the season.
When processing sections, approximately 35 percent of the live weight
becomes waste. There is essentially no waste when Dungeness crab is
processed whole. Since there is no peak processing days for this com-
modity, about 20,000 Ibs of raw product is processed in one 8-hour shift
per day throughout the season at SEOP.
At SEOP, salmon processing begins in mid-May. The majority of the fish
processed from this date through early July are hand-butchered for the
frozen market. Approximately 90 percent of the fish hand-butchered are
Red salmon. Almost all of the Red salmon are frozen with the head-on
for export to Japan. The remaining 10 percent of the hand-butchered
fish are King, Silver and Chum salmon which are beheaded and marketed
within the United States. Head-on fish yield approximately 89 percent
product, while head-off fish yield between 80 and 83 percent final
product depending on the species. Average production of hand-butchered
salmon approximates 30,000 Ibs during an 8-hour shift. During peak
production days, approximately 60,000 Ibs of salmon are hand-butchered
in an 12-hour shift. At SEOP this occurs only four or five days per
year.
Salmon which are mechanically-butchered for canning are -normally pro-
cessed during a three to five-week period beginning in early July and
running through mid-August. The majority of the fish canned at SEOP are
Pink and Chum salmon. Mechanically-butchering salmon yields approxi-
mately 77 percent final product at SEOP. During the canning season,
average production approximates 80,000 Ibs of raw fish in an 8-hour
shift. Approximately 350,000 Ibs of salmon are canned at SEOP during
peak production. Maximum production occurs over an 14-hour shift during
an average of six days per year.
The halibut fishing season is regulated by the federal government and is
usually opened for 3 two-week periods. Halibut is butchered by the
fishermen on the boat so there is essentially no solids generated by the
processing plants. Last year, SEOP froze approximately 100,000 Ibs of
halibut. To date, SEOP has processed approximately 60,000 Ibs.
Approximately 200 tons of herring were frozen in the round in 1978 at
SEOP. The entire quantity of herring was processed during four days in
May. The bulk of the processing time is involved with freezing the
fish. At the St. Elias facility, crab, halibut and salmon can be pro-
cessed simultaneously.
Since the St. Elias plant is a very modern facility, it utilizes the
latest in processing equipment. It is well laid out and operates with
relatively low water use.
On the day of my visit, SEOP was processing a small quantity of Dunge-
ness crab. All crab is brought into the plant by bucket and crane.
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Seven large stainless steel tanks hold crab and fish until they can be
processed. Crab is maintained alive by pumping sea water through the
tanks. The sea water is discharged directly beneath the pier supporting
the processing facility. For whole crab processing, the live crab is
washed prior to cooking. The washing process consists of spray jets
located directly above a conveyor line for the crab. A continuous
stream of water runs through the conveyor line and is directed into
floor drains located beneath the processing line. The washed crab is
next conveyed into a stainless steel tub of boiling water for cooking (a
flow-through cooker). From the cooker, crab is scrubbed with mechanic-
ally rotating brushes and washed once again. The Dungeness crab is then
tied with rubber bands for freezing whole.
When processing sections, crab is butchered prior to the flow-through
cooking process. The operation continues in the same manner as whole
crab from that point on. The brine freezing process has a capacity of
15,000 Ibs of whole crab in eight hours, and 25,000 Ibs of crab sections
(raw product) during the same period.
Tanner crab is handled utilizing a process similar to that employed for
Dungeness species except for the butchering operation. Prior to cooking,
the crabs are butchered and the body and viscera are discarded as waste.
Subsequently, the legs are removed from the body sections by sawing.
After precooking, legs are fed through rollers which extract the meat
from the shells. The crab meat is then either frozen or canned depend-
ing on market demand. For freezing, the meat is cooked a second time,
rinsed, frozen and packaged. Canned meat is hand-packed and retorted.
According to Mr. Poor, crab shells are belt conveyed to the 30 hp Vaughan
grinder pump.
Salmon is unloaded from the fishing vessels via a Temco pneumatic system.
From the Temco unit, the fish are belt conveyed to the holding tank for
subsequent processing. The salmon are washed into a wet sluice which
transports the fish to an elevator which feeds another conveyor. Two
Model G iron chinks are available for butchering in addition to a hand-
butchering table. According to Mr. Poor, very little waste from the
chinks hits the floor. Most of the solids are channeled into the sump
which feeds the grinder pump. Sliming table wastes are"washed directly
into a drain which directs them to the grinder. St. Elias packs salmon
in 4, 1, 1/2 and 1/4 pound cans. This facility is capable of simultane-
ously operating any combination of two canning lines, except the four
and one-pound lines. The four-pound cans are hand packed. Canning line
wastes are washed into floor drains which flow to the grinder pump.
Solids from the hand butchering table are dry conveyed to a floor drain
which channels them to the grinder pump. St. Elias has installed spray
nozzles on 70 percent of the hoses utilized in the plant. Mr. Crow
expects to provide nozzles for the remaining hoses.
St. Elias employs two blast freezers for salmon, halibut and herring.
The combined maximum capacity of the two freezers is 60,000 Ibs of fish.
-------
No byproducts are recovered at the St. Elias facility. All fish solids,
crab shells and washwater collected by the 57 floor drains available
throughout the facility are directed to a central wet well. The grinder
pump discharges through a 4-inch PVC outfall into the Inlet. According
to Mr. Crow, the outfall extends a distance of 200 feet.
The grinder and wet well are located beneath the dock in the vicinity of
the sliming tables. Last year, a tender rested on the outfall at low
tide and sheared it 10 feet from the end of the pier.
St. Elias uses water supplied by the city of Cordova for its processing
operations. The meter which measures water use was installed on June
28, 1978. Since that date it has recorded an average water use of
207,700 gpd, a maximum consumption of 396,300 gpd and a minimum use of
less than 1,000 gpd.
At Morpac, Inc., Mr. James Forsell, Plant Manager and Mr. John Hewett,
General Foreman were available to meet with me. Morpac employs a maximum
of 85 people during peak processing periods. Employees are not housed
at the cannery. Production data could not be supplied because the files
are maintained in Seattle. Mr. Forsell indicated that the data could be
obtained from the Seattle office by mail.
A small amount of whole Dungeness crab was being processed the day of my
visit to Morpac. This plant processes Dungeness crab whole and in
sections, while Tanner crab is marketed as sections. The Dungeness crab
season normally extends from July 1 through October 14. So far this
year, Morpac has processed approximately 450,000 Ibs of Dungeness crab.
Production involves the packaging of frozen whole crab or frozen sec-
tions. The Tanner (Snow) crab processing season normally occurs from
January 10 to May 30 at Morpac. Approximately 1,150,000 Ibs of Tanner
crab was processed as frozen sections during 1978. Morpac does not
market the frozen or canned meat variety of this specie. Average Tanner
and Dungeness production approximates 40,000 Ibs of raw product per day
for each commodity. Typical days involve one 6-hour shift for either
type of crab. During peak production periods, approximately 65,000 Ibs
of live crab are processed per day over an 8-hour shift. Since crab can
be kept alive for relatively long periods, the occurrence of peak days
is rare. When processing Dungeness crab sections, approximately 60
percent of the live weight is packaged. For Tanner crab sections, the
useable portion of the raw product approximates 58 percent.
The salmon processing season extends from May 15 through the first week
of September. Through July 14, the majority of the fish processed are
Red and King salmon which are hand-butchered and frozen. By August 1 of
this year, approximately 550,000 Ibs of Red salmon had been hand-butchered
Japanese style (head-on), while 165,000 Ibs of King, Chum and Pink
salmon were hand-butchered American style (head-off). Most of the
American style fish were King salmon. Japanese style fish yield ap-
proximately 88 percent final product as opposed to American style fish
which have a 75 percent yield.
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The canning season normally extends from the first week of July through
the middle of August. Pink and Chum salmon are the two varieties which
are normally canned. As of August 1, 1978 approximately 1,585,000 Ibs
of raw material had been canned by Morpac in two can sizes. When pack-
ing tall (1-lb) cans, the product yield is approximately 65 percent.
One-half pound cans will generally realize 70 percent yield. Mr. For-
sell would not provide any information relative to average salmon pro-
cessing due to fluctuations in the industry. The maximum production day
for hand-butchered fish was 70,000 Ibs of raw product which occurred in
1977. Most peak days involve the processing of approximately 45,000 Ibs
of salmon over one 14-hour shift. On the average, this may occur three
days per year. Peak canning days entail the processing of approximately
200,000 Ibs of Pink salmon in one 14-hour shift. During the season,
this usually takes place on six or seven days. Morpac can process
Dungeness crab and salmon simultaneously.
Herring was processed for three days during April of 1978 at Morpac.
The herring were frozen in the round for export to Japan. Approximately
65 tons was processed during this time.
Crab processing methods and equipment are typical for the industry.
Morpac processes both Dungeness and Tanner crab either as a whole pro-
duct or for sections. Meat products are not processed at this facility.
Morpac employs a process which is similar to the operation at St. Elias.
However, Morpac does use batch cookers instead of a flow-through cooker.
For crab, one brine freezer which has a capacity of 3,000 Ibs finished
product per hour is available. The crab operation at Morpac does not
appear as efficient as the St. Elias set-up. Processing equipment is
spread out over a large area. Spillage is frequent and the floors were
littered with waste during the day of my visit. Most of the floor
drains in the crab area are connected to the grinder; however, the
connections leak and a significant portion of the waste spills into the
water directly under the crab area.
Morpac processes herring, crab, salmon roe and hand-butchered salmon in
a building which is separate from the canning operations. Hand-butchered
salmon, Tanner crab and herring are subjected to blast freezing. Approx-
imately 70,000 Ibs of raw salmon may be frozen during two shifts. Waste
solids are washed into several floor drains which empty into an Autio
801 grinder located beneath and adjacent to the hand-butchering table.
The grinder is in extremely poor condition and was not operational at
the time of my visit. They plan to replace it next year with a Vaughan
grinder pump. No spray nozzles are employed at Morpac and water use
appears to be excessive. Ground solids from the Autio 801 are pumped to
a main collection sump from which they are again pumped to the end of
the dock, a distance of 200 feet from shore. The pipe is approximately
five feet from the bottom and is exposed at low tide. The discharge
pipe is 6-inch PVC in good condition and no leaks were observed.
Salmon is canned in a larger, separate building. Most fish are unloaded
using a Temco system; however, Kings are unloaded with buckets in a
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manner similar to crab. Salmon operations employ the same procedures as
those noted for St. Elias. Fish are flumed from seven holding bins to
belt conveyors. The remaining transport operations are accomplished by
dry conveying. Morpac utilizes a Model K (90 fish per minute) and a
Model G (70 fish per minute) iron chinks. Both can be operated simul-
taneously, but this occurrence is rare. Salmon is canned by either the
one-pound or one-half pound line, but the two lines are never operated
at once. Heads removed by the chink fall into a pipe which connects to
an Autio 1101 grinder. All other solids are washed into floor drains
which connect to the same grinder. The mechanism is located beneath the
pier and in the vicinity of the sliming tables. Flow from the Autio
1101 enters the main collection sump where it combines with the flow
from the Autio 801 for discharge via the outfall.
Byproducts, such as Salmon oil, are not recovered at Morpac. All waste
solids are ground for discharge. The crab grinder (Autio 801) has been
in use since 1969. The salmon grinder (Autio 1101) and outfall was
installed in 1974.
Morpac purchases its water from the city of Cordova. Water use in
April, 1977 (peak Tanner crab season) was measured at 35,900 gpd, aver-
age; and 210,000 gpd, peak. Water use in July 1977 (peak salmon canning
season) was measured at 137,100 gpd average; and 325,000 gpd, maximum.
Later, I met with Mr. Ken Roemhildt, Superintendent and Mr. Al Fulton,
General Foreman at North Pacific Processors, Inc. (NPP). Both gentlemen
went to great lengths to explain to me their reason for the decline of
halibut and crab catches in Orca Inlet over the past years. According
to them, the implementation of grinding has decreased the available food
supply for these species.
The NPP plant employs between 10 and 100 people throughout the year.
Approximately 40 people are housed and fed at the plant during peak
salmon processing periods. All fish and crab are purchased from inde-
pendent fishermen.
A small amount of Dungeness crab was being processed at NPP during the
day of my visit. The NPP plant processes Dungeness crab (whole and
sections), Tanner crab (canned and frozen meat, frozen claws), hand-
butchered salmon, canned salmon, halibut and herring (frozen in the
round). This year was the first time herring was handled by the NPP
facility.
Salmon production data provided by NPP was given in terms of total
number of cans packed for each species. Approximately 75 Ibs of whole
fish are required to fill one case (48, one-pound cans). All conver-
sions have been based on this figure. Production at NPP in pounds of
raw product for 1975 through 1977 is as follows:
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Whole cooked Dungeness crab
Cooked Dungeness crab sections
Canned Tanner crab meat
Frozen Tanner crab claws
Hand-butchered salmon
Mechanically-butchered salmon
Frozen halibut
1977
13,650 Ibs
4,714 Ibs
0 Ibs
0 Ibs
1,392,760 Ibs
6,249,959 Ibs
20,624 Ibs
1976
0 Ibs
0 Ibs
N/A
83,256 Ibs
754,389 Ibs
4,929,801 Ibs
21,368 Ibs
1975
28,775 Ibs
4,927 Ibs
387,600 Ibs
0 Ibs
550,325 Ibs
4,517,068 Ibs
40,430 Ibs
In 1978, 252,285 Ibs of herring was frozen in the round and exported to
Japan. Another 272,000 Ibs of herring was frozen and sold for bait.
The herring season was short term and occurred from April 10 to April
20. It was recommended that the production figures be checked with
records kept in Seattle.
Crab processing begins November 15 at NPP. Tanner crab is processed
from this date through April 15, and is marketed as frozen or canned
meat. When canning, approximately 23 percent of the raw product is
converted to final product while a slightly greater yield is realized
when freezing meat. Average production of Tanner crab approximates
14,000 Ibs of raw product per day. This is accomplished during one 7-
hour shift. During peak Tanner crab season, 35,000 Ibs of raw product
is either canned or frozen during a 12-hour shift. Peak processing days
generally occur six times per year.
Dungeness crab is processed in small incidental quantities at NPP. When
processing sections, approximately 70 percent of the raw product is
recovered with the remainder discarded as waste. Dungeness crab pro-
cessing is usually limited to three days at the beginning of September.
During an average day, approximately 10,000 Ibs of raw crab is processed
in one 7-hour shift.
At NPP, salmon processing season is initiated on May 15 and extends
through August 5. Most of the fish processed are hand-butchered and
frozen through July 15. Approximately 60 percent of the fish are
butchered Japanese style. Most of these fish are Red salmon with a
small portion being Silvers which are processed at the very end of the
salmon season (August 1 to August 7). The majority of the canned fish
are Pink and Chum salmon with a small amount of Reds. Most of the
canning is accomplished from July 15 through August 5. Head-on salmon
have an approximate yield of 79 percent, while head-off and canned
products yield approximately 68 and 65 percent, respectively.
Approximately 30,000 Ibs of whole salmon are hand-butchered during an
average day at NPP. Typical days consist of one 8-hour shift and occur
approximately 45 days per year. About 150,000 Ibs of whole salmon are
canned during an average day. An average canning day occurs 20 times
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per year and one 12-hour shift is necessary to ..vhieve this production.
At peak processing levels, 100,000 Ibs of wholo !:.,lmon is hand-butchered
in one 12-hour shift. This occurs three or fouv times per year. Approx-
imately 400,000 Ibs of whole salmon are process,M for canning in One 18-
hour shift during peak conditions. Maximum can\,(ng days occur six to
eight times per year. With its current set-up. N,,p cannot process more
than one commodity at any one time.
Dungeness crab processing at NPP occurs in the M;tme manner as that
adopted by Morpac, Inc. As previously mention^, Dungeness crab is
processed on a small scale as a fill-in during iho salmon season.
Processing techniques were observed to be ineft u-lent in terms of waste
management. The butchering area was spread out .,nd soiids littered the
floor area. The relative distances between the ;lreas where the crab is
butchered, washed, cooked and frozen appeared to |,e excessive for an
efficient operation. However, this could be att ,-lbuted to the inter_
mittent processing of Dungeness crab on a random hasig between saimon
runs. According to Mr. Fulton, Tanner crab is processed in the same
manner as at St. Elias, except NPP employs bati/li cookers. The meat is
extracted from the legs through the use of ro!J«M-s>
Fish are transported to holding tanks by an eleV;,tor conveyor and wet
fluming. Two Model G iron chinks are used to n>«vlianically-butcher
salmon at NPP. Butchered fish are transported ,„ one sliming table and
subsequently conveyed to three canning lines (J/-'i, 1/2 and 1 Ib)
Normally, the one-pound line can handle salmon ,,iu|er n0rmal conditions.
Depending on the market conditions, the 1/4 ami \/2 lb lines can be run
simultaneously.
Five Dole plate freezers are employed at NPP fo, producing frozen saimon.
These units have a maximum total capacity of 40 lons per , Qver three
shifts. An additional plate freezer is used fo, fish and Tanner crab
processing. This unit can handle 20 tons of sa||,um during a singie
shift per day. A six basket brine unit is used (0 freeze crab in the
shell.
NPP grinds approximately 85 percent of the wast,. Halmon heads in an
Autio grinder for shipment to Seattle. Approxilm,tely 5QO tons r r
are frozen for future use in petfood production ,,t a Seattle facility
According to Mr. Roemhildt, all other solids an,| waste materials are
ground and discharged through a 100-foot, 4-inc-l, galvanized steel out-
fall. The outfall originally extended 240 feet |nto the ocean; however)
a tender severed 140 feet of pipe in the fall o| 1977> ^p utiiizes a
30 hp Vaughan grinder pump which is located ben,...,th tbe crab butchering
areas.
The galvanized steel outfall has been in use for tl period of four or
five years. The divers inspection of the outfit || revealed that it
extends approximately 200 feet from shore or ah,Mit 6Q feet from the
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grinder pump. Moreover, the actual amount of waste which enters the
grinder is not 100 percent. Upon visual inspection of the plant, I
noticed there was only one collection flume which extends from the crab
butchering area, beneath the salmon holding tanks and continues to the
end of the canning lines. The majority of the floor drains discharge
directly beneath the pier into the water below. These drains are located
in the crab butchering and processing area, the egg building and the
hand-butchering area. None of the floor drains present in these areas
were found to be connected to the main flume which direct flows to the
grinder pump.
NPP purchases process water from the city of Cordova. Mr. Roemhildt
estimated the average water use during the crab season to be 40,000 gpd
with a peak consumption of 50 to 55,000 gpd. Average water use during
the salmon canning season is 250,000 gpd and maximum usage was estimated
at 600,000 gpd.
August 2, 1978
On this day, I met with Mr. James Jacobsen, Plant Manager for the New
England Fish Company (NEFCO) plant'. NEFCO is located approximately 3
miles along Orca Inlet from Cordova. Until six years ago, the NEFCO
plant was isolated from the city and the only way one could reach the
plant was by boat. Normally, 125 people are employed during the salmon
canning season at NEFCO with 80 percent being housed at the cannery.
NEFCO is the largest processor of salmon in the Cordova area. Other
commodities, such as crab, are not handled by this facility. No salmon
were being processed by NEFCO this year due to the poor fishing season.
According to Mr. Jacobsen, large quantities of fish are required to
operate at a profit. Arrangements were made with St. Elias to process
the fish purchased by NEFCO.
Production data could not be provided by Mr. Jacobsen because the records
are maintained in Seattle. On an average day, NEFCO processes 20,000
Ibs of hand-butchered salmon and 187,500 Ibs of canned fish (raw pro-
duct) . Hand-butchered fish are processed during one 12?-hour shift with
canning operations occurring over one 8-hour shift. Hand-butchered
salmon yields 75 percent product and canned fish provide a 70 percent
yield. During peak processing days, 30,000 Ibs of salmon are hand-
butchered and 420,000 Ibs of fish are canned. Peak days involve one 18-
hour shift for each commodity. On the average, seven peak processing
days occur during the season.
NEFCO utilizes two model K chinks (90 fish per minute each) which are
operated simultaneously to butcher fish. Fish are placed into cans by
the available one-pound tall, two 1/2 Ib or one 1/4 Ib lines. Any three
of these lines may be operated at once. For hand-butchered fish, six
Dole plate freezers are used to process 30,000 Ibs of raw fish per day.
The salmon season normally extends from May 15 to September 15 each
year. A small portion of the Sockeye heads are rendered for oil which
is added to the canned salmon. Salmon eggs are cured and boxed for
export to Japan.
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All wastes generated by NEFCO are ground and discharged through a 6-inch
flexible plastic hose, extending approximately 300 feet beyond the end
of the pier. The outfall is stored at the end of each processing season.
The outfall has been in use for the last five or six years. Prior to
the purchase of the plastic hose, solids were discharged through a gurry
trench which terminated at the end of the dock. Heads from the chinks
are ground by two Autio 1101 grinders located adjacent to each machine.
The ground heads and other wastes are directed to a 25 hp drum grinder
before being pumped through the outfall. NEFCO appeared to be conscious
of waste management with all floor drains and waste solids being directed
to the grinder. At the present time, NEFCO employs an elevator system
for unloading fish but will convert to a Temco pneumatic unit for the
1979 season.
NEFCO maintains its own water system to supply the plant. Water is
captured from streams originating in the mountains adjacent to the
plant. The collected water flows into a 50,000-gallon tank for storage.
Mr. Jacobsen estimated the average water use at 250,000 gpd with a
maximum consumption of 350,000 gpd.
Later, I visited Cordova City Hall to obtain pertinent information
relative to the city and the processing plants. Cordova has an approx-
imate population of 2,500 people. Mountains surround the city so it is
not accessible by road. The four processing plants located in Cordova
are: North Pacific, NEFCO, St. Elias and Morpac. In June 1976, approx-
imately 950 of 2,500 people were employed. Approximately 200 residents
were involved with the seafood processing industry at that time. There
is one publicly-owned landfill site located 1/2 mile outside the city.
However, the city is receiving pressure from state and federal agencies
to close the dump. A primary treatment plant which is not capable of
accomodating the process flows generated by the salmon canneries is also
operated by the city.
August 3. 1978
During my visit to Cordova, I had the opportunity to speak with Mr. Don
Endicott of Endicott Diving Company to discuss his recent (February 6,
1978) proposal for barging fish solids for the local processors. Mr.
Endicott said that he had received an encouraging response from St.
Elias; however, Morpac and NPP indicated they would only join in the
barging operation if forced to. St. Elias has contacted a contractor to
obtain a quote for a storage hopper which would be constructed at the
end of the pier for dumping into the barge. Although NEFCO was not
contacted by Mr. Endicott, he felt that they would consider his proposal
if the other processors in Cordova had initiated efforts to do so.
Mr. Endicott?s proposal was based on a 285-day processing season and
prices were estimated on a per trip basis. He estimated that each
cannery would be charged $73.93 per trip. The estimate includes: a 60-
day season for Red salmon at two trips per day per cannery; a 30-day
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seining season at four trips per day per cannery; a 30-day Silver season
at two trips per day per cannery; and a 165-day crab season at two trips
per day per cannery. The total number of trips.is 630, for an annual
cost of $46,576 per cannery.
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AN INVESTIGATION OF CERTAIN ASPECTS OF CRAB PROCESSING WASTE
DISPOSAL PRACTICES: IN SITU AND IN VITRO
RESPONSES OF VIBRIO PARAHEMOLITICUS AND VIBRIO ANGUILLARUM
by
H. M. Feder
Institute of Marine Science
University of Alaska
Fairbanks, Alaska 99701
and
S. A. Norrell and K. Babson
University of Alaska, Anchorage
Anchorage, Alaska 99504
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FOREWARD
ii
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ABSTRACT
Current seafood processing operations in Alaska discharge untreated,
or minimally treated, wastes into the waters adjacent to the site of opera-
tion. When wastes accumulate, markedly increased concentrations of soluble
nutrients and hydrogen sulfide, and decreased concentrations of dissolved
oxygen are observed. Sediment organic content increases with associated
anoxia and visible sludge accumulation. Although these circumstances will
result in increased microbial populations, the nature of the populations
developing, and their possible hazards to the environment, are unknown.
This project utilized a dual approach, with the objectives of determin-
ing if pathogenic populations could develop in sediment where processing
wastes accumulated. Field samples were analyzed for Vibrio parahemolytieus
and coliforms, while in vitro techniques were utilized to determine if V.
pardhemolytieus and V. anguillarw could grow on nutrients supplied by the
crab wastes at in eitu temperatures.
Forty-six sediment samples were obtained from Dutch Harbor, Renai, and
Cordova, from areas adjacent to processing outfalls. No significant accumu-
lations of coliforms were observed, and although V. pardhemolybieuB was not
isolated from any sample, V. alginolyticus was isolated from one Cordova
sample. Marked increases in the bacterial populations were observed in
sediments where wastes accumulated.
Both V. pardhemolyticuB and 7. anguillarum were shown to use crab pro-
cessing wastes in sea water as nutrients. Although V. parahemolyticus grew
well at 25 and 37°C, little or no growth was observed at either 5 or 10°C.
Vibrio anguillarum, on the other hand, grew well at all temperatures tested.
iii
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CONTENTS
• *
Foreword ....... .........................
Abstract ................................
List of Figures
List of Tables
Acknowledgment .............................
1. Introduction .......................... |
2. Conclusions .......................... ^
3. Recommendations .................. • ..... ^
4. Experimental Procedures ................ . • • • • *
Field samples ....................... *
Vifcrio enrichment ................... •• ^
Enterobacteriaceae enrichment ............... 8
Biochemical identification ................. 8
Cultures and controls .. .......... • ...... °
In vitro experiments. ............. ...... 8
5. Results ............... ....... ...... 9
Field samples ....................... 9
Dutch Harbor ...................... 9
Kenai ......................... 9
Cordova ...................... . . 9
In vitro experiments .................... 13
Tolerance of reduced salt concentration by
Vibrio pardhemolyticiia ................. 13
Bacterial content of crab meal ............. 13
Growth of V. pardhemolyticus in sea water and
crab meal based media ................. 14
Growth of V. parahemolytiauB at 5, 10 and 25 °C ..... 14
Growth of V. anguillarum at 25°C and 5°C in sea
water and crab meal ...... ...... ....... 18
6. Discussion of Results .............. ' ....... 21
Field samples ....................... 21
Physiological ecology of Vibrio spp ............. 21
General ecological conditions ............... 22
References ............................... 24
iv
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DISCLAIMER
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FIGURES
Number " Page
1 Sampling sites in the vicinity of Dutch Harbor, Alaska 5
2 Sampling sites in the vicinity of the Kenai River, Alaska. ... 6
3 Sampling sites in the vicinity of Cordova, Alaska 7
4 Growth of Vibrio pccrahemolytiaus at 37°C in crab meal
supplemented artificial and natural seawater 16
5 Growth of Vibrio parahemolyticuB at 5°, 10°, and 25°C in
artificial seawater and artificial seawater and crab meal. . . 17
6 Growth of Vibrio anguillanffn in natural and artificial
seawater media, with crab meal, at 5° and 25°C 20
vi
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TABLES
Number Page
1 Analysis of Dutch Harbor sediment for pH, Vibrio,
total coliforms, and total heterotrophic counts ....... .10
2 Analysis of Kenai sediment samples .11
3 Analysis of Cordova sediment samples 12
4 Effect of saline concentration of suspending medium
on survival of Vibrio parahemolyticus - qualitative assay . . .13
5 Effect of saline concentration of suspending medium on
survival of Vibrio parahemolyticua - quantitative assay ... .13
6 Biochemical profile on API-20E of selected isolates from
original culture of Vibrio parahemolytious 14
7 Growth of Vibrio pardhemolyticus at 37°C in artificial and
natural seawater-based media 15
8 Growth of V. parahemolytiaus at 5°C in artificial seawater
and crab meal medium 15
9 Growth of V. pardhemolyticus at 10°C in artificial seawater
and artificial seawater and crab meal medium 15
10 Growth of V. pardhemolyticus at 25°C in artificial seawater
and artificial seawater plus crab meal medium . 18
11 Growth of Vibrio anguillarum in several media at 5°C 18
12 Growth of Vibrio cmguillarum in several media at 25°C 19
vii
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank Captain Ken Turner and the crew of the R/V Aaona for sampling
assistance in the vicinity of Dutch Harbor. The Publications Department of
the Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska, Fairbanks assisted
in the final phases of the report.
viii
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
Seafood processors in Alaska, with few exceptions, discard their pro-
cessing wastes in waters near the processing site. In general, the wastes
are simply piped to a depth of at least seven fathoms, although some pro-
cessors screen and grind wastes to reduce effluent particulate size (1,2,3).
At several locations, wastes have been shown to accumulate and to result in
environmental changes associated with microbial activity, including nutrient
and hydrogen sulfide accumulation, anoxia, and visible accumulations of
debris (2,3). However, except for two reports (1,4), little is known about
the nature of the developing microbial communities.
•
Vibrio spp. has long been associated with marine environments, particu-
larly where chitinous material accumulates (1,5,6,7,8). Vibrio parahemoly-
tiaus and V. anguiltanan have been pathogenically associated with humans (8)
and marine organisms (9), respectively, the former being transmitted in con-
taminated seafoods. There is only one reported isolation of V. pardhemoly-
tious and V. alginlytieus from Alaskan waters (1,4), although that study was
limited to southeastern waters.
This project had as its specific objectives, (1) to attempt isolation
of V. pardhemolyticus from sediment samples obtained from processing waste
disposal sites at Dutch.Harbor, Kenai, and Cordova and (2) the determina-
tion of whether or not V. parahemolyticus and V. anguillcanm would utilize
crab waste products as nutrients in sea water, at temperatures approximating
those found at the disposal sites.
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SECTION 2
CONCLUSIONS
1. Vibrio parahemolyticus was not isolated from any of forty-six samples
of sediment from Dutch Harbor (18 samples), Renai (14 samples) and
Cordova (14 samples), although V. alginolytiaus was isolated from one
Cordova sample.
2. No significant accumulation of enteric bacteria was observed in any
sample, although a marked increase in total bacterial biomass was
observed in sediments where wastes accumulated.
3. Vibrio parahemolyticus could efficiently use crab meal as a nutritional
source in sea water, producing good growth at 25° and 37°C, but not at
5° or 10°C.
4. Vibrio anguillarum could also use crab meal as a nutrient source, pro-
ducing good growth at 5°C.
5. Vibrio parahemolyticus does not appear to be a health hazard at disposal
sites in waters that remain below 10°C; however, isolation of 7. algino-
lytiaus from one sample suggests that current practices could become
hazardous to humans at sites where water temperature exceeds 10°C.
6. Current disposal practices, in light of the growth of V. anguillarum
under these conditions, may be assumed to create hazards to fish and
susceptible marine fauna.
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SECTION 3
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Current seafood waste disposal practices should be improved to ensure
dispersion of wastes by discharging effluent into waters with vigorous
current flow;
2. Additional studies on the temperature requirements of Vibrio parahemo-
lytiaus, as well as the bacterium's susceptibility to temperature and
osmotic changes should be encouraged.
3. Refined techniques for rapid isolation of Vibrio spp., especially
anguillarum, from marine environments and food products should be
developed.
-------
SECTION 4
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
FIELD SAMPLES
Grab sediment samples were taken from Dutch Harbor, Alaska, by Dr.
Howard Feder, University of Alaska, Institute of Marine Sciences, aboard
the R/V Acona, and from Renai and Cordova, Alaska, by Mr. Michael Caponigro,
of S.C.S. Engineering, Long Beach, California, under contract with the
Environmental Protection Agency. Exact locations of sampling sites and ad-
jacent river outfalls and processing discharge sites are shown in Figures 1
through 3.
Fifty to one hundred gram portions of the samples, chosen to obtain
surface (sediment-water interface) sediment were placed into sterile glass
containers or Whirl-Pak bags and held for analysis. The Dutch Harbor sam-
ples were processed for Vibrio enrichment onboard immediately upon sample
recovery, but other analyses and the Kenai and Cordova sample analyses were
performed in Anchorage, no later than 72 hours after sampling. All samples
were maintained at temperatures above 10°C until analysis for Vibrio was
completed (10), and then stored at 4-5°C until discarded.
VIBRIO ENRICHMENT
Primary enrichment and Most Probable Number (MPN) analyses for Vibrio
spp. was accomplished with techniques similar to those previously described
(4,11), using alkaline peptone medium (APM), consisting of 0.5% tryptone,
0.25% yeast extract, 0.1% destrose in artificial sea water (Aquarium Systems,
Inc., East Lake, Ohio), adjusted to pH 8.0. All tubes or bottles were
streaked for isolation after 48 hours incubation at 25°C on TCBS agar
(Difco). Typical green colonies on TCBS were picked, purified, and main-
tained for further study on sea water plate count agar (SWPC), made with
Plate Count Agar (Difco) in artificial sea water, at pH 8.0.
Dutch Harbor samples were quantitatively assayed by suspending 10 g of
sediment in 100 ml of APM and using aliquots of the resulting 1:10 suspension
to inoculate a three tube - three set MPN series (0.1 ml, 1.0 ml, and 10.0
ml) made with APM. After 48 hours incubation, all tubes, as well as the
original suspension, were streaked for isolation on TCBS and scored positive
if oxidase positive, yellow or green 7££>r£0-like colonies developed.
Samples from Kenai and Cordova were subjected to primary enrichment by
suspending 10 g in APM and streaking for isolation after 48 hours, as pre-
viously described.
-------
•I* Mr
UP tf
Figure 1. Sampling sites In the vicinity of Dutch Harbor, Alaska.
-------
Marsh
KENAI RIVER, ALASKA
Marsh
KanaliPacfcart Cannary
YDS
INSET A
Kanai River Sampling Stations Oft Ktnal Packara Cannary
Mirth
INSET B
Kanai Ri«ar Sampling Station Off Columbia Ward Fishariat
Figure 2. Sampling sites in the vicinity of the Kenai River, Alaska.
-------
CORDOVA
Mud Rat
Yanh
1000 600
*End of outfall at St Elias. NPP and Nafco eanneries.
1000
2000
3000
Figure 3. Sampling sites In the vicinity of Cordova, Alaska.
-------
ENTEROBACTERIACEAE ENRICHMENT
Enrichment for enteric pathogens was accomplished by suspending 10 g
of sediment into 100 ml of Selenite F Medium (Difco), followed by streak
plate isolation after 48 hours at 37°C, on Bismuth Sulfite, Hektoen, and
MacConkey's agars (all Difco). Suspect colonies were streaked for purity
on Hektoen and MacConkey's.
BIOCHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION
All biochemical profiles were determined with API-20E (Analytab Pro-
ducts) culture systems, following the manufacturer's recommendations, except
that all TCBS isolates were suspended in 3.5% saline (instead of 0.9%) for
the API inoculations. In addition, identification of Vibrio was confirmed
by sensitivity to Novobiocin (Difco discs) and to 2,4-diamino-6-7-diiso-
propyl pteridine (Vibriostatic Agent 0/129, Calbiochem, San Diego, Ca.).
CULTURES AND CONTROLS
Positive controls were made by adding Vibrio parahemolytiaus (ATCC:
17802) to some sample replicates, and in every case, the organism was re-
covered and correctly identified. Vibrio parahemolytiaus (ATCC: 17802)
was kindly supplied by Ms. Lee Anne MeGonagle, Department of Laboratory
Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, and Dr. Roger
Grischkowsky, Fish Pathology Laboratory, Alaska Department of Fish and
Game, supplied a culture of V. anguillcanan. All cultures, including envir-
onmental isolates, were maintained on Sea Water Stock Culture Agar (SWSC)
stabs, consisting of Stock Culture Agar (Difco) in artificial sea water, at
pH 8.0.
IN VITRO EXPERIMENTS
For experimental purposes, organisms were grown on SWPC agar for 24
to 48 hours, after which sufficient colonies were picked and suspended into
3.5% saline to give a moderately heavy suspension (about 10s cells/ml).
One milliliter aliquots of this suspension were used as inocula for growth
experiments in 100 ml of the experimental growth media, in 250 ml flasks.
Depending upon experimental requirements, growth media consisted of combina-
tions of artificial sea water (ASW), natural sea water (NSW), 1.0% commer-
cial crab meal (CM), kindly donated by Dr. Fred Husby, University of Alaska
Experimental Farm from Seward Fisheries, Inc. (Lot No. CO-355), and 10 g of
marine sediment (SED). APM was used for comparative growth determinations.
All media were sterilized by autoclaving at 121°C for 15 minutes.
Growth at 37° and 25CC was measured by standard pour plate count pro-
cedures in 3.5% saline plate count agar (Difco) and by standard spread plate
techniques on TCBS when growth was at 10° and 5°C. In all cases, culture
purity was verified with check plates on TCBS. Vibrio parahemolyticus
colonies were counted after 48 hours at 37°C, and colonies of V. anguil-
laman were counted after 72 hours at 25°C.
8
-------
SECTION 5
RESULTS
FIELD SAMPLES
Dutch Harbor
Nineteen samples were obtained for analysis for Vibrio spp., pH, and
total heterotrophic counts of selected sub-samples. These results are sum-
marized in Table 1. Six samples had populations of Vibrio-i±"ke isolates
that were lower than could be counted with a three tube MPN series, and
three of these were also negative when the initial 1:10 enrichment was
plated. Conversely, five samples had populations exceeding the resolution
of the three tube set. The results of the Vibrio MPN tests correlated well
with physical appearance and odor of the samples and with total heterotrophic
counts, which showed that those samples with highest Vibrio-like, colonies
had more than 100 times as many colonies by plate count enumeration.
Analysis for coliforms (MPN-3 tube-Brilliant Green Bile Lactose), however,
showed all samples to be free of significant coliform contamination.
Kenai
Fifteen sediment samples were obtained (S.C.S. Engineers, Long Beach,
Ca.) from areas adjacent to the Kenai processing facilities (see Fig. 2A,
B,C), for qualitative analysis for Vibrio parahemolyticus and pathogenic
coliforms. Although seven samples produced green colonies on TCBS after en-
richment, only one proved to be oxidase positive after sub-culture and was
identified as being of the Pseudomonas fiuorescens group by API analysis.
Vibrio parahemolytieus was not detected in any sample. Six samples produced
suspect colonies on Bismuth Sulfite Agar, but further analysis with Hektoen
Agar, and API analysis identified them as Citrobacter freundii and Pseudo-
monas fluorescens. These results are shown in Table 2.
Cordova
Sixteen samples were obtained (S.C.S. Engineers, Long Beach, Ca.) from
areas adjacent to Cordova processing facilities and subjected to qualitative
analysis for 7. parahemolytieus and pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae. Three
samples produced suspect colonies on TCBS, but were subsequently identified
as P. putrefaaiene and P. fluoreeoens. Seven samples produced suspect
colonies on Bismuth Surfite, MacConkeys, or Hektoen and were identified as
shown in Table 3. Vibrio alginolytiaus was isolated from one sample (CE).
Reisolation and reidentification confirmed the original findings.
-------
TABLE 1. ANALYSIS OF DUTCH HARBOR SEDIMENT FOR pH, VIBRIO, TOTAL
COLIFORMS, AND TOTAL HETEROTROPHIC COUNTS
Sampling Dates 6/11/78-6/12/78
Sample
No.
HEL 3AG
BEL 3
HEL 3BF
HEL 1A
HEL 3H
HEL 3D
HEL 3A
HEL 3C
HEL 3DE
pH*
7.3
7.5
7.09
7.04
7.38
7.12
7.09
7.77
6.64
Vibrio i Total
MPN/100 ml Coliform CFU/ml
(of a 1:10 susp.) MPN/100 ml (LglO #)
240
460
150
9
75
460
1,100
150
<3.0*
Mean Total
CPU/ml
(LglO #)
DUT 02A 7.01 93
HEL 3E
DUT 01A
DUT 02
DUT 00
HEL 3F
HEL 3G
HEL 31
HEL 3B
7.14
7.40
7.50
7.30
7.08
7.06
7.03
7.10
<3.0t
<3.0t
<3.0t
<3.0t
>1100
>1100
>1100
>1100
23
9
23
9
23
9
9
4
3.39
2.35
2.30
3.25
5.25
4.82
5.18
5.03
2.85 ± 0.58
5.07 ± 0.19
*pH taken at 72 hrs after sampling.
tOf those samples showing less than 3.0 Vibrio/100 ml, three (DUT 02, DUT 00,
DUT 101) yielded no growth of Hbrio-like colonies on TCBS streaks of the
original 1:10 suspension. All others were positive at 1:10.
10
-------
TABLE 2. ANALYSIS OF KENAI SEDIMENT SAMPLES
Sampling Dates 7/25-26/78
Sample
No.
VIBRIO SCREEN
TCBS Final
Plates API Analysis
COLIFORM SCREEN
Bismuth Sulf ide Mac/Hek*
Screen Screen
Final
API Analysis
A
B
Bl
C
cl
D
E
F
H
L
N
R
T
X
—
-
+ Oxidase Negative
-
+ Oxidase Negative
+ Oxidase Negative
+ Pseudomonas
fluoresoens
-
-
-
+ Oxidase Negative
-
-
—
_
-
+ Non-LFt
-
LF
+ Non-LF + LF
-
—
+ . LF
+ LF
-
+ Non-LF
—
Pseudomonas
fluoresoens
Citrobacter
fruendii
Ps. fluoresoens
and Cit.
fruendii
Citrobacter
fruendii
ND
Ps. fluoresoens
*MAC - MacConkey's AGAR; HER - Hektoen AGAR
tLF = Lactose Fermenter
11
-------
TABLE 3. ANALYSIS OF CORDOVA SEDIMENT SAMPLES
Sampling Dates 7/28-8/2/78
Sample
No.
Temp . *
Celsius
Depth*
Meters
VIBRIO SCREEN
TCBS API
Plates Analysis
COLIFORM SCREEN
Bismuth Sulfide API
MAC/HEKt Analysis
CA
CC -
CD
CE
CG
CH
CI
CJ
CK
CL
CM
CN
CO
CP
NPP
St. Ellas
11.6
11.7
11.9
na
na
11.9
11.4
11.1
11.6
11.9
11.8
11.4
11.7
na
na
na
65
125
8.7
na
na
6.75
7.5
10.2
8.5
8.0
18
9.5
. 8
na
na
na
_
-
-
-
—
+ Pa. putrefoeiena
—
—
-
+ Pa. putvefacieua
•*• Pa. flttoreacena
-
—
-
—
—
_
-
_
+ V. alginolyticua
—
+ LFt
-
—
+ Aclwomobactev sp.
+ LF
•
-
_
+ Pa. putrefadeua
+ Pa. putrefaeieua
+ Pa. fluoreacene
*Data supplied by S. C. S. Engineers.
tAbbreviations as in Table 2.
-------
IN VITRO EXPERIMENTS
Tolerance of Reduced Salt Concentration by Vibrio pardhemolyticus
Viability of V. pardhemolyticus was tested in artificial seawater, 3.5%
NaCl, 0.85% NaCl, and distilled water by both qualitative (Table 4) and quan-
titative (Table 5) determination of viable colony forming units. No differ-
ence could be detected between sea water, 3.5% NaCl or 0.85% NaCl as a
suspending medium, but suspension in distilled water resulted in a rapid loss
of viability. However, when 3.5% NaCl and 0.85% NaCl were used as the sus-
pending medium for API analysis, abnormal biochemical profiles (Table 6) were
observed with 0.85% saline, but not with 3.5% saline. In this experiment,
four cultures of V. pardhemolyticus in 0.85% NaCl, resulted in abnormal API
profiles at 24 hours, resembling that commonly observed with some pseudo-
monads. All tests remained negative at 48 hours.
TABLE 4. EFFECT OF SALINE CONCENTRATION OF SUSPENDING MEDIUM ON
SURVIVAL OF VIBRIO PARAHEMOLITICUS.- QUALITATIVE ASSAY
Suspension
Distilled Water
Artificial Seawater
3.5% Saline
0
4+
4+
4+
5
1+
4+
.4+
Tlm«
10
_
4+
4+.
i, min.
30
_
4+
. 4+
60
' _
4+
4+
90
_
4+
. 4+
TABLE 5. EFFECT OF SALINE CONCENTRATION OF SUSPENDING MEDIUM ON
SURVIVAL OF VIBRIO PARAHEMOLITICUS - QUANTITATIVE ASSAY
Suspension
Distilled Water
0.85% Saline
3.50% Saline
0
4.80*
5.10
5.20
Time,
20
1.50
5.40
4.90
min.
60
1.30
5.20
5.30
120
0
5.40
5.30
^Numbers are logio numbers of cells, determined by pour plate technique.
Bacterial Content of Crab Meal
The crab meal used in this project was analyzed for bacterial content
and was found to produce 3.1 x 106 CFU/ml by total count, 2.0 x 101 CFU/ml
on Bismuth Sulfite Agar and 1.75 x 10s Vibrio-colonies on TCBS agar. Vibrio
pardhemolyticus was not detected. The suspect colonies on Bismuth Sulfite
were identified as Enterobacter cloacae by API, but the yellow colonies
produced on TCBS did not key out, although they were Gram negative, oxidase
positive rods. No further analysis of the crab meal was attempted and when
used in subsequent experiments, it was sterilized by autoclaving.
13
-------
TABLE 6. BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE ON API-20E OF SELECTED ISOLATES FROM
ORIGINAL CULTURE OF VIBRIO PARAtiEMOLYTICUS
Culture API Inoculum
Reisolate Diluet API Profile Identification
.. m 0.85% Saline All tests negative at 24 and 48 hrs
Vp—Ui •»
3.50% Saline V. parahemolyticus (profile No.
4356106)
0.85% Saline All tests negative at 24 and 48 hrs
p" 3.50% Saline 7. parahemolyticus (Profile No.
4356106)
0.85% Saline All tests negative at 24 and 48 hrs
VD—A
v 3.50% Saline V. parahemolyticus (Profile No.
4356106)
0.85% Saline All tests negative at 24 and 48 hrs
Vp~371 3.50% Saline 7. parahemolyticus (Profile No.
4356106)
Growth of 7. parahemolytiaus in Sea Water and Crab Meal Based Media
The data in Table 7 and Figure 4 show that 7. parahemolyticus is quite
able to utilize commercially available crab meal as a nutrient source. In
these experiments, the crab meal was not treated in any way (other than
during preparation by the manufacturer) except that the test media (sea
water + 1% Crab Meal) were sterilized by autoclaving prior to use. The
apparent increase in number of colony-forming-units in non-supplemented
sea water is unexplained, although it suggests the 7. parahemolyticus is an
efficient saprophyte, quite able to scavange the small amounts of nutrients
present in sea water. Nevertheless, growth in 1% crab meal was dramatic,
resulting in up to a five-log (100,000x) Increase in cell number in 96 hours.
Also, it can be seen that little or no difference can be observed between
the growths obtained in natural or artificial sea water. It would also
appear that the crab meal was a better nutrient than alkaline peptone medium,
although the reasons for this were not pursued in this project.
Growth of 7. parahemolyticus at 5, 10 and 25°C
Tables 8 through 10 and Figure 5 show the growth of 7. parahemolyticus
at temperatures related to in situ temperatures of Alaskan waters. Although
this strain of Vibrio could grow quite well at 25°C (Table 10), no growth
was observed, at 5°C (Table 8) and 10°C (Table 9), for up to 96 hours. How-
ever, our data show that 7. parahemolyticus in sea water media is also able
to survive for up to 96 hours, with no appreciable loss of viability at 25°C
and at 10°C, and with only moderate loss at 5"C.
14
-------
TABLE 7. GROWTH OF VIBRIO PARAHEMOLYTICUS AT 37°C IN ARTIFICIAL AND
NATURAL SEAWATER-BASED MEDIA
Time, Hrs
Medium
ASW*
ASW + CM
NSW
NSW + CM
APM
3.0
3.23t
3.51
3.18
3.53
3.53
6.0
3.49
4.75
3.59
4.76
4.53
Count at
8.5
3.21
5.49
3.54
5.57
5.31
0 hrs -
24
4.56
nd
3.48
nd
nd
3.18
48
4.89
6.72
4.51
7.43
5.82
72
4.84
7.84
4.46
7.61
4.67
96
4.83
.7.45
4.05
7.40
4.51
*Abbreviations:
ASW - Artificial Seawater; CM - Crab Meal; NSW « Natural
Seawater; AFM • Alkaline Peptone Medium.
tNumbers are logio number of colony forming units/ml.
TABLE 8. GROWTH OF V. PARAHEMOLYTICUS AT 5°C IN ARTIFICIAL SEAWATER AND
CRAB MEAL MEDIUM
Time* hrs
0
1.5
3.0
7.0
24.0
48.0
72.0
Artificial Seavater
4.03*
4.10
4.10
4.08
2.88
3.72
3.70
Artificial
Seawater & Crab Meal
4.03
4.19
4.25
3.93
3.78
2.70
3.00
^Numbers are logio number of colony-forming-units/ml.
TABLE 9. GROWTH OF V. PARAHEMOLITICVS AT 10°C IN ARTIFICIAL SEAWATER AND
ARTIFICIAL SEAWATER AND CRAB MEAL MEDIUM
Time, hrs
0
6
24
45
69
96
Artificial Seawater
6.10*
6.10
6.90
5.90
6.40
6.80
Artificial
Seawater and Crab Meal
6.10
6.40
7.10
6.20
5.70
6.00
*Numbers are logio number of colony-forming-units/ml.
15
-------
I
z
o
O
u.
2
S
ik
o
oc
UJ
£0
o *
3
IU
O
- A. Artificial Saawatar
ASW •*• Crab Maal
r B. Natural Seavntar
NSW * Crab Maal
6
12
24
48
TIME, hours
72
Figure 4. Growth of Vibrio parahernolyticus at 37°C in crab meal
supplemented artificial and natural seawater.
16
-------
+1.0
+0.5
*» to
o
1 •"
o •
o
A. Artificial Saawater
A
s ««
cc
IU
GO
+2
Ul
o
±0
B. Artificial Seawater
+ CrabMaal
12
24
48
TIME, hours
72
96
Figure 5. Growth of Vibrio parahemolyticus at 5°, 10°, and 25°C
in artificial seavater and artificial seawater and crab
meal.
17
-------
TABLE 10. GROWTH OF V. PARAHEMOLXTICUS AT 25 °C IN ARTIFICIAL SEAWATER AND
ARTIFICIAL SEAWATER PLUS CRAB MEAL MEDIUM
Time, hrs
0
1
4
7
24
48
72
96
Artificial Seawater
5.14*
5.26
5.43
5.49
4.99
5.10
5.00
4.96
Artificial Seawater
Plus Crab Meal
5.14 .
5.20
5.47
5.67
na
7.61
7.57
7.59
*Numbers are logio number of colony-forming-units/ml.
Growth of V. angidllcanffn at 25°C and 5°C in Sea Water and Crab Meal
The data in Tables 11, 12, and Figure 6 show that 7. anguillarum grew well
in the crab meal medium and, although some lag was observed, showed good growth
at 5°C. This is consistent with V. anguillcanon lower optimal temperature
and temperature range characteristics (as compared with V. parahemolyticus)
and suggests that this organism, or other cold-adapted saprophytes would be
expected to proliferate where conditions similar to these prevail.
TABLE 11. GROWTH OF VIBRIO ANGUILLARW IN SEVERAL MEDIA AT 5°C
Medium
ASW*
NSW
ASW+CM
NSW+CM
APM
4
4.15t
3.36
4.11
4.19
4.43
Count
6
4.30
3.92
4.00
4.30
4.46
at 0 time »
Time,
8.5
5.10
3.9&
4.34
4.32
4.15
4.22
hrs
24
4.48
3.23
4.76
4.48
4.70
48
4.64
4.15
5.62
5.17
5.59
•
72
4.69
4.16
6.71
6.72
6.99
*Abbreviations as shown in Table 7.
tNumbers are logic number of colony-forming-units/ml.
18
-------
TABLE 12. GROWTH OF VIBRIO ANGUILLARUM IN SEVERAL MEDIA AT 25 °C
Medium
ASW*
NSW
ASWKM
NSW+CM
APM
3
4.28t
4.15
4.56
4.32
4.54
Count
6
4.43
4.08
4.49
5.19
5.26
at 0
Time^
9
nd
nd
5.72
5.83
6.53
time - 3.98
hrs .
24
4.26
4.36
6.41
6.85
7.33
48
4.38
4.20
6.40
6.04
6.88
72
nd
4.11
6.04
6.63
7.09
*Abbreviations as shown in Table 7.
tNumbers are log^o number of colony-forming-units/ml.
19
-------
I
| to
IE
£
s
8*3
ik
O
r A. Artificial Samwar
PC
2S*C
O
Q
tu
O
u
±0
Natural Sowrar
8 16
24
48
72
TIME, houn
Figure 6. Growth of Vibrio anguillarum in natural and artificial
seavater media, with crab meal, at 5° and 25°C.
20
-------
SECTION 6
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
FIELD SAMPLES
Vibrio parahemolyticus was not isolated from any of forty-six sediment
samples obtained from three locations associated with seafood processing
wastes at Dutch Harbor, Kenai, and Cordova, Alaska. However, the isolation
of V. alginolyticus from a single Cordova sample deserves careful attention.
Vibrio alginolyticus is considered a biotype of V. parahemolyticus differing
from parahemolyticus in salt tolerance, the reactions in MR-VP medium (12),
and sucrose fermentation. Since fermentation of sucrose is at least partly
responsible for the differences in colony colors on TCBS, the possibility
that some of the yellow colonies observed in these samples were, in fact,
V. alginolyticus, must be considered. That is, the organism may be more
common than appears to be the case, because the screening used in this pro-
ject selected for V. parahemolyticus-like green colonies and disregarded
yellow colonies. Similar considerations apply to V. anguillarum, which also
forms yellow colonies on TCBS. Thus, while V. parahemolyticus could not be
detected in any sample, the techniques used here did allow for easy recovery
of other Vibrio, especially 7. anguillarum and V. alginolyticus. Considering
the nature of the added nutrients, the enrichment of the microbial population
for chitinolytic bacteria, such as Vibrio is to be expected (6,7) and in fact,
was observed. However, the growth of V. parahemolyticus and V. alginolyticus
should be restricted to areas where the temperature remained above 10°C (8)
for significant periods of time. Organisms such as V. anguillarum which are
able to grow at 5°C, must be considered as possible inhabitants of sediment
and waters in which seafood wastes have been allowed to accumulate. (See
section on in vitro studies for further discussion.) These studies indicate
that current practices of sea-food waste disposal_havejagjtt__of_yetj._created
a health hazard to humans, at least, under present criteria. There was no
successful isolation of V. parahemolyticus (although "added-in" controls pro-
duced positive isolates) or significantly increased enteric populations at
the sites. However, the severe pollution reported previously (2,3) was con-
firmed by markedly increased heterotrophic bacterial counts (Table 4) and
increased numbers of Vtbrio-like organisms (Table 4). Dramatic changes in
environmental conditions occurred wherever disposal practices resulted in
accumulation of wastes.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY OF VIBRIO SPP.
One major objective of this project was to determine if Vibrio parahemo-
lytiaus or Vibrio anguillarum could grow under conditions similar to those
occurring at the disposal sites. The genus Vibrio is characterized, in part,
as being chitinolytic and associated with invertebrate exoskeleton material
21
-------
(5,6). Furthermore, V. pardhemolyticus has been reported to be mesophilic
while other Vibrio are psychrophylic to varying degrees. It is generally
believed that ambient water temperature at the disposal site will determine
which species of Vibrio will predominate and that seasonal fluctuations in
temperatures have been associated with seasonal appearances of V. pardhemo-
lyticus (7) and associated cases of enteritis (9,10).
The results obtained in this project confirm the previous reports that
V. pardhemolyticus was unable to replicate at either 5° or 10°C, but grew
very well at 25° and 37°C in a sea water-crab meal medium (Figs. 4 and 5).
Vibrio anguillcammt however, was able to replicate at 5°C and presumably could
do so in eitu. The isolation of V. alginolyticus from Cordova sediment may
or_may_ not indicate that V. parahemolytieus can grow at that location. The
two organisms have different salt tolerances and different temperature toler-
ances (13).
These studies also indicate that V. parahemo'lytieua can very effectively
use crab processing wastes in sea water as nutrients when the ambient temper-
ature exceeds the minimum growth temperature. Although our data show that
when the temperature does not exceed 10°C, V. pardhemolytious will not grow,
we were unable to determine the exact minimum growth temperature for this
organism, but caution that it may not be very much higher than 10°C.
There is little doubt, however, that the fish pathogen (9,10) V. anguil-
lamm, can grow at 5°C and that the accumulation of sea food wastes could re-
sult in establishing a focus source of this organism, with resulting risk to
local populations of marine organisms.
This project also demonstrated some of the problems that arise when study-
ing marine organisms. Reports of osmotic and temperature damage and (14,15,
16) the prevention of, or compensation for, such damage have recently appeared.
Our data suggest (Table 7) that although suspension of V. pardhemotyticus in
0.9% Nad has little observable effect on viability as measured by plate counts
on osmotically suitable media (in this case TCBS and alkaline peptone-sea
water agar), viability may be seriously affected when other more restrictive
media are used or when diagnostic systems are used with 0.9% NaCl. The cri-
tical nature of the medium used subsequent to osmotic or temperature shock,
as observed here, deserves careful consideration when developing diagnostic
systems. In our laboratory, diagnosis of Vibrio parahemolyticue by API on
0.9% NaCl was simply not reliable. The necessity of using inocula containing
cells in logrithemic growth, presumably to ensure good continued activity in
the API system has also reported by Murray (17).
GENERAL ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
These studies, like all such studies that use pure cultures and labora-
tory conditions, can be applied to in eitu situations in only a very limited
way. For example, although our data show that V. anguillcanm can replicate
at 5°C, on crab wastes, the data do not measure the relative competitiveness
of this organism in eitu. It would be desirable to know its growth rate
relative to other saprophytic bacteria occupying the same or a similar niche.
22
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Although these studies suggest that Vibrio parahemolyticue will not
grow at 10°C or lower, the data do not necessarily support a converse conclu-
sion - that is, that V. parahemolyticus will necessarily appear if the water
temperature exceeds 10°C. Again, knowledge of relative growth rate and
competitiveness in a mixed population is necessary before such speculation
would have any value. ^e..^t(a_jc^pjprjted_Jie«_only_'tod^ate that so long as
the temperature remains at, jarjbelow_,_lj^b,_it^
lyticus will grow.
Finally, of course, growth will occur only where sufficient and appro-
priate nutrients are supplied. These data suggest, as hopefully other studies
will prove, that dispersal of wastes by current flow will very effectively
prevent the development of large bacterial populations and the problems assoc-
iated with such a condition.
23
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REFERENCES
1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Evaluation of Waste Disposal
Practices of Alaskan Seafood Processors. Nat. Field Invest. Center.,
Denver and Region X, Seattle, 1976.
2. Stewart, R. K. and D. R. Tangarone. Water Quality Investigations Related
to Seafood Processing Wastewater Discharges at Dutch Harbor, Alaska.
EPA #910-8-77-100. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1977. 77 pp.
3. Kama, D. W. Investigations of Seven Disposal Locations Used by Seafood
Processors at Dutch Harbor, Alaska. EPA #910-8-78-101. U.S. Environ-
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parahemolyticus and Vibrio alginolyticus from Estuarine Areas of South-
eastern Alaska. Appl. Microbiol., 29:557-559, 1975.
5. Kaneko, T., and R. R. Colwell. Ecology of Vibrio parahemolyticus in
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Chitin and Copepods. Appl. Microbiol.t 29:269-274, 1975.
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Chesapeake Bay. Appl. Microbiol., 30:251-257, 1975.
8. Baross, J., and J. Listen. Occurrence of Vibrio parahemolyticus and
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9. Spite, G. T., D. F. Brown, and R. M. Twedt. Isolation of an Entero-
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11. Clark, A. G. Survival of Vibrio parahemolyticus after Chilling in
Transport Media: An Explanation of Divergent Findings. Appl. and
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12. Vanderzant, C., and R. Nickelson. Procedure for Isolation and Enumera-
tion of Vibrio parahemolyticus. Appl. Microbiol., 23:26-33, 1972.
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Maryland, 1974. 1246 pp.
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14. Beuchat, L. R. Suitability of Some Enrichment Broths and Diluents for
Enumerating Cold- and Heat-Stressed Vibrio parahemolytious. Can. J.
Miorobiol., 23:630-633, 1977.
15. Heinis, J. J., L. R. Beucaht, and R. C. Boswell. Antimetabolite Sensi-
tivity and Magnesium Uptake by Thermally Stressed Vibrio parahemolytious.
Appl. and Environ. Miorobiol.t 35:1035-1040, 1978.
16. Ray, B., S. M. Hawkins, and C. R. Hackney. Method for the Detection of
Injured Vibrio pardhemolytious in Seafoods* Appl. and Environ. Micro-
biol., 35:1121-1127, 1978.
17. Murray, P. R. Standardization of the Analytab Enteric (API 20E) System
to Increase Accuracy and Reproducability of the Test for Biotype Charac-
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