EPA-430/9-74-013
EMERGENCY PLANNING FOR
MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER
TREATMENT FACILITIES
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Water Program Operations
Washington, D.C. 20460
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EMERGENCY PLANNING
FOR
MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES
FOR THE
MUNICIPAL OPERATIONS BRANCH
OFFICE OF WATER PROGRAM OPERATIONS
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
CONTRACT NO. 68-01-0341
FEBRUARY 1974
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EPA Review Notice
This manual is presented as helpful guidance and source
material only; it is not a regulatory document. Mention of
trade names or commercial products does not constitute EPA
endorsement or recommendation for use.
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ABSTRACT
A study has been made of emergency planning for municipal wastewater treatment facilities
to ensure effective continued operation under emergency conditions. These emergency
conditions could be imposed by natural disaster, civil disorders, strikes, faulty maintenance,
negligent operation, or accidents.
Over 200 municipal treatment systems were contacted and asked to provide information for
this project. This information was used to help identify the principal causes of failures
within municipal treatment systems. Information on emergency planning and responses to
emergency conditions was provided by these contacts.
The results of this study are presented in the form of a manual for the development of
emergency operating plans for municipal wastewater treatment systems. The intent is to
expand the concepts stated in the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of
1972.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract 68-01-0341, under the sponsorship of
the Office of Water Program Operations, Environmental Protection Agency.
in
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION PAGE
I CONCLUSIONS 1
II RECOMMENDATIONS 3
III INTRODUCTION 5
IV CAUSES OF EMERGENCIES 9
General 9
Natural Disasters 9
Civil Disorders and Strikes 10
Faulty Maintenance 10
Negligent Operation 10
Accidents 11
Summary 11
V EFFECTS OF EMERGENCIES 13
General 13
Personnel Absence 13
Equipment Failure 13
Power Loss 14
Blocked Access 15
Communications Loss 15
Process Failure 15
Summary 16
VI PROTECTION MEASURES 19
Vulnerability Analysis 19
Warning Devices 25
Emergency Equipment Inventory 26
Standby and/or Duplicate Facilities 26
Adequate Preventive Maintenance 29
Treatment System Records 29
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
(CONTINUED)
SECTION PAGE
Industrial Waste Inventory and Monitoring System 30
Emergency Operations Organization 32
Emergency Response Center 34
Mutual Aid Agreements 35
VII RESPONSES TO EMERGENCIES 41
General 41
Response to Emergency Effects 45
VIM TYPICAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE PROGRAM 47
General 47
Discussion ,, 48
Summary 52
IX CHECKLIST FOR 0 & M MANUAL EMERGENCY
OPERATING AND RESPONSE PROGRAM 53
X REFERENCES 57
XI APPENDICES 61
A. Conclusions from the Evaluator's Tabulation
List of Emergency Conditions 62
B. Matrix of Evaluator's Tabulation List Results 69
VI
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LIST OF FIGURES
NUMBER PAGE
1 Sample Plant Layout for Vulnerability Analysis 21
2 Vulnerability Analysis Worksheet 22
3 Sample Inventory Worksheet 27
4 Sample Industrial Waste Inventory Form 31
5 Sample Emergency Condition Flow Diagram 36
6 Sample Mutual Aid Agreement Form 39
7 Sample Mutual Aid Information Fact Sheet . 49
VII
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SECTION I
CONCLUSIONS
1. Few municipal wastewater treatment systems currently have formal emergency
operating plans. However, most treatment systems have developed informal plans to
cope with specific problem areas within their systems. These plans call for personnel
being familiar with emergency procedures and for sufficient emergency equipment
being provided.
2. Each municipal wastewater treatment system owner should conduct a vulnerability
analysis of his system. This analysis can be used to develop an emergency operating
plan for his system. A sound plan will minimize and, in some instances, eliminate the
adverse effects from emergencies affecting the system. These plans must be kept up
to date to be of value when emergencies occur.
3. Each municipal wastewater treatment system possesses special conditions and
unique situations that must be covered in an effective emergency response program
for that system. There are, however, many emergency conditions that are shared by
treatment systems across the country. These emergency conditions include
personnel absence, equipment failure, power loss, blocked access, process failure,
and communications loss. Preparing for these basic emergency conditions has an
overlapping effect on many other, but less obvious, potential emergencies.
4. There is a need for better opportunities among persons involved with municipal
wastewater treatment to exchange techniques and philosophies of emergency
planning.
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SECTION II
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. All municipal wastewater treatment system owners should establish comprehensive
emergency operating procedures for their systems. Such procedures will help protect
the health and welfare of system personnel and minimize adverse effects from
emergencies.
2. The consulting engineers who prepare treatment system operation and maintenance
manuals should place appropriate emphasis on the emergency operating program
portion of these manuals. Proper attention to emergency programs at this stage will
help ensure that acceptable programs are established.
3. Service organizations should continue to address emergency response programs.
They should provide more space in their journals and more time at their conferences
for this topic. These groups reach a large portion of the municipal wastewater
treatment community and could do much to promote emergency planning. A
parallel recommendation would be for treatment systems with established
emergency programs to share their experiences with others in the field.
4. Municipal wastewater treatment equipment suppliers should include emergency
operating instructions with their equipment. These instructions would permit
consulting engineers to evaluate equipment with respect to flexibility during
emergencies. Such information would enable treatment plant personnel to respond
more efficiently to emergencies affecting that item of equipment.
5. Further studies should be made of the principal failures identified in this report.
Emphasis should be placed on the redesign of vulnerable components and the
application of technology from other fields to problem areas. Hopefully, such
studies will produce acceptable solutions to these problems.
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SECTION III
INTRODUCTION
Scope and Purpose
The primary function of municipal wastewater treatment facilities is to collect and treat
municipal wastewaters so as to attain an interim national ". . . goal of water quality which
provides for the protection and propagation of fish, shellfish, and wildlife, and provides for
recreation in and on the water." The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of
1972 stipulate that this is to be accomplished by publicly owned treatment works in a
consistent and reliable manner so as to meet effluent limitations based upon secondary
treatment or any more stringent applicable limitation, by July 1, 1977, and so as to employ
the best practicable waste treatment technology by July 1, 1983. The specific conditions
and limitations will be identified in a permit issued to each point source discharge under the
"National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System" as established by the Act.
Since the discharge of pollutants in excess of the effluent limitations defined in the plant's
discharge permit is prohibited by the Act, it is essential that municipal wastewater plants,
from the day of initial operation, effectively treat wastewater to be in compliance with
those limitations. It is to assist in the accomplishment of this objective that this manual has
been prepared.
It is expected that this manual will be used by consulting engineers, regulatory agencies, and
municipal managers and their staff.
Consulting engineers may use it as a guide in writing the emergency operating program
portion of any municipal wastewater treatment system operation and maintenance manual.
The information contained herein is applicable to all treatment systems, regardless of the
size plant or treatment process involved.
Regulatory agencies and EPA can use this manual in the evaluation of the emergency
operating program of the operation and maintenance manuals.
Municipal department heads and staff will use the manual as a guide in the development of a
plan suited to their plant's particulars. It may also be used by treatment plant staff to
educate local governing bodies as to the need for additional funds to alleviate problems and
deficiencies at their plant.
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This manual has been prepared for the Environmental Protection Agency to provide a
manual for emergency planning for municipal wastewater treatment facilities to ensure
continued operation under emergency conditions.
The intent is to expand the concepts stated in the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Amendments of 1972.
Manual Format
Persons using this manual should be familiar with its organization and the general content of
its sections.
Detailed discussions of the basic features of good emergency planning procedures for
municipal wastewater treatment facilities are provided in the following sections:
Section IV Causes of Emergencies
Section V Effects of Emergencies
Section VI Protection Measures
Section VII Responses to Emergencies
Section VIII Typical Emergency Response Program
The following is a synopsis of each of these five sections:
Causes of Emergencies
This section of the manual places all causes of emergencies into five categories: natural
disasters, civil disorders, strikes, faulty maintenance, and negligent operation and accidents.
A discussion of each cause and its relationship to the operation of a wastewater treatment
facility is included in the section.
Effects of Emergencies
This section places the effects of all emergencies into six categories: personnel absence,
equipment failure, power loss, blocked access, communications loss, and process failure. A
discussion of each effect is included; also, in matrix form, the interrelationship of the
causes, effects, and reasons for the effects of emergencies is included in the section.
Protection Measures
This section gives ten distinct measures required to protect wastewater treatment facilities
from emergencies. Also included is a discussion of each protection measure and its role in
the continued operation of a wastewater treatment facility.
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Response to Emergencies
This section outlines the necessary steps required in responding to most emergency
situations that may develop at a wastewater treatment facility.
Typical Emergency Response Program
This section discusses several emergency conditions, with appropriate responses, that may
occur at the different system categories of a facility, i.e., collection system, pumping
stations, pretreatment, primary treatment, secondary treatment.
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SECTION IV
CAUSES OF EMERGENCIES
General
Emergencies at a wastewater treatment plant do not just happen they are caused. The
individual causes are sometimes numerous; however, many emergencies have certain
similarities, particularly when they are traced back to their origin. For purposes of this
manual, all causes of emergencies have been grouped under, or related to, one of the
following:
Natural Disasters
An event, concentrated in time and space, which causes a community or a facility to suffer
such damage as to disrupt its normal functions and operations can be termed a natural
disaster.
Natural disasters which are most likely to affect the operation of a wastewater treatment
facility to the extent of reducing the efficiency of the plant can be associated with one of
the following:
Hurricane
Tsunami (tidal wave)
Blizzard
Forest and grass fire
Tornado
River flood
Earthquake
A study should be made to determine the potential for natural disasters in the areas where
the municipal wastewater treatment system is located. Information on the natural disasters
previously mentioned is available from agencies such as the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
and the Office of Civil Defense, Departments of Interior and Agriculture, and the
Departments of Commerce and Transportation. Many state and local agencies, as well as
volunteer disaster relief organizations such as the American National Red Cross, also have
compiled information on disasters.
In all cases, in areas subject to one or more of the natural disasters listed herein, the
treatment facilities should be prepared to ensure continued operation under emergency
conditions imposed on that system by the disaster.
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Civil Disorders and Strikes
People have been demonstrating against war, for and against various social movements such
as housing, civil rights, women's liberation, etc., for a very long time. In more recent times,
workers have banded together to form unions and have subsequently used the strike as an
effective tool in making their demands heard.
According to the U. S. Treasury Department, there were over 5,800 bombings or attempted
bombings during the 15-month period ending April 1970. As a result of these acts, 42
persons lost their lives, 384 were injured, and over $20 million of property damage was
reported.
The interrelationship of these types of events - civil disorders and strikes - with the
operation of wastewater treatment facilities poses a new type of threat. The importance of
uninterrupted treatment of wastewater is of primary concern because of the ever-increasing
need for pollution-free waters.
Several facets of a widespread civil disorder might well be the destruction of a sewage
pumping station, the bombing of a power substation, or the dumping of toxic material into
a manhole. Any one of these actions could interrupt the normal operation of a wastewater
treatment facility and subsequently lead to pollution of nearby waters.
Faulty Maintenance
Equipment manufactured by man to help him in' his everyday tasks is generally similar in
one respect; it must be maintained or the equipment will cease to perform the task for
which it was constructed. The manner in which equipment is maintained will generally
determine how well it will perform its intended function and for how long. Good
maintenance will result in equipment performing throughout its design period; however,
poor maintenance or faulty maintenance will shorten the expected life of equipment.
Unexpected breakdowns due to faulty maintenance can greatly affect the continued
operation of a wastewater treatment plant. Although the breakdown can possibly be
repaired during a regularly scheduled repair program and probably does not represent an
emergency, it is the effect on the continued satisfactory operation of the plant that can lead
to the emergency condition.
Negligent Operation
All operations, regardless of application, large or small, require that certain procedures be
followed for satisfactory performance. Applying this rule to a wastewater treatment plant's
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operation is no different. The operations required for the plant to function in a satisfactory
manner require that certain procedures be followed, whether the procedures were
established in-house, by a regulatory agency, or by the local governing body. To improperly
follow established procedures constitutes negligent operation.
In many instances, negligent operation may not be as readily noticeable as faulty
maintenance, but the emergency condition resulting from it could possibly be more severe
because negligent operation could affect more units of operation before being discovered.
It is therefore imperative that sound operating procedures be developed and maintained to
ensure the satisfactory operation of all wastewater treatment plants.
Accidents
The old saying "accidents don't just happen they are caused" certainly applies when we
speak of accidents relative to wastewater treatment plants and emergency conditions.
Generally speaking, accidents result in personal injury and property damage, both of which
have a direct bearing on a plant's operation. However, for this manual's use, an additional
effect of accidents will apply, that effect being process failure. In direct connection with
this kind of accident, concern is directed to the emergency condition arising from the
accidental spill of toxic substance into the sewerage system. This one accident, if it goes
undetected long enough, could shut down process units of the largest treatment plants for a
considerable length of time, thus causing a severe emergency condition.
Summary
The causes of emergencies discussed here have a rather broad base, yet it must be realized
that it would be an almost impossible task to derive a group of causes to cover every
possible eventuality. The list as presented, however, will cover the majority of the more
common causes of emergencies at wastewater treatment facilities.
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SECTION V
EFFECTS OF EMERGENCIES
General
For every emergency condition, there is generally a cause and effect relationship. This
situation is particularly true when applied to the emergencies relating to a wastewater
treatment plant. Each of the causes discussed in Section IV does not have the distinction of
having only one distinguishable effect. To the contrary, the effects to be discussed in this
Section can be linked to several causes. At the close of this Section, this complexity will be
exemplified by the use of a matrix showing the interrelationship between cause and effect.
Personnel Absence
All plants, whether large or small, require personnel to ensure a plant's satisfactory
operation. For small plants a visit every other day or once a week may suffice. The largest
plants require permanent staff of a hundred or more technically trained people. Regardless
of the size of the plant, it is essential that properly assigned inviduals perform their tasks
routinely, as assigned.
If, for some reason, individuals are prevented from performing their assigned duties, or are
prevented from reaching the plant, then an emergency condition is imminent which could
lead to total plant failure.
A number of causes may produce personnel absence on an individual basis; however, for
large scale absenteeism, the causes are related to such things as natural disasters, civil
disorder, and strikes. The following is a partial list of reasons for personnel absence related
to the causes covered in Section IV:
Wind
Flooding
Fire
Injury or threat of injury
Picket lines
Blocked access
Equipment Failure
All wastewater treatment plants utilize equipment in their treatment processes. Needless to
say, it is very important that the equipment perform or a plant shuts down.
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Isolated incidences of equipment failure,are to be expected in all treatment plants; however,
most equipment breakdowns of this type can be repaired on a routine basis. It is the failure
of equipment on a large scale basis that is of primary concern in this report, that is, failure
as a result of natural disasters, civil disorders and strikes, faulty maintenance, negligent
operation and accidents.
The following are a few of the many reasons for equipment failure as related to the causes in
Section IV:
Flooding
Structural damage
Loss of power
Sabotage
Overloaded conditions
Clogged pipelines
Overheating of bearings and motors
Power Loss
A dependable, uninterrupted supply of electrical power is very important in this country
today. This type of supply is essential to a wastewater treatment plant because the entire
process is generally dependent upon electricity for power. In the flat areas, where large
numbers of sewage pumping stations are used, a dependable supply of electrical power is
required throughout the collection system as well as the plant.
Generally speaking, a dependable supply of electrical power is at our "fingertips" that is,
under normal conditions. It is under other than normal conditions with which this manual is
concerned. There are any number of reasons for power loss local or area-wide which
can be attributed to the emergency condition causes in Section IV; following are some of
them:
Flooding
Wind
Sabotage
Salt spray on power lines
Structural damage
Ice on power lines
Fire
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Blocked Access
As used in this report, blocked access refers to blocked access routes or roads that lead to a
treatment plant or a pumping station. It is difficult to discuss blocked access and its
importance to the operation of a wastewater treatment plant, without mentioning a related
emergency effect, that is, personnel absence.
It was shown previously that blocked access could be a reason for personnel absence;
however, there are many reasons for blocked access as related to the causes of emergencies.
Following are some of them:
Flooding
Wind
Slides
Debris
Road washouts
Fire
Sabotage
Communications Loss
Communications play a very important role in the day-to-day operation of wastewater
treatment plants. Generally speaking, communications are taken for granted in the everyday
routine operations, but their importance becomes known during emergency situations. In
Section VI it will be shown that many of the protection measures suggested could not be
implemented if communications were disrupted. Because of this, some of the reasons for
communications loss should be exemplified as follows:
Flooding
Wind
Sabotage
Fire
Process Failure
Process failure, as used in this manual, can be either a partial or total loss of a wastewater
treatment plant's processes. In either case, the satisfactory performance of the plant would
be altered to such an extent that the primary function of the plant would be changed
considerably treating sanitary sewage to prevent pollution of our waters.
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Some of the emergency effects discussed thus far, independently, could result in partial
process failure and eventually in total failure if the condition exists long enough.
Contrastingly, some of the effects could result in complete process failure in a short period
of time.
The following is a partial list of reasons for process failure as related to causes given in
Section IV:
Flooding
Loss of power
Sabotage
Personnel absence
Toxic spill
Summary
An examination of Section IV and V reveals that there is an interrelationship between
causes and effects of emergencies and also between effects and reasons. Because of this
interrelationship, the following matrix has been developed to aid in exemplifying the
situation:
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CAUSES
Natural Disaster
Civil Disorder
EFFECTS
Personnel Absence
Natural Disaster
Civil Disorder
Faulty Maintenance
Negligent Operation
Accidents
Natural Disaster
Civil Disorder
Faulty Maintenance
Negligent Operation
Accidents
Natural Disaster
Civil Disorder
Equipment Failure
Power Loss
Blocked Access
Natural Disaster
Civil Disorder
Natural Disaster
Civil Disorder
Faulty Maintenance
Negligent Operation
Accidents
Communications Loss
Process Failure
REASONS FOR
EFFECTS
Flooding
Wind
Fire
Injury
Picket Lines
Blocked Access
Flooding
Structural Damage
Loss of Power
Sabotage
Overload Condition
Clogged Pipelines
Overheating
Flooding
Wind
Sabotage
Salt Spray on Lines
Structural Damage
Ice on Lines
Fire
Flooding
Wind
Slides
Debris
Road Washouts
Fire
Sabotage
Flooding
Wind
Sabotage
Fire
Flooding
Loss of Power
Sabotage
Personnel Absence
Toxic Spill
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SECTION VI
PROTECTION MEASURES
Vulnerability Analysis
A municipal wastewater treatment system includes the collection lines, pump stations, and
treatment plant. The system requires trained personnel, power, materials, supplies, and
communications to function properly. It is essential to estimate both the strengths and
weaknesses of an individual system in relation to anticipated emergency conditions prior to
drafting an emergency operating plan. A vulnerability analysis of the system is an estimation
of the degree to which the system is adversely affected, in relation to the function it must
perform, by an emergency condition. This analysis should include power supply,
communications, equipment, material, supplies, personnel, security, and emergency
procedures. After performing a vulnerability analysis upon a given system for several
possible emergency conditions and then comparing the results of the various analyses,
certain key most vulnerable components of the system can be identified. The following
steps should be followed in making a vulnerability analysis:
1. List components of treatment system.
2. Select emergency condition to be investigated.
3. Estimate effects of emergency condition on each component of
system; use vulnerability worksheet.
4. Estimate treatment system's ability to perform its intended function
during the emergency.
5. Identify key system components responsible for the failure when a
system fails to perform.
When identifying those components which are partially or totally incapacitated by the
emergency condition, attention should be given to those system components which are
interrelated with other components so as to make the entire system inoperative. These
components are the most vulnerable. The emergency operating plan should indicate
priorities of repair of the system and alternate provisions in case of light or severe damage.
The following methods can be employed to reduce the system's vulnerability:
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1. An optimum preventive maintenance and testing program
2. Duplication and separation of vital works
3. Minimizing dependence on power and pumping
4. Provision for more than one power source and/or transmission line
5. Flexibility in operation of treatment works
6. Maintenance of adequate chemical supplies
7. Provision of dual power sources, on-site storage of fuel and auxiliary
power units, remote and/or automated controls, and ready
conversion of automatic controls to manual operation
8. Provision of portable pumps with fuel-operated units
9. Provision at major pumping stations of more than one incoming and
discharge line
10. Training of regular and auxiliary personnel in emergency operations
and procedures
11. Conducting emergency operations exercises periodically
Some of the items just listed will be dealt with in more detail throughout the remainder of
this Section. '
Included herein is a sample vulnerability analysis worksheet to be used as a guide in
performing a vulnerability analysis of any given treatment system; reference is made to
Figure No. 1.
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CAPITOL CITY
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
LAYOUT
SUBSTArnoKI
TREATMENT
PLA.MT
FIGURE NO. 1 SAMPLE PLANT LAYOUT FOR VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS
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SAMPLE
VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS WORKSHEET
TREATMENT SYSTEM: Capital City Wastewater Treatment Plant
ASSUMED EMERGENCY: Flood (100 years)
DESCRIPTION OF EMERGENCY; The flood will cause considerable damage to low
lying areas. Bridges will be closed, utility poles downed, and electrical
power interrupted.
SYSTEM
COMPONENT
EFFECTS OF EMERGENCY
TYPE AND EXTENT
PREVENTION
RECOMMENDATIONS
COLLECTION LINES
60" interceptor could be washed out
at Back Creek crossing
1. Encase line in
concrete.
2. Maintain pipe
& fittings to
repair damaged
section.
3. Provide portable
pumps to bypass
break.
4. Contract for
major emergency
repair services.
PUMPING STATIONS
Power failure
Provide for
power from two
seoarate sub-
stations.
Provide stand-
by diesel
generators.
FIGURE NO. 2 VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS WORKSHEET
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SAMPLE
VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS WORKSHEET
SYSTEM
COMPONENT
EFFECTS OF EMERGENCY
TYPE AND EXTENT
PREVENTION
RECOMMENDATIONS
PRETREATMENT
Power failure
Access road blocked preventing delivery
of chemicals
4.
Provide for
power from two
separate sub-
stations.
Provide standby
diesel generators
Stock sufficient
chemicals for
emergency use.
Provide alternate
access routes to
olant.
CLARIFICATION
Power failure
Provide for oower
from two separate
substations.
Provide standby
diesel generators
SECONDARY UNITS
Power failure
Provide for power
from two separate
substations.
Provide standby
diesel generators
SLUDGE HANDLING
Power failure
Provide for power
from two separate
substations.
Provide standby
diesel generators
FIGURE NO. 2 VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS WORKSHEET (Continued)
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SAMPLE
VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS WORKSHEET
SYSTEM
COMPONENT
EFFECTS OF EMERGENCY
TYPE AND EXTENT
PREVENTION
RECOMMENDATIONS
POWER SUPPLY
Temporarily interrupted due to
transmission lines down.
Provide for power
from two seoarate
substations.
Provide standby
diesel generators.
COMMUNICATIONS
Telephone lines downed
Provide for
radio communi-
cations, at
plant and in
vehicles.
Use portable
two-way radios
within plant.
PERSONNEL
Access road blocked due to bridge
washout at Back Creek
Personnel isolated at plant and
at homes
Select alternate
routes to plant.
Provide supplies
for persons
stranded.
Provide auxiliary
personnel.
Coordinate with
city street
department for
bridge repairs.
DATE: July 11, 1973
ANALYST:
RAL
FIGURE NO. 2 VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS WORKSHEET (Continued)
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Warning Devices
All wastewater treatment systems regardless of size need warning devices of some type. The
small systems require less sophisticated equipment than the large systems; however, the need
is always present to warn the man on duty of impending or existing emergencies.
There are many individual types of devices available, but generally they can be classified as
follows:
1. Alarms which may be audio-visual
2. Indicating lights tell the operator which equipment is required to
run, equipment running, power on and off, etc.
3. Indicators mechanical (gauges), electrical (counters, indicators,
recorders) or electro-mechanical (flow and/or pressure recorders)
Many distinct uses can be made of warning devices; the following are just a few:
1. Low pressure (discharge, suction, or level)
2. No pressure (discharge, suction, or level)
3. Low well water level
4. Flooding
5. Air in pump
6. Air loss
7. Power failure (transfer to standby source)
8. Equipment failure
9. Pump reversal
10. Freezing
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The above is only a partial listing of how warning devices could prove useful. There are
many more uses wastewater treatment plants might find for warning devices which would be
unique for each plant.
Emergency Equipment Inventory
An inventory should be made of equipment, materials, and chemicals that are available
within the treatment system. A sample wastewater treatment system emergency inventory
worksheet. Figure No. 3, follows this discussion. Using this inventory and the results of the
system vulnerability analysis, additional emergency equipment and supplies may be
purchased and stockpiled, or arrangements made to obtain these items through mutual aid
agreements or outside contracts.
Stockpile emergency equipment/supplies might include:
1. Lightweight quick-coupling pipe
2. Portable pumps
3. Generator sets
4. Mobile chlorinators
5. Chemicals
Standby and/or Duplicate Facilities
Standby facilities refer to equipment installed for use when the primary equipment fails it
is a substitute piece of equipment. A diesel generator is an example of a standby emergency
source of electrical power should the primary source fail.
Duplicate facilities refer to repetition of installation of equipment such as: two screens,
two grinders, two clarifiers, two digesters, two chlorinators, etc. In the case of duplicate
facilities, both are generally in use at all times. In some instances, such as with grinders and
grit removal equipment, the units are used alternately.
The necessity of having standby equipment is quite obvious. Since an entire plant's
operation is wholly dependent upon electrical power, a standby source would be required
should the primary source fail - that is, if the function of the wastewater treatment plant is
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WASTEUATER TREATMENT SYSTEM
EMERGENCY INVENTORY
SYSTEM:
PREPARED BY:
DATE:
(Signature)
DUPLICATE EQUIPMENT IN STOCK
DESCRIPTION
MAKE
SIZE
TYPE
VOLTAGE
HP
CAPACITY
NO.
PARTS & COMPONENTS IN STOCK
DESCRIPTION
SIZE
NO.
APPLICATION IN SYSTEM
FIGURE NO. 3 SAMPLE INVENTORY WORKSHEET
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EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT & REPAIR TOOLS
DESCRIPTION
NO.
APPLICATION IN SYSTEM
PIPE
SIZE
< TYPE
LENGTH
AVERAGE
CHEMICAL
STOCK
TYPE
FORM
QUANTITY
COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT
DESCRIPTION
LOCATION
MAPS AND FACILITY LAYOUT DETAILS
OFFICIAL AUTHORIZING
INVENTORY
FIGURE NO. 3 SAMPLE INVENTORY WORKSHEET (Continued)
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to remain unaltered. Standby sources of power, whether at treatment plants or at remote
pumping stations, are being required by many regulatory agencies.
In like manner, duplicate facilities are being required by many regulatory agencies. This
requirement is necessary for the assurance of continued plant operation should a piece of
equipment such as an aerator, blower, pump, clarifier mechanism, etc., break down and thus
render a process useless. Under this condition, the flow can be channeled through the
duplicate facility with little loss of treatment efficiency.
Adequate Preventive Maintenance
All equipment regardless of design, construction, and use requires maintenance at some time
during its lifetime. To perform such maintenance in an orderly manner and in accordance
With a preplanned scheme for the purpose of obtaining the useful design life from a piece of
equipment is called preventive maintenance.
Always maintain good records on all equipment purchased. Such things as date of purchase,
equipment manufacturer, local service representatives's name and phone number,
instruction manuals, service instructions, etc., should be filed on each piece of equipment
for handy reference.
If service contracts are purchased on equipment, do not perform any preventive
maintenance unless specifically authorized by the service representative. Any "jack-leg"
maintenance by an inexperienced person could do more damage than good.
All preventive maintenance performed by waste treatment plant personnel should always be
done in accordance with equipment manufacturer's recommendations. In most instances,
maintenance in excess of that recommended by equipment manufacturers is a waste of time,
effort, and money. (
Reference should be made to EPA Manual "Maintenance Management Systems for
Municipal Wastewater Facilities," Contract No. 68-01-0341, for an in-depth study of plant
maintenance.
Treatment System Records
The program for the protection of essential records, maps, and inventories is an important
part of any emergency operating plan. It is especially important that maintenance crews and
service vehicles be provided with maps and current records showing location and condition
29
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of collection lines. Full size copies of maps and other detail sheets can be made each year
and kept in a vault that is not subject to flooding. Copies of the layouts of important
pumping installations can also be kept here. These items are available for immediate use and
can be reproduced as required. These records are readable and do not have to be processed
by any further mechanical steps. The essential records that should be maintained include the
following:
1. Emergency facility and auxiliary personnel names, addresses,
telephone numbers, disaster responsibilities, skills, availability of
transportation, etc.
2. Amounts, types, and locations of emergency stockpiled equipment,
materials, supplies and qhemicals (including repair items), both
belonging to the facility and that are available in the area
3. Vehicles and equipment for hauling emergency supplies
4. Treatment equipment such as auxiliary chlorinators available
5. Estimates of requirements to meet severe emergencies
Industrial Waste Inventory and Monitoring System
Inventory all industrial contributors to the municipal treatment system. Locate each
industry on a collection system map and list the potential hazardous spill materials of each
industry. Record the names and phone numbers of key personnel with each industry. Install
industrial waste monitoring equipment in the sewer network at several critical locations. The
waste monitoring equipment is part of a warning system to alert treatment plant operators
of spills. Require that all industries report hazardous materials spills immediately upon
discovery of the spill. Stockpile necessary neutralizing chemicals for emergency use. Inspect
industrial waste monitoring equipment on a routine basis to make certain it is functioning
properly.
Following is a sample industrial waste inventory form, Figure No. 4.
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Name and
Location
Industries should be in
alphabetical order.
Location should
include manhole where
industrial waste enters
municipal system.
ACME Mfg. Co. -
Industrial waste is dis-
charged into manhole
at intersection of Main
and Pine Streets.
Industrial
Waste Description
List waste by common name,
chemical nomenclature, and
trade name, if applicable. Also
list any other hazardous
materials on hand that can
potentially enter municipal
treatment system and give
neutralizing agents, if
applicable.
SAMPLE
Waste is acidic, pH below 4.0
due to presence of sulfuric
acid, 1^504. There exists
potential for a spill of con-
centrated sulfuric acid which
can be neutralized with strong
basic materials such as lime.
Key
Personnel
Give names, titles and
phone numbers of all
key personnel. At least
one number should be
designated as a
24-hour a day number.
John Doe
Plant Manager
(phone)
Bill Smith
Maintenance Supt.
(phone)
Plant Security Office
(phone)*
*24-hour number
FIGURE NO. 4
SAMPLE INDUSTRIAL WASTE INVENTORY FORM
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Emergency Operations Organization
In large municipal wastewater treatment systems, a director has overall responsibility for the
emergency operating plan in small plants this responsibility rests with the plant operator
or superintendent. The wastewater treatment superintendent and the collection system
superintendent are responsible for implementing the emergency plans within their respective
areas and they report directly to the treatment system director. If the treatment system is
organized so that a single individual is in charge of the treatment facilities and the collection
system, then the individual facility superintendent has overall responsibility for the
emergency operations plan within his jurisdiction. The following is a listing of the treatment
system staff and their corresponding emergency responsibilities:
A. Facility Superintendent:
1. Upon receipt of emergency condition message, activates
appropriate portion of emergency operations plan based on
initial alert information.
2. Brings together key personnel to assess severity and outline
response actions. Key personnel might include: Mainte-
nance Supervisor, Chief Operator, Chief Chemist, and repre-
sentatives from organizations providing assistance through
mutual aid agreements.
3. The various department heads are responsible for mobilizing
their staffs and the facility superintendent should support
this effort.
4. Notify State Water Pollution Control Organization of
emergency situation, if applicable, and/or request assistance
as required.
5. Monitor and support all emergency response actions as
required until normal operation is restored.
6. Critique emergency operations plan and upgrade the plan as
required. Areas to be reviewed include: response time; ade-
quacy of emergency procedures, equipment, communi-
cations, and personnel training; process flexibility; and
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performance of auxiliary personnel and mutual aid
agreements.
B. Maintenance Supervisor:
1. Mobilize emergency maintenance teams as dictated by nature
of emergency.
2. Support emergency operations actions with personnel,
equipment, and maintenance skills.
3. Coordinate with organizations providing specialized
maintenance skills and equipment through mutual aid
agreements or contracts.
4. Monitor and support as required all emergency maintenance
team actions until normal operation is restored.
5. Critique maintenance aspects of emergency response and
provide input to facility superintendent's overall emergency
operations critique.
C. Chief Operator:
1. Mobilize emergency operating staff as dictated by nature of
emergency.
2. Provide facility superintendent with input concerning
operational actions to minimize public health and
environmental impact of incident.
3. Monitor and support as required all emergency actions
involving operators until normal operation is restored.
4. Critique the emergency response as viewed by the plant
operator and provide facility superintendent with input to his
overall emergency operations critique.
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D. Chief Chemist:
1. Mobilize laboratory staff and conduct sampling for process
control and severity analysis as required.
2. Ensure facility superintendent and chief operator are kept up
to date on results of sampling during the emergency.
3. Monitor and support as required activities of laboratory
personnel.
4. Critique actions of laboratory personnel during emergency
situation and provide input to facility superintendent for his
overall critique.
It should be apparent from the results of the vulnerability analyses that conditions can
occur for which the treatment system is not adequately staffed or where staff members are
not able to reach their assigned emergency positions. Auxiliary personnel obtained from
other departments within the local government or through mutual aid agreements should be
trained as backups for the regular staff. Procedures for alerting these auxiliary personnel
should be clearly outlined and rehearsals conducted to keep these personnel up to date on
emergency operating procedure.
Auxiliary personnel should receive similar training in plant operation, maintenance,
communications, and first aid as that received by the regular system staff. Arrangements
should be made for auxiliary personnel to work periodically with their counterparts on the
regular staff. Backup personnel should be provided at all positions to include department
heads and facility superintendent.
Emergency Response Center
The Emergency Response Center is located in the main building of the treatment facility.
The senior operator on duty is responsible for the center and all individuals who perform
this function must be adequately trained and thoroughly familiar with the emergency
operations plan.
The main control panel at the Emergency Response Center contains the pumping station
high water and power failure alarms and the high water alarms at several critical manhole
locations. Upon receipt of an alarm, the operator on duty dispatches the maintenance crew
34
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that is on call to the scene. The on-duty operator maintains constant communications with
the emergency maintenance crew by radio. If the problem is beyond the emergency crew's
capability, the on-duty operator alerts the maintenance supervisor and facility
superintendent. A current telephone call list is maintained at the emergency center as well as
collection system maps and treatment facility piping and wiring diagrams.
Various alarms are also provided within the treatment facility and these alarms are also tied
into the main control panel at the Emergency Response Center. When emergencies arise
within the treatment facility, the on-duty operator immediately reports the condition to the
facility superintendent. Appropriate personnel respond to the emergency with the necessary
resources.
When emergency condition notices are received by telephone at the Emergency Response
Center, the operator on duty should ensure all pertinent information surrounding the
emergency is accurately recorded.
Figure No. 5 is an emergency condition flow diagram to aid in responding to emergencies.
Mutual Aid Agreements
There are many agencies and businesses within a community which can be very helpful
during emergencies. Mutual aid agreements should be made with such agencies and
businesses to help during emergencies. Some examples of groups with whom mutual aid
agreements should be developed are as follows:
1. Industrial firms
2. Construction companies
3. Electric, gas, and telephone utilities
4. Fire and police departments
5. Civil defense organizations
6. Health departments
7. Rescue squads
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EMERGENCY CONDITION FLOW DIAGRAM
STATE WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL
AGENCY
FACILITY
SUPERINTENDENT
ON-SCENE
COORDINATOR
MAINTENANCE
SUPERVISOR
00
CT>
PUBLIC
WORKS
DEPT.
LOCAL
CONTRACTORS
FIGURE NO. 5 SAMPLE EMERGENCY CONDITION PLOW DIAGRAM
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Mutual assistance programs with the above organizations provide the following:
1. Emergency equipment and supplies
2. Spare parts
3. Specialized maintenance skills
4. Auxiliary operating personnel
5. Chemists and/or sanitary engineers
Local police officials should be asked to critique the treatment system's security measures.
The police department's recommendations on locks, fencing, and lighting should be
implemented., The police department should be asked by the treatment system owners to
make routine checks at the treatment facility and at remote pumping stations. Alert the
police to areas where vandals have attempted to obstruct manholes or where illegal dumping
has occurred. In the event of street spills of explosive or toxic materials, the police should
be instructed to immediately notify the operator on duty at the treatment facility and
provide the following information: '
1. Type and quantity of material involved
2. Location of spill
3. Time of spill
The police officials should be briefed on the role their department may be asked to play
during emergencies within the treatment system. For example, their mobility and
communications capability may prove valuable in locating the source of hazardous material
spills.
Local fire department officials should visit the treatment facility and pump stations and
make recommendations on ways to minimize fire hazards. The fire department should also
check the adequacy of existing fire-fighting equipment within all facilities and routinely
check fire extinguishers, wiring, and combustible material storage areas. Plant personnel
i
must receive first aid training from the fire department and a program should be adopted to
37
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upgrade training periodically. The chlorine facilities within the treatment system should be
studied by both fire department officials and treatment system personnel. Coordination
with the fire department must be established for responding to emergencies involving
chlorine gas. Provide fire department officials with plans of all pump stations and treatrnent
facility buildings to aid them in preparing responses to potential fires within the treatment
system.
Police Department Checklist:
1. Critique existing treatment system security measures.
2. Make routine checks of treatment facility and pumping stations.
3. Notify treatment plant in the event of a street spill of hazardous
materials.
4. Be prepared to assist during emergencies within the treatment
system.
Fire Department Checklist:
1. Routinely check fire-fighting equipment within the facility and
inspect facility for potential fire hazards.
2. Provide first aid instruction to treatment system personnel.
3. Coordinate with treatment system personnel on safety precautions to
be used with chlorine gas.
Reference should be made to Figures No. 6 and No. 7 for a sample mutual aid agreement
form and information fact sheet.
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MUTUAL-AID AGREEMENT
EMERGENCY SITUATIONS COULD ARISE IN A MUNICIPALITY'S WASTEWATER
TREATMENT SYSTEM THAT WOULD REQUIRE ASSISTANCE FROM AN ADJOINING
MUNICIPALITY TO RESTORE NORMAL OPERATION.
IF AN EMERGENCY SITUATION ARISES IN OR
[City!
THE OFFICIALS IN BOTH MUNICIPALITIES AGREE
(City)
TO SUPPORT EACH OTHER DURING THE EMERGENCY.
EACH CITY HAS A CONTINGENCY PLAN FOR RESPONSE TO EMERGENCIES AFFECTING
ITS WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM. THE AGREES TO
TCvEy]
SUPPORT ^_^ IN THE FOLLOWING AREAS:
(City)(Firefighting,
Rescue Crews, Communications, Portable Chlorination, Operational/
Maintenance, Personnel, etc.)
TO
THE EXTENT POSSIBLE UPON REQUEST INITIATED BY:
Name Name
Title Title
City City
PERSONNEL RESPONDING TO THE REQUESTS FOR ASSISTANCE UNDER THIS AGREEMENT
WILL REMAIN UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE CITY PROVIDING THEM.
Signed Signed
Name Name
Title Title
City City
*Similar to format suggested by Planning Section, Virginia Office of Civil
Defense.
SAMPLE
FIGURE NO. 6 MUTUAL AID AGREEMENT FORM
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NAME
Public Works Department
City Water Department
ABC Construction Company
ACME Welding Company
SAMPLE MUTUAL AID
INFORMATION FACT SHEET
DESCRIPTION OF
ASSISTANCE
Department of Parks maintains 1,000 feet of 6 inch
quick coupling aluminum pipe that is available to
assist treatment system during emergencies.
Water Department maintains 2 portable chlorinators
which can be used for emergencies within the
wastewater treatment system.
4 tractor mounted back-hoes are available on a
24-hour basis.
Machine shop facilities and a portable welding
machine are available on a 24-hour basis.
COORDINATION
INFORMATION
To obtain pipe, contact Dept.
of Parks (Phone) during
normal working hours or call
city switchboard (Phone) after
normal working hours.
Contact Water Department
Supt. (Phone) or operator on
duty at main filter plant
(Phone).
Contact company main office
(Phone) or after hours call
John Doe, Equipment
Foreman (Phone).
Call: (Phone) Office
(Phone) Home
(Phone) Home
FIGURE NO. 7
SAMPLE MUTUAL AID INFORMATION FACT SHEET
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SECTION VII
RESPONSES TO EMERGENCIES
General
A response plan to emergencies is necessary to ensure effective continued operation of a
municipal wastewater collection/treatment system under emergency conditions. The
emergency condition may be the result of natural disasters, civil disorders, faulty
maintenance, negligent operations or accidents.
There are four basic elements to any sound emergency response plan:
1. Rapid and positive detection system.
2. Response procedure with predetermined patterns of action.
3. Backup capability in the event the local response capability proves
insufficient.
4. Warning system to alert the next level of responsibility that an
emergency condition exists.
An emergency condition affecting a municipal wastewater collection/treatment system
generally results in a spill of raw or inadequately treated wastewater. These spills can be
placed in three major categories:
1. Plant problems
2. Pumping station problems
3. Collection line problems
A good emergency response plan should consider all three categories. The following
observations are applicable to emergency response plans for municipal wastewater
collection/treatment systems:
1. The most desirable condition is to have the emergency response
performed at the lowest level. The plan must provide adequate tools
to allow the personnel nearest the emergency to cope with all but the
most severe incidents.
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2. The "checklist" method is best for delineating procedures and
responsibilities for reporting and responding to emergencies. Lengthy
manuals are of questionable value during an emergency.
3. There are key people involved in any successful plan execution.
These key people must be identified and their roles clearly defined.
4. The importance of training and rehearsal as part of emergency plans
cannot be overstated. An essential part of any rehearsal is the
critique which follows. Comments and information from critiques
will ensure thatthe plan remains viable.
5. Since it would be impossible to predict the conditions surrounding
all emergency situations, the treatment system should be provided
with; adequate staffing and flexibility. This aspect of preventing
failures should be an important design consideration.
6. The review of the emergency response capabilities in a given
municipality should include the feasibility of using private firms for
services. Also "mutual assistance " agreements with nearby facilities
should be considered.
7. Power'failures are of concern to all municipal wastewater treatment
systems. To determine the probability of power failure at a given
facility, coordinate with the local power company. Based on this
input, alternate power sources can be selected to ensure optimum
electric service. '
8. In developing an emergency plan, it should be policy to make
maximum use of all departments in a municipality. This might
include using such items as radios in the police department and
emergency equipment maintained by the public works department.
;i ;
9. Where there are several small plants and/or pumping stations that are
not staffed 24 hours per day, provisions should be made for a
maintenance team to visit the facilities on a periodic basis. An alarm
system should be provided at each location. As a minimum
requirement, the alarm system should respond to power failure
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overload, no load, and high water. The alarms should be connected
to a central alarm center where personnel have been instructed in
proper emergency response procedures. Alarm system should be
failsafe. If alarm system actuates standby equipment, provisions
should also be made for monitoring the standby equipment.
10. Where roving maintenance crews are used, their vehicles should be
equipped with radios. Telephone communications should be
provided along with the tools necessary to perform all anticipated
maintenance functions. The crew should consist of two individuals
and be trained in all safety and emergency aspects of their job.
11. Bolt-down or lock-down manhole covers should be used in areas
where collection lines have been intentionally obstructed. Emergency
and repair crews should be provided with necessary tools and/or keys
for removing these manhole covers.
12. To ensure prompt notification of problems at remote facilities,
emergency phone numbers should be posted on all pump stations
and treatment plants. A color-coded exterior light alarm system
could also be employed as a backup.
13. Standby equipment should be put in service periodically as part of
the overall response program.
14. A suitable spare parts inventory should be maintained to avoid
delivery delays and provide components needed during emergehcy.
In addition to parts, sections of force main pipe and gravity pipe
should be kept and repair crews rehearsed to provide quick response
to collection line breaks.
15. A study should be made of the municipal wastewater
collection/treatment system for the purpose of selecting sampling
points. With sampling points selected prior to an actual emergency,
dispatching sampling teams with appropriate equipment can be
accomplished efficiently and with a minimum of confusion.
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16. It is important, in any emergency plan for a municipal wastewater
collection/treatment system, to provide for chlorination of spills or
raw or partially treated wastewater.
17. Metering equipment maintenance can be contracted to the
equipment manufacturer economically in some instances.
18. Where wastewater treatment facilities have only a single operator
after normal working hours, these facility operators should be
required to give a status report to a 24-hour central telephone
switchboard on an hourly basis. If no report is received, the
switchboard operator alerts a predetermined supervisor.
19. The chlorine building at the treatment facility should be provided
with an emergency alarm system which is actuated upon pressure
differentials resulting from equipment breakdown in the chlorine
distribution system. Actuation of the alarm should automatically
start the exhaust fans. A repair kit and appropriate safety equipment
should be provided to correct all but the most severe problems with
the chlorination system. All operational and maintenance personnel
should be thoroughly trained in safety precautions involving
chlorine. Local fire departments and rescue squads should also be
alerted to potential for chlorine emergencies that exist at treatment
plant.
20. A study should be made of the collection system to determine
potential sources of hazardous material spills. Early warning system
for reporting spills should be established. Preplanned actions for
responses to spills of various materials should be rehearsed.
21. To ensure proper operation of standby generators, they should be
, run on a scheduled basis. Heaters should be provided to ensure cold
weather starting. Battery charges can also be provided to assist in
starting.
22. Toxic substances can kill the bacteria in sludge digesters. This
situation should be anticipated and an acceptable method for
disposing of sludge after this occurs should be arranged.
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23. Mobile gasoline powered pumps should be made available to respond
to pumping station emergencies. All pump stations should be
provided with an emergency connection so the mobile pumps can be
connected quickly and efficiently.
24. Ensure that as-built drawings of the facility are accurate. During
emergencies these drawings may be invaluable in locating valves,
electrical boxes, etc., that are needed to minimize effects of incident.
25. Areas that are subject to flooding due to equipment or line failures,
such as pump pits and digester buildings, should be studied. Cutoffs
should be provided and any special tools required when these areas
are flooded should be purchased.
26. Construction photographs should be properly cataloged and
cross-referenced with engineering drawings. These photos can be of
great value in estimating severity of an emergency condition.
Response to Emergency Effects
In Section V there are listed six effects of emergencies to which responses might be stated
more explicitly. However, to give specific responses to each effect would involve repetition
due to the interrelationship of the effects and responses. Therefore, the following response
procedures, generally, are applicable to the emergency effects under most circumstances.
1. Analyze all emergencies to determine the proper course of action.
2. Implement protection measures where applicable.
3. Dispatch pretrained crew where applicable.
4. Check spare parts inventory before ordering parts.
5. Takeout of operation the unit process only as a last resort.
6. Keep down-time to a minimum.
7. Critique the response plan.
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SECTION VIM
TYPICAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE PROGRAM
General
A spill of raw or inadequately treated municipal wastewater can create substantial health
hazards and have adverse effects on the environment. This Emergency Response Plan (ERP)
has been developed to minimize spill effects by ensuring effective continued operation of
the treatment system under emergency conditions imposed by natural disasters, civil
disorders, faulty maintenance, negligent operation or accidents.
The objectives of this Emergency Response Plan are:
1. To eliminate or minimize adverse effects from emergency situations
affecting the treatment system.
2. To develop procedures for properly responding to emergencies.
3. To provide instruction for system personnel to ensure they
understand their responsibilities during emergency situations.
4. To provide inventories of available emergency equipment and outline
existing mutual aid agreements and contracts with outside
organizations for specialized assistance.
5. To emphasize importance of critiquing all ERP's.
Emergency Response Plans all have a common base. This common base consists of
assessment of severity and response to the emergency so as to minimize environmental
impact of the incident. This is due largely to the many different types of emergencies that
create similar effects on the wastewater treatment system. Each system has its own
characteristics and problems. The specifics of an Emergency Response Plan must therefore
be tailored to allow for the peculiarities of the specific system. The purpose of an ERP is to
minimize damage and to provide the most efficient utilization of resources available to the
system owner. The objectives of any ERP can be achieved only with trained personnel,
sufficient emergency equipment and material.
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Discussion
In Section VII, responses to emergencies were discussed in general terms. It is the purpose of
this Section to give responses to some typical emergencies that might develop at a
wastewater treatment facility. The following information is given in tabular form
exemplifying some of these emergencies and responses.
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TREATMENT
SYSTEM CATEGORY
Collection System
EMERGENCY
Line obstruction
CO
Pumping Stations
Equipment failure
Equipment failure
RESPONSE
1. Analyze situation to determine proper course of action.
2. Implement prevention measures as required - particularly
mutual aid agreements.
3. Dispatch a pretrained crew properly equipped.
4. Always check spare parts inventory.
5. Provide portable lighting if at night.
6. Be prepared to cope with traffic.
7. Pump flow around trouble area utilizing portable pumps and
quick coupling pipe.
8. Be prepared to cope with sewage backup into nearby buildings,
especially those with basements.
9. Restore condition to normal as rapidly as possible.
10. Always clean up the area and treat with lime if spillage
occurred.
11. Critique response plan.
1. Analyze the situation to determine the proper course of action.
2. Implement prevention measures as required particularly
mutual aid agreements.
3. Dispatch a pretrained crew properly equipped.
4. Provide portable lighting if at night.
5. Pump flow around trouble area utilizing portable pumps.
6. Critique response plan.
1. Check spare parts inventory.
2. Use original equipment quality replacement parts.
3. Always use appropriate lifting and hoist equipment.
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TREATMENT
SYSTEM CATEGORY
EMERGENCY
RESPONSE
Pumping Stations
(Continued)
Equipment failure
(continued)
4. Check impellers for blockage due to rags and trash.
5. Check for bearing seizure due to overheating or insufficient
lubrication.
6. Check for loose couplings.
7. Always lubricate before restart.
Power loss
Explosion
01
o
Pretreatment
Clogged screens
Primary treatment
Stoppage of sludge
collection mechanism
1. Determine if the power loss is local or area-wide.
2. If loss is local, check out all electrical circuits for shorts or
system overload.
3. If the loss is area-wide, contact the power company and
coordinate repair and start-up operations with them.
1. Determine immediately the cause of the explosion and take
action to prevent additional explosions.
2. Notify the fire and police departments and the rescue squads.
1. Bypass the unit until the units are operating again.
2. Check cutler for dull blades and replace as required.
3. Check the capacity to be certain units are not hydraulically
overloaded.
4. Manually keep the screens clean until problem is corrected.
5. Critique response plan.
1. Analyze the situation to determine if repair can be made
without draining the tank.
2. Check to see if rags and debris have entwined around the sludge
collector mechanism.
3. Check tank bottom for excessive deposits of sand, rock, and
other inorganic material.
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TREATMENT
SYSTEM CATEGORY
Primary treatment
(Continued)
EMERGENCY
Stoppage of sludge
collection mechanism
(Continued)
Secondary treatment
Rapid sludge removal
system malfunctioning
Clogged d iff user tubes or
clogged sprayer in aeration
equipment
Clogging and ponding of
trickling filter media
RESPONSE
4. Stir media manually to lessen or remove accumulations.
5. If applicable, check all drives, chains, and sprockets for
malfunctions.
6. Check out the electrical circuit for shorts and system overload.
7. Critique response plan.
1. Analyze the situation to determine if repair can be made
without draining the tank.
2. Open and adjust all suction ports to obtain optimum sludge
removal.
3. Backwash system to eliminate clogged condition.
4. Critique response plan.
1. Replace the clogged unit as soon as possible.
2. Clean the clogged unit immediately upon removal.
3. Check air lines for dirt and trapped water or ice.
4. Critique response plan.
1. Check the size of the filter media for nonuniformity. Replace as
required.
2. Check forcementing or breaking up of media.
3. Check for fibers, slime growths, trash, insect larvae, or snails in
the filter media voids.
4. Stir media manually to lessen or remove accumulations.
5. Flood the filter media for about 24 hours to loosen surface
accumulations.
6. Dry growth by drying filter for several hours, if possible.
7. Jet spray areas in filter media with a high pressure water spray.
8. Critique response plan.
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Summary
Note that with the previous data some specific problems were also included which for some
plants may not constitute an emergency condition. However, in most instances, if these
conditions were to go unattended, they would develop into an emergency. What is
considered an emergency at one facility might not be classified as such at another plant
because of the differences in personnel, equipment, training, and size.
Problems relating to disinfection have not been included in the previous data. This system
category has been more than adequately covered in the EPA Manual entitled "Procedural
Manual for Evaluating the Performance of Wastewater Treatment Plants," Contract No.
68-01-0107. If information concerning problems and emergency conditions relating to
disinfection is desired, this manual should be consulted.
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SECTION IX
CHECKLIST FOR O & M MANUAL
EMERGENCY OPERATING AND RESPONSE PROGRAM
In accordance with the eligibility requirements of the Environmental Protection Agency's
Construction Grants Program, Wastewater Treatment Plant Operation and Maintenance
(O & M) Manuals must be prepared. The following information is supplied as a checklist to
assist in the preparation of the Emergency Operating and Response Program Chapter of
0 & M Manuals:
1. Perform a study to determine the potential for natural disaster in the
area where the municipal wastewater treatment system is located.
This study should result in an estimate of the severities and
frequencies of occurrence for each natural disaster investigated.
From the severity/frequency estimate, a priority list can be
established for use in performing the various system vulnerability
analyses.
2. Perform a vulnerability analysis of the treatment system. Compare
the analyses results and identify the key-most vulnerable components
of the system. List these key components and indicate priorities for
repair. Suggest techniques to reduce vulnerability of key
components.
3. Inventory the emergency equipment, materials, and chemicals
available within the treatment system. This inventory should be
printed in the Emergency Response Plan Section of the 0 & M
Manual. Suggest any additional equipment/supplies that should be
purchased and maintained.
4. Based on the disaster study, vulnerability analyses, and emergency
inventory prepare a list of potential mutual aid agreements. This
portion of the plan could contain a sample mutual aid agreement
form.
5. Develop a program for the protection of essential records, maps, and
inventories. A list of the documents to be protected should be
prepared.
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6. Prepare an inventory of all industrial contributors to the municipal
treatment system. Locate each industrial discharge on a map of the
collection system. Suggest monitoring equipment in collection lines
if necessary. List potential hazardous materials and neutralizing
chemicals. Prepare a list of key personnel at each industry. Suggest
mechanism for industries to report accidental spills to treatment
plant.
7. Establish a program for local fire and police departments to review
periodically treatment system for adequacy of fire prevention
methods and security measures. These agencies should also be made
aware of any potential chlorine gas emergencies.
8. Prepare emergency response cards for all treatment system personnel.
These cards outline each individual's emergency condition duties.
Sample cards should be included in the O & M Manual.
9. Designate the area that is to serve as the emergency response center.
List the equipment and staffing requirements for this center.
10. An important area to be covered in the Emergency Operating and
Response Plan section of the manual is the procedure to be followed
when reporting damages to the treatment system's insurance
company.
11. Develop the requirements for auxiliary personnel to assist when
conditions exceed capability of existing staff or when staff members
are unable to reach their assigned emergency positions.
12. Prepare treatment process diagrams to show how units may be
bypassed during emergencies and to assist in locating problem areas
during emergencies.
13. Develop a program to allow the treatment system owner to critique
the emergency response actions of his personnel.
54
-------
14. Prepare an emergency condition matrix. This matrix should list likely
emergency conditions and give response plan actions and prevention
recommendations for that particular system.
15. Establish a program for training personnel in emergency operating
procedures.
16. Prepare a list of local contractors and repair services. This list can be
used in selecting firms from which to request assistance during
emergencies.
17. Coordinate with local utility companies. Determine the probability
of power failures that would affect the treatment system. List key
personnel at utility companies to be contacted during emergencies.
18. Describe the failsafe alarm system that is installed at the treatment
plant and at remote pumping station.
19. Establish a plan to ensure that chlorination can be provided to any
potential spill of raw or inadequately treated municipal wastewater.
20. Set up a program for placing emergency standby equipment into
service periodically.
21. Coordinate with the local water utility and establish priorities for
repairing lines and facilities after a disaster.
22. During a major emergency, the water treatment plant and
distribution system may suffer major damage resulting in very little
flow of wastewater reaching the treatment facility. For this reason,
careful coordination with the local water supply system is necessary,
since it may well be that the waterworks restoration has priority over
the wastewater treatment plant.
NOTE: For specific information related to plant 0 & M Manuals, the EPA Manual
entitled "Considerations for Preparation of Operations and Maintenance
Manuals," Contract No. 68-01-0341, should be consulted.
55
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SECTION X
REFERENCES
1. Federal Guidelines for Design, Operation and Maintenance of Waste Water
Treatment Facilities, U.S. Department of the Interior, FWQA, September, 1970.
2. Recommended Standards for Sewage Works, Great LakesUpper Mississippi River
Board of State Sanitary Engineers, 1971 Revised Edition, Health Education Services,
Albany, New York.
3. R. L. Michel, A. L. Pelmotor, and R. C. Palange, "Operation and Maintenance of
Municipal Waste Treatment Facilities," Journal WPCF 41, 3, Part 1, 335-354
(March, 1969).
4. T. H. Gaines, "Pollution Control at a Major Oil Spill,"^ot/r/?a/ WPCF 43, 4, 651-67
(April, 1971).
5. S. L. Moore and S. R. Kin, "Train Wreck Causes Cyanide Pollution," Water and
Sewer Works 116, 35 (1969).
6. Anon., "Insecticide Spill Poisons Rhine," Eng. News-Record 183, 1, 18 (1969).
7. Anon., "Most Serious Oil Pollution Threat Not Covered by Law," Environmental
Science and Technology 2, 6, 400 (June, 1968).
8. Anon., "The Torrey Canyon Affair," Environmental Science and Technology 1, 4,
273 (April,1967).
9. Anon., "The Continuing Tale of the Torrey Canyon," Environmental Science and
Technology 1, 5, 391 (May, 1967).
10. American Petroleum Institute, "Primer on Oil Spill Cleanup," Environmental
Science and Technology 3, 4, 399 (April, 1969).
11. Anon., "Removing Oil From Troubled Waters," Environmental Science and
Technology 3, 5, 417 (May, 1969).
12. Anon., "Fertilization of Oil Slicks," Industrial Water Engineering 1, 1, 4 (July,
1970).
57
-------
13. Anon., "Inverted Weir for Oil Slicks," Industrial Water Engineering 1, 11, 4
(November, 1970).
14. Anon., "New Oil Skimmer," Industrial Water Engineering 5, 2, 33 (February, 1968).
15. S. H. Vaughn, "Removing Oil From an Industrial Waterway," Industrial Water
Engineering 3, 11, 21 (November,1968).
16. Anon., "Combating a Chemical Spill," Industrial Water Engineering 5,5, 12 (May,
1968).
17. Comptroller General of the U.S., "Operation and Maintenance of Municipal Waste
Treatment Plants," Report to the Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution of the
Committee on Public Works, U.S. Senate, U.S. Government Printing Office 33-034
(November, 1969).
18. Department of the Navy, "Maintenance and Material Management (3M) Manual,"
OPNAV 43 P2 (October, 1969), and the 3M Documentor's Handbook, OPNAV43
P5 (October, 1969).
19. Pollutional Effects of Stormwater and Overflows from Combined Sewer Systems,
PHS Publication No. 1246, November,1964.
20. Operation of Wastewater Treatment Plants, Journal WPCF, Manual of Practice.
21. Wells, W. H. and Garrett, M. T., Jr., "Getting The Most From An Activated Sludge
Plant," Public Works, Vol. 102, No. 5, May, 1971, p. 63.
22. "Reverse Osmosis System Design for Long Life and High Performance," Public
Works, Vol. 102, No. 5, May, 1971, p. 126.
23. Gale, E. B., "What a Foreman Should Know About Constructive Discipline,"The
Dartnell Corp.
24. Sarsfield, A. C., "Watering Small Specialized Areas/' Grounds Maintenance, Vol. 7,
No. 6, June, 1972, p. 40.
58
-------
25. Garrett, J. T., "The Anatomy Of An In-Transit Spill," Journal WPCF, Vol. 43, No.
5, p. 773 (May, 1971).
26. Dogue, R., "Fundamentals of Odor Control," Journal WPCF, Vol. 44, No. 4, p. 583
(April, 1972).
27. Eisenhauer, H. R., "Increased Rate and Efficiency of Phenolic Waste Ozonation,"
Journal WPCF, Vol. 43, No. 2, p. 200 (February, 1971).
28. Chambers, C. W., "Chlorination For Control Of Bacteria And Viruses In Treatment
Plant Effluents," Journal WPCF, Vol. 43, No. 2, p. 228 (February, 1971).
29. Regan, J. M. and Peters, M. M., "Heavy Metals In Digesters: Failure And
Cure,"Journal WPCF, Vol. 42, No. 10, p. 1832 (October, 1970).
30. Grigoropoulos, S. G., Vedder, R. C. and Max, D. W., "Fate of Aluminum-
Precipitated Phosphorous in Activated Sludge and Anaerobic Digestion," Journal
WPCF, Vol. 43, No. 12, p. 2366 (December, 1971).
31. Swift, W. H., Touhill, C. J., Templeton, W. L, and Roseman, D. P., "Oil Spillage
Prevention, Control and Restoration State of the Art and Research Needs,"
Journal WPCF, Vol. 41, No. 3, Part 1, p. 392 (March, 1969).
32. Peterson, S. A. and Zablatzkv, H. R., "Anaerobic Digestion Failures," Journal
WPCF, Vol. 40, No. 4, p. 581 (April, 1968).
33. McKinney, R. E., "Overloaded Oxidation Ponds Two Case Studies," Journal
WPCF, Vol. 40, No. 1, p. 49 (January, 1968).
34. "Anaerobic Sludge Digestion," Journal WPCF, Manual of Practice No. 16.
35. Santry, I. W., Jr., "Hydrogen Sulfide Odor Control Measures," Journal WPCF, Vol.
30, No. 3, Part 1, p. 459 (March, 1966).
36. den Otter, C. J., "A Physical Method For Permanent Control Of Psychoda Pests At
Wastewater Treatment Plants," Journal WPCF. Vol. 38, No. 2, p. 156 (February,
1966).
59
-------
37. Dunbar, 0. D. and Henry, J. G. F., "Pollution Control Measures For Stormwater and
Combined Sewer Overflows," Journal WPCF, Vol. 30, No. 1, p. 9 (January, 1966).
38. Pierce, D. M., "The Primary Sedimentation Tank - Control Center Of The
Treatment Plant," Journal WPCF,Mo\. 32, No. 9, p. 1015 (September, 1960).
39. "Emergency Planning For Water Utility Management Handbook," Journal AWWA,
January, 1972.
40. Wedeman, J. D., "Establishing Emergency Operating Procedures For Water
Systems," Journal AWWA, Vol. 46, No. 6, p. 514 (1954).
60
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SECTION XI
APPENDICES
A. CONCLUSIONS FROM THE EVALUATOR'S TABULATION LIST OF
EMERGENCY CONDITIONS
B. MATRIX OF EVALUATOR'S TABULATION LIST RESULTS
61
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APPENDIX A
CONCLUSIONS FROM
THE EVALUATOR'S TABULATION LIST
OF EMERGENCY CONDITIONS
NOTE; A questionnaire (Evaluator's Tabulation List) was prepared, approved by
the Office of Management and Budget, and mailed to over 200 municipal
treatment facilities across the country. The selection of facilities was
based on treatment plant type, plant size, and geographic location. All
states and all major river basins were represented.
The following conclusions were drawn from information received from
the questionnaire and follow-up contacts.
63
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PRIMARY TREATMENT SYSTEMS
50 MGD and Larger
1. Facilities of this size usually have an adequate maintenance staff to handle all but
the most difficult maintenance tasks. (Exceptions noted: private contractors
repairing collapsed gravity lines, restoring power to remote pump stations, and
assisting in repair of incineration equipment.)
2. Parts to repair pretreatment equipment (screens, comminutors, grinders, and grit
collectors) frequently have to be obtained by special order. Sludge removal
mechanism repairs often require special order parts.
3. Modifications are often required on some sludge handling equipment (vacuum filters
and incinerators) to obtain acceptable operation. A clarification unit was also
modified at one installation.
4. Emergency conditions common to all treatment systems responding include: pump
station equipment breakdown; pretreatment equipment breakdown (screening,
grinding, shredding); clarifier equipment breakdown; and sludge pump clogging.
10 MGD to 50 MGD
1. Facilities of this size usually have a predetermined emergency response team to
handle emergencies.
2. An adequately trained maintenance staff for plants of this size can handle all but the
most difficult maintenance problems.
3. Plants of this size are equipped with emergency standby equipment for most
problems.
4. When parts are required, the facilities usually have them in stock or they must be
obtained by special order. Special order parts are usually for the grit collection
equipment, clarifier mechanism, or sludge pumps. Parts are not usually available
locally.
Less Than 10 MGD
1. Facilities of this size are usually able to make repairs with parts in stock for all but
major problems encountered.
APPENDIX A
65 Page 1 of 3
-------
2. When parts are required which are not in stock, they must be put on special order;
30 to 60 days is required for delivery.
3. Emergency conditions common to all of this size treatment facilities are
obstructions and collapse in gravity lines; breakdown of grit collection equipment,
pre-aeration equipment and clarifier mechanisms; and pump clogging in sludge
handling equipment.
SECONDARY TREATMENT SYSTEMS WITH TRICKLING FILTERS
10 MGD to 50 MGD
1. The maintenance personnel for facilities of this size can make repairs and
adjustments for all but major problems encountered.
2. Facilities of this size usually have a predetermined emergency response team to
handle emergencies.
3. Repair service or private contractor will often be required to handle major problems
in grit collection equipment, clarifier mechanism, trickling filter mechanism, or
digestion equipment. If parts are not in stock, they must usually be obtained by
special order. Parts are not usually available locally.
4. Plants of this size are usually equipped with emergency standby equipment for most
problems.
Less Than 10 MGD
1. For facilities of this size, the maintenance personnel can make repairs and
adjustments for all but major problems encountered.
2. Facilities of this size have automatic alarm system and emergency standby
equipment to handle most problems.
3. Private contractor or repair service will often be required to handle major problems
with digestion equipment and trickling filter mechanism. Often the parts required
must be obtained by special order.
APPENDIX A
Page 2 of 3
66
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SECONDARY TREATMENT SYSTEMS WITH ACTIVATED SLUDGE
50 MGD and Larger
1. Facilities of this size have a predetermined emergency response team and emergency
standby equipment to handle most problems.
2. Facilities maintenance personnel handle all but the most difficult problems where
either a private contractor or repair service with the equipment or personnel will be
required.
3. Facilities of this size have spare parts, components, or equipment to handle most
emergencies.
10 MGD to 50 MGD
1. Plants of this size are equipped with emergency standby equipment for most
problems.
2. Facilities of this size usually have a predetermined emergency response team to
handle emergencies.
3. Facilities maintenance personnel can handle all but the most difficult problems.
4. Facilities of this size report spills to a State agency.
5. Duration of spills for treatment facilities of this size is usually less than six hours.
Less Than 10 MGD
1. The maintenance personnel can make repairs and adjustments for all but major
problems encountered.
2. Private contractor or repair service will often be required to handle major problems,
and, when parts are required, they must be obtained by special order.
3. Plants of this size are equipped with emergency standby equipment and alarm
systems for most problems.
OU.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1974 546-316/278 1-3
APPENDIX A
67 Page 3 of 3
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APPENDIX B
EPA REGION I
MATRIX OF EVALUATOR'S TABULATION LIST RESULTS
(MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS RESPONDING)
State
Connecticut
Maine
O)
CO
Massachusetts
Q> -n
-1
o O
DD
New Hampshire
Vermont
Facility Name Plant Size
New Haven Wastewater 22.5 (MGD)
Treatment Plant
New Haven
Town of Westport Sewage 0.57 {MG D)
Treatment Plant
Westport
City of Groton, Connecticut 3.2 (MGD)
Pollution Abatement Facility
Pollution Abatement Facility 11 (MGD)
Bangor
Camden Water Pollution 1.2 (MGD)
Control Plant
Camden
Holyoke Refuse & Wastewater 7 (MGD)
Disposal Plant
Pittsfield Wastewater 10 (MGD)
Treatment Plant
Pittsfield
Merrimack Waste Treatment 10 (MGD)
Facility
Merrimack
Northfield Treatment Plant 3.32 (MGD)
Northfield
Type Treatment
Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
Secondary (Conventional
activated sludge)
Secondary (Conventional
activated sludge)
Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
Secondary (Extended
Aeration)
Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
Secondary (Trickling and
Intermittent Sand Filter)
Secondary (Activated
sludge, conventional &
step aeration; and high
rate trickling filter
Secondary (High rate
trickling filter)
Plant Superintendent
Stephen L. Lyon
Vincent J. Rotondo
Walter A. Steward
Ralph E. Mishou
Frank E. Stearns
Michael J. O'Donnell
William H. Fallon
K. R. Sherwood
Marcel L. Herbert
-------
EPA REGION II
MATRIX OF EVALUATOR'S TABULATION LIST RESULTS
State
New Jersey
New York
Facility Name
Main Sewage Treatment
Plant
Camden
Hoboken Treatment Plant
Hobo ken
Trenton Sewage Treatment
Plant
Trenton
Newark Bay Treatment Plant
Newark
Sewage Disposal Plant
Poughkeepsie
Buffalo Sewer Authority
Plant Size
53 (MGD)
20.7 (MGD)
20 (MGD)
324 (MGD)
10 (MGD)
150 (MGD)
Type Treatment
Primary treatment
Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
Secondary (High rate
trickling filter)
Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
Primary (Mechanically
Buffalo
cleaned tanks
Plant Superintendent
John Frazee
Charles P. Schmidt
Walter P. Simmius, Jr.
Thomas Perry
C. 0. Johnson
Anthony G. Cipriano
ro 2
o Z
O CD
-------
EPA REGION III
MATRIX OF EVALUATOR'S TABULATION LIST RESULTS
State
Virginia
S 2
" m
W Z
o 2
O CD
Pennsylvania
West Virginia
Washington, D.C.
Facility Name Plant Size
Water Pollution Control Plant 70 (MOD)
Richmond
Water Pollution Control Plant 7 (MGD)
Petersburg
Water Pollution Control Plant 21 (MGD)
Roanoke
Charlottesville 2.54 (MGD)
Moores Creek
Meadow Creek 2.86 (MGD)
Virginia Beach 70 pumping
stations
Hampton Roads
Sanitation District
(Norfolk)
James River Plant 6 (MGD)
Boat Harbor Plant 22 (MGD)
Army Base Plant 14 (MGD)
Lamberts Point Plant 29 (MGD)
Chesapeake-Elizabeth Plant 12 (MGD)
Williamsburg 4 (MGD)
ALCOSAN 150 (MGD)
Wastewater Treatment Plant
Pittsburgh
Waste Treatment Plant 17 (MGD)
Huntington
Blue Plains Wastewater 240 (MGD)
Treatment Plant
Washington, D. C.
Type Treatment
Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
Secondary (Conventional
activated sludge)
Secondary (High rate
trickling filter)
Secondary (High rate
trickling filter)
Secondary (Modified
activated sludge)
Primary
Primary
Primary
Secondary (Activated
sludge)
Secondary (Activated
sludge)
Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
Secondary (Activated
sludge)
Plant Superintendent
Ben F. Gregory, Sr.
(Maintenance Chief)
T. T. Musgrove, Jr.
H. S. Zimmerman
C. G. Haney
Bill McMillan
(Asst. Supt. Sewers)
J. M. Bain
(Civil Engineer)
Leon Wald
(Executive Director)
W. C. Rood
Robert R. Perry
-------
EPA REGION IV
MATRIX OF EVALUATOR'S TABULATION LIST RESULTS
State
Kentucky
Alabama
Florida
o
Ix
O 00
Mississippi
South Carolina
Tennessee
Tennessee
Facility Name
Bromley Plant
Covington
Mobile
McOuffie Island
Three Mile Creek
Eslava Creek
Waste Treatment Plants
Huntsville
St. Petersburg
No. 1
No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
Meridian
Fairforest Wastewater
Treatment Plant
Spartanburg
Central Wastewater
Treatment Plant
Nashville
Brainerd Sewage
Treatment Plant
Chattanooga
Plant Size
20 (MGO)
16(MGD)
10 (MGD)
4.2 (MGO)
10 (MGD)
20 (MGD)
3.5 (MGO)
20 (MGD)
8 (MGD)
9 (MGD)
9 (MGD)
8 (MGD)
15 (MGD)
55 (MGD)
3.5 (MGD)
Type Treatment
Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
Secondary (Activated
sludge)
Secondary (High rate
trickling filter)
Secondary (High rate
trickling filter)
Secondary (Conventional
activated sludge)
Secondary (Step Aeration)
Secondary (High rate
trickling filter)
Contact Stabilization
Activated Sludge*
Activated Sludge*
Activated Sludge*
'Complete-mix
Secondary (Activated
sludge*)
*High rate aeration
Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
Secondary (Activated
sludge)
Secondary (Conventional
activated sludge)
Plant Superintendent
Robert Goebel
A. B. Dveitt
L. D. Parker
R. W. Leverich
J. LMcElroy,Jr.
C. B. Doyle
G. A. Johnson, PE
E. O. Chism
-------
EPA REGION V
MATRIX OF EVALUATOR'S TABULATION LIST RESULTS
State
Indiana
Michigan
Minnesota
Ohio
en 2
o E
-X
o vo
Wisconsin
Facility Name
Liquid Waste Disposal
Division Plant No. 1
Indianapolis
Sewage Treatment Plant
Terre Haute
City of Ann Arbor Waste-
water Treatment Plant
Ann Arbor
Detroit Wastewater
Treatment Plant
Detroit
Rochester Wastewater
Treatment Works
Rochester
Mill Creek Treatment
Plant
Cincinnati
Springfield Water
Pollution Control
Springfield
Jones Island Sewage
Disposal Plant
Milwaukee
Madison Metropolitan
Sewage District
Madison
Plant Size
120 (MGD)
36 (MGD)
15 (MGD)
800 (MGD)
12.5 (MGD)
120 (MGD)
25 (MGD)
200 (MGD)
32.5 (MGD)
Type Treatment
Secondary (Step aeration
conventional activated
sludge)
Secondary (Conventional
activated sludge)
Secondary (Activated
sludge)
Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
Secondary (Activated
sludge, step aeration
and high rate trickling
filter)
Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
Secondary (High rate
trickling filter)
Secondary (Conventional
activated sludge)
Secondary (Activated
sludge and trickling
filter
Plant Superintendent
V. J. Jansons
L. E. Floyd
R. E. Sayers, Sr.
J. A. Urban, PE
L. W. Leach
R. C. Huddle
R. J. Collins
R. D. Leary
0. W. Munz
-------
EPA REGION VI
MATRIX OF EVALUATOR'S TABULATION LIST RESULTS
State
Louisiana
Facility Name
New Mexico
Oklahoma
O) -n
05Z
02
Texas
Lake Charles
Plant "A"
Plant "B"
Plant "C"
City of Slidell
Slidell
Wastewater Treatment
Plant No. 1
Las Cruces
Gallup Wastewater Plant
Gallup
Southside Treatment Plant
Oklahoma City
Disposal Plant
Lawton
.Corpus Christ! Oso
Wastewater Treatment Plant
Corpus Christi
Plant Size
12 (MGD)
12 (MGD)
12 (MGD)
1.6 (MGD)
0.65 (MGD)
0.16 (MGD)
7 (MGD)
1.6 (MGD)
25 (MGD)
7 (MGD)
12 (MGD)
Type Treatment
Conventional-Activated
sludge
Conventional-Activated
sludge
High rate-Activated
sludge
Conventional-Activated
sludge
Secondary (High rate
trickling filter)
Secondary (Extended
aeration)
Secondary (High rate
trickling filter)
Secondary (High rate
trickling filter)
Secondary (Standard &
High rate trickling
filters)
Secondary (Standard
rate trickling filter)
Secondary (Activated
sludge)
Plant Superintendent
J. P. Donovan
J. D. Cox
Fred Wilson
C. F. Keyes
P. D. Egleston
Bob Woods
Douglas Matthews
O 03
-------
EPA REGION VII
MATRIX OF EVALUATOR'S TABULATION LIST RESULTS
State
Iowa
Kansas
01
Missouri
Nebraska
-o >
-------
oo 2
o 2
""X
O CO
EPA REGION VIII
MATRIX OF EVALUATOR'S TABULATION LIST RESULTS
State
Colorado
-j
O5
Montana
South Dakota
Wyoming
Facility Name
Northside Treatment Plant
Denver
City of Colorado Springs
Sewage Treatment
Colorado Springs
Billings Wastewater
Treatment Plant
Wastewater Treatment Plant
Sioux Falls
Wastewater Treatment Plant
Rapid City
Sewage Treatment Plant
Casper
Plant Size
120 (MGD)
25 (MGD)
15 (MGD)
12 (MGD)
13.5 (MGD)
5 (MGD)
Type Treatment
Primary
Secondary (High rate
trickling filter and
intermittent sand filter)
Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
Secondary (Conventional
activated sludge & high
rate trickling filter)
Secondary (High rate
trickling filter)
Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
Plant Superintendent
A. E. Patterson
J. D. Phillips
J. C. Voelker
D. H. Pipe
W. D. Mailloux
M. J. Miller
-------
EPA REGION IX
MATRIX OF EVALUATOR'S TABULATION LIST RESULTS
State
Arizona
California
Hawaii
tO
CD 2
o E
-x
O CD
Nevada
Facility Name
City of Tucson Wastewater
Treatment Plant
East Bay Municipal Utility
District Special
District No. 1
Oakland
City of Sacramento
Wastewater Treatment Plant
Sacramento
Hyperion Treatment Plant
Los Angeles
Wastewater Treatment
Plant No. 1
Salinas
Orange County Sanitation
Districts
Fountain Valley
Sewage Treatment Plant
Hilo
Kailua Sewage Treatment
Plant
Kailua
Kaneohe Sewage Treatment
Plant
Kaneohe
Wastewater Treatment Plant
Las Vegas
Clark County Sanitation
District No. 1
Las Vegas
Plant Size
37 (MGD)
128 (MGD)
70 (MGD)
420 (MGD)
7.5 (MGD)
185 (MGD)
1.5 (MGD)
7.0 (MGD)
4.5 (MGD)
30 (MGD)
12 (MGD)
Type Treatment
Secondary (Activated
sludge and high rate
trickling filter)
Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
Secondary (High rate
trickling filter)
Secondary (Conventional
& activated sludge)
Secondary (High rate
trickling filter
Secondary (High rate
trickling filter)
Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
Secondary (High rate
trickling filter)
Secondary (High rate
trickling filter)
Secondary (High rate
trickling filter)
Secondary (High rate
trickling filter)
Plant Superintendent
E. O. Dye
Glenn Davis
Elmer Kerr
William F. Garber
(Chief Engineer)
Jess Thurmond
T. A. Dunn (Director
of Operations)
Harold Sugiyama
Howard Cue
C. W. Houghtailing
L. A. Anton
J. H. Parrott
-------
EPA REGION X
MATRIX OF EVALUATOR'S TABULATION LIST RESULTS
State
Alaska
Idaho
oo
Oregon
03 =n
«s
3g
O v
-h -^
-^ CD
Washington
Facility Name
Fairbanks Sewage Treatment
Plant
Fairbanks
Treatment Plant
Idaho Falls
Sewage Plant
Boise
Wastewater Treatment Plant
Caldwell
Wastewater Treatment Plant
Moscow
Twin "Falls Sewage
Treatment Plant
Twin Falls
Nampa Wastewater
Treatment Plant
Nampa
Columbia Treatment Plant
Portland
Corval 1 is Wastewater
Treatment Plant
Cor vail is
Yakima
Walla Walla
Plant Size
2.2 (MGD)
10 (MGD)
11 (MGD)
9.5 (MGD)
3.5 (MGD)
12 (MGD)
18 (MGD)
100 (MGD)
15 (MGD)
30 (MGD)
10 (MGD)
Type Treatment
Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
Primary (Mechanically
cleaned & plain hopper
bottom tanks)
Secondary (Extended
aeration)
Secondary (Higrrrate
trickling filter)
Secondary (Trickling
filter)
Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
Secondary (Conventional
activated sludge & high
rate trickling filter)
Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
Secondary (High rate
trickling filter)
Secondary (High rate
trickling filter)
Secondary (High rate
Plant Superintei
John Dirkx
D. M. Clark
H. B. Hester
G. D. Hollis
Orrin Crooks
JEarl Fulmer
C. L. Simpson
H. H Harris *
J. T. Easley
P. L. Page
E. W. Anderson
City of Olympia Sewage
Treatment Plant
Olympia
Central Treatment Plant
Tacoma
6.5 (MGD)
25 (MGD)
& standard rate
trickling filters)
Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks)
Primary (Mechanically
cleaned tanks
L. A. Esteb, Jr.
L. W. Ketcham
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