EPA-430/9-74-013
     EMERGENCY PLANNING FOR
       MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER
       TREATMENT FACILITIES
      U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
          Office of Water Program Operations
               Washington, D.C. 20460

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          EMERGENCY PLANNING
                  FOR
MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES
                FOR THE
       MUNICIPAL OPERATIONS BRANCH
   OFFICE OF WATER PROGRAM OPERATIONS
   U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
          WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
          CONTRACT NO. 68-01-0341
              FEBRUARY 1974

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                   EPA Review Notice

This manual  is presented as helpful guidance and source
material only;  it is not a regulatory document. Mention of
trade names or commercial products does not constitute EPA
endorsement or recommendation for use.

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                                    ABSTRACT

A study has been made of emergency planning for municipal wastewater treatment facilities
to ensure effective continued operation under emergency conditions. These emergency
conditions could be imposed by natural disaster, civil disorders, strikes, faulty maintenance,
negligent operation, or accidents.

Over 200 municipal treatment systems were contacted and asked to provide information for
this project.  This  information was used to  help identify  the principal causes of failures
within municipal treatment systems.  Information on emergency planning and responses to
emergency conditions was provided by these contacts.

The results of this study are presented  in the form  of a  manual for the development of
emergency  operating plans  for municipal wastewater treatment systems. The  intent is to
expand the concepts stated in the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of
1972.

This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract 68-01-0341, under the sponsorship of
the Office of Water Program Operations, Environmental Protection Agency.
                                       in

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                           TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION                                                             PAGE

   I   CONCLUSIONS                                                       1

  II   RECOMMENDATIONS                                                 3

  III   INTRODUCTION                                                     5

  IV   CAUSES OF EMERGENCIES                                            9
             General	9
             Natural Disasters	9
             Civil Disorders and Strikes	10
             Faulty Maintenance  	10
             Negligent Operation  	10
             Accidents  	11
             Summary	11

  V   EFFECTS OF EMERGENCIES                                         13
             General	13
             Personnel Absence	13
             Equipment Failure	13
             Power Loss	14
             Blocked Access	15
             Communications Loss  	15
             Process Failure	15
             Summary	16

  VI   PROTECTION MEASURES                                            19
             Vulnerability Analysis	19
             Warning Devices  	25
             Emergency Equipment Inventory   	26
             Standby and/or Duplicate Facilities	26
             Adequate Preventive Maintenance	29
             Treatment System Records   	29

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                          TABLE OF CONTENTS
                              (CONTINUED)

SECTION                                                           PAGE

            Industrial Waste Inventory and Monitoring System  	30
            Emergency Operations Organization	32
            Emergency Response Center	34
            Mutual Aid Agreements  	35

 VII   RESPONSES TO EMERGENCIES                                     41
            General	41
            Response to Emergency Effects  	45

 VIM   TYPICAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE PROGRAM                         47
            General	47
            Discussion  	,,	48
            Summary	52

  IX   CHECKLIST FOR 0 & M MANUAL EMERGENCY
      OPERATING AND RESPONSE PROGRAM                              53

  X   REFERENCES                                                    57

  XI   APPENDICES                                                     61
            A.    Conclusions from the Evaluator's Tabulation
                  List of Emergency Conditions	62
            B.    Matrix of Evaluator's Tabulation List Results	69
                                  VI

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                               LIST OF FIGURES

NUMBER                                                                 PAGE

  1   Sample Plant Layout for Vulnerability Analysis	21
  2   Vulnerability Analysis Worksheet  	22
  3   Sample Inventory Worksheet	27
  4   Sample Industrial Waste Inventory Form  	31
  5   Sample Emergency Condition Flow Diagram   	36
  6   Sample Mutual Aid Agreement Form  	39
  7   Sample Mutual Aid Information Fact Sheet  .	49
                                         VII

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                                    SECTION I
                                  CONCLUSIONS

1.      Few municipal wastewater treatment systems currently  have formal emergency
       operating plans. However, most treatment systems have developed informal plans to
       cope with specific problem areas within their systems. These plans call for personnel
       being familiar  with emergency procedures and for sufficient emergency equipment
       being provided.

2.      Each municipal wastewater treatment system owner should conduct a vulnerability
       analysis of his  system. This analysis can be used to develop an emergency operating
       plan for his system. A sound plan will minimize and, in some instances, eliminate the
       adverse effects from emergencies affecting the system. These plans must be kept up
       to date to be of value when emergencies occur.

3.      Each  municipal wastewater  treatment  system possesses special  conditions and
       unique situations that  must be covered in an effective emergency response program
       for  that system. There are, however, many emergency conditions that are shared  by
       treatment systems  across  the country.  These  emergency  conditions  include
       personnel  absence, equipment failure,  power loss,  blocked access,  process failure,
       and  communications loss. Preparing for these  basic emergency conditions has  an
       overlapping effect on many other, but less obvious, potential emergencies.

4.      There  is  a need for better opportunities among persons  involved  with municipal
       wastewater treatment  to  exchange  techniques and philosophies  of emergency
       planning.

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                                    SECTION II
                               RECOMMENDATIONS

1.      All  municipal wastewater treatment system owners should establish comprehensive
       emergency operating procedures for their systems. Such procedures will help protect
       the health  and welfare of system personnel and  minimize adverse effects  from
       emergencies.

2.      The consulting engineers who prepare treatment system operation and maintenance
       manuals should  place appropriate emphasis  on the emergency operating  program
       portion of these manuals. Proper attention to emergency programs at this stage will
       help ensure that acceptable programs are established.

3.      Service organizations  should continue  to address  emergency response programs.
       They should provide more space in their journals and more time at their conferences
       for this topic.  These  groups reach a large  portion of the municipal wastewater
       treatment community and  could  do much  to  promote emergency planning.  A
       parallel  recommendation  would  be  for  treatment  systems   with  established
       emergency programs to share their experiences with others in the field.

4.      Municipal wastewater  treatment  equipment suppliers  should  include emergency
       operating  instructions with  their equipment.  These instructions would permit
       consulting  engineers  to  evaluate  equipment with respect to  flexibility during
       emergencies. Such information would enable treatment plant personnel to respond
       more efficiently to emergencies affecting that item of equipment.

5.      Further studies should be made of the principal failures  identified in this report.
       Emphasis should be  placed on  the redesign of vulnerable components  and the
       application  of  technology  from other fields to problem areas. Hopefully,  such
       studies will produce acceptable solutions to these problems.

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                                     SECTION III
                                  INTRODUCTION

Scope and Purpose
The primary function of municipal wastewater treatment facilities is to collect and treat
municipal wastewaters so as to attain an interim national ". . . goal of water quality which
provides for the protection and propagation of fish, shellfish, and wildlife, and provides for
recreation in and on the water." The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of
1972 stipulate that this  is to be accomplished by  publicly owned treatment works  in a
consistent  and reliable manner so as to  meet effluent  limitations based upon secondary
treatment or any more stringent applicable limitation, by July 1, 1977, and so as to employ
the best practicable waste treatment technology by July 1, 1983.  The specific conditions
and limitations will be identified in a permit issued to each point source discharge under the
"National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System" as established by the Act.

Since the discharge of pollutants in excess of the effluent limitations defined in the plant's
discharge permit is prohibited by the Act, it is essential that municipal wastewater plants,
from the day of initial operation, effectively treat wastewater  to  be in compliance with
those limitations. It is to assist in the accomplishment of this objective that this manual has
been prepared.

It is expected that this manual will be used by consulting engineers, regulatory agencies, and
municipal managers and their staff.

Consulting  engineers may use it  as a guide in  writing the emergency operating program
portion of any municipal wastewater treatment  system operation and maintenance manual.
The information contained  herein is applicable to  all treatment systems, regardless of the
size plant or treatment process involved.

Regulatory  agencies and  EPA can use this manual in  the evaluation of the  emergency
operating program of the operation and maintenance manuals.

Municipal department heads and staff will  use the manual as a guide  in the development of a
plan suited  to their plant's  particulars.  It may also be used by treatment plant staff to
educate local governing bodies as to the need for additional funds to alleviate problems and
deficiencies  at their plant.

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This manual has been  prepared  for the Environmental Protection Agency to  provide a
manual  for emergency  planning  for municipal wastewater  treatment facilities  to  ensure
continued operation under emergency conditions.

The intent is to expand the concepts stated  in the  Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Amendments of 1972.

Manual  Format
Persons using this manual  should be familiar with its organization and the general content of
its sections.

Detailed discussions  of the basic features of good emergency planning  procedures  for
municipal wastewater treatment facilities are provided in the following sections:

        Section IV  	Causes of Emergencies
        Section V	Effects of Emergencies
        Section VI  	Protection Measures
        Section VII	Responses to Emergencies
        Section VIII	Typical Emergency  Response Program

The following is a synopsis of each of these five sections:

Causes of Emergencies
This section of the manual places all causes  of emergencies into  five categories:  natural
disasters, civil disorders, strikes, faulty maintenance, and negligent operation and accidents.
A discussion of each  cause and its relationship to the operation of a wastewater treatment
facility  is included in  the section.

Effects  of Emergencies
This section places the effects of all  emergencies into  six categories: personnel absence,
equipment failure,  power loss,  blocked access, communications loss, and process failure. A
discussion  of each effect is included; also,  in matrix  form,  the  interrelationship of  the
causes,  effects, and  reasons for the effects of emergencies is included  in the section.

Protection Measures
This section gives ten distinct measures required to  protect wastewater treatment facilities
from emergencies.  Also included is a discussion of each protection  measure and its role  in
the continued operation of a wastewater treatment facility.

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Response to Emergencies
This section outlines the necessary steps required  in responding  to  most  emergency
situations that may develop at a wastewater treatment facility.

Typical Emergency Response Program
This section discusses several emergency conditions, with appropriate responses, that may
occur  at the different  system categories  of  a  facility, i.e., collection  system, pumping
stations, pretreatment, primary treatment, secondary treatment.

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                                    SECTION IV
                            CAUSES OF EMERGENCIES

General
Emergencies  at a wastewater treatment plant do not just happen — they are caused. The
individual  causes  are sometimes numerous;  however,  many emergencies have certain
similarities, particularly when they are traced  back to their origin. For purposes of this
manual,  all causes  of emergencies have been  grouped under, or  related  to, one of the
following:

Natural Disasters
An event, concentrated in time and space, which causes a community or a facility to suffer
such  damage as to disrupt  its  normal functions and operations  can be  termed a natural
disaster.

Natural disasters which are most  likely to affect the operation of a wastewater treatment
facility to  the extent of reducing the  efficiency of the plant can be associated  with one of
the following:

       Hurricane
       Tsunami (tidal wave)
       Blizzard
       Forest and grass fire
       Tornado
       River flood
       Earthquake

A study should be made to determine the potential for natural disasters in the areas where
the municipal wastewater treatment system is located.  Information  on the natural disasters
previously  mentioned is available from agencies such as the U. S.  Army Corps of Engineers
and  the Office  of  Civil  Defense,   Departments of  Interior  and Agriculture,  and the
Departments of  Commerce  and Transportation. Many state and  local  agencies, as well as
volunteer disaster relief organizations such as the American National Red Cross, also have
compiled information on disasters.

In all  cases,  in  areas subject to one or  more of  the natural disasters  listed herein, the
treatment facilities  should be  prepared  to ensure  continued  operation  under  emergency
conditions  imposed on that system by  the disaster.

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Civil Disorders and Strikes
People have been demonstrating against war, for and against various social movements such
as housing, civil  rights, women's liberation, etc., for a very long time. In more recent times,
workers have banded together to form unions and  have subsequently used the strike as an
effective tool in making their demands heard.

According to the U. S. Treasury Department, there were over 5,800 bombings or attempted
bombings during the 15-month period ending April  1970. As a result of these acts, 42
persons lost their  lives, 384 were  injured,  and  over $20 million of  property damage was
reported.

The interrelationship  of these types of  events  -  civil disorders and  strikes - with the
operation of wastewater treatment facilities poses a new type of threat. The importance of
uninterrupted treatment of wastewater is of primary concern because of the ever-increasing
need for pollution-free waters.

Several facets of  a widespread civil  disorder  might well  be the destruction of a sewage
pumping station, the bombing of a power substation, or the dumping of toxic material  into
a manhole. Any one of these actions could interrupt the normal operation of a wastewater
treatment facility and subsequently lead to pollution of nearby waters.

Faulty Maintenance
Equipment  manufactured  by man  to help him in' his everyday tasks  is generally  similar in
one respect; it must be maintained or the equipment will cease to  perform the task for
which  it was constructed. The manner in which  equipment is maintained will generally
determine  how well  it  will  perform its  intended function and  for  how long. Good
maintenance will result in equipment performing  throughout its design period; however,
poor maintenance or faulty maintenance will shorten the expected life of equipment.

Unexpected breakdowns  due to  faulty  maintenance  can greatly  affect  the continued
operation of  a  wastewater treatment plant.  Although the  breakdown can  possibly be
repaired during  a  regularly scheduled repair program and  probably does not represent an
emergency,  it is the effect on the continued satisfactory operation of the plant that can  lead
to the emergency condition.

Negligent Operation
All operations, regardless  of application,  large  or small, require that certain  procedures be
followed for satisfactory performance. Applying this rule to a wastewater treatment plant's
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operation is no different. The operations required for the plant to function in a satisfactory
manner  require  that certain  procedures  be  followed,  whether  the  procedures were
established in-house, by  a regulatory agency, or by the local governing body. To improperly
follow established procedures constitutes negligent operation.

In  many  instances,  negligent  operation  may  not  be as readily  noticeable  as faulty
maintenance, but the emergency condition resulting from it could possibly be more severe
because negligent operation could affect more units of operation before being discovered.

It is therefore imperative that sound operating procedures be developed and maintained  to
ensure the satisfactory operation of all wastewater treatment plants.

Accidents
The old  saying "accidents don't just happen — they are caused" certainly applies when we
speak  of  accidents relative to wastewater  treatment plants  and emergency conditions.
Generally speaking, accidents result in personal injury and property damage, both of which
have a direct bearing on a plant's operation. However, for this manual's use, an additional
effect  of accidents will  apply, that effect being process failure. In direct connection with
this kind  of accident, concern is directed  to the emergency condition arising from the
accidental spill of  toxic substance into  the  sewerage  system. This one accident, if it goes
undetected long  enough, could shut down process units of the largest treatment plants for a
considerable length of time, thus causing a severe emergency condition.

Summary
The causes of emergencies discussed here have a rather broad base, yet it must be  realized
that it would  be an  almost  impossible task  to  derive a group of causes to cover every
possible  eventuality.  The list as presented, however, will cover the majority of the more
common causes of emergencies at wastewater treatment facilities.
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                                     SECTION V
                            EFFECTS OF EMERGENCIES

General
For  every  emergency condition,  there is generally a  cause and effect relationship. This
situation is particularly true when applied  to the emergencies  relating to a wastewater
treatment plant. Each of the causes discussed in Section IV does not have the distinction of
having only one distinguishable effect. To the contrary, the effects to be discussed  in this
Section can be linked to several causes. At the close of  this Section, this complexity will be
exemplified by the use of a matrix showing the interrelationship between cause and  effect.

Personnel Absence
All  plants,  whether  large or  small,  require  personnel  to ensure a plant's  satisfactory
operation.  For small  plants a visit every other day or once a week may suffice. The  largest
plants require permanent staff of  a hundred  or more technically  trained people. Regardless
of the size  of the plant, it is essential that properly assigned  inviduals perform their tasks
routinely, as assigned.

If, for some reason, individuals are prevented from performing their assigned duties, or are
prevented from reaching the plant, then an emergency  condition  is imminent which could
lead to total plant failure.

A number of causes may  produce personnel absence on an individual basis; however,  for
large scale  absenteeism, the causes are related  to  such things  as natural disasters, civil
disorder, and  strikes. The following is a partial list of reasons for personnel absence related
to the causes covered in Section IV:

       Wind
       Flooding
       Fire
       Injury or threat of injury
       Picket lines
       Blocked access

Equipment Failure
All wastewater treatment plants utilize equipment in their treatment processes. Needless to
say,  it is very important that the equipment perform or a plant shuts down.
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Isolated incidences of equipment failure,are to be expected in all treatment plants; however,
most equipment breakdowns of this type can be repaired on a routine basis. It is the failure
of equipment on a large scale basis that is of primary concern in this report, that is, failure
as a result of  natural  disasters, civil  disorders and strikes, faulty maintenance, negligent
operation and accidents.

The following are a few of the many reasons for equipment failure as related to the causes in
Section IV:

       Flooding
       Structural damage
       Loss of power
       Sabotage
       Overloaded conditions
       Clogged pipelines
       Overheating of bearings and motors

Power Loss
A dependable,  uninterrupted supply of electrical power is very important in this country
today. This type of  supply is essential to a wastewater treatment plant because the entire
process is generally dependent  upon  electricity  for power. In  the flat areas,  where large
numbers of sewage pumping stations are used, a dependable supply  of electrical power is
required throughout the collection system as well as the plant.

Generally speaking, a dependable supply  of electrical power is at our  "fingertips" — that is,
under normal conditions. It is under other than normal conditions with which this manual is
concerned.  There are any number of  reasons for power loss —  local  or area-wide — which
can be attributed to the emergency condition causes in  Section IV; following  are some of
them:

       Flooding
       Wind
       Sabotage
       Salt spray on  power lines
       Structural damage
       Ice on power  lines
       Fire
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Blocked  Access
As used in this report, blocked access refers to blocked access routes or roads that lead to a
treatment plant or a  pumping  station.  It is  difficult to discuss  blocked access  and  its
importance to the operation of a wastewater treatment plant, without mentioning a related
emergency effect, that is, personnel absence.

It was shown  previously that blocked access  could  be a reason for personnel absence;
however, there are many reasons for blocked access as related to the causes of emergencies.
Following are some of them:

       Flooding
       Wind
       Slides
       Debris
       Road washouts
       Fire
       Sabotage

Communications  Loss
Communications  play a very important role in the  day-to-day operation of wastewater
treatment plants. Generally speaking, communications are taken for granted in the everyday
routine operations, but their  importance becomes known during emergency situations. In
Section VI  it will be shown that many of the protection measures suggested could not be
implemented if communications were  disrupted. Because of this, some of the reasons for
communications loss should be exemplified as follows:

       Flooding
       Wind
       Sabotage
       Fire

Process Failure
Process failure, as used in this manual, can  be either a partial or total loss of a wastewater
treatment plant's processes. In either case, the satisfactory performance of the plant would
be altered  to such an extent that the primary function  of  the plant would be changed
considerably — treating sanitary sewage to prevent pollution of our waters.
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Some of the emergency effects discussed thus far, independently, could result in partial
process failure  and  eventually  in total failure  if  the condition  exists long  enough.
Contrastingly, some of the effects could result in complete process failure in a short period
of time.

The  following is a partial  list of reasons for process  failure  as related to causes  given in
Section IV:

       Flooding
       Loss of power
       Sabotage
       Personnel absence
       Toxic spill

Summary
An examination  of Section  IV and  V reveals that there is  an  interrelationship between
causes and effects of emergencies  and  also between effects and  reasons. Because of this
interrelationship, the following matrix has been  developed to  aid  in  exemplifying  the
situation:
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      CAUSES

Natural  Disaster
Civil Disorder
      EFFECTS

Personnel Absence
Natural Disaster
Civil Disorder
Faulty Maintenance
Negligent Operation
Accidents
Natural Disaster
Civil Disorder
Faulty Maintenance
Negligent Operation
Accidents
Natural Disaster
Civil Disorder
Equipment Failure
Power Loss
Blocked Access
Natural Disaster
Civil Disorder
Natural Disaster
Civil Disorder
Faulty Maintenance
Negligent Operation
Accidents
Communications Loss
Process Failure
   REASONS FOR
      EFFECTS

Flooding
Wind
Fire
Injury
Picket Lines
Blocked Access

Flooding
Structural Damage
Loss of Power
Sabotage
Overload Condition
Clogged Pipelines
Overheating

Flooding
Wind
Sabotage
Salt Spray on Lines
Structural Damage
Ice on Lines
Fire

Flooding
Wind
Slides
Debris
Road Washouts
Fire
Sabotage

Flooding
Wind
Sabotage
Fire

Flooding
Loss of Power
Sabotage
Personnel Absence
Toxic Spill
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                                    SECTION VI
                             PROTECTION MEASURES

Vulnerability Analysis
A municipal wastewater treatment system includes the collection lines, pump stations, and
treatment plant.  The system  requires trained  personnel, power, materials, supplies, and
communications to function properly.  It is essential to estimate both the strengths and
weaknesses of an individual system in relation to anticipated emergency conditions prior to
drafting an emergency operating plan. A vulnerability analysis of the system is an estimation
of the degree to which the system is adversely affected,  in relation to the function it must
perform,  by  an  emergency  condition.  This  analysis  should  include  power  supply,
communications,  equipment,  material,  supplies,  personnel, security,  and  emergency
procedures.  After performing a  vulnerability  analysis  upon  a  given system  for several
possible  emergency conditions and then  comparing the  results of  the various analyses,
certain key — most vulnerable — components of the system can be identified. The following
steps should be followed in making a vulnerability analysis:

       1.      List components of treatment system.

       2.      Select emergency condition to be investigated.

       3.      Estimate effects  of emergency  condition on  each component  of
               system; use vulnerability worksheet.

       4.      Estimate treatment system's ability to perform its intended function
               during the emergency.

       5.      Identify  key system components responsible for the failure when a
               system fails to perform.

When identifying  those components  which are partially or  totally  incapacitated by the
emergency condition, attention  should be given to those system components which are
interrelated  with other components so as to make the entire system inoperative. These
components  are the most vulnerable. The emergency  operating  plan should  indicate
priorities of repair of the system and alternate provisions in case of light or severe damage.
The following methods can be employed to reduce the system's vulnerability:
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        1.     An optimum preventive maintenance and testing program

        2.     Duplication and separation of vital works

        3.     Minimizing dependence on power and pumping

        4.     Provision for more than one power source and/or transmission line

        5.     Flexibility in operation of treatment works

        6.     Maintenance of adequate chemical supplies

        7.     Provision of dual power sources,  on-site storage of fuel and auxiliary
              power  units, remote  and/or  automated controls,  and  ready
              conversion of automatic controls to  manual operation

        8.     Provision of portable pumps with  fuel-operated units

        9.     Provision at major pumping stations of more than one incoming and
              discharge line

       10.     Training of regular and auxiliary  personnel in emergency operations
              and procedures

       11.     Conducting emergency operations exercises periodically

Some of the items just listed will be dealt with  in  more detail throughout the remainder of
this Section.                                                   '

Included  herein is a sample  vulnerability analysis worksheet  to  be used  as a  guide in
performing  a vulnerability analysis of any given treatment system;  reference is  made to
Figure No. 1.
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                                 CAPITOL CITY
                         WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
                                   LAYOUT
SUBSTArnoKI
    TREATMENT
    PLA.MT
           FIGURE NO. 1  SAMPLE PLANT LAYOUT FOR VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS
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                                  SAMPLE
                       VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS WORKSHEET
TREATMENT SYSTEM:    Capital City Wastewater Treatment Plant
ASSUMED EMERGENCY:  Flood  (100 years)
DESCRIPTION OF EMERGENCY;  The flood will cause considerable damage to low

 lying  areas.   Bridges will be closed, utility poles downed, and electrical

 power  interrupted.                                            	•
       SYSTEM
     COMPONENT
EFFECTS OF EMERGENCY
                           TYPE AND  EXTENT
  PREVENTION
RECOMMENDATIONS
  COLLECTION  LINES

       60"  interceptor could be washed out
       at Back Creek crossing
                              1. Encase line in
                                 concrete.
                              2. Maintain pipe
                                 & fittings to
                                 repair damaged
                                 section.
                              3. Provide portable
                                 pumps to bypass
                                 break.
                              4. Contract for
                                 major emergency
                                 repair services.
  PUMPING  STATIONS

       Power  failure
                                 Provide for
                                 power from two
                                 seoarate sub-
                                 stations.
                                 Provide stand-
                                 by diesel
                                 generators.
           FIGURE NO. 2 VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS WORKSHEET
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                                 SAMPLE
                       VULNERABILITY  ANALYSIS  WORKSHEET
     SYSTEM
    COMPONENT
EFFECTS OF EMERGENCY
  TYPE AND EXTENT
 PREVENTION
RECOMMENDATIONS
PRETREATMENT
     Power failure

     Access road blocked  preventing  delivery
     of chemicals
                                                          4.
                               Provide for
                               power from two
                               separate sub-
                               stations.
                               Provide standby
                               diesel generators
                               Stock sufficient
                               chemicals for
                               emergency use.
                               Provide alternate
                               access routes to
                               olant.
CLARIFICATION
     Power failure
                               Provide  for  oower
                               from  two separate
                               substations.
                               Provide  standby
                               diesel generators
SECONDARY UNITS

     Power failure
                               Provide  for  power
                               from two separate
                               substations.
                               Provide  standby
                               diesel generators
SLUDGE HANDLING
     Power failure
                               Provide for power
                               from  two  separate
                               substations.
                               Provide standby
                               diesel generators
          FIGURE NO. 2  VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS WORKSHEET (Continued)
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                                    SAMPLE
                       VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS WORKSHEET
    SYSTEM
   COMPONENT
                                EFFECTS OF EMERGENCY
TYPE AND EXTENT
        PREVENTION
       RECOMMENDATIONS
 POWER SUPPLY
      Temporarily  interrupted due to
      transmission lines down.
                            Provide for power
                            from two seoarate
                            substations.
                            Provide standby
                            diesel generators.
COMMUNICATIONS
     Telephone  lines  downed
                            Provide for
                            radio communi-
                            cations, at
                            plant and in
                            vehicles.
                            Use portable
                            two-way radios
                            within plant.
PERSONNEL
     Access road blocked  due  to bridge
     washout at Back  Creek

     Personnel  isolated at  plant and
     at homes
                            Select alternate
                            routes to plant.
                            Provide supplies
                            for persons
                            stranded.
                            Provide auxiliary
                            personnel.
                            Coordinate with
                            city street
                            department for
                            bridge repairs.
  DATE:  July 11, 1973
        ANALYST:
RAL
          FIGURE NO. 2  VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS WORKSHEET (Continued)
                                           24

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Warning Devices
All  wastewater treatment systems regardless of size need warning devices of some type. The
small systems require less sophisticated equipment than the large systems; however, the need
is always present to warn the man on duty of impending or existing emergencies.

There are many individual types of devices available,  but generally they can be classified as
follows:

         1.     Alarms — which may be audio-visual

         2.     Indicating lights — tell the operator which equipment is required to
               run, equipment running, power on and  off, etc.

         3.     Indicators — mechanical  (gauges), electrical  (counters, indicators,
               recorders) or electro-mechanical (flow and/or pressure recorders)

Many distinct uses can be made of warning devices; the following are just a few:

         1.     Low pressure (discharge, suction,  or level)

         2.     No pressure (discharge, suction, or level)

         3.     Low well water level

         4.     Flooding

         5.     Air in pump

         6.     Air loss

         7.     Power failure (transfer to standby source)

         8.     Equipment failure

         9.     Pump reversal

       10.     Freezing
                                             25

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The  above is only a partial listing of how warning devices could prove useful. There are
many more uses wastewater treatment plants might find for warning devices which would be
unique for each plant.

Emergency Equipment Inventory
An inventory  should be made of equipment, materials, and chemicals that are available
within the treatment system. A sample wastewater treatment system emergency inventory
worksheet. Figure  No.  3, follows this discussion. Using this inventory and the results of the
system  vulnerability  analysis,  additional  emergency  equipment and supplies may be
purchased and stockpiled, or arrangements  made to obtain these items through mutual aid
agreements or outside contracts.

Stockpile emergency equipment/supplies might include:

       1.     Lightweight quick-coupling pipe

       2.     Portable pumps

       3.     Generator sets

       4.     Mobile chlorinators

       5.     Chemicals

Standby and/or Duplicate Facilities
Standby facilities refer to equipment  installed for use when the primary equipment fails — it
is a substitute  piece of equipment. A diesel  generator is an example of a standby emergency
source of electrical power should the primary source fail.

Duplicate facilities refer  to  repetition of installation of equipment such as:  two screens,
two  grinders, two  clarifiers, two digesters,  two chlorinators, etc. In the case of duplicate
facilities, both are  generally  in use at all times. In some instances, such as with grinders and
grit removal equipment, the units are  used alternately.

The  necessity  of  having  standby equipment is quite obvious. Since an entire plant's
operation is wholly dependent upon electrical power, a standby source would be required
should the primary source fail - that is, if the function  of the wastewater treatment plant is
                                              26

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                        WASTEUATER TREATMENT SYSTEM
                           EMERGENCY INVENTORY
SYSTEM:
PREPARED BY:
DATE:
                         (Signature)
                       DUPLICATE EQUIPMENT IN STOCK
DESCRIPTION






MAKE






SIZE






TYPE






VOLTAGE






HP






CAPACITY






NO.






                         PARTS & COMPONENTS IN STOCK
DESCRIPTION






SIZE






NO.






APPLICATION IN SYSTEM




•

                 FIGURE NO. 3  SAMPLE INVENTORY WORKSHEET
                                       27

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          EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT  &  REPAIR TOOLS
DESCRIPTION





NO.





APPLICATION IN SYSTEM





PIPE
SIZE
<• TYPE
LENGTH















AVERAGE
CHEMICAL
STOCK
TYPE
FORM
QUANTITY












              COMMUNICATIONS  EQUIPMENT
DESCRIPTION




LOCATION




          MAPS AND FACILITY LAYOUT DETAILS
                                     OFFICIAL AUTHORIZING
                                     INVENTORY
FIGURE NO. 3  SAMPLE INVENTORY WORKSHEET (Continued)
                             28

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to remain unaltered. Standby sources of power, whether at treatment plants or at remote
pumping stations, are being required by many regulatory agencies.

In like manner,  duplicate facilities  are being required by many regulatory agencies.  This
requirement is necessary for the assurance of continued plant operation should a piece of
equipment such as an aerator, blower, pump, clarifier mechanism, etc., break down and thus
render a process useless.  Under this condition, the flow can  be  channeled  through the
duplicate facility with little loss of treatment efficiency.

Adequate Preventive Maintenance
All equipment regardless of design, construction, and use requires maintenance at some time
during its lifetime.  To perform such maintenance in an orderly  manner and in accordance
With a preplanned scheme for the purpose of obtaining the useful design life from a piece of
equipment is called  preventive maintenance.

Always maintain  good records on all equipment purchased. Such things as date of purchase,
equipment  manufacturer,  local  service  representatives's  name  and  phone  number,
instruction manuals, service instructions, etc., should be filed on each piece of equipment
for handy reference.

If  service contracts   are  purchased  on equipment,  do  not  perform  any  preventive
maintenance unless specifically  authorized by  the service representative.  Any "jack-leg"
maintenance by an inexperienced person could do more damage than good.

All preventive maintenance performed by waste treatment plant personnel should always be
done in  accordance with  equipment manufacturer's recommendations. In most instances,
maintenance in excess of that recommended by equipment manufacturers is a waste of time,
effort, and money.                                                           (

Reference  should  be made  to  EPA  Manual  "Maintenance  Management Systems for
Municipal Wastewater Facilities," Contract No.  68-01-0341, for  an  in-depth study of plant
maintenance.

Treatment System Records
The program for  the protection of essential records, maps, and  inventories is an important
part of any emergency operating plan. It is especially important that maintenance crews and
service vehicles be provided  with maps and current records showing location and condition
                                             29

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of collection lines. Full  size copies of maps and other detail sheets can be made each year
and  kept in a vault that is not subject to flooding. Copies of the layouts of important
pumping installations can also be kept here. These items are available for immediate use and
can be reproduced as required. These records are readable and do not  have to be processed
by any further mechanical steps. The essential records that should be maintained include the
following:

       1.      Emergency  facility  and  auxiliary  personnel  —  names,  addresses,
              telephone  numbers,  disaster  responsibilities,  skills,  availability of
              transportation, etc.

       2.     Amounts, types, and locations of emergency stockpiled equipment,
               materials,  supplies   and  qhemicals  (including repair items),  both
              belonging to the facility and that are available in the area

       3.      Vehicles and equipment for hauling emergency supplies

       4.     Treatment equipment such as auxiliary chlorinators available

       5.      Estimates of requirements to meet severe emergencies

Industrial Waste Inventory and Monitoring System
Inventory  all industrial contributors  to the  municipal  treatment system.  Locate each
industry on a collection system map and list the potential hazardous spill materials of each
industry.  Record the names and phone numbers of key  personnel with each industry.  Install
industrial waste monitoring equipment in the sewer network at several critical locations. The
waste monitoring equipment is part of a warning system to alert  treatment plant operators
of spills.  Require that  all industries report hazardous materials  spills immediately  upon
discovery of the spill. Stockpile necessary neutralizing chemicals for emergency use. Inspect
industrial waste monitoring equipment on a routine basis to make certain it  is functioning
properly.

Following is a sample industrial waste inventory form, Figure No. 4.
                                              30

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      Name and
      Location

Industries should be in
alphabetical   order.
Location   should
include manhole where
industrial waste enters
municipal system.
ACME  Mfg.  Co.   -
Industrial waste is dis-
charged  into manhole
at intersection of Main
and Pine Streets.
         Industrial
      Waste Description

List waste by common name,
chemical  nomenclature,  and
trade name, if applicable. Also
list   any  other  hazardous
materials  on  hand  that can
potentially   enter  municipal
treatment system  and  give
neutralizing   agents,  if
applicable.

         SAMPLE
Waste is acidic,  pH below 4.0
due to  presence  of sulfuric
acid,  1^504.  There  exists
potential  for a  spill  of  con-
centrated sulfuric acid which
can be neutralized with strong
basic materials such as lime.
        Key
      Personnel

Give names, titles and
phone  numbers of all
key personnel. At least
one number should be
designated   as  a
24-hour a day number.
John Doe
Plant Manager
(phone)

Bill Smith
Maintenance Supt.
(phone)

Plant Security Office
(phone)*

*24-hour number
                                 FIGURE NO. 4
                SAMPLE INDUSTRIAL WASTE INVENTORY FORM
                                          31

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Emergency Operations Organization
In large municipal wastewater treatment systems, a director has overall responsibility for the
emergency operating plan — in small plants this responsibility rests with the plant operator
or superintendent.  The wastewater  treatment superintendent and  the collection system
superintendent are responsible for implementing the emergency plans within their respective
areas and  they  report directly to the treatment system director. If the treatment system is
organized  so that a single individual is in charge of the treatment facilities and the collection
system, then  the  individual  facility superintendent has  overall responsibility for the
emergency operations plan within his jurisdiction. The following is a listing of the treatment
system staff and their corresponding emergency responsibilities:

       A.      Facility Superintendent:

               1.     Upon  receipt  of emergency  condition  message, activates
                     appropriate portion  of emergency  operations plan based on
                     initial alert information.

              2.     Brings together key  personnel to assess severity  and outline
                     response actions. Key personnel  might  include:  Mainte-
                     nance Supervisor, Chief Operator, Chief Chemist, and repre-
                     sentatives from  organizations providing assistance  through
                     mutual aid  agreements.

              3.     The various department heads  are responsible for mobilizing
                     their staffs  and  the facility superintendent should support
                     this effort.

              4.     Notify  State  Water  Pollution  Control   Organization   of
                     emergency  situation, if applicable, and/or  request assistance
                     as required.

              5.     Monitor  and  support  all  emergency  response  actions  as
                     required until normal operation is restored.

              6.     Critique  emergency operations plan and upgrade the plan as
                     required. Areas to be reviewed include:   response time; ade-
                     quacy   of  emergency  procedures,  equipment,  communi-
                     cations,  and  personnel  training;  process flexibility;  and
                                               32

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              performance   of   auxiliary  personnel  and   mutual  aid
              agreements.

B.     Maintenance Supervisor:

       1.      Mobilize emergency maintenance teams as dictated by  nature
              of emergency.

       2.      Support emergency  operations  actions  with  personnel,
              equipment, and maintenance skills.

       3.      Coordinate   with   organizations   providing   specialized
              maintenance   skills  and  equipment  through mutual  aid
              agreements or contracts.

       4.      Monitor and  support as required all emergency maintenance
              team actions  until normal operation is restored.

       5.      Critique maintenance  aspects  of  emergency  response  and
              provide input to  facility superintendent's overall  emergency
              operations critique.

C.     Chief Operator:

       1.      Mobilize emergency  operating staff as dictated by nature of
              emergency.

       2.      Provide  facility   superintendent  with  input   concerning
              operational   actions   to  minimize   public   health  and
              environmental impact of incident.

       3.      Monitor and support as  required  all  emergency  actions
              involving operators until normal operation is restored.

       4.      Critique the  emergency  response as viewed  by the plant
              operator and  provide facility superintendent with input to his
              overall emergency operations critique.
                                      33

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       D.     Chief Chemist:

              1.      Mobilize laboratory staff and  conduct sampling for process
                     control and severity analysis as required.

              2.      Ensure facility superintendent and chief operator are kept up
                     to date on results of sampling during the emergency.

              3.      Monitor  and support  as  required  activities of  laboratory
                     personnel.

              4.      Critique  actions of laboratory personnel  during  emergency
                     situation and provide input to facility superintendent for his
                     overall critique.

It should be apparent from the results of the vulnerability  analyses that conditions can
occur for which the treatment system is not adequately staffed or where staff members are
not able to reach  their assigned emergency  positions.  Auxiliary personnel obtained from
other departments within the local government or through mutual aid agreements should be
trained  as backups for the regular staff. Procedures for alerting these auxiliary personnel
should be clearly outlined and rehearsals conducted to keep these personnel up to date on
emergency operating procedure.

Auxiliary personnel should  receive  similar training  in  plant operation, maintenance,
communications, and  first aid as that received by the regular system staff. Arrangements
should be made for auxiliary personnel to work periodically with their counterparts on the
regular  staff. Backup  personnel should be provided at all positions to include department
heads and facility superintendent.

Emergency Response Center
The  Emergency Response Center is located in the main building of the treatment facility.
The  senior operator on duty is responsible for the center and all individuals who perform
this  function  must be adequately trained and thoroughly familiar with  the emergency
operations plan.

The  main control  panel at the Emergency Response Center contains the pumping station
high  water and power failure alarms and the high water alarms at several critical manhole
locations. Upon receipt of an alarm, the operator on duty dispatches the maintenance crew

                                               34

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that is on call to the scene. The on-duty operator maintains constant communications with
the emergency maintenance crew by radio. If the problem is beyond the emergency crew's
capability,  the   on-duty   operator  alerts  the maintenance supervisor  and  facility
superintendent. A current telephone call  list is maintained at the emergency center as well as
collection system maps and treatment facility piping and wiring diagrams.

Various alarms are also provided within  the treatment facility and these alarms are also tied
into the main control  panel  at the Emergency Response  Center. When emergencies arise
within the treatment facility,  the on-duty operator immediately reports the condition to the
facility superintendent. Appropriate personnel respond to the emergency with the necessary
resources.

When emergency condition notices are  received by telephone at the Emergency Response
Center, the operator on  duty should ensure all pertinent  information  surrounding the
emergency is accurately recorded.

Figure No. 5 is an emergency  condition flow diagram to aid  in responding to emergencies.

Mutual Aid Agreements
There are  many agencies  and businesses within  a community which  can be very helpful
during  emergencies.  Mutual   aid  agreements should be  made with  such  agencies and
businesses to help during  emergencies. Some examples of groups with whom  mutual aid
agreements should  be developed are as follows:

        1.     Industrial firms

       2.     Construction companies

       3.     Electric, gas, and telephone utilities

       4.     Fire and police departments

       5.     Civil defense organizations

       6.     Health departments

       7.     Rescue squads
                                        35

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                                      EMERGENCY CONDITION FLOW DIAGRAM
                                                                              STATE WATER
                                                                            POLLUTION CONTROL
                                                                                AGENCY
                                                 FACILITY
                                              SUPERINTENDENT
  ON-SCENE
COORDINATOR

         MAINTENANCE
         SUPERVISOR
00
CT>
            PUBLIC
            WORKS
            DEPT.
           LOCAL
         CONTRACTORS
                          FIGURE NO. 5  SAMPLE EMERGENCY CONDITION PLOW DIAGRAM

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Mutual assistance programs with the above organizations provide the following:

       1.     Emergency equipment and supplies

       2.     Spare parts

       3.     Specialized maintenance skills

       4.     Auxiliary operating personnel

       5.     Chemists and/or sanitary engineers

Local police officials should be asked to critique the treatment system's security measures.
The police department's  recommendations on locks,  fencing, and  lighting should be
implemented., The police department should be asked by the treatment system owners to
make routine  checks  at the treatment  facility and at remote pumping stations. Alert the
police to areas where vandals have attempted to obstruct manholes or where illegal dumping
has occurred.  In the event of street spills of explosive or toxic materials, the police should
be  instructed  to immediately  notify the operator on duty at the treatment  facility and
provide the following information:       '

       1.     Type and quantity of material involved

       2.     Location of spill

       3.     Time of spill

The police officials should be  briefed on the role their department  may be asked to play
during emergencies within  the treatment system.  For example, their  mobility and
communications capability may prove valuable in locating the source of hazardous material
spills.

Local fire department officials should visit the treatment facility and pump  stations and
make recommendations on ways to minimize fire hazards. The fire department should also
check the adequacy of existing fire-fighting equipment within all facilities and routinely
check fire  extinguishers,  wiring,  and combustible material  storage  areas. Plant personnel
            i
must receive first aid training from the fire department and a program should be adopted to
                                             37

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upgrade training periodically. The chlorine facilities within the treatment system should be
studied by both fire department officials and treatment system personnel. Coordination
with  the  fire department must be established  for  responding to emergencies  involving
chlorine gas.  Provide fire department officials with plans of all pump stations and treatrnent
facility buildings to aid them in preparing responses to potential fires within the treatment
system.

Police Department Checklist:

       1.      Critique existing treatment system security measures.

       2.      Make routine checks of treatment facility and pumping stations.

       3.      Notify  treatment plant  in the event of a street  spill of hazardous
              materials.

       4.      Be  prepared  to  assist  during  emergencies within  the treatment
              system.

Fire Department Checklist:

       1.      Routinely  check  fire-fighting equipment within  the facility  and
              inspect facility for potential fire hazards.

       2.      Provide first aid  instruction to treatment system personnel.

       3.      Coordinate with treatment system  personnel on safety precautions to
              be used with chlorine gas.

Reference should be made to Figures No. 6 and  No. 7 for a sample mutual aid agreement
form and information fact sheet.
                                               38

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                           MUTUAL-AID AGREEMENT
EMERGENCY SITUATIONS COULD ARISE IN A MUNICIPALITY'S  WASTEWATER
TREATMENT SYSTEM THAT WOULD REQUIRE ASSISTANCE FROM AN  ADJOINING
MUNICIPALITY TO RESTORE NORMAL OPERATION.

IF AN EMERGENCY SITUATION ARISES IN 	 OR
                                             [City!
	      THE OFFICIALS IN BOTH MUNICIPALITIES AGREE
        (City)
TO SUPPORT EACH OTHER DURING THE EMERGENCY.
EACH CITY HAS A CONTINGENCY PLAN FOR RESPONSE TO EMERGENCIES AFFECTING

ITS WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM.  THE	AGREES TO
                                            TCvEy]
SUPPORT	^_^	 IN THE FOLLOWING AREAS:	
                (City)(Firefighting,

Rescue Crews, Communications, Portable Chlorination,  Operational/

Maintenance, Personnel, etc.)
                                                      	TO

THE EXTENT POSSIBLE UPON REQUEST INITIATED BY:
              Name                                    Name
              Title                                   Title
              City                                    City

PERSONNEL RESPONDING TO THE REQUESTS FOR ASSISTANCE  UNDER THIS AGREEMENT
WILL REMAIN UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE CITY PROVIDING  THEM.
              Signed                                  Signed
              Name                                    Name
              Title                                   Title
              City                                    City

*Similar to format suggested by Planning Section,  Virginia  Office of Civil
Defense.
                               SAMPLE

              FIGURE NO. 6  MUTUAL AID AGREEMENT FORM
                                      39

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          NAME

Public Works Department
City Water Department
ABC Construction Company
ACME Welding Company
            SAMPLE MUTUAL AID
         INFORMATION FACT SHEET

               DESCRIPTION OF
                 ASSISTANCE

Department of Parks maintains 1,000 feet of 6 inch
quick coupling aluminum  pipe that is available to
assist treatment system during emergencies.
Water Department maintains 2 portable chlorinators
which  can  be  used  for emergencies  within  the
wastewater treatment system.
4  tractor  mounted  back-hoes are available on a
24-hour basis.
Machine  shop facilities  and  a portable  welding
machine are available on a 24-hour basis.
     COORDINATION
      INFORMATION

To obtain pipe, contact Dept.
of  Parks   (Phone)  during
normal working hours or call
city switchboard (Phone) after
normal working hours.

Contact  Water  Department
Supt.  (Phone) or operator on
duty  at  main  filter  plant
(Phone).

Contact  company main office
(Phone)  or after hours call
John    Doe,    Equipment
Foreman (Phone).

Call:   (Phone)   Office
       (Phone)  Home
       (Phone)   Home
                                                    FIGURE NO. 7
                                  SAMPLE MUTUAL AID INFORMATION FACT SHEET

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                                    SECTION VII
                          RESPONSES TO EMERGENCIES

General
A  response plan to emergencies is necessary to ensure effective continued operation of a
municipal  wastewater  collection/treatment  system  under emergency  conditions. The
emergency condition  may  be  the   result  of natural  disasters,  civil  disorders,  faulty
maintenance, negligent operations or accidents.

There are four basic elements to any sound emergency response plan:

       1.     Rapid and positive detection system.

       2.     Response procedure with predetermined patterns of action.

       3.     Backup capability in  the event  the local response capability proves
              insufficient.

       4.     Warning system  to  alert the next level  of  responsibility that an
              emergency condition exists.

An  emergency  condition  affecting  a municipal  wastewater collection/treatment system
generally results in a spill of  raw or inadequately treated wastewater. These spills can be
placed in three major categories:

       1.     Plant problems

       2.     Pumping station problems

       3.     Collection  line problems

A good  emergency response plan  should  consider  all three  categories. The  following
observations  are  applicable   to emergency  response  plans  for  municipal  wastewater
collection/treatment systems:

         1.    The most  desirable condition is to have the  emergency  response
              performed  at the lowest  level. The plan must provide adequate tools
              to allow the personnel  nearest the emergency to cope with all but the
              most severe incidents.

                                             41

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2.     The  "checklist"  method is  best  for delineating procedures  and
      responsibilities for reporting and responding to emergencies. Lengthy
      manuals are of questionable value during an emergency.

3.     There are key people involved  in  any successful plan  execution.
      These key people must be identified and  their roles clearly defined.

4.     The importance of training and rehearsal  as part of emergency plans
      cannot  be overstated. An essential  part of any rehearsal  is the
      critique which follows. Comments  and information from  critiques
      will ensure thatthe plan remains viable.

5.     Since it would be impossible to predict the conditions surrounding
      all emergency situations, the treatment system should be provided
      with; adequate staffing and  flexibility. This aspect of  preventing
      failures should be an important design consideration.

6.     The  review  of  the  emergency  response  capabilities  in a  given
      municipality should include the feasibility of using private firms for
      services. Also "mutual assistance " agreements with nearby facilities
      should be considered.

7.     Power'failures are of concern to all  municipal wastewater treatment
      systems. To determine the probability of power failure at a  given
      facility, coordinate with the local  power company. Based on this
      input, alternate power sources can  be selected to ensure optimum
      electric service.               '

8.     In developing an emergency  plan,  it should  be policy to  make
      maximum use  of all departments   in a municipality.  This  might
      include  using  such  items as  radios  in the police department and
      emergency equipment maintained by the public works department.
            ;i ••     • ;
9.     Where there are several small plants and/or pumping stations that are
      not staffed  24  hours per day, provisions  should  be made  for a
      maintenance team to visit the facilities on a periodic basis. An alarm
      system  should  be provided  at each location.  As  a  minimum
      requirement,  the alarm  system should  respond to power failure
                                       42

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       overload, no  load, and high water. The alarms should be connected
       to a central alarm center where personnel  have  been  instructed in
       proper emergency response procedures. Alarm  system should be
       failsafe. If alarm  system  actuates  standby equipment, provisions
       should also be made for monitoring the standby equipment.

10.     Where roving maintenance crews  are used,  their vehicles should be
       equipped   with   radios.  Telephone communications  should  be
       provided  along with  the tools necessary to perform all anticipated
       maintenance  functions. The crew should consist of two individuals
       and be trained in all safety and emergency aspects of their job.

11.     Bolt-down  or lock-down manhole covers  should be used  in areas
       where collection  lines have been intentionally obstructed. Emergency
       and repair crews  should be provided with necessary tools and/or keys
       for removing  these manhole covers.

12.     To ensure prompt  notification of problems at remote facilities,
       emergency phone numbers should be posted on all pump  stations
       and  treatment  plants. A  color-coded  exterior light alarm system
       could also be  employed as a backup.

13.     Standby equipment  should be put in service periodically as part of
       the overall response program.

14.     A  suitable spare parts inventory should  be  maintained to  avoid
       delivery delays and provide  components needed during emergehcy.
       In addition to parts, sections of  force main  pipe and  gravity pipe
       should be kept and repair crews rehearsed to provide quick response
       to collection line breaks.

15.     A   study  should   be   made  of  the  municipal  wastewater
       collection/treatment  system for the purpose of selecting sampling
       points. With  sampling points selected prior to  an actual emergency,
       dispatching sampling teams  with appropriate equipment  can be
       accomplished efficiently and with a minimum of confusion.
                                     43

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16.    It is important, in any emergency plan for a municipal wastewater
       collection/treatment system, to provide for chlorination of spills or
       raw or partially treated wastewater.

17.    Metering  equipment  maintenance  can  be  contracted  to   the
       equipment manufacturer economically in some instances.

18.    Where wastewater treatment  facilities have  only a single operator
       after  normal  working  hours, these  facility operators should  be
       required  to give a  status  report  to a 24-hour  central  telephone
       switchboard  on  an  hourly basis.  If no report is  received,  the
       switchboard operator alerts a predetermined supervisor.

19.    The chlorine building at the treatment  facility  should be provided
       with an  emergency  alarm  system which is actuated upon  pressure
       differentials resulting from equipment breakdown  in  the  chlorine
       distribution  system. Actuation  of the alarm should automatically
       start the exhaust fans. A repair kit and appropriate safety equipment
       should be provided to correct all but the most severe problems with
       the chlorination system. All operational  and  maintenance personnel
       should  be  thoroughly  trained   in  safety  precautions  involving
       chlorine.  Local fire  departments and  rescue squads should also be
       alerted to potential for chlorine emergencies  that  exist  at treatment
       plant.

20.    A study  should  be  made  of  the collection system to determine
       potential  sources of  hazardous material spills. Early  warning system
       for reporting  spills  should  be established. Preplanned actions  for
       responses to spills of various materials should be rehearsed.

21.    To ensure proper operation of standby generators,  they should be
     ,  run on a scheduled basis. Heaters should be provided to ensure cold
       weather  starting. Battery  charges  can also be provided to  assist in
       starting.

22.    Toxic  substances can kill  the bacteria in  sludge  digesters. This
       situation  should be anticipated  and an acceptable  method  for
       disposing of sludge after this occurs should be arranged.

                                 44

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       23.    Mobile gasoline powered pumps should be made available to respond
              to  pumping station emergencies. All  pump  stations should  be
              provided with an emergency connection so the mobile pumps can be
              connected quickly and efficiently.

       24.    Ensure  that as-built  drawings  of  the facility  are accurate.  During
              emergencies  these drawings may  be invaluable  in  locating valves,
              electrical boxes, etc., that are needed to minimize effects of incident.

       25.    Areas that are subject to flooding  due to equipment or line failures,
              such as pump pits and digester buildings, should  be studied. Cutoffs
              should be  provided and any special tools required when these areas
              are flooded should be purchased.

       26.    Construction  photographs  should  be  properly  cataloged  and
              cross-referenced with engineering  drawings. These photos can be of
              great value in estimating severity of an emergency condition.

Response to Emergency Effects
In Section  V there are listed six effects of emergencies to which responses might be stated
more explicitly.  However, to give specific responses to each effect would involve repetition
due to the interrelationship of the effects and responses. Therefore, the following response
procedures, generally, are applicable to the emergency effects under most circumstances.

       1.     Analyze all emergencies to determine the proper course of action.

       2.     Implement protection measures where applicable.

       3.     Dispatch pretrained crew where applicable.

       4.     Check spare parts inventory before ordering parts.

       5.     Takeout of operation the unit process only as a last resort.

       6.     Keep down-time to a  minimum.

       7.     Critique the response plan.
                                      45

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                                   SECTION VIM
                   TYPICAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE PROGRAM

General
A  spill of raw or inadequately treated municipal wastewater can create substantial  health
hazards and have adverse effects on the environment. This Emergency Response Plan (ERP)
has been developed to minimize spill effects by ensuring effective continued operation of
the treatment system under  emergency  conditions imposed  by  natural disasters, civil
disorders, faulty  maintenance, negligent operation or accidents.

The objectives of this Emergency Response Plan are:

       1.     To eliminate or minimize adverse effects from emergency situations
              affecting the treatment system.

       2.     To develop procedures for properly responding to emergencies.

       3.     To   provide  instruction for  system personnel  to ensure  they
              understand their responsibilities during emergency situations.

       4.     To provide inventories of available emergency equipment and outline
              existing  mutual  aid   agreements  and   contracts with   outside
              organizations for specialized assistance.

       5.     To emphasize importance of critiquing all ERP's.

Emergency  Response  Plans all  have a common  base.  This  common base  consists  of
assessment  of severity and response  to the emergency  so  as to minimize environmental
impact of the incident. This is due largely  to the many  different types of emergencies that
create  similar effects  on the  wastewater  treatment  system.  Each system has its own
characteristics and problems. The specifics of an Emergency Response Plan must therefore
be tailored  to allow for the peculiarities of the specific system. The purpose of an ERP is to
minimize damage and to provide the most efficient utilization of resources available to the
system owner. The objectives of any ERP can be achieved only  with trained personnel,
sufficient emergency equipment and  material.
                                     47

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Discussion
In Section VII, responses to emergencies were discussed in general terms. It is the purpose of
this  Section  to give  responses  to some typical  emergencies that might  develop at a
wastewater  treatment  facility.  The   following  information  is  given in  tabular  form
exemplifying some of these emergencies and responses.
                                       48

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             TREATMENT
         SYSTEM CATEGORY

         Collection System
    EMERGENCY

Line obstruction
CO
         Pumping Stations
Equipment failure
                                                   Equipment failure
                          RESPONSE

 1.  Analyze situation to determine proper course of action.
 2.  Implement  prevention  measures  as  required  -  particularly
    mutual aid agreements.
 3.  Dispatch a pretrained crew properly equipped.
 4.  Always check spare parts inventory.
 5.  Provide portable lighting if at night.
 6.  Be prepared to cope with traffic.
 7.  Pump  flow around trouble  area utilizing portable pumps and
    quick coupling pipe.
 8.  Be prepared to cope with sewage backup into nearby buildings,
    especially those with basements.
 9.  Restore condition to normal  as rapidly as possible.
10.  Always clean  up  the  area and  treat with  lime  if spillage
    occurred.
11.  Critique response plan.
 1.  Analyze the situation to determine the proper course of action.
 2.  Implement  prevention  measures as  required  — particularly
    mutual aid agreements.
 3.  Dispatch a pretrained crew properly equipped.
 4.  Provide portable lighting if at night.
 5.  Pump flow around trouble area utilizing portable pumps.
 6.  Critique response plan.
                                                                                             1.  Check spare parts inventory.
                                                                                             2.  Use original equipment quality replacement parts.
                                                                                             3.  Always use appropriate lifting and hoist equipment.

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             TREATMENT
          SYSTEM CATEGORY
    EMERGENCY
                             RESPONSE
          Pumping Stations
          (Continued)
Equipment failure
(continued)
4.  Check impellers for blockage due to rags and trash.
5.  Check for bearing seizure due to overheating or insufficient
    lubrication.
6.  Check for loose couplings.
7.  Always lubricate before restart.
                                                   Power loss
                                                   Explosion
01
o
          Pretreatment
Clogged screens
         Primary treatment
Stoppage of sludge
collection mechanism
                                           1.  Determine if the power loss is local or area-wide.
                                           2.  If  loss is local, check out all electrical circuits for shorts or
                                              system overload.
                                           3.  If  the  loss is  area-wide, contact  the  power  company and
                                              coordinate repair and start-up operations with them.

                                           1.  Determine  immediately  the  cause  of  the explosion and take
                                              action to prevent additional explosions.
                                           2.  Notify the fire and police departments and the rescue squads.
1.  Bypass the unit until the units are operating again.
2.  Check cutler for dull blades and replace as required.
3.  Check the capacity to be certain units are  not hydraulically
    overloaded.
4.  Manually keep the screens clean until problem is corrected.
5.  Critique response plan.

1.  Analyze the  situation  to determine  if repair can be made
    without draining the tank.
2.  Check to see if rags and debris have entwined  around the sludge
    collector mechanism.
3.  Check tank bottom for excessive deposits of sand, rock, and
    other inorganic material.

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    TREATMENT
SYSTEM CATEGORY
Primary treatment
(Continued)
    EMERGENCY

Stoppage of sludge
collection mechanism
(Continued)
Secondary treatment
Rapid sludge removal
system malfunctioning
                                          Clogged d iff user tubes or
                                          clogged sprayer in aeration
                                          equipment
                                          Clogging and ponding of
                                          trickling filter media
                         RESPONSE

4.  Stir media manually to  lessen or remove accumulations.
5.  If  applicable, check  all  drives, chains,  and  sprockets  for
    malfunctions.
6.  Check out the electrical circuit for shorts and system overload.
7.  Critique response plan.

1.  Analyze the  situation  to determine  if repair  can be  made
    without draining the tank.
2.  Open  and adjust  all suction  ports to obtain optimum sludge
    removal.
3.  Backwash system to eliminate  clogged condition.
4.  Critique response plan.

1.  Replace the clogged unit as soon as possible.
2.  Clean the clogged unit immediately upon removal.
3.  Check air lines for dirt and trapped water or ice.
4.  Critique response plan.

1.  Check the size of the filter media for nonuniformity. Replace as
    required.
2.  Check forcementing or breaking up of media.
3.  Check for fibers,  slime growths, trash,  insect larvae, or snails in
    the filter media voids.
4.  Stir media manually to lessen or remove accumulations.
5.  Flood  the filter  media for about 24  hours  to  loosen surface
    accumulations.
6.  Dry growth by drying filter for several hours, if possible.
7.  Jet spray areas in filter media  with a high pressure water spray.
8.  Critique response plan.

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Summary
Note that with the previous data some specific problems were also included which for some
plants may not constitute an emergency condition. However,  in most instances, if these
conditions were to  go unattended, they  would  develop  into  an  emergency. What is
considered an emergency at one facility might not be classified as such at another plant
because of the differences in personnel, equipment, training, and size.

Problems  relating to  disinfection have not been  included in the previous data. This system
category has  been more than adequately covered  in the EPA Manual entitled "Procedural
Manual  for Evaluating the Performance of Wastewater Treatment Plants," Contract  No.
68-01-0107.  If information concerning problems  and emergency  conditions relating to
disinfection is desired, this manual should be consulted.
                                        52

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                                   SECTION IX
                         CHECKLIST FOR O & M MANUAL
               EMERGENCY OPERATING AND RESPONSE PROGRAM

In accordance with the eligibility requirements of the Environmental Protection Agency's
Construction Grants Program, Wastewater Treatment Plant Operation and  Maintenance
(O & M) Manuals must be prepared. The following information is supplied as a checklist to
assist in the preparation of the Emergency Operating and Response Program Chapter of
0  &  M Manuals:

        1.     Perform a study to determine the potential for natural disaster in the
              area where the municipal  wastewater treatment system  is located.
              This study  should  result  in  an estimate  of the  severities and
              frequencies of  occurrence  for  each  natural  disaster investigated.
              From  the  severity/frequency   estimate,  a  priority  list  can  be
              established  for use in performing the various system vulnerability
              analyses.

        2.     Perform a vulnerability  analysis of the treatment  system. Compare
              the analyses results and identify the key-most vulnerable components
              of the system. List these key components and indicate priorities for
              repair.  Suggest   techniques  to   reduce  vulnerability  of key
              components.

        3.     Inventory  the  emergency  equipment,  materials,  and  chemicals
              available within the treatment system. This inventory  should  be
              printed  in  the  Emergency  Response Plan Section of the 0  & M
              Manual. Suggest any additional equipment/supplies  that should  be
              purchased and maintained.

        4.     Based on the disaster study, vulnerability analyses,  and  emergency
              inventory prepare  a list of potential mutual aid  agreements. This
              portion of  the plan  could contain a  sample mutual  aid  agreement
              form.

        5.     Develop a program for the protection of essential records, maps, and
              inventories.  A  list  of the  documents to be protected  should  be
              prepared.
                                    53

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 6.     Prepare an inventory  of all industrial contributors to the municipal
       treatment system.  Locate each industrial discharge on a map of the
       collection system.  Suggest monitoring equipment in collection lines
       if  necessary.  List  potential hazardous  materials  and  neutralizing
       chemicals. Prepare a list of key personnel at each industry. Suggest
       mechanism for  industries  to  report  accidental spills to treatment
       plant.

 7.     Establish a program for local fire and police departments to review
       periodically  treatment system for  adequacy  of fire prevention
       methods and security  measures. These agencies should also be made
       aware of any potential chlorine gas emergencies.

 8.     Prepare emergency response cards for  all treatment system personnel.
       These cards outline each  individual's emergency condition  duties.
       Sample cards should be included in the O & M Manual.

 9.     Designate the area  that is to serve as  the emergency response center.
       List the equipment and staffing requirements for this center.

10.     An important area to be covered in  the Emergency  Operating and
       Response Plan section of the manual  is the procedure to be followed
       when  reporting damages  to  the  treatment  system's  insurance
       company.

11.     Develop the  requirements  for auxiliary personnel to  assist when
       conditions exceed capability of existing staff or when staff members
       are unable to reach their assigned emergency positions.

12.     Prepare treatment process diagrams  to  show  how  units may  be
       bypassed during emergencies and to assist in locating problem  areas
       during emergencies.

13.     Develop a program to allow the treatment system owner to critique
       the emergency response actions of his personnel.
                                 54

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       14.    Prepare an emergency condition matrix. This matrix should list likely
              emergency conditions and give response plan actions and prevention
              recommendations for that particular system.

       15.    Establish  a program for training personnel in  emergency  operating
              procedures.

       16.    Prepare a list of local contractors and repair services. This list can be
              used  in  selecting firms  from which to  request assistance during
              emergencies.

       17.    Coordinate with  local utility companies.  Determine the probability
              of power failures  that would affect the treatment system. List key
              personnel  at utility  companies to be contacted during emergencies.

       18.    Describe the failsafe alarm  system  that is installed at  the treatment
              plant and at remote pumping station.

       19.    Establish  a plan to ensure that chlorination can be provided to any
              potential  spill of raw or inadequately treated municipal wastewater.

       20.    Set up a  program for placing emergency standby  equipment  into
              service periodically.

       21.    Coordinate with the local water utility and establish priorities for
              repairing lines and facilities after a disaster.

       22.    During  a major  emergency,  the  water  treatment  plant  and
              distribution system  may suffer major damage resulting in very little
              flow  of wastewater  reaching the treatment facility.  For this reason,
              careful coordination with the local water  supply system is necessary,
              since  it may well be that the waterworks restoration has priority  over
              the wastewater treatment plant.

NOTE:    For specific information related to  plant  0 & M Manuals, the EPA  Manual
          entitled  "Considerations for  Preparation  of  Operations  and  Maintenance
          Manuals,"  Contract No. 68-01-0341, should be  consulted.
                                             55

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                                   SECTION X
                                  REFERENCES

 1.     Federal  Guidelines  for  Design,  Operation  and Maintenance  of Waste  Water
       Treatment Facilities, U.S. Department of the Interior,  FWQA, September, 1970.

 2.     Recommended  Standards for Sewage Works, Great Lakes—Upper Mississippi River
       Board of State Sanitary Engineers, 1971 Revised Edition, Health Education Services,
    •   Albany, New York.

 3.     R.  L. Michel, A. L. Pelmotor, and  R. C. Palange, "Operation and Maintenance of
       Municipal Waste Treatment  Facilities,"  Journal WPCF 41,  3,  Part  1, 335-354
       (March, 1969).

 4.     T. H. Gaines, "Pollution Control at a Major Oil Spill,"^ot/r/?a/ WPCF 43, 4, 651-67
       (April, 1971).

 5.     S. L. Moore and S. R.  Kin, "Train Wreck Causes Cyanide Pollution," Water and
       Sewer Works 116, 35 (1969).

 6.     Anon., "Insecticide Spill Poisons Rhine," Eng. News-Record 183,  1, 18 (1969).

 7.     Anon., "Most Serious Oil Pollution Threat Not Covered by Law," Environmental
       Science and Technology 2, 6, 400 (June, 1968).

 8.     Anon., "The Torrey Canyon Affair," Environmental  Science and  Technology 1, 4,
       273 (April,1967).

 9.     Anon., "The Continuing Tale of the Torrey Canyon," Environmental  Science and
       Technology 1, 5, 391 (May, 1967).

10.     American Petroleum Institute,  "Primer  on  Oil  Spill Cleanup,"  Environmental
       Science and Technology 3, 4, 399 (April, 1969).

11.     Anon.,  "Removing Oil  From  Troubled Waters,"  Environmental  Science and
       Technology 3, 5, 417 (May, 1969).

12.     Anon., "Fertilization of Oil  Slicks,"  Industrial Water  Engineering 1, 1, 4 (July,
       1970).

                                          57

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13.    Anon.,  "Inverted Weir for Oil Slicks," Industrial  Water Engineering  1,  11,  4
      (November, 1970).

14.    Anon., "New Oil Skimmer," Industrial Water Engineering 5, 2, 33 (February, 1968).

15.    S.  H.  Vaughn, "Removing Oil  From an  Industrial Waterway," Industrial Water
      Engineering 3, 11, 21 (November,1968).

16.    Anon., "Combating a Chemical  Spill," Industrial Water Engineering 5,5, 12 (May,
      1968).

17.    Comptroller General of the U.S., "Operation and Maintenance of Municipal Waste
      Treatment Plants," Report to the Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution of the
      Committee on Public Works, U.S. Senate, U.S.  Government Printing Office 33-034
      (November, 1969).

18.    Department of the  Navy, "Maintenance and Material Management (3M) Manual,"
      OPNAV 43 P2  (October, 1969), and the 3M Documentor's Handbook, OPNAV43
      P5 (October,  1969).

19.    Pollutional Effects of Stormwater and Overflows from  Combined Sewer Systems,
      PHS Publication No. 1246,  November,1964.

20.    Operation of Wastewater Treatment Plants, Journal WPCF, Manual of Practice.

21.    Wells, W. H. and Garrett, M. T., Jr., "Getting The Most  From An Activated Sludge
      Plant," Public Works, Vol. 102, No. 5, May, 1971, p. 63.

22.    "Reverse Osmosis System  Design  for Long Life and High  Performance," Public
      Works, Vol. 102, No. 5, May, 1971, p. 126.

23.    Gale, E.  B., "What a  Foreman Should Know About Constructive Discipline,"The
      Dartnell Corp.

24.    Sarsfield, A. C., "Watering  Small Specialized Areas/' Grounds Maintenance, Vol. 7,
      No. 6, June, 1972, p. 40.
                                             58

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25.    Garrett, J. T., "The Anatomy Of An  In-Transit Spill," Journal WPCF, Vol. 43, No.
       5, p. 773  (May, 1971).

26.    Dogue, R., "Fundamentals of Odor Control," Journal WPCF, Vol. 44, No. 4, p. 583
       (April,  1972).

27.    Eisenhauer, H. R., "Increased  Rate  and Efficiency of Phenolic Waste Ozonation,"
       Journal WPCF, Vol. 43, No. 2, p. 200 (February, 1971).

28.    Chambers, C.  W., "Chlorination For Control Of Bacteria And Viruses In Treatment
       Plant Effluents," Journal WPCF, Vol. 43, No. 2, p. 228 (February, 1971).

29.    Regan, J.  M. and  Peters,  M.  M., "Heavy Metals  In  Digesters: Failure  And
       Cure,"Journal WPCF, Vol. 42, No. 10, p. 1832 (October, 1970).

30.    Grigoropoulos, S. G., Vedder, R.  C.  and  Max, D.  W.,  "Fate  of  Aluminum-
       Precipitated  Phosphorous in Activated  Sludge and Anaerobic Digestion," Journal
       WPCF, Vol. 43, No. 12, p. 2366 (December, 1971).

31.    Swift, W.  H., Touhill, C. J., Templeton, W.  L, and  Roseman, D. P., "Oil Spillage
       Prevention, Control  and Restoration — State of the  Art  and  Research  Needs,"
       Journal WPCF, Vol. 41, No. 3, Part 1, p. 392 (March, 1969).

32.    Peterson,  S.  A.  and Zablatzkv, H.  R., "Anaerobic Digestion  Failures," Journal
       WPCF, Vol. 40, No. 4, p. 581 (April, 1968).

33.    McKinney,  R. E., "Overloaded Oxidation Ponds — Two  Case Studies," Journal
       WPCF, Vol. 40, No. 1, p. 49 (January, 1968).

34.    "Anaerobic Sludge Digestion," Journal WPCF, Manual of Practice No. 16.

35.    Santry, I. W., Jr., "Hydrogen Sulfide Odor Control Measures," Journal WPCF, Vol.
       30, No. 3, Part 1, p. 459 (March, 1966).

36.    den Otter, C.  J., "A Physical Method For Permanent Control Of Psychoda Pests At
       Wastewater Treatment Plants,"  Journal  WPCF. Vol.  38,  No. 2, p. 156 (February,
       1966).
                                           59

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37.     Dunbar, 0. D. and Henry, J. G. F., "Pollution Control Measures For Stormwater and
       Combined Sewer Overflows," Journal WPCF, Vol. 30, No. 1, p. 9 (January, 1966).

38.     Pierce,  D.  M., "The  Primary Sedimentation  Tank - Control Center Of  The
       Treatment Plant," Journal WPCF,Mo\. 32, No. 9, p. 1015 (September, 1960).

39.     "Emergency Planning For Water Utility Management Handbook," Journal AWWA,
       January, 1972.

40.     Wedeman,  J.  D.,  "Establishing  Emergency  Operating Procedures For  Water
       Systems," Journal AWWA, Vol. 46, No. 6, p. 514 (1954).
                                                60

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                        SECTION XI
                        APPENDICES

A.    CONCLUSIONS  FROM THE EVALUATOR'S  TABULATION LIST OF
     EMERGENCY CONDITIONS

B.    MATRIX OF EVALUATOR'S TABULATION LIST RESULTS
                                 61

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                              APPENDIX A

                          CONCLUSIONS FROM
                 THE EVALUATOR'S TABULATION LIST
                      OF EMERGENCY CONDITIONS
NOTE;   A questionnaire (Evaluator's Tabulation List) was prepared, approved by
         the Office of Management and Budget, and mailed to over 200 municipal
         treatment facilities  across  the country.  The selection  of facilities was
         based on treatment plant type, plant size, and geographic location.  All
         states and all major river basins were represented.

         The following conclusions  were drawn  from information received from
         the questionnaire and follow-up contacts.
                                      63

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PRIMARY TREATMENT SYSTEMS

50 MGD and Larger
1.      Facilities of this  size usually have an adequate maintenance staff to handle all but
       the  most  difficult  maintenance  tasks.  (Exceptions  noted: private  contractors
       repairing collapsed gravity lines, restoring power to remote pump stations,  and
       assisting in  repair  of incineration equipment.)

2.      Parts to  repair pretreatment equipment (screens, comminutors, grinders, and grit
       collectors)  frequently have  to  be obtained  by special  order.  Sludge removal
       mechanism repairs often require special order parts.

3.      Modifications are often required on some sludge handling equipment (vacuum filters
       and  incinerators)  to obtain acceptable operation.  A  clarification unit was  also
       modified at one installation.

4.      Emergency conditions common to all treatment systems responding include:  pump
       station  equipment  breakdown;  pretreatment  equipment  breakdown  (screening,
       grinding, shredding); clarifier equipment breakdown; and sludge pump clogging.

10 MGD to 50 MGD
1.      Facilities of this size usually have a predetermined emergency response team to
       handle emergencies.

2.      An adequately trained maintenance staff for plants of this size can handle all but the
       most difficult maintenance problems.

3.      Plants of this  size  are  equipped  with emergency  standby equipment for  most
       problems.

4.      When parts are required,  the facilities usually have them in stock or they must be
       obtained by special order. Special order parts are usually for the grit  collection
       equipment,  clarifier mechanism,  or sludge pumps. Parts are not usually available
       locally.

Less Than 10 MGD
1.      Facilities of this size are  usually able to make repairs with  parts in stock for all but
       major problems encountered.

                                                                      APPENDIX A
                                             65                        Page 1 of 3

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2.     When parts are required which are not in stock, they must be put on special order;
       30 to 60 days is required for delivery.

3.     Emergency  conditions  common  to  all   of  this  size  treatment  facilities  are
       obstructions and collapse in gravity lines; breakdown of grit collection  equipment,
       pre-aeration  equipment  and clarifier  mechanisms;  and pump  clogging in sludge
       handling equipment.

SECONDARY TREATMENT SYSTEMS WITH TRICKLING FILTERS

10 MGD to 50 MGD
1.     The  maintenance  personnel  for  facilities  of this  size  can  make  repairs and
       adjustments for all but major problems encountered.

2.     Facilities of this size  usually have a predetermined emergency response team  to
       handle emergencies.

3.     Repair service or private contractor will often be required to handle major problems
       in  grit collection  equipment,  clarifier mechanism,  trickling filter mechanism,  or
       digestion equipment. If  parts  are not in stock, they must usually be obtained by
       special order. Parts are  not usually available locally.

4.     Plants of this size are usually equipped with emergency standby equipment for most
       problems.

Less Than 10 MGD
1.     For  facilities of  this  size,  the maintenance personnel   can  make repairs and
       adjustments for all but major problems encountered.

2.     Facilities  of  this  size  have  automatic alarm  system and emergency  standby
       equipment to handle most problems.

3.     Private contractor or repair service will often be required to handle major problems
       with digestion equipment and trickling filter mechanism. Often the parts required
       must be obtained by special order.
                                                                       APPENDIX A
                                                                       Page 2 of 3
                                              66

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SECONDARY TREATMENT SYSTEMS WITH ACTIVATED SLUDGE

50 MGD and Larger
1.      Facilities of this size have a predetermined emergency response team and emergency
       standby equipment to handle most problems.

2.      Facilities maintenance  personnel handle all but the most difficult problems where
       either a private contractor or repair service with the equipment or personnel will be
       required.

3.      Facilities of this size have  spare parts, components, or equipment to handle most
       emergencies.

10 MGD to 50 MGD
1.      Plants  of this  size  are equipped  with emergency standby equipment for  most
       problems.

2.      Facilities of this size  usually have a predetermined emergency response team to
       handle emergencies.

3.      Facilities maintenance personnel can handle all but the most difficult problems.

4.      Facilities of this size report spills to a State agency.

5.      Duration of spills for treatment facilities of this size  is usually less than six hours.

Less Than 10 MGD
1.      The  maintenance personnel can make repairs and adjustments for all but major
       problems encountered.

2.      Private contractor or repair service  will often be required to handle major problems,
       and, when parts are required, they must be obtained by  special order.

3.      Plants  of this size  are equipped with emergency  standby equipment and alarm
       systems for most problems.
 OU.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1974 546-316/278 1-3
                                                                        APPENDIX A
                                            67                           Page 3 of 3

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                                                                  APPENDIX B

                                                                  EPA REGION I

                                             MATRIX OF EVALUATOR'S TABULATION LIST RESULTS
                                         (MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS RESPONDING)
                 State

           Connecticut
           Maine
O)
CO
           Massachusetts
 Q> -n

 -1
 o O
   DD
           New Hampshire
           Vermont
       Facility Name               Plant Size

New Haven Wastewater             22.5 (MGD)
Treatment Plant
New Haven

Town of Westport Sewage           0.57 {MG D)
Treatment Plant
Westport

City of Groton, Connecticut          3.2 (MGD)
Pollution Abatement Facility

Pollution Abatement Facility          11 (MGD)
Bangor

Camden Water Pollution             1.2 (MGD)
Control Plant
Camden

Holyoke Refuse & Wastewater          7 (MGD)
Disposal Plant

Pittsfield Wastewater                 10 (MGD)
Treatment Plant
Pittsfield

Merrimack Waste  Treatment           10 (MGD)
Facility
Merrimack
Northfield Treatment Plant           3.32 (MGD)
Northfield
    Type Treatment

Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
                                                                                          Secondary (Conventional
                                                                                          activated sludge)
Secondary (Conventional
activated sludge)

Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)

Secondary (Extended
Aeration)
Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)

Secondary (Trickling and
Intermittent Sand Filter)
Secondary (Activated
sludge, conventional &
step aeration; and high
rate trickling filter

Secondary (High rate
trickling filter)
Plant Superintendent

Stephen L. Lyon



Vincent J. Rotondo



Walter A. Steward


Ralph E. Mishou


Frank E. Stearns



Michael  J. O'Donnell


William  H. Fallon



K. R. Sherwood




Marcel L. Herbert

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                                                                       EPA REGION II

                                                    MATRIX OF EVALUATOR'S TABULATION LIST RESULTS
State
New Jersey



New York

Facility Name
Main Sewage Treatment
Plant
Camden
Hoboken Treatment Plant
Hobo ken
Trenton Sewage Treatment
Plant
Trenton
Newark Bay Treatment Plant
Newark
Sewage Disposal Plant
Poughkeepsie
Buffalo Sewer Authority
Plant Size
53 (MGD)
20.7 (MGD)
20 (MGD)
324 (MGD)
10 (MGD)
150 (MGD)
Type Treatment
Primary treatment
Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
Secondary (High rate
trickling filter)
Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
Primary (Mechanically
                                       Buffalo
                                                                                        cleaned tanks
                                                                                                                   Plant Superintendent

                                                                                                                     John Frazee



                                                                                                                     Charles P. Schmidt


                                                                                                                     Walter P. Simmius, Jr.



                                                                                                                     Thomas Perry


                                                                                                                     C. 0. Johnson


                                                                                                                     Anthony G. Cipriano
ro 2
o  Z
O CD

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                                                                           EPA REGION III

                                                       MATRIX OF EVALUATOR'S TABULATION LIST RESULTS
                          State

                    Virginia
•S 2
" m
W Z
o 2
O CD
Pennsylvania



West Virginia


Washington, D.C.
                              Facility Name                Plant Size

                       Water Pollution Control Plant           70 (MOD)
                       Richmond

                       Water Pollution Control Plant            7 (MGD)
                       Petersburg

                       Water Pollution Control Plant           21 (MGD)
                       Roanoke

                       Charlottesville                      2.54 (MGD)
                       Moores Creek

                       Meadow Creek                      2.86 (MGD)
                                           Virginia Beach                      70 pumping
                                                                                stations

                                           Hampton Roads
                                           Sanitation District
                                           (Norfolk)

                                            James River Plant                    6 (MGD)

                                            Boat Harbor Plant                  22 (MGD)
                                            Army Base Plant                    14 (MGD)
                                            Lamberts Point Plant                29 (MGD)
                                            Chesapeake-Elizabeth Plant         12 (MGD)

                                            Williamsburg                        4 (MGD)
ALCOSAN                          150 (MGD)
Wastewater Treatment Plant
Pittsburgh

Waste Treatment Plant                17 (MGD)
Huntington

Blue Plains Wastewater               240 (MGD)
Treatment Plant
Washington, D. C.
                                                           Type Treatment

                                                       Primary (Mechanically
                                                       cleaned tanks)

                                                       Primary (Mechanically
                                                       cleaned tanks)

                                                       Secondary (Conventional
                                                       activated sludge)

                                                       Secondary (High rate
                                                       trickling filter)

                                                       Secondary (High rate
                                                       trickling filter)
Secondary (Modified
activated sludge)
Primary
Primary
Primary
Secondary (Activated
sludge)
Secondary (Activated
sludge)

Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
                                                                                                 Primary (Mechanically
                                                                                                 cleaned tanks)

                                                                                                 Secondary (Activated
                                                                                                 sludge)
                               Plant Superintendent

                                Ben F. Gregory, Sr.
                                (Maintenance Chief)

                                T. T. Musgrove, Jr.
                                                                                                                                 H. S. Zimmerman
                                                                                                                                 C. G. Haney
                                                                                                             Bill McMillan
                                                                                                             (Asst. Supt. Sewers)

                                                                                                             J. M. Bain
                                                                                                             (Civil Engineer)
Leon Wald
(Executive Director)
                               W. C. Rood
                                                                                                             Robert R. Perry

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                                                              EPA REGION IV

                                           MATRIX OF EVALUATOR'S TABULATION LIST RESULTS
       State

  Kentucky


  Alabama
 Florida
o —
Ix
O 00
 Mississippi
South Carolina
Tennessee
Tennessee
         Facility Name

 Bromley Plant
 Covington

 Mobile
   McOuffie Island

   Three Mile Creek

   Eslava Creek


 Waste Treatment Plants

   Huntsville
 St. Petersburg
  No. 1
  No. 2
  No. 3
  No. 4
 Meridian
 Fairforest Wastewater
 Treatment Plant
 Spartanburg

 Central Wastewater
 Treatment Plant
 Nashville

 Brainerd Sewage
Treatment Plant
Chattanooga
Plant Size

 20 (MGO)



 16(MGD)

 10 (MGD)

4.2 (MGO)


 10 (MGD)

 20 (MGD)
3.5 (MGO)
                                                          20 (MGD)
                                                           8 (MGD)
                                                           9 (MGD)
                                                           9 (MGD)
                                                           8 (MGD)
                                                          15 (MGD)
                                                          55 (MGD)
                                                         3.5 (MGD)
     Type Treatment

Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
                                                                              Secondary (Activated
                                                                              sludge)
                                                                              Secondary (High rate
                                                                              trickling filter)
                                                                              Secondary (High rate
                                                                              trickling filter)

                                                                              Secondary (Conventional
                                                                              activated sludge)
                                                                              Secondary (Step Aeration)
                                                                              Secondary (High rate
                                                                              trickling filter)
                    Contact Stabilization
                    Activated Sludge*
                    Activated Sludge*
                    Activated Sludge*
                      'Complete-mix

                    Secondary (Activated
                    sludge*)
                      *High rate aeration

                    Primary (Mechanically
                    cleaned tanks)
                    Secondary (Activated
                    sludge)
                    Secondary (Conventional
                    activated sludge)
                                                                                                                           Plant Superintendent

                                                                                                                          Robert Goebel


                                                                                                                          A. B. Dveitt
                               L. D. Parker
                                                                                                             R. W. Leverich
                                                                                                             J. LMcElroy,Jr.
                               C. B. Doyle
                               G. A. Johnson, PE
                                                                                                             E. O. Chism

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                                                                            EPA REGION V

                                                       MATRIX OF EVALUATOR'S TABULATION LIST RESULTS
                      State

                 Indiana
                 Michigan
                Minnesota
                Ohio
en 2
o  E
-X
o vo
                Wisconsin
        Facility Name

 Liquid Waste Disposal
 Division Plant No. 1
 Indianapolis

 Sewage Treatment Plant
 Terre Haute

 City of Ann Arbor Waste-
 water Treatment Plant
 Ann Arbor

 Detroit Wastewater
 Treatment Plant
 Detroit

 Rochester Wastewater
 Treatment Works
 Rochester
Mill Creek Treatment
Plant
Cincinnati

Springfield Water
Pollution Control
Springfield

Jones Island Sewage
Disposal Plant
Milwaukee

Madison Metropolitan
Sewage District
Madison
 Plant Size

 120 (MGD)



  36 (MGD)


  15 (MGD)



 800 (MGD)



 12.5 (MGD)




 120 (MGD)



  25 (MGD)



 200 (MGD)



32.5 (MGD)
    Type Treatment

Secondary (Step aeration
conventional activated
sludge)

Secondary (Conventional
activated sludge)

Secondary (Activated
sludge)
                                                                                                 Primary (Mechanically
                                                                                                 cleaned tanks)
Secondary (Activated
sludge, step aeration
and high rate trickling
filter)

Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
                                                                                                 Secondary (High rate
                                                                                                 trickling filter)
Secondary (Conventional
activated sludge)
                                                                                                 Secondary (Activated
                                                                                                 sludge and trickling
                                                                                                 filter
Plant Superintendent

V. J. Jansons



L. E. Floyd


R. E. Sayers, Sr.



J. A. Urban, PE



L. W. Leach




R. C. Huddle



R. J. Collins



R. D. Leary



0. W. Munz

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                                                                       EPA REGION VI

                                                   MATRIX OF EVALUATOR'S TABULATION LIST RESULTS
     State

Louisiana
                                           Facility Name
             New Mexico
             Oklahoma
O)  -n
05Z

02
             Texas
                                    Lake Charles
                                     Plant "A"

                                     Plant "B"

                                     Plant "C"
                                    City of Slidell
                                    Slidell
Wastewater Treatment
Plant No. 1
Las Cruces

Gallup Wastewater Plant
Gallup

Southside Treatment Plant
Oklahoma City
 Disposal Plant
 Lawton

.Corpus Christ! Oso
 Wastewater Treatment Plant
 Corpus Christi
 Plant Size


  12 (MGD)

  12 (MGD)

  12 (MGD)


 1.6 (MGD)

0.65 (MGD)

0.16 (MGD)


   7 (MGD)



 1.6 (MGD)


  25 (MGD)



   7 (MGD)


  12 (MGD)
                                                             Type Treatment
Conventional-Activated
sludge
Conventional-Activated
sludge
High rate-Activated
sludge

Conventional-Activated
sludge
Secondary (High rate
trickling filter)
Secondary (Extended
aeration)

Secondary (High rate
trickling filter)
Secondary (High rate
trickling filter)

Secondary (Standard &
High rate trickling
filters)

Secondary (Standard
rate trickling filter)

Secondary (Activated
sludge)
                               Plant Superintendent

                               J. P. Donovan
                                                                                                                           J. D. Cox
                                                                                                              Fred Wilson



                                                                                                              C. F. Keyes


                                                                                                              P. D. Egleston



                                                                                                              Bob Woods


                                                                                                              Douglas Matthews
O 03

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                                                                            EPA REGION VII

                                                         MATRIX OF EVALUATOR'S TABULATION LIST RESULTS
                        State
                   Iowa
                   Kansas
01
                  Missouri
                  Nebraska
 -o >

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 oo 2
 o 2
 ""X
 O CO
                                                                        EPA REGION VIII

                                                     MATRIX OF EVALUATOR'S TABULATION LIST RESULTS
                     State

               Colorado
-j
O5
                Montana


                South Dakota
               Wyoming
       Facility Name

Northside Treatment Plant
Denver

City of Colorado Springs
Sewage Treatment
Colorado Springs

Billings Wastewater
Treatment Plant

Wastewater Treatment Plant
Sioux Falls
Wastewater Treatment Plant
Rapid City

Sewage Treatment Plant
Casper
 Plant Size

 120 (MGD)


 25 (MGD)



 15 (MGD)


 12 (MGD)



13.5 (MGD)


   5 (MGD)
    Type Treatment

Primary
Secondary (High rate
trickling filter and
intermittent sand filter)

Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)

Secondary (Conventional
activated sludge & high
rate trickling filter)

Secondary (High rate
trickling filter)

Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
Plant Superintendent

A. E. Patterson


J. D. Phillips



J. C. Voelker


D. H. Pipe



W. D. Mailloux


M. J. Miller

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                                                                          EPA REGION IX

                                                      MATRIX OF EVALUATOR'S TABULATION LIST RESULTS
                     State

               Arizona



               California
               Hawaii
tO
CD 2
o  E
-x
O CD
               Nevada
        Facility Name

City of Tucson Wastewater
Treatment Plant
East Bay Municipal Utility
District — Special
District No. 1
Oakland

City of Sacramento
Wastewater Treatment Plant
Sacramento

Hyperion Treatment Plant
Los Angeles

Wastewater Treatment
Plant No. 1
Salinas

Orange County Sanitation
Districts
Fountain Valley

Sewage Treatment Plant
Hilo

Kailua Sewage Treatment
Plant
Kailua

Kaneohe Sewage Treatment
Plant
Kaneohe

Wastewater Treatment Plant
Las Vegas

Clark County Sanitation
District No. 1
Las Vegas
Plant Size

 37 (MGD)



128 (MGD)




 70 (MGD)



420 (MGD)


7.5 (MGD)



185 (MGD)



1.5 (MGD)


7.0 (MGD)



4.5 (MGD)



 30 (MGD)


 12 (MGD)
    Type Treatment

Secondary (Activated
sludge and high rate
trickling filter)

Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
                                                                                               Secondary (High rate
                                                                                               trickling filter)
                                                                                               Secondary (Conventional
                                                                                               & activated sludge)

                                                                                               Secondary (High rate
                                                                                               trickling filter
                                                                                               Secondary (High rate
                                                                                               trickling filter)
Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)

Secondary (High rate
trickling filter)
Secondary (High rate
trickling filter)

Secondary (High rate
trickling filter)

Secondary (High rate
trickling filter)
Plant Superintendent

E. O.  Dye



Glenn Davis




Elmer Kerr
                                William F. Garber
                                (Chief Engineer)

                                Jess Thurmond
                                T. A. Dunn (Director
                                of Operations)
 Harold Sugiyama


 Howard Cue



 C. W. Houghtailing


 L. A. Anton


J. H. Parrott

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                                                                    EPA REGION X

                                                 MATRIX OF EVALUATOR'S TABULATION LIST RESULTS
                   State
              Alaska
              Idaho
oo
              Oregon
 03 =n
 «s
 3g
 O v
 -h -^
 -^ CD
              Washington
Facility Name
Fairbanks Sewage Treatment
Plant
Fairbanks
Treatment Plant
Idaho Falls
Sewage Plant
Boise
Wastewater Treatment Plant
Caldwell
Wastewater Treatment Plant
Moscow
Twin "Falls Sewage
Treatment Plant
Twin Falls
Nampa Wastewater
Treatment Plant
Nampa
Columbia Treatment Plant
Portland
Corval 1 is Wastewater
Treatment Plant
Cor vail is
Yakima
Walla Walla
Plant Size
2.2 (MGD)
10 (MGD)
11 (MGD)
9.5 (MGD)
3.5 (MGD)
12 (MGD)
18 (MGD)
100 (MGD)
15 (MGD)
30 (MGD)
10 (MGD)
Type Treatment
Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
Primary (Mechanically
cleaned & plain hopper
bottom tanks)
Secondary (Extended
aeration)
Secondary (Higrrrate
trickling filter)
Secondary (Trickling
filter)
Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
Secondary (Conventional
activated sludge & high
rate trickling filter)
Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
Secondary (High rate
trickling filter)
Secondary (High rate
trickling filter)
Secondary (High rate
Plant Superintei
John Dirkx
D. M. Clark
H. B. Hester
G. D. Hollis
Orrin Crooks
JEarl Fulmer
C. L. Simpson
H. H Harris *
J. T. Easley
P. L. Page
E. W. Anderson
                                   City of Olympia Sewage
                                   Treatment Plant
                                   Olympia

                                   Central Treatment Plant
                                   Tacoma
6.5 (MGD)
 25 (MGD)
& standard rate
trickling filters)

Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks
L. A. Esteb, Jr.
                                                 L. W. Ketcham

-------