SAN FRANCISCO BAY
MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL SURVEY
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION IX
San Francisco, CA 94111
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1-A 8 Major Municipal Dischargers
2 8 Major Industrial Dischargers
3 Coliform Analyses of 8 Major Municipal Dischargers
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
1. INTRODUCTION
Objectives
EPA Field Investigation
Self - Monitoring Data
Waste Discharge Requirements
Refuse Act Permit Program
2. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Coliform
Municipal Dischargers
Industrial Dischargers
Heavy Metals
Organic Demand
Toxicity Testing of Waste Sources
3. CONCLUSIONS
4. MUNICIPAL DISCHARGERS
East Bay M.U.D.
City of San Francisco, South East Plant
City of San Francisco, North Point Plant
City of South San Francisco - San Bruno
City of San Jose
City of San Mateo
Central Contra Costa County Sanitation District
San Pablo Sanitary District
5. INDUSTRIAL DISCHARGERS
Fibreboard Corporation
California & Hawaiian Sugar Company
Standard Oil Company
Union Oil Company
Phillips Petroleum Company
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Shell Oil Company
Dow Chemical Company
U.S. Steel Corporation
6. EPA RESULTS VS REFUSE ACT PERMIT APPLICATION DATA
7. FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS: WASTE WATER DISCHARGERS TO
SAN FRANCISCO BAY
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1. - INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES
During May and June, 1972 the Surveillance and Analysis Division
of EPA, Region IX, conducted a field study of San Francisco Bay
to characterize the pollutant loads of the major dischargers to
the Bay. The objectives of this survey were:
1. To review and determine the mass discharge of
waters to San Francisco Bay from municipal and
industrial sources.
2. To identify and verify key discharges by comparing
self-reporting data and actual field measurements.
3. To compare self-monitoring data and sampling data
with waste discharge requirements and to document
violations.
4. To evaluate the present monitoring requirements and
determine if adequate protection is available to
protect the shellfish beds.
5. To verify data submitted by industries on their
Refuse Act Permit Applications.
In determining the mass discharge of waters into San Francisco
Bay, 16 major dischargers (8 industrial plants and 8 municipal
plants) were selected for field sampling. Preliminary examina-
tion of available data by EPA prior to sampling indicated that
these 16 dischargers contribute about 70 percent of the waste
load to San Francisco Bay.*
The eight major industries and eight municipalities surveyed
were:
Industrial
1. Standard Oil Company, Richmond, California
2. Shell Oil Company, Martinez, California
3. Union Oil Company, Rodeo, California
*Flow data examined by EPA are contained in Interim Water Quality
Control Plan for the San Francisco Bay Basin (Basin 2), June 1971,
California Regional Water Quality Control Board.
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4. Phillips Petroleum Company, Avon Refinery
5. United States Steel Corp., Pittsburg, California
6. Fibreboard Corp., San Joaquin Mill, Antioch, California
7. Dow Chemical Company, Pittsburg, California
8. California & Hawaiian Sugar Company, Crockett,
California
Municipal
1. East Bay M.U.D., Oakland
2. City of San Jose
3. City of San Francisco, North Point Plant
4. City of San Francisco, South East Plant
5. City of South San Francisco
6. City of San Mateo
7. Central Contra Costa County Sanitary District,
Martinez
8. San Pablo Sanitary District, San Pablo
EPA FIELD INVESTIGATION
The sampling program for the industrial and municipal dischargers
included two visits to each facility. A preliminary visit was
made to determine the unit processes in operation and the general
operating condition of each plant. The effluent line sampling
point designated by the Regional Board for plant self-monitoring
reports was inspected at that time and in most cases selected as
the EPA sampling point for the study. In addition, at each
municipal treatment plant an inventory questionnaire, routinely
required by the EPA, and a San Francisco Bay study questionnaire
were filled out to provide general information on the facility
for future reference.
During the second visit, EPA collected both 24-hour compository
samples, and four-hour compository samples, depending on the
nature of the parameter.
The following list denotes the type of compository samples taken
for each specific parameter:
BOD 4 hours composite
COD 24 and 4 hours composite
Set solids 4 hours
NO3 -N- 24 and 4 hours composite
Kjeldahl -N- 24 and 4 hours composite
Total P 24 and 4 hours composite
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Oil and grease 24 and 4 hours composite
Toxicity 4 hours composite
Total coliform GRAB*
Sulfide 4 hours composite
Phenols 4 hours composite
Cr - total 4 hours composite
Nickel 4 hours composite
Zn (zinc) 4 hours composite
Cu (copper) 4 hours composite
Cd (cadmium) 4 hours composite
Suspended solids 4 hours composite
Mercaptans 4 hours composite
pH Hourly
Temperature Every hour
It should be noted that the 16 municipal and industrial dischargers
were not sampled for all of the parameters listed, and that EPA
did its major sampling in four groups of parameters: coliform,
heavy metal, organic, and acute toxicity. The parameters
sampled at each dischargers' facility were selected on a case-by-
case basis as characteristic of the discharger's particular
process and effluent. For a list of the those parameters
sampled at each municipal discharger, refer to Table 1A. A list
of parameters sampled for each industrial discharger is given in
Table 2A.
One coliform grab sample was taken for each industrial discharger.
For the municipal dischargers, coliform grab samples were taken
hourly for either four or six consecutive hours. Table 3A lists
coliform data for all municipal dischargers except Central Contra
Costa Sanitary District, whose coliform results were invalidated
by contamination of the sample.
Field investigation test results were analyzed and compared with
self-monitoring data of individual dischargers (Tables 1A and
2A) and with data submitted by dischargers on 1899 Refuse Act
Permit Applications (Tables 1A and 2A).** This was done in order
to:
(1) identify key dischargers and verify self-monitoring data;
(2) document violations of waste discharge requirements; and
(3) verify data submitted on 1899 Refuse Act Permit Applications.
*Refer to Table 3A.
**It should be noted that the EPA field sampling data listed on
Tables 1A and 2A are based on the four-hour compository samples
for a one-day period. Data from the 24-hour compository samples
were not used because chain of custody was not maintained.
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Self-Monitoring Data
EPA field investigation data listed on Tables 1A and 2A are
four-hour compository samples for a one-day period, whereas
values listed as self-monitoring data by individual dischargers
were based on yearly average values for 1971.
Under the California Water Code, waste dischargers are required
to furnish technical self-monitoring data as may be requested
by the appropriate regulatory agency which may be the State
Water Resources Control Board or the local regional water quality
control board. The particular parameters, frequency, and
location of sampling are specified by the appropriate regulatory
agency.
In order to assure the validity of self-monitoring data, the
laboratories performing the self-monitoring analyses must be
certified by the State Department of Health. All sixteen dis-
chargers investigated by EPA have self-monitoring programs in
effect and are complying with the requirements established for
their respective programs.
Waste Discharge Requirements
Under the California Water Code, the State or regional water
quality boards have the authority to impose any wastestream
and receiving water standards on municipal and industrial waste
dischargers which are necessary to: protect the public health,
prevent nuisance, and protect the beneficial uses of State
waters.
Since waste discharge requirements are set on a case-by-case
basis, the sixteen dischargers investigated by EPA have
individual waste discharge requirements. These requirements
vary according to the nature of the plant processes and resultant
waste effluent and are revised periodically.
During the conduct of this study, waste discharge requirements
were compared with self-monitoring data and EPA sampling data.
It was not possible, with the exception of fish bioassay results
in two municipal treatment plants, to document violations of
these requirements due to: the amount and type of extensive
sampling required to substantiate a violation versus the one-day
time limitation of the EPA sampling period.
Refuse Act Permit Program
All industries discharging material into a navigable water must
comply with the 1899 River and Harbor Act (Refuse Act) which
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requires the discharger to file for a permit from the U.S.
Army, Corps of Engineers. The application for a permit is
submitted by the discharger and contains a comprehensive list
of effluent concentrations of critical parameters as defined
by the U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers.* Municipal waste water
treatment plants were not required to submit a Refuse Act
Permit under the 1970 Federal Water Pollution Control Act.
Municipal waste water treatment plants are now required to sub-
mit a waste discharge permit application under the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act of 1972.
Data from the Refuse Act Permit Applications of the 16 dis-
chargers (filed around July 1, 1971) are listed in Table 2A.
These are 24-hour compository samples taken in one day. The
EPA field testing data listed are four-hour compository samples
taken in one day.
*Permit for Work and Structures in, and for Discharges or
Deposits into Navigable Waters; Department of the Army, Corps
of Engineers.
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2. - FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
In characterizing the pollutant loads of the major dischargers
to the Bay and determining their potential impact on the
shellfish beds, four major groups of parameters were analyzed:
coliform, heavy metals, organic demand, and acute toxicity.
A discussion of each parameter group follows.
COLIFORM
EPA has established that the quality of waters overlying shell-
fish beds are in violation of established U.S. Public Health
Service standards necessary to protect the public health
(Tables 1 - 5).*
The present wastestream requirements and self-monitoring
programs currently in effect have not raised water quality to
an acceptable level for shellfish (less than 70 MPN per 100 ml
for waters overlying shellfish beds).
Municipal Dischargers;
EPA field sampling data (Table 3) indicated a high degree of
fluctuation in the coliform concentrations of the wastestreams
of the following municipal dischargers: San Mateo, South San
Francisco, San Bruno, East Bay M.U.D., and San Jose. The
remaining three dischargers, San Pablo and San Francisco North-
point and South East plants demonstrated more stable coliform
reduction in their respective wastestreams. Self-monitoring
data are required daily in the wastestream of each municipal
plant and are listed in Table 1A.
The discrepancy between the self-monitoring data and EPA data
indicates the need for daily sampling of coliform continuously.
Such continuous sampling is not presently required.
Industrial Dischargers;
At present, waste discharge requirements have been set by the
State or regional boards for Standard Oil Co. and Union Oil Co,
Coliform requirements are not in effect for Fibreboard Corp.,
C & H Sugar Co., Shell Oil Co., Dow Chemical Co., Phillips
Petroleum Co., and U.S. Steel Co.
*See Tables (1-5) in main body of report
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Self-monitoring of coliform bacteria is required by the State
or regional boards at the following plants: Standard Oil Co.,
Union Oil Co., Shell Oil Co., and Phillips Petroleum Co.
EPA field investigations found extremely high coliform counts,
both total and fecal, in the wastestreams of Fibreboard Corp.
and C&H Sugar Co. (Table 2A). These values are substantially
different from the dischargers' values reported on the Refuse
Act Permit Applications. At present these dischargers do not
have wastestream treatment facilities to control the discharge
of coliform bacteria.
Fecal coliform requirements and self-monitoring are not in
effect for any industrial discharger, although EPA field
testing indicated high fecal coliform counts in the waste-
stream of Phillips Petroleum Co.
HEAVY METALS
EPA analysis of waters overlying shellfish beds and sediments
and shellfish specimens have confirmed the presence of several
toxic heavy metals. Concentrations of lead, zinc, copper, and
cadmium which exceed F.D.A. Alert Levels have been found in
EPA collected shellfish samples (Tables 1 - 5).* These heavy
metals are classified as persistent pollutants and concentrations
will undoubtedly increase unless necessary mitigation measures
are undertaken by the dischargers.
EPA conducted field sampling for five heavy metals at two of the
eight municipal plants, East Bay M.U.D. and San Francisco South
East (Table 1A). Analyses indicated extremely high levels of
mercury, zinc, chromium, copper, and lead (Table 2A) which
exceeded levels recorded by industrial dischargers on self-
monitoring reports and by EPA field sampling. It is thought
that these high concentrations of heavy metals in municipal
waste reflect contributions from sources other than domestic.
Information given by municipal dischargers on the questionnaire
form distributed by EPA during the preliminary visit to the
plants, estimates that the amount of industrial waste being
treated by municipal plants ranges from 10 to 30 percent of
the total flow, for municipal treatment plants in highly
*See Tables 1 - 5 in main body of report.
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industrialized areas. Information is lacking to determine if
these industrial flows discharged to municipal sewage systems
are on a continuous or batch basis.
As recorded on the required self-monitoring reports, the San
Francisco Southeast treatment plant discharges 398 pounds per
day of chromium and East Bay M.U.D. 293 pounds per day. The
combined chromium loading to the Bay has been calculated at
100 pounds per day for those industries (Table 4A) which submit
self-monitoring data on chromium. East Bay M.U.D. discharges
85 pounds per day of lead while the combined industrial discharge
is 60 pounds per day. The reported discharge of zinc by East
Bay M.U.D. is 535 pounds per day, while industries combined
contribution is calculated to be 100 pounds per day.
In four of the eight municipal treatment plants surveyed, there
are no self-monitoring requirements for heavy metals. Those
plants which have no requirements are San Mateo, Central Sanitary,
San Jose, and San Pablo. None of the eight municipal plants
have wastestream or receiving water discharge limitations for
heavy metals.
ORGANIC DEMAND
Oxygen-demanding materials in water deplete the supply of
oxygen which is vital to the health of biota. Shellfish, like
most desirable benthic organisms, need a well aerated environment.
Indiscriminate discharge of oxygen-demanding materials,
as measured by BOD (biological oxygen demand) and COD (chemical
oxygen demand), exert a negative stress upon the shellfish
beds which can inhibit growth and reproduction.
Wastestreams originating from the eight municipal and eight
industrial dischargers surveyed by EPA contained excessively
large amounts of oxygen-demanding materials: 397,000 pounds
per day BOD and 1,153,000 pounds per day COD. The EPA field
surveys substantiated that municipal dischargers are the major
contributors of BOD and COD to the Bay, contributing 87 percent
of the BOD and 72 percent of the COD waste load (Tables 1A and 2A.
EPA field sampling indicates that the municipal dischargers which
are located in highly industrialized areas are discharging
oxygen-demanding materials exceeding the largest industrial
contributions. East Bay M.U.D., for example, was found to have a
daily COD load of 459,000 pounds, which is 40 percent of the
total combined COD daily load to the Bay.
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Such excessive loads of oxygen-demanding substance originating
from municipal treatment plants can be attributed to industries
dumping their waste into the municipal sewer line without
in-plant treatment prior to discharge.
TOXICITY TESTING OF WASTE SOURCES
EPA sampled the eight municipal treatment plants and the
eight industrial dischargers to San Francisco Bay to determine
the 96 hour TLso value and percent survival in undiluted waste.
Results of the sampling appear in Table 1A and 2A and are
tabulated below, ranking the dischargers in order of toxicity,
beginning with the discharger with the most toxic wastes.
Toxicities 96 Hour TLso Percent Survival
in Undiluted Waste
Municipal Dischargers
East Bay M.U.D. 22 Percent 0
San Francisco -
South East 45 Percent 0
South San Francisco 46 Percent 0
Central Contra Costa
County Sanitary
District 51 Percent 0
San Mateo 65 Percent 0
San Jose 76 Percent 0
San Francisco -
North Point 92 Percent 0
San Pablo * 100
Industrial Dischargers
Shell Oil Co. 41 Percent 0
Fibreboard Corp. 70 Percent 0
Standard Oil Co. * 90
*96-hr. TLso has no meaning when % survival in undiluted
waste is greater than 50%.
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The following industrial dischargers showed no acute toxic
effect in their discharge: C & H Sugar Co., Union Oil Co.,
Phillips Petroleum Co., U.S. Steel Corp., Dow Chemical Co.
EPA found zero percent survival of test fish in the
undiluted wastestream of all municipal dischargers tested,
with the exception of San Pablo Sanitary District which showed
100 percent survival. On the other hand, two of the industrial
dischargers tested showed zero percent survival; one showed
90 percent survival, and five showed 100 percent survival.
EPA found that 96 hour TLso values ranged from 22 percent to
"no toxic effect" for the eight municipal dischargers. Only
two of the eight industrial dischargers were found to be
discharging toxic wastes. As in the case of coliform and heavy
metals discharge, the municipal treatment plants were found
to be the more reprehensible dischargers of acute toxic waste
water to San Francisco Bay than were industrial dischargers.
EPA field investigations substantiated violations of fish
bioassay requirements imposed by the Regional Board for two of
the municipal dischargers, San Jose and South San Francisco
(Table 1A) .
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3. - CONCLUSIONS
1. Both municipal waste treatment plants and industrial
waste dischargers to San Francisco Bay are significantly
contributing to the degradation of the shellfish beds.
2. Abnormally high loadings of oxygen-demanding materials,
heavy metals, and acutely toxic materials were found in
the wastestreams of the municipal dischargers in highly
industrial areas and appear to originate from other
than domestic waste sources.
3. EPA field sampling data generally agreed with self-
monitoring data of the 16 waste dischargers, and with
the Refuse Act Permit Applications, although there were
some discrepancies (Tables 1A and 2A).
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4. - MUNICIPAL DISCHARGERS
1- EAST BAY M.U.D.
The East Bay M.U.D. waste treatment plant is located adjacent
to the east approach to the San Francisco Bay and presently
serves an estimated population of 500,000 people. It is a
primary treatment facility with a flow of 79 million gallons
per day. Effluent discharge to San Francisco Bay is near
Treasure Island, midway between the cities of Oakland and
San Francisco. The plant sludge is disposed on a landfill
and used for commercial purposes.
East Bay M.U.D. was found by EPA to be discharging a daily
BOD load in excess of 211,400 pounds and a daily COD load of
459,000 pounds (Table 1-A). The discharger's self-monitoring
reports list daily discharge of BOD as 112,000 pounds; reports
of COD discharge concentrations are not required. A BOD require-
ment tied to receiving water quality has been imposed by the
Regional Board and is in effect; COD wastestream limitations
have not been imposed.
EPA field sampling data found the following heavy metal daily
waste loadings: chromium - 302 pounds, copper - 72 pounds,
mercury - .6 pounds, lead - 184 pounds, and zinc - 315 pounds.
The discharger has reported the following daily heavy metal
discharges: chromium - 292 pounds, copper - 125 pounds, lead -
85 pounds, and zinc - 534 pounds. No self-monitoring reports
of mercury discharge were submitted and heavy metal requirements
for wastestream discharge are not currently in effect.
Fish bioassays conducted by EPA determined zero percent
survival in undiluted waste and a 96 hr.-TLso value of 22 per-
cent. East Bay M.U.D. reports slightly higher values, a 9.2
percent survival in undiluted waste and a 96 hr.-TLso value of
38 percent.
East Bay M.U.D. demonstrated a lack of consistency in its
reduction of coliform bacteria, as determined by EPA field
surveys. During the EPA testing interval, total coliform
measurements appeared inconsistent and fluctuated between 200
and 23,000 MPN/100 ml, and fecal coliform varied between 200
and 2800 MPN/100 ml (Table 3A).
Eastbay MUD is the largest discharger of organic oxygen-
demanding material for COD and BOD (Table 1A). The BOD/COD loads
exceeded by a factor of 2 the discharge from any other municipal
waste treatment facility. In addition, the plant is the single
largest municipal and industrial point source of those sampled
for the discharge of heavy metals (Table 1A).
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Fish Bioassay: II. The discharge shall not cause, at any time:
A. The receiving waters at any place
outside the rising waste plume to
exceed the following limits of quality:
Concentration of waste
10% of the
96-hour TLjn
of the waste as
discharged
Coliform: III. The discharge shall not cause, at any time:
A. At any place within one foot of the
surface of the receiving water a
bacterial quality in excess of those
limits prescribed in Section 7958, Title
17, of the California Administrative
Code.
Whenever this bacterial quality is not
maintained for any reason at the above
locations, then it shall be maintained
at a point or points in the discharger's
sewage treatment plant or outfall at
which all waste tributary to the
discharge is present.
1. (Title 17) 7958. Bacteriological
Standards. Bacteriological
standards for each public beach
or water-contact sports area shall
be as follows:
Samples of water from each sampling
station at a public beach or public
water-contact sports area shall have
a most probable number of coliform
organisms less than 1,000 per 100
ml. (10 per ml.); provided that
not more than 20 percent of the
sampling station, in any 30-day
period, may exceed 1,000 per 100 ml.
(10 per ml.), and provided further
that no single sample when verified
by a repeat sample taken within
48 hours shall exceed 10,000 per
100 ml. (100 per ml.).
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2. - SAN FRANCISCO - SOUTH EAST S.T.P.
Of the two waste treatment facilities, the South East treat-
ment plant serves an estimated population of 160,000 people
and discharges approximately 22.1 million gallons per day
to the Bay. The discharge is located north of Islais Creek.
The existing plant is designed to provide primary treatment
to effluent from both domestic and industrial sources. The
questionnaire distributed by EPA during its preliminary visit
indicated approximately 15-25 percent of the plant's flow
is composed of industrial waste.
EPA found daily loadings of BOD and COD of 31,000 and 68,000
pounds (Table 1A). Self-monitoring reports from South East list
daily BOD and COD loadings of 40,000 and 116,000 pounds. A
BOD requirement, tied to receiving water quality, has been
imposed by the Regional Board and is in effect; no COD waste-
stream requirements have been imposed.
Heavy metal analyses by EPA verified the following daily
waste loadings: chromium - 217 pounds, copper - 11 pounds,
mercury - 0.3 pounds, lead - 15 pounds, and zinc - 33 pounds.
The discharger reports the following daily loadings: chromium -
397 pounds, copper - 44 pounds, lead - 37 pounds, and zinc -
165 pounds. Mercury concentrations are not a required parameter
on the self-monitoring program and no heavy metal discharge
prohibitions have been imposed for any heavy metals.
EPA fish bioassays have determined zero percent survival in
undiluted waste and a 96 hr-TL5Q value of 45 percent. Insufficient
data were collected to establish compliance.
The San Francisco South East plant was found by EPA field sampling
to have less than 200 MPN/100 ml for both fecal and total coliform
in all but one of the analyses (Table 1A). This one analysis
showed a total coliform count of 280 MPN/100 ml. These values
indicate dramatic improvement from the self-monitoring yearly
mean (1971) of 44,200,000 MPN/100 ml.
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SOUTH EAST STP, S.F.
Excerpt from: REGIONAL BOARD RESOLUTION NO. 69-44
BOD: I. The discharge shall not cause:
A. Waters of the State to exceed
the following limit of quality at
any place within one foot of the
the surface at any time:
Dissolved Oxygen 5.0 mg/1
minimum
B. 5-day 20°C. BOD - Whenever the
receiving water dissolved oxygen
(DO) concentration prescribed
above is not met, the BOD removal
from the waste, as demonstrated
by analyses of 24-hour composite
samples of influent and effluent,
shall be increased sufficiently
to maintain said DO concentration,
but BOD removal during any 21 or
more days is not required to
exceed:
1. Average 90%
2. Not more than
two consecutive
daily determina-
tions shall indi-
cate BOD removals
less than 80%
Fish Bioassay: II. The waste discharged shall meet these
quality limits at all times:
A. In any representative 24-hour
composite sample:
Toxicity: The 10% of the 96-
concentration hour TLm con-
of the waste centration of
itself at any the waste as
place within discharge,
one foot of the maximum.
receiving
waters.
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Coliform: III. The discharge shall not cause:
A. Bacterial concentration in waters of
the State at any place within one
foot of their surface to exceed the
limits prescribed in Section 7958,
Title 17, California Administrative
Code, at any time; when this
bacterial concentration is exceeded
in the receiving waters for any
reason it shall be met instead in
the waste at some point in the
treatment process and the discharger
may do so as an optional alternate;
the Board will accept proof of
effective effluent disinfection in
terms of factors other than bacterial
concentrations if the discharger
documents a sound statistical
correlation between such factors and
bacterial analysis.
1. (Title 17) 7958. Bacteriological
Standards. Bacteriological
standards for each public beach
or public water-contact sports area
shall be as follows:
Samples of water from each sampling
station at a public beach or public
water-contact sports area shall
have a most probable number of
coliform organisms less than 1,000
per 100 ml. (10 per ml.); provided
that not more than 20 percent of
the samples at any sampling station,
in any 30-day period may exceed
1,000 per 100 ml. (10 per ml.), and
provided further that no single
sample when verified by a repeat
sample taken within 48 hours shall
exceed 10,000 per 100 ml. (100 per
ml.) .
Bacterial analysis shall be made
in accordance with procedures
recommended by the 10th edition of
the Standard Methods for Examination
of Water and Sewage of the American
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Public Health Association. The
combinations of portions planted on
lactose broth as a presumptive
media shall be at least two (2)
1.0 ml. portions, two (2) 0.1 ml.
portions, and two (2) 0.01 ml.
portions. All portions showing gas
within 48 hours shall be confirmed
on brilliant green bile broth.
Heavy Metals: IV. No. specific requirement.
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3. - SAN FRANCISCO - NORTH POINT S.T.P.
The City of San Francisco has two sewage treatment plants
which discharge to San Francisco Bay. One of these plants,
the North Point plant, utilizes a primary treatment process.
The average flow from the plant is 64 million gallons per
day and is composed of domestic and a high percentage of
industrial waste, estimated to be 15-20 percent of total
flow. The discharge point, in the vicinity of piers 33
and 35, is 800 feet offshore. The estimated daytime
population served by this plant is in excess of 800,000
people.
EPA field surveys found daily BOD and COD waste loadings of
61,000 pounds and 123,000 pounds (Table 1A). This agrees
with discharger self-monitoring values for BOD and COD of
66,000 pounds and 102,000 pounds. A BOD limit, tied to receiving
water quality, has been imposed by the Regional Board and is
in effect; COD wastestream limitations have not been imposed.
The North Point plant reports the following daily loadings of
heavy metals: chromium - 32 pounds, copper - 53.3 pounds,
lead - 36.3 pounds, and zinc - 96 pounds. Mercury concentrations
are not required to be reported by the Regional Board and
heavy metal requirements are not currently in effect.
Fish bioassays by EPA found zero percent survival in undiluted
waste and a 96-hr TLso value of 92 percent. Self-monitoring
reports state a 55 percent survival in undiluted waste and
a 96-hr TL5Q value of 88 percent. Insufficient data was collected
to establish compliance.
The City of San Francisco North Point plant showed fecal
coliform concentrations of less than 200 MPN/100 in all
samples analyzed. The total coliform exceeded 200 MPN/100
ml in two of the samplings, with a maximum value of 580 MPN/
100 ml. North Point .lists 1110 MPN/100 ml as a yearly (1971)
mean for total coliform, with monthly averages between 29 and
7230 MPN/100 ml on their self-monitoring reports. EPA findings
are in agreement with the self-monitoring data (Table 1A).
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NORTH POINT STP, S.F.
Excerpt from: REGIONAL BOARD RESOLUTION NO. 70-17
BOD: I. The discharge shall not cause:
A. Waters of the State to exceed the
following limit of quality at any place
within one foot of the surface at any
time:
Dissolved Oxygen 5.0 mg/1 minimum
B. 5-day, 20°C. BOD - Whenever the receiving
water dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration
prescribed above is not met, the BOD
removal from the waste, as demonstrated
by analysis of 24-hour composite samples
of influent and effluent, shall be
increased sufficiently to maintain said
DO concentration, but BOD removal during
any 21 or more days is not required to
exceed:
1. Average 90%
2. Not more than two
consecutive daily
determinations
shall indicate
BOD removals less
than 80%
Fish Bioassay: II. The waste stream discharged to waters of
the State shall meet these quality limits
at all times:
A. In any representative 24-hour composite
sample:
Toxicity: The 10% of the 96-hour
concentration TLm concentration
of the waste of the waste as
itself at any discharged, maximum.
place within one
foot of the
surface of the
receiving waters.
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Coliform: III. The discharge shall not cause:
Waters of the State to exceed the following
limit of quality at any place within one
foot of the surface at any time:
A. Coliform 240 MPN/100 ml., median
Organisms of five consecutive
samples, maximum
10,000 MPN/100 ml., any
single sample, maximum
Whenever either of these
bacterial values is ex-
ceeded in the receiving
water for any reason they
shall both be met instead
in the waste at some point
in the treatment process.
The discharger may demon-
strate compliance in the
waste stream as an optional
alternative.
The Board will accept
proof of effective ef-
fluent disinfection in
terms of factors other
than bacterial concentra-
tions if the discharger
documents a sound statis-
tical correlation between
such factors and bacterial
analysis, and provided
the conditions of sewage
strength and treatment do
not change from the demon-
stration period.
Heavy Metals: IV. No specific requirement.
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4. - SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO-SAN
The cities of South San Francisco and San Bruno have combined
to provide secondary municipal and industrial waste water
treatment which serves am estimated population of 55,000
people. The plant discharges 7.2 million gallons per day
into Colma Creek at the surface near the Bay. Approximately
25 percent of the total flow is from industrial sources
such as: chemical producers, paint manufacturers, and
meat packing houses (Table 1A).
* ' • ' -,
EPA's findings of daily BOD and COD loadings were 11,200
and 21,000 pounds (Table 1A). The discharger's self-
monitoring report lists a BOD load of 6,300 pounds; a COD
waste stream concentrations report is not required, A BOD
wastestream requirement tied to receiving water quality has
been imposed by the Regional Board, however/ no COD waste-
stream requirement is in effect.
The discharger's reported daily loadings of heavy metals are:
chromium - 22.8 pounds, copper - 2expounds mercury - .26 pounds,
lead - 27 pounds, and zinc - 12 pounds. Wastestream requirements
for heavy metals are not in effect.
'* • , ''•*•<
Fish bioassays conducted by EPA determined zero percent survival
of test fish in undiluted waste which is a violation of fish
bioassay wastestream requirements. A 96 hr - TLgQ value of
46% was also determined by EPA. These findings are in.complete
agreement with data submitted by the discharger throughout the
year. EPA test results have substantiated a violation of
the Regional Board's Resolution Nd. 70-101 which requires a
minimum of 70% survival in diluted waste for any determination.
, * ,':' ••*" F''" - - .
The San Bruno-South San Francisco plant showed extremely high
concentrations of greater than 260,000 and greater than 200,000
MPN/100 ml for total and fecal coliform, respectively, during
one of the hourly samples (Table 1A). All other hourly analyses
showed values less than 200 MPN/100 ml for both total and fecal
coliform.
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SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO - SAN BRUNO STP
Excerpt from: REGIONAL BOARD RESOLUTION NO. 70-101
BOD/DO:
I.
Fish Bioassay: II,
Coliform:
III,
The discharge shall not:
A. Cause waters of the State to exceed the
following limits of quality at any point:
Dissolved Oxygen
5.0 mg/1, minimum
When natural factors cause lesser concen-
trations, then this discharge shall not
cause further reduction in the concentra-
tion of dissolved oxygen.
The waste as discharge to waters of the State
shall meet these quality limits at all times:
A. In any representative set of samples:
Toxicity: Survival of test fishes in
96-hour bioassays of the waste
as discharged:
Any determination
Average of any three
or more consecutive
determinations made
during any 21 or
more days
70% minimum
90% minimum
The waste as discharged to waters of the
State shall meet these quality limits at
all time:
A. In any grab sample:
Coliform Organisms
240 MPN/100 ml.,
median five conse-
cutive samples,
maximum.
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10,000 MPN/100 ml.,
any single sample
when verified by a
repeat sample taken
within 48 hours,
maximum.
The Board will accept
proof of effective
effluent disinfection
in terms of factors
other than bacterial
concentrations if the
discharger documents
a sound statistical
correlation between
the disinfection data
and bacterial
analysis.
Heavy Metals: IV. No specific requirement.
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5. - San Jose
The San Jose treatment facility serves the northern Santa
Clara Valley including the cities of San Jose, and Santa
Clara; Santa Clara County Sanitation Districts 2, 3, and
4; and Burbank, Cupertino and Sunol Sanitary Districts.
Constructed in 1964, the facility presently has a flow of
82.8 million gallons per day and serves a population of
750,000 people. The plant employs secondary sewage treatment,
with the principle process being activated sludge. It outfalls
into a slough tributary to Coyote Creek at the south end of
San Francisco Bay. The plant receives both domestic and
industrial waste with approximately 20 to 30 percent of the
total flow being industrial waste. One of the principle
industrial contributions is the by-products from canning of
food products.
EPA determined BOD and COD waste loadings of 15,000 and 74,000
pounds per day for this plant prior to the canning season
(Table 1A). The discharger's reported BOD load was 27,000
pounds per day; monitoring of COD is not required. There
are no BOD and COD wastestream requirements imposed by the
Regional Board.
Heavy metal waste stream limits are not in effect for the
plant, and the Regional Board does not require the monitoring
of any heavy metals. No EPA heavy metals samples were taken
at San Jose treatment plant.
Fish bioassays conducted by EPA (Table 1A) found a zero percent
survival of test fish in undiluted waste which is a violation
of fish bioassay waste treatment requirements. A 96 hr-TL5Q value
of 76 percent was also determined by EPA. EPA test results have
substantiated a violation of the Regional Board's Resolution No.
70-91 which requires a minimum of 70% survival in undilated
waste for any determination.
According to EPA field samplings, the San Jose plant demonstrated
a lack of control and consistency in its reduction of coliform
bacteria. Fecal coliform varied between 200 and 4500 MPN/100 ml
during the 4-hour interval of sampling. Total coliform
fluctuated between 200 and 7800 MPN/100 ml.
-------
SAN JOSE STP
Excerpt from: REGIONAL BOARD RESOLUTION NO. 70-91
BOD/DO:
I. The discharge shall not:
Fish Bioassay: II,
A.
Cause waters of the State to exceed the
following limits of quality at any place
or bayward from a control weir which
discharger may install in his dredged
effluent channel:
Dissolved oxygen
5.0 mg/1, minimum
When natural factors cause lesser
concentrations, then this discharge shall
not cause further reduction in the
concentration of dissolved oxygen.
The waste as discharged to waters of the State
shall meet these quality limits at all times:
A. In any set of samples:
Toxicity: Survival of these fishes in
96-hour bioassays of the waste
as discharged:
Coliform:
Any determination
Average of any three
or more consecutive
determinations made
during any 21 or
more days
III. The discharge shall not:
70% minimum
90% minimum
A. Cause waters of the State to exceed the
following limits of quality at any place
in the receiving waters bayward from any
point 1,000 feet south of the confluence
of Mallard Slough and Coyote Creek:
Coliform Organisms
(1) Bacterial
quality in excess
of those limits
prescribed in
Section 7958,
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Title 17 of
the California
Administrative
Code, or
(2) 240 MPN/100
ml., median of
five consecutive
samples/ maximum,
and 10,000 MPN/
100 ml., maximum
any single sample,
when verified by
a repeat sample
taken within 48
hours.
Whenever either of
these bacterial
values is exceeded
in the receiving
water for any rea-
son they shall both
be met instead in
the waste at some
point in the treat-
ment process.
The discharger may
demonstrate com-
pliance in the
waste stream as
an optional alter-
native.
The Board will
accept proof of
effective efflu-
ent disinfection
in terms of factors
other than bacterial
concentrations if
the discharger docu-
ments a sound
statistical corre-
lation between such
factors and bacter-
ial analysis, and
provided the condi-
tions of sewage
-------
strength and
treatment do not
change from the
demonstration
period.
Analysis to be
determined by
the multiple-
tube fermenta-
tion method
using at least
two portions
per decimal
dilution.
Heavy Metals: IV. No specific requirement.
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6. - CITY OF SAN MATEO
There are two sewage treatment plants commonly referred to as
San Mateo. For the purposes of this study only the City of
San Mateo facility discharging into the Bay was investigated.
The other facility, the San Mateo County plant, discharges to
the Pacific Ocean. The city plant provides primary treatment
and currently averages 11.0 million gallons per day with
ultimate discharge 3/4 of a mile into the Bay. It serves an
extimated population of 150,000 people. The plant receives
basically domestic waste with little or minor light industrial
waste.
EPA found BOD and COD daily loadings of 16,000 and 38,000
pounds (Table 1A). San Mateo reports a BOD load of 13,500
pounds per day; the monitoring of COD is not required. A BOD
wastestream requirement, tied to receiving water quality has
been imposed by the Regional Board and is in effect; a COD
wastestream requirement has not been imposed. Self-monitoring
of any heavy metals is not required and no heavy metal waste
stream requirements have been imposed.
Fish bioassays conducted by EPA found zero percent survival in
undiluted waste and a 96-hr. TLso value of 65 percent (Table
1A). These findings concur with the discharger's reported
values. Insufficient data were collected to establish compli-
ance.
EPA investigation of the San Mateo plant demonstrated a lack
of control and consistency in reduction of coliform bacteria.
Total coliform varied between 620 and 360,000 MPN/100 ml, and
fecal coliform fluctuated from less than 200 to 160,000 MPN/
100 ml. Self-monitoring data from San Mateo list a yearly
(1971) mean of 69,000 MPN/100 ml.
-------
SAN MATED STP
Excerpt from: REGIONAL BOARD RESOLUTION NO. 70-79
BOD: I. The discharge shall not:
A. Cause waters of the State to exceed the
following limits of quality at any
point within one foot of the water
surface:
Dissolved Oxygen 5.0 mg/1,
minimum
B. 5-day, 20°C. BOD removal from the waste
as indicated by analysis of 24-hour
composite samples of effluent and
influent shall be sufficient to main-
tain the dissolved oxygen concentra-
tion prescribed above. When the dis-
solved oxygen is less than the concen-
tration prescribed above the BOD removal
during the preceding 21 days shall be
at least:
1. Average 90%
2. Not more than two
consecutive daily
determinations
shall indicate
BOD removals less
than 80%
Fish Bioassay: II. The waste discharged shall meet these quality
limits at all times:
A. In any representative, 24-hour composite
sample:
Toxicity: The con- 10% of the 96-
centration of the hour TL^ con-
waste itself in the centration of the
receiving waters at waste as dis-
any point within one charged, maximum.
foot of their sur-
face.
-------
Toxicity of the
waste stream in terms
of minimum TI^ or
percent survival will
be prescribed in
addition to the
above as soon as
practicable.
Coliform: III. The discharge shall not:
A. Cause waters of the State to exceed the
following limits of quality at any place
within one foot of the water surface:
Coliform Organisms 240 MPN/100
ml.f median of
five consecutive
samples, maximum.
10,000 MPN/100
ml., maximum,
any single
sample when
verified by a
repeat sample
taken within
48 hours.
Whenever either
of these bacterial
values is exceeded
in the receiving
water for any
reason they shall
both be met in-
stead in the waste
at some point in
the treatment
process.
The discharger
may demonstrate
compliance in the
waste stream as
an optional alter-
native.
-------
The Board will
accept proof of
effective ef-
fluent disinfec-
tion in terms of
factors other
than bacterial
concentrations
if the discharg-
er documents a
sound statis-
tical correlation
between such
factors and
bacterial analy-
sis, and provided
the conditions
of sewage
strength and
treatment do not
change from the
demonstration
period.
Analysis to be
determined by
the multiple
tube fermentation
method using at
least two portions
per decimal
dilution.
Heavy metals: IV. No specific requirement.
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7. - CENTRAL CONTRA COSTA COUNTY
The Central Contra Costa County Sanitary District serves the
central county area including sections of Walnut Creek, Orinda,
and Moraga. The average flow for 1971 from the plant was 22.8
million gallons per day with the plant providing primary
treatment for 80 percent of the flow and secondary treatment
for 20 percent of the flow. Estimates of the percentage
industrial waste constituent are not available but on the
basis of COD load this percentage appears to be high (10-15
percent). The estimated population served by this plant is
275,000 people. The plant outfall discharges to a tributary
of Suisun Bay.
EPA found daily BOD and COD loads of 19,500 pounds and 44,800
pounds (Table 1A). The discharger self-monitoring report
lists a BOD load of 26,000 pounds per day; reports of wastestream
COD loadings are not required. A BOD wastestream limit, tied to
receiving water quality has been imposed by the Regional Board
and is in effect; COD wastestream requirements have not been
imposed.
There are no heavy metal wastestream requirements in effect
nor are any heavy metals required to be monitored by the
Regional Board. No EPA heavy metal samples were taken.
Fish bioassays showed zero percent of the fish survived in
undiluted waste and the 96-hr. TLso was found to be 51 percent
(Table 1A). These findings concur with discharger reported
values. Insufficient data were collected to establish com-
pliance.
The discharger reports a total coliform value of 16 MPN/100 ml.
Comparison with EPA field survey data is lacking due to
invalidation of EPA results by sample contamination.
-------
CONTRA COSTA COUNTY S.D.
Excerpts from: REGIONAL BOARD RESOLUTION NO. 71-72
BOD/DO:
I. The discharge shall not cause:
A.
Waters of the State to exceed the
following limits of quality at any place
within one foot of the water surface:
Dissolved oxygen
5.0 mg/1, minimum
When natural factors cause lesser concen-
trations, then this discharge shall not
cause further reduction in the concentra-
tion of dissolved oxygen.
Fish Bioassay: II. The discharge shall not cause:
A. Waters of the State to exceed the
following limits of quality at any
point:
Toxic or Other
Deleterious
Substances
None shall be
present in
concentrations or
quantities which
will cause
deleterious effects
on aquatic biota,
wildlife or water-
fowl or which
render any of
these unfit for
human consumption
either at levels
created in the
receiving waters
or as a result of
biological concen-
tration.
-------
Coliform: III. The discharge shall not cause:
A. Waters of the State to exceed the
following limits of quality at any
place within one foot of the water
surface:
Coliform Organisms 240 MPN/100 ml.,
median of five
consecutive sam-
ples/ maximum.
10,000 MPN/100 ml.,
any single sample
when verified by
a repeat sample
taken within 48
hours, maximum.
Whenever either
of these bacterial
values is exceeded
in the receiving
water for any rea-
son they shall
both be met instead
in the waste at
some point in the
treatment process.
Heavy Metals: IV. No specific requirement.
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8. - SAN PABLO
The San Pablo waste treatment plant serves a population of
60,000 people. The average flow in 1971 was 7.6 million
gallons per day. This plant was upgraded to secondary activated
sludge treatment in March, 1972. The waste flows originates
primarily from domestic sources with a minimal 5 to 10 percent
industrial contribution. The plant effluent is presently
discharged from the east side of San Pablo Bay directly into
the Bay.
EPA field investigations found BOD and COD loads of 2,200
and 3,200 pounds per day (Table 1A). San Pablo reported a daily
BOD load of 13,400 pounds. COD loadings were not required to
be reported in 1971, but have become a sampling requirement as
of April, 1972. A BOD wastestream requirement which is tied
to receiving water quality has been imposed by the Regional
Board and is in effect; COD limitations have not been imposed.
San Pablo reports daily waste loads of: chromium - 2.5 pounds,
copper - 7 pounds, lead - 7 pounds, and zinc - .35 pounds.
Although there are no heavy metal discharge requirements, the
discharger is required to report self-monitoring values for
all of these metals. No EPA samples for heavy metals were
collected.
EPA fish bioassays have found 100 percent survival in undiluted
waste compared to San Pablo's reported zero percent survival
prior to plant upgrading in 1972 from primary to secondary
treatment. EPA found the plant to be in compliance with
current Regional Board waste discharge requirements for fish
bioassays.
The total coliform count at the San Pablo plant exceeded
200 MPN/100 ml twice during the six hourly samples; values
of 380 and 580 MPN/100 ml were found. The fecal coliform
count did not exceed 200 MPN/100 in any of the six samples.
Since this plant has been recently improved, minimal data
were available for comparison of EPA field sampling parameters.
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SAN PABLO S.D.
Excerpts from: REGIONAL BOARD RESOLUTION NO. 70-27
BOD: I. The discharge shall not:
A. Cause waters of the State to exceed the
following limits of quality at any point
offshore from Outfall "B":
Dissolved oxygen 5.0 mg/1 minimum
B. 5-day, 20°C. BOD removal from the waste as
indicated by analysis of 24-hour composite
samples of effluent discharge from Outfall
"A" and influent shall be sufficient to
maintain the dissolved oxygen concentra-
tion prescribed above. When the dissolved
oxygen is less than the concentration
prescribed above the BOD removal during
the preceding 21 days shall be at least:
1. Average 90%
2. Not more than two
consecutive daily
determinations
shall indicate
less than 80%
Fish Bioassay: II. The waste discharge from Outfall "B", except
as otherwise indicated below, shall meet these
quality limits at all times:
A. In any representative sample:
Toxicity: Survival of test fishes in 96-
hour bioassays of the waste as discharged:
Any sample 75% minimum
Average of any
three or more
consecutive
samples collect-
ed during any 21
or more days 90% minimum
The Regional Board will review this toxicity
requirement in comparison with the dis-
-------
charger's accomplishments toward meeting the
requirement by treatment and tighter control
of industrial wastes discharged to its
system, together with pertinent cost and
other data, during the third quarter of 1972.
Coliform: III. The waste discharged from Outfall "B", except as
otherwise indicated below/ shall meet these
quality limits at all times:
A. Bacterial quality of the waste at some point
in the treatment process, at or upstream
from Outfall "A", shall be within the
limits prescribed in Section 7958, Title
17, California Administrative Code, at all
times.
The Board will accept proof of effective
effluent disinfection in terms of factors
other than bacterial concentrations if
the discharger documents a sound statis-
tical correlation between the disin-
fection data and bacterial analysis.
1. (Title 17) 7958. Bacteriological
Standards. Bacteriological standards
for each public beach or water-contact
sports area shall be as follows:
Samples of water from each sampling
station at a public beach or public
water-contact sports area shall
have a most probable number of
coliform organisms less than 1,000
per 100 ml. (10 per ml.); provided
that not more than 20 percent of the
samples at any sampling station, in
any 30-day period, may exceed 1,000
per 100 ml. (10 per ml.), and pro-
vided further that no single sample
when verified by a repeat sample
taken within 48 hours shall exceed
10,000 per 100 ml. (100 per ml.).
Bacterial analysis shall be made in
accordance with procedures recommend-
ed by the 10th edition of the
Standard Methods for Examination
of Water and Sewage of the American
-------
Public Health Association. The
combinations of portions planted
on lactose broth as a presumptive
media shall be at least two (2)
1.0 ml. portions/ two (2) 0.1 ml.
portions, and two (2) 0.01 ml.
portions. All portions showing gas
within 48 hours shall be confirmed
on brilliant green bile broth.
Heavy Metals: IV. No specific requirement.
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5. - INDUSTRIAL DISCHARGERS
1. - FIBREBOARD CORPORATION
Fibreboard Corporation, San Joaquin Mill, Antioch, produces:
corrugated medium board, bleached Kraft food board, and Kraft
liner board. All these products are manufactured using the
Kraft process, and the plant's present production is 765 tons
per day of finished products. There are two effluent waste
streams: 001 which is combined process water with a flow of
15.4 million gallons per day, and 002 which is barometric
condenser cooling water with a flow of 9.3 million gallons
per day.
There is no waste treatment of the cooling water effluent
before discharge to the Bay. The process stream is held
momentarily in a holding tank where it is subjected to pH
adjustment prior to discharge.
EPA field analyses showed BOD and COD loadings of 23,700
pounds per day and 91,000 pounds per day, respectively, for outfall
001; and BOD and COD loads of 5,000 and 11,000 pounds per day,
respectively, for outfall 002 (Table 2A). There are no State
BOD or COD limits set for either outfall, and self-monitoring
of these parameters is not required. EPA field investigations
found that Fibreboard discharges the largest industrial BOD
load to the Bay, 29,000 Ibs. per day, and is the second largest
industrial COD loader, 102,000 pounds per day.
Settleable solids tests conducted (on outfall 001) by EPA showed
an average value of 22 ml/l/hr which agrees with self-monitoring
data. Reported values range from 9 to 24 ml/l/hr throughout
the year. Although there are presently no wastestream re-
quirements, the State has set a settleable solids limit of
0.50 ml/l/hr (effective 1-15-73) for both outfalls. EPA analyses
show Fibreboard would be in violation of this requirement, and
self-monitoring data show that Fibreboard has not met this re-
quirement at anytime during 1971. Settleable solids for outfall
002 are not reported by Fibreboard but EPA measured 0.3 ml/l/hr.
which would meet the new requirement.
-------
Lead and mercury analyses were conducted by EPA on both
effluents. Outfall 001 showed a mercury loading of .16 pounds per
day and a lead loading of 6.4 pounds per day. Outfall 002 had
a mercury loading of .20 pounds per day and a lead loading of 3.1
pounds per day. Waste requirements for any heavy metals have
not been imposed by the State nor is Fibreboard required to
monitor for any metals.
Wastestream 001 was found to have a 96-hour TLso of 70 percent
and no survival of test fish in undiluted waste. These findings
indicate a potential violation of the new State requirement
(effective 1-1-73) of 70 percent minimum survival of test
fish in undiluted waste.
Fibreboard self-monitoring bioassay data show outfall 001
has discharged highly toxic waste throughout the year 1971.
EPA testing of outfall 002 showed 100 percent survival in un-
diluted waste, which is in agreement with submitted self -monitor
ing data.
Contra Costa Canal water influent was found by EPA to have 800
and 220 MPN/100 ml for total and fecal coliform, respectively.
The San Joaquin River influent was found to have a coliform
count of 800 and 200 MPN/100 ml for total and fecal coliform.
Outfall 001 had coliform counts of 36,000 MPN/100 ml for total
and 200 MPN/100 ml for fecal coliform. Outfall 002 had a total
coliform count of 1,100 MPN/100 ml and a fecal coliform count
of 67 MPN/100 ml.
There are no coliform wastestream requirements currently in
effect or proposed by the State Board for Fibreboard. EPA
found the plant to be the second largest industrial discharger
of coliform bacteria to San Francisco Bay (Table 2A) .
EPA field sampling indicated that the Fibreboard Corporation,
San Joaquin Mill, is the largest single industrial polluter on
the Bay system, contributing approximately 45 percent of the
BOD, and 28 percent of the COD that flow from industrial facili-
ties (Table 2A) .
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Fibreboard Corporation, San Joaquin Mill
Antioch, California
Waste discharge requirements of resolution No 60-302 were
rescinded by order No. 71-17. As required in order No.
71-17, specifications in effect are:
a. The discharge shall not cause a pollution.
b. Neither the treatment nor the discharge shall cause
a nuisance. All other requirements imposed by State
Water Resources Control Board Order No. 71-17 became
effective 1-1-73.
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2. - California & Hawaiian Sugar Company
C & H Sugar Company, Crockett, refines approximately 3500 tons
per day of molasses or brown sugar, which is shipped via ocean
freighter from C & H's Hawaiian-based sugar cane process plant.
There are currently eleven Bay outfalls in use by C & H Sugar.
EPA selected five for testing which were felt to best characterize
the pollution load to the Bay. Outfall 004 is cooling water
from barometric condensers with a flow rate of 4 million
gallons per day. Outfall 005 consists of bone char wash water
and condenser water from vacuum filters; the daily flow rate is
.35 million gallons per day. Outfall 006 consists of closed
cooling water, boiler blow down, and ion exchanger back washings.
Outfall 008 is an intermittent discharge from the washing of
trucks which are used to transport processed sugar; the estimated
flow rate during truck washing operation is 6000 gallons per
hour. Outfall 014 consists of waste from the bone char de-ashing
column, intermittent discharges of kieselguhr-bearing cooling
waters and cleaning wastes from the filtration station, and
vacuum pans cleaning water and solids from the silica reactor
blow down; the flow rate is .58 million gallons per day.
Wastestreams 004, 005, 006, and 008 are not treated before discharge
to the Bay. Wastestream 014 is subject to pH adjustment and a
settling tank to remove solids prior to discharge.
EPA analysis for wastestream 004 found BOD and COD values of
1400 pounds per day and 1500 pounds per day, respectively.
C & H is not required to report BOD and COD values for this effluent.
The Regional Board has set a BOD requirement for all wastestreams
which becomes effective only when the receiving water D.O. is
less than 5.0 mg/1. COD requirements have not been set on any
of the wastestreams.
BOD and COD values for outfall 005, as determined by EPA, were
4,800 and 6,900 pounds per day, respectively. C & H monitoring
reports list BOD and COD values of 4,400 and 12,000 pounds per day.
EPA did not sample outfall 006 for BOD and COD, nor is C & H
required to sample for these parameters.
EPA analyses of outfall 008 gave BOD and COD values of 448 and
817 pounds per day. C & H is not required to monitor these parameters
at this outfall.
-------
Waste loading of BOD and COD from outfall 014 was found by EPA to
be 1,892 and 2,700 pounds per day compared to C & H reported values
of 1,920 and 4,000 pounds per day for BOD and COD.
Chromium analyses were run by EPA on all five waste streams
samples. The chromium daily waste loads are: outfall 004 - .03
pounds, outfall 005 - .003 pounds, outfall 006 - .005 pounds, outfall
008 - .0004 pounds, and outfall 014 - .09 pounds. There are no
Regional Board wastestream requirements in effect for any heavy
metals. C & H is not required to monitor any of its outfalls for
heavy metals.
Fish bioassays were run by EPA on wastestreams 004, 006, and 014.
All EPA analyses found 100 percent survival in undiluted waste.
Self-monitoring of outfalls 004 and 006 for toxicity is not
required by the Regional Board. C & H lists a 96-hr TLso value of
89.5 percent but does not record percent survival in undiluted
waste for effluent 014.
C & H has two sources of influent water. EPA field sampling showed
that the East Bay M.U.D. water supply influent has a coliform
count of 20 MPN/100 ml for both total and fecal coliform; and the
Bay salt water influent has a total coliform count of 2,400 MPN/100
ml and a fecal coliform count of 900 MPN/100 ml.
Coliform analyses of wastestreams 004, 005, 006, and 014 performed
by EPA determined total coliform and fecal coliform counts of
less than 67 MPN/100 ml for outfalls 004, 005, and 006. Outfall
014 was found to have a total coliform count of 36,000 MPN/100
ml and a fecal coliform count of 20,000 MPN/100 ml. The
Regional Board does not require monitoring of coliform by C & H
at any of their outfalls, nor have any coliform wastestream
requirements been imposed.
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California & Hawaiian Sugar Company
Crockett, California
Waste Discharge Requirements
I. COD: no requirements
BOD:
In any representative, 24-hour composite sample:
5-day, 20°C BOD removal shall be sufficient to
maintain the dissoved oxygen concentration prescribed
above, but BOD removal is not required to exceed:
Average, during any 21 or
more days 90%
Not more than two consecutive
daily determinations shall
indicate BOD removals less
than 80%
(Resolution
No. 68-65)
II. Toxicity:
The waste discharged from Outfall "V" 014 shall meet in any
representative set of samples these quality limits at all
times:
Survival of test fishes in 96-hour bioassays of the
waste as discharge:
Any determination 70%, minimum
Average of any three or
more consecutive deter-
minations made during
any 21 or more days 90%, minimum
(Order 71-4)
The discharge of wastes "D" 004 and "E" 005 shall not cause
the waters of Carquinez Strait at any point outside the
outer edge of the discharger's wharf to exceed the following
limit of quality:
the concentration of the 10 per cent of
waste itself in the the 96-hour TLm
receiving waters concentration
of the waste as
-------
discharged,
maximum:
The discharger may use the following as an optional alternate
to the toxicity requirement of Wastes "D" 004 and "E" 005
prescribed above:
survival of test fishes
in 96-hour bioassays of
the wastes as discharged
Any sample 75% minimum
Average of any three
or more consecutive
samples collected
during any 21 or
more days 90% minimum
In any sample of waste
survival of test fishes
in 96-hour bioassays of
the wastes as discharg-
ed
Any sample 75% minimum
Average of any three or
more consecutive sample
collected during any 21
or more days 90% minimum
(Resolution No. 68-65)
III. Coliform: No requirements
IV. Heavy Metals: No requirements
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3. - STANDARD OIL COMPANY
Standard Oil Company, Richmond, produces gasoline and many other
products derived from crude oil. In the manufacture of these
products, 190,000 barrels of crude oil per day are consumed.
The single outfall contained plant cooling water, process water
and some sewage. The daily effluent flow rate is approximately
112 million gallons per day. A series of three bio-oxidation
ponds, with an estimated total area of 100 acres, is utilized
for treatment of the effluent.
EPA field surveys found BOD and COD loadings of 7,500 pounds
per day and 104,000 pounds per day, respectively. This high
COD loading ranks Standard Oil as the largest industrial
COD discharger to San Francisco Bay. There are no BOD or COD
wastestream requirements by the Regional Board currently in
effect; monitoring of BOD and COD in the wastestream is also
not required.
EPA analyzed for the following heavy metals: cadmium, chromium,
copper, nickel, and zinc. The daily waste loadings of these
metals were found to be: cadmium - 28.1 pounds, chromium -
18.7 pounds, copper - 46.8 pounds, nickel - 234 pounds and zinc -
9.4 pounds. Self-monitoring data list the following daily
loadings: zinc - less than 46.7 pounds, chromium - less than
9.3 pounds, and copper - less than 18.7 pounds. Waste discharge
requirements have been imposed by the Regional Board for chromium,
copper, and zinc. No limitations have been placed on the
discharge of cadmium or nickel, and self-monitoring of these
parameters is also not a requirement.
EPA fish bioassay determined a 90 percent survival of test fish
in undiluted waste. This is in agreement with the self-monitor-
ing listed value of 98 percent survival in undiluted waste.
There are two sources of influent water. EPA field sampling
found the Bay salt water influent to have total coliform too
numerous to count and a fecal coliform count of less than 200
MPN/100 ml. The Point Orient-Bay influent showed a count of
less than 200 MPN/100 ml for both total and fecal coliform
(Table 2A).
The effluent wastestream was found by EPA to have confluent colonies
of both total and fecal coliform and the result therefore are
indeterminate (Table 2A). The reported self-monitoring total
coliform counts. The Regional Board requires that not more than
-------
20 percent of the coliform samples collected in a 30-day
period exceed a total coliform count of 1000 MPN/100 ml and no
sample shall exceed a maximum of 10,000 MPN/100 ml.
-------
Standard Oil Co.
Richmond, Calif.
Waste Discharge Requirements - Waste Stream
I. COD: No Requirements
BOD: No Requirements
II. Toxicity: survival of test fish in 96-hour bioassay of the
waste as discharged.
a. any determination ... 70%, minimum
b. Average of any three or more consecutive
determinations made during any 21 days or more
days ... 90%, minimum
(Resolution 70-99)
III. Coliform: The MPN of coliform organism in the waste at
some point where all its sewage component is present shall
not exceed 1000 per 100 ml, provided that:
Not more than 20% of the samples in any
30-day period shall exceed 1000 per 100 ml
No single sample when verified by a repeat sample
taken within 48 hours shall exceed 10,000 per 100 ml
(Resolution 70-99)
IV. Heavy Metals
In any representative, 24 hour composite sample the waste
discharge shall meet the limits.
Aluminum, dissolved 1.0 mg/1, maximum
Chromium, total 1.0
Copper 0.5
Lead 0.05
Mercury 0.005
Zinc 1.0
(Resolution 70-99)
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4. - UNION OIL COMPANY
Union Oil Company, Rodeo, produces gasoline and many other
products derived from crude oil. In the manufacture of these
products, 60,000 barrels of crude oil per day are consumed.
Two outfalls to San Francisco Bay originate from this plant.
Outfall 001 is a once-through salt water cooling stream with a
flow rate of 7.2 million gallons per day. No treatment of
effluent 001 is performed before discharge to the Bay. Outfall
002 contains process water, storm runoff and sanitary sewage,
all of which are passed through a series of settling ponds
before discharge. The sanitary sewage is chlorinated before
its integration with the process stream. The flow rate of out-
fall 002 was found to be 38.0 million gallons per day.
EPA analysis of wastestream 001 found BOD and COD loadings
of 24 pounds per day and 4,000 pounds per day. A comparison
between EPA test results and self-monitoring data cannot be
made. Union lists its self-monitoring data as net results
(effluent minus influent). EPA test results have been listed
as gross values in all cases. Union monitors for BOD but not
COD on outfall 001. BOD and COD waste stream requirements have
not been imposed on outfall 001 by the Regional Board.
BOD and COD loadings from outfall 002 were found by EPA to be
2,500 pounds per day and 13,600 pounds per day, respectively.
Both BOD and COD monitoring is performed on outfall 002. A
BOD requirement which is tied to receiving water dissolved
oxygen is in effect but no COD wastestream requirement has been
set by the Regional Board.
EPA performed the following heavy metal analyses on both
wastestreams: cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, and zinc.
The daily loadings of these metals in effluent 001 was found
to be: cadmium - 1.8 pounds, chromium - 1.1 pounds, copper -
2.4 pounds, nickel - 14.9 pounds, and zinc - 2.4 pounds. There
are no heavy metal wastestream requirements for effluent 001
and monitoring of heavy metals is also not a Regional Board
requirement. Effluent 002 was found by EPA to have the following
daily waste loadings: cadmium 9.4 pounds, chromium - 9.4 pounds,
copper - 15.8 pounds, nickel - 82 pounds, and zinc - 12.6 pounds.
A Regional Board waste stream discharge requirement is in effect
for chromium. Receiving water quality objectives have been
stated by the Regional Board for copper and zinc. Union Oil
monitors discharge concentrations of chromium, copper and zinc.
For nickel and cadmium, no Regional Board waste discharge or
monitoring requirements are in effect.
-------
Fish bioassay tests conducted by EPA on both outfalls revealed
100 percent survival in undiluted waste. Union reports similar
findings for both outfalls on its self-monitoring reports.
The single San Francisco Bay influent was found by EPA to have
a coliform count of less than 200 MPN/100 ml for both fecal and
total coliform. EPA coliform analyses results on both outfalls
showed a coliform count of less than 200 MPN/100 ml. for both
total and fecal coliform. Union does not monitor for coliform on
outfall 00-1, but lists a total coliform count of 1800 MPN/100
ml on its monitoring report for 002. Fecal coliform is not
monitored at either of the two outfalls. A Regional Board
coliform requirement is in effect for outfall 002, but no
requirement exists for outfall 001.
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Union Oil Company
Rodeo, California
Outfall 001 Waste Discharge Requirements (Resolution No. 68-27)
I. BOD: No Requirements
COD: No Requirements
II. Toxicity:
In any 24-hour composite sample composed of hourly aliquots
each volumetrically proportional, plus or minus 5%, to the
waste flow rate at the time of collection:
Survival of test fishes in 96-hour bioassays of the
undiluted waste:
(1) Any sample 75% minimum
(2) The average of any
three or more such
consecutive samples
collected during any
21 or more consecu-
tive days 90% minimum
III. Coliform: No Requirements
IV. Heavy Metals:
The discharge of Waste shall not cause waters of the State
to exceed the following limits 001 of quality an any point
which is more than 100 feet from Outfall "100":
Any substance, or any combination of substances, in
concentrations that:
a. Are deleterious to any of the protected
beneficial water uses
b. Will render aquatic life or wildlife unfit
for human consumption
-------
Outfall 002
I. COD: No requirements
BOD: In any 24-hour composite sample composed of hourly
aliquots each volumetrically proportional, plus or
minus 5%, to the waste flow rate at the time of
collection:
a. 5-day, 20°C BOD: Whenever the receiving
water dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration
is lower than 5.0 mg/1 at the edge of the
diffusion area, process component of Waste
"2" shall be sufficient to maintain the
said DO concentration, but this shall not
require BOD removal in excess of:
(1) Average, during any 21 or more days
90%
(2) Not more than two consecutive daily
determinations shall indicate BOD
removals less than 80% minimum/-
The discharge of Waste "2" shall not cause waters of
the State to exceed the following limits of quality
at any point which is more than 100 feet from outfall"
"2";
Dissolved Oxygen 5.0 mg/1 minimum
(Resolution 68-27)
II. Toxicity
In any 24-hour composite sample composed of hourly aliquots
each volumetrically proportional, plus or minus 5%, to the
waste flow rate at the time of collection:
Survival of test fishes
in 96-hour bioassays of
the undiluted waste
(1) Any sample 75% minimum
(2) The average of any three
or more such consecutive
samples collected during
any 21 or more consecutive
days 90% minimum
-------
III. Coliform:
The MPN of coliform organisms in waste 002 at some point
or points where all its sewage component is present shall
not exceed 1000 per 100 ml, provided that:
Not more than 20% of the
samples in any 30-day
period shall exceed 1000 per 100 ml
No single sample when
verified by a repeat
sample taken within
48 hours shall exceed 10,000 per 100
ml, maximum
(order 71-62)
IV. Heavy Metals:
The discharge of Waste "2" shall not cause waters of the State
to exceed the following limits of quality at any point which
is more than 100 feet from Outfall "2";
1. Chromium 1.0 mg/1 maximum
2. This Board will consider prescribing Specific
requirements for the concentration of copper, lead,
and zinc in the receiving waters after enough new
data has been obtained and evaluated; in the mean-
while, the Board considers the following to be
receiving water quality objectives for the points
described above:
a. Copper 0.05 mg/1 maximum
b. Lead 0.05 mg/1 maximum
c. Zinc 0.1 mg/1 maximum
3. Any substance, or any combination of substances, in
concentrations that:
a. are deleterious to any of the protected
beneficial water uses
b. will render aquatic life or wildlife unfit for
human
(Resolution 68-27)
-------
5. - PHILLIPS PETROLEUM COMPANY
Phillips Petroleum Company, Avon, principally produces gasoline
and other petroleum products. Crude oil is consumed at the rate
of 95,000 barrels per day in the manufacture of these products.
Phillips has two effluent waste discharges to the Bay. Outfall
001 is combined process waters with a daily flow rate of 11
million gallons per day. Outfall 002 has been eliminated. Out-
fall 003 is water from a flume used to transport coke to a
stockpile. Outfall 003 has an estimate flow rate of 40,000
gallons per day. Waste treatment for outfall (001) basically
consists of pH adjustment equalization pond and a mechanically
aerated bio-oxidation pond with an approximate residence time of
28 days. Outfall 003 does not receive treatment prior to
discharge.
EPA analyses of outfall 001 found a BOD value of 2,000 pounds
per day and a COD value of 12,300 pounds per day. These values
compare fairly well with the company's reported BOD value of
2,800 pounds per day and COD value of 19,117 pounds per day.
A Regional Board BOD requirement is in effect but no COD
requirement has been applied. Both BOD and COD self-monitoring
values are reported by Phillips. Since an accurate flow rate
could not be established for outfall 003, no attempt was made
to compare EPA determined loadings with self-monitoring values.
EPA analyzed outfall 001 for the following heavy metals:
zinc, nickel, copper, chromium, and cadmium. Phillips does not
report individual waste loadings of these metals, but for the
purpose of reporting groups these into "heavy metals." There-
fore the data necessary to perform a EPA versus self-monitoring
comparison are insufficient. EPA found the following amounts
per day being discharged through outfall 001: zinc - 2.7 pounds,
nickel - 5.4 pounds, copper - .9 pounds, chromium - 19.9 pounds,
and cadmium - .5 pounds. Receiving water limitations are in
effect for: chromium, lead, copper, and zinc; no heavy metal
wastestream requirements are in effect.
EPA fish bioassays run on outfall 001 showed 100 percent survival
in undiluted waste. Self-monitoring data show a 96-hr TLso of
74 percent and 37 percent survival in undiluted waste (Table 2A).
There are two sources of influent water: the Contra Costa Canal
water was found by EPA to have coliform counts of less than 67
MPN/100 ml for both total and fecal coliform; the Hastings Slough
influent had 670 and 370 MPN/100 ml for total and fecal coliform,
respectively. In outfall 001 EPA found total coliform colonies
too numerous to count (estimated greater than 80,000 MPN/100 ml),
and the fecal coliform count was greater than 600 MPN/100 ml
(Table 2A). Based on five samples, the Regional Board has set
a median total coliform wastestream limit of 1000/100 ml.
-------
Phillips Petroleum Company
Avon Refinery
Avon, California
Waste Discharge Requirements
Outfall "001"
The discharge of waste "A" 001 or any portion thereof through
outfall "A-l" shall not cause the waters of the State quality at
any point more than 900 feet bayward from outfall "A-l" the
approximate present northerly limit of reedy marsh growth
along the east side of the effluent canal:
I. BOD:
The quality of Waste "A" 001 or any portion thereof which
is discharged through Outfall (001) shall be maintained
within the following limits in any sample:
1. 5-day 20°C BOD 30 mg/1 maximum
25 mg/1 maximum
any four or more of
samples collected at
intervals of 3 to
7 days
a. The above limit for BOD shall apply with relation
to the receiving water dissolved oxygen (DO)
requirement herein before prescribed as shown in
the following tabulation:
-------
DO Is Found
To Be
Reason For
Low DO is
Above BOD Limit Is Then -
Minimum of
greater
Not a requirement and BOD in waste
discharge may exceed it
Due to this
discharge
Below
Minimum
Not a requirement and BOD in waste
discharge must be reduced or other
suitable means adopted to achieve
this specified DO
Undetermined
Causes other
than this
discharge
Considered to substitute for the DO
requirement;
(Resolution 67-31)
COD: No requirement.
-------
II. Toxicity, long term:
A.
The Regional Board will consider the following procedure
adequate to implement these requirement:
(1)
III. Coliform:
Determine the 96-TLm of the waste as discharged over
the weir; this waste shall be continuously diluted
between the point of TLm determination and the line
900 feet bayward therefore defined in Paragraph VI B
above, to a concentration equal to or less than one-
tenth of that 96-hour TLm concentration: such
dilution shall include the minimum accopplished in
the effluent channel:
1000/100 ml moving median based
upon the most recent five
samples, samples to be
collected at least twice
weekly at times when the
instantaneous discharge
rate of the sample stream(s)
is at least 70% of their
maximum rate for the
sampling day
a. The discharge may make this determination
on the combined effluent from the oxidation
pond, or on the several sewage effluents
discharged into conduits feeding into that
pond, at his option
b. The Board will accept methods other than
bacteriological testing as evidence of
effective disinfection of the effluent if
the discharge provides sufficient laboratory
data showing a statistically sound correlation
between bacteriological results and the
alternate proposed method:
IV. Heavy Metals (Receiving water only)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Chromium
Lead
Copper
Zinc
1.0 mg/1 maximum
0.05 mg/1 maximum
0.05 mg/1 maximum
0.1 mg/1 maximum
(Resolution No. 67-31)
-------
Outfall "003"
The discharge of Waste "A" or any portion thereof through Outfall
"A-3" 003 during lower-low slack water shall not cause the waters
of Suisun Bay to exceed the following limits of quality at any
point which is more than 95 feet from a vertical line through the
geometric center of the diffuser discharge ports.
The quality of Waste "A" or any portion thereof which is
discharged through Outfall "003" shall be maintained at all times
within the limits of quality necessary to comply with the
requirements of Paragraph VI D above, and shall also be main-
tained within the following limits in any sample:
A. 5-day 20°C BOD
1.
60 mg/1 maximum
50 mg/1 Average of any
four or more
samples collected
at intervals of
3 of 7 days
The above limit for BOD shall apply with relation
to the receiving water dissolved oxygen (DO)
requirement hereinbefore prescribed as shown in
the following tabulation:
DO Is Found
To Be
Reason For
Low DO is
Above BOD Limit Is Then
Minimum or
greater
Not a requirement and BOD in waste
discharge may exceed it
Due to this
discharge
Below
Minimum
Not a requirement and BOD in waste
discharge must be reduced or other
suitable means adopted to acheive
this specified DO
Undetermined
Considered to substitute for the DO
requirement:
(Resolution No. 67-31)
-------
II. Toxicity
The quality of Waste "I" shall be such that a 96-hour
bioassay of the undiluted wastes on fish yields the
following results which shall be evaluated with
respect to observed data from appropriate controls:
1.
III. Coliform
Survival of test fishes
IV. Heavy Metals
A. Chromium
B. Lead
C. Copper
D. Zinc
90% minimum
(Resolution No. 67-31)
1000/100 ml moving median based
upon the most recent
five samples, samples
to be collected at
least twice weekly
at times when instan-
eous discharge rate
of the sampled
stream(s) is at least
70% of their maximum
rate for the sampling
day.
The discharger may make this determination
on the combined effluent from the oxidation
pond, or on the several sewage effluents
discharger provides sufficient laboratory
data showing a statistically sound
correlation between bacteriological results
and the alternate proposed method:
The board will accept methods other than
bacteriological testing as evidence of
effective disinfection of the effluent
if the discharge provides sufficient
sound correlation between bacteriological
results and the alternate proposed method:
(Resolution 67-31)
receiving water only)
1.0 mgI/maximum
0.05
maximum
0.5 maximum
0.1 maximum
(Resolution 67-31)
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6. - SHELL OIL COMPANY
Shell Oil Company, Martinez, principally produces gasoline from
crude oil, tertiary butyl alcohol from isobutylene, and other
petrolium based products. In the manufacture of these products,
103,000 barrels per day of crude oil and 4,000 gallons per day
of isobutylene are consumed.
There is one effluent wastestream with a daily flow of 4.36
million gallons. The effluent is not discharged continuously,
but is retained until the beginning of each ebb tide at which
time the effluent is discharged with the tide for a period of
four hours. There are two effluent discharges daily of
approximately four hours duration each.
Waste treatment is accomplished with a secondary-activated
sludge process. It should be noted that this treatment facility
came on-stream during the interim of the 1971 self-monitoring
reports and prior to EPA field testing in June 1972. Therefore,
EPA values reflect lower concentrations than reported on the
1971 self-monitoring data.
BOD and COD loadings were found by EPA analyses to be 282
and 6,900 pounds per day, respectively (Table 2A). Self-monitoring
data show a BOD loading of 11,900 pounds per day and COD of 36,500
pounds per day. There have been no BOD or COD wastestream
requirements set by the Regional Board. The discharger is
required to report self-monitoring data for BOD and COD.
EPA ran analyses of the following heavy metals: zinc, nickel,
copper, chromium, and cadmium. Shell reports values for zinc,
copper, and chromium, but does not report effluent values of
nickel, and cadmium. EPA found a nickel discharge of 1.8 pounds
per day and a cadmium discharge of .18 pounds per day. EPA
found a zinc loading of .72 pounds per day versus a company reported
discharge of 2 pounds per day; a copper loading of .25
pounds per day versus a company reported discharge of .7 pounds
per day; and a chromium discharge of 4.3 pounds per day versus a
company reported discharge of 14 pounds per day. Although heavy
metal requirements are placed on the receiving water, there are
no heavy metal wastestream requirements imposed by the Regional
Board.
-------
EPA field testing of influent waters showed a count of less than
67 MPN/100 ml for both total and fecal coliform. The wastestream
as analyzed by EPA had a total coliform count of 68,000 MPN/100
ml and a fecal count of less than 67 MPN/100 ml. Shell does not
report coliform data and there are no wastestream coliform
requirements in effect.
Pish bioassays conducted by EPA showed a 96-hr TLso of 41 percent
and no survival in undiluted waste. The applicable toxicity
requirement allows for the toxicity test to be run after the
wastestream has been diluted with receiving water. Thus, a
violation of waste discharge requirements cannot be substantiated.
-------
Shell Oil Company
Martinez, Calif.
I. BOD: No requirements in effect
COD: No requirements in effect
II. Toxicity:
A. The discharge of Waste "A" via Outfall "A-l" shall not
cause the waters of Carquinez Strait and contiquous
water courses and water bodies at any point outside of
any rising waste plume to exceed the following limits
of quality:
The concentration of the
waste itself in the receiving waters
10 percent of the 96-hour TLm
concentration of the waste as
discharged, maximum
(Resolution No. 68-26)
B. The quality of Waste "B-4" as discharged shall maintain
at all times within the following limits of quality in
any sample:
Survival of test fishes in
96-hour bioassays on the
undiluted wastes:
a. Any such sample 75 percent minimum
b. The average of any
three or more such
consecutive samples
collected during
any 90 or more
consecutive days 90 percent minimum
(Resolution No. 68-26)
III. Coliform: No requirements
IV. Heavy Metals (Receiving water only)
-------
A. Chromium 0.05 mg/1 maximum
B. Lead 0.05 mg/1
C. Copper 0.05 mg/1
D. Zinc 0.1 mg/1
(Resolution No. 68-26)
Note: Outfalls "A-l" and "B-4" have been combined but the waste
discharge requirements have not been revised to reflect this.
-------
7. - DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY
Dow Chemical Company, Pittsburg, is currently producing organic
and inorganic chemicals. Sodium hydroxide and chlorine gas
are produced by the diaphram process. The plant manufactures
chlorinated hydrocarbons, perchloroethylene and carbon tetra-
chloride; Styrenebutadiene latex which is used in the paint
industry, and Sulfonated chlorophridine which is used as a
fungicide.
EPA field investigation showed that there is currently one
effluent wastestream being discharged with a flow of approxi-
mately 26.2 million gallons per day. The wastes from fungicide
production are contained in a solar evaporation pond. All other
plant wastes are subjected to pH control and pass through a
setting-bio pond before discharge to the Bay.
EPA field testing found BOD and COD loadings of 1,570 pounds
and 5,500 pounds, respectively (Table 2A). 'There are no
Regional Board wastestream requirements in effect for BOD and
COD, and Dow is not required to monitor for these parameters.
EPA analysis showed a mercury loading of .9 pounds per day
(0.004 mg/1) versus Dow's self-monitoring reported value of
.08 pounds (0.0004 mg/1) per day. The Regional Board's mercury
wastestream limit is .005 mg/1. Dow is the single largest
industrial discharger of mercury to the Bay, daily dumping .9
pounds of mercury into San Francisco Bay.
Fish bioassays conducted by EPA of Dow's effluent showed 100
percent survival in undiluted waste which agrees with reported
self-monitoring data.
Coliform influents as tested by EPA were 10,000 MPN/100 ml
total and 2,000 MPN/100 ml fecal which Dow had reduced to 67
MPN/100 ml in its wastestream for both total and fecal coliform.
-------
Dow Chemical Company
Pittsburg, Calif.
Waste Discharge Requirements
I. BOD: No Requirements
COD: No Requirements
II. Toxicity:
In any representative composite sample the concentration
of the waste itself in the receiving waters at any point
within one foot of their surface must not exceed 10%
of the 96-hour TI^ concentration of the waste as discharged.
III. Coliform: No Requirements
IV. Heavy Metals:
Lead contributed
by the discharge 0.05 mg/1 maximum
Mercury 0.005 mg/1 maximum
Order 71-40
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8. - U.S. STEEL CORPORATION
U.S. Steel Corporation, Pittsburg Works, is a rolling and
finishing steel mill with coils and billets of steel shipped
to this mill from other basic steel production sites. The
plant produces semi-finished and finished steel sheets, coils,
tin plate, wire, and wire products. In the manufacture of these
products, 3,465 tons of steel coil and 846 tons of steel billets
are consumed daily.
Two waste effluents are currently in use. EPA determined that
outfall 002 has a flow rate of 12.48 million gallons per day
and outfall 003 has a flow rate of 9.53 million gallons per
day. There is no longer an outfall 001; effluent from it has
been rerouted to combine with outfall 002. Waste treatment is
the same for both effluents, pH adjustment followed by settling
ponds; the dredge spoil is deposited in drying beds located on
U.S. Steel property.
A comparison of EPA testing with self-monitoring data can not
be made for outfall 002. The self-monitoring data show effluent
concentrations for outfalls 001 and 002, but since these out-
falls have been combined there are no self-monitoring data
available for the present outfall 002.
EPA testing found a COD load of 1,750 pounds per day in outfall
002 and a COD load of 530 pounds per day in outfall 003. The
reported COD load for wastestream 003 is 2,500 pounds per day.
Heavy metal analyses for mercury, nickel, lead, and zinc were
run on both effluents. EPA found mercury loadings of .2 and
.1 pounds per day in outfalls 002 and 003, respectively. Nickel
analyses showed loadings of 4.1 and 2.4 pounds per day in
wastestreams 002 and 003, respectively. A lead loading of
2.0 and 1.6 pounds per day was found in waste streams 002 and
003. Zinc loadings of 48.7 pounds per day in effluent 002 and
19 pounds per day for 003 were also found by EPA (Table 2A).
U.S. Steel shows a self-monitoring zinc value of 9.3 pounds
per day and the absence of any lead in wastestream 003. The
Regional Board has set the following maximum heavy metal limi-
tations on both wastestreams: mercury - 0.005 mg/1, lead - 0.05
mg/1, zinc - 1.0 mg/1, and nickel - 5.0 mg/1. U.S. Steel does
not report self-monitoring data on nickel and mercury but does
report zinc and mercury concentrations for both outfalls. EPA
analysis did not detect and heavy metal discharge violations of
Regional Board requirements.
-------
EPA fish bioassays on both streams showed 100 percent survival
in undiluted waste/ which agrees with self-monitoring data.
EPA field sampling of Contra Costa Canal influent showed coliform
concentrations of 67 MPN/100 ml for both total and fecal coliform,
Influent from New York Slough had a total coliform count of
2,000 MPN/100 ml and a fecal count of 67 MPN/100 ml. EPA waste-
stream analysis showed less than 67 MPN/100 ml for both total
and fecal coliform in both outfalls 002 and 003 (Table 2A).
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U.S. Steel Corporation
Pittsburg, California
Outflow 002 & 003
I. BOD: (5 day 20°C)
Removal from the waste as indicated by analysis of 24-hour
composite samples of effluent shall be sufficient to main-
tain the dissolved oxygen at a minimum of 5.0 mg/1. When
the dissolved oxygen is less than the concentration
prescribed above the BOD removal during the preceding
21 days shall be at least
Average
90%
Not more than two consecutive
daily determinations shall
indicate BOD removals less
than --------- 80%
COD: No requirements
II. Toxicity:
(Resolution 70-88)
In any representative sample the survival of test fishes
in 96-hour bioassays of the waste as discharged.
Any determination
Average of any three or
more consecutive
determinations made
during any 21 or more
days
70% minimum
90% minimum
(Resolution 70-88)
III. Coliform: No requirements
IV. Heavy Metals:
A. The discharge must not cause the waters of the State at
any point east of the Western end of Chipps Island
and within 2000 feet of any diversion being used for
domestic water supply to exceed the following limits of
quality:
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Chromium, hexavalent 0.02 mg/1.maximum
B. Discharges shall meet quality limits at all times
in any 24-hour composite sample.
Alumium, dissolved 1.0 mg/1 maximum
Chromium, total 1.0
Copper
Iron, dissolves
Any such sample 7.0 mg/1
Average of any five 3.0 mg/1
consecutive samples
Lead 0.05 mg/1
Mercury 0.005 mg/1
Nickel 5.0
Zinc 1.0
(Resolution 70-88)
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PERMIT APPLICATION DATA
6. - EPA RESULTS VS REFUSE ACT*
Dow
Dow Chemical Co., Pittsburg, showed effluent concentrations
lower than the values submitted on the Corps of Engineer
Permit Application, except for mercury, oil, and grease. The
oil and grese concentration is four times larger than the
value shown on the Permit application. Dow's mercury discharge
was found to be twenty times as large, 0.004 mg/1, than the com-
pany had reported, 0.0021 mg/1. The concentration of 0.004
mg/1 is not a violation of the Regional Board's waste stream
requirement of .005 mg/1. Of the eight industries EPA tested,
Dow Chemical Co. is the largest industrial contributor to
mercury pollution in San Francisco Bay. EPA testing tended to
agree with the self-monitoring data except in the case of
mercury, total phosphorus, and oil and grease.
U.S Steel
U.S. Steel Corporation, Antioch, was found to have effluent
waste concentrations lower than the values submitted on the
Corps of Engineer Permit Application. These concentrations
can be expected to be further reduced upon completion of a
new waste treatment facility in early 1973.
Fibreboard
Fibreboard Corporation was found to be the single largest
pollution source to San Francisco Bay with large concentrations
of Kjeldahl nitrogen and mercury. Outfall 001 was found to
have a Kjeldahl nitrogen concentration four times larger than
had been reported on the Permit application. Outfall 002
showed a Kjeldahl nitrogen concentration ten times larger and
mercury concentration five times larger than reported.
Phillips
Phillips Petroleum Co., Avon, was found to be discharging at
concentrations less than, or in close agreement with, values
reported on the Permit application, with the exception of
coliform. Coliform counts were unusually high in both total
and fecal coliform.
*(See Table II)
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Shell Oil
Shell Oil Co., Martinez, has installed a secondary waste treatment
facility on-stream since the filing of its Permit application.
The concentrations of pollutants found in Shell Oil Company's
waste stream, with the exception of total phosphorous and coliform,
were greatly reduced. Shell Oil has achieved a BOD reduction
from 330 mg/1 to 7.8 mg/1, and a COD reduction from 1,010 mg/1
to 190 mg/1. Total phosphorous concentration was found to exceed
Shell Oil's Permit application value by a factor of eleven.
The total coliform was determined to be 68,000 MPN/100 ml versus
a value of 830 MPN/100 ml filed on the Permit application. This
coliform sample was collected at the same location, the Bay side
of the outfall pump, as were all other waste stream samples
collected. Shell Oil Co. has objected to this sampling point for
coliform since it is not the same location where Shell Oil Co.
and the Regional Board sample. Shell Oil Co. has been sampling
for coliform at a point after the air flotation tank, but before
the equalization pond. The company is of the opinion that demon-
stration of control of coliform at this point should be sufficient
and that it should not be held responsible for control of any
coliform regrowth occurring in its activated sludge pond. The
company has discontinued chlorination of the waste stream because
it feels that increased toxicity from chlorination prevents meet-
ing their toxicity requirements set by the Regional Board. EPA
chose to test for coliform at the Bay side of the waste stream
pump because it feels that Shell Oil Co. must reduce to
acceptable levels any coliform discharge created by the company
regardless of at what point in its treatment process regrowth
occurred.
C & H Sugar
California and Hawaiian Sugar Co., Crockett, demonstrated
agreement with the Permit application values for outfalls
D, E, H, and J. Outfall V showed disparities in the value
found for total phosphorous, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and
coliform. The TKN value found by EPA differed by a factor of
three, 14.10 mg/1 versus the Permit application value of
5.23 mg/1. The total phosphorous values were in disagreement
by a factor of twenty. EPA found a value of 6.7 mg/1 opposed
to a C/E Permit value of .33 mg/1. Although C & H Sugar Co.
states it has no coliform present in waste stream V, EPA found
extremely high concentrations of total coliform (36,000
MPN/100 ml) and fecal coliform (20,000 MPN/100 ml).
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Standard Oil
Standard Oil Co., Richmond, showed values which agreed with
the data submitted on the Permit application, with the
exception of nickel and coliform values. EPA results indicated
a nickel concentration of .25 mg/1 compared to the Permit
application value of .02 mg/1. Confluent colonies of both
total and fecal coliform were found by EPA, with Standard Oil
Co. reporting a total coliform value of 350 MPN/100 ml and
stating that no fecal coliform is present in its waste water.
Union Oil
Union Oil Co., Rodeo, also compared well with EPA test results
and Permit application data, with the exceptions of oil and
grease analyses and nickel analysis. The oil and grease concen-
tration of outfall 001 was found to differ by a factor of ten
from Permit application data.* EPA analysis shows a concentra-
tion of 11.9 mg/1 versus the company's stated value of 1.1
mg/1. Outfall 002 also shows a disparity in oil and grease
analysis results. EPA determined an oil and grease concentra-
tion of 16.9 mg/1 as opposed.to the Permit application value
of 6.9 mg/1. EPA found a nickel concentration at outfall 002
of .26 mg/1 versus .02 mg/1 on the Permit application.
*It should be noted that EPA used the oil and grease analysis
as outlined in Standard Methods 13th Ed. 1971 page 409. Union
Oil used the API 733-58 oil and grease analysis on their
"Refuse Act" permit application which is not an approved
technique as outlined in Permits for Work and Structures in,
and for Discharges or Deposits into Navigable Waters; Department
of the Army, Corps of Engineers.
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7. - Federal Installations: Waste Water Dischargers
to San Francisco Bay
All together, the Federal installations discharge 21.1 mgd of
waste to San Francisco Bay. Of that total, 16.4 mgd is
qualified as industrial discharge and 4.7 mgd as municipal
discharge. Among the major constituents making up the dischargers'
flow are: 1701.8 Ibs/day of BOD: 1,523 Ibs/day of COD; 1667.1
Ibs/day of suspended solids; and an indeterminate amount of oil
and grease.
The largest dischargers among the Federal installations are:
Mare Island Naval Shipyard, Vallejo, power plant with 16.0 mgd
industrial discharge; Travis AFB, 1.61 mgd municipal discharge;
and Mare Island Naval Shipyard, Vallejo, 1.5 mgd municipal
discharge. The largest mercury discharger in the amount of
o.27 Ibs/day is Alameda Naval Air Station (Table VIIA).
There are plans for the installation of secondary treatment
plants; or that the waste (industrial) should be treated to a
degree acceptable for discharge into the municipal system along
with the raw domestic sewage from stations, thus eliminating all
discharge to adjacent water. Among the industrial discharges,
six are untreated; one has primary treatment and one has secon-
dary treatment. On municipal discharges, four receive primary
treatment and three receive secondary treatment.
Mare Island Naval Shipyard*
Mare Island Naval Shipyard, Vallejo, discharges 1.6 MGD of
domestic waste. This waste presently receives primary treat-
ment but the domestic system overflows during wet
weather. Proposed control measures include separate storm
and sanitary sewers to end the overflow of domestic sewage to
Mare Island strait. The domestic sewage would be tied into the
Vallejo municipal treatment system.
Industrial wastes from ship repair operations including acids,
alkalis heavy metals, cyanides, and phenols are treated in an
industrial waste water treatment facility completed May, 1972.
Oil from the tank transfer and cleaning area is also collected
and treated in this industrial wastewater treatment facility.
Proposed measures call for the facilities municipal and industrial
wastes to be tied into the Vallejo municipal system during fiscal
year 1974.
*Information concerning U.S. Naval facilities was furnished by:
Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command,
Western Division
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Naval Weapons Station, Concord
The Naval Weapons Station, Concord, discharges 70,000 gallons
per day of primary treated and untreated domestic waste. In
addition, unknown amounts of boiler blowdown, cooling tower
bleed, and steam cleaning water are discharged.
Existing treatment consists of septic tanks for 5,000 gallons
per day of the domestic waste. All other waste is untreated.
Proposed measures call for a sewage collection system with all
wastes being pumped to final discharge in the Contra Costa
County Sanitation District sewerage system. The proposed
schedule calls for connection of the domestic waste during
fiscal year 1973 and the industrial waste during fiscal year
1974.
Naval Station, Treasure Island, San Francisco
Domestic sewage from a primary plant is discharged to San
Francisco Bay through an outfall 65 feet below the Bay surface.
Wastewater from washing and sterilizing of garbage cans is
discharged into San Francisco through storm drains.
The domestic sewage from Treasure Island flows through an
existing primary and secondary treatment plant designed for
2.0 mgd effluent. Yerba Buena sewage primary treatment plant,
consisting of Imhoff tank with post chlorination (design
capacity 0.09 mgd), removes 35 percent of BOD and 45 percent of
suspended solids (flow 0.02 mgd).
The effluent of 2.0 mgd is of most importance; the rest of the
flows are small.
Alameda Naval Air Station
Alameda Naval Air Station, Alameda, discharges 0.3 mgd of waste
untreated industrial wastes containing acids, alkalis, heavy
metals, cyanides, and paint stripping; deficiencies in septic
tanks (allowing discharge of sewage to the Bay); filter
backwash (from swimming pool cooling tower bleed off); boiler
blowdown, and soft water dealkalizer wastes. There is minor
treatment provided for source wastes to remove free oil and
sludge before discharge. Concentrated solutions of oils and
solvents are hauled away by a contractor.
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Proposed abatements actions call for an industrial waste
treatment plant and collection system which has been designed,
and construction is planned in fiscal year 1972. When completed
in mid-1973, the proposed system will discharge the pretreated
industrial wastes into the East Bay M.U.D. System. This
construction will eliminate all industrial discharge from NAS
Alameda into Bay waters.
Hamilton Air Force Base
Hamilton AFB, Novato, discharges an average of 300,000 gallons
per day of industrial and municipal wastewater. The industrial
waste plant provides pretreatment by removing gasoline and oils
and by neutralizing acids with the addition of lime. The
effluent of this plant is sent to the domestic plant for further
treatment.
The domestic plant provides secondary treatment to the base's
domestic wastes and pretreated industrial wastes. The plant
is of a trickling filter design and discharges to San Pablo Bay.
Naval Security Group Activity
The Skaggs Island facility discharges approximately 150,000
gallons per day of primary treated domestic waste. This waste
is treated in a primary treatment plant, an aeration tank and
two septic tanks that discharge at several locations to the
Napa and Second Napa sloughs. One septic tank discharges to a
leaching field.
Proposed measures for improving this treatment include construc-
tion of an oxidation/evaporation pond system which will remove
essentially all BOD and suspended solids. Completion of this
project is scheduled for fiscal year 1973.
Travis Air Force Base
At Travis Air Force Base, Solano County, domestic wastes are
collected from housing, administrative, operational, maintenance
and recreational areas. Non-domestic wastes include irrigation
and cooling water, aircraft and vehicle wash waters, occasional
formal dehyde wastes from aircraft disinfection stations, and
waste oils from maintenance areas.
The base has a separate sanitary and strom sewer system. Domestic
wastes (except those going to septic tanks) are connected by
sanitary sewers to one of two sewage treatment plants. Irri-
gation wastewater, cooling waters, and storm runoff are carried
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by the storm sewer system. Vehicle and aircraft wash waters
are primarily carried by the storm system directly to Union
Creek. Wash waters from SAC and MAC washracks pass through
oil separators before discharge to storm sewers. Waste oils
from maintenance areas are collected and burned by the base fire
departments. .
Domestic waste is presently being treated at one of two plants
located on the base: Sewage treatment plant no. 1 (bldg. 1152)
has a design capacity of 2.5 mgd. The average daily flow to
the plant is 1.5 mgd, with a maximum of 2.6 mgd and minimum of
1.3 mgd. Treatment is provided by mormally cleaned bar screens,
primary sedimentation (with continuous sludge and scum removal
to separate digesters in series), sludge drying beds and stabili-
zation ponds, two lagoons and two final lagoons (in parallel)
effluent flows to Union Creek. Sewage treatment plant no. 2
has a design capacity of 0.07 mgd and is presently receiving an
average flow of 0.05 mgd. Treatment units at this plant consist
of a manually cleaned bar screen, primary sedimentation tank
with digester section (one Imhoff type) biofilter, secondary
sedimentation tank, and sludge drying beds.
Naval Fuel Department, Point Molate, Richmond
Unchlorinated primary effluent from station sewage system of
Naval Fuel Department, Point Molate, Richmond, is discharged
to San Francisco Bay through an outfall ending at about lower-
low water.
During fuel or balast transfer operations, spillage of oil to
the Bay is possible. In event of major spillage or tank or line
ruptures, fuel can flow downhill directly into the Bay at Point
Molate. Spills are now handled by a commercial contractor.
Proposed plans for oil spills are to construct dikes and a catch
basin. During the event of spillage in oil transfer operations,
plans are to provide an oil recovery pipe line and accessories
linking suction-type oil skimming apparatus and water pipe line
which would convey skimmer discharge to the existing storage
and clarification facilities.
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Hunters Point Naval Shipyard
Hunters Point Naval Shipyard, San Francisco, discharges most of
its domestic and industrial waste to the City of San Francisco
sewage system. The only direct discharge to the Bay consists
of 12,000 gallons per day of rinse water from a metal plating shop
and battery overhaul shop.
Future treatment proposals for this effluent have not been made
available.
Moffett Field Naval Air Station
Moffett Field NAS, Mountain View, generates industrial waste
from hobby shop washracks (automobile), boiler blowdown, and
swimming pool filter backwash. These sources, except for one
washrack, have been connected along with all base domestic
waste to the City of Sunnyvale's plant. Therefore, essentially
all discharge of wastes to the Bay has been eliminated. Con-
nection of the remaining washrack.to the sanitary system is in
the planning stage. The effluent is small (4000 GPD).
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EAST BAY MUD
Excerpt from: REGIONAL BOARD RESOLUTION NO. 68-8
DISCHARGE REQUIREMENTS
BOD: I. The discharge shall not cause, at any time:
A. The receiving waters at any place outside
the rising waste plume to exceed the follow-
ing limits of quality:
Dissolved oxygen 5.0 mg/1, minimum
(except as noted in
Section VII-B-1-a,
below)
B. Any 24-hour composite sample made up of
portions collected at intervals not to
exceed one hour in proportion to the flow
at the time of collection:
5-day 20°C. BOD - Whenever the receiving
water dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration,
as prescribed above is not met, the BOD
removal from the waste shall be increased
sufficiently to maintain said DO concentra-
tion, but BOD removal in excess of the
following is not required:
1. Average during any 21 or
more days 90%
2. Not more than two consecutive
daily determinations shall
indicate BOD removals less
than 80%, minimum
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