SEPA
United Stales
Environmental Protection
Agency
National Training
and Operational
Technology Center
Cincinnati OH 45268
EPA43O 1 80008
September 1980
Water
Instructional Resources
Monograph Series:
Activated Sludge
IRIS
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July, 1980
Monograph Series:
ACTIVATED SLUDGE
Selected Instructional Activities
and References
Clinton L. Shepard and James B. Walasek
Compiled by the staff of the
EPA Information Dissemination Project
SMEAC Information Reference Center
1200 Chambers Rd., 3rd Floor
Columbus, Ohio A3212
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Water Program Operation
National Training and Operational Technology Center
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
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FOREWORD
The National Training & Operational Technology Center in cooperation with
Ohio State University is offering an Instructional Resources Monograph Series. The
monograph series is an extension of the information provided in the "Instructional
Resources Information System" (IRIS) for water quality.
This document is one of the Instructional Resources Monograph Series. These
documents will assist the professional in identifying and locating instructional and
reference materials related to various technical aspects of water quality control.
Emphasis is given to items useful in the development and presentation of
wastewater treatment training programs.
Each monograph reviews the technical aspects of a pollution control process,
provides representative examples of available instructional materials, and includes
an annotated bibliography plus additional references.
Your comments and suggestions regarding these publications are invited.
Walter G. Gilbert
Director
NTOTC
Cincinnati, Ohio
This monograph has been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents
necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, nor does mention of trade names of commercial products constitute
endorsement of recommendation for use.
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
James B. Walasek is an Environmental Engineer in the Operational Technology
Branch at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Training and
Operational Technology Center in Cincinnati, Ohio. Mr. Walasek has extensive
experience in the operation of wastewater treatment facilities.
Clinton L. Shepard is an Assistant Professor of Environmental Education in the
School of Natural Resources at The Ohio State University. Dr. Shepard teaches a
course in Environmental Education Programs and has served as a Research
Associate for the EPA Information Dissemination Project and the ERIC
Clearinghouse for Science, Mathematics and Environmental Education at The Ohio
State University.
Credits
Primary staff work for this publication was completed by
Ms. Beverly Malcolm, Dr. Robert W. Howe, and Mrs. Maxine Weingarth.
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PREFACE
This monograph contains a variety of selected materials
related to wastewater treatment and water quality education
and instruction. Part I presents a brief discussion of the
activated sludge process in wastewater treatment operations.
The overlying premise is that operator training is a vital
part of the operation of a wastewater treatment facility. Also
included in this section are procedures to illustrate how
instructors and training personnel in the water quality
control field can locate instructional materials to meet
general or specific program requirements.
Part II, Instructional Units, are selected portions of
existing programs which may be utilized in implementing a
training program for the activated sludge process. Each unit
has been selected for its representativeness to training
level, subject area and instructional approach. A reference to
the source where the unit may be found in more detail is
included. (A list of additional references for those materials
currently available through the Water Resources Center, ERIC,
and IRIS systems is found at the end of Part II.)
It is hoped that the instructors and trainers who use
these materials will recognize that the instructional units
herein serve only as a guide in selecting appropriate training
materials and should not be considered a fixed structure. It
is recommended that instructors check for other activities
appropriate for use or to adapt for use in their own
particular situation.
For further information about these materials contact:
EPA Information Dissemination Project
1200 Chambers Road, 3rd Floor
Columbus, Ohio A3212
Phone: 614-422-7853
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part I: The National Training and Technology Center
and Selected Information Sources 1
Part II: Instructional Units 13
Part III: Abstracted Reference Materials 119
Part IV: Reference Materials, Not Abstracted 165
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PART I
The National Training and
Operational Technology Center
and Selected Information Sources
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THE NATIONAL TRAINING AND OPERATIONAL
TECHNOLOGY CENTER
The entire program responsibility for water pollution
control training within the Environmental Protection Agency is
assigned to the National Training and Operational Technology
Center (NTOTC), located at EPA's Environmental Research Center
in Cincinnati, Ohio.
The NTOTC is responsible for conducting training
sessions, developing instructional materials and courses,
providing training assistance, operating the Instructional
Resources Center, and developing operational technology. The
Center is also responsible for the management of the Section
104(g) operator training grant program, the academic training
grant program, other training grant and contract programs, and
related training activities.
As an instructional resource, NTOTC's purpose is to help
regions, states, local governments, and educational
institutions become knowledgeable about the Environmental
Protection Agency's goals, regulations, and strategies, as
well as the implications of EPA programs.
Activities encompass three categories: (1) instruction;
(2) course development; and (3) information management.
Instruction
NTOTC offers a variety of training courses in water
quality control. Such courses are taught at many locations,
but most are presented at the Environmental Research Center in
Cincinnati, Ohio. Area training centers will soon act as
satellites to the NTOTC program, offering similar courses and
instructional support. Select universities with broad
pollution control curricula will act as area training centers
within a region. As a result, more pollution control personnel
will have access to needed specialized training.
Some courses are conducted at wastewater treatment
plants, enabling USEPA to work directly with plant personnel
to improve treatment plant effluent. While working on site at
treatment plants, staff can diagnose and discuss particular
problems and provide information on design and operation to
many technicians within the local region.
Courses currently are offered in five general categories:
wastewater treatment technology, treatment facility evaluation
and inspection, water quality surveillance and monitoring,
water quality analysis, and drinking water quality monitoring.
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Students attend courses from all states, and from some
foreign countries. The largest percentage represent federal,
state, and municipal pollution control agencies. A relatively
small number of college and university instructors attend
these short courses which are typically one week in length.
USEPA encourages more participation by the educational
community so that current skills and knowledge will be
transmitted to students to enable them to deal with pollution
control problems as they enter environmental occupations.
Community college and university instructors may attend
courses free of charge by following prescribed application
procedures.
Course Development
NTOTC is active in the field of course development. As
new educational and training needs are identified, appropriate
instructional packages are developed. Almost all such
development is based on current research and agency
regulations. Materials include instructor guides, student
manuals and supporting audiovisual materials. If USEPA1S
pollution control training programs are to be successfully
implemented, college and university staff from various
departments must cooperate and integrate these instructional
activities within their curricula; or students will not be
adequately prepared, either theoretically or practically.
Information Management
The goal of USEPA's information management system is to
support, in a comprehensive and systematic manner, those
involved with pollution control' education and training. A
central location within the NTOTC facility is designed to
provide a contact point and to coordinate assistance efforts
and has been designated the Instructional Resources Center
(IRC).
Through the IRC, NTOTC maintains a central location to
inventory, evaluate, catalog, and disseminate instructional
materials in the areas of water pollution control, water
supply, and pesticides. The IRC provides those involved in
water quality control education and training with an
information management system and acts as a primary
communications link between the Environmental Protection
Agency and educators at all post-secondary levels. Activities
of IRC include:
IRIS
The focal point of the IRC is the Instructional
Resources Information System (IRIS), a compilation
of abstracts on print and non-print materials
related to water quality and water resources
education. Obtainable in paper, microfiche, and
computer versions, the IRIS contains more than 3,000
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entries from local, state, and federal government
sources, as well as from private concerns and
educational institutions. The system allows the user
to discover what material can be utilized, the
title, the author, cross references, and a brief
abstract describing the content. IRIS users can also
readily determine where the material can be
obtained, whether it can be purchased, borrowed, or
rented, and the cost. The IRIS is kept current
through constant revision, adding new material as it
becomes available and deleting outdated
information.
IRIS can be scanned for a particular subject or
author, both by hand and by computer. Any
institution with appropriate computer terminals can
access the search and retrieval capabilities of the
system.
Audiovisual Library
The IRC facilities include an audiovisual library
equipped with individual study carrels for viewing
movies, videocassettes, slide/tape presentations,
filmstrips, and tape programs. Before determining
curriculum requirements or making purchases,
educators can use the library to review water
quality-oriented materials for use in training
courses.
Nearly 200 of these audiovisuals are also
available to instructors for free, short-term loans.
Not intended as self-instructional units, these
materials are meant to be used as part of a complete
training program. A catalog of audiovisual units can
be obtained through the IRC.
Workshops
The center also conducts a variety of
water-related workshops each year. Designed for
state and local agencies, as well as college and
university educators, these seminars enable
individuals to become familiar with USEPA developed
and sponsored resources, descriptions of ongoing
programs, and specific instructional techniques.
Participants also assist NTOTC in determining
instructional priorities.
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IRC Bulletin
The IRC maintains communications with its users
through the IRC Bulletin. Published approximately
six times a year and nailed to interested parties at
no charge, the Bulletin provides current news on IRC
events. It also includes descriptions of model
programs, current instructional materials available,
and education strategies. Articles for the Bulletin
are accepted from various organizations, education
institutions, and governmental agencies.
Interested persons are invited to Cincinnati to use IRC
facilities for reviewing tapes, slides, films, and other
materials before deciding about purchases or curriculum
development requirements. IRC staff assist visitors by
determining the most appropriate ways to use the Center's
resources, or in determining educational and training program
requirements and available resources. During the past year,
universities and state and local governments have been
assisted with curriculum design, course materials selection,
and audiovisual support efforts.
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THE INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES
INFORMATION SYSTEM
General Information about Materials in IRIS
The EPA Information Dissemination Project acquires,
reviews, indexes, and makes available both print and non-print
materials related to water 'quality and water resources
education and instruction.
Before materials are entered into IRIS they are reviewed
by the project staff. Availability of the material is checked,
and the materials are abstracted and indexed. The abstract
describes the contents of the material.
When items are processed they are entered on the IRIS
computer tape maintained by the EPA Information Dissemination
Project at The Ohio State University. These tapes are used for
producing tapes for other information systems, publications,
and for computer searches conducted at The Ohio State
University.
Materials entered into the IRIS collection can be located
by manual search or by computer. The first compilation
contains resumes of selected materials processed for the
previous IRIS collection and resumes of selected materials of
items added to the IRIS collection during 1979. Quarterly
updates of the IRIS compilation are available by subscription
on a yearly basis.
A number of the materials processed for the IRIS system
are entered into the ERIC system and announced in Resources in
Education (RIE). Most of the materials announced in RIE are
available on microfiche at various sites throughout the United
States. Users can view these materials on site at many
locations to identify what they believe will be useful to them
at no cost.
Description of Information in Resumes in IRIS
Two samples of resumes are provided to explain the data
fields in the resumes. Sample resume #1 is a sample resume of
an item not entered in ERIC. Sample resume #2 is a sample
resume of an item entered into ERIC; a few additional data
elements are in these resumes and are explained.
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1. Sample resume of materials not entered into ERIC
a. IRIS NUMBER: EW003059
b. PUBLICATION DATE: 1978
c. TITLE: WATER POLLUTION MICROBIOLOGY, VOL. 2
d. PERSONAL AUTHOR: MITCHELL, RALPH
e. DESCRIPTOR: BIOCHEMISTRY; *COLLEGE SCIENCE; DISEASE
CONTROL; ECOLOGY; *ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES;
*INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS; *MICROBIOLOGY; NATURAL
RESOURCES; *POLLUTION; *PUBLIC HEALTH; *WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL; WATER QUALITY
f. DESCRIPTIVE NOTE: 442P.
g. ABSTRACT: THIS VOLUME CONTAINS INFORMATION FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SANITARY ENGINEERS, PUBLIC HEALTH
SCIENTISTS AND MICROBIOLOGISTS CONCERNED WITH WATER
POLLUTION. IT EXAMINES MICROORGANISMS AS CAUSITIVE
AGENTS OF ECOLOGICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH HAZARDS IN
NATURAL WATERS, AND TREATS THE USE OF MICROORGANISMS
IN POLLUTION CONTROL FROM A VARIETY OF PERSPECTIVES.
(CS)
h. AVAILABILITY: JOHN WILEY & SONS, ONE WILEY DR.,
SOMERSET NJ_ 08873 ($24.95)
a. IRIS NUMBER—this is the identification number
sequentially assigned to materials as they are
processed. Gaps in numbers mean that some items have
been deleted, are being processed to add new
information, or have been delayed in processing for
some reason.
b. PUBLICATION DATE—date material was published
according to information on the material.
c. TITLE
d. PERSONAL AUTHOR—person or persons who wrote,
compiled, or edited the material. Up to two personal
authors can be listed.
e. DESCRIPTOR—subject terms which characterize
substantive contents and form of the materials. The
major terms are preceded by an asterisk. Terms used
to index all resumes in this compilation can be
reviewed in the Subject Index.
f. DESCRIPTIVE NOTE—various items of information may be
contained in this section. For print materials the
number of pages is usually listed.
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g. ABSTRACT—some early materials entered into IRIS did
not have abstract information. All materials
currently being entered into IRIS have an informative
abstract that describes the contents of the item.
h. AVAILABILITY—information in this field indicates
where the material can be obtained and the price of
the material quoted the last time information was
received from the source. Please n»te: prices of
nearly all materials are subject to changes and may
not be accurate at the time a person orders a
specific item.
2. Sample resume of material entered into ERIC
(Resources in Education)
Item entered into ERIC (Resources in Education)
will have a few additional data fields.
IRIS NUMBER: EW002998
a. ERIC NUMBER: ED151236
PUBLICATION DATE: SEP 77
TITLE: CHLORINATION. TRAINING MODULE 2.300.2.77.
INSTITUTION CODE: BBB08399
SPONSORING AGENCY CODE: BBB15379; FGK21436
DESCRIPTOR: *CHEMISTRY; *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS;
*POST SECONDARY EDUCATION; SECONDARY EDUCATION;
*TEACHING GUIDES; *UNITS OF STUDY; WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL; *CHLORINATION; *WASTE WATER TREATMENT; WATER
TREATMENT
b. EDRS PRICE: EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$3.50 PLUS
POSTAGE
DESCRIPTIVE NOTE: 60P. FOR RELATED DOCUMENTS, SEE
SE024 025-046
c. ISSUE: RIEJUL78
ABSTRACT: THIS DOCUMENT IS AN INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
PACKAGE PREPARED IN OBJECTIVE FORM FOR USE BY AN
INSTRUCTOR FAMILIAR WITH CHLORINE. THE REASONS FOR
CHLORINATION AND SAFE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF
GAS CHLORINE, DRY CALCIUM, HYPOCHLORITE AND LIQUID
SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE CHLORINATION SYSTEMS FOR WATER
SUPPLY AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES ARE GIVEN.
INCLUDED ARE OBJECTIVES, INSTRUCTOR GUIDES, STUDENT
HANDOUTS- AND TRANSPARENCY MASTERS. THE MODULE
CONSIDERS PURPOSES OF CHLORINATION, PROPERTIES OF
CHLORINE, METHODS OF CHLORINATION, SAFETY,
MAINTENANCE OF CHLORINATION UNITS AND INTERPRETATION
OF TEST RESULTS. (AUTHOR/RH)
d. INSTITUTION NAME: KIRKWOOD COMMUNITY COLL., CEDAR
RAPIDS, IOWA.
SPONSORING AGENCY NAME: DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
WASHINGTON, D.C.; IOWA STATE DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY, DES MOINES.
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How to Locate Desired Materials in IRIS
Users can identify materials of interest by scanning the
resume listing, or using the Subject Index, Author Index, or
Institution Index in the IRIS Compilation.
The Subject Index is designed to enable the user to
search for information on either a broad subject or a narrow
information concern. An EW number is included for each item
listed under the subject heading. The EW number refers to the
abstract entry in the resume section where complete
bibliographic information, an abstract of the item, and
availability information can be found.
A user can also coordinate a search by checking EW
numbers that appear under two or more subject headings. For
example, you could check all the EW numbers under Water
Treatment and all the EW numbers under Films. EW numbers
included under both subject headings would include information
relevant to Water Treatment that were films. EW numbers under
wastewater treatment and laboratory techniques would provide a
list of materials related to laboratory techniques and to
wastewater treatment. Similar techniques could be used to
identify other information desired.
If you desire to locate a document by the name of the
author, you can use the Author Index. EW numbers are provided
under the author in the Author Index as in the Subject Index.
Some documents do not have a listed author. These documents
are listed under the name of the institution or organization
responsible for developing the document in the Institution
Index. Both sources can be used to help you locate documents.
The ERIC System
Another excellent source of educational information and
materials is the ERIC system. ERIC is a national information
system designed and developed by the U.S. Office of Education,
and now supported and operated by the National Institute of
Education (NIE), for providing ready access to descriptions of
exemplary programs, research, instructional materials,
teaching guides, and other related information that can be
used to develop effective educational programs.
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There are 16 clearinghouses in the nationwide ERIC
network. Each clearinghouse has responsibility for collecting
and analyzing materials related to their scope.
ADULT, CAREER, AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
The Ohio State University
Center for Vocational Education
1960 Kenny Road
Columbus, Ohio 43210
(614) 486-3655
COUNSELING AND PERSONNEL SERVICES
University of Michigan
School of Education Building, Rm. 2108
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
(313) 764-9492
ELEMENTARY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION
University of Illinois
College of Education
805 W. Pennsylvania
Urbana, Illinois 61801
(217) 333-1386
EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT
University of Oregon
Eugene, Oregon 97403
(503) 686-5043
HANDICAPPED AND GIFTED CHILDREN
Council for Exceptional Children
1920 Association Drive
Reston, Virginia 22091
(703) 620-3660
HIGHER EDUCATION
George Washington University
One Dupont Circle, Suite 630
Washington, DC 20036
(202) 296-2597
INFORMATION RESOURCES
Syracuse University
School of Education
Syracuse, New York 13210
(315) 423-3640
10
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JUNIOR COLLEGES
University of California at Los Angeles
Powell Library, Room 96
Los Angeles, California 90024
875-3931
LANGUAGES AND LINGUISTICS
3520 Prospect St. , N.W.
Washington, DC 20007
(202) 298-9292
READING AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS
National Council of Teachers of English
1111 Kenyon Road
Urbana, Illinois 61801
(217) 328-3870
RURAL EDUCATION AND SMALL SCHOOLS
New Mexico State University
Box 3AP
Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003
(505) 646-2623
SCIENCE, MATHEMATICS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
The Ohio State University
1200 Chambers Road, Third Floor
Columbus, Ohio 43212
(614) 422-6717
SOCIAL STUDIES /SOCIAL SCIENCE EDUCATION
855 Broadway
Boulder, Colorado 80302
(303) 492-8434
TEACHER EDUCATION
American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education
One Dupont Circle, NW, Suite 616
Washington, DC 20036
(202) 293-7280
TESTS, MEASUREMENT, AND EVALUATION
Educational Testing Services
Princeton, New Jersey 08541
(609) 921-9000, ext. 2176
URBAN EDUCATION
Box 40
Teachers College, Columbia University
525 W. 120th Street
New York, New York 10027
(212) 678-3437
11
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PART II
INSTRUCTIONAL UNITS
13
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THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
Activated Sludge
Activated sludge may be defined as a biological wastewater
treatment process in which a mixture of wastewater and
biological floe (microorganisms) is mixed and aerated for the
purpose of converting non-settlable dissolved and colloidal
material to a settleable form. The biological floe is then
removed from the treated wastewater by sedimentation and
returned to the process as needed or wasted.
The activated sludge process compresses, in both time and
space, aerobic biological reactions which occur naturally in
streams. This naturally occuring process of decay may,
however, take several hours or even days in a receiving water
and is often accompanied by undersirable effects such as: low
dissolved oxygen (DO), septicity, odors, deposition of solids,
etc. By concentrating the proper microorganisms, providing an
adequate oxygen supply, a settling tank to concentrate the
microorganisms and provisions for returning them to the
process, smaller volumes and shorter detention times may be
used to complete the biological reactions.
The objective of the activated sludge process is to
convert non-settleable biodegradable pollutants to settleable
solids thereby producing a clarified effluent low in total
suspended solids (TSS) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).
This is accomplished by microorganisms utilizing the organic
material in the wastewater for both energy and new cell mass.
Microorganisms, however, can use only soluble organics which
readily pass through their cell membrane. Suspended particles
must first be absorbed onto the surface of the bacterium cell
and then broken down by enzymes before they can be absorbed
into the cell and metabolized. The biological reactions
associated with metabolism stabilize the waste by conversion
of biodegradable organics to new cell mass and the waste
products of carbon dioxide (C02) and water (t^O). Both
sorption reactions require intimate contact between the
wastewater and the activated sludge. Adsorption takes place
quickly and is usually completed in 30 minutes or less while
absorption takes place much more slowly (4-12 hours).
Microorganisms reproduce by a mechanism known as binary
fission. If an unlimited supply of food is available and the
proper amount of nutrients are available the microorganisms
will reproduce at a very rapid rate. This is called the log
growth phase. Several factors affect the rate at which growth
occurs. Among these are: temperature, pH, type of food,
nutrients present, species of microorganisms, and toxic
substances. The growth rate decreases as food becomes
limiting. This phase is known as the declining growth phase.
In the endogenous phase the energy requirement (or that energy
energy needed to maintain life functions and cell integrity)
14
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exceeds the externally available food source. When this
happens the microorganism begins to break down non-essential
intracellular components in an effort to maintain vital life
functions.
The activated sludge system is a complex aerobic
biological wastewater treatment process that requires diligent
and consistent process control to maintain process equilibrium
and final effluent quality. Numerous techniques and strategies
for managing these systems have been proposed and used.
Activated Sludge Processes
A typical flow schematic for the conventional activated
sludge process is shown in Figure 1. The aeration basin
provides space for contact between the wastewater,
mlcrooganisms, and oxygen. It also provides detention time
which allows the microogranisms to assimilate the organic
materials in the wastewater. An air supply system (diffused or
mechnical) supplies oxygen to keep the basin aerobic and also
provides mixing energy to keep the microorganisms dispersed
throughout the tank.
Influent
Aeration
Basin
Return Activated Sludge
Waste Sludge
Figure 1 - CONVENTIONAL
The final clarifier follows the aeration tank in the
conventional activated sludge process. This unit provides
space, time and quiescent flow conditions to permit the
suspended solids to separate from the mixed liquor to produce
a clarified supernatant and a concentrated blanket of
activated sludge solids. Most of the settled solids are then
returned to the aeration tank. However, since the activated
sludge tends to accumulate in the system a portion of the
clarifier sludge must be removed from the system and "wasted"
to the sludge handling system for treatment and disposal. This
excess sludge is known as waste activated sludge.
15
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Over the years, several variations of this conventional
system have evolved, the most cowaon being: tapered aeration,
step-feed, contact stabilization, and complete-mix activated
sludge. The tapered aeration process provides a greater amount
of air at the head end of the aeration basin to help satisfy
the greater oxygen demand that exists there. Less air is
supplied at the outlet end of the basin where most of the
oxygen demand has already been satisfied.
The principle of step-aeration is to distribute the
incoming wastewater load the length of the aeration basin.
Step-feed (Figure 2) would probably be a more accurate
description of this process since multiple feed locations
spread the oxygen demand over more of the basin resulting in a
more efficient use of the oxygen.
Influent
1 I i I
Aeration
Basin
fcttluent
Fin
Clar
Return Activated Sludge
al
ifier I
Waste Sludge
Figure 2 - STEP AERATION
Contact-stabilization (Figure 3) can be thought of as an
extreme of the step-aeration process. In this variation only
return activated sludge would be aerated most of the tank
length with the wastewater being added near the end. There the
wastewater is mixed briefly with the activated sludge to allow
the organic waste to be adsorbed onto the biological floe.
16
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Influent
,
Stabilization
Basin
Contact
Basin
Fir
Clai
Return Activated Sludge
httluent
tal
ifier
Waste Sludge
Figure 3 - CONTACT STABILIZATION
The sludge is settled out in the clarifier and returned to the
stabilization tank where it is aerated for a longer time to
permit the bacteria to break down the adsorbed organics. The
contact-stabilization process offers several advantages over
conventional activated sludge including reduced tank volumes,
high sludge inventories and the benefits of a sludge buffer
during times of hydraulic overload.
Complete mix (Figure 4) activated sludge provides some
protection against shock loads by dispersing the influent load
along the entire length of the aeration tank.
Influent
f t
t 1
1 1
H
t 1
1 1
\ \
\ \
\
t
\
\
\
t
t
\
t
t
1
I
t
t
1
1
\
t
1
1
Final
Clarifier
Effluent
Return Activated Sludge
Waste Sludge
Figure 4 - COMPLETE MIX
17
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The process flow diagram for extended aeration is
essentially the same as that for conventional activated sludge
except these plants usually have no primary treatment and the
aeration basin is sized for an 18-24 hour detention period
rather than the 6-8 hour period common for conventional
plants. The long aeration period and high sludge age
associated with these plants produces a nitrified effluent and
a stable, rapidly settling, partially digested sludge.
Another variation of the activated sludge process which is
gaining in popularity in the U.S. is the oxidation ditch.
Originally developed in Europe it is essentially an extended
aeration plant with a "race track" configuration. Surface type
aerators are used to provide aeration and circulation around
the ditch.
Recently, high-purity oxygen has come into widespread use
as a substitute for air in the activated sludge process. To
prevent the loss of oxygen to the atmosphere these aeration
basins are usually covered and the oxygen recirculated through
several stages. Mixing is accomplished either with surface
mechanical aerators or submerged rotating spargers. Because of
the enhanced oxygen transfer much smaller tanks can be
designed.
The purpose of the final clarifier is to separate
activated sludge solids from the liquid stream and to
concentrate these solids before they are returned to the
process. The final clarifier may be operated as a solids
storage reservoir or with a constant solids inventory.
As discussed earlier, several factors affect the activated
sludge process. Some of the more important factors are: the
microorganisms, the incoming food, temperature, detention
time, nutrients and toxic substances. The operator of an
activated sludge facility usually has direct control of the
recycle rate, the wasting rate and the air input. In addition
to these controllable variables the operator also has limited
control over the volume under aeration, the incoming
wastewater (through sewer use control) and can use chemical
additives for improved settleability.
Whatever control strategy is used, the objectives should
be to: control the solids inventory, control the distribution
of solids between the clariifer and the aeration basin and to
control the sludge aeration time. Some of the better known
control strategies are based on food to microorganism ratio
(F/M), mean cell residence time (MCRT), constant-mixed liquor
suspended solids, respiration rate and sludge settleability.
There is no universal number for these parameters that will
work for every plant. The best value to be used for process
control must be determined for each plant individually. There
is also no single parameter which will tell the operator the
complete story. The operator must combine information from
several parameters to get the complete picture necessary for
accurate process control decisions.
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SAMPLES OF ACTIVATED
SLUDGE TRAINING MATERIALS
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Training Sample 1
"Process Start-Up Procedures"
Chapter 7, Lesson 4
Operation of Wastewater Treatment Plants; A Field Study
Training Program
Kerri, K. D.
Sacramento State College
Department of Civil Engineering
1970
General
Procedures for starting the activated sludge process are
outlined In this lesson. An initial average daily flow of 4.0
MGD will be assumed; and the plant will be operated as a
conventional activated sludge plant.
Start-up help should be available from the design
engineer, vendors, nearby operators, or other specialists.
During start-up the equipment manufacturers should be present
to be sure that any equipment breakdowns are not caused by
improper start-up procedures.
The operator may have several options in the choice of
start-up procedures with regard to number of tanks used and
procedures to establish a suitable working culture in the
aeration tanks. The method described in this lesson is
recommended because it provides the longest possible aeration
time, reduced chances of solids washout, and provides the
opportunity to use most of the equipment for a good test of
its acceptability and workability before the end of the
warranty.
First Day
First, start the air blowers and have air passing through
the diffusers before primary effluent is admitted to the
aeration tanks. This prevents diffuser clogging from material
in the primary effluent.
Fill both aeration tanks to the normal operating water
depth, thus allowing the aeration equipment to operate at
maximum efficiency. Employing all of the aeration tanks will
provide the longest possible aeration time. You are trying to
build up a population with a minimum amount of seed organisms,
and you will need all the aeration capacity available to give
the organisms a chance to reach the settling stage.
When both aeration tanks have been filled, begin filling
the two secondary clarlfiers. Use of all the secondary
clarlfiers will provide the longest possible detention time to
reduce washout of light solids containing rapidly growing
organisms and will help enhance solids build-up.
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When the secondary clarlfiers are approximately
three-fourths full, start the clarifier collector mechanism
and return sludge pumps. Return sludge pumping rates must be
adjusted to rapidly return the solids (organisms) back to the
aeration tanks. The solids should never remain in the
secondary clarifiers longer than 1.5 hours. Trouble also may
develop if the return sludge pumping rate is too high (greater
than 50% of the raw waste-water flow), because the high flows
through the clarifier may not allow sufficient time for solids
to settle to the bottom of the clarifier. A conventional
activated sludge plant usually operates satisfactorily at
return sludge rates of 20 to 30 percent of raw wastewater
flow, but the rate selected should be based upon returning
organisms back to the aerator where they can treat the
incoming wastes. A thin sludge will require a higher return
percentage than a thick one. Addition of a coagulant or
coagulant aid at the end of the aeration tank will hasten
solids build-up and improve effluent during start-up.
When the secondary clarifiers become full and begin to
overflow, start effluent chlorination to disinfect the plant
effluent.
Filling the aeration tanks and aerating the wastewater
starts the activated sludge process. The aerobes in the
aeration tank have food and are now being supplied with
oxygen; consequently, this worker population will begin to
increase.
After two or three hours of aeration you should check the
dissolved oxygen (DO) of the aeration tanks, to determine if
sufficient air is being supplied.
Check the DO at each end and at the middle of the aerator.
Oxygen must be available for the aerobes throughout the tank.
If the DO is less than 2.0 mg/1, increase the air supply. If
the DO is greater than 2.0 mg/1 the air supply may be
decreased, but not to the point where the tank would stop
mixing. There will probably be an excess amount of DO at first
due to the limited number of organisms initially present to
use it.
The effluent end of the aerator should have a dissolved
oxygen level of 2.0 mg/1. DO in the aerator should be checked
every two hours until a pattern is established. Thereafter, DO
should be checked as frequently as needed to maintain the
desired DO level. Daily flow variations will create different
oxygen demands; and until these patterns are established, it
is not known whether sufficient or excess air is being
delivered to the aeration tanks. Frequently excess air is
provided during early mornings when the inflow waste load Is
low. Air supply may be too low during the afternoon and
evening hours because the waste load tends to increase during
the day.
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Second Day
Collect a sample from the aeration tank and run a
60-mlnute settleability test using a 1000 ml graduated
cylinder. If possible, use a 2000 ml cylinder with a five-inch
diameter in order to obtain better results. Observe the sludge
settling in the sample for approximately one hour. It will
probably have the same color as the primary effluent during
the first few days. After a few minutes in the cylinder, very
fine particles will start forming with a light buff color. The
particles remain suspended, not settling, similar to fine
particles of dust in a light beam. After an hour, a small
amount of these particles may have settled to the bottom of
the cylinder to a depth of 10 or 20 ml, but most are still in
suspension. This indicates that you are making a start toward
establishing a good condition in the aeration tank, but many
more particles are needed for effective wastewater treatment.
Third through Fifth Days
During this period of operation the only controls applied
to the system usually consist of maintaining DO concentrations
in the system and maintaining proper sludge return rates. A
sampling program should be started to develop and record the
necessary data required for further plant control.
Aeration of wastewater to maintain DO will require some
time before settling will produce a clear liquid over the
settled liquids. Time is required for organisms to grow to the
point where there are sufficient numbers to perform the work
needed—to produce an activated sludge. Usually within 24 to
72 hours of aeration you will note that the settleable solids
do not fall through the liquid quite so rapidly, but the
liquid remaining above the solids is clearer.
The active solids (organisms) are light and may wash out
of the clarifier to some extent. Hopefully you can retain most
of them, because a rapid solids build-up will not occur unless
they are retained. A good garden soil will add organisms and
solids particles for start-up. Mix the soil with water and
hose in the lighter slurry, but try to avoid a lot of grit. A
truckload of activated sludge from a neighboring treatment
plant also will help to start the process. Hopefully you will
not have to treat design flows during plant start-up. More
time is needed both for aeration and clarification until you
have collected enough organisms in you return sludge to enable
you to produce a clear effluent after a short period of mixing
with the influent followed by settling.
Sixth Day
A reasonably clear effluent should be produced by the
sixth day. Solids build-up in the aeration tank should be
closely checked using the 60-minute settleable solids test
during the first week. Results of this test indicate the
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flocculating, settling, and compacting characteristics of the
sludge. Suspended solids build-up is very slow at first but
increases as the waste removal efficiency improves. This
build-up should be carefully measured and evaluated each day.
To obtain an indication of the size of the organism
population in the aeration tank, the solids are measured
either in mg/1 or in pounds of dry solids. Suspended solids
determinations for aerator mixed liquor will give the desired
information in mg/1, and the total pounds of solids may be
calculated on the basis of the size of the aerator.
c nj IK' = Suspended Solids, mg/1 x Aerator Volume,
oO-LlQS, X DS 0 „, -_ ,
MG x 8.34 Ibs/gal
The suspended solids test conducted on activated sludge
plant mixed liquor is normally a grab sample obtained at the
effluent end of the aerator. The sample should be collected at
the same time every day, preferably during peak flows, in
order to make day-to-day comparisons of the results. Collect
the mixed liquor sample approximately five feet from the
effluent end of the aeration tank and 1.5 to 2 feet below the
water surface to insure a good sample. A return sludge sample
also should be collected at this time every day to determine
its concentration.
With information from the lab tests, estimates of the
organism mass (weight) in the aerator can be calculated.
Information Needed:
1. Aeration Tank Dimensions
100 ft long, 45 ft wide, and 16.5 ft deep
2. Results of Laboratory Tests
Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids, 780 mg/1
Steps to calculate pounds of solids in aeration tank:
1. Determine aeration tank volume.
Aerator
Volume, = Length, ft x Width, ft x Depth, ft
cu ft
= 100 ft x 45 ft x 16.5 ft
= 74,250 cu ft
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2. Convert cu ft to gallons.
Aerator
Volume, = 74,250 cu ft x 7.48 gals/cu ft
gals
= 555,390 gals
or = 555,000 gals (approximately)
or = 0.55 MG
3. Calculate pounds of solids under aeration.
Formula:
Solids
Ibs, = Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids, mg/1 x
Aerator Volume, MG x 8.34 Ibs/gal
= 780 mg x 0.55 M Gals x 8.34 Ibs/gal
1,000,000 mg
= 780 mg x 0.55 M Gals x 8.34 Ibs/gal
M mg
= 780 x 4.6* Ibs.
= 3588 Ibs
*The factor 4.6 Ibs is equivalent to 0.55 x 8.34, a constant
for your plant. You will use this value every day as long as
you use the same aeration tank capacity. Only a change in the
suspended solids concentration will cause a change in the
pounds of solids in the aeration tank.
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Close observation of the suspended solids build-up and
results from the 60-minute settleability test will indicate
the solids growth rate, condition of solids in aerator, and
how much sludge should be returned to insure proper return of
the organisms to the aerator. It will be necessary to return
all of the sludge for 10 to 15 days or longer if the
wastewater is weak.
Results from the 60-minute settleability test can be used
to estimate if the return sludge rate is too high or too low.
If the volume of settle sludge in the cylinder is indicative
of amount of sludge settling in the secondary clarifier, the
volume of return sludge should be equal to or slightly greater
than the percentage of settling sludge in the cylinder
multiplied by the sum of the primary effluent and the return
sludge flows.
Estimate the return sludge pumping rate.
Information needed:
1. Flow to Aerator from Primary Clarifier, 4.0 MGD
2. Return Sludge Flow, 1.0 MGD
3. Volume of Mixed Liquor Solids Settled in 60 Minutes,
360 ml in 2 liters, or 18%
Example:
Flow to Aerator from Primary Clarifier = 4.0 MGD
Return Sludge Flow to Aerator = 1.0 MGD
Total Flow through Aerator = 5. 0 MGD
Return Sludge
Rate, MGD = Aerator Flow, MGD x Settleable Solids, %
=5.0 MGD x 0.18
=0.9 MGD or 900,000 gals/day
Return Sludge
Rate, GPM = 900,000 GPP
1440 min/day
= 625 GPM
Therefore, the initally selected 700 GPM return sludge
rate is acceptable at this time. It insures that most solids
are being returned to the aeration tank. A return sludge
pumping rate slightly higher than calculated is recommended to
return the organisms as fast as possible to the aerator. Too
high a return sludge rate must be avoided because the
resulting high flows reduce the detention time in the aerator
and secondary clarifier.
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If the return sludge rate is too low, the following
undesirable conditions may develop:
1. Insufficient organisms will be in the aerator to treat
the influent waste (food) load. This normally occurs
during the first week or two of start-up.
2. Too long a detention time in the secondary clarifier
could allow the sludge to become septic.
3. Accumulation of sludge in the clarifier creates a deep
sludge blanket which will allow solids to escape in
the effluent.
Questions
1. When and where should solids samples be collected to
provide the operator with a record of solids build-up
in the aeration tank?
2. Determine the pounds of solids in an aeration tank
with a volume of 0.25 MG and a Mixed Liquor Suspended
Solids (MLSS) concentration of 640 mg/1.
3. Estimate the return sludge pumping rate (GPM) if the
plant inflow is 2.0 MGD and the return sludge flow is
0.5 MGD. The results of the 60-minute settleability
test indicate the volume of solids settled to be
340 ml in 2 liters, or 17%.
4. When starting a new activated sludge plant, who might
the operator contact for assistance and advice?
5. When starting the activated sludge process, why should
you use all of the aerators and all of the secondary
clarifiers?
6. What are the essential laboratory tests for starting
the activated sludge process, and why?
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Training Sample 2
"Interactions of Activated Sludge with other Unit Processes."
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS CONTROL COURSE
GMP ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, INC.,
1115 Terminal Tower
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
One of several modules contained within the whole course
package.
LESSON TITLE: Process Interaction
Estimated time: One hour
Prerequisites for this lesson: Initial certification as a
Wastewater Treatment Plant Operator
PERFORMANCE OPJECTIVES:
Trainees will be able to:
1. Identify the unit processes contributing to the solids
and BOD loading in an activated sludge plant.
2. Identify the streams that provide an exit for sludge
solids to be removed from the plant.
JUSTIFICATION:
Operator awareness of the feedback effect of the sludge
handling unit processes on activated sludge is important.
INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES:
Trainee Manual
Slides and other visuals
INSTRUCTOR ACTIVITIES:
1. Review and organize the slides and audio visuals.
Point out high concentrations of BOD and SS in these
streams. Assess the recycle stream contributions to
plant solids and BOD loadings, compared to raw sewage
using appropriate visuals.
2. Review scenarios of wasted sludge getting back to
Activated Sludge. Use visuals to show the limited
possibilities for sludge solids to be actually
removed. If the solids can't be removed by those
routes, then the inventory piles up in the plant and
interferes with the Activated Sludge process.
3. Discuss guidelines to reduce the effects of recycle
streams on the activated sludge process.
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a. Avoid pumping thin sludges to sludge handling unit
processes.
b. Improve efficiency of sludge handling unit
processes.
c. Pretreat recycle streams to reduce the loadings.
d. Be sure to meter and sample the actual influent to
the activated sludge process, after all recycle
streams from other unit processes have been added.
TRAINEE MANUAL SECTION
Introduction
The accompanying Figure 1 shows the potential for
interaction between activated sludge and other unit processes,
including thickening, stabilization and dewatering. Places
where sludge solids can truly be wasted in the plant are shown
by arrows. Direct wasting by landfill disposal or export to
another plant is possible only in a few plants. Volatile
solids reduction in the stabilization process is another
important exit. Dewatered and dried solids are the two best
ways for sludge handling unit processed to remove solids.
If the sludge handling unit processes fail, then the
solids will inevitably return to the wet stream and eventually
work their way out as undesirable solids and organic loading
in the final effluent. (A sample scenario is included.) But
there are interactions, even when the other unit processes
operate normally.
EFFECTS OF SLUDGE HANDLING UNIT PROCESSES ON ACTIVATED SLUDGE
Sludge handling unit processes can add greatly to the
loading of the Activated Sludge process through recycle
streams that contain high concentration or organics and high
solids. Recycle streams (Table 1) of this type include the
supernatants from anaerobic digestion, heat treatment or
aerobic digestion; the centrate from centrifugation; the
filtrate from vacuum filtration; and the supernatant from
thickening. Some of these processes are run only one or two
shifts per day, and not every day. So the way that the sludge
handling unit processes are operated can result in shock
loading for the Activated Sludge process, depending on how
they spread out the loads. (Loadings that are possible with
some of the more common treatment schemes are shown in the
accompanying Tables.)
The ideal thing for overall plant efficiency would be to
have intermediate storage, so that the loadings from the
recycle streams could be programmed to even out the overall
daily loading cycle for the plant influent. Some new plants
provide a separate treatment for the heavily loaded recycle
streams, so that they do not interfere with the activated
sludge process.
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WHERE SLUDGE CAN BE WASTED
to
to
Figure 1
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TABLE 1 - CHARACTERISTICS OF RECYCLE STREAMS (mg/liter)
TS
SS
vss
BOD
COD
Anaerobic Digestion
low rate
supernatant
high rate
supernatant
4,000-
5,000
10,000-
14 , 000
2,000-
3,000
4 , 000-
6,000
650-
3,000
2,400-
3,800
2,000-
3,500
6,000-
9,000
Aerobic Digestion
supernatant
Heat Treated Sludge
supernatant
100-
20,000
SO-
11,500
900-
1,700
5,000-
15,000
230-
8,100
10,000-
30,000
10,000
Filtrate
500-
2,000
Reference: "Process Design Manual for Sludge Treatment and Disposal" U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Research Information Technology Transfer
September 1979, EPA 625/1-79-011. '
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TABLE 2
LOADINGS OF RECYCLE STREAMS COMPARED TO RAW SEWAGE
Conventional Activated Sludge Plant
With Anaerobic Digestion
BOD
SS
Flow
Digester
Supernatant
Filtrate
10.1%
10.7%
1.7%
continuous
shifts
1-2
day
Centrate
13.0%
1-2
shifts
day
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TABLE 3
LOADINGS OF RECYCLE STREAMS COMPARED TO RAW SEWAGE
Conventional Activated Sludge Plant
With Aerobic Digestion
BOD
SS
Flow
Digester
Supernatant
1.7%
9.1%
continuous
Filtrate
1.7%
1-2
shifts
day
Centrate
13.0%
1-2
shifts
day
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TABLE 4
LOADINGS OF RECYCLE STREAMS COMPARED TO RAW SEWAGE
Conventional Activated Sludge Plant
With Sludge Heat Treatment
BOD
SS
Flow
Heat
Treatment
Supernatant
48%
48% continuous
Filtrate
1.2% 1-2
shifts
day
Generate
9.5% 1-2
shifts
day
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EFFECTS OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE ON OTHER UNIT PROCESSES
Wasting from the activated sludge process has a definite
effect on sludge handling unit processes. If the waste sludge
is too thin (low RSC), it can cause hydraulic overloading of
thickening and stabilization processes. This will eventually
come back to haunt the activated sludge, in the form of high
solids and organic loadings in the recycle streams.
Problems in the sludge handling unit processes can limit
your freedom to operate the Activated Sludge process in the
best way possible. You may be forced to accumulate sludge in
the activated sludge process even when it is desirable to
waste, because the sludge handling unit processes are
temporarily unable to take additional load. For example, a
digester failure may force you to postpone scheduled wasting.
Some plants do not have sludge handling facilities on
site. These plants waste directly, either to disposal by
landfill or by transfer to another plant via a force main or
tank truck. These plants export not only their sludge, but
also the problems due to interactions of the activated sludge
process with other unit processes.
SLUDGE QUALITY CONTROL
How can you account for the loading on the activated
sludge process due to the recycle streams? The formulas used
for sludge quality control allow you to do that. For example,
AFI is the total influent to the activated sludge process, not
just the primary effluent. You should monitor that stream to
determine its flow rate, solids concentration and diurnal
cycling.
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SCENARIO FOR SOLIDS RECYCLE
OR, WHEN IS WASTING NOT REALLY WASTING?
Assume that the plant operator has determined that wasting
is really the only way the plant is controlled - that
everything else relates to operation, not real control.
Further assume that he has established a wasting scheme
consistent with loading on the plant, aeration capacity, etc.
In the normal plant then, all that should remain is to monitor
the flow meters and make solids analyses on the waste sludge
to confirm that the desired amount has actually been "wasted"."
Simple enough, and accurate, provided the following example
situation does not arise!
In many plants, particulary smaller plants with limited
staff and limited construction funds, waste activated sludge
is directed back to the head of the plant to be removed and
blended with the primary sludge for subsequent processing. If
plant staffing allows only 8 to 12 hours per day coverage, all
operational, laboratory and maintenance tasks must be done
during this time, including wasting.
Unfortunately, the wasting period coincides with the
highest flow rates, with the result that solids wasted to the
primary clarifiers are often carried through them with little
or no removal of the waste activated sludge solids. These
solids then are recycled back into the activated sludge system
to be "wasted" again the next day. However, the next day's
wasting will have to include this recycle plus the waste
solids generated from the current day's BOD and SS removals.
Many plants are operated by wasting a constant volume of
return activated sludge on a daily basis. In such a case, the
excess recycle would not be wasted, and if control of MLTSS is
by return sludge pumping rate, these solids will accumulate in
the final clarifier. Assume, for purposes of illustration,
that these recycled "wasted" solids occupy approximately one
foot in the clarifier. Then for each day that wasted solids
are in fact merely recycled through the system, one foot of
new sludge blanket develops in the final clarifier. The return
slow flow rates could be increased to remove the blanket, but
in that case the MLTSS (and MCRT) will increase. Thus, two
days "wasting" will produce a 2-foot blanket; a week's recycle
produces a 7-foot blanket; and so on, until aerators and
clarifiers are both filled with sludge. At which point,
everything else being constant, the final clarifiers will
"bulk."
This, of course, is not true bulking but is merely the
result of the clarifier being full of solids which have no
place to go other than over the final effluent weirs. The
reason why a true bulking sludge is washed out over the
effluent weirs is related to the inherent properties of the
sludge itself, not to the fact that the tank has been filled
with solids thought to have been wasted.
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No amount of "blast wasting" through the primaries during
high flow periods can possibly be effective in solving the
problem of recycled waste activated sludge. An alternate
method of disposal, perhaps as simple as wasting during
periods of low flow, must be found. Once found, it must be
adhered to rigorously, even after the excessive ''circulating
inventory" has been reduced to manageable levels.
Similar scenarios can be developed for digesters, decant
tanks, mechanical dewatering devices, ash classifiers, etc.
The point to be made, emphasized and clearly understood is
this:
Solids are truly wasted only when they or their
residues have been physically removed from the
plant, with no connection which would allow their
being recycled back to the wet stream in any form.
In simpler form: Once solids in any form have
entered the plant in the raw flow, there are only
two places they can go: Out the gate or into the
river.
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Training Sample 3
"Problems Caused by Industrial Waste1'
BASIC SEWAGE TREATMENT OPERATION
Topic 5
Ministry of the Environment
Toronto, Canada
1978
SUBJECT: 1 - Sewage Treatment Operation
TOPIC: 5 - Problems Caused by Industrial Waste
OBJECTIVES: The trainee will be able to
1. List 8 features of a sewer-use by-law.
2. List 7 causes of problems at the treatment plant due
to industrial wastes.
3. List 6 possible causes of problems in sewers due to
industrial wastes.
PROBLEMS CAUSED BY INDUSTRIAL WASTES IN SEWERS AND SEWAGE
PLANTS
General
Most sewage treatment plants have experienced the problems
that can be caused by industrial wastes. In fact, life would
be very simple if it were not for the occasional slugs of
grease that send personnel scurrying for skimming buckets.
Plant operation is easy under ideal operating conditions, but
foresight and Ingenuity are required to prevent problems, such
as those resulting from industrial wastes, without upsetting
the entire plant.
Sewer-use by-law
To control the quality of the waste flows being discharged
to the sanitary system, a municipality usually enacts a
sewer—use by-law, based on a model by-law published by the
Ontario Ministry of the Environment. If the industries comply
with this by-law, there should be no problems in the sewers or
at the plant. The important features of such a by-law are that
discharges must comply with certain standards for
1. Temperature
2. pH
3. Organic loading as measured by the 5-day biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD-5)
4. Suspended solids
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5. Toxic materials such as
a. cyanide as HCN
b. phenols
c. sulphides as H~S
d. metals
6. Oils and greases or those substances soluble in ether
a. of mineral origin
b. of animal or vegetable origin
7. There must be insignificant amounts of explosive,
inflammable and/or radioactive materials present.
8. Flow volumes must not result in hydraulic overloading
of the system.
The effect of any one industrial discharge on the entire
sewage flow will depend on their relative volumes. As most
industrial wastes can be treated with domestic sewage in
municipality treatment plants, it may be possible for a
municipality to accept and treat wastes that do not comply
with the by-law limits without upsetting the operation of the
sewage treatment plant. The municipality may wish to supply
this additional service at no extra charge, or they may
require a special agreement with the industry and additional
money for this service. Normally, there is a section in the
by-law that provides for this agreement. In order that the
municipality may decide how to handle any particular
situation, they must know the probable effect of any waste
flow on their sewers and sewage treatment plant.
An Industrial Point of View
An industry views the treatment and disposal of its wastes
as a matter of economics. It expects and deserves treatment of
flows within the by-law limits for the normal sewer rate
charge. If the municipality will accept a higher strength
waste for a sum less than that needed to pretreat the wastes
to by-law limits, it is good business for the industry to use
this method of disposal. Many times, the full strength waste
cannot be treated at the municipal plant. It is then up to the
industry to pretreat to a level which is acceptable to the
municipality. It is quite often easier to remove contaminants
from a waste flow at the source within the industry, and this
should be done where possible.
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POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
Sewers
The problems that may be anticipated in sewers from flows
not in compliance with sewer—use by-laws may be outlined under
the following headings:
1. Flows - Excessively fluctuating flows may overload the
hydraulic capacity of a sewer and cause backing up of
sewage into basements, or overflowing at pumping
stations.
2. Temperature - The higher the temperature of a waste
discharge, the greater the biological activity in the
sewer (rate doubles for every 10° C rise). Thus the
oxygen supply is quickly depleted and septic
conditions occur. Also, high temperatures speed up
corrosion and place thermal stresses on the sewer
pipes and joints.
3. Suspended Solids - May settle in the sewers and cause
blockage.
4. pH - Variance beyond the acceptable limits will result
in corrosion of the sewer.
5. Oils and greases will build up on the inside of the
lines and reduce the sewer capacity.
6. Dissolved Salts - Certain dissolved salts may
precipitate out in the sewers and lead to blockages
and/or corroding conditions.
Sewage Treatment Plant
More important, however, is the effect of industrial waste
discharges on the operation of the sewage treatment plant.
First the symptoms must be recognized; then the type and
extent of the problem diagnosed and the effect it will have,
or has had, on the various processes must be assessed.
Finally, and most important, quick remedial action must be
taken to offset the changing conditions. Following are
comments on characteristics of industrial waste discharges of
concern to a sewage plant operator, and relating to the
detection and effect on the (a) primary section and (b)
biological processes, as well as the corrective action to be
taken.
1. Flow - Excessive or surging flow conditions may be
noted on the flow measuring devices within the plant
or simply by noting the level of the flow on the walls
of the channels. High flow rates tend to flush the
tanks out, thus affecting the detention times and the
39
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treatment provided. Little can be done to ease this
condition at the sewage plant; it should be corrected
at the industry where the flows may be equalized.
2. Temperature - The rate of biological activity
increases with temperature in a waste flow and the
resulting septic conditions may be noted by the smell
and low dissolved oxygen content of the raw sewage at
the plant. A septic sewage will cause septicity in the
primary clarifiers and exert an increased oxygen
demand in the secondary biological section. The action
required in this case would be to pre-aerate or
pre-chlorinate the raw sewage flow.
3. pH - A waste with a pH value outside of the accepted
range (6.5 - 8.5), besides creating corrosive problems
throughout the plant, will tend to reduce the settling
and biological processes. This condition may be noted
by checking the waste flow with pH paper at regular
intervals. Again, little can be done at the plant. The
situation should be corrected by having the industry
neutralize its wastes before discharge.
4. Organic Loading (Biochemical Oxygen Demand - BOD)
High strength industrial discharges will show up in
the 5-day BOD test, but this does not help the
operating personnel concerned with operating
conditions at any given moment. These high strength
wastes can usually be spotted by an unusual colour
(eg. red; indicating blood, dye, etc.), smell (eg. a
putrid smell because of the rapid depletion of oxygen
in the sewer lines) or the inclusion of tell-tale
solids (feathers, hair, etc.). If the high strength is
due mainly to dissolved components, it will have
little effect on the primary treatment process but
will create a high oxygen demand and extreme sludge
growth in the secondary biological section. If a
significant amount of suspended material is included
in the high strength waste, additional quantities of
sludge will accumulate in the primary tanks and the
digesters may be taxed beyond capacity. The action
that should be taken at the plant would include
carrying a higher concentration of solids and air in
the aeration section and the possible addition of
alkaline materials to the digesters as well as
additional hauling of digested sludge so that a
correct environment may be maintained for the
anaerobic decomposition process.
40
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5. Suspended Solids - This characteristic of the waste
flow is one of the most recognizable. Usually a close
examination with the naked eye will reveal unusual
conditions which should be taken into account. The
majority of the particles in suspension should settle
out in the primary settling tanks. While most will be
controllable by anaerobic treatment, some particles
such as clay, chicken beaks, hair and bark will
decompose very slowly, using additional digester
capacity. Adjustment in digester operation as well as
cleaning of the digesters may be required if these
solids are allowed to get through the preliminary
screening devices.
6. Toxic Materials - Toxic materials such as copper,
chromium, phenols, etc., may be difficult to detect in
the raw sewage if they are present in low
concentrations. Should either the aerobic or anaerobic
biological section be upset, however, laboratory
analysis is required to confirm any suspicion in this
regard. Higher solids could be carried in the aeration
section to help in preventing an upset.
7. Oils and Greases - These ether soluble materials will
usually come to the surface in the grit tanks and
primary clarifiers, making their presence obvious. If
they can be skimmed, either by means of the regular
skimming facilities or manually, these materials
should be of little concern.
Note: In most cases, sophisticated laboratory equipment is
not a necessary part of good sewage plant operation.
More important is the ability of the operator to adapt
his thinking to the situation at hand and to take
proper remedial action.
Resourceful plant .personnel will not only provide good
plant operation, but will also note the time and conditions of
any upsets at the plant. An attempt should be made to
determine the section of the sewer system from which the
upsetting discharge came and to define as closely as possible
the problem industry. Armed with this information, the
municipal officials, after investigating conditions at the
industries in the area, should be able to locate the culprit
and thus be in a position to enforce their sewer-use by-law.
41
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Training Sample 4
"Activat-ed Sludge Process Control: Phosphorus Removal"
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS WORKSHOP MANUAL
Topic 6
Ministry of the Environment
Toronto, Canada
1978
SUBJECT: Activated Sludge Process Control
TOPIC: 6 - Phosphorus Removal
OBJECTIVES: The trainee will be able to
1. Name three chemicals suitable for phosphorus removal.
2. Recall three possible application points for chemicals
used in phosphorus removal.
3. List the effects that phosphorus removal chemicals
have on the raw sludge concentration and the operation
of anaerobic digesters.
4. Calculate the feed rate for chemicals used in
phosphorus removal.
5. Recall five means by which the operator can control
the phosphorus removal process.
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL
General
In recent years the phosphates in wastewater treatment
plant effluents have been identified as a major factor in the
eutrophication (rapid aging) of receiving waters. Industrial
waste discharges and run-off also contribute to this problem.
Excessive amounts of nutrients (phosphorus, nitrogen, etc.)
can cause the rapid gowth of algae and weeds. Algae and weeds
will settle to the bottom, decompose and use up the dissolved
oxygen causing the destruction of the life cycle systems
normally found in unpolluted lakes, rivers and streams.
Because it is a major cause of eutrofication and present
technology provides a means to control it, phosphorus was the
nutrient selected to be removed from plant effluents being
discharged into Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, the Ottawa River
system, and inland recreational aras. Phosphorus removal
facilities have been installed in a number of wastewater
treatment plants and future years will see an increasing
number.
42
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There are a number of ways to remove phosphorus. These
include reverse osmosis, adsorption, ion exchange and
chemical precipitation. Chemical precipitation using
commerically available chemicals is the least costly, both
from capital and operating costs, and is the system of choice
in Ontario. It is the method discussed in this topic.
Source of Phosphorus
Phosphorus in the plant influent comes in many forms. It
consists of organic phosphorus from food and wastes,
polyphosphates from detergents, and precipitated
orthophosphate from chemical reactions between metal ions in
the wastewater and dissolved orthophosphates.
The concentration of the phosphorus in the wastewater is
measured as:
1. Total phosphorus which includes all forms of
phosphorus as mg/1 P.
2. Soluble, reactive phosphates as mg/1 P.
Because of the complexity of the test required to
determine phosphorus in the influent or effluent, the tests
are normally done by the Ministry Laboratories. The procedure
is outlined in Topic 15 of this manual.
Mechanism of Removal
The mechanism of phosphorus removal is a combination of
chemical and physical reactions which include the chemical
precipitation of the soluble, reactive phosphates by the metal
ions (Ca+2, Fe+3, Al+3) introduced. Other important reactions
are the formation of metal hydroxides which adsorb
non-reactive phosphates and trap finely suspended material
containing phosphates bound to organic matter. Sufficient time
for flocculation and sedimentation of this combined floe is
needed to produce an effluent with the desired low phosphorus
concentration (<1.0 mg/1 P). Good mixing at the point of
chemical addition is also important. Rapid mixing followed by
slow, gentle mixing before sedimentation will produce the best
results. Sufficient clarifier (primary or secondary) detention
time (over 2 hours) and low upflow rates «800 gal/day/ft ) at
peak flows are also needed to achieve good clarification if
chemicals are added for phosphorus removal.
Chemicals Used
Jar tests and possibly full scale pilot studies should be
conducted before the best suitable chemical is selected. The
following commercially available chemicals are normally used
for phosphorus removal.
43
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1. Ferric Chloride Fed
2. Ferrous Chloride Fed (waste pickle liquor)
3. Ferrous Sulphate FeSO, (waste pickle liquor)
4. Alum A12(S04)3.14 H20
5. Hydrated Lime Ca(OH)
Of the chemicals listed above, alum, ferric chloride, and
hydrated lime are most widely used although waste pickle
liquor is gaining in popularity since a substantial cost
saving can be realized. Waste pickle liquor should only be
usedin secondary treatment plants, because the 2-valent
(ferrous) iron has to be oxidized to the 3-valent (ferric)
iron in order to precipitate phosphates. To provide sufficient
time and oxygen for oxidation, the point of addition of waste
pickle liquor should be the influent end of the aeration tank.
Handling, storage, bulk delivery, etc., are similar to ferric
chloride.
Ferric Chloride
Ferric chloride is normally used in the liquid form
although it is available in the dry form in drums. The
reddish-brown liquid is corrosive and stains concrete. With
proper dilution, fairly low temperatures can be tolerated. For
outside storage in Ontario, heated, fibre-glass reinforced
plastic storage tanks should be used. All other equipment used
(pumps, feed lines,etc. ) should be heat treated and able to
handle corrosive liquids since commercial ferric chloride
solution (and pickle liquor) contains strong acid. The acid in
solution and the acid produced when ferric chloride is added
is normally neutralized by natural alkalinity in the
wastewater. Additional alkalinity (lime, caustic soda) may
have to be added to wastewaters with low alkalinity. The
ferric chloride can be added to either raw sewage or in the
secondary section. Experience indicates that the latter point
of addition yields better results at lower costs. The ferric
ions (Fe+3) combine with the orthophosphate to produce a
precipitate (iron phosphate) and with the hydroxyl ion to
produce a floe (ferric hydroxide).
Alum
Alum is easier to handle than lime and is somewhat less
corrosive than ferric chloride. It is usually purchased in
liquid form, although it can be procured in 100 Ib bags in dry
form. The aluminum ions (Al+3) combine with the orthophosphate
to form a precipitate (aluminum phosphate) and with the
hydroxyl ions in the water to form a floe (aluminum
hydroxide). It also produces an acid (sulphuric acid) which
may be neutralized by the alkalinity available in the sewage
or by added alkalinity.
44
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Alum is delivered and stored in liquid form and as for
ferric chloride, involves a large capital outlay for storage
tanks and ancillary equipment. As alum crystallizes at fairly
high temperatures, heating of tanks and feed lines is also
necessary.
Alum can be added to either the raw sewage for phosphorus
removal in the primary clarifiers, or in the aeration tank
effluent. At most Ministry of the Environment secondary
treatment plants, addition is made to the secondary section of
the plant in the aeration effluent.
Hydrated Lime
Lime is employed because it is comparatively inexpensive.
A portion of lime reacts with the orthophosphate to form an
insoluble compound. The remaining lime and the magnesium
either in the sewage or introduced in the lime form a floe
causing the precipitated phosphates and other suspended solids
to settle quickly. Lime also reacts with the Co 2 in the
wastewater to form calcium carbonate.
Bulk lime is delivered in 10 or 20 ton loads and blown
into a storage hopper or slurry make-up tank. The quantity
normally required makes the use of fifty pound bags
impractical. Dry storage works well, although problems can
result unless the lime remains dry, there are no uncalcined
pebbles, and if there is sufficient and constant water
pressure for slurry make-up. Slurry storage involves a large
capital outlay, unloading of the bulk lime is less than clean
and if the slurry is not used quickly it will lose some of its
effectiveness.
Lime should normally be added to the raw sewage ahead of
the primary clarifier. Dosage can be most effectively
controlled by maintaining the pH of the primary effluent at
about 9.5. A lower pH will probably not produce the right
conditions for the reactions to proceed quickly and
effectively, the phosphorus being carried over with the solids
in the effluent. A high pH (>8.4) could inhibit biological
growth in the mixed liquor. The primary effluent can be low in
BOD because of the additional removal of organic materials by
the lime.
Lime is particularly suitable from an economic point of
view in waters of low alkalinity. Despite handling
difficulties, lime will produce an effluent from which most of
the heavy metals have been removed by precipitation as
hydroxides and which has been softened to some extent. In some
areas, because of a combination of factors, lime is the only
viable choice. Digestion of lime sludge appears not to be a
problem.
45
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PROCESS CONTROL PROBLEMS
Those likely to be encountered with ferric chloride,
pickle liquor and alum include:
1. If added to the raw sewage:
a. increased raw sludge removal is required because
of increased sludge volumes and lower sludge
solids concentration. Increased raw sludge volumes
could cause digester problems due to hydraulic
overload.
b. The raw sludge may be acidic (pH < 7.0) and could
cause problems with anaerobic digestion.
Alkalinity (lime) may have to be added to the
digester.
2. If added to the aeration tank:
a. sludge return and sludge wasting have to be
increased to prevent excessive sludge
accumulations in the clarifier and to prevent the
formation of a non-volatile, inert mixed liquor.
b. High dosages to the aeration tank could result in
a mixed liquor with a low pH at which the
precipitated phosphates may redissolve and
biological growth may be retarded. Addition of
alkalinity (lime, caustic soda) to the aeration
tank will be necessary to counter this problem.
3. Feeding the chemicals at a constant rate (X ml/min)
could lead to one or more of the aforementioned
problems if extreme variations in daily flows are
encountered at the plant. Pacing chemical addition
according to incoming flows is therefore recommended.
4. Chemical addition for phosphorus removal usually
results in increased removals of toxic heavy metals
from the wastewater and this could result in high
levels of heavy metals in the digested sludge and
could make this sludge unsuitable for disposal on farm
land.
Process control problems likely to be encounterd with lime
include:
1. The sludge produced, if high magnesium lime is used,
tends to be fluffy and may float above the scraper
mechanism of the clarifiers if it is allowed to build
up. Normally, "High Calcium" lime does not give this
problem.
46
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2. The deposition of precipitate at points of turbulence
and on all surfaces generally. Clarifier weirs and
channels must be cleaned often and pipes flushed to
prevent clogging. Recirculation of primary sludge will
reduce this problem substantially.
3. Because the amount of sludge produced is greater,
sludge must be removed from the primary clarifier more
often.
4. pH control in the aeration tank. A close check must be
maintained to keep the pH below 8.4 to prevent
destruction of biological sludge.
5. Overdosing with lime may cause digester upsets.
SUMMARY
Table 6-1 summarizes the use of lime, alum and ferric
chloride in phosphorus removal.
SUMMARY
Table 6-1 summarizes the use of lime, alum and ferric
chloride in phosphorus removal.
Table 6-1 CHEMICAL ADDITION FOR PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL
CHEMICAL
POINT OF
ADDITION
COMMENT
Lime
Raw Sewage
Lime
Ferric Chloride
Pickle Liquor
Alum
Ferric Chloride
Pickle Liquor
Alum
Final
Effluent
(Tertiary
System)
Raw Sewage
Aeration
Tank
Increased raw sludge concen-
trations and volumes, higher
raw sludge pH.
Primary effluent will have
lower BOD, higher pH values
Maintain close check on
aeration tank - pH should
not go over 8.4.
Additional clarifier needed.
Problems with chemical
sludge volumes.
Slight decrease in raw
sludge concentrations pos-
sible, increased sludge
volumes.
Primary effluent BOD values
lower.
Decrease in aeration tank
volatile solids, increased
activated sludge return and
wasting required, resulting
in changes in raw sludge
concentration. Pickle
liquor added to aeration
influent.
47
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DOSAGE
Control
Influent conditions cannot be used as a basis for
determining the dosage required to produce the required
effluent (1.0 mg/1) or 80% removal because:
1. Sewage is complex and variable mixture of organic and
inorganic compounds.
2. Removal is not only a function of the completeness of
chemical reactions but also of the degree of
flocculation adsorption and sedimentation.
Dosage must be determined for each plant on the basis of
experience gained from jar testing, full scale testing and
recent operations. The procedure for phosphorus determination
is described in Topic 15.
If the plant is not producing an effluent which meets the
standard, the operator can control the process of phosphorus
removal by employing one or more of the following:
1. Changes in dosage.
2. Sludge wasting.
3. Changes in pH by addition of lime or soda ash.
4. Investigate use of other chemicals.
5. Change point of chemical addition.
Calculations
In calculating chemical dosage, the operator must bear in
mind that the active ingredient of the chemical added is only
the metal ion; e.g. calcium (Ca+2), aluminum (Al+3), ferric
(Fe+3). One therefore calculates the amount of Fe+3 required
to reduce the phosphorus and must then determine the amount of
ferric chloride solution required which contains Fe+3, acid
and water. See Mathematics for Operators page 50.
Chemical Dosage Calculation for Phosphorus Removal
Examples;
In a plant with an average flow of 4.0 MGD ferric chloride
is used at a dosage of 10 mg/1 Fe+3 added after the aeration
tanks. What ferric chloride flow rate measured in ml/min is
needed?
48
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Data: weight of ferric chloride is 14.1 Ib/gallon
Ferric chloride contains 14.0% wt/wt Fe+3
Ferric chloride contains 41.0% wt/wt Fed-
1. Step by Step Calculations
10/mg/l Fe+3 = ^ x 4,000,000 G/D = 400 Ib/D of Fe+3
therefore liquid ferric chloride (FeCl_) needed =
400 = 2857 Ib/D
hence volume of liquid FeCl., needed =
2857 Ib/D x .} f ., = 202.6 G/D
14 . 1 ID
hence ml/min of liquid FeCl,, =
1/10 c. ^ /™ 1 day 1 hr 4546 ml ,._ _ ...
202.6 G/D x „. ,• x 77: - :— x - - - = 639.7 ml/mm
24 hr 60 mm G zzn^^^^^^i
2. Calculation by Formula:
ml/min = (dosage mg/1) (plant flow MOD) _ x . =
(% active chemical (weight of chemical
as fraction) Ib/gal)
i / i (10 mg/1) (4. MGD) (31. 57) _ ,
ml/min = ^- — rrr — rr — rr - = 639. 7 ml/mm
49
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Training Sample 5
"Conventional Activated Sludge - Design and Operation
Parameters"
BASIC ACTIVATED SLUDGE
Kirkwood Community College
Cedar Rapids, Iowa
1977
OBJECTIVES
1. Using the "typical conventional activated sludge
flow schematic," show the typical design values for:
a. Aeration tank detention time.
b. Final settling tank surface overflow rate
c. Return sludge flow pump capacity
2. Given aeration tank dimensions, clarlfier dimensions,
flows, and appropriate plant data, calculate:
a. Aeration tank detention time
b. Clarifier surface settling rate
c. Lbs. of BOD to aeration
d. Lbs. of solids under aeration
e. F/M
INSTRUCTIONAL AIDS
1. Transparencies
2. Handout
3. Calculator
INSTRUCTIONAL APPROACH
1. Lecture
2. Discussion
3. In class problem solution
REFERENCES
1. WPCF MOP 11
2. N.Y. Manual
TOPIC
Design and Operation Parameters
50
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INSTRUCTOR OUTLINE
An operator should know what the generally "accepted"
design parameters are for the conventional activated sludge
process units. The "Recommended Standards for Sewage Works"
and the "New York Manual" values are shown on Student Handout
II. The operator must realize that these are the design
numbers. The operator must deal with that which exists, i.e.
the daily flow variation, the daily load variation, the
weekend changes, the seasonal changes, the new industry, the
industry that shut down and on and on.
The point is that design is probably past history to the
operator. The operator faces operation or operational
parameters. It then behooves the operator to routinely
calculate operational parameters i.e. to document flows,
loading, detention times, process performance, etc.
1. Aeration Tank Detention Time
First notice that the design value is based on the
design flow alone. This detention time will be called
aeration tank detention time at flow. Understand,
however, that the true hydraulic detention time must
include the return sludge flow into the aeration tank.
This detention time will be called aeration tank
detention time at total flow.
Figure 4 is an example problem. If time permits and a
student has ''real" plant dimensions and flow data,
solve the problem with the real data.
2. Clarifier Surface Overflow Rate
Notice the three flow values in this problem;
clarifier influent, clarlfier effluent, and clarifier
sludge flow. The correct flow (clarifier effluent)
must be used for this calculation.
See Figure 5 - Overflow Rate Calculation Example
3. Clarifier Detention Time
The critical value again is flow. The detention time
is calculated from the clarifier influent. Use a mean
clarifier depth of 10 feet and a clarifier influent
flow of 2.8 MGD to complete the calculation.
Figure 5 - encourage use of "real" data for additonal
calculation practice. The operators should be able to
furnish at least approximate dimensions and flow data.
51
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CONVENTIONAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE DESIGN PARAMETERS
New York Reconmended Standards
Manual For Sewage Works
Aeration Tank
Detention Time *(Hrs.) 6 - 8 ** 6-7.5
Oxygen (cu. ft. air/lb. BOD) 1,500 1,500
Organic Load (i.e. BOD/1000
cu. ft. 30 - 40
Secondary Clarifier
Surface Overflow (Gal. sq. ft./
day) 800 600 - 800
Detention Time (Mrs.) 2-3
Clarifier Sludge Flow (%) 20 - 30 15 - 75
*Based on design flow
"Diffused air, for mechanical aerators 9-12
52
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RETURN !
FLOW = (
AERATION TANK t
INFLUENT =0.3
5LUDGE
1 1 . nn1
J.I • UU
7 20'
y / /
' ' A
\
AERATION TANK W
/AERATION TANK
EFFLUENT
VOLUME = LEN.GTH X WIDTH X DEPTH = 20 X 80 X 12
VOLUME = 19,200 CUBIC FEET X 7.48 GAL./CUBIC FEET
VOLUME = 143,616 GALLONS
FLOW IN =.3 MGD +.1 MGD =.4 MGD
VOLUME X 24
FLOW IN
DETENTION TIME
FLOW IN
DETENTION TIME * J43j,616__ X 24
400,000
DETENTION TIME =8.6 HOURS
FIGURE 4
DETENTION TIME CALCULATION EXAMPLE
-------
60' DIAMETER
-] HGD
PRIMARY
SLUDGE
FLOW
SURFACE AREA - 1T^_ = 3.14 X 602 2,826 SQ. FT.
4 4
OVERFLOW RATE - EFFLUENT
SURFACE AREA
= 2.100.000
OVERFLOW RATE = 743 GAL./SQ. FT./DAY
FIGURE 5
OVERFLOW RATE CALCULATION EXAMPLE
54
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4. Pounds of BOD to Aeration (F)
5. Pounds of Solids Under Aeration (M)
Some operators use mixed liquor volatile suspended
solids for this calculation. That's fine - just be
consistent i.e. if volatile solids are being used,
always use them and make appropriate notes in the
plant data and trend charts.
See Figure 6 — Organic Load Calculation Example.
6. F/M
Point out that this ratio is comparing the food to the
organisms available to "eat" the food.
55
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PRIMARY EFFLUENT BOD = 150 MG/L
PRIMARY EFFLUENT FLOW =0.3 MGD
AERATION TANK VOLUME = 19,200 CUBIC FEET
AERATION TANK VOLUME = 143,616 GALLONS
MIXED LIQUOR SUSPENDED SOLIDS = 2,000 MG/L
POUNDS OF BOD/DAY = 150 X 0.4 X 8.34 = 500 LBS/DAY
POUNDS BOD/DAY = 500 = 26 LBS BOD/DAY/1000 CUBIC FEET
VOLUME (1,000 CUBIC FEET) 19.2
POUNDS MIXED LIQUOR SOLIDS = .143616 X 2,000 X 8.34
POUNDS MIXED LIQUOR SOLIDS = 2,396 LBS
POUNDS BOD/DAY = 500 = 0.21
POUNDS MIXED LIQUOR SOLIDS 2396"
FIGURE 6
ORGANIC LOAD CALCULATION- EXAMPLE
56
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Training Sample 6
"Control Procedures - Constant F/M Ratio"
INTERMEDIATE ACTIVATED SLUDGE
Kirkwood Community College
Cedar Rapids, Iowa
1977
OBJECTIVES
1. List the process control parameters used to maintain a
constant F/M ratio control and testing, (the flows and
the laboratory analysis)
2. List the usual range of "accepted" F/M ratios.
3. List three disadvantages to control by this method.
4. Given appropriate data, calculate
a. Food (F)
b. Micoorganisms (M)
c. F/M
5. Given a basic conventional activated sludge
schematic, label flows and concentrations, and list
the mass balance equations.
6. Given appropriate data, utilizing the mass balance
equation, solve for return sludge concentration needed
for a given level of mixed liquor suspended solids.
7. Given appropriate data, calculate sludge weight to
concentration ratio.
INSTRUCTIONAL AIDS
1. Transparencies
INSTRUCTIONAL APPROACH
1. Lecture
2. Discussion
3. In class problem solution
REFERENCES
1. WPCF MOP 11
2. PART III A - Operational Control Procedures for the
Activated Sludge Process
57
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TOPIC
Control Procedures - Constant F/M
INSTRUCTOR OUTLINE
The second control procedure to be reviewed is control to
aconstant F/M ratio. In order to control by maintenance of a
constant F/M ratio it is necessary to routinely determine the
strength of the load (BOD, COD, TOC e.g.), the concentration
of solids under aeration (MLVSS or MLSS), raw sewage flow, and
calculate values for F and M in order to determine if
increased or decreased waste sludge flow is in order.
It is generally accepted that values for F/M should fall
within the range of 0.1 to 0.5.
The disadvantages to control by this technique include:
1. The difficulty in obtaining a timely value of F (BOD
is 5 day determination).
2. MLVSS determinations are not necessarily true measures
of M (paper and dead cells show up as MLVSS).
3. Inability to make instantaneous changes in aeration
tank solids concentrations.
4. F/M by itself gives little assistance to operator
relative to return sludge flow adjustments.
The workshop began with a problem from Student Handout 1.
If there was no difficulty with the problem, proceed. If there
are any questions with solving for F or M or the F/M ratio,
work another problem using data from the students.
One of the most significant parts of this module deals
with the "mass balance equation." The operator must come to
grips with this equation if he is to rise to an improved
understanding of the activated sludge process. The starting
point is the process flow schematic. The second step is to
label all flows and to assign symbols to these flows and the
concentration of solids in each "pipe."
See Figure 1 - Conventional Activated Sludge Process
Schematic.
Recall that there is an equation which has been used in
this module to solve for pounds, pounds of BOD or solids. You
should recognize the following equations:
1. Pounds solids = Cone, (mg/1) x Volume (mg) x 8.34
58
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Ol
CO
XSF (mgd)
RSTSS (ng/1)
CSF (mgd)
RSTSS (mg/1)
RSF (mgd)
RSTSS (mg/1)
API (mgd)
PETSS (mg/1)
Aeration Tank
TFL (mgd)
MLTSS (mg/1)
CONVENTIONAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PROCESS SCHEMATIC
Figure 1
-------
2. Pounds solids per day = Cone, (mg/1) x Flow (mgd) x
8.34
The mass balance equation has as its simple premise: Mass
in equals mass out.
Let's take out one step backward before moving ahead. A
flow balance should be readily understood. The flow balance
premise is: Flow in equals flow out. Notice the different
relationships when the tanks are full. Flow balance is
important in that sometimes process flow data can be
calculated on occasion if some measured flow data is
available. Flow balance equations should be done in your (the
student's) facility. (See Figure 2 - Flow Balance)
Return now to the mass balance equation: Mass in equals
mas s out.
Pounds will be the units of mass for our use. The equation
now becomes: Pounds in equals pounds out.
Figure 3 is identical to Figure 1 except the aeration tank
and clarifier have shrunk. The mass (pound) balance
relationships should now be evident. The mass balance around
the clarifier results in the following:
TFL x MLTSS x 8.34 = CSF x RSTSS x 8.34 + CFO x FETSS
x 8.34
First the 8.34 can be divided out resulting in:
TFL x MLTSS = CSF x RSTSS + CFO x FETSS
Next, FETSS, if final effluent quality is good,
approaches zero. (At the very least it is very much
smaller than either MLTSS and/or RSTSS).
The equation then becomes:
TFL x MLTSS = CSF x RSTSS
Moving around the system:
CSF x RSTSS = RSF x RSTSS + XSF x RSTSS
If there is no sludge being wasted, XSF = 0
CSF x RSTSS = RSF x RSTSS
Finally the mass balance around the aeration tank:
TFL x MLTSS = RSF x RSTSS + API x PETSS
60
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XSF
CSF
RSF
API
TFL
CFO
Flow In » Flow out
TFL = AFI + RSF
TFL = CFO + CSF
CSF = RSF + XSF
Figure 2 - Flow Balance
-------
^ XSF (mgd) _ CSF (mgd)
RSTSS (mg/1)
RSTSS (mg/1)
RSF (mgd)
RSTSS (mg/1)
AFI (mqd) if TFL (mqd)
^•i
PETSS (mg/1) MLTSS (mg/1)
1
&f
^^ ^ CFO (mgd)
FETSS (mp/1)
Pounds/day • Flow (mgd) x Cone, (mg/1) x 8.34
Pounds in a Pounds out
Figure 3
MASS BALANCE
-------
These equations do have significance for the operator.
The mass balance around the clarifier resulted in the
following equation:
TFL x MLTSS = CSF x RSTSS
If XSF = 0
(AFI + RSF) x MLTSS = RSF x RSTSS
AFI x MLTSS + RSF x MLTSS = RSF x RSTSS
RSF x (RSTSS - MLTSS) = AFI x MLTSS
RSF = (AFI x MLTSS)/(RSTSS - MLTSS)
This relationship can be of assistance to the operator
trying to control to a constant aeration tank solids
concentration of F/M control. It is most important to
understand that this relationship presumes no accumulation of
solids in the clarifier. Other relationships can be derived
and will be in subsequent topics of this module.
The centrifuge can be utilized as an operational test
device and its use should be incorporated. It does not replace
gravimetric solids determinations. It rather expands the
operator's capability.
There are accepted, even required procedures for
"self-monitoriag" data. But, that does not mean that a test or
analysis not in "Standard Methods" is not appropriate as a
control test. Use of the centrifuge for solids concentration
determinations falls into this category. Percent solids by
volume can be easily determined using American Petroleum
Institute (API) centrifuge tubes. Determine aeration tank
concentration (ATC) and Return Sludge Concentration (RSC). The
equation:
RSF = (AFI x MLTSS)/(RSTSS - MLTSS)
Becomes:
RSF = (AFI x ATC)/(RSC - ATC)
The centrifuge values can be rapidly determined and this
test and equation can be made a part of control procedure.
This relationship can be manipulated to give an expression
for the return sludge concentration (RSC). The expression is:
RSC = (AFI + RSF) x ATC/RSF
The expression for RSF impl? 3s that given mixed liquor and
return sludge concentrations and a level of flow into the
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aeration tank, the return sludge flow to maintain that system
in balance can be found.
The expression for RSC implies that given the flow values
and mixed liquor concentration, the return sludge
concentration necessary to maintain a balanced system can be
found.
However, there is nothing quite so simple. First of all
the activated sludge process is a biological (living) process.
The mass balance presented does not take into account the
growth of new sludge in the aeration tank. The second concern
is that the expression does not take into account the storage
of sludge on occasion in the secondary clarifier. Finally the
substituion for ATC = MLTSS and RSC = RSTSS assumes an
identity relationship.
In other words ATC times a constant = MLTSS and RSC times
a constant = RSTSS. If such were the case, gravimetric solids
determinations could be replaced with solids determination by
centrifuge, which is much easier. Such is generally not true,
but the relationship and its relative change is worthy of
consideration. Part III A terms this the "Sludge weight-to-
concentration ratio" (WCR). The key is not the exactness of
the numbers shown, rather the trend. In other words a WCR of
800 does not necessarily mean that your sludge is "normal."
Your centrifuge may not rotate at the identical RPM's to the
one used in Part II A. The operator watches the trend of the
WCR in his plant. Increasing WCR's indicate the sludge is
becoming relatively "older." Decreasing WCR's indicate the
sludge is becoming relatively "younger."
To solve for WCR requires only the gravimetric mixed
liquor solids determination and solids by centrifuge.
WCR = MLTSS/ATC
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Training Sample 7
Review from Activated Sludge - Trend Charts"
ADVANCED ACTIVATED SLUDGE
Kirkwood Community College
Cedar Rapids, Iowa
1977
OBJECTIVES
1. Discuss settling curves
2. Discuss concentration curves
3. Discuss process flows (raw, primary sludge, return,
and waste activated sludge).
4. Discuss sludge blanket levels
5. Discuss effluent quality curves
INSTRUCTIONAL AIDS
1. Transparencies (Trend Charts)
INSTRUCTIONAL APPROACH
1. Lecture
2. In-class problem solving
REFERENCES
1. Part III-A
TOPIC
Trend Charts
INSTRUCTOR OUTLINE
Process control takes on a new dimension when trend charts
are a part of process control decision making. This lesson
plan provides trend figures which display about 13 weeks of
data opposed to true, daily maintained trend charts. They are
missing the all important daily operational notes of unusual
circumstances or events.
The following trend charts are included in the lesson.
packet:
1. Settled sludge volume - Figure 7
2. Settled sludge concentration - Figure 8
3. Depth of sludge blanket - Figure 9
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4. Turbidity, Final effluent - Figure 10
5. Aeration tank COD load - Figure 11
6. Final clarifier overflow rate - Figure 12
7. Oxygen uptake test results - Figure 13
8. Weight to concentration ratio - Figure 14
Transparencies of these figures should be made to display
several of these transparencies at the same time.
Discussion of these trend charts should include but not
necessarily be limited to:
1. The equation WCR = MLTSS/ATC. Notethat this ratio is
most certainly not constant. Compare the improved
settling characteristics to this increase in WCR.
The COD load curve, overflow rate, and final effluent
turbidity should be displayed simultaneously. Notice
that hydraulic overloads do not occur, rather organic
load does occur with a resultant degradation of
effluent quality.
Other combinations should generate discussion.
Any questions on the logistics of trend charting
should be resolved. It is suggested that 10 square by
10 square per inch graph paper does not lend itself to
trend charts as the units of time (the horizontal
scale) can be confusing. There is available graph
paper graduated 12 squares per inch horizontal by 20
squares per inch vertical.
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Training Sample 8
"Activated Sludge-Aeration and Sedimentation''
STANDARD OPERATING JOB PROCEDURES FOR WASTE WATER TREATMENT
PLANT UNIT OPERATIONS S.O.J.P. No. 5
Charles County Community College
LaPlata, Maryland
1972
OBSERVATION
1. Observe surface of aeration tank once every 2 hours
a. Good mixing, minimum of dead spots
b. Color-red brown to brown
c. Odor-like earth
d Foam, color and amount
e. Foam control sprays on
TRAINING GUIDE NOTE: VI 1, 2, 3, and 4
2. Observe surface of clarifiers once every 2 hours
a. Minimum of scum
b. Minimum of rising sludge
c. Minimum suspended materials
TRAINING GUIDE NOTE: VII-1, VI-5, VI-6, VI-7
3. Check clarifier sludge blanket and record once every 2
hours
a. Level between 1/4 - 1/2 tank depth
TRAINING GUIDE NOTE: VI-8
4. Observe flow over clarifier weirs
a. Even flow
b. Weirs clean
TRAINING GUIDE NOTE: VI-9
5. Observe return sludge flow
a. Color brown to red-brown
b. Odor-earthy
c. Even smooth flow
TRAINING GUIDE NOTE: VI-2, VI-3, III-l
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EQUIPMENT CHECKING (every 4 hours)
1. Check blower and record headings
a. Suction gauge near zero
b. Oil temperature per mfg. specs.
c. Oil pressure per mfg. specs.
d. Cooling water flow at set point
e. Ammeters per mfg. spec.
f. Phase angle indicator greater than p.85
g. Bearing temperature per mfg. specs.
h. Vibration monitor within specs.
TRAINING GUIDE NOTE: V-44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49
2. Check return sludge pumps and record readings
a. Bearing temperature per mfg. specs.
b. Motor temperature per mfg. specs.
c. Coupling quiet and smooth
d. Record pump output from magnetic flow meter
e. Check seal water flow
f. Check discharge pressure
TRAINING GUIDE NOTE: V-48, 50, 51, 52, 52,
XIII-1
3. Check waste sludge pump and record readings
a. Same as return sludge pump check
TRAINING'GUIDE NOTE: V-48, 50, 51, 52, XIII-1
4. Check Parshall Flume
a. Clean, no obstructions
b. Purge bubbler tume
c. Record reading
TRAINING GUIDE NOTE: XI-1, VI-8, XIII-1
EQUIPMENT ADJUSTMENTS
1. Adjust aeration blower output
a. As required to maintain > 1.0 and < 3.0 mg/1 D.O.
throughout aeration tank (see Process Control)
b. Adjust manual control slowly
2. Adjust return sludge flow rate
a. As required by process demand (see Process
Control
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3. Adjust waste sludge pumping rate
a. As required by process demand (see Process
Control)
NOTE RECORD ALL OBSERVATIONS AND READINGS
HOUSEKEEPING
1. Clean effluent weirs
a. Daily
b. To maintain even overflow
TRAINING GUIDE NOTE: V-53, XI1-5
2. Clean clarifier center
a. Daily
b. To prevent odors and maintain free flow
TRAINING GUIDE NOTE: V-53, XII-5
3. Clean aeration tank walls
a. At water level
b. Once every 2 weeks
c. To prevent odors
TRAINING GUIDE NOTE: V-53, XII-5
4. Clean distribution channels and Parshall Flume
a. Every other day
b. To maintain accurate flow measurement
c. To prevent odors
TRAINING GUIDE NOTE: V-53, XII-5
5. Clean clarifier walls
a. At water level
b. Twice a week
c. To remove algae and grease
TRAINING GUIDE NOTE: V-53, XII-5
6. Clean all pumps, motors and blowers
a. Daily
b. While shut down
c. To maintain cleanliness and increase equipment
life
TRAINING GUIDE NOTE: V-54, XII-6
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7. Clean control panel(s)
a. Daily
b. To maintain appearance and operation
c. To prevent accidental starts or stops
TRAINING GUIDE NOTE: V-55, XII-7
8. Clean structures and walkways
a. To prevent falls
b. Always keep clean and free of debris, hoses and
tools
TRAINING GUIDE NOTE: XII-8
9. Clean piping and valves
a. To maintain function and top appearance
TRAINING GUIDE NOTE: V-56
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TRAINING GUIDE
Educational Concepts - Science, Section III
1. III-l (C-I.2.1.4), (C.I.5.3), (C-I.2.6.1)
Examination of the aeration tank solids and the return
sludge solids can be very revealing of the state of
oxidation of the organisms. Examination requires only a
simple microscope with reasonable resolution at 100 power.
A slide should be prepared using a drop of well mixed
sample with a coverslip placed over it. The floe should
have crisp clean edges and a large variety of protozoa
should be present. The presence of many small flagellates
and strings extending out of and mixed in the floe
indicates an underoxidized, young floe. If the floe is
small with crisp edges and many large rotifers are
present, the floe is overoxidized. The presence of a
variety of types and many protozoa indicated a balance
process. In many cases, the organism balance in the
process will indicate problems in the process long before
they actually occur.
2.
III-2 (C-I.5.9.10)
pH Control. In adding coagulant aids always monitor the
aeration tank pH using a pH meter. Many coagulants are
acidic or basic and any pH range outside of 6.0-8.0 will
affect the microorganisms adversely and halt biological
action.
Process Equipment - Section IV
1. V-38 (B.I.3.1)
Examine all potential drainage places from aeration tanks,
clarifiers, and return lines. Any unplanned Isoses could
upset the process or prevent establishment of a culture.
2. V-39 (B.I.4.1)
Start blowers as soon as spargers are covered to prevent
plugging.
3. V-40 (B.I.4.2)
Remove locks and close circuit breaker. Push start button.
4. V-41 (B.I.4.4)
Fifty percent of rated output will bring blower output up
above surge point and supply all air necessary for
start-up. Reference - Mfg. Specifications.
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5. V-42 (B.I.5.1)
Water just covering suction arms will reduce apparent
weight of arms and make start easier. Observe arm rotation
for smooth, even operation. Any roughness or stops call
for immediate stopping and draining of all equipment and
corrective maintenance. References - Mfg. Specifications
and Plant Manual
6. V-43 (B.I.7.1) (B.I.8.1) (B.I.8.2) (B.I.8.3)
Push start button and set initially to 50% of plant flow.
Make adjustments later by process demand. (See Process
Control Section).
7. V-44 (C.2.1.1)
Any steady deviation on the negative side of 0 for the
blower intake indicates plugging filters. These should be
cleaned.
8. V-45 (C.2.1.2) (C.2.1.3) (C.2.1.4)
Generally in the 90-150 degree range oil temperature; oil
pressure generally 20-30 psi on blower. Cooling water
adequate to keep oil temperature within specifications.
References - Mfg. Specifications and Plant Manual
9. V-46 (C.2.1.5)
Ammeters must be in normal range. If otherwise serious
problems are occurring and immediate shutdown is
advisable. Reference - Mfg. Specifications
10. V-47 (C.2.1.6)
A power factor greater than 0.85 is required through most
of the nation. Penalties are usually attached to P.F.
loadings less than this on either the lead or log side. A
rheostat is usually supplied for correction.
References - Mfg. Specifications and Plant Manual
11. V-48 (C.2.3.1) (C.2.1.7) (C.2.2.1)
High bearing temperatures will usually coincide with high
oil temperatures which generally means a shutdown and
repair are called for. References - Mfg. Specifications
and Morrow
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12. V-49 (C.2.1.8)
Vibration monitoring is unusual in smaller installations
but can give immediate or trend information on equipment
failure or problems. Reference - Morrow
13. V-50 (C.2.2.2) (C.2.3.1)
A 40 C rise motor will feel very hot to the touch and
caution should be used not to burn your hands. Experience
will tell you when the motor is too hot.
14. V-51 (C.2.3.1) (C.2.2.3)
A noisy coupling indicates overload or mechanical damage
due to misalignment. Call maintenance.
15. V-52 (C.2.2.4) (C.2.2.6) (C.2.3.1)
Pump output (flow) and pump discharge pressure are keys to
the condition of the pump and piping. Learn the normal
values. Drastic, uncalled for changes can lead to early
discovery of malfunction.
16. V-53 (C.4.1.2) (C.4.2.2) (C.4.3.1) (C.4.4.1) (C.4.5.1)
Cleaning of all structures at the water level is an
absolute requirement on a routine basis. Failure to do so
will create an unhealthy, nauseous, stinking mess, due to
slime, grease and algal accumulations. Use a high pressure
sprayer or high pressure hose.
17. V-54 (C.4.6.1)
Clean equipment is easier to maintain, makes malfunctions
show more readily (e.g. oil leaks) and prevents equipment
damage from mechanical junk getting into working parts.
18. V-55 (C.4.7.2)
A control panel with extra materials on it can make
operation confusing and unsafe.
Process Flow - Characterization - Section VI
1. VI-1 (C.I.1.1)
The surface of the aeration tank should have an even roll
with no dead spots. Particularly watch for plugged
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sprayers. A dye test may be required at first to determine
whether or not a dead core may exist in a spiral flow
aeration tank. If this is so, major modifications of air
supply may be necessary. Reference - Activated Sludge
Process Operational Control, A. West P.E., EPA,
Cincinnati, Ohio
2. VI-2 (C.I.1.2) (C.I.5.1)
The color of the sludge should be a reddish brown. Any
other variations may be caused by dyes or colored
compounds in the influent, underoxidation causing the
sludge to get very dark or to tend toward gray.
3. VI-3 (C.I.1.3) (C.I.5.2)
Pick up a handful of loamy earth and compare the odors.
Any other odor means trouble, usually overloading and
underoxidation.
4. VI-4 (C.I.1.4) (D.3.1.1) (D.4.1.1) (D.3.2.1)
There will usually be some small amount of light brown
foam. If the foam is white and abundant, the aeration
solids concentration is too low. If it is heavy and dark
the aeration tank solids are too heavy. These are only
guidelines and adequate testing must be done before
corrections are made.
5. VI-5 (C.I.2.1)
Even ideal control will leave some scum on the clarifiers.
The amount will be small and the skimming devices should
clean it all on each pass.
6. VI-6 (C.I.2.2)
There will always be some small amount of floe varying
from very fine to 1mm in diameter rising in the
clarifiers, even under good control. The amount should be
very small and not sufficient to interfere with turbidity
measurements.
7. VI-7 (C.I.2.3)
Some suspended materials (5 mg/1 or so) will be present.
This should not interfere with the turbidity readings.
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8. VI-8 (C.I.3.1) (C.2.4.1)
Using an air lift or light device, determine the sludge
blanket depth. Anything less than 1/2 the tank depth
indicates process trouble.
9. VI-9 (C.I.4.1) (C.I.4.2)
An even flow over the weirs prevents short circuiting and
consequent hydraulic upsets leading to excess solids in
the effluent.
10. VI-10 (D.I.2.1)
Bulking sludge. The solids concentration in the clarifier
will be almost the same from the top to bottom. There will
be no area of clear supernate on the clarifiers or if
there is it will be minimum and the blanket will be
visible just below the surface. The effluent solids will
be almost equal to the aeration tank solids. This will
occur even below design flows.
11. VI-11 (D.2.1.1) (D.5.1.1)
Excessive solids carry-over can be of several forms. Very
small pinhead floe going over the weirs indicates over-
oxidized sludge. Large chunks of light brown materials
indicate nitrification and denitrlfication or too much air
and aeration tank solids too heavy. Dark brown to black
chunks indicate septicity.
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Training Sample 9
"The Activated Sludge Process"
Wastewater Treatment Plant Operator Training Program
Water Pollution Control Federation
Intermediate Course, Vol. A
Part of Unit 5 has been selected as an example
(Pre/posttest and review exercises are included)
UNIT: 5 The Activated Sludge Process (Summary)
Estimated Time: 2.5 hours
Prerequisites: Successful Completion of Basic Course
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
Behaviors exhibited by the student at the end of this unit
include being able to:
1. Briefly define what is meant by flocculation
2. Describe the causes of poor settling
3. Describe reactions throughout an aeration tank
4. Identify variations of the activated sludge process
5. Explain the 30-minute settling test, the sludge
volume index, and the'mixed liquor suspended solids
test
6. Explain the importance of proper DO levels.
UNIT OBJECTIVES
To provide the conceptual information that the student
needs to know about activated sludge.
INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES
1. Handbook for Program Administrator
2. Student Workbook
3. Pre/Posttests
4. Slides/tapes and program audioscript
INSTRUCTOR ACTIVITIES
1. Have the student complete and self-check the pretest
questionnaire .
2. Have the student go through the audio-visual portion
of the Unit and complete review exercises.
3. Provide a discussion period to clarify student
questions or problems encountered in the Unit.
4. Have the student complete the final review exercise.
5. Mark and retain the Posttest questionnaire.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. What is the purpose of the secondary clarifier? How is
what happens in the secondary clarifier different than
what happens in the primary clarifier?
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2. What is the F/M ratio? What would you expect with a
high F/M ratio, and with a low F/M ratio?
3. Why is it important that floe settle at the proper
rate in the secondary clarifier?
4. What is the purpose of the 30-minute settling test,
and how can you use the information you get from it?
5. What are the two variables that determine the rate of
sludge return from the secondary clarifier?
6. The DO level in the aeration basin should not be less
than 1 mg/1, and not more than 3 to 4 mg/1. Why?
7. Why is it important that contents of the aeration tank
be well mixed?
In addition to the Pretest/posttest and review information
given in the student workbook, a summary of the activated
sludge process is provided to supplement the audio-visual
presentation. A sample of that summary information is
provided.
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WWTP OPERATOR TRAINING PROGRAM - INTERMEDIATE COURSE
Summary
Usually it is primary effluent that is treated in the
conventional activated sludge process, although raw wastewater
from the pretreatment processes might flow directly to the
activated sludge process.
Regardless of the setup, there are two main steps in the
activated sludge process:
1. Changing nonsettleable organic materials into
settleable sludge
2. Removing the sludge
It is important that these organic materials are not
allowed to enter receiving waters. Too many organics will
cause rapid growth of bacteria, and this, means that the
overall level of dissolved oxygen in receiving waters will be
reduced. Overloading the assimilation capacity of receiving
waters can result in fish kills and septic conditions in the
immediate area and often for several miles downstream.
In the activated sludge process, we compress the natural
treatment process in time and space, there are two main units
in the activated sludge process: the aeration tank, and the
secondary clarifier.
Aeration Tank; Primary effluent, or sometimes raw
wastewater, goes into an aeration tank. The aeration tank uses
either mechanical or diffused aeration to aerate the
wastewater. A plant usually has at least two aeration tanks to
allow one to be shut down for maintenance. The contents of the
aeration tank are called mixed liquor. This is the mixture of
raw or settled wastewater and the return activated sludge.
Mixed liquor is kept in the aeration tank for about 4 to 8
hours to allow the bacteria enough time to treat the
wastewater. For this treatment to happen, there have to be
enough bacteria, enough dissolved oxygen, and enough contact
between oxygen, bacteria and organics. A healthy activated
sludge in the aeration tank is light to dark brown in color,
and has a smell that is earthy and slightly musty.
Secondary clarifier: Circular clarifiers are most common,
and at least two clarifiers are usually used. The secondary
clarifier is used to settle activated sludge from the
wastewater. This material is fluffier and harder to settle
than materials settled out in the primary clarifier. This
means that the overflow rate has to be lower, and that the
detention time in the secondary clarifier has to be longer,
usually between 2 to 4 hours.
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It is important that the sludge blanket doesn't get too
close to the top of the clarifier, so that floe doesn't start
going out with the effluent. A good secondary clarifier
effluent will look clear and sparkling. Sludge in the
secondary clarifier has to be continuously removed.
The key to the activated sludge process is the return
activated sludge. Sludge from the bottom of the clarifier is
returned to the head of the aeration tank. It is important
that you know how much sludge is being returned, and how much
is being wasted. Not all of the activated sludge collected in
the secondary clarifier is returned to the aeration tank.
Wasting should be done at regular intervals. If some of it
were not wasted, the clarifier would soon fillup with sludge.
The other advantage of wasting or removing sludge is the
removal of some of the older, less active microorganisms
BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES
Because the activated sludge process is an aerobic
process, we are mainly concerned with the aerobic and
facultative bacteria. The organics in the wastewater are used
as food by the bacteria. The bacteria use oxygen during this
process, and this is one reason for aeration in the aeration
tank. The other function of aeration is to provide mixing to
keep the organics, oxygen and bacteria in contact.
The rate of growth of microorganisms will depend on how
much food is available. The ratio of food to the weight of the
microorganisms is called the F/M ratio, and it is the F/M
ratio that determines the growth rate of the microorganisms.
With a high F/M ratio, there will be a lot of growth and
reproduction of the bacteria. With a low F/M ratio, each
microorganism will continue to need oxygen unitl it dies, and
it will keep losing weight during life because cellular
material is being changed to energy.
SETTLING
Some sludges do not flocculate as well as others. One of
the reasons for this poor settling might be that a large
number of micoorganisms in the wastewater are fungi. Because
of their shape, fungi tend to hinder settling. There are other
types of bacteria that grow into chain—like structures, and
look like fungi. These chain-like organisms are called
filamentous organisms.
One of the causes of sludge bulking is filamentous
organisms. Another cause could be a high F/M ratio. The
individual bacteria will be too active to stay in clusters,
and will not flocculate.
Another reason for poor settling is hydraulic overloading.
If there is too much flow coming through the secondary
clarifier, it will cause sludge to rise and go out with the
effluent.
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The other major requirement for a good settling sludge is
the presence of a large number of protozoa. These organisms
eat the bacteria, and in doing so, produce a denser sludge
which settles more readily.
FOLLOWING A PARCEL OF WASTEWATER THROUGH THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE
SYSTEM
At the beginning of the aeration tank, the return
activatedsludge is mixed with the wastewater. There is a high
F/M ratio here. There is rapid growth of bacteria, and a high
demand of oxygen.
In the middle of the aeration tank, the number of
microorganisms has increased. But as this is happening, the
food supply is decreasing. That is, the F/M ratio is becoming
lower. At this point, fewer new cells are being produced. The
amount of oxygen needed by the organisms keeps on decreasing.
At the end of the aeration tank, there is very little food
that remains, and the oxygen requirements are low. The
bacteria are less active and will start to form floes unless
there is too much mixing from aeration. Also, some of the
bacteria may die. This mixed liquor goes on to the secondary
clarifier.
The important condition in the secondary clarifier is the
speed with which the floe settles. If the floe settles too
fast, smaller particles will stay on the top. If the sludge
does not settle fast enough, solids will escape in the
effluent. The settling floe acts like a filter. As it moves
down, it takes the smaller particles with it.
If the sludge has settled properly, the return activated
sludge line will bring hungry microorganisms back to the head
of the aeration tank, where the process starts again. Some of
this activated sludge is wasted to keep the number of
microorganisms at a manageable level. Also, wasting helps keep
the bacteria staying in the system young and active, because
some of the bacteria removed during wasting are old ones.
AERATION
Aeration is important because it supplies dissolved oxygen
to the microorganisms, and because it provides mixing. This
mixing keeps the organisms, organics and oxygen in constant
contact.
The two main systems used to get air into the aeration
tank are the diffused aeration system, and the mechanical
aeration system.
In the diffused aeration system, air is forced through
tubes into the mixed liquor and bubbles up through it. The
amount of oxygen that will be dissolved into the mixed
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liquor depends on the size of the bubbles, and how long it
takes the bubble to reach the surface. The farther down and
the smaller the bubble size, the greater the efficiency of the
aeration unit.
In the mechanical aeration system, a device like a paddle,
wheel or brush is used to mix the mixed liquor and bring it
into contact with the air. The device splashes water into the
air, or air into the water, so that oxygen will be dissolved
in the liquid.
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS VARIATIONS
Extended aeration: In the extended aeration plant,
wastewater is pre-treated, and then goes on to biological
treatment. There is no primary clarification of wastewater
Pre-treated wastewater is aerated in an aeration tank for
about a day, as compaed to 4 to 8 hours in the conventional
system. Also, in the extended aeration plant the mixed liquor
suspended solids concentration is usually more than twice that
of a conventional plant, and the amount of sludge to be wasted
is considerably reduced.
Oxidation ditch: The oxidation ditch operates on the same
principle as the extended aeration plant. The differences are
the shape, and the method used to aerate the wastewater. In
the oxidation ditch, brush rotors provide the aeration and
mixing, and move the liquor around the racetrack.
Contact stabilization: In the contact stablization plant,
there is only a short period, about 30 to 60 minutes, for
mixing raw wastewater and activated sludge. During this time,
the organics collect on the surface of the sludge particles,
and these solids are then settled out. These settled particles
are aerated for another 2 to 6 hours. This allows the bacteria
to complete the stabilization of the organics. The advantage
of this process is that only a smaller quantity of liquid must
be aerated, and this means a saving in aeration tank volume.
Tapered aeration; In the tapered aeration setup, more air
is added to the head of the aeration tank, because this is
where the oxygen demands are the greatest. The oxygen supply
is decreased or tapered throughout the rest of the tank.
Step aeration process: In this setup, settled wastewater
is introduced at several points along the aeration tank. This
gets around the high initial oxygen demand if all of the
wastewater enters at the head of the aeration tank.
OPERATIONAL POINTS
The effluent from the secondary clarifier should look
clear and attractive. To get a good effluent, the sludge
blanket should be in the lower half of the clarifier. You do
not have a good effluent if it looks cloudy or if it has
noticeable solids in it.
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If you are to get a good effluent, then you have to
monitor and control settleability, the solids level, and the
dissolved oxygen level.
The following tests should be performed regularly:
1. Influent: B.O.D.; ph
2. Mixed Liquor: SS, D.O.; settling
3. Return Sludge: SS
4. Clarifier: Sludge Blanket Depth
5. Effluent: B.O.D.; SS; D.O.
Settleability; The sludge has to have good settling
properties if you expect a good effluent. The sludge should be
fairly dense so that enough can be pumped back to the aeration
tank. The sludge blanket should be in the lower half of the
tank.
In a well operated plant, the sludge volume index (SVI)
can be as low as 50. But if SVI values are around 200, the
sludge settling characteristics are quite poor. If it gets any
worse, you can expect a lot of sludge in the plant effluent.
Another good way of finding out about the settleability of
your sludge is to watch it as it settles. You might, for
example, check every five minutes during the 30-minute
settling test. A good sludge settles fairly rapidly during the
first ten minutes. It will compact uniformly, and has a clear
liquid above the sludge. After ten minutes, the settling rate
drops. If a sludge acts like this, you can expect to get a
reading that will give an SVI of 100 to 150.
If you have a very fast settling sludge, you will notice
fast settling during the first five minutes of the 30-minute
settling test, and then the1 settling rate drops. This kind of
sludge settles so quickly that it leaves behind a pin-point
floe. This pin-point floe will not settle and will end up in
the effluent. A very fast settling sludge could be due to a
low F/M ratio. What you might consider doing if you run into
this problem is lower the MLSS level.
A slow settling sludge will settle at a very slow,
constant rate during the time of the 30-minute settling test.
A slow settling sludge usually has an SVI value greater than
200. The probable problem with this kind of sludge is that the
F/M ratio is too high. To solve the problem, you should try
for a higher MLSS level.
Another fast way of checking the settleability of the
sludge is to check the depth of the sludge blanket. If the
sludge is in the lower half of the clarifier, then you
probably have a good settling sludge. This should be checked
daily, so that you realize when there are changes in the
depth. If the blanket is rising, you will have time to correct
the situation before the sludge gets to the top.
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The most common cause of a rising sludge blanket is
hydraulic overloading. If you are overloaded and if the SVI is
about 50 to 100, then you must reduce the flow through the
clarifier.
Solids level; By solids level, we are referring to the
amount of solids in the mixed liquor. The purpose of the mixed
liquor suspended solids test is to measure the amount of
active microorganisms in the aeration tank. Particularly w6
are concerned about the active microorganisms. The MLSS test
measures a number of other things besides active
microorganisms. It is more accurate to do a mixed liquor
volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) test, because this test does
not record the inorganic suspended solids. In any case, the
MLSS concentration in the aeration tank should be kept at the
same level as long as there is not great change in the
strength of the wastewater.
The best mixed liquor suspended solids concentration is
the one which produces a good effluent. You should experiment
to find the best MLSS concentration for your plant.
Oxygen level: The D.O. level should be at least 2 mg/1. If
it is any lower, protozoa will have difficulty growing, and
there will be an increase in the number of filamentous
organisms. Turbulence caused by trying to get the dissolved
oxygen higher than 2 mg/1 wastes energy and might hinder floe
formation.
Usually the D.O. level will be lowest at the inlet end of
the tank and highest at the outlet, with some areas of poor
mixing and low D.O. Also, when influent loads are high, the
D.O. will be low.
The D.O. level should be checked at the same location
twice each shift. These readings will let you know if your
D.O. concentration is what it should be. If the D.O. is too
low, you could increase the amount of air going into the
aeration tank, use extra aeration tanks, or try operating at a
lower MLSS level.
Even with a good D.O. in the aeration tank, you will still
need aeration so that the contents of the tank are well mixed.
Poor mixing will mean low D.O. and maybe even anaerobic
conditions in some part of the aeration tank. Also, there
might be sludge settling out in these areas.
When you look at the tank, there should not be any "dead"
areas, or areas where there is no mixing.
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Training Sample 10
"A Prototype for Development of Routine Operational Procedures
for the pH Determination of Wastewater and Wastewater
Treatment Plant Effluents"
INSTRUCTIONAL PACKAGE WORKSHEET
National Training Center
Municipal Permits and Operations Division
Office of Water Program Operations
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
GUIDELINES FOR INSTRUCTIONAL PACKAGE WORKSHEET
SUBJECT MATTER: pH Determination
UNIT OF INSTRUCTION: pH Determination of Wastewater and
Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents
LESSON NUMBER: 1 of 1
ESTIMATED TIME: 2 hours
JUSTIFICATION FOR THIS OBJECTIVE: The learner should know how
to set up, calibrate, and use a pH meter for the pH
determination of wastewater and wastewater treatemnt plant
effluents.
ENTRY LEVEL BEHAVIOR:
A. Instructional Objective
1. Terminal Behavior - The learner will determine the pH
of several standard solutions and typical samples of
treatment plant effluents.
2. Conditions - The learner will have the use of the
attached CH.pH. BMP.1.9.73 and all chemicals and
equipment listed in it.
3. Accepted performance - Acceptable technique in
performing the test will be determined by the
instructor.
B. Instructional Resources
1. Available Media - XT-69, Slide/Tape Unit "ph Meter -
Lab Operation." OT-11, Overhead Transparencies - 7.
2. Suggested Media -
C. Instructional Approach (Sequencing)
1. Discussion of the various types of available pH meters
by the instructor.
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2. Distribution of pre-instructional quiz to all
participants.
3. Discussion of the operation of a pH meter by the
instructor.
4. Showing of A/V unit XT-69 pH Determination of
Wastewater and Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents.
5. Laboratory exercise involving set up, calibration, and
use of pH meter. Learner will use two prepared buffer
solutions for calibration and will determine the pH of
two prepared buffer solutions and three typical
samples of treatment plant effluents.
6. Critique of the laboratory exercise by the instructor.
7. Distribution of post instructional quiz to all
participants.
8. Review and grading of pre and post quizzes.
85
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Training Sample 11
"Unit 11: Activated Sludge, Instructor Notebook"
TROUBLESHOOTING 0 & M PROBLEMS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT
FACILITIES
NTOTC
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
December 1979
Lesson 3 of 14 lessons
Recommended Time: 25 minutes
Purpose: There are several variations of the activated
sludge process. The most frequently used process var iations
are conventional, contact stabilization, extended aeration and
step feed activated sludge. The troubleshooter may encounter
any of the variations during his/her technical assistance
efforts. Hence, the troubleshooter must be familiar with the
design and operating characteristics of each process
variation.
Trainee Entry Level Behavior: The trainee should have
achieved the learning objectives specified for Unit 11, Lesson
2, before beginning Unit 11, Lesson 3.
Trainee Learning Objectives: At the conclusion of this
lesson, the trainee will be able to:
1. Using references in the Trainee Notebook, describe
and compare the design and operational
characteristics of the major variations of the
activated sludge process and explain how a change in
operating mode could be used to solve an activated
sludge process control problem.
2. Cite examples from his/her experience which
illustrate how mode change has been used or could
have been used to solve an operational problem.
Instructional Approach: Illustrated lecture with trainee
discussion.
Lesson Schedule: The 25 minutes allocated to this Lesson
should be scheduled as follows:
TIME SUBJECT
0 - 2 minutes Introduce Lesson
2-20 minutes Activated Sludge Process Variations
20 - 25 minutes Examples of Mode Change In Process
Troubleshooting
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Trainee Materials Used in Lesson:
1. Trainee Notebook, page Til.3.1, "Activated Sludge
Process Variations, Design and Operating
Parameters."
2. Field Manual for Performance Evaluation and
Troubleshooting at Municipal Wastewater Treatment
Facilities, page 56-57.
Instructor Materials Used in Lesson:
1. Instructor Notebook, Unit 11, Lesson 3, pages 11.3.1-
11.3.9.
2. Slides 179.2/11.3.1 - 179.2/11.3.6.
Instructor Materials Recommended for Development: The
instructor should be prepared to cite one or two examples from
his/her experience to illustrate the use of activated sludge
mode variation as a troubleshooting or operational control
tool.
Additional Instructor References:
1. Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., Wastewater Engineering
Treatment Disposal Reuse, Chapters 9 and 10,
McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, NY (2nd edition,
1979).
2. Stewart, M.J., "Activated Sludge Process Variations.
The Complete Spectrum," Article in 3 parts, Water and
Sewage Works, lll(RN), pp. R241-R262 (November 30,
1964).
Classroom Set-Up: As specified in Unit 11, Lesson 1, page
11.1.4.
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Lesson Outline
I. Introduce Lesson (2 minutes)
A. Reason for Lesson
1. Many variations to activated sludge process are
used
2. Troubleshooters may encounter any of the
variations
3. Troubleshooters must be familiar with design and
operation of all process variations
B. Lesson Objectives
1. Review design and operational parameters for
activated sludge process variations
2. Discuss use of mode change as an operational
or troubleshooting tool
3. Cite examples showing use of mode change as a
problem solving tool
C. Refer class to
1. Trainee Notebook, page Til.3.1 which lists
parameters for activated sludge process
variations
2. Field Manual for Performance Evaluation and
troubleshooting at Municipal Wastewater Treatment
Facilities, pages 56-57 which present schematic
diagrams of process variations
Key Points & Instructor Guide
Use Slide 179.2/11.3.1
Slide 179.2/11.3.1 is a blank
II. Activated Sludge Process Variations (18 minutes)
A. Conventional Activated Sludge Process
1. Hydraulic and sludge detention times are solely
dependent on influent flow rate and return sludge
flow rate. Solids can accumulate only in the
aeration basin or final clarifier. There is
limited sludge storage capability.
88
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2. Hence, a conventional system operating near the
upper limits of the loading ranges may not be
able to absorb shock loads, organic or hydraulic
3. Similarly, a conventional system which is
under-loaded may produce over oxidized sludges
and nitrified effluents which cause clarification
problems.
Key Points & Instructor Guide
Use Slide 179.2/11.3.2
Slide 179.2/11.3.2 is a schematic flow
diagram of the conventional plug flow
activated sludge process
Note to Instructor: The flow schematic shows
the WAS flow returned to the primary
clarifier which is a common design for
conventional systems. Better design practice
is to avoid wasting to the primary clarifier
and waste directly to the solids handling and
disposal system because
1. Reduce load on primary clarifier and
aeration system
2. Anoxic conditions in primary clarifier
promote released of phosphorous which has
been accumulated by the activated sludge
and hence recycle of phosphorus through
the system.
B. Contact Stablization, Two-Stage Aeration or Sludge
Reaeration
1. Differentiate between contact stabilization (30
to 60 min. contact time), two-stage aeration (90
to 180 min. contact time) and conventional system
with sludge reaeration (4 to 8 hr. contact
time).
2. The reareation basin permits accumulation of
sludge under aeration. This permits some
flexibility in control of sludge aeration,
permits accumulation of sludge to increase' sludge
inventory and reduce F/M, and provides a sludge
buffer to prevent total solids washout under
temporary severe hydraulic overload conditions
(storm water after a storm).
3. Contact time of sludge with wastewater may limit
BOD removal. System normally used where influent
BOD is colloidal in nature
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4. Note that many processes designed as contact
stabilization actually operate as two-stage
aeration plants or as conventional plants with
sludge reaeration because contact times exceed 60
minutes and stabilization times exceed eight
hours. This is caused by flow rates being much
less than design flow at newly constructed
plants. Such underloaded plants tend to have
very old, over-oxidized sludges which produce
turbid effluents. Problem solution at such
plants may be to convert operation to
conventional or extended aeration modes by
changing flow patterns.
Key Points & Instructor Guide
Use Slide 179.2/11.3.3
Slide 179.2/11.3.3 is a schematic flow
diagram of a contact stabilization process
Comment on problems caused by not having a
primary clarifier.
C. Extended Aeration
1. Characterized by low F/M and stable rapidly
settling sludge.
2. Clarifiers are usually designed for relatively
low surface loadings (200-400 gpd/ft2) resulting
in fairly good clarification. Return rates are
high (100% of influent flow).
3. Usually produce a fully nitrified or partially
nitrified effluent. High return rate prevents
denitrification in final clarifier.
4. Effluent is usually turbid because of ashing and
the poor clarification achieved by rapidly
settling sludges.
5. Very good BOD removals (95%+).
6. Resistant to shock loads because of large
aeration volume (18-24 hour detention time).
90
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Key Points & Instructor Guide
Use Slide 179.2/11.3.4
Slide 179.2/11.3.4 is a schematic flow
diagram of an extended aeration facility
Comment on problems caused by not having a
primary clarifier
D. Step Feed
1. Use step feed diagram to illustrate how mode
change can be used in problem solving.
2. Step feed can be varied from conventional to
contact mode. Use slide to show how this change is
accomplished.
3. By increasing or decreasing the tank volume used
for sludge reaeration the sludge inventory and
sludge aeration time can be varied over wide
ranges.
4. Conditions which might indicate mode change
(assume that system is being operated in
conventional mode before change is affected):
a. Sudden increase in hydraulic load (storm water
run-off) - change to contact mode to protect
sludge inventory.
b. Sludge begins to settle slowly and RR begins
to increase - change to sludge reaeration mode
to increase sludge inventory and sludge
aeration time. Cause sludge to become more
stable, settle faster and lower RR.
c. Troubleshooter may see system as an extreme
problem - very slow settling sludge spilling
over weirs or severely over-oxidized sludge
which has deflocculated and losing excess
solids. Mode changes offer quick response to
correct these conditions.
Key Points & Instructor Guide
Use Slide 179.2/11.3.5
Slide 179.2/11.3.5 is a schematic flow diagram
of a step feed activated sludge plant
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E. Other Variations
1. Complete Mixing
a. Complete mixing provides some protection
against "shock" or "slug" loads.
b. Operating parameters
1) F/M: 0.2-0.6 #BOD5/#MVLSS/day
2) Aerator Loading: 50-120 #BOD5/1000 ft3
3) MLSS: 3000-6000 mg/1
4) Detention Time: 3-5 hours
5) MCRT: 5-15 days
6) Return sludge flow rate: 25-100% of
influent
c. Higher loadings tend to produce a slower
settling sludge than conventional processes
but otherwise the operation is similar.
2. Oxidation Ditch-an extended aeration plant with an
"oval doughnut" aeration basin configuration.
Brush aerators are used to circulate mixed liquor
around the aeration basin. Sometimes called a
"Dutch Ditch" or "Race Track".
3. Tapered aeration - a conventional plug flow plant
with the air application tapered from the head of
the plant (high oxygen demand zone and higher
aeration rate) to the effluent end of the tank
(low oxygen demand zone and lower aeration rate).
Key Points & Instructor Guide
Use Slide 179.2/11.4.5
Slide 179.2/11.4.5 is a schematic diagram of
the complete mixing activated sludge process
Use Slide 179.2/11.3.6
Slide 179.2/11.3.6 is a blank
Refer class to Field Manual for Performance
Evaluation and Troubleshooting at Municipal
Wastewater Treatment Facilities, page 57,
92
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III. Examples of Mode Change for Process Trouble shooting (5
minutes)
A. Ask class to cite examples from their experience of
mode changes used for process control or
troubleshooting.
B. Discuss class inputs
C. Instructor should be prepared to cite examples if
class does not offer examples.
Key Points & Instructor Guide
Example of Mode Change for Process Troubleshooting
and Operational Control. (Example is based on the
experiences of the Operational Technology Branch,
National Training and Operational Technology
Center, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Cincinnati, Ohio).
1. Plant design is about 2 MGD
2. Plant has two aeration basins which can be
operated
a. In series, plug flow
b. In parallel
c. One tank on-line, one tank off-line
d. One tank as "Contact basin1' and one tank
as "reaeratlon basin"
3. Large portion of raw waste comes from a large
bakery which discharges a high carbohydrate
waste with high grease and oil content.
4. Plant has constant slow settling (bulking)
sludge problems when aeration basins are
operated in series or in parallel. Solids
cannot be retained in the system.
5. By operating with one tank as a contact tank
and the other as a reaeration tank, the solids
could be retained and stabilized. However,
prolonged operation in this mode resulted in
over-oxidation of the sludge producing a fast
settling sludge which left a turbid effluent
which exceeded TSS standards.
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6. Plant personnel were taught to monitor sludge
settling characteristics and to switch the
plant from the "reaeration operating mode" to
an operating mode with the aeration tanks in
parallel when sludge settling began to
increase. As settling rates became slower,
the plant was switched back to the
"reaeration" mode.
7. The plant operated for over a year using mode
change to control sludge quality and
consistently produced a high quality effluent
which exceeded NPDES permit requirements.
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Training Sample 12
"Unit 11: Activated Sludge, Instructor Notebook"
TROUBLESHOOTING 0 & M PROBLEMS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT
FACILITIES
NTOTC
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
December 1979
Lesson 7 of 14 lessons
Recommended Time: 90 minutes
Purpose: Four major process control decision making
tools, F/M, MCRT, Sludge Settleability and RR, are used in
activated sludge process control, evaluation and
troubleshooting. Many operators and troubleshooters routinely
use only one or two of these tools and, therefore, attempt to
control the process based on limited or partial information.
The problem solving exercise in this lesson requires the
trainee to solve a generalized process control problem,
identify the possible causes of the problem, describe how the
actual problem cause would be determined and recommend
corrective actions for each possible cause identified. The
exercise forces the trainee to look at the interrelationships
between the various process control decision making tools.
Trainee Entry Level Behavior: Trainees should have
achieved the learning objectives specified for Unit 11,
Lessons 1-6 before beginning this lesson.
Trainee Learning Objectives: At the conclusion of this
lesson, the trainee will be able to:
1. Given design information about a model activated
sludge treatment plant, information that a change has occurred
in one of the parameters F/M, MCRT, Sludge Settleability or RR
and using Trainee Notebook references and class notes, list
all possible causes of the observed change in the process
control parameter, describe the expected change in other
process control parameters which would confirm each possible
cause as the most likely cause and list the recommended
process control responses to each possible cause of the
observed change in the process control parameter.
2. When called upon by the instructor, report his/her
findings for the given conditions and justify his/her
recommendations for process control responses.
3. Using class notes and Trainee Notebook references,
explain why it is necessary to consider concurrent changes in
at least four parameters, F/M, MCRT, Sludge Settleability and
RR, when evaluating an activated sludge system to identify
problems and their probable causes.
95
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Instructional Approach: Trainee problem solving in work
groups of four trainees and discussion of trainee findings.
Lesson Schedule: The 90 minutes allocated to this lesson
should be scheduled as follows:
TIME SUBJECT
0-10 minutes Instructor Introduces the Problem
10 - 45 minutes Trainee Problem Solving
45 - 85 minutes Trainees Report Findings
85 - 90 minutes Instructor Summarized Lesson
Trainee Materials Used in Lesson:
1. Trainee Notebook, page Til.7.1, "Activated Sludge
Process Troubleshooting, Problem Identification and
Process Control Response - Problem Statement."
2. Trainee Notebook, page Til.7.4, "Activated Sludge
Process Troubleshooting, Problem Identification and
Process Control Response - Instructions for Completing
Worksheet."
3. Trainee Notebook, page Til.7.5 - Til.7.12, "Activated
Sludge Process Troubleshooting, Problem Identification
and Process Control Response-Worksheets.
4. All trainee references and Trainee Notebook materials
used in Unit 11, Lessons 1-6.
Instructor Materials Used in Lesson:
1. Instructor Notebook, Unit 11, Lesson 7, pages
11.7.1 -11.7.9.
2. Instructor Notebook, pages Hll.7.1 - Hll.7.37,
"Activated Sludge Process Troubleshooting, Problem
Identification and Process Control Response" (to be
reproduced and distributed to trainees at the
conclusion of the lesson.)
Instructor Materials Recommended for Development: None
Additional Instructor References: As specified in Unit
11, Lessons 1-6.
Classroom Set-Up:
1. Lesson Introduction: As specified in Unit 11,
Lessons 1.
96
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2. Trainee Problem Solving: One separate breakout room
for each trainee workgroup so that individual work
groups have a private quiet area in which to meet and
discuss the work group's assigned problem.
3. Trainees Report Findings: As specified in Unit 11,
Lesson 1.
97
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Lesson Outline
I. Instructor Introduces the Problem (10 minutes)
A. Introduction
1. Have discussed several process control and
evaluation tools and their significance.
a. F/M
b. MCRT
c. Sludge Settleability
d. RR
2. Now its time to apply what has been covered to
activated sludge process troubleshooting.
3. Do this by developing a series of process control
and troubleshooting guides.
Key Points & Instructor Guide
Refer class to Trainee Notebook, pages
T11.7.1-T11.7.11 for a statement of the
problem, instructions and worksheets.
B. Have class read Problem Situation
1. Refer class to Trainee Notebook, page
T11.7.1-T11.7.2 for a statement of the situation.
Trainee Notebook pages Til.7.1-T11.7.11 are
included in the Instructor Notebook.
2. Emphasize that the situation is designed to
provide a maximum of process control flexibility
which is available to the operator and
troubleshooter. The specifics of plant design are
really immaterial to this problem.
3. The objective is to provide specific guidelines to
the operator on how to correctly use the available
process flexibility to achieve and maintain good
effluent quality.
C. Instructions for Completing the Problem Worksheets
1. Refer class to Trainee Notebook, pages Til. 7.4 -
Til.7.11, "Activated Sludge Process
Troubleshooting, Problem Identification and
Process Control Response Worksheets" and page
Til.7.3 for "Instructions for Completing
Worksheets". These pages are included in the
Instructor Notebook.
98
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2. Review instructions and worksheets with the
class.
Key Points & Instructor Guide
Instructor should refer to pages
H11.7.1-H11.7.37 which are the completed
worksheets to gain a better understanding of
the expected trainee responses to the
worksheet exercise.
D. Make Worksheet Assignments
1. Assign worksheets to trainee workgroups for
completion.
a. Trainee Group 1, page Til.7.4, F/M Increasing.
b. Trainee Group 2, page Til.7.5, F/M Decreasing.
c. Trainee Group 3, page Til.7.6, MCRT
Increasing.
d. Trainee Group 4, page Til.7.7, MCRT
Decreasing.
e. Trainee Group 5, page Til.7.8, MLSS RR
Increasing.
f. Trainee Group 6, page Til.7.9, MLSS RR
Decreasing.
g. Trainee Group 7, page Til.7.10, Settling Rate
Increasing.
h. Trainee Group 8, page Til.7.11, Settling Rate
Decreasing.
2. Each work group should complete its assigned
worksheet by working as a team. Stress the
importance of discussion within the group.
3. Work groups will have about 35 minutes to complete
their assigned worksheets.
4. Inform work groups that when the class reconvenes,
each work group will report its findings to the
class and justify its recommendations.
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E. Direct Work Groups to Their Work Areas
1. Separate work areas, preferably separate rooms,
should be provided for each work group so that the
group may freely discuss the assigned problem and
develop a group concensus solution without
interfering with the work of another group.
2. Assign a work area to each group and give
directions for finding the assigned work area.
F. Answer any questions about the exercise before
sending groups to their work areas.
II. Trainee Problem Solving (35 minutes)
A. Circulate among work groups to monitor progress and
answer questions.
B. Review each work group's product periodically and
redirect their efforts as necessary.
C. If a group completes the assigned work sheet early,
assign a second work sheet to the group.
D. Periodically inform groups of time remaining.
E. Reconvene groups in the main classroom at the end of
the 35 minute work period.
III. Trainees Report Findings (40 minutes)
A. Reconvene class in main classroom.
B. Have work groups report their findings.
1. Call on groups sequentially, beginning with
Group 1, to report findings (allocate about 8
minutes per group).
a. Group 1 - F/M Increasing
b. Group 2 - F/M Decreasing
c. Group 3 - MCRT Increasing
d. Group 4 - MCRT Decreasing
e. Group 5 - MLSS RR Increasing
f. Group 6 - MLSS RR Decreasing
g. Group 7 - Settling Rate Increasing
h. Group 8 - Settling Rate Decreasing
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2. Encourage class discussion as each possible cause
is presented.
3. Using the suggested solutions on pages
Hll.7.1-H11.7.37, challenge groups to justify
their recommendations as appropriate.
4. Note that there is overlap and commonality between
the correct responses for the eight observed
conditions given in the worksheets, e.g., a rising
F/M will cause a decreasing settling rate and an
increasing MLSS RR which could be associated with
a decreasing MCRT. Therefore, several groups
should identify the same probable causes,
confirmation observations and control responses.
Use this information to draw several groups into
the discussion.
5. Distribute solutions to the class after discussion
is complete.
Key Points & Instructor Guide
School Solutions
Refer to pages Hll.7.1-H11.7.7
Refer to pages Hll.7.8-H11.7.13
Refer to pages Hll.7.14-H11.7.15
Refer to pages Hll.7.16-H11.7.19
Refer to pages Hll.7.20-H11.7.23
Refer to pages Hll.7.24-H11.7.28
Refer to pages Hll.7.29-H11.7.33
Refer to pages Hll.7-34-H11.7.37
Reproduce pages Hll.7.1 - Hll.7.37 in
sufficient quantity to distribute to the
class.
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A. Using one solution sheet, page Til.7.4, the F/M
Increasing case, point out that there were many
things which could have caused this observation.
Point out that the correct process control response
was different for each possible cause of the problem
although several other control responses could be made
to reverse the observed increase in F/M if this were
the only information available to the operator and
troubleshooter.
B. Point out that by looking at the four control
parameters, F/M, MCRT, Sludge Settleability and MLSS
RR, together 'it is fairly easy to eliminate several
possible causes and narrow the list to the one most
likely cause.
C. After identifying the cause of the problem, a correct
process control response decision can be made.
D. Emphasize the importance of looking at all available
information about the process before making a process
control decision and changing process control
variables. Incorrect control responses can be made if
only one parameter is considered. This may cause more
problems that it solves.
E. Recommend that routine monitoring of F/M, MCRT, Sludge
Settleability and process respiration rates be
considered for all activated sludge plants. If it is
practical (personnel and dollar resources available)
to institute a comprehensive process control
management system, the process can be controlled to
produce good effluents consistently.
102
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Training Sample 13
"Unit 11: Activated Sludge, Trainee Notebook"
TROUBLESHOOTING 0 & M PROBLEMS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT
FACILITIES
NTOTC
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
December 1979
Trainee Notebook Contents
Problem Identification and Process Control
Response - Problem Statement Til. 7.1
Flow Schematic for Use in Problem Solving Til. 7. 3
Problem Identification and Process Control
Response - Instructions for Completing
Worksheet Til. 7. A
Problem Identification and Process Control
Response - Worksheets Til. 7. 5
103
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Activated Sludge Process Troubleshooting
Problem Identification and Process Control Response
Problem Statement
While attending a local operator association meeting, you
are introduced to John Schmitt, superintendent at a new 10 MGD
step feed activated sludge plant. John has heard that you are
an expert in activated sludge process control and asks you to
help him solve recurrent process control problems which have
occurred at the new plant. The plant has been in operation
about a year but has never consistently produced a good
effluent.
John informs you that he was superintendent at the city's
old trickling filter plant which was replaced by the new
activated sludge plant about a year ago. John confesses that
he knows very little about activated sludge treatment and
process control. Everything he knows about process control in
the plant he got from the 0 & M manual which was prepared by
the design firm as the new plant was constructed. Because he
knows little about activated sludge, John has mechanically
followed the process control procedure outlined in the 0 & M
manual but has never been able to get the plant to perform
properly.
The plant design flow is 10 MGD. There are separate storm
water and sewage collection systems. The raw sewage is pumped
to the plant headworks from a large lift station which is
equipped with one variable speed 5000 gpm, one constant speed
5000 gpm and one constant speed 3000 gpm raw sewage pumps
activated by level controllers in the wet well. Preliminary
treatment consists of bar screening, comminution, grit removal
and flow measurment. The pretreated waste is fed to two
circular primary clarifiers. The primary effluent from the
two tanks discharges to a common channel which feeds the
aeration basin. The"aeration basin has step feed capability
at the quadrant points in the four pass plug flow aeration
tank. Mixed liquor is distributed to two circular final
clarifiers. The final clarifier effluent is chlorinated
before discharging to the river. The underflow from the two
clarifiers discharges to a common return sludge wet well.
There are two variable speed 5000 gpm return sludge pumps.
All return sludge discharges to the first quadrant of the
aeration basin. Return sludge flow is metered, and the return
sludge flow can be varied from 1400 to 10,000 gpm. Waste
activated sludge is pumped from the return sludge wet well to
the primary clarifiers. The waste sludge pump is a 1500 gpm
constant speed pump activated by a time clock mechanism.
There have been no problems in solids handling.
104
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John informs you that there are several industries in town
which discharge to the plant and sometimes cause relatively
large variations in hydraulic and organic load to the plant.
The average daily flow to the plant is 9.0 MGD.
John always operates the plant in the conventional
treatment mode with all influent wastewater and return sludge
entering the first quadrant of the aeration basin. John
normally operates with a constant return sludge flow rate of
about 6 MGD and only varies the return rate if the sludge
blanket in the final clarifier begins to fall or rise. A
constant volume of sludge is wasted each day because the waste
rate has not been changed from the wasting rate set by the
engineer during plant start-up.
John tells you that plant performance is erratic.
Sometimes the sludge bulks and washes out of the final
clarifiers. Sometimes the sludge separates very well in the
final clarifiers but leaves a turbid ashy type effluent.
Sometimes the plant produces a good effluent but not very
often. John is upset because he had been told that this plant
would produce an excellent effluent and consistently meet his
discharge permit requirement of 20 mg/1 BOD and 20 mg/1 TSS.
But he can't seem to make the thing work.
John tells you that he has a well equipped laboratory and
a good lab technician who's running all the tests specified in
the 0 & M manual and the permit. John knows that these test
results should be used in controlling the plant but he doesn't
know what the test results mean or how to use them.
John wants you to teach him how to make the plant work.
You decide to accept the job.
To accomplish the task, you decide to develop a series of
process control and troubleshooting charts as work aids which
John can use to help him interpret his process control
laboratory data.
You will use the attached worksheets, pages Til.7.5 -
Til.7.12 to develop the process control and troubleshooting
charts. You and the members of your workgroup will be
assigned one worksheet to complete. After you have completed
your assigned worksheet, you will present the information from
your worksheet to the class.
105
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COLLECTION
SYSTEMS—•
LIFT _. BAH
STATION SCREEN
CHAMBER
„ 'AR8HALL
FLUME
WASTE
1 , V ^/ACTIVATED 8LODQF
1 ^ -^ ' SLUDQE PUMP
/"~^N
TO
CHLORINATION
T
T
FLOW SCHEMATIC FOR USE IN PROBLEM SOLVING
-------
Activated Sludge Process Troubleshooting
Problem Identification and Process Control Response
Instructions for Completing Worksheet
1. Prepare the worksheet in the context of the problem
statement, i.e., a very flexible plant design which can
accommodate many different process control adjustments in
response to observed process conditions.
2. A change is observed in one process control parameter as
specified at the top of the worksheet.
3. Possible Causes of Observed Condition. Possible Cause:
List all things which could have occurred in the system to
cause the change observed in the monitored parameter. Be
as specific as possible. For example, if one possible
cause for the observed condition is a change in applied
load, specify the ways in which the load change could
occur. Applied BOD load could increase because (a) the
influent BOD concentration increases with flow remaining
constant (b) the influent flow rate increases with the
BOD concentration remaining constant, (c) both flow rate
and BOD concentration increase, (d) an internal plant
recycle stream is returned to the aeration basin, etc.
Observations and Data to Confirm Cause: What additional
observations and tests would you perform to confirm this
as the cause of the problem and what result would you
expect to see? For each possible cause, include the
expected change in F/M, MCRT, Sludge Settleability and
MLSS RR as your minimum entry in this column.
4. Process Control Response to Observed Condition. For each
possible cause of the observed condition, enter the
correct process control response. Process control
responses should be considered as immediate or temporary
(things to do right now to solve an immediate problem) and
long term (things to be done which will correct the
problem and prevent possible recurrence of the problem).
For example, suppose the sludge settling rate decreases
because of organic overload and the final clarifier sludge
blanket becomes very high and solids wash-out from the
clarifier is imminent. Then an immediate response may be
to lower the sludge blanket by increasing return rate
temporarily to prevent solids wash-out, but the long term
solution to correct the problem may be to reduce return
sludge rate and increase solids inventory. Be as exact
and complete as possible in listing process control
responses.
107
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Pioblem
Stodge. ?loc.m Tiou.btiAkooti.ng
m and PIOC.UA Con&wt
Worksheet
PARAMETER MONITORED: F/H CONDITION OBSERVED:
POSSIBLE CAUSES OF OBSERVE!? CONPITION:
Increasing
Possible Cause
Observations and Data to Confirm Cause
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
PROCESS CONTROL RESPONSE TO 08SERVEP CONDITION:
Possible
Cause
1
2
3
4
5
Immediate or Temporary Response
Long Term Corrective Action
108
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Training Sample 1A
"Unit 11: Activated Sludge, Instructor Handout"
TROUBLESHOOTING 0 & M PROBLEMS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT
FACILITIES
NTOTC
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
December 1979
Instructor Handout Contents
Problem Identification and Process Control
Response - Answer Sheets Hll.7.1 - Hll.7.37
109
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Activated Sludge Process Troubleshooting
Problem Identification and Process Control Response
PARAMETER MONITORED: F/M
OBSERVED CONDITION: F/M Increasing
POSSIBLE CAUSES OF OBSERVED CONDITION:
Observations and Data to Confirm Cause
1. Settling rate - decreasing
MLSS RR - increasing
MCRT - constant or slowly increasing
Solids Inventory - constant or slowly increasing
Fed Sludge RR - increasing
Influent Flow Rate - about the same
Aeration Basin D.O. - decreasing
Possible Causes - Increased organic load caused by
increased influent BOD concentration with little change in
influent flow rate
2. Settling rate - decreasing or no change
MLSS RR - increasing or no change
MCRT - constant or slowly increasing
Solids Inventory - constant or slowly increasing
Fed Sludge RR - increasing
Influent Flow Rate - decreasing
Aeration Basin D.O. - decreasing or about the same
Possible Causes - Increased organic load caused by
increased influent BOD concentration with a decrease in
influent flow rate
3. Settling Rate - usually decreasing
MLSS RR - increasing
MCRT - constant or slowly increasing
Solids Inventory - constant or slowly increasing
Fed Sludge RR - about the same
Influent Flow Rate - increasing
Aeration Basin D.O. - decreasing
Possible Causes - Increased organic load caused by
increase in influent flow rate with little change in
influent BOD concentration
110
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4. Settling Rate - decreasing or no change
MLSS RR - increasing or no change
MCRT - Constant or slowly increasing
Solids Inventory - constant or slowly increasing
Fed Sludge RR - decreasing
Influent Flow Rate - increasing
Aeration Basin D.O. - decreasing or about the same
Possible Causes — Increased organic load caused by
increase in influent flow rate with a decrease in influent
BOD concentration
5. Settling Rate - Decreasing
MLSS RR - increasing
MCRT - constant or slowly increasing
Solids Inventory - constant or slowly increasing
Fed Sludge RR - increasing
Influent Flow Rate - increasing
Aeration Basin D.O. - decreasing
Possible Causes - Increased organic load caused by
increase in both influent BOD and influent flow rate
6. Settling Rate - decreasing
MLSS RR - increasing
MCRT - constant or slowly increasing
Solids Inventory - constant or slowly increasing
Fed Sludge RR - about the same if sample collected before
recycle stream enters the aeration system
- increasing if sample collected after
recycle stream enters the aeration system
Influent Flow Rate - about the same
Aeration Basin D.O. - decreasing
Possible Causes - Increased organic load caused by
internal plant recycles
7. Settling Rate - decreasing
MLSS RR - increasing
MCRT - decreasing
Solids Inventory - decreasing
Fed Sludge RR - about the same
Aeration Basin D.O. - increasing or about the same
Possible Causes - Decrease in solids inventory caused by
excessive deliberate wasting
111
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8. Settling Rate - decreasing
MLSS RR - increasing
MCRT - decreasing
Solids Inventory - decreasing
Fed Sludge RR - about the same
Influent Flow Rate - about the same
Aeration Basin D.O. - increasing or about the same
Possible Causes - Decrease in solids inventory caused by
excessive effluent suspended solids
9. Settling Rate - no change
MLSS RR - no change
MCRT - no change
Solids Inventory - no change
Fed Sludge RR - no change or increasing
Influent Flow Rate - about the same
Aeration Basin D.O. - about the same
Possible Causes - Nitrification occurring in BOD test used
to measure applied load
PROCESS CONTROL RESPONSE TO OBSERVED CONDITIONS:
Possible Cause 1
1. Immediate or Temporary Response
a. Check final clarifier sludge blanket depth.
1. If the blanket is rising rapidly with possibility
of solids washout, then temporarily increase
return rate or waste rate to lower sludge blanket.
Reduce return or waste rate as soon as blanket
can be retained in final clarifier. CAUTION:
Increased hydraulic load on clarifier may cause
solids washout. This action may cause slow sludge
settling problem to get worse before long range
corrective actions affect process. This temporary
response is a calculated risk!
2. If the sludge blanket is not out of control,
implement long term corrective actions.
b. Check aeration basin D.O. If D.O. is less than 1
mg/1, increase air supply.
112
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2. Long Term Corrective Action
a. When sludge blanket can be retained in final
clarifier, reduce return sludge flow rate-concentrates
return sludge and increases aeration detention time.
b. Reduce deliberate wasting to increase solids inventory
and sludge aeration time. Continue to monitor F/M,
sludge settleability and MLSS RR and balance system to
new conditions of solids inventory and MCRT to treat
increased load.
c. If a and b don't work, then
1. Increase aeration detention time by placing
additional aeration basins into service.
2. Increase sludge detention time by converting to
sludge reaeration operating mode.
Possible Cause 2
1. Immediate or Temporary Response
(Same as possible cause 1 responses)
2. Long Term Corrective Action
a. If settling rate and MLSS RR are not changing,
continue current operating practices but monitor
settleability and MLSS RR frequently and respond to
any changes which occur because of increased organic
load.
b. If settling rate is decreasing and MLSS RR is
increasing, then implement corrective actions listed
for possible cause 1.
Possible Cause 3
1. Immediate or Temporary Response
(Same as possible cause 1 responses)
2. Long Term Corrective Actions
(Same as possible cause 1 responses)
113
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Possible Cause 4
1. Immediate or Temporary Response
(Same as possible cause 1 responses)
2. Long Term Corrective Actions
(Same as possible cause 2 reponses)
Possible Cause 5
1. Immediate or Temporary Response
(Same as possible cause 1 responses)
2. Long Term Corrective Actions
Same as possible cause 1 responses. Need to use
additional aeration volume or sludge reaeration to handle
new load is more likely for these influent load
conditions.
Possible Cause 6
1. Immediate or Temporary Response
a. Same as possible cause 1 responses
b. Identify source of internal recycle and modify
operations creating the internal recycle to eliminate
or reduce the recycle, if possible
2. Long Term Corrective Actions
a. Same as possible cause 1 responses
b. If internal recycles cause serious problems which
interfere with treatment of influent wastewater, the
recycles cannot be eliminated and the aeration system
cannot be controlled by responses in a, then
1. Pre-treat recycle streams before returning to
aeration system;
2. Provide means to equalize recycle loads and bleed
them into aeration system;
3. Pre-aerate recycle streams before returning to
aeration system;
4. Consider and evaluate use of chemical additives
such as coagulants and coagulant aids in aeration
system to maintain process integrity.
114
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Possible Cause 7
1. Immediate or Temporary Response
(Same as possible cause 1 reponses)
2. Long Term Corrective Actions
a. Decrease waste activated sludge to increase solids
inventory. Monitor F/M and MCRT and readjust wasting
rate when parameters are in optimum range.
b. Decrease return activated sludge flow rate to
concentrate return and increase aeration basin
detention time
c. If a and b are not effective
1. Increase aeration volume in use
2. Use sludge reaeration mode of operation
Possible Cause 8
1. Immediate or Temporary Response
a. Same as possible cause 1 responses
b. Check and evaluate final clarifier operation and
design for possible problems
1. Sludge collection, return or wasting systems not
operating properly
a. Rake or collector drive mechanism broken or
shut off because of torque overload
b. Broken chains
c. Missing flights or scrappers
d. Plugged collectors or pumps
e. Pumps not operating
2. Hydraulic overload
3. Solids overload
4. Improperly maintained clarifier weirs
115
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5. Unequal load distribution to multiple clarifiers
6. Improperly designed clarifier
a. High velocity currents at weirs
b. Short circuiting
2. Long Term Corrective Action
a. Same as possible cause 7 responses
b. Correct final clarifier deficiencies
1. Sludge collection, return or wasting systems not
operating properly
a. Repair or reset
b. Repair or replace
c. Repair
d. Unplug collectors or pumps
e. Repair or reset pumps
2. Hydraulic overload
a. Put additional clarifiers in service, if
possible
b. Reduce hydraulic load to clarifier, if
possible
3. Solids overload
a. Put additional clarifiers in service
b. Reduce solids load to clarifier, if possible
c. Take actions to produce faster settling solids
(possible cause 7 responses)
4. Improperly maintained clarifier weirs
(Check weirs for level and level if necessary)
116
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5. Unequal load distribution to multiple clarifiers
a. Check weirs to verify that all clarifiers have
same weir elevation. Adjust as needed.
b. Check inlet and effluent structures for
obstructions - remove obstructions
c. Check and adjust flow distribution system
6. Improperly designed clarifier
a. High velocity currents at weirs
1. Check adequacy of total weir length. Add
weirs if needed
2. Block excess weirs which may cause
localized velocity currents
3. If velocity currents caused by weir
placement too close to wall, move weirs
away from wall
b. Short circuiting
1. Check and adjust weirs
2. Check adequacy of inlet target baffles and
skirts. Correct target baffles and skirt
deficiencies.
3. If inlet velocities are excessive, provide
mechanism to dampen inlet velocities
4. Check for thermal stratification in
clarifier. Eliminate cause of thermal
stratification.
Possible Cause 9
1. Immediate or Temporary Response
(None)
2. Long Term Corrective Action
a. Continue operation using current practices if process
is performing well and there are no other problems
117
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b. Check, evaluate and correct BOD test procedure. Most
likely cause is high nitrifier population in seed
organisms used in BOD test
1. Change seed
2. Inhibit nitrification in BOD test using alternate
procedure
NOTE: This problem frequently occurs in effluent BOD
determination also
c. Nitrification in influent BOD test may be desirable,
and hence, this is not a problem.
118
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PART III
Abstracted Reference Materials
119
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TITLE ACTIVATED SLUDGE.
AUTHOR SCHROEDER, E. D.
CORP AUTH CALIFORNIA UNIV., DAVIS.
AVAIL JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, VOL 47
NO 6, P 1261-1269, JUNE, 1975. 101 REF.
KEYWORDS *REVIEWS, *BIBLIOGRAPHIES, *ACTIVATED SLUDGE,
*WASTE WATER TREATMENT, INDUSTRIAL WASTES,
PHOSPHORUS, NITROGEN, NUTRIENT REMOVAL, DESIGN,
OPERATIONS, MATHEMATICAL MODELS, AERATION, WASTE
TREATMENT, WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, PULP WASTES,
CONTROL, HEAVY METALS, BIOCHEMISTRY, MICROBIOLOGY,
TOXINS, SLUDGE TREATMENT, SLUDGE DISPOSAL,
ECONOMICS, COSTS.
ABSTRACT THE 1974 LITERATURE ON THE TREATMENT OF WASTE
WATERS BY THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS IS
REVIEWED. TOPICS DISCUSSED INCLUDE: PROCESS
MODELS, CONTROL, AND DESIGN AND OPERATION OF
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANTS; MICROBIOLOGY AND
BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE PROCESS; REMOVAL OF HEAVY
METALS AND EFFECTS OF TOXICANTS; INDUSTRIAL WASTE
WATER TREATMENT; AERATION; NITROGEN AND PHOPHORUS
REMOVAL; SLUDGE THICKENING AND DISPOSAL; AND COSTS
OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANTS. REFINERY, PULP AND
PAPER, AND DISTILLERY WASTES ARE CITED AS EXAMPLES
OF SOME OF THE WASTE MATERIALS THAT ARE BEING
TREATED BY THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS.
(W1TT-1PC)
TITLE ACTIVATED SLUDGE BASIC DESIGN CONCEPTS.
AUTHOR MCKINNEY, ROSS E.; OFERIEN, WALTER J.
CORP AUTH KANSAS UNIV., LAWRENCE.
AVAIL JOURNAL OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION,
VOL 40, NO 11, PART 1, P 1831-1834, NOV 1968.
16 REF.
IDEN SCREENING, PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION, SECONDARY
SEDIMENTATION.
KEYWORDS *ACTIVATED SLUDGE, *AERATION, *DESIGN, *WASTE
WATER TREATMENT, HISTORY, MIXING, SETTLING BASINS,
SLUDGE DISPOSAL.
ABSTRACT THE DESIGN OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEMS HAS EVOLVED
SLOWLY AND PROGRESS HAS BEEN MADE LARGELY ON AN
EMPIRICAL BASIS. THIS PAPER PRESENTS THE BASIC
DESIGN CONCEPTS FOR A MODERN ACTIVATED SLUDGE
SYSTEM INCLUDING THE FOUNDATIONS ON WHICH THESE
CONCEPTS WERE DEVELOPED. DESIGN PARAMETERS
DEVELOPED FOR CONVENTIONAL AND COMPLETELY MIXED
SYSTEMS INDICATE THAT AERATION WILL BE FROM 3 TO 8
HOURS. TOTAL MLSS WILL RANGE FROM 1500 TO 4000
MG/L, ORGANIC LOADS OF 0.5 TO 0.7 LB BOD/LB
120
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MICROBIAL SOLIDS WILL YIELD GOOD OPERATIONS, AND
DIFFUSED AERATION OF 1000 CUBIC OF AIR PER POUND
OF BOD REMOVED IS A SOUND PARAMETER. ALL ASPECTS
OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE SCHEMES ARE DISCUSSED WITH
DESIGN PARAMETERS GIVEN. (HANCUFF-TEXAS)
TITLE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS WORKSHOP MANUAL
PUB DATE JUL 76
AVAIL PUBLICATIONS CENTRE, ONTARIO MINISTRY OF
GOVERNMENT SERVICES, 880 BAY STREET, 5TH FLOOR,
TORONTO, ONTARIO, CANADA M7A 1N8 ($2.00; ORDERS
MUST BE ACCOMPANIED BY CHECK OR MONEY ORDER
PAYABLE TO "THE TREASURER OF ONTARIO")
DESC *BEHAVIORAL OBJECTIVES, *CHEMISTRY, *ENVIRONMENTAL
EDUCATION, ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNICIANS, JOB SKILLS,
*POLLUTION, WASTE DISPOSAL, *WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL, *WORKSHOPS, ACTIVATED SLUDGE, ONTARIO
ERIC NO. ED155033
EDRS PRICE EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 PLUS POSTAGE. HC NOT AVAILABLE
FROM EDRS
DESC NOTE 242P.; FOR RELATED DOCUMENT, SEE SE 024 226-233;
NOT AVAILABLE IN HARD COPY DUE TO COPYRIGHT
RESTRICTIONS; CONTAINS COLORED PAGES WHICH MAY NOT
REPRODUCE WELL
ISSUE RIEOCT78
ABSTRACT THIS MANUAL WAS DEVELOPED FOR USE AT WORKSHOPS
DESIGNED TO UPGRADE THE KNOWLEDGE OF EXPERIENCED
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT OPERATORS. EACH OF THE
LESSONS IN THIS DOCUMENT HAS CLEARLY STATED
BEHAVIORAL OBJECTIVES TO TELL THE TRAINEE WHAT HE
SHOULD KNOW OR" DO AFTER COMPLETING THAT TOPIC.
AREAS COVERED IN THIS MANUAL INCLUDE: TYPES AND
FACTORS AFFECTING ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESSES,
IDENTIFICATION AND SOLUTION OF OPERATING PROBLEMS,
SELECTED TESTS AND MEASUREMENT, AND CHEMICAL
DETERMINATIONS. A GLOSSARY OF TERMS IS INCLUDED
FOR REFERENCE. (CS)
TITLE ACTIVATED SLUDGE. TRAINING MODULE 2.117.4.77.
PUB DATE SEP 77
DESC INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION, SECONDARY EDUCATION, *TEACHING GUIDES,
*UNITS OF STUDY, *WATER POLLUTION CONTROL,
*ACTIVATED SLUDGE, OPERATIONS (WASTEWATER),
*WASTEWATER TREATMENT
ERIC NO. ED151222
EDRS PRICE EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$6.01 PLUS POSTAGE
121
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DESC NOTE IIP.: FOR RELATED DOCUMENTS, SEE SE 024-025-447;
CONTAINS SMALL TYPE IN FIGURES
ISSUE RIEJUL78
ABSTRACT THIS DOCUMENT IS AN INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE PACKAGE
PREPARED IN OBJECTIVE FORM FOR USE BY AN
INSTRUCTOR FAMILIAR WITH OPERATION OF ACTIVATED
SLUDGE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS. INCLUDED ARE
OBJECTIVES, INSTRUCTOR GUIDES, STUDENT HANDOUTS,
AND TRANSPARENCY MASTERS. THIS IS THE THIRD LEVEL
OF A THREE MODULE SERIES AND CONSIDERS DESIGN AND
OPERATION PARAMETERS, PROCESS CONTROL PROCEDURES,
INTERPRETATION OF TREND CHART DATA AND THE OXYGEN
UPTAKE TEST. (AUTHOR/RH)
TITLE ACTIVATED SLUDGE-UNIFIED SYSTEM DESIGN AND
OPERATION
AUTHOR KEINATH, T. M.; RYCKMAN, M. D.; DANA, C. H.;
HOFER, D. A.
CORP AUTH CLEMSON UNIV., SC. DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING.
PUB DESC JOURNAL OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DIVISION,
PROCEEDINGS OF ASCE, VOL 013, NO' EE5, P 829-849,
OCTOBER, 1977. 11 FIG, 2 TAB, 19 REF, 1 APPEND
DESC *ACTIVATED SLUDGE, *ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES,
*SEDIMENTATION RATES, TREATMENT FACILITIES,
*DESIGN, BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT, OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE, EVALUATION, AERATION, WASTE WATER
TREATMENT
ABSTRACT THE SETTLING FLUX APPROACH CAN BE ADAPTED FOR
EVALUATING ECONOMIC TRADEOFFS BETWEEN ALTERNATIVE
DESIGNS FOR WASTE WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS. THE
DESIGN BASIS FOR THE AERATOR INCORPORATES SOLIDS
RESIDENCE TIME AND HYDRAULIC RESIDENCE TIME. THE
DESIGN BASIS FOR THE CLARIFIER INCORPORATES THE
CLARIFICATION CONSTRAINT, AND A RECYCLE RATE
CONSTRAINT. THIS METHODOLOGY CAN BE USED FOR
EVALUATING THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF AN ACTIVATED
SLUDGE SYSTEM CONSISTING OF AN AERATION BASIN,
CLARIFIER, AND SLUDGE PROCESSING EQUIPMENT. THE
SETTLING - FLUX APPROACH CAN ALSO BE USED IN
OPERATIONS MONITORING OF AN ACTIVTED SLUDGE
SYSTEM. THIS APPROACH INDICATES THAT INCREASED
HYDRAULIC FLOW RATES WOULD ONLY CAUSE SOLIDS TO
ENTER THE EFFLUENT AT CERTAIN CRITICALLY LOCATED
POINTS NEAR THE SETTLING FLUX CURVE. FOR DECREASED
HYDRAULIC FLOW RATES, THE RECYCLE RATE COULD BE
REDUCED TO THE POINT OF CRITICAL LOADING. THE
SETTLING FLUX APPROACH INDICATES THAT THE FLOW
PROPORTIONAL RECYCLE CONTROLS CAN ESTIMATE THE
122
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REQUIRED FLOW FAIRLY ACCURATELY. IT DOES NOT,
HOWEVER, PROVIDE THE PRECISE RECYCLE RATE REQUIRED
TO MAINTAIN THE CLARIFIER IN A CRITICALLY LOADED
CONDITION. THIS APPROACH CAN ALSO ESTABLISH THE
HYDRAULIC SURGE THAT A SYSTEM COULD ACCOMMODATE
WITHOUT INDISCRIMINATE SOLIDS WASTING. THIS
APPROACH CAN ONLY BE USED FOR OPERATIONS
MONITORING AND CONTROL IF CURRENT SETTLING FLUX
CURVES ARE AVAILABLE. CHANGES IN THE OPERATIONAL
SET-POINT OF SOLIDS RESIDENCE TIME CAN BE
ACCOMMODATED BY CHANGES IN THE SOLIDS WASTING
PROGRAM. (SNYDER-FIRL)
TITLE AERATION: PROPER SIZING IS CRITICAL.
AUTHOR SHERRARD, J. H.
CORP AUTH VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INST. AND STATE UNIV. ,
BLACKSBURG. DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING.
AVAIL WATER AND WASTES ENGINEERING, VOL 14, NO 4, P 62,
66-67, 71, APRIL, 1977. 4 FIG, 4 TAB, 6 REF.
IDEN MECHANICAL AERATORS
KEYWORDS *AERATION, TREATMENT FACILITIES, *DESIGN,
PERFORMANCE, ACTIVATED SLUDGE, MECHANICAL
ABSTRACT EQUIPMENT, OXYGEN, TEMPERATURE, MICROORGANISMS,
OPERATIONS, BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND, NITROGEN,
NITRIFICATION, *WASTE WATER TREATMENT
THE SELECTION OF LOW SPEED MECHANICAL AERATORS WAS
CONSIDERED. ANY AERATION METHOD MUST PRODUCE
ENOUGH MIXING TO MAINTAIN ACTIVATED SLUDGE FLOC IN
SUSPENSION AND SUPPLY SUFFICIENT OXYGEN TRANSER TO
MEET THE DEMANDS OF MICROBIAL GROWTH. EQUATIONS
WERE PROVIDED TO HELP JUDGE A GIVEN AERATOR'S
PERFORMANCE. MECHANICAL AERATORS MUST MEET TWO
STANDARDS: POWER, AND SUFFICIENT OXYGEN FOR
MICROBIAL METABOLISM. THE FIRST DEPEND UPON THE
TYPE OF AERATOR AND THE GEOMETRY OF THE BASIN. THE
LATTER INVOLVES OXYGEN FOR ORGANIC REMOVAL AND
NITRIFICATION, AND DEPENDS ON PLANT OPERATION AND
THE BOD5/ORG-N + NH(+4) - N RATIO. BIOKINETIC
COEFFICIENTS SHOULD BE ESTABLISHED TO MAKE QUALITY
AND OXYGEN NEEDS PREDICTABLE AS A FUNCTION OF
TREATMENT PROCESS OPERATING CONDITIONS. SEVERAL
EXAMPLES OF TYPICAL SOLUTIONS WERE PRESENTED. IT
WAS CONCLUDED THAT THE USE OF A RATIO OF 1
MG/LITER OF OXYGEN TO 1 MG/LITER OF BODS COULD BE
MISLEADING AND RESULT IN A FAULTY SELECTION.
NITROGENOUS OXYGEN DEMAND FROM NITRIFICATION
SHOULD BE USED FOR AERATOR SELECTION IF HIGHER
MEAN CELL RESIDENCE TIME VALUES ARE USED. OXYGEN
TRANSFER REQUIREMENTS CAN BE MET IN SOME INSTANCES
123
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BY LOWERING PROCESS MEAN CELL RESIDENCE TIME TO
DECREASE OXYGEN NEEDS. (COLLINS-FIRL)
TITLE AN AUTOMATED SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC SUSPENDED SOLIDS
ANALYSIS FOR ACTIVATED SLUDGE.
AUTHOR FINGER, R. E.; STRUTYNSKI, B. J.
CORP AUTH MUNICIPALITY OF METROPOLITAN SEATTLE, RENTON,
WASH. RENTON TREATMENT PLANT
AVAIL JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, VOL
47, NO 5, P 1043-1054, MAY, 1975. 11 FIG, 4 TAB,
15 REF.
IDEN *SLUDGE VOLUME INDEX
KEYWORDS *ACTIVATED SLUDGE, *BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT,
*SUSPENDED SOLIDS, *WASTE WATER TREATMENT,
COLORIMETRY, AUTOMATION, SAMPLING, MEASUREMENT,
ABSTRACT ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, *POLLUTANT IDENTIFICATION,
*SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
THE MEASUREMENT OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS (SS)
CONCENTRATION IN BIOLOGICAL WASTE TREATMENT IS
USED AS A PRIMARY CONTROL, FOR PROCESS ADJUSTMENT.
THE SS MEASUREMENT IS NECESSARY FOR CALCULATION
OF CELL RESIDENCE TIME, ORGANIC LOADING, AND
SLUDGE VOLUME INDEXES, THE DETERMINATION OF TYPES
OF POLYSACCHARIDES ASSOCIATED WITH ACTIVATED
SLUDGE AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF SLUDGE HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED
BY A SIMPLE COLORIMETRIC TEST. THE PURPOSE OF THIS
STUDY WAS TO CONSIDER THE POSSIBILITY OF ADAPTING
THIS TEST TO AN AUTOMATED PROCEDURE. A MANUAL
COLORIMETRIC PROCEDURES WHICH TAKES TWO OR THREE
HOURS WAS FIRST TESTED AND IT PROVED TO
EFFECTIVELY MEASURE MIXED LIQUOR SUSPENDED SOLIDS
AND VSS. THE AUTOMATED SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC SS TEST
TAKES ONLY FIFTEEN MINUTES AND WAS DEMONSTRATED TO
BE PRACTICAL FOR USE ON A CONTINUOUS BASIS. THE
MAJOR PROBLEM WITH THE TECHNIQUE IS SAMPLING,
WHICH MAY BE IMPROVED BY THE INSTALLATION OF A
HOMOGENIZATION SYSTEM. (PRAGUE-FIRL)
TITLE BASIC ACTIVATED SLUDGE. TRAINING MODULE
2.115.2.77.
PUB DATE SEP 77
DESC *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION, SECONDARY EDUCATION, *TEACHING GUIDES,
*UNITS OF STUDY, *WATER POLLUTION CONTROL,
*ACTIVATED SLUDGE, OPERATIONS (WASTEWATER);
*WASTEWATER TREATMENT
ERIC NO. ED151220
124
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EDRS PRICE
DESC NOTE
ISSUE
ABSTRACT
INSTITUTION
NAME
TITLE
PUB DATE
DESC
ERIC NO.
EDRS PRICE
DESC NOTE
ISSUE
ABSTRACT
INSTITUTION
NAME
EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC $4.67 PLUS POSTAGE
93P.; FOR RELATED DOCUMENTS, SEE SE 024 025-047;
CONTAINS OCCASIONAL LIGHT AN DBROKEN TYPE.
RIEJUL78
THIS DOCUMENT IS AN INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE PACKAGE
PREPARED IN OBJECTIVE FORM FOR USE BY AN
INSTRUCTOR FAMILIAR WITH OPERATION OF ACTIVATED
SLUDGE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS. INCLUDED ARE
OBJECTIVES, INSTRUCTOR GUIDES, STUDENT HANDOUTS,
AND TRANSPARENCY MASTERS. THIS IS THE FIRST OF A
THREE MODULE SERIES AND CONSIDERS, DEFINITION OF
TERMS, DESIGN AND OPERATION PARAMETERS, PROCESS
OBSERVATIONS, BASIC PROCESS CONTROLS AND CONTROL
TESTS. (AUTHOR/RH)
KIRKWOOD COMMUNITY COLL., CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA.
BASIC LABORATORY SKILLS. TRAINING MODULE
5.300.2.77.
SEP 77
*BIOLOGY, *CHEMISTRY, INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS,
""LABORATORY PROCEDURES, LABORATORY TECHNIQUES,
POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY EDUCATION,
UNITS OF STUDY, WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, WATER
RESOURCES, *WASTEWATER TREATMENT, *WATER TREATMENT
ED153866
EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$10.03 PLUS POSTAGE
195P.; FOR RELATED DOCUMENTS, SEE SE 024 249-254
RIESEP78
THIS DOCUMENT IS AN INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE PACKAGE
PREPARED IN OBJECTIVE FORM FOR USE BY AN
INSTRUCTOR FAMILIAR WITH THE BASIC CHEMICAL AND
MICROBIOLOGICAL LABORARORY EQUIPMENT AND
PROCEDURES USED IN WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PLANT LABORATORIES. INCLUDED ARE OBJECTIVES,
INSTRUCTOR GUIDES, STUDENT HANDOUTS AND
TRANSPARENCY MASTERS. THIS MODULE CONSIDERS LAB
SAFETY, BENCH SHEETS, LABELING, SAMPLING,
SOLUTIONS, DILUTION TECHNIQUES, INCUBATORS,
BALANCES, GLASSWARE, STANDARDIZATION, STANDARD
CURVES, EQUIPMENT PACKAGING, AUTOCLAVES,
MICROSCOPES AND ASEPTIC TECHNIQUES. (AUTHOR/RH)
KIRKWOOD COMMUNITY COLL., CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA.
125
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TITLE
PUB DATE
AVAIL
DESC
ERIC NO.
EDRS PRICE
DESC NOTE
ISSUE
ABSTRACT
TITLE
AUTHOR
AVAIL
I DEN
BASIC SEWAGE TREATMENT OPERATION.
NOV 76
PUBLICATIONS CENTRE, ONTARIO MINISTRY OF
GOVERNMENT SERVICES, 880 BAY STREET, 5TH FLOOR,
TORONTO, ONTARIO, CANADA M7A 1N8 ($2.00; ORDERS
MUST BE ACCOMPANIED BY CHECK OR MONEY ORDER
PAYABLE TO "THE TREASURER OF ONTARIO")
*BEHAVIORAL OBJECTIVES, *ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION,
ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNICIANS, JOB SKILLS, *POLLUTION,
SAFETY, SAMPLING, WASTE DISPOSAL, *WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL, *WORKSHOPS, ONTARIO
ED155001
EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 PLUS POSTAGE. HC NOT AVAILABLE
FROM EDRS.
247P.; FOR RELATED DOCUMENTS, SEE SE 024 227-233;
NOT AVAILABLE IN HARD COPY DUE TO COPYRIGHT
RESTRICTIONS; CONTAINS COLORED PAGES WHICH MAY NOT
REPRODUCE WELL.
RIEOCT78
THIS MANUAL WAS DEVELOPED FOR USE AT WORKSHOPS
DESIGNED TO INTRODUCE OPERATORS TO THE
FUNDAMENTALS OF SEWAGE PLANT OPERATION. THE COURSE
CONSISTS OF LECTURE-DISCUSSIONS AND HANDS-ON
ACTIVITIES. EACH OF THE LESSONS HAS CLEARLY STATED
BEHAVIORAL OBJECTIVES TO TELL THE TRAINEE WHAT HE
SHOULD KNOW OR DO AFTER COMPLETING THAT TOPIC.
AREAS COVERED IN THIS MANUAL INCLUDE: INTRODUCTION
TO SEWAGE TREATMENT, BACTERIOLOGY, PRIMARY
TREATMENT, ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS, SAMPLING, AND
RECORD KEEPING, SAFETY, AND SELECTED TESTS. A
GLOSSARY OF TERMS IN INCLUDED FOR REFERENCE. (CS)
BIOLOGICAL
EXPERIMENTS
BALMER, P.
IN: INTERNATIONAL
CONTROL IN COLD
AND CHEMICAL WASTE
IN FAR NORTHERN SWEDEN
TREATMENT
SYMPOSIUM ON WATER POLLUTION
CLIMATES, JULY 22-24, 1970,
UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA, COLLEGE, P 252-262, 6 FIG,
6 TAB, 5 REF.
*KIRUNA (SWEDEN), *CHEMICAL TREATMENT
126
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KEYWORDS *BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT, *WASTE WATER TREATMENT,
*ACTIVATED SLUDGE, TEMPERATURE, BACTERIA,
*AERATION, FLOCCULATION, COSTS, COLD REGIONS,
CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION, PHOSPHORUS, SUSPENDED
SOLIDS, SLUDGE, PILOT PLANTS, SEWAGE, RECIRCULATED
WATER, SETTLING BASINS, HYDROGEN ION
CONCENTRATION, EFFLUENTS
ABSTRACT LABORATORY DATA SHOW THAT THE METABOLIZING
ACTIVITY OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE IS SERIOUSLY HAMPERED
AT LOW TEMPERATURES, AND BOD REDUCTION DATA IN
ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEMS AT LOW TEMPERATURES ARE
PARTLY CONTRADICTORY. PILOT PLANT EXPERIMENTS WERE
CONDUCTED WITH ACTIVATED SLUDGE AND CHEMICAL
TREATMENT. THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT PROVED
THAT BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT IS POSSIBLE EVEN AT VERY
LOW SEWAGE TEMPERATURES. AS THE METABOLIZING
ACTIVITY OF THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE BACTERIA IS
CONSIDERABLY REDUCED, LONG AERATION PERIODS, 4-5
HOURS, AND LARGE AERATION BASINS, ARE REQUIRED.
CHEMICAL TREATMENT IS MUCH LESS SENSITIVE TO LOW
TEMPERATURES AND REQUIRES ONLY ABOUT 0.5 HOUR
DETENTION TIME IN FLOCCULATION TANKS. DIFFERENCE
IN INVESTMENT COSTS WILL IN MANY INSTANCES BE SO
LARGE THAT THE INCREASED RUNNING COSTS ARE
JUSTIFIED. IF A COMMUNITY HAS AN EXISTING PRIMARY
TREATMENT PLANT WITH A LONG DETENTION TIME (MORE
THAN 2 HOURS), IT MAY BE POSSIBLE TO ACHIEVE A
SUBSTANTIAL INCREASE IN TREATMENT EFFICIENCY
SIMPLY ADDING FLOCCULATING CHEMICALS TO THE
INFLUENT. BOD REMOVAL WITH CHEMICAL TREATMENT IS
SOMEWHAT INFERIOR TO WHAT CAN BE ACHIEVED WITH
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT. THIS DRAWBACK, HOWEVER, IS
COMPENSATED BY SUPERIOR PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL. (SEE
ALSO W72-12548) (JONES-WISCONSIN)
TITLE BIOMASS DETERMINATION - A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR
ACTIVATED SLUDGE CONTROL.
CORP AUTH BIOSPHERICS INC., ROCKVILLE, MD.
AVAIL COPY AVAILABLE FROM GPO SUP DOC EPA 17050 EOY
01/72, $1.25; MICROFICHE FROM NTIS AS PB-211 127,
$0.95. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES, NO 17050 EOY.
JANUARY 1972, 116 P, 53 FIG, 22 TAB, 18 REF, EPA
PROGRAM 17050 EOY 01/72.
127
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IDEN *ATP, *PROCESS CONTROL, *ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
KEYWORDS *ACTIVATED SLUDGE, *ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, *WATER
QUALITY, *CONTROL, MONITORING, SUSPENDED SOLIDS,
*BIOMASS, SEPARATION TECHNIQUES, LABORATORY TESTS,
PILOT PLANTS, ON-SITE INVESTIGATIONS, *WASTE WATER
TREATMENT
ABSTRACT RESEARCH WAS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE
FEASIBILITY OF USING ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)
AS A MEASURE OF VIABLE BIOMASS IN ACTIVATED
SLUDGE. METHODS WERE DEVELOPED FOR THE EXTRACTION
OF ATP FROM SLUDGE AND MIXED LIQUOR, AND FOR THE
DETERMINATION OF ATP USING THE FIREFLY
BIOLUMINESCENT PROCEDURE. MEASUREMENTS OF ATP WERE
CONDUCTED ON VARIOUS PURE CULTURES, PILOT PLANT
AND FULL-SCALE ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT PLANTS.
ADDITIONAL PARAMETERS INCLUDING BOD, TOC, OXYGEN
UPTAKE RATE, AND SUSPENDED SOLIDS WERE MEASUREED
TO PROVIDE COMPARATIVE AND SUPPORTIVE INFORMATION.
PRELIMINARY TESTS IN WHICH ATP MEASUREMENTS OF
BIOMASS WERE USED TO CONTROL THE PERCENT SLUDGE
RETURN WERE CONDUCTED AT TWO FULL-SCALE MUNICIPAL
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS. LOWERED RETURN SLUDGE
RATES WERE FOUND TO PRODUCE EFFECTIVE TREATMENT
AND INCREASE THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF THE
SLUDGE. CHANGES IN THE RATE OF RETURN SLUDGE
RESULTED IN CHANGES IN ATP CONCENTRATION OF MIXED
LIQUOR WHICH PRECEDED CHANGES IN SUSPENDED SOLIDS
BY AS MUCH AS 24 HOURS. THE ASSAY WAS FOUND TO BE
REPRODUCIBLE AND RAPID, RESULTS CAN BE OBTAINED
WITHIN APPROXIMATELY TEN MINUTES. (LOWRY-TEXAS)
TITLE COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF SEQUENCING BATCH
REACTORS
AUTHOR IRVINE, R. L.; RICHTER, R. 0.
CORP AUTH NOTRE DAME UNIV., IN. DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
PUB DESC JOURNAL OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DIVISION,
VOL 104, NO EE3, PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN
SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, P 503-514, JUNE 1978.
3 FIG, 4 TAB, 15 REF.
KEYWORDS *ACTIVATED SLUDGE, *BATCH REACTORS, *SEQUENCING,
*SEWAGE TREATMENT, *COMPUTER MODELS, *SIMULATION
ANALYSIS, WASTE WATER (POLLUTION), MASS BALANCE
EQUATIONS, FLOW, DESIGN, PERIODIC VARIATIONS,
OPERATIONS RESEARCH
128
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ABSTRACT THE PERFORMANCE OF tMANY PROCESSES AND OPERATIONS
CAN BE IMPROVED APPRECIABLY BY THE CONTROLLED
UNSTEADY OPERATIONS THAT ARE PROVIDED BY
SEQUENCING BATCH (FILL AND DRAW) BIOLOGICAL
REACTORS. THE LACK OF DESIGN AND OPERATION
EXPERIENCE IN BATCH TREATMENT HAS RESULTED IN AN
EXPERIENCE VOID THAT HAS FOSTERED THE SELECTION OF
CONTINUOUS FLOW RATHER THAN BATCH TREATMENT
SCHEMES. SYSTEM SELECTION SHOULD DEPEND INSTEAD
UPON SUITABILITY OF THE SYSTEM, RELIABILITY,
EFFICIENCY, CONSISTENCY, AND ECONOMIC. BENCH,
PILOT, AND FULL-SCALE INVESTIGATIONS, AND DESK TOP
AND COMPUTER ANALYSES MUST SUPPLEMENT EXISTING
BENCH SCALE STUDIES IF THE EXPERIENCE VOID IS TO
BE FILLED. SEVERAL HYPOTHETICAL EXAMPLES ARE USED
TO PARTIALLY FILL THE VOID BY COMPARING VOLUMES
FOR BOTH THE BATCH AND CONTINUOUS FLOW SYSTEMS. IN
THE EXAMPLES, SEQUENCING BATCH TREATMENT PROVIDES
THE POTENTIAL FOR ACHIEVING EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
IN A TOTAL VOLUME NOTABLY LESS THAN THAT FOR A
CONVENTIONAL CONTINUOUS FLOW SYSTEM. THIS ADDS TO
PREVIOUSLY RECOGNIZED ADVANTAGES THAT INCLUDE
HOLDING A WASTE UNTIL A PROPER TREATMENT IS
ACHIEVED. THE COMPUTER SIMULATIONS HEREIN HAVE
SHOWN HOW THE DESIGN VOLUME FOR A SEQUENCING BATCH
SYSTEM DIFFERED AS A FUNCTION OF THE RELATIVE
VARIABILITY OF THE MASS FLOW RATE EVEN THOUGH THE
AVERAGE MASS FLOW RATE WAS THE SAME FOR ALL CASES
INVESTIGATED. (GRAF-CORNELL)
TITLE CONTACT STABILIZATION IN SMALL PACKAGE PLANTS
AUTHOR DAGUE, R. R.; ELBERT, G. F.; ROCKWELL, M. D.
CORP AUTH IOWA UNIV., IOWA CITY.
AVAIL JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION,
VOL 44, NO 2, FEBRUARY 1972, P 255-264, 11 FIG,
3 TAB, 6 REF.
IDEM *CONTACT STABILIZATION, *PACKAGE PLANTS
KEYWORDS *ACTIVATED SLUDGE, *DESIGN CRITERIA, *ON-SITE
INVESTIGATIONS, AERATION, RESPIRATION, ABSORPTION,
ADSORPTION, MIXING, BIODEGRADATION, ORGANIC
LOADING, BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND, SUSPENDED
SOLIDS, WASTE WATER TREATMENT
ABSTRACT INVESTIGATION WITH CONTACT STABILIZATION PACKAGE
TREATMENT PLANTS AS CURRENTLY DESIGNED HAS
DEMONSTRATED THAT SUCH FACILITIES ARE UNSTABLE
UNDER CONDITIONS OTHER THAN 24 HOUR OPERATION. TWO
CONTACT STABILIZATION PLANTS CURRENTLY HAVING
OPERATIONAL DIFFICULTIES WERE MODIFIED, ONE TO THE
CONVENTIONAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS AND THE
129
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OTHER TO COMPLETE MIX OPERATION. THE DIFFICULTIES
ENCOUNTERED BY THE CONTACT STABILIZATION STEMMED
MAINLY FROM FLOW VARIATIONS, AND THE FACT THAT
MOST PLANTS ARE DESIGNED FOR A 3-HOUR CONTACT TIME
RATHER THAN THE 15 TO 30 MIN. CONTACT TIME
ORIGINALLY DEVELOPED. THE WIDE VARIABILITY OF THE
MUNICIPAL WASTE FLOW FOR THE FIRST SYSTEM
EVALUATED CAUSED THE WASTES IN THE CONTACT ZONE TO
HAVE A RETENTION TIME VARYING FROM 2 TO 8 HOURS.
EACH OF THE OTHER PLANT OPERATIONS WAS SIMILARLY
AFFECTED. THE TROUBLE WHICH AROSE THEN, WAS MAINLY
IN SEPARATING THE SOLIDS FROM THE EFFLUENT, WHICH
BECAME NEARLY IMPOSSIBLE. AFTER MODIFICATION, THE
TWO PLANTS FUNCTIONED EXTREMELY WELL, PRODUCING
EFFLUENTS OF 13 MG/L OR LESS OF BOD AND 12 MG/L OR
LESS OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS. (LOWRY-TEXAS)
TITLE THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND OPERATION OF
EXTENDED-AERATION PLANTS.
AUTHOR STORCH, B.
CORP AUTH PETERS, G. D. (ENGINEERING) LTD.
AVAIL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, VOL 68, NO 1, P 40-50,
JAN-FEB 1969, 4 REF.
IDEN *EXTENDED AERATION, AEROBIC DIGESTION
KEYWORDS *ACTIVATED SLUDGE, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE,
*DESIGN, *CONSTRUCTION, AERATION, WASTE WATER
TREATMENT, AEROBIC CONDITIONS
ABSTRACT THE DESIGN OF AN EXTENDED AERATION PLANT IS
DISCUSSED INCLUDING: INLET, AERATION TANK,
AERATION TO SETTLING TRANSFER, INLET TO SETTLING
TANKS, SETTLING TANK, SLUDGE RETURN, SURFACE
SKIMMING, EFFLUENT WITHDRAWAL, AND EXCESS SLUDGE
HANDLING. EXCESS SLUDGE HANDLING IS TREATED AT
LENGTH INCLUDING AEROBIC DIGESTION. PHYSICAL
DESCRIPTIONS AND RECOMMENDED DIMENSIONS FOR
VARIOUS COMPONENTS AND EQUATIONS FOR SEVERAL
CALCULATIONS ARE GIVEN. RECOMMENDATIONS ARE MADE
FOR MATERIALS TO BE USED, POSITIONING OF EQUIPMENT
AND OTHER FACETS OF CONSTRUCTION. PLANT START-UP
IS DESCRIBED AND A CHECKLIST FOR OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE IS GIVEN. (DIFILIPPO-TEXAS)
TITLE DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONTROL OF
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESSES
AUTHOR FLANAGAN, M. J.; BRACKEN, B. D.
CORP AUTH BROWN AND CALDWELL, WALNUT CREEK, CA
PUB DESC AVAILABLE FROM THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION
SERVICE, SPRINGFIELD, VA 22161 AS PB-270 960, IN
130
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KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
TITLE
AUTHOR
PUB DATE
PAPER COPY, IN MICROFICHE, REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-77-032, JUNE, 1977. 217 P, 86 FIG, 31
TAB, 47 REF, 1 APPEND. 68-2130.
*DISSOLVED OXYGEN, *ACTIVATED SLUDGE, *SLUDGE
TREATMENT, *AERATION, *AUTOMATION, *COST ANALYSIS,
ECONOMICS, COSTS, OPERATING COSTS, CAPITAL COSTS,
MAINTENANCE COSTS, MANUAL CONTROL, AUTOMATIC
CONTROL, CONTROL SYSTEMS, EQUIPMENT, PERFORMANCE,
OPERATIONS, DESIGN, MAINTENANCE, APPLICATION
METHODS, WASTE WATER TREATMENT, WASTE TREATMENT,
SEWAGE TREATMENT, WATER PURIFICATION,
INSTRUMENTATION, *AERATION EQUIPMENT, ACTIVATED
SLUDGE TREATMENT PLANTS, *COST EFFECTIVENESS,
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, MANUAL DISSOLVED OXYGEN
CONTROL, AUTOMATIC DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONTROL,
CONTROL EQUIPMENT.
DESIGN PROCEDURES AND GUIDELINES FOR THE SELECTION
OF AERATION EQUIPMENT AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO)
CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT
PLANTS ARE PRESENTED. PROCESS CONFIGURATIONS AND
DESIGN PARAMETERS ARE REVIEWED TO ESTABLISH SYSTEM
REQUIREMENTS. AERATION METHODS, EQUIPMENT AND
APPLICATION TECHNIQUES, DESIGN SYSTEMS, AND
CONTROL SYSTEM SELECTION PROCEDURES ARE EXAMINED.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SYSTEM APPLICATIONS TO VARIOUS
AERATION EQUIPMENT TYPES AND PROCESS
CONFIGURATIONS ARE DESCRIBED. PERFORMANCE,
OPERATIONAL AND MAINTENANCE DATA FOR AERATION
EQUIPMENT AND DO CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR 12 ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PLANTS ARE PRESENTED IN THE APPENDIX.
AUTOMATIC DO CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR VARIOUS SIZE
HYPOTHETICAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEM
CONFIGURATIONS ARE PRESENTED TO DEVELOP AN
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS MANUAL AND AUTOMATIC DO CONTROL.
CONCLUSIONS INDICATE THAT CAPITAL AND OPERATING
COSTS OF AUTOMATIC DO CONTROL SYSTEMS ARE
JUSTIFIED FOR ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANTS LARGER THAN
1 MGD (44 DM3/S) ONLY IF EQUIPMENT IS SELECTED AND
APPLIED IN ACCORDANCE WITH GUIDELINES OF THE
DESIGN MANUAL AND A POWER COST IS APPLICABLE WHICH
IS EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN THE NATIONAL AVERAGE
POWER RATE. AREAS IN WHICH FURTHER RESEARCH IS
INDICATED ARE DISCUSSED. (SEIP-IPA)
DISSOLVED OXYGEN ANALYSIS
CONTROL TESTING (XT-43).
LUDZACK, F. J.
JUN 71
- ACTIVATED SLUDGE
131
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DESC *AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, *CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, *CHEMISTRY,
*INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, LABORATORY PROCEDURES,
POLLUTION, *POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, SCIENCE
EDUCATION, WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, *OXYGEN,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, DISSOLVED OXYGEN, *ACTIVATED
SLUDGE
DESC NOTE INCLUDED IS A 34 MINUTE TAPE, 72 SLIDES, AND A
SCRIPT. AVAILABLE ON LOAN FROM NTOTC, 26 W ST.
CLAIR, CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
ABSTRACT THIS MODULE IS DESIGNED FOR ADVANCED WASTEWATER
TREATMENT PLANT OPERATORS OR PLANT CONTROL
SUPERVISORS. RAPID AND VALID TECHNIQUES ARE
DESCRIBED FOR CONTROL OF THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE
TREATMENT PROCESS USING ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENT OF
DO AND DO CHANGES. SAMPLE DATA ARE DISCUSSED FOR
INTERPRETATION OF SLUDGE CONDITION IN RESPONSE TO
STABILIZATION, FEED, LOAD RATIO OR CONDITIONS.
INFORMATION OBTAINABLE WITHIN 20 MINUTES PROVIDES
SUGGESTED CORRECTIVE ACTION IN TIME TO UPGRADE
EFFLUENT QUALITY. (AUTHOR/JK)
TITLE DYNAMIC MODELING AND CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR THE
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS.
AUTHOR BUSBY, J. B.; ANDREWS, J. F.
CORP AUTH CLEMSON UNIV., S.C. DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING; AND ENVIRONMENTAL DYNAMICS, INC.,GR.
AVAIL JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION,
VOL 47, NO 5, P 1055-1080, MAY 1975. 22 FIG,
3 TAB, 23 EQU, 45 REF.
IDEN *PROCESS CONTROL, DYNAMIC MODELS, FEEDING,
STEP-FEED PROCESS, RATIO CONTROL.
KEYWORDS *ACTIVATED SLUDGE, *WASTE WATER TREATMENT, *WATER
QUALITY, *SIMULATION ANALYSIS, BIOLOGICAL
TREATMENT, WASTES, COMPUTERS, SUSPENDED SOLIDS,
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS, MATHEMATICAL MODELS, RECYCLING.
ABSTRACT CONVENTIONAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESSES MAY BE
CONTROLLED BY SLUDGE RECYCLE RATE, WASTE SLUDGE
FLOW RATE, AND AERATION RATE. IN A MULTISTAGE
REACTOR SYSTEM SUCH AS THE STEP-FEED PROCESS,
VARIATIONS IN WASTEWATER FEED PATTERNS ARE ANOTHER
CONTROL TECHNIQUE. A WIDE-SPECTRUM ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS MODEL WAS DEVELOPED THAT CONSIDERS
THE STORAGE CAPABILITY OF THE SLUDGE, INCORPORATES
THE ACTIVE AND INERT FRACTIONS OF THE MIXED LIQUOR
VOLATILE SUSPENDED SOLIDS IN SEPARATE MASS
BALANCES, AND IS COUPLED WITH A DYNAMIC MODEL OF
THE FINAL CLARIFIER. CONTROL STRATEGIES
INVESTIGATED INCLUDE VARIOUS SLUDGE WASTING AND
RECYCLE CONTROL TECHNIQUES AND HYDRAULIC METHODS.
132
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COMPUTER SIMULATION RESULTS INDICATE THAT THE
MODEL SATISFACTORILY DESCRIBES THE DIFFERENT
PROCESS VERSIONS AND THAT DYNAMIC VARIATIONS IN
WASTEWATER FEED PATTERN ARE VALUABLE FOR CONTROL.
(BELL-CORNELL)
TITLE EFFECTS OF FLOW EQUALIZATION ON THE OPERATION AND
PERFORMANCE OF AN ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANT.
AUTHOR FOESS, G. W.; AND OTHERS
PUB DATE AUG 77
AVAIL NTIS, 5285 PORT ROYAL RD. , SPRINGFIELD, VA 22161
($6.50)
DESC *ACTIVATED SLUDGE, CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND, *FLOW
MEASUREMENT, RESEARCH REPORTS, SEWAGE, *SLUDGE,
*WASTEWATER TREATMENT, *COST EFFECTIVENESS,
OPERATIONS (WASTEWATER)
DESC NOTE 110P ORDER NO. PB 272 657
ABSTRACT A PLANT-SCALE RESEARCH PROGRAM WAS CARRIED OUT
OVER A YEAR TO EVALUATE THE IMPACT OF
FLOW EQUALIZATION OF THE 14,000 CU.M/DAY (3.7 MGD)
UPGRADED ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANT AT YPSILANTI
TOWNSHIP, MICHIGAN. PROCESS STEAMS WERE
CHARACTERIZED UNDER BOTH EQUALIZED AND UNEQUALIZED
FLOW CONDITIONS WITH RESPECT TO BOD, COD, TSS AND
FORMS OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS. THE EQUALIZATION
SYSTEM WAS EFFECTIVE IN ITS ABILITY TO DAMPEN
VARIATIONS IN WASTEWATER CONCENTRATION AND MASS
FLUX. SOME BIOCHEMICAL ACTION APPARENTLY OCCURRED
IN THE EQUALIZATION BASIN, ALTHOUGH BOD REMOVAL
WAS MARGINAL AND INCONSISTENT. ANALYSIS OF
SECONDARY EFFLUENT INDICATED THAT PLANT
PERFORMANCE WAS SIMILAR WITH AND WITHOUT EQUALIZED
FLOW, SUGGESTING THAT THE THEORETICAL ADVANTAGES
OF FLOW EQUALIZATION MAY NOT BE ACHIEVED IN
MANUALLY CONTROLLED PLANTS. AN EXAMINATION OF
THEORETICAL POWER COSTS FOR EQUALIZED AND
UNEQUALIZED FLOW CONDITIONS INDICATED THAT USE OF
FLOW EQUALIZATION DID NOT RESULT IN POWER COST
ECONOMIES. (BB)
TITLE EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURES: BASIC PARAMETERS
FOR MUNICIPAL EFFLUENTS. STAFF GUIDE.
PUB DATE 77
DESC CHEMISTRY, COURSE DESCRIPTIONS, *EDUCATIONAL
PROGRAMS, ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION, INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, *LABORATORY TECHNIQUES, MICROBIOLOGY,
*POLLUTION, POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, SKILL
DEVELOPMENT, *WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, *WASTEWATER
TREATMENT, *EFFLUENTS, *MONITORING
133
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ERIC NO. ED147194
EDRS PRICE EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$16.73 PLUS POSTAGE.
DESC NOTE 315P.; FOR RELATED DOCUMENTS, SEE SE 023 377-383;
AS NOTED IN THE TABLE OF CONTENTS, SECTIONS 18 AND
27 ARE NOT INCLUDED IN THE PAGINATION
ISSUE RIEAPR78
ABSTRACT THIS IS ONE OF SEVERAL SHORT-TERM COURSES
DEVELOPED TO ASSIST IN THE TRAINING OF WASTE WATER
TREATMENT PLANT OPERATIONAL PERSONNEL IN THE
TESTS, MEASUREMENTS, AND REPORT PREPARATION
REQUIRED FOR COMPLIANCE WITH THEIR NPDES PERMITS.
THIS STAFF GUIDE PROVIDES STEP-BY-STEP GUIDELINES
ON COURSE PLANNING, DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION
INVOLVING CLASSROOM INSTRUCTION AND LABORATORY
APPLICATION OF CRITICAL LEARNING OUTCOMES. PART I
IS CONCERNED WITH THE ADMINISTRATIVE ASPECTS OF
THE TRAINING PROGRAM, PART II CONSISTS OF
INSTRUCTIONAL STAFF GUIDELINES ON TECHNICAL
CONTENT, LEARNING OBJECTIVES, AND LESSON-BY-LESSON
GUIDES FOR THE SELF-MONITORING PROCEDURES
CONTAINED IN THIS COURSE. INCLUDED IN THIS
DOCUMENT ARE MATERIALS RELATED TO DETERMINING
DISSOLVED OXYGEN, PH, FECAL COLIFORM, WATER FLOW,
SUSPENDED SOLIDS, AND CHLORINE. (CS)
TITLE EFFLUENT MONITORING PROCEDURES: NUTRIENTS. STAFF
GUIDE.
PUB DATE 77
DESC COURSE DESCRIPTIONS, *EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS,
ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION, INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS,
LABORATORY TECHNIQUES, *POLLUTION, POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION, SKILL DEVELOPMENT, TEACHING METHODS,
*WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, *WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
*EFFLUENTS, *MONITORING, *NUTRIENTS
EDRS PRICE EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$12.71 PLUS POSTAGE
DESC NOTE 247P., FOR RELATED DOCUMENTS, SEE SE 023 377-383,
SOME PAGES MAY REPRODUCE POORLY DUE TO PRINT
QUALITY.
ISSUE RIEAPR78
ABSTRACT THIS IS ONE OF SEVERAL SHORT-TERM COURSES
DEVELOPED TO ASSIST IN THE TRAINING OF WASTE WATER
TREATMENT PLANT OPERATIONAL PERSONNEL IN THE TESTS
MEASUREMENTS, AND REPORT PREPARATION REQUIRED FOR
COMPLIANCE WITH THEIR NPDES PERMITS. THIS STAFF
GUIDE PROVIDES STEP-BY-STEP GUIDELINES ON COURSE
PLANNING, DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION INVOLVING
CLASSROOM INSTRUCTION AND LABORATORY APPLICATION
OF CRITICAL LEARNING OUTCOMES. PART I IS CONCERNED
WITH THE ADMINISTRATIVE ASPECTS OF THE TRAINING
134
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PROGRAM. PART II CONSISTS OF INSTRUCTIONAL STAFF
GUIDELINES ON TECHNICAL CONTENT, LEARNING
OBJECTIVES, AND LESSON-BY-LESSON GUIDES FOR THE
SELF-MONITORING PROCEDURES CONTAINED IN THIS
COURSE. INCLUDED ARE A VARIETY OF TECHNIQUES FOR
DETERMINING VARIOUS MATERIALS IN WATER INCLUDING
PHOSPHORUS, NITROGEN, AMMONIA, CADMIUM, OIL, AND
GREASE. (CS)
TITLE FACILITIES FOR CONTROLLING THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PROCESS BY MEAN CELL RESIDENCE TIME
AUTHOR BURCHETT, M.E.; TCHOBANDOGLOUS, G.
CORP AUTH YODER-TROTTER-ORLOB AND ASSOCIATES, WALNUT CREEK,
CALIF.
AVAIL JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION,
VOL 46, NO 5, P 973-979, MAY 1974. 7 FIG, 6 REF.
IDEN *MEAN CELL RESIDENCE TIME.
KEYWORDS *ACTIVATED SLUDGE, *TREATMENT FACILITIES, *CONTROL
SYSTEMS, AUTOMATIC CONTROL, OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE, *WASTE WATER TREATMENT
ABSTRACT SEVERAL METHODS NOW BEING USED BY OPERATORS TO
CONTROL THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS ARE
DISCUSSED. THE USE OF THE MEAN CELL RESIDENCE TIME
(MCRT) IS RECOMMENDED AS THE MOST SUITABLE
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PARAMETER. THE BASIC CONCEPTS
INVOLVING THE THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL REASONS
FOR CONTROLLING THE MCRT ARE DISCUSSED. THE
PHYSICAL FEATURES OF A CONTROL SYSTEM DEVELOPED TO
USE THIS METHOD ARE PRESENTED. THE FOLLOWING
ADVANTAGES FOR THE PROPOSED CONTROL SYSTEM ARE:
MINIMUM REQUIRED OPERATOR ATTENTION, INEXPENSIVE
CAPITAL COSTS, MORE POSITIVE PROCESS CONTROL, AND
MORE STABLE PROCESS OPERATION. (SA
TITLE GET THE MOST FROM THE FINAL CLARIFIERS.
AUTHOR BOYLE, W. H.
CORP AUTH ENVIREX INC., WAUKESHA, WIS.
AVAIL WATER AND WASTES ENGINEERING, VOL 12, NO 10,
P 53-55, 82, OCTOBER, 1975. 4 FIG.
IDEN *CLARIFIERS, HYDRAULIC REMOVAL MECHANISMS, SLUDGE
RETURN.
KEYWORDS *WASTE WATER TREATMENT, *ACTIVATED SLUDGE,
HYDRAULIC MACHINERY, HYDRAULICS, SLUDGE, DESIGN.
ABSTRACT THE FINAL CLARIFIER PERFORMS ONE OF THE MOST
IMPORTANT UNIT FUNCTIONS IN THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PROCESS. THE HYDRAULIC REMOVAL MECHANISM,
SOMETIMES CALLED A VACUUM OR SUCTION TYPE DEVICE,
IS THE PREFERRED SLUDGE COLLECTION MECHANISM WHEN
DEALING WITH A LIGHT FLOCCULANT SLUDGE. A BRIEF
135
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REVIEW IS PRESENTED OF THE MAIN REQUIREMENTS FOR A
HYDRAULIC REMOVAL MECHANISM WHICH ARE RAPID SLUDGE
REMOVAL, MINIMUM SLUDGE AGITATION, MAXIMUM SOLIDS
CONCENTRATION, FLEXIBILITY, AND BALANCED HYDRAULIC
DESIGN. ONE OF THE TWO MAIN TYPES OF CIRCULAR
HYDRAULIC REMOVAL MECHANISMS IS A RECTANGULAR
TAPERED HEADER MADE OF 0.25 INCH STEEL PLATE WITH
ORIFICES DRILLED INTO THE HEADER FOR THE REMOVAL
OF SLUDGE (THE HEADER DESIGN). THE OTHER DEVICE
INCORPORATES SEVERAL WITHDRAWAL PIPES WITH THE
SLUDGE CHANNELED BY DEFLECTOR PLATES TO THESE
PIPES AND TRANSPORTED TO COLLECTION WELLS (RISER
PIPE DESIGN). THE HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF EACH OF
THESE DEVICES IS EXPLAINED. CHOICE OF HYDRAULIC
SLUDGE REMOVAL MECHANISM SHOULD BE BASED ON
PERFORMANCE, HOW THE DEVICE AFFECTS THE MAIN
PROCESS REQUIREMENTS, AND AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION
OF CAPITAL AND OPERATIONAL/MAINTENANCE
EXPENDITURES. (ORR-FIRL)
TITLE GUIDE TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT: BIOLOGICAL-SYSTEM
DEVELOPMENTS.
AUTHOR FORD, D. L.; TISCHLER, L. F.
CORP AUTH ENGINEERING-SCIENCE, INC., AUSTIN, TX.
AVAIL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, VOL 84, NO 17, P 131-135,
AUGUST, 1977. 2 FIG. 13 REF.
KEYWORDS *BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT, INDUSTRIAL WASTES,
*ACTIVATED SLUDGE, *TRICKLING FILTERS,
*BIODEGRADATION, EQUALIZING RESERVOIRS, ORGANIC
LOADING, DILUTION, SOLVENT EXTRACTIONS, SUSPENDED
SOLIDS, DESIGN CRITERIA, NITRIFICATION,
FILTRATION, *WASTE WATER TREATMENT
ABSTRACT HIGH-RATE BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT SYSTEMS SUCH AS
ACTIVATED SLUDGE, TRICKLING FILTERS, AND ROTATING
DISCS ARE REVIEWED FOR USE IN MUNICIPAL AND
INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT. VARIOUS ASPECTS
OF SUSPENDED-GROWTH SYSTEMS SUCH AS THE
COMPLETELY-MIXED ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS ARE
DISCUSSED, INCLUDING CONTACT STABILIZATION, SOLIDS
REMOVAL, AND EFFLUENT POLISHING, FIXED-GROWTH
SYSTEMS SUCH AS THE CONVENTIONAL TRICKLING FILTER
AND THE ROTATING BIOLOGICAL FILTER ARE DESCRIBED
AND COMPARED WITH SUSPENDED-GROWTH SYSTEMS. FLOW
EQUALIZATION AND AUXILIARY BASINS IN INDUSTRIAL
WASTE WATER TREATMENT ARE SUGGESTED TO OFFSET
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH HYDRAULIC- AND
ORGANIC-LOAD VARIATIONS TO BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS.
PRETREATMENT WITH HYDROLYSIS IS SUGGESTED TO
ENHANCE BIODEGRADABILITY. PRE-DILUTION OF INFLUENT
136
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TITLE
PUB DATE
AVAIL
DESC
ABSTRACT
TITLE
AUTHOR
PUB DATE
AVAIL
DESC
DESC NOTE
ABSTRACT
STREAMS HAVING HIGH ORGANIC CONCENTRATIONS BY
STREAMS HAVING LOW ORGANIC CONCENTRATIONS IS
SUGGESTED TO IMPROVE OVERALL PERFORMANCE OF A
BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM. STEAM OR SOLVENT STRIPPING OF
INDUSTRIAL WASTE STREAMS IS RECOMMENDED TO REDUCE
HIGH-ORGANIC LOADS, MINIMIZE LOADING VARIATIONS,
AND REDUCE INHIBITION OF BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES BY
PARTICULARLY TOXIC WASTES. INCREASING THE AMOUNT
OF BIOLOGICAL SOLIDS IN THE AERATION BASIN OF
SUSPENDED GROWTH SYSTEMS BY INCREASING THE
SLUDGE-RECYCLE RATIO AND/OR REDUCING SLUDGE
WASTAGE IS REPORTED TO PREVENT BIOLOGICAL UPSET.
VARIOUS PROCESSES USED IN THE REMOVAL OF SECONDARY
SOLIDS ARE DISCUSSED. DESIGN AND OPERATIONAL
VARIABLES WHICH CAN AFFECT PROCESS PERFORMANCE ARE
DISCUSSED, INCLUDING SLUDGE AGE, TEMPERATURE,
SLUDGE BULKING, NITRIFICATION, AND ACTIVATED
CARBON TREATMENT. ((SCHULZ-FIRL)
HANDBOOK FOR WATER AND WASTEWATER ANALYSIS.
76
VWR SCIENTIFIC, PO BOX 3200, SAN FRANCISCO, CA
94119
*ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS,
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, LABORATORY TECHNIQUES,
*MANUALS, POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *WATER
ANALYSIS
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR USE IN WATER AND
WASTEWATER LABORATORIES.
HANDBOOK OF ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT, 2ND
EDITION
CULP, RUSSELL L.; AND OTHERS
78
300 PIKE ST.,
VAN NOSTRAND/REINHOLD CO.
CINCINNATI, OH 45202
CARBON DIOXIDE, *CHEMISTRY, CHLORINATION,
DEMINERALIZATION, *DISINFECTION, *ECONOMICS,
FILTRATION, FLOCCULATION, *HIGHER EDUCATION,
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *LAND APPLICATION,
"OPERATIONS (WASTEWATER), POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION, *SLUDGE, WASTEWATER SLUDGE, *WASTEWATER
TREATMENT, *WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
632P.
INCLUDED IN THIS BOOK ARE CHAPTERS ON THE PURPOSE
AND BENEFITS OF ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
CHEMICAL CLARIFICATION, RECARBONATION, FILTRATION,
ACTIVATED CARBON ADSORPTION AND REGENERATION,
DISINFECTION, NITROGEN REMOVAL, CHEMICAL SLUDGE
137
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HANDLING, DEMINERALIZATION, LAND TREATMENT OF
WASTEWATERS, ESTIMATING ' THE COSTS OF WASTEWATER
TREATMENT FACILITIES AND SELECTING AND COMBINING
UNIT PROCESSES. SOME OF THE TOPICS INCLUDED ARE:
(1) COAGULATION, FLOCCULATION, AND SEDIMENTATION;
(2) SINGLE STAGE VS, TWO STAGE CARBONATION; (3)
DESIGN OF FILTER SYSTEMS; (4) EVALUATION OF
ACTIVATED CARBON; (5) CHLORINATION; (6) BIOLOGICAL
NITROGEN REMOVAL; (7) ELECTRODIALYSIS; AND (8) ION
EXCHANGE. THIS BOOK CONTAINS DESIGN EXAMPLES AND
CASE HISTORIES OF OPERATING PLANTS. IT IS USEFUL
AS A REFERENCE BOOK, OR A TEXT IN GRADUATE OR
UNDERGRADUATE ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING COURSES.
(BB)
TITLE THE IMPACT OF OILY MATERIAL ON ACTIVATED SLUDGE
SYSTEMS.
CORP AUTH HYDROSCIENCE, INC., WESTWOOD, N.J.
AVAIL COPY AVAILABLE FROM GPO SUP DOC AS SN5501-0088,
$1.25; MICROFICHE FROM NTIS AS PB-212 422, $0.95.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES, MARCH 1971, 110 P,
29 FIG, 10 TAB, 38 REF. EPA PROGRAM 12050 DSH
03/71.
IDEN *SPENT CRANKCASE OIL, "VEGETABLE .OIL, *CRUDE OIL,
REFINERY WASTE OIL, LOAD TOLERANCE.
KEYWORDS *OIL WASTES, *ACTIVATED SLUDGE, *SEWAGE TREATMENT,
*WASTE WATER DISPOSAL, BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT, OIL,
BIODEGRADATION, ABSORPTION, SLUDGE TREATMENT
ABSTRACT THE PREFORMANCE OF SMALL SCALE CONTINUOUS
ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEMS WAS OBSERVED AFTER BEING
EXPOSED TO A VAREITY OF OILY COMPOUNDS SUCH AS
CRANKCASE OIL, CRUDE OIL AND VEGETABLE OIL, AT
SEVERAL LOADING LEVELS. BATCH STUDIES WERE
CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE BIODEGRADABILITY AND THE
EFFECT OF EMULSIFICATION AND TEMPERATURE ON THE
RATE OF BIOLOGICAL REACTION. OILS ARE ABSORBED ON
THE FLOC AND SLOWLY DEGRADE WHEN THEY ARE
INTRODUCED INTO AN ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEM. THE
OIL ACCUMULATES ON THE SLUDGE CAUSING A LOSS OF
DENSITY AND ACCEPTABLE SETTLING CHARACTERISTICS IF
THE LOADING RATE IS HIGHER THAN THE DEGRADATION
WASTAGE. THE ABILITY OF THE MICROBIAL SYSTEM TO
REMOVE OTHER SUBSTRATES IS NOT INHIBITED ALTHOUGH
THE BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM FAILS DUE TO THE LOSS OF
SLUDGE. 0.10 POUNDS PER DAY PER POUND OF SLUDGE
UNDER AERATION SHOULD BE THE MAXIMUM CONTINUOUS
FEED LEVEL OF OILS TO ACTIVATED SLUDGE. SHOCK
LOADS SHOULD NOT EXCEED 5% OF THE WEIGHT OF'THE
SLUDGE UNDER AERATION. (SMITH-TEXAS)
138
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TITLE IS INADEQUATE SLUDGE AGE AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN
CONTROL PREVENTING OPERATORS FROM GETTING THE BEST
FROM THEIR ACTIVATED-SLUDGE PLANTS.
AUTHOR PITMAN, A. R.
PUB DESC WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, VOL 77, NO 1, P 97-99,
1978. 1 FIG.
KEYWORDS *ACTIVATED SLUDGE, *DISSOLVED OXYGEN,
*FLOCCULATION, *SUSPENDED SOLIDS, OPTIMIZATION,
OXYGEN DEMAND, BACTERIA, PROTOZOA, WASTE WATER
TREATMENT, SLUDGE DIGESTION, MUNICIPAL WASTES.
ABSTRACT THE OPTIMIZATION OF THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE WASTE
WATER TREATMENT PROCESS IS CONSIDERED WITH RESPECT
TO SLUDGE AGE AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONTROL.
CLARIFIER CAPACITY INCREASES AT A CONSTANT FEED
RATE OF HOMOGENOUS SLUDGE AND A DISSOLVED OXYGEN
LEVEL OF 2 MG/LITER. AS SLUDGE AGE INCREASES UNDER
THESE CIRCUMSTANCES, EFFLUENT CLARITY IMPROVES DUE
TO INCREASED BIOFLOCCULATION EFFICIENCY; THE
SLUDGE SETTLING RATE INCREASES WITH HIGHER FLOC
DENSITY; AND THE QUANTITY OF SLUDGE PRODUCED
DECREASES. THE OXIDATION OF ORGANIC NITROGEN AND
AMMONIA ALSO IMPROVES WHILE THE FLOC OXYGEN DEMAND
AND MIXED LIQUOR SUSPENDED SOLIDS INCREASE. AS
SLUDGE AGE INCREASES, OPTIMUM CONDITIONS ARE
APPROACHED. THESE INCLUDE THE REDUCTION OF THE
PROTOZOA POPULATION, THE PRESENCE OF BACTERIA IN
THE ENDOGENOUS GROWTH PHASE, THE DETERIORATION OF
BIOFLOCCULATION, AND THE CONTINUING INCREASE OF
FLOC DENSITY, SUSPENDED SOLIDS, TOTAL OXYGEN
DEMAND, AND CLARIFIER SOLIDS LEVELS. WHEN SLUDGE
AGE EXCEEDS THE OPTIMUM CONDITIONS, DEFLOCCULATION
OCCURS. TWO EXAMPLES OF EFFLUENT DEFLOCCULATION
ARE PRESENTED. IN ONE CASE, CONTROL OF THE
DISSOLVED OXYGEN LEVEL BELOW CAPACITY IMPROVES THE
CLARIFIED EFFLUENT QUALITY. IN THE SECOND CASE,
REDUCING SLUDGE AGE IMPROVES THE AMBIENT DISSOLVED
OXYGEN LEVEL. (LISK-FIRL)
TITLE INTERMEDIATE ACTIVATED SLUDGE. TRAINING MODULE
2.116.3.77.
PUB DATE SEP 77
DESC INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION, SECONDARY EDUCATION, *TEACHING GUIDES,
*UNITS OF STUDY, *WATER POLLUTION CONTROL:
ACTIVATED SLUDGE, OPERATIONS (WASTEWATER),
*WASTEWATER TREATMENT
ERIC NO. ED151221
EDRS PRICE EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$4.67 PLUS POSTAGE.
DESC NOTE 89P.; FOR RELATED DOCUMENTS SEE SE 024 025-047;
139
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PAGE 81 MISSING FROM DOCUMENT PRIOR TO BEING
SHIPPED TO EDRS FOR FILMING; BEST COPY AVAILABLE
ISSUE RIEJUL78
ABSTRACT THIS DOCUMENT IS AN INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE PACKAGE
PREPARED IN OBJECTIVE FORM FOR USE BY AN
INSTRUCTOR FAMILIAR WITH OPERATION OF ACTIVATED
SLUDGE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS. INCLUDED ARE
OBJECTIVES, INSTRUCTOR GUIDES, STUDENT HANDOUTS
AND TRANSPARENCY MASTERS. THIS IS THE SECOND
LEVEL OF A THREE MODULE SERIES AND CONSIDERS
AERATION DEVICES, PROCESS CONTROL PROCEDURES,
MICROORGANISMS AND DATA TREND CHART PLOTTING.
(AUTHOR/RH)
TITLE INTRODUCTION TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES.
AUTHOR RAMALHO, R. S.
PUB DATE 77
AVAIL ACADEMIC PRESS, 111 FIFTH AVE., NEW YORK, NY 10003
DESC BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY, *ENGINEERING, *ENVIRONMENTAL
INFLUENCES, EQUIPMENT, FACILITIES, INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, LAND USE, *POLLUTION, POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION, PROBLEM SOLVING, *WASTE DISPOSAL, WATER
QUALITY, *WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, OPERATIONS
(WASTEWATER), *WASTEWATER TREATMENT, *FACILITIES
DESC NOTE 409P.
ABSTRACT THIS BOOK INTRODUCES FUNDAMENTAL PROCESSES OF
THE TEXT IS DESIGNED TO
EVALUATION OF WASTEWATER
THAT PROPER PROCESSES AND
EQUIPMENT MAY BE SELECTED. FOR EACH PROCESS THE
TEXT PROVIDES: (1) A SUMMARY OF THEORY, INVOLVED
IN THAT PROCESS, (2) DEFINITION OF IMPORTANT
DESIGN PARAMETERS INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS, AND (3)
DEVELOPMENT OF A SYSTEMATIC DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR
THE TREATMENT PLANT. EVERY STEP OF THIS SEQUENCE
IS ILLUSTRATED WITH NUMERICAL EXAMPLES. (CS)
TITLE LABORATORY CONTROL FOR WASTEWATER FACILITIES,
WASTEWATER TECHNOLOGY: A TWO-YEAR POST HIGH SCHOOL
INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAM. VOLUME III, PARTS A, B, C,
D, E, F, G.
AUTHOR WAGNER, DAVID; AND OTHERS
PUB DATE JUL 76
DESC BEHAVIORAL OBJECTIVES, CURRICULUM, ENVIRONMENT,
*ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNICIANS, INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, LABORATORY PROCEDURES, LABORATORY
TECHNIQUES, *POLLUTION, POST SECONDARY EDUCATION,
*WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, *WASTEWATER TREATMENT
ERIC NO. ED148582
THIS BOOK INTRODUCES
WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
TRAIN THE READER IN
TREATMENT PROBLEMS SO
140
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EDRS PRICE EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$20.75 PLUS POSTAGE
DESC NOTE 377P.; FOR RELATED DOCUMENTS, SEE SE 023 408-410
AND SE 023 432; CONTAINS OCCASIONAL LIGHT TYPE.
ISSUE RIEMAY78
ABSTRACT THIS VOLUME IS ONE IN A SERIES WHICH OUTLINES
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES AND INSTRUCTIONAL MODULES
FOR A COURSE OF STUDY WHICH EXPLAINS THE
RELATIONSHIP AND FUNCTION OF THE PROCESS UNITS IN
A WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT. EXAMPLES OF MODULES
INCLUDE MEASURING SETTLEABLE MATTER, TOTAL SOLIDS,
DISSOLVED SOLIDS, SUSPENDED SOLIDS, AND VOLATILE
SOLIDS. THE MODULES ARE ARRANGED IN AN ORDER
APPROPRIATE FOR TEACHING STUDENTS WITH NO
EXPERIENCE. THEY CAN ALSO BE REARRANGED AND
ADAPTED FOR COURSES TO UPGRADE PERSONNEL MOVING
INTO SUPERVISORY POSITIONS OR DESIGNED AS A
MINICOURSE. EACH MODULE CONTAINS A STATEMENT OF
PURPOSE, OBJECTIVES, CONDITIONS, ACCEPTABLE
PERFORMANCE, INSTRUCTOR ACTIVITY AND STUDENT
ACTIVITY. THE TASKS ARE ORGANIZED IN THE GENERAL
CATEGORIES: NORMAL OPERATIONS, ABNORMAL
OPERATIONS, PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE, CORRECTIVE
MAINTENANCE, LABORATORY CONTROL, SYSTEMS
INTERACTION, AND MANAGEMENT/SUPERVISORY
PROCEDURES. INCLUDED IN THIS VOLUME ARE 29
MODULES. THE MODULES ARE DESIGNED TO TEACH THE
STUDENT LABORATORY PROCEDURES FOR ANALYZING
VARIOUS POLLUTANTS AND VARIABLES RELATED TO
WASTEWATER. MOST STANDARD TESTS ARE INCLUDED.
(CS)
INSTITUTION CHARLES COUNTY COMMUNITY COLL., LA PLATA, MD.;
NAME CLEMSON UNIV., S.C.; GREENVILLE TECHNICAL COLL.,
S.C.; LINN-BENTON COMMUNITY COLL., ALBANY, OREG.
TITLE MANUAL FOR ACTIVATED SLUDGE SEWAGE TREATMENT.
AUTHOR GOODMAN, B. L.
PUB DATE 71
AVAIL TECHNOMIC PUBLISHING CO., INC., 265 WEST STATE
STREET, WESTPORT, CT 06880
DESC *ACTIVATED SLUDGE, ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNICIANS,
INSERVICE EDUCATION, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS,
*MANUALS, *POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SLUDGE,
*WASTE DISPOSAL, *WASTEWATER TREATMENT, WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL
DESC NOTE 204P.
ABSTRACT STEP BY STEP EXPLANATION OF THE PROCESS, FROM
BASICS TO FINE POINTS OF ADVANCED WASTEWATER
TREATMENT METHODS.
141
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TITLE MANUAL OF INSTRUCTION FOR SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
OPERATORS.
PUB DATE 65
AVAIL HEALTH EDUCATION SERVICE, PO BOX 7283, ALBANY, NY
12224 ($2.00)
DESC ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS,
MAINTENANCE, *MANUALS, OPERATIONS, *POST
SECONDARY EDUCATION, PRIMARY TREATMENT, RECORD
KEEPING, *SEWAGE, SLUDGE, *WASTE DISPOSAL,
WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS, WASTEWATER SLUDGE,
*WASTEWATER TREATMENT
DESC NOTE 243P.
ABSTRACT PREPARED FOR GRADE 2 OPERATORS, WRITTEN PRIMARILY
AS A TEXT TO BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH TRAINING
COURSE. HEAVILY NARRATIVE, AVOIDS OVERLY TECHNICAL
TREATMENT, AND PRESENTS MATERIAL CONCISELY,
APPENDICES SUPPORT BACKGROUND MATERIAL (EG
ARITHMETIC, CHEMISTRY, BACTERIOLOGY, ETC).
GLOSSARY.
TITLE MANUAL OF INSTRUCTION FOR WASTE TREATMENT PLANT
OPERATORS.
AVAIL HEALTH EDUCATION SERVICE, PO BOX 7126, ALBANY, NY
12224 ($2.00)
DESC *CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, *ENVIRONMENT, INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, NATURAL RESOURCES, OPERATIONS (WATER),
POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
*WATER ANALYSIS, WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, *WATER
QUALITY
DESC NOTE 308P.
ABSTRACT THIS MANUAL IS INTENDED TO BE A TEXTBOOK FOR A
WATER TREATMENT OPERATORS COURSE. IT CONTAINS
CHAPTERS ON THE PURPOSE OF WATER TREATMENT, WATER
SOURCES AND USES, HYDRAULICS AND ELECTRICITY,
WATER CHEMISTRY, MICROBIOLOGY, WATER QUALITY,
CHEMICAL COAGULATION, SEDIMENTATION, FILTRATION,
CHLORINATION, SOFTENING, AERATION, IRON AND
MAGNESIUM, TASTE AND ODOR CONTROL, CORROSION,
FLUORIDATION, PROTECTION OF TREATED WATER, RECORDS
AND REPORTING, TREATMENT PLANT MAINTENANCE AND
ACCIDENT PREVENTION, MATHEMATICS, AND LABORATORY
EXAMINATION OF WATER. THE MANUAL SHOULD BE
UNDERSTANDABLE TO THE AVERAGE PLANT OPERATOR WITH
A HIGH SCHOOL EQUIVALENT BACKGROUND. EXTREMELY
TECHNICAL MATERIAL HAS BEEN AVOIDED. (BB)
TITLE A MANUAL OF SIMPLIFIED LABORATORY .METHODS FOR
OPERATORS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES.
AUTHOR WESTERHOLD, ARNOLD F., ED.; BENNETT, ERNEST C., ED
142
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PUB DATE APR 74
DESC CHEMISTRY, ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION, *ENVIRONMENTAL
TECHNICIANS, INDEPENDENT STUDY, *INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, JOB SKILLS, LABORATORY TECHNIQUES,
*POLLUTION, *POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, PUBLIC
HEALTH, *WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, *WASTEWATER
TREATMENT
ERIC NO. ED149972
EDRS PRICE EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$4.67 PLUS POSTAGE.
94P., PAGES 1-1 THROUGH 1-12 (GENERAL
INTRODUCTION) REMOVED DUE TO COPYRIGHT
RESTRICTION; SECTION 8 MISSING; CONTAINS
OCCASIONAL LIGHT TYPE; BEST COPY AVAILABLE
ISSUE RIEJUN78
ABSTRACT THIS MANUAL IS DESIGNED TO PROVIDE THE SMALL
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT OPERATOR, AS WELL AS
THE NEW OR INEXPERIENCED OPERATOR, WITH SIMPLIFIED
METHODS FOR LABORATORYY ANALYSIS OF WATER AND
WASTEWATER. IT IS EMPHASIZED THAT THIS MANUAL IS
NOT A REPLACEMENT FOR STANDARD METHODS BUT A GUIDE
FOR PLANTS WITH INSUFFICIENT EQUIPMENT TO PERFORM
ANALYSES IN ACCORDANCE WITH STANDARD METHODS. EACH
OF THE SECTIONS IS DESIGNED TO BE COMPLETE WITHIN
ITSELF. THE TESTS AND MEASUREMENTS PRESENTED
INCLUDE: ACIDS, BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD),
DISSOLVED OXYGEN, RESIDUES, SLUDGE, AND SUSPENDED
SOLIDS. (CS)
INSTITUTION ILLINOIS STATE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY,
NAME SPRINGFIELD.
TITLE THE MATHEMATICS OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE CONTROL.
AUTHOR UHTE, WARREN R.
CORP AUTH BROWN AND CALDWELL, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF.
AVAIL JOURNAL OF THE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION,
VOL 42, NO 7, P 1292-1304, JULY 1970. 1 FIG,
1 TAB.
I DEN SUSPENDED SOLIDS, WASTING, COMPUTATION, PROCESS
CONTROL.
KEYWORDS *MATHEMATICAL MODEL, *ACTIVATED SLUDGE, *CONTROL,
SLUDGE, KINETICS, DESIGN.
ABSTRACT FOR THE USE OF THE MEAN CELL RESIDENCE OR THE
SOLIDS RETENTION TIME IN THE CONTROL OF AN
ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEM, ONE MUST SELECT THE
DESIRED TIME, COMPUTE THE TOTAL SOLIDS PRESENT IN
THE SYSTEM AND DETERMINE THE TOTAL VOLATILE SOLIDS
TO BE WASTED PER DAY. THE SOLIDS IN THE SYSTEM MAY
BE EXPRESSED AS THE SUM OF THOSE IN THE AERATION
FACILITIES SECONDARY SEDIMENTATION UNITS AND THE
SLUDGE RETURN SYSTEM. SOLIDS ARE WASTED BOTH OVER
143
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THE EFFLUENT WEIR AND THROUGH THE SOLIDS DISPOSAL
SYSTEM. NUMERICAL EXAMPLES SHOW THESE COMPUTATIONS
FOR CONVENTIONAL, STEP FEED, HIGH RATE AND
MULTIPLE STEP OPERATIONS OF AN HYPOTHETICAL PLANT.
ASSUMED PLANT DESIGN IS FOR AN 18 MGD FLOW. THE
PLANT LAYOUT INCLUDES FOUR AERATION TANKS, MIXED
LIQUOR CHANNEL AND RETURN ACTIVATED SLUDGE
CHANNEL, AND FOUR SECONDARY SEDIMENTATION BASINS.
(HANCUFF-TEXAS)
TITLE MAXIMIZING PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL IN ACTIVATED SLUDGE.
AUTHOR ELLIOTT, W. R.; RIDING, J. T.; SHERRARD, J. H.
CORP AUTH VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INST. AND STATE UNIV.,
BLACKSBURG. DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING.
PUB DESC WATER AND SEWAGE WORKS, VOL 125, NO 3, P 88-92,
MARCH, 1978. 38 REF.
KEYWORDS *PHOSPHORUS, *BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT, *ACTIVATED
SLUDGE, *CHEMICAL PERCIPITATION, NUTRIENT REMOVAL,
ABSORPTION, BIODEGRADATION, CALCIUM CARBONATE,
LIME, PILOT PLANTS, LABORATORY TESTS, HARDNESS
(WATER), PHOSPHATES, LIMITING FACTORS,
PUBLICATIONS, WASTE WATER TREATMENT, MUNICIPAL
WASTES.
ABSTRACT IMPROVING PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL IN ACTIVATED SLUDGE
BY MICROBIAL GROWTH, EXCESS UPTAKE, AND CHEMICAL
PRECIPITATION WAS DISCUSSED IN A REVIEW OF
PUBLISHED EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND ON-SITE TESTS IN
WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANTS. LABORATORY DATA ON
MICROBIAL UPTAKE IDENTIFIED THE C:P RATIO AS A
LIMITING FACTOR IN PHOSPHORUS REMOVA1; THE HIGHER
COD:P RATIO PROVIDED MORE OF THE STOICHIOMETRIC
REQUIREMENT. VARIATIONS IN MEAN CELL RESIDENCE
TIME AFFECTED PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL, ALTHOUGH THE
AVERAGE SLUDGE PHOSPHORUS CONTENT OF 2-3% BY
WEIGHT WAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED. ENHANCED
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL WAS ACHIEVED IN PLUG FLOW
REACTORS WITH DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONTROL AT PH6;
ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS WERE AVOIDED BY ADEQUATE
SLUDGE REMOVAL. BATCH STUDIES ON EXCESS UPTAKE
DEMONSTRATED THAT 80% REMOVAL OCCURRED FOR A LOW
PHOSPHATE CONCENTRATION, 5MG/LITER, IN THE
PRESENCE OF A HIGH MICROBIAL POPULATION. THE
PRESENCE OF NA(+) AND K AND THE RATE OF AERATION
WERE CITED AS LIMITING FACTORS IN EXCESS
PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE. FULL-SCALE STUDIES VERIFIED
THAT PHOSPHORUS WAS RELEASED INTO THE EFFLUENT
STREAM UNDER ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS. PRECIPITATION
WITH CAC03 RESULTED IN HYDROLYSIS OF PHOSPHATES AT
THE HEAD OF THE AERATION TANK, DECREASED C02
144
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GENERATION, AND THE FORMATION OF CALCIUM
PHOSPHATE SLUDGE. THE OPTIMUM CONDITIONS FOR
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL IN A PLUG FLOW SYSTEM WERE
CONCLUDED TO BE: PH 7.5-8.5 LESS THAN 350 MG/LITER
CAC03, AND 24 MG/LITER MG(-H-). (LISK- FIRL)
TITLE THE METAZOA OF WASTE TREATMENT
PROCESSES-ROTIFERS.
AUTHOR CALAWAY, W. T.
CORP AUTH FLORIDA UNIV., GAINESVILLE.
AVAIL JOURNAL OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION,
VOL 40, NO 11, PART 2, P R412-R422, NOV. 1968.
3 FIG, 0 TAB, 23 REF.
IDEN *METAZOA
DESC *ACTIVATED SLUDGE, *ROTIFERS, *MICROBIOLOGY,
*EFFICIENCIES, TREATMENT, WASTE TREATMENT,
TRICKLING FILTER, SEWAGE TREATMENT, ANIMALS, WASTE
WATER TREATMENT.
ABSTRACT DIFFERENT WASTE WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES DEVELOP
DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS FAUNA. THE ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS COMMONLY SUPPORTS ROTIFERS AS ITS
PRINCIPAL METAZOA, TRICKLING FILTERS SUPPORT
POPULATIONS OF ROTIFERS, ROUND WORMS, AND
ANNELIDS, AND THE METAZOA OF LAGOONS VERY WIDELY.
ALTHOUGH THE METAZOA SOMETIMES CAUSE TREATMENT
PROBLEMS THEY CONSUME LARGE AMOUNTS OF BACTERIA
AND SOLIDS AND THEREFORE ARE GENERALLY HELPFUL IN
TREATMENT. THEY ALSO BREAK UP BIOLOGICAL MASSES
AND EXPOSE NEW AREAS TO OXYGEN. THE ROTIFERS AID
IN KEEPING AN ACTIVELY GROWING BACTERIAL
POPULATION BY CONSUMING BACTERIA AND THEREBY
ENCOURAGING REPLACEMENT GROWTH. BY CONSUMING
UNFLOCCULATED BACTERIA, THE ROTIFERS CONTRIBUTE TO
CLEARER EFFLUENCE. THEIR SECRETION CAN ALSO
CONTRIBUTE TO FLOCCULATION OF SUSPENDED MATERIALS.
THE BDELLOID ROTIFERS DOMINATE AS PROCESS
STABILITY IS APPROACHED. (DIFILIPPO-TEXAS)
TITLE MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF PLANKTON, PERIPHYTON, AND
ACTIVATED SLUDGE. TRAINING MANUAL.
PUB DATE JUN 76
DESC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES; CHEMISTRY; ENVIRONMENT;
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS; LABORATORY PROCEDURES,
*MANUALS, *MICROBIOLOGY, POST SECONDARY EDUCATION,
SCIENCE EDUCATION, *WASTE DISPOSAL, WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL, *WATER RESOURCES, *ACTIVATED
SLUDGE, *WASTEWATER TREATMENT
145
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ERIC NO. ED161715
DESC NOTE 342P.; CONTAINS OCCASIONAL LIGHT AND SMALL TYPE
ISSUE RIEMAR79
ABSTRACT THIS MANUAL IS INTENDED FOR PROFESSIONAL PERSONNEL
IN THE FIELDS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL,
LIMNOLOGY, WATER SUPPLY AND WASTE TREATMENT,
PRIMARY EMPHASIS IS GIVEN TO PRACTICE IN THE
IDENTIFICATION AND ENUMERATION OF MICROSCOPIC
ORGANISMS WHICH MAY BE ENCOUNTERED IN WATER AND
ACTIVATED SLUDGE. METHODS FOR THE CHEMICAL AND
INSTRUMENTAL EVALUATION OF PLANKTON ARE COMPARED
WITH THE RESULTS OF MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION IN AN
EXTENSIVE PRACTICAL EXERCISE. PROBLEMS OF
SIGNIFICANCE AND CONTROL ARE ALSO CONSIDERED.
(AUTHOR/BB)
TITLE OPERATION OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS: A HOME
STUDY TRAINING PROGRAM.
AUTHOR KERRI, K., ED.
PUB DATE 70
AVAIL DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, CALIFORNIA STATE
UNIVERSITY AT SACRAMENTO, 6000 JAY STREET,
SACRAMENTO, CA 95819
DESC ACTIVATED SLUDGE, CHLORINATION, INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, MAINTENANCE, *MANUALS, OPERATIONS
(WASTEWATER), PRIMARY TREATMENT, *POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION, PUMPS, SAFETY, SEDIMENTATION, SLUDGE
TREATMENT, STABILIZATION LAGOONS, TRICKLING
FILTERS, *WASTE DISPOSAL, *WASTEWATER TREATMENT
DESC NOTE 1317P. REVISED ANNUALLY; ALSO AVAILABLE ON ERIC
MICROFICHE ED150008.
ABSTRACT WRITTEN BY EXPERIENCED OPERATORS WITH THE INTENT
OF PROVIDING OPERATORS WITH THE INFORMATION THEY
NEED TO KNOW TO OPERATE THEIR PLANTS AS
EFFICIENTLY AS POSSIBLE. OPERATORS, PERSONS
INTERESTED IN BECOMING OPERATORS, AND PERSONS
INTERESTED IN THE OPERATION OF TREATMENT PLANTS
WILL FIND VALUABLE INFO IN THE MANUAL. TOPICS
COVERED INCLUDE DESCRIPTION OF PLANTS, RACKS,
SCREENS, COMMINUTORS, GRIT REMOVAL, SEDIMENTATION,
TRICKLING FILTERS, ACTIVATED SLUDGE, SLUDGE
DISGESTION AND HANDLING, PONDS, CHLORINATION,
MAINTENANCE, SAFETY, MATH, LAB, RECORD.
TITLE OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROCEDURES FOR THE ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS: APPENDIX.
AUTHOR WEST, ALFRED W.
PUB DATE MAR 74
146
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DESC *ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNICIANS, INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, *JOB SKILLS, LABORATORY TRAINING,
MANAGEMENT, *MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES, POLLUTION,
*POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, WASTE DISPOSAL, *WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL, ACTIVATED SLUDGE, *WASTEWATER
TREATMENT, WATER QUALITY
ERIC NO. ED156472
EDRS PRICE EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$2.06 PLUS POSTAGE.
DESC NOTE 37P. , FOR RELATED DOCUMENTS, SEE SE 024 421-423;
GRAPHS AND CHARTS MAY NOT REPRODUCE WELL
ISSUE RIENOV78
ABSTRACT THIS DOCUMENT IS THE APPENDIX FOR A SERIES OF
DOCUMENTS DEVELOPED BY THE NATIONAL TRAINING AND
OPERATIONAL TECHNOLOGY CENTER DESCRIBING
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROCEDURES FOR THE ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS USED IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
CATEGORIES DISCUSSED INCLUDE: CONTROL TEST DATA,
TREND CHARTS, MOVING AVERAGES, SEMI-LOGARITHMIC
PLOTS, PROBABILITY PLOT EXAMPLES, TESTING
EQUIPMENT AND SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY. (CS)
TITLE OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROCEDURES FOR THE ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS, PART I - OBSERVATIONS, PART II -
CONTROL TESTS.
AUTHOR WEST, ALFRED W.
PUB DATE MAY 74
DESC *ENVIRONMENT, INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *JOB
SKILLS, LABORATORY TRAINING, MANAGEMENT,
MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES, POLLUTION, *POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION, WASTE DISPOSAL, *WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL, ACTIVATED SLUDGE, *WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
WATER QUALITY
ERIC NO. ED156469
EDRS PRICE EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$2.06 PLUS POSTAGE.
DESC NOTE 31P.; FOR RELATED DOCUMENTS, SEE SE 024 422-424;
CONTAINS OCCASIONAL LIGHT TYPE; PHOTOGRAPHS MAY
NOT REPRODUCE WELL.
ISSUE RIENOV78
ABSTRACT THIS IS THE FIRST IN A SERIES OF DOCUMENTS
DEVELOPED BY THE NATIONAL TRAINING AND OPERATIONAL
TECHNOLOGY CENTER DESCRIBING OPERATIONAL CONTROL
PROCEDURES FOR THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS USED
IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT. PART I OF THIS DOCUMENT
DEALS WITH PHYSICAL OBSERVATIONS WHICH SHOULD BE
PERFORMED DURING EACH ROUTINE CONTROL TEST. PART
II DISCUSSES THE CONTROL TESTS THAT ARE USED TO
DIRECTLY IDENTIFY PROCESS PERFORMANCE AND TO
DICTATE PROCESS CONTROL ADJUSTMENTS. INCLUDED ARE
147
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CENTRIFUGE TESTS, EFFLUENT TURBIDITY TESTS AND
DISSOLVED OXYGEN TESTS. (CS)
TITLE OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROCEDURES FOR THE ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS, PART III-A: CALCULATION
PROCEDURES.
AUTHOR WEST, ALFRED W.
PUB DATE DEC 73
DESC CALCULATION, ENVIRONMENT, INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, *JOB SKILLS, LABORATORY TRAINING,
MANAGEMENT, MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES, POLLUTION,
*POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, WASTE DISPOSAL, *WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL, *ACTIVATED SLUDGE, *WASTEWATER
TREATMENT, WATER QUALITY
ERIC NO. ED156470
EDRS PRICE EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$3.50 PLUS POSTAGE.
DESC NOTE 56P.; FOR RELATED DOCUMENTS, SEE SE 024 421-424
ISSUE RIENOV78
ABSTRACT THIS IS THE SECOND IN A SERIES OF DOCUMENTS
DEVELOPED BY THE NATIONAL TRAINING AND OPERATIONAL
TECHNOLOGY CENTER DESCRIBING OPERATIONAL CONTROL
PROCEDURES FOR THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS USED
IN WASTEWATER, TREATMENT. THIS DOCUMENT DEALS
EXCLUSIVELY wilH THE CALCULATION PROCEDURES,
INCLUDING SIMPLIFIED MIXING FORMULAS, AERATION
TANK CHARACTERISTICS, ORGANIC LOADING AND
PURIFICATION PRESSURES, CLARIFIER SLUDGE FLOW
DEMAND, AND MIXING FORMULA DEVELOPMENT. (CS)
TITLE OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROCEDURES FOR THE ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS, PART III-B: CALCULATION PROCEDURES
FOR STEP-FEED PROCESS RESPONSES AND ADDENDUM NO.
1.
AUTHOR WEST, ALFRED W.
PUB DATE FEE 75
DESC CALCULATION, ENVIRONMENT, INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, *JOB SKILLS, LABORATORY TECHNIQUES,
MANAGEMENT, MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES, POLLUTION,
*POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, WASTE DISPOSAL, *WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL, *ACTIVATED SLUDGE, *WASTEWATER
TREATMENT, WATER QUALITY
ERIC NO. ED156471
EDRS PRICE EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$2.06 PLUS POSTAGE.
DESC NOTE 44P., FOR RELATED DOCUMENTS, SEE SE 024 421-424^
ISSUE RIENOV78
ABSTRACT THIS IS THE THIRD IN A SERIES OF DOCUMENTS
DEVELOPED BY THE NATIONAL TRAINING AND OPERATIONAL
TECHNOLOGY CENTER DESCRIBING OPERATIONAL CONTROL
PROCEDURES FOR THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS USED
148
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IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT. THIS DOCUMENT DEALS WITH
THE CALCULATION PROCEDURES ASSOCIATED WITH A STEP
FEED PROCESS. ILLUSTRATIONS AND EXAMPLES ARE
INCLUDED TO EMPHASIZE HOW THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PROCESS REACTS TO CHANGES IN WASTEWATER FEED-POINT
LOCATIONS. THE SUMMARY ILLUSTRATES THE TYPES OF
CHANGES THAT OCCUR WHEN A PLUG-FLOW SYSTEM IS
SWITCHED TO VARIOUS STEP-FEED COMBINATIONS. (CS)
TITLE OPERATIONAL CONTROL TESTS FOR THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PROCESS - PART I (XT-40).
AUTHOR WEST, A. W.
PUB DATE 71
DESC *AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS,
LABORATORY PROCEDURES, POLLUTION, *POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION, WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, *SLUDGE,
*SOLID WASTES, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, *ACTIVATED
SLUDGE
DESC NOTE INCLUDED IS A 16 MINUTE TAPE, 51 SLIDES, ALSO A
SCRIPT. AVAILABLE ON LOAN FROM NTOTC, 26 W ST.
CLAIR, CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
ABSTRACT THIS MODULE IS DESIGNED FOR WASTEWATER WORKS
OPERATORS WHO WISH TO UPGRADE PLANT PERFORMANCE
AND TO INCREASE THEIR OWN KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS.
THIS IS PART ONE OF A THREE-PART LESSON SERIES
ON OPERATIONAL CONTROL TESTS FOR THE ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS. ENTITLED "OBSERVATIONS," THIS
FIRST PART IS CONCERNED WITH THE ACCURATE READING
OF METERS AND WITH THE VISUAL OBSERVATIONS TO BE
MADE BOTH AT THE AERATOR (FOAM CHARACTERISTICS,
SLUDGE, COLOR, AND ODOR) AND AT THE FINAL
CLARIFIERS (CLARITY, EVIDENCES OF BULKING AND OF
SEPTIC SOLIDS). PROVISIONAL INTERPRETATIONS TO BE
MADE OF THESE VISUAL OBSERVATIONS ARE PRESENTED,
AND THE EFFECTIVE USE OF A SLUDGE BLANKET FINDER
IS DISCUSSED IN DETAIL. (AUTHOR/JK)
TITLE OPERATIONAL CONTROL TESTS FOR THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PROCESS --PART II (XT-41).
AUTHOR WEST, A. W.
PUB DATE 71
DESC *AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS,
LABORATORY PROCEDURES, POLLUTION, *POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION, *SOLID WASTES, WATER POLLUTION CONTROL,
*SLUDGE, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, *ACTIVATED SLUDGE
DESC NOTE INCLUDED IS A 17 MINUTE TAPE, 47 SLIDES AND A
SCRIPT. AVAILABLE ON LOAN FROM NTOTC, 26 W ST.
CLAIR, CICINNATI, OHIO 45268
149
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PERFORMANCE AND TO INCREASE THEIR OWN KNOWLEDGE
AND SKILLS. THIS IS PART TWO OF A THREE-PART
LESSON SERIES ON OPERATIONAL CONTROL TESTS FOR THE
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS. THIS PART IS A DETAILED
DISCUSSION OF THE PREFERRED TECHNIQUES INVOLVED IN
CONDUCTING SETTLOMETER TESTS TO DETERMINE SETTLING
CHARACTERISTICS AND IN CENTRIFUGING SAMPLES TO
DETERMINE THE CONCENTRATION OF MIXED LIQUOR AND
RETURN SLUDGE. HANDLING THE RELATED SAMPLES IS
INCLUDED ALONG WITH PROVISIONAL INTERPRETATIONS
AND APPLICATIONS OF THE TESTS. (AUTHOR/JK)
TITLE OPERATIONAL CONTROL TESTS FOR THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PROCESS - PART III (XT-42).
AUTHOR WEST, A. W.
PUB DATE 71
DESC *AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS,
LABORATORY PROCEDURES, POLLUTION, *POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION, *SOLID WASTES, WATER POLLUTION CONTROL,
*SLUDGE, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, *ACTIVATED SLUDGE
DESC NOTE INCLUDED IS A 22 MINUTE TAPE, 67 SLIDES, AND A
SCRIPT. AVAILABLE ON LOAN FROM NTOTC, 26 W. ST.
CLAIR, CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
ABSTRACT THIS MODULE IS DESIGNED FOR EXPERIENCED WASTEWATER
WORKS OPERATORS WHO WISH TO UPGRADE PLANT
PERFORMANCE AND TO INCREASE THEIR OWN KNOWLEDGE
AND SKILLS. THIS IS PART THREE OF A THREE-PART
LESSON SERIES ON OPERATIONAL CONTROL TESTS FOR THE
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS. THIS CONCLUDING PART
PRESENTS DEVELOPMENT OF SETTLING AND
CONCENTRATION CURVES FROM SETTLOMETER AND
CENTRIFUGE TESTS RESULTS, TECHNIQUES FOR
CONDUCTING TURBIDITY TESTS AS WELL AS THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF TURBIDITY RESULTS, A SUMMARY OF
ALL THE TESTS PRESENTED IN THE THREE-PART SERIES,
THE CONTROL ADJUSTMENTS WHICH ARE MADE ON THE
BASIS OF THESE TEST RESULTS, AND PROGRESSIVE TREND
CHARTS OF PROCESS CHARACTERISTICS. (AUTHOR/JK)
TITLE OXYGEN ACTIVATED SLUDGE CONSIDERATIONS FOR
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS.
AUTHOR ADAMS, C. E. , JR.; ECKENFELDER, W. W. , JR.; KOON,
J. H.; SHELBY, S. E.
CORP AUTH AWARE, INC., NASHVILLE, TN.
PUB DESC AVAILABLE FROM COPYRIGHT CENTER, INC., NEW YORK,
NY AS 0065-8812-78-9754-0178 ($0.95). IN:
WATER--1977, AICHE SYMPOSIUM SERIES, VOL 74, NO
178, EDITED BY G. F. BENNETT, P 93-101, 1978, 9
FIG, 6 REF.
150
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KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
TITLE
*ACTIVATED SLUDGE, *WASTE WATER TREATMENT,
INDUSTRIAL WASTE, *OXYGENATION, *BIOLOGICAL
TREATMENT, *EVALUATION, WASTE TREATMENT, AERATION,
HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION, ORGANIC COMPOUNDS,
SLUDGE, SUSPENDED SOLIDS, ECONOMICS, COSTS,
APPRAISALS, INSTALLATION COSTS, OPERATING COSTS,
ODOR.
A NUMBER OF FACTORS ARE DISCUSSED WHICH MUST BE
EVALUATED WHEN ASSESSING THE RELATIVE MERITS OF
AIR OXYGENTED VERSUS PURE OXYGEN OXYGENATED
ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEMS FOR INDUSTRIAL USE.
ORGANIC REMOVAL KINETICS MAY PLAY A MORE IMPORTANT
ROLE IN TREATING INDUSTRIAL WASTES THAN MUNICIPAL
WASTES BECAUSE OF THEIR HIGH STRENGTH. IT IS SHOWN
THAT A HIGHER DISSOLVED OXYGEN LEVEL IN THE
AERATION BASIN WILL RESULT IN A HIGHER RESISTANCE
TO ORGANIC SHOCK LOADINGS AND A MORE AEROBIC FLOG.
A HIGHER TEMPERATURE BECAUSE OF THE ENCLOSURE OF
THE AERATION BASIN IS AN ADVANTAGE OF THE PURE
OXYGEN SYSTEM, ESPECIALLY IN COLD CLIMATES.
EQUILIBIRUM OF THE AERATION BASIN PH CAN BE A
PROBLEM WITH THE PURE OXYGEN SYSTEM BECAUSE IT
INTAILS A SLIGHTLY LOWER PH. WITH HIGHLY ACIDIC
INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATERS IT MAY BE DIFFICULT TO
MAINTAIN PH TO AN ACCEPTABLE RANGE BETWEEN 6.5 AND
7.5. ALSO, THE ENCLOSED OXYGEN SYSTEM MAY RESULT
IN DIFFICULTIES BY RETAINING VOLATILE ORGANICS
WHICH CAN INHIBIT THE SYSTEM. PURE OXYGEN SYSTEMS
ARE PREFERABLE TO AIR OXYGEN SYSTEMS FOR CONTROL
OF ODORS AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO SHOCK LOADINGS.
ANOTHER FACTOR TO BE CONSIDERED IS MIXED LIQUOR
VOLATILE SUSPENDED SOLIDS CONCENTRATIONS WHICH CAN
BE HANDLED EFFECTIVELY BY BOTH SYSTEMS IF THEY ARE
PROPERLY DESIGNED; HOWEVER, THE PURE OXYGEN SYSTEM
DOES HAVE THE ADVANTAGE OF BEING ABLE TO SUPPLY
SUFFICIENT OXYGEN TO MAINTAIN RELATIVELY HIGH
MIXED LIQUOR OR SOLIDS LEVELS WITHOUT REQUIRING
USE OF HIGH POWER LEVELS WHICH WOULD PROMOTE
BREAK-UP OF FLOG PARTICLES. ECONOMICALLY, A PURE
OXYGEN SYSTEM COSTS MORE TO CONSTRUCT BUT MAY
OFFER SUBSTANTIAL SAVINGS IN OPERATING COSTS,
BASED MOSTLY ON THE POWER REQUIREMENTS TO ACHIEVE
THE NECESSARY DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONCENTRATION. (SEE
ALSO W79-00342) (MAJTENYI-IPA)
PERFORMANCE OF CIRCULAR FINAL CLARIFIERS AT AN
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANT
AUTHOR MUNCH, W. L.; FITZPATRICK, J. A.
CORP AUTH METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO
151
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PUB DESC JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION,
VOL 50, NO 2, P 265-276, FEBRUARY, 1978. 10 FIG,
2 TAB, 10 REF.
KEYWORDS *ACTIVATED SLUDGE, *SETTLING BASINS, *HYDRAULIC
MODELS, *SOLID WASTES, *SEPARATION TECHNIQUES,
SUSPENDED SOLIDS, HYDRAULICS, EFFLUENT STREAMS,
PERFORMANCE, WASTE WATER TREATMENT, MUNICIPAL
WASTES.
ABSTRACT THE PERFORMANCE OF A 38 M-DIAM CIRCULAR
CENTER-FEED CLARIFIER WAS EVALUATED UNDER VARYING
CONDITIONS OF HYDRAULIC AND SOLIDS LOADING AT AN
ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT FACILITY IN 'CHICAGO,
ILLINOIS. LIMITING THE EFFLUENT FLOW TO 0.66 CU
M/SEC WITH A 30% RETURN RATE ALLOWED A MAXIMUM
SOLIDS LOADING RATE FOR EFFICIENT CLARIFICATION OF
146 KG/SQ M/DAY AT A MIXED LIQUOR CONCENTRATION OF
2,500 MG/LITER. HIGHER FLOW RATES WERE POSSIBLE
WHEN THE MIXED LIQUOR CONTENT WAS DECREASED. A
HIGHER SOLIDS LOADING RATE WAS ACCOMMODATED BY THE
CLARIFIER WHEN THE HYDRAULIC LOADING RATE WAS
MAINTAINED BELOW 0.83 CU M/SEC, VERIFYING THE
DEPENDENCE OF SOLIDS LOADING ON HYDRAULIC LOAD. AN
INCREASE IN THE THICKNESS OF THE SLUDGE BLANKET,
OCCURRING AT HYDRAULIC LOADING IN EXCESS OF 0.83
CU M/SEC AT A 30% RETURN, THREATENED THE SOLIDS
SEPARATION EFFICIENCY OF THE CLARIFIER. SLUDGE
BLANKET LEVEL, SOLIDS SETTLEABILITY, AND HYDRAULIC
LOADING REPORTEDLY HAD A GREATER IMPACT ON
CLARIFIER SOLIDS SEPARATION PERFORMANCE THAN SHOCK
HYDRAULIC LOADING. THE ACTUAL MAXIMUM SOLIDS
LOADING RATE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER THAN THE
THEORETICAL MAXIMUM. (LISK-FIRL)
TITLE PRIMARY TREATMENT AND SLUDGE DIGESTION WORKSHOP.
PUB DATE SEP 77
AVAIL PUBLICATIONS CENTRE, ONTARIO MINISTRY OF
GOVERNMENT SERVICES, 880 BAY ST., 5TH FLOOR,
TORONTO, ONTARIO, CANADA M7A 1N8 ($'2.00; ORDERS
MUST BE ACCOMPANIED BY CHECK OR MONEY ORDER
PAYABLE TO "THE TREASURER OF ONTARIO")
DESC *BEHAVIORAL OBJECTIVES; *ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION;
ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNICIANS, EQUIPMENT, JOB SKILLS,
*POLLUTION, SAMPLING, WASTE DISPOSAL, *WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL, *WORKSHOPS, ONTARIO, *SLUDGE,
*WASTEWATER TREATMENT
ERIC NO. ED155002
EDRS PRICE EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 PLUS POSTAGE. HC NOT AVAILABLE
FROM EDRS.
152
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DESC NOTE 269P; FOR RELATED DOCUMENTS, SEE SE 024 226-233,
x NOT AVAILABLE IN HARD COPY DUE TO COPYRIGHT
RESTRICTIONS; CONTAINS COLORED PAGES WHICH MAY NOT
NOT REPRODUCE WELL
ISSUE RIEOCT78
ABSTRACT THIS MANUAL WAS DEVELOPED FOR USE AT WORKSHOPS
DESIGNED TO UPGRADE THE KNOWLEDGE OF EXPERIENCED
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT OPERATORS. EACH OF THE
SIXTEEN LESSONS HAS CLEARLY STATED BEHAVIORAL
OBJECTIVES TO TELL THE TRAINEE WHAT HE SHOULD KNOW
OR DO AFTER COMPLETING THAT TOPIC. AREAS COVERED
IN THIS MANUAL INCLUDE: SEWAGE CHARACTERISTICS;
COLLECTION, TREATMENT, AND SEDIMENTATION; AEROBIC
AND ANAEROBIC DIGESTION; SAMPLING AND
INTERPRETATION; MONITORING AND CONTROL; AND
SELECTED TESTS. (CS)
TITLE PROCESS CONTROL BY OXYGEN-UPTAKE AND SOLIDS
ANALYSIS.
AUTHOR BENEFIELD, L. D.; RANDALL, C. W.; KING, P. H.
CORP AUTH MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV., MISSISSIPPI STATE. DEPT.
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING.
AVAIL JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION,
VOL 47, NO 10, P 2498-2503, OCTOBER, 1975. 2 FIG,
6 REF.
IDEN PROCESS CONTROL, *OXYGEN-UPTAKE, *SOLIDS ANALYSIS,
CLARIFIERS, SLUDGE AGE, SLUDGE WASTING, SUBSTRATE
CONCENTRATION.
KEYWORDS OXYGEN, *SOLIDS CONTACT PROCESSES, WASTE WATER
TREATMENT, *ACTIVATED SLUDGE, ANALYSIS, SLUDGE
TREATMENT, MICROORGANISM, MATHEMATICS, CONTROL
SYSTEMS.
ABSTRACT THE MOST COMMON METHODS USED BY PLANT OPERATORS TO
CONTROL THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS ARE
DISCUSSED. THE THEORETICAL BASIS FOR ANOTHER
METHOD HAVING CERTAIN ADVANTAGES OVER THE OTHERS
WAS STUDIED. FOUR CONTROL METHODS IN COMMON USE
ARE: SLUDGE WASTING TO MAINTAIN A CONSTANT MASS OF
ORGANISMS IN THE SYSTEM; SLUDGE WASTING TO
MAINTAIN A CONSTANT SPECIFIC RATE OF SUBSTRATE
UTILIZATION; SLUDGE WASTING TO MAINTAIN A CONSTANT
SLUDGE AGE; AND HYDRAULIC CONTROL TO MAINTAIN A
CONSTANT SLUDGE AGE. TOE LAST TWO, IN WHICH THE
SLUDGE AGE IS KEPT CONSTANT, ARE THE MOST
FAVORABLE ONES. THE MAJOR WEAKNESS IN THESE
METHODS IS THE CONTINUAL SHIFTING IN THE SOLIDS
BALANCE BETWEEN THE AERATION TANK AND THE
CLARIFIER AS THE INFLUENT FLOW RATE DEVIATES. A
NEW METHOD IS PROPOSED IN WHICH THE SOLIDS
153
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SEPARATE AT A RATE SUCH THAT THE SOLIDS
CONCENTRATION IS MAINTAINED IN THE SLUDGE RETURN
LINES AND NO MICROBIAL GROWTH OCCURS IN THE
SECONDARY CLARIFIER. ADVANTAGES OF THIS METHOD
INCLUDE: THE EFFECT OF THE FLUCTUATING SOLIDS
LEVEL IN THE SECONDARY CLARIFIER IS MINIMIZED; ANY
CHANGE IN THE INFLUENT SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION
WILL BE REFLECTED IMMEDIATELY IN THE OXYGEN UPTAKE
RATE; AND LOADING FLUCTUATIONS CAN BE COMPENSATED
FOR BY VARYING THE INTERVAL BETWEEN CONTROL
PERIODS. DISADVANTAGES OF THIS METHOD INCLUDE: THE
REQUIREMENT FOR A LABORATORY STUDY TO DETERMINE
CHANGES IN THE CONSTANTS; MORE OPERATOR ATTENTION
THAN IS REQUIRED IN THE HYDRAULIC METHOD FOR
CONTROLLING SLUDGE AGE; AND MATHEMATICAL
MANIPULATIONS ARE REQUIRED THAN IN ANY OTHER OF
THE METHODS. (PINTO-FIRL)
TITLE PROCESS CONTROL DEMANDS - PART A (XT-60)
WEST, A.
PUB DATE NOV 72
DESC *AUDIOVISUAL AIDS; INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS;
POLLUTION; *POST SECONDARY EDUCATION; SLIDES;
WASTES; *WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, *ACTIVATED
SLUDGE, OPERATIONS (WASTEWATER)
DESC NOTE INCLUDED IS A 10 MINUTE TAPE, 19 SLIDES, AND A
SCRIPT. AVAILABLE ON LOAN FROM NTOTC, 26 W. ST.
CLAIR, CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
ABSTRACT THIS MODULE IS DESIGNED FOR EXPERIENCED WASTEWATER
WORKS OPERATORS WHO DESIRE TO UPGRADE PLANT
PERFORMANCE AND TO INCREASE THEIR OWN KNOWLEDGE
AND SKILLS. PROVIDED IS AN INTRODUCTION TO A
SERIES ON OPERATIONAL CONTROL OF AN ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS. A PLANT SCHEMATIC IS USED TO
PRESENT THE EFFECTS OF RETURN SLUDGE FLOW
ADJUSTMENTS ON SLUDGE CONCENTRATIONS, SLUDGE
DETENTION TIMES, PROCESS EQUILIBRIUM, SLUDGE
CHARACTERISTICS, AND FINAL EFFLUENT QUALITY.
(AUTHOR/JK)
TITLE PROCESS CONTROL DEMANDS - PART B (XT-61).
WEST, A.
PUB DATE NOV 72
DESC *AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS,
POLLUTION, *POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, TECHNICAL
EDUCATION, *WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, *PLANT
OPERATIONS, *WASTEWATER TREATMENT, SLUDGE,
*ACTIVATED SLUDGE
154
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DESC NOTE
ABSTRACT
TITLE
AUTHOR
PUB DATE
DESC
ERIC NO.
EDRS PRICE
DESC NOTE
ISSUE
ABSTRACT
INSTITUTION
NAME
INCLUDED IS A 15 MINUTE TAPE AND A SCRIPT.
AVAILABLE ON LOAN FROM NTOTC, 26 W. ST. CLAIR,
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
THIS MODULE IS DESIGNED FOR EXPERIENCED WASTEWATER
WORKS OPERATORS WHO WISH TO UPGRADE PLANT
PERFORMANCE AND TO INCREASE THEIR OWN KNOWLEDGE
AND SKILLS. ONE OF A SERIES, THIS MODULE PRESENTS
THE DERIVATION OF MIXING FORMULA THAT WILL BE USED
IN SUBSEQUENT SECTIONS TO DEVELOP THE RETURN
SLUDGE FLOW DEMAND FORMULA USED IN OPERATIONAL
CONTROL OF AN ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS. A
SCHEMATIC IS USED TO ILLUSTRATE COMPONENTS OF THE
FORMULA AND TO DEVELOP A FINAL MASS BALANCE RATIO
OF RETURN SLUDGE CONCENTRATION TO MIXED LIQUOR
CONCENTRATION IN TERMS OF CLARIFIER SLUDGE
PERCENTAGE. SIMPLE MIXING FORMULAE ARE THEN
DERIVED FOR EACH OF THE THREE FACTORS ALONG WITH
EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS. (AUTHOR/JK)
PROCESS DESIGN MANUAL: WASTEWATER TREATMENT
FACILITIES FOR SEWERED SMALL COMMUNITIES.
LEFFEL, R. E.; AND OTHERS
OCT 77
*ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENT, INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, *MANUALS, POLLUTION, *POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION, SCIENCE EDUCATION, TECHNICAL REPORTS,
UTILITIES, *WASTE DISPOSAL, WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL, WATER RESOURCES, *WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
*OPERATIONS (WASTEWATER), RURAL AREAS
ED162869
EDRS PRICE MF-$1.00 HC-$26.11 PLUS POSTAGE.
496P.; FOR RELATED DOCUMENTS, SEE SE 025 368-370
RIEAPR79
THIS MANUAL ATTEMPTS TO DESCRIBE NEW TREATMENT
METHODS, AND DISCUSS THE APPLICATION OF NEW
TECHNIQUES FOR MORE EFFECTIVELY REMOVING A BROAD
SPECTRUM OF CONTAMINANTS FROM WASTEWATER. TOPICS
COVERED INCLUDE: FUNDAMENTAL DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS, FLOW EQUALIZATION, HEADWORKS
COMPONENTS, CLARIFICATION OF RAW WASTEWATER,
ACTIVATED SLUDGE, PACKAGE PLANTS, FIXED GROWTH
SYSTEMS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT PONDS, FILTRATION
AND MICROSCREENING, PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL TREATMENT,
NUTRIENT REMOVAL, SLUDGE AND PROCESS SIDESTREAM
HANDLING, DISINFECTION AND POSTAERATION, OPERATION
AND MAINTENANCE, AND COST EFFECTIVENESS. A
GLOSSARY IS ALSO INCLUDED. (AUTHOR/BB)
CAMP, DRESSLER & MCKEE, INC., BOSTON, MASS.
155
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TITLE ROLE OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE FINAL SETTLING TANKS.
AUTHOR DICK, RICHARD I.
CORP AUTH ILLINOIS UNIV., URBANA. DEPT. OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING.
AVAIL JOURNAL OF THE SANITARY ENGINEERING DIVISION,
ASCE, VOL 96, NO SA2, P 423-436, APRIL 1970.
10 FIG, 17 REF.
IDEN *THICKENING, *FINAL SETTLING TANK, *FLUX RATE,
CLARIFICATION, SUSPENDED SOLIDS.
KEYWORDS *ACTIVATED SLUDGE, SEWAGE TREATMENT,
SEDIMENTATION, *WASTE WATER TREATMENT.
ABSTRACT THE FINAL SETTLING TANK IN THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PROCESS HAS TWO FUNCTIONS: CLARIFICATION AND
THICKENING. CONVENTIONAL DESIGN PROCEDURES HAVE
CONSIDERED ONLY THE CLARIFICATION FUNCTION.
HOWEVER, INADEQUATE PERFORMANCE OF THICKENING
FUNCTIONS PRODUCES ADVERSE EFFECTS, INCLUDING:
LOSS OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS TO THE EFFLUENT AND
INSUFFICIENT SUSPENDED SOLIDS CONCENTRATION IN THE
SLUDGE RECYCLE WHICH LEADS TO LOWER MIXED LIQUOR
SUSPENDED SOLIDS CONCENTRATIONS IN THE AERATION
TANK. TO ASSURE PROPER PERFORMANCE OF THE FINAL
SETTLING TANK THE TANK SHOULD BE SIZED FOR EACH
FUNCTION AND THE LARGER SIZE SHOULD GOVERN THE
DESIGN. THE AREA REQUIRED FOR THICKENING MUST BE
SUFFICIENT SO THAT SOLIDS ARE APPLIED TO THE TANK
AT A RATE LESS THAN THE RATE AT WHICH SOLIDS ARE
ABLE TO REACH THE BOTTOM OF THE TANK. THE RATE
WHICH BIOLOGICAL SOLIDS REACH THE BOTTOM OF THE
TANK IS TERMED THE FLUX RATE. CHARACTERISTICALLY,
THIS FLUX RATE PASSES THROUGH A MINIMUM FOR SOME
CONCENTRATION OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE PRESENT IN THE
SETTLING TANK. THIS MINIMUM FLUX RATE ACTS AS A
BOTTLENECK AND GOVERNS THE AREA REQUIRED FOR
THICKENING. SEVERAL METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE
LIMITING CAPACITY ARE GIVEN IN AN ILLUSTRATIVE
EXAMPLE. (DIFILIPPO-TEXAS)
TITLE SEWAGE TREATMENT: BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TRENDS.
AUTHOR BOLTON, R. L.; KLEIN, L.
76
AVAIL ANN ARBOR SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, P.O. BOX 1425, ANN
ARBOR, MI 48106
DESC CALCULATION, *CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, CHEMISTRY,
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES, *INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES, POLLUTION,
*POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *PUBLIC HEALTH, *WASTE
DISPOSAL, WATER QUALITY, *WATER POLLUTION CONTROL,
OPERATIONS (WASTEWATER), *WASTEWATER TREATMENT
156
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ABSTRACT PROVIDED IS INFORMATION ON THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF
THE PROCESSES OF SEWAGE TREATMENT, ESPECIALLY AS
IT RELATES TO THE CHEMISTRY OF SEWAGE TREATMENT.
THE TEXT DISCUSSES THE NATURE OF SEWAGE AND
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND THEN PROCEEDS THROUGH THE
TREATMENT PROCESSES TO FINAL DISPOSAL. THE LAST
CHAPTERS DEAL WITH CURRENT TRENDS IN THE FIELD OF
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AND WITH CHEMICAL
CALCULATIONS. CONVERSION TABLES FOR BRITISH METRIC
UNITS ARE INCLUDED IN THE APPENDIX.
TITLE SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT DEPENDABILITY WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS.
AUTHOR WEST, A. W.
CORP AUTH NATIONAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS CENTER - CINCINNATI,
OHIO.
AVAIL AVAILABLE FROM THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION
SERVICE, SPRINGFIELD, VA 22161, AS PB-231 070,
$3.25 IN PAPER COPY. $2.25 IN MICROFICHE, MARCH,
1971. 12 P.
KEYWORDS *SEWAGE TREATMENT, *DESIGN CRITERIA, *OPERATION
AND MAINTENANCE, FACILITIES, *ACTIVATED SLUDGE,
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT, WATER POLLUTION CONTROL,
WATER QUALITY CONTROL, TREATMENT FACILITIES,
*WASTE WATER TREATMENT.
ABSTRACT THIS WORK IS A REFERENCE FOR SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT DEPENDABILITY LECTURES PRESENTED AT TRAINING
SESSIONS, SYMPOSIA, AND WORKSHOPS. DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS NECESSARY TO ACHIEVE CONSISTENTLY
SATISFACTORY PLANT PERFORMANCE AND FINAL EFFLUENT
QUALITY INCLUDE THE PROPER TREATMENT PROCESSES, A
GENEROUS PLANT CAPACITY, ESSENTIAL FLEXIBILITY,
AND TRUE CONTROLLABILITY OF THE PLANT. THE
TREATMENT PROCESS OR MODIFICATION MOST APPROPRIATE
TO THE KNOWN WASTE CHARACTERISTICS AND EFFLUENT
QUALITY REQUIREMENTS SHOULD BE CHOSEN. EXAMPLES
INCLUDE THE CLASSIC ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS, THE
COMPLETE MIX MODIFICATION AND THE STEP AERATION
MODIFICATION. PILOT STUDIES ON A BENCH, PILOT, OR
DEMONSTRATION SCALE MAY BE PERFORMED TO RESOLVE
UNCERTAINTIES ABOUT THE CORRECT PROCESS TO
CHOOSE. THE SUGGESTIONS CONTAINED IN DESIGN
CRITERIA MANUALS SUCH AS THE "10-STATES STANDARDS"
SHOULD BE CONSIDERED AS MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS
NEEDED TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE SAFETY FACTORS TO
ASSURE PLANT DEPENDABILITY. ITEMS DISCUSSED UNDER
FLEXIBILITY OF A PLANT INCLUDE: PROCESS; AERATION
TANKS; FINAL CLARIFIERS; RETURN SLUDGE PUMPING
FACILITIES; EXCESS SLUDGE WASTING; EMERGENCY
157
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TITLE
AUTHOR
CORP AUTH
AVAIL
I DEN
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
CHEMICAL TREATMENT; SLUDGE HANDLING FACILITIES;
EQUALIZING TANKS; AND HOLDING PONDS. THE ACTIVATED
SLUDGE SYSTEM IS A CONTROLLABLE PROCESS THAT
SHOULD HAVE THE APPROPRIATE METERS AND ACCURATELY
CONTROLLABLE GATES, VALVES, PUMPS, AND BLOWERS FOR
OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE. QUALIFIED OPERATORS ARE
NEEDED TO ACHIEVE THE HIGH QUALITY EFFLUENT THAT
CAN BE PRODUCED BY A PROPERLY DESIGNED WASTE
TREATMENT PLANT; DEDICATED, EXPERIENCED OPERATORS
ARE NEEDED EVEN MORE AT PLANTS WHICH HAVE DESIGN
DEFECTS. (ORR-FIRL)
MUNICIPAL
WASTEWATER
TREATMENT
START-UP
FACILITIES.
RADAR, R. D.; GREEN, R. L.; PAGE, G. L., JR.
WILEY AND WILSON, INC., LYNCHBURG, VA
FOR SALE BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, U.S.
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON, D.C. 20402
PRICE $1.40. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY,
WASHINGTON, DC, OFFICE OF WATER PROGRAM OPERATION,
REPORT EPA-43019-74-008, DECEMBER 1973. 92P, 3
FIG, 2 TAB, 42 REF. EPA CONTRACT 68-01-0341.
PROCEDURES, PROCESS, SEED SLUDGE, STAFFING,
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES, SITE MEETINGS,
INVENTORY INSPECTION PRETESTING, OPERATOR
TRAINING, SETTLEABLE SOLIDS, TOTAL SOLIDS,
VOLATILE SOLIDS, VOLATILE ACIDS, MIXED LIQUOR
SUSPENDED SOLIDS.
*ADMINISTRATIVE DECISIONS, TREATMENT FACILITIES,
*WASTE WATER TREATMENT, OPERATIONS, LABORATORY
TESTS, *SAMPL1NG,- TESTING, ANALYSIS, CONTROLS,
ACTIVATED SLUDGE, TRICKLING FILTER, OXIDATION
LAGOONS, ANAEROBIC DIGESTION, SAFETY,
CHLORINATION, SUSPENDED SOLIDS, HYDROGEN ION
CONCENTRATION, ALKALINITY, BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN
DEMAND, CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND, PRE-TREATMENT
(WATER), SEWAGE TREATMENT.
THIS MANUAL PROVIDES GUIDANCE FOR PUTTING INTO
INITIAL OPERATION MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PLANT, A NEW ADDITION TO AN EXISTING TREATMENT
PLANT, QR A CHANGE IN THE MODE OF THE TREATMENT
PLANT'S OPERATION SO THAT THE TREATMENT PLANT OR
PROCESS WILL EFFECTIVELY TREAT THE WASTEWATER IN
COMPLIANCE WITH SPECIFIC CONDITIONS AND
LIMITATIONS ESTABLISHED FOR TREATMENT FACILITY.
THE MANUAL WAS DEVELOPED AND PREPARED WITH THE AID
AND COOPERATION OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
OPERATORS AND SUPERINTENDENTS, START-UP EXPERTS,
THE ACADEMIC COMMUNITY, MANUFACTURERS AND
158
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SUPPLIERS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT EQUIPMENT,
AND A LITERATURE REVIEW OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PLANT OPERATIONS AND RECOGNIZED START-UP
TECHNIQUES. INFORMATION IS PROVIDED ON PREPARING
FOR ACTUAL TREATMENT PLANT START-UP. PREPARATIONS
FOR START-UP INCLUDE: STAFFING THE PLANT,
DEVELOPING STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES, DRY- AND
WET-RUN TESTING OF EQUIPMENT, ON-SITE OPERATOR
TRAINING, SAFETY, AND ESTABLISHING PROCEDURES
WHEN CONSTRUCTION IS CONTINUING DURING START-UP.
THIS MANUAL DESCRIBES START-UP PROCEDURES FOR SOME
OF THE MORE COMMON PRETREATMENT AND PRIMARY
TREATMENT UNITS; FOR THE SPECIFIC SECONDARY
TREATMENT PROCESSES OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE, TRICKLING
FILTERS, STABILIZATION PONDS AND AERATED LAGOONS;
AND FOR THE SLUDGE HANDLING UNITS AND THE
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION PROCESS. THE START-UP
PROCEDURES FOR ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT UNITS
AND PROCESSES ARE NOT CONSIDERED IN THIS MANUAL.
(EPA)
TITLE UPGRADING BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT (XT-25).
AUTHOR WEST, A. W.
PUB DATE AUG 71
DESC *AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, ENGINEERING, INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, POLLUTION, *POST SECONDARY EDUCATION,
*WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, *PLANT OPERATIONS,
*WASTEWATER TREATMENT, *BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
DESC NOTE INCLUDED IS A 28 MINUTE TAPE AND 63 SLIDES, ALSO A
SCRIPT. AVAILABLE ON LOAN FROM NTOTC, 26 W. ST.
GLAIR, CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
ABSTRACT THIS MODULE IS DESIGNED FOR EXPERIENCED AND
SUPERVISORY WASTEWATER WORKS OPERATORS AND
MANAGERIAL PERSONNEL, AND SHOULD ALSO BE OF
INTEREST TO DESIGN ENGINEERING PERSONNEL. IT
DISCUSSES WAYS TO GET MAXIMUM USE OF PRESENT
EXISTING SECONDARY TREATMENT PROCESSES BY IMPROVED
OPERATIONAL CONTROL OF DESIGN. IT INCLUDES CASE
HISTORIES OF HOW THE POLLUTIONAL STRENGTH OF AN
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANT EFFLUENT WAS REDUCED TO
ONE-QUARTER OF ITS FORMER STRENGTH AT ONE
LOCATION, AND HOW TRICKLING FILTER PRETREATMENT
WITH ACTIVATED SLUDGE POLISHING ACCOMPLISHED 99%
REDUCTION FOR A COMBINATION OF DOMESTIC SEWAGE AND
STRONG MEAT PACKING WASTES AT ANOTHER. (AUTHOR/JK)
TITLE USE OF HIGH-PURITY OXYGEN IN THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PROCESS, VOLUME 1.
AUTHOR MCWHIRTER, J. R.
159
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PUB DATE 78
AVAIL CRC PRESS, INC., 2255 PALM BEACH LAKES BLVD., WEST
PALM BEACH, FL 33409
DESC ACTIVATED SLUDGE, DEWATERING, INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, OPERATIONS, *OXYGEN, POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION, *SECONDARY TREATMENT, *WASTE DISPOSAL,
WASTEWATER SLUDGE, *WASTEWATER TREATMENT
DESC NOTE 250P. CAT. NO. 5101EF32
ABSTRACT CONSTITUTES A COMPREHENSIVE SOURCE OF BACKGROUND
AS WELL AS CURRENT-DAY TECHNOLOGY STATUS REGARDING
THE USE OF OXYGEN IN SECONDARY WASTEWATER
TREATMENT. DIVIDED INTO THREE BASIC PARTS, THE
FIRST SECTION CONSISTS OF BACKGROUND AND
HISTORICAL INFORMATION, THE SECOND DEALS WITH
CURRENT-DAY DESIGN AND APPLICATIONS. THE LAST IS
ON PRESENT-DAY EXPERIENCE AND OPERATIONAL
INFORMATION FROM OXYGENATION SYSTEMS CURRENTLY IN
OPERATION AND UNDER DESIGN.
TITLE USE OF HIGH-PURITY OXYGEN IN THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PROCESS, VOLUME 2.
AUTHOR MCWHIRTER, J. R.
PUB DATE 78
AVAIL CRC PRESS, INC., 2255 PALM BEACH LAKES BLVD., WEST
PALM BEACH, FL 33409
DESC ACTIVATED SLUDGE, DEWATERING, INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, OPERATIONS, *OXYGEN, POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION, *SECONDARY TREATMENT, *WASTE DISPOSAL,
WASTEWATER SLUDGE, *WASTEWATER TREATMENT
DESC NOTE 250P. CAT. NO. 5102EF32
TITLE WASTEWATER ENGINEERING: COLLECTION, TREATMENT,
DISPOSAL.
PUB DATE 72
DESC MCGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, 1221 AVENUE OF THE
AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10020
*DESIGN, *ENGINEERING, *FAGILITIES, INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, OPERATIONS (WASTEWATER), POST
SECONDARY EDUCATION, PUMPS, *SEWERS, SLUDGE,
*WASTEWATER TREATMENT, WATER CHARACTERISTICS,
*WATER RESOURCES
DESC NOTE 782P. (NO. 041675-3); SOLUTION MANUAL (NO.
041676-1)
ABSTRACT INCLUDES: DEVELOPMENT AND TRENDS IN WASTEWATER
ENGINEERING; DETERMINATION OF SEWAGE FLOWRATES;
HYDRAULICS OF SEWERS; DESIGN OF SEWERS; PUMPS AND
PUMPING STATIONS; WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS;
PHYSICAL UNIT OPERATIONS; CHEMICAL UNIT PROCESSES;
DESIGN OF FACILITIES FOR: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
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TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER, FOR BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT,
DISPOSAL OF SLUDGE AND MORE.
TITLE WASTEWATER TREATMENT - SERIES C.
AVAIL NEW ENGLAND REGIONAL WASTEWATER INST., 2 FORT
ROAD, SOUTH PORTLAND, ME 04106 (FREE RENTAL)
DESC CHEMICAL TREATMENT, DISINFECTION, FILTRATION,
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *PRIMARY TREATMENT, POST
SECONDARY EDUCATION, SEDIMENTATION, *SECONDARY
TREATMENT, *SLIDES, SLUDGE DEWATERING,
STABILIZATION LAGOONS, *TERTIARY TREATMENT, VISUAL
AIDS, WASTE DISPOSAL, *WASTEWATER TREATMENT
DESC NOTE ORDER SERIES C WITH ACCOMPANYING NARRATIVE: 100
SLIDES.
ABSTRACT FOCUSING ON THE TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF WASTEWATER
TREATMENT. IT FEATURES PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
FACILITIES AND INCLUDES SEGMENTS ON THE TRAINING
OF PLANT OPERATORS AND ON SAFETY.
TITLE WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT: CALCULATIONS FOR
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROCESSES.
AUTHOR HUMENICK, MICHAEL J. JR.
PUB DATE 77
AVAIL MARCEL DEKKER, 270 MADISON AVE., NEW YORK, NY
10016
ABSTRACT THIS BOOK PRESENTS THE INFORMATION NEEDED BY AN
ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNICIAN TO PERFORM THE PROCESS
CALCULATIONS NECESSARY IN THE OPERATION OF WATER
OR WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES. THE MATERIAL
IS ORGANIZED SO AS A PROBLEM IS PRESENTED, THE
SOLUTION FOLLOWS IMMEDIATELY. EACH TOPIC AREA HAS
NUMEROUS PRACTICE EXAMPLES WITH SOLUTIONS AND
ANSWERS. SUBJECT AREAS INCLUDE: COAGULATION AND
FLOCCULATION; WATER CONDITIONS, SEDIMENTATION;
FILTRATION; ACTIVATED CARBON; ADSORPTION;
CHLORINATION AND AERATION. THE APPENDICES CONTAIN
INFORMATION REGARDING PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES, CONVERSION FACTORS, AND COMPUTER
PROGRAMS. (CS)
TITLE WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT, VOL. 4
AUTHOR HUMENICK, MICHAEL J. , JR.
PUB DATE 77
DESC CALCULATION, *CHEMICAL REACTIONS, *DESIGN,
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES, ENGINEERING,
*INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, POLLUTION, *POST
SECONDARY EDUCATION, PUBLIC HEALTH, WASTE
DISPOSAL, *WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, OPERATIONS
(WASTEWATER), OPERATIONS (WATER), *WASTEWATER
161
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TREATMENT, WATER TREATMENT
DESC NOTE 236P.
ABSTRACT INCLUDED IN THIS VOLUME ARE CALCULATION PROCEDURES
WHICH CAN BE UTILIZED IN THE DESIGN OF SUCH
PROCESSES AS EQUALIZATION, COAGULATION AND
FLOCCULATION, CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION, AND GRAVITY
SEDIMENTATION. EXAMPLES OF PROBLEMS RELATED TO
FILTRATION, ACTIVATED CARBON ABSORPTION, ION
EXCHANGE, CHLORINATION, DISINFECTION, AND AERATION
ARE ALSO COVERED. INFORMATION OF PHYSICAL AND
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, CONVERSION FACTORS, AND
COMPUTER PROGRAMS ARE DETAILED IN THE APPENDIXES.
(CS)
TITLE WPCF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT OPERATOR TRAINING
PROGRAM, INTERMEDIATE COURSE: STUDENT WORKBOOK,
VOL. 1, PARTS 1 AND 2.
PUB DATE "78
AVAIL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, 2626
PENNSYLVANIA AVE., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20036
DESC *ACTIVATED SLUDGE, AUDIOVISUAL AIDS,
CERTIFICATION, CLARIFICATION (WASTEWATER),
ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNICIANS, INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, JOB SKILLS, OPERATIONS (WASTEWATER),
POLLUTION, *POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *WASTEWATER
COLLECTION, *WASTEWATER TREATMENT, WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL.
DESC NOTE 244P. COURSE MATERIALS: 35 MM SLIDES (340), 9 TAPE
CASSETTES, ADMINISTRATOR HANDBOOK, CARRYING CASE,
AND STUDENT WORKBOOK (PARTS 1 AND 2) - ORDER NO.
E0291 $400.00; STUDENT WORKBOOK ONLY - ORDER NO.
E0292, $4.50; OTHER VOLUMES; EW003822 AND EW003823
ABSTRACT THIS DOCUMENT IS ONE IN A SERIES OF
SELF-INSTRUCTIONAL WORKBOOKS FOR TRAINING
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT OPERATIONS IN THE BASIC
FUNCTIONS OF FACILITY OPERATION. THE WORKBOOK
CONTAINS A PRE- AND POST-TEST QUESTIONNAIRE FOR
EACH UNIT AS WELL AS SELF-TESTS AS INTERIM GUIDES.
THE UNITS DISCUSSED IN THE VOLUME ARE A GENERAL
INTRODUCTION, THE COMMUNITY WASTEWATER SYSTEM,
PRE-TREATMENT, CLARIFICATION, AND ACTIVATED
TITLE SLUDGE. (CS)
WPCF WASTEWATER TREATMENT OPERATOR TRAINING
PUB DATE PROGRAM, INTERMEDIATE COURSE: STUDENT WORKBOOK,
AVAIL VOL. 8.
78
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, 26226
PENNSYLVANIA AVE., WASHINGTON, DC 20037
162
-------
DESC AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, CERTIFICATION, *ENVIRONMENTAL
TECHNICIANS, INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, JOB SKILLS,
OPERATIONS (WASTEWATER), POLLUTION, *POST
SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SLUDGE, *TRICKLING FILTERS,
*WASTE STABILIZATION PONDS, *WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL.
DESC NOTE 144P. COURSE MATERIALS: 35 MM SLIDES (APPROX.
230), 7 TAPE CASSETTES, ADMINISTRATOR HANDBOOK,
CARRYING CASE, AND STUDENT WORKBOOK - ORDER NO.
E0293, $300.00; STUDENT WORKBOOK ONLY - ORDER NO.
E0294, $3.50; OTHER VOLUMES: EW003821 AND EW003823
ABSTRACT THIS DOCUMENT IS ONE IN A SERIES OF
SELF-INSTRUCTIONAL WORKBOOKS FOR TRAINING
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT OPERATORS IN THE BASIC
FUNCTIONS OF FACILITY OPERATION. THE WORKBOOK
CONTAINS A PRE- AND POST-TEST QUESTIONNAIRE FOR
EACH UNIT AS WELL AS SELF-TESTS AS INTERIM GUIDES.
THE UNITS DISCUSSED IN THIS VOLUME ARE WASTE
STABILIZATION PONDS, TRICKLING FILTERS, AND SLUDGE
HANDLING AND DIGESTION. (CS)
TITLE WPCF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT OPERATOR TRAINING
PROGRAM, INTERMEDIATE COURSE: STUDENT WORKBOOK,
VOL. C.
PUB DATE 78
AVAIL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, 2626
PENNSYLVANIA AVE., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20037
DESC AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, CERTIFICATION, *DISINFECTION,
*ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNICIANS, INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, JOB SKILLS, OPERATIONS (WASTEWATER),
POLLUTION, *POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *PUMPS,
*SAFETY, *WASTEWATER TREATMENT, WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL.
DESC NOTE 90P. COURSE MATERIALS: 35 MM SLIDES (APPROX. 270),
7 TAPE CASSETTES, ADMINISTRATOR HANDBOOK, CARRYING
CASE, AND STUDENT WORKBOOK - ORDER NO. E0296,
$3.50; OTHER VOLUMES: EW003821 AND EW003822
ABSTRACT THIS DOCUMENT IS ONE IN A SERIES OF
SELF-INSTRUCTIONAL WORKBOOKS FOR TRAINING
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT OPERATORS IN THE BASIC
FUNCTIONS OF FACILITY OPERATION. THE WORKBOOK
CONTAINS A PRE- AND POST-TEST QUESTIONNAIRE FOR
EACH UNIT AS WELL AS SELF-TESTS AS INTERIM GUIDES.
THE UNITS DISCUSSED IN THIS VOLUME ARE
DISINFECTION, SAFETY, AND PUMPING.
163
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Part IV
Reference Materials
Not Abstracted
165
-------
TITLE THE ABC WAY TO BETTER WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
AUTHOR KERL, J. F.
CORP AUTH ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ENGINEERING, INC., OAKLAND,
CALIF.
AVAIL AMERICAN DYESTUFF REPORTER, VOL 62, NO 8, P 24-25,
AUGUST 1973. 1 FIG, 1 ILLUS, 2 REF.
TITLE ACTINOMYCETES,OF SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS.
AUTHOR LECHEVALIER, H. A.; LECHEVALIER, M. P.;
WYSZKOWSKI, P. E.
CORP AUTH RUTGERS - THE STATE UNIV., PISCATAWAY, NJ. WAKSMAN
INST. OF MICROBIOLOGY.
AVAIL THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE,
SPRINGFIELD, VA 22161 AS PB-272 589, IN PAPER
COPY, IN MICROFICHE. REPORT EPA-600/2-77-145,
1977. 89 P. 6 FIG, 15 TAB, 5 REF.
TITLE ACTINOMYCETES OF SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS.
AUTHOR LECHEVALIER, H. A.
CORP AUTH RUTGERS - THE STATE UNIV., NEW BRUNSWICK, NJ.
WAKSMAN INST. OF MICRIBIOLOGY.
AVAIL THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE,
SPRINGFIELD, VA 22161, AS PB-245 914, $4.50 IN
PAPER COPY, $3.00 IN MICROFICHE. ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
TECHNOLOGY STUDIES SERIES NO. EPA-600/2-75-031,
SEPTEMBER 1975. 62 P, 23 TAB, 19 REF. R-802003.
TITLE ACTIVATED SLUDGE.
AUTHOR SAUNDERS, F. M.
CORP AUTH GEORGIA INST. OF TECH., ATLANTA.
AVAIL JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, VOL
49, NO 6, P 1005-1016, JUNE, 1977. 114 REF.
TITLE ACTIVATED SLUDGE (LITERATURE REVIEW).
AUTHOR SCHROEDER, E. D.
CORP AUTH CALIFORNIA UNIV., DAVIS. DEPT. OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING.
AVAIL JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION,
VOL 48, NO 6, P 1098-1107, JUNE, 1976. 110 REF.
TITLE ACTIVATED SLUDGE (LITERATURE REVIEW).
AUTHOR AZAD, H. S.; BERGMANN, D. E.; STUMPF, M. R.
CORP AUTH WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, WASHINGTON, DC
AVAIL JOURNAL OF THE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION,
VOL 42, NO 6, P 897-910, JUNE 1970. 105 REF.
166
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TITLE ADDITION OF POWDERED ACTIVATED CARBON TO ACTIVATED
SLUDGE REACTORS.
AUTHOR KLEI, H. E.; SUNDSTROM, D. W.
CORP AUTH CONNECTICUT UNIV., STORKS. INST. OF WATER
RESOURCES.
AVAIL THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE,
SPRINGFIELD, VA 22161 AS PB-264 887, IN PAPER
COPY, IN MICROFICHE. COMPLETION REPORT, MARCH
1977. 41 P, 2 TAB, 27 FIG, 4 REF, OWRT
A-057-CONN(1), 14-31-0001-5007.
TITLE ADVANCED AUTOMATIC CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR THE
ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT PROCESS.
AUTHOR PETERSACK, J. F.; SMITH, R. G.
CORP AUTH SYSTEMS CONTROL, INC., PALO ALTO, CALIF.
AVAIL THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE,
SPRINGFIELD, VA 22161. ENVIRONMETNAL PROTECTION
AGENCY, REPORT EPA-670/2-75-039. MAY 1975., 154 P,
33 FIG, 11 TAB, 14 REF, 3 APPEND. 1BB043; ROAP
21ASC; TASK 007 R800356.
TITLE AERATION TANK FOR ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT OF
WASTE WATER - IS SMALLER AND REQUIRES LESS POWER
FOR A GIVEN TREATMENT CAPACITY.
AVAIL NETHERLANDS PATENT NL 7610-431. ISSUED MARCH 28,
1977. DERWENT NETHERLANDS PATENTS ABSTRACTS, VOL
Y, NO 15, P D5, MAY, 1977.
TITLE AIR V. OXYGEN IN DORSET.
AVAIL WATER AND WASTE TREATMENT, VOL 20, NO 1, P 14-15,
JANUARY, 1977. 1 FIG, 1 TAB.
TITLE AIR VS 02: TWO ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEMS COMPARED.
AUTHOR MILLER, M. A.
CORP AUTH UNION CARBIDE CORP., TONAWANDA, NY ENVIRONMENTAL
SYSTEMS DEPT.
AVAIL WATER AND WASTES ENGINEERING, VOL 15, NO 4, P
58-60, 62-65, APRIL, 1978. 6 FIG, 8 TAB, 17 REF.
TITLE ALBUQUERQUE PLANT DESIGNED WITH COMPUTER IN MIND.
AUTHOR RICOY, J. L.; MATOTAN, W. I.
CORP AUTH WILLIAM MATOTAN AND ASSOCIATES, ALBUQUERQUE, NM
AVAIL WATER AND WASTES ENGINEERING, VOL 13, NO 1,
P 32-35, 37, JANUARY, 1976.
TITLE ALUM ADDITION AIDS SLUDGE PROCESS IN PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL.
AVAIL WATER AND WASTES ENGINEERING, VOL 15, NO 3, P 14,
MARCH, 1978.
167
-------
TITLE ALUM ADDITION TO ACTIVATED SLUDGE WITH TERITARY
SOLIDS REMOVAL.
AUTHOR HAIS, A. B.; STAMBERG, J. B.; BISHOP, D. F.
CORP AUTH DISTRICT OF COUMBIA DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL
SERVICES, WASHINGTON.
AVAL COPY AVAILABLE FROM GPO SUP AS EPl. 23:670-73-037,
$0.65; MICROFICHE FROM NTIS AS PB-225 028/0,
$1.45. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, TECHNOLOGY
SERIES REPORT EPA-670/2-73-037, AUGUST 1973, 25 P,
7 FIG, 5 TAB, 8 REF. EPA PROJECT 11010 EYM.
CONTRACT 14-12-818.
TITLE ALUM ADDITION AND STEP-FEED STUDIES IN OXYGEN
ACTIVATED SLUDGE.
AUTHOR BISHOP, D. F. ; HEIDMAN, J. A.; BRENNER, R. C. ;
STAMBERG, J. B.
CORP AUTH DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, WASHINGTON,
DC.
AVAIL THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE,
SPRINGFIELD, VA 22161 AS PB-272 892, IN PAPER
COPY, IN MICROFICHE, REPORT EPA-600/2-77/166,
1977. 31 P, 6 FIG, 10 TAB, 10 REF.
TITLE APPLICATION OF MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING
PRINCIPLES TO BIOLOGICAL WASTE TREATMENT.
AUTHOR LEVIN, GILBERT V.; COHEN, OBADIAH P.
CORP AUTH BIOSPHERICS INC., ROCKVILLE, MD
AVAIL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS, SYMPOSIUM SERIES,
VOL 67, NO 107. P 131-134, 1971. 1 TAB, 44 REF.
TITLE ATP POOLS IN ACTIVATED SLUDGE.
AUTHOR CHIU, S. Y.; KAO, I. C.; ERICKSON, L. E.;
CORP AUTH FAN, L. T. KANSAS STATE UNIV., MANHATTAN. DEPT. OF
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING.
AVAIL JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION,
VOL 45, NO 8, P 1746-1758, AUGUST 1973. 18 FIG, 4
TAB, 30 REF. OWRR A-045-KAN(3) 14-31-0001-3516.
TITLE AUTOMATIC -DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONTROL.
AUTHOR FLANAGAN, M. J.; BRACKEN, B. D.; ROESLER, J. F.
CORP FLANAGAN AND ASSOCIATES, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF.
AVAIL JOURNAL OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DIVISION,
PROCEEDINGS OF ASCE, VOL 103, NO EE4, P 707-722,
DIVISION, PROCEEDINGS OF ASCE, VOL 103, NO EE4,
P 707-722, AUGUST 1977. 9 TAB, 5 FIG, 3 REF,
1 APPEND.
TITLE AUTOMATION OF THE CONTROL AND OPERATION OF WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL WORKS.
AUTHOR COTTON, P.
CORP AUTH NORWICH SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS (ENGLAND)
AVAIL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, VOL 72, NO 8, P 635-657,
1973. 25 REF.
168
-------
TITLE
AUTHOR
CORP AUTH
AVAIL
TITLE
AUTHOR
CORP AUTH
AVAIL
TITLE
AUTHOR
CORP AUTH
AVAIL
TITLE
AUTHOR
CORP AUTH
AVAIL
TITLE
AUTHOR
CORP AUTH
AVAIL
TITLE
AUTHOR
CORP AUTH
AVAIL
BIOFLOCCULATION AND THE ACCUMULATION OF CHEMICALS
BY FLOC-FORMING ORGANISMS.
DUGAN, P. R.
OHIO STATE UNIV., COLUMBUS
THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL
SPRINGFIELD, VA 22161 AS
COPY, IN MICROFICHE. REPORT EPA-600/2-75-032,
SEPTEMBER 1975. 148 P, 51 FIG, 21 TAB, 119 REF.
DEPT. OF MICROBIOLOGY.
INFORMATION SERVICE,
PB-245 793, IN PAPER
BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS FOR DESIGN AND OPERATION OF
THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS.
GAUDY, F., JR.; GAUDY, T.
OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV., STILLWATER, BIOENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING LABS.
GPO SUP DOC AS EP 2.10: 17090 FQJ 09/71, $1.25;
MICROFICHE FROM NTIS AS PB-211 131, $0.95.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES, SEPTEMBER 1971. 154 P,
36 FIG, 3 TAB, 69 REF. EPA PROGRAM 17090 FQJ
09/71.
BIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR CONTROL OF NITROGEN IN
MUNICIPAL WASTEWATERS.
ROSENKRANZ, W. A.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, WASHINGTON, DC.
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT.
IN: 3RD USA/USSR SYMPOSIUM ON INTENSIFICATION OF
BIO-CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF WASTEWATERS, HELD AT
VOGEDO HEADQUARTERS, MOSCOW, USSR ON AUGUST 23-24,
1976. P 32-35, 1976. 4 FIG, 2 TAB, 5 REF.
BIOLOGICAL REGENERATION OF POWERED ACTIVATED
CARBON ADDED TO ACTIVATED SLUDGE UNITS.
DEWALLE, F. B.; CHIAN, E. S. K.
ILLINOIS UNIV. AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN. DEPT. OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING.
WATER RESEARCH, VOL 11, NO 5, P 439-446, 1977.
9 FIG, 2 TAB, 33 REF.
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT PROCESS IN COLD CLIMATES.
BOYLE, J. D.
CH2M/HILL, CORVALLIS, OREG. WASTEWATER
RECLAMATION.
WATER AND SEWAGE WORKS, REFERENCE NUMBER, P R-28,
R-30, R-32-R-34, R-37-R-38, R-43-R-44, R-46, R-48,
R-50, APRIL 30, 1976. 16 FIG, 2 TAB, 9 REF.
BIOLOGICAL WASTE TREATMENT.
JANK, B. E.
DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIORNMENT, OTTAWA (ONTARIO).
WASTEWATER TECHNOLOGY CENTRE.
IN: PROCEEDINGS OF SEMINARS ON WATER POLLUTION
ABATEMENT TECHNOLOGY IN THE PULP AND PAPER
INDUSTRY, MAY 1975, OTTAWA, MONCTON, AND PRINCE
GEORGE, CANADA, ENVIRONMENTAL PR^^CTION-SERVICE,
169
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WATER POLLUTION CONTROL DIRECTORATE, ECONOMIC AND
TECHNICAL REVIEW REPORT EPS 3-WP-76-4, P 35-80,
MARCH, 1976. 14 FIG, 31 REF, 4 TAB.
TITLE BULKING CONTROL MADE EASY - WITH HYDROGEN
PEROXIDE.
AUTHOR STRUNK, W. G.; SHAPIRO, J.
CORP AUTH FMC CORP., PRINCETON, NJ.
AVAIL WATER AND POLLUTION CONTROL, VOL 114, NO 7, P 10,
12, 14, 15, 40-41, JULY, 1976.
TITLE CASE HISTORIES: IMPROVED ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANT
PERFORMANCE BY OPERATIONS CONTROL.
AUTHOR WEST, A. W.
CORP AUTH FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION,
CINCINNATI, OHIO. DIV. OF TECHNICAL SERVICES.
AVAIL PROCEEDINGS, 8TH ANNUAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND WATER
RESOURCES ENGINEERING CONFERENCE, JUNE 5-6, 1969,
TECHNICAL REPORT NO 20, DEPARTMENT OF
ENVIRONMENTAL AND WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING,
VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY, P 161-170, (1969).
TITLE CELL YIELD AND GROWTH RATE IN ACTIVATED SLUDGE.
AUTHOR SHERRARD, J.H.; SCHROEDER, E. D.
CORP AUTH CORNELL UNIV., ITHACA, NY SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING.
AVAIL JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, VOL
45, NO 9, P 1889-1897, SEPTEMBER 1973. 8 FIG,
2 TAB, 12 REF.
TITLE CHEMICALLY ASSISTED BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION OF WASTES
AND EXCESS SLUDGE.
AUTHOR GAUDY, A. F., JR.
CORP AUTH OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV., STILLWATER, BIOENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING LABS.
AVAIL WATER AND SEWAGE WORKS, REFERENCE ISSUE, P 48,
50-52, 54-56, APRIL, 1977. 11 FIG, 10 REF.
TITLE COMPARING DESIGN MODELS FOR ACTIVATED SLUDGE.
AUTHOR GAUDY, A. F., JR.; KINCANNON, D. F.
CORP AUTH OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV., STILLWATER. BIOENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING LABS.
AVAIL WATER AND SEWAGE WORKS, VOL 124, NO 2, P 66-70,
FEBRUARY 1977. 1 FIG, 7 TAB, 16 REF.
TITLE COMPARISON OF COMPLETELY MIXED AND PLUG FLOW
BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS.
AUTHOR TOERBER, E. D.; PAULSON W. L.; SMITH, H. S.
170
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CORP AUTH FEHR AND GRAHAM CONSULTING ENGINEERS, FREEPORT,
ILL.
AVAIL JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, VOL
46, NO 8, P 1995-2014, AUGUST 1974. 26 FIG, 9 TAB,
3 REF.
TITLE COMPUTER-ASSISTED ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANT
OPERATION.
AUTHOR LACROIX, P. G. ; BLOODGOOD, D. E.
CORP AUTH OTTAWA UNIV. (ONTARIO). DEPT. OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING.
AVAIL EFFLUENT AND WATER TREATMENT JOURNAL, VOL 13, NO
11, P 701-714, NOVEMBER 1973. 3 FIG, 2 TAB, 26
REF.
TITLE CONTROL OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE BULKING DURING
BIOLOGICAL PURIFICATION (REGULIROVANIE PRIROSTA
AKTIVNOGO ILA PRI BIOLOGICHESKOI OCHISTKE).
AUTHOR EVILEVICH, M. A.; KOROVIN, L. K.
CORP AUTH GIPROBUM (USSR).
AVAIL BUMAZHNAYA PROMYSHLENNOST, NO 8, P 27-28, AUGUST,
1978. 3 FIG, 1 TAB.
TITLE CONTROL OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE BY MEAN CELL RESIDENCE
TIME.
AUTHOR JENKINS, DAVID; GARRISON, WALTER E.
CORP AUTH CALIFORNIA UNIV., BERKELEY. SANITATION ENGINEERING
RESEARCH LAB.
AVAIL JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, VOL
40, NO 11, PART 1, P 1905-1919, NOV 1968. 6 FIG, 2
TAB, 15 REF.
TITLE DEMONSTRATION OF A HIGH-RATE ACTIVATED SLUDGE
SYSTEM.
AUTHOR HUANG, C. H.; FEURSTEIN, D. L.; MILLER, E. L.
CORP AUTH ENGINEERING-SCIENCE, INC., BERKELEY, CALIF.
AVAIL THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE,
SPRINGFIELD, VA 22161 AS PB-240 005, IN PAPER
COPY, IN MICROFICHE, REPORT EPA-670/2-75-037,
MARCH 1975. 150 P, 25 FIG, 22 TAB, 46 REF, 1
APPEND.
TITLE DESIGN AND CONTROL OF NITRIFYING ACTIVATED SLUDGE.
SYSTEMS.
AUTHOR LAWRENCE, A. W.; BROWN, C. G.
CORP AUTH CORNELL UNIV., ITHACA, NY DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING.
AVAIL JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, VOL
48, NO 7, P 1779-1803, JULY 1976. 13 FIG, 8 TAB,
171
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TITLE THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE FINAL
SETTLING TANKS.
AUTHOR HIBBERD, R. L.; JONES, W. F.
CORP AUTH SATEC LTD., CREWE (ENGLAND).
AVAIL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, VOL 78, NO 1, P 14-32,
1974, 13 FIG, 9 TAB, 11 REF.
TITLE THE DESIGN AND SELECTION OF MECHANICAL AERATION
DEVICES.
AUTHOR SHAW, J. A.
CORP AUTH LIGHTNIN MIXER PTY LTD., CAMBERWELL (AUSTRALIA).
AVAIL IN: WATER POLLUTION CONTROL IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCE, HELD AT BANGKOK, THAILAND, FEBRUARY
1978. EDITED BY E.A.R. OUANO, B. M. LOHANI & C.M.
THANH. ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BANGKOK,
THAILAND, (PERGAMON PRESS IN USA), P 709-722,
1978. 13 FIG.
TITLE DESIGNING AND OPERATING AN OXYGEN ACTIVATED SLUDGE
SYSTEM INCLUDING TERTIARY ALUM-MUD PRECIPITATION.
AUTHOR FULLER, R. R.; GILBERT, D. W.
CORP AUTH GULF STATES PAPER CORP., TUSCALOOSA, AL.
AVAIL COPYRIGHT CLEARANCE CENTER, INC., NEW YORK, NY AS
0065-8812-78-9661-0178 ($1.25). IN: WATER—1977,
AICHE SYMPOSIM SERIES, VOL 74, NO 178, EDITED BY
G. F. /BENNETT, P 48-65, 1978, 6 FIG, 6 TAB, 3
REF.
TITLE DESIGN AND OPERATIONAL MODEL FOR COMPLETE MIXING
ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEM.
AUTHOR MCKINNEY, R. E.
CORP AUTH KANSAS UNIV., LAWRENCE.
AVAIL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING, VOL 16, NO 6, P
703-722, JUNE, 1974. 14 REF.
TITLE EFFECT OF PRIMARY EFFLUENT SUSPENDED SOLIDS AND
BOD ON ACTIVATED SLUDGE PRODUCTION.
AUTHOR VOSHEL, DORIS; SAK, J. G.
CORP AUTH GRAND RAPIDS WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PLANT, MICH.,
AND DOW CHEMICAL CO., MIDLAND, MICH.
AVAIL JOURNAL OF THE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION,
VOL 40, NO 5, PART 2, P R203-R212, MAY 1968. 8
FIG, 3 TAB, 10 REF.
TITLE EFFECT OF WASTEWATER COMPOSITION AND CELL RESIDENT
TIME ON PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL IN ACTIVATED SLUDGE.
AUTHOR STALL, T. R.; SHERRARD, J. H.
CORP AUTH PHILLIPS PETROLEUM CO., BARTLESVILLE, OKLA.
172
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AVAIL
TITLE
AUTHOR
CORP AUTH
AVAIL
JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, VOL
48, NO 2, P 307-322, FEBRUARY, 1976, 8 FIG, 4 TAB,
23 REF.
EFFECTS OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE OXYGENATION
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS.
D'ANTONI, J. M.; STEIMLE, S. E.
NUS CORP., HOUSTON, TX.
COPYRIGHT CLEARANCE CENTER, INC.
0065-8812-78-9823-1078 ($0.95).
AICHE SYMPOSIUM SERIES, VOL 74,
G. F.
REF.
, NEW YORK, NY AS
IN: WATER-1977,
NO 178, EDITED BY
BENNETT, P 66-74, 1978, 9 FIG, 2 TAB, 10
TITLE EFFECTS OF FLOW EQUALIZATION ON THE OPERATION AND
PERFORMANCE OF AN ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANT.
AUTHOR FOESS, G. W.; MEENAHAN, J. G.; BLOUGH, D.
CORP AUTH YPSILANTI TOWNSHIP, MI.
AVAIL THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMAITON SERVICE,
SPRINGFIELD, VA 22161 AS PB-272 657, IN PAPER
COPY, IN MICROFICHE. REPORT EPA-600/2-77-138,
1977. 95 P, 8 FIG, 17 TAB, 20 REF, 1 APPEND.
TITLE THE EFFECT OF HIGH PURITY OXYGEN ON THE ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS.
AUTHOR BENEFIELD, L. D.; RANDALL, C. W.; KING, P. H.
CORP AUTH MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV., MISSISSIPPI STATE. DEPT.
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING.
AVAIL JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, VOL
49, NO 2, P 269-279, FEBRUARY, 1977. 17 FIG, 1
TAB, 12 REF.
TITLE EFFECTS OF IRON ON ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT.
AUTHOR CARTER, J. L.; MCKINNEY, R. E.
CORP AUTH MARQUETTE UNIV., MILWAUKEE, WIS.
AVAIL JOURNAL OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DIVISION,
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, VOL 99, NO
EE2, P 135-152, APRIL 1973. 9 FIG, 3 TAB, 24 REF.
TITLE THE EFFECT OF SLUDGE WITHDRAWALS ON THE OPERATION
OF SMALL ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANTS.
AUTHOR DRAUTZ, K. E.
CORP AUTH RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INST., TROY, NY
AVAIL MASTERS'S THESIS, JUNE 1969. Ill P, 15 FIG, 34
TAB, 17 REF.
173
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TITLE EVALUATION OF A COMPLETE MIXING ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PLANT.
AUTHOR MCKINNEY, ROSS E.; BENJES, HENRY H., JR.; WRIGHT,
JAMES R.
CORP AUTH KANSAS UNIV., LAWRENCE.
AVAIL JOURNAL OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, VOL
42, NO 5, PART 1, P 737-752, MAY 1970. 10 FIG, 1
TAB, 19 REF.
TITLE EVALUATION OF THE KRAUS MODEL OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE
BULKING.
AUTHOR PIPES, WESLEY 0.; MEADE, FRANK S.
CORP AUTH NORTHWESTERN UNIV., EVANSTON, ILL.
AVAIL PROCEEDINGS INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONFERENCE, 23RD, MAY
1968, P 111-125, 5 FIG, 7 TAB, 8 REF.
TITLE AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE ROLE OF THE CILIATED
PROTOZOA IN THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS.
AUTHOR CURDS, C. R. ; COCK.BURN, A.; VANDYKE, JENNIFER M.
CORP AUTH WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH LAB., STEVENAGE
(ENGLAND).
AVAIL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, VOL 67, NO 3, 1968. P
312-329, 14 FIG, 3 TAB, 13 REF.
TITLE FACTORS AFFECTING EFFLUENT QUALITY FROM
FILL-AND-DRAW ACTIVATED SLUDGE REACTORS.
AUTHOR DAIGGER, G. T.; GRADY, C. P. L. , JR.
CORP AUTH PURDUE UNIV., LAFAYETTE, IN. ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING LAB.
AVAIL JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, VOL
49, NO 12, P 2390-2396, DECEMBER, 1977. 1 FIG, 4
TAB, 12 REF.
TITLE FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE DESIGN OF
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANTS.
AUTHOR DOWNING, A. L.
CORP AUTH WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH LAB., STEVENAGE
(ENGLAND).
AVAIL ADVANCES IN WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENTS, (EDITORS:
GLOYNA, E. F., AND ECKENFELDER, W. W., JR.),
AUSTIN, TEXAS, UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS PRESS, 1968, P
190-202, 8 FIG, 14 REF.
TITLE FATE OF PHOSPHORUS IN WASTE TREATMENT PROCESSES:
ENHANCED REMOVAL OF PHOSPHATE BY ACTIVATED SLUDGE.
AUTHOR MENAR, ARNOLD, B.; JENKINS, DAVID
CORP AUTH CALIFORNIA UNIV., RICHMOND. SANITARY ENGINEERING
RESEARCH LAB.
174
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AVAIL ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL 4, NO
12, P 1115-1121, DECEMBER 1970. 6 TAB, 6 FIG, 12
REF.
TITLE FEDERAL ASSISTANCE PROJECT METROPOLITAN DENVER
SEWAGE DISPOSAL DISTRICT NO. 1. OCTOBER 1969 -
FEBRUARY 1970.
AUTHOR HEGG, BOB A.; BURGESON, JOHN R.
CORP AUTH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, KANSAS CITY, MO.
AVAIL MARCH 1971, 42 P, 5 TAB, 6 FIG, 12 REF.
TITLE FULL SCALE OPERATION OF PLUG FLOW ACTIVATED SLUDGE
SYSTEMS.
AUTHOR BEER, C.; HETLING, L. J.; WANG, L. K.
CORP AUTH NEW YORK STATE DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL
CONSERVATION, ALBANY; AND RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC
INST., TROY.
AVAIL NEW YORK STATE DEPT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION,
TECHNICAL REPORT NO 42, AUG 1975, PRESENTED AT THE
NEW ENGLAND WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ASSOCIATION
MEETING, HARTFORD, CONN., OCTOBER 23, 1974, 45 P,
13 FIG, 7 TAB, 16 REF. EPA PROJECT 17050 EDL.
TITLE INDUSTRIAL WASTE PROCESS DESIGN.
AUTHOR ECKENFELDER, W. W., JR.; O'CONNER, D. J.
CORP AUTH MANHATTAN COLL. , BRONX, NY. DEPT. OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING.
AVAIL PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS,
FEBRUARY 15-19, 1954, SANITARY ENGINEERING
DIVISION, VOL 80, NO 411, P 411-1 TO 411-25. 13
FIG, 5 TAB, 26 REF.
TITLE INFLUENCE OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE CRT ON ADSORPTION.
AUTHOR KIM, B. R.; SNOEYINK, V. L.; SAUNDERS, F. M.
CORP AUTH ILLINOIS UNIV. AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN, DEPT. OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING.
AVAIL JOURNAL OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DIVISION
PROCEEDINGS OF ASCE, VOL 102, NO EE1, P 55-70,
FEBRUARY, 1976. 12 FIG, 2 TAB, 21 REF, 1 APPEND.
TITLE THE INFLUENCE OF PH AND ORGANIC LOADING ON THE
FILAMENTATOUS BULKING OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE.
AUTHOR YASUDA, M.
CORP AUTH TOYAMA COLL. OF TECH. (JAPAN). DEPT. OF SANITARY
ENGINEERING.
AVAIL TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL
ENGINEERS, VOL 8, P 131-132, 1976. 5 FIG, 1 TAB.
175
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TITLE INSTANTANEOUS METERING AIDS - ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PLANT.
AUTHOR MATZNER, B. A.
CORP AUTH SUFFOLK COUNTY DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL,
HAUPPAUGE, NY OPERATIONS DIV.
AVAIL WATER AND WASTES ENGINEERING, VOL 13, NO 8, P
18-20, AUGUST, 1976.
TITLE INTRODUCTION TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES.
AUTHOR RAMALHO, R. S.
CORP AUTH LAVAL UNIV., QUEBEC.
AVAIL ACADEMIC PRESS (NEW YORK, SAN FRANCISCO, LONDON).
1977. 409 P.
TITLE INVENTORY OF ENERGY USE IN WASTEWATER SLUDGE
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL.
AUTHOR SMITH, J. E.
AVAIL INDUSTRIAL WATER ENGINEERING, VOL 14, NO 4, P
20-26, JULY/AUGUST, 1977. 12 FIG, 10 TAB.
TITLE A KINETIC MODEL FOR DESIGN OF COMPLETELY-MIXED
ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATING VARIABLE-STRENGTH
INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATERS.
AUTHOR ADAMS, C. E.; ECKENFELDER, W. W.; HOVIOUS, J. C.
CORP AUTH ASSOCIATED WATER AND AIR RESOURCES ENGINEERS,
INC., NASHVILLE, TENN.
AVAIL WATER RESEARCH, VOL 9, NO 1, P 37-42, JANUARY
1975. 4 FIG, 1 TAB, 5 REF.
TITLE LEAST COST DESIGN OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEMS.
AUTHOR MIDDLETON, A. C. ; LAWRENCE, A. W.
CORP AUTH CORNELL UNIV., ITHACA, NY DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING.
AVAIL JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, VOL
48, NO 5, P 889-905 MAY 1976. 11 FIG, 11 TAB, 17
REF.
TITLE LOAD BALANCING AT SEWAGE-TREATMENT WORKS: THE
SOUTHAMPTON UNIVERSITY PILOT PLANT AT MILLBROOK.
AUTHOR HELLIWELL, P. R.; REED, R. J. R.
CORP AUTH SOUTHAMPTON UNIV. (ENGLAND). DEPT. OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING.
AVAIL JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL, VOL 76, NO 3, P 355-372, 1977. 14 FIG, 2
TAB, 10 REF.
176
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TITLE LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE OF A COUPLED TRICKLING
FILTER-ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANT.
AUTHOR STENQUIST, R. J. ; PARKER, D. S. ; LOFTIN, W. E. ;
BRENNER, R. C.
CORP AUTH BROWN AND CALDWELL, WALNUT CREEK, CA
AVAIL JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, VOL
49, NO 1, P 2265-2284, NOVEMBER, 1977. 15 FIG, 10
TAB, 8 REF.
TITLE MANY DESIGN PROBLEMS OVERCOME IN STATEN ISLAND
PLANT.
AUTHOR MITCHELL, R. D.
CORP AUTH PIRNIE (MALCOLM), INC., WHITE PLAINS, NY
AVAIL WATER AND WASTES ENGINEERING, VOL 13, NO 12, P
57-59, 68, DECEMBER, 1976. 1 FIG, 1 TAB.
TITLE METHOD FOR MEASURING AEROBIC DECOMPOSITION
ACTIVITY OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE IN AN OPEN SYSTEM.
AUTHOR FARKAS, PETER
CORP AUTH RESEARCH INST. FOR WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT,
BUDAPEST (HUNGARY).
AVAIL FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WATER POLLUTION
RESEARCH, PRAGUE, CZECH., SEPTEMBER 2-6, 1968.
PREPRINT, SEC, II, PAPER 1, 9 P, 6 FIG, 1 TAB, 15
REF.
TITLE MICROBIOLOGY OF WASTE TREATMENT
AUTHOR UNZ, R. F.
CORP AUTH PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV., UNIVERSITY PARK.
AVAIL JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, VOL
45, NO 6, P 1259-1265, JUNE 1973, 67 REF.
TITLE MICROBIOLOGY OF WASTE TREATMENT, (LITERATURE
REVIEW).
AUTHOR UNZ, R. F.
CORP AUTH PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV., UNIVERSITY PARK.
AVAIL JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, VOL
49, NO 6, P 1255-1268, JUNE, 1977. 130 REF.
TITLE MICROBIOLOGY OF WASTE TREATMENT, (LITERATURE
REVIEW).
AUTHOR UNZ, F. F.
CORP AUTH PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV., UNIVERSITY PARK.
AVAIL JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, VOL
48, NO 6, P 1367-1378, JUNE, 1976. 101 REF.
177
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TITLE MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATION OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE
APPLIED TO THE MONITORING OF TREATMENT PLANTS
(L1OBSERVATION MICROSCOPIQUES DES BOUES ACTIVEES
APPLIQUE A LA SURVEILLANCE DES INSTALLATIONS
D'EPURATION: TECHNIQUE D'ETUDE INTERPRETATION).
AUTHOR DRAKIDES, C.
CORP AUTH MONTPELLIER-2 UNIV. (FRANCE). LAB. DE GENIE
CHIMIQUE, TRAITEMENT ET EPURATION DES EAUX.
AVAIL TECHNIQUES ET SCIENCES MUNICIPALES-1'EAU, VOL 73,
NO 2, P 85-98, FEBRUARY, 1978. 18 FIG, 16 REF.
TITLE MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF STEP AERATION WASTE
TREATMENT SYSTEMS.
AUTHOR ERICKSON, LARRY E.; HO, Y. S.; FAN, L. T.
CORP AUTH KANSAS STATE UNIV., MANHATTAN.
AVAIL JOURNAL OF THE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION,
VOL 40, NO 5, PART 1, P 717-732, MAY 1968. 6 FIG,
2 TAB, 5 REF.
TITLE MODULES PERMIT EASY EXPANSION.
AUTHOR WEAVER, J. H.
CORP AUTH ROBERT AND CO. ASSOCIATES, WEST PALM BEACH, FLA.
AVAIL WATER ANMD WASTES ENGINEERING, VOL 13, NO 11, P
73-74, NOVEMBER, 1976, 1 FIG.
TITLE NEW SYSTEM PUTS THE WOOD TO WASTEWATER.
AUTHOR WEBER, C. L.; JACOBSON, C. D.
CORP AUTH KIRKHAM MICHAEL AND ASSOCIATES, OMAHA, NEBR.
AVAIL WATER AND WASTES ENGINEERING, VOL 12, NO 12, P
51-52, 64, DECEMBER, 1975. 1 FIG.
TITLE NITRIFICATION AND HEAVY METAL REMOVAL IN THE
ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT PROCESS.
AUTHOR RICHARDS, P. A.
CORP AUTH TEXAS A AND M UNIV., COLLEGE STATION.
AVAIL UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS, INC., ANN ARBOR, MICH.,
48106. ORDER NO. 77-2662. PHD THESIS, 1976. 182 P.
TITLE NITRIFICATION IN ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANTS
GUIDELINES ON SOME OPERATION AND DESIGN ASPECTS.
AUTHOR SMITH, A. G.
CORP AUTH ONTARIO MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, TORONTO.
WASTEWATER TREATMENT SECTION.
AVAIL RESEARCH PUBLICATION, W62, 1976. REVISED JULY
1977, 97 P, 17 FIG, 12 TAB, 66 REF.
178
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TITLE NITRIFICATION IN HIGH-SLUDGE AGE CONTACT
STABILIZATION.
AUTHOR ZOLTEK, J., JR.; LEFEBVRE, L.
CORP AUTH FLORIDA UNIV., GAINESVILLE. DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING SCIENCES.
AVAIL JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, VOL
48, NO 9, P 2183-2189, SEPTEMBER, 1976. 4 FIG, 1
TAB, 11 REF.
TITLE NITRIFICATION IN TREATMENT PLANTS AND NATURAL
WATERS: SOME IMPLICATIONS OF THE THEORETICAL
MODELS.
AUTHOR DOWNING, A. L.; KNOWLES, G.
CORP AUTH WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH LAB., STEVENAGE
(ENGLAND).
AVAIL FIFTH INTERNATIONAL WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH
CONFERENCE, SAN FRANCISCO, JULY 26-AUGUST 1, 1970.
PREPRINT, PAPER 1-8, 8 P, 4 FIG, 1 TAB, 6 REF.
TITLE NITROGEN REMOVAL AND IDENTIFICATION FOR WATER
QUALITY CONTROL.
AUTHOR CARLSON, DALE A.
CORP AUTH WASHINGTON UNIV., SEATTLE. DEPT. OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING.
AVAIL NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE AS PB-204
231, $3.00 IN PAPER COPY, $0.95 IN MICROFICHE,
AUGUST 15, 1971. 52 P, 12 FIG, 8 TAB, 85 REF. OWRR
A-040-WASH(1).
TITLE ONE-VERSUS TWO-STATE NITRIFICATION IN THE
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS.
AUTHOR STOVER, E. L.; KINCANNON, D. F.
CORP AUTH OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV., STILLWATER. SCHOOL OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING.
AVAIL JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, VOL
48, NO 4, P 645-651, APRIL, 1976. 6 FIG, 17 REF.
TITLE OPERATING ACTIVATED-SLUDGE PLANTS TO EFFECT
NUTRIENT REMOVAL.
AUTHOR NICHOLLS, H. A.
AVAIL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, VOL 77, NO 1, P 99-101,
1978.
TITLE OPERATING EXPERIENCE AND DESIGN CRITERIA FOR
"UNOX" WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS, DESIGN
SEMINAR FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES.
CORP AUTH UNION CARBIDE CORP., TONAWANDA, NY LINDE DIV.
179
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AVAIL REPORT PREPARED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY, WASHINGTON, DC, TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
PROGRAM, FOR SEMINAR AT NEW YORK, NY, FEBRUARY
29-MARCH 2, 1972. 68 P.
TITLE OPERATION OF CONVENTIONAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE FOR
MAXIMUM PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL.
AUTHOR MILBURY, WILLIAM F. ; MCCAULEY, DONALD; HAWTHORNE,
CHARLES H.
CORP AUTH WESTON (ROY F.), INC., WEST^CHESTER, PA.
AVAIL JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, VOL
43, NO 7, JULY 1971, P 1890-1901. 3 FIG, 3 TAB, 7
REF.
TITLE OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROCEDURES FOR THE ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS. PART III-B. CALCULATION PROCEDURES
FOR STEP-FEED PROCESS RESPONSES.
AUTHOR WEST, A. W.
CORP AUTH NATIONAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS CENTER-CINCINNATI,
OH.
AVAIL REPORT, 1975. 31 P, 7 FIG, 2 TAB.
TITLE OPTIMIZATION OF THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PROCESS-OPTIMUM VOLUME RATIO OF AERATION AND
SEDIMENTATION VESSELS.
AUTHOR NAITO, M.; TAKAMATSU, T.; FAN, L. T.
CORP AUTH KANSAS UNIV., LAWRENCE. DEPT. OF CHEMICAL AND
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING; AND KYOTO UNIV. (JAPAN).
DEPT.
AVAIL WATER RES, VOL 3, NO 6, P 433-443, JUNE 1969. 8
FIG, 6 REF.
TITLE OPTIMIZE THE EFFLUENT SYSTEM. PART 6: BIOCHEMISTRY
OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS.
AUTHOR GRUTSCH, J. F.; MALLATT, R. C.
CORP AUTH STANDARD OIL CO. (INDIANA), CHICAGO, IL.
AVAIL HYDROCARBON PROCESSING, VOL 55, NO 8, P 137-142,
AUGUST, 1976. 7 FIG, 2 TAB, 15 REF.
TITLE THE ORBAL EXTENDED AERATION ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PLANT.
AUTHOR DREWS, R. L. C.; MALAN, W. M.; MEIRING, P. G. J. ;
MOFFATT, B.
CORP AUTH NATIONAL INST. FOR WATER RESEARCH, PRETORIA (SOUTH
AFRICA).
AVAIL JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, VOL
44, NO 2, FEBRUARY 1972, P 221-231, 6 FIG, 5 TAB,
4 REF.
180
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TITLE ORGANIC MATTER REMOVAL BY POWDERED ACTIVATED
CARBON ADDED TO ACTIVATED SLUDGE.
AUTHOR DEWALLE, F. B.; CHIAN, E. S. K.; SMALL, E. M.
CORP AUTH ILLINOIS UNIV. AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN. DEPT. OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING.
AVAIL JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, VOL
49, NO 4, P 593-599, APRIL, 1977. 5 FIG, 1 TAB, 19
REF.
TITLE OXYGEN-ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANT COMPLETES TWO YEARS
OF SUCCESSFUL OPERATION.
AUTHOR MCDOWELL, C. S.; GIANELLI, J.
CORP AUTH AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS, INC., ALLENTOWN, PA.
AVAIL THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE,
SPRINGFIELD, VA 22161 AS PB-272 271, IN PAPER
COPY, IN MICROFICHE. REPORT EPA-600/2-77-040, JULY
1977. 195 P, 75 FIG, 12 TAB, 9 REF, 2 APPWEND.
TITLE OXYGEN AERATION AT NEWTON CREEK.
AUTHOR NASH, N.; KRASNOFF, P. J.; PRESSMAN, W. B. ;
BRENNER, R. C.
CORP AUTH NEW YORK STATE DEPT. OF WATER RESOURCES, NEW
YORK.
AVAIL JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, VOL
49, NO 3, P 388-400, MARCH 1977, 4 FIG, 6 TAB, EPA
PROJECT 11010 GEV.
TITLE PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL WITH PICKLE LIQUOR IN AN
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANT.
CORP AUTH MILWAUKEE SEWERAGE COMMISSION, WIS.
AVAIL GPO SUP DOC. $1.25; MICROFICHE FORM NTIS AS PB-208
216, $0.95. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES, MARCH 1971. 143
P, 25 FIG, 7 TAB, 19 REF. EPA PROGRAM 11010
FLQ—03/71.
TITLE PHYSICAL CONDITIONING OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE FLOC.
AUTHOR PARKER, DENNY S.; KAUFMAN, WARREN J.; JENKINS,
DAVID.
CORP AUTH CALIFORNIA UNIV., BERKELEY.
AVAIL JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, VOL
43, NO 9, P 1817-1833, SEPTEMBER 1971. 14 FIG, 6
TAB, 25 REF.
TITLE PLANT DATA ANALYSIS OF TEMPERATURE SIGNIFICANCE IN
THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS.
AUTHOR LIN, K-C.; HEINKE, G. W.
CORP AUTH NEW BRUNSWICK UNIV., FREDERICKTON. DEPT. OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING.
181
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AVAIL JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, VOL
49, NO 2, P 286-295, FEBRUARY, 1977. 4 FIG, 3 TAB,
18 REF, 1 APPEND.
TITLE POLLUTION ABATEMENT IN A BREWING FACILITY.
CORP AUTH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, WASHINGTON, . DC,
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER STAFF.
AVAIL EPA TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CAPSULE REPORT NO. 6,
(1974). 17 P, 8 FIG, 6 TAB.
TITLE POLYMER ADDITION IMPROVES WASTE WATER TREATMENT
PROCESS.
AUTHOR CHURCHILL, R. J.; RYBACKI, R. L.
CORP AUTH PETROLITE CORP., ST. LOUIS, MO. TRETOLITE DIV.
AVAIL WATER AND SEWAGE WORKS, REFERENCE ISSUE, P 10-12,
14-17, 20, APRIL, 1977. 8 FIG, 2 TAB, 5 REF.
TITLE PROCESS CONTROL OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT.
AUTHOR KERMODE, R. I.; BRETT, R. W. J.
CORP AUTH KENTUCKY WATER RESOURCES INST., LEXINGTON.
AVAIL NTIS AS PB-227 238 $4.00 IN PAPER COPY, $1.45 IN
MICROFICHE. RESEARCH REPORT NO 63, 1973. 88 P, 18
FIG. 40 REF, 9 TAB. OWRB(l) A-040-KY.
14-31-0001-3517. 14-31-0001-3817.
TITLE PROCESS CONTROL OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT,
PHASE II.
AUTHOR KERMODE, R. I.; BRETT, R. W. J.; PAULT, J. D., JR.
CORP AUTH KENTUCKY WATER RESOURCES INST., LEXINGTON.
AVAIL THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE,
SPRINGFIELD, VA 22161 AS PB-240 176, $4.75 IN
PAPER COPY, $2.25 IN MICROFICHE. RESEARCH REPORT
NO. 83, JANUARY 1975. 87 P, 29 FIG, 14 TAB, 14
REF. OWRT A-050-KY(1). 14-31-0001-4017.
TITLE PROCESS DESIGN MANUAL FOR UPGRADING EXISTING
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS.
CORP AUTH WESTON (ROY F.), INC., WEST CHESTER, PA
AVAIL EPA REGIONAL OFFICE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER; IN
MICROFICHE FROM NTIS AS PB-214 550 FOR $1.45.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER MANUAL, OCTOBER 1971, 275P. EPA PROJECT
17090 GNQ, CONTRACT 14-12-933.
TITLE PROCESS OPTIMA IN ACTIVATED SLUDGE.
AUTHOR POLOCSIK, S.; GRIEVES, R. B.: PIPES, W. 0. JR.
CORP AUTH ILLINOIS INST. OF TECH., CHCAGO.
182
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AVAIL PROCEEDINGS, INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONFERENCE, 20TH,
MAY 4, 5, 6, 1965, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, VOL XLIX, NO
4, P 197-209, JULY 1965. 5 FIG, 1 TAB, 4 REF.
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE TRAINING GRANT NO
5T1ES26-02.
TITLE PROCESS STABILITY OF ACTIVITY SLUDGE PROCESSES.
AUTHOR CHIANG, C. H.
CORP AUTH PIRNIE (MALCOLM), INC., WHITE PLAINS, NY
AVAIL JOURNAL OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
DIVISION-ASCE, VOL 103, NO EE2, P 259-271, APRIL,
1977. 3 FIG, 3 TAB, 2 APPEND.
TITLE ROLE OF NITROGEN IN ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS.
AUTHOR WU, Y. C.
CORP AUTH PITTSBURGH UNIV., PA. DEPT. OF CIVIL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING.
AVAIL JOURNAL OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DIVISION,
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL
ENGINEERS, VOL 102, NO EE5, PROCEEDINGS PAPER NO
12454, P 897-907, OCTOBER 1976.
TITLE SECONDARY TREATMENT.
AVAIL IN: 1977 PUBLIC WORKS MANUAL AND CATALOG FILE,
BILLINGS, C. H. , CONNER, S. H. , AND KIRCHER, J.
R., EDITORS, P D24-D32, 1977. 1 FIG.
TITLE SETTLING CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE AT
LOW TEMPERATURE.
AUTHOR REED, SHERWOOD
CORP AUTH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB. ,
HANOVER, N.H.
AVAIL NTIS AS AD-717 239, $3.00 IN PAPER COPY, $0.95 IN
MICROFICHE. CRREL TECHNICAL REPORT 203, NOV 1970.
30 P, 17 FIG, 5 TAB, 25 REF.
TITLE SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS FOR SMALL COMMUNITIES—A
NEED FOR CAREFUL DESIGN AND OPERATION.
AUTHOR DREWS, R. J. L. C.; DENYSSCHEN, J. H.
CORP AUTH NATIONAL INST. FOR WATER RESEARCH, PRETORIA (SOUTH
AFRICA).
AVAIL IN: WATER POLLUTION CONTROL IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCE HELD AT BANGKOK, THAILAND, FEBRUARY
1978. EDITED BY E.A.R. OUANO, B. M. LOHANI, | N.
C. THANH. ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BANGKOK,
THAILAND (PERGAMON PRESS IN USA), P 381-397, 1978,
7 FIG, 1 TAB, 9 REF.
183
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TITLE
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SHOCK LOAD RESPONSE OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE WITH
CONSTANT RECYCLE SLUDGE CONCENTRATION.
SALEH, M. M.; GAUDY, A. F., JR.
EL-AZHAR UNIV., CAIRO (EGYPT). SCHOOL OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING.
JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, VOL
50, NO 4, P 764-774, APRIL, 1978. 190 FIG, 1 TAB,
11 REF.
SIMPLIFIED OPTIMIZATION OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PROCESS.
GRADY, C. P. L., JR.
PURDUE UNIV., LAFAYETTE, INDIANA, SCHOOL OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING.
JOURNAL OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DIVISION,
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL
ENGINEERS, VOL 103, NO EE3, PROCEEDINGS PAPER NO.
12974, P 413-429, JUNE 1977. 3 FIG, 6 TAB, 19 REF.
START-UP OF NEW WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANTS.
CAVERLY, D. S.
ONTARIO WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION, TORONTO
JOURNAL OF THE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION,
VOL 40, NO 4, P 571-580, APRIL 1968.
SYSTEM ALTERNATIVES IN OXYGEN ACTIVATED SLUDGE.
STAMBERG, J. B. ; BISHOP, D. F. ; BENNETT, S. M. ;
HAIS, A. B.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL
SERVICES, WASHINGTON.
THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE,
SPRINGFIELD, VA 22161, AS PB-241 310, $4.25 IN
PAPER COPY, $2.25 in MICROFICHE.
PROTECTION AGENCY, CINCINNATI,
ENVIRONMENTAL
OHIO. REPORT
EPA-670/2-75-008, APRIL 1975. 59 P, 22 FIG, 7 TAB,
26 REF. 1BB043 ROAP 21-ASR TASK-015 68-01-0162.
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROJECT FORT COLLNS
WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITY FORT COLLINS,
COLORADO, JANUARY - FEBRUARY, 1973.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, DENVER, CO.
REGION VIII.
THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE,
SPRINGFIELD, VA 22161 AS PB-255 573, IN PAPER
COPY, IN MICROFICHE. REPORT S AND A/TSB - 22, 1973
25 P, 4 FIG.
184
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TITLE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROJECT VAIL WASTEWATER
TREATMENT FACILITY VAIL, COLORADO, MARCH - APRIL
1973.
CORP AUTH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, DENVER, CO.
REGION VIII.
AVAIL THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE,
SPRINGFIELD, VA 22161 AS PB-255 257, IN PAPER
COPY, IN MICROFICHE. REPORT SA/TSB-21, 1973. 31 P,
4 FIG, 2 REF.
TITLE TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PROCESS.
AUTHOR SAYIGH, B. A.; MALINA, J. F., JR.
CORP AUTH TEXAS UNIV. AT AUSTIN. DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING.
AVAIL JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, VOL 50
NO 4, P 678-687, APRIL, 1978. 13 FIG, 18 REF.
TITLE TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF
ACTIVATED SLUDGE.
AUTHOR FRIEDMAN, A. A.; SCHROEDER, E. D.
CORP AUTH TENNESSEE TECHNOLOGICAL UNIV., COOKEVILLE. DEPT.
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING.
AVAIL JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, VOL
44, NO 7, P 1433-1442, JULY 1972, 8 FIG, 3 TAB,
25 REF.
TITLE TOWARD A MORE MEANINGFUL INDEX OF SLUDGE QUALITY.
AUTHOR FITCH, B.; KOS, P.
CORP AUTH CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV., PITTSBURGH, PA.
AVAIL JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, VOL
48, NO 8, P 1979-1987, AUGUST, 1976. 11 FIG, 1
REF.
TITLE TRACE ELEMENTS IN BIOLOGICAL WASTE TREATMENT IWTH
SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PROCESS.
AUTHOR WOOD, D. K.; TCHOBANOGLOUS, G.
CORP AUTH CALIFORNIA UNIV., DAVIS.
AVAIL IN: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 29TH INDUSTRIAL WASTE
CONFERENCE, MAY 7-9, 1974, PART 2, LAFAYETTE,
INDIANA, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, P 648-661. 4 FIG, 6
TAB, 21 REF.
TITLE TRICKLING FILTER VERSUS ACTIVATED SLUDGE: WHEN TO
SELECT EACH PROCESS.
AUTHOR KINCANNON, D. F.; SHERRARD, J. H.
CORP AUTH OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV., STILLWATER, SCHOOL OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING.
185
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AVAIL WATER AND SEWAGE WORKS, VOL 121, NO 4, P 32-34, 36
APRIL 30, 1974. 1 FIG, 4 TAB, 9 REF.
TITLE UNIFIED BASIS FOR BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT DESIGN AND
OPERATION.
AUTHOR LAWRENCE, ALONZO W.: MCCARTY, PERRY L.
CORP AUTH STANFORD UNIV., CALIF.
AVAIL JOURNAL, SANITARY ENGINEERING DIVISION,
PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS,
VOL 96, NO SA3, P 757-778, JUNE 1970. 4 FIG, 6
TAB, 48 REF.
TITLE WASTEWATER CHARACTERIZATION AND PROCESS
RELIABILITY FOR POTABLE WASTEWATER RECLAMATION.
AUTHOR PETRASEK, A. C. , JR.
CORP AUTH DALLAS WATER UTILITIES DEPT., TX.
AVAIL THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE,
SPRINGFIELD, VA 22161 AS PB-274 874, IN PAPER
COPY, IN MICROFICHE. REPORT EPA-600/2-77-210,
1977. 124 P, 56 FIG, 22 TAB, 10 REF.
TITLE WASTEWATER TREATMENT DESIGN: ECONOMICS AND
TECHNIQUES, PART I.
AUTHOR ECKENFELDER, W. W., JR.
CORP AUTH VANDERBILT UNIV., NASHVILLE, TENN.
AVAIL WATER AND SEWAGE WORKS, VOL 122, NO 6, P 63-65,
JUNE, 1975. 67 FIG, 2 TAB.
TITLE WASTEWATER TREATMENT DESIGN, PART II.
AUTHOR ECKENFELDER, W. W., JR.
CORP AUTH VANDERBILT UNIV., NASHVILLE, TENN.
AVAIL WATER AND SEWAGE WORKS, VOL 122, NO 7. P 70, 75,
JULY, 1975. 2 FIG, 1 TAB, 3 REF.
TITLE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROBLEMS AT NORTH KANSAS
CITY, MISSOURI.
AUTHOR SCHMIDT, P. J.
CORP AVAIL BLACK AND VEATCH, KANSAS CITY, MO
AVAIL JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, VOL
50, NO 4, P 635-644, APRIL, 1978. 5 FIG, 3 TAB.
TITLE WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
AUTHOR SCHROEDER, E. D.
CORP AUTH CALIFORNIA UNIV., DAVIS. DEPT. OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING.
AVAIL MCGRAW-HILL, NEW YORK, NY 1977, 370 P. $3.95.
186
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1980--657-165/0059
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