United States
Environmental Protection
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)C 20460
-nber1982
OPA 21 2
Your Guide to the
U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency A
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Preface
The U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) was created by Presidential
directive in 1970 to consolidate the major
environmental activities of the Federal
government into a single agency.
Throughout the 1970's and continuing
now into the 1980's, Congress has
passed new environmental laws and
amended existing ones in a sustained
effort to reduce the harmful effects of
pollution on human health and the
environment.
Just as Congress periodically reviews
and amends the environmental laws to
meet current conditions, so does EPA
review and revise its policies and
organization for carrying out the
Congressional mandate.
This booklet describes current
environmental laws together with the
organization and the policies EPA uses to
carry out its responsibilities.
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Contents
3 History and Organization of EPA
7 Water
11 Air
13 Waste
15 Pesticides
17 Toxic Substances
19 Radiation
21 Research and Development
22 Legal and Enforcement Counsel
23 Administration
24 Policy and Resources Management
Appendix: EPA Regional Offices and
Laboratory Facilities
Anne M. Gorsuch — Administrator
Dr. John W. Hernandez — Deputy Administrator
John E. Daniel — Chief of Staff
Joseph A. Cannon — Associate Administrator for Policy and Resource Management
Robert M. Perry — Associate Administrator for Legal and Enforcement Counsel
Dr. John P. Morton — Assistant Administrator for Administration
Frederic A. Eidsness, Jr. — Assistant Administrator for Water
Rita M. Lavelle — Assistant Administrator for Solid Waste and Emergency Response
Kathleen M. Bennett — Assistant Administrator for Air, Noise and Radiation
Dr. John A. Todhunter — Assistant Administrator for Pesticides and Toxic Substances
Dr. Courtney Riordan — Assistant Administrator for Research and Development (Acting)
Anne M. Gorsuch
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History and Oraanization
of EPA
EPA was created through an executive
reorganization plan designed to
consolidate a number of Federal
environmental activities into a single
agency. The plan (Reorganization Plan
No. 3 of 1970) was sent by then President
Nixon to Congress on July 9, 1970, and
EPA was formally established as an
independent agency in the Executive
Branch on December 2, 1970.
EPA was formed from 15 components
of five Executive departments and
independent agencies. Air pollution
control, solid waste management,
radiation, and the drinking water
program were transferred from the
Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare (now the Department of Health
and Human Services). The Federal water
pollution control program was taken
from the Department of Interior. EPA
acquired from the Department of
Agriculture authority to register
pesticides and to regulate their use, and
from the Food and Drug Administration
responsibility to set tolerance levels for
pesticides in food. It also assumed part
of a pesticide research program in the
Department of Interior. EPA was assigned
some responsibility for setting
environmental radiation protection
standards from the old Atomic Energy
Commission and absorbed the duties of
the Federal Radiation Council.
The enactment of major new
environmental laws and important
amendments to older laws in the 1970's
greatly expanded the agency's
responsibilities. It now administers eight
comprehensive environmental protection
laws.
The Agency is directed by an
Administrator and Deputy Administrator.
They are appointed by the President of
the United States, with the advice and
consent of the U.S. Senate.
Six major program offices implement
and enforce environmental laws, perform
environmental research and
development, and manage the Agency.
Each of these offices is headed by an
Assistant Administrator, appointed by the
President, with the advice and consent of
the Senate.
Agencywide functions are carried out
by 10 staff offices under the
Administrator and the Deputy
Administrator. In December 1981 the
Administrator created two Associate
Administrator offices to handle (1) policy
and resource management and (2) legal
counsel and enforcement:
• The Office of Policy and Resource
Management is responsible for policy
analysis, regulatory reform, the budget,
standards, regulations, and management
systems and analysis.
• The Office of Legal and Enforcement
Counsel consists of a general counsel and
an enforcement counsel whose combined
effort carries out all legal activities and
sets agencywide enforcement policy,
while regional attorneys have greater
responsibility for case management.
In the staff offices:
• The Office of Inspector General
conducts and supervises audits and acts
to prevent and detect fraud and abuse in
Agency programs and operations.
• The Office of Small and Disadvantaged
Business promotes participation of small,
minority and women-owned enterprises
in Agency contracting and grant
activities.
• The Office of Federal Activities
assesses the compliance of other Federal
departments and agencies with the laws
EPA administers. The major assessment
tool is the Environmental Impact
Statement, which must be prepared for
any Federal activity significantly affecting
environmental quality.
• The Office of Legislation is responsible
for drafting the Agency's and the
Administration's proposed environmental
legislation, for the Agency's
communications with Congress, and for
informing the Administrator and senior
Agency officials of developments in
Congress affecting the Agency.
• The Office of Public Affairs
disseminates news about Agency
activities, responds to media inquiries,
and coordinates the public information,
education, consumer affairs and public
participation operations of the Agency.
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United States Environmental Protection Agency
• The Office of International Activities is
concerned with international
environmental issues relating to the
Agency's responsibilities.
• The Office of Administrative Law
Judges conducts hearings and makes
recommendations to the Administrator
on a variety of issues, such as civil
penalties for violations of regulations,
pesticide cancellations or restrictions,
and water pollution discharge permits.
• The Office of Civil Rights reviews the
activities of the Agency and its
contractors for compliance with laws that
protect equal opportunity and equal
rights.
• The Office of Intergovernmental
Liaison handles liaison between the
Agency and regional. State, and local
officials.
• The Science Advisory Board reviews
all scientific data that support significant
EPA regulatory actions, including those
that have major economic impact, or are
based on uncertain or controversial
evidence.
Administrator
Deputy Administrator
Chief of Staff
Associate Administrator
for Policy and Resource
Management
Office of
Comptroller
Office of
Standards and Regulations
Office of
Policy Analysis
Office of
Management Systems
and Evaluation
Assistant Administrator for
Administration
Assistant Administrator for
Water
Office of
Water Enforcement
and Permits
Office of
Personnel and Organization
Office of
Fiscal and Contracts
Management
Office of
Water Regulations
and Standards
Office of
Management Information
and Support Services
Office of
Water Program Operations
Office of Administration
Cincinnati
Office of
Drinking Water
Office of Administration
Research Triangle Park, N.C
Region 2
New York
Region 3
Philadelphia
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Office of
Inspector General
Associate Administrator
for Legal and Enforcement
Counsel
Office of
General Counsel
Office of
Enforcement Counsel
Office of
Administrative
Law Judges
Office of
Civil Rights
Office of
Small and Disadvantaged
Business Utilization
Science Advisory Board
Office of
Intergovernmental Liaison
Office of
Legislation
Office of
Public Affairs
Office of
International
Activities
Office of
Federal Activities
Assistant Administrator for
Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
Office of
Waste Programs
Enforcement
Office of
Solid Waste
Office of
Emergency and
Remedial Response
Assistant Administrator for
Air, Noise, and Radiation
Office of
Air Quality Planning
and Standards
Office of
Mobile Source Air Pollution
Control
Assistant Administrator for
Pesticides and Toxic Substances
Office of
Pesticides and Toxic
Substances Enforcement
Assistant Administrator for
Research and Development
Office of
Monitoring Systems and
Quality Assurance
Office of
Environmental Engineering
and Technology
Office of
Environmental Processes
and Effects Research
Office of
Health Research
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Water
EPA's Office of Water has the dual
responsibility of reducing the pollution of
waterways and maintaining safe drinking
water.
In addition to administering the Clean
Water Act and the Safe Drinking Water
Act, the Office of Water has anti-pollution
responsibilities under the Marine
Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act
which covers ocean dumping, and
provisions of the Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act (RCRA) relating to
leaching from waste dumps.
Water
Pollution
A number of our oceans, rivers, streams,
lakes, estuaries, underground aquifers
and wetlands have been polluted in
modern times by the dumping of human
and industrial waste into them. Wetlands
acreage has been reduced, and natural
pollution resulting from poor land
management practices has persisted.
Water pollution comes from two major
origins, point sources and nonpoint
sources. Point sources are those which
discharge pollutants from such specific
points as outfall pipes of sewage
treatment plants and factories. Nonpoint
sources, on the other hand, cannot be
located with such precision. Runoff from
city streets, from construction sites and
from farms and mines are examples.
From both sources, toxic and non-toxic
pollutants have entered the Nation's
waters.
EPA's current program of water
pollution control is built upon the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act Amendments
of 1972, also known as the Clean Water
Act. Amendments to this Act passed in
1977 and 1981 made some important
changes, but the. basic objectives and
processes of the Clean Water Act were
retained.
The major objective, as defined in the
1972 Act, is to restore and maintain the
"chemical, physical, and biological
integrity of the Nation's waters."
The Act required each State to set
water quality standards for every
significant body of surface water within
its borders. Water quality standards
represent the goals which pollution
controls are meant to secure. To set
these standards, the State specifies the
uses of each body of water (such as
drinking water or commercial fishing)
and determines the maximum pollution
levels that can be tolerated without
impairing those uses.
States have set effluent limitations
defining the amount and kinds of
pollutants that may be discharged into
waterways, and they (or EPA) have
issued permits to parties making such
discharges, including municipal sewage
systems and industries operating their
own wastewater treatment facilities.
Effluent standards also are being
established for industrial sewage systems
to handle their wastewater.
These anti-pollution procedures are
supported by a vigorous enforcement
program, conducted by EPA and State
environmental agencies, to ensure that
cities and industries meet the
requirements set out in their discharge
permits.
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Municipal
Construction Grants
A requirement of the Clean Water Act is
that all publicly owned sewage systems
provide secondary treatment of
wastewater (a bio-chemical process)
before it is discharged into a waterway.
Since few communities could afford
such expensive facilities, Congress in
1972 established a financial assistance
program of Construction Grants, under
which EPA provides funds that the States
then allocate, on the basis of their own
priority systems, to communities that
need improved treatment facilities.
Since 1972, EPA has provided about
$33 billion in such grants to help in the
design and construction of some 22,000
sewage treatment projects. Because of
overdesign, mismanagement and
financial problems, only 3,700 were in
operation in 1981. That year also, the
Reagan Administration pushed through
Congress a reformed construction grants
program, focusing funds on sewage
plants which directly affect water quality.
EPA estimates spending $36 billion in the
next 10 years to build up the sewage
treatment program.
The Role
Of Industry
Using private funds, including money
from local pollution control bonds,
business and industry also launched
enormous programs for building
wastewater treatment facilities. Estimates
place total capital investment near $18
billion. The cost of operating waste
treatment systems has stimulated
industrial development of new
production processes to retrieve and sell
by-products once discharged as waste.
Currently, 94 percent of industrial
discharges are in compliance with the
terms of their discharge permits. About
75 percent of municipal sewage systems
were in compliance in 1980.
Water Quality
Improvements
As a result of reduced discharges
achieved by a growing number of cities
and businesses, almost every State can
now report marked improvement along
stretches of waterway once severely
polluted.
For example, in the Potomac,
increasing numbers of bass and other
desirable fish are being caught where
once they were rarely seen.
In the Naugatuck and lower Housatonic
Rivers of Connecticut, sections of
waterway have been upgraded to
fishable/swimmable status.
Beaver Creek in Knoxville, Tennessee,
has been restored for swimming, fishing
and wading and is now a safe and
reliable water supply.
From Maine to California, encouraging
reports like these are coming with
increasing frequency as the Nation
begins to reap benefits from a great
investment of money and technology in
the restoration of the waterways.
Clean Water
Act
The Clean Water Act of 1972, as
amended in 1977 and 1981, and the
Marine Protection, Research, and
Sanctuaries Act of 1972 provide the basic
authority for water pollution control
programs now being carried out by
Federal, State and local agencies. Major
provisions of the Act are:
Municipal Pollution Control A program
for the construction or modification of
sewage treatment systems under Federal
grants. Through EPA, the Federal
government currently funds 75 to 85
percent of sewage project costs. In fiscal
year 1985, by which time major projects
will be underway, the Federal share of
construction grants will drop to 55
percent.
Regional Planning A process for
selecting the most effective and
economical wastewater treatment
facilities for a contiguous area.
Independent, but adjacent, metropolitan
areas in a region join in planning and
building treatment facilities to meet
needs established under State water
quality management plans, including
projections of population shifts.
Effluent Limitations A system for
defining the amount and kinds of
pollutants that can be discharged into the
Nation's waters. Limitations apply to
both municipal and industrial sources of
water pollution.
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Water Quality Standards Standards for
surface waters established by EPA
according to the use of the water—for
agriculture, industry, recreation or
drinking. Standards cover factors such
as water temperature, oxygen content,
microbiological count, toxic pollutants
and others.
Wastewater Discharge Permits A system
for registering and controlling the
discharge of waste into public waterways
and of ensuring that discharges conform
to effluent limitations. All municipal
sewage treatment systems and
businesses that discharge waste must
have a permit to do so. Permits are
issued by States or EPA.
Dredge and Fill Permits A system to
regulate dredging, filling of wetlands, or
dumping of dredged material that affects
navigable waters. Permits are granted by
the Corps of Engineers, subject to EPA
approval. The Marine Protection,
Research, and Sanctuaries Act authorizes
EPA to regulate ocean dumping by
designating dumping areas, issuing
permits, and assessing penalties for
unauthorized dumping.
Drinking
Water
Under the Safe Drinking Water Act of
1974, amended in 1977, EPA sets national
standards to protect drinking water.
Assisted in part with Federal funds,
States bear primary responsibility for
enforcing the standards. EPA's Office of
Water administers the Act.
Twentieth century methods of drinking
water treatment—particularly
chlorination—have been remarkably
effective in eliminating major epidemics
of water-borne disease in the United
States. However, outbreaks still occur
with unnecessary frequency. The Center
for Disease Control reported about 80
outbreaks in 1980 involving 20,000
confirmed cases of water-borne illness.
In recent years there has also been
increasing concern about contamination
from chemicals such as nitrate, fluoride,
arsenic and lead and from various
organic chemicals and pesticides. All of
these substances have found their way
into drinking water in certain locations
from time to time.
To deal with these problems under the
Safe Drinking Water Act, EPA issues
regulations that set national drinking
water standards, and assists States
financially in carrying out the regulations.
EPA also has issued rules to protect
underground sources of drinking water
(aquifers) from contamination by various
injection practices. Called the
underground injection control program,
this effort is part of broad Agency
response to potential sources of drinking
water contamination.
The Agency is also developing a
comprehensive strategy—in cooperation
with State and local governments—to
protect groundwater supplies from other
sources of contamination.
Safe Drinking
Water Act
The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974
grants EPA the authority to regulate
public drinking water supplies. Major
provisions are:
Drinking Water Regulations established
by EPA to protect health and welfare.
State Enforcement of drinking water
standards established by EPA. EPA can
assume that responsibility if a State fails
to enforce the standards.
Protection of Underground Water
Supplies against contamination by
underground injection of wastes and
other materials.
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Air
EPA's Office of Air, Noise and Radiation
is given responsibility for Federal actions
to reduce air pollution under the Clean
Air Act of 1970 as amended in 1977.
The fundamental objective of the
Federal air pollution program is the
protection of the public health and
welfare from harmful effects of air
pollution. To achieve this goal, EPA
issues two kinds of ambient air quality
standards—that is, maximum acceptable
levels of pollution for the outdoor air
surrounding the general population (but
not, for example, air within factories).
Primary standards set limits above which
human health may be endangered.
Secondary standards protect plants,
animals, and materials from harmful
pollution. So far, secondary standards
have been set for particulates and sulfur
oxides. Primary standards have been set
for particulates, sulfur oxides, carbon
monoxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone, and
lead.
Direct sources of air pollution are
divided into two categories: stationary
sources, such as factories, power plants,
and smelters; and mobile sources, such
as automobiles, buses, and trucks. Some
facilities, such as major highways and
shopping centers, are called indirect
sources because traffic concentrates at
those places and increases local pollution
levels.
In addition to meeting primary and
secondary air pollution standards, some
regions of the Nation are required to
meet standards established under the
"prevention of significant deterioration"
section of the Clean Air Act. The function
of this section is to prevent degradation
of the air in such places as national parks
and wilderness areas where air quality is
exceptionally good.
EPA also sets performance standards,
establishing emissions limitations that
must be met by new plants and existing
facilities that are substantially modified.
Standards now exist for most major
industries, and are established on a
nationwide basis. By requiring EPA to
place the same emissions levels on new
sources, no matter where they are
located, Congress has kept air pollution
controls from becoming a source of
regional rivalry. Congress has
determined that all new sources must
install the "best pollution control
technology available," as defined by EPA
after a hearing process.
Under the Clean Air Act, State and
local governments must ensure that air
quality complies with primary and
secondary standards. EPA plays an
important role in this by setting
nationwide emissions standards for a
variety of air pollution sources,
essentially enforcing the limits set by
Congress in the Act.
Finally, EPA establishes nationwide
emissions standards for hazardous air
pollutants. Emissions limits are in effect
for asbestos, beryllium, mercury, and
vinyl chloride, and standards for others
have been proposed.
Because controls required by law relate
primarily to new pollution sources, they
are generally not enough to bring air
quality up to primary and secondary
standards. States therefore must draw up
State Implementation Plans, with
additional ways to achieve the standards,
such as controls on older sources of
pollution and measures to reduce motor
traffic. These plans are subject to EPA
approval. If a State fails to develop an
acceptable plan, EPA is required to
assume this function.
Air pollution is primarily an urban
concern. Many cities have suffered from
years of decay as industries moved
elsewhere. For a city to regain its vitality,
industries must return; however, they
may create new pollution sources,
threatening the air quality gains which
have been made.
While maintaining economic growth
and air quality improvements in urban
areas has not been easy, air quality has
shown several significant improvements.
For example, a nationwide air monitoring
system shows that by 1979 the level of
particulates decreased 32 percent, sulfur
dioxide in large urban areas decreased
67 percent, and carbon monoxide in
center-city locations fell 36 percent.
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The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1970
and 1977, provides the basic legal
authority for the Nation's air pollution
control programs. Major provisions:
• National ambient air quality standards
for specific air pollutants to protect public
health and welfare. Standards have been
set for sulfur dioxide, particulates, oxides
of nitrogen, carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons, ozone, and lead.
• State implementation plans stipulating
steps that will be taken to achieve
satisfactory air quality. EPA must review
the plans and, if necessary, require
revisions or substitute its own plan.
• New source performance standards for
new, or modified, stationary sources of
air pollution. Emission limitations are
established for specific types of sources
such as power plants and cement plants.
• Hazardous air pollutants national
standards limiting emissions of such
substances as asbestos, beryllium,
mercury, vinyl chloride, and benzene
from both new and old stationary
sources.
• Prevention of significant deterioration
of air quality in areas which have pristine
or good to moderate air quality. Subject
to EPA approval, States identify areas of
good, moderate, and poor air quality
(Class I, Class II, and Class III). Class I,
which includes national parks and
wilderness areas, permits no additional
air pollution. The Class II designation
allows additional pollution up to
prescribed limits, and Class III areas must
conform to general national standards.
• Automobile emission controls to
achieve a 90 percent reduction in carbon
monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions
(based on 1970 emission levels).
Nitrogen oxide emissions are to be
reduced by 75 percent by 1985.
Using protective gear,
a worker takes sample of
hazardous waste.
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Waste
Residential and commercial sources
generate solid waste at the rate of some
132 million metric tons per year, enough
to fill the New Orleans Superdome from
floor to ceiling twice a day every day.
Industrial waste is more than double that
amount, totaling 350 million metric tons
a year.
Disposing of wastes, including those
considered hazardous, is a costly
business, requiring measures to protect
the environment. Uncontrolled waste
sites present environmental risks,
requiring action to prevent degradation
of water, soil and air.
Control and eradication of solid waste
problems is the responsibility of EPA's
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency
Response. This Office implements two
federal environmental laws: the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA),
which regulates current and future waste
practices, and the Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act (CERCLA), commonly
called Superfund, which cleans up old
waste sites.
Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act (RCRA)
RCRA provides Federal guidance and
support to States to develop
environmentally sound methods of solid
waste disposal. This legislation deals
with both municipal and hazardous
waste. To improve solid waste disposal
practices, EPA encourages States to
develop solid waste plans. The Agency
has provided technical assistance for
these efforts.
RCRA requires States to develop and
implement municipal waste disposal
plans as part of their solid waste plan. To
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set the stage for establishment of
environmentally sound disposal
practices, States have been asked to
inventory all existing municipal waste
disposal sites and determine whether
they are environmentally sound. Federal
technical assistance has been provided
through EPA for these efforts. EPA has
also assisted States in programs for
recovery and reuse of valuable materials
from municipal waste, such as glass,
plastic, silver and aluminum, and in
utilization of the energy potential of
waste.
Under RCRA, EPA ensures proper
disposal of hazardous wastes, such as
toxic substances, caustics, pesticides, and
flammable, corrosive, and explosive
materials. EPA estimates that in 1980
approximately 41 million metric tons of
hazardous wastes were generated in the
United States.
To carry out RCRA's provisions for
dealing with hazardous wastes, EPA has
developed a national hazardous waste
management system to monitor the
movement of hazardous wastes from
production to disposal. Under the
system, hazardous waste generators
must identify the wastes they create and
report the means of on-site treatment,
storage, or disposal. Transportation of
wastes to off-site facilities is regulated
and tracked.
All treatment, storage, and disposal
sites must have permits to operate, and
their design must be adequate to prevent
the waste from moving through the soil
and reaching water sources. Active land
disposal sites are monitored constantly
for groundwater contamination. Closed
sites are to be properly capped, and
groundwater monitoring must continue
for an extended period. The owner or
operator of a facility is required to
demonstrate financial responsibility for
damage occurring during active
operations and to set aside funds for
monitoring and maintenance after the
site is closed.
More than 56,000 generators of
hazardous waste now send their waste to
RCRA regulated hazardous waste
facilities.
More than 13,000 transporters comply
with the RCRA manifest tracking system
which ensures that the wastes are
delivered to and received by the
regulated hazardous waste facilities,
rather than disposed of indiscriminately.
EPA now regulates over 10,000
hazardous waste treatment, storage, and
disposal facilities. These facilities will
either receive RCRA permits over the
next few years or be closed down if they
do not meet permit requirements.
RCRA grants EPA the authority to
establish regulations and programs to
ensure safe solid waste disposal. Major
provisions cover:
• Hazardous waste management,
including identification of hazardous
wastes and development of standards
and regulations governing the
generation, storage, transport, treatment,
and disposal of hazardous waste. States
may establish and supervise their own
hazardous waste regulatory programs,
subject to EPA approval.
• Solid waste disposal guidelines to
encourage States to develop
environmentally sound plans for solid
waste disposal. States are asked to
inventory and evaluate all waste disposal
sites.
• Research, development and
demonstration funds to stimulate new
methods of waste disposal, resource and
energy recovery, and innovative
technology.
Superfund
Superfund gives EPA money and
authority to direct and oversee cleanup
of old and abandoned waste sites that
pose a threat to the public health or the
environment.
Under Superfund, EPA has launched a
campaign to reduce this threat. A first
step must be a nationwide inventory of
such sites. EPA had released the names of
160 sites slated for interim priority
cleanup, and $265 million had been
appropriated for Superfund at press time.
The Agency is now developing a list of
400 priority sites.
Of equal significance are the Agency's
enforcement efforts requiring owners of
old or abandoned dumps to perform
cleanup work themselves. When this is
not possible, or immediate action is
needed, EPA and the States step in and
perform the work, drawing on the
Superfund and on contributions from the
States as well: 10 percent for
privately-owned sites and 50 percent for
publicly-owned sites.
By July, 1982, EPA had authorized $63
million for cleanup at 57 sites. Another
$25 million went into emergency work at
76 sites.
The Superfund Act includes these
provisions:
Enforcement
Through agreements and other judicial
procedures called for by the Act, owners
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Pesticides
of abandoned sites are encouraged or
directed to clean up sites themselves. If
EPA must perform the work, owners may
be billed for as much as triple the costs.
Emergency Response
Where ownership of sites is uncertain or
danger is imminent, the Act authorizes
EPA to take immediate steps to correct
the problem. The State where the site is
located must agree to pay at least 10
percent of the costs while Superfund
provides the remainder.
Remedial Response
When EPA and a State perform site
cleanup, Superfund specifies a series of
actions to be taken by the cleanup team.
Federal-State Participation
In addition to cost-sharing, States
participate in site selection and in
establishing priorities for cleanup. States
also provide new, approved sites to
receive waste removed from old sites.
Funds
Through a Federal tax on chemical
manufacturers, importers, and oil refiners,
supplemented by some Federally
appropriated monies, a fund of $1.6
billion will be made available through
EPA for abandoned site cleanups.
A chemist grinding imported cheese
that will be studied for the presence
of pesticide residues.
Pesticides are chemical or biological
substances used to control pests on
farms, homes, hospitals, commercial and
governmental establishments. As
herbicides, these products control weeds,
unwanted brush and trees, and serve as
defoliants to stimulate plant maturity so
mechanical harvesting can be used more
effectively. Pesticides are used to retard
growth of fungi in asphalt, paint, and
plastics, and to destroy harmful bacteria.
The benefits of pesticides are evident:
Greater quantities of food; reduced loss
of food in storage, and control of disease
carriers have significantly improved
health throughout the world and
contribute to the quality of life. In 1981
consumers spent over $6.5 billion on
approximately 1.2 billion pounds of
pesticides. Agriculture accounts for 71
percent of their use, home gardening and
lawns for 7 percent, and industry,
commerce and government for 22
percent.
To retain these advantages and address
the potential adverse effects, Congress
passed the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide
and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) in 1947. This
bill was amended in 1972 and its
responsibilities were passed from the
U.S. Department of Agriculture to EPA.
Additional amendments were made in
1975, 1978, and 1980.
Under this statute, EPA is required to
review pesticide products and determine
whether they can be used without
causing unreasonable risks to human
health or the environment. This process
must take into account economic, social,
and environmental costs and benefits.
Registration is a license or pre-market
clearance which EPA provides, based on
a scientific review of a wide variety of
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health and safety data submitted by the
manufacturer of the pesticide product.
This process includes the approval of the
product label which outlines the
directions and precautions for use. EPA
classifies all pesticides for general or
restricted use. Restricted use products
may be applied only by or under the
supervision of a certified applicator.
Certification is designed to insure that
users of restricted use products are
properly qualified to handle these
products safely. Certification programs
for applicators are administered by
EPA-approved State training programs.
Another function of registration is the
establishment of tolerance levels—the
amount of pesticide residue that may
safely remain on food and feed crops
after harvesting.
In 1975 Congress required EPA to
re-register all products to ensure safety
of the compounds by contemporary
scientific standards. This reassessment
involves a thorough review of the entire
scientific data base underlying
registrations and an identification of
scientific studies that may not have been
required when the product was originally
registered.
Pesticide products that are found to
cause unreasonable risk to either human
health or the environment are cancelled
from further use or are restricted in such
a manner that the risk is no longer
unacceptable.
EPA supports research to reduce the
uncertainty under which pesticide
regulatory decisions are made. Particular
emphasis is placed on testing and
developing protocols to predict and
evaluate human health and
environmental effects resulting from
exposure to pesticides.
Incinerator ship Vulcanus
during test burn of PCBs.
1.6
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Toxic
Substances
Toxic substances include a number of
manufactured chemicals, as well as
naturally occurring heavy metals, such as
mercury, cadmium, and lead, which are
mined and released into the
environment.
Today, nearly 60,000 chemicals are in
use in the United States and
approximately 800 new chemical
substances are proposed each year for
manufacture. While research studies
show that most of these chemicals are
not harmful to our health or the
environment, we must continue to
identify those few that are, and take
action to reduce the risks associated with
those substances.
Congress, in 1976, passed the Toxic
Substances Control Act (TSCA), which
was intended to prevent unreasonable
risks of injury to health or the
environment associated with the
manufacture, processing, distribution in
commerce, use, or disposal of new or
existing chemical substances.
Chemicals used exclusively in
pesticides, food, food additives, drugs,
and cosmetics are exempted from the
Act. Also exempted are nuclear materials,
tobacco, firearms, and ammunition. All of
these are regulated under other laws.
Implementing TSCA is the
responsibility of the EPA Office of Toxic
Substances. Programs now exist under
the Act to require companies to submit
information on all new chemicals before
they are manufactured. Also, EPA must
gather available information about the
toxicity of particular chemicals and the
extent to which people and the
environment are exposed to them. The
Agency must also bring about industry
testing where existing data are
inadequate, assess whether particular
chemicals cause unreasonable risks to
humans or the environment, institute
appropriate control actions, or refer such
action to another Federal Agency.
TSCA is a risk-benefits balancing
statute, a characteristic which
distinguishes it from some other pieces
of U.S. environmental and public health
legislation. In evaluating the need for
chemical control EPA is required to
consider such factors as the benefits
which the chemical substance contributes
to the nation's economic and social
well-being, the existence of the risks
associated with the use of alternatives,
and the possible health or environmental
problems which can result from
economic dislocations caused by
regulation.
To prevent unreasonable risks, EPA
under TSCA may select from a broad
range of control actions, from requiring
hazard-warning labels to outright bans
on the manufacture or use of especially
hazardous substances. In the case of
imminent hazards, the Administrator of
EPA may ask a court to require whatever
action would be necessary to protect
public health and the environment
against the risk.
The thrust of TSCA is to make industry
responsible for developing missing data
where there is a bona fide indication of
potential risk. EPA has published an
inventory of chemical substances and is
working with industry to assess and
reduce chemical risks. In a number of
instances, for example, when EPA has
identified a suspect chemical, the
industry has voluntarily undertaken
risk-reduction measures such as
improving in-plant emission controls or
has instituted toxicity testing. In other
cases, EPA has required such actions.
Some significant accomplishments of
the EPA Toxic Substances program
include:
• Negotiated agreements for chemical
testing rather than relying solely on
rulemaking, thus allowing appropriate
and necessary testing to begin earlier
and test data to be generated more
quickly.
• Issuing test methodologies as
guidelines rather than requirements,
providing greater flexibility as well as the
ability to take advantage of new test
methodologies to use the most
sophisticated tests.
• Emphasis on finding acceptable PCB
disposal methods, including two high
temperature commercial incinerators on
land, incineration at sea aboard the
Vulcanus, and two chemical destruction
processes that reduce PCBs to easily
disposable substances and allow the
residual oil to be cleaned and reused.
17
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• Instituting a mandatory program for
schools to inspect their buildings for
asbestos-containing materials, and hiring
retired engineers in all ten EPA regional
offices to help States and local districts in
this inspection effort, and advise on
appropriate containment or removal
techniques where warranted.
EPA coordinates and consults with
other Federal agencies involved in toxic
chemical regulation, including: the
Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (in the Department of
Labor), the Food and Drug
Administration (Department of Health
and Human Services), the Consumer
Product Safety Commission, and the
Food Safety and Quality Service
(Department of Agriculture).
EPA also works very closely with the
24-nation Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development to develop
chemical testing guidelines and good
laboratory practices. The agency places a
high priority on these activities because
of benefits both for international
chemical trade and for more effective
health and environmental protection. EPA
cooperates in a number of other
international forums aimed at
exchanging information and building
mutual understanding on chemical safety
issues, including those sponsored by the
United Nations Environment Program
and the World Health Organization.
Toxic Substances
Control Act
The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)
was signed into law by President Ford on
October 12, 1976. Upon signing the Act,
the President stated, "(TSCA) is a strong
bill and ... focuses on the most critical
environmental problems not covered by
existing legislation, while not
overburdening either the regulatory
agency, the regulated industry, or the
American people."
Major provisions include:
• Reporting and record-keeping by
industry to enable EPA to gather
information on the manufacture,
processing, use, and disposal of chemical
substances, by-products produced, and
estimates of the number of people
exposed in the workplace.
• Testing by manufacturers if a chemical
substance is suspected of presenting an
unreasonable risk of injury to health or
the environment and there are
insufficient data to evaluate its toxicity,
cancer-causing potential, potential for
birth defects, or other characteristics.
• Screening of new chemicals through
premanufacture notification to EPA at
least 90 days before a company produces
a new chemical substance, or intends to
use an existing chemical in a significantly
new way.
• Regulation of chemical substances
allowing EPA to prohibit or limit the
manufacture, processing, distribution,
use, or disposal of a chemical substance
that presents an unreasonable risk of
injury to health or the environment.
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Radiation
A number of Federal agencies, among
them EPA, are responsible for protecting
the public from unnecessary radiation
exposure. EPA's radiation authorities
include portions of the Atomic Energy
Act of 1954, the Public Health Service Act
of 1962, the Safe Drinking Water Act of
1974, the Clean Air Act Amendments of
1977, and the Uranium Mill Tailings
Radiation Control Act of 1978. The
agency's major regulatory responsibilities
are the setting of generally applicable
environmental standards and the
development of Federal radiation
guidelines. Additionally the agency has a
general responsibility for environmental
radiation monitoring.
EPA's responsibilities for setting
standards to protect the general public
from environmental exposure to
radiation have included limiting releases
from nuclear power plants, from the
processing of uranium, and from
radionuclides in drinking water. EPA, in
cooperation with the Food and Drug
Administration, has developed guidance
to other Federal agencies on the use of
x-rays in medicine. The agency is
currently developing standards for
disposal of high-level and low-level
radioactive wastes, and for the control of
hazards at active and inactive uranium
mill tailing sites. Also under development
are nuclear accident protective action
guidelines, clean-up guidelines for areas
contaminated by piutonium, guidance for
occupational exposure to radiation, and
guidance limiting environmental
exposure to non-ionizing radiation from
radio broadcast sources.
Finally, EPA carries out several projects
to monitor radiation in the environment.
EPA maintains a monitoring network of
67 sampling stations and measures
environmental radiation levels. This
network is particularly important in
detecting radioactive environmental
contamination resulting from
above-ground nuclear weapons tests
conducted by foreign nations. EPA also
monitors drinking water supplies and
other media to estimate radiation
exposure to the public from both ionizing
and non-ionizing radiation.
Measuring background radiation
at Three Mile Island near Middletown, Pa.
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Research
and Development
Sound scientific knowledge is the
cornerstone of effective environmental
decision-making. The Office of Research
and Development directs EPA's research
program to provide the information that
EPA program officials require. About 70
percent of ORD's research program is in
direct support of environmental problems
of immediate concern to the Agency, the
other 30 percent being longer-term by
design in order to provide a strong basis
for addressing future regulatory needs.
The ultimate goal of EPA's research is
to support the development of
environmental standards and regulations
which protect human health and the
environment from pollutant damage.
The major areas of EPA's research are
monitoring, development of technology,
determination of ecological effects, and
definition of the health effects of
environmental pollutants.
The monitoring of pollutants requires
development of sophisticated equipment
and analytical techniques to determine
the sources of environmental pollutants,
what they do in the environment once
they are emitted, and where they finally
end up. Because of the many chemical
changes which may occur to pollutants in
the atmosphere, as well as the many
possible effects which different weather
and terrain patterns may have on
pollutants, the development of models
has been particularly useful to
environmental scientists.
Once monitoring data are obtained on a
pollutant, the technology best able to
deal with that pollutant can be assessed.
EPA scientists work to develop and
evaluate those control technologies
which are most effective in pollution
prevention or clean-up and most efficient
in terms of resource use.
Before monitoring data can be used to
determine where, when or which
pollutants are to be controlled, or what
technology needs to be developed,
accurate information on the effects of
pollutants is necessary. To provide this
information EPA researchers develop
standardized testing protocols and
evaluate them for accuracy and
reliability. These protocols, along with
the results of studies to determine
pollutant impact on human health, are
used to determine the extent to which
the environment or people are exposed
to pollutants, and the hazard or risk
associated with that exposure.
As well as determining the exposure
and effects, EPA scientists work to
determine the best, most efficient ways
to manage the movement through the
environment of pollutants in order to
cause the least disruption to the food
chain and the ecosystem. Also, research
is done specifically to define human
exposures to and health risks from
environmental pollution in order to
determine ways to prevent or reduce
adverse health effects.
In addition to the generic research
areas described above, EPA's research
program addresses a wide variety of
specific pollution problems. For example,
one major research program investigates
the sources and magnitude of effects of
acid deposition. Not only will the
research findings in this area affect
domestic regulation, but they may also
affect international relations.
Serious environmental problems
created by hazardous waste disposal
have made this another issue of
particular concern. EPA's research
program in this area is aimed at
developing new methods of
identification, assessment, and treatment
of hazardous waste.
EPA has 14 laboratories to carry out its
in-house research. Its research
capabilities are extended through grants
and co-operative agreements to
universities and through research
contracts with industrial laboratories and
other private institutions. There are two
major EPA research centers. One is in
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina,
where research is done primarily on air
pollution, pesticides, toxic substances,
and non-ionizing radiation. The second is
in Cincinnati, Ohio, where research
focuses primarily on water pollution and
municipal waste research. Other EPA
laboratories are in Las Vegas, Nevada;
Narragansett, Rhode Island; Gulf Breeze,
Florida; Athens, Georgia; Duluth,
Minnesota; Ada, Oklahoma; and
Corvallis, Oregon. (The Appendix lists all
laboratories).
In addition to its own research staff,
EPA relies on a Science Advisory Board
for technical advice and review. The
Science Advisory Board, a panel of
preeminent non-EPA scientists, was
established by Congress to advise the
agency on scientific issues.
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Legal and
Enforcement Counsel
The Office of Legal and Enforcement
Counsel serves as the agency's "law
firm" and is responsible for carrying out
all of its legal responsibilities and
activities. At headquarters, it is
subdivided into two components: the
Office of General Counsel and the Office
of Enforcement Counsel.
The Office of General Counsel advises
the Administrator and the various
program offices about the legal options,
conclusions and ramifications inherent in
Federal agency decisionmaking. This
office also provides legal counsel for the
agency in administrative hearings and
defends the agency in Federal court
matters.
The Office of Enforcement Counsel sets
agencywide enforcement policy and
ensures compliance with applicable
Federal law and EPA regulations. It
monitors progress on the informal
resolution of violations, prepares
litigation summaries, and refers cases to
the Department of Justice for prosecution
by their attorneys.
EPA's ten Regional Counsels provide
Regional Administrators and regional
program managers with legal advice and
assistance for all program areas in an
attorney-client relationship, consistent
with Office of Legal and Enforcement
Counsel policy.
The National Enforcement
Investigations Center (NEIC), a division
within the Office of Enforcement Counsel,
conducts technical environmental
investigations nation-wide. NEIC has
specific expertise in matters associated
with case development, litigation
support, and evidence.
EPA's program offices—for water, air,
solid waste, Superfund, pesticides and
toxic substances—are responsible for the
technical aspects of compliance,
determining violations through
monitoring techniques and issuing
decisions and documents primarily
technical in nature.
The enforcement process can be
complex. Private citizens, the regulated
community, the Congress, EPA, and State
and local governments all have
legitimate concerns in the laws enacted
to protect the environment.
EPA's enforcement philosophy is to
encourage voluntary compliance by
communities and private industry and, as
mandated by Federal environmental
laws, to encourage State and local
governments to perform direct
enforcement activities needed to meet
environmental standards.
If State and local agencies fail to
produce effective plans for pollution
abatement, or if they do not enforce the
programs they do develop, EPA is
authorized to do so under provisions of
major environmental laws.
Enforcement functions of a national
character are carried out by EPA where
delegation to the States is not practical.
For example, EPA inspects and tests new
automobiles before, during and after
production to ensure compliance with air
pollution control standards. The agency
also can require the recall of automobile
or truck models that fail to meet these
standards.
EPA maintains a staff of inspectors
who inspect hazardous waste facilities,
spot-check compliance with unleaded
gasoline regulations, monitor air and
water quality, check radiation levels, and
collect other data necessary for the
enforcement of environmental laws.
A criminal investigation unit has been
formed to crack down on the illegal
discharge of wastes into waterways,
"midnight" dumping of toxic substances,
and the deliberate destruction or
falsification of vital environmental
reports. Because of its specialized
training in criminal law enforcement
techniques, this new unit will speed the
resolution of potential criminal cases and
make better use of criminal sanctions
when they are warranted. Willful
violators may be subject to imprisonment
and personally liable for fines.
The combination of enforcement
techniques employed by EPA and state
and local agencies has achieved
significant gains in environmental
quality. Major new laws such as
Superfund and new regulatory
approaches to existing law challenge EPA
to devise new and more efficient ways to
achieve compliance and to establish strict
priorities to best utilize the agency's
enforcement capabilities.
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Administration
The Office of Administration supervises
the internal operations of EPA, which has
an annual operating budget of nearly $1
billion and employs close to 10,000
employees throughout the country. The
agency has over 30 laboratories, regional
offices and field installations as well as
central program and management offices
in Washington, D.C. It administers a
construction grants program which will
dispense $2.4 billion in FY '83 to local
governments throughout the country.
The Office of Administration provides
many of the services that the rest of the
agency needs in order to ensure its
primary mission of environmental
protection. Because EPA's resources are
diminishing but its workload is not, the
Office of Administration must constantly
strive to develop more cost-effective and
innovative ways of delivering its services
to EPA.
The Office of Administration has three
primary locations: Headquarters in
Washington, D.C. and administrative
centers in Cincinnati, Ohio and Research
Triangle Park, N.C. In all three, the Office
of Administration provides a full range of
administrative and support services. It
also performs certain agency-wide
management functions, including facility
rental, telecommunications, computer
technical support, and office and building
services for the labs and regional offices.
The Office of Administration is
responsible for three principal functional
areas: financial, contracts and grants
management; personnel and
organization management; and
management information and support
services. In addition, the Office provides
some administrative and support services
to a number of EPA facilities across the
country.
The Office of Fiscal and Contracts
Management encompasses financial
management, grants administration, and
procurement and contracts management.
In 1982, the Office of Administration
awarded approximately $78 million in
research and demonstration grants. In
addition, the potential resources available
for contract award in fiscal year 1982
were $450 million.
The Office of Personnel and
Organization deals with personnel
policies such as recruitment, labor
management, training, employee benefits
and career systems, as well as
occupational health and safety. In
addition, this office provides organization
design support and in-house consulting
services to other Agency offices.
The Office of Management Information
and Support Services handles
information and data systems, the
physical facilities housing EPA personnel,
support services, and the Agency's
libraries. The Office of Administration is
responsible for $51 million in
agency-wide automated date processing
services tracking contract management
and other agency operations. The Agency
has the largest computer capability of
any civilian agency in the Federal
Government.
EPA has been commended by the
Office of Management and Budget for its
innovative and cost-effective service
delivery and for its efforts to streamline
and simplify its procedures and
regulations. In the area of financial
management, for instance, the Office of
Administration has developed tight and
timely systems to assure prompt
payment of invoices, effective recovery of
debts owed to the Agency, and to
prevent waste and abuse of Federal
funds. EPA has piloted a performance
management system to fulfill mandates
of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978
for the rest of the Federal Government.
The Office has been revising its grant
and cooperative agreement procedures
to simplify and reduce the administrative
burden imposed on recipients. The Office
of Administration also has been
instrumental in achieving a substantial
reduction of administrative backlogs. As
an example, 541 overdue, unresolved
audits were closed out between June and
September 1981, and over 1413
completed grants were administratively
closed out in the first nine months of FY
1982.
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Policy and
Resource Management
The Office of Policy and Resource
Management (OPRM) supervises the
policy development and resources
management of EPA.
OPRM is responsible for developing
and operating the Agency's program
planning and budgetary system and for
developing, preparing and submitting the
Agency's budget. OPRM's responsibilities
also include maintaining an allocation,
control, and review system for all
workyear and financial resources that are
responsive to the needs of the
Administrator.
The Office is also responsible for
analyzing the economic, energy and
environmental effects of regulations,
policies, and programs, and ensuring that
benefits analysis is incorporated into the
Agency's decision-making process.
EPA has been a leader among
government agencies in simplifying
regulations so that compliance does not
require needless paperwork, and
environmental goals can be met at the
least possible cost. The Office of Policy
and Resource Management helps other
offices of EPA develop cost-effectiveness
analyses and guidelines for regulations.
Frequently this requires detailed studies
of the social and economic impact of EPA
programs.
OPRM also develops planning,
evaluation, accountability and
management systems for the Agency so
as to improve overall Agency program
management effectiveness. It also
executes detailed reviews of Agency
programs to ensure the effectiveness of
environmental improvement programs
while minimizing costs to the public, and
assists program offices with
improvements.
The Office of Policy and Resource
Management also has a major role in
implementing the President's Executive
Order 12291 on Federal Regulation and
the Regulatory Flexibility Act. The
Executive Order requires that EPA
prepare Regulatory Impact Analyses for
any new regulations that have significant
adverse impacts on the Nation's
economy. The purpose of the analysis is
to ensure that the costs of regulations do
not exceed their benefits. The Regulatory
Flexibility Act requires that EPA analyze
the effects that regulations have on small
businesses and other small entities. The
Steering Committee, consisting of
representatives from each EPA office and
chaired by OPRM, reviews all new
significant regulations for their
compliance with the Executive Order, the
Regulatory Flexibility Act, and other
requirements. OPRM also coordinates the
review of existing regulations that have
been selected by the President's Task
Force on Regulatory Relief.
Regulatory reform efforts also include
innovations to give private industry
added flexibility in meeting
environmental protection goals. One of
these is the "bubble" concept, which can
help companies meet air pollution
control standards in the most
cost-effective way. In this approach, an
entire plant is treated as though it were
covered by an imaginary bubble with
only one opening through which
pollutants can reach the surrounding air.
Instead of having to meet pollution
emission limits at each individual stack
or other source within the plant,
managers can devise an overall control
plan that may save millions of dollars
without compromising progress toward
improved air quality.
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Appendix: Regional Offices and Laboratory Facilities of EPA
EPA Region 1
Lester Sutton
JFK Federal Bldg.
Boston MA 02203
Connecticut, Maine,
Massachusetts, New Hampshire,
Rhode Island, Vermont
617-223-7210
EPA Region 2
Jacqueline Schafer
26 Federal Plaza
New York NY 10007
New Jersey, New York, Puerto
Rico, Virgin Islands
212-264-2525
EPA Region 3
Peter Bibko
6th and Walnut Streets
Philadelphia PA 19106
Delaware, Maryland,
Pennsylvania, Virginia, West
Virginia, District of Columbia
215-597-9814
EPA Region 4
Charles Jeter
345 Courtland Street NE
Atlanta GA 30308
Alabama, Georgia, Florida,
Mississippi, North Carolina,
South Carolina, Tennessee,
Kentucky
404-881-4727
EPA Region 5
Val Adamkus
230 S. Dearborn
Chicago IL 60604
Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan,
Wisconsin, Minnesota
312-353-2000
EPA Region 6
Dick Whittington
1201 Elm Street
Dallas TX 75270
Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma,
Texas, New Mexico
214-767-2600
EPA Region 7
324 East 11th Street
Kansas City MO 64106
Iowa, Kansas, Missouri,
Nebraska
816-374-5493
EPA Region 8
Steve Durham
1860 Lincoln Street
Denver CO 80295
Colorado, Utah, Wyoming,
Montana, North Dakota,
South Dakota
303-837-3895
EPA Region 9
Sonia Crow
215 Fremont Street
San Francisco CA 94105
Arizona, California, Nevada,
Hawaii, Guam, American Samoa,
Trust Territories of the Pacific
415-556-2320
EPA Region 10
John Spencer
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle WA 98101
Alaska, Idaho, Oregon,
Washington
206-442-1220
Environmental Monitoring
and Support Laboratory
Cincinnati, OH 45268
(513) 684-7301
Environmental Monitoring
Systems Laboratory
P.O. Box 15027
Las Vegas, NV89114
(702) 798-2100
Environmental Monitoring
Systems Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC
27711
(919) 541-2106
Environmental Research
Laboratory
College Station Road
Athens, GA 30605
(404) 546-3134
Environmental Research
Laboratory
200 SW 35th Street
Corvallis, OR 97330
(503) 757-4601
Environmental Research
Laboratory
6201 Congdon Boulevard
Duluth, MN 55804
(218) 727-6692
Environmental Research
Laboratory
Sabine Island
Gulf Breeze, FL 32561
(904) 932-5311
Environmental Research
Laboratory
South Ferry Road
Narragansett, Rl 02882
(401) 789-1071
Environmental Sciences
Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC
27711
(919) 541-2191
Health Effects Research
Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC
27711
(919) 541-2281
Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory
Cincinnati, OH 45268
(513) 684-4402
Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC
27711
(919) 541-2821
Municipal Environmental
Research Laboratory
Cincinnati, OH 45268
(513) 684-7951
Robert S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory
P.O. Box 1198
(S. Craddock & Kerr Road)
Ada, OK 74820
(405) 332-8800
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