United States
             Environmental Protection
             Agency
             Research And Development   21R-1003
             (RD-675)          April 1991
£EPA
Environmental Research
Centers Program
Annual  Report
FY  1990
             Office Of Exploratory Research
                                          Printed on Recycled Paper

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U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
   OFFICE OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
           ANNUAL REPORT

                of the
   ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTERS
              PROGRAM
          FISCAL YEAR 1990

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                      TABLE OF CONTENTS

History  of the  Program	     i
Organization  of Centers	     ii
Table of Research Centers	    iii
Summary  of Outputs	    iii
Contacts	    iv
Chapter 1:   Advanced  Environmental Control Technology
             Research Center	     1
Chapter 2:   Center for  Environmental Epidemiology	   21
Chapter 3:   Ecosystems Research Center	   4 1
Chapter 4:   Hazardous Waste Research Center	   67
Chapter 5:   Industrial Waste Elimination  Research Center	   83
Chapter 6:   Marine Sciences Research Center	   93
Chapter 7:   National Center for Groundwater  Research	  103
Chapter 8:   National Center for  Intermedia  Transport
             Research	  11 9

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          U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

                        ANNUAL REPORT

                              OF THE

       ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTERS PROGRAM

                     FOR FISCAL YEAR 1990


History of the Environmental Research  Centers Program

      The primary  responsibility  of the  U.S.  Environmental Protection
Agency  (EPA)  is  to  implement  and  enforce  laws  to  mitigate  or
prevent  environmental  pollution.    Central to  the  execution of  this
responsibility  is  the  need  for  reliable  scientific information to  assist
in decision  making.  EPA also recognizes its responsibility  to provide
support to the academic  environmental  research community, as  it is
this   sector  which  conducts   most  of  the  Nation's  fundamental
research.   It  is  only through  the  advancement of our understanding
of the complex  processes  involved  in environmental pollution and  its
remediation  that  significant progress can be  made.

      To  ensure  the stable  and  continuing  support  of   long-term,
fundamental  environmental  research,   EPA  created  the   Office  of
Exploratory  Research  (OER) in  1979.  The primary function  of OER is
to support  environmental  research grants and centers  under which
high  quality,  state-of-the-art  scientific  studies  are  performed which
may  ultimately  prove  beneficial  in   our  attempts  to   understand,
correct,  and  prevent environmental pollution.

      The Environmental   Research Centers  Program  was   created in
1979   to  provide  support  to  institutions  which  were  willing  to
dedicate  their efforts  for  several  years to  addressing   especially
serious  or  complex  environmental  problems of  concern to  the
Agency.   Eight  university-based  centers  were  established  and  each
conducts research in  an area named by  EPA  as a high priority.   The
locations  of these  center's research topics, principal research focuses,
and contacts  are  described in subsequent sections of this report.

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Organization of the Environmental  Research Centers Program

      Support  to  each  center  is  provided  through  a  cooperative
agreement  with EPA.   Each  center's research  program is managed  by
a  center director, in  concert with  EPA's project officer.  The center
director  is  assisted  by  a Science Advisory  Committee which advises
the  director  on  the   technical  progress  of  ongoing  research,  and
reviews  proposals  for  further  research.     The  Science  Advisory
Committees  (SACs)  are composed  of scientists and  engineers from
industry, government,  and  academic institutions.   Each  SAC includes
at least  two  members  from  EPA  laboratories.   The  director  of  the
centers  program in OER is responsible  for policy matters affecting  the
centers  program  and  for  the  review  and  renewal  of  individual
centers.

      In   1986,   following   an   intensive   evaluation   of   the
Environmental  Research  Centers  Program, it was  decided that all  of
the current eight  centers would receive authorization and  funding  for
one  more  five-year project period.   At the  end of  that time, EPA
would determine which of the original  eight  topics, if any,  it would
like  to continue funding through  the  centers  program or  if  any  new
priorities  had  asserted themselves.   The original eight centers would
be  ineligible  to receive additional  support under  the ERC program
unless they successfully won a competition for new centers.

      In 1990, the  Agency  issued  a  solicitation  for  proposals  to
establish four  new  exploratory  environmental research centers.   The
solicitation  did not specify research topics.   Rather,  proposers were
asked  to  design  a  center  around  a  research  theme of  their  own
choosing and  to justify  in their  proposal why  the theme  they chose is
valuable to  EPA  and  to  the environmental  community  in  general.
Because  of this wording, all eight centers were eligible to  compete for
funds.   The  seven current centers which elected to participate  are
competing  with 80  other institutions.   Peer  reviews of all  proposals
are scheduled to take  place in the Summer  of 1991 and  EPA expects
to select winners  before the end  of  the  fiscal  year.   The project
period  for  each  of  the  current  centers  was  extended   for  one
additional  year,  to  provide  for  an  orderly  phase-out of operations.
The project ending date for each  center is  shown in Table  1.
                                  11

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                          Table  1:    Research  Centers
    University

Rice  University
University of Oklahoma
Oklahoma State University

University of  Illinois,
  Urbana

University of  Pittsburgh

University of Rhode Island

University of  California-
  Los Angeles

Illinois  Institute  of
  Technology

Cornell  University

Louisiana State University
                               Year          Date
    Center  Theme             Started      Completed

Ground Water Research            1979           8/91



Advanced Environmental           1979          11/91
Control Technology Research

Environmental  Epidemiology       1979          10/91

Marine Science Research           1980           7/91

Intermedia  Transport  Research     1980           8/92


Industrial Waste  Elimination       1980          11/91


Ecosystems Research              1980          12/91

Hazardous Waste  Research         1980           1/93
Summary  of Center  Outputs  in  FY 1990

      The  centers are responsible for  publishing  the results  of their
work.   Though  publication  in  peer-reviewed journals is the  preferred
approach,  other  types of  publication  and  presentation  are  also used
to speed information  transfer.   In  Fiscal  Year  1990  (FY 1990),  which
covers  the  period October  1,  1989  through  September  30,  1990,  the
centers  collectively  produced  a  total  of 84 refereed journal  articles,
24  books  or  bound  proceedings,  55  book  chapters, and  63  project
reports.   In addition, they have  sponsored or  co-sponsored  a total  of
25  conferences  or  seminars.    A bibliography  containing  references
for all  outputs are listed for each center at the end of its reports.
                                     111

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Contacts

      In  the chapters that follow, the  activities and  plans of  each
center are  described.    Additional  information  about  the  program
generally may be  obtained by  writing or calling:

            Karen  Morehouse
            Director
            Centers and  Special Programs  Staff (RD-675)
            U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
            401  M Street, Southwest
            Washington, DC  20460
            202/382-5750

Information  about specific  centers  or  their  programs  is  available
from  the  individual  center   directors   or  project  officers.    Their
addresses  and  telephone numbers appear  at the beginning  of  each
center's  chapter.
                                 IV

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CENTER:


LOCATION:

DIRECTOR:
PROJECT OFFICER:
Advanced  Environmental  Control  Technology
Research  Center

University of Illinois  at  Urbana-Champaign

Richard S.  Engelbrecht
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Illinois  at  Urbana-Champaign
205  North  Mathews  Avenue
Urbana, IL  61801
217/333-3822    Fax:   217/333-9464

David G. Stephan
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
U. S. Environmental  Protection Agency
26 West  Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513/569-7896
FTS:   684-7896
FUNDS  SPENT DURING FY  1990  (10/1/89  -  9/30/90)

                 EPA               $573,000
                 Other  Government    6,200
                 University           52,000
                 Private Sector            0
                      Total
             $631,200
                   DESCRIPTION OF THE PROGRAM

      The  research  effort  of   the  Advanced  Environmental  Control
Technology  Research  Center (AECTRC)  may  be  described  as  problem
oriented  fundamental research  or as  exploratory  research  which  provides
a  coupling  between  fundamental  and  applied  research  as  it  impacts
technologies  associated   with   either  air  or  water  quality  control.
Specifically,  the  research  focuses  on  separation  technology,  plus
contaminant detoxification  and  destruction.    The  technologies  used  in
separating contaminants from  waste  streams,  as  well  as  for  detoxification
and destruction,  may be either biological,  chemical,  or physical in nature.
The ultimate objective  of  the research program is the  development  of cost-

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effective  technology  which  can  remove  specific  toxic  and  hazardous
materials  found in low  concentrations  in  waste streams.
                    ACCOMPLISHMENTS - FY 1990
      Supercritical  Fluid   Extraction Supercritical  fluids   (SCFs)  are
gases  compressed  to  liquid-like  densities.    In this  state,  they  possess
unique  solvent characteristics.   SCFs  have been  shown to have  extremely
valuable properties for  separations  and reactions  in  a  wide  variety  of
industrial  applications.  The  use of SCFs in  environmental control has  been
the focus  of this study, for example,  the extraction of low concentrations of
highly toxic substances from  adsorbents.

      Water supplies,  wastewaters,  and  leachates,  which  may  contain
organic  contaminants  up  to  a few  hundred  milligrams  per  liter,  are
frequently   treated  by  adsorbing  the contaminants  on  granular activated
carbon  (GAC).    When  the  adsorption capacity  of  the GAC  becomes
exhausted,   the GAC must be replaced or  regenerated.   SCFs  are  being
investigated for the regeneration of GAC  coupled with  the  separation  and
concentration  of  the   adsorbed  contaminants, making  them  available  for
separate detoxification  or,  in  some  cases,  as  valuable  products  for
recycling.    Because   the  economic  feasibility  of  the  process  appears
favorable,  a pilot  plant was  designed  and  built  to study  GAC  regeneration
and  to yield   the  scale-up  data needed for  the  design  of mobile  GAC
treatment   facilities.

      The  pilot  plant  studies  have been   performed  concurrently  with
computer-aided design  studies  to  determine  crucial  data   needed  for
reliable designs.    Work  has  been completed on  the extraction  of model
compounds  from GAC  in the presence and absence of water  using pure  and
cosolvent-modified  SCFs.   In  addition, separation  experiments  on  SCF-
contaminant mixtures   indicate  that  the contaminant distributes  favorably
into  the liquid phase for separation.

      The  effect of  cosolvent,  water,  and   operating  conditions  on  both
extraction  efficiency  and phase behavior have been  used to evaluate  and
modify  the various  models   needed  for  design purposes.  By using  the
experimental data  to   test  the  thermodynamic  models,  the  ability of  the
design  package  to  extrapolate  to   other  conditions   has  been  greatly
improved.   The  interaction  between  the design effort  and the  pilot plant

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studies  will  generate the data  and confidence  necessary  to  design a
scale  mobile  unit for SCF regeneration of GAC.
full
      Thermal   Regeneration   of  Activated   Carbon:  The   thermal
regeneration  of  activated  carbon  has  continued  to  be  studied  using
granular activated carbon (GAC)  loaded with methylene  blue.   The effect of
the  ratio of  the  two  oxidation  gases,  steam  and  carbon dioxide,  on the
recovery  of  adsorption  capacity has  been evaluated.  It was  found  that
regeneration  with  steam  and  carbon  dioxide  produced  a  GAC with  an
adsorption capacity for p-nitrophenol significantly greater than  with  steam
alone  or  than that  of the  virgin material.   The  possible reasons  could be
either  that  more surface area accessible to p-nitrophenol  is  produced  when
using  carbon  dioxide,  or  that  a  different  surface chemistry  which  is  more
amenable to  the adsorption of  p-nitrophenol  is obtained.    To determine
which  of the reasons  is  valid,  nitrogen isotherms  were  performed  on the
samples.   From the isotherms, BET and Dubinin micropore  surface  (Smj)
areas  were  calculated.   It  was found  that  the iodine number and the
methylene blue  value  correlated  well  with  BET surface  area,  but that p-
nitrophenol capacity  correlated  with  Smj.  This led to the  conclusion that
the  mechanism   of  adsorption  for  p-nitrophenol  is  different  than that for
iodine and  methylene  blue.

      In a study of the effect of  time of pyrolysis on regeneration, the mass
loss due to  pyrolysis  and  regeneration  was  found to  be   independent of
pyrolysis  time.   The  volume   loss  after  regeneration decreased  with
increasing pyrolysis time.   The reason  for the decreasing  volume  loss could
either  be  that  the particles which  were  pyrolyzed  for  the  longer times
swelled  during  reactivation, or that  surface functional  groups  were  formed
which  did  not  allow  the  particles  to  pack  as closely.    After  further
investigation  using  mercury  penetrometry, it  was  concluded  that  under
certain conditions,  surface  functional  groups  can  cause   apparent  GAC
volume increases, but that this  effect is  small and of little practical value.

      Anaerobic  GAC   Biological   Treatment:  The   expanded-bed
granular  activated  carbon  (GAC)  anaerobic bioreactor  is   a  process  that
combines the  biological  function  of  anaerobic  treatment   with physical
adsorption.    This  process  has  been shown  to  be  ideally  suited for the
treatment  of   wastewaters  containing  mixtures  of  biodegradable  and
refractory  organic  compounds.    This study  was  designed   to  assess the
effectiveness  of the  process  in  treating  synthetic  wastewaters  containing
mixtures  of  RCRA  compounds  in  various  background  materials.   Two
reactors  were  operated on  wastewaters  designed  to  simulate  the high

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 strength,  in-plant  process  streams  prior  to  dilution  with  domestic
 wastewater  and   rinse/cooling   waters.     One  wastewater  contained
 background materials  and six volatile RCRA  compounds,  while  the  other
 contained  the   same  background  materials  and  six  semi-volatile  RCRA
 compounds.  A third reactor was  operated on a  1%  mixture of  the first two
 wastewaters  prepared  in  a  primary  effluent  obtained  from   a  domestic
 wastewater treatment  plant.    The   third  wastewater  was   designed   to
 simulate  a more  complex and  dilute wastewater  that may  be  generated
 from an industrial complex.

      All three reactor systems  affected excellent  removal  of  all the RCRA
 constituents.   Chloroform, which  was  added  in  the  feed  and  was  produced
 within  the reactor through  the  reduction  of  carbon tetrachloride,  was
 removed to a  level of 97%;  however,  the  3%  that  persisted in  the effluent
 caused  a reduction in the ability of  the  methanogenic microorganisms  to
 utilize  acetic  acid and  acetone.  These compounds  persisted  in the  treated
 effluent  at approximately 60% of  their feed  concentrations.

      This study  is completed,  and  shows  that  the  expanded-bed  GAC
 anaerobic  bioreactor  is  an  effective  technology  for  removing  RCRA
 compounds  from  both  high-strength  and  dilute  industrial wastewaters.

      Microbial   Selection   in  Anaerobic   GAC     Expanded-Bed
 Biofilms: The  objective  of this research is  to   examine  factors  that
 influence  microbial  competition  for  space  and  the  distribution  of the
 competing  species in anaerobic  biofilms.   Results from this research should
 explain  why  certain  organic  compounds  can  be  removed  effectively  in
 attached biofilm  treatment systems  while other  biodegradable compounds
 may  escape  treatment.    If  the  microorganisms  responsible  for  the
 treatment  of  one compound  concentrate on   the  external  surface  of  a
 biofilm,  they  become susceptible to loss  by  mechanical  shear.    Such
 organisms may locate  near  the outer surface  of the  biofilm due to either a
 limited  availability  of food  or  to displacement  from the  more  sheltered
 inner layers of a  biofilm by  faster growing microorganisms.

      The  study  had  both an  experimental  and  a  theoretical  component.
The  experimental  component involved measurements  of  specific  microbial
densities in the attached biofilm  and  in the sheared biomass.   This study
represented  the first time  that  different  shear rates were  determined for
different groups of microorganisms sharing  a  common attachment surface.
A  biofilm  model  which  includes  a  mathematical  description   of  microbial
cultures  competing for growth space  was  developed and calibrated  against
the experimental data.   This model confirmed that differential  shear loss  of

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attached  microorganisms  can  occur,  and  that  excessive  organic  loading
rates  may  indeed  lead  to  the total  loss  from  the bioreactor of  certain
microbial species responsible  for  the  biodegradation  of some contaminants
of concern.

      The  results obtained  from  this  study  revealed  some of the  special
features  of biofilm systems  when compared to dispersed  growth  reactors.
Furthermore, this research confirmed the urgent need for  a  more  accurate
descriptor  of  mechanical microbial  shear  than  is  available  in  current
models.   Most  shear  models in current  use have resulted  from attempts to
fit  first order rate laws  to experimental data covering  narrow ranges of
experimental  conditions.

      Genetic   Transfer  in  Biological  Treatment   Processes:  The
transfer  of genetic information  among  different  bacteria  could alter the
capabilities  of  biological  wastewater   treatment  processes  to  degrade  a
range  of man-made  compounds.   Transfer  is  possible because genes for
many  degradation reactions  and other cell  functions  (such  as resistance to
antibiotics)  are contained on plasmids,  which are  small circular strands of
DNA that are  not  essential  for routine  cell  metabolism.  The plasmids can
be  transferred  among  bacterial  cells without affecting  the  primary genetic
make-up  contained on the  chromosome.

      A Pseudomonas strain was  isolated from a  laboratory biofilm reactor
and  used  as  a  recipient  of the  RP4 plasmid,  which  codes for antibiotic
resistances  and  was  donated  by Rhodabacter capsulatus.  Batch kinetic
experiments  were  performed  to  determine   the   two   plasmid-transfer
kinetic  coefficients and the  plasmid-loss  coefficient.   Depending on  reaction
conditions,  the  plasmid-transfer  rates  were  large  enough  to  allow
significant plasmid maintenance in  a  biological process.    The  key finding
was  that  the  rates  of  plasmid  transfer depend  strongly  on  the  energy
availability for  the  donor  cell.    When energy  is made  available  from
consumption of  dissolved substrate or  storage  products,  the transfer  rates
increase dramatically,  becoming significant in terms  of biological processes.
The  plasmid loss rate  was small,  but  its low value  precluded determination
of an exact value.

      A  second  set of experiments was initiated with  two Pseudomonas
strains  and  the TOL  plasmid,  which contains genes  for  the  biodegradation
of toluene,  xylene, and related  aromatic compounds.  Oligonucleotide probes
for  the cells'  16S rRNA  and the DNA   of the TOL  plasmid were developed
from  the sequences  of these  molecules.  Methods  to detect each  type of
probe after  it has hybridized to intact cells  were developed and tested.

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      A  two-part  review  paper   was   published  as   a  feature  in
 Environmental  Science  and  Technology  [24:23-29  (1990);  24:162-169
 (1990);  AECTRC Publ. No.  90-2 (1990)].   The  paper  introduced to the
 environmental  field  the   concepts   of  genetic  capability  in  biological
 processes and how  plasmid transfer   can  affect the capability.   The paper
 provides the  first critical  review of  plasmid-transfer kinetics  and  a  model
 of  plasmid  transfer  and plasmid  content within a  biological  process.   The
 conclusion  of  the  paper   is that plasmid transfer  can  be  a  significant
 mechanism  for  controlling  the capabilities  of  a biological process,  but  that
 much  more information  is needed  concerning  the  parameters  describing
 transfer kinetics.

      Ultrafiltration   for  Removal  of   Turbidity   and   Disinfection
 Byproducts  from   Water:  As  drinking  water  standards  in  the United
 States  become  increasingly  stringent,   the  producers  of  public  water
 supplies  are  being  forced   to  consider  new  technologies  for  water
 treatment.     Membrane  processes   are  among  these  new   technologies.
 Because of the  extremely  small  size  of  the  membrane  pores,  membranes
 can  potentially  remove   a large number of dissolved  and  paniculate
 contaminants  from  natural water  sources.   The  specific  interest  of  this
 study has  been  on  the ability of relatively  high  flux  ultrafiltration  (UF)
 membranes  to remove pathogenic organisms,  turbidity-causing paniculate
 matter,   and   compounds  resulting  from  the   chlorination   of  water
 (disinfection  byproducts—DBFs).

      In this study,  a  continuous-flow UF pilot plant is  being used  to treat
water from  Lake Decatur,  Illinois.    The pilot  plant  is located  in  the
laboratory of  the South Water Treatment  Plant in Decatur.   It is equipped
for  continuous  recording  of  transmembrane pressure, water  turbidity,  and
temperature.    The  pilot  plant  uses  100,000  molecular-weight-cutoff,
hollow-fiber,   membrane   cartridges,  with  internal  fiber  diameters  of
approximately  a  millimeter, and  pore diameters  of  about  100  Angstroms.
Quality  of  treatment   is   judged   by  the   removal   of   turbidity,
microorganisms,  non-purgeable  dissolved   organic   carbon  (NPOC),
compounds  absorbing  ultraviolet  radiation (UV  absorption),  and  DBFs
including  the trihalomethanes  (THMs).   The  trihalomethanes consist  of  a
group of four DBFs  which  may cause cancer in humans; hence, the  removal
of the THM formation potential is  important  and is becoming increasingly
scrutinized.  Other DBFs such  as haloaecetic acids, chloral hydrate, and total
organic  halides  also  are being measured  in samples by  EPA  in Cincinnati,
Ohio.   Treatment efficiency of the  pilot  plant system is evaluated by its
ability to prevent irreversible  membrane fouling  by  natural organic matter

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in the  lake  water,  and on  the frequency of  UF  backflushing  required  to
efficiently  remove  solid material deposited  on the membrane  surface.

      As  previously  observed  with a  laboratory-scale  batch UF system,  it
has  been  found  that  UF  is  extremely  effective   (and dependable)  in
removing  turbidity,  consistently resulting in turbidity  values  less than 0.1
nephelometric turbidity  units (NTU).  Total  heterotrophic plate counts were
reduced from about  10,000/mL in the influent to the  pilot plant  to  10/mL
in the  UF  permeate. Likewise, total  coliform bacteria were  reduced from
about  100/100  mL  in  the influent   to  0/100  mL  in  the  UF  permeate.
Although   UF  alone  is no more effective   than  conventional  treatment
processes  for removing NPOC  and  THM formation  potential, it  has been
found  that  with  powdered  activated  carbon pretreatment,  continuous  UF  is
more effective than  conventional  processes in removing  NPOC and  THM
formation  potential.    Further,  it has   been  confirmed that  hydrophilic
membranes  are  much  less   likely  than   hydrophobic membranes   to
experience irreversible  membrane  fouling due  to  the  adsorption of  organic
materials  in  the  membrane pores.    With periods  of  filtration  spanning
several days,  there  is  almost  negligible loss of membrane  permeability.
Considerable progress also has  been  made to  improve  the pilot  plant  so  as
to achieve automatic backflushing  at regular periods ranging from  10  to 60
minutes.

      Sorav  Drying   for  Control   of   Atmospheric    Emissions:
Detrimental effects  that result  from  the   emission of  sulfur  dioxide  (SO2),
nitrogen  oxide  (NO),  and  hydrogen   chloride  (HC1)  into  the  earth's
atmosphere  have  become   more  evident in  recent   years.   Consequently
there is a  need for  cost-effective SO2,  NO, and  HC1 emission  control
technology.   Research on  the  simultaneous  separation  and removal of these
pollutants  from waste  gas   streams with  spray drying is being performed.
The  study focuses  on  the   use  of additives that are  hygroscopic and can
enhance the  ability  of spray dryers to remove  SO2, NO, and  HC1 from gas
streams.   Two laboratory-scale  spray  dryers have been  employed  to collect
experimental data.   In addition, a numerical  model has  been  developed  to
describe the removal of contaminant  gases  from  gas  streams  with a  spray
dryer.   Both the  experimental and  numerically  modeled results describe
the dependence of SO2, NO, and/or HC1  removal on critical parameters  such
as the composition  of  the  gas stream and  additives,  approach  to adiabatic
saturation  temperature of the  gas  stream at the  outlet  of the spray dryer,
relative  amounts  of sorbent   to  contaminant  gas  used to  remove the
contaminants  of  the  gas   stream,   and physical  characteristics  of the

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 sorbents such  as  its  specific  surface  area.   Overall, there has  been close
 agreement  between  the experimental  and  theoretical results.

      Combined   Plasma   Photolysis:   Detrimental  effects  that  result
 from the emissions  of SC>2  and NO into the  atmosphere have become more
 evident  in recent years.  Consequently, there  is  a  need  to  develop more
 effective methods for  the simultaneous  removal of  SO2 and NO  from gas
 streams.  Combined Plasma  Photolysis (CPP)  is a  new method proposed for
 removal of these gases from gas  streams  produced by  the combustion  of
 coal.   CPP  consists  of select components of existing  technology that are
 currently used  for  other  applications  such  as  carbon   dioxide  lasers and
 fluorescent lamps.  Simultaneous removal of SO2  and NO  from gas streams
 is hypothesized to  occur  by  the  chemical reactions of  SO2  and  NO with
 hydroxyl radicals (OH) that  are formed in  the CPP reactor.  This gas phase
 method  of  removing  gaseous  contaminants  from  gas streams  has  the
 potential to  replace  existing air  pollution control  technology that is more
 expensive  and  less  energy  efficient.   Research  over   the  past year  has
 generated  both  experimental  and   numerically   modeled  results.    A
 laboratory-scale reactor that is interfaced  with a flue  gas  generator and
 detection system was  used  to experimentally  evaluate  the  effectiveness  of
 CPP.   Experimental results  include  the removal  efficiency  dependence  of
 SO2 and NO on concentrations of inlet SO2, H2O,  O2, the  residence time of
 the  gas in  the  reactor, and  electrical  potential  difference   across  the
 reactor's electrodes.    Individual  removal efficiencies  for SO2  and  NO were
 as  high as  80%  and  50%, respectively.    Results  from  the  numerical
 modeling portion  of the research  include  SO2 and  NO removal efficiency
 dependence  on  relevant parameters, such as  composition of the gas  stream,
 amount  of  energy  deposited  into the  gas  per  unit   mass  of  the gas,
 temperature  of  the gas, rate  of OH-  production, and the use of  ultraviolet
 photolysis  to  enhance the  production of  OH-  radicals.   Numerical  results
 have been  in  close  agreement   with  experimental  results  for  the  SO2
 removal  efficiency dependence on  concentration of  O2-   Numerical  results
 also  have  been encouraging  for  the  combined   use  of  the  plasma  with
 ultraviolet  light.

      Gas-Particle    Interactions: Experimental   studies  of   the
interaction  between  a  single  particle  and  its gaseous  surroundings  are
important in  investigations  such  as the acidification of rain  droplets,  the
reduction of  atmospheric  visibility,  and  the operation  of  air  pollution
control   equipment.    Studies of  single  particles  have been traditionally
performed  with  the  particle  held  on  a  supporting surface.   Since  the
physical  support can  interfere with  the measurement,  instrumentation has

                                    8

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been  developed  to study  single  particles  suspended  without  the  use  of
physical  supports.  One  of  these  devices,  the  electrodynamic  particle
balance,  uses an  electric  field to counteract the  force  of gravity  and thus
suspends a  single particle in a controlled  gaseous environment.  The  voltage
needed  to  suspend  the  particle  is a sensitive measure  of the mass  of the
particle.   By recording changes  in  balancing voltages,  changes  in particle
mass, as the suspended  particle  grows or  shrinks,  can be recorded.

      In FY  1990,  an  electrodynamic  particle   balance  was  constructed
using  funds  provided  by  the  National  Science  Foundation  and  the
University  of Illinois, whereby dry  particles can  be successfully suspended.
A gas generation system  was developed  to  create  a  gas stream of relative
humidities  between  approximately  5%  to 95%.   This  gas  stream is  passed
through the balance to study the  growth or shrinkage  of a single particle as
changes  in  relative humidity  occur.   This study  has  applications  to spray
dryers  which  are air pollution  control  devices   used  to remove  gaseous
contaminants  such as  SC>2  from gas streams.  Since spray dryer efficiency
can be  improved  by increasing  the  drying  time  of the  liquid droplets used
in the  device,  the growth information  gained   from the particle  balance
experiments  can  be used  to  understand how droplet  drying  time can  be
lengthened  and  thus,  improve the spray  dryer efficiency.

      Activated   Carbon   Fibers   for   Removal   of    Organic
Contaminants  from  Indoor Air:  There is  interest in removing volatile
organic compounds from  indoor  air because of  the  health risks posed  by
prolonged   exposure  to  these gaseous  compounds.    In this  study,  the
adsorption  capacity  of  activated   carbon  fibers  are  being  measured  to
determine  how  effectively these  fibers  remove  organic  gases  from  an
environment  that experimentally  simulates  indoor  air.    The  activated
carbon fibers  used in  this study are  in  the form  of a flexible, woven fabric
that  has been carbonized  and activated.   The resulting material  has high
adsorption  capacities  and  can  be regenerated  in  situ  using  electrical
resistance  heating.    The  adsorption  capacities   of these  fibers,  however,
have  not been quantified for the  low  concentrations  of volatile organic
compounds  that exist  in indoor air.

      The   adsorption  capacities  of  activated   carbon  fibers  are  being
determined  for  two  organic  gases   that  typically  exist   in  indoor
environments: benzene and  1,1,1  trichloroethane.   Three  main  goals  were
achieved:  (1)  a  gravimetric  balance  for  measurement  of  adsorption
isotherms was  obtained  and  characterized,  (2)   a  permeation tube  system
has been  constructed  to produce  gas streams  with  known  concentrations of
contaminant gas,  and  (3)  a method  to  calibrate  the mass  emission  rates of

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the  permeation tubes was developed  and used  to  calibrate the permeation
tube  system.    The  contaminant gas  emitted  from  the  permeation  tube is
mixed  with  varying  proportions  of  clean air  to  produce  gas  streams  of
known  contaminant  concentration.    The  synthesized  contaminated  gas
stream  is  then passed through  a  gravimetric  balance  and around  a sample
of  the  activated carbon fibers.   As  the  fibers  adsorb  the  contaminant, the
mass of  the   fibers increases.   The  balance system  measures  this   mass
change.   From the  contaminant concentration and  fiber weight  gain  data,
the  adsorption  isotherms  can be  plotted.  The isotherms can  then  be  used
with  numerical models  to predict the  efficiency of an  air  cleaning system
containing the  activated  carbon fibers.

      General: The Center has  continued  to be  an  active partner  of the
Trilateral  Research  Agreement  between the Japan  Sewage  Works  Agency,
the  USEPA,  and  the University of  Illinois at  Urbana-Champaign,  through
the exchange  of personnel and the sharing of  research results.  Also,  under
the  Center's  Distinguished International Lecturer Program,  six  engineers  or
scientists   visited  the  campus   during  the year  to give  seminars  and  to
participate in  symposia.   Although  administered through  the  Center,  these
two activities  do not receive  any funding  from EPA.


                      RESEARCH GOALS - FY 1991

      The  design and economic  analysis of a process for the regeneration of
GAC by   supercritical  fluid  (SCF)  extraction  will  complete  this  study.
Significant  experimental  accomplishments  with  the SCF pilot  plant  have
made it possible to develop a  model for the SCF regeneration of GAC  and
the incorporation  of this  model into  a full scale  design  will  be the  final
product.   The  design will  likely include two basic  scales of  processing  along
with economic forecasts based  on  cost  per pound of GAC regenerated.  With
the incorporation  of experimental results, the contingency  factors  that are
an  inevitable   part  of  any design  will be  substantially reduced, giving  a
much more reliable design  and  making  the  SCF  process a  more viable
alternative for hazardous  waste  processing.   Finally,  these designs  will
include  consideration  of  a  mobile regeneration  unit   which   can  be
transported  to waste  sites on  a  semi-truck trailer  and  a  large, stationary
facility  built  on-site for  more  extensive  clean-up requirements.

      To  study the  effects of  oxidizing gases  and  type  of  activated carbon*
on  the  thermal regeneration of granular activated  carbon (GAC),  two  types
of  activated   carbon will  be  loaded  with adsorbate  and regenerated  with
several  steam and  carbon dioxide  flow  rates  at  850_C.   This series  of
                                    10

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experiments  will  permit the actions of  the  three  factors  (type  of carbon,
steam  flow rate,  and carbon dioxide flow  rate) to be  evaluated  as well as
the interactions between them.   In  order  to  study the effects  of multiple
loading/regeneration  cycles  on  GAC quality,  GAC samples will be  loaded
with  methylene  blue.    All  samples  will  be  regenerated  at the  same
temperature,  with   two  each  at  a  steam  flow  rate  to  yield  proper
regeneration,  underregeneration,  and  overregenerated   as   measured   by
apparent  density.    After regeneration,  a portion of  each  sample  will  be
used  for  analysis  and  the remainder  will  be  reloaded  and  regenerated
using the  same set  of conditions.  This procedure will be  repeated three or
four times.  The purpose of this  final phase  of study is to  determine if GAC
can  be  restored  to near-virgin  adsorption  capacity  in  a  multiple  use
system, if volume losses will accelerate  as  the  result  of reuse, and  what the
effect  of  improper regeneration  will be  on GAC quality.

      The  transfer   of  genetic  information  in  biological  wastewater
treatment  processes  will  be  further  evaluated  by  studying  the  transfer
kinetics associated with  the  TOL  plasmid.  Special emphasis will  be given to
the energy availability  of the  donor and recipient cells.   Based upon  the
experimental  results, the  current  model  of  plasmid   transfer  and  content
will be  improved.    Finally, the  model  will  be  utilized to evaluate  the
significance  of  plasmid transfer  in  actual biological processes and  how  the
processes  can  be   manipulated  to  enhance  the   bacteria's  degradative
capabilities.

      In   studying  the treatment  of  water  supplies  by ultrafiltration  (UF),
the existing pilot  plant will  be further developed for automatic operation
and data  logging.   This will make  it possible  to operate the pilot  plant for
longer periods  of time.  In future  studies,  the  frequency and  duration of
the  backflushing   step  will   be  investigated;  this  is  an  important
consideration in optimizing the  overall production of  drinking  water.   At
the same  time, the  effect  of  various powdered  activated carbon  (PAC)  and
coagulant  doses on   water  quality  will  be evaluated.    Finally,  upon  receipt
of the DBF analysis  results from  EPA, it  will  be possible to correlate the
removal of easily  measured NPOC with the  removal of the  DBPs.

      Continuation  of  the  research on spray  dryers  for the   control  of
atmospheric  emissions  will involve experimental tests to further  evaluate
the use  of high  surface  area  sorbents  to  remove contaminant  gases from
gas streams.   Experimental research exploring  the  influence  of HC1 on a
spray  dryer's   ability  to   remove  SO2  from  gas  streams  will  also  be
performed.   A proposal  will  be  prepared   and submitted to  the  U.S.
Department of  Energy  to  continue this  research.   It  is  expected that the


                                     1 1

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results  from  the  research will be  useful  in increasing the  capability of
conventional air  pollution control  technology  to  remove  SO2,  NO, and  HC1
from gas  streams  in  a  more  cost-effective manner.    Experimental  and
theoretical results  will  be applicable to sources  of air pollution  such as
municipal solid waste incinerators  and coal fired power  plants.

      The  technology associated with  Combined  Plasma Photolysis  (CPP)
will be  evaluated  experimentally  and numerically  to  determine  its  ability
to  simultaneously  remove  SC>2  and NO  from simulated  flue  gases  at a
temperature   of  160°C.   The gases  will   simulate the  composition  and
temperature of gases produced  by the  combustion  of  coal  with  high  and
low  sulfur  content.    Experimental  and  numerical   tests  will  include
simultaneous  SO2  and  NO  removal  efficiency  dependence  on  gas
temperature,   concentration   of  gaseous  contaminants,   H2O   vapor
concentration,  and  electrical  energy  consumption.   Numerical results  can
then be  used  to  scale up the  results  to  full-scale processes.   Proposals  also
will  be  prepared  and  submitted  to   the  US   Environmental   Protection
Agency  and   US   Department  of  Energy  to   request support  for  the
continuation  of this  research.

      Using the  electrodynamic  particle  balance  which  is now available to
study gas-particle  interactions, two  phenomena  will be  investigated  during
the final months  of the study:  the  growth of dry particles  in response to
increases in relative  humidity  and the shrinkage  of  droplets  due  to relative
humidity decreases.   The dry  particles to  be  studied will  be  the  solid
sorbents  typically used  in  spray dryers.   Proposals to the National Science
Foundation  and  the  U.S. Department  of Energy  are in  preparation to
continue the research using the particle  balance.

      In  continuing  the  research  on the removal  of  organic contaminants
from  indoor  air by activated  carbon fibers,  the  adsorption  isotherms for
benzene  and  1,1,1  trichloroethane  will be  constructed.   Using the isotherm
data, it will  be possible to predict the  efficiency of an  air  cleaning  system
which  utilizes the  adsorptive capacity  of  activated  carbon  fibers.   Since
activated carbon  fibers show  promise as an air  pollution control  technology
that can  be  employed  in  many situations,   research on the  fibers   should
continue.

      General:  Although  the current research  activities of  the  Center are
scheduled to  be  phased  out over  the next  six  months,  it  will continue its
involvement   in  the  Trilateral  Research   Agreement  between  the  Japan
Sewage Works Agency,  the U. S.  Environmental  Protection Agency, and the
                                    12

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University  of  Illinois  at  Urbana-Champaign,  and organize  seminars and
symposia  under the Distinguished International Lecturer  Program.

                          OUTPUTS  -  FY  1990

      Articles in Refereed  Journals	8
      Articles Submitted or In Press	17
      Books  and Bound Proceedings	1
      Chapters  in Other Books	7
      Project Reports	8
      Conferences  and  Workshops  Held	4

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                            BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFEREED JOURNAL ARTICLES

      Brennecke,  J.F., D.L.  Tomasko,  and  C.A.  Eckert,  "Naphthalene/
Triethylamine  Exciplex  and  Pyrene  Excimer  Formation  in  Supercritical
Fluid Solutions," Journal of Physical  Chemistry. Vol. 94, No. 19, pp. 7692-
7700, 1990; AECTRC Publ. No. 90-9, 1990.

      Brennecke,  J.F.,  D.L.  Tomasko,  J.  Peshkin,  and  C.A.   Eckert,
"Fluorescence  Spectroscopy  Studies  of  Dilute   Supercritical  Solutions,"
Industrial and  Engineering Chemistry  Research.  Vol.  29, No.  8, pp. 1682-
1690, 1990; AECTRC Publ. No. 90-7, 1990.

      Fox,  P.   and  M.T.  Suidan,  "Batch  Tests  to  Determine  Activity
Distribution  and Kinetic  Parameters  for Acetate   Utilization in  Expanded-
Bed Anaerobic  Reactors,"  Applied  and Environmental Microbiology. Vol. 56,
No. 4, pp. 887-894, 1990; AECTRC Publ.  No.  90-4,  1990.

      Fox,  P., M.T.  Suidan, J.T. Pfeffer, and J.T.  Bandy,  "Hybrid Expanded-
Bed GAC Reactor  for  Treating  Inhibitory  Wastewaters,"  Journal of the
Environmental  Engineering Division  (ASCE), Vol. 116, No.  3,  pp.  438-453,
1990; AECTRC Publ. No. 90-5, 1990.

      Laine, J-M., M.M. Clark, and J. Mallevialle,  "Filtration  of Lake Water:
Effect of Pretreatment on Organic Partitioning, THMFP,  and Flux," Journal of
the American Water Works Association.  Vol. 82. No. 12, 1990.

      Rittmann,  B.E.,  B.  Smets, and  D.A.  Stahl,  "The  Role of Genes in
Biological Processes," Environmental Science  & Technology.  Vol. 24, pp. 23-
29, 1990; AECTRC Publ. No. 90-2,  1990.

      Smets,  B.F. and  B.E. Rittmann,  "Sorption Equilibria  for  Trichloroethene
on Algae," Water Research. Vol. 24, No.  3, pp. 355-360, 1990;  AECTRC Publ.
No. 90-3, 1990.

      Smets,  B., B.E. Rittmann, and  D.A.  Stahl,  "The  Role of Genes in
Biological  Processes," Environmental  Science &  Technology. Vol. 24, pp.
162-169,  1990;  AECTRC Publ. No. 90-2,  1990.
                                   14

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ARTICLES SUBMITTED OR IN  PRESS

      Alferi, S.R.,  D.J.  Kaiser, and C.A.  Eckert, "Vapor Pressure of Five
Heterocyclic Solids," Journal of Chemical  and  Engineering  Data,  submitted,
1989.

      Chang, M.B., M.J. Rood, J.H. Balbach,  and MJ.  Kushner,  "Removal of
SO2 Using Dielectric Barrier  Discharge  in  Moist Air  and by  Combined
Plasma  Photolysis,"  Journal  of Applied  Physics, submitted,  1990.

      Clark, M.M.  and  K.S. Heneghan, "Ultrafiltration  of  Lake  Water for
Potable Water  Production,"  Desalination, in press, 1990.

      Eckert, C.A., WJ. Howell, A.M. Karachewski, K.M.  Stephenson, J.H. Paik,
P.W. Carr,  and S.C.  Rutan, "An  Improved  MOSCED Equation for the
Prediction  and  Application  of Infinite Dilution  Activity  Coefficients,"  Fluid
Phase Equilibria, submitted,  1989.

      Fox, P. and M.T. Suidan, "Determination of Ks for Acetate Utilization in
Anaerobic  Expanded-Bed  with Steady-State Data in  Conjunction  with  Batch
Test Results," Applied  and  Environmental  Microbiology,  submitted, 1989.

      Fox, P., M.T. Suidan,  and J.T. Bandy,  "A Comparison of Media Types in
Acetate   Fed  Expanded-Bed  Anaerobic   Reactors,"   Water    Research.
submitted,  1989.

      Hansen,  A.R.  and  C.A.  Eckert,  "A  Relationship Between  Excess
Volumes and Enthalpies," Fluid Phase  Equilibria, submitted,  1989.

      Hansson,  H.C.,  A.  Wiedensohler,  M.J.  Rood,  and  D.S.  Covert,
"Experimental  Determination  of  the Hygroscopic  Properties of Organically
Coated NaCl Aerosol Particles,"  Journal  of Aerosol Science, submitted,  1990.

      Leman, G.W.,  H.H.  Yang,  and C.A. Eckert,  "Homogeneous  Catalysis for
Wet Oxidation:  Design and Economic Feasibility of  a  Mobile Detoxification
Unit," Hazardous Materials  Control,  submitted,  1989.

      Mayer, M.M., W.J. Howell, D.L. Tomasko,  and C.A. Eckert, "Solid-Liquid
Equilibria  in the Systems  Thianthrene +  Phenanthrene, Salicylic Acid  +
Phenanthrene,  and  3-Hydroxybenzoic   Acid  + Phenanthrene,"  Journal  of
Chemical  and Engineering Data, in press, 1990.
                                   15

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      Rittmann,  B.E., "Reactor Considerations in  the Use of Bioaugmentation
 in  Biological Treatment,"  Bioaugmentation  As a Means to Enhance. Waste
 Treatment. H.  Kobayashi  (ed.), Lewis Publishers,  Ann  Arbor, MI,  in  press,
 1989.

      Rood, M.J. and C.-S. Yuan,  "Numerical Modeling and the Experimental
 Verification  of  the  Simultaneous  Collection of SC>2  and NO via  Spray
 Drying," Aerosol Science and Technology, submitted,  1990.

      Simek, R.E. and MJ. Rood,  "Computer Model to Estimate Emissions of
 Air Contaminants  and  Power  Generation," Journal  of  the Air  and Waste
 Management  Association, submitted,  1990.

      Sloane,  C.S., M.J.  Rood, and C.F. Rogers,  "Measurement  of Aerosol
 Particle Size: I.  Improved Precision by Simultaneous  use of Optical Particle
 Counter and  Nephelometer,"  Aerosol Science  and  Technology,  in  press,
 1990.

      Trampe, D.M. and  C.A. Eckert,  "Calorimetric  Measurement of Partial
 Molar Excess  Enthalpies  at  Infinite  Dilution,"   Journal  of Chemical  and
 Engineering  Data,  submitted,  1989.

      Trampe, D.M. and C.A.  Eckert, "Limiting Activity  Coefficients  from an
 Improved  Differential  Boiler  Point  Technique," Journal of Chemical  and
 Engineering  Data,  submitted,  1989.

      VanAlsten, J.G. and C.A. Eckert,  "The  Effect of Entrainers and  of Solute
 Size and Polarity in Supercritical  Fluid Solutions," Journal  of  Chemical  and
 Engineering  Data,  submitted,  1989.
BOOKS AND BOUND PROCEEDINGS

      Sloane, C.S., M.J. Rood,  and C.F.  Rogers,  "Reconciliation  of Aerosol
Particle Size Measurements," Visibility and Fine Particles. C.V. Mathai (ed.),
Transactions of  the  Air and  Waste Management Association,  Pittsburgh,
PA; pp. 170-176,  1990; AECTRC Publ. No. 90-8, 1990.
CHAPTER IN OTHER BOOKS

      Andrews,  E.  and  S.M.  Larson,  "Studies  of Gas-Particle  Interaction
Using  Electrodynamic  Balance,"  Proceedings.  8th Annual  Meeting  of th*

                                   16

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Midwest  Association of Cloud  and Aerosol Physics. Urbana, IL,  May  17-18,
1990.

     -Balbach,  J.,  M.J.  Rood,  and  MJ.  Kushner, "SO2  Removal  Using
Combined  Plasma Photolysis," Proceedings.  Topical Conference  of  A.P.S..
Gaseous  Electronics. Palo Alto, CA, October 1989.

     Clark,  M.M.  and K.S.  Heneghan, "Ultrafiltration  of Lake  Water  for
Potable Water  Production,"  Proceedings.  1990  International  Congress  on
Membranes  and Membrane Processes. Chicago, IL,  August 20-24,  1990.

     Rood, M.J.  and R.E.H.  Contorer, "Influence  of  Specific Surface Area on
SO2  Removal Efficiency  in  Spray  Dryers,"  Proceedings.  American
Association  for Aerosol Research  '90.  Philadelphia,  PA, June 1990.

     Rood,  M.J.  and  C.-S.  Yuan,  "Sulfur Dioxide  and  Nitrogen  Oxides
Removal  from Flue Gases  by Atomized Spray Dryer Sorbents," Proceedings.
American  Association for Aerosol  Research  '89. Reno, NV, October  9-13,
1989.

     Sloane, C.S., M.J. Rood, and C.F.  Rogers, "Measurements of Aerosol
Particle Size: I. Improved  Precision by Simultaneous Use of Optical Particle
Counter  and Nephelometer,"  Proceedings.  American  Association for Aerosol
Research '89. Reno,  NV, October 9-13, 1989.

     Yuan, C.-S.  and M.J. Rood,  "Modeling of Simultaneous SO2 and NOX
Collection   in  a  Spray  Dryer:    Using  a  Lime  Slurry  with   Inorganic
Deliquescent  Additives,"  Proceedings.  83rd  Annual  Meeting  of the Air
Pollution  Control  Association.  APCA  Paper  No.  90-103.5,  pp.   1-16,
Pittsburgh,  PA, June  24-29,  1990.
PROJECT REPORTS

      Ekart, M.P., "Studies of Phase Equilibria in Supercritical Fluids," M.S.
Thesis,  Department  of  Chemical Engineering,  University  of Illinois  at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL,  1990.

      Larson,  S.M., M.  Shaw,  and E.  Andrews, "Studies  of Gas-Particle
Systems  Using  a  Particle  Balance,"  Final  Report  for  Research Planning
Study,  Advanced  Environmental  Control  Technology  Research  Center,
                                   17

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University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL,  1989; AECTRC  Publ.
No.  89-12,  1989.

      MacDonald,  J.A.,  "A  New  Frontier  in  Wastewater  Treatment:
Investigating  the  Potential  for  Using  Plasmids  to  Control  the  Genetic
Capabilities of  Biological Wastewater  Treatment  Processes,"  M.S.  Thesis,
Department  of  Civil  Engineering,  University   of   Illinois  at  Urbana-
Champaign,  Urbana,  IL,  1990.

      Najm, I.N., "Evaluation  of  the Use of Powdered  Activated Carbon  for
the Control  of  Organic Compounds  During Drinking Water Treatment," Ph.D.
Thesis,  Department  of Civil Engineering,  University  of  Illinois at  Urbana-
Champaign,  Urbana,  IL,  1990.

      Simek, R.E., "Modeling the  Combustion of Municipal Solid Waste," M.S.
Thesis,  Department  of Civil Engineering,  University  of  Illinois at  Urbana-
Champaign,  Urbana,  IL,  1990.

      "Summary of  Research Activities -  1989,"  Advanced  Environmental
Control  Technology  Research Center,  University of Illinois  at  Urbana-
Champaign,  Urbana, IL; AECTRC  Publ. No. 90-1, 1990.

      Tomasko,  D.L.,  "A Pilot Plant for  the  Supercritical Regeneration of
Granular Activated  Carbon  and  the Modelling  of Solid-Supercritical Fluid
Equilibria,"  M.S. Thesis, Department of  Chemical  Engineering,  University of
Illinois  at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana,  IL, 1990.

      Yuan,  C.S., "Simultaneous Collection of SC«2  and NOX via  Spray Drying:
Using  Sodium  Based and  Calcium  Based Sorbents with Select Additives,"
Ph.D.  Thesis,   Department of  Civil Engineering,   University  of  Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign,  Urbana, IL,  1990.
CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS HELD

      Distinguished  International  Lecturer  Program

      Special   Seminar  --  "Long-Range   Transport   of  Atmospheric
Contaminants  over  the Southwestern  United  States"  —  Dr.  Edward S.
Macias, Provost, Washington University,  St. Louis, MO, January  30,  1990.

      Full-Day  Symposium -- "The   Removal   and  Transformation  of
Organic  Matter in  Drinking Water" — featuring  Dr. Hallvard  Odegaard,

                                   18

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Norwegian Institute of Technology,  University  of Trondheim,  Trondheim,
Norway,  April 4,  1990.   Also making presentations at  the  Symposium were
Professor  Brian  Dempsey, University  Park,  PA, Professor  David Reckhow,
Amherst, MA, and Mr. Alan Stevens, USEPA, Cincinnati, Ohio.

      Special  Seminar --  "Particle  Removal  in Wastewater  Treatment" --
Dr. Hallvard  Odegaard,  Norwegian Institute of Technology,  University of
Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway,  April 5, 1990.

      Kappe   Lecture  Series --  "Mitigating  PCB  Contamination   in   the
Hudson River" --  Dr.  Paul L.  Busch,  President, Malcolm Pirnie,  Inc., White
Plains, NY,  September 14, 1990.
                                   19

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CENTER:             Center  for  Environmental  Epidemiology

LOCATION:          University  of Pittsburgh

DIRECTOR:           Bruce W. Case, M.D.
                      Graduate School of Public Health
                      University  of Pittsburgh
                      130  DeSoto Street
                      Pittsburgh,  PA  15261
                      412/624-1559    Fax:   412/624-3013

PROJECT OFFICER:   Gunther  Craun
                      Health Effects Research  Laboratory
                      U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                      26 West Martin Luther King  Drive
                      Cincinnati,  Ohio 45268
                      513/569-7422

FUNDS  SPENT  DURING  FY 1990 (10/1/89  -  9/30/90)

                 EPA                        $638,000
                 Other  Government            135,000
                 University                    33,000
                 Private  Sector                 41,000

                      Total                  $847,000


                   DESCRIPTION OF THE PROGRAM

      The Center  for Environmental Epidemiology is based in the Graduate
School of Public  Health  of the University  of Pittsburgh. The  Center provides
basic  health  research  to  characterize  and  link  general  environmental
exposures and biological outcomes, including  disease.   The  emphasis  is  on
innovative  and  multidisciplinary   approaches, with particular  interest  in
exposure assessment and  its input  to epidemiology  and to risk  assessment.
Biological  monitoring of exposure,  including internal  dose  "biomarkers",
receives  special  attention.    Creative  approaches are  developed  using
available  occupational  exposure/disease  datasets  for  environmental
chronic disease epidemiology  and  quantitative risk assessment.   Funding is
aimed at  generating  research  through  feasibility  and  pilot  studies,
workshops  and symposia on  topics of immediate importance  to  EPA,  and


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EPA  mission-related work  with  local,  state,  national  and  international
agencies.    Collaboration  with  EPA  and  other  university  personnel  in
identifying  the need for  planning,  and  performing epidemiologic  studies
and related  exposure  and  risk  assessment activities is  encouraged.    FY
1991  is the  last year  for the  cooperative agreement  linking  this Center
with EPA.
                          ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Exposure  Assessment   and   Multidisciplinary   Activities

      Fibrous  Particulate  Lung  Content   of  American   Children:
There  is  a  great  deal  of regulatory interest in  asbestos in  schools, and  in
potential  effects  of  fibers  for lifetime mesothelioma  risk   in  children.
Center  researchers contacted pathology  departments  in  over  800 pediatric
hospitals  in  seven states.  To  date almost 300 have  responded,  and tissue
samples (N=141 deceased subjects)  have  been obtained from  47.  As  a  first
test, three groups were  constructed of 20  children  each,  matched  for  age,
sex, and race.   Grouping was by community  population size (<  5000; 5000-Si
100,000;  over  100,000).   For  each child, paraffin blocks  of lung  are taken
and  deparaffinied  in  heated  toluene.  The tissue  is ashed, then Nucleopore-
filtered inorganic residues  are  examined with  a  JEOL   100   CX  electron
microscope  (TEM) fitted  with  a PGT energy  dispersive  x-ray  spectrometer
(EDS)  for  fiber  characterization.    One  aliquot  of  ashed,   resuspended,
Millipore-filtered  lung  was  examined  at  312X by  light  microscopy  for
asbestos  bodies (AB):  these are almost  entirely  absent at a detection limit
of 0.04 AB/  mg dry lung.

      In  TEM  work,   researchers  examined   both  longer  (>  5   urn)
"regulatory"  fibers and all fibers (> 0.04 urn length; > 3:1  aspect  ratio)  at
detection  limits of .07f/ug dry  lung.   In total,   11.4% of  all fibers counted
exceeded  5 um  in length.  Of  these, none were  present in  more  than 25%  of
children  observed  to date except "diatoms".   A  few long chrysotile, glass,
and  talc fibers  were  seen in 20%  to 25% of subjects, but long amphiboles
were entirely  absent.   The most  striking finding  among short fibers  was
the prominence of chrysotile.  These  fibers were seen in  every sample  well
above  background  levels, averaging  9  fibers  counted  per subject or  0.63
fibers/ ug dry  lung,  accounting for  half  of all fibers present.  No other fiber
type was  seen in  more than half of all  subjects.  Aluminum silicates,  man-
made mineral  fibers, diatoms  and  talc  were the  most common short fibers
after  chrysotile,  with  average   numbers  of  2.2,   1.2,  1.1,   and  0.8
fibers/subject respectively.   Commercial  amphiboles  were  rare,   but  total


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asbestos  accounted for  60%  of lung fiber burden:   a  higher  proportion than
what  we  have observed in adults.  Overall,  the  mean  total concentration for
all  fibers was 1.33 per ug  dry lung per child.   As  expected, there was  a
gradient  between  fiber  concentrations  in low-population ("rural") areas vs.
towns  and cities.   Median concentrations of  all fibers  were twice as  great
for children  having  lived   where  population   was  5000  or  more:  24.5
fibers/ug vs.  12.0 in the "rural" group.

      There was  no difference  in  fiber  concentrations  attributable  to age,
sex,  or  race.   There  was,  however,  a significant relationship between
hospital  of death  and chrysotile fiber concentrations.  Children having  fiber
counts of (> 0.7  fibers/ug  or  < 0.7 fibers/ug)  invariably came from the
same   hospital  subsets  (p  <.05;  Mann-Whitney).   Common  community
exposures  (such  as  schools),  exposure  while  in  hospital  or post-mortem
"exposure"   to  the  same  autopsy  room   environments   are  possible
explanations.

      This  study,  performed  in   cooperation  with  McGill  University
laboratory  in  Montreal, is nearing  completion.  These observations make  it
particularly  important  that  widely  held   views  that short chrysotile  fibers
do  not confer risk  for  mesothelioma be  confirmed.   Results in  the  current
study  have   been  sufficiently   encouraging  to  prompt  applications  for
further funding of  an  expanded autopsy database  and  later phases  of the
work   to  NIEHS  and  to  the  Health  Effects  Institute  Asbestos Research
program  (HEI-AR).    The  preliminary   results reported  here  are  to be
presented at  the  Eighth  International Symposium  on  Inhaled  Particles  in
Edinburgh, U.K. in September of 1991.

      Sputum Asbestos  Body  Content of  School  Custodial  Workers
and  Environmentally  Exposed    Women:   This  collaborative   project
takes   advantage  of the most  intensively studied  group  of school custodial
workers:  a  group in  Boston which has been  under  observation  by  Center
personnel  for  several  years.     Radiological  abnormalities  have  been
demonstrated  which  are  consistent  with  asbestos  exposure  in  a  high
proportion of  workers,  and during FY  1990 a collection of morning  sputum
samples  was  made  from  a  representative group.  These  are  to be analyzed
using   the dimethylformamide technique   for  light  microscopic  counting  at
McGill University.  In related  work completed  this year,  it was  shown that
women living close  to  asbestos  mines in  Quebec  demonstrated   a  high
proportion (40%)  of positive  specimens if exposure  could  be  shown  to have
occurred  prior to  1960 and if  sputum  was  adequate  for  examination,  as
determined by alveolar  macrophage count.  Positive results were  related  to
age, but  not  to  smoking status.


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      Blood  Lead Levels  in Elderly  Women:  One Center associate  has
 shown  severe  effects of  lead  on children age  seven and  under, even  in
 amounts resulting in blood  levels less  than  current and  proposed standards
 (e.g.  25 ug  dl.;  15  ug/dl. respectively).   Measurable,  irreversible deficits in
 cognitive and  verbal skills  result and continue into adult  life.   There  has
 been  little  previous work  with  older  citizens  concerning the  prevalence
 and possible effects of  lead exposure.   To  date, Center  personnel have
 measured blood  lead in  935 women over age  55.    Two  laboratories,  one
 having   a   more   sensitive  detection  limit   (2g/ml),   were   used:
 interlaboratory  agreement  has  been very  high  (Kappa  0.623).   Distribution
 of  results shows  only a  very small  number  of women having levels  at  or
 higher  than  15g/ml  (4/688  completed  tests).   However, levels  below  15
 g/ml  appear to  be  log-normally  distributed,  with medians  in the  four  to
 five g/ml range.   Unlike  the situation for  fibers in the  lungs of children,  no
 rural-urban   differences  have  been observed.    Cognitive  testing  and
 correlation with  blood lead levels  has  not  advanced sufficiently to  give
 conclusive results.

      Organoarsenate  Exposure and  Etheno-adduct  Formation:   This
 completed project  tested  exposure  of  mice  via twelve  intraperitoneal
 injections  over  four weeks  of   arsenocholine  bromide (4.5  mmole/kg),
 choline  bromide  (9.0  mmole/kg) and  ethyl  carbamate (40.0  mmole/kg).
 The aims were to determine the  presence or  absence of adduct  formation
 and subsequent   adenoma  formation;  evaluate  chromosomal  aberrations
 and sister  chromatid exchange  (SCE);  and to determine cellular  processes
 active  in producing  the  latter.    Metabolism  of the   three chemicals was
 evaluated in red blood  cells  and  plasma,  using  a   high  pressure  liquid
 chromatograph  (HPLC).   Samples  were  collected during exposure  (after  6th
 and 12th injections) and at  two, four,  and  six months  after treatment.
Lung  adenomas were evaluated at sacrifice,  six  months  following the final
injection. No metabolic  changes  were  detected in this  model,  suggesting
that any metabolism  had  been  completed  prior  to  24 hours  post-injection,
the  time evaluated  which  was  most proximate  to treatment.   Adenomas
were  most  common  (31%)  in  the   suspect  carcinogen  group;   i.e.,
arsenocholine bromide.   However, choline  bromide (21.7%) and  even  saline
control   (17.8%)   treated  animals also  developed  significant numbers  of
adenomas,  so the difference between groups  was  not significant.   Results
suggest  further work with  shorter post-injection times and  perhaps with a
vehicle  other than  saline:  these   were  reported  at the  Fifth International
Conference on  Environmental Mutagens, Cleveland, July  1989.
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      Relationship  of   Water  Fluoridation   to   Bone   Density   and
Fracture:    Center  personnel initiated  a  study  to  determine possible
associations between bone density  and fractures  and fluoridation of water.
The  study was ancillary  to  a  larger study  of  osteoporotic  fractures  in a
four-county  area,  confined  to  non-Black  females  over  age 65.   Water
treatment plants/methods  were  determined  for each  place of residence  for
each  woman,  together  with  fracture/osteoporosis  x-ray  data.   The working
hypothesis  is  that  peak  bone  mass attained   during  younger  years  is
increased  by  fluoride   ingestion,   resulting in a   lower  incidence  of
osteoporosis  at a  later date.   To date, questionnaires  have been  completed
by  1750  respondents of  1976 study  participants:   30%  will  require  further
follow-up  calls.    Fluoridation  history for  each  water  supply  company  is
being  obtained, together  with well water samples where applicable.

      Environmental  Influences  on  Legionella   Multiplication   and
Virulence:   Center personnel  refined a model  for intracellular  growth of
L. pneumophila  in cultured amoebae  (H.  Vermiformis).  A reliable tapwater
model was  developed.   The  model is simple  to  use;  amoebic cysts  do not
need  to be washed.   Many sero groups and  isolates of Legionella  SPP.  were
tested.   There was wide  variation  of results  for  multiplication in amoebae:
highest yields  came  from L.  pneumophila sero  group  1, sero group  5, and
sero group 6. Studies are in progress to  determine the  influence  of iron on
the H.  vermiformis-L.  pneumophila  relationship.  To  date, concentration of
iron greater  than 50  mg  per liter appears to inhibit  growth, suggesting a
toxic  metal effect.  However, lower  concentrations of iron (e.g.,  5-50 mg/1)
appeared  to enhance the  multiplication by  0.1 to 0.2 log  units/ml over the
1.0 to  1.5 log units/ml observed in controlled suspensions.  It thus appears
that  iron  significantly   influences   the  multiplication  of  the  amoeba.
Additional  trials  are   also  needed   to  better   define  the  survival   and
multiplication characteristics  of Hartmannella and Legionella as  influenced
by temperature.   To date, multiplication  has been seen  to  occur from 15°C
to  40° C.    At  temperatures   between  45° C  and  50° C  degrees,   no
multiplication  was  seen, even with  transfer  to  37°C  environments.

      Pilot  Study  of  Giardia Surveillance:  Two    Pennsylvania
communities  have been   identified as  pilot  study  target  areas  by  Center
personnel.   One  area  has a history  of  Giardiasis outbreaks;  the other, no
such  history.   Treated  sewage  samples were collected  and  analyzed  from
sewage treatment  authorities  in   both  areas. Samples  were concentrated by
simple  centrifugation,  stained by Lugol's  solution and  assayed for Giardia
cysts  using phase contrast  microscopy.   Cyst concentrations ranged  from
2000  to 2170 cysts per liter in  the  plant  supplying the  community  with a
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history  of giardiasis,  while counts  were lower (750-1200  cysts/1)  in the
control  community  plant.   A  preliminary  investigation  of demographic
composition  of both  communities  was  performed  and  a  stool  sampling
program developed.    To  optimize  coprodiagnosis  of  giardiasis,  Center
personnel  visited  the laboratories  of  Drs.  Jerva  and  Sterling  at the
University  of  Arizona:   enzyme  immunoassays  and genetic markers are
both being developed.   In  addition, the original  protocol was extended  to
include  similar work for  cryptosporidium.   Additional funds  have  been
obtained from EPA for this purpose.

      Health Impact  of  Air  Pollution:   Center personnel  identified five
census tracts  in close  proximity to  active coke works.  Two  census tracts  in
an  area remote  from the  coke works  but  having similar  demographics
were  used  as  control.    Two  hundred  forty-three  households  were
telephoned   at  random  in   both  exposed  and  control   communities.
Questionnaire responses will allow evaluation of medical history, especially
as  regards  lung  disease,  in  addition to  risk perception  for  "pollution
problems."    Some  questionnaire  respondents  volunteered  to   have  air
pollution  equipment  installed  in their  homes  and/or to  have children  in
fourth  through  sixth  grade evaluated  pulmonary function  testing.   The
latter was  performed in  January  and  February of  1990.    Thirty-nine
"exposed" fifth graders and 27 "control"  fifth/sixth graders  were tested. All
results  were  normal.    Hospital  admission data  for  residents  for  two
"exposed"  communities  are being  compared with   corresponding  control
areas.   Over  200,000  records are  being  analyzed for  this portion  of the
study.    Actual air  monitoring  data  of PM-10,  TSP,   and benzo-a-pyrene
were  collected  from the assessed communities for later  comparison.  Center
personnel  are  also  performing  analysis   for  polynuclear   aromatic
hydrocarbons in PM-10 filter  samples  obtained  by routine  means.    Finally,
houses  directly  in the path of  prevailing winds from  the  coke  plant are
being sampled  for PM-10 (five 24 hour  samples for  each site).   Indoor air
samples from the  same houses will also be  analyzed.

      Studies  of  Total  Exposure   Assessment  Methodology   (TEAM)
as  Applied to  Volatile  Organic  Compounds  (VOCs)  from  Household
Water  Sources:    Activities in this  area continued, with  this year's  focus
including  development  of an indoor model  for volatilized  chemicals,  study
of  household  water  use  and  time  behavior  patterns,  further  development
of the full-size  shower study system, and work on the  effects of detergents
on  the  volatilization of trichlorolethylene  (TCE).
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a.    Development   of  Indoor   Air   Model   for   Volatilized
      Chemicals

      Center personnel  further  refined  the application  of  an  indoor
      air Model  for Analysis of  Volatiles  and Residential  Indoor-Air
      Quality  (MAVRIQ).   Residents  of a local community  used a
      public ground  water supply  contaminated  with  TCE at levels up
      to 260 (4.g/L. was  applied to  homes  in  the community affected
      to  assess   inhalation  exposures  received  while  showering.
      Inhalation  exposures  from  a  six  minute shower in  the  homes
      studied  were  estimated  to  be  about twice  those from  direct
      ingestion of one liter of TCE-contaminated  water.

b.    Water  Use  and   Time-Behavior  Patterns

      A  literature  review   was  completed   for   household  water
      consumption  in  the United  States and  for relevant  behavioral
      patterns within  the  households  of Americans. Household water
      consumption  patterns  were  integrated   into  the  indoor-air
      model  for  volatilized  chemicals.   Detailed discussions  of  the
      findings  and applications  of  this model  were presented  at  the
      Indoor Air '90 Conference in Toronto in July 1990,  and  at  the
      symposium  of  the  American Society  of Civil  Engineers in
      Washington, D.C. in July 1990.

c.    Full   Size  Shower  Studies

      The  shower model used  by Center  personnel was extended to
      allow correction  of instrumental time lag  in  the detection of TCE
      concentrations.   Model  calibration  suggests that  higher effective
      air-exchange  rates  occur  between  the  shower  stall  and
      bathroom than have previously been  used  in  indoor  air quality
      models.  Differences in the  behavior of  various chemicals  was
      also  noted.  TCE  was seen  to be most volatile,  with  chloroform
      following.  Both build up  in air concentration in  a  linear fashion
      over   approximately  the  first   ten  minutes  of  a   shower
      experiment.  All three  chemicals tested (TCE,  chloroform, DBCP)
      were  released  from  warm shower  water  (about  40° C) to air in
      substantial  amounts:   the  overall  average volatilization for TCE
      was  about  80%,  for chloroform about 60%  and for DBCP about
      20%.   The  parameter  found to  have the biggest impact on  the
      rate  and  extent  of  volatilization  was  K,  the  Henry's  Law
      Constant.   The mass  balance  model developed was  shown to be

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      first-order  in  nature.   The model included  shower  spray  and
      pooled  water  around  the  shower  drain  as  the two principal
      emission sources.   Testing  of  the model using measured  TCE
      and    chloroform    demonstrated    over-prediction   by
      approximately  50%.   Mixtures  of TCE and chloroform  had no
      apparent  major effect on  extent or rate of volatilization.

d.    Effect  of  Detergents on  Volatilization  of  TCE

      Most  experiments  for  studying   the  effect   of agitation  and
      detergent addition  on the volatilization of TCE were  completed.
      These  indicate  that  agitation  has  a  substantial  and  regular
      impact on  increasing  the  rate,  while  the  addition of detergent is
      less predictable.   The  general  trend is   that  detergent (sodium
      lauryl  sulfate)  decreases  volatilization.

e.    Sorption  of  Volatilized  Chemicals  Onto  Fiber Surfaces

      Research on  the  sorption  of organic  vapors to  indoor  surfaces,
      such as  carpet fiber,  has primarily  focused  on developing the
      theoretical  interpretation  of  existing  data  so as  to facilitate the
      design  of  later experiments. Studies of  the   interaction  of the
      volatilized  species  with  indoor  surface   materials yielded new
      insights  concerning  sorption.    Inconsistencies  were   found
      between  data  acquired  from studies  using HPLC columns  and
      data obtained  using  a headspace  analysis technique.   The data
      collected  in  HPLC  studies may  not  yield realistic   estimates.
      Further  work  will be confined  to the  gas-headspace  technique.

      Two studies have been  performed  in this  way.   In the first, the
      uptake  of chloroform,   trichlorolethylene  (TCE), tetrachloro-
      lethylene  (PCE),  and  paradichlorobenzene  (PDB)  by   cotton,
      nylon,  wool,  and glass fibers  was examined.    Cotton  and  wool
      fibers were cut from commercially  available  yarns;  both  were
      undyed. Nylon fibers were  trimmed  from a new carpet.   Glass
      fibers  cut  from  glass  wool were  used  as control.   The  less
      volatile  organic species  partition  more strongly to surfaces but
      partition  coefficients  for  all  four  chemicals  with respect to  glass
      fiber  were  below  the  detection limit.    Thus,  cotton   fibers
      showed  the greatest  uptake, resulting in  a  larger decrease  from
      the  initial concentration  in  air and uptake was greatest at lower
      temperatures.   The  second  study  focused  on the uptake of TCE
      vapor by eight surface materials.   These  included nylon fiber (2
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            diameters),  cotton  (2  grades), pure  carpet latex  film,  carpet
            backing (polypropylene), dacron  polyester fiber,  and glass fiber
            as  control.  Results showed that  release of TCE to the surface
            was greatest for  the  carpet  latex, polypropylene, and polyester.
            This  result  has practical significance  since  generally the latex
            and backing material  of  a  carpet  account  for approximately
            50%  of its total weight.  If  these materials were accessible,  they
            could  represent  an  important  reservoir  of  volatile  organic
            constituents in  terms  of  both  their  removal  and  re-emission
            from  fiber  surfaces.    Additional  work  will   include  similar
            studies of chloroform,  PCE,  and  PDB.   Relative  humidity, initial
            gas phase  concentration,   sorbent  mass loading,  and  system
            temperature  will be varied for each  of the  experimental fibers.

Chronic  Disease  Epidemiology

      Arsenic  Exposures  in  Copper  Smelting:   This  project  updates
and  extends a mortality study of  2802 men who  worked  for  one  year or
more during  the  period  of  1940-1964 at  a  copper  smelter  in  Tacoma,
Washington, where  exposure  to  arsenic and   other  substances occurred.
The   study  was   performed in two  phases.   In  the  first  of these, the
mortality update,  determined  the  vital  status of 1690  cohort  members
known still  to  be alive  as  of December  31, 1976 (the date  of last followup).
A complete list  of 1741  names  and social  security numbers was generated
from existing  records  and  checked  by  Center  staff.   This  listing  was
submitted to Social Security for tracing purposes.   A complete listing was
also   submitted to  the  National Death Index  (NDI)  and   to  the  Pension
Benefits  Information  (PBI) company.    NDI reported  450  potential  cohort
deaths occurring  from  1979 to  1987,   while PBI  returned  a total  of 657
deaths occurring  between  1963 and 1989.   Results were collated and  death
certificate  requests have  been sent to  all  states.   Three  hundred eighty-
five   death  certificates  have  been  received from  21  states;  requests  on
another  129  subjects  are  still  outstanding. Information  updates  on  254
individuals  still actively working  for the  company are also  being  obtained
for  1) job  histories,  2) dates of  employee  termination, and 3) additional
exposure data  for  the period  beginning  January 1,  1977.    Phase  2
constitutes  a nested case control  study  of the cohort in  which  186  matched
control  subjects have  been chosen  for  100 respiratory  cancer cases  using a
random selection  of two matched controls alive at  the time the  case died.
Matched cases and controls are then  traced for  lifetime smoking  history.
Smoking  history  data  is  collected through  telephone  interview  with  the
worker  or  a  knowledgeable informant.  In  FY  1990,  smoking  information
was  collected  on  eighty analyzable  pairs of case and control  subjects.  Data


                                    29

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collection  was  completed by  December  31,  1990,  and  data  analysis is
underway.

      Coke  Oven  Workers  Mortality Studv:  This study  was completed
during  FY  1990.   It  concerned the  update of  cause-specific  mortality of
coke  oven  workers and  a subset of  non-oven workers  who were  included
as  members of  two large steelworker cohorts, followed  for several years
by  Center  personnel.   Updated  information  provided  twenty-seven years
of  work  history and vital  status  followup on 15,818  workers.   Findings
were  consistent with those from earlier studies indicating  that occupational
exposure  to  coke  oven  emissions  is  associated  with  significant  excess
mortality  from  cancer  of the  respiratory  system and from  cancer  of the
prostate gland.   The  association  with  respiratory cancer  was  particularly
strong.  Risk for cancer of the lung, trachea, and  bronchus varied  with type
of coke oven job,  duration of employment,  and cohort.

      Risk for those  who  worked five or more years  at  a coke job were as
high  as 6.51  times expected  in  one (Allegheny County)  cohort;  4.22  in the
out-of-county cohort  (P <0.0001  vs.  expected).   The  latter risk  is  for full-
time  topside  coke oven   workers;  part-time topside workers  showed  lesser
risk but still a significant  risk for respiratory cancer  if at least five years of
work  had  been  performed (RR >2.0;  P <0.01).   Side workers  also showed
highly  significant  risk for  respiratory cancer, at  a   level of relative  risk
between 1.7  and  2.2,  regardless  of duration  of  work.    In summary,  the
relative risk  for those who  were  employed full-time on  top  of the  coke
ovens  were  two  to three  times  higher than the risk  for those  not working
full-time.     These  findings  provide strong  evidence that  the  association
between  respiratory  cancer  and   occupational  exposure  to   coke oven
emissions   is  causal.    The noted  association for prostate cancer is  not as
convincing.   Available data  was  sparse;  only 29 cancers  of  the prostate
were  observed in each  of  the two cohorts.   Therefore, cross classification of
risks  by type  of coke oven job,  duration  of  employment,  etc., cannot be
satisfactorily  performed   and  no  sound  conclusions  could  be   made
regarding  trends.    Based  on  age  at  last followup,  the  proportion of workers
over the age of  74 (that  is,  those  at  greatest risk for prostate  cancer),  was
only  16.7% and  10.0% for the  Allegheny County and  non-Allegheny  County
cohorts, respectively.   A  still  greater duration  of followup is  needed in
order   to  accurately  assess  the  possibility  of  etiological risk  for prostate
cancer conferred  by exposures in coke oven work.
                                    30

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Carcinogenic   Risk  Assessment

      Enhancement  of  Methodologies  and  Application  to  Cohort
Datasets:   The  overall goal  of this  long standing  research  by  Center
personnel is to develop  and  refine statistical methodologies  used to assess
carcinogenic risks  from  environmental exposures.  Research during FY 1990
was   a   continuation  of  previous  efforts  to  enhance  quantitative  risk
assessment  using  the multi-stage  model  of carcinogenesis, and  to  initiate
similar   efforts for  the  two-stage  model proposed by   Moolgavkar  and
colleagues.   These methodologies  are  to be applied  to  carcinogenic  risk
assessment  of  exposure  to  coke  oven emissions  and exposure  to  arsenic
using data  from  the two  occupational  cohort studies referred  to  above.
Computer   software  for  modeling   cohort  data  from  the   Allegheny
County/non-Allegheny   County  coke oven  emission  cohorts  has  been
adapted.   Exploratory analysis  for  modeling of  the Allegheny County coke
oven  workers  mortality  data  with  two-stage models  of  carcinogenesis  has
been  completed.   Results were  summarized and  presented at the Fifteenth
International Biometrics  Conference  in  Budapest,  Hungary,  July  1990.    In
this  paper,  models were compared  for  the prediction  of lifetime  risk  of
lung  cancer among coke oven workers  who  were exposed for  at  least 40
years with  exposure  initiated  at  age 20.   This multi-stage  and  a two-
mutation  model  were compared.

      Local.   National   and  International    Activities:   The  Center
continued strengthening   ties  to  local  and  state  health  departments.   With
respect   to  the  latter,   Center  personnel  participated  in a  school-wide
meeting  with  personnel   from   the  Pennsylvania   Department   of
Environmental   Resources  for  the purposes of  developing  a  systematic
response  to environmental  emergencies  and other  related  problems.    It
was  implied in  this  meeting that one  of  the  greatest  difficulties  facing
legislators  and  others  concerned  with environmental resources   and  health
concerns  risk  perception.   Several  steps  have been taken  to  further our
understanding  of  risk  perception  in  Pennsylvania  in the context  of  this
Center.   First,  a new Assistant Director,  Dr. Jeannette Trauth was appointed
to the Center  and  to the Department of Health  Services  Administration  in
the Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh.  Dr. Trauth's
input  will be to address  these  concerns.    A second  step  was the provision
of  a  general  paper  on environmental  medicine  to  the  State  Medical
Association  Journal  (Environmental  Medicine in  Pennsylvania:   Problems,
Resources, Solutions.   Pennsylvania Medicine. July 1990).   Finally,  Graduate
School  of  Public  Health faculty member, Dr. Gordon  MacLeod, has been
inducted  as  President of the Pennsylvania State Medical Society.   One of his
goals  during his tenure will  be the  increased awareness  of  physicians and


                                   31

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their  patients with  respect to environmental  concerns.   It  is  expected that
additional  environmental  articles  of local  interest  will  be  provided  by
Center  personnel.

      At the  international  level, the  major  activity  in  which  Center staff
were  engaged was  the Second Annual Meeting  of  the  International  Society
for Environmental Epidemiology.   As  in  the  previous year, Center Assistant
Director,  Dr. Evelyn  Talbott,  served as  the  Secretary-Treasurer for  the
Society.  The Center Director  also gave one of the keynote  talks  on the first
morning of  the  symposium ("Looking for  Trouble:   A  clinical  and  social
perspective  for  environmental  epidemiology").   Additional  papers  were
presented in the area of unusual  sources of  exposure to lead and a  paper
putting  into historical  perspective  leukemia  risk  and  electromagnetic
radiation.   There was a  great  deal  of  input into  the  question  of  health
effects  of  tremolite at the  national  level,  with  the participation  of  the
director in  the American Thoracic  Society's committee on the  health effects
of  tremolite,  and the  presentation  of a  paper  on  the  Health Effects   of
Tremolite  at  the  "Third  Wave  of  Asbestos  Disease" symposium  sponsored
by  the Collegium Ramazzini, in New York City, June  1990.

      There  was ongoing  cooperation  between Center personnel  working  in
the  Total   Exposure  Assessment  Methodology  Team  and  EPA offices,
particularly  the   Atmospheric   Research   and  Exposure   Assessment
Laboratory.
                      RESEARCH GOALS -  FY 1991

      FY 1991 will see the completion  of the ten year cycle of activities  of
this  exploratory  research  center.    Final  reports  for all  studies  indicated
under subheadings  for  FY  1990 will be produced and collated.  An overall
final  report will  be generated  to deal  with  the  entire output  of the Center
over its  life.

      Because  the  Center  will be in  a phase-out period  as  concerns EPA
funding, very  few new activities  will  be  permitted.   Those which  are
currently underway include extensions  of some of  the  work  described  for
FY  1990.    One  new project for  which EPA  funds  have  been  obtained
separately  is  to  be the writing  of a  general  textbook  of  environmental
epidemiology.   This  textbook, to  be  written by   Center  Project Officer,
Gunther  Craun, Director,  Bruce Case, and  Assistant  Director, Evelyn Talbott,
is  aimed  at  a   general  audience  rather   than  a group  with  existing
knowledge  of  the  field.    It  will  provide  a   basic   introduction   to


                                    32

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environmental  science  in  general,  and   controversial   questions  of
environmental   health   science   in  particular.     A  balanced   and
comprehensible  approach  is  to  be  emphasized.    Work which  is  being
extended   includes   that   on  Giardia  and   Cryptosporidium,   exposure
assessment  via  asbestos-in-sputum  for  exposed  school custodial  workers,
lung  fiber  content  of children  across  the United  States, and effects  of
indoor air pollution in a local feasibility study.

      Continued  arrival  of  new  faculty in the  Graduate School  of Public
Health  will  further  emphasize  the  ongoing   trend  in  the  Center  towards
work involving  exposure  assessment via  the study of  direct markers  in
living  systems.   In  addition,  the extensive  program using indoor air  models
and  Total Exposure  Assessment Methodology   will  continue well beyond FY
1991.

                          OUTPUTS -  FY 1990
      Articles in Refeered Journals	16
      Articles Submitted or in Press	2 1
      Books  and Bound  Proceedings	1
      Chapters  in Other  Books	3
      Project Reports	2
      Conferences and Workshops  Held	0
                                   33

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                           BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFEREED JOURNAL ARTICLES

     Andelman,  J.B.,  Giardino,  N.J., Marshall, J., Esmen, N., Borrazzo,  J.E.,
Davidson, C.I., Small, M.  and Wilkes, C., Exposure to Volatile Chemicals  from
Indoor  Water Uses, In:    Proceedings  of Symposium  on  Total  Exposure
Assessment Methodology:   A New Horizon, (Las Vegas, Nevada, November
17-30,  1989), Air and Waste  Management Association, Pittsburgh,  Pa,  pp.
300-311,  1990.

     Andelman,  J.B.,  Hammad,  H.R.,  and  Ray,  R.C. II,  The  Impact  of
Aqueous  Surfactants on  Air Exposures  to Volatile  Chemicals  from  Indoor
Water  Uses,  In:   Proceedings,  5th International Conference  on Indoor  Air
Quality and Climate, Ottawa, Vol. 3, pp. 617-622, 1990.

     Borrazzo, I.E., Davidson,  C.I. and  Andelman, J.B.,  The  Sorption  of
Organic Vapors  to Indoor Air  Surfaces of  Synthetic  and  Natural  Fibrous
Materials, In:   Proceedings, 5th  International  Conference on  Indoor  Air
Quality and Climate, Ottawa, Vol. 3, pp. 593-598, 1990.

     Case,  B.W.,  Environmental  Medicine  in Pennsylvania:   Problems,
Resources,  Solutions, Pennsylvania  Medicine. Vol.  93, pp.  52-55, September
1990.

     Case, B.W.,  McCaughey, W.T.E., Dufresne, A., Sebastien, P. Exposure
Misclassification  for  Mesothelioma  in   A  Chrysotile  Mining  District.
(Abstract).   American Review  of Respiratory  Disease.  Vol.  141, pp. 4,
February 2,  A242,  1990.

     Conner,  M.K. and  Modzelewski, R.A.   Etheno-Adduct Production  by
Carcinogenic  and Endogenous  Agents.   In:   Abstracts  of  the  Fifth
International  Conference  on  Environmental   Mutagens   July  1989,
Environment  and Molecular Mutagenesis. Vol. 14,  Supplement  15,  1989.

     Dong,  M.H., Microcomputer  Programs for  Complex Epidemiologic
Procedures:   I. Computation of  Adjusted  Rates, Computing  in  Biomedical
Research. Vol. 22,  pp. 349-361,  1989.

     Dong,  M.H., Microcomputer  Programs for  Complex Epidemiologic
Procedures:   II.  Test for Equality and Trend  of  Adjusted Rates,  Computing
in Biomedical Research.  Vol. 22, pp. 362-373, 1989.


                                   34

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      Giardino, N.J., Gumerman, E., Esmen, N.A., Andelman, J.B., Wilkes, C.R.
and  Small,  M.J.,  Real-time  Air  Measurements  of  Trichloroethylene  in
Domestic Bathrooms  Using  Contaminated Shower  Water,  In:   Proceedings,
5th  International Conference on  Indoor Air  Quality  and Climate,  Ottawa,
Vol. 2, pp. 707-712,  1990.

      Marsh,  G.M., Callahan,  C., Pavlock, D.,  Leviton, L.C., Talbott, E.,
Hemstreet,  G.:   A  Protocol  for Bladder  Cancer  Screening and Medical
Surveillance  Among  High  Risk Groups:    The  Drake  Health  Registry
Experience, Journal of Occupational  Medicine. Vol.  32, pp.  881-886,  1990.

      Mazumdar, S., Redmond, C.K.,  Enterline, P.E.,  Marsh, G.M.,  Costantino,
J.P., Zhou, S.Y.J., Patwardhan,  R.N, Multistage Modeling  of Lung Cancer
Mortality Among  Arsenic-exposed Copper  Smelter Workers,  Risk Analysis.
Vol. 9, pp. 551-563,   November  1989.

      McDonald, J.C., Case,  B.W., Enterline, P.E., Henderson, V.,  McDonald,
A.D., Plourde, M.,  Sebastien, P.  Lung Dust  Analysis  in the Assessment  of
Past Exposure of Man-made  Mineral  Fiber  Workers, Annals  of  Occupational
Hvgeine. Vol. 34,  pp. 427-441, October 1990.

      Rao,  B.R.   and  Marsh,  G.M.,  Simultaneous   Statistical   Inference
Concerning  the SMR's  of  Several Strata   in  An Epidemiologic  Study,
Biometrical Journal.  Vol.  32, pp. 107-123,  1990.

      Small, M.J., Wilkes, C.R., Andelman, J.B., Giardino, N.J.  and Marshall,  J.,
Inhalation  Exposure  from Contaminated Water Uses:  A Behavioral  Model
for  People  and  Pollutants,  In:    Proceedings  of ASCE  Environmental
Engineering,  1990,  Washington,  D.C., July 9-11,  1990.

      Talbott,  E.G., Findlay,  R.C., Kuller, L.H., et al., Noise  Induced  Hearing
Loss:   A Possible  Marker for High  Blood Pressure in Older Noise-exposed
Populations, Journal of Occupational Medicine. Vol. 32, pp. 8, August 1990.

      Wilkes, C.R.,  Small, M.J., Andelman, J.B., Giardino, NJ.  and Marshall,  J.,
Air Quality Model  for Volatile Constituents from Indoor Uses of Water,  In:
Proceedings,  5th   International   Conference   on  Indoor Air Quality and
Climate, Ottawa, Vol. 2, pp.  783-788, 1990.
                                    35

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ARTICLES SUBMITTED OR IN PRESS

      Case, B.W.   Tremolite  "asbestos":   Health Effects  Now and  in the
Future,  Collegium  Ramazzini  "Third Wave"  Conference,  New York,  June
1990, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

      Case, B.W.,  Armstrong,  B.,  McDonald,  J.C.,  and  Sebastien, P.,
Mesothelioma  in the  Quebec Chrysotile  Mining  Region,  British Journal  of
Industrial  Medicine.  1990

      Case, B.W.,  Dufresne, A., Siemiatycki,  J.  and Fraser,  R.  Decoding
Occupational  History  from  Total  Lung  Paniculate  Analysis.  II:    A
Comparative Study, Annals of Occupational  Hygiene.  1990.

      Case, B.W., Monaghan, L.A.,  Giguere,  M.   Sputum Asbestos  Bodies in
Female  Residents of  Two Chrysotile Mining  Towns, American Review  of
Respiratory Disease.  1990.

      Case,  B.W.,   Looking   for   Trouble:     Clinical  Perspective  on
Environmental  Epidemiology,  International  Symposium  on  Environmental
Epidemiology, August  1990, Archives of Environmental Health. 1990.

      Case, B.W., Kuhar, M., Harrigan,  M.  and Dufresne, A., Lung Fiber
Content of American  Children Age  8-15:   Preliminary  Findings, Annals  of
Occupational Hygiene. 1990.

      Day,  R., Talbott, E.G., Marsh,  G.M.,  A Comparative Ecological Study of
Selected  Cancers in Kanawha  County, WV,  American Journal  of  Industrial
Medicine.  1990.

      DeGuire, L., Cyr, D., Theriault, G., Armstrong, B., Iturra, H., Provencher,
S. and Case, B., Malignant Melanoma of the Skin Among Workers of A Large
Electrical  and  Electronics Products Industry:   1976-1983,  A  Mortality
Study, 23rd Occupational Health Symposium,  September  1990.

      Dufresne, A. and Case, B.W.  Decoding Occupational History from Total
Lung  Paniculate Analysis  I:  A New Comprehensive Methodology,  Annals
of Occupational  Hygiene. 1990.

      Hourani,  G.F. and  Underbill,  D.W., Long-term Passive  Sampling  of
Environmental  Airborne  Contaminants,  American  Industrial
Association Journal. 1989.
                                   36

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      Leviton, L.C., Marsh, G.M., Talbott, E.,  Callahan, C., et al., "The Drake
Chemical  Workers Health Registry  Study:   II.   Coping  with  Community
Tension in Health Protection," American Journal  of Public Health. 1990.

      LaPorte,  R. and  Sweeney, A.,  "Collecting Early Pregnancy Outcome
Data  for  Risk Assessment," Environmental  Health  Perspectives. Vol. 90,
December  1990.

      Marsh,  G.M.,  Leviton,  L.C.,  Talbott, E.,  Callahan,  C., Pavlock, D.,
Hemstreet,  G., Logue, J.N., Fox, J.  Schulte,  P., "The Drake Chemical Workers
Health Registry  Study:   I. Notification  and  Medical  Surveillance of A  Group
of Workers at High  Risk of Developing Bladder Cancer,"  American  Journal
of Public  Health.  1990.

      Marsh,  G.M. and Day, R.,  "A  Model Standardized Risk  Assessment
Protocol for  Use with Hazardous Waste  Sites,"  Environmental  Health
Perspectives. Vol. 90,  December 1990.

      Mazumdar, S., Redmond, C.K., Costantino, J.P., Patwardhan, R.N., and
Zhou,  S.Y.J., "Recent  Developments in the Multistage Modeling of  Cohort
Data   for   Carcinogenic   Risk  Assessment,"   Environmental  Health
Perspectives. Vol. 90,  December 1990.

      Weill, H.W., Abraham, J., Balmes, J., Case,  B.W., Churg,  A., Hughes, J.,
Schenker,  M., Sebastien, P., American Thoracic Society Final Report:   Health
Effects  of  Tremolite, American Review  of Respiratory  Disease. December
1990.

      Patwardhan, R.N.  and Mazumdar, S.,  Confidence Regions in Multistage
Models of Carcinogenesis:   Application  to  an Epidemiologic Study  and
Simulation  Results, Biometrics.  1990.

      Rao, B.R.,  Day,  R.,  Marsh,  G.,  "Estimation of  Relative  Risks from
Individual  and  Ecological  Correlation   Studies,"   Communications   in
Statistics-theory  and  Methods.  1990.

      Talbott, E.G., Day, R.D., Marsh, G.M., Haile-Cattledge, G.T., McKenna, M.,
Case,  B.W.,  "Trends in Cancer Mortality  in Kanawha  County,  West Virginia,
1950-1984,"  Environmental Health Perspectives. 1990.

      Zhou,  S.YJ. and Mazumdar, S., "Investigation  of  Model Robustness
Using  the Generalized Linear Model  Approach  with  An  Application to
                                   37

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Multistage  models  of  Carcinogenesis,"   Biometrics.  Computers  and
Biomedical Research,  1990.

      Zhou, S.Y.J., Mazumdar, S., Redmond,  C.K., Dong, M.H. and Costantino,
J.P., "Computations of  Adjusted Rate  and Lifetime Risks from  Occupational
Cohort Data:   A Program Package Using FORTRAN and GLIM," Computers
and Biomedical Research. 1990.
BOOKS AND BOUND PROCEEDIDNGS

      Seventh  Symposium  on Environmental  Epidemiology:  "Methods for
Environmental  Quantitative  Risk  Assessment,"    Environmental  Health
Perspectives, Vol. 90, December  1990.
CHAPTERS IN OTHER BOOKS

     Andelman, J.B., "Total Exposure  to  Volatile Organic Compounds in
Potable Water,"  In:    Significance  and  Treatment  of  Volatile  Organic
Compounds in Water Supplies, N.  Ram.  R.  Christman  and K  Cantor, Eds.
Chapter 20, pp. 485-504, Lewis Publishers,  Inc. Chelsea, Michigan,  1990

     States, S.J.,  Wadowsky, R.M., Kuchta,  J.M., Wolford,  R.S.,  Conley,  L.F.
and  Yee,  R.B., "Legionella  in  Drinking  Water,"  In:   Drinking  Water
Microbiology. Ed. G.A.  McFeters  Chapter  16, pp.340-367.,  Springer-Verlag,
New York,  Inc., 1990.

     Sykora, J.L., "Analysis of Water Samples for  Protozoans."  In: Methods
for  the  Investigation and  Prevention  of  Waterborne  Disease  Outbreaks
Chapter V,  pp.  297-316, EP A/600/l-90/Q05a, September  1990.
PROJECT REPORTS

     Carol  K.  Redmond, "Cancer Risk  Assessment Based  on  Coke Oven
Workers Mortality,"  Sc.D., Final Report December, 1989.

     Mary K. Conner, Ph.D., "Do Organoarsenates  Form Etheno-Adducts in
Nucleotides?" Final  Report July,  1990.
                                  38

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CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS HELD




    None
                          39

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40

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CENTER:              Ecosystems  Research  Center

LOCATION:           Cornell  University

DIRECTOR:           Leonard H. Weinstein
                      Ecosystems Research Center
                      Wing  Hall
                      Cornell  University
                      Ithaca, NY  14853-8101
                      607/255-3972    Fax:   607/255-5316

PROJECT OFFICER:   Michael Slimak
                      Office of  Environmental Processes  and
                        Effects Research  (RD-682)
                      U.S. Environmental  Protection  Agency
                      401 M Street SW
                      Washington, D.C.  20460
                      202/382-5950

FUNDS  SPENT DURING  FY  1990  (10/1/89  -  9/30/90)

           EPA                            $540,000
           Cornell                            70,860
           Private  Sector                           0

                 Total                      $610,860
                   DESCRIPTION OF THE PROGRAM

      The Ecosystems  Research Center (ERC), founded  in  1980,  evaluates
the  potential  for  improving  environmental  regulation  by  switching  the
level of analysis  from  that  of  individual species  or particular  chemical
parameters  to  that  of  whole  biological communities and  ecosystems.   The
goal of the Center  is twofold: (a)  to  derive basic understanding  of  what
controls  the  response  of entire  ecosystems  to  human-induced  stress,  and
(b)  to evaluate  the implications  of  that  understanding  for  the regulation
and  management of current  and  emerging  environmental problems.

      The  Center's  program   has been   built  on analyses  of  selected
environmental   problems  in particular   ecosystems  coupled   with  a
comparison  of  the  responses  of   different  ecosystems  to  stress  and
disturbance.   Operating  in tandem with an  explicit effort  to serve as an


                                  41

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interface  between  ecosystem  science  and  environmental  policy,  these
within-system  and  across-system  analyses  keep  the  program  abreast  of
current  thinking and developments in  the  field of ecosystem science while
remaining focused on  real-world application to EPA's needs.

      Since  1987  the  Center has  also included  basic field and  laboratory
research on  the  effects of human  activities  on  various ecosystems.   This
has been accomplished  by co-funding  research projects of  mutual  interest
to the  ERC and  other  Cornell faculty  and  by  providing  seed  money for
projects  with  the  potential  to  obtain  additional  funding from other  sources.
During  the  past  year, the  Center  has  focused  on  completing  ongoing
projects  and  continuing  collaborative projects  with  Cornell faculty.   By
establishing  collaborative  projects  with other Cornell  faculty,  the Center
has  been  able to  extend  the efforts  of  its  small  core staff  and  the
effectiveness of its EPA funding.
                    ACCOMPLISHMENTS  - FY  1990

      The ERC's major accomplishments during FY 1990 fall  into four major
areas:   (1)  ecological risk assessment,  including  biomonitoring  and  landfill
studies;   (2)  global change  issues, from studies  of trace gas  production,
tropical   forests,  potential  genetic  buffers,  effects  on  fisheries  and
agriculture,  to   research  on  the  socioeconomic  implications  of   global
warming;   (3)   wetlands  research,  including   studies   of   soil-stream
interactions,  watershed  liming,  factors controlling the occurrence  of  rare
and  uncommon  wetland  habitats,  and gas  fluxes in wetland  plants;  and  (4)
scale and  modeling  issues.   A brief description  of  projects in each  area
follows.

Ecological  Risk  Assessment

      Ecological risk  assessment (ERA) has been a focal area for  the ERC for
several  years.    ERC  staff  have  been  continuously   involved   in   the
development  of  concepts  and  methods  appropriate  to  ecological  risk
assessment.   Current  work focuses  on  developing biomonitoring techniques
and  on the ecological effects of coal fly ash landfills.

      Use  of  Plants   for   Biomonitoring   Near  Municipal   Waste
Incinerators:    Continual  monitoring  of  incineration sites is   essential  to
ensure that  health and safety  standards  are  maintained  in  the  face  of
airborne  and   potentially  toxic  emissions. Monitoring equipment,  however,
can  be  both  cumbersome  and  expensive.   The use  of  plants  as  bio-


                                    42

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indicators  of  pollution  may provide  a  relatively inexpensive  alternative,
since plant tissue often accumulates  airborne  toxins and can be  analyzed at
relatively low  cost  for trace concentrations  of these  toxins. ERC  staff are
collaborating  with  scientists at  the  Boyce  Thompson  Institute  for  Plant
Research and  Cornell's  Waste  Management Institute  to  develop,  test,  and
implement  a  method  for  collecting and quantifying  emissions  from  solid
waste  incinerators  using  plants  as bio-indicators  of pollution  using  a
combination of  biological monitoring,  deposition  modeling,  and  statistical
analysis.   The  final  product will  be a  manual  that  describes the  different
systems  developed  to  be  used  to  monitor emissions  in  the  areas  near
facilities.

      Several  plants  have  been  identified  which  possess  the  necessary
qualities of hardiness, ease  of  cultivation, the ability to  accumulate toxins,
and  susceptibility to  specific toxins.  Among  the  plants chosen  are:   curly
kale, curly parsley,  rye  grass  cultures,  gladiolas, and  mosses.   Different
plants  will be required  to  monitor  different pollutants  such  as  fluoride,
sulfur  oxides,  heavy metals, particulates  and volatile  organic  compounds.
In conjunction  with  this project,  the ERC co-funded a visit to Cornell by Drs.
Uwe Arndt,  Hohenheim  University,  Stuttgart  and Willfried  Nobel   TUV,
Stuttgart,  two  scientists  prominent  in  plant   biological  monitoring  in
Germany,  where monitoring  is  mandated  by law.

      Terrestrial Ecology  of  a  Closed Flv Ash Landfill:  Coal fly  ash
is  the  residue  collected   by   mechanical  collectors  or  electrostatic
precipitators on  coal  combustion  incinerators. The major  disposal  method
for  this  material is burial  in a plastic-  or clay-lined  landfill  that is  then
capped with soil.  Run-off  from the landfill is collected in  a  lagoon.  Landfill
sites  are naturally  inhabited by  a variety  of terrestrial  and aquatic  fauna
and  support the growth of  a number  of indigenous  grasses, forbs, shrubs,
and  small trees.

      ERC  staff have  worked with  scientists   at the  Boyce  Thompson
Institute  (BTI)  and the  Departments of  Natural  Resources  and  Entomology
at Cornell in  studies of several  landfills in central  New  York State that have
been  repositories for coal fly  ash.  The overall  goal  of the  studies  is to
provide  information on  future utilization  of these closed landfill  sites.

      Measurements  of the  uptake  of  chemical  elements  by  cultivated  and
indigenous  plants   grown  on  a soil-capped  fly  ash  landfill  showed  that
Selenium (Se)  accumulated  in  some species  50-fold  more than  in  plants
grown on control   sites.   Other elements,  such  as molybdenum (Mo)  and
                                     43

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boron (B), were  often higher than controls, but the degree of accumulation
was  usually less  than two-fold.

      Specifically,  rutabaga  (Cruciferae)  and  alfalfa  (Leguminosae)
accumulated  more  Se than  species  such  as carrot (Umbelliferae),  corn,
timothy,  or  bromegrass  (Gramineae),  red clover (Leguminosae),  or
milkweed  (Asclepiadaceae).   Leaves arising from the  upper stem of wild
carrot  and  bitter  weed  (Compositae)  accumulated  more  Se  than  older
rosette  leaves.

      In sweet and  field corn cultivars,  greater amounts of Se  were found
in leaves  and  kernels than in stems, cobs, or roots.  Field  corn  grown under
no-till  cultivation  had 50 to 75% more  Se in leaves, stalks, and  seeds than
corn grown under conventional  tillage.   This may  be  due  to  the  greater
moisture  conservation in  the  soil from no-till cultivation, allowing  more
favorable  conditions  for Se  absorption.

      The  use  of  gypsum  in limiting Se uptake by plants offers  a possible
management  tool  to control cycling  of Se  through plants  to  other biota.
Researchers found  that  Se  uptake in rutabaga and  carrot shoots and  roots
could be  reduced  by  about 60%  by applying gypsum (CaSC>4) at a rate  of
2.0 tons per hectare.  This  reduction is related to the competition between
sulfur  and  selenium in  the metabolism  of xthe plant,  and the capacity  of
selenium  to  substitute  for  sulfur  in  some of the  sulfur-containing  amino
acids and  peptides.

Global  Change

      Over  the  past three  years,  the ERC  has  enhanced significantly  its
capabilities  in the area  of global environmental problems.  The  program has
continued  to  build  rapidly  because  of  its  longterm work in the areas  of
ecosystem modeling and  attention to  the conceptual  and  methodological
problems   of  scale  inherent  in  ecosystem   analysis;   the  programmatic
decision to complement the Center's synthesis and modeling work  with a
stronger experimental program in field  and laboratory  research on globally
important  trace   gases;   an   organizational  decision  to   emphasize
collaborations  with  Cornell  faculty  through  commitment  of  core funds  to
seed projects  proposed  by  faculty;  and close collaboration  with Cornell's
Global  Environment Program  (GEP),  headed  by   Mark  Harwell,  who has
continued  as a senior staff member within the ERC.

     As part  of its strategy to  leverage  core  funds from EPA, the Center
has committed some of those funds  to  seed projects proposed  by  Cornell


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faculty  that  are relevant to  global  environmental issues,  basing  funding
decisions  on  an open  competition.

      The  Center's  efforts during  FY  1990 focused  on basic research into
factors  controlling  production  in  natural  systems   of  methane,  trace
greenhouse  gases,  and  dimethylsulfide,  an "anti-greenhouse"  gas;  dormant
stages  as buffers  against  global  climate  change,   the  basic  nutrient
dynamics  determining  the characteristics  of  lowland  tropical  forests,  the
potential  impact  of  global   warming  on  agriculture  and  fisheries, and
socioeconomic  implications of  global warming.    Each  of these  projects  is
described   below.

      Methane  Production  by  Beaver  Ponds:   The Center's  research
reveals  that  beaver  impoundments are a large and  often  overlooked  source
of  atmospheric  methane.   One  hundred  years  ago beavers  were  trapped
nearly to  extinction, but  since that time  their  population has  exploded  to
the point  that  beaver ponds  may  comprise up to  10%  of the  landscape  in
some areas.

      These  shallow   ponds,  unlike  lakes,  maintain   high   temperatures
conducive to methane  generation because they  do  not  undergo turnover.
Beavers  stir  up the  bottom  sediments,  making the  water appear  nearly
black.  On a day  when the  ambient  temperature  is 22° C,  the  temperature
of the water  can measure as  high  as 30°C.

      Researchers at the  Center  have  found that beaver  ponds  are  point
sources for huge amounts of  methane,  and represent the single  largest flux
rate per  unit area,  producing  1000 mg methane/m^/day, or five times  the
normal  rate.

      Controls  of  DMS Production   by   Phytoplankton   in  Marine
Ecosystems:  ERC   staff   have initiated  studies   of the   controls   of
dimethylsulfide  (DMS)  production by  phytoplankton in marine  ecosystems.
DMS is  the principal   volatile sulfur  compound  emitted  from  the  oceans,
with  total  oceanic fluxes constituting  about 20% of the total (anthropogenic
+  biogenic) sulfur input to the global atmosphere.  These  gaseous fluxes  are
a critical  factor in  the  control of  global climate  because DMS  is a precursor
in  the  formation  of cloud  condensation  nuclei.   The  abundance  of these
nuclei influences the reflectivity  of marine clouds  and thus the albedo  of
the earth;  increasing DMS may lead to  global cooling  or less rapid warming
than  would  be  expected from increasing concentrations  of  "greenhouse"
                                    45

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gases.   While phytoplankton are known  to  be the  main natural source of
DMS,  the mechanisms and  controls  of DMS production are unknown.

      The objective of the Center's  research  this  year has  been to develop
methods  suitable  for  testing  the  hypotheses  in  laboratory  and  field
experiments  and to  run preliminary  experiments  that  test  the linkage of
molybdenum  availability,  nitrogen  assimilation,  and  DMS production  by
phytoplankton (Mo is an essential  element in the  enzymes  used  for  nitrate
reduction  and  nitrogen  fixation).

      In  addition  to adapting  existing   methods  from the  literature  to
measure  accurately  DMS  concentrations in  seawater and   DMSP (the
biochemical  precursor  of  DMS)  in  phytoplankton cells,  the  Center has
developed a new method that efficiently   traps  DMS in an  organic  solvent
compatible  with a  scintillation  cocktail.    Recovery of standards  exceeds
95%.   This  method allows  direct  measurement   of  the   rates  of  DMS
production  and  consumption  in situ, using 35s.  Using this  radioisotopic
assay,  it  is possible to run  experiments in the  field  as  well  as in the
laboratory.

      While  Center  researchers  have encountered  difficulties  in  culturing
marine phytoplankton in  a manner  suitable  for  their  experiments  on the
role of  molybdenum and nitrogen  in  controlling DMS  production,  one
experiment  has been conducted using a   natural  assemblage of  freshwater
phytoplankton   that  was  dominated  by  cyanobacteria (blue-green "algae").
This is the  only freshwater  phytoplankton group  that  produces  significant
quantities  of DMS. The  hypothesis was that if DMS production  is related to
the  uptake  of  molybdenum  for nitrogen assimilation,  then  cyanobacteria
that are fixing  nitrogen  will  produce more  DMSP  than cyanobacteria that
use  reduced N  (as  ammonium).   Results that were  consistent with  this
hypothesis were  obtained  during the first two  days of  a batch experiment
with two  treatments:   (1)  additions  of phosphate  and  ammonium,  and (2)
additions  of just phosphate.   With  phosphate  alone cyanobacteria  rapidly
fixed  N and  nearly  doubled  the  concentration  of  DMSP,   while with the
addition of  both  phosphate  and  ammonium no  change occurred  in the
DMSP  concentration of  non-fixing cultures.  After  these  initial   days,
however,  the batch  cultures  grew  very   dense and DMSP  concentrations
dropped  rapidly in  both  treatments. This  experiment  is  currently  being
repeated.

     During  the  past  year,   Center researchers have  presented  their
hypotheses  and perspectives  on current DMS  research  and global climate
change at a Cornell  University  symposium, a  Cornell short course on  global

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climate change,  and  in  an  invited  presentation at  a symposium  of  the
Ecological  Society  of America  (ESA).   A  report  on  the Center's  ESA
presentation  was  to  be  published  in  the  November   1990  issue  of
Bioscience.  Finally, with ERC support, a proposal was approved  by the U.S.
EPA  Environmental  Biology Research  Program  to sustain  this study of  the
controls of  DMS production.

      Dormant  Stages  as  Buffers  Against  Environmental   Change:
Marked changes in global climate  will  alter lake  environments, with  the
possibility  that lake  depths  may be  reduced.   The effects  of such change on
planktonic  communities will  in  part  depend  upon  the amount  of  genetic
variation present in  populations.  Scientists at the Center  have  been testing
the  hypothesis that dormant  eggs,  stored  in  lake  sediments  of  deeper
reaches, represent a reservoir of  genetic variation that may  act  as a buffer
against environmental  change if lower  water  levels  release  them.

      Dormant eggs from  the copepod Diaptomus sanguineus are abundant
in lake sediments and  remain viable for  decades.   The present  study aims
to compare  levels of genetic variation found in D. sanguineus dormant  eggs,
sampled and hatched from  sediment cores, to  those  of active individuals.

      A cellulose acetate  enzyme electrophoresis  system was  developed to
assay  genetic  variation  in  Diaptomus  sanguineus. Using  this  system,
researchers  have  established  the  level of variation  in natural  populations
of this species.   In anticipation  of extending  dormant stage  analyses  into
larger lakes,  genetic  variation for  a similar array  of enzymes  was also
examined   in  two  additional   copepod  species  (D.   minutus and D
oregonensis)  and 2  other crustacean species (Daphnia   pulicaria  and  D
galeata) from Oneida Lake, N.Y.

      Genetic variation was assayed in dormant eggs from  D.   sanguineus
collected  from live  adult females.  Because of the  microscopic  size of  the
eggs, which  are only lOOfim, this work has extended  the analysis  capability
of the electrophoretic  system beyond anything previously  attempted.

      The  Agronomic   and  Economic  Consequences  of   Gradual
Climate   Change:  A  Preliminary  Investigation  of  Midwestern Crop
Farming:   If the global climate  is  in  fact changing as  rapidly as many
experts believe,  agriculture  will  have to  respond  accordingly.    Climate
change will affect the  agricultural ecosystem:  the course  of growth  and  the
yield  of  field  crops will change, as  will the periods  of time available  for
field  operations.   These changes will be reflected in  the  decisions made by
farmers.
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      In response to these problems,  Center researchers  wanted  to  develop
an  interdisciplinary  protocol  which  could be  used to model the  effects of
climate  change  on  farm  operations  and  profitability  and  to  apply  this
protocol to  a case study with important policy implications.

      A complete  experimental  protocol  has  been  developed  and  put in
written  form.  This protocol  is  unique in attempting  to  track  the effects of
climate  through  a mechanistic  atmosphere-soil-crop  model to a model of
farm-level  decision  making.    It  combines   models  from  the  fields  of
climatology,  soil  science, crop physiology, and agricultural economics in a
unified  framework to predict  the effect of gradual climate change on farm
operations and  profitability.

      The    model  is  composed of  several  integrated  parts, including  a
FORTRAN  subroutine to generate daily  climates under different scenarios, a
complete restructuring of a previous  crop model, inclusion  of the ability to
compute  and record field  hours,  and  construction  of a composite  soil
profile.  It is unusual in its  emphasis on  soils, and  its  investigation of the
effects  of gradual   climate  change.   Preliminary  simulation  results  show,
for example, that maize  yields could be  maintained in a period of warming
through the  introduction  of later  maturing  varieties,   i.e.,  varieties  that
under   present  conditions  would  be  considered  "super  late".    Several
experimental  runs have been made  on  the  economic  component  of the
model  as well.   When complete, the model  will predict  the decisions  which
would   be made  by  midwestern grain  farmers in  the face  of changing
climate, and through  the decisions, the levels  of production of  various  grain
crops,  and the profitability of farms.

      Further efforts  on this  project  will be  supported   by funds from the
U.S. Department of Agriculture.

      Potential   Effects  of   Global   Climate   Change   on   Fisheries:
Initial  research  on this  project  involved  a  study of published  material to
define  how  lentic  (still water) freshwater and marine fish yields varied as
a  factor  of  large  scale climate differences.   Two  very  different  patterns
were found for  oceanic  and  inland waters.  The  latter exhibit yields  that are
high in  the  tropics and one  to  two orders of magnitude lower at temperate
and  subarctic latitudes.  In contrast,  marine fishery  yields  show  much  less
relation  to  latitude.

     Marine and freshwater  systems were  compared and  suggest  that the
hypothesis that  fish  yields  bear  a  strong positive  relation  to temperature is


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not correct.   Center  scientists  are pursuing the  alternative  hypothesis  that
mixing  is  the  key determinant  of fish  yield.   Surrogates are being  sought,
such  as, average  wind velocity  (with effects modified  by water depth),  that
adequately represent mixing as  a determinant of fish yield.   A model  of
yield  as a function of mixing and,  as  appropriate,  other variables, is being
developed.   Once this  is  accomplished, researchers  will couple  this  model
with  global  climate  model-generated  climate  change  scenarios.

      This work  was  presented  at  the Annual  Meeting of  the American
Society  of Limnology  and  Oceanography  held  in  Williamsburg,  Virginia,
June  11-14,  1990.

      Control   of  Fine   Root  Growth  in  Tropical   Forests:   The
consequences  of  deforestation  of the  tropics  are  of  tremendous  concern
both  locally and  globally.  An  understanding  of basic ecosystem properties
within  tropical  forests is necessary  for effective  management, and also  for
predicting  and  compensating for  the  climatic  changes  that  may  occur as a
result of global  warming  and/or deforestation.

      With  funding  from  the   Smithsonian  Institution,   ERC  staff   are
examining the  control of  fine root  growth within the tropical  moist forest
on  Barro  Colorado Island,  Republic  of Panama.   Because  temperature  and
photoperiod  are  relatively  constant  within  tropical forests,  the seasonal
changes in  rainfall  are thought to   be the ultimate cause  of  seasonality.
Thus   the  global  changes  in  precipitation patterns  that  are expected  to
accompany global climate  warming  may affect  the  growth  and productivity
of  tropical forests.   In  particular, researchers are  investigating  how water
and soil nutrient  resources act in concert to control  rates and  timing  of  fine
root  growth.

      Current  research  demonstrates  that  biological  processes  are much
more  important  than  physical  processes  in  maintaining  nutrients  in   the
soil.  In other  words, soil  microbes and fine roots play a tremendous  role in
nutrient conservation.  For example,  50%  of  the  phosphorus  in  this  system
is found within microbes, as compared to  5%  in  other systems.

      The  ramifications  of  these  findings  are  substantial.    Microbes  and
fine roots, the  natural  conservers  of nutrients,  are  destroyed when  tropical
forests  are cut down  and  used  for  field  crops  or pasture.   This  explains
why  these soils  lose their fertility within  a  few growing  seasons  after
deforestation.
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      Socioeconomic  Implications  of  Global   Warming:   The purpose
of this  project was  to  reassess the approaches taken by  social scientists  to
global  change-related  phenomena,  particularly  global   warming  and
sustainable development.   The study produced four major findings.

      First, virtually all social  science literature on  global change  and  global
warming  is  based  on  an  assumption  that  global  warming  scenarios  are
very  likely;  social  scientists  appear  to accept  the  likelihood  of  global
warming more than most  climate  researchers.   Most  of the social  science
literature  has therefore been  devoted  to  understanding  the social  factors
that  contribute  to  global  warming and  the  social  mechanisms that  might
enable  policy  changes  that  can  respond to  the  global  warming   threat.
Clearly  both  the social  and environmental science communities  need  to  be
aware of  the  social  implications  of  the extraordinary growth of  extra-
scientific  consensus  that has developed  over  global warming.

      Second,  many  popularized  notions  from  modern   environmental
science  now  have  a  complicated,  and  sometimes  contradictory,  status  of
serving   simultaneously as  scientific  concepts  and  as social  movement
ideology.   A very  rapid  shift  was  observed in  the stance  of most  major
environmental organizations over  the  past  few  years  toward  basing their
goals and  rationales for policy  changes on  the  concepts of global  change
and  global  warming.   Global  change  has  thus, in a  sense,  become  the
predominant  ideological   form   of  the   international    environmental
movement.    The  interrelations  of  environmentalists  and  environmental
scientists  are  thus  very important to an  understanding  of  the  development
of environmental science knowledge and  the role  this knowledge plays  in
policy formulation.

      Third, a key component  of the diffusion of global change and  global
warming knowledge  to  the public is  that it must  be packaged in a way that
can  build popular  awareness   and  support.  Center  staff   focused  on  a
comparison  between  the   current  milieu of global  change  and   global
warming,  on  one hand, and the  experience 15  years ago  with  "the limits to
growth", on the other.   There  are many factors  that apparently have  led to
greater  popular  concern about  global  change/warming  than was the  case
with the limits to growth.  One of them is that there has  been a tendency to
frame  discussions  of  global  change/warming in  relatively benign  terms
with respect  to  societal sacrifices, as  compared  to  the  relatively draconian
implications (zero economic growth, stringent  population control, etc.)  that
were  part  of the limits  to growth  notion.    Despite the  fact  that  global
change/warming  would  imply  the need  for some very significant and rapid
changes in energy  policy,  this has  not  been given major  emphasis  in  the


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popularized literature  on global warming.   In fact,  there is a  tendency for
the  need  for  new  and/or  alternative  energy   sources,  often  including
nuclear power,  to  be  stressed over the need  for  very  strict  conservation.

      Finally,  many  of  the  prominently-discussed  policies for  addressing
global change  and  related  problems  suggest  either the possibility of future
dissension  or  potentially negative  implications for  particular  social groups
and    countries.    The current framing  of  global  change/warming  issues
tends not  to  stress energy conservation,  and  often  is limited  to discussing
alternatives to  coal and other fossil  fuels  for producing as much energy  as
is now  consumed.    This  will increase  the likelihood  of  a  significant
renaissance  of nuclear  power.   Among   other implications,  this   may
ultimately  split   the environmental  community  into   anti-nuclear  and
relatively  pro-nuclear  factions.  In addition,  many  Third  World states  are
beginning  to  react  against  some  of   the   concerns  expressed  by
environmental   groups and  public  entities  on tropical  deforestation  as  it
relates to  global change issues.

Wetlands  Research

      Wetland  regulation  under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and the
current federal policy of  "no net loss" of  wetlands is  based  in part on
scientific  understanding of the  value  of  wetlands as  habitats  for particular
species and  on their capacity  to  modify  the chemistry  of water moving
through them.   ERC   staff continue  to conduct  fundamental studies on  the
factors  controlling:    (a)  wetland modification of  surface  and  ground  water
moving through them, and (b)  maintenance of fen  communities  as habitats
for rare plant  species.  The applied aspect  of  the Center's work continues  to
focus  on  the  development of  cumulative  impact  assessment  for wetland
landscapes and regions.

      Investigation  of  Soil—Stream  Interactions  in  Natural   and
Man-Manipulated   Watersheds:   Typically  within forested  watersheds
of  the  Northeast,  headwater  streams are   associated  with small  wetland
areas.   Although  the  extent of these  areas  is  small,  their functional role
may be large.   For example, it is  thought  that a large portion  of the  water
draining  the   upland  portions  of  these   watersheds  passes   through  the
wetlands  before  entering  the  stream.   Therefore   the  chemistry  of  the
stream  water   appears  to   be altered  substantially  by   biological  and
physicochemical  processes  occurring  within  the  wetland  areas.    With
support from   the   National Science Foundation,  ERC  staff  have monitored
water and  soil  chemistry of two small wetland areas within  the  Bear Brook
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watershed of  the  Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, located  in  the White
Mountains  of New Hampshire.

      The results  of  this study  have important implications for the  logging
industry,  which  does  not  take special  precautions  to  prevent  erosional
damage  of  wetlands when  wetlands comprise so  small a  portion  of  the
landscape.   As a  result,  logging  may damage  wetland areas  irreparably.

      Transport   of  Gases   Between   the  Shoots   and   Roots  of
Wetland   Plants:   The   ability  of wetland plants to  transport  oxygen
through  their shoots  to  roots  and the zone immediately  around their  roots
has  been of longstanding interest among plant scientists as an  explanation
for  survival  in  flooded soils.    Current  interest  in this plant  mediated
transfer  of  oxygen between the  atmosphere and root zone extends  beyond
flooding  tolerance  to   the  capacity   of  wetland   plants  to   influence
biogeochemical cycles  through effects  on  sediment  oxidation-reduction
processes in the  bulk sediment. Results  of previous  studies, however,  have
not  been conclusive.  Some  studies report  no net release of oxygen; others
report high  rates  or variable rates of release.  Few  studies have  been  done
on  freshwater wetland  species  and  the  methods  used  in  some  of  these
studies  are  questionable  with regard  to their applicability  to whole,  mature
wetland  plants growing  over extended periods of time.

      The  Center  developed an experimental  system  and  procedures  for
testing  mature wetland plants over  periods  of several weeks.   The results
for five different  species show  that  the  net effect of wetland  plants is  not
to oxygenate  their root  environment.   This finding  is controversial and  has
serious  implications for  the  design of constructed  wetlands for waste  water
treatment, the  carbon budgets  of  wetlands,  and methane production within
wetlands.

      The results  of  this study  have been  submitted  for publication in  the
peer-reviewed literature  and  were presented  as  a  poster at the  Ecological
Society  of  America's  Annual Meeting, 31  July  1990.

      Mitigation  of  Acidified  Water  Through  Soil  Liming:   As part
of the Experimental Watershed  Liming  Study  funded  by the Electric Power
Research Institute  (EPRI) and Living Lakes, Inc., ERC staff have  monitored
water and  soil chemistry of several  different  small  wetland areas within a
limed  watershed  and have  quantitatively  described  the pattern of  lime
distribution.   These  wetland areas  are  home  to  a  wide variety of  plant
species.   It  was  expected  that  liming  in  the wetlands would lead to
degradation   of  these areas, but  thus  far  this is  not  the case.  On  the
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contrary,  it was found  that  the  wetlands sustained minor  damage only  in
hollow  areas, while  hummocks were not  disturbed;  plants  that died  in  the
hollows  were quickly replaced by other,  more  pH  tolerant species.   Lime
washed  out  of  the  wetlands  and  into  the  lake,  and  thus  the  pH of  the
wetlands  was not affected  in  any  significant manner.

      Vegetation  and Water  Chemistry  of New York  Fens:  In New
York State,  fens  are uncommon  peatland communities that include several
rare species.  With  the goals of refining  a classification of  fen communities,
establishing permanent plots for  monitoring,  and determining relationships
between  vegetation  and  surface   water  chemistry,  ERC  staff  sampled  19
lOOrn^  plots at fen sites  in 13  counties  throughout New  York State.   The
sites .represent  seven  types  of  fen communities  currently recognized  by
the NY  Natural Heritage Program:   inland poor  fen, Coastal Plain poor fen,
medium  fen, rich graminoid fen,  rich sloping  fen, rich shrub fen, and marl
fen. These fens occur  at  elevations ranging  from  8m  on  Long  Island  to
640m  in  the  Adirondack  Mountains.

      It  was  found  that species  richness tends  to  be positively correlated
with surface water  pH, conductivity, and  concentration of  calcium, as well
as  with  soil pH.   Species  composition appears to  be related to  low nutrient
water  feeding  these  sites.    These sites,  therefore,  are threatened  by
nutrient  rich  run-off from agriculture.

      These  results  were  presented in  a  poster  session  of  the Annual
Meeting  of the Ecological  Society of America, Snowbird, Utah, 31  July 1990.

      Great Lakes  Wetlands:   A  Cumulative  Impact  Assessment:   A
paper  on this topic  was  presented  at the  International Symposium on Great
Lakes   Wetlands,  and  will  be   published  in   the  proceedings  of   the
symposium.   When  Great  Lakes  wetlands are analyzed at  the level of  the
entire  Great Lakes Basin,  it is  evident that  the cumulative impact of human
activities on  the  total  wetland resource  base has  been  extremely  severe.
Most wetlands within the  basin  have been  lost, and  of  those that remain,
most  are degraded.   Only a  relatively  small  number and  acreage of high
quality,  undisturbed  sites remain.   These  should  be given  high priority  for
protection. Degraded sites  should  be evaluated for restoration.   The Center
has proposed  a framework for cumulative impact assessment for  the  entire
Great Lakes basin.

     Ecotones  Workshop; In  collaboration  with the  ERC, Oak  Ridge
National Laboratories  (ORNL) conducted a workshop to facilitate  the testing
of  theories about the role  of wetland  and  riparian ecotones  (zones   of

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transition  between  ecosystems) in  landscape  dynamics.   As  the scale of
environmental problems expands  from the local to the regional  and global,
various  scientific and policy  groups have  begun  to  focus  on theories and
methods  for  addressing  issues  at  these larger scales.   Several promising
conceptual  and  methodological advances have  been made in  characterizing
spatial-temporal  patterns   of  entire   landscapes   and  in  quantifying
exchanges  across  ecosystem  boundaries within  those  landscapes.    One
general  theory  that  has  emerged  from  these  advances is that ecotones —
zones of  transition  between  ecosystems —  are  particularly  susceptible to
environmental  changes.    The  policy  implication  is  that  they  therefore
should be  monitored  as  early  indicators of  human impacts  on landscape
dynamics.    The present  need  is  for   data  with  which to  test  specific
hypotheses about  ecotones  and  to  guide future  monitoring  efforts.   This
workshop,  funded by  the U.S. Man and the  Biosphere Program, the  EPA,
and the U.S. Department  of Energy, focused  on applying theory,  identifying
existing date and  needed data,  and developing methods.   A  report  for  the
peer-reviewed literature  is  in preparation.

Scale  and  Modeling Issues

      ERC staff continue  to  address  the  conceptual and  methodological
problems  associated  with  modeling  total  ecosystem response  to stress.
Efforts have  focused  on  four  areas:   (1) considerations  of scale in modeling
ecosystems,  (2) modeling  plant   responses   to  interactive  stresses,  (3)
landscape  modeling,  and  (4)  theoretical   models  of  the  spread  of
agricultural pests  in fragmented landscapes.

      Problems  of  Scale  in  Ecosystem  Modeling:   ERC staff  are
involved  in  an  ongoing  set  of  projects  to  understand  the  relationship
between  scale  and  ecosystem dynamics.    These projects   are  currently
funded  by the  ERC  Center, the National  Science Foundation  (NSF),  the
National  Aeronautics  and  Space Administration (NASA), and the  National
Oceanic and  Atmospheric Administration (NO A A).

      The  issues of scale  are  among  the most fundamental  of those facing
ecosystem  modelers  and  policymakers.   The  relationship   of properties
across different  scales is central  to addressing questions of  global  climate
change  and  determining  the  ecological significance  of  different types of
environmental  stress.   These  problems  include  merging  temporal  and
spatial scales, and  extrapolating  data  collected on  one scale to phenomena
occurring  at  another.  With the  advent  of  high speed  computers, it is  now
possible  to  take  a  comprehensive   approach   to  understanding   the
relationship  of  pattern  to  scale  in  varied ecosystems,   thus  enabling


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scientists  to  explore the dependence  of species  and community  patterns on
underlying dynamic  processes  within  the ecosystem.

      Disturbances to ecosystems come  in  many varieties,  and  these  and
other  events  introduce  complicated  patterns   of spatial   and  temporal
correlation into natural  systems.  To address these issues, and  to develop a
method for the analysis  of such disturbance controlled systems, the Center
is  examining  a variety  of descriptors  of spatial and  temporal  pattern,  and
is  applying  them  to systems  in  which  localized disturbance is a  critical
determinant   of  landscape  pattern.     The  properties  of   the   pattern
descriptors  are being  investigated,  using  several  approaches:  analysis of
computer  simulations of simple  systems,  analysis of  spatial data  sets,  and
finally  integration  of  experimental   and  modeling  studies  of  serpentine
grassland  located  at Jasper Ridge in  California  and Northeastern temperate
forests. Among the  advantages of the  latter approach  is  that it is  possible
to compare  model predictions  and experimental results over  a  range of
scales.   Integration of experimental studies  with modeling  allows  scientists
to improve  the model  using  information gained  through  experimentation
and  to design experiments  suggested  by  model  predictions.    A  further
advantage  of a modeling  approach  is  that  extrapolation  is  possible across
scales of  space  and time in  a  way  that  cannot  be accomplished using
experimental  studies  alone.

      Center  personnel   have  developed  a theory  extending  the  use of
spectral  analysis   and  autocorrelation  analysis   to  determine  the  critical
scales driving  ecosystem  dynamics.    The  underlying motivation  for  this
project is to  develop  approaches  to  interpret empirical  results  from  a
variety  of  studies  on   different  ecosystems  including,   for  example,
information  obtained  from  remote   sensing,   since  such   information  is
typically available  only  for a limited  range of spatial and temporal  scales.

      In a closely  related project funded  by the  Department  of  Energy and
NASA, the  Center is   in the  initial  phase   of  developing,   empirically
calibrating, and testing  a theory  of  forest  dynamics  that  encompasses  a
broad  range  of spatial  and temporal  scales.  The  research consists  of an
integrated  program  of  computer  and  mathematical modeling,   analysis of
remotely  sensed  images   of  pattern  in  forested  systems,  and  empirical
studies of twelve  forest  tree  species  that   are  canopy  dominants in
transition   oak—northern  hardwood   forests.    The  work  involves
investigators   from   three  institutions:     Cornell,   the   University  of
Connecticut,  and  the  Institute   of  Ecosystem Studies.   The  principal
objective   of   the  work  is to  understand  the   factors  controlling  forest
community dynamics   and  structure  and,  specifically,  to  identify  the
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ecological  processes  responsible for observed  spatial and  temporal patterns
across a broad  range of scales  and determine  how  these  processes  become
represented in  a scale-dependent  pattern.

    ROPIS:    Response of  Plants to  Tnteractive  Stresses:    Ecosystems
and  the  plants  and  animals  they  contain are  being  exposed to  more  than
one  pollutant  simultaneously.    For   example,  mountain regions  in  the
Northeastern U.S.  that  are  receiving  large  amounts  of acidic  precipitation
are also  being  exposed to  periodic high concentrations  of ozone.  Further,
organisms  under  stress from natural  agents,  such  as  drought  or nutrient
limitation,  can  have  increased  susceptibility  to   pollutant  damage.
However, most  regulatory efforts  to protect ecosystems from  damage have
treated each pollutant  independently.   It is therefore critical to  understand
how an  array  of co-occurring stresses  can exacerbate  or  alter  the  growth
patterns  of organisms.

    The simulation  model, TREGRO, was developed  by ERC staff to  analyze
the  response  of  red  spruce  trees  to  multiple   stresses,  in  particular
exposure to ozone and acidic deposition.   The  most important  function  of
the model  is  to examine the  mechanisms by which different stresses cause
responses   in   plants,  including   alterations  in   the  processes   of
photosynthesis,  allocation,   and  damage repair.    The  model  can  aid  in
evaluating  the  long term effect  of pollution upon resource availability,  the
potential for  gradual  deterioration  of  tree health  under  long  periods  of
pollution  exposure,  and  imbalances   in  growth  accompanying  shifts  in
carbon allocation.

    Because of  these  capabilities,  TREGRO was  used as  part of the 1989
NAPAP  assessment   to  provide  insight  into  factors  that  increase  the
probability  of  significant  pollution  damage  to  trees.    Center personnel
predicted  a decrease  in growth and  shifting  pattern of  carbon allocation
expected for  an  isolated  tree  exposed to ozone  and decreased  nutrient
availability  due to acidic  deposition.   Researchers  have identified some  of
the conditions under  which  a tree  is likely  to  be  able to alter  its growth  or
resource  allocation pattern  to  mitigate  against  long term damage.    As  a
bookkeeping device,  identifying  small  changes  in pools  of carbon resources
within the  tree, the model  has  suggested trends in the  deterioration  of tree
health under  pollutant  exposure  that  may become  measurable  only after
many years of  exposure.

      Policy  makers  must   be  able  to  have  hands-on   experience with
assessment  tools such as TREGRO in  order to  sort through the complexities
involved in setting  standards for  pollutants  under  real-world  conditions.


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The goal is  to provide an  educational software package that  can be used by
a  wide  range  of people,  from  managers to  scientists,  to  further their
understanding  of plant responses  to stress.   The model  structure  which
was developed provides a  tool  for  the  user  to  explore  easily the variables
that affect plant  response  to  pollutants.   New types  of  displays  are  being
added,   including  animations  of   growing  trees,  that   will  demonstrate
visually  the  predicted  responses  of  a tree to  different types of stress.   In
the  future,  this  software  will  be   developed further by  adding systems
structures  that   will   lead   users   to   a  better  understanding  of  the
ramifications of  model results.  Finally, Center researchers are  beginning  to
work with scientists  at the EPA laboratory in Corvallis,  Oregon to test  the
ability of  the  model to communicate these important  concepts.

      Landscape  Modeling:   In addition to  other modeling activities, ERC
staff have begun  to develop the conceptual basis  for creating a  new type  of
ecological simulation  model.   The  concept is to  distribute ecosystem and
agricultural  simulation  models  across a  spatial  grid that  could  represent
the landscape at  the regional level.   One of the aims of this new  model is  to
increase  the spatial  scale of  ecological  models  in order to match  the
minimum scales  of climate models.   The  approach is  to  use highly parallel
computing  systems,  with  a  central  processor  dedicated to a geographic
information   system  (GIS)   platform  through  which   the landscape   is
illustrated   and   through   which  information  is  exchanged  among the
individual ecosystem  cells of  the  landscape.   Each individual  ecosystem
type (e.g., deciduous  forest,  grassland,  maize crop, etc.)  will  be  simulated
by  a process-based simulation  model  implemented  on  a single  processor  of
the  parallel  computer.   Thus, all   cells  in  the  landscape that  are  of a
particular  ecosystem type  will  be  simulated  by a particular  processor,  at
the same time that  all the  cells of  another ecosystem  type are simulated by
another  processor.

      The  initial  scheme is to  use  the  Cornell  Theory  Center's HyperCube
computer,  consisting  of 32  386-equivalent processors,  but new  purchases
by  the  Theory  Center may  provide  greater  computing  capabilities.    The
overall  structure of  the   landscape  model has  been  developed,  acquired
committed time   and  space  on  the HyperCube,  and prepared  a research
proposal for funding the actual model development.

      Modeling   the   Spread   of  Agricultural  Pests:   In  a  modeling
project  supported  by  Hatch  funds  from  the Department  of  Agriculture,
Center   researchers  are  studying   theoretical models  of  the  spread   of
agricultural  pests  in  fragmented   landscapes.    Center  researchers  are
considering the dynamics of spread  of insect pests and weeds  using  models


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ranging from  classical  diffusion models  to more  recently developed models
involving  interacting particle  systems  and  percolation theory.   From  these
building blocks, more complex simulation  models  will be  developed to run
on  the supercomputer at the Cornell National Supercomputer facility.

      Technical  Support  to  EPA;  ERC  continues to  provide  technical
support to  EPA through  participation in  meetings  and  workshops, review
panels and  working  groups, individual  meetings  with  EPA  staff,  and the
review of proposals.

      As  part of  the  EPA  Science  Advisory  Board  Environmental  Risk
Reduction   Project,  ERC  staff  served  on  the  ecological  welfare  risk
subcommittee  of the  Relative Risk Reduction  Strategies Committee (RRRSC),
and  developed the methodology that was used  to  establish  the relative risk
rankings  for   environmental  problems  affecting  ecological  systems  and
human  welfare.

      In  conjunction  with  participation  in this subcommittee,  ERC  staff gave
briefings  to EPA  personnel and  NSF  program  officers,  wrote  substantial
parts of  the subcommittee report, and drafted  a  manuscript for publication
in Environmental  Management entitled,  "Prioritizing  ecological and Human
Welfare Risks  from Environmental Stresses."  The  RRRSC  report,  "Reducing
Risk:  Setting  Priorities and  Strategies  for Environmental  Protection,"  was
released by  EPA Administrator William  Reilly on  September 25,  1990.

      ERC  staff participated in the EPA's Ecological  Risk Assessment Forum
by   preparing  input  that  described  the   process  of  characterizing   how
ecosystems  are exposed  to, respond to, recover  from and  adapt  to  stress.
Each of  these areas requires  understanding  a full set of  issues  concerning
ecological endpoints  and ecological  indicators,  subjects  studied in depth by
ERC staff over the past  few years.  That  input is being incorporated  into  a
series  of colloquia proceedings presently in preparation by  the Forum.

      In  addition,  ERC  staff  assisted  the Forum  in  its  development  of
ecological risk assessment  guidelines, and  will  continue into next year  as  a
primary  scientific  adviser  for preparation of  Forum  documents  on  risk
assessment.

      ERC  staff continued to  participate in various   EPA  Science  Advisory
Board Subcommittee meetings reviewing  EPA's  reports   to  Congress on
global climate change  scientific issues,  policy  issues, and  strategic options.
They also  participated  in  the  scientific  review  of studies performed by
EPA's Office  of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation  on the agricultural effects


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of climate change,  served  as  reviewer  of the science study and  summary
reports  for   the  Intergovernmental  Panel   on  Climate   Change,   and
contributed  to  chapters  by  the effects  study  group  on  ecological  and
agricultural  effects.
                     RESEARCH GOALS — FY 1991

    During  the  Center's  final  year,  the  primary goals  are  to achieve  a
smooth  shut-down   of  ERC  operations,  and  to   complete  papers  for
submission   and   dissemination   of   information   about    recent
accomplishments.

    Research efforts  will continue  on  biomonitoring,  the terrestrial  ecology
of  closed  fly  ash  landfills, DMS  and  other trace gas  production,  tropical
forest  nutrient analysis,  soil-stream interactions,  and  liming of watersheds.
The  study of New  York  fens will be extended  to  focus  on  the  threat to
these  areas from  nutrient  rich  run-off  from agriculture.   In  addition,
research  will  continue  on  into  the  relationship between  scale   and
ecosystem  dynamics  by adding extensions  to  the Jasper  Ridge simulation
model,  and further refinements  will be made to  TREGRO model. As many
ERC-sponsored  projects  now receive  substantial  portions of their  financial
support from  agencies other  than the  EPA, these projects  will continue to
evolve beyond  the end of the ERC  program as  a whole.
                          OUTPUTS — FY 1990

      Number of Articles in Refereed Journals	9
      Number of Articles Submitted or In Press	18
      Books  and Bound Proceedings	2
      Chapters  in Other Books	16
      Project Reports	0
      Conferences and  Workshops  Held	1
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                           BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFEREED JOURNAL ARTICLES

      Andow,  D.A.,  P.M. Kareiva,  S.A. Levin,  and A.  Okubo,  "Spread  of
Invading  Organisms,"  Landscape  Ecology. Vol. 4, No. 2/3, pp.  177-188,
1990.

      Ford,  J.,  "A 10,000 Year History  of Natural Ecosystem  Acidification,"
Ecological  Monographs. Vol.  60, No. 1, pp. 57-89, 1990.

      Kelly, J.R.,  D.T. Rudnick, R.D. Morton, L. Buttel, S.N. Levine, and K.A.
Carr,  "Tributyltin and Invertebrates of A Seagrass Ecosystem:   Exposure
and Response  of  Different Species,"  Marine  Environmental  Research.  Vol.
29, pp. 245-276,  1990.

      Limburg, K.E. and R.E.  Schmidt,  "Patterns  of Fish  Spawning  in  the
Hudson River  Watershed:    Biological  Response  to An Urban Gradient,"
Ecology. Vol. 71, pp.  1238-1245, 1990.

      Stoewsand,  G.S., J.L. Anderson, L.H. Weinstein, J.F.  Osmeloski, W.H.
Gutenmann, and  D.J.  Lisk,  "Selenium  in Tissues of Rats Fed Rutabagas
Grown on Soil Covering A Coal Fly Ash Landfill,"  Bulletin of  Environmental
Contaminant Toxicology. Vol. 44, pp. 681-685, 1990.

      Weinstein, L.H., J.F. Osmeloski, J.B.  McCahan, C.A. Bache, A.O. Beers,
and D.J.  Lisk, "Uptake of  Chemical Elements  by  Grasses  and Legumes
Growing on Soil  Covering Coal  Fly  Ash  Landfill Sites," Journal  of Food
Safety. Vol. 9, pp.  291-300, 1989.

      Wieder,  R.K.,  J.B. Yavitt,  and  G.E. Lang,  "Methane Production and
Sulfate Reduction  in Two Appalachian Peatlands," Biogeochemistry. Vol. 10,
pp. 81-104, 1990.

      Yavitt, J.B., D.M.  Downey, E. Lancaster,  and G.E.  Lang, "Methane
Consumption in  Decomposing Sphagnum-derived  Peat,"  Soil Biology and
Biochemistry. Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 441-447, 1990.

      Yavitt, J.B., D.M.  Downey, A.J.  Sexstone,  and G.E.  Lang, "Methane
Consumption in Two Temperate Forest Soils," Biogeochemistrv. Vol. 9, pp.
39-52,  1990.
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ARTICLES SUBMITTED OR IN PRESS

      Bedford, B.L., D.R. Bouldin, and B.D. Beliveau, "Net Oxygen and Carbon
Dioxide  Balances  in Solutions  Bathing Roots of Wetland Plants," Journal of
Ecology, submitted, 1990.

      Dwyer,  G.,  S.A. Levin,  and  L. Buttel, "A  Simulation  Model of the
Population   Dynamics  and  Evolution  of  Myxomatosis,"   Ecological
Monographs, in press, 1990.

      Frithsen, J.B., D.T. Rudnick,  and C.A. Oviatt, "Long-term  Patterns of
Macrobenthic Community  Response  to Nutrient  Enrichment,"  Journal  of
Marine  Science, submitted, 1989.

      Gore,  J.A., J.R. Kelly, and J.D. Yount, "Application of Ecological Theory
to  Determining  the  Recovery Potential  of  Disturbed  Lotic Ecosystems:
Research Needs  and  Priorities,"   Environmental   Management,  in  press,
1990.

      Hambright, K.D., R.W. Drenner, S.R. McLomas, and  N.G. Hairston, Jr.,
"Gape-limited Piscivores,  Prey Size Refuges, and  the  Trophic  Cascade,"
Limnologica 21. in press, 1990.

      Kelly, J. R., "Consumer and  Supplier Roles of the Benthos  Relative to
Phytoplankton Production:   A  Simple  Classification  Diagram,"  Journal  of
Marine  Research,  submitted,  1990.

      Kelly,  J.R.,  "Experimental  Studies  on  Benthic-pelagic   Nutrient  and
Carbon Dynamics  with Nutrient Enrichment of Shallow Coastal Ecosystems,"
Journal of Marine  Research, submitted, 1990.

      Kelly,  J.R.,   "Paradigms  of  Benthic-pelagic  Coupling of  Carbon  and
Nutrients in Coastal  Ecosystems  as  Derived  from  Annual Field  Studies,"
Journal of Marine  Research, submitted, 1990.

      Kelly, J.R., L. Buttel, S.N. Levine, K.A. Carr, D.T. Rudnick,  and R.D.
Morton,  "Tributyltin  Effects  Within A  Thalassia Seagrass Ecosystem,"
Estuaries, in press,  1990.

      Kelly,  J.R.  and  M.A. Harwell,  "Indicators  of Ecosystem  Recovery,"
Environmental  Management, in press, 1990.
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      Levine, S.N., D.T. Rudnick, J.R. Kelly, R.D. Morton, L. Buttel, and  K.A.
Carr, "Pollutant Dynamics  as  Influenced  by Seagrass  Beds:   Experiments
with Tributyltin  in Thalassia Microcosms," Marine  Environmental  Research.
in press,  1990.

      Moloney,  K.A.,  "Shifting Demographic Control  of  A  Perennial
Bunchgrass Along A Natural Habitat Gradient," Ecology, in press, 1990.

      Moloney, K.A., S.A. Levin, N. R. Chiariello, L. Buttel,  "Pattern and Scale
in A Serpentine Grassland,"  Theoretical  Population   Biology,  submitted,
1990.

      Morin,  A., K.D. Hambright, N.G. Hairston,  Jr., D.M. Sherman, and R.W.
Howarth,  "Consumer  Control  of Gross  Primary  Production  in  Replocate
Freshwater   Ponds,"  Internationale  Vereinigung   for  Theoretische  und
Angewandte  Limnologie  24. in press, 1990.

      Rudnick, D.T.,  G.T.  Banta, A.E. Giblin, J.E. Hobbie, and R.W. Howarth,
"Controls of Carbon  Cycling  in  Marine  Sediments:    Are  Anoxia  and
Porewater Metabolites Important?"  Science,  submitted,   1990.

      Yavitt,  J.B.  and  G.E.  Lang, "Methane  Production in  Contrasting
Peatland Sites:  Responses  to  Substrate Quality and to Sulfate  Reduction,"
Geomicrobiology Journal, in press, 1990.

      Yavitt,  J.B., G.E. Lang, and A.J. Sexstone,  "Methane Fluxes  in Wetland
and  Forest  Soils,  Beaver Ponds, and  Low-order  Streams  of A  Temperate
Forest Ecosytem," Journal of Geophysical   Research, in press, 1990.

      Yavitt,  J.B. and R.M.  Newton,  "Liming  Effects on Some Chemical and
Biological Parameters  of  Soils  (Spodosols  and  Histosols)  in  A  Hardwood-
Forest Watershed," Water. Air, and  Soil Pollution,  in press, 1990.
BOOKS AND BOUND PROCEEDINGS

      Castillo-Chavez, C.,  S.A.  Levin, and  C.  Shoemaker, eds., "Mathematical
Approaches to  Problems  in  Resource  Management   and  Epidemiology,"
Lecture  Notes in  Biomathematics. Vol.  81, Springer-Verlag,  Heidelberg,
1989.

      Levin, S.A., T.G. Hallam, and LJ.  Gross,  eds.,  "Applied Mathematical
Ecology," Biomathematics. Vol. 18, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg,  1989.


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CHAPTERS IN BOOKS AND BOUND PROCEEDINGS

      Andow,  D.A., P.M.  Karieva,  S.A.  Levin,  and A.  Okubo, "Spread  of
Invading Organisms:   Patterns  of  Spread,"  Evolution  of Insect Pests: The
Pattern  of Variations. (K.C. Kim,  ed.) John Wiley  and Sons,  New  York,  in
press,  1990.

      Bedford, B.L., "Assessing  Impacts  on Peatland Ecosystems:  Feedbacks
Between  Vegetation   and  Environment,"  Proceedings  of  the  British
Ecological  Society International Symposium  on Peatland Ecosystems:   An
Impact  Assessment, in press, 1990.

      Bedford,  B.L.,  "Increasing the Scale of Analysis:   The  Challenge  of
Cumulative  Impact Assessment  for Great Lakes wetlands,"  Proceedings  of
the International  Symposium on Wetlands  of  the  Great  Lakes,  submitted,
1990.

      Castillo-Chavez,  C.,  K.  Cooke, and  S.A.  Levin,  "On the Modeling  of
Epidemics,"   Proceedings  of  European  Symposium on  High  Performance
Computing.  March. 1989. Montpellier,  France, pp. 389-402, (J.-L. Delhaye
and E. Gelenbe,  eds.)  Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., North Holland, 1989.

      Harwell,   M.A.,  C.C.  Harwell,   D.A.  Weinstein,  and  J.R.  Kelly,
"Characterizing   Ecosystem  Responses  to  Stress,"   Ecological  Risks:
Perspectives from  Poland  and the United States, pp. 91-115,  (W.  Grodzinski
et al., eds.)  National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.,  1990.

      Levin, S.A., "An Ecological Perspective,"  Proceedings of  a Conference
on  The Genetic  Revolution:  Scientific  Prospects  and  Public  Perceptions.
American  Academy of Arts and  Sciences,  Cambridge, Massachusetts,  May
19-20, 1989, in  press,  1990.

      Levin,  S.A., "Models  in  Ecotoxicology:   Methodological  Aspects,"
Applied Mathematical  Ecology.  Biomathematics. Vol. 18, pp. 315-321, (S.A.
Levin, T.G.  Hallam, and L.J. Gross, eds.) Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1989.

      Levin,  S.A., "Physical  and  Biological Scales,  and the  Modeling  of
Predator-prey  Interactions  in  Large   Marine  Ecosystems,"  Patterns.
Processes,  and  Yields  of  Large Marine  Ecosystems.  AAAS   Selected
Symposium. (K.  Sherman and  L.M. Alexander, eds.)  American Association
for  the  Advancement  of Science, in press, 1990.
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      Levin,  S.A.,  "The  Mathematics  of Complex  Systems,"  Ecosystem
Experiments.  Proceedings of the SCOPE Ecosystem Experiments Workshop.
June  13-15, 1988, Mitwitz,  Germany, in press,  1990.

      McGlathery, K.J., R. Howarth,  and  R.  Marino, "Nutrient  Limitation of
the Rhizoid  Macroalga,  Penicillus  Capitatus, in Bermuda,"  Proceedings  of
Factors  Regulating   Primary  Production  in	Coastal	Environments
Symposium, submitted,  Estuaries,  1989.

      Weinstein, D.A., "Use of Simulation Models  to Evaluate the Alteration
of  Ecotones by  Global  Carbon  Dioxide Increases,"  Proceedings  of  the
Scientific Committee on Problems of  the  Environment (SCOPE') Conference.
December,  1988,  (F. DiCastri  and  A. Hansen, eds.) Paris,  France, in review,
1990.

      Weinstein,  D.A., and  R. Beloin,  "Evaluating  Effects of  Pollutants  on
Integrated  Tree  Processes:    A Model  of  Carbon, Water,   and  Nutrient
Balances,"  Forest Growth:  Process Modeling of Forest Growth  Responses to
Environmental  Stress, pp.  313-323, (R.K.  Dixon, R.S. Meldahl, G.A. Ruark,
and W.G. Warren, eds.) Timber Press, Portland,  Oregon,  1990.

      Weinstein, D.A.  and R. Beloin, "TREGRO, a Model of  Carbon, Water, and
Nutrient  Balances to  Predict  Response of  Plants  to Interacting  Stresses,"
National  Acid  Precipitation  Assessment  Program:   State  of  Science  and
State  of Technology Report  No. 28:  The Development and Use of Tree and
Forest Response  Models. (R. Kiester et  al., eds.) in press, 1990.

      Weinstein, L. H., M. Richmond, E.W.  Wischusen,  R.E. Schneider, J.A.
Laurence, A.O.  Beers,  and  G.  Rubin,  "Uptake and Accumulation of Chemical
Elements  by Terrestrial  Plants  Growing on A  Coal  Fly  Ash  Landfill,"
Proceedings of International  Conference on  Metals in  Soils. Waters. Plants
and Animals. Symposium on Coal  Combustion  Products, in review,  1990.

      Wieder, R.K., J.B. Yavitt,  and  G.E. Lang, "Sulfur Cycling in A Freshwater
Sphagnum-dominated  Wetland:   A Case  Study,"  Proceedings  of  Sulphur
Cycling in  Terrestrial  Systems and Wetlands. SCOPE.  (R.W.  Howarth and
J.W.B. Stewart, eds.t  Paris,  in review, 1989.

      Yavitt,  J.B., "Methane, Biogeochemical Cycle of," Encyclopedia of Earth
System Science.  (W.A.  Nierenberg.  ed.)   Academic  Press.  San  Diego,
California,  in press, 1990.
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CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS HELD

     "Wetlands  and  Riparian  Ecotones  in  Landscape  Dynamics:   A
Workshop on Applying Theory, Data,  and Methods,"  held  in  Oak  Ridge,
Tenn.,  September 18-21,  1990,  in collaboration  with  Oak  Ridge  National
Laboratory.
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66

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CENTER:              Hazardous  Waste  Research  Center

LOCATION:          Louisiana State  University

DIRECTOR:           Louis J.  Thibodeaux
                      Hazardous Waste Research Center
                      3418 CEBA  Building
                      Baton Rouge, LA  70803
                      504/388-6770    FAX:  504/388-5990
PROJECT OFFICER:   David G. Stephan
                      U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                      Risk Reduction  Engineering Laboratory
                      26  Martin Luther King Drive
                      Cincinnati, OH   45268
                      513/569-7896
                      FTS:  684-7896

FUNDS  SPENT DURING  FY  1990  (10/1/80  - 9/30/90)

                 EPA                     $540,000
                 Other Government        543,359
                 University                 64,616
                 Private Sector            143,000

                      Total            $1,290,975
                   DESCRIPTION OF THE PROGRAM

      The Hazardous  Waste Research Center (HWRC) conducts  research on
fundamental  and  applied  aspects  of  hazardous  waste  treatment  and
disposal.   The  purpose  of this  research is to provide  better  options  for
waste  management  by   contributing  to  the  development  of  advanced
technologies for the destruction,  detoxification, recovery,  or  containment  of
hazardous  wastes.

      The Center has three  research priorities.   These are: (1)  incineration,
(2) alternate  methods   of  treatment/destruction,  and  (3)  interaction  of
waste constituents  and  natural media.   The  incineration  research program
seeks  to  develop a  basic  understanding of  the  underlying  chemical and
physical  mechanisms  of  kiln incineration,  including  how waste volatility


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and  bed composition affect  system performance  and the  relative  extent  to
which  volatilized wastes are destroyed in the flame region of  the  kiln and
afterburner.    The  focus  of  the  alternative  waste  treatment  methods
research is  on  destruction  of hazardous  organic  wastes  by  biological
treatment and electrokinetic  soil processing.   Research  on  waste  interaction
with natural  media  includes a  study of reactions  occurring  during cement
hydration  in  the presence  of  added  soluble  silicates  and added  inorganic
and  organic  wastes, as  well  as  a  modeling  effort  directed  toward  the
development  of  fundamentally  valid  descriptions  of  the  subsurface
movement  and mass transfer properties  which must  be taken  into  account
in evaluating in situ  soil recovery/extraction  technologies.

      In addition to  the  fundamental  research activities  of the  Center,
active  applied   research  and   technology  transfer  programs  are  being
carried out.    The   applied  research program  fosters  university-industry
research, and is  currently  comprised  of  three projects.   These include  the
fate  of wastes   injected  underground,  single cell  cascade  cross-flow  air
stripping  of  volatile  organics  from  groundwater,  and development  of  a
simulation   model  of  Chemical  Waste   Management's  portable,  low
temperature  thermal  desorber.  The  technology  transfer program  provides
an  effective  means   of  communicating  research results,  both fundamental
and  applied,  and conducting short courses,  conferences,  and  seminars on
subjects involving hazardous waste.

                    ACCOMPLISHMENTS - FY 1990

Fundamental  Research   Program

      The  Hazardous  Waste Research   Center funded seven  fundamental
research projects and  three  applied  research projects  during Fiscal Year
1990.   Of the seven basic  research endeavors, five  were  fully funded and
two  received  close-out  funding.     Research  activities  have  contributed
significantly  to  the  solution of some  key  hazardous  waste  management,
treatment  and/or  destruction problems.   Specific  accomplishments  of these
projects are  described for  each  research  area.

      Incineration:   An   In-depth    Study   of   Rotary   Kiln
Incineration;   A   comprehensive  study  aimed  at   understanding  rotary
kiln  performance is  underway  and  represents  a cooperative  effort  among
university,  industry,  and government.   The  unique  part  of this  program
lies in the  ability to sample  in  situ from the  Louisiana  Division  rotary kiln
facility of Dow Chemical U.S.A., located in Plaquemine,  Louisiana.  Access to
a kiln-simulator  and other  bench-scale  facilities at the University of Utah
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has  contributed  further  to an  understanding of  the processes  that  occur
during desorption of  contaminants from  solid materials,  thus adding  to  an
understanding  of the  scaling  behavior that is  present  between  field and
pilot scale  units.    The  modeling  effort  to  date  has  concentrated  on
development of  scaling  criteria  and  verification of  numerical codes  using
data collected  from all scales  of the experimental  program.   The  objective
of this  multifaceted  approach is the development  of a predictive capability
for  the  destruction  of hazardous wastes  in the  kiln  environment.   The
consequences  of such  a  capability in the design of  rotary kiln incinerators
are  far reaching.

      Research  in FY  1990  focused  on the  development of  scaling criteria
between  the field scale (Dow kiln  results) and the  pilot scale  (University  of
Utah results).   Field  scale work has  focused on obtaining  an understanding
of which  process parameters impose first order influence on the ultimate
destruction levels attainable  in  rotary kilns.    While the  thrust  of  earlier
years'  efforts   has   been  to  obtain  the  temperatures,  stable  species
concentrations, and, if applicable,  their  transient responses  in both the kiln
and  afterburner  as well  as the stack,  more  recent efforts  have focused  on
evaluating the comparison of  contaminant evolution rates  between  similar,
but  not  identical,  operating  conditions  in  the  field  and in  the  laboratory.
Using scaling  criteria that  account  for  temperature,   rotation  rate, and
percent  fill  in  the  kiln,  good  correspondence  has been obtained between
rates inferred  from  experimental  measurements at field scale with  those
obtained  in  the  laboratory.

      Alternate  Methods   of  Treatment/Destruction:   Biological
Treatment  of  Petrochemical   Sludges:   The  use of  online  biological
treatment  as a  method of treating petroleum and  petrochemical sludges  is
being  investigated.    A  heterogeneous  microbial  population  acclimated  to
such  wastes has been  used to monitor  the  biodegradation  pathways of one
of the  most bioresistant  polynuclear aromatic  constituents present in  such
sludges,   benzo(a)pyrene  (BaP),  in  closed  continuous  suspended  growth
systems.    The  ultimate scope of the research is development of engineering
parameters  for design  of pilot plant  systems which  will be  more effective
than  existing  alternative  technologies   in  reducing  accumulations  of
persistent  polynuclear  aromatic  compounds  at  Superfund sites.

      The  key  independent  variables  studied during FY  1990  were  feed
sludge  dosage  rate,  waste  sludge  recycle, microbial  population  growth,
volumetric loading  rates,  and   mean  cell residence   time.  Performance
criteria  in terms  of  BaP removal   and  partitioning  between  the  vapor,
liquid, and solid phases in the  reactors  were measured.   Results  indicated


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that removal rates  for  the BaP  exceeded  90  percent and  the  balance
partitioned into  the settleable  solids fraction  except  for  a small percentage
which  was  measured  in  the  reactor  scums  and  above-surface  wall
accumulations.    Correlations  between  changes  in input  variables  and
performance  of  the continuous growth  systems were observed.

      Alternate  Methods  of  Treatment/Destruction:  Liquids/Solids
Contact   Reactor   Methodology:     Research was  conducted  on  the
feasibility   of   biologically   degrading   pentachlorophenol   ground
waters/rinsates  and  pentachlorophenol/creosote  sludge  materials  using  a
contact reactor  method  incorporating the use of acclimated biomass  in  a
highly aerated stirred-tank reactor  system.    The overall objective  of  this
investigation  has  been  to  identify  those  mechanisms  associated  with
removal  of dioxins,  primarily  the  major contaminant, octachlorodibenzo-p-
dioxin  (OCDD),  from contaminated soils  and  sludges.

      In  addition  to  the evaluation of  the  abiotic  and   biotic  degradative
pathways  for   OCDD   and  related   polynuclear  aromatic  creosote
contaminants, investigations  during FY  1990  were initiated  to  identify
process   variables  which  optimize   photolytic   decomposition   and,
simultaneously,  optimize  microbial biotransformation.   Results  to  date
indicate that  three  criteria  must be  met  in order  for  dioxin photolysis  to be
practical:   the wavelengths of incident  light  must correspond to appreciable
absorption  by the  dioxins,  the  light must penetrate  the  medium to  contact
the dioxin component,  and  a source of  extractable  hydrocarbons must be
present.   The  liquids/solids contact reactors provided situations  in  which
these  criteria have  been met.   Results  also  suggest that  in  the  presence of
elevated  concentrations  of  dioxins  and  furans,  microbial  attack  may be
indicated  under  aerobic  conditions.

      Alternate  Methods  of  Treatment/Destruction:   Electrokinetic
Soil Processing:   Electrokinetic  soil processing is  an emerging  technology
in  waste  remediation  and  treatment.     Coupling  between  electrical,
chemical,  and hydraulic  gradients  is  responsible  for  different  types  of
electrokinetic  phenomena in soils.   However,  studies investigating removal
of  ions  from soils by  the  electrokinetic phenomena are limited,  possibly
due  to insufficient understanding  of the electrochemistry  associated  with
the process.  Recent studies  at  Louisiana  State University provided a  better
understanding  of  the  electrochemistry  and demonstrated  that  the  acid
front   generated  by  electrolysis  reactions   at  the   anode  advances  and
eventually flushes  across  the  specimen  by  advection,  migration,  and
diffusion.    It  has  been  demonstrated  that  the factors influencing  the
acid/base  profiles  across  the porous medium would  significantly affect the


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flow, the flow  efficiency, and  the  extent  of  ion  migration  and removal  in
electrokinetic  soil  processing.

      During FY 1990, the applicability of electro-osmosis soil processing  in
removing organic  contaminants  was  investigated.    For example,  phenol
removal  from  saturated kaolinite was found to be  85% to 95% complete.  It
was  found  that electrokinetic processing did  not  result  in  any   retardation
due   to  desorption  mechanisms,  thus  implying  that  removal  only  by
advection and  dispersion is  involved.

      Chemicals/Materials    Interaction    and     Stabilization:
Transport  of  Nonaqueous  Phase  Liquids:  It  is hypothesized that soil
heterogeneities play  a significant role  in  the transport  and entrapment  of
nonaqueous  phase  liquid  (NAPL) contaminants of  the subsurface.  Research
is currently in  progress  at the University  of Colorado  and  Louisiana  State
University  to  address this and  certain other issues  related  to the behavior,
modeling, direct recovery,  and ultimate  cleanup of NAPLs  in groundwater
systems.   The  objectives of this  research are:   (1)  to obtain a fundamental
understanding   of   the   processes  associated  with  the entrapment  and
movement  of nonaqueous phase  liquid  wastes  in heterogeneous soil-water
systems,  (2)  to  evaluate different  techniques  for  direct recovery  and
extractive  recovery  of  these  waste  products,  and  (3) to  evaluate the
adequacy of existing numerical  modeling tools to  simulate  the processes
associated   with  movement  and recovery  of  these  waste  products  in
naturally heterogeneous  aquifers.

      Results  of research during  FY  1990  indicate that the heterogeneities
of the soil  below the spill in both  the  unsaturated and  saturated zones  play
a  significant role  in  the  movement and distribution of  a  NAPL, and that
entrapment  of  the NAPL is controlled  by both  pore  scale processes and
larger scale heterogeneities.   A finite element model for the  simulation  of
multiphase  flow in porous media  has  been  developed.   A sharp front model
capable  of  addressing  aspects  of  the  multiphase  subsurface  flow
phenomena  has  also been developed.

      Chemicals/Materials   Interaction  and  Stabilization:   Capping
Contaminated  Bed  Sediments  In  Situ:    The  existence  of contaminated
bed  sediment  in a  natural aquatic  system usually  results in  the  overlying
water column  receiving  some contamination from  this source.   Therefore, a
bed   sediment   source   of   contamination   can   lead  to  multimedia
environmental  exposures.  Research  at  the Center  has  shown  that  capping
contaminated  sediment  with  clean  sediment  is  a  technically feasible  in-
place stabilization  technique,  and is stable  under  normal  tidal  and  wave


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conditions.   However,  field  studies have  been inconclusive regarding the
efficiency of capping  to  prevent  contaminant  uptake by  water  column and
organisms.   Of particular  concern is  the  efficiency  of  the  method in
retarding  the  movement  of  toxic  chemicals  within the  sediment  to water
and to pelagic  and benthic biota.

      During  FY  1990,  a  capping  simulator  cell  was  developed  to
investigate  the  transport  of  a  hydrophobic organic   chemical,  2,4,6-
trichlorophenol  (TCP), through clean cap layers placed  over a contaminated
sediment.   Four capping  materials with different  organic carbon  contents
and  textures (two sediments and two sands)  were tested and  TCP  flux
measurements  obtained.   The  flux data  were used  to  obtain  chemical
breakthrough time,  time  to  achieve  a  steady-state  rate,  and  the  steady-
state  rate.   The  times  to  achieve   breakthrough  and  steady-state  were
found to  be  directly  dependent  on the  equilibrium  partition  coefficient,  Kp.
The  larger the  Kp, the  longer the time required  for  chemical emergence
from  the  cap. The steady-state  flux of TCP through the  four cap  materials
was  found  to   be  independent of  Kp.   Cap  porosity and  depth are the
dominant  parameters  at  steady-state.     A   conceptual  model,   which
describes TCP  fate  due  to the  combination  of  molecular  diffusion in
interstitial pore  water and partitioning  onto fresh  sediment, was  evaluated.

      Chemicals/Materials    Interaction    and     Stabilization;
Immobilization    Mechanisms   in    Solidification/Stabilization:
Solidification/stabilization  (S/S)  is  a  valuable  technology, but significant
questions remain  about the  range  of  its  applicability. Cement chemistry,
for instance, is  very complex  and  relatively  poorly  understood,  and the
possibility that  contaminants could   adversely affect the durability  and
permeability of  the matrix is very real.  The  aim  of  the  present project is
to  obtain   detailed  information   about   waste-matrix  interactions,
particularly  using  cement binders  and  organic-inorganic  mixed  wastes.
Both  leaching   tests  and  sophisticated characterization methods   for  solid
samples  have been applied,  including microscopy  and  solid-state  nuclear
magnetic  resonance  (NMR)  spectroscopy,  to  samples  containing  arsenic,
chromium, and  lead, three species  which  are  known  to  give  problems in
S/S practice,  combined with phenols.    Both  phenols and certain  metals,
such  as  lead, are  significant set  retarders  for  Portland cement.   However,
the combination of the  two can result  in a much  more dramatic effect  than
either  contaminant  alone.    For  instance,  p-bromophenol  combined with
lead   (II) and  solidified  with  cement results  in   a  setting reaction, but
hydration  of  the  silicate   phase  of  the  cement,   which  is   primarily
responsible   for  strength  development, is  almost  completely   retarded
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through  28 days  of  cure.  The  matrix  effects  are  being correlated  with
teachability.  Two specific goals  are:   (1)  to  determine the extent to  which
the alterations  in  the  matrix are  cumulative when  contaminants  are mixed,
and (2)  the extent to which effects  of one contaminant result in enhanced
leachability  of  a  second.

Applied  Research  Program

      Simulation  of  the   Effects   of  Shale   Heterogeneities   o n
Effective  Permeability  in  Deep  Well  Injection  Disposal  Systems:
Among  the many factors which determine  the efficiency  of containment of
waste materials which have  been injected  into the  subsurface, the effective
permeability of  the   confinement zone  under  steady-state,  uniform  flow
conditions  is  of  great importance. The current research  uses  Monte  Carlo
methods to estimate  the  expectation  value  of  the  effective permeability of
the confinement  zone with  two permeability  values, Ksd  and Ksh, in sand
and shale  respectively.   For isotropic  formations the  expectation values of
the  effective  permeability  agree  very  well  with  the analytical  and
numerical   results  obtained   by other   researchers.    For   anisotropic
formations  the expectation  values of  the effective  permeability  are  not
strongly dependent on shale size  and anisotropic ratio.

      Simulation  of  the Chemical  Waste Management  X*TRAX   Soil
Decontamination    System:     The   development  of  a  steady-state
simulation   model  of  a  portable, low temperature  thermal  desorber  (the
X*TRAX process) developed by Chemical Waste  Management  is  the goal of
this  research  effort.   The  simulation  model  will  use the ASPEN process
simulation  program,  and  the overall  model  will be developed in  phases, so
that  different  ASPEN models  of increasing complexity will  evolve during
the course  of  the project.   Each model will  be tuned using data  obtained
during operation  of  Chemical Waste  Management's  pilot scale units.

      Crisscross  Flow   Air  Stripping   of  Moderately   Volatile
Compounds:   The  separation of a waste  into  its hazardous and  non-
hazardous   components   is  an  important   aspect  of  a  hazardous  waste
management program.    Through  separation,  pollutants  are  removed  and
concentrated,  allowing recovery  of  reusable  materials and more effective
and economical treatment or destruction of the  unwanted  hazardous  waste
component(s).    One  applied  research project addresses  air stripping in
crossflow cascades involving  moderately  volatile compounds  such as  1,2-
dichloroethane, naphthalene, chloroethyl  ether,  acetone, and  phenol.    The
effects  of  baffle  spacing and  liquid  loading  rates upon  the liquid  phase
mass  transfer  coefficients  and   steady-state  removal  efficiencies   were


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investigated.   Results  indicate stable operation of the column even  beyond
conditions  that are  considered traditionally inoperable  for conventional
countercurrent  columns.

                     RESEARCH  GOALS -  FY  1991

      Research  efforts  of the  Hazardous  Waste  Research Center  will
continue in the areas of  incineration,  chemicals/materials interactions,  and
alternate methods of treatment.   The five projects fully funded  in  FY 1990
will  continue  to be  funded  in FY 1991 with  emphasis  on bringing  all
projects  to  completion  so  that  significant conclusions  can  be  drawn.
Information    gained   from   these   studies  will   contribute   further
understanding  and  new  technologies  applicable  to  hazardous  waste  site
cleanup projects and  to hazardous  waste management  strategies.
                         OUTPUTS  - FY  1990

      Articles  in  Refereed Journals	5
      Articles  Submitted or In Press	17
      Books and  Bound  Proceedings	18
      Chapters in Other Books	9
      Project Reports	2
      Conferences and Workshops  Held	1
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                            BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFEREED JOURNAL ARTICLES

      Cartledge,  F., Butler, L.,  Chalasani,  D., Eaton, H., Frey, F., Tittlebaum,
M., and  Yang, S.,  "Immobilization  Mechanisms in Solidification/Stabilization
Using Portland  Cement  Fixing  Agents,"  Environmental  Science   and
Technology. Vol. 24, No. 6, 1990.

      Lighty,  J.,  Silcox,  G.,  Pershing,  D.,  Cundy, V.,  and  Linz,  D.,
"Fundamentals  for the  Thermal   Remediation   of  Contaminated  Soils-
Particle  and  Bed  Desorption  Models,"    Environmental   Science   and
Technology. Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 750-757,  May,  1990.

      Valsaraj, K.  and Thibodeaux,  L., "On the Estimations of Micelle-Water
Partition  Constants   for  Solutes   From  Their   Octanol-Water  Partition
Constants, Normal  Boiling  Points,  Aqueous  Solubilite   Bond  and Group
Contribution Schemes,"  Separation Science  and Technology. Vol. 25, No. 4,
pp. 369-395,  1990.

      Valsaraj,  K.  and Thibodeaux,  L.,  "Studies  in Batch  and Continuous
Solvent Sublation,  I.   A  Complete Model and Mechanisms  of  Sublation of
Neutral and Ionic  Species  from Aqueous  Solutions," Separation  Science  and
Technology. Vol.  26,  pp. 1275-1296, 1990.

      Wood, D., Locicero, L.,  Valsaraj, K., Harrison, D., and Thibodeaux, L.,
"Air   Stripping  of   Volatile  Hydrophobic  Compounds  Using  Packed
Crisscrossflow Cascades,"  Environmental   Progress. Vol. 9, No.  1, pp. 24-29,
1990.
ARTICLES SUBMITTED OR IN PRESS

      Chitgopekar,  N.,  Reible,  D.,  and  Thibodeaux,  L.,  "A  Model for
Describing  Short  Range Dispersion near Area  Sources of Toxics,"  Journal of
the Air and  Waste Management  Association,  in press, 1990.

      Cundy, V., Lester, T.,  Jakway,  A.,  Leger, C., Lu, C., Montestruc, A.,
Conway, R.,  and Sterling,  A.,  "Incineration  of  Xylene/Sorbent Packs-  A
Study  of Conditions  at  the Exit  of  a  Full-Scale  Industrial  Incinerator,"
Environmental  Science  and  Technology, in press,  1990.
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      Doshi,  D.,  Reible,  D.,  and Ulangasekare,  T.,  "The Influence of Mass
Transfer  Limitations  on  the  Effectiveness  of  In  Situ Contaminant
Extraction," Journal of Hazardous  Materials, submitted,  1990.

      Faschan,  A.,  Tittlebaum, M.,  Cartledge, F.,  and Eaton, H.,  "Effect of
Additives  on  Solidification  of API  Separator Sludge,"  Environmental
Monitoring  and  Assessment,   accepted for  publication, 1990.

      Lester,  T.,  Cundy, V., Sterling, A., Montestruc,  A., Jakway, A., Lu, C.,
Leger, C.,  Pershing, D., Lighty, J.,  Silcox,  G., and Owens,  W.,  "Rotary Kiln
Incineration:   Comparison   of  Field  and  Pilot  Scale  Measurements  of
Contaminant  Evolution  Rates  from  Sorbent  Beds,"   Environmental Science
and  Technology, in review, 1990.

      Lester, T.,  Cundy, V.,  Montestruc,  A., Leger, C.,  Acharya,  S.,  and
Sterling, A.,  "Dynamics of  Rotary  Kiln   Incineration  of  Toluene/Sorbent
Packs", Combustion Science  and Technology, in press, 1990.

      Owens, W.,  Silcox, G., Lighty, J., Deng, X., Pershing,  D., Cundy, V., Leger,
C.,  and Jakway,  A.,  "Thermal  Analysis  of  Rotary  Kiln  Incineration:
Comparison of Theory  and Experiment," Combustion  and  Flame,  in review,
1990.

      Reible, D.,  Ulangasekare, T., Doshi, D., and Malhiet, M., "Infiltration of
Immiscible Contaminants  in the  Unsaturated Zone,"  Ground  Water, in  press,
1990.

      Reible, D.,  Malhiet, M., and  Ulangasekare,  T.,  "Modeling Gasoline Fate
and  Transport in  the Unsaturated Zone," Journal of  Hazardous  Materials, in
press,  1990.

      Roy,  A.,  Eaton, H., Cartledge, F., and Tittlebaum,  M., "Microstructural
and  Microchemical  Characterization of Cementitious Binders Containing  a
Heavy Metal Sludge and Various  Interfering  Compounds,"   Environmental
Science and  Technology, in review,  1990.

      Roy,   A.,    Eaton,  H.,   Cartledge,  F.,   and  Tittlebaum,   M.,
"Solidification/Stabilization   of  a   Heavy  Metal   Sludge  by  a  Portland
Cement/Fly  Ash  Binding  Mixture,"  Hazardous   Waste   and  Hazardous
Materials,  accepted for publication,  1990.

      Thibodeaux, L., Nadler,  K., Valsaraj, K., and Reible, D., "The Effect of
Moisture on  Volatile Organic Chemical Vapor-to-Particle  Partitioning  with


                                    76

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Atmosphere   Aerosol-   Competitive  Adsorption  Theory  Predictions,"
Atmospheric   Environment, in press, 1990.

      Valsaraj, K.,  Lu,  X.,  and Thibodeaux,  L., "Studies in  Batch  and
Continuous  Solvent  Sublation  IV.   Continuous Countercurrent  Solvent
Sublation  and  Bubble   Fractionation  of  Hydrophobic  Compounds  from
Water,"   Separation Science and Technology, in press,  1990.

      Valsaraj, K.  and Thibodeaux,  L.,  "Studies  in Batch  and  Continuous
Solvent  Sublation  II.    Countercurrent  Continuous  Solvent Sublation  of
Neutral  and Ionic Species from Aqueous  Solutions," Separation Science  and
Technology,  in press,  1990.

      Valsaraj, K.,  Thibodeaux,  L.,  and Lu,  X., "Studies in  Batch  and
Continuous  Solvent  Sublation  III.  Solubility  of  Pentachlorophenol  in
Alcohol-Water  Mixtures and Its  Effects  on Solvent Sublation,"   Separation
Science  and  Technology,  in press, 1990.

      Wang, X-Q., Thibodeaux, L., Valsaraj, K., and  Reible,  D., "The Efficiency
of Capping  Contaminated Bed  Sediments In  Situ I.   Lab-Scale  Experiments
on Diffusion/Adsorption in  the  Capping  Layer," Environmental  Science  and
Technology, submitted,  1990.

      Znidarcic, D., Illangasekare,  T., and  Manna, M., "Laboratory Testing
and  Parameter Estimation  for Two-phase  Flow Problems,"  American
Society  of Civil  Engineering,  submitted,  1990.
BOOKS AND BOUND PROCEEDINGS

      Acar,  Y.  and Gale,  R.,  "The State-of-the-Art  in Electrokinetic  Soil
Processing,"  Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Symposium on Hazardous
Waste  Research.  Louisiana  State  University,  Baton  Rouge,  Louisiana,
October 23-24,  1990.

      Cundy, V., Lester, T., Conway, R., Cook, C., Jakway, A., Leger, C., Lu, C,
Montestruc,  A.,  Acharya,  S., Sterling, A., Walker, D., Larson,  F., Moore,  J.,
Eian-Xue,  D.,  Lighty, J.,  and  Owens, W., "An Indepth Study of Rotary  Kiln
Incineration,"  Proceedings of the Fourth Annual  Symposium on Hazardous
Waste  Research.  Louisiana  State  University,  Baton  Rouge,  Louisiana,
October 23-24,  1990.
                                   77

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      Doshi, D., Reible, D., and Illangasekare, T.,   "Numerical and Laboratory
Modeling  of the  Behavior of Nonaqueous Phase  Liquids," Summer National
Meeting  of the  American  Institute  of Chemical Engineering,  San  Diego,
California, August  19-22,  1990.

      Field, S.,  Wojtanowicz,  A.,  and  Marks,  R.,  "Advanced  Biological
Treatment  and Separation  of Hazardous Constituents  from  Petrochemical
Sludges,"   Proceedings  of the  Fourth Annual  Symposium  on  Hazardous
Waste Research.  Louisiana State University,  October  23-24,  1990.

      Illangasekare, T., Armbruster,  E., and  Reible, D.,  "Experimental  Study
of Effect  of Heterogeneities  on Transport  and Entrapment  of Nonaqueous
Phase Liquids,"   Spring  Meeting  of the  American  Geophysical  Union,
Baltimore, Maryland,  1990.

      Illangasekare, T., Armbruster, E., Szlag, D.,  and Reible,  D.,  "Effect  of
Heterogeneity  on Transport and Entrapment of  Nonaqueous Phase  Waste
Products  in Aquifers," Proceedings  of the   3rd  Symposium  on  Hazardous
Substances. Kansas State University,  Manhattan,  Kansas, 1990.

       Illangasekare, T., Armbruster, E., Yates, D., Szlag,  D., Reible,  D., Doshi,
D., and  Smith,  J., "Experimental Study  on  Unsaturated Flow Processes,"
Invited  Presentation at Nordic Workshop, Copenhagen,  Denmark,  1990.

      Koulermos,  A., Valsaraj, K., Reible, D., and Thibodeaux,  LM "The Effects
of Porewater  Colloids  on the Transport  of Hydrophobic Compounds from
Bed   Sediments,"  Symposium on  Organic   Substances  and  Sediments  in
Water, ACS National  Meeting, Boston, Massachusetts,  April,  1990.

      McKay,  D.,  Shiu, W.,  Valsaraj, K.,  and Thibodeaux,  L.,  "Air-Water
Transfer:   The Role of Partitioning,"   Proceedings of  Second  International
Symposium  on Gas Transfer at Water  Surfaces.
University of  Minnesota, September  10-11,   1990.

      Owens, W.,  Silcox, G., Lighty, J.,  Deng, X., Pershing, D., Lester, T.,  Cundy,
V., Leger, C.,  and Jakway,  A.,  "Hydrocarbon  Evolution from Contaminated
Solids:   Effects  of Moisture  and Operating Parameters in  a Rotary  Kiln
Environment,"   23rd  Symposium  (International^  on  Combustion. Orleans,
France,  July, 1990.

      Owens, W.,  Silcox, G., Lighty, J.,  Deng, X., Pershing, D., Lester, T.,  Cundy,
V., Leger,  C.,  and Jakway, A., "Thermal Analysis  of Rotary Kiln Incineration:
                                    78

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Comparison  of  Theory  and Experiment," 23rd  Symposium  (International)
on  Combustion. Orleans, France, July, 1990.

      Portier, R., Fujisaki, K., and Henry, C., "Mineralization of Chlorinated
Dioxin  Photolytic Products by  an Autochthonous  Microbial  Population in a
Liquids/Solids  Contact  Reactor,"   Proceedings  of  the   Fourth  Annual
Symposium  on  Hazardous Waste  Research. Louisiana  State  University,
Baton  Rouge, Louisiana, October  23-24,  1990.

      Reible,  D.,   "Subsurface  Processes:    Implications  for   In Situ
Remediation," Ground Water Symposium, Baton  Rouge, Louisiana,  1990.

      Reible, D., Illangasekare, T., Doshi, D.,  Smith, J., Armbruster,  E., Yates,
D., and  Szlag, D., "Transport  and Entrapment of  Nonaqueous Phase  Liquids
in Heterogeneous  Media,"  Proceedings of the Fourth  Annual  Symposium  on
Hazardous  Waste  Research.  Louisiana State  University,  Baton  Rouge,
Louisiana,  October 23-24,  1990.

      Silcox, G., Pershing, D., Keyes, B., Owens, W.,  Lighty, J., Deng, X., Cundy,
V., Leger,  C., and Jakway, A., "Heat Transfer, Mass Transfer, Vaporization,
and  Combustion  in  Rotary  Kilns,"   American  Institute of   Chemical
Engineering National  Meeting,  San Diego, California, August  19-22,  1990.

      Sterling, A., Cundy, V., Lester, T.,  Montestruc, A., Jakway, A., Leger,  C.,
Lu,  C.,  and  Conway,  R., "Fundamental Kiln Processes,"    Fourth  Annual
National  Symposium-   Incineration   of   Industrial   Wastes   (Toxcon
Engineering Company, Inc.), Houston, Texas, February,  1990.

      Sterling A., Cundy, V., Lester, T.,  Montestruc, A., Jakway, A.,  Leger  C.,
Lu,  C.,  and Conway, R.,  "Rotary Kiln  Incineration-The LSU In Situ  Field
Testing  Program,"  Proceedings of the  83rd  Annual  Meeting of the Air and
Waste  Management  Association.  Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania, June  24-29,
1990.

     Wang,  X-Q., Thibodeaux,  L., Valsaraj, K., and Reible, D., "The Efficiency
of Capping Contaminated  Bed  Sediments In Situ I.   Lab-Scale Experiments
on  Diffusion/Adsorption in the Capping Layer,"  Proceedings of the  Fourth
Annual  Symposium   on  Hazardous  Waste Research.  Louisiana  State
University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, October  23-24, 1990.
                                   79

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CHAPTERS IN OTHER BOOKS

      Portier,  R.,   "Applications  of  Adapted  Microorganisms  for  Site
Remediation  of Contaminated  Soil and  Water,"   In  Biological  Treatment of
Solid Wastes.  A.M. Martin, ed., Elsevier Science Publishers, Inc., in press,
1990.

      Portier, R.,  Fugisaki, K., and Henry, C., "Detoxification  of Contaminated
Sludges  Using  Combined  Microbiological  and  Photolytic  Degradative
Approaches,"   In  Bioreactor  Systems. Vol.  3,  H. Freeman,  ed.,  Lewis
Publishing, in press, 1990.

      Portier,  R.,  Roy,   M.,  and  Achee,   J.,  "Design  of  the  In   Situ
Biodegradation  Systems  for Persistent  Pesticide Remediation", In Pesticide
Remediation  Approaches, an  American Chemical  Society environmental
publication series, Lewis  Publishing, in  press, 1990.

      Reible, D.  and Illangasekare, T.,  "Subsurface  Processes of Nonaqueous
Phase  Liquids,"  In  Intermedia   Pollutant  Transport: Modeling  and  Field
Measurements. D.T. Allen, Y.  Cohen, and I.R. Kaplan,  eds., in press, 1990.

      Silcox, G.,  Lighty, J., Owens, W.,  Pershing, D., and Cundy, V., "Thermal
Effects  and  Heat Transfer in the Rotary Kiln  Incinerator  of  Contaminated
Soils  and Sorbents,"  In Emissions  from  Combustion Processes.  R.E.  Clement
and R.O. Kagel, eds., CRC Press, Inc., in press, 1990.

      Sterling, A., Lester,  T.,  Cundy, V., Leger, C., Acharya, S.,  Montestruc,
A., and Morse,  J., "In Situ Sampling  from an Industrial Scale Rotary Kiln," In
Emissions  from  Combustion  Processes.  R.E. Clement and R.O. Kagel,  eds.,
CRC Press, Inc., in press,  1990.

      Thibodeaux, L., Valsaraj, K., and Reible, D., "Chemodynamic Models for
Transport  of  Chemicals from  Bed  Sediments,"  In   Handbook   of
Environmental  Chemistry. Vol. 2, O. Hutzinger, ed., in press, 1990.

      Thoma, G.,  Koulermos, A.,  Valsaraj, K., Reible,  D., and Thibodeaux, L.,
"The  Effects of Porewater  Colloids   on  the  Transport  of  Hydrophobic
Compounds  from  Bed  Sediments," In Organic  Substances and Sediments in
Water. S. Boyd and C. Chiou,  eds., in press,  1990.

      Valsaraj,  K., Thibodeaux, L., and  Reible, D., "The Effects of Porewater
Colloids  on  the  Transport  of  Hydrophobic  Contaminants  from  Bed
                                   80

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Sediments,"  In Soils  and  Sediments  in  Water. C.T. Chion and S. Boyd, eds.,
Lewis  Publishers,  1990.
PROJECT REPORTS

       Armbruster,  E., "Study of Transport  and Distribution  of Lighter than
Water Organic Contaminants in Ground Water,"    M.S. Thesis, Department of
Civil,  Environmental,  and  Architechtural  Engineering,  University  of
Colorado,  Boulder,  1990.

       Yates, D.,  "Transport and  Distribution of  Nonaqueous  Organics in
Ground-water Aquifers:  Experimental Investigation  and Numerical  Model
Development,"    M.S.  Thesis,  Department  of  Civil,  Environmental,  and
Architectural Engineering, University  of Colorado, Boulder,  1990.
CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS HELD

          "Fourth  Annual  Symposium  on  Hazardous  Waste  Research",
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana,  October  23-24, 1990.
                                   81

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82

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CENTER:              Industrial  Waste  Elimination  Research
                      Center

LOCATION:           Illinois Institute of Technology

DIRECTOR:           Kenneth E.  Noll
                      Pritzker Department  of Environmental Engineering
                      Illinois Institute of Technology
                      Chicago,  IL 60616
                      312/567-3535    Fax:   312/567-3548

PROJECT OFFICER:   Albert Klee
                      Risk  Reduction Engineering Laboratory
                      U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                      26 West  Martin Luther King Drive
                      Cincinnati,  OH  45268
                      513/569-7493

FUNDS  SPENT DURING  FY  1990  (10/1/89  - 9/30/90)

                 EPA                    $482,000
                 Other Government              0
                 University                52,000
                 Private Sector                  0

                      Total             $534,000
                   DESCRIPTION OF THE PROGRAM

      The Industrial  Waste  Elimination  Research Center (IWERC)  conducts
research  on  fundamental  and   applied  aspects  of  industrial  waste
management  associated  with  in-plant  recovery,  as  well as  containment,
avoidance, and  minimization of pollutant discharges.  The  research focus  is
multi-media,  including air  and water pollutants and  hazardous  wastes, and
is  primarily  concerned  with  waste reduction in  industrial  manufacturing
processes and   the  development   of  recycle/recovery  strategies  for the
constituents  of  selected  industrial  wastestreams.
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      IWERC is  a  problem-oriented  exploratory  research  center utilizing
the tools  of basic science  and engineering to perform research  directed  at
industrial  waste  elimination.  Principal  areas  of  research include:

      •      Metal  Speciation  and Separation
      •      Sorption/Desorption  Phenomena
      •      Particle Size and  Shape  Control
      •      Process Catalysis  and Control
                    ACCOMPLISHMENTS  - FY  1990

      Six research  projects funded by  IWERC were  conducted in FY 1990.
The  major  features  and  accomplishments  of these  projects  are described
briefly  below.

      Metals   Speciation.   Separation,  and   Recovery:   As noted in
previous  reports  and  as  widely  recognized,  heavy  metals  found  in
industrial  wastewaters  present  a  serious  pollution  control  problem   for
many sectors of  industry.   The  metals  are  often highly toxic, and most  are
subject  to strict  regulatory requirements.   However,  such  contaminants  can
be viewed  as  resources  to  be  recovered  from  industrial  waste  streams  —
by   developing  appropriate  technical  approaches   and  techniques   for
removal  and recovery that are economically  attractive.  Work  in this area
has been  a  consistent priority for the IWERC.

      The  traditional  treatment  technique  for the removal of  metals  from
industrial wastewaters is  alkaline  precipitation.    When a  sufficient  amount
of hydroxide  ion  is  added  to  a  metal  salt solution,  a metal  hydroxide
precipitate  is  formed.    This  initial  solid  phase   typically  is  highly
disordered,  and  is not  in the thermodynamically  stable  final form of  the
solid.    In  time,  the  initial  solids  will  pass through  an  aging  and
rearrangement process into a  more stable form.

      Although widely applied throughout industry,  the mechanisms of  the
precipitation process  are  not  well  understood.  Historically,  this  has   not
been  a  problem  because  treatment   based on  empirical   evidence  was
adequate  prior  to  the  recent  promulgation  of restrictive sludge  disposal
regulations.   However, with the  new  regulatory framework there is a need
to optimize precipitation  processes.   Information is  needed  on  nucleation
and  particle   growth  rates,  as  well   as   a   better  description   of   the
physicochemical  characteristics  of the precipitate solids.   The  ability  to
                                    84

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influence  and  accurately  predict  the  precipitation  process  has  major
implications  for residual  metals management practices.

      Research  in FY 1990  dealt with the alkaline precipitation of copper in
the presence  of nitrate.   Principal  sources  of copper in industrial waste
streams  are  metal cleaning and plating  baths  and  rinses.   Other  potential
sources  are jewelry  manufacturing, mining wastes  and acid mine  drainage,
nonferrous  metalworks  and  foundries, motor vehicles and aircraft plating
and  finishing,  wood  preserving,  pulp   and   paper   mills,  fertilizer
manufacturing,  and  petroleum refining.   Nitrate  is  one  of  several  anions
that can induce precipitation  of basic cupric  salts.   It is a  common anion in
industrial  wastewater,   and  may  affect  both  the  thermodynamics   and
kinetics  of  copper  precipitation   through   adsorption, occlusion,   or
coprecipitation  reactions.   The precipitation  process  is traditionally divided
into three  stages, nucleation,  particle growth, and  aging.

      Future  work consists of completion  of three  projects,  which  are in
varying  stages  of  development that  have evolved from earlier  work.    The
most  advanced  of these is exploring the aging phenomena associated  with
copper  precipitates.    A  second  project which  is  directly related to  the
current   cupric-hydroxy-nitrate   work,  is  exploring   the  dewatering
characteristics  of  the  various  copper  precipitates.    Finally,  problem
definition is just beginning  for a  project dealing with nickel precipitation.

      Removal  and   Recovery   of  Non-Ionic   Hydrocarbons  from
Aqueous  Solutions:  Removal of non-ionic  organics  (NOCs)  from waste is
traditionally done with activated carbon.   Once  the  sorption capacity  of the
activated carbon is exhausted, the  carbon must  be disposed of,  typically in
a  hazardous  waste   landfill.    As  an  alternative,  the  carbon  may  be
regenerated,   by driving  the  sorbed NOCs   off  the activated carbon  with
heat.   This process is expensive and is not  easily amenable to the recovery
and  reuse of the NOCs.    This  research  takes  a  fundamentally  different
approach.

      The  overall  goal of this project is to determine if NOCs  can  be  sorbed
and  subsequently  desorbed by surfactant coated  ferrihydrite  in  a manner
in  which  the  ferrihydrite,  surfactant,   and  NOC  can  be recovered   and
reused.

      During  FY  1990,  research  showed  that  anionic surfactants  can  be
adsorbed  by  ferrihydrite  at  low  pH  and   desorbed  at high pH.   This
adsorption process  makes  the  ferrihydrite hydrophobic  and  enables  it to
remove  NOCs  from  solution.   As expected,  the  amount  of  NOC  removed
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from  solution increased at higher surfactant coatings.   NOCs  having  lower
water  solubilities  (higher  hydrophobicities)  were  removed  from  solution
better  than  NOCs  having higher  water  solubilities.   A  simple  model was
developed  relating  the  amount  of  NOCs  removed  to  the  amount  of
surfactant on  the ferrihydrite and  the NOCs water solubility.

      Future  research will  determine whether  the modified  iron oxide can
remove a mixture  of NOCs, and if  so,  whether they would  be differently
sorbed and  if this  differential  sorption can be predicted  from known NOC
properties.    It  may  also  determine  if  anions  commonly  found  in
wastewater  streams  will  interfere with  surfactant  sorption,  determine  if
different types of  surfactants preferentially  sorb different classes of  NOCs.
For  example, a surfactant  containing  a  benzene  ring   may  preferentially
sorb  aromatic compounds.

      Equilibrium   of  Mixed  Solid  Phases:   It  is well  known that
wastewater  precipitation  processes generally  result  in  mixed solid  phases
containing  a number of  metal  hydroxides  and/or  carbonates,  sulfides,
nitrates and  sulfates.   In the past,  it  has been shown  that  mixed solid
solutions  generally  have different  solubilities  than  pure  solid phases, and
precipitation  processes  do   not  generally   obey  simple  equilibrium
relationships.   Attempts  to  describe  this deviation  from  ideality have
included studies  on  kinetics  and  surface adsorption.   However,  no  studies
on  mixed  solid phase  non-idealities have been proposed  or  extensively
researched.

      Although  solid phase  non-idealities  have been  shown  to  exist  in
several mixed solid  solutions  at  trace  concentrations, no data  is currently
available on the metal hydroxide systems of  interest in  metal precipitation
processes  frequently  used  in   wastewater  treatment.    The  practical
significance  of  non-idealities in  metal  precipitation  processes is that there
is  potential  for  a  change in  the  point  of minimum solubility  of all  the
components in the  solid mixture.  The  existence of such  phenomena may
make  new separation processes possible, which is  based  upon  exploitation
of non-ideal behavior among  the components.

      The  primary  objective of  this  research  project is  to investigate  the
possible existence   of non-ideal  behavior  with  respect  to  ideal  solution
theory  in  the  hydroxide  system composed  of  mixtures  of  cupric and
cadmium  hydroxide.

      In general, results  obtained from the pure  solid systems are  in close
agreement  with  established values,  and results  obtained from  the  mixed
                                    86

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solid  systems  consistently  indicate  that  substantial  non-idealities  exist.
Work during  the next quarter of  this project  period will focus on data
reduction  and  evaluation.

      Development  of Oxides  of  Iron   as  Sorbents for  the  Control.
Separation.   and    Recovery   of   Inorganic   Hazardous   Waste
Components:  This  project, which  complements  related  work  on  the
evaluation  and  development  of iron  oxides  as  a potential  technique  for
dealing  with contaminated industrial wastewaters,  is  conducted  at  Clarkson
University,  with cooperation  of  the Aluminum  Company  of  America
(ALCOA) Technical Center,  and  the  use  of the  Cornell  University Theory
Center's  supercomputer.

      During  the past year,  particularly  the last quarter,  progress was
achieved  in  two areas.    First,  dynamic  column  experiments using  the
granular iron  oxide  adsorbent  were  completed. Experimental data  for
adsorption  and  desorption  of the  chromate ion  revealed  acceptable  mass
balance closure, averaging 93%  recovery during  sorption cycles.    These
data  are  currently  undergoing  further   analysis  to  determine  relevant
sorption  parameters.   The second  area is  that of  sorbent modeling studies
using  a fractal  characterization   of  the   pore  structure.   This  work  is
necessarily  computationally  oriented,  making  use of  parallel   and  vector
processors  where  possible.   During  this quarter,  both  theoretical and
computational approaches to  the  problem  have been  explored.

      Conversion  of  Chlorinated  Hydrocarbon  Containing  Wastes
into  Useful  Products:   The  objectives  of this  program,  which has been
supported by IWERC for several years,  are  to  develop practical  high-
temperature   chemical   processes   to dehalogenate  chlorine-containing
organic  hazardous   wastes  and   convert  them  into  valuable  gaseous
hydrocarbon  products,  such  as   acetylene,  ethylene, and  synthesis  gas
(CO+H2).  These  objectives  are  being reached  by undertaking  a systematic
program  of  experimental  and  numerical  modeling  studies.    In  the
experimental program, high-temperature pyrolysis  and oxidative pyrolysis
reactions of  representative, model  chlorinated  hydrocarbons are studied  in
flow  reactors  and flames coupled with on-line  mass  spectrometry and  gas
chromatography.   In  parallel,  modeling studies involve the development  of
predictive  detailed  chemical kinetic  mechanisms  describing the  high
temperature  reactions  of  these model chlorinated  hydrocarbons.

      To date, studies with  chloromethane  have  been  the  most productive,
resulting in the  development of  the  Chlorine-Catalyzed Oxidative-Pyrolysis
(CCOP) process  to convert methane into  acetylene and ethylene, which are

                                   87

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two  of the major  building blocks of  the  organic  chemical industry.   The
process has been patented (US Patent  3,714,796).

      In  FY 1990,  studies began  on  the  oxidative  pyrolysis of  C6H5C1
(monochlorobenzene)  to  extend earlier research to aromatics and  to better
simulate   some  of  the  high  priority  hazardous  waste streams.  Because
CgHsCl is a liquid at ambient conditions,  modifications had  to be  made  to
the experimental system,  which was designed  primarily to  study gaseous
feed  streams.

      The  modifications  in  the  injection  and sampling  systems  allowed
samples  containing high  molecular weight species to  be  obtained.   Thus,
species  such  as   benzene,  chlorobenzene,  and   naphthalene,  etc.,  were
detected.   This poses a  new  challenge in modeling  the reaction  pathways
that  are  responsible  for  the  formation of these compounds.   Also,  since
such  compounds are observed during  pyrolysis of lower  molecular weight
chlorinated chemicals,  the  development  of  this  modified  experimental
system is  necessary.

      Design and   Testing of  a  Moving  Bed  Volatile Organic  Carbon
(VOC)  Adsorption  System:   This  project takes  advantage  of  the  previous
adsorption/desorption  studies  funded  by   IWERC.     Its   purpose  is   to
investigate  methods to reduce the  size  of VOC control  equipment  applied  to
low concentration gas  streams  (less than  200 ppm), and to  determine if the
new   adsorption system  can  be  applied to  provide  a concentrated  VOC
stream.    The  major  objective will  be  to  investigate the  economics   of
recovering  the  concentrated VOC material from the adsorption section.   The
pilot  plant  will allow the identification  of  potential problems due to the
adsorption/desorption  process,  and difficulties  that can be  expected  to  be
encountered in  applying  such a process to  actual installations.  By using a
pilot  plant  which  incorporates  both a  moving  adsorption  bed  and  a
continuous  desorption of  VOC and recycling  of the adsorbent, the  potential
advantages when applied  to  actual emission  streams  can be examined.
                     RESEARCH GOALS - FY 1991

      Since  IWERC is  in  the  final year of full funding, new  projects were
not sought,  and  therefore,  the  November Annual  Program  Review Meeting
was  not scheduled.  Instead,  energy is being  directed into the  formation
and preparation of a research  symposium which will  formally  acknowledge
and  celebrate  the accomplishments  of the  Industrial Waste  Elimination
                                    88

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Research Center.   Even  more,  this symposium will  ensure  that the research
projects have  been successfully concluded.

      The  symposium  will  also  include  the  participation  of  past  and
present Scientific  Advisory  Committee  (SAC)  and  Industry  Advisory
Council (IAC) members.   Following the symposium,  a meeting with the  IAC
and  SAC  is  planned,  to  recap,  discuss  and  suggest future focus  and
direction.
                         OUTPUTS  -  FY  1990

      Articles  in  Refereed Journals	2
      Articles  Submitted or In Press	5
      Books and  Bound  Proceedings	1
      Chapters in Other Books	0
      Project Reports	18
      Conferences and Workshops  Held	0
                                   89

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                           BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFEREED JOURNAL ARTICLES

     Senkan, S.M., M.K. Abdelaal,  and  M. Qun,  "The Chemical Structure  of
Fuel-Rich  l,2-C2H4Cl2/CH4/O2/Ar Flames:   The  Effects of Microprobe
Cooling,"  Combustion Science and Technology. 67, pp. 147-157, 1989.

     Senkan, S.M.  and M.  Qun, "The  Chemical  Structure of Atmospheric
Pressure, Fuel-Rich,  Flat Flames of CH2Cl2/CH4/O2/Ar," Hazardous Waste
and Hazardous  Materials Journal. 7,  pp. 55-71,  1990.
ARTICLES SUBMITTED OR IN PRESS

     Kassem, M., and  S.  M.  Senkan,  "Chemical Structures of  Fuel-Rich
Premixed, Laminar Flames  of l,2-C2H4Cl2  and Glfy," Combustion  and
Flame, in press, 1990.

     Yildirim,  R. and  S.  M.  Senkan,  "An  Experimental  Study  of  the
Pyrolysis  and Oxidative Pyrolysis  of  C2H5C1,"   Submitted to  Industrial
Engineering  Chemical Research, in press, 1990.

     Sethuraman, S.  and S.  M. Senkan, "An Experimental Study of C6H5C1
Oxidation  in a Flow Reactor,"  Submitted to Environmental  Science Tech. in
press,  1990.

     Yildirim, R. and S. M. Senkan, "Detailed  Chemical Kinetic Modeling of
the  Oxidation  and  Pyrolysis  of  C2H5C1,"    Submitted  to  Industrial
Engineering  Chemistry  Research, in press, 1990.

     Gasca, E.  and P. R. Anderson, "Surface Chemical Characteristics of Iron
Oxides,"   Submitted to the Journal of Soil Science,  in  press, 1990.
BOOKS AND BOUND PROCEEDINGS

     Noll, K. E., V- Gounaris, and W-S. Hou. Adsorption Technology for  Arr
and  Water  Pollution  Control."   Lewis  Publishers,  Chelsea, Michigan  (in
press),   1990.
                                  90

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CHAPTERS IN OTHER BOOKS

      None


PROJECT REPORTS

      Patterson,  J. W.,  Anderson,  P.  R.   "Metals Speciation,  Separation and
Recovery,"   3 Quarter Reports, IWERC Project  9001 (1990).

      Holsen,  T. M.    "Removal  and Recovery  of Non-Ionic Hydrocarbons
from  Aqueous Solutions,"  3 Quarter  Reports, IWERC Project 9002 (1990).

      Haas,  C. N.  "Equilibrium of  Mixed Solid  Phases," 3 Quarter Reports,
IWERC Project  9003  (1990).

      Theis,  T.  L.   "Development  of Oxides  of  Iron  as  Sorbents  for the
Control,  Separation,  and   Recovery  of  Inorganic   Hazardous   Waste
Components,"  3  Quarter Reports, IWERC Project  9004. (1990).

      Senkan, S. M.    "Conversion  of Chlorinated  Hydrocarbon Containing
Wastes  into Useful  Products," 3 Quarter  Reports, IWERC  Project  9005
(1990).

      Noll,  K.  E.  "Design and Testing  of a Moving Bed  VOC Adsorption
System," 1 Quarter Report, IWERC Project 9006  (1990).

      Luo,  B.  "Kinetics of Cadmium Hydroxide Precipitation in a Continuous
Stirred  Tank Reactor,"  Ph.D.  Thesis, Pritzker  Department of Environmental
Engineering,  Illinois Institute  of Technology  (May,  1990).

      Chen, W-Y.   "Evaluation of  a Magnetite-Based  Adsorption  Process,"
M.S.  Thesis,  Pritzker  Department  of  Environmental Engineering,  Illinois
Institute  of  Technology (August,  1990).

      Katsimbalis, G.   "Alkaline  Precipitation  of Cu(II)  in the Presence  of
Nitrate,"  M.S.  Thesis,  Pritzker Department of  Environmental  Engineering,
Illinois  Institute of Technology  (May, 1990).

      Madgal, S.  "A Study of Cationic and  Anionic Sorption  Equilibrium on
a  Granular  Iron  Oxide  Adsorbent,"   M.S.  Thesis,  Report  No.   90-12,
                                   91

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Department  of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rowley  Laboratories,
Clarkson University, Potsdam, N.Y. 13699 (May, 1990).
CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS HELD

     None
                               92

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CENTER:              Marine  Science  Research  Center

LOCATION:           University of Rhode  Island

DIRECTOR:           Michael E.Q. Pilson
                      Graduate  School  of  Oceanography
                      University of Rhode  Island
                      Narragansett,  RI  02882-1197
                      401/792-6104    Fax:   401/792-6160

PROJECT OFFICER:   Jan Prager
                      U.S. Environmental  Protection  Agency
                      South Ferry  Road
                      Narragansett,  RI   02882
                      401/782-3133
                      FTS  838-3133

FUNDS  SPENT DURING FY  1990  (10/1/89  -  9/30/90)

                 EPA                          $612,974
                 Other  Government              41,177
                 State                          136,085
                 University                     168,662
                 Private Sector                   18,466

                      Total                   $977,364


                   DESCRIPTION OF THE PROGRAM

      The Marine Science  Research Center (MSRC)  derives from  an EPA-
supported  initiative  in  1975 to  develop the capacity  for experimentation  on
complex  enclosed  ecosystems.     Such experimentation  requires  both  a
successfully  functioning facility  and  an  interdisciplinary group  of  scientists
to carry out  the necessary  experiments and observations.  Thus the MSRC
(also  called  the Marine  Ecosystems Research  Laboratory,  or MERL)  is
composed   of   people  largely   interested  in   experimental    marine
biogeochemistry  and ecology.   The  focus  is  mainly  on work in  mesocosm
enclosures, along with  some comparison field  work in Narragansett  Bay.   In
comparison  with other such  attempts  to   work with  experimental  marine
ecosystems, the  mesocosms  maintained at MSRC are  the most well defined,
have  operated   continuously  over  the  longest  time,  and  most  faithfully
capture  the  functional  properties of the coastal  marine  ecosystem.   During


                                   93

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the last  14  years, over  70 investigators  from the University of Rhode Island
and  at  least 25  institutions in the United  States, Canada,  and Europe have
carried  out  studies in these mesocosms.   In addition to numerous technical
reports,  some  170 papers  dealing with  work  in  the mesocosms  and related
field  work  have  appeared  in  the  peer-reviewed  professional literature.   The
MSRC  has  been  effective in  training students  in  the  field,  and some 30
people  have received  advanced degrees for work done  entirely or in part at
MSRC.  At the  present time  about four students are carrying out pollution
related  thesis  research at MSRC.   Two more recently applied  and have been
admitted to  the  University of Rhode Island with  the  intention  of carrying
out thesis research at  MSRC.   One visiting professor from another country is
also here with the intention of participating in mesocosm  research.

      The MSRC  facility consists of a laboratory  and office  building with an
outside experimental  mesocosm farm.   Fourteen mesocosms, each containing
13  cubic meters  (3500 U.S. gal.)  of  water  and 37cm depth  of sediment,  are
maintained   under  natural sunlight,  mixing,  flushing,   and  temperature
regimes.  These  living models  fill a  gap between  laboratory experiments and
field  observations and   can  be  used  for  both  fundamental  and practical
investigations.   Information from  all  three  approaches provides  a basis  for
regulation of  pollutant  discharges.

      Experimentation  in  the  mesocosms  has  considerably  increased  the
basic  understanding  of  the   functioning  of  coastal  marine  ecosystems,
especially   in  those   aspects  that  are  relevant  to  the impact  of  human
activities.   Direct quantitative  studies of the  effects and  fates of numerous
pollutants have been carried out, including extensive  studies  of  No. 2  fuel oil
and  other   petroleum  hydrocarbons  and  some  halocarbons,  studies  of  the
fates  of about  15 trace  metals, examination  of the fate  and  effects of sewage
sludge  and  sewage effluent, and  several  extensive  studies of  nutrients  alone
and  in  combination with regard to  the  complex effects  of eutrophication.

      Support  for research  at MSRC   has  come  largely from  the  U.S.
Environmental  Protection  Agency,  but  additional  support  has from time  to
time  been  received  from the  National  Oceanographic   and Atmospheric
Administration, the U.S.  National Science Foundation,  the  Department  of
Energy, the  University  of  Rhode  Island,  and  the  Andrew   W.  Mellon
Foundation.    Indirect  support  has come  from other  sources in  the form  of
additional support of  investigators  at  other institutions.
                                    94

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                     ACCOMPLISHMENTS - FY 1990

      Model  of a  Salt Wedge  Estuary: Models  representing   estuaries
with  freshwater  flowing in at the  surface and  saltwater flowing  in at the
bottom  have  been  established in the summer  of  1990.   One of the  models
was well mixed  and the other  was stratified.

      These  models permit  the  controlled  examination  of  transformations
along  salinity,  light,   and  temperature  gradients.  Most  pollutants  enter
estuaries  from  freshwater  streams  and rivers. Many  processes  which  occur
along these gradients  act to  trap  or transform these  materials.

      In the center's latest experiment, well mixed  and stratified salt wedge
models   were  established.    Nutrient  uptake   rates  and  primary  production
were studied  by  Sea  Grant  researchers  from  East  Carolina University.
Limiting  nutrients  were   examined  for  phytoplankton  growth  along  the
gradients.   For  nutrient mass balances and  speciation, measurements  were
made  of inflows,  outflows,  water  column   and benthic  remineralization,
benthic   denitrification,  standing  stocks, and  uptake  by  primary production.
Investigators found  that phosphorus  and light  were limiting  to  plant  growth
at the fresh  ends of the gradients and  nitrogen was  limiting at  the  saltwater
end.   Even  though the systems were not  nutrient enriched,  low oxygen
concentrations  developed in the bottom  waters of the  stratified  systems.

      The Cretaceous  Ocean: The  National   Science  Foundation   has
provided  funding  to M.  Arthur (Graduate  School of Oceanography), M.E.Q.
Pilson (Director MSRC), and K.  Hinga (MSRC marine  scientist)  to  study the
fate of  elevated carbon  dioxide levels  in the water column.   This  experiment
simulates the  Cretaceous period  when  atmospheric levels of  carbon dioxide
were elevated  compared to present  day levels.   This experiment  tests basic
assumptions on carbon  fate and isotope  ratios  used  by paleoecologists.

      The experiment began  in mid summer  1989  and  ended  in  December
1990.   Four  mesocosms were devoted  to this experiment.  The design for
introducing   and  maintaining   elevated   carbon  dioxide  concentrations
(maximum  is  10 time  saturation  concentration)  has  worked  satisfactorily.
Final results will be available for the  next annual report.

      Synthesis Reports for  the EPA  Narragansett   Bay  Project:   Five
reports  have been  prepared for Narragansett  Bay  including  a Toxics report,
a  Sediment  Toxicity  report,  a Fisheries  Management  report  and  a status
report on East Greenwich Bay.   A status report on the Blacks tone River will
                                    95

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 be forthcoming.  Four of the  reports have been peer reviewed  and are being
 revised.

      Monitoring  Plan   for  Narragansett  Bay:   The  Narragansett Bay
 Project necessitated the  development of a  monitoring  plan for Narragansett
 Bay.    The purpose  of  the plan  is  to  measure  the  effectiveness of  water
 quality   management   in   reducing   pollutant  inputs   and   restoring
 environmental  quality.   Task One of  four  tasks in  the  plan  have been
 completed.

      EPA  Region  II  Bays  Program:   Researchers  at  the  Center have
 compiled  nutrient  data sets for the New  York  Bight Apex and  Harbor  to
 document  the  nature  and extent  of  environmental  problems  in the  area
 caused  by low dissolved  oxygen conditions.   With the help of  statistics and
 available  information  investigators  have  examined  the  relationships
 between  organic  carbon  inputs,   nutrient  concentrations,  phytoplankton
 production and biomass  and  hypoxia/anoxia.   Additional  funds  have been
 awarded  to continue  this  project.    Acute and  chronic hypoxic  and  toxic
 effects  will be  assessed,  as will  tolerances for  key estuarine  species  in  the
 New  York  New Jersey  Harbor.    The toxic effects  will  include hydrogen
 sulfide, ammonia  and chlorine.    Approaches ranging  from  physiology  to
 community structure  will be   considered.
                      RESEARCH  GOALS FOR 1991

      Stratification acts  as a  lid on bottom  waters preventing atmospheric
recreation.   Normal respiration  rates in these  waters results  in  hypoxia even
when carbon inputs from  primary production  in  the  overlying water  are not
excessive.    While  bottom  water  never  went  anoxic  during  the  1990
experiment, values of 0.5, 1.5,  and 2.0  ppm were  present for weeks at a
time.

      In  the  coming  year, center personnel  will  explore the combinations of
nutrient  level,  stratification  and flushing that result in  hypoxic conditions.
These results will  be  used to  assess "what if" scenarios  for the Chesapeake
Bay  Model.  For  example, what if  nutrients are  reduced  by IX, 2X  and 4X
and  thus anoxic oxygen  conditions improve  to 0.5, 1.5, and  2.0  ppm?  How
will  the  flora and fauna change?

      Over the  winter, Dr. Ted  Durbin  of GSO will  be  examining the growth
and   survival  of  winter  flounder  larvae  under different  temperature
regimes,  different  zooplankton  food regimes  and different  mixing  regimes.


                                   96

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This project  has received  funding from  Sea Grant,  Millstone  Atomic Power
and  some  support  from the university.

      In  the  coming year,  MSRC scientist Dr. Ken Hinga will be conducting
interviews  and  workshops  to  assess  the  status of  eutrophication  in  our
nations estuaries.  This project  has  been  funded  by the National  Oceanic  and
Atmospheric  Administration.
                          OUTPUTS  IN FY 1990

      Articles in Refereed Journals	11
      Articles Submitted or In  Press	10
      Books  and Bound Proceedings	1
      Chapters  in Other Books	2
      Project Reports	1 0
      Conferences and  Workshops  Held	0
                                    97

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                            BIBLIOGRAPHY
ARTICLES IN REFEREED JOURNALS

      Adelman,  D.,  K.R.  Hinga  and  M.E.Q.  Pilson,  "Biogeochemistry  of
Butyltins in an Enclosed Marine Ecosystem,"  Environmental Monitoring  and
Assessment.  Vol.  24, pp. 1027-1032, 1990.

      Hinga,  K.R., and  J.A. Knauss, "Ocean Disposal:   Some  Aspects  of the
Debate,"  Maritimes.  Vol. 33, No. 2 pp.  8-9, 1989.

      Hinga,  K.  R.,  "Alteration of Phosphorus Dynamics During  Experimental
Eutrophication of Enclosed Marine Ecosystems,"   Marine  Pollution Bulletin.
Vol. 21,  pp.  275-280, 1990.

      Jeffries, H.P.,  A.A. Keller,  and  S.  Hale,  "Predicting Winter Flounder
(Pseudopleuronectes  Americanus)  Catches  by  Time  Series   Analysis,"
Canadian Journal  of  Fish and  Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 46, pp. 650-659, 1989.

      Keller,  A.  A. and  R. L.  Ric,  "Effects of Nutrient  Enrichment  on  Natural
Populations of  the Brown Tide Phytoplankton Aureococcus Anophagefferens
(Chrysophyceae),"  Journal of  Phvcologv. Vol. 25, pp. 636-646, 1989.

      Keller,  A.A. and U. Riebesell, "Phytoplankton Carbon Dynamics During
a Winter-Spring  Diatom Bloom in  an  Enclosed Marine Ecosystem: Primary
Production, Biomass  and Loss Rates, Marine  Biology. Vol. 103, pp. 131-142,
1989.

      Keller,  A.A.,   "Modeling the  Effect of Temperature, Light and Nutrients
on  Primary Productivity:  A  Comparison  of Two Approaches, Mechanistic
Versus Empirical," Limnology  and  Oceanography. Vol.  34,  pp. 82-95, 1989.

      Keller,  A. A. and  R. L. Rice,  "Variation in  DCMU-Enhanced Fluorescence
Relative  to Chlorophyll  A: Correlation  with the  Brown  Tide Bloom," Journal
of Phvcologv. Vol. 26,  pp. 202-205, 1990.

      Keller,  A.A., P.H. Doering,  S.P.  Kelly  and B.K.  Sullivan,  "Growth  of
Juvenile  Atlantic  Menhaden,  Brevoortia  Tyrannus  (Pisces:  Clupeidae)  in
MERL Mesocosms:   Effects  of Eutrophication," Limnology  and Oceanography.
Vol. 35,  No.  1, pp. 109-122, 1990.
                                   98

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      Keller,  A.A.,  L.L.  Beatty, L.E.  Weber  and  C.A.  Heil,    "Soluble
Fluorescence:   Effects  on Chlorophyll Determination at Different  Salinities,"
Canadian  Journal  of Fish and Aquatic  Sciences.  Vol. 47, No. 9, pp.  1700-
1709,  1990.

      Nowicki, B.L. and C.A.  Oviatt, "Are Estuaries  Traps  for  Anthropogenic
Nutrients?   Evidence from Estuarine  Mesocosms,"  Marine  Ecology  Progress
Series. Vol. 66, No. 1-2, pp. 131-146.
ARTICLES SUBMITTED OR IN PRESS

      Adelman, D., K. R. Hinga and M. E. Q. Pilson.   "Fractionation of Butyltin
Species   During   Sample  Extraction   and  Preparation  for   Analysis,"
Environmental  Monitoring  Assessment. Vol. 13, in press.

      Doering, P.H., L.W. Reed, C.A. Oviatt and J.H.  McKenna.  "The Behavior
of Dissolved Organic Carbon  During Simulated  Estuarine Mixing," Limnology
and  Oceanography, submitted.

      Doering,  P.H., C.A.  Oviatt and  M.E.Q.  Pilson,  "Control  of  Nutrient
Concentrations  in  the  Seekonk-Providence River Region  of Narragansett Bay,
Rhode Island,"  Estuaries. Vol. 13, in press.

      Hinga, K.R., A.A. Keller, and C.A.  Oviatt, "Atmospheric  Deposition and
Nitrogen Inputs  to Coastal Waters," Ambio. in  press.

      Jaworski,  N.J., P. Groffman,  A. Keller and J. Prager,  "A  Water-Scale
Analysis  of Nitrogen  Loading:   The Upper Potomac  River,"  Estuaries.
submitted.

      Keller, A.A., C.A.  Oviatt  and R.  Rice,  "Phytoplankton  Community
Response  to  Nutrient  Enrichment  and  the Benthos  in  Shallow,  Coastal
Ecosystems," Marine Ecology Progress Series (in prep).

      Lane, P.  A., "Receiving Water  Responses to Wastewater Discharges  to
the Marine  Environment - Biological  Effects and  Risk Analysis,"  Chapter  to
appear in  "Wastewater  Discharges  to Marine  Environment",   D.  Waller,  ed.
T.U.N.S. Symposium, in  press.

      Selligman, P.P., RJ. Maguire, R.F. Lee,  A.O. Vakirs, P.M.  Stang and K.R.
Hinga, "Persistence and Fate of Tributyltin  in  Aquatic Ecosystems. Chapter
                                    99

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18  in  Tributyltin:  Environmental Fate  and Effects.  M.A. Champ  and P.P.
Selyman (eds). Elsevier Applied Science Publishers  Ltd.. in press.

      Sullivan,  B.K. and P.V. Banzon, "Food Limitation and Benthic Regulation
of Populations  of the  Copepod  Acartia Hudsonica Pinhey in  Nutrient-Limited
and  Nutrient-Enriched  Systems," Limnology and Oceanography, in press.

      Widbom,  B. and   C.A.   Oviatt,  "The  World  Prodigy  Oil  Spill  in
Narragansett  Bay, Rhode  Island:  Acute Effects on Macrobenthic  Crustacean
Populations," Marine  Environmental  Research,  submitted.
BOOKS AND BOUND PROCEEDINGS

      Jackson,  Susan K., "Suspended  Paniculate  Trace  Metal Concentrations
in a Control and Nutrient Enhanced  Coastal Marine Ecosystem:   A Mesocosm
Study," Thesis for M.S.,  University of Rhode Island.
CHAPTERS IN OTHER BOOKS

      Frithsen, J. B., D. Nacci, C. Oviatt, C. J.  Strobel, and R.  Walsh,  "Using
Single-Species and  Whole Ecosystem Tests  to  Characterize the  Toxicity  of  a
Sewage Treatment Plant Effluent," G.  W. Suter II  and M.  A. Lewis  (Eds.),
Aquatic  Toxicology and  Environmental  Fate:  Eleventh  Volume.  American
Society for Testing and Materials, STP 1007, pp.  231-250, 1989.

      Hinga,  K.R., "Subseabed  Disposal  of High-Level Radioactive Wastes:
Transition  from  Hare-Brained  Idea  to  a  Feasible  Technology,"  L.M.
Alexander,  S. Allen and L.C.  Hanson (eds), Marine  Science  and  Technology:
Economic.  Legal,  and  Political Aspects  of  Change.  Law  of the Sea Institute,
pp. 245-270,  1989.
PROJECT REPORTS

      Doering, P.H.,  C.A.  Oviatt and B.L. Welsh, "Characterizing  Late  Summer
Water Quality  in the  Seekonk, Providence  River and  Upper  Narragansett
Bay," Final Report,  Rhode Island Department  of  Environmental  Management,
Narragansett Bay  Project,  pp.  23.
                                  100

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      Hinga, K.R., N.F.  Lewis, R. Rice, K. Dadey and A. Keller, "A Review of
Narragansett Bay Phytoplankton  Data:   Status  and  Trends," Narragansett  Bay
Project,  Report #NBP-89-21,  pp. 251, March 1989.

      Hinga,  K.R., "Monitoring  Tributyltin  in Narragansett  Bay,"  Contract
report to  the  Rhode  Island  Department  of  Environmental  Management,
Division  of Agriculture, 1990.

      Hinga, K.R., A.A. Keller and C.A. Oviatt,  "Atmospheric  Deposition and
Nitrogen  Inputs  to  Coastal  Waters,"  Final   Report  to  the  Environmental
Protection  Agency  Environmental Research Laboratory  - Narragansett  (CR-
8124-87-03),  August 1990.

      Jeon, H.  and C.A.  Oviatt, "A  Review  of Biological Effects of Toxic
Pollutants  on  Organisms  in  Narragansett Bay,"  Report  to Narragansett  Bay
Project,   September 1990.

      Keller,  A.A. and  K.R.  Hinga, "New York - New Jersey  Harbor Estuary
Program  Module  4: Nutrient and Organic Enrichment," 2nd Quarterly Report
- Long Term Trend Analyses, April  1990.

      Keller,  A.A. and  K.R.  Hinga, "New York - New Jersey  Harbor Estuary
Program  Module  4:  Nutrient and Organic Enrichment,"  3rd Quarterly Report
and Preliminary Data Report, July 1990.

      Keller, A.A., K.R.  Hinga and C.A. Oviatt, "New York  New Jersey Harbor
Estuary  Program Module  4: Nutrient  and Organic  Enrichment,"  Draft Final
Report,  November  1990.

      Nowicki,  B.L.  and J.H.  McKenna,  "A  Preliminary  Assessment of
Environmental  Quality  in  Greenwich  Bay, Rhode  Island,"   Report to  the
Narragansett Bay Project,  Providence,  RI,  pp. 35,  1990.

      Saila, S.B.  and  A. Keller,  "Suggestions Regarding Management  Planning
for Some  Vertebrate  and  Invertebrate  Resources  of  Narragansett  Bay,"
Report to Narragansett  Bay Project,  November 1990.
CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS HELD

     None
                                  101

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102

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CENTER:
LOCATION:
DIRECTOR:
National  Center  for  Ground  Water  Research

Consortium: Rice  University
            University  of Oklahoma
            Oklahoma  State University

Dr. C. H. Ward
Department  of  Environmental  Science
  and Engineering
Rice University
P. O. Box  1892
Houston, TX 77251
713/527-4086    Fax:   713/285-5203

Mr. M. R.  Scalf
Robert S.  Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
U. S. Environmental Protection  Agency
P. O. Box  1198
Ada, OK 74820
405/332-8800    FTS:  743-2308
FUNDS  SPENT  DURING  FY  1990  (10/1/80  -  9/30/90)
PROJECT OFFICER:
                 EPA
                 Other Government
                 University
                 Private  Sector

                      Total
                        $845,000
                         180,000
                         305,000
                         825,000

                      $2,155,000
                   DESCRIPTION OF THE PROGRAM

      The  objective of  the  National  Center for  Ground  Water  Research
(NCGWR)  is  to  improve the understanding  of  the subsurface  environment
and  its interaction with  pollutants.   To  meet  this objective, research  is
conducted  in  three major  areas:    transport  and fate of  ground  water
contaminants,  study  of  subsurface and  pollutant characteristics  which
affect the transport and  fate of pollutants,  and  development of methods  to
assess  and protect  ground water quality.   This research program provides
information on  the behavior  of  subsurface pollutants in  order  to:  (1)
evaluate  options  for control  of specific sources, (2)  assess  the  impact  of
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contamination  events,  (3)  determine  the  likelihood  that a  chemical  will
persist underground,  (4)  take  remedial action in the restoration  of ground
water  quality,  and  (5)  develop  criteria  for  disposal  site  selection  or
rejection.   Research  sponsored by  the NCGWR  is oriented toward studies
required  to  explain  and  predict the transport  and fate  of synthetic  organic
compounds  in  the subsurface,  especially in  ground waters  associated  with
hazardous waste sites.

                    ACCOMPLISHMENTS  -  FY 1990

      Stimulation of indigenous  subsurface  microorganisms  to  degrade
synthetic  and  petroleum derived  organic  compounds  present  in  ground
water is termed  in  situ  biorestoration.  In  the  last five years, the Center
has played a major  role, in cooperation with the U. S.  EPA and especially
the Robert  S.  Kerr  Environmental  Research  Laboratory,  in  developing  the
quantitative   data  needed  for   design  and  optimization   of  in   situ
biorestoration processes.    In  addition to mechanistic  studies  by  research
groups  led  by   individual  investigations,  the  Center  has  contributed
substantively  to  an  EPA-sponsored  field  demonstration of the Raymond
Process for  in  situ biorestoration of  petroleum  contaminated ground water
at the U. S. Coast Guard  Air Station in Traverse  City,  Michigan.  Coordination
and  interaction  of  basic   laboratory  studies  with  complementary  field
investigations  has proven to be one of the most productive  of the  Center's
strategies  for advancing  the state-of-the-art  in chemical  transport and  fate
research  and in  the  application of  basic science to the solution  of ground
water  problems.

      The lack  of mechanistic  research  on the  behavior  and interaction  of
contaminants  and  microbes in  the  subsurface inspired  the  use of  an
empirical  approach   to in  situ  bioprocess  development  and  application.
Research  at  Rice   University  has   addressed  three   factors  considered
important  in optimization of in situ  biorestoration  technology.   Studies  on
the use and  behavior of  hydrogen  peroxide  (H202) for  delivery of electron
acceptors  to  support  biodegradation has  clearly  demonstrated  microbial
adaptation  (increased  catalase activity) to increasing  H2^2 concentrations
and  increased  resistance  to deleterious  effects  due to  specific,  commonly
used  application regimes.   Experiments  to determine  the  effects  of  flow
rate  and hydraulic conductivity  on microbial movement in the  subsurface
indicate that microbial  transport may  be the factor  most limiting  to  the  use
of  specially  adapted  and/or  genetically  engineered  organisms   in   the
subsurface.  In   other   experiments  on   populations   of   subsurface
microorganisms  from clean  and  contaminated  sites,  it has  been  clearly
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demonstrated  that  exposure  to  contaminants  results in  the  selection  and
preferential growth  of  microbes  that  produce  surface  active  agents  that
may  enhance  the  bioavailability  (and  degradation) of  contaminants  in
aquifers.

      A study  at the University  of Oklahoma has used microcosms to probe
the  anaerobic   biodegradability   of   several   aromatic  compounds   and
pesticides  known  to  contaminate  aquifers.    The  biodegradation  of these
materials  largely  depended  upon  the  terminal electron  acceptors  available
in  the  aquifer;  this,  in turn,  determined the  fate  and route  of  substrate
decomposition.    m-Cresol  and   phenol  anaerobically  degraded  via  a
carboxylation  reaction  while  p-hydroxybenzoate  degraded  through  a
decarboxylation  step. Carboxylation  and  decarboxylation steps appear  to
be  slightly  reversible  during  phenol  metabolism.     Among  pesticides,
propanil was  anaerobically  metabolized through hydrolysis and  linuron  by
demethoxylation,  while  2,4,5-T,  2,4-D,  and  bromocil  degraded  through
reductive  dehalogenation.   Toluene and xylene  were also rapidly  degraded
in  defined  aquifer  slurries, but  their   metabolic pathways  are  as  yet
unknown.   Benzene proved  highly recalcitrant  under  anaerobic conditions.
An automated data-acquisition  device  has  been invented  and  is  now  in
practical   use  to  measure  the production   or  consumption  of  gaseous
endproducts  or  substrates  of anaerobic metabolism.   Such  a  device will
allow   for  the  automated  testing  of  numerous  compounds  for their
anaerobic  biodegradation  potential.

      Progress was  made  on  a field  study  of the spatial  and  temporal
variability of  aquifer  methanogenesis.    Results suggest  that  high  spatial
and temporal  variability  in methane  production  rates  existed  at  both
methanogenic  and  sulfate-reducing  sites.  Statistical  analysis  of  the  field
and laboratory  data suggest  that  pH,  temperature, and  sulfate levels  are
the  major,  but   not the  only, environmental variables  influencing  the
mineralization  of organic  matter in anoxic aquifers.  For  deeper subsurface
environments, a  method was developed to assess the microbial integrity of
collected  samples.   Coliform bacteria  were  used   as tracer organisms  and
acted as efficient tools  in  evaluating the  degree of microbial contamination
accidentally encountered from drilling  fluids.

      The  fate of halo-organic  compounds belonging to  different  chemical
classes  was examined  in  anoxic  aquifer samples.   A  variety  of these
compounds  were  biotransformed  by  reductive  dechlorination  reactions.
The  rate  of  dehalogenation   was  stimulated  by  the   addition  of  low
molecular  weight fatty  acids and  alcohols and inhibited by  the  addition of
sulfate.    Reductive  dehalogenation was  also demonstrated  for a  nitrogen
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heterocyclic  compound.     A  dehalogenating  pure  culture  anaerobic
bacterium  was  characterized and  was  found  to be able  to  grow either
autotrophically  or  heterotrophically.    The  16S  rRNA  sequence  analysis
indicated  that  the  organism  belongs to  a new  genus  of  sulfate-reducing
bacterium.  The organism is now formally  classified  as Desulfomonile tiedjei
gen. nov.  and sp.  nov.   The  biochemistry of  dehalogenation  activity  was
studied  with  this organism.    The activity was  membrane associated  and
shown to  occur  in  cell-free  extracts.   This  is  a prerequisite to  the  first
isolation  of an aryl  dehalogenase.

      Other research  at Rice University during the  past year  included  the
development of a conceptual understanding of source effects  from  residual
oil  residing above  the  water  table  as   well  as  experimentation in  the
laboratory  and   field  to   investigate   such  release  mechanisms   by
observation.    This  included a field  test  at  Traverse  City,   Michigan  in
October,  1989  which verified the  importance of  residual oil contribution  to
waste  loading of unconfined  aquifers.    Water  was  infiltrated  from  the
surface  and past a  layer of  residual oil near the water table.  Cone
penetrometers  were  used  for  sampling  of BTEX  in  the  unsaturated  and
saturated   zones.  Results clearly  showed  a water quality  release  from  the
residual oil near the water table.

      The  hydrology group  at  Rice also  developed  a numerical  model  to
simulate  the   fate  and  transport  of  an  oily  waste  and  its  dissolved
constituents  in  the  subsurface.     A   multiphase  unsaturated  zone
contaminant transport model,  MUCT, was developed  to describe the fate  of
an  oily waste, with  contaminants contained within the  waste,  spilled at  the
surface.   MUCT was  developed to  simulate the  simultaneous  vertical flow
of  water and  a second immiscible phase  fluid through porous  media.   The
model was based  upon   solving  three-phase  flow  equations  using semi-
analytical  techniques.  The model was  linked with OILENS and  a  horizontal
plane source model.

      Research  at  Oklahoma  State   University  has  centered   on   the
cometabolic  metabolism  of  the ground  water  pollutant  trichloroethylene
(TCE).   Previous research has  demonstrated  that growth  of  the  bacterium
Alcaligenes eutrophus  IMP 134  on phenol  or  2,4-D  allowed the concurrent
removal  of TCE.   Researchers have  cloned  the genes which encode  the
enzymes  of  the  2,4-D  pathway  and  have  demonstrated  that   the  2,4-
dichlorophenol hydroxylase  is  oxidizing  TCE.   By inference,  it can  be"
assumed  that  the   phenol  hydroxylase  is  likewise involved,  but  these
chromasomally  encoded  genes  have  resisted  isolation.    The  tfdB  gene
which  encodes the  dichlorophenol  hydroxylase  is  positively  regulated in  its


                                   106

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wildtype  configuration  and  therefore  expresses  only  a  fraction  of its
normal  activity when cloned.

      Slow  release of contaminants is a result  of  desorption occurring more
slowly than  expected.   Sorption  and desorption had  been assumed to  have
the same rates.   Recent studies  at  Rice University have shown  that this
slow  release  of  contaminant  is temperature  dependent.    The  release
process is slowed  by  lower temperatures.

      The effect of ground  water  flow  rate  on the extent  of adsorption and
absorption  (i.e., retardation)  of  methylated benzenes  was  evaluated  with
soil columns for three different soils. The ground  water velocity was  varied
from  0.25  to  30  ft/day.   For  compounds  with  octanol/water  partition
coefficients  of  1,000  or  greater,  the  retardation  factor  was  inversely
proportional  to  velocity,  below about 3 ft/day.

      The   release  of  residual   aviation  gasoline   saturation  from  field
contaminated  sandy  aquifer  material was  investigated  using  soil  columns.
Flushing  with  water  produced   constant   low  (<200  ppb)   effluent
concentrations  of  methylated alkanes.    Addition  of a biodegradable  non-
ionic   surfactant  (Triton X-100)  to  the  flushing   solution  produced an
immediate increase in concentration  to  several ppm,  which  declined  over
20  pore  volumes  to initial  levels.   Use  of  three  times  the  influent
concentration  of  surfactant  (15   g/1)  resulted  in  an  increase  in  effluent
concentration  to more than  10 times  that  of  the  5  g/1  experiment,  which
decreased to initial  levels in one-third  of the volume.   Soil  analysis showed
that  more than  95% of  the  residual  saturation in the  columns had  been
removed.

      Isopropyl alcohol added  to  the  flushing solution at 50% by volume
caused  a rapid and  dramatic increase  and  subsequent  decrease in effluent
concentration  over less than two  pore  volumes.   Once again, soil analysis
indicated that  more  than  95%   of  the  oil had  been removed  from  the
column.   Significantly, at 20% by  volume, the alcohol  did  not appear  to
enhance  the release of residual oil saturation.

      The  Center's  experimental  and modeling  studies  are being integrated
into a conceptual  framework of the bioremediation process.  If this  effort is
successful,  it will  result in the first  engineering process design manual for
microbially  enhanced restoration  of  contaminated ground water.

      The   Center's  information  transfer  activities  were  highlighted by
numerous  presentations  on  subsurface  chemical  transport   and   fate and
                                    107

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aquifer remediation  at  local,  national, and international  symposia  and
disciplinary  scientific  meetings  and   to  EPA  and  industrial  technical
personnel.   Another  highlight of the Center's FY  1990  technology  transfer
program was  initiation  of   training  activities of the  Superfund University
Training Institute  (SUTI) in cooperation  with the R. S. Kerr  Environmental
Research  Laboratory.    Also  significant  was  the Center's  seminar  (in
cooperation  with  RSKERL and the University of  Texas) on  "Methods to
Estimate the Migration  Potential of  Chemicals at  Superfund  Sites,"  which
was  used  by  the  Agency's  Science   Advisory  Board  (Environmental
Engineering  Committee,  Leachability  Subcommittee)  as  a resource  for  a
SAB  self-study  on subsurface leaching phenomena.

Technology  transfer projects completed in FY  1990  include:

      C. H. Ward      Superfund University  Training  Institute
      Rice Univ.        "Transport and Fate  of Contaminants in
      Houston, TX      the  Subsurface"

                    •  April  9-10, 1990, R. S. Kerr Environmental Research
                       Laboratory, Ada, OK
                    •  September 18-20,  1990, Rice University, Houston,
                       TX

      R. C. Loehr     "Superfund Site Remediation  Analyses  —
      Univ.  of Texas    Application and Limitations  of
      Austin, TX       Leaching Tests"

      J. J. Lund       "Indirect Methods  for  Estimating the Hydraulic U of
      Calif.             Properties of Unsaturated  Soils"
      Riverside,  CA
                     RESEARCH GOALS - FY 1991

      Four major  areas  will  provide  focal points for the  Center's research
program:    (1)   transport   and  fate  of  pollutants,  (2)   subsurface
characterization,  (3)  methods development,  and (4) information  transfer.
The  Center will  support  active programs  in  all  four  areas; however,  major
emphasis  will continue  to  be placed on  the  development  of biotechnology
for aquifer and subsurface restoration.

      Work on four important issues related to  enhancement  of aerobic  in
situ   biorestoration will  continue:     (1)  the  factors limiting  the use  of


                                   108

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hydrogen  peroxide  (H2O2)  in the  subsurface to  provide  oxygen  for
microbial metabolism, (2) the influence of subsurface characteristics on  the
rates   of  microbial  degradation,  (3)  the   transport,  colonization,  and
metabolism of surface microorganisms introduced into the  subsurface, and
(4) the  role  of biosurfactant  production  by in  situ   microorganisms  in
biodegradation of ground water contamination.   Studies  at  Rice University
will  determine the  biochemistry involved in  microbial adaptation  to  highly
oxidizing conditions resulting from injection of high  concentrations  of  ^2^2
into  the subsurface.   Laboratory  and field  studies on  the  transport  and fate
of marker organisms injected into  the subsurface  will continue.   A  series  of
potentially  important controlling  parameters  such  as  subsurface   structure
and  chemistry and  microbial morphology  will be evaluated.  The  diversity
and   factors   controlling  microbial   biosurfactant   production  in  the
subsurface will be  investigated.

      The mechanisms  governing  the  slow  release  of contaminants  from
aquifer  materials   will  continue   to  be  a  major  focus  of  research   in
contaminant    fate  and  transport.   Understanding  the  effect  of   naturally
fluctuating environmental parameters on  desorption  rates  will assist in  the
optimization  of remediation  technologies.

      Modeling goals at  Rice University  for  1990-91 include further testing
of models with  data from  controlled  soil  columns  and further  analysis  of
data from the  Traverse City, Michigan  test. The source module will then  be
inserted  into  the Bioplume  II model to  better represent the residual  source
leaching from  BTEX spills.

      In  further  research  at  Oklahoma  State  University,  a  series   of
Pseudomonas expression vectors  obtained from  Michigan  State University
will  allow the tfdB gene to  be  cloned  under the control  of  either a very
active inducible  or constitutive   promoter.   This  should  yield high  level
expression of  the tfdB gene  product  and increase  the  rates of TCE removal
by  the recombinant organism.   A  library  of chromosomal DNA  has been
prepared  and   will  be transferred  into a  Pseudomonas   putida   strain  in
which the  normal  phenol  hydroxylase  has   been disabled.   This should
allow  the isolation  of the  unregulated phenol  hydroxylase gene  from  the
chromosome.   This  gene will in  turn  be  cloned into the  Pseudomonas
expression vector  system.

      Research at  the University  of Oklahoma  will  continue to probe  the
limits of anaerobic  biodegradation  of  xenobiotic  compounds which  are
important contaminants in aquifers.   Radiotracer  techniques  will be used  to
                                    109

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probe  the  prevalent  metabolic  pathways  for  substrates  like  m-cresol,
phenol,  and benzene.   This task will  be facilitated by  the   enrichment  and
isolation of the requisite microorganisms.   Purification of the  dehalogenase
from  Desulfomonile  tiedjei  will  be pursued.   The  fundamental  mechanism
of  the  dehalogenation  reaction  will  be  pursued  with  this  enzyme.
Dehalogenation  of chloroethenes will also  be  pursued  with these  enzyme
preparations.  It may  be  that  such preparations  have properties that  make
them  desirable  for  field  use.    The  metabolic  fate of  26  heterocyclic
compounds  under  anaerobic conditions will  also be  examined.

      The field  study on quantitative estimates  of the degree of  spatial  and
temporal  variability  on  biodegradation  rates  will  continue.    It  may  be
necessary to redesign the gas  collection  wells.  The  data acquisition system
will  be  used to  monitor   a  variety  of  biodegradation experiments  and to
probe   the   consumption   of  gaseous   substrates   by   defined  cultures.
Collectively this research centers  on  (1) identifying  the types  of substrates
subject   to  anaerobic  decay  and  the  prevalent  metabolic  pathways,  (2)
providing  quantitative descriptions  of  anaerobic  biodegradation  kinetics,
(3)  confirming  the  metabolic  pathway  by  isolation  of the enzymes
responsible  for  promising  bioconversions  and  (4)  suggesting  biological
strategies for the  restoration  of contaminated  areas  and/or the  prevention
of problems through  desirable  waste  disposal  procedures.

Technology  transfer projects underway in FY 1991 include:

      Superfund University  Training Institute (SUTD  Course Schedule:

      •      Ground Water  Investigations, 4  offerings  (2  unscheduled,
            based  on  requests)

      •      Transport and Fate  of Contaminants in the Subsurface, 2
            offerings  -  Rice and  Denver (January  22-24,  1991)

      •      Remediation of  Contaminated Soils,  2  offerings,  Seattle and
            Atlanta

      •      Solute Transport Modeling at Hazardous Waste Sites,  2
            offerings - Rice  and RSKERL

      •      Bioremediation  of  Subsurface Environments, 2  offerings  -
            University of Texas and Rice
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•     Pump and Treat Technology  for Aquifer Remediation, 2
      offerings  - University of Oklahoma  and Rice

Workshops/Conferences

C. H. Ward     "Soil Venting Workshop," Houston,  Texas,
Rice Univ.       April 28-30, 1991; Co-sponsored by the R. S.
Houston, TX     Kerr Environmental  Research  Laboratory
                 and the National  Center  for Ground Water Research

C. H. Ward     "Biological Processes for  Subsurface Restoration,"
Rice Univ.       International Conference,  1992
Houston, TX
                    OUTPUTS - FY 1990

Articles in Refereed  Journals	17
Articles Submitted  or In  Press	7
Books and Bound Proceedings	0
Chapters in Other Books	13
Project  Reports	1 5
Conferences and  Workshops Held	2
                             111

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                           BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFEREED JOURNAL ARTICLES

     Adrian,  N.R.  and J.M.  Suflita, Reductive  Dehalogenation of a Nitrogen
Heterocyclic Herbicide in  Anoxic Aquifer  Slurries, Applied  Environmental
Microbiology. Vol. 56, pp. 292-294, 1990.

     Beeman, R.E. and J.M. Suflita, "Evaluation of Deep Subsurface Drilling
Procedures  Using   Serendipitous  Microbial   Contaminants   as  Tracer
Organisms," Geomicrobiology Journal. Vol.  7, pp. 223-233, 1989.

     Beeman, R.E.  and  J.M.  Suflita, "Environmental Factors  Influencing
Methano-genesis  in  a Shallow  Anoxic Aquifer:    A Field  and  Laboratory
Study," Journal of  Industrial Microbiology.  Vol. 5, pp. 45-58, 1990.

     DeWeer, K.A., L. Mandelco, R.S. Tanner,  C.R. Woese, and J.M. Suflita,
"Desulfomonile   tiediei  Gen.  Nov.  and  Sp.  Nov.,  A  Novel  Anaerobic,
Dehalogenating,  Sulfate-Reducing  Bacterium,"  Archives  of  Microbiology.
Vol. 154,  pp.  23-30,  1990.

     DeWeer, K.A. and J.M. Suflita,  "Aryl Reductive  Dehalogenlation  of 3-
Chlorobenzoate and  Other Halobenzoates   by  Extracts of Desulfomonile
tiedjei." Applied  Environmental  Microbiology.  Vol. 56,  pp.  2999-3005,
1990.

     Gibson,  S.A.  and  J.M. Suflita,  "Anaerobic  Biodegradation of  2,4,5-
Trichloro-phenoxyacetic  Acid  in  Samples  from  a Methanogenic  Aquifer:
Stimulation  by  Short Chain  Organic Acids  and  Alcohols,"  Applied
Environmental Microbiology. Vol. 56, pp.  1825-1832,  1990.

     Marker,   A.R., and  Y. Kim, "Trichloroethylene  Degradation  by  Two
Independent  Aromatic-Degrading Pathways  in  Alcaligenes  eutrophus
JMP134,"  Applied  Environmental  Microbiology. Vol. 56,  pp.  1179-1180,
1990.

     Kan, A.T.  and  M.B.  Tomson,  "Effect of  pH Concentration on the
Transport   of Naphthalene  in  Saturated   Aquifer  Media,"   Journal  of
Contaminant  Hydrology.  Vol. 5, pp. 235-251, 1990.
                                  112

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      Kan, A.T. and M.B.  Tomson,  "Ground Water Transport  of  Hydrophobia
Organic   Compounds  in  the  Presence  of  Dissolved  Organic  Matter,"
Environmental  Toxicology  and  Chemistry.  Vol. 9, pp. 253-263, 1990.

      Kuhn, E.P. and J.M. Suflita, "The Biodegradation  of Nitrogen, Oxygen
and  Sulfur  Heterocyclic Compounds under Anaerobic Conditions:   Results
with  Aquifer  Microorganisms," Environmental Toxicology and  Chemistry.
Vol. 8, pp. 1149-1158, 1989.

      Kuhn, E.P., G.T. Townsend,  and  J.M.  Suflita,  "Effect  of Sulfate  and
Organic Carbon Supplements  on Reductive  Dehalogenation of Chloroanilines
in Anaerobic Aquifer  Slurries," Applied  Environmental  Microbiology. Vol.
56, pp. 2630-2637,  1990.

      Linkfield, T.G.,  J.M. Suflita,  and  J.M.  Tiedje,  "Characterization of the
Acclimation Period  Prior to  the  Anaerobic Biodegradation of Haloaromatic
Compounds,"  Applied Environmental  Microbiology.  Vol.  55, pp. 2273-2778,
1989.

      Newell,  C.J., J.F. Haasbeek, and P.B. Bedient,  "OASIS:   A  Graphical
Decision Support System for  Ground Water Contaminant Modeling," Ground
Water. Vol. 28, pp. 224-234, 1990.

      Newell, C.J., L.P. Hopkins, and P.B. Bedient, "A Hydrogeologic Database
for Ground-Water Monitoring,"  Ground  Water. Vol.  28, pp. 703-714, 1990.

      Rifai, H.S. and  P.B. Bedient, "Comparison of  Biodegradation Kinetics
with  an  Instantaneous Reaction Model  for Groundwater,"  Water  Resources
Research. Vol.  26, pp. 637-645, 1990.

      Sims, J.L., J.M. Suflita, and H. Russell, "Reductive Dehalogenation: A
Subsurface  Bioremediation Process," Remediation. Vol. 1, pp. 75-93, 1990.

      Thomas, J.M.,  V.R.  Gordy, S. Fiorenza  and C.H. Ward,  "Biodegradation
of  BTEX  in  Subsurface  Materials  Contaminated  with  Gasoline:    Granger,
Indiana,"  Water Science and  Technology. Vol. 22, pp. 53-62, 1990.
ARTICLES SUBMITTED OR IN PRESS

      Delphon, J.K., C.P. Yang, W.W. Clarkson, and A.R. Harker, "Stability and
Integrity  of a  Single-Species Biofilm  within  an Expanded  Bed  Reactor,"
               . submitted,  1990.
                                   113

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     Ramanand, K., and J.M. Suflita,  "Anaerobic Degradation  of m-Cresol in
Anoxic Aquifer Slurries:   Carboxylation and Decarboxylation  Reactions in a
Sulfate-Reducing   Bacterial   Enrichment,"   Applied	Environmental
Microbiology, submitted,  1990.

     Rifai,  H.S.  and P.B. Bedient,  "Modeling Contaminant  Transport and
Biodegradation  in Ground Water,"  Advances  in  Environmental	Science
Groundwater Contamination. Vol. 1:  Methodology  and  Modeling.  McGraw-
Hill, in press, 1990.

     Suflita,  J.M.,   K.  Ramanand,  and  N.  Adrian,  "The  Anaerobic
Biotransformation of  Selected Pesticides  in  Aquifer  Sediments,"  Organic
Substances  and  Sediments in  Water. Robert Baker, ed.,  Lewis Publishers,
Chelsea, MI,  accepted,  1990.

     Suflita,  J.M., L-.N. Liang,  and S. Liu, "The Anaerobic Metabolism  of 2-
Hydroxybiphenyl by  Sulfate-Reducing  Bacterial  Enrichments,"  Current
Microbiology, accepted, 1990.

     Wise, W.R., C.C. Chang, R.A.  Klopp, and P.B.  Bedient,  "Impact of Rainfall
Upon the Sampling  of Ground Water  Quality Below Residual Oil," Ground
Water Monitoring  Review, submitted, 1990.

     Yang, C.P., J.K. Delphon, A.R. Marker, and W.W. Clarkson, "Limitations
within  a Single-Species Expanded Bed  Biofilm Reactor  which Affect the
Removal  of  2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic  Acid,"  Biodegradation.  submitted,
1990.
BOOKS AND BOUND PROCEEDINGS

     None


CHAPTERS IN OTHER BOOKS (INCLUDING PROCEEDINGS)

     Alder-Schaller, S.E. and P.B.  Bedient, "Evaluation of  the  Hydraulic
Effect  of  Injection and  Pumping  Wells  on  In  Situ   Bioremediation,"
Proceedings.  National  Water Works  Association/American  Petroleum
Institute Conference  on Petroleum Hydrocarbons  and  Organic Chemicals  in
Ground  Water. Houston,  TX, pp.  191-201, November 1989.
                                  114

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      Bedient, P.B., L.A. Vance, and H.S. Rifai, "Implementation  of Wellhead
Protection  Programs   Utilizing  Geographical  Information   Systems,"
Proceedings.   8th  National  Conference  on  Microcomputers  in  Civil
Engineering. Orlando, FL, pp. 87-90,  1990.

      Bedient, P.B.,  F.W. Schwarz,  and H.S. Rifai,  "Hydrologic Design  for
Groundwater  Pollution  Control,"  Handbook  of Hydrology. Chapter  29,
McGraw-Hill,  in press,  1990.

      Chang, C.C., W.R. Wise, R.A.  Klopp and P.B. Bedient, "In  Situ Source
Release Mechanism Study at an Aviation Gasoline Spill Site:  Traverse City,
Michigan," Proceedings.  4th National  Outdoor Action Conference on  Aquifer
Restoration.  Ground Water  Monitoring  and Geophysical Methods. Las
Vegas, NV, pp.  459-473, 1990.

      Hopkins, L.P., CJ. Newell, and P.B. Bedient, "A Hydrogeologic Database
for the EPACML Regulatory Model,"  Proceedings.  National  Water Works
Association/American   Petroleum  Institute  Conference  on  Petroleum
Hydrocarbons  and Organic  Chemicals  in  Ground Water. Houston,  TX,  pp.
265-279,  November  1989.

      Rifai, H.S. and P.B. Bedient, "A TC  Model Alternative  for Production
Waste Scenarios," Proceedings. First  International  Symposium  on  Oil and
Gas   Exploration  and   Production   Waste  Management  Practices. U.S.
Environmental  Protection   Agency,   New  Orleans,   LA,   pp.  955-965,
September  1990.

      Rifai, H.S., P.B.  Bedient, and CJ.  Newell, "Review  and Analysis of the
Toxicity  Characteristics  Composite Landfill Model," Proceedings.  National
Water Works Association/American  Petroleum  Institute  Conference  on
Petroleum  Hydrocarbons and Organic  Chemicals  in  Ground  Water. Houston,
TX,  pp.  143-157,  1990.

      Suflita,  J.M. "Microbiological  Principles  Influencing the  Biorestoration
of Aquifers," Transport and  Fate  of  Contaminants   in  the  Subsurface.
EPA/625/4-89/019, Center  for Environmental  Research  Information and
R.S.  Kerr Environmental Research  Laboratory,  Ada, OK,  pp.  85-99, 1989.

      Suflita,  J.M.,  "Microbial Ecology  and Pollutant  Biodegradation  in
Terrestrial  Subsurface  Ecosystems,"  In Transport  and Fate  of Contaminants
in thp. Subsurface. EPA/625/4-89/019,  Center for  Environmental Research
Information and R.  S.  Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, Ada, OK,
pp. 67-84,  1989.


                                   115

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      Thomas, J.M.  and  C.H.  Ward,  "Bioremediation  of  Contaminated
Aquifers," Proceedings. 3rd  Annual  Hazardous  Materials  (HAZMAT^O)
Management  Conference/Central. Rosemont,  IL, pp. 388-393, 1990.

      Ward, C.H. and J.M. Thomas,  "In Situ Ground Water Bioremediation,"
Proceedings.   Prevention  and  Treatment   of  Groundwater  and  Soil
Contamination  in  Petroleum Exploration and  Production. Calgary, Ontario,
pp.  28.0-28.15, 1989.

      Ward, C.H.  and  J.M.  Thomas,  "In Situ Biodegradation  of Organic
Pollutants in Ground Water," Proceedings. Bioremediation of Wood  Treating
Waste Forum. Mississippi  State University, pp. 125-131, 1989.

      Wise, W.R. and P.B. Bedient,  "Infiltration Past Residual Oil: Advective
Transport  of   a  Partially  Soluble  Organic  Compound  to  an   Underlying
Aquifer,"  Proceedings.  National  Water  Works  Association/American
Petroleum Institute  Conference  on  Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic
Chemicals in Ground Water. Houston,  TX, pp. 271-280,  November 1990.
PROJECT REPORTS

      Bedient, P.B.  and H.S.  Rifai, "Effects of Various Pumping and Injection
Schemes and  Variable Source Loading  in  Biorestoratin,"  Yr  XI Quarterly
Reports I, II,  HI.

      Bedient, P.B., W. R. Wise, S.E.  Alder-Schaller,  and C.C.  Chang, "Effects
of Various Pumping and Injection Schemes  and Variable Source  Loading in
Biorestoration,"  Yr X  Annual Report, National  Center for  Ground Water
Research,  October 1989.

      Beeman, R.E., "The  Microbial  Ecology of  a  Shallow Anoxic  Aquifer
Polluted by  Landfill Leachate:   Field and Laboratory Investigations," Ph.D.,
University of Oklahoma, Norman,  OK, 1990.

      Canter,  L.W., V.V.  Mandlekar, and  A.   Tameshy,  "Ground  Water
Implications  of   Aircraft  Paint  Stripping Wastewater  Sludges:  Treatment
and Sludge  Disposal Considerations,"  Yr  X  Annual  Report, National  Center
for  Ground Water Research,  October  1989.
                                  116

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      Clark,  Gary  L.,  "Flow Rate  Effects  on the Sorption of  Methyhlated
Benzenes  in  Saturated  Aquifer  Materials," Ph.D., Rice University,  Houston,
TX,  1990.

      Francy, D.S., J.M. Thomas, V.R. Gordy,  S. Fiorenza, HJ. Marlow, and C.H.
Ward,  "Optimization  of In Situ Biorestoration of Contaminated  Subsurface
and  Aquifer Materials," Yr XI Quarterly Report III.

      Gibson, S.A.,  "The Reductive  Dehalogenation  of  Aromatic  Pollutant
Chemicals  by  Microorganisms  from  Diverse Anaerobic Habitats,"  Ph.D.,
University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK,  1989.

      Haasbeek, J.F., "Application of  Numerical  Models to the Design  of  In
Situ Ground Water Restoration  Systems  Under Variability of  Hydrogeologic
Conditions," M.S., Rice University, Houston, TX, 1990.

      Harker,  A.R.,  "A  Recombinant   Approach  to   the  Isolation  and
Characterization   of   a Primary Degrader  of  Trichloroethylene,  Yr   XI
Quarterly Reports  I, II, III; Yr  X Annual  Report, National Center for Ground
Water  Research,  October  1989.

      Ongley, L.K., A.T.  Kan,  T.A. McRae, G.L. Clark,  and M.B.  Tomson,
"Factors Influencing  the  Slow Release  of Hydrocarbons  from  Aquifer
Materials,"  Yr X Annual  Report, National  Center  for Ground  Water Research,
October  1989.

      Ongley, L.K,  T.A.  McRae, G.  L.  Clark,  and M.B. Tomson,  "Factors
Influencing  the  Slow  Release of Hydrocarbons from Aquifer Materials,"  Yr
XI  Quarterly Reports,  I, II, III.

      Nofziger,  D.L.,  "Simulation  Models  for  the Transport  and  Fate  of
Contaminants in Unsaturated Porous Media as Decision-Making Tools,"  Yr X
Annual  Report, National Center  for  Ground  Water Research,  October 1989.

      Suflita, J.M., "Microbial Metabolism of Xenobiotic Chemicals in Anoxic
Aquifers," Yr XI  Quarterly Reports  I,  II,  III; Yr  X Annual Report, National
Center for  Ground Water  Research,  October  1989.

      Ward, C.H.,  J.M. Thomas,  V.R. Gordy, S. Firoenza, HJ. Marlow, and D.S.
Francy, "Optimization of In Situ Biorestoration  of Contaminated Subsurface
and  Aquifer  Materials," Yr XI  Quarterly  Reports  I, II;  Yr X  Annual Report,
National Center for Ground  Water Research, October 1989.
                                   117

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      Wise, W.R., C.C. Chang, and P.B. Bedient, "Effects of Various Pumping
and Injection Schemes and  Variable Source Loading on Biorestoration,"  Yr
XI Final Report, National  Center for Ground Water Research, October 1990.
CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS HELD

      Methods  to  Estimate  the  Migration   Potential  of  Chemicals  at
Superfund Sites, Rice University, Houston, TX,  14-15 December,  1989

      Ground Water Research Seminar,  Oklahoma  City, OK,  April 2-4, 1990;
Co-sponsored by the R. S. Kerr Environmental  Research Laboratory and the
National  Center for Ground  Water  Research.
                                  118

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CENTER:              National   Center   for  Intermedia   Transport
                      Research

LOCATION:           University of California, Los Angeles

DIRECTOR:           Yoram Cohen
                      Department of Chemical  Engineering
                      University of California, Los Angeles
                      Los Angeles, CA 90024-1592
                      213/825-8766    Fax:   213/825-9741

PROJECT OFFICER:   Joseph V. Behar
                      U. S. Environmental  Protection Agency
                      ESML-LV
                      P. O. Box 15027
                      Las Vegas, NV 89114
                      702/798-2216    FTS:  545-2216

FUNDS  SPENT DURING  FY  1990  (10/1/89  -  9/30/90)

                 EPA                          $540,000
                 Other Government             485,193
                 University                      49,714
                 Private  Sector                  52,409

                       Total                   1,127,316
                   DESCRIPTION OF THE PROGRAM

      The  National  Center  for  Intermedia  Transport Research  (NCITR)
focuses its research  activities  on  the  physical  and  chemical processes
associated  with  the  transport   of  particle  or  gaseous  environmental
pollutants  from  one medium, such as  air,  land,  vegetation and water, to
another.   The NCITR also supports  and participates in the application of
intermedia  and multimedia tools  developed by  the  Center  to  identify  and
evaluate pollutant sources,  to assess  pollution prevention  strategies, and to
evaluate the regional  impact  of  pollutants.

      The goals  of  the NCITR are: (1) to conduct fundamental research on
intermedia  transport,  (2)  to  develop  new  methods  of dealing  with
multimedia transport  processes  involving  a   variety  of  separate  but
interacting  environmental  compartments,  such  as  soil,  air, water, etc., (3) to


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conduct these studies  for  certain chemical species,  primarily organic  about
which  less is  known, which  are  expected to be of special  importance in  the
future,  (4)  to disseminate  information pertaining  to  the  preceding  goals
through seminars, conferences  and workshops,  and (5) to  promote  the  use
of  intermedia   and  multimedia  tools  in  environmental  studies  and
environmental education through a technology transfer program.

      The Center has research  activities in   the following  areas: multimedia
transport   modeling,  mechanisms  and  rate  of  dry   deposition,  rain
scavenging,   organic   and  inorganic   compounds   in   wet   deposition,
atmospheric  chemistry/microphysics  aerosol  modeling, air/vegetation  and
multiphase  soil  transport and  transformation processes,  and  multimedia
evaluation  of  source emissions.

      The  Center addresses  a  variety of  intermedia transport  questions
such as:

      •     What are  the  levels of multimedia  distribution of chemicals
           emitted   from  mobile and  stationary sources?

      •     Are  there  chemicals accumulating  in  the atmosphere,  water,
           and  soil  environments which  have not yet  been detected?

      •     What are  the  fundamental  processes  determining dry  and  wet
           deposition?

      •     How  do temperature,  humidity,  vegetation growth, and  other
           factors influence  the pollutant deposition process?

      •     What are  the  factors  affecting  the  transport  of  non-aqueous
           phase liquids in  the  multiphase soil matrix?

      •     What are the  effects of moisture and  temperature  variations  on
           contaminant transport in the  soil matrix?

           How  do  bio-transformations affect  contaminant  transport in  the
           soil  environment?

      At UCLA, the  NCITR collaborates with the State of California Risk and
System  Analysis for  the  Control  of  Toxics  (RSACT). Investigators  from*
NCITR  and  the  RSACT  program  interact in  a  complementary manner  to
make  it  possible to treat the entire  environmental  system from  industrial
sources  to  exposure  of human  and ecological receptors.


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                    ACCOMPLISHMENTS - FY 1990

           Over   the   last    year,   there   have   been   significant
accomplishments.  The research  conducted  at the NCITR over the last year
continued  to  focus  on  the various  aspects  of pollutant  transport across
environmental  phase  boundaries.   The  NCITR  programs  contain  both
experimental  and   theoretical   components  with  the  NCITR   developed
transport  models  providing  the  focal  point  for  the  interpretation  and
guidance  of  fundamental  intermedia  transport studies.

      The  NCITR  multimedia fate and transport software is now  in  use  by
about   300  users  nationwide.  This  model,  the  spatial-multimedia-
compartmental  model  (SMCM  Version   3.0),  is   being   employed   by
universities,  EPA  and state offices,  various  private  companies,  and  non-
profit environmental organizations.   A new technique for source  allocation
of reactive organics  is  under  development, and  the dual-tracer  technique
for field  determination of  dry  deposition  velocities  has  been demonstrated
for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).   In a  related study, the Low
Pressure  Impactor/Fourier  Transform  Infrared  (LPI/FTIR) method  for
determining  the  composition  of  aerosols  is  being  evaluated.    As  a
consequence  of the NCITR work  on atmospheric hydrogen  peroxide,  the
factors controlling the formation of hydrogen peroxide and  its effect on  air
quality  are  now  better  understood.   A   new  regional  chemistry/aerosol
transport  (CAT)  modeling effort  that  relies on   intermedia predictions
developed  at the NCITR and meteorological and topological  data is in the
advanced   development  stage.    A  new   front-tracking  model  to  predict
migration   of a  non-aqueous phase liquid  (NAPL) through the unsaturated
soil  zone  was  developed.   Also,  the  transport of volatile organics in the
unsaturated  soil  zone  was  found  to  be  affected  by  temperature  and
moisture  variations.  Biotransformations  may be  important  in affecting the
fate  of  contaminants in the soil matrix.   In this  regard, NCITR scientists
have  been working  towards identifying  the conditions  that may trigger the
biotransformation  of  various  chemicals of concern.  Finally,  the  NCITR
publishes   an environmental  newsletter - The Multimedia  Environment.
This  newsletter  keeps  various  governmental  agencies  and  the  academic
and  industrial communities informed of the NCITR  activities  and scientific
advances  made at  the  NCITR.

      Specific details  of the NCITR's accomplishments in its eight research
areas are  given below.
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      Multimedia  Transport  of  Chemical  Pollutants:  During FY 1990,
the multimedia  transport program  has improved the SMCM model version
3.0,  based on feedback  from users, and  has extended the model to include
the transport of  particle-bound  pollutants,  and on  a number of  multimedia
case  studies.

      Several  intermedia transport processes  were included  in  the revised
comprehensive-spatial-multimedia-compartmental  model  (COSMCM).
These  processes   include  rain   scavenging,   dry   deposition,   wind
resuspension,  air-particle  partitioning,   runoff,   infiltration,  colloidal
transport,  sedimentation,  and  resuspension  of  particles   in   the   water
column.   A rain  scavenging  module  was  developed and  tested, and  the
infiltration  and   runoff  modules have also  been  revised and  tested.   In
another project,  a  detailed  multimedia exposure  model  that  was  designed
to interface  with  the  SMCM model was completed.  The  model will provide
the  necessary  link   between  multimedia  fate  and  transport  and  risk
assessment.

      In  an important case study,  the first phase assessment of  multimedia
distribution  of pollutants associated  with emissions  from  an oil refinery
was   conducted   in collaboration  with  the  AMOCO  corporation.    The
investigated pollutants   include  benzene,  toluene,  butadiene,  ethylene,
propylene,  ethylbenzene, trimethylbenzene, xylene, methanol,  methyl  tert-
butyl  ether, and  naphthalene.  Phase  I  of the  study  was  designed  to
identify   the  significant  and  insignificant  pathways for  multimedia
transport  and exposure.  Phase II will  focus on  a refined  transport and
exposure  pathway  analysis  that has  been classified as significant.   The
results of Phase  I  indicate  that even  volatile chemicals  which  are emitted
only  to the  atmosphere   can  be found  in  detectable amounts in  the  water
and  soil  compartments.

      Characterization  of  Complex  Atmospheric  Aerosols:  In aerosol
sampling  and analysis,  investigators  are  able to account for most  of  the
mass  in an  atmospheric  aerosol in terms  of the  measured concentrations  of
sulfates, nitrates,  ammonium ion, metal oxides, and organics.  The majority
of the  inorganic mass  can be attributed to  individual chemical species;
however, the organic  fraction is not well resolved.   The  organic  components
of atmospheric aerosols   are complex mixtures of  hundreds  of  species and
identification of  individual  species is  extremely difficult.

      Most  methods  for identifying  organic  species  require large sample
quantities  and long analysis times,  and can identify only  a small  fraction  of
the organics.  In order  to address  these  constraints, recent NCITR work  on


                                   122

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analysis  of aerosol  organics has  focused  on functional  group and  compound
class  characterization.  The  method developed  in  this  project  is  a  new
technique  for  the  analysis  of  paniculate  matter  which  allows  size
segregated  samples  to  be analyzed.    The  size  segregated  samples  are
collected on  zinc  selenide using a Low Pressure Cascade  Impactor.  Samples
are  analyzed   directly,  without   extraction,   using  transmission  FTIR.
Detection limits are  in  the  picogram range. The  spectra  of  the aerosol size
fractions result in  a series  of functional  group fingerprints  for  particular
size  fractions.   Functional  group profiles  as a function  of particle  size  have
been  determined by  using  the FTIR method during the  Southern  California
Air Quality Study.

      The  infrared   spectra collected  show  strong inorganic  and  organic
absorbances  that  have  been  attributed  to  ammonium,   inorganic  nitrate,
organic nitrate, sulfate,  aliphatic carbon, and carbonyl functionalities.   All
of the  absorbances   have been  quantified  and  converted   to  mass  loadings.
The   compound  class  size  distributions   measured   in  this work  have
revealed interesting  features  of  ambient Los Angeles  aerosol which were
not  apparent  before  this  study.    The  most  significant  result  is  that
secondary  aerosol organics  (products of  gas  phase photochemical  reactions)
occur  in  two  particle size  fractions  which  have  different  deposition
velocities,  atmospheric  lifetimes, and  chemical  composition.   They may  be
due  to  different  gas  phase  precursors.  Thus,  the  finding suggests  the
prospect of tracking the eventual chemical fate of classes of air  pollutants
via the combination  of  gas  and aerosol sampling.

      Dry   Deposition   Processes:   Size  distributions for  ten  PAHs  have
been  obtained  from the data generated  during  the  field study  completed
last year.  Data for  the  vehicular source, obtained from particles sampled in
two  traffic  tunnels,  show  a unimodal  size distribution with about 80%  of
PAH  mass  occurring in particles less  than 0.12 micron  in diameter.  The
ambient  PAH  size  distributions  are bimodal  in nature  with an  additional
mode  in  the  0.5-1.0   micron  size  range.   These  distributions   resemble
carbon  size distributions seen  in previous  studies  because the organics are
absorbed on  the surfaces of the  emitted  particles.  PAH  decay factors  were
calculated  using carbon monoxide  as  a  conserved  gaseous  tracer.  These
show  that  the  more reactive  PAHs are depleted to greater extents because
of photochemical  decay  and  that  this  decay  is  greater  in the  summer
months  due  to  the  higher  photochemical reaction rates.

      In  another   part   of this  program, size  distributions  have  been
determined  for copper,  nickel, lead, manganese,  zinc,  and  iron  for  both
ambient aerosols  in Los   Angeles  and  automobiles.     Approximate  size


                                    123

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distributions  were  obtained  for  aluminum,  silicon,  titanium,  vanadium,
potassium,  and  sulfur. Analysis  and interpretation  of the  size  distribution
data are ongoing.   Work is  also  continuing on the determination of the size
distributions  of   elemental  carbon,  barium,   cerium,   samarium,  and
lanthanum.

      Source  Allocation   Studies:  This year,  a  new  research  effort has
been  initiated to  link the  ongoing  work on dry  deposition processes  to
source  allocation   studies.    Source  allocation  is  used  to  determine the
sources  of  air  pollution as  well as the  percentages  of specific pollutant
levels  in the atmosphere which  can be  attributed  to  those sources.  An
important goal  of  the  Center's work is  to develop  a  method which  would
allow  changes  in  pollutant  levels,  resulting  from  chemical reactions and
dry deposition,  to  be directly included  in source studies.   Currently,  these
processes are generally  ignored in  source  allocation studies.  Including the
effects  of  dry  deposition  and  chemical reactions  in  receptor  modeling
would  improve  the  accuracy  of existing  models.   Additional  benefits  would
accrue.   First,  procedures  would  be developed to  quantify the mass  of
specific  pollutants  being deposited  as  well  as  to  determine the  important
sources  of  deposited  material.   Also,  source allocation  models  would be
extended  to  reactive species  which cannot at  present be  accurately treated.

      The first  step in this  work has been the development  of  a  method  to
apportion emissions  of PAHs using stable  PAH compounds  as tracers.   The
method  has been  used  to  determine  the  contribution  of  automobiles  to
PAH  levels  in  Los Angeles  as  well as the  relative contributions of  diesel
and  gasoline-powered vehicles.   Vehicles  were  found  to  be  the primary
source of PAH  emissions in Los  Angeles.  Newer catalyst equipped gasoline
vehicles  and  older  noncatalyst  equipped  gasoline  vehicles   were  each
responsible  for  approximately 45%  of vehicular PAH emissions  while  diesel
vehicles  accounted  for  the remaining  10%  of vehicular emissions.

      Organic  Compounds  in  Wet  Deposition:   During  the present
funding  period, efforts  were  concentrated  on two  programs in  this  area.
The  first was the  continuation  of measurements  of hydrogen  peroxide  in
atmospheric samples.  The sampling  occurred  during  1989 and  1990  in the
San  Bernardino Mountains  at  the  South  Coast  Air  Quality  Monitoring
District (SCAQMD) station at Lake  Gregory.   The rationale  for doing these
measurements is to determine the  relative content  of oxidants  in the  area
of conifer tree  growth, where damage  to the canopy had  previously been
observed  as  early  as the  1950s.    Unlike  the distribution of  hydrogen
peroxide  (H2O2)  in the  Los Angeles Basin,  which reaches  a  maximum
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around  mid-day,  H2O2  peaks at Lake Gregory were  frequently measured
at night.   Gas  phase concentrations  of H2O2  are generally higher in the
mountain  region  than  in  the  basin.   The data were assembled and  assessed
and  a manuscript  has been  prepared.   In conjunction  with  the  project,  a
laboratory experiment is  being  conducted  for determining  the  harmful
effects  of  atmospheric  H2O2  on  pine  trees  (see Ecosystem  Transport
Processes).

      The second  component of the project  concerns  the  measurement  of
aldehydes, oxidants (H2O2), organic acids, pH,  conductivity,  and  the  major
anions and cations in acid rain at  Westwood (UCLA), Los Angeles.  This now
represents the fifth year for collection of such a  data  base,  and  it is one  of
the largest data bases on organics in rain.  Collection  of rain for  the  above
measurements will be performed also for  the 1990-1991 season.

      Rain   Scavenging:    Below-cloud  rain scavenging  of  semi-volatile
organics  (RASVO) was   investigated by  a  model  that accounts  for  the
dynamic  partitioning  of  atmospheric  organics  in  gas/particle/rain phases
during  a rain  event.   Case  studies  for  pyrene  and  fluoranthene  rain
scavenging  in  Los  Angeles  for  two rain  events (3/11/82  and  11/9-10/82)
indicated  that pollutant   rain  concentrations  at ground level  depend on
pollutant  emission  rates,  cloud  base  height and  wind direction.   High
emission  rates of pollutants, low  cloud base and  easterly wind  direction
(e.g.,  wind  blowing  from  downtown  Los  Angeles  towards  the UCLA
sampling  site) lead to high  pollutant  rain concentrations at ground  level.
In contrast,  low  pollutant  emission rates,  high cloud  base and  westerly
wind direction (e.g.,  wind blowing  from  the  Pacific  Ocean to  UCLA) are
responsible   for  lower  pollutant  rain  concentration   at  ground  level.
Simulations  revealed  that variation  of particle size  distributions below-
cloud due to rain scavenging,  has a significant  effect on the concentration
in both the  air  and rain  phases  during  a  rain event.   The  simulations also
demonstrated  that  washout  ratios for  semi-volatile  organics  may  vary by
an  order of magnitude  during  a  rain  event.   This implies  that  the
application  of the  commonly  reported average washout ratios  for  semi-
volatile organics  from field  studies  is  questionable.   Finally,  the  RASVO
model,  which can be used  as  a stand-alone  model to  assist in the design
and   interpretation  of rain-scavenging field studies  is  currently  being
incorporated  into  a  new  multimedia   transport model  for  aerosol-bound
organics.
                Chemistry  anfl  Dispersion  Modeling:   Advances  in the
Chemistry/Aerosol  Transport (CAT)  modeling  project  have been  made in
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three  principal  research areas  during  this  funding  period:  (1) pollution
source  characterization, (2)  objective  wind  analysis,  and  (3)  aerosol
chemistry/microphysics/transport  modeling.

      In  the  area  of pollution  source  characterization,  using  the  carbon
monoxide  and  paniculate   lead emissions  data  from  the  NCITR   "Dry
Deposition  Processes"  project,  an analysis of the synoptic behavior of smog
events in the Los  Angeles  basin was initiated.   One purpose of  this work
was to identify  case studies to test model accuracy in the tracer  dispersion
calculations.   It also provides  a means  to determine  the patterns of  tracer
transport in  the basin for  interpreting the NCITR data.  These studies will
lead  to  an empirical characterization  of  the  mixed  layer in the Los  Angeles
basin  as  a  function  of time of day and  regional meteorological state.

      A  component  of  the  project  focused  on  the development  of  an
objective  wind  analysis  for  the Los  Angeles  basin using  the   SCAQMD
surface  wind measurements.   The optimization technique produces  gridded
surface  winds over the domain  of  interest  from  the  distributed  set  of
observational sites  by  interpolation.    Several  methods  of  interpolation
were  considered,   including  the use  of polynomials  and  the   correction
method.   The correction  method  proved  to be  simpler, involved  smaller
extrapolation error,  and  was  more accurate  when  used  on data  taken near
data   sites.   The  surface  wind  data are  sparse  in  regions  where  terrain
variation  is  large,  and  extrapolated winds  may be unrealistic in  these
regions.   A  one-level mesoscale model was constructed  to  obtain  a more
reasonable  and consistent wind  field.

      The  NASA   Ames/UCLA  chemical  transport   model   has  been
established  on the  atmospheric sciences computer  system,  and  has  been
adapted  to   the Los  Angeles  Basin.    The model  solves  the   continuity
equations for any   number  of specified  compounds  that are  advected  by
winds and subject  to chemical  and  physical transformation according  to a
prescribed  set  of   processes.   Any  emission  source,  including  natural
biogenic  sources, for  example, can be  treated in the model.   Considerable
progress  has been  made in installing  Carbon-Bond-IV photochemical  smog
mechanisms  in the   model  utilizing  about 80 chemical tracers.   Preliminary
transport simulations have been  carried  out  to test  the  algorithms for mass
conservation  and to establish  appropriate regional boundary conditions  for
the simulations.

      Ecosystems	Transport    Processes    and    Interactions-
Investigations  of   the  physiological  and   biochemical  implications  of
hydrogen  peroxide   for  plant  growth  response  and photosynthesis capacity


                                   126

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have  been  initiated.   The  model  system used  in  these  studies  is  Pinus
ponderosa  which  grows  naturally  in areas where  NCITR  studies  have
documented  relatively  high  ambient   levels   of  hydrogen  peroxide.
Greenhouse  experiments  are  using  four  concentrations  of  hydrogen
peroxide administered in an  aerosol mist.   Plant response to this  treatment
is being monitored  through  time  using a range  of biochemical assays for
antioxidant  activity  and  physiological  measurements  of photosynthetic  and
stomatal response in comparison  to control plants.

      Field  studies  of  the  natural  inter-  and  intrapopulational  variability in
antioxidant  resin production  by  Larrea   tridentata (creosote  bush)  in the
Mojave  Desert  have  been  completed.   The  final  data set  is  from  an
elevational  gradient of sites  extending  northward from Las  Vegas into the
relatively unpopulated  areas  of the Nevada  Test Site.   Concentrations of
both total resin  and NDGA are as variable within and  between populations,
and  no  influence of  the  Las  Vegas urban  area  on  antioxidant activity is
apparent.

      Bio-transformation   Processes: The  goal of this program is to
evaluate rate-limiting  steps  involved  in  the microbial  bio-decomposition
process.  The major  focus in the past  year  was on examining  how  one group
of microorganisms  in the  anaerobic food  chain,  the methanogens, responds
to variations of  substrate,  osmolarity and  salt stress in a  cell environment.
Just  as  nutrient  availability   can   severely  limit  bio-transformation
processes in nature, so can rapid and  extreme  changes in osmolarity affect
microbe  viability  and   bio-transformation  performance.  Studies   were
conducted  to  determine how  representative methanogenic  microbes  with
different  nutritional  requirements and  varying  ecological  habitats  cope
with  changes  in substrate  and  with   saline  stress. For  example,  osmotic
stress  may  be  encountered  in  a  variety  of  man-made and  natural habitats.
The  major  man-made  habitats  being  studied are  industrial and  domestic
sewage digestion systems.   Desiccated soils and  saline estuaries  are the
natural  habitats  under investigation.    A  significant  finding was  that  one
class  of the methanogens  was able to adapt over  a considerable  range of
osmotic  stress   conditions, and   they  synthesized  a  previously  unknown
group  of compounds  to  aid this  adaption process.   The compounds  were
identified   to    be   N-acetyl-B-lysine,  B-glutamine,  and  B-glutamate.
Structure  determinations  were   performed  using  high  pressure   liquid
chromatograph  (HPLC) and  nuclear magnetic  resonance (NMR).  The levels
of each  compound  in  the  different species of methanogenic  microorganisms
were  then  evaluated in cells grown under different  stress  conditions. These
B-amino acids apparently function in  an  osmoprotection  process  and allow
                                    127

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the  organisms  to  survive  and   carry  out  functions  necessary  for
byconversion  processes  during  varying ionic  conditions.

                     RESEARCH GOALS - FY 1991

      Multimedia  Transport  of Chemical  Pollutants:   The  multimedia
transport program  will continue  to  focus on  contaminant transport  in  the
multimedia environment.   Future  work with the  SMCM  model will include
the extension  of the  model to  incorporate the  transport of particle-bound
pollutants.   Additionally, a  parameterized model,  based  on  the Center's
multiphase  model  of   solute  transport  in   the   soil  matrix  will   be
incorporated into the SMCM model.   The Center also plans to interface  its
multimedia exposure module  to  the  SMCM software in order to broaden  its
applicability.  Finally, the below-cloud model  for rain  scavenging  of organic
particles developed  in the wet  scavenging project, which is  not  considered
in the current  version (3.0) of the SMCM software, will be incorporated in a
new version of the  SMCM software.

      Characterization   of  Complex  Atmospheric   Aerosols:  The low
pressure   cascade   impactor/Fourier   transform   infrared  (LPI/FTIR)
analytical  method  developed in  this  project  provides   a  unique  tool  for
examining  the  composition of  atmospheric aerosol or the reaction  of gases
with   atmospheric  particles.   The  rates  of   oxidation   of  gas-phase
hydrocarbons  and   subsequent  paniculate  formation are  currently   being
studied in  smog chamber experiments  using   the LPI/FTIR  method  as  an
aerosol  analysis   tool.   In  addition,  pure   hydrocarbons  particles  and
atmospheric aerosols will be  deposited  on both filters  and  zinc selenide
plates. The particles will  be  exposed to air streams containing  ozone,  oxides
of nitrogen, and other oxidants  at  typical  ambient concentrations. Infrared
microscopy will be  used to follow reaction rates in real time.

      Dry  Deposition  Processes:

      •     Particle  Size Distribution Studies.   Dry deposition velocities will
           be  estimated  for  these  organics  by the  dual  tracer  method
           previously   developed   using  lead  and   carbon  monoxide
           concentrations measured  at  ambient sites  and  in  roadway
           tunnels.   Similar calculations  will  be performed  for elemental
           carbon   and   metal  species  emitted  primarily  by   automotive
           sources.  An  additional term to account for  PAH reactivity will
           be  included   in  the  mass  balance of the  impactor  stages  to
           estimate dry  deposition  velocities.  These data  will  allow  the
           residence time distribution  for the  aerosol to be  determined.
                                   128

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            The  measurements  of barium,  cerium,  lanthanum,  samarium
            will be  analyzed to determine the usefulness of these elements
            as  tracers for automotive  emissions.  This  work  is vital, as lead
            will be  completely eliminated from  gasoline  sold  in  California
            over  the  next few years.

            Source Allocation  Studies.   The work initiated  this in FY  1990
            will be expanded using the data obtained during the  1989  field
            study, results  from the literature and by new studies.

      Organic  Compounds  in  Wet   Deposition:  In the next  year, the
project  will continue  to  focus  on the harmful effects of  hydrogen peroxide
and  organic  compounds  on  pine trees. Both  field   studies   in  the San
Bernardino Mountains   and  laboratory  experiments   at  UCLA  will  be
conducted  to  understand  how hydrogen  peroxide and  organic compounds
damage plant  cells.   Also the collection  of rain-, fog-,  and dew-waters will
be continued  in  the  Los  Angeles Basin  and  the San Bernardino  Mountains
in order  to determine  annual  wet  deposition  rates  of  major acids  (e.g.
sulfate,  nitrate and organic  acids) and  oxidants  (e.g.  hydrogen  peroxide)  in
these regions.

      Rain Scavenging: The  rain scavenging project will continue its focus
on the  development  of a wet  scavenging  model.   Specifically, the  testing  of
a below-cloud model for semi-volatile organics  will  be continued, and  an
aqueous-chemistry   submodel  will   be  developed   to  deal  with  the
generation  of sulfate and  organic  acids  in  the  aqueous  phase.   The rain
scavenging model,   in  combination  with  gas-phase   chemistry,   aqueous-
phase chemistry  and  below-cloud rain  scavenging submodels, will be  used
to interpret the available  field data.

      Atmospheric   Chemistry   and   Dispersion   Modeling:  By  Spring,
1991, preliminary simulations of  air  pollutant formation  and dispersion  in
the  Los Angeles  Basin will be carried out.    At  that time, appropriate
validation   and  case  studies  will  be  initiated.  A  regional  mesoscale
dynamics  model to drive  the CAT model in  a more sophisticated  prognosis
analysis will  be  developed.    A  six-level  mesoscale  model  has  been
constructed for regional weather  prediction,  and  it will initially be adapted
to the  Southwest United  States  for  the  CAT  modeling  project.   In  later
work, the  use  of  a  state-of-the-art  mesoscale model  such as the Penn  State
MM4, which  is available  to the  project  through the NASA  Ames Research
Center,  is  envisioned.
                                   129

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      Ecosystems  Transport  Processes  and  Interactions:   During  FY
1991,  hydrogen  peroxide  studies  will  be expanded to  utilize  cotton as  a
pollutant-sensitive  species  whose  physiology is well  known.    Researchers
hope to  be  able  to  apply new  physiological  techniques of  guard  cell
extraction  in cotton  to  be  able  to investigate  in detail  the  mechanistic
impacts  of oxidant  pollution damage  to stomatal function.    Using  these
innovative techniques developed  at  UCLA,  it will be  possible  to  measure
individual  biochemical  responses  such  as  ATPase activity  levels,  proton
pump  activity,   red   and   blue  light  response,  and  other photosynthesis
parameters.   The  Center  will  also  investigate  the  significance  of  the
induction of natural  antioxidant  defenses  at  the cellular  level.

      Bio-transformation   Processes:  The  NCITR is  continuing   to
examine  how  microorganisms  adapt  to  environmental  stress  and   to
determine  what  biological  limits   exist for   their participation   in
bioconversion  processes  in nature.   These  factors  directly  affect   the
potential for and rates of microbial  action.  The  Center's efforts  will focus
on  oxygen  availability on microbial metabolism  and  biodegradation.   The
effect of limiting oxygen  on alternative  metabolic  reactions  in the cell  will
be  examined  using  chemostat  methods  and  continuous  culture.   We  will
attempt  to establish  what  concentrations  of this  substrate  must be  present
to permit  induction  and  normal functioning of  aerobic  pathways  for  cell
survival  and growth. As  the oxygen response may  also  vary  with exposure
to certain environmental toxins,  this  will  also be  tested.

      Studies  will  continue   on  evaluating   how   known   genera   of
methanogens respond  to  saline  stress. Strains will  be screened  for  growth
and  production  of  unique  B-amino  acids  at varying  saline  conditions.  The
occupance  of these  organisms  in natural habitats  will  allow a  prediction
regarding the ability  of  an  existing  microbial  population to  participate  in
desirable biotransformation  reactions  versus the  need to  populate  that
habitat  with  different microbial populations.
                          OUTPUTS - FY  1990

      Articles  in Refereed Journals	16
      Articles Submitted or in Press	9
      Books and Bound  Proceedings	0
      Chapters in Other Books	5
      Progress  Reports	8
      Conferences and Workshops  Held	17
                                   130

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                            BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFEREED JOURNAL ARTICLES

      Cohen, Y. and P.  A.  Ryan,  "Chemical Transport in the Top Soil Zone -
The  Role of Moisture  and Temperature  Gradients", Journal  of Hazardous
Materials. Vol. 22, pp.  283-304,  1989.

      Cohen, Y.,  W.  Tsai  and S. L. Chetty,  "An Undergraduate Course  on
Multimedia  Environmental Transport,  Exposure  and  Risk  Assessment",
Chemical Engineering Education, in  press.

      Cohen, Y.,  W. Tsai and S.  L.  Chetty, "Partitioning of Pollutants in the
Multimedia Environment: The  SMCM Software", CACHE  News. Vol. 30, pp.
18-26,  1990.

      Cohen, Y., W. Tsai, S. L. Chetty and G. Mayer, "Dynamic Partitioning of
Organic  Chemicals  in  Regional  Environments:  A Multimedia  Screening-
Level Modeling Approach",  Environmental Science and Technology.  Vol. 24,
pp.  1549-1558,  1990.

      Cotter, P. A. and  R.  P.  Gunsalus,  "Oxygen,  Nitrate and Molybdenum
Regulation  of dmsABC Gene Expression in  Escherichia  coli," Journal  of
Bacteriology. Vol.  171,  pp. 3817-3823, 1989.

      Dangler,  M.,  S. Buker,  S.  V.  Bering and  D. T. Allen,  "Direct FTIR
Analysis of Size  Segregated Aerosols:  Results  from  the  Carbonaceous
Species  Methods  Intercomparison  Study", Aerosol Science and Technology.
Vol.  12, No.  1, pp. 172-181, 1990.

      Gonzalez-Coloma, A.,   C. Wisdom  and  P.  Rundel,  "Compound
Interactions  and Effects of Plant  Antioxidants in Combination with  Carbaryl
on Performance of  Trichoplusia  ni  (cabbage  looper)", Journal of Chemical
Ecology.  Vol. 16,  pp. 887-899, 1990.

      Kalman, L. V.  and R. P. Gunsalus, "Identification  of a Second  Gene
Involved in  Global Regulation  of  Fumarate Reductase  and  other Nitrate
Controlled  Anaerobic Respiratory Genes in  Escherichia  coli", Journal  of
Bacteriology. Vol.  171,  pp. 3810-3816, 1989.
                                  131

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      Main, H.  and  S.  K. Friedlander,  "Dry  Deposition  of Atmospheric
Aerosols by  Dual  Tracer Method.  Part  I:  Area  Source",  Atmospheric
Environment. Vol.  24a, pp. 103-108,  1990.

      Pickle,   T.,  D.  T.   Allen  and  Pratsinis,  "The  Sources  and  Size
Distributions  of Aliphatic  and  Carbonyl Carbon in Los  Angeles Aerosol",
Atmospheric  Environment. Vol. 24a, No.  8, pp. 2221-2228,  1990.

      Ryan, P.  and  Yoram Cohen, "Diffusion of Sorbed  Solutes in Gas  and
Liquid Phases  of Low-Moisture  Soils", Soil Science  Society  of American
Journal.  Vol. 54, pp. 341-345,  1990.

      Sakugawa, H.  and I.  Kaplan, "H2O2 and  03  in the Atmosphere of  Los
Angeles and its Vicinity:  Factors  Controlling  their Formation and  their Role
as Oxidants of SC>2", Journal of  Geophysical  Research. Vol. 94, pp. 12957-
12974,  1989.

      Sakugawa, H.  and I.  Kaplan, "Observation of  the Diurnal Variations of
Gaseous  H2O2  in  Los  Angeles Air Using a Cryogenic Collection Method",
Aerosol Science and Technology. Vol.  12, pp. 77-85, 1990.

      Sakugawa, H.,  I.  R. Kaplan,  W. Tsai  and  Y.  Cohen,  "Atmospheric
Hydrogen  Peroxide",  Environmental Science and   Technology. Vol. 24, pp.
1452-1462,  1990.

      Sakugawa, H., W. Tsai, I. R. Kaplan and  Y.  Cohen, "Historic Trend of
the Levels of  Atmospheric H2C>2 during 1960's-1980's  in Los  Angeles",
Geophysical Research Letters. Vol. 17, pp. 937-940, 1990.

      Sakugawa, H., W.  Tsai,  I. R. Kaplan  and Y. Cohen, "Factors Controlling
the  Photochemical  Generation   of   Gaseous   H2O2  in   Los  Angeles
Atmosphere",  Geophysical  Research  Letters. Vol. 17, pp. 93-96, 1990.
ARTICLES SUBMITTED  OR IN PRESS

      Cotter, P. A., V. Chepuri, R. B. Gennis and R. P. Gunsalus, "Cytochrome
o (cvoABCDE') and d (cv_dAB_) Oxidase Gene Expression in Escherichia coli is
Regulated  by  Oxygen, pH  and fnr Gene Product", Journal  of  Bacteriology, in
press,  1990.
                                  132

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      Kawamura,  K.  and I. R.  Kaplan, "Stabilities of Carboxylic Acids  and
Phenols in Los Angeles Rainwaters During  Storage", Water  Research, in
press,  1990.

      Meinzer, F.  C,  C.  S. Wisdom, A. Gonzalez-Coloma, P. W. Rundel and L.
M. Shultz, "Effects of Leaf Resin  on  Stomatal Behavior and  Gas Exchange of
Larrea tridentata", Functional Ecology, in press,  1990.

      Ryan,  P.  A.  and Y.  Cohen,  "One-Dimensional  Immiscible  Phase
Transport  of  NAPL  (Non-Aqueous  Phase  Liquids)  Containing  Sparingly
Water  Soluble Organics  in  the  Unsaturated Soil  Zone", Water  Research, in
press,  1990.

      Sakugawa,  H.  and  I.  R.  Kaplan,  "The  Chemistry  of  Atmospheric
Hydrogen  Peroxide in  Southern  California",  Advances  in Environmental
Sciences  and  Technology, submitted, 1990.

      Sakugawa,  H.,  "The  Chemistry  of  Acid  Rain -  The  Relationship
between SC«2  Emission  and  Sulphate Wet Deposition", Nihon-Kagakukaishi
(in  Japanese), submitted,  1990.

      Sowers,  K.  R., D. E. Robertson, D. Knoll, R. P. Gunsalus, and M. F.
Roberts,   "NE-acety-fi-lysine:   A  Compatible   Osmolyte  Synthesized  by
Methanogenic  Archaebacteria",    Proceedings  of the  National  Academy of
Sciences. 87.  in press, 1990.

      Tsai, W., Y. Cohen, H.  Sakugawa and I. R. Kaplan,  "Hydrogen  Peroxide
Levels  in  Los  Angeles:  A  Screening-level  Evaluation", Atmospheric
Environment, in press,  1990.

      Tsai,  W.,  Y.  Cohen,  H.  Sakugawa  and I.  R.   Kaplan,  "Dynamic
Partitioning  of Semi-Volatile  Organics  in  Gas/Particle/Rain Phases During
Precipitation   Scavenging",   Environmental  Science and  Technology
submitted,  1990.
BOOKS AND BOUND PROCEEDINGS

None
                                  133

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CHAPTERS IN OTHER BOOKS

      Cecchini, G.,  D. J. Westenberg, B. A.  C.  Ackrell and R.  P.  Gunsalus,
"Mutants of Escherichia coli  Fumarate  Reductase Anchor Peptides Which
Effect Electron Transfer with Quinones",  in Biochemistry.  Bioenergetics  and
Clinical Applications  of Ubiquinone. G.  Lenaz (ed.),  Taylor & Francis, Ltd.,
London,  pp.  150-153,  1990.

      Cotter,  P. A.  , S. Melville and  R.  P. Gunsalus,  "Regulation of Aerobic
and  Anaerobic  Electron  Transport  Pathways   in  Escherichia   coli", in
Proceedings for the 6th European  Bioenergetics Conference.  August 26-31,
Elsevier, Amsterdam,  1990.

      Kawamura, K.  and I.  R. Kaplan, "Organic Compounds in Rainwater", in
Organic Chemistry  of  the  Atmosphere. D. J. Eatough  and  L.  D. Hansen,  The
Telford  Press, in  press, 1990.

      Onishi, Y.,  L. Shuyler  and Y.  Cohen,  "Multimedia Modeling  of Toxic
Chemicals",  in  Proceedings  of  the  International Symposium  on  Water
Quality  Modeling  of Agricultural  Non-Point  Sources. Part 2. pp.  479-502,
1990.

      Rundel,  P. W.,  "Shrubs", in  Interpreted  Response to Stress in  Plants.
W.  Winner, H. A. Mooney, and E. Pell  (eds.),  Academic Press, San Diego,
1990.
PROJECT REPORTS

      Palen, EM "Infrared Spectroscopy  of Size Resolved Fine Aerosol", Ph.D.
Thesis, UCLA Chemical Engineering Department, May  1990.
      Sakugawa, H. and I. R. Kaplan, "Measurement of Atmospheric ^2^2 in
Forest  Regions  of  the San Bernardino Mountains",  Report  to the South Coast
Air Quality Management District, El  Monte,  California, 1989.

      The  Multimedia  Environment  Newsletter,   Volume   III,  No.  1,
February, 1990.

      The  Multimedia  Environment  Newsletter,   Volume   III,  No.  2,
September,  1990.
                                  134

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      User  Manual,  "The   Spatial-Multimedia-Compartmental   (SMCM)
Model:  A  User  Friendly,  Screening  Level  Pollutant  Transport  Model
(Version 3.0)"

      Cohen, Y.,  "Evaluation of  Environmental Risks",  Paper presented at
the Seminari "La  Gestio i Control Ambientals  en  L'Europa  de L'Any 2000:
Aspectes  Technics,  Legislatus  i  Administratius",  Divisio  de  Centre
Universitaris del Camp de  Tarragon, Spain, October 1-5,  1990.

      Cohen, Y.,  "Partitioning of  Organic Pollutants  in  the  Environment",
Paper  presented   at  the  Seminari  "La  Gestio i  Control  Ambientals  en
L'Europa  de L'Any  2000:  Aspectes Technics,  Legislatus i  Administratius",
Divisio  de Centre Universitaris  del  Camp de Tarragon, Spain, October  1-5,
1990.

      Cohen, Y. and  P. A. Ryan,  "Contaminant Migration in the Unsaturated
Soil  Zone",  Paper  presented at the  Seminari "La Gestio i Control Ambientals
en   L'Europa   de   L'Any   2000:   Aspectes  Technics,   Legislatus   i
Administratius", Divisio de   Centre  Universitaris  del Camp  de  Tarragon,
Spain, October  1-5,  1990.
CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS HELD

      Science  Advisory Committee Program Review, UCLA  Faculty  Center,
University  of  California,  Los  Angeles,  January 18-19, 1990,  Los Angeles,
California.

      Seminar, "Air  Quality  Modeling/Rain Scavenging",  Wangteng  Tsai,
Post-Graduate  Fellow, January  26,  1990,  5513  Boelter Hall,  University of
California,  Los Angeles.

      Seminar,  "Alcohol-Fuel  Related  Atmospheric  Chemistry  Issues  in
Brazil", Professor Antonio H.  Miguel,  Visiting  Professor,  University  of Sao
Paolo, Brazil,  February 16, 1990, 5513  Boelter Hall,  University  of California,
Los  Angeles.

      Seminar, "The  Addition  of an  Exposure  Module  to  a  User-Friendly
SMCM Model",  Steven  L.  Chetty,  Graduate  Student, 5513  Boelter  Hall,
University  of  California, Los Angeles.
                                   135

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      Seminar, "Objective  Wind  Analysis for  the  Chemistry/Microphysics
Aerosol Transport (CAT) Model", David Waymire,  Graduate Student,  March
8, 1990, 5513 Boelter  Hall, University of California, Los  Angeles.

      Seminar, "Multimedia  Transport of  Particle-Bound  Pollutants",  Robert
Clay, Graduate  Student,  March 9,  1990,  5513  Boelter  Hall,  University  of
California,  Los Angeles.

      Seminar,  "Microscale  Hydrogeochemistry",  Mordeckai  Magaritz,
Professor  at  the Weizmann  Institute, Israel,  and  Visiting  Professor  at
Caltech, April  17,  1990,  7608 Math Sciences, University of California, Los
Angeles.

      Seminar, "Rain  Scavenging",  Wangteng  Tsai,  Post-Doctoral Fellow,
April 27,  1990, 5513 Boelter Hall, University  of  California, Los Angeles.

      Seminar, "Adaption  of Methane  Bacteria  to Osmotic Stress",  Kevin
Sowers, Graduate  Student, May 3,  1990, 7608 Math  Sciences,  University  of
California,  Los Angeles.

      Seminar,  "Human   Exposure  Resulting  from  the  Distribution   of
Pollutants  in  the  Environment",  Steven L.  Chetty,  Graduate  Student, May
18, 1990, 5513 Boelter Hall, University of California,  Los Angeles.

      Seminar, "Multimedia  Transport of  Particle-Bound  Pollutants",  Robert
Clay, Graduate  Student,  June 22,   1990,  5513  Boelter  Hall,  University  of
California,  Los Angeles.

      Seminar,  "Formulation  of  a Multimedia  Transport Equations  for
Particle-Bound Organics",  Wangteng Tsai, Post-Doctoral  Fellow,  September
21, 1990, 5531 Boelter Hall, University of California,  Los Angeles.

      Seminar, "Multimedia Exposure Analysis: Progress  Report", Steven  L.
Chetty,  Graduate  Student, October 5, 1990, 5513  Boelter  Hall,  University  of
California,  Los Angeles.

      Seminar,  "Chemical Characterization  of  Sub-Micron  Aerosol in the Los
Angeles  Basin:  PAH  Size Distribution",  Chandra  Venkataraman,  Graduate
Student, November 8,  1990,  5513  Boelter  Hall, University of California, Los
Angeles.
                                   136

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      Seminar,  "Rain  Scavenging of Semi-Volatile Organics", Wangteng Tsai,
Post-Doctoral Fellow, November  15,  1990,  5513 Boelter  Hall, University  of
California,  Los  Angeles.

      Seminar,   "Human  Exposure  Resulting   from  the  Distribution  of
Pollutants  in  the  Environment",  Steven  L.   Chetty,  Graduate  Student,
November  29,   1990, 5513  Boelter  Hall,  University of  California,  Los
Angeles.

      Seminar,  "Acid  Rain Study in Southern California",  Hiroshi Sakugawa,
Post-Doctoral Fellow, December  12,  1990,  5513 Boelter  Hall, University  of
California,  Los  Angeles.
                                   137

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