EPA-450/1-77-001
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
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EPA-450/1-77-001
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION:
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
April 1977
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This report is issued by the Environmental Protection Agency to report
technical data of interest to a limited number of readers. Copies are
available free of charge to Federal employees, current contractors and
grantees, and nonprofit organizations - in limited quantities - from the
Library Services Office (MD-35) , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27711; or, for a fee, from the National Technical Information Service,
5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
11
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
, V
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. Emission Sources 1
B. Control Methods 15
C. Measurement Methods 36
D. Air Quality Measurement 56
E. Atmospheric Interaction 61
F. Basic Science and Technology 70
G. Standards and Criteria 75
H. Legal and Administrative 77
I. General 83
AUTHOR INDEX 84
SUBJECT INDEX 88
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA AND ABSTRACT 96
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PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION:
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
Sources and conditions that produce particulates and the evaluation of the role of
particulate matter in air pollution are among the most pressing concerns in pollution
control efforts throughout the United States. To help in approaching these concerns,
the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards has compiled and produced this
annotated bibliography.
The 400 abstracts in this volume have been selected from Environmental Protection
Agency technical information storage and retrieval systems, professional publications,
convention proceedings and special studies by public and private agencies and experts.
These abstracts are arranged within the categories listed in the Contents Table. Subject
and author indices refer to the abstracts by category letter and accession number.
Generally, a higher accession number indicates a more recent document. The author
index lists authors individually, and primary authorship is indicated by an asterisk.
All documents in this bibliography are currently on file at the Library of the
Environmental Research Center, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27711. Copies of these documents are available from the Library
free of charge to EPA employees, and state and local air pollution control agencies may
obtain copies in microfiche format at no charge. Other readers may seek documents
from publishers or authors or, under the Freedom of Information Act, may obtain them
from the Library for a modest fee.
v
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
37176
Ter Haar, G. L., D. L. Lenane, J. N. Hu, and M. Brandt
COMPOSITION, SIZE AND CONTROL OF AUTOMOTIVE
EXHAUST PARTICIPATES. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
22(l):39-46, Jan. 1972. 14 rets. (Presented at the Air Pollution
Control Accosiation, Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlantic City, N. J.,
1971, Paper 71-111.)
Several vehicles manufactured during 1966-1970, operated on a
chassis dynamometer under Federal 7-mode cycle conditions,
were tested to determine total paniculate composition, size of
exhausted lead particulates, and the effects of traps on total
lead emitted. Cars varied widely in the amounts and composi-
tion of their participate emissions. Cold-cycle operation gave
2-8 times more paniculate than hot engine operation. Lead
compounds represented less than 1/3 of the total particulates,
the remainder being carbon compounds along with ammonium
and nitrate ions and unknown materials. Exhausted lead varied
with the condition of the exhaust system and ranged between
7 and 30% of the lead consumed by the engine. Fuel additives
affected the amount of emitted particulates. Probe sampling
techniques underestimated by a large factor the amount of par-
ticulates emitted by vehicles. Trapping systems offered poten-
tial for greatly reducing the emission of suspended total par-
ticulates. The size of lead particulates was determined using 26
1966-model cars with stabilized exhaust deposits. Under
Federal Cycle conditions, 18% of the lead burned was emitted
as fine and 11% as course particles. (Author abstract modified)
44621
Govan, Francis A., Louis A. Terracciano, and Jerome Romm
SOURCE TESTING OF UTILITY BOILERS FOR PARTICU-
LATE AND GASEOUS EMISSIONS. Preprint, Air Pollution
Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 23p., 1972. (Presented at the
Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 65th,
Miami, Fla., June 18-22, 1972, Paper 72-72.)
An emission test program was conducted with the cooperation
of several commercial testing organizations to evaluate the
best paniculate control techniques available for installation on
new or substantially modified steam-generating systemm. A
total of 10 steam generators were tested for paniculate, sulfur
dioxide, and nitrogen oxides emissions. Public Health Service
and ASME paniculate emissions tests were performed concur-
rently for seven of the units. The average paniculate emissions
for the six coal fired steam-electric units tested were 0.21 and
0.09 Ib/mill Btu of heat input by the PHS and ASME test
methods, respectively. The average paniculate emissions for
the two oil fired steam-electric units tested were 0.12 and 0.06
Ib/mill Btu of heat input by the PHS and ASME, test methods
respectively. The average paniculate emission for the 2 coal-
fired industrial boilers tested were 0.11 and 0.02 Ib/mill Btu of
heat input for the PHS and ASME methods, respectively. A
presurvey for the purposes of establishing liaison, setting
operating parameters, outlining scaffolding requirements,
checking sampling port conditions, and location of a clean-up
area are a mandatory requisite for a valid test program.
Recommended testing procedures are discussed.
44926
Leaderer, Brian P. and Gregory H. Sovas
ALLOCATION AND PROJECTION OF RESIDENTIAL AND
COMMERCIAL EMISSIONS THROUGH USE OF THE LUNR
INVENTORY. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Association, Pitt-
sburgh, Pa., 22p., 1972. 8 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution
Control Association, Annual Meeting, 65th, Miami, Fla., June
18-22, 1972, Paper 72-57.)
A technique was developed to estimate air pollution emissions
from present and projected residential and commercial land
uses by employing the Land Use Natural Resource Inventory
(LUNR Inventory) in combination with population and com-
mercial employee figures. While the method used for estimat-
ing total residential and commercial emissions is a well
established one, the allocation of these emissions on a land
use grid basis has a number of desirable advantages. The
procedure allows for easy and accurate estimates of area
source inputs for diffusion models, the projection of emissions
resulting from future residential and commercial land develop-
ment for any area in the state, the consideration of air pollu-
tant emissions in land use-zoning procedures, and the testing
of varying inputs to the system (i.e., population densities, fuel
distributions) to determine the resultant emissions from future
residential and commercial land use patterns and fuel policies
in New York State. (Author abstract modified)
47139
Friedlander, S. K.
CHEMICAL ELEMENT BALANCES AND THE IDENTIFICA-
TION OF AIR POLLUTION SOURCES. Preprint, California
Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, 28p., 1971. 16 refs. (Presented at the
Conference on Science in the Control of Smog, Pasadena, Calif.,
Nov. 15-16, 1971.)
Air pollution sources of given types, whether natural or man-
made, emit a characteristic set of chemical elements in ap-
proximately fixed proportions. If the sources in a polluted re-
gion are known, the contributions from each source can be
estimated by measuring elemental concentrations at a given
point and solving a set of simultaneous linear algebraic equa-
tions. The method was applied to paniculate matter measured
in the air of Pasadena over an 11-hour period and averaged
over particle size. For the test period, about 15% of the par-
ticulate matter resulted from primary natural sources and 25%
from primary man-made sources. Sources included sea salt,
soil dust, automobile exhaust fuel oil fly ash, Portland cement,
and tire dust. About 1/3 of the total resulted from atmospheric
reactions with 1/4 produced by the conversion of gas phase
hydrocarbons to paniculate form. The estimate for this figure
is based on a carbon balance. About 70% of the total panicu-
late burden was accounted for, with water probably making up
a significant portion of the missing 30%. Improvements and
extensions of the method are discussed. (Author abstract
modified)
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PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
52200
Jones, James R.
AIR POLLUTION FROM MINING OPERATIONS. Preprint,
American Inst. of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum En-
gineers, New York, Society of Mining Engineers, 22p., 1973. 1
ref. (Presented at the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgi-
cal and Petroleum Engineers, Annual Meeting, 102nd, Chicago,
111., Feb. 25-March 1, 1973, Paper 73F98.)
The potential sources of emission discussed in this paper
cover only the major problems facing the coal industry. The
modern coal mining industry is aware of the many rules and
regulations facing it with regard to the environment. All
sources of potential air pollution emissions at existing, as well
as new coal mine operations must undergo careful scrutiny.
The most obvious and expensive control will be that of par-
ticulate emissions from thermal driers. These are capable of
measurement of stack emission tests. Fugitive dust emissions
from breakers, crushers, and other preparation plant facilities
emitting dust will require water sprays or enclosures with
some type of collector. Handling systems as well as loading
facilities will require efforts to minimize fugitive dust. Haulage
roads will require oiling and more frequent spraying with
water to ally dust. This will be particularly true in areas visible
from public roads and neighboring residences. (Author summa-
ry modified)
54010
Feldman, P. L. and D. W. Coy
COMPARISON OF COMPUTED AND MEASURED OPACI-
TIES: LIGNITE-FIRED BOILERS. Preprint, Air Pollution
Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 32p., 1973. 2 refs. (Presented at
the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 66th,
Chicago, 111., June 24-28, 1973, Paper 73-168.)
The correlation between plume opacity and particle size dis-
tribution and mass concentration was studied. Emission and
opacity measurements were obtained using two lignite fired
boilers. A Brink cascade impactor was used to collect size dis-
tribution data, and two type sampling trains were used to mea-
sure participate concentrations. A computer program was
developed to predict opacity given the size distribution and
mass concentration data. The predicted opacities were then
compared with the measured values. The program was written
so that it was not necessary to approximate the distribution by
a single log-normal distribution. Extinction efficiency factors
were calculated from the Mie equations using a subroutine
developed by IBM. Opacities were calculated from the Lam-
bert-Beer Law with extinction coefficients evaluated by nu-
merical integration over the size distribution data. Special care
chould be taken in the measurement of mass concentration
and size distribution data which are to be used to calculate
opacities. Significant error in computed opacity can result
from normal error in these measurements. Further, opacity in
itself has little value as a general indicator of participate mass
concentration or particle size. Thus, each system under study
must be described in detail before opacity has practical mean-
ing. For nonabsorbing particles, the size range encompassing
0.1 to 1 micron radii is generally the most important in deter-
mining the overall opacity. Therefore, for acceptable correla-
tion of opacity and particle size and mass data, the size dis-
tribution data in this range must be accurately represented. It
is not sufficient, in many cases, to represent the data as a sin-
gle long-normal distribution. (Author abstract modified)
54062
White, Richard K. and John R. Ogilvie
DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH LIVESTOCK PRODUC-
TION. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
23p., 1973. 23 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control As-
sociation, Annual Meeting, 66th, Chicago, III,, June 24-28,
1973, Paper 73-103.)
The status of research and technology for evaluating and con-
trolling air pollution problems associated with livestock
production units is reviewed. The major problems are dust
from cattle feed lot and from confined poultry and swine
buildings, high levels of gases within confined livestock hous-
ing, and odor problems associated with the handling, treatment
and disposal of livestock manures. The principal areas of fu-
ture research needs are correlating quantitative analytical data
with sensory evaluation under field conditions and the
development of a dispersa model for odors. (Author summary
modified)
54087
Hagen, L. J. and N. P. Woodruff
PARTICULATE LOADS CAUSED BY WIND EROSION IN
THE GREAT PLAINS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
Pittsburgh, Pa., 24p., 1973. 21 refs. (Presented at Air Pollution
Control Association, Annual Meeting, 66th, Chicago, 111., June
24-28, 1973, Paper 73-102.)
Previous research related dust concentrations to visibility and
showed that the median dust storm concentration was 4.85
mg/cu m and the average duration was 6.6 hr. Wind speed and
particulate concentration profiles were integrated to computer
dust passage at various locations in the Great Plains. The an-
nual dust passage varied widely, depending upon precipitation,
but it averaged 40,000 tons per vertical sq mile in the 1950 s
and 12,600 tons in the 1960 s. Changes in the dust passage
between adjacent locations were consistent, and the lowest
dust passage occurred in the least erosive areas. The estimated
total particulates suspended in dust storms ranged from 37 to
551 million tons annually; the average dropped from 244 mil-
lion tons in the 1950 s to 77 million tons in the 1960 s. Esti-
mates of suspended particulates agreed well with dust deposi-
tion data collected for a limited period in the 1960 s. Based on
these estimates, wind erosion produces a larger mass of par-
ticulates than do all other primary sources in the United States
combined. Further, the high concentrations and frequent oc-
currence of dust storms make it doubtful that any Great Plains
state can meet all the criteria in the National Ambient Air
Quality Standards, particularly if particle size continues to be
disregarded in the standards. (Author abstract modified)
54138
Sehmel, George A.
INFLUENCE OF SOIL EROSION ON THE AIRBORNE PAR-
TICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION. Preprint, Air Pollu-
tion Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 27p., 1973. (Presented at
the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 66th,
Chicago, 111., June 24-28, 1973, Paper 73-162.)
Airborne particle size distributions were determined, and
adequate particle sampling techniques over a semiarid region
were established. The airborne particle size distribution func-
tion was determined for 'particle diameters from 1 to 230
micron at 6 heights from 0.3 to 30 m. The airborne particles in
the respirable size range were determined using cascade parti-
cle impactors and the larger particles were collected by deposi-
tion within a wind direction self-orienting attachment to the
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
impactors. The lower limit of the distribution function was
represented by delta N/delta D equals alpha D to the beta
power, in which D is the particle diameter and beta is an ex-
perimentally evaluated exponent. The distribution function
decreased up to 10 orders of magnitude as the particle diame-
ter was increased from 1 to 230 micron. On windy, dusty days,
for the 230 micron particles, the distribution function in-
creased to five orders of magnitude. The distribution function
for 1 micron particles increased at most one order of mag-
nitude. On nondusty, nonwindy days, there is an apparent
lower limit to the distribution function. The exponential
decrease in the size distribution is proportional to D to the -
3.88 for particle diameters, D, between 1 and 40 micron and
the decrease is proportional to D to the -5.48 power. The dis-
tribution function for smaller particles was determined using
hi-volume cascade impactors. Particles were collected on the
internal surfaces of the cascade impactors at locations other
than on the engineered particle impaction sites. This undesired
collection is termed a wall loss. The fractional wall losses were
a function of either sampling time (spring versus summer) or
sampling duration (40 hr versus less at 400 hr). (Author ab-
stract modified)
54321
Heisler, S. L., S. K. Friedlander, and R. B. Husar
THE RELATIONSHIP OF SMOG AEROSOL SIZE AND
CHEMICAL ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS TO SOURCE
CHARACTERISTICS. Atmos. Environ., 7(6):633-649, June
1973. 20 refs.
A method for calculating the number and chemical element
size distribution of Pasadena aerosols in a polluted atmosphere
was developed based on measured source characteristics and a
chemical element balance for collected aerosol samples.
Secondary formation processes for particulate matter signifi-
cantly modify the primary source spectrum and are taken into
account using certain models for the conversion processes.
The calculated size and volume distributions compare well
with experimental data. Calculations of the chemical element
distribution with respect to size have also been made. A sim-
plified model was adopted for sulfur oxide conversion. All the
chloride in the minute aerosol component was replaced on a
molar equivalent basis by sulfate and the resulting droplets as-
sumed to be saturated. The volume of the supersaturated
droplet remains close to the saturation value. The replacement
of chloride accounted for 0.028 micrograms m of sulfate and
0.006 micrograms m of water were associated with the satu-
rated droplets. Organics are also a secondary source. (Author
abstract modified)
54634
McGarry, Frederick J. and Constantine J. Gregory
A COMPARISON OF THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF PAR-
TICULATES EMITTED FROM AIR, MECHANICAL, AND
STEAM ATOMIZED OIL FIRED BURNERS. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc., 22(8):636-639, Aug. 1972. 3 refs.
Particulate air samples were collected from the effluent gases
from three steam generating boilers at an electric generating
station. Samples were collected by an Andersen Stack Sampler
which operates on the principle of a cascade impactor. The
samples were separated into eight size ranges and were
deposited on the collection plates of the sampler. These plates
were weighed with the samples and compared with their tare
weights to obtain the weight per plate and the total weight of
particulates collected. The percent of the total weights retained
on each plate was then computed for each sampling date. The
plumes produced by each type of fuel atomizer were observed
and compared to the results of the particulate samples. The air
atomized burner produced the greatest percentage of particu-
lates by weight in the submicron range of the three types of
atomizers investigated. The air atomized unit also produced
particulates with a lower combustible content than either of
the other two units. The mechanical atomized burner produced
particulates which were concentrated in the 9.2-3.3 micron
range. The steam atomized burner produced a particulate dis-
tribution which was spread approximately through the particu-
late size ranges investigated. (Author summary)
^57524
Lee, Robert E., Jr., Howard L. Crist, Allen E. Riley, and
Kathryn E. MacLeod
THE CONCENTRATION AND SIZE OF TRACE METAL
EMISSIONS FROM A POWER PLANT, A STEEL PLANT,
AND A COTTON GIN. Preprint, Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, N. C., National Environmental
Research Center, 23p., 1973. 16 refs.
An in-stack cascade impactor was used to determine the size
distribution of particles, before and after emission control
systems, of a coal-fired power plant, a steel plant, and a cot-
ton gin. Samples were analyzed for total particulate matter and
elemental metal content by graphite-furnace atomic absorp-
tion; selenium was analyzed by neutron activation. A sharp
decrease in the concentration and particle size was observed
after the particulates passed through the control systems.
Pronounced metal concentration and particle size relationships
were found in the power plant and steel plant samples. The
power plant outlet samples showed a concentration of chromi-
um, lead, antimony, zinc, and selenium in the particle size
range of 0-1 micron in diameter. The baghouse control system
on the steel plant was extremely efficient in removing metal-
containing particles below 5 micron in diameter. Mass and par-
ticle size distribution were correlated for particulates collected
before and after an electrostatic precipitator at a coal-fired
power plant, before and after a baghouse at an electric arc fur-
nace steel plant, and before and after a wet scrubber at a cot-
ton gin. Potential sources of error in the study were associated
with the accuracy of the sampling method, and included wall
loss effects, particle reentrainment, and calibration inaccura-
cies. (Author abstract modified)
'60240
Ganley, John T. and George S. Springer
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PAR-
TICULATES IN SPARK IGNITION ENGINE EXHAUST. En-
viron. Sci. Technol., 8(4):340-347, April 1974. 27 refs.
The formation and emission of particulates in the exhaust gas
of a 350 cu in Chevrolet V-8 spark ignition engine mounted on
a dynamometer and operated at constant speed and load were
investigated. Both leaded (Indolene HO 30) and unleaded (In-
dolene HO O) fuels were used, and the weight concentration
and size distribution of the particles were measured over a
wide range of exhaust gas temperatures (90-830 F). A large in-
crease in weight concentration as the exhaust gas temperature
decreased from 630-470 F was observed with the leaded fuel
and was attributed to the condensation of lead salt vapors in
the exhaust system; the weight concentration was constant at
all exhaust temperatures above 250 F for the unleaded fuel.
The size distributions lay within a relatively narrow band for
the unleaded fuel, and no discernible trend with respect to
temperature was observed; several size distributions were
noted for the leaded fuel, and the size distribution was a
strong function of exhaust gas temperature. The shape of the
particulates, the effect of engine speed, load, and air-fuel ratio
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PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
on participate weight concentration and size distribution, the
effect of spark timing on paniculate weight concentrations,
and the chemical composition of the paniculate matter were
also examined.
60301
Craig, Alfred B.
OVERVIEW OF THE FINE PARTICULATE PROBLEM.
Preprint, Joint U. S-U.S.S.R. Working Group on Stationary
Source Air Pollution Control Technology, 33p., 1974. (Presented
at the Symposium on Control of Fine Particulate Emissions from
Industrial Sources, Jan. 15-18, 1974.)
The problem of fine paniculate emissions is reviewed in terms
of air quality and new source performance standards, mea-
surement techniques, major industrial sources, available con-
trol methods, and human health effects. Inertial impactors are
currently being used by the Environmental Protection Agency
to give reproducible particle size distribution and mass frac-
tional efficiency data down to about 0.1 micron, and the
Southern Research Institute under EPA sponsorship is using a
series of diffusion batteries coupled with condensation nuclie
counters to provide concentration and size distributions by
number over the size range from about 0.01-0.3 micron. Par-
ticulate sulfate, the most abundant secondary fine particulate,
appears to have a threshold health effect level about one order
of magnitude lower than total suspended particulate, and the
only obvious control strategy is precursor control (sulfur diox-
ide and catalyst materials). Locus of particulate deposition and
time of retention in the respiratory system are both dependent
on particle size; fine particles are retained for much longer
periods of time. Probably the most efficient fine particulate
control device tested by EPA to date is a high pressure steam
scrubber developed by the Lone Star Steel Company; greater
than 99% of all paniculate can be removed down to 0.05
micron.
65181
Kaakinen, Jown W., Roger M. Jorden, and Ronald E. West
TRACE ELEMENT STUDY IN A PULVERIZED-COAL-
FIRED POWER PLANT. Preprint, Air Pollution Control As-
soc., 22p., 1974. 24 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control
Association, Annual Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo., June 9-13,
1974, Paper 74-8.)
Trace element concentrations and total mass flow rates of
solid and liquid materials in all inlet and outlet streams of a
pulverized-coal-fired power plant were measured to study the
fate of trace elements from coal combustion. Concentrations
of 17 elements were determined by atomic abosrption spec-
trophotometry, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and wet
chemistry. Overall mass balances for nine elements gaVe clo-
sures within 10%. Aluminum, iron, rubidium, strontium, yttri-
um, and niobium were at essentially constant concentrations in
all outlet ash streams. Copper, zinc, arsenic, molybdenum, an-
timony, lead, and the radioisotopes lead-210 and polonium-210
were in their lowest concentrations in the bottom ash and in
progressively higher concentrations in fly ash collected succes-
sively downstream toward the stack. The bulk of the coal in-
puts of elements in both of these groups were retained in
ashes at the power plant. Poor mass balance closures for mer-
cury and selenium based only on solid and liquid samples sug-
gested that portions of these two elements existed as vapors
and/or very fine aerosols in flue gas which passed through the
particulate control devices. The successive enrichment in the
downstream direction of certain trace elements in fly ash was
probably due to volatilization of these elements or their com-
pounds in the furnace, their subsequent condensation or ad-
sorption onto suspended fly ash particles, resulting in their
relatively higher concentrations in the finer particles, and the
relatively greater penetration of these finer particles through
the particulate control devices. (Author abstract)
65184
Walker, A. B.
CHARACTERISTICS AND ELECTROSTATIC COLLECTION
OF PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM COMBUSTION OF
LOW SULFUR WESTERN COALS. Preprint, Air Pollution
Control Assoc., 23p., 1974. 7 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, Annual Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo.,
June 9-13, 1974, Paper 74-11.)
About 90% of the known strippable low-sulfur coal reserves in
the U. S. are in the area west of the Mississippi River. These
coals can meet sulfur oxide emission regulations without the
need for flue gas desulfurization. The principal use of these
coals will be as fuel for conventional biolers which will require
particulate removal efficiencies in excess of 99%. The emis-
sion characteristics and electrostatic precipitator performance
tests on these coals are described. Mass emissions as a per-
centage of fuel ash were somewhat lower than Eastern bitu-
minous coals, but there was insufficient information to suggest
deviation from currently available methods, based upon East-
ern coals, for predicting ash carryover. Size distribution of
particulate emissions on pulverized coal units was similar to
that of Eastern bituminous coal. However, size distribution of
particulates from Western coals in cyclone boilers was
somewhat coarser than from the same fuel in pulverized coal
units or predicted from available data on Eastern bituminous
coals burned in cyclone boilers. Bulk electrical resistivity of
Western fuel ash at typical air heater outlet temperatures
varied over a wide range, could not be predicted on the basis
of fuel sulfur alone, and generally was above the level where
back corona would be expected. The bulk electrical resistivity
of Western fuel ash, at typical air heater inlet temperatures,
varied over a narrower range with most of the cases encoun-
tered being below the level where back corona would be ex-
pected. Precipitator performance can generally be correlated
according to a modified form of the Deutsch equation. This in-
dicates that specific collecting electrode areas in the range of
350-550 sq ft/1000 acfm are required for achievement of 99%
on fly ash with in-situ resistivity levels in the range of 10 to
the 10th to 10 to the 12th power ohm-cm; and that specific col-
lecting areas as high as 900-1000 sq ft/1000 acfm may be
required to achieve efficiencies in the 99.8% range. (Author
abstract modified)
65207
Roberts, John W., Harry A. Walters, Carl A. Mangold, and
August T. Rossano
COST AND BENEFITS OF ROAD DUST CONTROL IN
SEATTLE S INDUSTRIAL VALLEY. Preprint, Air Pollution
Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 24p., 1974. 14 refs. (Presented
at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 67th,
Denver, Colo., June 9-13, 1974, Paper 74-83.)
In a study done in Seattle s Duwamish Valley, the impact of
road dust on air quality was measured by obtaining dust emis-
sion factors for vehicles travelling at 10, 20, and 30 mph on
gravel as well as dusty paved roads. The paving of gravel
roads with an average daily traffic (ADT) over 15 is a least-
cost method for reducing suspended particulates in the air in
Seattle. A Mark II Cascade Impactor was mounted on a trailer
and towed behind a car to determine the concentration and
size distribution of this dust. Each vehicle at 20 mph on un-
paved roads contributed 7.0 Ib of dust to the air, 1.8 Ib consist-
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
ing of particles smaller than 10 micron in diameter and 0.24 Ib
below 2 micron. Three to 8% by weight of this respirable dust
was free silica, which is potentially toxic. The quantity of dust
generated varies as an exponent of the speed. The concentra-
tions of dust found in the air near a dry gravel road with an
ADT of 250 reached 584 micrograms/cu m for an 8-hour work
day. A 24-hour suspended participate reading of 463 micro-
grams/cu m and 3.83 micrograms/cu m free silica was found
beside a dusty paved road with an ADT of 18,000. Nineteen
miles of gravel roads and 110 mi of dusty paved roads con-
tributed 2,700 tons/yr of particulates, of which 700 tons were
below 10 micron. The cleaning and paving of roads will
produce benefits of $3,881,000 yearly in reduced cleaning,
health care, sewer, vehicle operation, and road maintenance as
well as an increase in property values. Clean roads can lower
the cost of clean air in Seattle.
66845
Amick, Robert S., Kenneth Axetell, Jr., and Dale M. Wells
FUGITIVE DUST EMISSION INVENTORY TECHNIQUES.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 27p.,
1974. 8 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association,
Annual Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo., June 9-13, 1974, Paper
74-58.)
The Clean Air Act of 1970 required all states to submit state-
wide emission inventories as an integral part of their imple-
mentation plans. As a result, emission inventory techniques
for conventional area sources and point sources were well
developed. Fugitive dust sources were not generally included
in these inventories, although they are prevalent in the Great
Plains, Far West, and Southwest, where arid conditions on
flat, exposed topography, coupled with relatively high wind
speeds, create several sources of paniculate emissions. The
major fugitive dust sources are unpaved roads, agriculture,
land development, construction, quarrying, mining, tailings,
aggregate storage, and cattle feedlots. A method is presented
for determining fugitive dust particulate emission inventories
for a specific, long-term inventory as well as for a more
general, short-term survey. The complete fugitive dust emis-
sion inventory includes a definition of the area to be surveyed,
identification of the significant sources, quantification by
source category, and combination of the significant source
categories emissions to obtain the total fugitive dust contribu-
tion. Emission factors are given for the various fugitive dust
sources, and the data for the Colorado fugitive dust emission
inventory are given.
67834
Office of Air and Waste Management, Research Triangle Park,
N. C., Emission Standards and Engineering Div.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR STANDARDS OF PER-
FORMANCE: PRIMARY ALUMINUM INDUSTRY. VOLUME
2: TEST DATA SUMMARY (FINAL REPORT). Rept. EPA-
450-2-74-020D, Sip., Oct. 1974. 17 refs. NTIS: PB 237613/AS
A summary is presented of source tests and visible emission
measurements which were cited in Technical Report: An in-
vestigation of the Best Systems of Emission Reduction for the
Primary Aluminum Industry. The summary is concerned prin-
cipally with tests for fluorides and visible emissions but also
describes the facilities, their operating conditions, and charac-
teristics of exhaust gas streams. Average primary outlet emis-
sions (fluorides) for 11 primary aluminum facilities tested
were: 0.0122, 0.016, 0.28, 0.405, 0.50, 0.139, 0.448, 0.51, 0.04,
0.74, and 0.31 Ibs/ton of product. Roof emissions (fluorides),
secondary outlet fluorides, and visible emissions are also tabu-
lated. Many of the tests were conducted using the Environ-
mental Protection Agency Method 13 which will be proposed
in the Federal Register at the time of proposal of the per-
formance standards for new or substantially modified primary
aluminum plants.
67993
Dannis, M. L.
RUBBER DUST FROM THE NORMAL WEAR OF TIRES.
Rubber Chem. Technol., 47(4): 1011-1037, Sept. 1974. 23 refs.
Results from studies on the nature of tire debris are presented.
Particles worn from tires were collected on sticky panels
mounted under vehicles and appeared to approach cylinders or
sausage shapes. The particles ranged from about 0.1 mm,
equivalent diameter, to a few microns minimum, in accord
with the Schallamach description of tire abrasion. Particles
caught on the filter plates of an isokinetic filter system were
examined, transferred to microscope slides, photographed, and
counted to obtain particle size distributions. Smooth distribu-
tions were obtained, with the geometric mean particle size
being about 20 micron equivalent diameter. Very few particles
in the range of 0.5-3 micron were found. Attempts to identify
volatile emissions using gas chromatography were unsuccess-
ful; and, since hydrocarbon loss as a vapor from tires was nil,
particulate erosion appeared to be the dominant loss
mechanism. Tire dust particles were subject to oxidation, with
biochemical oxidation at the soil surface under the combined
influence of oxygen, photoexcitation, and enzyme catalysis
being rapid.
68038
Davison, Richard L., David F. S. Natusch, John R. Wallace,
and Charles A. Evans, Jr.
TRACE ELEMENTS IN FLY ASH: DEPENDENCE OF CON-
CENTRATION ON PARTICLE SIZE. Environ. Sci. Technol.,
8(13):1107-1113, Dec. 1974. 33 refs.
The concentrations of 25 elements in fly ash emitted from a
coal fired power plant were measured as function of particle
size. Analytical techniques included spark source mass spec-
troscopy, optical emission spectrography, atomic absorption
spectroscopy, and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The
highest concentrations of the elements were in particles which
deposit in the pulmonary region of the respiratory system. Ex-
isting particle control devices are least effective for removing
the most toxic particles. The concentrations of lead, tantalum,
antimony, cadmium, selenium, arsenic, zinc, nickel, chromi-
um, and sulfur increased markedly with decreasing particle
size. A mechanism involving high temperature volatilization of
a species containing the trace element followed by preferential
condensation or adsorption onto the smallest particles is
proposed to account for the trace element concentration de-
pendence on particle size. The environmental significance of
the results is discussed including their relation to urban
aerosols. (Author abstract modified)
68823
Office of Air and Waste Management, Research Triangle Park,
N. C., Emission Standards and Engineering Div.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR STANDARDS OF PER-
FORMANCE: PRIMARY ALUMINUM INDUSTRY. VOLUME
1: PROPOSED STANDARDS. Rept EPA-4SO/2-74-020a, 122p.,
Oct. 1974. 13 refs. NTIS: PB 237612/AS
The proposed standards of performance for primary aluminum
plants and the rationale for the degree of control selected are
described. Analytical methods for sampling emissions and the
environmental and economic impact of the standards are
-------
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
discussed. During initial plant surveys, source measurements,
and a later visit to Norway, seven primary aluminum reduction
plants were observed to have visible emissions of about 10%
opacity or less; four with dry control systems had no visible
emissions. One domestic carbon anode bake plant had visible
emissions of less than 20% opacity; another domestic plant
had 10%. The Norwegian anode bake plant had about 10%.
The primary standard was based on primary emissions which
averaged less than 0.5 Ibs TF/TAP (total fluoride/ton of alu-
minum produced) which were achieved on four plants; one
foreign plant reported primary emissions of less than 0.5 Ib
TF/TAP. Three of the six tests of secondary systems showed
average emissions of less than 1.25 TF/TAP, including two
plants with elaborate sampling and flow measurement devices.
Based on an assumed fluoride control efficiency of only 90%,
emissions from carbon bake plants can be controlled to below
0.20 Ib TF/TCAP. Data were obtained from plants in which the
collection systems were upgraded and control systems
retrofitted to an existing piant. New plants should easily be
able to achieve the recommended standard of performance.
The economic impact upon the domestic primary aluminum in-
dustry of the standards is not considered to be adverse. The
economic impact would be adverse if more stringent standards
were to be imposed upon the industry. The proposed standard
of 2.0 Ib/TF/TAP is supported by measurement of emissions
from potrooms. Control technology for anode bake plants is
available to achieve 0.20 Ib TF/TCAP. The standard will
require installation and proper maintenance of equipment
representative of the best technology which has been demon-
strated for the industry. (Author summary modified)
68922
Office of Air and Waste Management, Research Triangle Park,
N. C., Emission Standards and Engineering Div.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR STANDARDS OF PER-
FORMANCE: ELECTRIC SUBMERGED ARC FURNACES
FOR PRODUCTION OF FERROALLOYS. VOLUME 2: TEST
DATA SUMMARY. Rept. EPA-450/2-74-018b, 55p., Oct. 1974.
21 refs. NTIS: PB 238077/AS
Test results and visible emission measurements on electric
submerged arc furnaces for production of ferroalloys are
described. The background information and rationale used in
the development of proposed standards of performance and
the economic and environmental impacts of the standards are
discussed. The operating conditions of the tested facilities,
characteristics of the exhaust gas streams, deviations from
prescribed test procedures, and results of paniculate matter
and carbon monoxide tests are presented. Results are given of
tests of electric submerged arc furnaces producing ferroman-
ganese equipped with various types of control methods includ-
ing venturi and centrifugal scrubbers, settling chambers,
baghouses, fume hoods, electrostatic precipitators, and flares.
'68935
Statnick, Robert M.
MEASUREMENT OF SULFUR DIOXIDE, PARTICULATE,
AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN COPPER SMELTER CON-
VERTER AND ROASTER/REVERBERATORY GAS
STREAMS (FINAL REPORT). Environmental Protection Agen-
cy, Research Triangle Park, N. C., Control Systems Lab.,
ROAP 21ADM-012, Program Element 1ABO12, Rept. EPA-
650/2-74-111, 92p., Oct. 1974. 33 refs.
The results of the analysis of data on particulate, sulfur diox-
ide, and trace element emissions and control efficiencies for a
copper smelter are given. The SQ2 emission rates from the
roaster/reverberatory and converter effluent streams were 518
and 587 Ibs/min, respectively. The acid plant s SO2 control ef-
ficiency was 96.8%. The mass collection efficiency of the con-
verter s electrostatic precipitator for dry filterable solids was
95%. The electrostatic precipitators had a minimum collection
efficiency for dry filterable solids of 0.8-1.2 micron. Analyzing
emitted particulate gave the following mass emission rates (in
Ibs/hr) for selected elements: arsenic (58.05), lead (24.65), cad-
mium (1.32), zinc (15.7), chromium (0.065), and copper (4.825).
Control efficiency for the analyzed elements was between 90
and 98%. An appendix presents methods for sampling and
analysis of mercury vapor in industrial streams containing
SO2. (Author abstract modified)
69504
Chu, Richard R.
NON-STACK GAS PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM
CHEMICAL AND POWER PLANTS - A REVIEW. Preprint,
American lust, of Chemical Engineers, 15p., 1974. 25 refs.
(Presented at the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, An-
nual Meeting, 67th, Washington, D. C., Dec. 5, 1974, Paper
85e.)
Major fugitive dust and nonstock particulate emission sources
in power and chemical plants are described. The dispersion,
distribution, and physico-chemical properties of these airborne
particulate matters are also mentioned. Fugitive dust and par-
ticulate matter from the following sources were studied: cool-
ing tower drift, coal storage, fly ash handling, construction
and unpaved roads, and limestone processing. Their formation
and control measures are described. Plant facility damages and
environmental effects caused by airborne particles are also
reviewed including atmospheric contamination of electric
transmission insulators causing electric flashover, atmospheric
corrosion, and environmental effects such as fogging and icing
on roads. The major control methods for the sources are: ad-
vanced drift eliminators and high blowdown for cooling
towers; water sprays, water/chemical sprays, asphalt
coverings, tar coverings, clay coverings, and vacuum dust
removal systems for coal storage and handling; paving, speed
limits, watering by trucks for unpaved roads; watering by
trucks or sprinkling systems, chemical soil stabilization, and
planting of vegetation for construction; water sprays and filter
and vacuum collecting systems for limestone handling; and
water wetting and washing down the loading area for fly ash
handling.
69939
Cowherd, Chatten, Jr., Kenneth Axetell, Jr., Christine M.
Guenther, and George A. Jutze
DEVELOPMENT OF EMISSION FACTORS FOR FUGITIVE
DUST SOURCES (FINAL REPORT). Research Inst., Kansas
City, Mo., Office of Air and Waste Management Contract 68-02-
0619, Rept. EPA-450/3-74-037, 191p., June 1974. 30 refs. NTIS:
PB 238262/AS
Field tests were conducted to develop emission factors for the
following common sources of fugitive dust: unpaved roads,
agricultural tilling, aggregate storage operations, and heavy
construction activities. For each source type, emissions were
related to meteorological and source parameters, including
properties of the emitting surface and characteristics of the
vehicle or implement which caused the emission. The informa-
tion was used to derive correction factors which appropriately
adjust basic emission factors to reflect regional differences in
climate and surface properties. Calculated emission factors for
unpaved roads ranged from 6.0 to 55.9 Ib/vehicle-mi. Average
dust emissions from unpaved roads had the following particle
size characteristics: less than 2 micron, 25 wt%; 2-30 micron
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
35 wt%; and 30-100 micron, 40 wt%. Emission factors for
agricultural tilling ranged from 41.6-85.2 Ibs/acre, with particle
size characteristics of 35 wt% for particle diameters less than
2 micron, 45 wt% for 2-30 micron, and 20 wt% for particle
diameters over 30 micron. Emission factors for aggregate
storage emissions (total storage cycle) were: 0.04 Ibs/ton for
loading onto piles, 0.13 Ibs/ton for vehicular traffic, 0.11
Ibs/ton for wind erosion, and 0.05 Ibs/ton for loadout from
piles. Estimated emission values from two construction sites
were 1.4 and 1.0 tons/acre/mo.
69976
Cowherd, Chatten C., Jr., Christine M. Guenther, and Dennis
D. Wallace
EMISSIONS INVENTORY OF AGRICULTURAL TILLING,
UNPAVED ROADS AND AIRSTRIPS, AND CONSTRUCTION
SITES (FINAL REPORT). Midwest Research Inst., Kansas
City, Mo., Environmental Protection Agency Contract 68-02-
1437, Rept. EPA-450/3-74-085, 49p., Nov. 1974. 21 rets. NTIS:
PB 288919/AS
A national emission inventory was developed on a county-by-
county basis to determine the air pollution impact of selected
fugitive dust sources. Source categories included were un-
paved roads, unpaved airstrips, heavy construction sites, and
agricultural land tilling. Emission factors, which include cor-
rection factors to adjust for local climatic conditions and pro-
perties of emitting surfaces, were calculated for each county.
Measures of the extent of activity for each category were
derived from available data. The methodology including
procedures used to estimate missing data is documented. The
source data were coded on the National Emission Data System
area source forms. (Author abstract modified)
71499
Picrson, W. R. and Wanda W. Brachaczek
AIRBORNE PARTICULATE DEBRIS FROM RUBBER
TIRES. Rubber Chem. Technol., 47(5): 1275-1299, Dec. 1974. 54
refs. (Presented at a joint meeting of the Rubber Division of the
Chemical Institute of Canada, Toronto, May 7-10, 1974.)
Road tests in tunnels and in the open air were conducted to
determine the amount of airborne particulate debris generated
from rubber tires. Airborne particulates accounted for a small
fraction of the total tire wear, with most of material worn
from tires being in the form of nonsuspendable particulates
deposited near the road. Tire debris comprised about 1-4% of
the total airborne particulate matter generated by road vehicles
of all categories in tunnels. Depending on driving conditions,
the amount of airborne tire particulate matter ranged from 5-
45% (20% average) of that emitted from the exhausts of
gasoline engines burning leaded fuel. The concentration of air-
borne tire particulate matter in urban areas appears to be
about 1 microgram/cu m or 1% of the total particulate loading.
The nationwide production of airborne tire particulates (about
50,000 tons/yr) does not appear to justify the consideration of
tire wear as a major source of pollution. (Author conclusions
modified)
72403
Schulz, E. J., R. B. Engdahl, and T. T. Frankenberg
SUBMICRON PARTICLES FROM A PULVERIZED COAL
FIRED BOILER. Atmos. Environ., 9(1):111-119, Jan. 1975. 2
refs.
The size distributions of submicron particles at the inlet and
outlet of an electrostatic precipitator serving a coal-fired ther-
mal power plant were measured with a Battelle number 6
cascade impactor and an in-stack Andersen sampler. Scanning
electron microscope photographs indicated that most of the
particles were spherical with the mean sizes at the precipitator
inlet and outlet being 5 and 2.25 micron, respectively. About
50% of the weight of the particles leaving the precipitator ap-
peared to be less than about 2 micron and about 15% were less
than 1 micron in size. The majority of the 1.0 micron particles
appeared to be condensed materials. (Author abstract
modified)
73045
Van Loan, M. and Larry Resnick
IMPACT OF EMISSIONS FROM FARM EQUIPMENT AND
OFF-ROAD HEAVY DUTY EQUIPMENT ON AIR POLLU-
TION IN CALIFORNIA. Preprint, Society of Automotive En-
gineers, Inc., New York 15p., 1973. 14 refs. (Presented at the
Society of Automotive Engineers National Combined Farm, Con-
struction and Industrial Machinery and Fuels and Lubricants
Meetings, Milwaukee, Wis., Sept. 10-13, 1973, Paper 730830.)
The impact of uncontrolled emissions from farm equipment
and off- road heavy duty equipment using gasoline or diesel
internal combustion engines is estimated for the state of
California. Estimates of hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide,
nitrogen oxide, sulfur oxide, and particulate emissions from
diesel and gasoline operated off-road heavy duty equipment
based on estimates of population, annual usage, horsepowers,
and emission factors are: 30.6, 448.9, 107.2, 12.8, and 12.4
tons/day. Similar estimates for farm equipment are: 29.9,
507.9, 66.4, 4.9, and 6.4 tons/day for hydrocarbons, CO, NOx,
SOx, and particulates, respectively. While farm and off-road
heavy-duty equipment do not constitute major emission con-
tributors to California s air pollution problem, the emissions
from these sources are nevertheless significant. Projected esti-
mates of hydrocarbons and NOx emissions from such equip-
ment for the years 1975 and 1980 indicate that these emissions
will not be major factors in comparison to emissions from all
sources in the state.
74251
Cardina, J. A.
PARTICLE SIZE DETERMINATION OF TIRE-TREAD
RUBBER IN ATMOSPHERIC DUSTS. Rubber Chem.
Technol., 47(4):1005-1010, Sept. 1974. 2 refs. (Presented at the
American Chemical Society, Rubber Division and Chemical In-
stitute of Canada, Macromolecular Science Division, Joint Meet-
ing, Toronto, Ontario, May 7-10, 1974, Paper 522.)
Ambient dust within 20 ft of heavy traffic on an expressway
was sampled and analyzed for tread rubber by pyrolysis gas
chromatography. Dust particles of respirable size (1.1-7.0
micron) accounted for 25-40% of the total by weight, and the
remainder of the particles were divided about equally between
the size range above 7.0 micron and that below 1.1 micron.
The amount of tread rubber in the respirable dusts averaged
about 4.3%; that in dust over 7.0 micron in size averaged
about 6.3%. The tread rubber content of particles in the
respirable range averaged 2.6 micrograms/cu m of suspended
particulates and was considered to be of low potential health
hazard. (Author summary modified)
75141
Shannon, Larry J., P. G. Gorman, M. P. Schrag, and D.
Wallace
EMISSIONS CONTROL IN THE GRAIN AND FEED INDUS-
TRY: VOLUME II EMISSION INVENTORY (FINAL RE-
PORT). Midwest Research Inst., Kansas City, Mo., Office of Air
-------
8
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
and Waste Management Contract 68-02-0213, Kept. EPA-450/3-
73-003sb, 99p., Sept. 1974. 4 refs. NTIS: PB 241234/AS
A particulate emissions inventory for the grain and feed indus-
try is presented along with projected emissions for the years
1975 and 1980. Emission calculations are given for the latest
year that production data are reported (generally 1969-1971).
Current levels of control are calculated by assuming that
cyclones are 90% efficient and fabric filters 99% efficient. The
following assumptions are made concerning the future extent
of control when projecting emissions to 1975 and 1980; a linear
relationship exists between the present and future level of
emissions; large operations located mainly in urban areas will
reach 100% application of the most efficient control devices
by 1985; smaller operations will reach 100% control by 1990 or
1995; and application of control at small operations in rural
areas will increase at a fixed rate (e.g., 3%/yr).
75944
Ctvrtnicek, T. E., S. J. Rusek, and C. W. Sandy
EVALUATION OF LOW-SULFUR WESTERN COAL
CHARACTERISTICS, UTILIZATION, AND COMBUSTION
EXPERIENCE (FINAL REPORT). Monsanto Research Corp.,
Dayton, Ohio, Dayton Lab., Environmental Protection Agency
Contract 68-02-1320, Program Element 1AB013, ROAP 21BBZ-
008, Task 12, Rept. EPA-6SO/2-75-046, MRC-DA-467, S69p.,
May 1975. 104 refs. NTIS: PB 243911/AS
Detailed information and statistics on western coal resources,
mining, production, composition, and combustion properties
are presented. Over 43% of some 200 billion tons of demon-
strated coal reserves in the western states is surface minable.
Approximately 80% of sub-bituminous coal reserves and 91%
of lignite reserves in the western states contain less than 1%
sulfur. During the firing of western coal, a decline in the col-
lection efficiency of electrostatic precipitators occurs as a
result of western coal s low sulfur content and subsequent
high fly ash resistivity. There is insufficient information to as-
sess the effect of coal trace element composition on the en-
vironment. Low-sulfur western coal burning plants in the small
and intermediate boiler size range generally meet the Federal
sulfur dioxide regulation (1.2 Ib SO2/million Btu). The best
market potential for western coal based on local rail coal
transportation is the northeast central and northwest central
regions.
75958
Beltzer, Morton
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM PROTOTYPE
CATALYST CARS. Exxon Research and Engineering Co., Lin-
den, N. J., Products Research Div., Environmental Protection
Agency Contract 68-02-1279, Program Element 1AA002, ROAP
21BCE-02, Rept. EPA-650/2-75-054, 224p., May 1975. 60 refs.
NTIS: PB 244889/AS
Particulate emissions from a vehicle equipped with a variety of
commercial and prototype catalyst systems were measured and
characterized. The catalysts used comprised four monolithic
and three pelleted oxidation catalysts and two nitrogen oxide
reduction catalysts. The 1975 Federal Test Procedure was
used. Particulate emissions increased due to the formation of
sulfuric acid from exhaust sulfur dioxide. Sulfates and as-
sociated bound water were the predominant components of the
exhaust particulates, followed by minor quantities of organic
particulates and metal-derived particulate (mostly iron). The
relative contributions of the latter two types of particulate
decreased with increasing fuel sulfur content. Substantial dif-
ferences in the sulfuric acid formation tendency of different
oxidation catalysts were observed. (Author summary modified)
76000
Hare, Charles T.
METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINING FUEL EFFECTS ON
DIESEL PARTICULATE EMISSIONS (FINAL REPORT).
Southwest Research Inst., San Antonio, Tex., Environmental
Protection Agency Contract 68-02-1230, Program Element
1AA002, ROAP 26AAE-19, Rept. EPA-650/2-75-056, 200p.,
March 1975. 9 refs. NTIS: PB 245163/AS
A method for evaluating fuel and fuel additive effects on
diesel engine particulate emissions was developed. A two-cycle
engine and a four-stroke cycle engine were operated in both
individual steady-state modes and according to a variation of
the 13-mode diesel emissions measurement procedure. Both
engines were operated on three fuel types, each of which was
used with one of two diesel fuel additives as well as by itself.
The primary particulate sampling technique employed was a
dilution tunnel. Secondary evaluation techniques included a
diluter- sampler, a light extinction smokemeter, and a filter-
type sampling smokemeter. Particulate mass rates were calcu-
lated from gravimetric data. The chemical analyses included:
sulfur, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen in particulate; total or-
ganic solubles; sulfur, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen
in organic solubles; benzo(3-4)pyrene; metals content; and
paraffin fractions. Specific particulate emission rates were
strongly influenced by fuel type and by the presence of an or-
ganometallic smoke suppressant additive. The composition of
organic solubles was primarily hydrocarbon material. (Author
summary modified)
77351
Fennelly, Paul F.
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PARTICULATES AS POLLU-
TANTS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 25(7):697-704, July
1975. 56 refs.
Primary and secondary particulates are discussed with respect
to their size distribution, origin, and chemical composition.
Primary particulates are particles that are injected directly into
the atmosphere. Usually their sizes are within the range 1-20
micron. Common sources are windblown soil, industrial emis-
sion, and combustion systems. Examples of typical primary
particulates are soot, pollen, fly ash, and dust. Secondary par-
ticulates are relatively small; their size range is 0.01 to 1.0
micron. They can be generally classified as sulfate, nitrates, or
hydrocarbons. Secondary particulates are formed as a result of
atmospheric reactions involving gaseous species such as sulfur
dioxide, nitrogen oxides, oxygen, ammonia, water, and
hydrocarbons. The proposed mechanisms for a number of
these reactions are outlined and their relative importance is
discussed. The impact of both primary and secondary particu-
lates on health and esthetics is discussed. (Author abstract
modified)
77664
Ensor, D. S., T. A. Cahill, and L. E. Sparks
ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF FLY ASH FROM COM-
BUSTION OF A LOW SULFUR COAL. Preprint, Air Pollution
Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 19p., 1975. 12 refs. (Presented
at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 68th
Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-33.7.)
Elemental composition as a function of particle diameter was
determined for fly ash resulting from the combustion of low
sulfur coal. A cascade impactor with a back-up filter was used
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
to collect fly ash samples at the inlet and outlet of a fluidized
bed scrubber, and the paniculate matter collected was
analyzed by an ion-excited X-ray technique. An enrichment of
sulfur, copper, and zinc was noted at the scrubber inlet. This
enrichment was possibly due to evaporation of volatile ele-
ments during combustion followed by condensation on more
inert materials when the stack gases cooled. The three same
elements were also enriched at the scrubber outlet. The in-
crease in S was possibly a partial result of gas to particle con-
version within the scrubber. An enrichment of the scrubber
exhaust as a function of particle size was possibly due to the
entrainment of mist containing soluble elements. The en-
richment of the soluble elements potassium, calcium, man-
ganese, nickel, copper, and zinc relative to silicon (the stan-
dard) for both large and small particles was unexpected. A
possible explanation for this enrichment involved the bubble
mechanism of the fluidized bed scrubber which was packed
with plastic balls.
77665
Morgenstern, L. N., P. Morgenstern, C. E. Mears, and D. H.
Barrett
AIR QUALITY MODELING ANALYSIS OF POWER PLANTS
FOR FUEL CONVERSION. Preprint, Air Pollution Control As-
soc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 19p., 1975. 6 rets. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston,
Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-33.6.)
Diffusion modeling analyses for 63 east coast power plants at
which selected units were considered as candidates for fuel
conversion from oil- to coal-firing were performed to evaluate
the potential impact of these conversions on ambient sulfur
dioxide and paniculate concentrations. All of the fuel conver-
sions appeared to permit attainment of the primary annual SO2
and paniculate ambient air quality standards. Fuel conversions
at 36 of the plants did not appear to endanger attainment of
the primary 24-hour suspended paniculate standard, and at-
tainment of the primary 24-hour SO2 standard did not appear
to be jeopardized at 27 of the plants. All of the plants in-
dicated attainment of the 24-hour suspended paniculate stan-
dard for the 1972 base year, and 53 of the plants indicated at-
tainment of the 24-hour SO2 standard. The fuel conversion at
26 plants where attainment of all standards was possible was
estimated to result in an annual reduction in fuel oil usage of
about 3 billion gallons. The largest reduction in fuel oil was
projected for the New York-New Jersey area followed by the
New England states. (Author abstract modified)
77667
Anderson, Michael K.
POWER PLANT IMPACT ON AMBIENT AIR: COAL VS.
OIL COMBUSTION. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
Pittsburgh, Pa., 15p., 1975. 5 rets. (Presented at the Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass.,
June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-33.5.)
Total suspended particulates, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen ox-
ides were monitored for specific wind conditions in the vicini-
ty of a steam electric power plant over a 1-month period to
determine the effect of coal-firing versus oil-firing on ambient
pollutant levels. Air pollution levels were significantly lower
during oil firing than during coal firing. Monitoring data ob-
tained downwind of the plant over a 24-hour period revealed a
37% reduction in NOx, a 90% reduction in SOx, and a 30%
reduction in total suspended paniculate levels when oil was
consumed in place of coal. The best method for comparing 24-
hour pollutant samples to hourly wind direction readings in-
volved establishing correlations between the pollutant concen-
trations and the number of hours that the wind blew across the
source to the site. Maximum potential impact calculations sug-
gested that primary and secondary 24-hour SO2 standards are
in danger of being exceeded if coal is burned at the plant. The
prevention of this requires keying period of coal combustion
to suitable meteorological conditions or operation of the plant
at less than full coal combustion capacity. (Author abstract
modified)
77700
Cowherd, Chatten, Jr., James H. Southerland, and Charles O.
Mann
METHODOLOGY FOR A NATIONAL EMISSIONS INVEN-
TORY OF FUGITIVE DUST SOURCES. Preprint, Air Pollu-
tion Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 14p., 1975. 17 refs.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual
Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-36.5.)
The methodology used to compile data for a national emis-
sions inventory of fugitive dust emissions (unpaved roads,
construction sites, agricultural land tilling, and unpaved air
strips) is described. Dat on the extent of each source category
and on the correction parameters which adjust emissions esti-
mates for variations in texture (silt content) and average
moisture content of the emitting surface were compiled for
each of more than 3000 counties in the United States. Calcula-
tion schemes ranged from the apportioning of state-wide mea-
sures of source extent to the analysis of geographical maps of
climatic and soil properties. The tabulations are being entered
into the National Emissions Data System for computation of a
national fugitive dust emissions inventory. Average values of
corrected emission factors are presented for each state. Esti-
mates of the possible error in the calculated data range from +
or - 15% to + or - 50%. (Author abstract modified)
77703
Kaplan, Lawrence and Peter Franconeri
DETERMINATION AND EVALUATION OF STACK EMIS-
SIONS FROM MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS. Preprint, Air
Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 15p., 1975. 5 refs.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual
Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-38.1.)
Performance and stack emissions tests were performed on
three large capacity municipal incinerators in New York City.
The tests were performed on two electrostatic precipitators
and one scrubber serving the incinerators. The gaseous and
paniculate components leading into the control devices were
considerably lower than accepted incinerator furnace emission
factors. The electrostatic precipitators, when adequately
designed, met the present paniculate emission regulations for
municipal incinerators with an adequate safety margin for
possible future stricter laws. Precipitators downstream of
spray towers appeared capable of meeting future laws cover-
ing gaseous emissions from incinerators. Either up-flow or
down-flow gas spray towers worked satisfactorily with
precipitators to meet required efficiencies. However, the
down-flow towers removed a larger amount of gaseous pollu-
tants. Electrostatic precipitators limited emissions to an
average of approximately 7 Ib of particulate/hr. Electrostatic
precipitators also averaged 33% sulfur dioxide removal, 75%
hydrochloric acid fume removal, 60% chloride removal, and
23% removal for organic gases. Gas sampling results are also
reported ammonia, aldehydes, organic acids, ozone, nitrogen
dioxide, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitric oxide.
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10
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
77726
Kosky, Kennard F. and Martin P. Wanielista
FUGITIVE PARTICULATE FROM HIGHWAY CONSTRUC-
TION. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
13p., 1975. 5 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control As-
sociation, Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June 15-20,
1975, Paper 75-36.3.)
The air quality impact of highway construction activities was
assessed by collecting 132 24-hour high-volume samples at
nine sampling locations at various distances and elevations
with respect to the construction site. Violations of the primary
and secondary air quality standards for particulate matter (24-
hour) were observed 17.4 and 35.6% of the valid sampling
time, respectively. Particle size distributions ranged from 3.7-
7.5 micron. The occurrence of precipitation reduced mean par-
ticulate concentrations by about 53%. The particulate concen-
tration also decreased rapidly with increasing distance from
the road. The largest number of high total suspended particu-
late concentrations was observed when the wind direction was
at a 45- degree angle from the direction of the roadway.
(Author abstract modified)
77929
Jacko, Robert B. and James P. Loop
A PARAMETRIC STUDY OF AN OPEN HEARTH FURNACE
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control
Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 15p., 1975. 18 refs. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston,
Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-15.2.)
Operating parameters affecting particulate emissions from a
typical basic open hearth steel making furnace were studied.
Consecutive 15-minute emission samples were extracted from
the furnace gathering flue with a modified Andersen sampling
head and the standard Environmental Protection Agency train.
This resulted in the characterization of emissions with process
time. The major process parameters that were varied during
the study were the percentages of hot metal, number two
dealer scrap, and oxygen lancing. Overall emissions varied by
as much as 10 to 1 during a typical 8-hour heat. Maximum ox-
ygen usage resulted in maximum particulate emissions; and the
lowest oxygen usage resulted in minimum emissions, with the
minimum occurring typically for 50% hot metal addition levels.
The amount of dealer scrap charged with each of the hot metal
additions exerted a smaller effect on the overall emissions as
compared to the use of oxygen. Doubling the amount of ox-
ygen resulted in a doubling of the particulate emission level,
while only a 30% increase was observed over the full range of
number two dealer scrap. The median particle diameter of
emissions sampled during each of seven heats was 1.5 micron.
(Author abstract modified)
78512
Hindman, Edward E., II, Peter V. Hobbs, and Lawrence F.
Radke
AIRBORNE INVESTIGATIONS OF AEROSOL PARTICLES
FROM A PAPER MILL. Preprint, Air Pollution Control As-
soc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 15p., 1975. 18 refs. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston,
Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-32.9.)
Airborne measurements were made in the effluent of a Kraft-
process paper mill and in nearby air unaffected by the mill
using a new particle sampling facility which integrates the data
from five instruments. The aerosol particle measurements
demonstrate that the effluent from the paper mill is a signifi-
cant and consistent source of particles with diameters greater
than 0.08 micron. The effluent contains fewer particles smaller
than 0.08 micron than nearby air, indicating that inhanced
coagulation of particles may be occurring in the mill s effluent
and not occurring in the nearby air. The effluent from the mill
is a significant source of large and giant cloud condensation
nuclei (CCN), but not a significant source of. small CCN.
These large and giant CCN account for the anomalously large
drops which are observed in clouds located in the effluent of
the paper mill investigated. (Author abstract modified)
79163
O Keefe, Lawrence P.
MODELING INCINERATOR FLUE TRAIN PERFORMANCE
WITH A DIGITAL COMPUTER. American Society of Mechani-
cal Engineers, New York, Incinerator Div., Natl. Incinerator
Conf. Resour. Recovery Thru Incineration, Miami, Fla., 1974,
p. 173-178. 2 refs. (May 12-15.)
A mathematical model which characterizes incinerator flue gas
in terms of temperature, weight and volume flow, moisture
content, pressure drop, and particulate content as it travels
from the grate bed to the stack is described. Furnace and flue
train design data are fed into the model along with refuse com-
position and forced draft air flow rates, and a computer pro-
vides printouts of flue gas conditions at each point in the flue
train for each combination of refuse composition and air flow.
The contaminant loading section of the model uses an empiri-
cal equation to calculate the weight of fly ash generated. Each
contaminant removal process is assigned its own removal effi-
ciency value or equation, and the amount of contaminant
remaining is calculated at these points. An electrostatic
precipitator subroutine calculates the particulate contained in
the flue gas exiting to the atmosphere as a function of inlet
dust loading and gas velocity. Energy recovery processes can
be modeled by adding a waste heat boiler subroutine or, in the
case of a waterwalled furnace, adding equations to the furnace
subroutine. The model is useful for understanding the range of
conditions during operation and for designing the incinerator
and control equipment for minimum pollutant generation.
(Author abstract modified)
80030
Lillis, Edward J. and Dexter Young
EPA LOOKS AT FUGITIVE EMISSIONS. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc., 25(10): 1015-1018, Oct. 1975. 6 refs.
The characteristics of fugitive emissions (industrial) and fugi-
tive dust emissions are described. Fugitive emissions include
both gaseous and particulate emissions that result from indus-
trial related operations and which escape to the atmosphere
through windows, doors, and vents, but not through a primary
exhaust system, such as a stack, flue, or control system. Fugi-
tive emissions results from metallurgical furnace operations,
materials handling, transfer, and storage operations, and other
industrial processes where emissions escape to the at-
mosphere. Fugitive dust emissions are generally related to
natural or man associated dusts (particulate only) that become
airborne due to the forces of winds, man s activity, or both.
Fugitive dust emissions include windblown particulate matter
from unpaved dirt roads, tilled farm lands, and exposed sur-
face areas at construction sites. Natural dusts that become air-
borne during dust storms are included as fugitive dusts.
80648
Cross, Frank L., Jr. and J. Ronald Lawson
A NEW PETROLEUM REFINERY - THE ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT. AIChE Symp. Ser., 70(136):808-816, 1974. 17 refs.
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
11
A mathematical diffusion model is used to estimate the en-
vironmental impact of a hypothetical 100,000-barrel/day
refinery located in the densely populated city of Providence,
Rhode Island. Estimated sulfur dioxide, total paniculate, and
carbon monoxide emissions from the refinery are 1606, 80.3,
and 1318 tons/yr, respectively, as compared with total con-
tributions from other sources in the area of 139,150, 23,600,
and 437,350 tons/yr, respectively. Such estimates in combina-
tion with determinations of the costs of alternative control
methods are useful in site selection considerations. A general
outline of a typical environmental impact statement is
presented.
82797
Burchard, John K.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PARTICULATE EMISSIONS. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., 24(I2):1141-1142, Dec. 1974.
The emission of fine particulates is discussed in terms of their
effect on human health, industrial sources of their emission,
and methods for their control. The principal health effect of
fine particulates (less than 3 micron in diameter) results from
inhalation and direct attack on the respiratory system which
may be manifested by short term irritant effects or longer term
damage in the form of emphysema, bronchitis, or pneu-
moconiosis. Major industrial sources of fine particulate emis-
sions can be priority ranked as follows: ferro-alloy furnaces,
steel-making furnaces, coal-fired power plants, lime kilns,
kraft pump mill recovery furnaces, municipal incinerators, iron
foundry cupolas, crushed stone plants, hot-mix asphalt plants,
and cement kilns. Although electrostatic precipitators and
fabric filters can remove fine particles down to 0.1 micron
with efficiencies around 98-99%, the range of applicability of
these control devices is limited by operating conditions and
particulate properties.
84716
Barrett, R. E., D. W. Locklin, and Robert E. Hall
FIELD INVESTIGATION OF EMISSIONS FROM COMMER-
CIAL BOILERS. Preprint, Battelle Columbus Laboratories,
Columbus, Ohio and Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, N. C., 19p., 1976. 10 refs. (Presented at
the Air Pollution Control Association Specialty Session
Proceedings, 67th, June 1974.) NTIS:PB-2S1919/AS
Information on air-pollutant emissions from commercial
boilers was developed in a 2-year field investigation conducted
by Battelle s Columbus Laboratories for the American Petrole-
um Institute and the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Particulate, smoke, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen
oxides, and sulfur dioxide emissions from 13 typical commer-
cial boilers were measured to determine the effects on emis-
sions of various combustion parameters and fuel oil composi-
tions. Emissions were measured for 33 different combinations
of boilers and fuels at various loads and excess air settings.
Burner adjustments had a marked effect on particulate and
smoke emissions. Fuels included in the investigation were
natural gas and five grades of fuel oil. Fuel characteristics had
a significant effect on emissions, especially particulate and
NOx. Particulate emissions with the 1% sulfur oil averaged
about 30% of those for conventional No. 6 oil with sulfur con-
tent averaging about 2%. Particulate emissions for No. 2 oil
averaged only about 3% of those for No. 6 oil. Emissions of
NOx were lowest with gas and the lighter grades of fuel oil.
An empirical correlation was developed relating NOx with the
nitrogen content of fuel oils. New emission factors (with a
distinction between fuel-oil grades) are suggested for use in
emission inventories and in evaluating control strategies. A
reference document, Guidelines for Burner Adjustments of
Commercial Oil-Fired Boilers, was prepared for use by service
technicians in adjusting commercial oil-fired boilers to
minimize emissions and to maintain efficiency. (Author ab-
stract)
84717
Ward, Darold E., Charles K. McMahon, and Ragnar W.
Johansen
AN UPDATE ON PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM
FOREST FIRES. Preprint, the Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
Pittsburgh, Pa., 15p., 1976. 20 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollu-
tion Control Association Annual Meeting, 69th, Portland, Oreg.,
June 27-July 1, 1976, Paper 76-2.2.
Recent estimates of particulate production from forest fires in
the United States have ranged from 500,000 to 54,000.000 tons
annually. This has been partly due to disparities in estimates
of fuel that is consumed during the combustion process, but
more to the choice of emission factors used to compute par-
ticulate production. The published data are reviewed, and new
National estimates for 2 main categories of fires (wildfires and
prescribed fires) are proposed. The emission factors for wild-
fires and prescribed fires are 150 and 50 pound/ton, respec-
tively; the annual particulate production is 3,500,000 ton and
430,000 ton, respectively. The wild range of presently quoted
emission factors, between 10 and 200 Ib/ton for different fire
behavior and fuel characteristics, is discussed. Grouped with
the prescribed fire category are both low-intensity fires (used
mostly in the South to reduce understory litter) and fires used
for disposal of logging debris (slash fires). In addition, esti-
mates summarizing particulates production on a seasonal-re-
gional basis arc also presented in order to underscore the need
to recognize the cyclic and intermittent nature of the forest
burning source.
84723
Wilson, William E., Lester L. Spiller, Thomas G. Ellestad,
Paul J. Lamothe, Thomas G. Dzubay, Robert K. Stevens,
Edward S. Marcias, Janja D. Husar, Rudolf B. Husar,
Kenneth T. Whitby, David B. Kittleson, and Bruce K. Cantrell
GENERAL MOTORS SULFATE DISPERSION EXPERI-
MENT: SUMMARY OF EPA MEASUREMENTS. Preprint, the
Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 18p., 1976. 19
refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association Annual
Meeting, 69th, Portland, Oreg., June 27-July 1, 1976, Paper 76-
22.5.)
A study was conducted to measure potential sulfate exposures
from a fleet of cars using catalyst-equipped motors in con-
trolled, simulated highway driving conditions and under many
different meteorological conditions. A fleet of 352 catalyst-
equipped cars was run on a 10 km north-south straightway.
The cars ran for 2 hours at 80 km/hr, equivalent to a traffic
density of about 5500 vehicles/hr on a 4-Iane highway. The
gasoline was unleaded and blended to contain 0.03 wt% sulfur.
Samplers are operated upwind and downwind of the road for
later analysis of sulfur and other elements by X-ray
fluorescence. Sulfuric acid, sulfate, and aerosol size distribu-
tion measurements were made inside one of the test vehicles.
Sulfuric acid, aerosol size distribution, ammonia, and sulfur
dioxide measurements were made 20 meters downwind of the
road. The particulate sulfur emissions rate was determined
from a measurement of the sulfate mass flow rate 15 meters
downwind. It was found that sulfuric acid aerosol (Aitken
nuclei mode, geometric mean diameter about 0.02 micron) was
emitted in the exhaust of the catalyst-equipped vehicles. Mea-
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12
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
surement of substantial amounts of sulfuric acid 20 m
downwind of the road indicated a lack of complete neutraliza-
tion by ammonia. When the wind was perpendicular to the
road, there was no coagulation of sulfuric acid in the accumu-
lation mode, geometric mean diameter of about 0.24 micron.
When the wind was parallel to the road, the higher concentra-
tion of aerosol and the increased residence time led to coagu-
lation of about one third of the sulfuric acid aerosol into the
accumulation mode. From measurements of the aerosol sulfur
mass flow rate, the aerosol sulfur emission rate/car was deter-
mined to be 3.5 plus or minus 0.8 micron/m, corresponding to
a 12 plus or minus 3% conversion of fuel sulfur into emitted
aerosol sulfur.
84724
Giammar, Robert D., Richard B. Engdahl, and Richard E.
Barrett
PARTICULATE AND POM EMISSIONS FROM A SMALL
COMMERCIAL STOKER-FIRED BOILER FIRING SEVERAL
COALS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh,
Pa., 16p., 1976. 6 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control
Association Annual Meeting, 69th, Portland, Greg., June 27-
July 1, 1976, Paper 76-4.2.)
The stoker design, stoker operation and firing procedure, and
type of coal burned is related to the levels of emission of
smoke, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, par-
ticulates, and POM. It is demonstrated that smokeless opera-
tion of small commercial stokers can be achieved with minor
modifications in the stoker design (by providing for overfire
air) and accurate control of the combustion air. The data in-
dicate that a relatively large amount of particulate and POM
emissions are generated during the off-cycle in which there is
no control over the air supply. Emissions might be reduced
during this cycle by maintaining a control of the air flow to
and above the fuel bed. Anthracite coal proved most suitable
for stoker firing. Western subbituminous coal can be used with
minor modifications in the design and operation of the stokers.
' 84726
Boyer, Kenneth W. and Herbert A. Laitinen
AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST PARTICULATES. PROPERTIES
OF ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE. Environ. Sci.
Techno!., 9(5):457-469, May 1975. 20 refs.
The physical and chemical properties of automobile exhaust
particulates were investigated. The particulates were collected
with a specially designed collection apparatus from a 1973
Ford V-8 engine operating at warmed-up cruise conditions.
Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy of the
ether extract of the submicrometer exhaust particulates
showed the presence of hundreds of compounds, including
about 50% saturated aliphatic, 5% polynuclear aromatic, and
30% oxygenated hydrocarbons. Irradiation of exhaust particu-
lates with ultraviolet light caused photochemical degradation
of the organic material associated with the particulates. The
presence of lead halides appeared to enhance the rate of
photodecomposition of exhaust particulates. (Author abstract)
84742
Dana, M. Terry, R. N. Lee, and E. J. Schulz
PARTICULATE AND SO2 EMISSIONS FROM PROCESS
HEATERS AT SHELL AND TEXACO REFINERIES,
ANACORTES, WASHINGTON. Battelle, Pacific Northwest
Laboratories, Richland, Wash., EPA Contract 68-02-1409, Task
17, 60p., Sept. 1975.
In response to a need for more up-to-date emission factors for
petroleum refinery process heaters, measurements were made
of sulfur dioxide and particulate emissions from such sources.
The measurements were made at the Texaco CO. Boiler and
Shell Crude Heater F-101 and were of three types: total par-
ticulate (EPA Method 5); particle size distribution (Andersen
impactor); and sulfur dioxide (EPA Method 6). Because fuel
mixtures can vary in normal operation of these plants, at least
four total particulate runs were performed at each location.
Two of these runs at each plant were conducted under high oil
firing conditions, and the other two under low oil conditions.
The high oil condition at one of the plants was selected for
SO2 and Andersen impactor sampling. The sampling points at
each plant were located at the effluent stack. The measure-
ment results are given. (Author abstract)
84747
SUMMARY OF PARTICULATE AND SULFUR OXIDE EMIS-
SION REDUCTIONS ACHIEVED NATIONWIDE FOR
SELECTED INDUSTRIAL CATEGORIES, 1970-1974 (FINAL
REPORT). Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.
C., Div. of Stationary Source Enforcement, Rept. EPA 340/1-76-
001, 33p., Jan. 1976.
The results of 4 years of local, state, federal, and industry ef-
forts to reduce the amount of particulates and sulfur oxides
being emitted into the atmosphere by stationary sources are
summarized. Emission reductions for selected industrial
categories are summarized and compared to the reduction goal
planned for the time period. The results (presented in graphs
and tables) are discussed separately for each pollutant and
each industry as well as for the nation as a whole. Results are
expressed in terms of controlled emissions: the difference
between potential and actual emissions for specific source
categories. For example, between 1970 and 1974, potential
SOx emissions increaed by 13% (from 39.6 to 44.3 million
ton/yr), but the overall degree of control increased from 13 to
29%, resulting in an 8% reduction in actual emissions. By the
end of 1974, 7.6 million tons/yr of SOx were being controlled
that were not being controlled in 1970. Actual particulate emis-
sions also declined from 1970 to 1974, (from 27.5 to 19.5 mil-
lion ton/yr), while the potential for emissions increased,
because the overall degree of control also increased. Industries
for which results are discussed include: coal-fired steam elec-
tric power plants, oil-fired steam electric power plants; coal-
fired industrial/commercial boilers; integrated iron and steel
mills and coke plants; petroleum refineries; primary copper,
lead, zinc, and aluminum smelters; Portland cement plants;
municipal refuse incinerators; sulfuric acid plants; phosphate
fertilizer plants; ferroalloy plants; asphalt concrete plants; coal
cleaning plants; kraft and sulfite pulp mills; and gray iron
foundries.
84748
Cowherd, Chatten, Jr. and Charles O. Mann
QUANTIFICATION OF DUST ENTRAINMENT FROM
PAVED ROADS. Midwest Research Institute, Kansas City, Mo.,
Contract EPA 68-02-1403, Task 7, Rept. 76.54, 14p., 1976. 9
refs.
This paper presents the results of a field testing program to
develop emission factors for fugitive dust entrainment from
paved urban roadways. Substantial evidence has been com-
piled which indicates that dust emissions from city streets are
a major cause of nonattainment of national air quality stan-
dards for total suspended particulates (TSP). Therefore, the
quantification of this source is necessary to the development
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
13
of effective attainment and maintenance strategies. The sam-
pling program was conducted at representative sites in the
Kansas City area. At one location, controlled amounts of pul-
verized top soil and gravel fines are applied to the road sur-
face. The basic measurements consisted of isokinetic dust ex-
posure and concentration profiles, particle size distributions,
dust deposition profiles, surface dust loadings, and traffic
characteristics. In addition, conventional high volume samplers
were used to determine attenuation of TSP concentration with
distance from the source. Emissions were found to vary
directly with traffic volume and surface loading of silt (fines),
which in turn is related to land use. Estimated emission factors
for particles smaller than 30 micrometers in diameter, as a
function of land use, range from about 1 to 15 g/vehicle-mile,
of which about two-thirds consists of particles smaller than 5
micrometers. (Author abstract)
84756
Tanner, R. L. and L. Newman
CHEMICAL SPECIATION OF SULFATE EMISSIONS FROM
CATALYST-EQUIPPED AUTOMOBILES UNDER AMBIENT
CONDITIONS. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-600/3-
76-035, 12p. 9 refs. In: The General Motors/Environmental Pro-
tection Agency Sulfate Dispersion Experiment: Selected EPA
Research Progress, April 1976.
Airborne particles samples were obtained on treated quartz fil-
ters during five days of the General Motors (GM) Sulfate
Dispersion Experiment and analyzed for total acidity, sulfuric
acid, ammonium, soluble sulfate (two methods), total sulfur
and nitrate. From the resultant data it is concluded that the im-
mediate roadside impact from sulfate emissions by catalyst-
equipped autos is of the order of 3-6 microgram/cu m,
probably all in the form of sulfuric acid (in agreement with
EPA and EPA contractor data). This paniculate sulfuric acid
emission is neutralized by ambient ammonia with a half-life of
tens of seconds, the rate apparently dependent on the ambient
ammonia concentration. Experimental examples of (a) sulfuric
acid impact; (b) ammonia-neutralized sulfate impact; and (c)
partially neutralized sulfate impact at 30 meters or 100 meters
downwind from the roadway are cited. (Author abstract)
84759
Macias, E. S., R. A. Fletcher, J. D. Husar, and R. B. Husar
PARTICULATE SULFUR EMISSION RATE FROM A SIMU-
LATED FREEWAY. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-
600/3-76-035, 20p. 6 refs. In: The General Motors/Environmen-
tal Protection Agency Sulfate Dispersion Experiment: Selected
EPA Research Progress, April 1976.
The particulate sulfur emission rates from a roadway traversed
by catalytic converter equipped cars was determined by mea-
suring the particulate sulfur concentration profile and vertical
wind velocity profile 15 m from the edge of the road. Filter
samples were collected in half-hour intervals with two stage
samplers and were subsequently analyzed for sulfur, using the
flash vaporization-flame photometric detection method. Par-
ticulate mass was also monitored with a beta attenuation mass
monitor. The sulfur flow rate for this experiment was found to
be 5.3 + or 1.2 microgram/m/sec and the sulfur emission
rate/car was 3.5 + or - 0.8 microgram/m. This corresponds to a
12. + or -3.0% conversion of the fuel sulfur emitted as particu-
lar sulfur. It was also found that sulfur accounted for approxi-
mately 20% of the fine particulate mass. Measurements in an
automobile indicated that the sulfur concentrations on the
roadway and inside a passenger vehicle were comparable and
were similar to the concentrations measured 15 m downwind.
(Author abstract)
84760
Whitby, K. T., D. B. Kittelson, B. K. Cantrell, N. J. Barsic,
D. F. Dolan, L. D. Tarvestad, D. J. Nieken, J. L. Wolf, and J.
R. Wood
AEROSOL SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS AND CONCENTRATIONS
MEASURED DURING THE GENERAL MOTORS PROVING
GROUNDS SULFATE STUDY. Environmental Protection Agen-
cy, EPA-600/3-76-035, 50p. 12 refs. In: The General Motors/En-
vironmental Protection Agency Sulfate Dispersion Experiment:
Selected EPA Research Progress, April 1976.
In October 1975, General Motors (GM) and the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) conducted a freeway simulation
study at the GM Milford Proving Ground, using only catalytic
converter equipped cars. During the study, nearly 900 aerosol
size distribution measurements were made, both on the test
track and close by. At the same time, sulfate measurements
were also made by other experimental teams. Background
aerosol volume size distributions measured during the test
show three distinct modes with mean sizes of approximately
0.03, 0.24 and 0.6 micron. Aerosol distributions measured dur-
ing the run, both on and off the track, also exhibit three
modes. Those at 0.24 and 6.0 remain essentially unchanged
while the smaller mode contains much more volume than the
background aerosol, and now has a mean size of about 0.02
microm. The exact amount of the increase in volume of the
smallest mode is greatly dependent on meteorological parame-
ters. This was seen to vary from about 20 cu micron/cu cm,
when the wind direction was parallel to the track, to 2 cu
micron/cu cm, when the wind blew across the track. On days
when the wind was parallel to the track, approximately 1/3 to
1/2 of the increase in volume during the test runs over
background appeared in the 0.24 micron mode. No increase of
the 0.24 micron mode was noted when the wind blew across
the track. The primary aerosol volume emission was of a mean
size of 0.02 micron. (Author abstract
84761
Lamothe, Paul J., Thomas G. Dzubay, and Robert K. Stevens
CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF AEROSOLS
PRESENT DURING THE GENERAL MOTORS SULFATE
DISPERSION EXPERIMENT. Environmental Protection Agen-
cy, EPA-600/3-76-035, 27p. 12 refs. In: The General Motors/En-
vironmental Protection Agency Sulfate Dispersion Experiment:
Selected EPA Research Progress, April 1976.
A study was conducted during October 1975 at General Mo-
tors Milford Proving Ground to measure the chemical proper-
ties of sulfate emissions from a fleet of catalyst equipped vehi-
cles under controlled highway driving conditions. Aerosol sam-
ples were collected with dichotomous samplers and were
analyzed by both X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and wet
chemical procedures for strong acid, ammonium and sulfate
content. In addition sulfuric acid, ammonia and sulfur dioxide
measurements were obtained. The peak sulfate concentrations
ranged from 2.4 to 5.7 microgram/cu m above background and
the sulfuric acid concentrations ranged from 1.1 to 5.4 micro-
gram/cu m. Because significant amounts of sulfuric acid were
measured at 20 m downwind of the roadway, it can be as-
sumed that the product of the ammonia concentration and
transport time from the roadway to the monitor was insuffi-
cient to cause complete neutralization of the sulfuric acid.
(Author abstract)
84764
Barrett, R. E. and A. A. Putnam
BOILER EMISSIONS--AN INVENTORY OF EMISSIONS BY
BOILER SIZE AND USE. Preprint, Air Pollution Control As-
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14
I ARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
soc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 17p., 1976. 16 rets. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association Annual Meeting, 69th, Portland,
Oreg., June 27-July 1, 1976, Paper 76-4.6.)
Using available data sources, a compilation of the boilers in
use in the Continental United States was made by boiler size,
fuel, and boiler type. Residential, commercial, industrial, and
utility boilers were included in the study. Primary data sources
included the National Emissions Data Bank (NEDS) data,
American Boiler Manufacturers Association boiler sales data,
and earlier reports to the Environmental Protection Agency.
Allowance was made for the fact that no single data source
was complete. Therefore, the data from the various sources
was manipulated to arrive at a composite inventory of boilers
in use. Results are presented in the form of graphical displays
of (1) cumulative actual boiler use, both versus boiler size; and
(2) cumulative sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and paniculate
emissions versus boiler size. Boiler design capacity, actual
use, and emissions are presented for each major boiler fuel
and for the total of all fuels. (Author abstract)
84766
Chalekode, Parasuraman K. and Thomas R. Blackwood
A STUDY OF EMISSIONS FROM AGGREGATE
PROCESSING. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pitt-
sburgh, Pa., 14p., 1976. 6 rets. (Presented at the Air Pollution
Control Association Annual Meeting, 69th, Portland, Oreg.,
June 27-July 1, 1976, Paper 76-36.4.)
Particulate emissions from aggregate processing are discussed.
Sampling at representative aggregate plants indicates that the
emission factor for total particulates range from 3 gram/metric
ton (0.006 pound/ton) to 210 gram/metric ton (0.42 pound/ton)
processed through primary crusher. Six percent to 17% of
these emissions are respirable less than 7 micron. This emis-
sion is lower than emission estimates previously available.
Possible explanation of this difference is discussed. Unit
operations such as drilling, blasting, unpaved road traffic,
crushing and screening contribute to more than 94% of the
overall plant emissions. An analysis of the emissions show that
the mean free silica content ranged from 1% to 28%. Trace
element analysis and fiber counting showed their levels to be
too low to affect the ambient air quality significantly. Samples
of unpaved road surface material were collected from various
aggregate plants across the United States and the respirable
portion was analyzed for free silica. The mean free silica con-
tent was 14% with a range of 1.4% to 47%. An error analysis
on the emissions and composition values has been included,
where applicable. (Author abstract)
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15
B. CONTROL METHODS
26664
Chiaro, D. A.
SIGNIFICANT OPERATING BENEFITS REPORTED FROM
CEMENT QUARRY DUST CONTROL PROGRAM. Pit Quar-
ry, 63(7):116-118, Jan. 1971.
A systematic soil stabilization program has been practiced for
a number of years by the Arizona Portland Cement Company
to control dust conditions on miles of unpaved roads at its ce-
ment stone quarry near Tucson. Regular dust control treat-
ments utilizing a special emulsion agent called Coherex make
hauling easier and safer for drivers, and make truck washings
necessary only at seven week intervals rather than on a once-
a-week basis. A technique was developed to mix the emulsion
with the hard crust of the road surface, while water is sprayed
lightly over the surface once each working shift to keep the
Coherex binder active. Maintenance and special conditions are
mentioned, including the treatment of new road beds and weak
sub-grades.
31028
Sproull, Wayne T.
MINIMIZING RAPPING LOSS IN PRECIPITATORS AT A
2000 MEGAWATT COAL-FIRED POWER STATION.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 30p.,
1971. 4 rets. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association,
Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlantic City, N. J., June 27-July 2,
1971, Paper 71-125.)
To determine how rapping loss varied with the intensity, dura-
tion, and time interval between raps, field tests were con-
ducted at a 2000 megawatt coal-fired power station where
precipitators were designed to collect 99.5% of the fly ash in
the combustion gas. The amount and location of the rapping
losses were determined by using an instrument called the
Konitest. Working on a triboelectric principle, it permits one
to measure rapidly changing ash or dust concentrations at any
chosen point within an operating precipitator, recording these
data automatically on a strip chart. Thus the places where
losses occur are quickly found, and the effect of changes in
rapping technique are immediately made evident. The rapping
loss could be reduced from about 4% to less than 1% by
rapping the inlet, intermediate, and outlet sections of the
precipitator in a 3:2:1 frequency ratio; completing and repeat-
ing the rapping sequence every 12 min; and considerably
reducing the rapping intensity from the level previously used.
(Author abstract modified)
43203
Corn, Morton and Robert T. Cheng
INTERACTIONS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE WITH INSOLUBLE
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER. Preprint, Air Pollu-
tion Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 43p., 1972. 15 rets.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual
Meeting, 65th, Miami, Fla., June 18-22, 1972, Paper 72-126.)
A laboratory study was conducted of the heterogeneous catal-
ysis of sulfur dioxide at ppm concentrations in air by insoluble
particles of calcium carbonate, vanadium pentoxide, ferric ox-
ide, fly ash from a coal-burning powerplant, manganese diox-
ide, activated carbon, and suspended particulate matter from
urban air. A new technique for aerosol stabilization was util-
ized which consisted of depositing the aerosol on Teflon beads
in a fluidized bed. The Teflon beads with deposited aerosol
particles were then packed into a flow reactor. Progress of the
chemical reaction with deposited particles was continuously
monitored by determining the SO2 concentrations in the reac-
tor effluent with a microcoulometer. The CaCO3, V2O5, and
fly ash were essentially inert to SO2 at room temperature. The
Fe203, activated carbon, MnO2, and suspended particulate
matter from urban air sorbed SO2 from air streams with up to
14.4 ppm SO2 in air. A substantial part of the sorbed SO2 was
physically adsorbed. Bioassay procedures which utilize pulmo-
nary flow resistance changes in guinea pigs to monitor
response to inhaled SO2-aerosol mixtures in air have indicated
the weak or non-potentiating capacity of insoluble aerosols as
contrasted to soluble aerosols. Potentiating response of an
aerosol appears to be strongly associated with reaction of SO2
in a water droplet containing aerosol ions and not with physi-
cally adsorbed SO2 on an insoluble aerosol. (Author abstract
modified)
44638
Francis, Fred J.
SECONDARY ALUMINUM SMELTER AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL USING A CHROMATOGRAPHIC COATED
BAGHOUSE - A TECHNICALLY NEW AND ECONOMIC
SOLUTION. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh,
Pa., 25p., 1972. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, Annual Meeting, 65th, Miami, Fla., June 18-22, 1972,
Paper 72-79.)
The sources of air pollution for secondary aluminum smelters
and chromatographic coated baghouses to control that pollu-
tion are described. The secondary aluminum smelting industry
consumes aluminum scrap generated by wastage from new
factory production or from obsolescence and scrapping of old
products. This industry represents approximately 25% of total
production of aluminum in the United States. The raw material
is scrap, and it comes with pollutants, such as: oil, paint, and
plastics, and because of its volume it has to be melted under a
flux cover containing salt, potash, cryolite, or fluorspar, which
gives off fumes containing chlorides and fluorides. In addition,
most of the scrap intake into a smelter consists of wrought al-
loys containing magnesium (e.g., beer cans). The pollutants in
aluminum industry are: carbonaceous particles both combusti-
ble and noncombustible, oil particulates, magnesium and alu-
minum chlorides, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen
fluoride. Control methods attempted throughout the world,
namely scrubbers, afterburners, and baghouses are reviewed
briefly. The reasons for choosing the novel chromatographic
coated baghouses are explained. Results of tests from a total
of four runs completed utilizing chromatographic coated
baghouses are discussed. Samples taken for dust analysis
reveal that in all four runs, the amount of emitted dust was
down to the minimum (an average of 0.0005 grain). The results
of runs show it is possible to reduce particulate emission and
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16
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
noxious emissions to virtually zero by means of chromato-
graphic coated baghouses. An analysis is made of operating
costs, which are 1/3 to 1/2 of other potential systems, such as
scrubbers and afterburners. (Author abstract modified)
44641
Theodore, Louis
APPLICATION OF MODELING AND SIMULATION
TECHNIQUES TO THE DESIGN OF VENTURI SCRUBBERS.
I. MODEL OF PARTICLE CAPTURE. Preprint, Air Pollution
Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 2Sp., 1972. 15 refs. (Presented
at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 65th,
Miami, Fla., June 18-22, 1972, Paper 72-101.)
A study was made to develop a satisfactory mathematical
model for venturi scrubbers to describe particle collection effi-
ciency as a function of power consumption; and to develop
improved design procedures, especially for particle capture.
The mechanics of solid capture by the liquid phase is of major
importance in predicting the performance of a venturi
scrubber. A prerequisite of a model of particle capture is a
description of the flow field in the vicinity of the liquid
droplet. However, the flow is so complex in this system that it
can only realistically be represented by a simplified model.
One of the simplest is the free surface or cellular model
originally proposed by Happel. This idealized cellular model is
assumed to consist of two concentric spheres, the outer sphere
representing a fluid envelope having a free surface and con-
taining the aerosol, and the inner sphere containing the
droplet. This model can be utilized to predict particle capture.
This is accomplished by computing the trajectory of an aerosol
particle as the fluid flows around the inner sphere (the liquid
collector) in the two-concentric-sphere model. Single particle
collection efficiencies for the cellular model are presented for
various void fraction values. These are compared with the
results for a single collector (unit void volume) in both the
creeping motion and potential flow regimes. The results clearly
indicate that single particle collection efficiencies are a func-
tion of the voild void volume. In addition, theory and experi-
mental results for the single collector in the high Reynolds
number range are bounded by the viscous cellular model cal-
culations for void fraction values of 0.66 and 0.90. The exten-
sion of the single particle collection efficiency model to in-
clude the contribution of the entire assemblage of eligible col-
lector cells is presented. The effect of variations in particle
velocity, liquid velocity, and void volume, and particle and
liquid size distributions on the overall efficiency equation is
discussed. (Author abstract modified)
44884
Theodore, Louis and Thomas J. Eastment
SIMULATION OF AN ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR ~
EFFECT OF VELOCITY, PARTICLE SIZE, PARTICLE
MASS FLOW RATE AND ELECTROSTATIC FORCE DIS-
TRIBUTION ON COLLECTION EFFICIENCY. Preprint, Air
Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 26p., 1972. 9 refs.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual
Meeting, 65th, Miami, Fla., June 18-22, 1972, Paper 72-108.)
The behavior of particles in an electrostatic precipitator was
simulated in order to predict collection efficiency. One of the
contributions of the study is the proposed method of treating
system variables not previously mentioned in the literature on
the subject. These include particle size distribution as a func-
tion of inlet position, particle mass flow rate gradient, gas
velocity profile, and the variation of the electrostatic force as
a function of particle size and inlet position. The technique
used for this purpose is based on the repetitive solution of the
describing model, with the magnitude of the variables deter-
mined via the selection of a random number. The random
number technique is employed to treat the distribution of par-
ticle size as a function of inlet position and the electrostatic
force as a function of both particle size and inlet position. The
distribution effect of several system variables can be included
in the describing equations for electrostatic precipitators, such
as making the charge and the force a function of time, by sub-
stituting functions in the equation. Since the proposed method
of solution is more akin to physical experimentation than
analytical or numerical methods, it should find application in
research and design analysis of electrostatic precipitators.
(Author conclusions modified)
44940
Calvert, Seymour, David Leith, and Jhuda Ooldshmid
PARTICULATE SCRUBBER APPLICATIONS, PER-
FORMANCE, AND COSTS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control
Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 24p., 1972. (Presented at the Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, Annual Meeting, 65th, Miami, Fla.,
June 18-22, 1972, Paper 72-182.)
Criteria for selecting a scrubber, patterns of scrubber applica-
tion and performance, and cost are described. Results of a sur-
vey of scrubber systems in field use are presented. Ten types
of scrubbers are identified and defined in terms of their prin-
cipal mode of operation. Data are presented on the numbers
and percentages, collection efficiency, and capacity for each
type of scrubber in each unit process. Costs of installed
complete scrubber systems are presented for the six scrubber
types for which there were sufficient data. These are com-
pared with predictions based on component costs and en-
gineering cost estimation methods. The survey showed that in
the majority of the cases there is no knowledge of particle size
or concentration. There is also a tendency to forget about the
scrubber once it has passed inspection. Costs of scrubbers can
be estimated from preliminary designs with about the same ac-
curacy as the usual chemical plant equipment. In general,
scrubbers have been utilized successfully in thousands of in-
stallations, and will be utilized increasingly in the future. They
possess unique capabilities as well as limitations. When
properly applied, they can be designed with as much con-
fidence of success as any other type of air pollution control
equipment. Packed towers, fiber beds, sprays, Venturis, cen-
trifuges, and baffles are used in the chemical industry, in-
cinerators, dryers, stone crushing, foundries, and furnaces.
45066
Selle, Stanley J., Philip H. Tufte, and Gordon H. Gronhovd
A STUDY OF THE ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF FLY
ASHES FROM LOW-SULFUR WESTERN COALS USING
VARIOUS METHODS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
Pittsburgh, Pa., 32p., 1972. 5 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, Annual Meeting, 65th, Miami, Fla.,
June 18-22, 1972, Paper 72-107.)
The electrical resistivity of fly ashes from low-sulfur western
coals was measured by the ASME laboratory method, the
point-to- plane in-situ method, and the cyclone resistivity
probe in-situ method. Correlation of bulk resistivity with the
major fly ash constituents showed that resistivity tends to
decrease with increasing sodium monoxide and sulfur trioxide
and to increase with increasing silica, aluminum oxide, ferric
oxide, calcium oxide, and magnesium oxide. This relationship*
also applied to in-situ resistivity as measured by the point-to-
plane method. Comparison of resistivity values obtained on
the same fly ash at 300 F by the ASME and point-to-plane
methods showed that, contrary to most published data on
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B. CONTROL METHODS
17
Eastern fly ash, the in situ method generally gave higher
values. The in-situ results showed no SO3 surface conditioning
of fly ash. With high-alkali ashes, any SO3 formed evidently
reacts quickly with the alkali and is not available for surface
conditioning. For the ashes studied, the best predictor of ash
resistivity was the ratio (CaO + MgO)/(Na20 + SOS). During
the next few years the number of new electrostatic precipita-
tors installed for collecting fly ash from plants burning lignites
and other low-sulfur Western coals will increase substantially.
The data presented may be of value in predicting the per-
formance of these units based on the chemical analyses of the
ashes of the coals to be burned.
53742
Bartel, Mark H. and James O. Helland
WATER SPRAYS REDUCE PARTICIPATE EMISSIONS
FROM ASPHALT PLANT SCRUBBER STACK. Preprint, Air
Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 17p., 1973. (Presented
at Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 66th,
Chicago, 111., June 24-28, 1973. Paper 73-327.)
The case history of an asphalt plant which was able to update
its dust collection equipment to meet modern air pollution con-
trol requirements is presented. Since the asphalt plant begins
operations prior to the morning rush hour, the residents driv-
ing in from the area mountains could easily spot any visible
emissions. The plant received numerous complaints directly
from the residents and through the State of Idaho Department
of Environmental Protection and Health. When faced with a
requirement for source test results, the company developed a
wet scrubbing system. Experimentation showed that the addi-
tion of three Swirl Air nozzles in the wet scrubber stack
greatly reduced visible emissions and eliminated complaints. A
source test performed by an independent consulting firm in-
dicated that particulate emissions were at 34.4 Ibs/hr at a
production rate of 103 tons/hr. This is well below the state
code of 51.2 Ibs/hr at a production rate of 100 tons/hr. The
uniform distribution of finely atomized water droplets in the
scrubber was probably a major factor in reducing emissions to
an acceptable level. (Author abstract modified)
53922
Theodore, Louis, Joseph P. Reynolds, and Ralph J. Navarrete
RESULTS OF A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR CALCULATING
COLLECTION EFFICIENCIES IN ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATORS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pitt-
sburgh, Pa., 30p., 1973. 13 rets. (Presented at the Air Pollution
Control Association, Annual Meeting, 66th, Chicago, III., June
24-28, 1973, Paper 73-292.)
Results of a new technique for calculating collection efficien-
cies of several system variables is presented. The variables in-
clude particle size distribution, particle mass flow rate,
gradient, gas velocity profile, and the variation of electrostatic
force as a function of particle size and inlet position. The cal-
culated results for collection efficiencies are in reasonable
agreement with the limited experimental data available in the
literature. Variation of precipitator geometry and electrostatic
force produce results that are in qualitative agreement with
what one would expect, and for a given efficiency;' the'drift
velocity in the model differs considerably from that calculated
by the Deutsch - Anderson method. A substantial difference is
found between collection efficiencies that are calculated using
particles of a single characteristic size and those calculated as-
suming a distribution of sizes. Because it employs a random
assignment of inlet position, size, and charge to each particle
being tested, the proposed method of solution is more akin to
physical experimentation than analytical or numerical
methods, and as such should provide a realistic approach to
both the calculation of collection efficiencies and the design of
electrostatic precipitators. (Author abstract modified)
53990
Noll, Kenneth E., Wayne T. Davis, and Stephen P. Shelton
NEW CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF FABRIC FIL-
TERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION. Preprint, Air Pollu-
tion Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 23p., 1973. S refs.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual
Meeting, 66th, Chicago, III., June 24-28, 1973, Paper 73-301.)
A simple design equation was adapted from filter design
theory to allow a rapid initial design for typical bag houses
without the need for a historical data bank concerned with
filter operations. The basic equation is ST equals K2 (Wf +
We), where ST is filter drag, K2 is resistance coefficient, Wf
is filter weight, and We is cake weight. Data on the character
of the dust and the total dust loading from industrial sources
are inputs to the equation. The design equation is solved for
typical ranges of dust loadings and particle size and typical
design limits for commercially available filters to show how in-
itial filter designs can be obtained. Figures are provided which
illustrate the quantitative interrelationships between the parti-
cle size, dust loading, filter weight, pressure drop, and clean-
ing interval. Figures of this type, obtained from the design
equation, allow rapid initial design decisions and require no
calculations. The trade off relationship between pressure drop,
weight of filter, and cleaning interval are clearly evident in the
figures. (Author abstract)
53991
Sundberg, Ronald E.
THE PREDICTION OF OVERALL COLLECTION EFFICIEN-
CY OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL DEVICES FROM
FRACTIONAL EFFICIENCY CURVES. Preprint, Air Pollution
Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 23p., 1973. 6 refs. (Presented at
the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 66th,
Chicago, 111., June 24-28, 1973. Paper 73-298.)
The prediction of overall collection efficiency from the parti-
cle size distribution of the dust and the fractional efficiency of
the air pollution control device is described. The cumulative
particle size distribution of dust resulting from industrial
processes can usually be represented by a straight line on
logarithmic probability paper or a log normal function. The
fractional efficiency curves of many air pollution control
devices such as cyclones or wet scrubbers can also be
adequately represented by a log normal function. Only two
parameters are required to define a log normal function, a
median diameter, and a geometric standard deviation. Both of
these can easily be obtained from a plot on logarithmic proba-
bility paper. The overall collection efficiency is simply related
to the four parameters required to define the log normal func-
tions representing the particle size distribution and the collec-
tor fractional efficiency. Using this relationship, the prediction
of overall collection efficiency is greatly simplified with no
loss of accuracy. (Author abstract modified)
54011
Cowherd, Chatten, Jr. and Kenneth D. Smith
THE CONTROL OF PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM AL-
FALFA DRYERS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pitt-
sburgh, Pa., 27p., 1973. 6 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution
Control Association, Annual Meeting, 66th, Chicago, 111., June
24-28, 1973, Paper 73-104.)
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18
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
A study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness and
costs of available techniques for the control of dryer generated
participates which are emitted from primary cyclone collec-
tors. Bench-mark performance data for two pilot scale and
three full scale wet collectors (scrubbers) and two full scale
systems which recycle effluent from the primary cyclone in-
dicate that medium efficiency wet scrubbers have the potential
to bring alfalfa dryer emissions into compliance with the Bay
Area emission standard; however, problems of water clarifica-
tion and sludge remain to be solved. Also, the partial recycling
of cyclone effluent back to the dryer furnace holds promise of
a significant reduction in paniculate emissions. Dryer
generated participate emissions are highly dependent on
process conditions, particularly hay quality and dryer produc-
tion rate (dry basis). The total participate emission from and
alfalfa dehydrating plant, without emission control, averages
less than 20 Ibs/ton of pellets (or meal). Based on cost figures
submitted by the control equipment manufacturers, the equip-
ment and installation costs for a wet scrubber and water treat-
ment system range from $35,000 to $45,000 and annual operat-
ing costs are about $2000. The installed cost of a recycle
system is about $20,000, and a net operating savings of $2000
is realized because of decreased fuel usage. These figures
apply to a model control problem which requires a control ef-
ficiency of about 60% for an effluent of 30,000 cu ft/min with
a particulate loading of 0.20 gr/acf. (Author abstract modified)
54132
Tassicker, Owen J. and Kenneth M. Sullivan
ESTIMATION OF PRECIPITATOR PERFORMANCE FOR
COLLECTION OF FLY ASH BY EXAMINATION OF LOW
SULPHUR COAL BORE CORES. Preprint, Air Pollution Con-
trol Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 24p., 1973. 6 refs. (Presented at the
Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 66th,
Chicago, 111., June 24-28, 1973, Paper 73-311.)
A method to aid in the sizing of a precipitator for the collec-
tion of ash from a new low sulfur coal field by examination of
the bore core samples was developed. Such samples are
prepared, analyzed, and then fired in a specially developed
microfurnace whose combustion dyanmics are such as to
produce ash resembling full scale boiler fly ash. The ash is
subjected to electrical tests including resistivity and corona
measurements. This resistivity data are used for ranking the
performance of a precipitator treating such ash. It was shown
in a parallel study of field tests on pilot precipitators that re-
sistivity correlates significantly with precipitator efficiency.
(Author abstract modified)
54531
Huntington, Richard L.
INCINERATOR AFTERBURNER PARTICULATE EMISSION
FACTORS: A CORRELATION AND COMBUSTION STUDY.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 31p.,
1973. 15 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, Annual Meeting, 66th, Chicago, 111., June 24-28, 1973,
Paper 73-226.)
An incinerator afterburner emission factor equation was
derived based upon chemical reaction rate kinetics. This equa-
tion compared favorably with observed emission factor test
data and the available literature. The chemical reactions in-
volved in the combustion process and in smoke formation
were compared thermodynamically to observed combustion
rate constants. Smoke-producing reactions were investigated
and indicated that both carbon dioxide and water play an im-
portant part in determining the reactivity of primary chamber
paniculate smoke emissions when burned in the secondary af-
terburner chamber and in the overall combustion process. The
acceleration effect of moisture and CO2 on the combustion
process was attributed to the reversible water gas reaction.
Both CO2 and water served as oxidizing agents at high tem-
peratures. A combustion reaction phase diagram for the forma-
tion and destruction of smoke was prepared and used to
establish minimum smoke formation and combustion tempera-
tures. Equivalent minimum combustion zone residence time,
excess air and combustion zone temperature combinations are
presented in graphic form. (Author abstract)
56046
Friedlander, Sheldon K.
SMALL PARTICLES IN AIR POSE A BIG CONTROL
PROBLEM. Environ. Sci. Technol., 7(13):111S-1118, Dec. 1973.
6 refs.
The origin and control of atmospheric paniculate matter are
discussed. Control of gaseous precursors to aerosol formation
(sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and certain hydrocarbons) is a
key factor in the control of total particulates. In developing
improved standards for paniculate pollution, the chemical na-
ture of the particulates and its relation to particle size should
be taken into consideration. On a tonnage basis, the principal
industrial source of particulates include fuel combustion, ce-
ment dust, and steel manufacture. Their control depends on
proper process design in the planning stages and on the use of
gas cleaning devices, primarily electrical precipitators, fabric
filters, and wet scrubbers. This equipment is least efficient in
removing particles in the critical 0.1 to 1.0 micron size range.
Particle removal efficiencies claimed for electrical precipita-
tors are usually in the range 90-99% on a weight basis. There
are difficulties associated with stack gas sampling: outlet
loadings for the same effluents measured with different sam-
pling trains varied by as much as a factor of four.
57521
Fraser, Malcolm D. and Gary J. Foley
A PREDICTIVE PERFORMANCE MODEL FOR FABRIC
FILTER SYSTEMS. I. INTERMITTENTLY CLEANED SIN-
GLE-COMPARTMENT SYSTEMS. Preprint, Air Pollution
Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 3p., 1974. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 67th, Denver,
Colo., June 9-13, 1974.)
A performance model was developed for a single compartment
fabric filter. The model assumes that the filtering layer consist-
ing of dust and fabric can be thought of as a tangled mass of
fibers of various diameters. Particle collection results in the
growth of fiber-like particle filaments attached to the fibers
which then act as fibers. The general type of theoretical col-
lection equations for diffusion, interception, and impaction
then apply. The model is the first complete computerized
model for a fabric filter system. Collection efficiency is
described by equations for clean filters and dirty filters. A
standard equation is included to describe the pressure drop as
a function of time and of two important coefficients - the ef-
fective drag of the fabric after cleaning and the dust-fabric re-
sistance coefficient. The model predictions are compared with
limited available data. A set of data for collection of fly ash on
a variety of fabrics was used to show that the model can pre-
dict the general effect of fabric type on performance.
57700 *
George, Herman F. and Gary W. Poehlein
CAPTURE OF AEROSOL PARTICLES BY SPHERICAL
COLLECTORS. ELECTROSTATIC, INERTIAL, INTERCEP-
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B. CONTROL METHODS
19
TION, AND VISCOUS EFFECTS. Environ. Sci. Technol.,
8(l):46-49, Jan. 1974. 9 rets.
The collection of aerosol particles smaller than 10 micron is
important in air pollution control. A mathematical model is
presented to predict the efficiency of the capture of aerosol
particles by spherical collectors. This model considers inertial
viscous, gravity, and electrostatic forces, and the interception
phenomena. The model shows that the efficiency of collection
can be unproved by the presence of electrostatic charges on
the particles. The model, based on potential flow around the
collector, is written in dimensionless form. Model predictions
are plotted in terms of the appropriate dimensionless groups
and are compared with previous works that considered electro-
static and viscous forces separately. (Author abstract
modified)
57729
Qufllman, B. and C. W. Vogelsang
CONTROL OF PARTICIPATE AND SO2 EMISSIONS FROM
AN INDUSTRIAL BOILER PLANT. BIdg. Systems Design,
71(1):18S-189, Dec.-Jan. 1974. (Presented at the American
Society of Mechanical Engineers Industrial Power Conference,
Louisville, Ky., May 14-20, 1973, Paper 73-IPWR-5.)
Determination of the most economical route to control indus-
trial boiler plant paniculate and sulfur dioxide emissions for a
specific site requires an in-depth analysis of the factors ap-
plicable to that site. The major factors are fuel cost and availa-
bility, how they are expected to vary with time, the con-
fidence of the forecast, and the relative technical risk of pollu-
tion control alternative selection. Natural gas and No. 2 oil,
when gas is not available, is the preferred route so long as cur-
rent price and availability forecasts hold. The most economic
alternative to natural gas and No. 2 oil is 0.7% sulfur-content
coal using either bag filters or electrostatic precipitators, if the
fuel price differential between low and high sulfur coal holds
as forecasted. Further, SO2 control is entirely dependent upon
an assumed 10-year supply of 0.7% S coal. Tail-end limestone
flue gas scrubbing offers the greatest potential on an annual
operating cost basis. However, investment is high and risk is
great as system reliability has not been demonstrated. This
should be the preferred route because it makes possible the
use of our most abundant fuel resource. However, more
demonstrations of technology are required before the invest-
ment risk is reasonable. The following program has been
adopted to prepare for the time when natural gas is not an
available boiler fuel: continue with natural gas and No. 2 oil as
long as possible, maintain an on-going program to determine if
flue gas scrubbing is practical, and stay intimately familiar
with all changes in fuel prices and availability. (Author sum-
mary)
59329
Bickelhaupt, Roy E.
ELECTRICAL VOLUME CONDUCTION IN FLY ASH. J. Air
Pollaton Control Assoc., 24(3):251-255, March 1974. 14 rets.
Resistivity and unsophisticated transference experiments were
conducted at temperatures above 200 C. Six commercially
produced fly ashes having similar overall chemistry but differ-
ing significantly in concentrations of alkali metals and alkaline
earths were used. Test specimens were fabricated by pressing
and sintering the ash into self-supporting discs. An Arrhenius
equation was used to interpret the resistivity-temperature rela-
tionship. From the lack of deviation in experimental activation
energy among the ashes the same conduction mechanism
prevailing in each was shown. The quantity of electricity con-
ducted was proportional to a mass transfer and lithium and
sodium ions migrated. Resistivity was inversely proportional to
the combined Li and Na concentration. The volume conduc-
tion process was controlled by an ionic mechanism in which Li
and Na are the principal charge carriers. The overall conduc-
tion process involving specimens and electrodes was in-
terpreted using the results of recent fundamental research on
silicate glasses. (Author abstract)
59340
Stenhouse, J. I. T.
THE INFLUENCE OF ELECTROSTATIC FORCES IN
FIBROUS FILTRATION. Filtration Separation (Purley),
ll(l):25-26, Jan./Feb., 1974. 21 rets.
Mathematical expressions are derived for the efficiency of col-
lection of particles in fibrous filters due to an electrostatic
mechanism in which either the particle or fiber or both are
charged. The theory is based on the cellular model of flow
through a filter and is in excellent agreement with published
experimental data. An increase in the packing density of a
filter has two effects. The streamline tortuosity is increased
and causes an increase in collision efficiency due to intercep-
tions and the fact that the particle is brought close to the fiber
where the electrostatic forces are strongest. The electrostatic
forces, however, will be effective over a shorter range, caus-
ing a reduction in the collision efficiency due to electrostatics.
Calculations for the effect of filter packing density indicate
that in the case of charged filters an increase in filter packing
density will have little or no effect on the single fiber collision
efficiency.
59607
Frauenfelder, A.
OVERCOMING SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN ELECTRICAL
PRECmTATION. Filtration Separation (Purley), 11(1):S2, 54,
56, Jan./Feb., 1974. (Presented at the Proceedings of the Filtra-
tion Society, Filtration Society s Conference on What s New in
Dust Control and Air Cleaning at the Dust Control and Air
Cleaning Exhibition, London, England. Sept. 25-27, 1973.)
Problems encountered with the operation of electrostatic
precipitators are reviewed in relation to the pretreatment of
gases, the flow of gases in the precipitator, corrosion, and
stress corrosion. Very dry gases and dust with high electrical
resistivity require pretreatment such as water injection for
favorable recovery. Normally, gas conditioning towers with
water nozzles are provided ahead of the precipitator in order
to cool the gases to 150-200 C and to raise the water dew point
of the gases to 50-55 C. Other conditioning agents such as sul-
fur trioxide are employed for thermal power station applica-
tions. Even distribution of the dust-laden gases over the whole
area of the precipitator is of the utmost importance. Model
tests are essential if expensive adjustments of the full scale
precipitator are to be avoided. Modern precipitator design
must also ensure that gases will not bypass the electrical
fields. Precipitators are susceptible to corrosion, particularly in
the cement industry; thus, the shell of the precipitator is nor-
mally built in concrete and the works in acid-resisting materi-
als. Rubber coating is used on the inside of precipitators
designed for aluminum finishing processes employing the treat-
ment of aluminum with chlorine gases. Stress corrosion is
another problem, and for precipitators sited behind raw mills
in cement works where temperatures are rather low, protec-
tion by a varnish might be helpful. Other design considerations
include a good high tension rectifier, unbreakable discharge
electrodes, and optimum, plate gap width.
-------
20
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
59920
Wagner, A. J. (ed.)
STEAM-POWERED DUST COLLECTORS ATTAIN HIGH
EFFICIENCIES ECONOMICALLY. Mod. Casting, 64(2):58-60,
Feb. 1974.
An economical and highly efficient steam-powered dust collec-
tor has been successfully developed and operated at a steel
mill and pipe shop installation. The device uses a high speed
steam drive which creates its own draft; the draft draws ex-
haust gases into a mixing tube where process water is injected.
Quick agglomeration is achieved with submicromic particu-
lates, bringing them to manageable size for disposal in low
pressure drop cyclones. The system handles particulates from
6-20 micron at efficiencies of more than 99%. A sulfur dioxide
removal efficiency of 99.94% can also be achieved with the
addition of chemically-treated water.
60214
Hull, Andrew P.
COMPARING EFFLUENT RELEASES FROM NUCLEAR
AND FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS. Nucl. News,
17(5):51-5S, April 1974. 21 rets.
The effluents from nuclear and fossil-fueled power plants are
compared for harm and emission standards. Nuclear boiling
water reactors will release 1.66 times 10 to the 6th power gase-
ous airborne effluents, 5.31 airborne halogens and particulates,
49.6 liquid fission and corrosion products, and 104 Ci/yr liquid
tritium effluents. Pressurized water reactors will release 9650,
0.17, 30.2, and 5720 Ci/yr, respectively. Nuclear plants will
also emit radioactivity. Coal, oil, and gas fueled power plants
emit sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons, and particulates. If fossil-fueled and nuclear
power plants are compared by their compliance with stan-
dards, and if air quality standards are given the same sig-
nificance that the radiation protection standards have been
given, then nuclear plants clearly limit over-all air pollution to
a greater degree than fossil-fueled plants.
60223
Pilat, Michael J., Steven A. Jaasund, and Leslie E. Sparks
COLLECTION OF AEROSOL PARTICLES BY ELECTRO-
STATIC DROPLET SPRAY SCRUBBERS. Environ. Sci.
Technol., 8(4):360-362, April 1974. 14 rets.
Theoretical calculations and experimental measurements
showed that the collection of small aerosol particles (0.05-5
micron diameter) by water droplets in spray scrubbers can be
substantially increased by electrostatically charging the
droplets and particles to opposite polarity. Measurements with
a 140 acfm two-chamber spray scrubber (7 sec gas residence
time) showed an increase in the overall particle collection effi-
ciency from 68.8% at uncharged conditions to 93.6% at
charged conditions with a dioctyl phthalate aerosol (1.05
micron particle mass mean diameter and 2.59 geometric stan-
dard deviation). The collection efficiency for 0.3 micron parti-
cles increased from 35% to 87% when charged. (Author ab-
stract)
60335
Statnick, R. M. and D. C. Drehmel
FINE PARTICLE CONTROL USING SULFUR OXIDE
SCRUBBERS. Preprint, Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, N. C., Control Systems Lab., 23p.,
1974. 5 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association,
Annual Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo., June 9-13, 1974, Paper
74-231.)
Data were obtained on the fine particle collection efficiency of
sulfur oxide scrubbers at two power generating stations. A
venturi and a turbulent contacting absorber (TCA) both with
capacities of 30,000 cfm were tested at one site, while a ventu-
ri with 600,000 scfm capacity was tested at the other site. Fine
particle collection efficiency was determined at three pressure
drops for the TCA using a cascade impactor. The TCA
showed high removal efficiencies, collecting more than 90%. of
submicron particles when the pressure drop was nearly 10 in.
of water. The overall particulate removal in the TCA scrubber
as determined by modified method five or by a Brink impactor
was greater than 99% when the pressure drop was greater than
6 in. H2O. Collection efficiency for both venturi scrubbers
decreased rapidly with decreasing particle size in the fine par-
ticle region. (Author abstract modified)
61754
Carroll, J. J., J. R. Dunbar, R. L. Givens, and W. B. Goddard
SPRINKLING FOR DUST SUPPRESSION IN A CATTLE
FEEDLOT. Calif. Agr., 28(3):12-14, March 1974.
The effectiveness of sprinkling open, unpaved, feedlot cattle
pens for dust control, and the effect of sprinkling on the tem-
perature and relative humidity were investigated. The air tem-
perature, humidity, and dustiness were measured simultane-
ously at several locations within two lots, one of which was
sprinkled. Data recording was begun on June 25, 1970 and was
terminated on Sept. 9, 1970. The data consisted of 15 min sam-
ples taken once each hr, 24 hr per day. The results show that
sprinkling lots during the first 8 week clearly reduced dusti-
ness by about one-half. During the period following rain, the
dustiness of the unsprinkled lot was also reduced by at least
half. The maximum temperature reached within the sprinkled
lot was reduced by 5-10 F, the relative humidity increased by
about 30%. This suggests that sprinkling has no significant ef-
fect on the evaporative cooling of the animals.
61776
White, Harry J.
RESISTIVITY PROBLEMS IN ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATION. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 24(4):314-
338, April 1974. SI refs.
High resistivity particles are one of the most common causes
of poor precipitator performance. A coherent up-to-date ac-
count is given of the problems of high resistivity particles and
the basic methods for dealing with them. Historical
background, measurement of resistivity by the point-lane and
concentric-cylinder methods, field and laboratory resistivity
data, conduction mechanisms, surface conduction, back
corona, sparkover, current-voltage disturbances, effects with
positive corona, effects of high resistivity on precipitator per-
formance (electric operation, particle charging, and particle
collection), and methods for overcoming high resistivity (clean
electrode methods, electrical energization methods, condition-
ing methods, systems methods, wet methods, temperature-con-
trolled electrodes, and graded-resistance electrodes) are
discussed. Both theory and practice show that precipitator
design should be coordinated with particle resistivity condi-
tions in order to obtain expected efficiency. Where this has
not received adequate attention, precipitator efficiencies as
low as 60 or 70% occur instead of design values of 99 or
99+%. Resistivity should be measured in present plants were
high resistivity is suspected as a problem, and new plants
should be designed to eliminate this problem. Control methods
include conditioning with moisture and/or certain chemicals,
improving electrical energization of the precipitator, changing
precipitator operating temperature to a more favorable zone
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
21
changes in raw materials used in the process, correcting gas
flow problems if such exist, and using larger size precipitators.
In some cases, wet collection may be the method of choice in
obviating high resistivity problems.
62185
Kice, Russell W.
DUST CONTROL BASICS. Feedstuffs, 46(10):44-45, March 11,
1974. (Presented at the Oregon Feed, Seed, and Suppliers As-
sociation 1974 meeting, Portland.)
The problems of dust collection in a dust control system are
discussed. Dust control consists of preventing the fine parti-
cles from escaping out of a machine enclosure or system into
the work areas and into the atmosphere. The emphasis is on
better enclosures to contain dust, on tight spouting, and on
conveyors that operate slowly enough to eliminate fine parti-
cles from the surrounding atmosphere. Due to environmental
concern, the dust collector is of prime importance in a dust
control system. The cyclone type separator when properly
sized and designed has a lot of favorable characteristics. How-
ever, the system can be operated with stock outlet choked
down and all dust blowing to the atmosphere. This has caused
the environmentalists to arbitrarily rule most systems using
cyclone type collectors for removal of fine dust particles as in
violation of the standards. The problem is being solved by the
installation of cloth filter collectors, either as secondary col-
lectors following the primary cyclones or as the primary col-
lector. The primary cyclone should be used to eliminate 98+%
of the dust in the system and return this dust back to the
system. The air and -2% of the dust can then be directed to
the filter for final cleaning and releasing back to the building
or to the atmosphere.
62920
Sparks, L. E.
EFFECT OF WATER VAPOR CONDENSATION ON PARTI-
CLE COLLECTION BY SCRUBBERS. Preprint, U.S.-U.S.S.R.
Working Group on Stationary Source Air Pollution Control
Technology, 26p., 1974. 51 refs. (Presented at the Symposium on
Control of Fine Participate Emissions from Industrial Sources,
San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 14-18, 1974.)
Water vapor condensation can be used to improve participate
collection by scrubbers. The improved particulate collection is
due to diffusiophoresis and/or particle growth. Scrubbers
which utilize condensation are defined as condensation scrub-
bers. The literature on condensation scrubbing is reviewed.
Selected references are given on Flux Force/Condensation
Scrubbers. The results of recent Environmental Protection
Agency sponsored research on condensation scrubbing are
presented. These results show that the particle collection effi-
ciency of a condesnation scrubber is a function of the amount
of water vapor condensed. The costs of condensation
scrubbing are compared with the costs, of high energy
scrubbing. The comparison indicates that condensation
scrubbing is economically feasible for many applications.
(Author abstract modified)
63039
Stock, D. E. and C. T. Crowe
THE EFFECT OF ELECTRODYNAMIC SECONDARY FLOW
ON THE PERFORMANCE OF ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATORS. Preprint, 14p., 1974. 7 refs. (Presented at
the Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics Institute, 24th, Corval-
lls, Oreg., June 12-14, 1974.)
A solution is presented which predicts the flow field for a two-
dimensional particle-laden flow found in electrostatic precipita-
tors. The effect of gas-particle and ion-gas momentum
coupling is incorporated in the general development. The ef-
fect of particle and ion space charge is included in the electric
field. The solution is used to analyze the turbulent gas-particle
flow in a concentric electrostatic precipitator. The effect of
electrodynamic secondary flow (electric wind) and the gas-par-
ticle momentum coupling have about the same magnitude and
are opposite in direction. The numerical scheme was applied to
a wire and pipe precipitator in a laboratory. The same scheme
is directly applicable to a wire and plate precipitator, and such
a configuration would show a much larger electric wind. The
method can be extended to account for particle reentrainment
and other conditions. (Author abstract modified)
63078
Epstein, Michael, Louis Sybert, Shih-Chung Wang, and
Charles C. Leivo
EPA ALKALI SCRUBBING TEST FACILITY: LIMESTONE
WET SCRUBBING TEST RESULTS. Bechtel Corp., San Fran-
cisco, Calif., Environmental Protection Agency Contract PH 22-
68-67, Program Element 1AB013, Rept. ROAP 21ACY-32, EPA-
650/2-74-010, 238p., Jan. 1974. 5 refs. NTIS: PB 232359/AS
Test results are reported for a prototype lime/limestone
scrubbing test facility for removing sulfur dioxide and particu-
lates from flue gases. The facility consists of three parallel
scrubbers: a venturi/spray tower, a Turbulent Contact ab-
sorber, and a marble-bed scrubber. Each is able to treat a 10
Mw equivalent of flue gas from a coal-fired boiler at the Ten-
nessee Valley Authority s Shawnee station. The report covers
more than 1000 hrs of a long-term lime run on the TCA and
more than 2000 hrs of a long-term run on the venturi/spray
tower system. The objective of testing has been to identify the
most economically attractive lime/limestone system operating
conditions which are consistent with reasonable performance.
63523
Mockridge, P. C. and D. W. McDowell, Jr.
MATERIALS AND CORROSION PROBLEMS IN A FLY ASH
SCRUBBING SYSTEM. Mater. Performance, 13(4):13-17, April
1974. 1 rrf.
Corrosion in power plant scrubbing systems in caused by
changes in the environment, improver materials and/or protec-
tive coatings, or unusual mechanical problems. Since the cor-
rosive medium is principally weak sulfuic acid, high chloride
content becomes an important factor, accelerating corrosion.
Results of in-service tests of materials for scrubbing are
discussed. The tests were conducted on a number of scrubbers
designed for fly ash and/or sulfur dioxide removal. The ad-
justable venturi, the primary mist eliminator, the recycle
pumps, the wet ID fans, the secondary mist eliminator, the re-
heat area, and the stacks are subject to corrosion under some
conditions, therefore corrosion-resistant materials should be
used. The results of two coated test spool tests showed the
need for a protective coating. (Author abstract modified)
63545
Crook, James O.
FUGITIVE DUST CONTROL. Pit Quarry, 66(12):67-68, 106-
107, June 1974. (Presented at the National Crushed Stone As-
sociation Annual Convention, 57th, McCormick Place, Chicago,
111.)
Causes and controls of fugitive dusts are reviewed for the
quarrying industry. Major causes and contributing factors of
-------
22
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
fugitive dusts include: weather elements such as wind velocity
and direction, precipitation, and moisture; quarry operations
such as drilling, blasting, loading, haul units and roads, and
stockpiles; non-vegetated or bare areas; and land configuration
both in and surrounding plant stockpile areas. Control mea-
sures include: water spraying, scheduling blasting during
periods of either low wind or the correct wind direction, the
use of stone ladders (enclosed towers) to eliminate the long
free-fall of stone, the mixing of sand and water in a small pug
mill, the use of stacker conveyors which can be raised or
lowered just above the pile, and proper location of stockpiles.
64855
Morris, E. B. and J. L. Schumann
CONDITION FLYASH WITH SYNTHETIC SOS. Power,
118(7):59-63, July 1974. 12 refs.
The conditioning of fly ash with synthetic sulfur trioxide is
discussed. It enables an electrostatic precipitator to achieve
normal collection efficiencies when cleaning flue gas at tem-
peratures within the difficult range of 24Q-350 F and from
boilers burning low sulfur, high ash coals. The injection of
minute quantities of SO3 reduces the electrical resistivity of
the fly ash to values below the critical level of 10 to the 10th
power ohms/cm. These SOS quantities range from 10 to 30
ppm by volume of the flue gas. On site synthesis eliminates
the need for storing or handling either sulfuric acid or liquid
SOS. It is more economical than installing new hot precipita-
tors, wet scrubbers, or special low temperature electrostatic
precipitators designed for low sulfur coal. Existing plants can
upgrade the collection efficiency of their electrostatic
precipitators to meet new particulate codes while continuing to
burn economical low sulfur coal.
65228
Dunbar, David R., Kenneth Axetell, Jr., and George A. Jutze
CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
FROM UNPAVED ROADS, AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES
AND CONSTRUCTION. Preprint, Air Pollution Control As-
sociation, Annual Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo., June 9-13,
1974, Paper 74-82.)
Methods of controlling fugitive dust from unpaved roads,
agricultural activities, and construction are presented. All con-
trols are applications of one of three basic techniques, water-
ing, chemical stabilization, or reduction of surface wind speed
across exposed sources. Four methods of roadway treatment
are used: paving, surface treatment with penetration chemi-
cals, soil stabilization chemicals worked into the roadbed, and
watering. Cost considerations are key factors in determining
which techniques to use. Methods for control of fugitive dust
from agricultural lands are basically the same as those for con-
servation of topsoils. Six general control methods are: continu-
ous cropping, stubble or other crop residue or mulch left on
field, limited irrigation of fallow fields, inter-row plantings of
grain between widely-spaced row crops or strip cropping,
vegetative or physical windbreaks, and spray-on chemical soil
stabilizers. On construction sites, watering has a short effec-
tiveness. Chemical stabilization is not successful in active con-
struction conditions, but is effective after the site is
completed. Methods are presented for stabilization of waste
tailings to prevent air and water pollution, suppression of dust
for storage piles, and dust control from cattle feedlots. Many
of the methods described, particularly for agricultural sources,
have a relatively low percentage control and may not be capa-
ble of achieving necessary reductions. If these individual mea-
sures are combined into an overall soil management program,
they will have a synergistic, rather than a purely additive ef-
fect. While the costs for control are not unreasonable for a
particulate source, the costs on a regional basis could easily
exceed those for conventional stationary sources, especially
for large agricultural areas. There is a need to begin to develop
a program within the air pollution control agencies to control
those sources of fugitive dust which have a significant impact
upon the air quality within their jurisdiction.
65239
Adams, Richard L.
FABRIC FILTERS FOR CONTROL OF POWER PLANT
EMISSIONS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pitt-
sburgh, Pa., 25p., 1974. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control
Association Annual Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo., June 9-13,
1974, Paper 74-100.)
Four separate pilot units were used in the application of fabric
filters to coal-fired utility boilers. A fabric filter equipped with
fiberglass fabric at an air-to-cloth ratio of approximately 3.5 to
1 resulted in a pressure drop in the range of 4 in. w.g., when
handling the effluent from coal-fired boilers. Cloth cleaning is
by a combination of mechanical shake plus deflation. The
operating results from the first installation confirm pilot stu-
dies, and design parameters for another unit to be installed at
a major Eastern utility are presented. Cost comparisons with
an electrostatic precipitator on a 5000 megawatt station show
that the fabric filter represents a significant reduction in
capital costs on coals having a sulfur content of less than 1.5%
where precipitator efficiency is required to be at least 99.5%.
Basic design criteria are presented that represent the minimum
design requirements for a unit to be installed on a large coal-
fired utility boiler. The performance of these units can exceed
that of electrostatic precipitators on many major utility instal-
lations in the United States. (Author abstract modified)
65240
Janoso, Richard P.
BAGHOUSE DUST COLLECTORS ON A LOW SULFUR
COAL FIRED UTILITY BOILER. Preprint, Air Pollution Con-
trol Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 28p., 1974. 4 refs. (Presented at the
Air Pollution Control Association Annual Meeting, 67th,
Denver, Colo., June 9-13, 1974, Paper 74-101.)
The baghouse dust collectors installed to reduce fly ash emis-
sions from low sulfur, anthracite coal-fired Units 1 and 2 of
the Sunbury Steam Electric Station, Pennsylvania Power and
Light Company are evaluated. Each boiler is rated at 80 MW.
The bag filters have performed well after over a year of opera-
tion, although there is evidence of bag wear due to bag life
considerations. There were no serious problems which ef-
fected boiler reliability. Problems encountered have been as-
sociated primarily with auxiliary equipment, and not with the
baghouses themselves. The installation cost for the baghouses
including the fly ash removal system was approximately
$5,500,000. In the summer of 1973, the baghouses were tested
for particulate and sulfur oxide emissions performance by the
Environmental Protection Agency and results were within ap-
plicable Commonwealth of Pennsylvania regulations. Particu-
late emissions met the" manufacturer s guarantee of greater
than 99% removal efficiency. (Author abstract modified)
65262
Reynolds, Joseph P., Louis Theodore, James Marino, and
Luigi de Francesco *
THE GENERATION OF PERFORMANCE CURVES FOR
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS THROUGH THE USE
OF A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR CALCULATING COLLEC-
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
23
TOR EFFICIENCIES. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
Pittsburgh, Pa., 30p., 1974. 6 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, Annual Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo.,
June 9-13, 1974, Paper 74-137.)
A model for calculating collection efficiences was used to
generate performance curves for 12 industries presently using
electrostatic precipitators. These industries include the electric
power, cement, pulp and paper, steel, chemical, and petroleum
industries. The performance curves describe thee predicted
collection efficiency as a function of precipitator length, plate-
to-plate spacing and average field strength, and are presented
in graphical, tabular, and equation form. Whenever literature
values are available for a particular industry, comparisons are
made between the collection efficiencies generated by the new
model and those based on actual precipitator performance.
The collection efficiency in the new model is sensitive to parti-
cle size distribution, a complication that cannot be treated in
the Deutsch-Anderson equation which permits the use of a sin-
gle representative particle size only. (Author abstract
modified)
65263
First, Melvin W. and William C. Hinds
HIGH EFFICIENCY REMOVAL OF SUBMICRON PARTI-
CLES BY ULTRA-HIGH VELOCITY AEROSOL FILTRA-
TION. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
38p., 1974. 19 rcfs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control As-
sociation, Annual Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo., June 9-13,
1974, Paper 74-139.)
The high efficiency removal of subrnicron particles by ultra-
high velocity aerosol filtration was investigated. Collection ef-
ficiency of fibrous filters for subrnicron aerosol particles
decreases as face velocity increases above the customary
range of 5-30 fpm. For velocities greatly in excess of a few
hundred ft/min, collection efficiency increases spectacularly
and soon attains values in excess of 99% for 0.7 micron dioc-
tyl phthalate (DOP). These high efficiencies persist to 3500
fpm. Energy requirements increase to levels comparable to
those needed for successful operation of high energy scrub-
bers. The advantages of ultra-high velocity include: compact-
ness of equipment with opportunities for significant reductions
in acquisition and installation costs; collection efficiency high
enough to meet modern emission control regulations; a dry
collection method that requires no water supply or disposal
facility. Commercial applications of high velocity filtration to
cooled plastic during oven fumes were effective in eliminating
the characteristic white plume caused by condensing
plasticizer. (Author abstract modified)
65375
Shannon, L. J.
CONTROL TECHNOLOGY FOR FINE PARTICIPATE
EMISSIONS (FINAL REPORT). Midwest Research Inst., Kan-
sas City, Mo., Environmental Protection Agency Grant R-
801615, ROAP No. 1AB012-OS, Program Element 1AB012,
Rept. EPA-650/2-74-027, 225p., May 1974. 186 refs.
Results are presented from a study to assess the state-of-the-
art of control technology for fine particulates emitted from
stationary sources, with emphasis on the control of primary
particulates. Topics covered include: particle collection and ag-
glomeration mechanisms; conventional control equipment
which includes electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, and
wet scrubbers; emerging control systems such as the steam-
hydro air cleaning system, the ADTEC wet scrubber, and the
wetted-knit mesh filter; proposed control systems including
condensation scrubbers, charged droplet scrubbers, foam
scrubbers, electrified filters, granular bed filters, fluidized
beds, gamma-ray precipitators, and sonic agglomerators; and
recommendations for research and development programs.
65650
Dean, K. C., Richard Havens, and M. W. Glantz
METHODS AND COSTS FOR STABILIZING FINE-SIZED
MINERAL WASTES. Bureau of Mines, Salt Lake City, Utah,
Salt Lake City Metallurgy Research Center, Rept. of Investiga-
tions 7896, 30p., 1974. 6 refs.
Field and laboratory tests of stabilizing fine-sized mineral
wastes, and the methods and costs for stabilizing wastes are
reviewed. Fine-sized mineral wastes discarded by ore milling
plants require stabilization to prevent air and water pollution.
Stabilization can be attained by physical, chemical, vegetative,
and combination procedures. Vegetative reclamation is
preferred to physical and chemical stabilization, but is difficult
to achieve because the wastes are sterile, contain deleterious
inorganic salts, and lack the essential nutrients and physical
characteristics required for sustaining vegetative growth.
Methods now have been developed to attain vegetative growth
on all but excessively acidic, basic, or saline tailings at costs
ranging from 120 to 650 dollars/acre. The cost for stabilizing
tailings requiring more intensive treatment techniques may
range upward to $1750/acre. Procedures developed by the Bu-
reau of Mines and industry for vegetating amenable tailings
are described. Costs for the various processes are listed, and
procedures that may be applicable for stabilizing saline and
pyrite-containing tailings are suggested. Ridged planting beds,
drip irrigation, and deep-furrow planting techniques are sug-
gested for stabilizing saline wastes. A combination of mill
tailings and sewage sludge can be used for producing synthetic
soils, and layers of sewage sludge buried under a layer of
tailjngs offer promise of inhibiting acid formation from oxida-
tion of sulfides in mineral wastes. Pelletization of tailings to
improve physical structure is beneficial in establishing a
vegetative cover. Nitrogen fertilization maintenance costs for
vegetatively stabilized tailings can be reduced by use of
nitrogen-fixing native plant species such as Indian ricegrass.
Microvegetative growth can be ashieved on tailings and offers
promise over macroscopic forms on tailings in arid regions,
but the algae, lichens, and mosses are as subject to salinity
stresses as the larger plant species. (Author abstract modified)
65901
Guida, Kent
THE USES OF FLY ASH IN A FERROCEMENT MIX
DESIGN. Bureau of Mines Information Ore., no. 8640:56-60,
1974. 4 refs. (Presented at the International Ash Utilization
Symposium, 3rd, Pittsburgh, Pa., March 13-14, 1973.)
The uses of fly ash in ferrocement are discussed. Ferrocement
is a reinforced concrete material which has a high degree of
imperviousness and elasticity, excellent resistance to crack
propagation, and high strength-weight ratio. Ferrocement mix
designs are based on obtaining the highest possible compres-
sive strength and maximum workability. Fly ash addition to
ferrocement can produce a lubricating effect which improves
workability, penetrability, and ease of finishing, pozzolanic ac-
tion to give long-term increase in strength, increased sulfate
resistance, and inhibition of corrosion of steel when stimulated
hydraulically by the lime from the hydration of cement. These
effects are described.
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24
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
65902
Mielenz, Richard C.
SPECIFICATIONS AND METHODS OF USING FLY ASH IN
PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE. Bureau of Mines Informa-
tion Circ., no. 8640:61-74, 1974. 27 refs. (Presented at the Inter-
national Ash Utilization Symposium, 3rd, Pittsburgh, Pa.,
March 13-14, 1973.)
Fly ash is utilized in three general ways in the preparation of
Portland cement mixtures: As an admixture in concrete or
mortar, as a pozzolan component of a blended hydraulic ce-
ment, and as a portion of the raw material used in the manu-
facture of portland cement. The rate of fly ash utilization in
Portland cement mixtures has increased over the years and can
be expected to increase. The three ways of using fly ash are
discussed along with specifications for fly ash (both chemical
and physical requirements) in these mixtures. Fly ash and bot-
tom ash represent a valuable source of material for use in
manufacture of portland cement concrete, portland-pozzolan
cement, and portland cement itself. Satisfactory and uniform
results can be obtained by development and use of suitable
specifications and quality control and quality assurance
procedures in the production of the cement and concrete. The
diversity of sources of fly ash in terms of types of coal, use of
additives to the coal to accommodate air pollution standards,
and variable conditions of operation of individual coal-burning
facilities present problems in the promulgation of specifica-
tions and standards for use of the ash. In some instances, ac-
ceptance of the ash and decision on the manner of its use in
portland cement concrete must be based upon tests of
concrete mixtures proposed for use in specific work. (Author
conclusions modified)
66681
Fishman, B. D. and M. E. Valov
REDUCING THE CONTAMINATION OF THE AIR BY DUST
AND GASES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF METAL POW-
DERS FROM MELTS. Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal
Ceramics (English translation from Russian of: Poroshk.
Metall.), 13(4):333-335, April 1974. 3 refs.
The control of dust and gaseous pollutants produced in the
manufacture of metal powders from melts is discussed. Escap-
ing pollutants vary greatly in temperature, chemical composi-
tion, and particle size. Parts of existing ventilating and dust
fume extraction systems were modified in a plant and some
new units were provided. The dry screening process which
produced an exceptionally large amount of dust (115 mg/cu m)
was altogether eliminated. Dust was reduced from the melting
furnace from 11.2 mg/cu m to 2.4 mg/cu m, from the on bridge
crane level from 18 mg/cu m to 9.5 mg/cu m, and from the
drying furnace from 321 mg/cu m to 10.9 mg/cu m. The carbon
monoxide concentration was reduced from 0.031 mg/1 to 0.012
in the melting furnace, from 0.037 to 0.018 in the on bridge
crane level, and from 0.038 to 0.009 in the drying furnace.
66823
McKenna, John D.
APPLYING FABRIC FILTRATION TO COAL FIRED INDUS-
TRIAL BOILERS (A PRELIMINARY PILOT SCALE IN-
VESTIGATION) (FINAL REPORT). Enviro-Systems and
Research, Inc., Roanoke, Va., Environmental Protection Agency
Contract 68-02-1093, Program Element 1ABO12, EPA-065/2-74-
058, ROAP 21ADJ-038, 89p., July 1974. S refs.
The techno-economic feasibility of applying a fabric filter dust
collector to coal-fired industrial boilers was investigated on a
pilot scale. Overall efficiencies greater than 99.5% were
achieved with Nomex felt at an air to cloth (A/C) ratio of six
to one. Cleaning improved with increasing volumes of reverse
air. Both woven Teflon and Gore-Tex on Nomex backing had
better release properties than Nomex felt. Installed costs for
filter media and electrostatic precipitation at three levels of ef-
ficiency are included. Based on 25% bag replacement per yr
and an electrostatic precipitator efficiency level of 98%,
Nomex felt and Gore-Tex on Nomex backing are competitive
with an electrostatic precipitator at A/C greater than 4/1.
Teflon felt needs and A/C greater than 7/1 before it becomes
competitive. (Author abstract modified)
67817
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.
C., Control Systems Lab.
SEMINAR ON ELECTROSTATICS AND FINE PARTICLES -
SEPTEMBER 1973. Program Element 1ABO12, ROAP No.
21ADL-034, Rept. EPA-6SO/2-74-081, 131p., Aug. 1974. NTIS:
PB 236676/AS
Papers are presented from a siminar on the application of elec-
trostatics to fine particle control. Topics covered in the
seminar include: the investigation of systems of charged parti-
cles and electric fields for the removal of submicron particu-
lates, the application of charged droplet scrubbing to fine par-
ticle control, wet electrostatic collection of fine particles, elec-
trostatic capture of particles in fiber beds, electrostatic
precipitator performance, the dust layer and precipitator effi-
ciency, the fractional efficiency of electrostatic precipitators,
electric arc generation of metal aerosols in quantity, and new
concepts and novel devices for fine particulate control. The
last topic is covered in an open pan discussion.
67832
Nekervis, R., J. Pilcher, J. Varga, Jr., B. Gonser, and J.
Hallowell
PROCESS MODIFICATIONS FOR CONTROL OF PARTICU-
LATE EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY COMBUSTION, IN-
CINERATION, AND METALS (FINAL REPORT). Battelle
Memorial Inst., Columbus, Ohio, Columbus Labs., Environ-
mental Protection Agency Contract 68-02-1323, Task 9, ROAP
No. 21ADK-017, Program Element 1AB012, Rept. EPA-650/2-
74-100, 116p., Oct. 1974. 107 refs. NTIS: PB 237422/AS
The state of process modifications for controlling fine particu-
late emissions from stationary combustion sources (electric
utilities and industrial processes), municipal incinerators, iron
and steel plants, ferro-alloy plants, and nonferrous metal smel-
ters (zinc plants, copper smelters, and aluminum reduction
cells) is reviewed. Modifications to conventional stationary
combustion sources considered include: ash fluxing, sulfur
trioxide addition to flue gas, staged combustion, the use of
fuel additives, fly ash agglomeration, solvent refining, and flue
gas recirculation. Unconventional systems studied include:
fluidized beds, coal gasification, and submerged combustion.
Combined flue-refuse firing, gas cooling, and pyrolysis
methods are considered for incinerators. Emphasis for iron
and steel plants is given to the bottom-blowing oxygen
process. Modification of the conventional reverberatory smelt-
ing procedure and the introduction of hydrometallurgical
methods are discussed for copper. The chloride electrolytic
process by the Aluminum Company of America is considered
for aluminum. Each process is considered with respect to its
stage of development, availability or acceptability by industry,
efficiency in reducing emissions, and environmental impact.
(Author abstract modified)
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
75
67907
Walker, Alan B.
EXPERIENCE WITH HOT ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITA-
TORS FOR FLY ASH COLLECTION IN ELECTRIC UTILI-
TIES. Combustion, 46(5): 14-17, Nov. 1974. 10 refs.
Operating experience with over 30 fly ash precipitators on
utility steam generating units, ranging in size from 30 MW to
1000 MW, is described. Operating temperatures on these units
ranged from 630 to over 900 F; operating service ranged from
2 to 38 months. Approximately 60 full-scale performance tests
were run on 19 different steam generating units in 11 different
plants. Actual performance data on all commercial scale instal-
lations tested to date are presented. A specific collecting area
in the range of 180 to 300 sq ft/1000 acfm will achieve 99%
removal and specific collecting areas of 230 and 400 are
required for 99.8% removal. Power density effects and physi-
cal reliability aspects of the precipitators are reviewed. From a
high efficiency standpoint, hot-type precipitators are highly re-
liable and can be designed with a much higher degree of cer-
tainty than cold precipitators because the probability of en-
countering high resistivity operating conditions is sharply
reduced. Structural and mechanical design of hot precipitators
requires careful attention to designs which minimize tempera-
ture gradients and allow for differential thermal expansion
where such temperature gradients cannot be avoided. Hot-type
precipitators have an economic advantage over cold-end units
under situations where the cold-end units must be designed for
operation under high resistivity ash conditions. Hot-type
precipitators appear to have a performance reliability ad-
vantage over cold precipitators in high resistivity situations.
(Author conclusions modified)
67994
Hudson, J. A. and Joseph Greco
POLLUTION, PRECIPITATORS, PROBLEMS, AND PLANS
(TVA S PARTICULATE EMISSION COMPLIANCE PRO-
GRAM). Combustion, 46(4):39-4S, Oct. 1974. (Presented at the
American Power Conference, Annual Meeting, 36th, Chicago,
III., April 29-May 1, 1974.)
The Tennessee Valley Authority s paniculate emission com-
pliance program involving the use of electrostatic precipitators
to reduce fly ash from coal-burning steam generation plants is
described. A total of 111 precipitators will have been built for
generating units ranging in size from 60-1300 raw and designed
for coal with sulfur ranging from 0.7-4.9% over the program
period 1958-1977. The cost per kilowatt for such installations is
estimated to vary from 1-47 dollars, depending on the time of
installation, the efficiency required, the amount of sulfur in
coal being burned, and requirements for modifications and ad-
ditions such as new chimneys and fans. Data concerning the
number of units, the number of precipitators, the percent effi-
ciency specified, the capacity the installed units, gas tempera-
ture and velocity, percent sulfur in coal burned, percent fly
ash, starting and completion dates for installation, plant
capacity, installed cost, and cost per kilowatt are tabulated for
various plants where precipitators were installed during
original plant construction or as part of retrofit programs.
Specified efficiencies vary from 95-99.6%.
69153
Cavin, Daniel C.
A STUDY OF IRON AND ALUMINUM RECOVERY FROM
POWER PLANT FLY ASH. Iowa State Univ., Ames, Ames
Lab., Atomic Energy Commission Contract W-7405-eng-82,
Rept. IS-T-611, 121p., April 1974. 75 refs. NTIS: IS-T-611
A study of iron and aluminum recovery from power plant fly
ash was performed to characterize a particular fly ash as a
potential source of iron and aluminum. Magnetic separation of
the iron-rich particles provided a fly ash fraction amenable to
further iron extraction processes. Sulfuric acid leaching of the
whole sample of fly ash as well as the fines (minus 200 mesh)
showed a decrease in aluminum extractibility at increasing acid
strengths. Lime sintering of the nonmagnetic fines revealed an
increase in aluminum extractability at higher mole ratios of
calcium oxide to aluminum oxide. The primary crystalline alu-
minum bearing mineral in the fly ash sample studied was mul-
lite, with trace quantities of calcium aluminates also being ob-
served. In comparison to aluminum recovery from clays and
other aluminous materials, fly ash is much more refractory in
nature. Preliminary roasting of fly ash prior to sulfuric acid
leaching reduced the aluminum extractability by reinforcing
the refractory character of the ash. (Author abstract modified)
69451
Bickelhaupt, R. E.
SODIUM CONDITIONING TO REDUCE FLY ASH RE-
SISTIVITY. Southern Research Inst., Birmingham, Ala., En-
vironmental Protection Agency Contract 68-02-0284, ROAP
21ADJ-029, Program Element 1ABO12, Rept. EPA-650/2-74-
092, 14p., Oct. 1974. 5 refs. NTIS: PB 236922/AS
Results from a review of recent research and two field tests at
power stations are presented on the use of sodium condition-
ing to reduce fly ash resistivity for efficient collection by elec-
trostatic precipitation. The two field tests were conducted at
operational temperatures between 140 and 175 C, the range in
which surface conduction should dominate, were both techni-
cally successful in that the resistivity was reduced by the pre-
dicted amount following the addition of sodium. Neither of the
two facilities were using sodium conditioning. Potential com-
pounds that can be considered as sources of sodium oxide
conditioning agents include: sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate,
sodium hydroxide, and sodium nitrate. The source of sodium
should be uniformly distributed throughout all of the coal feed
to insure that the sodium becomes an integral part of all the
ash. A procedure is given for calculating the amount of sodium
that must be added to reduce fly ash electrical resistivity to a
desired value. Advantages of sodium conditioning include
small capital investment, low labor cost for operation and
maintenance, no material handling problems and facile adjust-
ment of the amount of source material to compensate for sodi-
um level changes of incoming coal. Disadvantages are source
material cost and potential boiler fouling.
69685
Scale, Leonard M. (ed.)
PROCEEDINGS: SYMPOSIUM ON THE USE OF FABRIC
FILTERS FOR THE CONTROL OF SUBMICRON PARTICU-
LATES. (APRIL 8-10, 1974, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS).
GCA Technology Div., Bedford, Mass., Environmental Protec-
tion Agency Contract 68-02-1316, Program Element 1AB012,
ROAP 21ADL-34, Rept. EPA-650/2-74-043, 316p., May 1974.
123 refs. NTIS: PB 237629/AS
Proceedings presentations are given from a symposium aimed
at describing the fine paniculate control potential of existing
fabric filter systems for the benefit of regulatory and user
groups and suggesting to manufacturing and research organiza-
tions those areas where performance levels most need im-
provement. Topics covered include: the significance of par-
ticulate emissions; emission standards for particulates; per-
formance and cost comparisons between fabric filters and al-
ternate paniculate control techniques; types of fabric filter in-
-------
26
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
stallations; comparison of fine particle capture in fiber struc-
tures and filter cakes; optimizing filtration parameters; en-
gineering and economic considerations in fabric filtration; col-
lection efficiency as a function of particle size, shape, and
density; some effects of electrostatic charges in fabric filtra-
tion; the design of a filter system to meet specified efficiency
and emission levels; laboratory generation of particulates with
emphasis on sub-micron aerosols; methods for determining
particulate mass and size properties; a mobile fabric filter
system; extending fabric filter capabilities; new fabrics and
their potential application; new kinds of fabric filtration
devices; and needed research in fabric filtration.
69981
Nichols, Grady B. and John P. Gooch
AN ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR PERFORMANCE
MODEL (FINAL REPORT). Southern Research Inst., Bir-
mingham, Ala., Environmental Protection Agency Contract
CPA 70-166, Program Element 1ABO12, Rept. EPA-650/2-74-
132, ROAP 21ADJ-026, SORI-EAS-74-344, 186p., July 1972. 57
refs. NTIS: PB- 238923/AS
An electrostatic precipitator performance model was
developed and critical factors limiting precipitator performance
were analyzed. Quantitative relationshps were established
between precipitator performance and these factors. Operating
experience and costs were reviewed to determine the influence
of gas temperature on overall system economics and problems
related to the tendency toward corrosion and fouling of the air
heater and precipitator. A small-scale precipitator was
designed and constructed to study precipitator fundamentals
such as the effect of changing time, relation of particle dis-
tribution in the interelectrode space to collection efficiency,
and reentrainment factors. Measurements were made at
several power stations burning different types of coal to com-
pare resistivities measured by several types of apparatus and
to provide data for analysis of precipitator performance.
70083
Soderberg, Henning E.
ENVIRONMENTAL, ENERGY AND ECONOMIC CON-
SIDERATIONS IN PARTICULATE CONTROL. Mining Congr.
J., 60(12):24-29, Dec. 1974.
The costs of clean air are discussed with respect to the coal
industry. Because of the high operating costs of air pollution
control equipment, and energy and environmental systems,
choice of control methods is very important in the coal indus-
try. Several types of dust control equipment and their per-
formance, costs, and power requirements are reviewed.
Cyclone efficiency as a function of particle size, cloth collec-
tors, thermal dryer pollution problems, venturi scrubbers,
ways of improving collection efficiency, effects of dust loads
and distributions on collection, and wet scrubbers as the prac-
tical solution for coal dryer emissions are discussed.
70459
Monroe, E. S.
THE CYCLONIC INCINERATOR. Preprint, du Pont de
Nemours (E. I.) and Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del., 13p., 1974 (?).
The development of a cyclonic incinerator is described
through its three stages, starting with the open pit. Rectangular
cyclonic incinerators, cyclonic incinerators, and single versus
multichamber construction are also discussed. Test data are
given showing the completeness of combustion. The continued
acceptance of the open pit incinerator and the development of
the enclosed cyclonic incinerator demonstrate the advantages
of the good combustion characteristics inherent in the design.
The ability to handle high vaporization loads such as aqueous
wastes with simple injectors and without impingement is a de-
cided advantage over the vortex type burner with its higher
heat release. Automation can be applied to both types for op-
timum control of firing rates and temperature control. The
cylindrical cyclonic unit provides primary separation of par-
ticulate matter in the furnace and potentially reduces the
number of applications requiring scrubbers. (Author abstract
modified)
71035
Dennis, Richard
COLLECTION EFFICIENCY AS A FUNCTION OF PARTI-
CLE SIZE, SHAPE AND DENSITY: THEORY AND EX-
PERIENCE. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc,, 24(12):1156-1163,
Dec. 1974. 13 refs.
The performance features of both industrial and experimental
fabric filter systems are analyzed with respect to dust proper-
ties (particle size, shape, and density), fabric properties, and
methods of filter cleaning. Fractional particle efficiencies in
the 0.05-0.5 micron range are not strongly size dependent. Effi-
ciencies generally vary form 85- 99.5%, depending on the
weight and size distribution of the dust deposited on the fil-
ters. High level particulate removal cannot be expected if the
fabric possesses a high free area, and outlet concentrations in-
crease rapidly when the fabric pore diameter is about 10 times
the particle diameter. Test results from evaluations of various
fabric filter cleaning systems with several dust/fabric combina-
tions and various fabric cleaning procedures indicate the fol-
lowing sources of particulate emissions from fabric filters:
small-sized inlet dust that passes directly through the filter,
dust that migrates through the filter by successive deposition
and reentrainment under the combined effects of aerodynamic
and mechanical (vibrational) forces, dust dislodged from the
shaken fabric during cleaning that has penetrated the clean air
region, and dust loosened during cleaning as a result of insuffi-
cient bonding to the fibers or interstitial dust structure to resist
the dislodging forces.
71974
Accortt, J. I., A. L. Plumley, and J. R. Martin
FINE PARTICULATE REMOVAL AND SO2 ABSORPTION
WITH A TWO-STAGE WET SCRUBBER. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N. C., Control Systems
Lab. and A.P.T., Inc., Riverside, Calif., Fine Part. Scrubber
Symp., San Diego, Calif., 1974, EPA-650/2-74-112, p. 144-160.
12 refs. (May 28-30.) (Complete proceedings processed under
APTIC 75055.) NTIS: PB 239335/AS
Results from pilot plant studies and early field demonstration
studies of a limestone wet scrubbing process designed to
remove fine particulates and sulfur dioxide generated from the
burning of low sulfur sub-bituminous coal are presented.
Based on data obtained from the prototype unit handling
12,000 CFM of gas with an inlet dust loading averaging 2.0
gr/SCF and a particle size distribution showing a substantial
amount of fines (smaller than 1.5 micron), the limestone mar-
ble-bed scrubber collected only 96.10% of the total dust
generated by the thermal power unit. With the addition of* a
first stage collection device gas atomizing type collector),
overall removal efficiency was increased to as high as 99.20%.
(Author conclusions modified)
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
27
72202
McCain, Joseph D., Joseph P. Gooch, and Wallace B. Smith
RESULTS OF FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF INDUSTRIAL
PARTICULATE SOURCES AND ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATOR PERFORMANCE. J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc., 25(2):117-121, Feb. 1975. 1 ref.
Source size distribution measurements (0.1-5 micron size
range) for six classes of industrial paniculate sources are
presented along with fractional efficiency measurements on
five full scale electrostatic precipitators and one pilot scale
precipitator. The sources consisted of a coal fired boiler, an
open hearth furnace, Kraft recovery boilers, a submerged arc
ferro-alloy furnace, a packed-bed sulfur dioxide scrubber, and
a spray scrubber following an aluminum reduction furnace.
The data obtained indicate a minimum in the collection effi-
ciency versus particle size relationship for the size range
between 0.1 and 0.5 micron. Increasing collection efficiencies
are obtained for particles larger than a few microns and for
particles smaller than 0.2 micron. The latter observation sug-
gests that electrostatic precipitation is a promising means of
collecting extremely fine particles. The overall mass efficien-
cies obtained with the six electrostatic precipitators tested
ranged from 96.2-99.8%.
72280
Gooch, John P. and Norman L. Francis
THEORETICALLY BASED MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR
CALCULATION OF ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
PERFORMANCE. -J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 25(2):108-
113, Feb. 1975. 7 refs.
A computerized mathematical model that relates collection ef-
ficiency to electrostatic precipitator. size, and operating parame-
ters is described. Procedures are outlined for calculating parti-
cle charging rates, electric field as a function of. position in
wire-plate geometry, and-the theoretical .expected collection
efficiencies for various particle sizes and .precipitator operating
conditions. Although calculation of overall collection efficien-
cy of polydisperse, particulate material in an electrostatic
precipitator. from the theoretical relationships results in a con-
siderably higher value than that obtained from performance
measurements on full-size units for coal-fired power boilers,
corrections applied for estimating the effects of non-uniform
gas flow, rapping reentrainment, and gas by-passing the elec-
trified sections reduce the overall values of calculated efficien-
cy to the range of values observed from field measurements.
Variation in predicted performance caused by varying the
standard deviation of a log normal size distribution with a
given mass median diameter is investigated with computer
simulation which predicts decreasing performance with in-
creasing values of particle size standard deviation. The
decrease results from the influence of the increasing propor-
tions of fine particulate which are present with larger values of
standard deviation.
72281
Hall, H. J.
DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF HIGH VOLTAGE POWER
SUPPLIES IN ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATION. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., 25(2):132-138, Feb. 1975. 11 refs.
The design and application of high voltage power supplies for
electrostatic precipitators is reviewed, with particular emphasis
on requirements and methods for achieving the high per-
formance and reliability under various operating conditions
and precipitator inputs. Solid-state, automatic voltage and cur-
rent-limit control with multiple signal feedback loops can pro-
vide good regulation and fast response to transient
disturbances. Automatic voltage control is typically based on
maintaining an optimum average precipitator sparking rate
which must be adjustable according to application and dust
concentration. Excessive sparking in outlet sections must be
avoided so that gains obtained by increasing voltage are not
offset by dust losses due to voltage off-time, spark blasting,
and reentrainment of dust on the plates. Design and operating
requirements of electrostatic precipitators are reviewed in
terms of various applications, including high resistivity ash and
high temperature and/or high pressure gas treatment. Typical
precipitator voltage and current waveforms are illustrated
along with a schematic of a modem power supply with auto-
matic voltage and current control.
72300
Coy, David W. and Norman W. Frisch
SPECIFYING PRECIPITATORS FOR HIGH RELIABILITY.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 25(2): 128-132, Feb. 1975. 5 refs.
The design of electrostatic precipitators of high reliability is
discussed. Adequate fuel analysis data are required to design a
reliable precipitator system. Average and typical fuel analyses
are insufficient for sizing a precipitator to reliably treat a large
proportion of the fuel population. The use of a large number
(greater than 30) of individual fuel samples, either for in-
dividual sizing or for the estimation of a parent population be-
lieved representative of the fuel samples, are more reliable ap-
proaches. Sufficient redundancy is required to permit
sustained operation under, conditions of electrical section and
other failure. This.'redundancy is readily defined. Distribution
• effects, such as those representing gas velocity, gas tempera-
' ture, even dust'concentration, can be significant in reducing
the efficiency of a precipitator designed for .high efficiency.
Methods for adequately conpensating for the effects are
described.
,72315
White, Harry J.
ROLE OF ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS IN PAR-
TICULATE CONTROL: A RETROSPECTIVE AND
PROSPECTIVE VIEW. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
25(2): 102-107, Feb. 1975. 15 rets.
The growth, applications, technology, problem areas, and fu-
ture outlook of electrostatic precipitation as the major instru-
ment for the high efficiency control of fine particulate emis-
sions from heavy industry is reviewed. Data are presented for
major industrial precipitator installations between 1907 and
1970, the growth in total and fly ash precipitation capacity
since 1950, efficiency trends for fly ash, cement kiln, and
paper precipitators, annual sales of precipitators in the United
States, basic design parameters in practice for fly ash
precipitators, and the effect of sodium content on fly ash re-
sistivity. Also included are design factors which should be in-
cluded in .precipitator specification and evaluation and com-
monly encountered precipitator problems. The ability of elec-
trostatic precipitators to economically remove fine particles in
the micron and submicron range and thus meet the newer air
pollution control objectives is projected to result in the con-
tinued growth of this type of particulate control technology.
75055
A.P.T. Inc., Riverside, Calif.
EPA FINE PARTICLE SCRUBBER SYMPOSIUM (SAN
DIEGO, 5/28-30/74). Environmental Protection Agency,
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28
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
Research Triangle Park, N. C., Control Systems Lab. and
A.P.T., Inc., Riverside, Calif., Fine Part. Scrubber Symp., San
Diego, Calif., 1974, EPA-650/2-74-112, p. 1-248. 102 refs. (May
28-30.) NTIS: PB 2393S5/AS
Topics dealing with the collection of fine particles (solid or
liquid particles smaller than about 3 micron) by any type of
wet scrubbing device are presented. Subjects covered include:
the public health basis for fine paniculate control; engineering
design considerations for scrubbers; two-phase jet scrubbers,
rotating concentric homogeneous turbulence scrubbers; the ef-
fects of water injection arrangement on venturi scrubber per-
formance; transmissometer measurements of mean drop size
in full scale venturi scrubbers; the relationship of fine particle
collection efficiency to pressure drop, scrubbant and particle
properties, and the contact mechanism; flux-force/condensa-
tion scrubbing; entrainment separators for scrubbers; and fu-
ture needs for fine particulate control by scrubbing.
75092
Miller, B., G. E. R. Lamb, and P. Costariza
INFLUENCE OF FIBER CHARACTERISTICS ON PARTICU-
LATE FILTRATION (FINAL REPORT). Textile Research Inst.,
Princeton, N. J., Environmental Protection Agency Contract R-
800042, Program Element 1ABO12, ROAP 21ADL-022, Kept.
EPA-6SO/2-75-002, SSp., Jan. 1975. 14 refs. NTIS: PB
239997/AS
The influence of five fiber parameters (cross-sectional shape,
linear density, surface roughness, crimp, and staple length) on
the filtration performance of model nonwoven fabrics was in-
vestigated. Nonwoven fabrics made from 32 polyester fiber
samples were used to filter fly ash particles from a stream of
air. Filter performance was assessed by measuring pressure
drop across the filter, collection efficiency, and particle size
distribution. The following filtration improvements were
statistically observed at 95% confidence: efficiency increased
with the use of trilobal (rather than cross-section) fibers with
no detrimental effect on drag; both efficiency and drag were
improved by using crimped (rather than uncrimped) fibers; and
efficiency was improved by using three (rather than six) denier
fibers, though at the cost of greater drag. These efficiency im-
provements were especially pronounced for fine particles (ap-
proximately 2.5 micron). Non-statistically, except for epitropic
fibers with very rough carbon-embedded surfaces, rougher
fibers appeared more efficient in removing fine particles. The
application of direct current voltages to 100% non-conducting
polyester filters resulted in considerable efficiency increases.
No such effects were observed with polyester filters incor-
porating 50% epitropic fibers. (Author abstract modified)
75099
Calvert, Seymour, Nikhil C. Jhaveri, and Shuichow Yung
FINE PARTICLE SCRUBBER PERFORMANCE TESTS
(FINAL REPORT). A.P.T., Inc., Riverside, Calif., Environmen-
tal Protection Agency Contract 68-02-0285, Program Element
1AB012, ROAP 21ADJ-037, Rept. EPA-650/2-74-093, 271p.,
Oct. 1974. 6 refs. NTIS: PB 240325/AS
Various types of stack gas scrubbers were field tested at in-
dustrial installations to assess their particle collection per-
formance. The approximate cut diameters (at 50% efficiency)
measured were: 1.2 micron for a valve tray type scrubber on a
urea prilling tower; 1.2 micron for a vaned centrifugal scrubber
on a potassium chloride dryer; 0.4 micron for a mobile bed
scrubber on a coal-fired utility boiler; 0.7 micron for a venturi
scrubber on a coal-fired utility boiler; 0.8 micron for a wetted
fiber scrubber on a sodium chloride dryer; 1.0 micron for an
impingement plate scrubber on a sodium chloride dryer; and
0.3 micron for a venturi rod scrubber on a foundry cupola.
The test of a hybrid scrubber at a metal melting facility was
abandoned due to operating problems. Mathematical models
were satisfactory for all ,of the scrubbers tested except the mo-
bile bed. Data on investment and operating costs and main-
tenance were generally n,of available in complete form.
75117
Dennis, Richard and John Wilder
FABRIC FILTER CLEANING STUDIES (FINAL REPORT).
GCA Technology Div., Bedford, Mass., Environmental Protec-
tion Agency Contract 68-02-0268, Program Element 1AB012,
ROAP 21ADJ-049, Rept. EPA-650/2-75-009, GCA-TR-74-6-G,
438p., Jan. 1975. 35 refs. NTIS: PB 240372/AS
Fabric filter cleaning mechanisms were studied in a pilot plant
system designed to operate as a single or multiple-bag unit
for the investigation of cleaning by mechanical shaking, pulse
jet air, and reverse flow air. Evaluations were performed on
four woven bag types (cotton and dacron) and two felt bag
types (wool and dacron) using resuspended fly ash and talc
dusts. An analysis of cleaning by both mechanical shaking and
pulse jet air indicated that the tensile force generated by bag
acceleration was the main cause of dust removal; aerodynamic
re-entrainment played only a minor role. Residual fabric drag,
fabric holding capacity, and dust penetration characteristics
were predictable in terms of such cleaning parameters as shak-
ing frequency, amplitude, pulse jet pressure, and rate of pres-
sure rise. Based on an inlet concentration of 3-10 grains/cu ft,
effluent concentrations for the mechanically shaken, woven
fabrics ranged from 0.0000001 to 0.001 grains/cu ft in contrast
to 0.001-0.01 grains/cu ft for felted media cleaned by pulse jet
air. Effluent concentrations for both systems decreased signifi-
cantly as the filtration progressed. (Author abstract modified)
75142
Sahagian, J., R. Dennis, and N. Surprenant
PARTICULATE EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR OIL-
FIRED BOILERS (FINAL REPORT). GCA Corp., Bedford,
Mass., Technology Div., Office of Air and Waste Management
Contract 68-02-1316, Rept. EPA-450/3-74-063, 81p., Dec. 1974.
34 refs. NTIS: PB 241277/AS
The effectiveness of particulate emission control systems on
oil-fired boilers was assessed by reviewing National Emissions
Data System files and stack test data from various sampling
programs. Emission rates for boilers (100 MW capacity or
greater) controlled by electrostatic precipitators average about
3.8 lbs/1000 gal; the effective efficiency for such units is
roughly 50% or less for boilers that are well controlled from
the combustion standpoint. Inertia! collectors of the mul-
ticyclone type are generally of little value for controlling oil-
fired boiler particulate emissions except for the capture of
gross participates (greater than 10 micron in diameter) in the
acid smut category. Wet scrubbing systems developed mainly
for sulfur oxide removal provide high particulate collection;
however, the power requirements to achieve greater than 90%
particulate removal and the plume reheating necessary to pro-
vide for vapor plume rise and dissipation may exceed those
for electrostatic precipitation. Normal variations in fuel oil sul-
fur and ash content exert no significant effect on particulate
emission rates, although the use of fuel additives to regulate
ash slagging and cold-end corrosion do produce higher particu-
late rates. (Author conclusions modified)
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
29
75145
Melcher, J. R. and K. S. Sachar
CHARGED DROPLET SCRUBBING OF SUBMICRON PAR-
TICULATE (FINAL REPORT). Massachusetts Inst. of Tech.,
Cambridge, Mass., Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Environ-
mental Protection Agency Contract 68-02-0250, Program Ele-
ment 1AB012, ROAP 21ADL-003, Rept. EPA-650/2-74-075,
2S8p., Aug. 1974. 78 refs. NTIS: PB 241262/AS
Charged droplet scrubbing of submicron particles was theoreti-
cally and experimentally investigated for three charging con-
figurations, viz., oppositely charged supermicron drops,
bicharged drops, and drops charged with the same polarity as
the particles being collected. All three of the configurations
showed the same collection characteristics, and in each case
charging resulted in dramatically improved collection efficien-
cy as compared to inertial scrubbers. During experiments typi-
cal of each configuration, inertial scrubbing by 50 micron
water drops of 0.6 micron DOP aerosol particles gave 25% col-
lection efficiency as compared to 85-87% efficiency for self-
precipitation of particles with charging (droplets not charged)
and 92-95% efficiency for drop and particle charging. Charged
drop scrubbing is comparable to wet scrubbing in terms of
capital and operating costs and similar to electrostatic
precipitation in collection efficiency. (Author abstract
modified)
75201
Dismukes, Edward B.
CONDITIONING OF FLY ASH WITH AMMONIA. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., Office of
Research and Development, Symp. Electrostal. Precipitators
Control Fine Part., Research Triangle Park, N. C., 1975, p.
257-287, EPA-650/2-75-016. 22 refs. NTIS: PB 240440/AS
Field tests at Tennessee Valley Authority coal-fired power
plants involving the effect of flue gas conditioning with am-
monia on the fly ash collection efficiency of electrostatic
precipitators are described, with particular emphasis on the
mechanisms of collection enhancement. Ammonia conditioning
appears to improve the efficiency of fly ash precipitation
through two mechanisms. The first consists of a space-charge
effect, and the second involves an increase in the cohesive-
ness of fly ash. The first occurs with fly ash having low to
moderately high resistivities, while the second mechanism is
observed only with low-resistivity fly ash. Evidence of each
mechanism is observed only under circumstances where the
properties of the coal and the fly ash as well as the tempera-
ture of the flue gas permit significant concentrations of sulfur
trioxide (2-11 ppm) to occur in the off gas. The reaction of am-
monia with SO3 to produce ammonium sulfate or ammonium
bisulfate appears to be a key event in the occurrence of either
conditioning process. (Author conclusions modified)
75205
Bakke, Even
WET ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS FOR CONTROL
OF SUB-MICRON PARTICLES. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, D. C., Office of Research and Develop-
ment, Symp. Electrostal. Precipitators Control Fine Part.,
Research Triangle Park, N. C., 1975, p. 349-369, EPA-650/2-75-
016. 6 refs. NTIS: PB 240440/AS
The operation and applications of continuously sprayed,
horizontal flow, parallel plate, solid discharge electrode wet
electrostatic precipitators are reviewed, with particular empha-
sis on collection efficiencies in the submicron range. Optimiza-
tion of wet precipitator performance requires a uniform
velocity profile across the inlet section, which is accomplished
by installing U-shaped baffle members in the inlet. After
passing through the sections of U-shaped baffles, the dirty gas
stream enters the first electrostatic field, and water sprays
located above the electrostatic field sections introduce evenly
distributed water droplets to the gas stream. The particulates
and water droplets pick up charges and migrate to the collect-
ing plates, with the collected water droplets forming a continu-
ous downward-flowing film over the collecting plates to keep
them clean. Submicron particulate collection efficiencies of
over 98% are reported for applications involving emissions
from anode baking furnaces, coke ovens, and potlines.
75891
Cooper, D. W. and D. P. Anderson
DYNACTOR SCRUBBER EVALUATION (FINAL REPORT).
GCA Corp., Bedford, Mass., GCA Technology Div., Environ-
mental Protection Agency Contract 68-02-1316, Task 6, Pro-
gram Element 1AB012, ROAP 21ADL-004, Rept. EPA-650/2-74-
083-a, GCA-TR-74-21-G, 116p., June 1975. 14 refs. NTIS' PB
243365/AS
A Dynactor aspirative spray scrubber was tested for power
consumption and collective efficiency at three flow rates, two
temperatures, two dust loading levels, and with two different
dusts. Higher efficiencies were fostered by lower flow rate,
lower inlet temperature, and higher mass loading. The collec-
tion efficiency of the Dynactor was not substantially different
from that expected for a well-designed venturi scrubber
operating at the same power level and air flow rate. Efficien-
cies of over 99% were obtained for particles larger than 2.5
micron; for fine particles smaller than 1 micron, the collection
efficiency decreased sharply as with other scrubbers of similar
power consumption. (Author abstract modified)
75949
Gooch, John P. and Joseph D. McCain
PARTICULATE COLLECTION EFFICIENCY MEASURE-
MENTS ON A WET ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR.
Kellogg (M. W.) Co., Houston, Tex., Environmental Protection
Agency Contract 68-02-1308, Task 21, Program Element
1AB012, ROAP 21ADL-004, Rept. EPA-650/2-75-033, 6p.,
March 1975. 6 refs. NTIS: PB 244173/AS
Fractional and overall particulate collection efficiency mea-
surements were made on a plate type wet electrostatic
precipitator collecting fume from an aluminum pot line.
Overall collection efficiency determinations, based on a mass
train with an instack filter, ranged from 95.0 to 98.0%. The
mass filter obtained much higher total outlet mass loadings
than did the Andersen impactors, presumably because of large
entrained liquor droplets which were captured by the mass
traverse, but not by the single point impactor measurements.
The average minimum collection efficiency in the size range
0.2 to 1.0 micron diameter, based on the Andersen data, was
98.5%. Comparisons between collection efficiencies measured
with Andersen impactors and predicted with a mathematical
model of an electrostatic precipitator indicated fair agreement
in the size range from 0.2 to about 1.3 micron. The relationship
of collection efficiency to particle size departed drastically
from the expected pattern, for larger particles, possibly
because of liquor carryover from the electrode irrigation
system. (Author abstract)
-------
30
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
75965
Epstein, Michael
EPA ALKALI SCRUBBING TEST FACILITY: SUMMARY OF
TESTING THROUGH OCTOBER 1974. Bechtel Corp., San
Francisco, Calif., Environmental Protection Agency Contract
PH 22-68-67, Program Element 1AB013, Rept. EPA-650/2-75-
047, 489p., June 1975. 19 refs. NTIS: PB 244901/AS
Test results from March 1972 to October 1974 from a
lime/limestone scrubbing test facility for removing sulfur diox-
ide and particulates from flue gases are described. The facility
consists of three parallel scrubbers: a venturi spray tower, a
Turbulent Contact Absorber (TCA), and a marble bed ab-
sorber, each able to treat a 10 MW equivalent of flue gas from
a coal fired boiler. Limestone factorial tests were conducted
on all three scrubbers to determine the effects of the indepen-
dent variables on SO2 and paniculate removal. Limestone re-
liability verification tests were conducted on all three scrub-
bers to define regions for scale free operation. Lime and
limestone reliability tests were conducted on the venturi spray
tower and TCA systems to demonstrate long term reliability,
primarily of the mist elimination systems. .Mathematical
models have been developed for predicting system per-
formance. Test results show that scrubber internals can be
kept relatively free of scale if the sulfate saturation, of the
scrubber liquor is kept below about 135%. The TCA mist
elimination system'has remained essentially clean over a 1000
hr period at;.a superficial gas velocity, of 8.6 ft/sec.. The spray
tower has a Chevron mist, eliminator with provision for under- •
side 'and topside wash. Neither intermittent nor continuous'
bottomside wash prevented solids buildup at 6.7 ft/sec superfi-
cial velocity and-8% slurry solids concentration. A recent test
has shown that a combination of intermittent topside-and bot-
tomside wash can keep the-mist eliminator free.of solids'at the.
above conditions..-(Author abstract modified)
77209 ' . ' ;..''•' ,'"'..'•...•
Stukel, J. J. and H. G. Rigo . ..; ;..
ENERGY EFFICIENCIES OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
DEVICES. Atmos. Environ., 9(5):529-535, May 1975. 11 refs.
A thermodynamic analysis of the minimum energy require-
ments of various control devices used, for removing gaseous
and particulate pollutants from gas streams at various Jevels .of
collection efficiency is presented. Equations for calculating the
energy efficiency (effectiveness) of various control devices are
given as a function of both system energy losses and operating
and maintenance costs. A plot of the energy efficiency as-
sociated with a single Cyclone, an electrostatic precipitator, a
fabric filter, and a venturi scrubber obtained by ratioing the
actual energy required and the theoretical energy calculated
for each device reveals extremely low energy efficiencies as-
sociated with all of the devices. The most efficient device, the
electrostatic precipitator, possesses an efficiency of 0.1%;
while the venturi scrubber which is the most energy intensive
abatement device of the four possesses an efficiency of
0.008%. The effectiveness of both in terms of power consump-
tion and cost is tabulated for sulfur dioxide control devices
utilizing throw-away and regenerable scrubbing processes and
dry processes of the catalytic oxidation and copper adsorption
type.
77279
Selle, Stanley J., .Lindsay L. Hess, and Everett A. Sondreal
WESTERN FLY ASH COMPOSITION AS AN INDICATOR
OF RESISTIVITY AND PILOT ESP REMOVAL EFFICIEN-
CY. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
16p., 1975. 7 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control As-
sociation, Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June 15-20,
1975, Paper 75-02.5.)
Pilot-scale electrostatic precipitator performance tests were
run on a high and low resistivity western fly ash and mixtures
thereof. The fly ashes were collected from full-scale electro-
static precipitator hoppers and reentrained in a flue gas of con-
stant analysis ahead of a 120 standard cu ft/min pilot precipita-
tor. Fly ash composition and measured resistivity were good
indicators of precipitator performance. Reentrained high-sodi-
um fly ash acted as an electrostatic precipitator conditioning
agent for high- resistivity fly ash. The addition of only 0.75%
of the high- sodium fly ash increased the effective migration
velocity from 0.5 to 0.8 ft/sec at 300 F. Similar results were
obtained at 475 F. Computer regression analysis correlating
laboratory fly ash resistivity with chemical analysis substan-
tiated the inverse relationship between resistivity and sodium
oxide content of the fly ash. (Author abstract modified)
77280
Stone, Richard C., Roger C. Trueblood, and David G. Young
A PILOT PLANT APPROACH TO SPECIFYING ELECTRO-
STATIC PRECIPITATORS ON LOW SULFUR WESTERN
COAL. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
15p., 1975. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association
Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper
75-02.6.)
' Results from over 100 pilot plant tests to determine specifica-
tions for electrostatic precipitators serving thermal power
plants" burning low-sulfur western coal are presented. Tests
.with' a three.-stage electrostatic precipitator over a temperature
range''of 250-600 F indicate that fly ash exhibits a moderately
high resistivity at conventional temperatures (300 F); it can,
. however, be collected in a reasonably sized low-temperature
precipitator. Outlet grain loading varies inversely with the
specific collecting area, being lower for higher collecting areas.
•(Author abstract modified)
77660 ,
Robinson, John W.
WET SCRUBBER APPLICATION TO HOGGED FUEL
BOILERS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh,
Pa., 13p., 1975. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975,
Paper 75-34.2.)
The use of wet scrubbers for controlling paniculate emissions
from two tangentially-fired gas boilers burning hogged wood or
southern pine bark fuel is described. The installation consists
of two scrubbers mounted in parallel on each of two stacks.
The scrubbers utilize centrifugal force by sharply changing the
direction of gas flow to impinge dirty gas on the water surface
to capture paniculate matter. The total cost of the scrubber in-
stallation is $50,000. The measured paniculate emission rate
for each stack is 7.4 Ib/hr; and, based on an average inlet dust
loading of 250 Ib/hr, the overall efficiency is estimated to be
97%.
77666
Walton, John W., Ernest C. Koontz, and Jerel R. Mclnnis
AIR POLLUTION IN THE WOODWORKING INDUSTRY.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 12p.,
1975. 4 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association,
Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper
75-34.1.)
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
31
High volume stack samplers were used to make field evalua-
tions of paniculate emissions from cyclones serving wpod-
fired boilers used in woodworking operations.. Most wood-
working cyclones were found to be below 20% equivalent
opacity. Cyclones having higher visible emission 'levels
generally contained sanding dust. A grain loading standard
based on the high volume sampler method appeared to be the '
best method for regulating the woodworking industry because
of the . numerous problems associated ' with ' accurately '
establishing process weight inputs.
77675
Noll, Kenneth E. and Wayne T. Davis
THE GENERATION AND EVALUATION OF FABRIC
FILTER PERFORMANCE CURVES FROM PILOT PLANT
DATA. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
28p., 1975. 8 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution ControY As-
sociation, Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston,' Mass., June' 15-20'
1975, Paper 75-57.6.)
The basic relationship between pressure drop variations with
time and various dust/fabric combinations was determined in a
systematic study on two test facilities. Performance' curves
show that the pressure drop during the" early" stages 'of the
filter cycle depends on both' the fabric structure.and the "dust
characteristics. The residual pressure drop of conditioned
fabrics is also a function of- the fabric and dust.. A per-
formance curve which shows a large rate of increase in pres-'
sure drop during the initial cake formation on a clean fabric
has the potential for a high residual pressure drop for the' con-
ditioned fabric. After a homogeneous cake has formed on a
filter, further increase in pressure drop is a function of the
dust characteristics only, as would be predicted by application
of Darcy s law. This applied to both a clean and conditioned
fabric. The collection efficiency for fabrics appears to be re-
lated to pressure drop, with higher efficiencies associated with
fabrics demonstrating lower pressure drops. The thicker all-
spun anf felted fabrics have performance curves with lower
pressure drops and significantly higher removal efficiencies
than the filament or combination fabrics. (Author abstract
modified)
77677
linoya, Koichi, Kazutaka Makino, and Noriaki Izumi
OPTIMAL DESIGN OF A FABRIC FILTER SYSTEM.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 16p.,
1975. 1 ref. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association,
Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper
75-57 J.)
A process for the determination of the optimal design of a
fabric filter system was developed by formulating an economic
evaluation function based on the cleaning cycle for both timer
and pressure switch type filter systems. The annual cost is for-
mulated in terms of the fixed and operating costs of a fan, the
fixed cost of a filter and the fabric replacement cost. Assum-
ing that the fabric life is constant or is equal to the allowable
repetitions of cleaning cycles, the economically optimal
operating conditions, such as the maximum pressure loss,
average filtering velocity, number of compartments, and clean-
ing period are calculated to minimize the annual cost of a
newly designed unit. The optimal number of compartments de-
pends on the inlet dust concentration. For a system in which
the fabric life is limited by the repetitions of the cleaning cy-
cles, the optimal operating conditions depend on the dust con-
centration and the number of compartments. For a pulse
cleaning type filter system with constant fabric life, the con-
centration may not affect the optimal conditions. (Author ab-
stract modified)
77678
Spitz, Albert.W.
CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM SECONDARY METALS
RECOVERY AND ASPHALT PAVING PLANTS. Preprint, Air
•PoHution Control Assoc.; Pittsburgh, Pa., lip., 1975. (Presented
at the'Air Pollution Control'Association, Annual Meeting, 68th,
Boston, Mass.', June. 15-20, 197$,.Paper.75130.7.) ,
' Typfcal emission control systenis, installed within the last 5 yr
for brass, bronze,'and'aluminum ingot makers, secondary
copper, lead, and zinc smelters, and asphalt paving plants are
reviewed. For a Cu based ingot maker, a water spray and dilu-
tion air cooliog system is. used with a baghouse. Fumes from a
Zn alloy recovery furnace are controlled with a baghouse with
a calcium carbonate precoat. The pollution potential of Al
scrap processing is described along with several solutions. The
use of precoated h'ous'es in'the. secondary Al. industry is in-
creasing. Pilot, scale trial fnstallations are „ recommended.
Asphaft paving plant pollution control systems are under revi-
sion with pulse jet baghouses replacing wet scrubbers.
77686 ' • - • •
Fraser, Malcolm D.. . ' •
A PREDICTIVE PERFORMA'NCE -MODEL FOR FABRIC
FILTER SYSTEMS, II. .MULTICOMPARTMENT.' SYSTEMS.
Preprint,'Air.Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh,. Pa., 21p'.,
1975, 7 .refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association,
Annual Meeting, .68th, Boston, Mass., June' 15-20, 1975, Paper
75-57.7.)
A predictive performance model for a multicompartment
fabric filter system was developed based on the fundamental
principles involved in fabric filtration. The equilibrium pres-
sure-drop cycle which results from switching compartments
off and on-line is calculated in an exact manner from the basic
equations by an iterative algorithm. Comparison of predictions
from this model with real performance data indicates that this
model shows promise for predicting the collection efficiency
of multicompartment fabric filter systems and for simulating
their behavior under changed inlet or operating conditions.
(Author conclusions modified)
77843
Zahedi, K. and J. R. Melcher
ELECTROFLUIDIZED BEDS IN THE FILTRATION OF SUB-
MICRON PARTICULATE. Preprint, Air Pollution Control As-
soc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 16p., 1975. 24 refs. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston,
Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-57.8.)
The use of an electrofluidized bed (EFB) consisting of
fluidized particles with an imposed electric field in either the
flow direction (co-flow) or perpendicular to the flow direction
(cross-flow) as a high performance particulate control device is
discussed. By dint of the electric field, the bed particles
(whether conducting or insulating) sustain positive and nega-
tive charges on their respective ends. Experiments are
described for the co-flow configuration used to collect 0.7
micron DOP particles. A slug-flow model is developed show-
ing the way in which efficiency depends on unfluidized bed
height, bed-particle size, particulate mobility, gas flow-rate
and applied electric field intensity. This model is successfully
correlated with tests in which flow rate, bed particle size, and
unfluidized bed height are varied. Efficiencies better than 90%
can be achieved in collecting 0.7 micron DOP with a gas re-
sidence time less than 50 msec and a pressure drop of about 6
cm of water. (Author abstract modified)
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32
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
77930
Stephens, N. Thomas, J. Martin Hughes, Bruce W. Owen, and
William O. Warwick
EMISSIONS CONTROL AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY AT A
SECONDARY STEEL PRODUCTION FACILITY. Preprint,
Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 14p., 1975. 8 refs.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual
Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975. Paper 75-15.3.)
A case study of dust and fume emission control measures and
their impact on ambient air quality in the surrounding area is
presented for a secondary steel production facility using elec-
tric arc furnaces. Emission control measures include a
mechanical cyclone and a number of baghouses with side draft
hood evacuation. Measurement of the ambient air quality near
the plant with high-volume samplers indicate that the impact
of the facility on the surrounding community is minimal, with
mean particulate concentrations near the plant differing little
from those recorded in a nearby residential area. Visible emis-
sions, however, are still a source of complaint from local offi-
cials. The most difficult problem is emission control during
charging; the predominant furnace in use is a top-charged type
which releases fume emissions when the roof is off during
charging.
79050
Faure, F., R. B. Jacko, and R. Squires
THE COLLECTION EFFICIENCY OF AN ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATOR FOR TRACE METALS FROM AN OPEN
HEARTH FURNACE. National Science Foundation, Washing-
ton, D. C., Research Applied to National Needs, Trace Contain.
Conf. Proc. 2nd Annu., Pacific Grove, Calif., 1974, p. 64-68. 3
refs. (Aug. 29-31.) NTIS: LBL-3217
Emissions tests both upstream and downstream of an electro-
static precipitator controlling a battery of seven open hearth
furnaces revealed an average particulate collection efficiency
of 97.7%. An apparent minimum collection efficiency at the 4
micron particle size level appeared to be due to the transfor-
mation of particle sizes within the precipitator. Agglomeration
of 1-micron particles to an effect 4-micron size appeared to be
the primary reason for the pseudo efficiency decrement at 4
micron. Average particulate concentrations upstream and
downstream of the precipitator were 0.349 and 0.008 grains/
standard cu ft, respectively. Total particulate mass emission
rates varied from 35-94 Ib/hr and resulted in a calculated emis-
sion factor of 0.16-0.46 Ib particulates/ton of steel produced.
The mass median diameter of the particles entering the
precipitator was 1.56 micron and that of the particles leaving
the precipitator was 1.0 micron. (Author abstract modified)
79178
Wright, R. J.
SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF PARTICULATE CON-
TROL DEVICES IN THE STEEL INDUSTRY. In: Air Pollu-
tion Control and Industrial Energy Production. Kenneth E.
Noll, Wayne T. Davis, and Joseph R. Duncan (cds.), Ann Ar-
bor, Mich., Ann Arbor Science, 1974 (?), Chapt. 9, p. 153-159.
Various points of particulate emissions and possible methods
for control in the steel industry are discussed. Dust is
produced when raw materials are transferred from the rail car
to the hopper, from the stock house to the weigh car, and
from the weigh car to the skip car. Fabric filters are used for
all three transfers. No simple approach has been found for
control of participates from coke ovens. Scrubbers are often
used. Emissions from the blast furnace are principally from
the slagging and cast house, which use scrubbers, fabric fil-
ters, and, occasionally, precipitators. Generally, the open
hearth is vented either by an electrostatic precipitator, a
scrubber, or a glass fabric baghouse. The BOF-LD is con-
trolled by either electrostatic precipitators or high energy
scrubbers. Tapping directly from the arc furnace or other
refined steel processes to a continuous casting machine
presents some transfer problems requiring small amounts of
fabric, usually glass cloth for filter dust' control. Because of
the abrasive nature of mill scale, an ample hopper is employed
as a primary collector and, depending on the amount of'"dust
involved, a mechanical collector is used as a precleaner and
primary collector ahead of fabric or wet scrubbers. Both grind-
ing and polishing are usually shielded in a liquid coolant,
eliminating the need for collection equipment. High-efficiency,
continuously cleaned, impingement air filters are used for the
motor control center and personnel control rooms and cubi-
cles. When heavier ambient air dustloads are experienced the
supplemented media precoated fabric filter can be installed.
79179
Henderson, J. S. and J. E. Roberson
THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY PRECIPITATOR SUR-
VEY. In: Air Pollution Control and Industrial Energy Produc-
tion. Kenneth E. Noll, Wayne T. Davis, and Joseph R. Duncan
(eds.), Ann Arbor, Mich., Ann Arbor Science, 1974 (?), Chapt.
10, p. 161-172, 3 refs.
A precipitator survey was conducted, covering collector units
placed in operation since January 1, 1966, and with a collec-
tion efficiency of at least 98.0%. The survey questioned design
data, collector construction, collector performance, and
operating experience. Maintenance costs, problem areas, and
stack test results were included. Responses covered 20 wet
bottom precipitator units applied to conventional recovery
boilers and four dry bottom precipitators as applied to noncon-
tact recovery boilers. The performance aspects of precipitators
are discussed. Inlet particulate loadings consist of a range of
values. Approximately 70% of the precipitator tests were at
less than guaranteed efficiency. A 99.0% guaranteed efficiency
resulted in a long term operating efficiency of 98.4%. Only
half of the respondents kept specific maintenance cost records
on their precipitators, while 75% of the respondents have per-
formed both guaranteed tests and routine operating tests of
their precipitators. The results for the dry bottom precipitators
parallel those of the wet bottom precipitators except for
downtime and maintenance costs. Downtime attributed to dry
bottom averaged 220 hr versus 30 hr per yr for wet bottom
units. Corresponding maintenance costs were higher for dry
bottom units. (Author abstract modified)
79180
Clark, David
CONTROL OF EMISSIONS IN THE CEMENT MANUFAC-
TURING INDUSTRY. In: Air Pollution Control and Industrial
Energy Production. Kenneth E. Noll, Wayne T. Davis, and
Joseph R. Duncan (eds.), Ann Arbor, Mich., Ann Arbor
Science, 1974 (?), Chapt. 11, p. 173-179.
Emission control in Portland cement manufacturing is
discussed as it relates to attainment of ambient air and point
source mass emission standards. The processes for reducing
particulate emissions from the procurement of raw materials
are described. The feeders used for mixing raw materials are
generally controlled sufficiently using shrouds and conveyor
shields. A wet scrubber is the most commonly used dust con-
trol equipment in the wet process raw grinding operation and
may also be used to control emissions from the mixing stage.
The raw grinding stage has an exceptionally high mass emis-
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
33
sion potential in the dry process. Continuous temperature con-
trol is necessary to avoid blinding the fabric filters used to
control emissions while drying the raw materials. The exhaust
gases from the burning phase and the quick cooling operation
following it are the most difficult conditions in the control of
emissions from the entire process. The control methods used
include electrostatic precipitators and fabric filters. Fabric fil-
ters are the mainstay of emission control from finish grinding.
The fabric filter is also the most used collection device in ce-
ment storage and distribution. Although large quantities of fine
material are transferred through this step, proper application
of transfer points shrouds and conveyor covers, the use of
high level silo alarms to avoid silo overfill and adequately
sized fabric filters, minimize the emission of cement dust.
79186
Bradstreet, Jeffrey W. and Robert J. Fortman
STATUS OF CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR ACHIEVING
COMPLIANCE WITH AIR POLLUTION REGULATIONS BY
THE ELECTRIC UTILITY INDUSTRY. In: Air Pollution Con-
trol and Industrial Energy Production. Kenneth E. Noll, Wayne
T. Davis, and Joseph R. Duncan (eds.), Ann Arbor, Mich., Ann
Arbor Science, 1974 (?), Chapt. 18, p. 285-305. 25 refs.
The ability of electric utilities to select control equipment that
will afford compliance .with the Federal air pollution regula-
tions is quite limited. It is possible to control particulates to
the extent required with the possible exception of low sulfur
fuel used to limit sulfur oxide emissions. Flue gas desulfuriza-
tion processes have not developed sufficiently to provide relia-
ble removals consistent with the operation of the boiler.
Nitrogen oxide control has only advanced to combustion
modification techniques for gas fired units, and possibly oil
fired units. Control of nitrogen oxide emissions from coal fired
units is an undeveloped art. Compliance with the nitrogen
oxide emissions is, therefore, impossible for coal fired plants.
(Author abstract modified)
Gas emission temperatures in the neighborhood of 700 F and
moisture levels in the 20% range were found satisfactory for
the desired paniculate collection efficiency of 98.8%.
82793
Hobson, M. J.
REVIEW OF BAGHOUSE SYSTEMS FOR BOILER PLANTS.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 26(l):22-25, Jan. 1976.
Data on the operation of baghouse systems used for the con-
trol of particulates from fossil fuel boilers were obtained from
10 commercial installations. The installations consisted of
power utility plants and industrial boiler plants. Gas flows
treated ranged from 23,000 to 820,000 cu ft/min. Although
operating and performance data were limited, a strong rela-
tionship appeared to exist between air to cloth ratio and bag
life. Collection efficiencies were generally high.
82795
First, Melvin W. and William C. Hinds
HIGH VELOCITY FILTRATION OF SUBMICRON
AEROSOLS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 26(2):119-123,
Feb. 1976. 10 refs.
The filtration efficiency of a fiberglass mat filter medium was
investigated using a dioctylphthalate aerosol having a count
median diameter of 0.8 micron and uniform polystyrene latex
spheres of 0.36-1.1 micron diameter over a face velocity range
of 500-3000 ft/min. Penetration curves for the liquid OOP
aerosol and the solid spheres showed reasonable agreement up
to a face velocity of 1000 ft/min. At higher velocities, how-
ever, the polystyrene latex sphere penetration increased,
whereas the DOP penetration showed a continuing decrease.
This suggests that some fraction of the solid particles can
either bounce back into the air stream after contacting a fiber
or be stopped and later reentrained in the air stream, whereas
liquid particles adhere on contact with a filter fiber.
81267
Grzywinski, Richard J.
UPDATING INCINERATORS FOR AIR POLLUTION ABATE-
MENT. Public Works, 105(12):48-50, Dec. 12, 1974.
The installation of a particulate control system on a continu-
ous type municipal incinerator with an actual daily capacity of
750 tons/day is described. The heart of the control system is
an electrostatic precipitator. Gas entering the precipitator is
controlled to a temperature of 550 F by a bank of 20 air-
atomized water spray nozzles with control valves which
respond to the precipitator inlet temperature. Sufficient reten-
tion time for the spray water droplets to evaporate before en-
tering the precipitator is provided by two in-line steel towers.
Although the performance of the precipitator is not yet
verified, visual results are encouraging. The total project cost
for particulate control system is $3,219,008.
82792
Hughes, J. Martin, N. Thomas Stephens, and R. Anthony
Gunn
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATION ASSESSMENT FOR
LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE PRODUCTION. Preprint,
12p., 1975. 14 refs.
Stack sampling and laboratory tests were conducted to deter-
mine optimum operating parameters for the proposed installa-
tion of an electrostatic precipitator at a lightweight aggregate
production plant. Operating conditions where characterized for
a natural gas aggregate kiln producing at a rate of 40 tons/hr.
82798
Burchard, John K.
SIGNIFICANCE OF PARTICULATE EMISSIONS. J. Air Pol-
lution Control Assoc., 25(2):99-100, Feb. 1975. 3 refs.
Fine particulate emissions (liquid and solid particles less than 3
micron in diameter) are discussed in terms of their effects on
human health and methods for their control. Fine particulates
exert their principal effect on health through inhalation and
direct attack on the respiratory system which may be
manifested by short term irritant effects or longer term
damage in the form of emphysema, bronchitis, and pneu-
moconiosis. High efficiency electrostatic precipitators are
capable of removing particles with diameters down to 0.1
micron with an efficiency as high as 98%. However, the range
of applicability of conventional precipitators is limited to a
fairly narrow range of particle resistivity. Hot-side precipita-
tors appear to offer greater promise for the control of fine par-
ticulates.
84729
Drehmel, Dennis C.
PRIMARY FINE PARTICLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 14p.,
1976. 12 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion Annual Meeting, 69th, Portland, Oreg., June 27-July 1,
1976, Paper 76-30.4.)
Recent Environmental Protection Agency-sponsored develop-
ment of particulate control for stationary sources stresses fine
-------
34
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
particulates and has been directed toward characterization and
improvement of conventional equipment and assessment of the
collectability of dusts. Studies of electrostatic precipitators
showed that collection efficiency .does, not decrease rapidly^as
a function of decreasing particle size. Assessment of. scrubbers
of various kinds, (vale tray, vaned centrifugal, mobile bed,
venturi,'wetted'fib'er. impingement plate,t and, .venturi rod)
revealed that: collection efficiency for all .varieties was initially.
high and decreased rapidly with decreasing particle size.
Fabric filters proved to be highly efficient fine particle collec-
tors. Several novel devices, many of which were scrubbers
using water, were also tested. Projects have been initiated to
study new concepts in paniculate control: charged droplet'
scrubbers; electric curtains; 'electrostatic fiber beds; foam
scrubbing; cleanable double media cartridge filtration; electro-
static effects in fabric filtration; 'high gradient magnetic separa-.
tiori; ahd ceramic-membrane ^filtration.' «
•" • " ' '
84735 •
Weinstein, Norman J. and Richard F. Toro
PARTICULATE EMISSION. CONTROL FOR THERMAL
PROCESSING OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE. Preprint, Air
Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 17p.,,l?76. 26 refs.
(Presented- at tne Air -Pollution Control,'Association Annual-
Meeting, 69th;'pqrtiand, Oreg., June 27-July 1, 1976,-Paper 76-
.27.3.) '_ .",- , " ' '•" ' . ;" . .'
Electrostatic precipitators, scrubbers, and fabric filters used to'
control paniculate emissions from incinerators are discussed..
Design parameters, .operating efficiency, and costs are
described. The attainment of legal emission standards is
stressed.
84741
Padgett, Joseph and J. D. Bachmann
REGULATORY AND TECHNICAL CONTROL STRATEGIES
FOR FINE PARTICLES. Preprint, Air Pollution Control As-
soc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 14p., 1976. 31 refs. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association Annual Meeting, 69th, Portland,
Oreg., June 27-July 1, 1976, Paper 76-30.7.)
The implications of available information for fine (less than 2
micron) paniculate control strategies is discussed. Available
information on health effects does not permit the establish-
ment of adequate dose/response functions for fine panicles.
But preliminary research indicates that some adverse effects
may be associated with certain fine paniculate classes even
when current total suspended paniculate (TSP) standards are
met. Three approaches to control are discussed: control of
emissions of gaseous precursors, which account for the major
portion of fine paniculate mass; control of the mechanisms
which promote the transformation of gases to particles; and
control of direct emissions of fine particles. A general fine
paniculate standard would not necessarily ensure against ef-
fects from specific chemical compounds and would not ob-
viate the need for separate regulatory programs for such toxic
particulates as lead and other trace elements, .acid aerosols
such as sulfates and nitrates, and carcinogens such as certain
polycyclic organics. Recent evidence suggests an approach
which places greater emphasis on the control of selected
categories, fine participate matter, especially sulfates and
nitrates, which continued reliance on the current TSP standard
for overall control.
84743
Robison, Ernest B.
APPLICATION OF DUST COLLECTORS TO RESIDUAL OIL
FIRED BOILERS. IN MARYLAND. State of Maryland Depart-
ment of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore, Md., Environ-
mental Health Administration, Rept. BAQC-TM 74-15, ISp.,
• Dec. 15(74. 8 refs. ; • .
' The experience of the Maryland State Bureau of AH*
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
35
were studied. Tests were made on a utility gas turbine
representative of current combustor operation which required
the use of a fuel additive for control of visible smoke. An at-
tempt was made to totally characterize the effect of additive
use on the solid and gaseous emissions from the turbine.
Selected concentrations of 3 different smoke suppressant addi-
tives representing the most widely used additive types were
studied. Representative exhaust samples werf extracted from
-the gas turbine stack and analyzed for total paniculate mass
loading and composition, particle size distribution, size and
chemical state of the emissions derived from the additive base
element, polycyclic organic matter, arid gaseous emissions in-
cluding nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, ox-
ygen, unburned hydrocarbons, sulfur dioxide, and sulfur triox-
ide. Tests were conducted at both industrial base load
(nominally 20 MW) and an intermediate load of 15 MW. The
results indicate that the chief effect of the additives is to
reduce the mass loading of carbon in the effluent gas. The ad-
ditive base element appeared in the exhaust as relatively large
particles (about 1 micron diameter). TJie relative quantities of
manganese (2+)/Mn(3+) in the exhaust were 70/30% and
90/10% for manganese-barium and manganese* additives,
respectively. For an iron-based additive^ 15% of- the" iron ap-
peared as Fe(2 + ) with the remaining 85% being. Fe(3+). The
data Iqnd .support to trie contention that .the decreased opadity
observed with the use of fuel additives results from -a decrease
in the total carbonaceous emissions. . ,
84757'
Turner, J. H.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF DUST COLLECTORS
IN THE V. S. WITH EMPHASIS ON FABRIC FILTRATION.
Preprint, Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory,
Research Triangle Park, N. C., 6p., 1976. 44 refs.
Research and development of dust collectors is discussed,
with emphasis on fabric filtration and some discussion of
scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators, and novel devices. Mea-
surement methods pertaining to field and laboratory particle
size and concentration measurements are briefly described.
Research includes work on cleaning the filter systems, the ef-
fect of fiber shape on collection efficiency, and the develop-
, ment of fabrics capable of withstanding high temperatures.
High velocity filtration, mathematical filtration models, and
dual purpose filters used for sorption of gas as well as collec-
tion of participates are discussed.
84775
Leith, David and Melvin W. First '
FILTER CAKE REDEPOSITION IN A PULSE-JET FABRIC
FILTER. Preprint, The Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pitt-
sburgh, -Pa., 23p., 1976. 9 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution
Control Association Annual Meeting, 69th, Portland, Oreg.,
June 27-Juiy 1, 1976, Paper 76-31.4.)
To the extent that' a filter cake of collected dust redeposits
rather than "falls to the hopper, pulse-jet'filter cleaning is inef-
fective. Dust tracer .techniques were used to identify the ex-
tent to which redeposition occurs. Dust redeposition upon the
pulsed bag itself was found to increase markedly with increas-
ing velocity, although migration and redeposition on bags ad-
jacent to the pulsed bag decreased. Darcy s law was found to
predict accurately the relationship between pressure drop and
velocity only when the increased dust deposit thickness due to
redeposition was considered. For high velocity pulse-jet filters
to operate at their lowest possible pressure drop, filter cake
redeposition must be minimized. (Author abstract)
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36
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
18971
Boubel, Richard W.
A HIGH VOLUME STACK SAMPLER. Preprint, Air Pollution
Control Assoc., Pacific Northwest International Section, 26p.,
1970. 7 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association,
Pacific Northwest International Section, Annual Meeting,
Spokane, Wash., Nov. 16-18, 1970, Paper 70-AP-5.)
The design and operation of a high volume stack sampler with
application to hog fuel fired boilers, bark fired incinerators,
wigwam burners, asphalt plants, and seed cleaning cyclones
are reviewed. Probe construction and calibration, operating
procedure, and field evaluation results are examined. The sam-
pler is rapid, reliable, relatively simple, and inexpensive.
(Author abstract modified)
/30707
Hwang, Jae Y., Paul A. Ullucci, and Charles J. Mokeler
TRACE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS BY
SOLVENT EXTRACTION- FLAMELESS ATOMIC ABSORP-
TION SPECTROMETRY. Preprint, Air Pollution Control As-
soc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 17p., 1971. 6 refs. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlantic
City, N. J., June 27-July 3, 1971.)
Trace elements of silver, cadmium, zinc, and lead in at-
mospheric particulate samples were determined by solvent ex-
traction- flameless atomic absorption techniques. Air particu-
late samples were collected on organic membranes by a low
volume air sampler. The membranes with the samples were
pretreated with acetone before acid extraction. Sample solu-
tions, thus prepared, were further extracted into organic sol-
vents. The final organometallic complexes in organic solvents
were then dried, pyrolyzed, and atomized in an enclosed
chamber under an inert gas atmosphere for atomic absorption
measurements. To improve the accuracy of the analysis, a
thorough investigation into the chemical interferences was
made and the interferences were compared between the
present and conventional atomic absorption techniques. This
technique is simple and runs with good sensitivity and preci-
sion. It is ideal for the trace analysis of atmospheric particu-
late samples for a short-term variation study. (Author abstract
modified)
31612
Ettinger, Harry J. and George W. Royer
PARTICLE SIZE, VISIBILITY AND MASS CONCENTRA-
TION IN A NON-URBAN ENVIRONMENT. Preprint, Air Pol-
lution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 27p., 1971. 22 refs.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual
Meeting, 64th, Atlantic City, N. J., June 27-July 2, 1971, Paper
71-81.)
An air sampling program was carried out in a non-urban, low
pollution area to relate: total particulate mass concentration
measured with a high-volume sampler, particulate mass dis-
tribution measured with aerodynamic size selective samplers,
and visual range as defined by the integrating nephelometer.
For low suspended particulate mass concentrations, the fol-
lowing relationship was defined between visual range (L-sub-v)
and mass concentration (M - micrograms/cu m): L-sub-v equal
to 800/M miles. Particle size analysis obtained with the Ander-
sen impactor. and Cascade Centripeter show varying mass
median size, but generally follow similar size distributions.
Comparison of the three suspended particulate samplers shows
that those samplers measuring size characteristics, indicate
mass concentrations approximately 20% lower than total
suspended particulates defined by high volume samplers.
(Author abstract modified)
32257
Warner, P. O., L. Saad, and J. O. Jackson
IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF
PARTICULATE AIR CONTAMINANTS BY X-RAY DIF-
FRACTION SPECTROMETRY. Preprint, Air Pollution Con-
trol Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 15p., 1971. 7 refs. (Presented at the
Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlan-
tic City, N. J., June 27-July 2, 1971.)
Because of the synergistic effects which occur from the mix-
ing of gases and particulates in ambient air, it is important that
the determination of air pollutants be conducted on the sample
in its native state without imposing any further chemical
recombination during the analysis. X-ray diffraction spec-
trometry allows such a non-destructive method of analysis. It
is suited for the identification of proprietary, but crystalline,
mineral particulates, such as cement powder, slag dust, sinter
emissions, and graphite coke. Powdered glass is used as a
solid diluent. The most significant application of this method is
the rapid quantitative determination of coke particulate in the
presence of coal, where these materials are stored under con-
ditions which may lead to their coentrainment. This method al-
lows the rapid, relatively interference-free determination of
materials, such as industrial binders, molding sands, mill scale,
and carbonaceous particulates which possess some degree of
crystallinity. The method was extended to the study of such
gases as sulfur dioxide, which may be selectively fixed to an
active surface. Data have also been gathered to show the ef-
fects of various gas-solid interfacial reactions on the diffrac-
tion patterns of particulates.
32433
Dorsey, J. A. and J. O. Burckle
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS AND PROCESS MONITORS.
Chem. Eng. Progr., 67(8):92-9S, Aug. 1971. 19 refs.
Increasing efforts to define the extent of air pollution and
develop control technology for particulate emissions has
shown the many disadvantages of applying manual methods to
routine measurement on a major scale. The most significant of
these are the high cost of performing a series of tests, and the
inability of the techniques to provide a continuous record of
instantaneous emission rates. The accuracy of a particulate
mass monitor is ultimately a function of the representativeness
of the sample, and the degree to which the sensor responds to
true mass. The most significant factors influencing both areas
are the properties of the particulate matter or, more precisely
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
37
the net effect of the properties of many minute, discrete parti-
cles. These include particle size, shape, density, color, re-
sistivity, and composition. In addition to the physical and
chemical properties of the particles, the effects of gross flow
of particulate in the source must be carefully considered. Sam-
pling techniques and sensing principles are discussed. For in-
situ measurements, the absorption of visible light, gamma
rays, and acoustical energy have been investigated.
33562
Olin, John G., Gilmore J. Sem, and Richard P. Trautner
AIR-QUALITY MONITORING OF PARTICLE MASS CON-
CENTRATION WITH A PIEZOELECTRIC PARTICLE
MICROBALANCE. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pitt-
sburgh, Pa., 31p., 1971. 3 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution
Control Association, Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlantic City, N. J.,
June 27-July 2, 1971, Paper 71-1.)
The particle mass monitor is specifically designed for continu-
ous air quality monitoring and effectively replaces the filter-
weighing procedure with an automatic instrument. The sensor
consists of an oscillating quartz crystal. An electrostatic
precipitator deposits the particles with nearly 100% collection
efficiency onto the surface of the vibrating crystal. Trace
amounts of a gas are emitted by a constant-temperature per-
meation tube into the inlet aerosol stream to make the parti-
cles firmly adhere to the crystal surface. The background error
caused by this trace gas is negligible. The resonance frequency
of the crystal decreases linearly with the mass of the particu-
late deposition and is monitored and recorded with a digital
counter and printer. The time rate-of-change of frequency is
proportional to particle mass concentration. Simultaneous mea-
surements show good comparison of the particle mass monitor
with the parallel membrane filter, good reproducibility, an
upper particle size limit as high as 50 micron for the aerosol
tested, and a time response of 30 sec or less. Measurements
with a high-volume sampler were approximately a factor of
two higher than those obtained with the parallel filter and par-
ticle mass monitor, probably because the high-volume sampler
collected a significant number of very large particles in the 50
to 200 micron range. (Author abstract modified)
35266
Shannon, Larry J., A. Eugene Vandegrift, and Paul G.
Gorman
ASSESSMENT OF SMALL-PARTICLE EMISSIONS (LESS
THAN 2 MICRON). Preprint, California Air Resources Board,
Sacramento and California State Dept. of Public Health, 21p.,
1971. 14 refs. (Presented at the Conference on Methods in Air
Pollution and Industrial Hygiene Studies, 12th, Los Angeles,
Calif., April 6-8, 1971.)
Standard sampling and particle sizing methods applied to the
fine particle regime are evaluated for information on (1) total
mass and fine particle emissions and (2) particle size and frac-
tional efficiency. The method and results of calculations of
fine particle emissions from major industrial sources are given.
Cascade impactors, thermal precipitators, micro-particle clas-
sifiers. Coulter counters, differential sedimentation devices,
and microscopic techniques are discussed.
42984
Wilson, Kent D. and Dennis A. Falgout
A NEW APPROACH TO ISOKINETIC NULL PROBE
DESIGN. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh,
Pa., 23p., 1972. 7 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control
Association, Annual Meeting, 65th, Miami, Fla., June 18-22,
Paper 72-32.)
A null probe of radical new design for sampling isokinetically
the particle-laden gas stream in paniculate-sampling operations
is discussed. The design eliminates the main problem encoun-
tered in previous models, that being the accurate measurement
of static pressure. In the new probe, a small static probe is
located in the center of the nozzle and another on the outside
and the static taps of both tubes are located in the plane of the
probe inlet. This ensures that static pressure changes which
occur inside and outside the probe due to the disruption of
fluid flow by the probe itself will not affect the sampling rate
accuracy. A consideration of fluid theory shows why previous
designs have met with limited success and why the new design
overcomes these deficiencies. A prototype was constructed
and tested in both a wind tunnel and a field sampling situation.
Performance was excellent in both circumstances, with errors
generally less than 3%. It is believed that the errors were due
to poor instrument precision rather than design inadequacies.
(Author abstract modified)
42986
Gussman, Robert A., Anthony M. Sacco, and Roger E. Ladd
DESIGN AND CALIBRATION OF A HIGH VOLUME
CASCADE IMPACTOR. Preprint, Air Pollution Control As-
soc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 34p., 1972. 13 refs. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 65th, Miami,
Fla., June 18-22, 1972, Paper 72-27.)
An air sampler capable of classifying large quantities of air-
borne particulate matter into discrete size fractions was
developed. Such a fractionation will permit discrete size-re-
lated chemical analysis of various particulate pollutants and a
more realistic assessment of their health effects. A 30 cu
ft/min, five-stage cascade impactor of the slit-type was con-
structed and calibrated. The calibration aerosol consisted of
six different sizes 1.35-14 micron of isodispersed methylene
blue produced with a spinning disk generator. The calibration
was challenged with heterodispersed aerosols of methylene
blue, Arizona road dust, and dioctyl phthalate. Test and
calibration results are tabulated. (Author abstract modified)
43288
Burton, Robert M., James N. Howard, Robert L. Penley,
Peggy A. Ramsay, and Thomas A. Clark
FIELD EVALUATION OF THE HIGH-VOLUME PARTICLE
FRACTIONATING CASCADE IMPACTOR- A TECHNIQUE
FOR RESPIRABLE SAMPLING. Preprint, Air Pollution Con-
trol Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 33p., 1972. 15 refs. (Presented at
the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 65th,
Miami, Fla., June 18-22, 1972.)
A four-stage, multiorifice, high-volume fractionating cascade
impactor with backup filter, which can be operated as a com-
ponent of the standard Hi-Vol sampler, separates particulate
matter into five aerodynamic size ranges: 7 micron or larger;
3.3-7 micron; 2.0-3.3 micron; 1.1-2.0 micron; and 0.01-1.1
micron. Field tests utilizing duplicate sampling techniques in
comparative tests were conducted to determine the feasibility
of using the fractionator on a routine basis in field operations.
A glass fiber collection medium with a pH of 11.0 adsorbed at-
mospheric acid gases during sampling and should not be used
if results comparable to those obtained with the standard Hi-
Vol sampler are desired. Glass fiber filters with a pH of 6.5
will eliminate the acid gas adsorption. (Author abstract
modified)
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38
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
44700
Wilson, E. F., L. Himmelstein, and F. R. Hauptman
CONTINUOUS PARTICULATE MEASUREMENTS IN
PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA: A ONE YEAR STUDY
OF THE INTEGRATING NEPHELOMETER. Preprint; Air
Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 14p., 1972. 7 refs.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual
Meeting, 65th, Miami, Fla., June 18-22, 1972, Paper 72-23.)
A continuous paniculate measuring instrument was needed to
adapt to a new telemetered air monitoring system: The' in-
tegrating nephelometer was evaluated for this purpose. A brief
description of the instrument is presented along with some
theory of how the light-scattering coefficient relates mathe-
matically to the suspended-dust level. Correlation coefficient
and regression equations were developed using Philadelphia
paniculate data collected over a 13-month period from an In-
tegrating nephelometer and high-volume air samplers. The data
show that a correlation coefficient of 0.7-0.8 is about as good
as can be expected in urban air containing a wide, range of par-
ticle sizes. The best expected paniculate concentration esti-
mate appears to be about plus or minus 30 microgram/cu m
because the high-volume air sampler filter captures particles
ranging up to 100 times the size of particles having the highest
scattering coefficient. However, the smaller particles measured •
best by the integrating nephelometer are known to be poten-
tally dangerous since they enter into the deep areas of the
lung. (Author abstract modified)
44757
Findley, Charles E. and August T. Rossano, Jr.
CONTINUOUS MONITORING OF PARTICULATE MATTER
IN AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST. Preprint, Air Pollution Control
Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 16p., 1972. 9 refs. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 65th, Miami,
Fla., June 18-20, 1972, Paper 72-67.)
The design and testing of a continuous monitoring system
using a nephelometer for the measurement of primary automo-
bile exhaust particulate concentration are described. The
system is based on the relationship of particle light scattering
and mass concentration. Twenty separate tests were conducted
with two automobiles over a 5-week period of time. Measure-
ments of the light-scattering coefficient and mass concentra-
tion were made while the vehicles were idling. The relationship
between these two variables was investigated by using a linear
regression analysis. A good correlation of light-scattering and
mass concentration for the range of test values covered was
found as evidenced by correlation coefficients of 0.938 and
0.705 for the two test vehicles used in the study. The mean of
the constant of proportionality (K) relating the ratio of particle
mass concentration to light scattering coefficient was 6,100,000
micrograms/sq m with a 95% confidence level interval of
5,400,000 to 6,800,000 micrograms/sq m. For the range of test
values covered, small variations in mass concentration
produced wide variations in the light scattering coefficients. A
high repeatability of both mass concentration and light scatter-
ing data was indicated by the tests. Size distribution tests were
conducted on the exhaust gas from one of the test vehicles
utilizing a membrane filter and cascade impactor. About 99%
of all particles collected had a smaller than 0.5 micron mass
median diameter. The remaining 1% had a larger than 15
micron mass median diameter. (Author abstract modified)
44805
Naeve, Stephen W. and Patrick R. Atkins
APPLICATION OF AUTOMATIC CONTROL TO THE
PROBLEM OF ISOKINETIC STACK SAMPLING. Preprint,
Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 32p., 1972. 7 refs.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual
Meeting, 65th, Miami, Fla., June 18-22, 1972, Paper 72-36.)
In order to apply automatic control to any physicial ^y.stem,
suitable variables must be available which are descriptive of
the behavior to be controlled. In the case of stack sampling,
variables must be available which indicate how and when sam-
pling velocity must be yaried to maintain the isokinetic situa-
tion. The null-type nozzle has been utilized manually to
achieve isokinetic conditions, and could be readily adapted to
automatic contrpl. This device operates upon the premise that
at isokinetic conditions, static pressure within the probe will
be equal to duct static,, pressure. These two pressures are
balanced on a manometer, the zero deflection or null point in-
dicating isttkinetic' conditions. Unfortunately, the operating
principle of the null-type nozzle is valid only for inviscid flow.
' In reality, static pressure within the probe Will be less than
duct static pressure at •isokinetic sampling velocities, due to
factional losses and kintic energy changes. However, if this
deviation from the null can be quantified, static pressure in-
side the probe minus duct static pressure could be used as an
input signal to a control circuit designed to achieve the
isokinetic condition.' Theoretical and experimental predictions
of this deviation from null at isokinetic conditions is described.
Adaptation of this input to a control circuit is als6 discussed.
The value of static pressure inside the probe minuj duct static
pressure is a feasible input to a control circuit designed to
achieve and maintain the isokinetic condition. (Author ab-
stract)
44872
Ivey, Lee R.
TOOLS FOR EVALUATING NEW PROCESS AND CON-
TROL PLANS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pitt-
sburgh, Pa., 21p., 1972. 9 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution
Control Association, Annual Meeting, 65th, Miami, Fla., 1972,
Paper 72-46.)
Tools used to evaluate quantitatively certain aspects of air-
pollution control devices utilized in industrial plants are
presented. A chart for measuring the effectiveness of incinera-
tor afterburners and vapor incinerators requires as inputs the
rate of flue gas flow in standard cu ft/min and the auxiliary
fuel burner capacity in Btu per hour. The chart yields the flue
gas temperature increase, given in degrees Fahrenheit, which
will result. A second tool is a new psychrometric graph for the
humidification and cooling of gases from processes as hot as
3000 F. Inputs into the graph are the temperature of the gases
entering the sprays from the hot process and the temperature
desired before they enter a control device such as a fabric
filter or a scrubber. The yield is the amount of water needed
in gallons/1000 cu ft of gas. The only calculation needed is a
correction of the hot gas volume to 70 F. Research areas
discussed are solid particles removal after wetting and the use
of surface active agents in scrubbing gaseous pollutants. There
is every indication that surfactants would markedly increase
the rate of organic vapor adsorption on liquid surfaces. The
possible importance of this adsorption phenomenon to air pol-
lution control is highlighted, particularly in view of the dwin-
dling natural gas supply. (Author abstract modified)
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
39
44881
Jackson, Melbourne L.
PARTICLE-MOLECULE COLLECTION BY SONIC FLOW
IMPINGERS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pitt-
sburgh, Pa., 31p., 1972. 20 rets. (Presented at the Air Pollution
Control Association, Annual Meeting, 65th, Miami, Fla., June
18-22, 1972, Paper 72-6.)
A convenient, inexpensive, and sufficiently accurate method
of sampling molecular and near micron and submicron parti-
cles, is described. Utilization of two sonic-flow impingers in a
series'is predicted to collect 98 to 99% of a phosphoric acid
aerosol having a mass median diameter of 0.7 micron. The first
impinger simultaneously collected 90 to 98% of the aerosol and
95% of molecular fluoride compounds in a field test. On the
same aerosol, the standard Greenburg-Smith impinger had a
low collection performance, less than 65% at sonic velocity.
The utilization of a first impinger at sonic flow greatly simpli-
fies sampling procedures by the need for a test meter and as-
sociated pressure and temperature measurements. Also, for
small particle sizes, isokinetic sampling is not necessary and
sampling line losses by deposition are less than 1%. The low
initial cost of the sampling units and the low manpower
requirements for setting up and supervising sampling make
possible the taking of a' number of samples sufficient to
establish emissions over extended intervals of time. The equip-
ment is especially suited to locations having multiple emission
sources, or for locations requiring simultaneous sampling of
many points. (Author abstract modified)
/48175
Luke, Connell L., Thomas Yi Kometani, John E. Kessler,
Thomas C. Loomis, John L. Bove, and Benjamin Nathanson
X-RAY SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF AIR POLLUTION
DUST. Environ. Sci. Technol., 6(13):1105-1109, Dec. 1972. 7
refs.
Direct nondestructive analysis of airborne participate matter
for common metals -using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
was examined, Commercially available instrumentation was
used for the direct determination of lead, zinc, copper, nickel,
iron, manganese, and cobalt in samples collected on filter
paper. Calibration was achieved by precipitating known
amounts of these elements and collecting them on a- Millipore
filter disc which serves as a reasonably permanent standard.
(Author abstract modified)
49798
Nader, John S.
DEVELOPMENTS IN SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS INSTRU-
MENTATION FOR STATIONARY SOURCES. Preprint, En-
vironmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N. C.,
National Environmental Research Center, ISp., 1972. 7 refs.
(Presented at the Conference on Methods in Air Pollution and
Industrial Hygiene Studies, 13th, Berkeley, Calif., Oct. 30-31,
1972.)
Developments in measurement, sampling, and analysis instru-
mentation for stationary sources are discussed. Instrumenta-
tion for the measurement of pollutant emissions from stationa-
ry sources is best considered in terms of a complete system
consisting of subsystems having interdependent functions, in-
cluding sample-site selection, sample transport, sample treat-
ment, sample analysis, data reduction and display, and data in-
terpretation. Five measurement approaches exist, two of
which involve sample extraction from within the stack. The
remaining three are advanced techniques using electro-optical
techniques, including in-situ monitoring, remote sensing, and
long-path sensing. Current development status of instrumenta-
tion for each approach was categorized as systems commer-
cially available, research or prototype developments, and
feasibility studies. The incompleteness of a measurement
system is caused by the lack or inadequacy of an interface to
couple a monitor to a source. This applies to the two ap-
proaches that involve sample extraction and that predominate
as commercially available products. New systems using ad-
vanced electro-optical techniques avoid the need for sample
extraction and the complications associated with the interface
functions.
53800
Bird, Alvin N., Jr. and Joseph D. McCain
PARTICULATE SIZING TECHNIQUES FOR CONTROL
DEVICE EVALUATION. Preprint, Air Pollution Control As-
soc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 23p., 1973. 3 refs. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 66th, Chicago,
III., June 24-28, 1973, Paper 73-282.)
Measurement of the concentration and distribution of particles
smaller than about 5 micron is necessary for assessing the
potential contributions of paniculate emission sources to long
term atmospheric turbidity problems and human respiratory ef-
fects. To design and apply control equipment effectively, in-
formation on mass loading as a function of particle size is
needed for the'small particles (e.g., 0.2 to 5 micron in diame-
ter). Field and laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate in-
ertial sizing techniques, cascade impactors, and cyclones for
field measurements of control device efficiency as a function
of particle size. Over 300 particle size distribution measure-
ments were made with 11 inertial classifiers on 12 stationary
emission sources. No single inertial sizing device was suitable
for' all the sampling circumstances encountered on a wise
variety of stationary emission sources. Further, reliable mea-
surements of mass loading as a function of particle size for
sizes below about 5 micron required a sample weighing accura-
cy of at least 30 micrograms, and 10-microgram accuracy was
desirable. To achieve this accuracy in the field, it was necessa-
ry to use low-tar-weight (10 to 500 mg) impaction substrates
(e.g., metal foil or glass fiber filter material.) (Author abstract
modified)
54628
Gilfrich, J. V., P. G. Burkhalter, and L. S. Birks
X-RAY SPECTROMETRY FOR PARTICULATE AIR POLLU-
TION-A QUANTITATIVE COMPARISON OF TECHNIQUES.
Anal. Chem., 45(12):2002-2009, Oct. 1973. 17 refs.
A quantitative comparison of the X-ray spectrometry
technique for paniculate air pollution was made. X-ray
fluorescence spectrometry is best suited to the determination
of the elemental composition of air pollution paniculate sam-
ples because no sample preparation is required for filter col-
lections and 100 sec detection Limits are 1 to 100 ng/sq cm for
most elements of interest. The technique is nondestructive,
and 10 or 20 elements can be measured simultaneously using
presently available commercial equipment. The best detection
limits are achieved by reducing the background primary radia-
tion scattered into the measuring system by the sample and its
filter substrate. Comparisons were made among various excita-
tion sources, X-ray tubes, fluorescers, radioisotopes, and 5-
MeV protons, and alpha particles, and between wavelength
dispersion using a crystal spectrometer arid energy dispersion
using a silicon (lithium) solid state detector. Incinerator and
other actual samples were analyzed to show application of the
method. (Author abstract modified)
-------
40
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
56790
Lundgren, Dale A. and Harold J. Paulus
THE MASS DISTRIBUTION OF LARGE ATMOSPHERIC
PARTICLES - AND HOW IT RELATES TO WHAT A HIGH-
VOLUME SAMPLER COLLECTS. Preprint, Air Pollution
Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 23p., 1973. 5 refs. (Presented at
the Air Pollution Control Association Annual Meeting 66th,
Chicago, 111., June 24-28, 1973, Paper 73-163.)
Determinations were made of the total mass and mass distribu-
tion of atmospheric aerosols, especially those with particles
greater than 10 micron in diameter, the fraction of total
aerosol mass collected by a standard high-volume air sampler,
and the size interval settled out on a dust fall plate. A special
aerosol sampling system was designed to obtain representative
samples of large airborne particles, and a suburban sampling
site was selected because no strong local point sources of
aerosols existed nearby. Measurements indicated that at-
mospheric paniculate matter has a bimodal mass distribution;
mass associated with large particles mainly ranged from 5-100
micron, while that associated with small particles ranged from
an estimated 0.03-5 micron in size. These two distributions
produced a bimodal mass distribution with a minimum around
5 micron diameter. The high volume air sampler was found to
collect most of the total aerosol mass, while dust fall plates
did not provide a very useful measure of total aerosol mass.
Condensation and dispersion appeared to account for the for-
mation of the bimodal mass distribution in both natural and
anthropogenic aerosols. Particle size distribution measure-
ments were found frequently in error as a result of un-
representative samples of large airborne particles. Hence, air
pollution regulations should specify or be based upon an upper
particle size limit. (Author abstract modified)
57150
Alkezweeny, A. J.
A SYSTEM FOR MEASURING PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBU-
TIONS. In: Pacific Northwest Laboratory Annual Report for
1972 to the USAEC Division of Biomedical and Environmental
Research. Volume II: Physical Sciences. Part 1. Atmospheric
Sciences. Battelle Memorial Inst., Richland, Wash., Pacific
Northwest Labs., p. 140-142, April 1973. 1 ref. NTIS: BNWL-
1751 PT1, UC-53 Meteorology
A modified Royco particle counting system is described which
is capable of simultaneously measuring the concentration and
size distribution of particles in the size range of 0.3-5 micron
diameter in about 100 channels. The aerosol particles are
drawn into a Royco Model 220 optical sensor, and the 90-
degree light scattering from the individual particles is detected
by photomultiplier tube and preamplifier, in the form of a volt-
age pulse. Calibration and instrumentation are described.
(Author abstract modified)
58115
Crocker, B. B.
MONITORING PLANT AIR POLLUTION. Chem. Eng. Progr.,
70(l):41-49, Jan. 1974. 17 refs.
Measuring methods, instrumentation, costs, and applications
are outlined for industrial process, effluent, and area monitor-
ing of gases and particulates. Illustrations are provided for a
sampling system with a remote monitor, a 24-hour daily com-
posite gas sampling system, a typical sequential sampler, a
dilution scheme for continuous stack gas sampling, a Barringer
in-stack sulfur dioxide monitor, a Faristor and electronic in-
dicator, a Bailey stack opacity meter, a Lear Siegler opacity
monitor, a paniculate mass monitor using beta-ray attenuation,
and a Lear Siegler beta-ray attenuation paniculate monitor
with traversing sample probe. Typical ambient air concentra-
tion continuous monitors which can be used for stack effluent
analysis with dilution are listed for: sulfur dioxide, total sulfur
oxides, hydrogen sulfide, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monox-
ide, oxidants such as ozone, and hydrocarbons such as
methane.
58175
Cunningham, Paul T., Stanley A. Johnson, and Ralph T_. Yang
VARIATIONS IN CHEMISTRY OF AIRBORNE PARTICU-
LATE MATERIAL WITH PARTICLE SIZE AND TIME. En-
viron. Sci. Technol., 8(2): 131-135, Feb. 1974. 27 refs.
Samples of airborne paniculate material were classified with
respect to particle size and time during their collection by iner-
tial impaction, and infrared spectroscopic analysis was used to
measure the major chemical constituents of the samples, Data
obtained clearly indicated that the paniculate material col-
lected contained ammonium sulfate, ammonium halide, car-
bonate, silicate, silica, nitrate, hydrocarbon, and chemisorbed
nitrogen dioxide (surface nitrate). The results also showed
variations in the chemistry of airborne particulates as a func-
tion of particle size and time and supported recent theories on
the origin of particulates that have been based on size distribu-
tion measurements and may be important in assessing the
potential health hazard of particulates as well as the ap-
propriateness of control techniques. (Author abstract modified)
58189
Bigg, E. K., A. Ono, and Judith A. Williams
CHEMICAL TESTS FOR INDIVIDUAL SUBMICRON
AEROSOL PARTICLES. Atmos. Environ., 8(1):1-13, Jan. 1974.
17 refs.
A thin film vapor method for the detection of aerosol particles
of masses down to 10 to the minus 16 g or less is described.
Particles are captured on electron microscope screens
precoated by vacuum evaporation with a thin film of reagent,
and the reaction proceeds by exposure to the vapor of a suita-
ble solvent. The reaction products are then examined with an
electron microscope and compared with similar particles cap-
tured on a non-reactive surface such as carbon. The method is
capable of detecting a radical such as sulfate in a particle of
very small size and allows for a large spreading of the original
particle, thus making possible the use of an electron
microscope at low magnifications for examination of a large
area at one time. Examples are provided for the detection of
sulfuric acid, sulfates, nitrates, halides, and persulfates in
laboratory, urban, and stratospheric aerosols. (Author abstract
modified)
58495
Haenel, Gottfried and Gode Gravenhorst
JET IMPACTOR CHARACTERISTICS VERSUS RELATIVE
HUMIDITY. J. Aerosol Sci., 5(l):47-54, Jan. 1974. 13 refs.
Increased relative humidity can increase particle size and thus
affect the collection of aerosols by jet impactors. For six types
of continental and marine aerosols, the cut-off radius and the
number of particles collected within a jet impactor were calcu-
lated as a function of relative humidity. The six aerosol types
were an average aerosol from Mainz Germany, a sea-spray
aerosol, aerosol over the Atlantic, aerosol from Sahara dust
over the Atlantic, urban aerosol from Mainz, and aerosol at a
mountain in Germany. The calculations were performed for a
three-stage impactor and for several heights above the mean
sea level. An increase of the cut-off radius occurred on an-
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
41
proximately a factor of 1.5-2 with a relative humidity between
0 and 0.995. For each stage, the number of collected particles
per cu of ambient air was not influenced severely, as long as
the relative humidity was below 0.7. At larger humidities, this
number increased strongly with relative humidity in most
cases. The theoretical basis for the calculations was the im-
plicit formula for the appropriate inertia parameter which is
closely related with the probability of a particle being col-
lected. (Author abstract modified)
>
585*5
Matteson, Michael J., George F. Boscoe, and Othmar Preining
DESIGN THEORY AND CALIBRATION OF A FIELD TYPE
AEROSOL SPECTROMETER. J. Aerosol Sci., S(l):71-79, Jan.
1974. 15 rets.
A cylindrical-type aerosol spectrometer, of simple, compact
design, was constructed and tested. The aerosol particles are
injected into a horizontal centrifugal field through two ports —
a pin-hole orifice situated opposite a larger port. Aerosols
moving through the larger port are removed in a cumulative
size deposition on half of a foil on the outer wall, and serve as
clean air for aerosols injected through the pin-hole and
deposited according to discrete sizes on the other half of the
foil. The instrument is based on a modification of a device
developed by Hochrainer and offers the advantage of confin-
ing the aerosol deposit to a narrow streak or dot in the case of
monodisperse particles. The spectrometer was calibrated with
monodisperse polystyrene latex particles. The results were
compared with a theoretical expression developed for sedi-
mentation distances appropriate to aerosols flowing in the
plane of rotation. The pressure drop across the exit orifice
could be calculated from design variables, and, assuming that
the aerosol volumetric flow rate in the annular channel was
limited by the pressure drop across the exit orifice, this flow
rate was obtained from orifice calibration data. Satisfactory
agreement was found between theoretically predicted sedimen-
tation distances and those from tests with aerosols of
polystyrene latex. (Author abstract modified)
58855
Renoux, A., G. Tymen, and G. Madelaine
EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE CHARAC-
TERISTICS OF THE CASELLA MK2 CASCADE IMPACTOR.
APPLICATION TO THE STUDY OF THE GRANULOMET-
RIC DISTRIBUTION OF AEROSOLS AND OF ATMOSPHER-
IC RADIOACTIVITY. Atmos. Environ., 8(1):41-SS, Jan. 1974.
20rcfs.
The different characteristic diameters (cut-off size, effective
cut-off size, mass median diameter, and effective cut-off
diameter) of a Casella MK2 cascade impactor were experimen-
tally determined by tracing the penetration curves of the ap-
paratus. On the second and third discs the distribution of dust
is log normal. Evaluating the law of granulometric distribution
of aerosols, i.e., dN/(d logR) equals CR to the minus B power
gives the solution B equals 2.3 for 0.2 micron is less than R is
less than 2 micron; B equals 3.4 for 2 micron is less than 20
micron; and B equals 6.5 for R greater than 20 micron. The ex-
perimental values of the mean mass diameter and the effective
cut-off diameter measured for each stage of the cascade im-
pactor are used to correct the cumulated distribution curves of
the mass and of the natural radioactivity of the atmospheric
aerosols. (Author abstract)
59609
Seeley, J. L. and R. K. Skogerboe
COMBINED SAMPLING-ANALYSIS METHOD FOR THE
DETERMINATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN AT-
MOSPHERIC PARTICULATES. Anal. Chem., 46(3):415-421,
March 1974. 32 rets.
A combined sampling-analysis method for the determination of
trace elements in atmospheric particulates has been developed
which utilizes spectroscopic graphite electrodes as filters and
direct analysis by an emission spectrographic method. The gra-
phite filters used were porous cup spectrographic electrodes
(Ultra Carbon, No. 202) which were solution-doped with 0.25
micrograms of indium as an internal standard. Ineffective
vaporization of elements deposited in the lower half of the col-
lection cups was overcome by a vaporization approach
whereby argon entered the bottom of an electrode cup which
was essentially saturated with hydrogen chloride vapor. The
graphite cup filters appeared to be more effective for particu-
late collection than the more commonly used types, and the
low blank of the graphite filters readily permitted determina-
tions on small (short-term collection) samples or in low par-
ticulate background atmospheres. The method was found capa-
ble of determining several trace elements distributed in the at-
mosphere as particulates at concentrations of less than 0.1
micrograms/cu m (based on a 30 min sample collection) at a
collection rate of 1 1/min. The emission spectrographic method
allowed simultaneous determination of several elements on a
single sample over a wide concentration range with precision
and accuracy of 10-20% of the amount present.
60053
Cooper, Douglas W. and Lloyd A. Spielman
A NEW PARTICLE SIZE CLASSmER: VARIABLE-SLIT IM-
PACTOR WITH PHOTO-COUNTING. Atmos. Environ.,
8(3):221-232, March 1974. 20 refs.
A novel instrument for measuring aerosol particle size dis-
tributions is described. The device exploits inertial impaction
for a useful measure of particle size and photo- detection for
speed for particle counting. Upon fixing the angles of the sur-
faces bounding the two-dimensional air flow, the geometry is
self-similar at all settings of the variable jet width; moreover,
at fixed volume flow rate, the jet Reynolds number is fixed.
Dynamic and geometric similarity then implies that impaction
efficiency depends on a single dimensionless group, the Stokes
number, which under certain conditions is proportional to the
ratio of particle radius to jet width; thus, calibration for all
particle sizes is accomplished simply by varying the jet width
using a single particle size. Tests using monodisperse latex
particles confirmed the expected scaling features and showed
that decreasing the angle between plate and impaction surface
improved size discrimination. The advantages of the new im-
pactor are its rapidity, flexibility, continuously adjustable size
intervals, and ease of calibration. The impactor and
photocounter can size particles having aerodynamic diameters
ranging from 0.5 to 5-10 micron. (Author abstract modified)
60276
West, Philip W., A. D. Shendrikar, and Nicholas Herrara
THE DETERMINATION OF SULFURIC ACID AEROSOLS.
Anal. Chim. Acta, 69(1):111-116, March 1974. 13 refs.
A reliable, sensitive, colorimetric method for the determina-
tion of sulfuric acid aerosol and alternately the determination
of total acidity, including sulfuric acid, volatile acids, and salts
that hydrolyze to give protons is presented. The determina-
tions can be performed directly on air samples collected with a
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42
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
sequential tape sampler, and use is made of the inexpensive
ring oven for separating and concentrating the samples and
reaction products. The basic chemical reactions involved are
specifically controlled by protons: stoichiometric amounts of
bromine are released from a mixture of bromate-bromide by
the protons; and the liberated bromine reacts with fluorescein
to produce cosin, the color intensity of which is a direct mea-
sure of proton concentration. The detection limit in terms of
sulfuric acid is 0.5 microgram with a quantitative measurement
range of 1-10 microgram. Relative errors are in the range of
10-15%, comparing favorably with sophisticated and expensive
methods at the microgram or nanogram levels. (Author sum-
mary modified)
60291
Charlson, R. J., A. H. Vandepol, D. S. Covert, A. P.
Waggoner, and N. C. Ahlquist
SULFURIC ACID-AMMONIUM SULFATE AEROSOL: OPTI-
CAL DETECTION IN THE ST. LOUIS REGION. Science,
184(9133):1S6-1S8, April 12, 1974. 12 refs.
Nephelometric sensing of the deliquescence of ammonium
sulfate produced by the reaction of sulfuric acid or ammonium
bisulfate aerosol with ammonia provides a means for detecting
these substances in the air. The basic measurement apparatus
is a humidograph which measures the dependence of the light
scattering coefficient of the paniculate matter on the relative
humidity. The system can be operated with the injection of a
few ppm of ammonia into the sample flow, causing the. reac-
tion of H2SO4 and NH4HSO4 to form (NH4)2SO.4. Field ex-
periments showed these to be dominant substances in the sub-
micron, light-scattering aerosol in the St. Louis region. The
system was operated at one rural and two urban sites in St.
Louis. It seemed likely that human sources of sulfur dioxide
were the dominant source of sulfate aerosol. (Author abstract
modified)
60381
Gordon, Robert J.
SOLVENT SELECTION IN EXTRACTION OF AIRBORNE
PARTICULATE MATTER. Atmos. Environ., 8(2):189-191, Feb.
1974. 7 refs.
Replicate samples of airborne particulate matter were ex-
tracted with 17 different solvents, and the yields of dried ex-
tract appeared strongly correlated with the solvent strength
parameter, derived from liquid-solid chromatography, for
cases not involving a specific chemical interaction. Solvents
with strength parameter values of 0.3 or larger, e.g., benzene
(0.32), were adequate for recovery of polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons. Solvents with higher solvent strength parameter
values extracted larger amounts of highly polar organics,
although they also dissolved some of the most soluble inor-
ganics. Soxhlet extraction occurred at elevated temperatures
depending on the solvent boiling point, higher boiling solvents
being more efficient than expected from their solvent strength
values. Minor reversals in solvent strength parameter values
were noted from one adsorbent to another.
62411
Brachaczek, Wanda and W. R. Pierson
ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR MEASURING SBR TIRE
DEBRIS IN THE ENVIRONMENT. Rubber Chem. Technol.,
47(1):150-160, March 1974. 4 refs.
An analytical method was developed for measuring suspended
particulates collected on filters and analyzing them for rubber
particles from rubber tire wear. The procedure consists of
determining styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) by measurement
of the absorbance in the infrared spectrum at 10.35 and 14.3
micron. Large samples, quite opaque to infrared radiation,
must be collected in order to obtain a detectable amount of
SBR in the air. This necessitates a separation of SBR from the
bulk of the material prior to measurement. The amounts of
SBR to be separated are commonly in the submilligran range,
constituting perhaps 0.1% of the sample. The method used for
separation is extraction with hot orthodjchlorobenzene in an
oxygen-rich environment. Then the rubber hydrocarbon
styrene-butadiene copolymer is analyzed by infrared "s,pec-
troscopy in the extract. The prpcedure overcomes serious dif-
ficulties due to the small amounts of rubber normally encoun-
tered and due to the losses of SBR during extraction from
aerosol samples. The method and some applications are
discussed in detail.
62549
Lee, Robert E., Jr. and Jack Hein
METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF CARBON,
HYDROGEN, AND NITROGEN IN SIZE FRACTIONATED
ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATE MATTER. Anal. Chem.,
46(7):931-933, June 1974. 9 refs.
A technique for characterizing carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
constituents in atmospheric particulate matter as a function of
particle size is described. The technique was applied to a
limited number of cascade impactor samples .collected in An-
kara, Turkey,. London, and Chicago. Ankara exhibited the
highest concentrations of total suspended particulates .(TSP),
C, and H2. .No clear pattern-was associated with the concen-
tration of N2. In all. .areas the' mass, median diameter of C and
H2 associated particles was generally larger than for. TSP
matter. The N2-'containing particles'generally exhibited mass
median diameter values lower than for TSP and may have a
predominantly biological origin. Fuel'Combustion appears to be
a substantial factor in. the percentage of C in airborne particles
with the highest levels observed in Ankara where lignite coal
is the predominant fuel. An estimate of the degree of satura-
tion of hydrocarbon compounds in suspended particles as a
function of size can be made by calculating the C:H molar ra-
tion although the contribution of carbonates is not taken into
account.
62595
Johnson,Jack L.
CHARACTERIZATION OF AIR-BORNE PARTICULATES.
Microchem. J., 19(2): 168-178, June 1974. 26 refs. (Presented at
the International Symposium on Microchemical Techniques,
University Park, Pa., Aug. 19-24, 1973.)
Reliable instrument and chemical analysis techniques are being
applied to the rapid and accurate characterization of airborne
particulates including microanalysis, structure identification,
and quantitative elemental analysis. Microanalytical techniques
include optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and
electron probe microanalysis. X-ray diffraction provides valua-
ble information on the structure of crystalline materials which
can lead to compound identification. This identification is ac-
complished by comparing the diffraction patterns with powder
diffraction data. Methods for quantitative analysis of particles
include X-ray fluorescence, atomic absorption spec-
trophotometry, and ultraviolet-visible-infrared spec-
trophotometry. The choice of the method is governed by the
amount and type of sample and by the elements of interest.
Most of the problems associated with the analyses can*be
overcome with proper sampling, sample handling, and the
development of suitable standards. Future improvements will
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
43
be undoubtedly directed towards increased analytical sensitivi-
ty because the sample size will become smaller as the concen-
trations of pollutants decrease with improved emissions con-
trol. (Author summary modified)
62855
Miller, K., J. H. Kozak, and H. W. De Koning
ORIENTATION EFFECT OF GLASS FIBER FILTERS ON
TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICIPATE MEASUREMENTS. At-
mos. Environ., 8(5):519-520, May 1974. 2 refs.
A comparative study, using three hi-vol samplers, was run in
Windsor, Ontario to determine the effect of glass fiber filter
orientation (rough side up or down) on total suspended par-
ticulate measurements. Normally the filters are run rough side
up. Three samplers were positioned within the fenced-in area
at the air pollution monitoring station located at the intersec-
tion of Mill and Peter Streets, Windsor. The samplers were
run on a 24-hour period starting at midnight. The first sampler
was run with the filter installed in a normal positon, the other
two were equipped with filters in the upside down position.
The samplers were calibrated using a calibrating orifice as-
sembly. The glass fiber filters were weighed after conditioning
in a humidity-controlled atmosphere for 24 hr, before and after
sampling. The study revealed that the orientation of the glass
fiber filters does not affect the measurement of total
suspended particulate matter under conditions normally em-
ployed using the hi-vol sampler.
63262
Neustadter, Harold E. and Steven M. Sidik
ON EVALUATING COMPLIANCE WITH AIR POLLUTION
LEVELS NOT TO BE EXCEEDED MORE THAN ONCE A
YEAR. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 24(6):S59-S63, June
1974. 11 refs.
The recommended sampling frequency for meeting the En-
vironmental Protection Agency air quality standards is
discussed. A critique is presented of the calculation
procedures for estimating the corresponding ambient pollution
level when a sampling program is operating in conformity with
EPA guidelines, once every 3-6 days. Quantitative considera-
tion is given to the questions of statistical independence of the
data, commutativity of expectation and exponentiation opera-
tions, and the statistical variability of the calculated results.
Monte-Carlo simulations were performed which indicate a 95%
confidence interval of + or - 56% at 60 samples/yr and + or -
40% at 120 samples/yr. Sampling frequencies every third to
sixth day are inadequate for determining conformity with stan-
dards expressed as levels not to be exceeded more than once
per year. (Author abstract modified)
/63650
Sugimae, Akiyoshi
EMISSION SPECTROGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF
TRACE ELEMENTS IN AIRBORNE PARTICULATE
MATTER. Anal. Chem., 46(8): 1123-1125, July 1974. 18 refs.
An emission spectrographic method was used for the deter-
mination of trace elements in airborne particulate matter col-
lected on a membrane filter. The membrane filter was dis-
solved in acetone, and the airborne particulate matter
separated from the filter. After centrifuging, the power ob-
tained was washed three times with acetone, dried, and mixed
with sodium fluoride and graphite powder. The resulting mix-
ture was packed in a graphite cup electrode and excited by a
dc arc. Sodium was selected as the spectroscopic buffer to
normalize variations in sodium concentration in the samples.
Elements such as bismuth, cadmium, lead, tin, and zinc, clas-
sified in the volatile element group, were totally volatilized in
the first 30 sec of the discharge. The volatilization of berylli-
um, chromium, copper, manganese, titanium, and vanadium
which were divided into the volatility groups of the median
volatile or in volatile, tended to delay and continued more than
100 sec. The selection of internal reference elements was
based upon the similarity of volatilization rates for elements,
which fell into two distinct groups. To check the accuracy of
the method, the results of atomic absorption analyses were
compared with those of emission spectrographic analyses.
There was good agreement between the two methods. The
relative standard deviation was 13% or less, values which are
generally acceptable for most air pollution analysis require-
ments.
64361
Countess, Richard J.
PRODUCTION OF AEROSOL BY HIGH VOLUME SAM-
PLERS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 24(6):605, June 1974. 5
refs.
The Staplex high volume sampler, widely used for atmospheric
monitoring, produces carbon aerosol by the abrasive wear of
its motor brushes. The aerosol is entrained in air flowing past
the motor and is discharged from the rear of the sampler cas-
ing. This does not interfere with the use of the Staplex in mea-
surements of a specific contaminant, but might interfere with
measurements of total dust load. Therefore, measurements
were made of the amount of aerosol produced by the sampler
and of the fraction of aerosol that recirculates to the sampler
inlet. Recirculation was very low at all conditions tested and
did not exceed 0.1%. A carbon aerosol concentration of no
more than 0.1% of 150 or 0.15 micrograms/cu m would recircu-
late in normal circumstances. This can be ignored, for environ-
mental mass dust concentrations are rarely less than a few
micrograms/cu m, even in rural areas. But there is a need for
caution in some situations in view of the substantial concentra-
tion of carbon aerosol produced by the Staplex or other pumps
using a centrifugal blower motor with carbon brushes.
64676
Winkler, Peter
RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND THE ADHESION OF AT-
MOSPHERIC PARTICLES TO THE PLATES OF IMPAC-
TORS. J. Aerosol Sci., S(3):235-240, 1974. 10 refs
Quantitative proof of the increased retention efficiency of hu-
midified atmospheric aerosol particles is obtained in two series
of experiments using impactors to collect thy particles and a
microbalance to determine the water free dry mass of aerosol
collected. Results show that atmospheric aerosol particles can
be collected by means of impactors with sufficiently high re-
tention efficiency even without any viscous substrate on the
collection plate if the relative humidity remains high enough
(greater than 75%) during the sampling period. The absorbed
water of the particles acts as an adhesive. This effect is
further supported by the moisture of the particles already
deposited which act like a viscous coating of the collection
plate. With decreasing humidity (less than 75%) the retention
efficiency of the collection plate decreases rapidly. At low r.h.
(less than 75%) a change in the relative composition of the
sample can occur due to a preferential deposition of the water
soluble material. This can only happen if there are differences
between the average composition of the total aerosol mass as
indicated by the analysis of the bulk sample and the composi-
tion of the individual aerosol particles. Additional information
would be desirable on the radius dependence of retention effi-
-------
44
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
ciency and more measurements would result in better
statistics. A direct comparison of the humidity-dependent mass
retention efficiency with the mass retention efficiency
achieved by viscous media, would be of interest.
65204
Miller, Kenneth and Henk W. De Koning
PARTICLE SIZING INSTRUMENTATION. Preprint, Air Pol-
lution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 24p., 1974. 5 refs.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association Annual
Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo., June 9-13, 1974, Paper 74-48.)
Various particle size fractionators, including the Andersen
Non-viable Air Sampler, the BGI Cascade Centripeter, the R.
A. C. Fractionating Paniculate Sampler, the Andersen, the
BGI-30, and the Sierra Hi-volume Cascade Impactors, are
evaluated. Ambient air monitoring of suspended particulates is
undertaken to determine their size distribution and their ef-
fects on human health, visibility in the atmosphere, material
deterioration, soiling, particle-particle, and particle-gas interac-
tions. The data gathered also permitted the study of the fol-
lowing: precision of hi-volume samplers; effects of flow rate
on accuracy of suspended particulate concentrations using hi-
volume samplers; correlation of total suspended particulate
measurements as determined by the hi-volume and the particle
sizing intruments; comparison of the mass median diameter
measured by the various impactors; and ease of operation and
maintenance. A sampling station was constructed in a high
particulate loading residential area in Windsor, Ontario. The
samplers are positioned 2.5 to 3 feet apart, with intakes being
approximately 4.5 to 5 feet above ground level. All samplers
are operated on a 5-day sampling schedule. The hi-volume
measurements obtained at the same flow are comparative.
There is a significant effect of flow rate on total suspended
particulate concentration. There is a significant sampler effect
on total suspended particulate measurements and on mass
median diameter. The Andersen, BGI-30, and Sierra hi-volume
impactors can be used in place of the standard hi-vol for T. S.
P. determinations if empirical relationships are developed.
There is a definite requirement for research into the calibra-
tion and operation of particle fractionating instruments in the
field. (Author abstract modified)
65229
Gruber, Charles W. and Gale Harms
FUGITIVE DUST MEASUREMENT BY THE ROTARY AM-
BIENT ADHESIVE IMPACTOR. Preprint, Air Pollution Con-
trol Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 20p., 1974 15 refs. (Presented at the
Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 67th,
Denver, Colo., June 9-13, 1974, Paper 74-85.)
A hand powered rotary ambient adhesive impactor (RAAI) for
short time grab sampling of fugitive dusts from non-confined
sources is evaluated. The RAAI uses a small diameter circular
target (approx. 1/4- inch dia.) to capture plus 20 micron parti-
cles by spinning the sampler at a fixed r.p.m. The volume sam-
pled is a function of number of revolutions. Evaluation of the
sample is by counting or comparative measurement. Efficiency
of the instrument is presented. The construction of the RAAI
is described and actual field measurements are included.
Duplicate tests show good agreement. Several sources were
measured: an interstate highway, a downtown street location,
fly ash settling pond from a utility station, an asphalt paving
facility, a parking lot, and a citizen shaking out a rug. All sam-
ples were one minute. Results are reported as particles/sq
cm/min, with some of the data converted to concentrations as
particles/cu m. The method is applicable to evaluating fugitive
dust from non-confined sources. (Author abstract modified)
65247
Benson, Arthur L., Philip L. Levins, Arthur A. Massucco, and
James R. Valentine
DEVELOPMENT OF A HIGH-PURITY FILTER FOR HIGH-
TEMPERATURE PARTICULATE SAMPLING AND ANALY-
SIS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
22p., 1974. 5 rels. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control As-
sociation Annual Meeting, 67th Denver, Colo., June 9-13, 1974,
Paper 74-114.)
Particulate handsheet filters with satisfactory purity, efficien-
cy, thermal stability, cost strength (about 1 lb/in.), and flexi-
bility for analysis of particulates in gases up to 800 C were
made with 99.2% silicon oxide Microquartz fibers. Commercial
production on a papermaking machine is currently being con-
sidered. Cost is estimated to be about $1.00/sq ft. Almost all
purity requirements for optimum atomic absorption and flame
emission spectrophotometric analysis for trace metals was
achieved. The filters appear highly promising for X-ray
fluorescence analysis, but should be further evaluated. Suita-
bility of the filters for neutron activation analysis is uncertain
and should also be further evaluated. Dioctyl phthalate (DOP)
aerosol efficiencies of 99 to 99.9% were achieved by using
fibers of various diameters. The filters are insensitive to hu-
midity, insoluble to most acids and organic solvents, and
slightly alkaline (pH 9-10). The strength and flexibility result
from a novel combination alkali and 800 C heat treatment. The
heat treatment also decreases extractable impurities and
moisture sensitivity. (Author abstract modified)
65538
Soffian, Gerard and Peter R. Westlin
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM APARTMENT HOUSE
BOILERS AND INCINERATORS. Preprint, Air Pollution Con-
trol Assoc., Pittsburgh Pa., 27p., 1974. 13 refs. (Presented at the
Air Pollution Control Association Annual Meeting, 67th,
Denver, Colo., June 9-13, 1974, Paper 74-187.)
An extensive number of tests were made using the Environ-
mental Protection Agency s Method 5 stack sampling train to
obtain emission factors for existing apartment house boilers
and incinerators in the City of New York. In addition to calcu-
lating emission factors, stack emission data were examined to
compare results of simultaneous emission tests and to compare
the dry particulate catch of the sampling train with the total
particulate catch which included the impinger catch. The data
indicate that the amount of particulate captured in the imp-
inger section of the sampling train is relatively constant and is
independent of the amount of dry particulate catch found dur-
ing boiler emission sampling. This possibly results from the ab-
sorption of sulfur dioxide in the impingers and the subsequent
formation of relatively constant quantities of sulfuric acid.
Comparison of simultaneous boiler tests indicated that the
sampling^ train may be sensitive to variations in operating per-
sonnel, sampling conditions, and boiler operation. Tests of on-
site incinerators indicate that previously published emission
factors may be too high for well maintained and properly
operated incinerators. (Author abstract modified)
65540
Lapson, W. F., H. Dehne, and D. B. Harris
THE DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF A HIGH
VOLUME SAMPLING TRAIN FOR PARTICULATE MEA-
SUREMENTS OF STATIONARY SOURCES. Preprint, Air Bol-
lution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 28p. 1974. (Presented at
the Air Pollution Control Association Annual Meeting, 67th,
Denver, Colo., June 9-13, 1974, Paper 74-189.)
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
45
The development and application of a high volume sampling
train for particulate measurements of stationary sources are
described. The new train can be used at flow rates up to
nearly 6 cfm, or at least six times the flow rate of the more
conventional sampling train. The system can be unpacked and
set up for use in a matter of minutes. The high volume sam-
pling train was tested together with a standard sampling train
under controlled conditions. The high volume train acquires a
sample in about 1/4 the time of a standard sampling train. At
grain loadings of 0.04 grain/cu ft and an effluent velocity of 60
fps, the high volume sampler can easily acquire the three sam-
ples required for Method 5 in a single day of testing. (Author
abstract modified)
65541
Weitzman, Leo and John C. Reed
REVIEW OF PARTICULATE STACK TEST REPORTS.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 20p.,
1974. 7 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association
Annual Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo., June 9-13, 1974, Paper
74-194.)
The principles of a properly performed particulate stack test
are discussed from the viewpoint of an individual reviewing
the test report. A systematic analysis method is presented
which allows calculation of the isokinetic ratios, pollutant
mass emission rates, and other test parameters needed to
determine whether the sampling was properly performed. A
second worksheet is presented which enables the reviewer to
determine the reliability of the test results in relation to ap-
plicable regulations. The calculations use the raw data and can
be performed in approximately 1/2 hr with a slide rule or a
square root function portable calculator. For stack test data on
coal fired boilers, the normal distribution is a realistic descrip-
tion of deviation from the measured mean of a test. (Author
abstract modified)
66633
Liu, Y. H., V. A. Marple, K. T. Whitby, and N. J. Barsic
SIZE DISTRIBUTION MEASUREMENT OF AIRBORNE
COAL DUST BY OPTICAL PARTICLE COUNTERS. Amer.
Ind. Hyg., Assoc. J., 35(8):443-451, Aug. 1974. 16 refs.
An optical particle counter was calibrated for size distribution
measurement of airborne coal dust particles. A differential
electrical mobility analyzer was used with a fluidized bed dust
feeder to produce uniform coal dust particles of a known size
for calibration for particles less than 2.4 micron. For larger
particles, the optical counter was calibrated with a microscopic
technique. The output pulse height of the optical counter was
significantly lower for coal particles than for spherical oil
drops of the same particle size. The geometrical standard
deviation of the output pulse height distribution of the optical
counter for monodispersc aerosols increased from about 1.1
for spherical oil particles to about 1.8 for the irregularly
shaped coal particles. Although this broadening effect reduced
the ability of the counter to resolve small particle size dif-
ferences, a numerical inversion procedure was developed
which allowed the original size distribution to be recovered.
Thus, the response of the optical particle counter to coal was
significantly different from its response to ideal transparent
spheres, but this can be properly corrected and systematic er-
rors in the measurement size distribution eliminated by proper
calibration and data reduction procedures. (Author abstract
modified)
66821
Giauque, Robert D., Lilly Y. Goda, and Roberta B. Garrett
X-RAY INDUCED X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS OF
SUSPENDED AIR PARTICULATE MATTER. Calif. Univ.,
Berkeley, Calif., Nuclear Chemistry Div., Atomic Energy Com-
mission Contract W-7405-ENG-48, Rept. TID-4SOO-R61, UC-11,
61p., July 1974. 18 refs. NTIS: LBL-2951
A theoretical review is presented on critical aspects of X-ray
induced X-ray fluorescence analysis that should be considered
for quantitative elemental analysis of suspended air particulate
matter. Topics convered include: sensitivity factors involving
selection of the excitation radiation, geometry considerations,
spectrometer characteristics, and substrate selection; deter-
mination of relative excitation-detection efficiencies; and
determination of particle size effects. A method is illustrated
for compensating for particle size effects when analyzing for
lower atomic number elements by assuming that the larger
suspended particles are collected in the form of a monolayer.
Although the procedure requires that a weighted average value
for the average mass thickness be employed, the net error in
the result is relatively small due to the fact that the bulk of the
mass concentration is usually within a relatively small range
since the total mass of a particle can vary as the cube of the
particle diameter.
66826
Ettinger, H. J., M. I. Tillery, L. McGuire, and L. Ortiz
AEROSOL SIZE CHARACTERIZATION AND SAMPLING.
In: Annual Report of the Biomedical and Environmental
Research Program of the LASL Health Division. Jan. through
Dec. 1973. California Univ., Los Alamos, N. Mex., Los Alamos
Scientific Lab., Atomic Energy Commission Contract W-7405-
ENG36, Rept. UC-48, p. 25-27, May 1974. 1 ref. NTIS: LA-
5633-PR
The spinning spiral channel aerosol size spectrometer for stu-
dying small airborne participates and its performance are
discussed. The advantages of an expanding channel spectrome-
ter over the less expensive nonexpanding channel spectrome-
ter are described theoretically. Thy equations will be solved by
computer and compared with empirically derived calibration
curves for the spectrometers to determine if the model is suffi-
ciently representative. The equations do indicate that the ex-
panding channel will require a greater length for deposition
since the top of the nonexpanding channel drives the particles
into a region of high centrifugal force. This suggests that the
simpler, nonexpanding design is preferable from both a cost
and usefulness point of view. Air sampling in the vicinity of
glove boxes to determine hazards to workers from contain-
ment system leaks is also discussed. Optimum sampler loca-
tion determination procedures are reviewed. Membrane filters
can be used to collect particles which are then viewed for size
determination by optical microscopy. Submicron particles can
be collected by electrostatic or thermal precipitators and sized
by electron microscopes.
66931
Mark, D.
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF MEMBRANE
FILTERS FOR DUST SAMPLING WHEN COMPOSITIONAL
ANALYSIS IS REQUIRED. Ann. Occupational Hyg., 17(1):3S-
40, 1974. 2 refs.
Properties required of filter materials for use in the gravimet-
ric sampling of airborne coal mine dust, when subsequent
compositional analysis by infrared spectrophotometry is per-
formed, are outlined, and results are presented from laborato-
-------
46
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
ry investigations with five types of membrane filters. Filter
material characteristics required for gravimetric sampling of
respirable mine dust for subsequent infrared analysis include:
high collection efficiency (virtually 100%), minimal moisture
effect, and negligible or predictable ash production which does
not interfere in the infrared spectrogram for quartz. Test
results are given for a Sartorius PVC filter, a Sartorius cellu-
lose nitrate filter, two Gelman Metricel filters, a Millipore
Polyvic filter, and a Whatman glass fiber filter (for com-
parison). All of the incinerated filter materials, with the excep-
tion of the Sartorius PVC filter which leaves no ash, show sig-
nificant interference in the region of spectrogram correspond-
ing to quartz peaks. The Sartorius PVC filter, however, ap-
pears to collect considerably less dust than the glass-fiber fil-
ters currently in use due to electrostatic repulsion of the dust
particles by the filter during sampling. A method of treating
the filters with a detergent solution appears to eliminate the
undersampling of the PVC filter, while apparently not resulting
in any other adverse effect.
67035
Michel, H. V. and Frank Asaro
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF PARTICULATE
MATTER IN AIR. In: Nuclear Chemistry Annual Report 1973.
California Univ., Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab., Atomic
Energy Commission Contract W-7405-eng-48, Repl. TID-4500-
R61, UC-4, Chemistry, p. 407-409, 1974. NTIS: LBL-2366
Neutron activation analysis is performed on airborne particu-
late matter from the Pasadena, California area to determine
modifications necessary for the conversion of analytical
techniques developed for pottery analysis to the analysis of air
pollutants. Measured weights and standard deviations are
listed for the following elements: aluminum, magnesium, calci-
um, vanadium, chlorine, bromine, sodium, manganese, stronti-
um, potassium, gallium, uranium, samarium, tungsten, cadmi-
um, mercury, arsenic, titanium, tantalum, cobalt, scandium,
silver, iron, cesium, antimony, tin, indium, chromium, thori-
um, Ew, barium, nickel, rubidium, terbium, hafnium, zinc,
and selenium.
67828
Hamil, Henry F. and David E. Camann
COLLABORATIVE STUDY OF METHOD FOR THE DETER-
MINATION OF PARTICULATE MATTER EMISSIONS
FROM STATIONARY SOURCES (PORTLAND CEMENT
PLANTS). Southwest Research Inst., San Antonio, Tex., En-
vironmental Protection Agency Contract 68-02-0626, ROAP No.
26AAG, Program Element 1HA327, Rept. EPA-650/4-74-029,
S5p., May 1974. 16 refs. NTIS: PB 237346/AS
The results of a collaborative test of the Environmental Pro-
tection Agency s Method 5 Determination of Particulate
Emissions from Stationary Sources are presented. The test
was conducted by four participating laboratories at a Portland
cement plant under simulated real world Method 5 testing con-
ditions. Topics discussed include: the design of the collabora-
tive test, problems encountered in using Method 5, estimates
of the inter- and intra-laboratory precision of the method,
sources of precision variability, and the necessity of samph'ng
restrictions for compliance testing. The magnitude of the
Method 5 precision estimates obtained is due primarily to oc-
casional extremely high paniculate determinations. This high
value phenomenon, present in all three Method 5 collaborative
tests conducted by Southwest Institute, is believed to be
caused by accidental scraping of the probe tip against the
stack wall. The following suggestions are made to improve the
inter- and intra-laboratory precision of the method: develop a
procedure to prevent, or at least inhibit, the occurrence of the
high value phenomenon, standardize the method to reduce
laboratory bias by specifying in greater detail how procedures
are to be performed, and retain the isokinetic sampling restric-
tion but with some latitude in the minimum dry gas sampling
volume limitation.
/ 68056
Wedberg, George H., Kwok-Chi Chan, Bernard L. Cohen, and
John O. Frohliger
X-RAY FLUORESCENCE STUDY OF ATMOSPHERIC PAR-
TICULATES IN PITTSBURGH. Environ. Sci. Technol.,
8(13):1090-1093, Dec. 1974. 10 refs.
Methods for determining whether air pollution episodes in Pitt-
sburgh are due to industrial or automotive sources were in-
vestigated by trace element analysis of fine particulates using
proton-induced X-ray fluorescence. The determination of the
lead/bromine ratio was inadequate because Pb, as well as Br,
is predominantly of automotive origin, and the ratio of these
elements in particulates from auto exhaust varies with time
and atmospheric conditions. The ratio of Pb to iron was much
more useful, as Fe is almost exclusively of industrial origin.
Several air pollution episodes in the Pittsburgh area were stu-
died. Some were due to atmospheric stagnation with both Pb
and Fe content high, while others were due to industrial emis-
sions, characterized by low Pb/Fe ratios. (Author abstract
modified)
68097
Herrick, Robert A.
SOURCE SAMPLING FOR MASS EMISSIONS OF PARTICU-
LATE MATTER: A STATE-OF-THE-ART REPORT. Health
Lab. Sci., 11(4):366-370, Oct. 1974. 19 refs.
The state-of-the-art regarding the samph'ng of paniculate
matter, including in-stack concentrations, is reviewed.
Although several established methods are available for mea-
suring the paniculate content of stack gases at stack condi-
tions, there is no fully satisfactory source measurement since
paniculate matter is not adequately defined in terms of tem-
perature and pressure specificity of the sampled stack gas. The
Environmental Protection Agency s front half method is a
specific method using arbitrary pressures and temperatures
and is also a repeatable method which can be used to check
emission levels against a numerical standard since it correlates
directly with neither control equipment engineering data nor
ambient air quality measurement. There are currently no fully
adequate methods for measuring the condensible fraction of
point source paniculate emissions; the Greenburg-Smith imp-
inger is unsatisfactory because of its low paniculate collection
efficiency in the sub-micron range and the possible absorption
of gases. (Author summary modified)
69006
Modowski, E. R.
STACK PARTICULATE SAMPLING. Mech. Eng., 96(10):29-
34, Oct. 1974. 6 refs.
In-stack paniculate emission samplers has been used con-
veniently and successfully for a number of years, but have not
received approval by the Environmental Protection Agency as
an acceptable alternate for its own paniculate samph'ng train
procedure. Recent comparison tests are described which in-
dicate that the in-stack samplers are more efficient, accurate,
and consistent in actual practice than the EPA method. The ef-
ficiency of collection of the EPA system was erratic even
under controlled conditions: For a series of checks it was
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
47
below 99% by weight because of lay-down in the long probe
ahead of the first filter that is almost impossible to remove
completely. A single stage filter of EPA recommended materi-
al in an in-stack sampler can be 99% or more efficient by
weight without any back-up filter. The EPA system took more
than twice as long per test as the less cumbersome in-stack
system. Collection in the impinger portion of the EPA train
showed an apparently created material that can be volatilized
off at higher temperatures. Flue gas moisture content can be
established just as accurately by combustion calculations from
fuel and gas analyses as by trapping and weighing the moisture
in the sampled gas. Isokinetic sampling rates for the EPA
system will usually be higher because its S-type pilot tube will
indicate a higher velocity head than that obtained by a
Fecheimer probe. Laboratory and field test results are
presented.
69097
Beltzer, Morton
MEASUREMENT OF VEHICLE PARTICULATE EMISSIONS.
Preprint, National Inst. of Health, Research Triangle Park, N.
C., National Inst. of Environmental Health Sciences and En-
vironmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N. C.,
Office of Research and Development, 28p., 1974. 5 refs.
(Presented at the Health Consequences of Environmental Con-
trols: Impact of Mobile Emissions Controls, Durham, N. C.,
April 16-19, 1974.)
An automobile exhaust particulate sampling system is
described which is capable of frequent and convenient opera-
tion, is compatible with constant volume sampling, and col-
lects particulate matter at constant temperature during the
1972 or 1975 Federal Test Procedure. Compatibility is obtained
because the particulate sampler requires only a small portion
of the diluted exhaust and the major portion of the sample is
thus available to the constant volume sampling system for the
measurement of gaseous emissions. The system consists of a
diluent air preparation system, a flow development tunnel, and
exhaust injector system, an isokinetic sampling probe, and a
•articulate measurement device.
69989
Funkhouser, John T., Edward T. Peters, Philip L. Levins,
Arnold Doyle, Paul Giever, and John McCoy
MANUAL METHODS FOR SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM MUNICIPAL INCINERA-
TORS (FINAL REPORT). Little (Arthur D.), Inc., Cambridge,
Mass., Environmental Protection Agency Contract EHSD 71-27,
Program Element 1AA010, Rept. EPA-650/2-73-023, 287p.,
Sept. 1973. 83 refs. NTIS: PB 238 476/AS
Manual methods for the sampling and analysis of particulate
emissions from municipal incinerators were evaluated. Particu-
lates consist of chloride, sulfate, nitrate, and cations such as
zinc, lead, tin, iron, potassium, sodium, titanium, and alu-
minum. An information base was prepared which describes in-
cineration processes and sampling methodology and
procedures. The technology necessary to meet the program ob-
jectives was defined. Field tests were conducted using the
EPA sampling train to evaluate the plan. The train caught
more than 80% of the particulate catch in the probe/cyclone
and filter. Very little of the material caught in the impingers
was related to what is considered particulate. The impinger
catch is essentially mineral acid. It is not clear whether the ox-
idation of sulfur dioxide in the sampling train is a potential
source of error in the impinger catch.
69999
Goulding, F. S. and J. M. Jaklevic
DEVELOPMENT OF AIR PARTICULATE MONITORING
SYSTEMS (FINAL REPORT). California Univ., Berkeley,
Lawrence Berkeley Lab., Environmental Protection Agency In-
teragency Agreement EPA-IAG-D4-0377, ROAP 56AAI, Pro-
gram Element 1A1103, Rept. EPA-650/4-74-030, 67p., July
1974. 8 refs.
Results of the first year of a 2-year research program in the
fabrication of a high-speed aerosol system are described.
Twelve automated dichotomous sampling stations which col-
lect particles in the 0 to 2 to 20 micron diameter ranges will be
built. A prototype virtual impactor for aerodynamically
separating particles into two size ranges is described, and
design improvements for minimizing losses are discussed.
Design parameters were determined for a high-speed energy
dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer capable of analyz-
ing elements with atomic numbers above 13 during the first
year of the research program. A prototype beta gauge for total
mass determination was tested, and a detection limit of 10
micrograms/sq cm was measured. For the purpose of sample
identification, a system is described by which the X-ray spec-
trometer and beta gauge will be able to identify a digital code
on each filter. (Author abstract modified)
70714
Jaenicke, R. and I. H. Blifford
THE INFLUENCE OF AEROSOL CHARACTERISTICS ON
THE CALIBRATION OF IMPACTORS. J. Aerosol Sci.,
S(S):4S7-464, 1974. 11 refs.
Experiments investigating the influence of aerosol charac-
teristics on the calibration of impactor collection efficiency
were performed, with the results being compared to earlier ex-
perimental calibrations and recent theoretical calculations.
Rectangular jet impactors were calibrated with a procedure
which avoided the production of multiple polystyrene parti-
cles. The original hydrosol of the polystyrene particles was
reactivated ultrasonically to break up all multiple particle ag-
glomerates. Large dilutions with distilled water were used to
minimize the formation of agglomerates during spraying of the
hydrosol. Special variable-slit impactors were constructed for
calibration purposes, and an optical particle counter was used
to monitor the performance of the aerosol generator. The
calibration curve obtained differed greatly from earlier calibra-
tions, though it was in close agreement with recent theoretical
calculations. Systematic changes in calibration curves over the
years and their departure from the present results suggest that
earlier calibrations may have been affected by the character of
the calibration aerosols.
72399
Neustadter, H. E., S. M. Sidik, R. B. King, J. S. Fordyce, and
J. C. Burr
THE USE OF WHATMAN-41 FILTERS FOR HIGH VOLUME
AIR SAMPLING. Atmos. Environ., 9(1):101-109, Jan. 1975. 22
refs.
Paired measurements of suspended particulates with glass
fiber filters and Whatman-41 filters were taken at 16 sites over
a high-volume air sampling network during a 13-month period
to determine the feasibility of replacing glass fiber filters with
the Whatman filters. The suspended particulate samples from
the glass fiber filters averaged slightly, but not significantly,
higher than those from the Whatman-41 filters. Extra handling
procedures were required to avoid errors due to the hygro-
scopic nature of the Whatman-41 filters which demonstrated
-------
48
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
their practicability for air quality monitoring and elemental
analysis in urban environments similar to the test site in Cleve-
land, Ohio. (Author abstract modified)
72974
Lao, R. C., R. S. Thomas, L. Dubois, and J. L. Monkman
IMPROVED METHODS OF SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF
AIRBORNE HAZARDOUS PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS.
Preprint, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Air Pollution Control
Directorate 7p., 1974. (Presented at the Health Effects of En-
vironmental Pollution, International Symposium Paris, France,
June 24-28, 1974.)
Problems ivolved in the collection of airborne particulates
composed of compounds with high vapor pressures are
discussed. Although the analysis of volatile compounds of ar-
senic, selenium, and mercury as well as the analysis of
polynuclear aromatics is continually being upgraded with such
techniques as gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and
spectrophotometry, few changes are evident in the collection
of such compounds. Particulate pollutants having high vapor
pressures appear capable of either passing through conven-
tional filter media without being trapped or evaporating from
the collected particulates with the continuing passage of the air
stream. Calculated equilibrium vapor concentrations for vari-
ous polynuclear and arsenic compounds indicate that vapor
losses during sampling may be appreciable.
73008
Knollenberg, Robert G.
ACTIVE SCATTERING AEROSOL SPECTROMETRY. Nat.
Bur. Stand. U. S. Spec. Publ., no. 412:57-64, Oct. 1974.
(Presented at the National Bureau of Standards Seminar on
Aerosol Measurements, Gaithersburg, Md., May 7, 1974.)
Aerosol sizing methods are reviewed, with particular emphasis
on active scattering aerosol spectrometry. Active scattering
spectrometers use the active open cavity of a laser as the
source of particle illumination, with the interferometric aspects
of the system producing both forward and backward scattered
radiation at all collecting angles. This, coupled with the use of
an extremely intense source and the fact that the collecting op-
tics solid angle can be considerably greater than 1 steradian,
results in a highly sensitive system capable of sizing particles
with diameters of several hundred Angstroms using solid state
silicon detectors. Size measurements are obtained from the
pulse height, and the sensitivity in terms of converted
photocurrent is 1 microampere of signal per micron squared of
scattering cross section. A field depth of + or - 5 mm can be
obtained without appreciable change in the scatter function.
(Author abstract modified)
(73043
Carter, William Jackson, III
QUANTITATIVE X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCO-
PY AND APPLICATIONS TO AHt POLLUTION. Tennessee
Univ., Knoxville, Physics Div., Thesis (Ph.D.), Sept. 1974. 137p.
72 refs. NTIS: ORNL-TM-4669
The technique of electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis
(ESCA) was evaluated for analyzing air pollution samples of
paniculate matter. Three paniculate air pollution samples and
the filter paper on which they were collected were studied
using aluminum potassium alpha excitation. The elements com-
prising the major composition of each sample were identified
from the binding energy position of the peaks arising from the
photoionization of core electrons. Different chemical states or
environments for certain elements were also observed. The
composition for one of the paniculate matter samples was ex-
amined in detail in order to obtain qualitative and quantitative
identification of the elements present. X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy (XPS) is potentially applicable for routine analy-
sis of these type samples. The sample was also examined by
Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and was in agreement with
the XPS data for lead and sulfur. (Author abstract modified)
73065
Shofner, Frederick M., Gunter O. Schrecker, Thomas B.
Carlson, and Ronald O. Webb
MEASUREMENT AND INTERPRETATION OF DRIFT-PAR-
TICLE CHARACTERISTICS. State of Maryland, Power Plant
Siting Program and Atomic Energy Commission, Washington,
D. C., Div. of Biomedical and Environmental Research, Cool.
Tower Environ. Symp., College Park, Md., 1974, CONF-
740302, p. 427-454, 1975. 6 refs. (March 4-6.)
The measurement and interpretation of drift-particle charac-
teristics associated with cooling towers are discussed.
Representative accuracies associated with data generated by
laser light scattering, sensitive paper, and isokinetic sampling
techniques are around + or - 15% for particle density distribu-
tions resulting from typical evaporative cooling device installa-
tions. The accuracy of particle density distribution data in-
terpretation strongly depends on maintenance of calibration
and the acquisition of a solid statistical data base. Particle den-
sity distribution is thhe most basic and important drift parame-
ter for predicting transport. In contrast, mass measurements
which necessarily report an apparent drift water mass are of
no utility in evaluating the environmental effects of a cooling
system. (Author conclusions modified)
73139
Marple, V. A.
DEVELOPMENT, CALIBRATION AND APPLICATION OF
SIZE DISTRIBUTION INSTRUMENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY
OF MINNESOTA. Nat. Bur. Stand. U. S. Spec. Publ., no.
412:149-176, Oct. 1974. 15 refs. (Presented at the National Bu-
reau ofStandards Seminar on Aerosol Measurements, Gaither-
sburg, Md., May 7, 1974.)
Progress in the development, calibration, and application of
size distribution instruments at the University of Minnesota is
reviewed. Topics covered include: the development and opera-
tion of an electrical aerosol analyzer for in-situ measurements
over the 0.003-1.0 micron diameter range; the use of a vibrat-
ing orifice monodisperse aerosol generator for calibrating
aerosol measuring and sampling equipment; the generation of
submicron (below 0.5 micron) aerosols with pneumatic
atomization and electrostatic classification; the calibration of
condensation nuclei counters; the use of submicron aerosol
generators for the calibration of the electrical aerosol analyzer;
calibration methods for optical particle counters using ideal
and nonideal aerosols; the development of various aerosol size
distribution measurement systems; and conclusions drawn
from field studies of atmospheric aerosol particle size distribu-
tions. Fine particles constitute about 1/3 of the total at-
mospheric aerosol mass on the average, with moderately pol-
luted urban areas showing fine particle size concentrations of
around 50 micrograms/cu m and coarse particle concentrations
of around 120 micrograms/cu m.
75084 ,
Reisman, E., W. D. Gerber, and N. D. Potter
IN-STACK TRANSMISSOMETER MEASUREMENT OF PAR-
TICULATE OPACITY AND MASS CONCENTRATION
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
49
(FINAL REPORT). Philco-Ford Corp., Newport Beach, Calif.,
Aeronutronic Div., Environmental Protection Agency Contract
68-02-1229, Program Element 1AA010, ROAP 26AAM, Rept.
EPA-650/2-74-120, 116p., Nov. 1974. 12 refs.
Field test evaluations of a transmissometer for in-stack mea-
surements of paniculate opacity and mass concentration were
conducted at six industrial sites. The performance of the trans-
missometer as a continuous monitor was evaluated at each site
for a period of 30 days. Plume opacities were also measured
by one of several objective methods such as telephotometry,
and mass concentrations were measured directly with an En-
vironmental Protection Agency particulate sampling train
(Method 5) for comparison purposes. The transmissometer
performed accurately and reliably, detecting density changes
of 0.001. The presence of water droplets when the stack gas
was below the dew point temperature was recorded by the in-
strument as participates, and the presence of sulfur trioxide in
vapor form was not detected since, like all optical devices, the
transmissometer only measures the characteristics of the par-
ticulates it encounters. Zero drifts were generally very small
for the instrument. At one site a high vibration level created
the need for continual check of the alignment.
75110
Ranade, Madhav B.
SAMPLING INTERFACE FOR QUANTITATIVE TRANS-
PORT OF AEROSOLS (FINAL REPORT). IIT Research Inst.,
Chicago, 111., Environmental Protection Agency Contract 68-02-
0579, Proj. 26AAM, Program Element 1AA010, Rept. EPA-
650/2-74-016, 141p., Dec. 1973. 4 refs. NTIS: PB 240434/AS
A sampling probe for the quantitative transport of aerosols
through a conduit from a source to a sensor is described. The
probe consists of a porous metal tube encased in a manifold
through which transpiration air is passed inward to provide a
moving clean air sheath that minimizes particle deposition on
the walls. The probe, which is 178 cm by 1.27 cm in size,
requires only 14.2 1/min of transpiration air to virtually
eliminate the deposition of particles in the 0.05 to 15 micron
size range. Particles as large as 70 micron require as much as
283 1/min to prevent deposition losses at low sample flow
rates. The porous probe is also effective in the preservation of
size distribution. Optimization of the sample and transpiration
flow ratio is necessary for a given size range to obtain the
most effective use of the porous probe. (Author abstract
modified)
75111
Roberds, D. W., W. M. Farmer, and A. E. Lennert
INTERFEROMETRIC INSTRUMENTATION FOR PARTICLE
SIZE ANALYSIS (FINAL REPORT). Arnold Research Or-
ganization, Inc., Arnold Air Force Station, Tenn., Environmen-
tal Protection Agency Interagency Agreement EPA-IAG-
0177(D), Program Element 1AA010, ROAP 26AAM, Rept. EPA-
650/2-73-034, 59p., June 1974. 17 refs. NTIS: PB 240584/AS
Results from experiments conducted to determine the charac-
teristics and potential capabilities of particle size analysis with
laser interferometer techniques are reported. The fringe visi-
bility technique appears capable of being incorporated into a
viable instrument for the real time analysis of particle sizes
simultaneously with velocity measurements. Particle sizes
from the millimeter range to 1 micron can be determined; how-
ever, the threshold of detection is not established. For self-
aligning optics, 0.5 wavelengths of the illuminating beam ap-
pears to be the limit, e.g., in the case of the helium-cadmium
laser, operating at 4416 A, approximately 0.22 micron. The
threshold is further lowered to 0.17 micron by opening the
laser at 3250 A. One-dimensional particle sizing exerpiments
leave much to be desired, and two-dimensional particle sizing
is a minimum condition for realizing reliable measurements.
75115
Ringwall, Carl G.
COMPACT SAMPLING SYSTEM FOR COLLECTION OF
PARTICULATES FROM STATIONARY SOURCES (FINAL
REPORT). General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y., Environ-
mental Protection Agency Contract 68-02-0546, Program Ele-
ment 1A1010, Rept. EPA-650/2-74-029, 106p., April 1974. 5
refs. NTIS: PB 240398/AS
A compact sampling system for the collection of particulates
from stationary sources is described, with particular emphasis
on the gas velocity sensor and a fluidic control amplifier. The
sensor concept is based on the static pressure differential
between the free air stream and the nozzle inlet. The fluidic
control amplifier which interfaces directly with the sensor pro-
vides the control to automatically maintain isokinetic condi-
tions. Field tests at both oil- and coal-fired power plants in-
dicate that the sensor and controller can function with no
degradation in performance under the adverse environment of
representative power plant stacks. Temperatures of up to 205
C and solid particulate concentrations of 3.50 g/cu m can be
tolerated by the sampling system. (Author abstract modified)
75147
Conner, William D.
MEASUREMENT OF THE OPACITY AND MASS CONCEN-
TRATION OF PARTICULATE EMISSIONS BY TRANSMIS-
SOMETRY. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Trian-
gle Park, N. C., Chemistry and Physics Lab., Program Element
1AA010, ROAP 26AAM, Rept. EPA-650/2-74-128, 37p., Nov.
1974. 23 refs. NTIS: PB 241251/AS
The transmissometric measurement of opacity and mass con-
centration of stack particulate emissions is reviewed. Trans-
missometers used to measure the opacity of particulates pos-
sess two essential design features: the spectral response of the
instrument is limited to visible light (sensitive to green light
mostly) and the light collimating optics of the instrument ex-
clude light scattered by the particulates from measurement.
Although only a limited opacity-mass concentration relation-
ship can be expected between sources of different sizes and
particulate characteristics, a good opacity-mass concentration
relationship can be obtained for sources with stable particulate
characteristics. Such a relationship is usually developed by
empirical calibration of a transmissometer on the source with
an accepted manual gravimetric sampling method. Two rela-
tively simple methods exist for remote instrumental measure-
ment of opacity. They are through-the-plume photometry of
the sun and telephotometry of contrasting targets. A more
general lidar method for remote opacity measurements is cur-
rently being developed.
75187
Brooks, E. F., E. C. Beder, C. A. Flegal, D. J. Luciani, and R.
Williams
CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF TOTAL GAS
FLOWRATE FROM STATIONARY SOURCES (FINAL RE-
PORT). TRW Systems Group, Redondo Beach, Calif., Environ-
mental Protection Agency Contract 68-02-0636, Program Ele-
ment 1AB013, ROAP 21ACX-AE, Rept. EPA-650/2-75-020,
TRW 23060-6019-RU-OO, 262p., Feb. 1975. 7 refs. NTIS: PB 241
894/AS
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50
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
Laboratory and field evaluations of hardware and techniques
for the continuous measurement of the total gas flow rate
from stationary sources were conducted, with particular
emphasis being placed on large or complex ducts where total
flow metering devices such as plate orifices are not practical.
The total volumetric flow rate in either circular or rectangular
ducts was measured with accuracies consistently better than
10% when from one to eight flow sensors were properly posi-
tioned; standard traversal techniques would require from 20-50
traverse points. Rectangular duct mapping techniques dis-
played optimum accuracy immediately downstream of an el-
bow. Several off-the-shelf velocity sensors were acceptable for
use in the specified stack-type environment. (Author abstract
modified)
75948
Nichols, Grady B.
TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING FLY ASH RESISTIVITY
(FINAL REPORT). Southern Research Inst., Birmingham, Ala.,
Environmental Protection Agency Contract 68-02-1303, Program
Element 1AB012, Rept. EPA-6SO/2-74-079, 49p., Aug. 1974. 9
refs. NTIS: PB 244140/AS
The methods used for the measurement of the electrical re-
sistivity of paniculate matter suspended in an effluent gas
stream are discussed. The behavior of an electrostatic
precipitator is related to the value of the resistivity of the
suspended paniculate. Some of the mechanisms of electrical
conduction in fly ash from coal combustion are described as
they influence resistivity. A discussion is also included of in
situ versus laboratory techniques for measuring resistivity and
the interpretation of data measured by these methods. The
point to plane probe provides data that are more clearly con-
sistent with observed behavior of operating electrostatic
precipitators than the other alternative devices. This factor,
together with the similarities between the operation of a
precipitator and the instrument are the basis for the selection
of the point to plane device as the preferred measurement in-
strument. (Author abstract modified)
75993
Smith, W. B., K. M. Gushing, G. E. Lacey, and J. D. McCain
PARTICULATE SIZING TECHNIQUES FOR CONTROL
DEVICE EVALUATION. Southern Research Inst., Bir-
mingham, Ala., Environmental Protection Agency Contract 68-
02-0273, Program Element 1AB012, ROAP 21ADM-011, Rept.
EPA-650/2-74-102-a, SORI-EAS-7S-369, 133p., Aug. 197S. 12
refs. NTIS: PB 245184/AS
Laboratory and field evaluations of inertial sizing techniques
(cyclones and cascade impactors) were performed in an effort
to find a suitable method for the evaluation of pollution con-
trol devices. Laboratory tests with hard, dry aerosols indicated
that approximately 10 m/sec is the practical upper limit for im-
pactor jet velocities if reentrainment is to be avoided. Glass
fiber substrate weight gains which were mostly due to sulfate
uptake on the substrates constituted a severe problem. Precon-
ditioning of normal Gelman type A substrates for several
hours in flue gas reduced the weight gains considerably.
Teflon, Whatman GF/A and GF/D, and Reeve Angel 934 AH
were glass fiber materials which showed little weight gain.
Electrostatic effects posed a substantial interference with bare
collection plates, although the effect with glass fiber substrates
was minimal. Design and calibration data were also obtained
for two series of cyclone size devices: one designed to operate
at a flowrate of 140 1/min and the other at 28 1/min. Each pro-
vided three size fractionation points in the 0.5-10 micron size
interval. The cyclone systems permitted the collection of
larger quantities of size fractionated particulates and were
somewhat easier to use than were the impactors. (Author ab-
stract modified)
•v
76006
Mitchell, William J. and M. Rodney Midgett
METHOD FOR OBTAINING REPLICATE PARTICULATE
SAMPLES FROM STATIONARY SOURCES (FINAL RE-
PORT). Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, N. C., Quality Assurance and Environmental Monitoring
Lab., Program Element 1HA327, ROAP 26AAG, Rept. EPA-
650/4-75-025, 32p., June 1975. 7 refs. NTIS: PB 245045/AS
Dual sampling arrangements that allowed four independent
trains to sample simultaneously at the same point in a stack
were used to obtain replicate paniculate samples from sta-
tionary sources. A total of 16 paniculate sampling runs with
four identical Environmental protection Agency Method 5 par-
ticulate trains revealed that the magnitude of the within-run
standard deviation was linearly related to the magnitude of the
mean paniculate concentration measured for that run. How-
ever, no such relationship was found between the within-run
standard deviation and either the run sampling time or the
total volume of gas sampled. A statistical analysis of the per-
cent moisture in the stack determination was used to estimate
the precision of the condensation technique used in the
Method 5 train. (Author abstract modified)
77724
Kurtz, Jerome L. and John G. Olin
A NEW FLOW CONTROLLER FOR HIGH VOLUME AIR
SAMPLERS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh,
Pa., 23p., 1975. 6 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control
Association, Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June 15-20,
1975, Paper 75-65.6.)
A constant flow controller for high volume paniculate sam-
plers is described. The device uses a constant-temperature
thermal anemometer which measures the mass flow of the
sampled air. A triac motor speed regulator in a feed-back con-
trol loop maintains the flow rate constant over the selectable
range of 20-60 standard cu ft/min. The flow rate error caused
by filter loading, temperature variation, line voltage changes,
change of filters and motor brushes, and the installation of a
top-loading calibrator is at most 1.1 standard cu ft/min.
(Author abstract modified)
77725
Porch, William M. and James E. Lovill
SATELLITE AND SURFACE OBSERVATIONS OF TEXAS
DUST STORMS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pitt-
sburgh, Pa., 18p., 1975. 15 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution
Control Association, Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June
15-20, 1975, Paper 75-36.4.)
Fast-response surface measurements and satellite observations
of Texas dust storms were made in March and April of 1974.
Nephelometer measurements of dust showed a strong correla-
tion with simultaneous wind measurements. The vertical
gradient of the nephelometer signals, which is a measure of
the aerosol flux, showed a very strong power law relationship
to the horizontal wind velocity. Frequency response and spec-
tral density comparisons of the wind and dust data proved to
be valuable tools for understanding the physical propertied of
dust suspension by wind. The anlysis of satellite data demon-
strated the applicability of spectral separation of dust and
cloud phenomena. (Author conclusions modified)
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
51
77828
Bethea, Robert M. and Philip R. Morey
AN ENGINEERING ANALYSIS OF THE RESPIRATORY
AND TOTAL DUST PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH COT-
TON TEXTILE PROCESSING OPERATIONS. Preprint, Air
Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 16p., 1975. 16 refs.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual
Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-20.2.)
Results from an experimental comparison of several total and
respirable dust concentration sampling techniques under simu-
lated cotton textile processing conditions are presented. The
methods evaluated are: the Environmental Protection Agency-
type high volume sampler for total dust, the Occupational
Safety and Health Administration-type vertical elutriator for
total and respirable cotton dust, and the Andersen multistage
cascade impactor for the determination of dust size distribu-
tion. The total dust monitor of the vertical elutriator must be
mounted at the same height as the entrance to the elutriator
cone if particle size distributions comparable to the standard
high volume sampler are to be obtained. Inconsistent results
are obtained with the verticle elutriator at flow rates of 6.8-7.5
1/min; at reduced flows of 3.8-4.2 1/min, reproducibility of the
data is excellent, however. The cumulative particle size dis-
tributions obtained by the Andersen and high volume samplers
are identical within experimental error for airborne emissions
from carding strict middling cotton. Very good agreement is
also obtained for good middling cotton carding emissions. The
Andersen units consistently yield total dust concentrations
40% lower than the corresponding results from the standard
high volume sampler. Multistage cascade iinpactors appear to
be of limited utility in cotton dust sampling. (Author abstract
modified)
/ 77890
Bernstein, David, Michael T. Kleinman, Theodore J. Kneip,
Tai L. Chan, and Morton Lippmann
DEVELOPMENT OF A HIGH-VOLUME SAMPLER FOR
THE DETERMINATION OF PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBU-
TIONS IN AMBIENT AIR. Preprint, Air Pollution Control As-
soc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 15p., 1975. 9 refs. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston,
Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-65.3.)
A size selective particle sampler has been developed for con-
tinuous sampling of the urban aerosol over periods ranging
from hours to weeks. It uses a parallel array of two-stage sam-
plers. The cyclones used as the first stage collectors have 50%
particle retention at 3.5, 2.5, 1.5, and 0.5 micron aerodynamic
diameter, respectively. Undersize particles passing through the
cyclones are captured on glass fiber filters. Equal intake
velocities are assured by flow equalizers on the inlets to the
cyclones. Accurate control of the flow through the cyclones is
obtained using an integrated circuit pressure transducer in con-
junction with a specially designed feedback control circuit.
The collection efficiencies of the cyclone were calibrated using
monodisperse ferric oxide test aerosols tagged with Tc-99m.
Mass balances of the participates collected on the cyclones
and filters are obtained for the five sampling stages. The sam-
pler was operated in New York City for periods of 1 wk at
rooftop level (13 stories). The concentrations in micrograms/cu
m of the total suspended particulates measured by the particle
size sampler are in excellent agreement with a constant flow
sampler operating at the same site over the same sampling
period. By taking the differences in the measured concentra-
tions in each of the following particle size regions are ob-
tained: less than 0.5 micron; 0.5 to 1.5 micron; 1.5 to 2.5
micron; 2.5 to 3.5 micron; greater than 3.5 micron. A bimodal
distribution of the aerosol is observed. The distribution of
lead, zinc, and manganese with particle size were determined
by analyses of the filter samples and are discussed. (Author
abstract modified)
77892
Lilienfeld, Pedro
A NEW AMBIENT PARTICULATE MASS MONITOR USING
BETA ATTENUATION. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
Pittsburgh, Pa., 14p., 1975. 21 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass.,
June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-65.2.)
A paniculate mass monitor has been developed for the auto-
mated measurement of ambient aerosol concentrations, based
on beta radiation attenuation of two concurrently collected
filter samples, representing the total and the respirable size
fractions. The instrument incorporates a high-flow rate sam-
pling inlet, isokinetic secondary collection flow extraction,
flow control by an upstream venturi-type critical nozzle, and a
double-beta detection rotating head configuration permitting
uninterrupted sample collection without time loss associated
with beta counting. The instrument also incorporates a
microprocessor especially programmed for this application,
which performs all signal processing, control, timing, self-test-
ing and computation functions. The ambient paniculate moni-
tor has been designed for maximum compatibility with typical
telemetry systems used on air pollution monitoring networks
with central computer data collection. Unattended operation
for almost a full year for 1-hour sampling periods appears
feasible. (Author abstract modified)
77941
Fegley, M. J., D. S. Ensor, and L. E. Sparks
THE PROPAGATION OF ERRORS IN PARTICLE SIZE DIS-
TRIBUTION MEASUREMENTS PERFORMED USING
CASCADE IMPACTORS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control As-
soc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 25p., 1975.. 10 refs. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston,
Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-32.5.)
A fundamental error analysis in particle size distribution mea-
surements performed using cascade impactors was conducted.
The effects of flow condition fluctuations and construction
tolerances are analyzed using the solutions of differential
equations describing the deposition efficiency of a round hole
jet impactor. The important sources of random error are the
weighting of the particle deposits, the tolerance in drilling the
jet holes, and the variation in flow rate through the impactor.
The difficulty of generalizing the error analysis and the need
to apply to specific situations are stressed. These errors are
controlled by using an analytical balance with the best preci-
sion available and with good quality control of the impactor
construction. Careful size determination is best achieved by
calibrating the impactor with a test aerosol. (Author summary
modified)
77971
Shofner, Frederick M., Gerhard Kreikebaum, and Harold W.
Schmitt
IN SITU CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF PARTICU-
LATE MASS CONCENTRATION. Preprint, Air Pollution Con-
trol Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 17p., 1975. 4 refs. (Presented at the
Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 68th,
Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-41.1.)
An instrument capable of making in situ continuous measure-
ments of paniculate mass concentration, independent of parti-
-------
52
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
cle size distribution for the particle size range of 0.05-10
micron diameter, is described. The instrument is based on the
principle of laser light scattering and is essentially a backscat-
tering device. The backscattered light is detected in a combina-
tion of angles in the backangle lobe. The incident light is a
highly colliminated beam of monochromatic light whose
wavelength is 0.9 micron. The critical electro-optical com-
ponents are all contained at the end of a probe which may be
inserted any distance into essentially any process gas stream.
The sampling volume is completely optically defined and en-
compasses approximately 12 cu cm. This volume is external to
the probe and is configured relative to the probe so that the
probe does not disturb the sampled gas stream as it passes
through the sampling volume. The sensitivity of the instrument
of 0.005 grains/actual cu ft, of process gas. Results of a series
of simultaneous measurements with the device and with a
standard isokinetic sampling train downstream of a precipitator
serving a coal-fired power plant are presented.
77994
Lebowitz, Malcolm F.
SHORT TERM TESTING FOR FUGITIVE DUST EFFECT.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 15p.,
1975. 11 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion; Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975,
' ' '
Examples of short-term testing for fugitive dust emissions are
provided. Gravitational separation is the basis of test site loca-
tion; and two or more test locations, well beyond the heavy
settling range, are designated as boundary sites. Another loca-
tion near the source, within the heavy settling range, is the
source site. Ambient air quality paniculate matter concentra-
tions are measured by the high volume method. The air sample
is drawn through a filter situated in a covered housing at about
50 cu ft/min for approximately 24 hr. The data are tabulated in
a two-dimensional array to ascertain variations due to daily ef-
fects and locations. Suspended particulate concentrations are
reported for areas around a wood products process, a cement
plant, and one new and one existing steel plant. The tabulated
data indicate concentrations greater than the national primary
standard.
77999
I^alika, Peter W., Paul T. Bartlett, Robert E. Kenson, and
John E. Yocom
MEASUREMENT OF FUGITIVE EMISSIONS. Preprint, Air
Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 15p., 1975. (Presented
at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 68th,
Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-25.3.)
Methods for measuring fugitive particulate and gaseous emis-
sions from various industrial sources are discussed. The three
basic measurement approaches being investigated in laboratory
and field tests are: the quasi stack method in which the fugi-
tive emission is temporarily hooded and a temporary duct or
stack and fan are installed to permit sampling by means of
standard stack sampling methods; the monitoring of roof and
other vent openings to determine air and material balances
through these openings; and outdoor sampling during
prescribed meteorological conditions using sampling grids up-
wind and downwind of the source. A cost-effectiveness analy-
sis of sampling strategy/industry source combinations indicates
that the cost-effectiveness of a given sampling strategy is de-
pendent on the source to be tested. A quasi-stack strategy is
most cost effective for a single source such as a grey iron cu-
pola; whereas a -roof monitoring program is preferred for a
copper smelter converter building, for example. A list of 18 in-
dustry/process combinations that are potentially significant fu-
gitive emission sources is provided. (Author abstract modified)
78102
Nader, John S.
CURRENT TECHNOLOGY FOR CONTINUOUS MONITOR-
ING OF PARTICULATE EMISSIONS. Air Pollution Control
Assoc., 25(8):814-821, Aug. 1975. 40 refs.
Particulate matter is characterized by its physical and chemical
properties. Federal and state emission standards identify two
important physical properties, opacity (visible emissions) and
particulate mass concentration. In addition, particle size and
particle composition are characteristics that play a significant
role in the assessment of health effects, visibility, and control
strategy. Systems to monitor these particle characteristics are
in various stages of development. Opacity monitors have the
longest history of commercial availability and of applicability
to various source emissions. Particulate mass monitors have a
short history as commercially available systems and are under
evaluation in various source applications. Particle monitors are
mainly in the advanced prototype development stage. Real
time size monitoring systems will eventually be wedded to real
time particle composition analyzers to give a monitoring
system for particle size distributions of chemical constituents.
78510
Owusu, Joshua K. and Robert M. Bethea
SCREENING TECHNIQUE FOR HAZARDOUS METALLIC
COMPOUNDS IN PARTICULATE STACK EFFLUENTS.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 17p.,
1975. 16 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975,
Paper 75-33.1.)
A rapid screening technique for hazardous metallic compounds
in particulate stack effluents was developed for the oxides of
antimony, iron, chromium, nickel, vanadium, tin, and silver.
The qualitative procedures, originally based on standard
geochemical and quantitative analysis methods are modified to
conform to the anticipated lower detection limits required for
the screening particulate stack samples obtained as a result of
emission or compliance testing. Solubilization is achieved by
digestion in 0.5 N nitric acid followed by selective solubiliza-
tion of copper oxide, ferrous oxide, ferric oxide, and vanadi-
um pentaoxide in hot 3 N nitric acid and the final solution of
beryllium oxide and antimony oxide in hot concentrated sul-
furic acid. Subsequent cation separation is obtained by com-
plex forming extractions in suitable solvents at an appropriate
pH. (Author abstract modified)
79037
Dzubay, T. G., L. E. Hines, and R. K. Stevens
PARTICLE BOUNCE ERRORS IN CASCADE IMPACTORS.
Preprint, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, N. C., 24p., 1975. 10 refs.
Field measurements of atmospheric aerosols using cascade im-
pactors indicated that the nature of the impaction surface ex-
erts a significant effect on the apparent size distribution. The
tests were performed with two identical cascade impactors
operating simultaneously. Dry impaction surfaces (aluminum
foil, glass fiber filter material, and wax-coated paper) were
used in the first impactor, while grease-coated foils were used
in the second as a reference. A comparison of the measured
size distributions indicated that the use of dry impaction sur-
faces leads to a distorted measurement of the size distribution.
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
53
The distortion is attributed to particles bouncing off of the dry
impaction surfaces and being collected on subsequent stages
or on the backup filter. (Author abstract modified)
79093
Brenchley, David L., C. David Turley, and Raymond F.
Yarmac
USE OF THE EPA PARTICULATE TRAIN FOR COM-
PLIANCE TESTING. In: Air Pollution Control and Industrial
Energy Production. Kenneth E. Noll, Wayne T. Davis, and
Joseph R. Duncan (eds.), Ann Arbor, Mich., Ann Arbor
Science, 1974 (?), Chapt. 4, p 73-85. 7 refs.
A specific sampling procedure has been developed, known as
Environmental Protection Agency Method 5, for conducting
source compliance tests. The EPA Method 5 in essence refers
only to dry participate at 250 F. The sampling train is
described, including the nozzle and probe, the pilot tube, the
filter, the cyclone, the impingers, the sampling box, the umbil-
ical cord, and the meter box. The performance, and hence
calibration of the orifice meter is of primary importance and is
critical to the maintenance of isokinetic conditions. The other
critical pieces of equipment are the phot tube and dry gas me-
ter. Routine maintenance and calibration procedures are out-
lined. The test procedures are also included. Care must be
taken in shutting down the sampling equipment at the end of
the sampling period.
81439
Anderson, Paul L.
DEVELOPMENT OF A CENTRIFUGE FOR SOURCE SAM-
PLING TO DETERMINE PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION.
Environ. Sci. Technol., 10(2): 145-150, Feb. 1976. 6 refs.
A small centrifuge source-aerosol sampler with a spectral
calibration range of from 0.16-3 micron is described. The sam-
pler includes multi-orifice cascade impactor plants ahead of
the centrifuge to process coarse participates. The centrifuge is
thermally protected and small enough to be used for some in-
stack sampling applications. The application of the sampler to
the collection of aerosols before and after a fluid bed reactor
baghouse on the experimental aluminum reduction cell is
described. The fluid alumina bed appears to be an efficient
collector of fine fume particles as well as hydrogen fluoride.
Coarse fines (1-10 micron) predominately penetrate the
baghouse as opposed to fines less than 1 micron in size.
(Author abstract modified)
81499
Maddalone, Ray F., Ronnie L. Thomas, and Philip W. West
MEASUREMENT OF SULFURIC ACID AEROSOL AND
TOTAL SULFATE CONTENT OF AMBIENT AIR. Environ.
Sci. Technol., 10(2): 162-168, Feb. 1976. 28 refs.
A procedure for the measurement of sulfuric acid aerosol and
total sulfate content of ambient air is described. The procedure
involves the formation of permidylammonium sulfate and sub-
sequent thermal decomposition to form quantitatively sulfur
dioxide. The SO2 may be determined colorimetrically by the
West-Gaeke procedure or by means of flame photometry. Air-
borne participate samples are analyzed by isolating the sulfuric
acid by microdiffusion, and total sulfate is determined by
aqueous extraction of the particulate samples. A working
range of 1-50 micrograms of sulfate can be handled con-
veniently, and the determination (excluding microdiffusion)
requires only a few minutes. (Author abstract modified)
82794
Gravatt, C. C., Jr.
REAL TIME MEASUREMENT OF THE SIZE DISTRD3U-
TION OF PARTICULATE MATTER IN AIR BY A LIGHT
SCATTERING METHOD. Preprint, National Bureau of Stan-
dards, Washington, D. C., Inst. for Materials Research, 20p.,
1972. 8 reis.
A light scattering method for the real time measurement of the
size distribution of airborne particulate matter is described
which produces results that are independent of the index of
refraction of the particles. The method involves the simultane-
ous measurement of the intensity of light scattered by a single
particle at two small scattering angles as the particle flows
through a scattering chamber. The ratio of the two intensities
is proportional to the size of the particle but is independent of
its index of refraction. The size of each particle can be deter-
mined in about 20 microseconds. The lower measurable parti-
cle size is about 0.2 micron with a helium-neon laser source
and 0.05 micron with an argon laser source. Changes in parti-
cle size distribution can be determined within a few seconds
by employing a multichannel analyzer as the data storage and
readout device. (Author abstract modified)
84722
Roberts, P. T. and S. K. Friedlander
ANALYSIS OF SULFUR IN DEPOSITED AEROSOL PARTI-
CLES BY VAPORIZATION AND FLAME PHOTOMETRIC
DETECTION. Atmos. Environ., vol. 9:403-408, 1976. 15 refs.
An aerosol vaporization method that measures sulfur at the
nanogram level directly from the collection substrate is
described. Detection is provided by a flame photometric sulfur
analyzer. Calibration shows the method to have a coefficient
of variance of 7.3% and a lower limit of detection of 1 ng sul-
fur, independent of sulfur species. The method will respond to
sulfur compounds which evaporate or decompose below about
1200 C. The method has been used to measure aerosol sulfur
concentrations (both total filter and with respect to particle
size) in the Los Angeles atmosphere and in smog experiments.
(Author abstract)
84727
Liu, Benjamin Y. H. and K. W. Lee
EFFICIENCY OF MEMBRANE AND NUCLEPORE FILTERS
FOR SUBMICROMETER AEROSOLS. Environ. Sci. Technol.,
10(4):345-350, April 1976. 8 refs.
The efficiency of several commonly used membrane and
Nuclepore filters has been measured using monodisperse
aerosols and a new electrical aerosol detector. Particles in the
0.03- and 1 micron diameter range were used and the filter
pressure drop was varied between 1 and 30 cm Hg. The filters
tested include Teflon membrane filters of 0.5-, 1.0-, 5.0-, and
10.0-micron diameter pores and Nuclepore filters of 0.6-, 1.0-,
3.0-, 5.0-, and 8.0-micron pores. The minimum filter efficiency
ranged from a low of 62% for the 10-micron Teflon membrane
filter to a high of greater than 99.99% for the 0.5- and 1.0-
micron Teflon filters. For the Nucleopore filters, the minimum
filter efficiency ranged from a low of zero for the 8-micron
filter to a high of 80% for the 0.6-micron filter. In general, the
membrane filter was considerably more efficient than a
Nucleopore filter of the same or a comparable pore size. The
results suggest that the classical filtration mechanisms of inter-
ception, impaction, and diffusion are operative in these filters.
(Author abstract)
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54
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
84728
Kukreja, Ved P. and John L. Bove
DETERMINATION OF FREE CARBON COLLECTED ON
HIGH-VOLUME GLASS FIBER FILTER. Environ. Sci.
Techno!., 10(2): 187-189, Feb. 1976. 2 refs.
A convenient and precise method for determining free carbon
in a high-volume glass fiber filter is described. A low analyti-
cal blank was found, allowing for the determination of small
quantities of free carbon. The analytical technique is based on
the initial decomposition of the glass fiber mat with
hydrofluoric acid, followed by the action of ammonium
hydroxide, nitric acid, and hydrochloric acid to dissolve in-
soluble organics and digest organics. The amount of free car-
bon is then determined by the difference in weight recorded
when the remaining residue is heated first at 150 C and then at
700 C. The analysis blank for free carbon was low and
uniform when Mine Safety and Appliance glass fibers were
used. An average blank of 1.1 mg was found when 5 unsoiled
filters were examined. Almost no deviation was found when
the 5 results were compared.
84730
Natusch, D. F. S. and' J. R. Wallace
DETERMINATION OF AIRBORNE PARTICLE SIZE DIS-
TRIBUTIONS: CALCULATION OF CROSS-SENSITIVITY
AND DISCRETENESS EFFECTS IN CASCADE IMPACTION.
Atmos. Environ., vol. 10:315-324, 1976. 22 refs.
A theory was developed which permits numerical evaluation
of errors associated with the determination of aerosol size dis-
tributions using cascade impactors. Account is taken of errors
due to the overlap of a given particle size between adjacent
impaction stages and to the discrete nature of cascade impac-
tion. The theory is applied to both log-normal and polynomial
functional approximations to an aerosol size distribution. Nu-
merical determination of errors considered shows that the
mass of large and small particles present in the wings of a log-
normal aerosol distribution is over-estimated manyfold by
most cascade impactors but that the mass of particles having
aerodynamic diameters close to the aerosol mass median
diameter is generally subject to quite small (less than 20%)
negative errors. Even under extremely unfavorable conditions
the mass median diameter of an aerosol can be determined to
well within 25% of the true value. (Author abstract)
84732
Whitby, Kenneth T.
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT OF AEROSOLS. Fine Part.
Symp. Proc., Minneapolis, Minn., 1975, p. 581-621. 56 refs.
(May.) (Available in EPA-600/2-7-059, Oct. 1975.)
The basic principles of electrical size distribution and concen-
tration measurement methods are reviewed. Electrical aerosol
measuring instruments are discussed under three headings:
charging, classification and detection. Recent work by Liu and
his students shows that the particle charging rate, based on the
Boltzmann Law, can best describe bipolar and unipolar diffu-
sion charging of aerosol particles, over the size range and
charging conditions of most interest to electrical aerosol mea-
surement. Working equations for calculating diffusion charge
are presented. Several charged aerosol classifiers or mobility
analyzers are described, including the latest differential mobili-
ty analyzers developed at the University of Minnesota. Parti-
cle charge versus size curves for bipolar, diffusion and field
charging are integrated with some of the latest aerosol size dis-
tribution models, in order to calculate the response charac-
teristics of the different kinds of electrical instruments. Three
late model electrical aerosol instruments developed at the
University of Minnesota are described. These are the Electri-
cal Aerosol Analyzer, the Differential Mobility Analyzer, and
an Electrical Aerosol Concentration Meter. (Author abstract)
84733
Lundgren, Dale A., Lawrence D. Carter, and Peter S. Daley
AEROSOL MASS MEASUREMENT USING PIEZOELECTRIC
CRYSTAL SENSORS. Fine Part. Symp. Proc., Minneapolis,
Minn., 1975, p. 485-509. 21 refs. (May.) (Available in EPA-
600/2-75-059, Oct. 1975.)
Studies and papers on the use and performance of piezoelec-
tric crystal sensors for aerosol mass concentration measure-
ment are reviewed. The capabilities and limitations of the
piezoelectric technique, and recent developments and improve-
ments made to commercially available instruments, are
discussed. Piezoelectric crystals, when mechanically stressed,
develop electrical charges on certain crystal surfaces. Quartz,
as a piezoelectric material, vibrates at a very precise natural
frequency, which can easily be determined to one part in ten
million when the crystal is placed in an appropriate electronic
oscillating circuit. When foreign material, such as particular
matter, is deposited onto the crystal active area, the vibra-
tional frequency characteristics of the crystal change in a pre-
dictable and measurable manner. This phenomenon led to the
development of two commercial instruments which were
described in the literature of 1970. These two devices, one
based upon particle deposition by impaction and one by elec-
trostatic precipitation, were revolutionary because of their ex-
treme sensitivity and rapid, near real time, response charac-
teristics. (Author abstract)
84736
Marple, Virgil A. and Klaus Willeke
INERTIAL IMPACTORS: THEORY, DESIGN AND USE. Fine
Part. Symp. Proc., Minneapolis, Minn., 1975, p. 411-445. 41
refs. (May.) (Available in EPA-600/2-75-059, Oct. 1975.)
Inertial impactors are devices used to classify particles with
respect to their aerodynamic size. The theoretical analyzing
techniques currently available are sufficiently accurate to pre-
dict the impaction characteristics of impactors, provided with
the impactor design conforms reasonably well with the boun-
dary condition used in the theoretical analysis. Using results of
a theoretical study employing these techniques, design criteria
are given for such parameters as jet-to-plate distance, jet
Reynolds number, and jet throat length to obtain sharp cut-off
characteristics for both round and rectangular impactors.
Precautions which must be taken in the use of impactors are
discussed, and limitations of impactors due to interstage losses
and particle bounce from various surfaces are presented. Vari-
ous designs of impactor jets and impaction surfaces are ex-
amined with special attention given to the use of multiple jet
impactors for the purpose of controlling the jet Reynolds
number. Also, the principle operating characteristics of com-
mercial cascade impactors are presented. (Author abstract)
84737
John, Walter
CONTACT ELECTRIFICATION APPLIED TO PARTICU-
LATE MATTER-MONITORING. Fine Part. Symp. Proc., Min-
neapolis, Minn., 1975. p. 649-667. 25 refs. (May.) (Available
from EPA-600/2-75-059, Oct. 1975.) „
The theory of the charging of aerosol particles by contact elec-
trification is reviewed, as well as the development over the
past decade of monitors based on this phenomenon. Such
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
55
monitors offer the advantage of continuous measurements
over a wide range of concentrations. Moreover, the total elec-
trical charge collected has been found to correlate well with
the total mass determined gravimetrically. The lack of
widespread use of these detectors may be due to some con-
tradictory reports on their performance as well as uncertainty
arising from the presently incomplete understanding of the
operating principle. The major factors which influence the in-
strumental response are discussed, including the recent finding
that the sensitivity is strongly dependent on the electrical re-
sistivity of the material sampled. It is also found that the con-
dition of the probe s surface has an important effect on the
sensitivity. At present, theoretical understanding of the contact
charging is semiquantitive for particles of metals but only rudi-
mentary in the case of insulators. (Author abstract)
84738
Harris, D. B. and W. B. Kuykendal
PROBLEMS IN STACK SAMPLING AND MEASUREMENT.
Fine Part. Symp. Proc., Minneapolis, Minn., 1975, p. 399-409.
11 refs. (May.) (Available in EPA-600/2-75-059, Oct. 1975.)
Though many techniques for monitoring particulates have been
studied in great detail under laboratory conditions, the applica-
tion to field situations of these techniques has often been dif-
ficult. Attempts to use cascade impactors for manual fractional
efficiency and optical and beta gauging for instrumental parti-
cle sizing are described. Though each technique seemed to be
ideally suited to particle measurement, the many different
problems presented by industrial gas streams and the solutions
used to overcome them are described. Particle bounce and
reentrainment is the first problem discussed, followed by sub-
strate material selection due to reaction with gaseous com-
ponents. Instrumental problems have centered on getting sen-
sors to perform in the hostile stack environment and on mak-
ing reasonable compromises necessary to apply these
techniques to real stack environments. (Author abstract)
84739
Altpeter, Lawrence L., Jr., J. P. Pilney, L. W. Rust, A. J.
Senechal, and D. L. Overland
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS REGARDING THE USE OF A
FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR AS AN AEROSOL MONI-
TOR. Fine Part. Symp. Proc., Minneapolis, Minn., 1975, p. 625-
647. 10 refs. (May.) (Available in EPA-600/2-75-059, Oct. 1975.)
High speed waveform studies were performed with the output
signals of individual aerosol particles as they were consumed
in the flame of a flame ionization detector. These output
signals were shown to consist of modulated current pulses
with mean amplitudes which varied with particle size from 10
to the minus 9th power to 10 to the minus 6th power ampere
and with durations from a fraction of a millisecond to several
milliseconds. Aerosol measurements were performed with the
FID centered in an aerosol test chamber. Sampling conditions
of size, number concentration and composition were carefully
controlled. Repeatability of the flame ionization detector was
estimate to be 5 to 15 percent. Response of the detector was
shown to be linear throughout the tested size range of 0.5 to
10 micron. Size limit of detection was 0.15 to 0.2 micron with
evidence of ways to improve this limit significantly. Sensitivity
varied with particle size as the 3/2 power. There was evidence
of limited selectivity when the detector was used with parallel
plate electrode geometry. Considerations of the structured cur-
rent pulses observed with the conventional FID led to design
and testing of a novel FID. All features of the novel FID were
identical to the conventional model wth the exception of the
collection electrode which was segmented into a vertical array
of horizontal strips. Each strip was a separate and individually
addressable electrode. The detector was referred to as a seg-
mented-plate FID, or SFID. Preliminary results with this
device suggest that the current pulse observed with the con-
ventional FID is a composite of two signals, one of which is
the time-of-flight delayed current of the charge carriers from
the flame. (Author abstract)
84750
Tanner, Roger L. and Leonard Newman
THE ANALYSIS OF AIRBORNE SULFATE. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc., 26(8):737-747, Aug. 1976. 130 refs.
A critical review of literature reflecting the current state of
analytical methodology for sulfatc in airborne particles is
presented. Methods for determination of total aerosol sulfate
and total soluble sulfate are assessed. A more detailed review
of the relatively new techniques for quantitative speciation of
airborne sulfate then follows. Size distribution methodology
and filter sampling difficulties relating to the collection of
aiiborne sulfate-containing particles are enumerated. Experi-
ments are suggested which use new, improved, and potentially
applicable sullaic speciation techniques to obtain a better un-
derstanding of the generation, transport, transformation and
removal proce.->ses that, in turn, determine the identity and
concentrations of sulfate species in ambient air. (Author ab-
stract)
84752
Floyd, John R. and Kenneth T. Knapp
FINE PARTICLE MEASUREMENT IN STATIONARY
SOURCES. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh,
Pa., 14p., 1976. 15 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control
Association Annual Meeting, 69th, Portland, Orcg., June 27-
July 1, 1976, Paper 76-30.10.)
The state of the art of determining size distributions of parti-
cles in effluents is presented. Various methods arc reviewed
for applicability to stack testing, ease and cost of operation
and analysis, size cut resolution and reproducibility, as well as
potential for widespread future use and adaptability of each
specifically to the measurement of small particles less than 2.0
micrometer in aerodynamic diameter (respirable fraction).
Aerodynamic theory, inertial impaction, cyclonic separation,
diffusion, electrical mobility, optical theory, and microscopy
methods are reviewed in a language understood by scientists
not directly associated with aerosol mechanics and particle siz-
ing techniques. Pointed out is the need for more development
of test methods specific for determining effluent stream con-
centrations of fine particles smaller than 2.0 micrometer in
diameter. Preliminary tests indicate that such specificity is
possible with inertial elutriation, requiring no elaborate particle
sizing equipment. Other recent developments in fine particle
measurement are also discussed. (Author abstract)
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56
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
44691
Longley-Cook, Barbara Ann
AIR POLLUTION PARTICULATE MAPPING. Arizona Univ.,
Tucson, Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Thesis (Ph.D.), Ann
Arbor, Mich., Univ. Microfilms, Inc., 1971, 89p. 55 refs.
An extensive survey of airborne suspended participates using
high volume air samplers was conducted in the Tucson
metropolitan area. Determinations were made of the variations
and fluctuations in pollutant concentrations with respect to
time and space. Time considerations included diurnal, weekly,
monthly, annual, and long range trends. Contour maps of the
suspended particulates were constructed. The contours main-
tained a remarkable constancy in shape even thougn the levels
of concentration changed from day to day, mainly as functions
of meteorological parameters. The major sources of particulate
matter were vacant land and strip-paved and unpaved roads.
The latter contain very finely pulverized material which
becomes airborne due to moving traffic and surface winds. A
mathematical function consisting of the product of a spatially
dependent function and a time dependent function was
developed to calculate the suspended particulate levels in the
Tucson atmosphere. A computer plotting program was written
to perform the mapping. The constancy in the shape of the
geographical distribution showed that pollution levels at all lo-
cations could be inferred from measurements at a few selected
locations. (Author abstract modified)
52447
Pasceri, Ralph E.
RESPIRABLE DUST CONTENT IN AMBIENT AIR. Environ.
Sci. Techno!., 7(7):623-627, July 1973. 15 refs.
The respirable dust content in the ambient air at a single near-
urban location was determined by using a high-volume sampler
and a cyclone separator to simulate the filtering action of the
upper respiratory tract. The performance curve of the cyclone
for unit density spheres closely matched an existing model for
the filtering action of the nasal-pharynx and tracheo-bronchial
regions. The experimentally determined ratio of the respirable
dust weight to the total suspended particulate weight followed
a normal distribution curve with a linear correlation coefficient
of 0.0989 and an arithmetic average ratio of 0.56. Thus, on the
average, approximately half of the suspended particulate mass
at the sampling location was respirable. (Author abstract
modified)
54482
Pedace, Eduardo A. and Eric B. Sansone
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOILING INDEX AND
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER CONCENTRATIONS.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 22(5): 348-351, May 1972. 16
refs.
Experimental relationships between the mass concentration of
suspended particulate matter and the optical density of par-
ticulates collected on paper tape (soiling index) were deter-
mined for the atmospheric aerosol and for aerosols of optical
properties in field and laboratory tests. Simultaneous samples
were obtained on membrane filters (for gravimetric analysis)
and on Whatman No. 4 paper tape (for optical evaluation).
Sampling procedures were adopted which ensured that the ef-
ficiency of sampling was the same in both cases. Consistent
relationships between mass concentrations of suspended par-
ticulate matter and optical density expressed in terms of per-
cent transmittance or percent reflectance were found for
dispersions of coal, limestone, fly ash, and a coal limestone
mixture. For atmospheric aerosol samples collected on the
roof of the Graduate School of Public Health, University of
Pittsburgh, the relationship between mass concentration and
percent transmittance or percent reflectance was linear over
the range of values observed. The correlation coefficients
were 0.93 (for concentration versus percent transmittance) and
0.89 (for concentration versus percent reflectance). (Author
abstract)
59252
Samuels, Harris J., SuzAnne Twiss, Evan W. Wong, Harmon
Wong-Woo, Peter K. Mueller, John A. Maga, and George J.
Taylor
VISIBILITY, LIGHT SCATTERING AND MASS CONCEN-
TRATION OF PARTICULATE MATTER. California State Air
Resources Board, California Tri-City Aerosol Sampling Project
and the California State Dept. of Public Health, Air and Indus-
trial Hygiene Lab., 60p., July 1973. 13 refs.
Mass concentration aerosol data was collected using two-stage
and high volume samplers, light scattering data was collected
with an integrating nephelometer, and prevailing visibility was
observed at sites in Los Angeles, Oakland, and Sacramento
from Jan. 1970 to March 1971. Visibility and light scattering
correlated highly, and relations between these parameters
agreed with theory. Visibility was an important index of air
quality; because there were operational difficulties in acquiring
prevailing visibility data, the integrating nephelometer was
recommended as a useful instrument for routine air quality
monitoring. Mass concentration correlated with light scattering
and visibility. Expressions relating mass concentration to light
scattering were not precise, however, and preclude the use of
mass concentration data to describe visibility. In all three
urban locations, the mass fraction of particulate matter in the
refined range, i.e., particles nominally smaller than 3 micron in
diameter, ranged from an average of 53% to 57% and for 24-
hour samples was essentially independent of variations in total
mass concentrations. (Author abstract modified)
09
Hidy, G. M., P. K. Mueller, H. H. Wang, J. Karney, S. Twiss,
M. Imada, and A. Alcocer
OBSERVATIONS OF AEROSOLS OVER SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA COASTAL WATERS. J. Appl. Meteorol.,
13(1):96-107, Feb. 1974. 25 refs.
To characterize the background aerosol in air off the Califor-
nia coast, observations of suspended particles were made in
the summer and fall of 1970 on San Nicolas Island (SNI),
located about 130 km west-southwest of Los Angeles. Mea-
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
57
surements of the physical and chemical properties of aerosols
showed that the particles are a complex mixture of material
from marine and continental origins. The Aitken nuclei popula-
tion averaged 2400/cc, while particles more than 0.5 micron in
diameter averaged 20-100/cc. The average total mass concen-
tration of aerosol evaluated from 22 samples was 29.8 micro-
grams/cu m, but the refined fraction defined as particles less
than 3.5 micron in diameter was 40% of this level. The
averages of the chemical analysis of 13 samples revealed that
11% of the aerosol sampled at a 200 m height above the ocean
was sea salt, while approximately 20% evidently was soil dust,
as indicated by silicates. Over 25% of the suspended material
was sulfate, nitrate, or ammonium, which are constituents be-
lieved to be produced primarily from gaseous transformation
reactions in the atmosphere. More than 20% of the sampled
material was volatile in nature and is believed to be partly
water. The ratio for the average chlorine to sodium concentra-
tions from the analysis of 13 different samples was 2.4 com-
pared with 1.8 for sea water. This high ratio supports other
limited results for unpolluted air from offshore sources taken
in this geographical region. The anomaly is believed to be
linked with chemical reactions transforming gaseous chlorine
compounds into condensed material. Comparison was made
between the aerosol sampled on San Nicolas Island and the
natural background contribution of the Los Angeles smog
aerosol, as estimated elsewhere assuming contributions solely
from sea salt and soil dust. The calculated background and the
composition of the SNI aerosol were qualitatively similar, with
the principal differences showing in calcium, zinc, sulfate, and
nitrate. Further comparison with aerosol analyzed from
Pasadena illustrated the major contribution of localized pollu-
tion to the chemical properties of the particles, particularly in
the concentrations of manganese, Ca, bromine, iron, lead, SO4
ion, and NO3 ion. (Author abstract)
65199
Levaggi, D. A., J. S. Sandberg, M. Feldstein, and SuzAnne
Twiss
TOTAL ANTHROPOGENIC SUSPENDED PARTICIPATE AS
DERIVED FROM CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF CHLORIDE
AND SILICATE ON HIGH-VOLUME SAMPLES. Preprint, Air
Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 22p., 1974. 12 refs.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual
Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo., June 9-13, 1974, Paper 74-34.)
Extensive chemical analysis of suspended paniculate un-
dertaken by the Bay Area Air Pollution Control District for in-
terpretation of total mass leading data and the detection of
problem areas is presented. From high-volume samples taken
with cellulose paper as the collection medium, analyses were
performed for the five heavy metals and nitrate, sulfate,
chloride, silicon, and total organics (loss on ignition at 550 C).
Two constituents considered primarily non-anthropogenic, sil-
icate and chloride, were evaluated from eight sampling sites.
Data were derived from over 600 samples, one sample per
week per site. The locations have diverse geographical
backgrounds, although they lie in a common air basin. A 21-
month average for chlorides ranged from 4.2 micrograms /cm
m at San Francisco to 1.7 micrograms/cu m at Livermore
some 40 miles inland. Inversely, the total silicates increased
from 5.7 micrograms/cu m at San Francisco to 22.6 micro-
grams/cu m at Livermore. The silicate values peak strongly in
the dry season, with individual 24-hour silicate component
values greater than 60 micrograms/cu m at inland stations.
Wind-generated dust from the bare hills of the Coast Range is
the most probable source. Since the silicates and chlorides are
primarily non-anthropogenic, they were excluded from the
TSP values to give a total anthropogenic suspended particu-
lates (TASP). The TASP values for the Bay Area show a geo-
graphic distribution in much closer conformity to visibility
reduction and citizen complaint than do TSP values. (Author
abstract)
)NEE
65200
Faoro, Robert
TRENDS IN CONCENTRATIONS OF BENZENE-SOLUBLE
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE FRACTION AND
BENZO(A)PYRENE DETERMINED BY DATA FROM THE
NATIONAL AIR SURVEILLANCE NETWORK. Preprint. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 14p., 1974. 4 refs.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual
Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo., June 9-13, 1974, Paper 74-39.)
National trends in the benzene-soluble portion (BSO) of total
suspended particulate matter in ambient air for 1960 through
1970 is presented. Trends for benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), a
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) present as a com-
ponent of the BSO fraction, are presented for 1966 through
1970. Currently, data are not available for other PAH com-
pounds and organics making up the remainder of BSO. Am-
bient concentrations of BSO decreased significantly nation-
wide for urban stations from 1960 to 1970. Out of 126 urban
stations studied, 118 exhibited negative-rank correlations with
time, indicating the tendency at these stations of a decreasing
trend in BSO concentrations. At half of the stations studied
BSO showed a statistically significant downward trend.
Decreases in urban BaP concentrations were also observed,
but, the limited data available prohibit a statistical evaluation
of this change. The composite BaP average of the 32 urban
stations dropped about 30% from 1966 to 1970. Nonurban BSO
and BaP tend to show a decrease at the majority of stations
studied from 1966 through 1970. The estimated national con-
sumption of coal by small consumers for heating purposes
decreased approximately 50% in the 1966-70 period, and this
decreased use during this period is probably the principal fac-
tor contributing to the trends in BSO and BaP. A similar per-
centage decrease was observed in composite average BSO
concentrations for urban stations. Local open burning or-
dinances and controls on automboiles instituted during this
period are other possible factors contributing to the observed
trends for these suspended particles. (Author abstract)
73577
Office of Air and Waste Management, Research Triangle Park,
N. C., Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
SPECIAL REPORT: TRENDS IN CONCENTRATIONS OF
BENZENE-SOLUBLE SUSPENDED PARTICULATE FRAC-
TION AND BENZO(A)PYRENE 1960-1972. Rept. EPA-450/2-
74-022. 48p., Nov. 1974. 4 refs. NTIS: PB 238 S04/AS
Trends in concentrations of benzene-soluble suspended par-
ticulate fractions and benzo(a)pyrene from 1960 to 1972 for
data from the National Air Surveillance Network as well as
other state, county, and local air monitoring programs are
described. Trends in the benzene-soluble portion (BSO) of
total suspended particulate matter are given for 1960 through
1970 for 126 urban and 25 nonurban sites. Trends for
benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), a polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon
present as a component of the BSO fraction, are presented for
1966 through 1970 for 126 urban and 22 nonurban stations.
Analyses of BaP and BSO data were also made for 33 urban
locations for which data was available for 1971 and 1972. Am-
bient concentrations of BSO decreased significantly nation-
wide for urban stations from 1960 to 1970. The composite
average of 32 urban stations for which complete data was
available dropped consistently from 10.6 to 4.8 micrograms/cu
-------
58
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
m from 1960 to 1970. Decreases in urban BaP concentrations
were also observed, but the limited data available prohibited a
statistical evaluation of this change. The composite BaP
average of the 32 urban stations dropped about 30% from 1966
to 1970. The decreasing trends in BSO and BaP appear to be
continuing for the 33 sites with data available for 1971 and
1972. The nonurban stations for BSO didj-not show an ap-
parent trend for 1965-1970. However, since 1966 the composite
average has dropped from 2.2 to 1.2 micrograms/cu m in 1970.
A very slight decline in the nonurban BaP composite average
also has occurred. Decreasing coal usage, local open burning
ordinances, and automobile controls are probable factors con-
tributing to the observed trends. (Author summary modified)
/ 74250
Colovos, G., G. S. Wilson, and J. L. Moyers
PARTICLE SIZE DETERMINATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS
IN URBAN AIR. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., vol. 3:239-252,
1974. 23 refs. (Presented at the Symposium on Recent Advances
in the Analytical Chemistry of Pollutants, Halifax, Nova Scotia,
Aug. 23-25, 1972.)
Airborne urban particulate matter was collected and frac-
tionated according to size by cascade impactors situated about
10 m above ground and was then analyzed for the elements
zinc, cadmium, copper, lead, aluminum, iron, manganese, cal-
cium, and magnesium. The average mass median equivalent
diameter of Cd and Pb was approximately 0.1 micron; and the
average MMD s for Zn, Cu, Mg, and Fe were between 0.3 and
0.4 micron. The MMD s for Al, Ca, and Mn were between 0.5
and 0.6 micron. Examination of the elemental ratios (using Al
as a reference element) revealed that Pb and Cd were about
1000 times more concentrated in atmospheric particulate
matter than in average crustal material and that in general the
Pb/Al and Cd/Al ratios were inversely proportional to particle
size. The Zn/Al and Cu/Al ratios of atmospheric particles were
more or less independent of particle size and approximately 20
times higher than the corresponding ratios for crustal material.
The ratios Fe/Al, Mn/Al, Ca/Al, and Mg/Al in all sizes of par-
ticulate matter were essentially identical to the average crustal
material ratios. (Author abstract modified)
77627
Gilmore, Timothy M. and Thomas R. Hanna
APPLICABILITY OF THE MASS CONCENTRATION STAN-
DARDS FOR PARTICULATE MATTER IN ALASKAN
AREAS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 25(5):535-539, May
1975. 17 rets.
High particulate matter concentrations were measured in
several communities in Alaska using high volume air samplers.
Because of these measurements, Anchorage and Fairbanks are
classified Priority I for particulate matter. There are few large
point sources of particulate matter in Alaska: the high concen-
trations that were measured due to entrainment of dust, either
by natural means or by man s activities. The mean particle
diameter in the Alaskan urban areas is approximately ten times
that found in major metropolitan areas. The mean particle size
increases with increasing mass concentration in those areas.
Particulate matter concentrations in Alaska are highly depen-
dent on natural phenomenon. The COH meter readings do not
correlate with high volume air sampler measurements' in
Alaska. Combined sulfur dioxide and particulate matter data
indicate little evidence of possible health hazard as defined in
Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter. A possible method
for relating high volume air sampler data to ambient air par-
ticulate matter standards based on size distribution was
developed. (Author abstract modified)
77628
Willeke, Klaus and Kenneth T. Whitby
ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS: SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN-
TERPRETATION. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 25(5):529-
534, May 1975. 13 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control
Association Annual Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo., June 1974,
Paper 74-262.)
Measurements made with the Minnesota Aerosol Analyzing
System in Denver, -near Denver, and near Ft. Collins, Colo.,
are analyzed in relation to other several thousand size distribu-
tions measured in the other parts of the United States. The
size distributions are multimodal. The Aitken nuclei range
mode is a measure of freshly produced aerosols, the accumu-
lation range mode indicates the degree of aerosol aging and the
coarse particle mode gives information on the amount of wind-
blown dust, sea spray, or mechanically produced aerosols such
as fly ash. Air environments can be categoried into four kinds
of backgrounds: clean continental, average content continen-
tal, urban district, and oceanic. The physical characteristics of
these categories may be described by a limited number of
parameters such as NT, VT, V3-, and bscat. (Author summary
modified)
77645
Wroblewski, Sandra C. and Thomas A. Kowalski
AN EVALUATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AM-
BIENT SULFUR DIOXIDE AND WATER-SOLUBLE
SULFATE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE CITY OF CHICAGO.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 15p.,
1975. 10 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, Annual, Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975,
Paper 75-10.7.)
Ambient sulfur dioxide and water-soluble sulfates were moni-
tored at 16 trend sites in Chicago during 1966-1971 and 1974. A
74% decrease in ambient SO2 was observed from 1966 to
1974; while water soluble sulfates declined only 25% during
the same period, ref electing a 66% reduction in the
SO2/sulfate ratio. Annual correlation coefficients for the 7 yr
ranged from 0.61 for 1968 to 0.09 in 1974. Concentration
gradient maps for 1966 and 1974 illustrated dissimilar SO2 and
sulfate density patterns across the city. Seasonal charac-
teristics of both pollutants indicated a general lack of congrui-
ty. No simple relationship appeared to exist between ambient
SO2 and water-soluble sulfates in Chicago. (Author abstract
modified)
77658
Rote, Donald M. and Lawrence E. Wangen
ANALYSIS OF SUSPENDED PARTICULATES IN THE
CHICAGO AREA BY PARTICLE SIZE. Preprint, Air Pollu-
tion Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., p. 1975. 11 refs. (Presented
at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 68th,
Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-28.3.)
An aerosol sampling program in the Chicago area is described
in which" samples were obtained as a function of particle size
twice/wk at two or three urban and one non-urban site which
is usually upwind of the city. The submicron and supermicron
mass reaction depend significantly on wind speed, wind
direction, and sampling location. A distinction in the wind
speed dependence of the two particle modes is suggested by
the data and supports theoretical expectations. The lower limit
to the anthropogenic source contribution in the Chicago
metropolitan area ranges from 8-33% of the total suspended
particulates and that 50% or more of the observed total
suspended particulates is due to sources located within the
metropolitan area. The 9-month arithmetic average total
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
59
suspended participate, super-and submicron participate con-
centrations at the non-urban site are 67.5, 40.5, and 27.4 micro-
grams/cu m respectively. The corresponding averages at one
urban site are 85.7, 55.7, and 30.3 micrograms/cu m. (Author
abstract modified)
77881
Sandberg, J. S., D. A. Levaggi, R. E. DeMandel, and W. Siu
SULFATE AND NITRATE PARTICULATES AS RELATED
TO SO2 AND NOX GASES AND EMISSIONS. Preprint, Air
Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 14p., 1975. 14 refs.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual
Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-62.5.)
Five years (1969-1973) of sulfate and nitrate fractions were
analyzed from high volume particulate samples at 8 stations in
the San Francisco Bay Area. The sulfate and nitrate particu-
lates closely track simultaneous emission inventory data, while
sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) gas data vary
more widely in response to local sources and to meteorological
factors. The area-wide five year mean for sulfates is 2.68
microg/cu m, slightly above the remote nonurban sulfate
background level. The similar five year nitrate mean, 2.78
microg/cu m, is well above the national urban average. A
study at 3 stations in 1973 indicated that the sulfates are
primarily in the fine (less than 0.65 micron) size range. A
regression line was fitted to all station annual averages of
sulfate versus SO2. Compared with a recent Environmental
Protection Agency study for northeastern cities, the
background is less than one quarter as high, but the slope is
twice as great, best explained by photochemical species and
processes accelerating conversion. The nitrate and NOx data
yielded more complex and localized relationships. The
generally low sulfate levels indicate the effectiveness of SOx
control. The relatively high nitrate levels suggest that control
strategy might place greater emphasis on NOx emissions.
Distinct groupings of the higher sulfate levels in the north and
nitrate levels in the south suggest that sub-basins requiring dif-
fering control emphasis may exist. The sulfate and nitrate data
may serve as a basis for development of improved particulate
standards. (Author abstract modified)
/78617
Neustadter, H. E., R. B. King, and J. S. Fordyce
ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF SUSPENDED PARTICU-
LATES AS FUNCTIONS OF SPACE AND TIME IN CLEVE-
LAND, OHIO. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pitt-
sburgh, Pa., 14p., 1975. 17 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution
Control Association, Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June
15-20, 1975, Paper 75-28.1.)
Neutron activation and emission spectrometric analyses of
over 750 24-hour airborne particulate samples collected at 16
sites in Cleveland, Ohio from August 1971 to October 1972
were performed. The data were analyzed with the aid of pair-
wise correlation statistics, selective data plotting, and cluster
analysis. Bromine and lead, taken as a pair, showed relatively
low variability and were similarly enriched when normalized to
silicon as compared with typical earth crustal abundances.
Lanthanum, samarium, europium, dysprosium, and thorium
generally exhibited the same spatial distribution as aluminum,
silicon, titanium, selenium, and vanadium. As a group they
were not highly variable and did not show any enrichment
relative to earth crustal abundance. Iron, chromium, and
cobalt jointly exhibited a slightly more variable distribution
pattern and showed possible enrichment. Copper, magnesium,
and antimony were significantly enriched, and each possessed
its own distinctive distribution pattern. Possible industrial
emission sources of particulates in the area were related to the
various enrichment patterns observed. (Author abstract
modified)
81446
Kleinman, M. T.?)T. J. Kneip, and M. Eisenbud
SEASONAL PATTERNS OF AIRBORNE PARTICULATE
CONCENTRATIONS IN NEW YORK CITY. Atmos. Environ.,
10(1):9-11, 1976. 8 refs.
Total suspended particulate measurements over New York
City for the 2-year period 1972-1974 were analyzed for possi-
ble seasonal patterns. The measurements were normalized for
the effects of wind speed and the height of the atmospheric
mixing layer. Emissions were increased during the winter
months, presumably due to the combustion of oil for space
heating. This source appeared to contribute an average of 40%
of the total suspended particulate loading during the winter
and about 10-30% of the annual average total suspended par-
ticulates. (Author abstract modified)
/82796
Feeney, P. J., T. A. Cahill, R. G. Flocchini, R. A. Eldred, D.
J. Shadoan, and T. Dunn
EFFECT OF ROADBED CONFIGURATION ON TRAFFIC
DERIVED AEROSOLS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
25(11):1145-1147, Nov. 1975. 10 refs.
Aerosols present upwind and downwind of freeways in the
Los Angeles Basin were collected by Lundgren impactors with
afterfilters over five particle size ranges in an effort to deter-
mine the effect of roadbed configuration on traffic-derived
aerosols. The contribution of freeway traffic to total airborne
particulate load was established by subtracting the local
background which was measured with an upwind sampler from
the values obtained by downwind samplers on a size by size
and element by element basis. The contribution of traffic to
aerosol load correlated reasonably well with estimates derived
from automotive and roadbed expendable rates. Traffic-
derived aerosols, normalized to vehicular flow, were con-
siderably lower in mass at locations downwind of depressed
roadbed configuration than they were at either raised or at-
grade configurations. A line source model combined with
literature values for emitted lead produced good agreement
with results obtained for the at-grade configuration. (Author
abstract modified)
84754
Ursenbach, Wayne O., A. Clyde Hill, William H. Edwards,
and Steven M. Kunen
ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATE SULFATE IN THE
WESTERN UNITED STATES. Preprint, Air Pollution Control
Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 32p., 1976. 11 refs. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association Annual Meeting, 69th, Portland,
Oreg., June 27-July 1, 1976, Paper 76-7.5.)
In order to understand the nature of the particulates responsi-
ble for light scattering and hence reduction in visibility, elec-
tron microscopy was used to analyze particulates collected in
the field to obtain the particle size distribution and types of at-
mospheric particles. From these data using Mie theory the in-
fluence on light scattering and hence visibility reduction was
calculated. This paper reports results particularly as they per-
tain to sulfate particles in the arid Western United States.
These particles are believed to be predominantly ammonium
sulfate, although other sulfate species and ammonium nitrate
may be present. A persisting environmental concern with
proposed energy development is the reduction of visibility in
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60
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
the scenic Western United States due to industrial pollution.
The rule making for prevention of significant deterioration was
related in part to this purpose to prevent industrial particulates
from spoiling this area. In spite of these efforts visibility
degradation has been suspected but, except in local situations,
no clear definition of atmospheric particulates in any one area
has been obtained. Conventional particulate concentrations as
measured by hi-vol samplers and to some extent with cascade
impactors have not been adequate to assess this problem. Par-
ticulate concentrations will continue to be highly variable due
to the influence of wind action on dry soil surfaces and limited
measurements have not shown the visibility correlation with
mass concentrations observed in urban communities. At-
mospheric submicron sulfate particles, predominantly ammoni-
um sulfate, were observed everywhere samples were collected.
In remote areas mass concentrations on a weekly basis ranged
from 0.2 1.0 microgram/cu m, predominantly less than 0.7
micron diameter. Limited studies of conversion of sulfur diox-
ide to atmospheric submicron sulfate particulates in the Four
Corners Power Plant plume showed a rate of conversion less
than 1%/hr. Extinction coefficients, calculated for the various
particulates observed in atmospheric particle samples, were
used to estimate visual range. On a mass basis submicron
sulfate particulates were about twenty times more effective
than fly ash and soil dust in reduction of visibility, accounting
for 15-50% of the extinction coefficient due to suspended par-
ticulates at the normally low ambient humidity. (Author ab-
stract)
84755
Cowherd, Chatten, Jr., Christine Guenther, and Charles C.
Masser
METHODOLOGY FOR AN HOURLY EMISSIONS INVENTO-
RY OF FUGITIVE DUST SOURCES FOR THE RAPS PRO-
GRAM. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
14p., 1976. 13 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control As-
sociation Annual Meeting, 69th, Portland, Oreg., June 27-July
1, 1976, Paper 76-5.1.)
The methodology that was used in developing an hourly fugi-
tive dust emissions inventory for the Metropolitan St. Louis
Air Quality Control Region as a part of the Regional Air Pollu-
tion Study (RAPS) is presented. The information is directed
toward those interested in inventorying sources of fugitive
dust emissions, in particular, unpaved roads, agricultural land
tilling, wind erosion of agricultural land, construction sites, ag-
gregate storage piles, and inpaved airstrips. For each of ap-
proximately 2000 RAPS grid areas, data were compiled on an-
nual emissions of fugitive dust. This required, in addition to
basic emission factors adjusted for local climatic and surface
conditions, annual measures of source extent (vehicle-miles
traveled on unpaved roads, acres of land tilled) for each grid
area. Finally, hourly apportioning factors were derived to ac-
count for emissions variations by hour of the day, day of the
week, and season of the year. Results include county totals of
annual source extent and annual emissions for each source
category. Unpaved roads and wind erosion from agricultural
tilled land account for more than 80% of the total fugitive dust
emissions within the St. Louis area. Fine particle emissions
from fugitive dust sources in the St. Louis area were found to
comprise 39% of the total particulate emissions. (Author ab-
stract)
84762
Pace, Thomson P.
NATIONAL ASSESSMENT OF THE URBAN PARTICULATE
PROBLEM. VOLUME II. PARTICLE CHARACTERIZATION
(FINAL REPORT). Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, N. C., Contract EPA 62-02-1376, Task Order 18,
Rept. GCA-TR-76-25-G(2), Rept. EPA 450/3-76-025, 258p., July
1976. 2 refs.
Data concerning the physical and chemical properties of the
particulate matter collected on selected hi-vol filters obtained
from existing filter banks for 14 cities are presented. Most of
the analysis was by optical microscopic examination of the 445
samples obtained. In addition, there was a detailed physical
examination of 15 of the filter samples, chemical analysis of 8
samples, and particle size distribution analysis (as a function
of particle type) for 4 samples. Meteorological observations
for the sampling days are also provided. The cities studied
were: Denver, Birmingham, Baltimore, Philadelphia, Washing-
ton, Chattanooga, Oklahoma City, Seattle, Cincinnati, Cleve-
land, San Francisco, Miami, St. Louis, and Providence.
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61
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
31831
Yen, K. T.
METEOROLOGICAL AIR POLLUTION MODELING.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 33p.,
1971. 22 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlantic City , N. J., June 27-July
2, 1971, Paper 71-92.)
An approach to the development of a meteorological air pollu-
tion model and a scheme for pollution monitoring and
forecasting for an urban region are presented. Two dynamic
equations governing the transport and diffusion of the pollu-
tants are derived: the mesoscale diffusion equation controlling
the pollutant distribution in an urban area and the macroscale
diffusion equation which can be used to find the transport of
pollutants from one metropolitan area to another. To be con-
sistent with the two averaging scales for the large-scale and
mesoscale motions, the same scales should be used as the
basic sampling or averaging scales for the pollutant concentra-
tions. The two scales in time are of the order of several
minutes and two hours. The characteristics of Gaussian
models are examined. An example is given to show that only
for mesoscale winds of a specific type can the Gaussian model
be modified to include the effects of such winds in the vertical
standard deviation of the concentration distribution. The
proposed monitoring network has a surface station separation
of a few kilometers, and is found to be compatible with the
computational grid for mesoscale prediction. Such a network
appears to have the necessary density for surveillance of pol-
lutant emissions in the industrial area. In the scheme, a
procedure for carrying out the prediction of large-scale winds,
mesoscale winds, and pollutant distribution is given, and the
required computing time estimated. (Author abstract modified)
42146
Vekris, S. L.
DISPERSION OF COAL PARTICLES FROM STORAGE
PILES. Ont. Hydro Res. Quart., 23(2):11-16, 1971. 3 refs.
The dispersion of dust from a large coal pile has been ex-
amined and a theory developed for calculating the deposition
at distances of a few thousand meters. Three phases are in-
volved in the process: generation of airborne dust; dispersion
by eddy diffusion; and deposition by gravitational settling and
precipitation washout. The amount of material deposited is a
function of distance, wind speed, atmospheric stability, emis-
sion rate, and particle size. The dust raised by vehicular move-
ment was estimated from concentration measurements made
close to the pile surface, and the theory was used to calculate
depositions based on this value. Results suggest that, on rare
occasions, coal-dust deposition could be a major source of
dustfall. At times when such episodes could occur, it is impor-
tant that precautionary measures, such as the spraying of the
pile surface with water, be undertaken. (Author abstract
modified)
44643
Biggs, W. Gale, Robert G. Allen, Loren W. Crow, Einar L.
Hovind, and Robert G. Larson
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE COMBINED EFFECTS OF AIR
POLLUTION BY THE MAJOR POWER PLANTS IN THE
SOUTHWEST UNITED STATES. Preprint, Air Pollution Con-
trol Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 25p., 1972. 1 ref. (Presented at the
Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 65th,
Miami, Fla., June 18-22, 1972, Paper 72-130.)
Results of a joint effort by several separate consulting or-
ganizations to assemble a unified report concerning the total
impact on the environment of the southwest United States (the
area including eastern Utah, Western Colorado, northwestern
New Mexico, northern Arizona, and southern Nevada) by the
large coal-fired power plants in the region, are presented. An
investigation was conducted only at those plants which were
already in operation, under construction, or for which definite
plans have been made. The major effort was an attempt to
describe the meteorology and possible air movement or
exchange during periods of restricted dispersion conditions.
The area in question can be broken into several gross air
sheds. The meteorological interaction between air sheds during
stagnant conditions is insignificant. There is no significant in-
teraction of power plant effluents between gross air sheds.
Stagnation may be as long as 13 days in this area. However,
each separate air shed should be evaluated further since the
degree of stagnation, and its consequences, will vary between
the different locales. Even when stagnation occurs, concentra-
tions of emissions do not build continuously but reach an
equilibrium, the magnitude of which is determined by emission
rate and atmospheric reactivity of the pollutant. (Author con-
clusions)
51856
Hagen, L. J. and N. P. Woodruff
AIR POLLUTION FROM DUST STORMS IN THE GREAT
PLAINS. Atmos. Environ., 7(3):323-332, March 1973. 8 refs.
Great Plains states are adopting air pollution regulations to
limit paniculate concentrations. Because little information is
about dust storms, an important source of particulates in those
states, hourly observations of the weather on dusty days dur-
ing the 1950 s at 37 weather stations were analyzed. Wind
direction was southerly, and windspeeds were usually 8.9-13.4
mi/sec; relative humidity was less than 70 in 92% of the dusty
hours. During periods of low precipitation, most Great Plains
locations had a significant number of hours with dust. The
study revealed that the median annual hours of dust was 45,
but more than 150 dusty hours were recorded in 20% of the re-
ports. Though urban air pollution episodes last longer than
dust storms, dust storms have larger particles and higher par-
ticulate concentrations. The average dust storm lasted 6.6 hr,
and median dust concentration was 4.85 mg/cu m. Because of
high concentrations of coarse particles in dust storms, air pol-
lution laws in the Great Plains probably should specify particu-
late size distributions to which various sections of the laws
apply as well as limits on paniculate concentrations. (Author
abstract modified)
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62
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
54382
Nevers, Noel H. de and J. Roger Morris
ROLLBACK MODELING-BASIC AND MODIFIED. Preprint,
Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 30p., 1973. 6 rets.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual
Meeting, 66th, Chicago, 111., June 24-28, 1973, Paper 73-139.)
The rollback or proportional model is widely used in pollution
control calculations and included in the guidelines for prepar-
ing and evaluating state implementation, plans. It assumes that
the concentration of any long-lived pollutant at any point is
equal to the background concentration of that pollutant plus
some linear function of the total emission rate of the pollutant
in the area which influences the concentration at that point.
However, simple rollback has no experimental basis, and its
theoretical basis is restricted to very unusual situations, i.e.,
situations involving perfect atmospheric mixing in the area of
interest, or in which all emitters make the same percentage
reduction. Four modified forms of rollback are derived. The
first .extends basic rollback to multiple categories of sources;
the second extends this multiple source version to include the
effects of average stack heights for the various categories; the
third includes the radial distance from source to receptor; and
the fourth adds wind direction frequency. All of these models
are derived from the same formula, with each one differing
from the others only in the number of categories into which
the area emissions are divided and the method of estimating
the contribution of a unit emission rate from a category to the
concentration at a particular point. Rollback modeling should
begin with the basic equation and proceed to the form that is
justified by plausible assumptions and data availability. In
most cases, the third or fourth model would be most ap-
propriate. They may play a useful role as intermediate tools
between the very simple, hand calculated rollback formula and
the more advanced and complex computer models now in use.
(Author abstract modified)
55295
Fitzjarrald, D. E.
A FIELD INVESTIGATION OF DUST DEVILS. J. Appl.
Meteorol., 12(5):808-813, Aug. 1973. 9 rets.
The interaction between dust devils and their environment was
investigated in a field observation program conducted at El
Mirage, California. The outputs of sensors designed to mea-
sure vertical vorticity were recorded, together with those of
cup anemometers. Analysis of the data indicated that there is
no correlation between vorticity measured at a point and the
direction of rotation of nearby dust devels. Tangential
velocity, vertical velocity, and temperature were determined in
11 dust devils. Maximum vertical velocities were about one-
tenth of the tangential velocities, indicating that the boundary
layer height extended well above the 2 m measurement height.
The data are thus unlikely to reveal a cooler area at the very
center of the vortex due to downward motion. (Author ab-
stract modified)
56092
McAdie, H. G. and D. K. A. Gillies
THE OPERATIONAL FORECASTING OF UNDESIRABLE
POLLUTION LEVELS BASED ON A COMBINED POLLU-
TION INDEX. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 23(ll):941-944,
Nov. 1973. 6 rets. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control As-
sociation, Annual Meeting, 65th, Miami Beach, Fla., June 1972,
Paper 72-183.)
Several air pollution indicies have been developed for control
action and public information. The majority of these are based
upon some combination of sulfur dioxide and paniculate
matter levels, since epidemiological studies indicate a relation-
ship between severity of health effects and these constituents.
The application of one such index, in conjunction with synop-
tic meteorological forecasting, to an operational program for
forecasting pollution potential in the Sarnia, Ontario,
photochemical complex is described. The program was
developed in conjunction with the Lambton Industrial Society.
This system has operated for over 5 years with approximately
a 70% accuracy of predicting adverse situations. The per-
formance of this program indicates that meteorological
forecasts can be used successfully to provide major sources
with the advance information necessary to effect any addi-
tional control measures relevant to their individual operations.
(Author abstract)
57132
Sehmel, G. A. and F. D. Lloyd
INFLUENCE OF SOIL RESUSPENSION ON THE AIRBORNE
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION. In: Pacific Northwest
Laboratory Annual Report for 1972 to the USAEC Division of
Biomedical and Environmental Research. Volume II: Physical
Sciences. Part 1. Atmospheric Sciences. Battelle Memorial Inst.,
Richland, Wash., Pacific Northwest Labs., p. 1-5, April 1973. 2
refs. NTIS: BNWL-1751 PT1, UC-53 Meteorology
The airborne particle size distribution function of resuspended
soil was determined as a function of particle diameters from 1
to 230 micron and sampling heights from 0.3 to 30 m. An ap-
parent lower limit was determined for the size distribution
function. Soil resuspension can cause relatively high soil injec-
tion rates into the atmosphere which increase the magnitude of
the size distribution function above the lower limit. The soil
resuspension rates are a direct function of the hours of high
wind speed occurring during dusty time periods. However, the
resuspension rates must also be a function of the persistence
of these high winds since less resuspension occurs for the
same total hours of high winds when these hours are accumu-
lated over a longer time period. (Author abstract)
57133
Slinn, W. G. N.
INITIAL RESUSPENSION MODELS. In: Pacific Northwest
Laboratory Annual Report for 1972 to the USAEC Division of
Biomedical and Environmental Research. Volume II: Physical
Sciences. Part 1. Atmospheric Sciences. Battelle Memorial Inst.,
Richland, Wash., Pacific Northwest Labs., p. 5-15, April 1973.
10 refs. NTIS: BNWL-1751 PT1, UC-53 Meteorology
The resuspension of aerosol particles from the earth s surface
was studied theoretically. For friction velocity greater than or
approximately equal to 20 cm/sec, horizontal wind fluctuations
can dislodge most sub-millimeter particles from dry soil. This
suggests that the soil particle size distribution is the controlling
factor of the airborne particle size distribution in the near-sur-
face layer. Above the surface layer, the convective diffusion
equation is incapable of explaining experimental data. The
resuspension of the material into the forced convection layer
depends almost entirely on the statistical properties of the tur-
bulence. A statistical approach based on the probability dis-
tribution of vertical wind speeds is explored; the observed
wind speed data does correctly describe the size distribution
of large, resuspended particles. Directions are indicated for fu-
ture theoretical and experimental studies. (Author abstract
modified)
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E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
63
57134
Sehmel, G. A. and M. M. Orgill
RESUSPENSION BY WIND AT ROCKY FLATS. In: Pacific
Northwest Laboratory Annual Report for 1972 to the USAEC
Division of Biomedical and Environmental Research. Volume II:
Physical Sciences. Part 1. Atmospheric Sciences. Battelle
Memorial Inst., Richland, Wash., Pacific Northwest Labs., p.
15-22, April 1973. 9 refs. NTIS: BNWL-1751 PT1, UC-53
Meteorology
Airborne plutonium concentrations were related to meteorolog-
ical parameters at Rocky Flats to increase understanding of
environmental resuspension processes. The meteorological
data included hourly wind speed and direction and maximum
daily wind gust at the tower site. The anemometer was located
40 ft above ground and .75 mi west of the oil spill area.
Despite low activity levels and smoothing of variability in air-
borne concentrations performed by sampling over relatively
long periods of time, the reported data were useful in defining
some dependencies of resuspension on meteorological parame-
ters. The maximum resuspension factors, for scoping esti-
mates, were in the range of 10 to the -5th power to 10 to the -
9th power/m for 6 hr, 48 hr, and weekly air samples collected
near the east security fence and at 2-3 mi from the plant. Since
the airborne concentration should also be related to an upwind
and not a local surface contamination, the airborne concentra-
tions at one sampling station were related to wind speed for
July 1970 to Jan. 1971. The model for wind-caused plutonium
resuspension at this sampling station was the average airborne
concentration in uits of fCi/cu m equals 0.45 times the average
west and southwest wind speed to the 2.1 power in mi/hr. The
linear correlation coefficient for the model was 0.89. The
theoretical model was proportional to wind speed to the 2.0
power rather than the experimental wind speed to the 2.1
power. The model predicts that total activity in each hourly
time period is equal to the plutonium fallout activity in fCi/cu
m during the time period plus 0.3 plus 0.45 (mph) to the 2.1
power.
58159
Hutcheson, Main R. and Franklin P. Hall, Jr.
SULFATE WASHOUT FROM A COAL FIRED POWER
PLANT PLUME. Atmos. Environ., 8(l):23-28, Jan. 1974. 8 refs.
Sulfate washout data was collected near a coal-fired generating
station, and the seasonally-averaged sulfate concentration in
rainwater was converted to sulfate washout at 17 sampling
sites located in an area one to 16 miles from the site. Sulfate
aerosol scavenging did not account for the washout pattern ob-
served, and known characteristics strongly suggested that sul-
fur dioxide scavenging by rain was the primary washout
mechanism. An empirical expression for the SO2 washout
coefficient based upon knowledge of SO2 scavenging was
developed and used as an aid in analyzing the data. The study
indicated that the relative importance of sulfate aerosol and
SO2 scavenging in the very complex sulfur washout process
was significantly influenced by the background acidity of the
rain, the height of the pollutant source, and the rainfall rate.
(Author abstract modified)
59613
Hobbs, P. V., H. Harrison, and E. Robinson
ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS. Science,
183(4128):909-915, March 8, 1974. 18 refs.
The influence of various air pollutants on the atmosphere is
considered, and criteria are proposed for the classification and
control of such pollutants. The dispersion cycle of a pollutant
through the atmosphere depends on the nature of the source,
its dilution and dispersion by atmospheric motion, and the
removal or scavenging of the pollutant by atmospheric and
surface processes; and the evaluation of a new material as a
potential source of air pollution must taken into account the
material at the vaiious stages in its manufacture and disposal.
Aerosols appear to' be the principal agents by which pollutants
affect weather and climate, and they are most likely to act by
influencing the structure and distribution of clouds. They may
also influence the vertical temperature structure of the at-
mosphere which in turn influences mixing and dispersion and
the buildup of aerosols. Inadvertent modification of the
microstructure and distribution of clouds will not only affect
precipitation processes but also radiative properties. Water
vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone each significantly affect the
heat transfer of outgoing thermal radiation from the earth s
surface. Molecules which are likely to interact strongly with
photochemical oxidation sequences in the air are: photoactive
molecules which may form atomic oxygen, hydroxyl radical,
atomic hydrogen, or halogen atoms in ultraviolet or visible
radiation; free-radical scavenging molecules; olefinic
molecules, especially those with conjugated double bonds;
molecules with aromatic and heterocyclic rings; molecules that
form long-lived triplet states by absorption near 3000-4000 A;
and molecules with strained rings.
60279
Gatz, Donald F.
METROMEX: AIR AND RAIN CHEMISTRY ANALYSES.
Bull. Am. Meteoroi. Soc., 55(2):92-93, Feb. 1974. 3 refs.
Causes of inadvertent precipitation modification in the St.
Louis area were studied by using tracers to measure particle
removal efficiencies and to follow particles ingested in convec-
tive storm updrafts and by measuring trace element concentra-
tions in rain and air sampled upwind and downwind of the city
to determine where and when urban pollutants appear in
downwind precipitation. Tracers were released from various
surface locations on 9 days to investigate whether urban
aerosols could reach cloud level in time to influence near-
downwind precipitation; deposition patterns showed that
materials released near the ground were capable of entering
convenctive clouds and depositing in rain within short times
and distances from the release point. Trace element measure-
ments showed that mean concentrations in both air and rain
increased by at least 50% from upwind to downwind of the
city. For each element the relative concentration increase in
the rain matched or exceeded that in the air, confirming the
fact that urban aerosols are quickly incorporated into and
deposited by rain.
61125
Beard, K. V. and S. N. Grover
NUMERICAL COLLISION EFFICffiNCIES FOR SMALL
RANDROPS COLLIDING WITH MICRON SIZE PARTICLES.
J. Atmospheric Sci., 31(2):543-550, March 1974. 24 refs.
Numerical calculations are conducted to determine collision
efficiencies between small raindrops and micron-size particles
based on a numerical description of the axisymmetric steady-
state flow about a rigid sphere for drop Reynolds numbers 1,
10, 20, 100, 200, and 400. The particle is assumed to move
with a Stokes-Cunningham resistance to motion in the unper-
turbed flow of the drop. The results for drop radii between 40
and 600 micron and particle radii greater than or equal to 1
micron, the ratio of the latter to the former being less than or
equal to 0.1, are intermediate to previously calculated collision
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64
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
efficiencies for the potential and viscous flow limits and do
not follow the Langmuir interpolation formula. Comparison
with experimental results shows good agreement when electric
forces are unimportant. A new interpolation scheme is
presented for the present results as well a% for the potential
flow case for larger raindrops which may %e evaluated either
graphically or by computer for a range ofltmospheric condi-
tions of 800-1100 mb and 0-30 C. (Author abstract modified)
62089
Hanna, Steven R.
RELATING EMISSIONS TO AIR QUALITY IN TENNESSEE.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oak Ridge,
Tenn., Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Lab., ATDL Con-
tribution File 90, 19p., March 1974. 5 refs.
Average annual emissions of suspended particles, sulfur diox-
ide, and carbon monoxide from each of the 95 counties in
Tennessee during 1970 are compared with observed air quality.
Due to the location of air monitoring instruments close to large
local sources, the readings of these instruments are found to
be usually not representative of regional air quality. In order
to adequately test regional dispersion models in Tennessee, it
is necessary to install additional air monitoring stations that
are not influenced by large local sources. The vaiations of
county pollutant concentrations across the state are generally
within a factor of three, while the variations of county pollu-
tant emissions are generally over several orders of magnitude.
The wind speed therefore strongly controls, the day to day
background level of air pollution in the state. (Author abstract)
65180
Spiegler, David B., Elliot Newman, and Robert E. Bailey
AMBIENT POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS AROUND
POWER PLANTS AS A FUNCTION OF METEOROLOGICAL
CONDITIONS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., 18p.,
1974. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, An-
nual Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo., June 9-13, 1974, Paper 74-
7.)
Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and total suspended particu-
lates were measured by real-time Air Monitoring Analysis and
Prediction (AIRMAP) systems near power plants along the
North Shore of eastern Massachusetts and in the Hudson
River Valley in N. Y. Two meteorological towers in the Hud-
son River Valley measured wind direction, wind speed, tem-
perature, and temperature difference. Pollutant concentrations
were influenced by the meteorological conditions and the large
scale atmospheric conditions which can be predicted a day in
advance. Therefore, it would be technically feasible to develop
reliable air quality predictions which could be used as the
basis for an intermittent fuel control strategy in the power
plants. Hourly average concentrations varied in some cases by
more than two orders of magnitude, depending upon at-
mospheric conditions. The highest SO2 conditions occurred in
the winter when high pressure systems moved to the
southwest resulting in southwest winds and a stable at-
mosphere over the region, when a polar anticyclone was over
the region, and when unstable and neutral conditions with
gusty winds averaging greater than 10 mph occurred. Stable at-
mospheres were associated with higher than average NOx
readings, while strong winds were associated with lower NOx
readings. Diurnal NOx variations correlated with traffic.
67179
Idso, Sherwood B.
TORNADO OR DUST DEVIL: THE ENIGMA OF DESERT
WHIRLWINDS. Am. Scientist, 62(S):530-541, Sept.-Oct. 1974.
42 refs.
The enigma of desert whirlwinds is reviewed in terms of possi-
ble mechanisms for their development, with typical
mechanisms being illustrated for tornados and dust devils.
Several mechanisms are cited that may induce concentrated,
vortical wind motion in the vicinity of desert dust storm fron-
tal boundaries, including the interaction of a thunderstorm s
cold-air outflow with a topographic disturbance. The interac-
tion at thunderstorm outflow boundaries involving the momen-
tum of a strong convergent local wind field might also be an
explanation for vortices as opposed to differential tempera-
ture-induced convection. Questions concerning vortices which
remain unanswered involve: whether they occur in front of or
behind the surge head and whether their rotation is cyclonic or
anticyclonic, the possibility of a dynamic connection with the
cloud base, the probability of vortex occurrence downwind
from significant topographic disturbances, the frequency of
twin funnels, and the frequency of small subsidiary vortices
being associated with larger vortex wind fields.
67645
Whelpdale, D. M.
PARTICULATE RESIDENCE TIMES. Water, Air, Soil Pollut.
3(3):293-300, Sept. 1974. 10 refs.
Examination of suspended particulate concentration data from
a year-long, regional air quality study of a portion of the Great
Lakes area revealed that depletion of particulates occurred
during extended periods of travel over water surfaces. Based
on particulate concentrations and meteorological measure-
ments, residence times of background regional particulate
matter were between 5 and 16 hr in the region. Using a simple
model for the deposition of particulate matter into the lakes,
deposition rates ranging from 0.2 to 3.9 micrograms/sq m/sec
were found. This results, for example, in an estimated 150
metric tons of material being deposited into Lake St. Clair,
with an area of 1270 sq km, during a 24-hour period. (Author
abstract modified)
67890
Easter, Richard C. and Peter V. Hobbs
THE FORMATION OF SULFATES AND THE ENHANCE-
MENT OF CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI IN CLOUDS.
J. Atmospheric Sci., 31(6): 1586-1594, Sept. 1974. 24 refs.
A mathematical model is developed for predicting the produc-
tion of ammonium sulfate by oxidation of dissolved sulfur
dioxide in cloud droplets of small-amplitude wave clouds and
the resulting enhancement of cloud condensation nuclei
released from the clouds on evaporation. The condensational
growth of the droplets formed on 75 initial cloud condensation
nuclei sizes is considered simultaneously with the production
of sulfates in the droplets of an air parcel moving through a
wave cloud via the Scott-Hobbs mechanism. Significant in-
creases in the concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei ac-
tive at 0.5% supersaturation can be produced by SO2 oxidation
in wave clouds with short flow-through times (4 min) and with
concentrations of SO2 and ammonia typical of unpolluted air
(1 and 3 ppb, respectively). The sulfate production decreases
as the SO2 concentration rises above 10 ppb due to the limited
buffering capacity of the NH3. In-cloud production of am-
monium sulfate can probably explain previous observations of
higher than ambient cloud condensation nuclei concentrations
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E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
65
in air from evaporating clouds, with the ammonium sulfate
production in clouds being sufficiently fast to account for the
major worldwide source of these particles. (Author abstract
modified)
69084
Roberts, Paul T. and Sheldon K. Friedlander
CONVERSION OF SO2 TO AMBIENT PARTICULATE
SULFATES IN THE LOS ANGELES ATMOSPHERE.
Preprint, National Inst. of Health, Research Triangle Park, N.
C., National Inst. of Environmental Health Sciences and En-
vironmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N. C.,
Office of Research and Development, 16p., 1974. 13 refs.
(Presented at the Health Consequences of Environmental Con-
trols: Impact of Mobile Emissions Controls, Durham, N. C.,
April 16-19, 1974.)
Gas phase and participate phase sulfur were determined at
various locations in the Los Angeles basin to determine at-
mospheric conversion rates and mechanisms. A new technique
was developed for the measurement of participate sulfur.
From measurements of the particulate to gas phase sulfur ratio
near the major stationary sources and far downstream and
from estimates of travel times determined by air trajectory
analysis, it is possible to estimate gas-to-particle conversion
rates for sulfur. Such calculations show that automobiles
presently contribute a major part of the total sulfur as mea-
sured at a receptor site such as Pasadena, while contributing
only a small amount to the particulate sulfur loading. The in-
troduction of oxidation catalyst-equipped vehicles may add
significantly to the particulate sulfur at downwind receptor
sites; predictions of particulate sulfur concentrations near
freeways show substantial increases due to such vehicles.
(Author abstract)
69380
Newman, J. E., M. D. Abel, W. A. Brans, and K. J. Yost
SOME ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT CHARACTERISTICS
OF SUSPENDED PARTICULATES AND ASSOCIATED
TRACE CONTAMINANTS AROUND THE SOUTH END OF
LAKE MICHIGAN. Preprint, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette,
Ind., Dept. of Agronomy and Purdue Univ., West Lafayette,
Ind., Dept. of Bionucleonics, 31p., 1974. 5 refs.
Selected daily isopleths for total suspended particulate and as-
sociated trace contaminants around the south end of Lake
Michigan are analyzed for atmospheric transport charac-
teristics. It is possible to clearly isolate certain mesoscale at-
mospheric transport characteristics from single-day isopleth
analysis. But, single-day isopleth analysis reveals only area
source pollution levels, not point sources. Point source
identification from atmospheric transport patterns can there-
fore be achieved only from accurate hourly meteorological
data, in conjunction with known point source inventory
strengths, and under environmental conditions that essentially
eliminate refloatation from terrestrial surfaces. (Author ab-
stract)
69411
Orgill, M. M., G. A. Sehmel, and T. J. Bander
REGIONAL WIND RESUSPENSION OF DUST. In: Pacific
Northwest Laboratory Annual Report for 1973 to the USAEC
Division of Biomedical and Environmental Research. Part 3 At-
mospheric Sciences. Battelle Memorial Inst., Richland, Wash.,
Pacific Northwest Labs., Atomic Energy Commission Contract
AT(45-1):1830, Environmental and Earth Sciences Rept UC-11,
p. 214-219, April 1974. NTIS: BNWL-1850 PT3
The natural wind-caused airborne dust loadings over the
country were determined through meteorological data. The Na-
tional Weather Service reporting observations of dust and visi-
bility were used to infer the approximate frequency and dust
loadings for resuspension periods. Dust parameters for the
period 1953-1970 are presented for the Hanford area. The total
dust hours were 475 and the total dust days were 142. There
were 150 dust storms which ranged in duration from 1-16 hr.
The hours of dust occurrence, average visibility, and estimated
average dust concentration are tabulated as a function of wind
direction and speed. The average dust concentration during
dusty period was approximately 7 mg/cu m.
69434
Abel, Michael D. and James E. Newman
AIR QUALITY CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH THE AT-
MOSPHERIC TRANSPORT OF TOTAL SUSPENDED PAR-
TICULATE IN AND AROUND CHICAGO. Preprint, Purdue
Univ., West Lafayette, Ind., Agricultural Experiment Station,
23p., 1974. 3 refs.
An analysis is made of the wind directional effects on the at-
mospheric transport of total suspended particulate in and
around the city of Chicago. Daily and annual estimated values
in micrograms/cu m are reported for total suspended particu-
lates advected into Chicago from surrounding industrial, ur-
ban, and rural areas. Using 8 years of data in the analysis,
estimates are given for the mean annual values of total
suspended particulate advection from northwest Indiana into
Chicago, 111. Some estimates are given for corresponding mean
daily values of total suspended particulate advection into
Chicago as well. The estimated maximum value of total
suspended particulate increase due to advection from Indiana
into Chicago was computed as 4% for the 8-year average.
(Author abstract modified)
69919
Cahill, Thomas A. and Patrick J. Feeney
CONTRIBUTION OF FREEWAY TRAFFIC TO AIRBORNE
PARTICULATE MATTER (FINAL REPORT). California
Univ., Davis, Crocker Nuclear Lab., California Air Resources
Board Contract ARB-502, Proj. 4B-184-7, Rept. ARB-R-502-74-
06, Calif. Univ. Rept. UCD-CNL-169, 163p., April 1974. 18 refs.
NTIS: PB 231617
The total particulate matter burden contributed by motor vehi-
cle traffic was determined by analysis of size-segregated
aerosol samples collected upwind and downwind of cut, fill
and at-grade freeway sections. Elemental analyses of the sam-
ples were performed to determine the selective contribution of
exhaust emissions, roadway abrasion, tire wear, and degrada-
tion of moving parts. The results were combined with weather
data to determine dispersal patterns and the contributions from
other sources. In areas adjacent to the downwind side of
freeways, the particulate burden was greatest for fill-sections,
intermediate for at-grade sections, and least for cut-sections.
This information will be useful for urban planning and for
designing roadways. The combustion products of gasoline, in-
cluding lead, bromine, chlorine, and sulfur, provided about 2/3
of all elements heavier than sodium observed in the particulate
matter. About 60% of the elements heavier than sodium that
were seen in participates consisted of particles less than 5
micron in size. Combustion products dominated this class,
with most mass occurring below 0.5 micron. Dispersion of par-
ticulates was dominated by wind conditions, with high values
of particulate mass per vehicle mile occurring in calm periods
in near-freeway locations. (Author abstract modified)
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66
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
72402
Nicholson, Sharon E.
A POLLUTION MODEL FOR STREET-LEVEL AIR. Atmos.
Environ., 9(1):19-31, Jan. 1975. 16 refs.
A scalar budget-box diffusion model is developed to predict
volume-average pollution concentrations in street canyons.
Input is wind speed, direction, and total pollution emission at
the lower boundary of the box. Vortex velocity is predicted by
assuming logarithmic wind profiles above buildings and streets
and by using the continuity equation. A bulk wind speed for
winds parallel to the street is predicted by assuming an ex-
ponential wind profile in the canyon. Diurnal curves showing
predicted and observed hourly values of carbon monoxide in
Madison, Wisconsin; Chicago, Illinois; and Frankfurt, Ger-
many are in reasonable agreement, indicating the usefulness of
the model for vastly differing cities. (Author abstract
modified)
72958
Jones, Herbert C.
PREOPERATIONAL ATMOSPHERIC MONITORING IN THE
CUMBERLAND STEAM PLANT AREA: THE PH AND
SULFATE CONTENT OF PRECIPITATION. Tennessee Valley
Authority, Muscle Shoals, Ala., Air Pollution Effects Section,
Rept. E-EB-74-1, 27p., Nov. 1974. 27 refs.
Rainfall samples collected around the Tennessee Valley
Authority Cumberland Steam Plant before operation for the
period September 1971 through July 1972 were analyzed for
pH and sulfate. The rainfall in the area was much more acidic
than geologically pure rainfall (ph 4.5 as compared with pH
5.7), though insufficient information exists to predict whether
sulfur dioxide emissions from the steam plant are capable of
further increasing rain acidity. The weighted average concen-
tration of sulfates (5.4 mg/1) washed out in precipitation during
the 11-month period before the steam plant began operating
was about three times that considered to be background for
areas remote from sources of sulfur emissions. The installation
of five additional monitoring stations in the Cumberland Steam
Plant air monitoring network to obtain more complete statistics
on pH and sulfur content of precipitation is recommended
along with the installation of precipitation collectors at re-
gional air quality monitoring stations for observing long-term
trends in precipitation acidity.
72968
Briggs, Gary A.
PRELIMINARY DRAFT. DIFFUSION ESTIMATION FOR
SMALL EMISSIONS. In: Environmental Research Laboratories
1973 Annual Report. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad-
ministration, Oak Ridge, Tenn., Atmospheric Turbulence and
Diffusion Lab., Rept. ATDL-106, p. 83-145, Dec. 1974. 19 refs.
Procedures for the calculation of ground level concentrations
of effluents from small industrial and fuel burning installations
(source heights of less than 100 m) are discussed. Topics
covered include: the calculation of effective plume height, as-
suming that it escapes the downwash effect of the stack and
buildings; methods for predicting the occurrence of
downwash; the estimation of building and buoyancy effects;
the use of diffusion model coefficients and stability classes for
estimating ground level concentrations from both elevated and
ground sources; the computation of long term average concen-
trations; the extension of classical methods to the prediction
of the long-term average deposition of particulates (30 days to
1 yr), the effects of mechanical and convective turbulence on
plume diffusion in urban areas; and the effects of topographi-
cal interactions in diffusion.
73066
Schrecker, Gunter O., Karl R. Wilber, and Frederick M.
Shofner
PREDICTION AND MEASUREMENT OF AIRBORNE PAR-
TICULATE CONCENTRATIONS FROM COOLING-DEVICE
SOURCES AND IN THE AMBIENT ATMOSPHERE. State of
Maryland, Power Plant Siting Program and Atomic Energy
Commission, Washington, D. C., Div. of Biomedical and En-
vironmental Research, Cool. Tower Environ. Symp., College
Park, Md., 1974, CONF-740302, p. 455-482, 1975. 9 refs.
(March 4-6.)
The sensitivity of drift-particle mineral residue transport calcu-
lations to source and meteorological parameters is discussed
for natural- and mechanical-draft cooling towers and spray
module systems. The ground-level air salt concentration from
either source contributions or ambient contributions is a more
fundamental parameter for comparison than the deposition
rate which is more difficult to measure or predict. Representa-
tive and accurate source data on particle density distribution
and good meteorological data are required for the prediction of
airborne mineral concentrations. Accurate source measure-
ments for large particles are especially important for near-zone
considerations; such measurements are critical for particles
diameters greater than 100 micron with natural-draft towers,
50 micron with mechanical-draft towers, and diameters greater
than 20 micron with spray systems. The accuracy requirements
for far-zone considerations are less stringent since small parti-
cles are more influenced by atmospheric turbulence than by
gravitational effects. Accurate information on the mass emis-
sions associated with these particles is useful for comparison
and prediction. Since far-zone source contributions are not ap-
preciably reduced by even complete elimination of large parti-
cles, the increased costs and possibly reduced thermal effi-
ciency associated with high-efficiency drift eliminator systems
may be counter-productive. Airborne particle samplers can
provide .accurate sea-salt measurements at detection limits
nearly two orders of magnitude lower than those of high-
volume samplers. (Author conclusions modified)
/ 73103
Stukel, J. J., R. L. Solomon, and J. L. Hudson
A MODEL FOR THE DISPERSION OF PARTICULATE OR
GASOUS POLLUTANTS FROM A NETWORK OF STREETS
AND HIGHWAYS. Preprint, Illinois Univ., Urbana, Dept. of
Chemical Engineering, 35p., 1975. 30 refs.
A computerized model for predicting the atmospheric trans-
port of paniculate and gaseous pollutants from finite length
line sources representing a network of city streets and rural
highways is described. The model can be used to predict the
dispersion of pollutants in any region of flat terrain. The in-
puts required are the coordinates of the highway segments,
traffic counts, and meteorological conditions. The model in-
cludes transport by advection, turbulent dispersion, and
settling. A computer program is written to predict the distribu-
tion of pollutants from any combination of line segments
which represent streets or highways. The model is applied to
predicting the distribution of lead emitted from automobiles in
the vicinity of Urbana-Champaign. (Author abstract modified)
73766
Mills, M. T., R. C. Dahlman, and J. S. Olson
GROUND LEVEL AIR CONCENTRATIONS OF DUST PAR-
TICLES DOWNWIND FROM A TAILINGS AREA DURING A
TYPICAL WINDSTORM. Oak Ridge National Lap., Oak
Ridge, Tenn., Computer Sciences Div., Atomic Energy Commis-
sion Contract W-7405-eng-26, Rept. ORNL-TM-4375 660 Sent
1974. 10 refs. '
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E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
67
An atmospheric transport model for predicting the wind-in-
duced suspension of toxic participates deposited on a ground
surface is described. The threshold wind speed for the onset
of saltation (the rolling and bouncing of individual grains
across the surface) is found by setting the moment about the
sand grain pivot point due to the particle weight equal to the
moment due to the drag force. The ground level air concentra-
tion of dust downwind from a tailings site can be calculated by
using a Gaussian plume equation with a modification to ac-
count for plume depletion due to dry deposition. Application
of the model to the wind-induced suspension of a uranium mill
tailings pile results in estimated values that are within a factor
of 2-15 of those observed. The results obtained at three sta-
tions are not inconsistent with the model predictions, consider-
ing the fact that the saltation ratio may easily vary by an order
of magnitude from one site to another.
/ 73867
Edwards, H. W., R. J. Rosenvold, and H. G. Wheat
LEAD ALKYL - PARTICULATE INTERACTIONS. In: En-
vironmental Contamination Caused by Lead (Interim Report).,
Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, National Science Foundation
Grants GI-3481X1 and GI-44423, p. 312-323, Dec. 31, 1974. 13
refs.
The exposure of simulated atmospheric dust components to air
streams doped with tetraethyl lead, both in the presence of
water vapor, resulted in the uptake of lead by the solids. Lead
uptake on a specific surface area basis was greatest for gra-
phitized carbon black substrate, followed by carbon black, alu-
minum oxide, and silicon dioxide. Sorbed lead was only very
slowly removed upon aging. A major effect of aging exposed
samples was the conversion of a substantial portion of the
sorbed lead compounds into species that were not removed
with normal-hexane extraction or moderate heating. Sorption
of organic lead compounds on atmospheric dust components
thus appears to represent a significant scavenging mechanism,
and atmospheric particulates appear to serve as substrates for
the conversion of sorbed organic lead to inorganic lead com-
pounds. (Author abstract modified)
77132
Augustine, Frank E. and Richard W. Boubel
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS OF KRAFT PAPER MILL
AEROSOLS OBTAINED BY AIRBORNE SAMPLING. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., 25(6):617-621, June 1975. 8 refs.
Size distributions of particles at several downwind points in a
Kraft paper mill plume were determined by means of airborne
sampling. Nucleopore filters were used as the primary sam-
pling filters. Size distributions from samples close to the stack
have a log normal frequency distribution, but, significant
deviations from the log normal were found farther downwind.
Several possible physical mechanisms are postulated as causes
for this behavior, including breakup of agglomerated particles
after exit from the stack, loss of water from particle droplets
due to evaporation, dilution of the plume with particles of a
smaller average size, and downwind agglomeration of parti-
cles. Plume dilution with background particles appears to be
the most likely mechanism. (Author abstract modified)
77348
Liu, Mei-Kao and John H. Seinfeld
ON THE VALIDITY OF GRID AND TRAJECTORY MODELS
OF URBAN AIR POLLUTION. Atmos. Environ., 9(6/7):555-
574, June/July 1975. 15 rets.
The validity of grid and trajectory models of urban air pollu-
tion was evaluated and the magnitude of errors in the solution
of the diffusion equation was determined. Grid models imply a
coordinate system fixed with respect to the ground, whereas
trajactory models have a coordinate system centered on a fic-
titious vertical air column which moves horizontally with the
advective wind. Both models are based on the atmospheric dif-
fusion equation as the essential description of turbulent advec-
tion and diffusion. The primary errors committed in the grid
model are those attributed to finite difference approximations,
whereas the errors in the trajectory model are mainly a result
of the assumptions inherent in the model formulation, such as
neglect of horizontal turbulent diffusion across the parcel
boundaries and neglect of wing shear. Quantitative conditions
based on comparison of exact solutions of the atmospheric dif-
fusion equation with those of the grid and trajectory models
are derived to indicate when these two classes of models may
be accurately employed for various regimes of stability, wind
shear, and source configuration.
77839
Schere, Kenneth L. and Dennis W. Thomson
VERTICAL PROFILES AND SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS OF PAR-
TICULATES OVER ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI. Preprint, Air Pol-
lution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 20p., 1975. 9 refs.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual
Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-58.3.)
Vertical profiles and size distributions of the aerosol burden
upwind, over, and downwind of the St. Louis metropolitan
area were studied concurrently with the 1973-1974 Regional
Air Pollution Study. A marked homogeneity is evident in par-
ticulate number density within the mixed layer, especially dur-
ing afternoon hours. Although this feature is present in air
masses of differing origin, the magnitude of the particulate
number concentration is observed to differ by more than an
order of magnitude from one air mass to another. Many in-
dividual profiles exhibit the masking influence of near-by
anthropogenic sources on the normal dispersion patterns. Air-
borne estimates of the size distributions of the aerosols are
also obtained. The effects of the changing proportions of large
and small particles on the size spectra affect the slope of the
size distribution. Representative size distributions are
presented in power law form for each of two distinct air
masses and altitudes. (Author abstract modified)
77996
Sehmel, George A.
EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS AND PREDICTIONS
OF PARTICLE DEPOSITION AND RESUSPENSION RATES.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 14p.,
1975. 10 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975,
Paper 75-25.2.)
Results from experiments investigating particle deposition and
resuspension rates are reported. Deposition studies were con-
ducted with a wind tunnel in which monodisperse aerosols
were allowed to deposit on a variety of surfaces. Various wind
speeds were employed; and data obtained for the deposition
velocities were correlated with particle size, surface
roughness, and wind speed. Deposition velocities varied over
several orders of magnitude from 0.001 to 10 cm/sec. The ac-
tual value was dependent on particle diameter, particle densi-
ty, surface roughness, and wind speed and reflected the rela-
tive contribution to mass transfer of Brownian diffusion, eddy
diffusion, and gravity settling. Deposition velocities were also
a function of atmospheric stability, but the dependence was
relatively minor. Deposition velocities in all cases were greater
than those predicted by simple gravity settling rates. Experi-
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68
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
ments in which submicron preformed aerosol was seeded onto
a plot of ground revealed resuspension rates ranging from 2
times 10 to the -10 fraction resuspended per second for 1.3
m/sec winds to 2 times 10 to the -8 fraction per second for 5.8
m/sec winds. (Author abstract modified)
78078
Chu, Kuang J. and John H. Seinfeld
FORMULATION AND INITIAL APPLICATION OF A
DYNAMIC MODEL FOR URBAN AEROSOLS. Atmos. En-
viron., 9(4):375-402, April 1975. 39 refs.
A dynamic model for prediction of the spatial and temporal
behavior of the size and chemical composition distributions of
an urban air pollution aerosol is developed. Particular attention
is given to the description of aerosol formation and growth in
photochemical smog, in which the aerosol of interest lies
primarily in the size range 0.1-1 micron diameter. The dynamic
model developed is used to simulate aerosol number and mass
concentrations and size distributions along several typical air
trajectories on Sept. 20, 1972 in the Los Angeles basin. Predic-
tions of the model are compared with a total aerosol mass con-
centrations computed from light scattering measurements. The
sensitivity of the predictions to assumptions concerning the
nature of gas to particle conversion processes is explored.
(Author abstract)
78181
McCollister, George M. and Kent R. Wilson
LINEAR STOCHASTIC MODELS FOR FORECASTING
DAILY MAXIMA AND HOURLY CONCENTRATIONS OF
AIR POLLUTANTS. Atmos. Environ., 9(4):417-423, April 1975.
10 refs.
Two related time series models were developed to forecast
concentrations of various air pollutants and tested on carbon
monoxide and oxidant data for the Los Angeles basin. One
model forecasts daily maximum concentrations of a particular
pollutant using only past daily maximum values of that pollu-
tant as input. The other model forecasts 1 hr average concen-
trations using only the past hourly average values. Both are
significantly more accurate than persistence, i.e., forecasting
for tomorrow what occurred today (or yesterday). Model
forecasts for 1972 of the daily instantaneous maxima for total
oxidant made using only past pollutant concentration data are
more accurate than those made by the Los Angeles APCD
using meteorological input as well as pollutant concentrations.
Although none of these models forecast as accurately as might
be desired for a health warning system, the relative success of
simple time series models, even though based solely on pollu-
tant concentration, suggests that models incorporating
meteorological data and using either multi-dimensional times
series or pattern recognition techniques should be tested.
(Author abstract modified)
84720
Ragland, K. W.
WORST-CASE AMBIENT AIR CONCENTRATIONS FROM
POINT SOURCES USING THE GAUSSIAN PLUME MODEL.
Atmos. Environ., vol. 10:371-374, 1976. 10 refs.
The highest possible ground-level ambient air concentrations
due to an elevated point source diffusing over flat terrain were
obtained from the Gaussian Plume Model for power law forms
of the dispersion coefficients. The critical wind speed, critical
plume height and distance downwind were also obtained. The
results are discussed for various sets of Gaussian dispersion
coefficients and the increased concentrations due to trapping
are presented. (Author abstract)
84721
Sharma, V. and L. O. Myrup
DIFFUSION FROM A LINE SOURCE IN AN URBAN AT-
MOSPHERE. Atmos. Environ., vol. 9:907-922, 1975. 16 refs.
A model for the diffusion of material from a line source in an
urban atmosphere is presented. The plume is assumed to have
a well-defined edge at which the concentration faljs to zero.
The vertical wind shear is accounted for by using a power law,
the exponent of which is explicitly determinable as a function
of surface roughness characteristics of the terrain and the sta-
bility of the atmosphere (Monin-Obukhov length, L). The con-
centrations estimated from the model compare favorably with
the field observations of other investigators. (Author abstract)
84740
Chock, David P.
THE GENERAL MOTORS SULFATE DISPERSION EXPERI-
MENT: ASSESSMENT OF THE EPA HIWAY MODEL.
Preprint, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C.,
32p., 1975. (Presented at the GM Sulfate Dispersion Experiment
Symposium, Research Triangle Park, N. C., April 12, 1976,
Paper GMR-2126 EV 27.)
A major objective of the General Motors Sulfate Dispersion
Experiment was to investigate the validity of the Environmen-
tal Protection Agency s HIWAY dispersion model. This model
was the basis for the high roadside predictions made by EPA
in 1975. Comparison of measurements with predictions show
that under the worst meteorological conditions, variable winds
at different heights and plume-rise due to the heated exhaust
completely invalidate the model. Under other adverse
meteorological conditions, the model also grossly overpredicts
sulfate concentrations near the ground. Overpredictions by as
high as a factor of 16 were observed for the roadside position.
The Overpredictions worsen as the distance from the roadway
increases. When the wind is parallel to the road, substantial
Overpredictions occur at all sampling positions. New disper-
sion parameters were determined which substantiate the ex-
pectation that mechanical mixing due to the traffic wake
completely dominates the effects of atmospheric stability. It is
expected that the overprediction of the HIWAY model at
ground level will become worse as the number of traffic lanes
increases. In fact, the values of the dispersion parameters are
expected to increase with the number of lanes since the
material from the upwind lane will experience a longer interval
of turbulent mixing before leaving the roadway. (Author ab-
stract)
84758
Petersen, William B.
COMPARISONS OF DISPERSION MODEL ESTIMATES
WITH MEASURED SULFATE CONCENTRATIONS. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, EPA-600/3-76-035, 26p. 8 refs. In:
The General Motors/Environmental Protection Agency Sulfate
Dispersion Experiment: Selected EPA Research Progress, April
1976.
A fleet of about 400 catalyst equipped vehicles were operated
on the test track at GM s Milford Proving Ground. This type
of controlled equipment provides an excellent opportunity to
compare estimates from the EPA HIWAY Model with mea-
sured sulfate concentrations. Concentration estimates from
HIWAY are compared with sampling measurements observed
for several weeks during morning hours. Performance of the
model at the receptor heights and at several distances
downwind from the test track is also investigated. The
HIWAY model gave concentration estimates best in cases
when the winds were near perpendicular to the track It
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E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
69
overestimated concentrations when the winds were near paral-
lel. During unstable atmospheric conditions, HIGWAY esti-
mated concentrations well. For stable conditions, HIWAY
overestimated concentrations. (Author abstract)
84763
Wilson, William E., Robert J. Charlson, Rudolf B. Husar,
Kenneth T. Whitby, and Donald Blumenthal
SULFATES IN THE ATMOSPHERE. Preprint, Air Pollution
Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 19p., 1976. 21 refs. (Presented
at the Air Pollution Control Association Annual Meeting, 69th,
Portland, Oreg., June 27-July 1, 1976, Paper 76-30-06.)
A transformation-transport theory is advanced to explain the
failure of an observed reduction in urban sulfur dioxide emis-
sions and concentrations (due to mandatory use low-sulfur
fuels) to be accompanied by a proportional decrease in urban
sulfate. Reductions in urban SO2 emissions have been accom-
panied by increases in rural SO2 emissions from new power
plants located outside cities. SO2 from these power plants may
be transformed to sulfate in the atmosphere and transported
over long distances to urban areas. Earlier work had shown
that the rate of conversion of SO2 to sulfate in power plant
plumes was slow (1 percent/hr) except at very high relative hu-
midity. In the recent EPA program, consistent conversion of
several percent per hour at normal levels of relative hudmity
has been measured. The conversion of SO2 to sulfate aerosol
in power plant plumes is slow in the early part of the plume;
that is, close to the point of emission. As ambient air mixes
with the plume, the rate of conversion increases. Thus tall
stacks reduce the ground-level concentrations of SO2 but in-
crease sulfate aerosol formation by reducing surface losses of
SO2 and by increasing the atmospheric residence time, which
results in increased SO2-to-sulfate conversion. In urban
plumes, which are well-mixed to the ground, SO2 may be
removed by reaction with plants and by deposition. The SO2
dry deposition rates vary with vegetation, with the nature of
the surface, and with time of year. Urban plumes have been
sampled out to 250 km from their sources and power plant
plumes out to 60 km. Sampling at these distances revealed that
sulfate, generated from SO2 in power plant and urban plumes,
and ozone, generated from hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides
in urban plumes, may be transported at least hundreds of km
and may cause air pollution episodes and other problems far
from the source of pollution. These air pollution problems can-
not be controlled by the governmental entity where the air pol-
lution impact actually occurs. (Author abstract)
84767
Cole, Clifford F. and Bruce E. Hanna
MODELING PARTICIPATE CONCENTRATIONS AND
DUSTFALL RATES AT WHITE ROCKS SAND AND
GRAVEL MINE. Preprint, The Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
Pittsburgh, Pa., 15p., 1976. 6 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollu-
tion Control Association Annual Meeting, 69th, Portland, Oreg.,
June 27-July 1, 1976, Paper 76-5.2.)
The ability of two predictive dispersion-deposition models to
simulate particualte concentrations and dustfall rates at a sand
and gravel mine has been demonstrated. Using basic input data
(material throughput and storage mass, wind speed and wind
direction frequencies of occurrence and particle size distribu-
tion) that would be available at most sites before mining activi-
ty began, accurate predictions of suspended paniculate con-
centrations in the vicinity of the mine can be made. A modifi-
cation to one of the models to allow for re-entrainment of par-
ticulate downwind of the source significantly improves the
agreement between measured and predicted values could have
been further improved at the White Rocks site by model tun-
ing. It should not be assumed that the same simple models
could produce equally accurate predictions at any surface
mine. Certain factors such as topography, ground surface
characteristics and geographic distribution of the source have
a pronounced influence on dispersion and deposition, and if
not correctly taken into account will result in poor simulations.
On the other hand, there is no reason to believe that predic-
tions as accurate as these at the White Rocks could not be
made at mine sites similar to White Rocks. The modification
made to Model 1, which analytically prevents the plume cen-
terline from penetrating the ground, clearly improves the pre-
diction of dustfall rates. Furthermore, the suspected physical
mechanism which prompts the modification, re-entrainment of
particulate at ground level, seems plausible. Yet before this
explanation can be accepted with confidence additional
evidence of re-entrainment, possibly by direct measurement of
dustfall rates upwind and downwind of a section of hard-
packed ground in the vicinity of the mine, should be sought.
(Author abstract)
84772
Rao, K. S., I. Thomson, and B. A. Egan
REGIONAL TRANSPORT MODEL OF ATMOSPHERIC
SULFATES. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh,
Pa., 16p., 1976. 6 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control
Association Annual Meeting, 69th, Portland, Oreg., June 27-
July 1, 1976, Paper 76-34.3.)
In recent years, there has been substantial evidence that par-
ticulate sulfate in the presence of sulfur oxide gases is a major
contributor to the health hazards of air pollution, and there is
considerable interest in developing a strategy for controlling
the atmospheric sulfate concentration levels. This requires a
systematic modeling program supported by observations aimed
at understanding the relation between the emissions, chemical
transformation, deposition, transport, and dispersion of sulfur
oxides over distances of hundreds of kilometers from major
sources. As part of the Sulfate Regional Experiment (SURE)
Design Project, a regional transport model of atmospheric
sulfates has been developed. This quasi-Lagrangian three-
dimensional grid numerical model uses a detailed SO2 emis-
sion inventory of major anthropogenic sources in the eastern
U. S. region, and observed meteorological data during an
episode as inputs. The model accounts for advective transport
and turbulent diffusion of the pollutants. The chemical trans-
formation of SO2 and sulfate and the deposition of the species
at the earth s surface are assumed to be linear processes at
specified constant rates. The numerical model can predict the
daily average concentrations of SO2 and SO4 at all receptor
locations in the grid region during the episode. Because of the
spatial resolution of the grid, this model is particularly suited
to investigate the effect of tall stacks in reducing the ambient
concentration levels of sulfur pollutants. This paper presents
the formulations and assumptions of the regional sulfate trans-
port model. The model inputs and results are discussed.
Isopleths of predicted SO2 and SO4 concentrations are com-
pared with the observed ground level values. The bulk of the
information in this paper is directed to air pollution meteorolo-
gists and environmental engineers interested in the atmospher-
ic transport modeling studies of sulfur oxide pollutants.
(Author abstract)
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70
F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
58474
Kirsch, A. A., I. B. Stechkina, and N. A. Fuchs
GAS FLOW IN AEROSOL FILTERS MADE OF
POLYDISPERSE ULTRAFINE FIBRES. J. Aerosol Sci.,
5(1):39-4S, Jan. 1974. 8 refs.
The most efficient modern aerosol filters are made of ultrafine
polydisperse glass fibers. Gas flow and pressure drop in these
filters were measured at various pressure from 760 to 4 torr. A
semiempirical formula was proposed and verified experimen-
tally for the pressure drop as a function of the Knudsen
number, packing density, and degree of structure nonuniformi-
ty of the filters. The polydispersity of fibers in a filter does
not disturb the linear dependence of the pressure drop across
a filter on the Knudsen number, in spite of the fact that the
gas flow at the surface of thick and thin fiber is of a quite dif-
ferent character. Thus, the polydisperse filters can be
described by a formula with the dependence of drag calculated
by another formula and tau equals 1.4. (Author abstract
modified)
58890
Shlien, D. J. and S. Corrsin
A MEASUREMENT OF LAGRANGIAN VELOCITY AU-
TOCORRELATION IN APPROXIMATELY ISOTROPIC TUR-
BULENCE. J. Fluid Mech. (Cambridge), 62(2):255-271, 1974. 32
refs.
Atmospheric turbulence disperses solid and fluid particles and
measurement of this phenomenon is basic to heat and mass
transport problems. Small particles can be used to calculate
the Lagrangian velocity correlation from particle dispersion.
The mean temperature profile behind a heating wire spanning
an isotropic turbulence (approximately the probability density
of the lateral displacement of a fluid particle) is Gaussian
within the accuracy of measurement, supporting earlier results.
The maximum scatter on a typical profile is less than 2% of
the peak. The measured Lagrangian velocity microscale of
time is much larger than the Eulerian microscale of the turbu-
lent velocity observed in a frame moving with the mean flow.
The stationary Lagrangian time integral scale is about 30%
larger than that of the Eulerian correlation moving with the
mean flow. The Lagrangian velocity correlation coefficient
was calculated and compared with the simplest Eulerian
velocity correlation in time, i.e., that moving with the mean
flow. They are rather different in shape. A realistic assumption
of self-preservation of the particle velocities are made to cal-
culate the Lagrangian correlation coefficient. This assumption
collapsed the data taken with the source at two different
stages of decay, verifying the self- preservation assumption.
The recasting of the results into those for a (hypothetical) non-
decaying isotropic turbulence should be useful for comparison
with future theories; theories tend to be simpler for non-
decaying isotropic turbulence. (Author conclusions modified)
60258
Liu, Benjamin Y. H. and Timothy A. Ilori
AEROSOL DEPOSITION IN TURBULENT PIPE FLOW. En-
viron. Sci. Technol., 8(4):351-356, April 1974. 25 refs.
A model is proposed for calculating the effective particle dif-
fusivity, epsilon p, in the boundary layer of a turbulent fluid;
it is based on the analogy between the diffusion of particles
caused by Brownian motion and that caused by fluid turbu-
lence. The model results in epsilon p being equal to epsilon
plus v squared times tau, where epsilon is the eddy diffusivity,
v is the root-mean-square fluctuating velocity of the fluid in a
direction normal to the wall, and tau is the particle relaxation
time. Results are presented demonstrating that the particle
deposition rate based on this effective particle diffusivity and
diffusion free flight model is in general agreement with experi-
mental data without the need to use either unreasonably high
or arbitrary free-flight velocities as in previous theories in
which particle and eddy momentum diffusivities are assumed
equal. (Author abstract modified)
63787
Scott, David S. and Donald F. Rennick
ON THE DYNAMICS OF SMALL AEROSOL PARTICLES. J.
Aerosol Sci., 5(3):301-315, 1974. 13 refs.
Matters related to the difference between the typical trajectory
of an individual Knudsen particle and the mean trajectory of a
cloud of such particles are introduced. To illustrate these mat-
ters, a statistical numerical procedure which yields individual
particle trajectories is presented. The success of the procedure
in a relatively straightforward physical circumstance suggests
that its extension to the modeling of more complex situations
is plausible. The proper interpretation and limitations of recent
free-molecular and transition theories as they apply to small
aerosol particles are discussed. Examples from the literature
are used to illustrate the arguments presented. Particle random
thermal motion is important to the dynamics of Knudsen parti-
cle aerosols, and its relation to transition and free- molecular
mean-force theories must be appreciated when applying such
theories. (Author abstract modified)
64811
Grams, G. W., I. H. Blifford, Jr., D. A. Gillette, and P. B.
Russell
COMPLEX INDEX OF REFRACTION OF AIRBORNE SOIL
PARTICLES. J. Appl. Meteorol., 13(4):459-471, June 1974. 33
refs.
The angular variation of the intensity of light scattered from a
collimated beam by airborne soil particles and the size dis-
tribution of the particles were measured simultaneously 1.5 m
above the ground. The measurements gave an estimate of the
complex index of refraction of airborne soil particles equal to
the real part minus the imaginary part of the refractive index.
Standard microscopic analysis procedures were employed to
determine the real part of the refractive index. Although a
wide range of values was observed, the value of 1.525 was
taken as representative. By applying Mie scattering theory to
each of the observed distributions of particle size, the ex-
pected angular variation of the intensity of the scattered light
was calculated for a fixed value of the real part of the refrac-
tive index and a wide range of values of imaginary refractive
index. For each set of simultaneous measurements, the value
-------
F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
71
of the imaginary part of the refractive index was that value
which provided the best fit to the experimental data. The
upper limit of the value of the imaginary part of the refractive
index for the airborne particles studied was 0.005 with an un-
certainty factor of about two. The estimate of the imaginary
part was fairly insensitive to the assumed value of the real
part of the refractive index. (Author abstract modified)
65545
Novakov, T.
SULFATES IN POLLUTION PARTICIPATES. Preprint, Air
Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 31p., 1974. 12 refs.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association Annual
Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo., June 9-13, 1974, Paper 74-200.)
Experimental evidence is presented which demonstrates that
combustion-generated carbon particles in the form of finely di-
vided soot are efficient catalysts involved in sulfur dioxide ox-
idation to sulfates. Both soot and graphite particles in the air
catalytically oxidize SO2, with soot catalyzed oxidation play-
ing a major role even in the presence of combustion produced
gases. The sulfate species produced on carbon particles are
nonvolatile in vacuum but are water soluble and when dis-
solved increase the acidity of the solution. Field study results
are compatible with this oxidation mechanism. (Author ab-
stract modified)
65573
Jaffe, Raphael J. and Frank C. Smith, Jr.
FACTORS AFFECTING REACTIONS IN SMOG CHAMBERS.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 28p.,
1974. 7 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association
Annual Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo., June 9-13, 1974, Paper
74-246.)
Results of a study of a smog chamber illuminated by a xenon
arc lamp are presented along with a study of the differences
between smog chambers, including an experimental study of
how various design and operational variables affect the
photochemical reactions observed in smog chambers. A group
of round-robin tests were conducted using these chambers as
follows: irradiation of seven different hydrocarbons with
nitrogen oxides; replicate runs to establish reproducibility
using the propylene-nitrogen oxides system; a reactant concen-
tration study in which 3 ppm propylene was reacted with 3, 1.5
and 0.5 ppm nitrogen oxides. Apparatus used was specifically
designed to meet the objectives of the study by allowing inde-
pendent variation in materials configuration, lighting condi-
tions, and cleaning technique. The illuminator produces a colli-
mated light beam. Plates of materials can be placed parallel to
the beam axis without affecting the light conditions. This
decoupling of light and materials allows independent variation
of the two factors. Major apparatus items are the smog
chamber; the xenon arc lamp illuminator; the thermal enclo-
sure for the chamber; and the gas analysis instrumentation.
The spectral distribution of light provided a smog chamber in-
fluencing the photochemical reaction observed. In particular,
the nitrogen dioxide photodisintegration rate (k sub d or its
equivalent k sub 1) does not sufficiently characterize the light
conditions. Further data analysis and experimentation is
required to understand the spectral sensitivity phenomena
demonstrated in this work. The understanding of the hydrocar-
bon dioxides of nitrogen-sunlight systems, particularly in re-
gard to the conversion of nitric oxide to NO2, is not complete.
66488
Henley, David C.
AN ANALYSIS OF RANDOM FLUCTUATIONS OF AT-
MOSPHERIC DUST CONCENTRATIONS. Army Electronics
Command, White Sands Missile Range, N. Mex., Atmospheric
Sciences Lab., Task ITO61102B53A-18, Rept. ECOM-5530,
20p., Jan. 1974. 3 refs. NTIS, DDC: AD 773824
A modified structure function analysis is developed for and
applied to time series data on the number concentration of at-
mospheric dust particles. Preliminary indications are that this
application is a useful method of analysis for particle concen-
tration fluctuations, though the data should be submitted to
the whole spectrum of time series methods in the interest of
completeness. (Author summary modified)
66855
Kim, Yong W.
AN ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATION OF THE PARTICLE
INERTIA EFFECT WITH AN APPLICATION TO AEROSOL
SAMPLING EFFICIENCY CALCULATION. Lehigh Univ.,
Bethlehem, Pa., Dept. of Physics, Bureau of Mines Grant
G0110235, TR 24, 89p., Jan. 1974. 12 refs. NTIS: N74-17023
The particle inertia effect, in the absence of all other compet-
ing effects, is treated analytically with parallel laboratory ex-
periments for application to the calculation of aerosol sampling
efficiency. Expressions for two universal coefficients are ob-
tained which give rise to quantitative measures of the inertia
effect for a variety of given flow fields. A two-dimensional
sampler is used for studying the particle sampling efficiency in
the presence of the pure inertia effect, and descriptions for the
model system are established by first measuring the field with
tracer particles and then comparing the measurement with ex-
isting theoretical results. A general scheme of computing the
number of sampled particles for each specific size category is
established and applied to the model system, with the results
showing that the sampled particle number density exceeds the
free stream density as a result of readjustment of the particle
number density in the sampler inlet region due to the inertia
effect. The sampling efficiency increases with particle size for
the particles ranging from 1-10 micron in diameter. The predic-
tion is confirmed by measurements of the particle size dis-
tribution before and after sampling, and a method is devised
for particle size determination. (Author abstract modified)
66995
Novakov, T., S. G. Chang, and A. B. Harker
SULFATES AS POLLUTION PARTICULATES: CATALYTIC
FORMATION ON CARBON (SOOT) PARTICLES. Science,
186(4160):259-261, Oct. 18, 1974. 13 refs.
Experimental evidence (obtained by electron spectroscopy for
chemical analysis) is presented which shows that finely di-
vided carbon (soot) particles may play a major role in the cata-
lytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfate in polluted at-
mospheres. The results obtained with sulfates produced in the
laboratory by the oxidation of sulfur dioxidy on graphite parti-
cles and combustion-produced soot particles are compared
with the properties and behavior of ambient sulfates. The
proposed SO2 oxidation mechanism is qualitatively consistent
with field observations. The catalytic formation of sulfate on
soot is expected to occur in the open atmosphere and espe-
cially in or near combustion sources where both SO2 and soot
concentrations are highest. Although the sulfate formation
mechanism described may not be the only atmospheric sulfate-
producing process, it probably plays a major role in urban at-
mospheres characterized by high concentrations of particulate
carbon. (Author abstract modified)
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72
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
68498
Cha, C. Y. and B. J. McCoy
THERMAL FORCE ON AEROSOL PARTICLES. Phys. Fluids,
17(7):1376-1380, July 1974. 21 refs.
With a method previously applied to thermal transpiration and
planar radiometric force, the force on a spherical aerosol parti-
cle in a gas which sustains a temperature gradient is analyzed
theoretically. Expressions for thermal force and thermal
velocity span all values of the particle Knudsen number and
show the effect of imperfect accommodation. The model con-
sists of a spherical particle suspended in a gas midway
between two plane surfaces at different temperatures. The
theory of thermophoresis (thermal force) is an adaptation of
the analysis used for the planar thermal (radiometric force).
The linearized Burnett second-order constitutive equations for
heat flux and stress applied to the gas between the plane sur-
faces and provide the coupling between temperature gradients
and momentum flux. Expressions for transition regime viscosi-
ty and thermal conductivity coefficients are used for the par-
ticular geometry of the problem. These transport coefficients
allow the theory to span the transition regime. A differential
equation for the gas temperature distribution is derived and
solved with the aid of boundary and limit conditions. The tem-
perature-induced stress provides a force on the spherical
aerosol particle. When the thermal force is balanced by a drag
force, an expression for the velocity of thermophoresis is ob-
tained. The theoretical thermal force and thermophoretic
velocity are compared with experimental data and with previ-
ous theories.
70407
Medley, W. H., S. M. Mehta, C. M. Moscowitz, A. D. Snyder,
H. H. S. Yu, and D. L. Zanders
SOURCES AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FINE PARTICU-
LATE TEST DUSTS (FINAL REPORT). Monsanto Research
Corp., Dayton, Ohio, Environmental Protection Agency Con-
tract 68-02-1320, Task 8, Program Element 1ABO12, EPA-
650/2-74-117, ROAP 21ADM-021, MRC-DA-431, 107p., Nov.
1974. 47 refs. NTIS: PB 238 924/AS
Suitable characterization criteria for test dusts were developed
to determine procedures for obtaining, handling, and charac-
terizing the dusts and to establish potential suppliers of test
dusts. Seventeen criteria were identified: size distribution;
shape, surface area, and pore volume; chemical composition;
density; wettability and moisture content; solubility; hardness,
abrasiveness, and grindability; charge properties; dielectric
properties; corrosiveness; optical properties; magnetic suscep-
tibility; carrier gas composition; and solids loading. Potential
industrial suppliers of test dusts for simulation purposes were
identified for 11 industries: pulverized coal combustion,
stoker-fired coal combustion, basic oxygen furnaces, open
hearth furnaces, electric arc furnaces, metallurgical coke
ovens, cement plants, municipal incineration, sfeel foundries,
Kraft pulp mill recovery furnaces, and aspHalt plants. The
production of a particulate-laden test flue gfts was evaluated.
Redispersion of collected dusts is favored over generation of
fresh paniculate. (Author abstract modified)
70711
Sinclair, David, Richard J. Countess, and George S. Hoopes
EFFECT OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY ON THE SIZE OF AT-
MOSPHERIC AEROSOL PARTICLES. Atmos. Environ.,
8(11):1111-1117, Nov. 1974. 19 rets.
In situ measurement of the growth of atmospheric aerosol par-
ticles (about one-tenth the size of particles which dominate at-
mospheric light scattering) with increasing relative humidity (0-
98%) were made with miniature diffusion batteries and a con-
tinuous flow condensation nuclei center. Particle size distribu-
tions computed from the battery measurements were log nor-
mal. The number median diameter increased twofold from
0.018 to 0.036 micron oyer the range of humidity investigated.
The range of geometric standard deviation for the particle size
distributions was 1.53-2.06, with the larger nuniber median
diameter having the smaller geometric standard deviation. This
indicates that the smaller particles grow proportionately more
than the larger and that the total respiratory deposition of
small hygroscopic material will decrease during periods of high
humidity. (Author abstract modified)
72264
Bickelhaupt, Roy E.
SURFACE RESISTIVITY AND THE CHEMICAL COMPOSI-
TION OF FLY ASH. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 25(2):148-
152, Feb. 1975. 10 refs.
The relationship between surface resistivity and the chemical
composition of fly ash was determined. Resistivity was deter-
mined for a group of well characterized ashes representing
both eastern and western coals. Data were taken between 60
and 250 C in an environment of air containing approximately 9
vol% water. Chemical transference experiments were con-
ducted for two ashes having substantially different chemical
compositions. Chemical analyses of the transference
specimens revealed a pronounced migration of alkali metal
ions toward the negative electrode. The surface resistivity was
inversely proportional to the concentration of these ions. The
iron concentration influenced particularly the participation of
potassium. Surface resistivity is sensitive to the chemical com-
position of fly ash because the alkali metals serve as charge
carriers. The conduction mechanism is probably analogous to
that of glass. (Author abstract modified)
72967
Davis, James A., Susan M. Davenport, and Frank Biggs
ON ESTIMATION OF PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS.
Sandia Lab., Albuquerque, N. Mex., Atomic Energy Commis-
sion Contract, 25p., Feb. 1974. 9 refs. NTIS: SIA-73-0576
A numerical means for estimating the distribution of particle
sizes in the atmosphere is presented. The method assumes that
a linear probe, to which the particles are opaque, is to scan a
subset of a plane within the volume containing the particles.
When the probe intersects a particle, it is interrupted for a
time proportional to the maximum width of the cross section
intersected in the direction of the motion of the probe. Under
certain assumptions, the distribution of cross section diameters
is written as an integral equation involving the underlying size
distribution. The measurement data are used to estimate the
distribution of cross sections, and the integral equation is then
numerically unfolded to yield an estimate of the particle size
distribution. Monte Carlo simulations of the physical experi-
ment are performed for several distributions to demonstrate
the numerical technique. (Author abstract modified)
v' 75961
Broida, H. P., Jay D. Eversole, and Paul K. Hansma
STUDIES OF SMALL METALLIC PARTICLES FORMED BY
HOMOGENEOUS NUCLEATION: LIGHT SCATTERING
AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (FINAL REPORT). Califor-
nia Urtiv., Santa Barbara, Dept. of Physics, Environmental Pro-
tection Agency Grant R-800845, Pro). 21AJX-004, Program Ele-
ment 1AA008, Rept. EPA-650/3-75-006, 45p., Feb. 1975 24 refs
NTIS: PB 244403/AS
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F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
73
The formation of metallic particles ranging from 5-5000 nm in
diameter by homogeneous nucleation from the vapor phase
was studied using light scattering and electron microscopy.
Metals used in the experiments included: sodium, potassium,
lithium, rubidium, cesium, cadmium, magnesium, zinc, and
lead. Plasma resonance peaks and widths for alkali metal parti-
cles were observed to change systematically with system
parameters. The growth of Zn particles was observed with
electron microscopy which revealed characteristic geometric
shapes. The correlation of these observations may provide in-
formation necessary to compute nucleation and growth rates in
a steady-state system. (Author abstract modified)
75975
Bickelhaupt, R. E.
EFFECT OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ON SURFACE RE-
SISTIVITY OF FLY ASH (FINAL REPORT). Southern
Research Inst., Birmingham, Ala., Environmental Protection
Agency Contract 68-02-1303, Program Element 1AB012, ROAP
21ADJ-029, Rept. EPA-600/2-75-017, SORI-EAS-75-397, 3134-
XV, SOp., Aug. 1975. 10 refs. NTIS: PB 244885/AS
Resistivity was determined for a group of well characterized
fly ashes representing both Eastern and Western coals. Data
were obtained between 60 and 250 C in an air environment
containing approximately 9 vol% water. Chemical transference
experiments were conducted for two ashes having substan-
tially different chemical compositions and revealed a
pronounced migration of alkali metal ions toward the negative
electrode. The surface resistivity was inversely proportional to
the concentration of these ions which in turn was especially
influenced by the participation of potassium in the current
conduction process. The sensitivity of surface resistivity to the
chemical composition of fly ash was apparently due to the al-
kali metals serving as charge carriers, with the conduction
mechanism being probably analogous to that of glass. (Author
abstract modified)
77879
Corrin, Myron L.
NUCLEATION AS A COMPETITIVE FACTOR IN GAS-TO-
PARTICLE CONVERSION. Preprint, Air Pollution Control As-
soc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 5p., 1975. (Presented at the Air Pollution
Control Association, Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June
15-20, 1975, Paper 75-62.1.)
The pathways by which emitted gases are converted to par-
ticulate matter are considered. Homogeneous nucleation and
physical or chemical adsorption are discarded as insignificant.
Other factors considered include heterogeneous nucleation,
heterogeneous catalysis, heteromolecular nucleation, and solu-
bility. These are at present too poorly understood to permit
evaluation of their relative importance. It is quite likely that
many processes occur simultaneously and that the products of
one such process are the raw material of another. (Author ab-
stract modified)
77940
Lioy, Paul J., George T. Wolff, and Raymond M. Manganelli
AEROSOL RESCUE RESEARCH AT RUTGERS UNIVERSI-
TY: 1. BEHAVIOR OF SOLUBLE PARTICLES, AND 2. SUR-
FACE INTERACTION OF GASES ON SOLID PARTICLES.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa*, 16p.,
1975. 7 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association,
Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper
75-32.6.)
Aerosol research in two aspects of submicron particle
behavior in environmental systems is described. The growth of
submicron particle aerosol generated from pure sodium
chloride solutions and brackish water, collected at the input to
a cooling tower was studied at a carrier air temperature of 18
C-19 C and at specific relative humidities between 80-90%.
The heterogeneous nature of the brackish water aerosol tends
to limit growth, and ultimate droplet size, when compared to
that obtained for the saline droplet aerosol. The nature of the
heterogeneous surface interactions of sulfur dioxide and metal
oxide aerosols was studied. Chemisorption of SO2 is strongly
influenced by relative humidity. Two regimes of chemisorption
are discerned: from 0-40% relative humidity, and from 40-less
than 100%. When cadmium oxide contains less than a
monolayer of SO2, the amount of sulfate formed is directly
proportional to the amount of sorbed SO2. Large particles are
effective in oxidizing SO2 because they contain more adsorbed
water. (Author abstract modified)
79318
Blanchard, Duncan C.
INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE CHEMISTRY OF
SEA/AIR PARTICULATE EXCHANGE PROCESSES: SUM-
MARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS. J. Rech. Atmospheriques,
8(3-4):509-513, July-Dec. 1974. 19 refs. (Presented at the Inter-
national Symposium on the Chemistry of Sea/Air Particulate
Exchange Processes, Nice, France, Oct. 4-10, 1973.)
Sources of marine particles and sea/air particulate exchanges
processes are discussed. Topics covered include the composi-
tion of sea surface monolayers, the importance of dissolved
organic material in the sea, secondary particle production and
enrichment at the phase change, insoluble dust, and particle
residence time. Most particulate material in the marine at-
mosphere far removed from the continents is not produced by
the sea. Even in remote regions of the oceans, especially over
the tropical Atlantic, the dust loading of the atmosphere ex-
ceeds that of the ocean derived material. These dusts, originat-
ing from the desert regions of the world, make it difficult to
understand and interpret aerosol chemistry. Continued pollu-
tion of the oceans and fresh water bodies of the earth produce
profound changes in these surfaces and in the chemistry and
biology of the water to air transfer of particulate material. In-
creased pollution of the water brings about a pollution of the
atmosphere.
84718
Fenton, Donald L.
IDENTIFICATION AND MEASUREMENT OF PARTICU-
LATE TRANSPORT PROPERTIES. Fine Part. Symp. Proc.,
Minneapolis, Minn., 1975, p. 777-791. 8 refs. (May.) (Available
in EPA-600/2-75-059, Oct. 1975.
The continuum approach to particulate flow in the wake region
behind a circular cylinder was utilized to identify and experi-
mentally evaluate the appropriate transport properties. The
criteria of a dilute suspension was applied, which allowed
separation of the gaseous phase equation of mean motion from
the particulate equation of mean motion. This type of un-
restricted turbulent flow is also found in jets and within boun-
dary layers on the free side. Whereas the gaseous wake flow
in the fully developed region could be characterized by a
similar solution, the particulate flow could not, because of the
nonlinearity of the gaseous-particulate transfer term. Neglect
of this term in the governing equation of motion for particulate
flow permitted a solution and analogous to the gaseous flow —
Gauss function. Measurements within the particulate wake in-
cluded particulate velocity and particulate density (mass con-
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74
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
centration) where the wake centerline defects persisted far
downstream before fully developed conditions were
established. Distributions of the paniculate variables trans-
verse to the wake became Gaussian at the downstream
distance where the gaseous flow is fully developed. The ex-
perimental system consisted of a closed-loop air flow facility
and the paniculate material was composed of glass beads
(count mean diameter equals 11 micron). Knowledge of the
paniculate transport properties, especially their relation to the
gaseous transport properties, is useful in calculations applied
to particulate control devices. (Author abstract)
84731
Kasahara, Mikio and Kanji Takahashi
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON AEROSOL PARTICLE FOR-
MATION BY SULFUR DIOXIDE. Atmos. Environ., vol.
10:475-486, 1976. 24 refs.
The formation and growth of aerosol particles of dilute sul-
furic acid produced by photochemical oxidation of sulfur diox-
ide (0.05-10 ppm, by volume) in purified air has been studied
qualitatively in laboratory apparatus. The number of particles
formed is strongly dependent on SO2 concentration, relative
humidity (less than 10-80%) and u.v. light intensity. The
number concentration increases rapidly to a maximum within a
few minutes after the start of irradiation and then decreases
slowly during the next 10 min. Particle size increases with ir-
radiation time and is dependent on SO2 concentration, and on
relative humidity when the SO2 concentration is less than 0.1
ppm. In the conditions employed the volumetric rate of forma-
tion of particles ranged from 0.15 to 18.7 cu micron/cu cm/hr.
The overall quantum yield of photochemical reaction was
8/1000. The oxidation rate was 0.04%/hr; extrapolation of this
rate to noonday sunlight in summer at latitude 35 deg N gives
0.7%/hr. (Author abstract)
84734
Stoeber, Werner
DESIGN, PERFORMANCE AND APPLICATIONS OF SPIRAL
DUCT AEROSOL CENTRIFUGES. Fine Part. Symp. Proc.,
Minneapolis, Minn., 1975, p. 351-397. 66 refs. (May.) (Available
in EPA-600/2-7S-059, Oct. 1975.)
A review of the design, the performance and the applications
of spiral duct aerosol centrifuges as they are increasingly used
in aerosol particle size spectrometry and related aerosol
research is given. Background, advantages and limitations of
this type of instrument and its modifications are discussed.
Precision measurements of dynamic shape factors on certain
types of nonspherical particles as well as applications to high-
resolution size distribution analysis are reported. Comparative
studies of different authors on the possibility of using me
spiral duct aerosol centrifuge as an absolute instrument tor
aerodynamic size distribution measurements are compiled
from literature. Data on aerosol particle densities obtained
with spiral duct centrifuges are reported and problems of mea-
suring cigarette smoke and dense aerosols are discussed. An
adaptation of a short spiral duct centrifuge for applications to
ambient particulate air pollution is described and a recent
feasibility study of developing the instrument into an aerosol
mass distribution monitor by way of using piezoelectric quartz
crystals as size-selective mass sensors is reported. (Author ab-
stract)
84746
Middleton, Paulette, Glen K. Yue, and C. S. Kiang
KINETIC MODEL FOR SULFATE AEROSOL. Preprint, Na-
tional Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colo., 12p.,
1976. 7 refs. (To be presented at the International Air Pollution
Symposium, 12th, Paris, France, May 7, 1976.)
A numerical model is constructed to simulate the gas-to-parti-
cle conversion and aerosol growth of sulfuric acid particles in
smog chamber experiments and in the atmosphere. The model
incorporates the mechanisms of heteromolecular nucleation,
heteromolecular condensation and thermal coagulation. Vari-
ous atmospheric and chamber conditions are used to simulate
the evolution in time of the particle size distribution. It is
shown that the evolution of the particle size distribution de-
pends on the initial size distribution, the relative humidity and
the rate of production of sulfuric acid gaseous molecules.
(Author abstract)
84749
Yue, Glenn K., Volker A. Mohnen, and C. S. Kiang
SULFUR DIOXIDE TO SULFATE CONVERSION IN THE AT-
MOSPHERE. Preprint, Atmospheric Sciences Research Center,
State University of New York, Albany, and National Center for
Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colo., 14p., 1976. 11 refs.
(Presented at the International Air Pollution Symposium, 12th,
Paris, France, May 7, 1976.)
Two conversion processes for sulfur dioxide to sulfate are
discussed: (1) gas phase oxidation via OH radical; (2) liquid
phase oxidation in the presence of ammonia under various at-
mospheric conditions. The relative importance of these two
processes under different environmental conditions is in-
vestigated. It is shown that the most important parameter for
the production of sulfate in aerosol is the concentration of sul-
furic acid gaseous molecules. The effects of temperature and
droplet size on the relative importance of these two
mechanisms have also been studied. (Author abstract)
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75
K. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
44642
Lemke, Eric E., John E. Williamson, and Herbert Simon
THE EVOLUTION OF A COMPREHENSIVE SET OF PAR-
TICULATE RULES. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
Pittsburgh, Pa., 24p., 1972. (Presented at the Air Pollution Con-
trol Association, Annual Meeting, 65th, Miami, Fla., June 18-
22, 1972, Paper 72-92.)
The Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District utilizes
three different but related control rules for the control of par-
ticulate emissions. First, highly visible effluent plumes such as
smoke and submicron particulates are controlled by two rules
which complement each other. A particulate matter control
rule has been developed to restrict the concentration of par-
ticulate matter in the effluent in grains/standard cu ft of dry
gas. This rule establishes a decreasing allowable grain loading
with increasing effluent volume. The volume is calculated as
dry gas at standard conditions. The other particulate matter
control rule limits the mass emission rate in Ib/hr. The mass
emission rate rule requires an increase in collection efficiency
as the weight of materials processed in a specific operation in-
creases. (Author abstract)
65225
Curran, Thomas C. and William F. Hunt
INTERPRETATION OF AIR QUALITY DATA WITH
RESPECT TO THE NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
STANDARDS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pitt-
sburgh, Pa., 14p., 1974. 7 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution
Control Association, Annual Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo., June
9-13, 1974, Paper 74-78.)
The problem of interpreting air quality data with respect to the
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) is
presented for those responsible for evaluating compliance with
the NAAQS. A series of diverse topics that relate to frequent
questions concerning the comparison of air quality data with
the standards is examined. Basic conventions regarding signifi-
ant features are indicated as well as more detailed discussions
concerning the averaging times employed in comparing air
quality data with particular standards. The distinction is made
between two general categories of standards: annual mean
standards and once-per- year standards. Conventions concern-
ing the determination of compliance for both types of stan-
dards are discussed as well as statistical factors affecting in-
ferences made in these evaluations. In particular, the influence
of sampling frequency upon the results is examined. Recom-
mendations are made concerning each major point and the
relative merits of these suggestions are indicated. (Author ab-
stract modified)
65241
Hovey, Harry H., Howard C. Jones, and William N. Stasiuk
DEVELOPMENT OF SHORT-TERM AIR QUALITY STAN-
DARDS FOR SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER IN
NEW YORK STATE. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
Pittsburgh, Pa., 22p., 1974. 9 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollu-
tion Control Association Annual Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo.,
June 9-13, 1974, Paper 74-102.)
The development of short-term air quality standards for
suspended particulate matter in New York State is described.
The Clean Air Act of 1970 requires each state to submit plans
for implementation, maintenance, and enforcement of National
Ambient Air Quality Standards subsequent to promulgation.
Air quality standards for averaging times shorter than 1 yr are
needed to shorten the time required to show contravention and
to provide a basis for early corrective measures to regulate
specific sources. Daily suspended particulate data was
analyzed by the Kolgomorov-Smirnov method goodness-of-fit
technique to determine that the form of the distribution was
log normal. A method developed by Larsen for predicting
short-term maximum concentrations of log normally dis-
tributed data was used to determine numerical values for 1, 2,
and 3-month standards. A graphical approach was also used
with equivalent results. Monthly, bi-monthly, and tri-monthly
suspended particulate standards of 125 micrograms/cu m, 110
micrograms/cu m, and 100 micrograms/cu m, respectively are
proposed for the most extensively developed areas of New
York State and correspondingly lower values for other areas.
The methods are generally applicable to other air contami-
nants. (Author abstract modified)
67829
Office of Air and Waste Management, Research Triangle Park,
N. C., Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON NATIONAL EMISSION
STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS -
PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO STANDARDS FOR
ASBESTOS AND MERCURY (FINAL REPORT). Rept. EPA-
450/2-74-009a, 149p., Oct. 1974. SO refs. -VTIS: PB 237169/AS
The rationale for proposed amendments to the national emis-
sion standards for asbestos and mercury that were promul-
gated April 6, 1973 is presented along with the economic and
environmental impacts of such amendments. Summaries of
proposed amendments concerning asbestos are given for
operations involving manufacturing (shotgun shell manufacture
and asphalt concrete plants), demolition and renovation, fabri-
cation, and asbestos waste disposal. A proposed amendment
relating to mercury emissions from sludge incineration and
drying facilities is also summarized. The proposed amend-
ments to the asbestos and mercury standards will have signifi-
cant beneficial effects by reducing emissions to the outside
air, although they may also have limited adverse effects on
land and water resources. The use of dust suppression agents
to prevent wind erosion of asbestos waste may cause water
pollution, and alternative disposal methods to the incineration
of wastewater treatment plant sludges may cause mercury pol-
lution of land and water. Estimated economic impacts are out-
lined for each type of affected facility.
69106
Office of Air and Waste Management, Research Triangle Park,
N. C., Emission Standards and Engineering Div.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR STANDARDS OF PER-
FORMANCE: ELECTRIC SUBMERGED ARC FURNACES
FOR PRODUCTION OF FERROALLOYS. VOLUME 1:
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76
PARTICIPATES AND AIR POLLUTION
PROPOSED STANDARDS (FINAL REPORT). Kept. EPA-
450/2-74n018a, 163p., Oct. 1974. 123 refs. NTIS: PB 23741 I/AS
Background information for proposed standards of per-
formance for electric submerged arc furnaces in the ferroalloy
industry are presented in connection with formal proposals ap-
pearing in the Federal Register. Topics covered include:
processes and emissions from the ferroalloy industry;
proposed mass standards and opacity standards; emission con-
trol technology involving open furnaces, semi-enclosed fur-
naces, sealed furnaces, and control of fumes during tapping;
environmental effects in relation to air, water, solid waste pol-
lution, and energy considerations; procedures for developing
standards; data for substantiating standards; economic inforr
mation, including control costs and economic impact; alterna-
tive standards for paniculate matter, carbon monoxide, and
visible emissions; and enforcement aspects of proposed stan-
dards, including emission monitoring. Data are given for esti-
mated ground level particulate concentrations caused by sub-
merged arc ferroalloy furnaces at various downwind distances
as well as for emission rate comparisons between controlled
and uncontrolled furnaces.
69115
Office of Air and Waste Management, Research Triangle Park,
N. C., Emission Standards and Engineering Div.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR STANDARDS OF PER-
FORMANCE: COAL PREPARATION PLANTS. VOLUME 1:
PROPOSED STANDARDS (FINAL REPORT). Rept. EPA
450/2-74-021a, 58p., Oct. 1974. 7 refs. NTIS: PB 237421/AS
Proposed standards of performance for coal preparation plants
(both wet cleaning and dry cleaning systems) are presented.
The proposed standards limit emissions of participates (includ-
ing visible emissions) from the following sources: thermal
driers, pneumatic coal-cleaning equipment (air tables), coal
processing and conveying equipment (including breakers and
crushers), screening equipment, coal storage, coal transfer
points, and coal loading facilities. The standards apply at the
point(s) where undiluted gases are discharged from the air pol-
lution control system or from the affected facility if no air pol-
lution control system is utilized. Particulate matter from ther-
mal driers would be limited to no more than 0.070 g/dry stan-
dard cu m and less than 30% opacity, while particulates from
pneumatic coal-cleaning equipment would be limited to no
more than 0.040 g/dry standard cu m and less than 20% opaci-
ty. Particulate matter from other affected facilities would be
limited to less than 20% opacity. Background information on
the following topics is also provided; process description,
emissions and methods of control, existing air pollution stan-
dards, the rationale for proposed standards, and the environ-
mental and economic impacts of the proposed standards.
73011
Dept. of Commerce, Washington, D. C., Environmental
Affairs Div.
IMPLICATIONS OF AIR NON-DEGRADATION POLICIES
ON CLEAN AIR REGIONS: A CASE STUDY OF THE DAL-
LAS-FORT WORTH AQCR (215). 68p., May 1974. 2 refs.
NTIS: COM-74-11438
Baseline and potential air pollution (sulfur dioxide and particu-
lates) from industrial and area source emissions in the ^
Fort Worth Air Quality Control Region are examined in terms
of projected growth patterns and proposed alternative non-
degradation air quality criteria. Baseline 1972 SO2 concentra-
tions in the area are well below the 60 microgram/cu m annual
secondary standard, with the largest concentration being.10
micrograms/cu m. Calculated annual particulate averages (3-5
micrograms/cu m) are much lower than measured values (a-
100 micrograms/cu m) due to natural background dust in Uus
area. Area sources contribute nearly 60% of the total emitted
particulates and SO2 emissions, and control of these sources is
essential to maintaining or improving air quality. Annual
average SO2 concentrations are projected to increase by about
8 micrograms/cu m by 1990, assuming present fuel use pat-
terns and the best available control technology. Within this
two decade time frame, the proposed SO2 increment of 15
micrograms/cu m is not expected to be reached; hence, growth
of the population or industry will not be limited. Unless natu-
ral background contributions of particulates are excluded from
calculations, the ambient air concentration limits of Environ-
mental Protection Agency or Sierra Club plans preclude ap-
preciable growth in the area. (Author summary modified)
77997
Pace, Thompson G., Ill and Walter H. Stevenson
THE NATIONAL STATUS OF AIR POLLUTION BY TOTAL
SUSPENDED PARTICULATES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
FOR CONTROL. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pitt-
sburgh, Pa., 19p., 1975. 20 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution
Control Association, Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June
15-20, 1975, Paper 75-25.1.)
An overview of the attainment status of the National Ambient
Air Quality Standards for particulate matter is presented.
Major problems related to the attainment of particulate stan-
dards include conventional stationary and mobile sources, high
urban background concentrations, and rural fugitive dust
problems. The urban background problems are being ex-
perienced in many areas of the United States and are as-
sociated with particulate emissions from tire and pavement
wear, windblown dust, street dust caused by traffic flow, and
construction activities. The rural problems are associated with
farm land dust and unpaved roads and generally occur in the
arid southwestern states. As conventional stationary sources
continue to reduce particulate emissions, it may be necessary
for future control efforts to be redirected toward fugitive dust
sources. (Author abstract modified)
82784
Walsh, George" W.
EMISSION STANDARDS FOR PARTICULATES. J. Air Pollu-
tion Control Assoc., 25(2):101-102, Feb. 1975.
New Source Performance Standards for stationary sources are
discussed in relation to thee problem of fine particulate con-
trol. Although performance standards tend to accomplish the
goal of fine particulate control indirectly by being written
stringent enough for total particulate control, there is
nevertheless a limit beyond which such standards cannot go
without a formal regulatory effort to control fine particulates.
The establishment of such a regulatory problem requires that
the present ability to predict collector performance be signifi-
cantly improved.
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77
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
31849
Reilly, William, Clemens A. Lazenka, and Fredrick Voigt
PHILADELPHIA S EXPERIENCE IN THE CONTROL OF
EMISSIONS FROM ASBESTOS SPRAY FIREPROOFING
OPERATIONS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pitt-
sburgh, Pa., 32p., 1971. 7 rets. (Presented at the Air Pollution
Control Association, Annual Meeting, 64th Atlantic City, N. J.,
June 27-JuIy 2, 1971, Paper 71-52.)
The multiple environmental health problems associated with
the use of asbestos spray fireproofing and the administrative
and legal steps taken by Philadelphia to control this problem
are described. Medical studies documented a correlation
between exposure to asbestos and mesothelioma. With this
evidence, medical experts recommended zero emission from
the use of asbestos as fireproofing for structural steel mem-
bers in construction work. The Air Management Services
worked with the construction industry in attempts to control
the emissions from the spraying and related construction
operations. This included the use of several types (fibrous and
cementitious forms) of asbestos spray material and detailed
procedures for the spraying operations covering methods for
enclosures, mixing, clean up, disposal, and worker protection.
It was also announced that no permits would be issued for the
spraying of asbestos unless it could be demonstrated that it
could be fully controlled. Another parallel and difficult
problem is the demolition of buildings which contain apprecia-
ble quantities of asbestos construction or insulating materials.
In these cases, control should be 100% containment of visible
emissions. New demolition procedures must be developed to
achieve this result. (Author abstract modified)
33474
Wilson, Edward F. and William Reilly
ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES. Preprint, Air Pollution Con-
trol Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 16p., 1971. 3 refs. (Presented at the
Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlan-
tic City, N. J., June 27-July 2, 1971, Paper 71-6.)
In the Fall of 1969, Philadelphia adopted an Air Management
Code, a broad-based enabling act with an expanded set of
definitions giving broad administrative and enforcement
powers to the Department of Health, Licenses and Inspec-
tions, and Law and extensive regulatory authority to the Air
Pollution Control Board. The philosophy of the enforcement
procedure is to obtain compliance with the standards of the
Air Management Code and Regulations through the develop-
ment and implementation of improvement programs. If this ap-
proach is not successful, the full line of enforcement actions
can be brought to bear, including municipal court action and
fines, orders, license revocation, sealing:of equipment, and
common pleas court action in the form of an injunction or
restraining order. Air Management Services initiates enforce-
ment actions only when it is determined thai other types of ad-
ministrative remedies will not accomplish the job. In all cases
where it is appropriate, industrial and commercial companies
with responsive management are given ample opportunity to
develop improvement programs. Because of the flexibility pro-
vided by the Air Management Code and the fact that the En-
forcement Procedures are designed to maintain and utilize this
flexibility, Air Management Services has the capability to
choose the course of action which will give the maximum
result with minimum dislocation and resource requirement.
(Author abstract modified)
37348
Lawyer, R. E. and C. G. Beard, II
WEST VIRGINIA S NEW CONCEPT IN REGULATING PAR-
TICULATE MATTER FROM MANUFACTURING PROCESS.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 22(2): 96-99, Feb. 1972.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association Meeting,
Annual, 64th, Atlantic City, N. J., Paper 71-18.)
The regulation (Regulation VII) limiting the emission of solid
and liquid particulate matter from manufacturing processes in
West Virginia is based on a modified process weight standard.
The modification is manifested in a duplicate source concept
with several allowable emission rate curves for different indus-
trial categories rather than the conventional unit approach with
a single curve. Any combination of like units within a plant is
defined as a duplicate source, and the combined process
weight of all units comprising a duplicate source is used to
enter the process weight table for determination of the total al-
lowable emission from all such units. The allowable emission
rate from each individual unit is then determined by prorating
the total emission by the appropriate process weight ratios. To
avoid undue restrictions on industrial growth, the regulation
includes an expansion formula for determining the emission
rate for a new addition to a controlled existing plant. The
duplicate source concept is expected to minimize the economic
inequity between competing industries with regard to air pollu-
tion control.
44804
Ports, Kenneth N. and David W. Jones
TEXAS EXPERIENCE IN INTEGRATING LOCAL, RE-
GIONAL AND STATE PROGRAMS FOR EFFECTIVE AIR
POLLUTION CONTROL ACTIONS. Preprint, Air Pollution
Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 24p., 1972. (Presented at the
Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 65th, Miami
Fla., June 18-22, 1972, Paper 72-41.)
The necessity of planning for effective air pollution control is
emphasized, and the unique characteristics of air pollution
control and management problems in Texas are described. The
experiences of the Texas Air Pollution Control Services in in-
tegrating local, regional, and State programs are related. As a
solution to problems, an implementation planning office
responsible for development, coordination, and collation of the
plan was established. Local programs were analyzed through
the use of planning conferences to define critical areas of in-
terfacing and reach a final agreement of the primacy of func-
tions This initial contact started activities in the right direction
and ultimately a comprehensive chart was produced formaliz-
ing salient functional areas. The staffing of the 12 Air Quality
Control Regions played a major role in providing satisfactory
interfacing between the different levels of management and
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78
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
control. This coupled with the establishment of a source sur-
veillance system, provided local and regional control officials
with data concerning the enforcement activities and the central
office with planning, management, and supervisory data. In-
terstate cooperation was formalized through planning con-
ferences involving New Mexico, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and
Louisiana. International cooperation is presently on an ex-of-
ficio basis, but the coordination between technical personnel
at the working level on both sides of the border is accelerat-
ing. Thus the local, regional, and State programs were inter-
grated effectively by the Texas Air Control Program. (Author
abstract modified)
45861
Blair, Roger
KENTUCKY S AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EXPERIENCE
WITH THE ROAD PAVING INDUSTRY. Preprint, Air Pollu-
tion Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 16p., 1972. (Presented at
the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 65th,
Miami, Fla., June 18-22, 1972, Paper 72-86.)
Kentucky s experience with the road paving industry and
methods devised to implement air pollution control regula-
tions, are presented. The first step was a seminar which
presented an accurate picture of air pollution control laws and
regulations are they applied to an asphalt batch plant with spe-
cial emphasis on the permit regulation and the particulate
emissions regulation for process operations. It outlined en-
forcement activities and emphasized what the owner could ex-
pect in terms of inspections and legal activities as a result of
those inspections. The internal procedures followed in evaluat-
ing various types of applications and guidelines for the plants
to follow towards compliance with the regulations were given.
As many as 50% plants and about 90% of the asphalt concrete
production plants were represented at the seminar. By follow-
ing the guidelines for both quarries and asphalt plants, plants
can device a control system for compliance, and an agency
can standardize its evaluations procedures. The guidelines con-
sidered the following aspects: haul roads, stockpiles, settling
ponds, control equipment, fugitive dust sources, drilling and
blasting sites, and evaluation techniques. The total program
emphasized more effective control equipment. As a con-
sequence, venturi scrubbers and a number of baghouses were
installed. Since March 27, 1972, was established as the
deadline for compliance with the emission limitations for
process operations, it was proposed to issue cease and desist
orders to individuals who have not filed a permit to operate to
issue notices of charges against any individual operating
without a permit or having emissions in excess of those stipu-
lated, and to notify the Commissioner of Highways of those
firms in violation of the regulations and request that no con-
tracts be accepted with them. As result of this approach, more
than 77% of the plants currently in operation have compiled,
or are in the process of complying with regulations. Although
the approach concerns two specific industries, the basic princi-
ples are applicable to other industries as well. This type of
seminar and industry-wide approach are highly beneficial to in-
dustries and air pollution control agencies faced with similar
problems. (Author conclusions modified)
53491
Hemeon, Wesley C. L.
A CRITICAL REVIEW OF REGULATIONS FOR THE CON-
TROL OF PARTICULATE EMISSIONS. J. Air Pollution Con-
trol Assoc., 23(5):376-387, May 1973. 25 refs.
Regulations for the control of particulate emissions are criti-
cally reviewed. The design of present emission standards
began with the Los Angeles rules of 1949 based on a survey of >
industries in the region and on engineering consideration ol'
what was feasible for those industries to comply with, in
of commercially available gas cleaning equipment. The
Air Act of 1967 was based on another California Act
required the development of an ambient air quality standard'
and the measurement of existing concentrations of pollutants-."
This system was unworkable because it required states to
develop emission regulations either by measurement of ah51'
quality or by data on existing emissions or both. The 1970
Amendments to the Clean Air Act require states to establish
and operate appropriate devices, methods, systems arid
procedures necessary to monitor, compile, and analyze data
on ambient quality. The number of samples and sampling sta-
tions are among the provisions not specified. There is no
evidence that health is impaired by air pollutants, yet the 1970
Amendments provide that primary ambient air quality stan-
dards are those requisite to protect the public health, seconda-
ry standards are to protect the public against sensory air pollu-
tion offenses. The methods advocated by the Environmental
Protection Agency for measurement of particulate matter in
ambient air are an integral part of air pollution regulations.
The EPA does not recognize the sampling techniques of the
American Society of Testing Materials and the American
Society of Mechanical Engineers although their techniques
produce the same results as the modified EPA train that the
EPA specifies be used.
59578
Pooler, Francis, Jr.
NETWORK REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ST. LOUIS RE-
GIONAL AIR POLLUTION STUDY. J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc., 24(3):228-231, March 1974. 8 refs. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 66th, Chicago,
III., June 1973, Paper 73-160.)
Criteria determining siting requirements for a monitoring net-
work are briefly reviewed, together with the modelling and
other objectives of the Regional Air Pollution Study. The sche-
matic layout of sites proposed for St. Louis is described and
discussed in terms of the conflicting requirements of extended
regional coverage vs. close spacing of sites to achieve desired
spatial resolution. More detailed criteria for selection of
specific sampling locations within the general network layout
are described. These depend on both physical features in the
immediate vicinity of proposed locations, and on the locations
of both near and distant sources. There were 25 sites selected
which will measure carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen
oxides, sulfur dioxide, free particulates, and such meteorologi-
cal parameters as wind, temperature, moisture, turbulence,
and solar and sky radiations. (Author abstract modified)
62309
Kennedy, A. S., K. G. Croke, T. E. Baldwin, and R. L.
Reisenweber
AIR POLLUTION/LAND USE PLANNING PROJECT
VOLUME I. SELECTED LAND USE CONTROL POLICIES
FOR AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT. Argonne National Lab.,
Argonne, III., Center for Environmental Studies, Office of Air
and Water Programs, Interagency Agreement Environmental
Protection Agency-IAG-0159(D), Rept. EPA-450/3-74-028-a,
46p., May 1973.
Alternative means for the control of high emission source
clustering were investigated in order to meet and maintain ara^
bient air quality standards called for by the Clean Air Act of
1970, specifically, nondegradation of air quality presently
better than the national standards. Three policies were con-
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L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
79
sidered: air pollution impact statements; zoning control in two
forms, permitted use zoning and emission density limited zon-
ing; and the prediction of air pollution impacts of comprehen-
sive regional land use plans. The source clustering problem in
the Chicago area was studied specifically in relation to the ef-
fectiveness of the three investigated control strategies. An im-
pact statement policy can be based on the two diget SIC clas-
sification. Emission density zoning is an effective long range
control and is no more costly than point source control, as-
suming a stable zoning process. Deterioration in air quality is
predictable and controlled virtually by the definition of the
density limitation. Comprehensive planning as a control
mechanism depends on: the stability of the plan over time; the
ability of public administrators to implement the plan; and the
ability of planners to forecast the air quality effects of land
use decisions and policies and to rank land use. (Author ab-
stract modified)
65205
Hougland, Erik S. and N. Thomas Stephens
AIR POLLUTANT MONITOR SITING BY ANALYTICAL
TECHNIQUES. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pitt-
sburgh, Pa., 15p., 1974. 3 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution
Control Association Annual Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo., June
9-13, 1974, Paper 74-49.)
A source oriented monitor site location model providing moni-
tor site assignments designed to maximize monitor coverage of
a region within existing equipment limitations is presented. It
gives priority to areas with high emission levels and high con-
centrations without neglecting weaker sources. The method is
easy to use and inexpensive in computer resources. It is
limmited by the necessity to use a discrete set of potential
sites. A model which can choose from the continuous set of
points of a map is required. The sensitivity of the model to
input parameters such as the number of wind directions and
the spacing of potential monitor sites needs to be examined in
detail. Refinements in the calculation of coverage factors
needs to be made. Work on these items is currently in
progress. Results of an example problem are presented and
compared with a monitoring network already in place. (Author
summary modified)
65227
Faith, W. L.
AN EVALUATION OF FUGITIVE DUST REGULATIONS.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 16p.,
1974. 3 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association,
Annual Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo., June 9-13, 1974, Paper
74-80.)
The nature of fugitive dust regulations in the various states,
many of which are based at least to some degree on the
Federal example regulation in Appendix B of 40CFR Part 51,
is discussed. The Federal example calls for reasonable precau-
tions to be taken to control fugitive dust and cities suitable
control procedures for various sources. Many states have
adopted these regulations in whole or in part. Many have made
the regulation more definitive by requiring that emissions
beyond the property line of the source be invisible or meet a
specific opacity limitation, particle size, or number limitation,
or not exceed the ambient air quality standard for paniculate
matter. The attempt to make the regulation more definite often
has created more problems than it has solved. Inasmuch as fu-
gitive dust problems are highly Icoalized, it is likely that
across-the-board regulations may not be suitable. Specific
regulations should be written for those sources of greatest im-
portance in a given state. If across-the- board regulations are
desired, the Federal example regulation without added numeri-
cal limitations is the best approach.
67958
Gerstle, Richard W. and Donald J. Henz
ADMINISTRATIVE AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF
SOURCE SAMPLING FOR PARTICULATES (FINAL RE-
PORT). PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc., Cincinnati,
Ohio, Office of Air and Waste Management Contract CPA 70-
124, Rept. EPA-450/3-74-047, 88p., Aug. 1974. IS rcls. NTIS:
PB 203502
The technical and administrative aspects of establishing a
source-sampling program for particulates within an air pollu-
tion control agency are presented. Topics considered include:
functions of the source-sampling unit, regulations required to
conduct source sampling, legal use of source-sampling infor-
mation, the organization and administration of a source- sam-
pling unit, preliminary procedures required for conducting a
stack test, measurement of stack gas velocity and related
parameters, determination of isokinetic sampling rates, no-
nideal sampling conditions, particulate sampling equipment,
sampling procedures, disassembly and particulate clean-out
procedures, particulate analysis, test report format and presen-
tation of results, and the significance of errors in source
sampling. Appendices are provided to illustrate nomographs
for use with sampling trains, the cleaning of train components,
and orifice calibration procedures.
68398
Holston, Richard M. and Bernard J. Schroer
EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF NEW INDUSTRY ON A
CITY S PARTICULATE LEVELS. Preprint, Air Pollution Con-
trol Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 19p., 1974. 3 refs. (Presented at the
Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 67th,
Denver, Colo., 1974.)
An urban diffusion model known as the Air Quality Display
Model (AQDM) was used to determine the impact of locating
new industry in two industrial parks on particulate dispersion
in the Huntsville, Alabama area. Source area, meteorological
data, and receptor data were used as input; and the primary
output of the model was the computed ground level concentra-
tion at each of the grid and non-grid receptors. The model was
run with a number of increase emission estimates at each of
the two industrial parks to study the impact of new industry
on particulate concentrations. Stack heights were assumed to
be zero; therefore, the emissions were not dispersed over a
wide area. The maximum particulate emissions from both
parks acceptable in terms of not exceeding the annual federal
standard of 75 micrograms/cu m were estimated at a total of
40 tons. The maximum 24-hour concentration necessary for
emissions to reach 40 tons from both parks was estimated to
be 160 micrograms/cu m. Subsequent programming modifica-
tions incorporated into the model included the addition of
wind rose data for four major metropolitan areas in the state
and the addition of an optional method of computing the
plume rise using the Brigg s equation.
70849
Lafleur, R. J.
A RATIONAL AIR POLLUTION SURVEILLANCE NET-
WORK DESIGN. Preprint, North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society, Expert Panel
on Air Pollution Modeling, 15p., 1974. 3 refs. (Presented at the
Expert Panel on Air Pollution Modeling, 5th Meeting, Roskilde,
Denmark, June 4-6, 1974.)
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80
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
The application of dispersion modeling to the design of an air
pollution surveillance network is discussed. The design of an
air pollution surveillance network is possible with the aid of
two complementary tools: the emission inventory and the
dispersion model. Simple climatological models are capable of
providing reliable information for the design of networks and
can operate within the constraints of such a network, provid-
ing the pollutants under consideration are limited to sulfur
dioxide and particulates. Implementation of such models for
these pollutants is recommended. Research on the develop-
ment of similar simple models for the dispersion of automotive
and photochemical pollutants is also suggested. The stages in
the design of an air pollution surveillance network are: the
identification of areas in need of surveillance; identification of
the pollutants present and the type and number of monitors
necessary; the determination of general locations for monitor-
ing stations, followed by the determination of actual monitor-
ing locations according to physical constraints; the selection
and design of actual equipment installations; the establishment
of operating and maintenance procedures; the establishment of
data collection, handling, and reporting procedures: and the
evaluation of overall network design after a reasonable trial
period, with the implementation of appropriate revisions.
75507
Abcor, Inc., Cambridge, Mass., Walden Research Div.
MODELING ANALYSIS OF POWER PLANTS FOR EVALUA-
TION OF IMPACT OF AMBIENT SO2 CONCENTRATIONS.
MIDLAND-ODESSA-SAN ANGELO AQCR 218. Office of Air
and Waste Management Contract, 26p., March 1975. 3 refs.
Diffusion modeling analyses of sulfur dioxide emissions from
five thermal power plants located in the Midland-Odessa-San
Angelo Air Quality Control Region (Texas) are presented as
part of an effort to determine the air quality impact of such
operations in the face of possible changes in fuel use and com-
pliance schedule extensions. Emissions under both nominal
and maximum loads from each of the five plants result in con-
tributions to ambient air concentrations which by themselves
do not exceed the primary 24-hour and annual SO2 air quality
standards. The ratio of the ambient SO2 concentration to the
emission rate for a given plant in micrograms/cu m per g/sec
ranges from 0.48-2.3 and 0.31-1.6 for nominal and maximum
loads, respectively, on maximum concentration days and from
0.053-0.43 for the maximum annual concentration. These
values indicate the relative pollution potential for each plant
which is primarily a function of stack design as well as sur-
rounding terrain features.
75521
GEOMET, Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.
MODELING OF THE IMPACT OF POWER PLANTS ON AM-
BIENT SO2 CONCENTRATIONS IN NORTHEAST ARKAN-
SAS AQCR 20 (FINAL REPORT). Office of Air and Waste
Management Contract 68-02-1483, Rept. 420, 22p., Dec. 1974. 6
refs.
Diffusion modeling analyses of sulfur dixoide emissions from
three thermal power plants located in the Northeast Arkansas
Air Quality Control Region are presented as part of an effort
to determine the air quality impact of changes in fuel use and
state implementation plans in the face of limited fuel availabili-
ty. Emissions under either nominal or maximum load condi-
tions at each plant produce contributions to ambient SO2 con-
centrations which do not exceed the Federal 24-hour air quali-
ty standard. Emissions from each plant under nominal load
conditions do not result in the annual average standard being
exceeded. The values of the ratio of the ambient SO2 concen-
tration to the emission rate of a given plant, in micrograms/cu
m per g/sec, ranged from 0.14-0.72 and 0.10-0.58 for nominal
and maximum loads, respectively, on maximum concentration
days and from 0.0084-0.065 for the maximum annual average
concentration. These values indicate the relative pollution
potential of each plant. (Author conclusions modified) ,
75576
GEOMET, Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.
MODELING OF THE IMPACT OF POWER PLANTS ON AM-
BIENT SO2 CONCENTRATIONS IN LAKE MICHIGAN
AQCR 237. Office of Air and Waste Management Contract 68-
02-1483, Rept. EF-366, 21p., Nov. 1974. 6 refs.
Diffusion modeling analyses of sulfur dioxide emissions from
the J. P. Pulliam and Edgewater thermal power plants located
in the Lake Michigan Air Quality Control Region (Wisconsin)
are presented as part of an effort to determine the air quality
impact of such operations in the face of possible changes in
fuel use and compliance schedule extensions. Sulfur dioxide
levels resulting from emissions from each plant under nominal
load conditions do not exceed the 24-hour or maximum annual
air quality standards. Emissions under maximum load condi-
tions at the J. P. Pulliam plant result in contributions to am-
bient air concentrations which by themselves exceed the 24-
hour standard, while those from the Edgewater plant do not
cause the 24-hour standard to be exceeded. The values for the
ratio of the ambient SO2 concentration to the emission rate of
the plants in micrograms/cu m per g/sec are 0.24 and 0.08
under nominal load and 0.23 and 0.10 under maximum load for
the Pulliam and Edgewater plants, respectively, on maximum
concentration days. The values for the maximum annual con-
centration are 0.023 and 0.030 for the Pulliam and Edgewater
plants respectively. These values indicate the relative pollution
potential of the plants.
77084
Norco, Jay E., Roger K. Raufer, and Phillip A. Roberts
THE AIR QUALITY AND ENERGY IMPLICATIONS OF
SUPPLEMENTARY CONTROL SYSTEM IMPLEMENTA-
TION. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
13p., 1975. 11 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control As-
sociation, Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June 15-20,
1975, Paper 75-29.5.)
The implementation of supplementary control systems as an
interim measure for attaining air quality standards in the near
term until sufficient stack gas scrubbing devices are available
for sulfur dioxide control is discussed with particular reference
to the electrical power production industry in Illinois. A sup-
plementary control system is a program that incorporates real-
time monitoring of stack emissions, meteorological conditions,
and air quality with a numerical scheme for determining cur-
rent and future ambient air quality in the vicinity of a specific
source. Thus, when selected levels of ambient air quality are
obtained or forecasted, specific emission reduction activities
can be undertaken. The use of supplementary control systems
for the primary power plant condidates would account for ap-
proximately one-fourth of the 1975 Illinois coal production and
half of the coal which remains in the state. Without the sup-
plementary controls, this quantity of coal would be displaced
by low-sulfur western coals, resulting in a severe econqmic
impact on the Illinois coal industry. Furthermore, the added
cost to the utilities would approachh $80 million/yr. (Author
abstract modified)
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L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
81
77098
Rubin, Edward S. and Harold T. Bloom
MAINTENANCE OF AMBIENT PARTICIPATE STAN-
DARDS IN AN INDUSTRIALIZED REGION. Preprint, Air
Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 1975. 16 refs.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual
Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-06.1.)
Modeling studies and air quality data analysis are applied to
the region of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania to assess the
adequacy of existing regulatory policy for attaining secondary
air quality standards in the next decade, during which time lit-
tle regional growth is expected. Under compliance with exist-
ing emission regulations, currently inventoried sources are pro-
jected to contribute about one third of the annual future im-
pacts of fugitive emissions, especially from industrial process
operations, and of background concentrations advected into
the region. Present estimates of the latter impact indicate
values of about 45 to 50 micrograms/cu m, which are about
50% higher than values heretofor assumed for Allegheny
County. It also appears that attainment of short-term standards
may impose the more stringent control requirements, though
definitive assessments of control needs are hampered by in-
adequacies in modeling techniques, source inventories, and
ambient monitoring data. Efforts to upgrade these areas in the
context of intensive local studies are seen as the most im-
mediate need for meaningful air quality maintenance projec-
tions in industrialized regions such as Pittsburgh. (Author ab-
stract)
77995
Keeling, Billy F., Robert J. Schreiber, Jr., and James H. Long
MISSOURI S WORKABLE FUGITIVE DUST REGULATION.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 10p.,
1975. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, An-
nual Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-
25.5.)
The development and implementation of Missouri s fugitive
dust regulation is described, with particular emphasis on its ef-
fectiveness in controlling emissions from industries which do
not readily lend themselves to process weight regulations. The
versatility and ease of application of the regulation is depen-
dent on the use of the microscope to clearly identify the na-
ture and source of the material creating the nuisance. Specific
examples of successful application of the regulation are cited
for rock quarrying operations, the wood products industry,
cotton gins, large grain elevators, and an iron pelletizing
operation. (Author abstract modified)
78130
Lillis, Edward J. and Jean J. Schueneman
CONTINUOUS EMISSION MONITORING: OBJECTIVES
AND REQUIREMENTS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
25(8):804-809, Aug. 1975. 2 refs.
The benefits of the continuous emission monitoring regulations
proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency are
described. The regulations require existing and new sources
within certain specified source categories to install, operate,
and maintain continuous emission monitoring systems. Con-
tinuous emission monitoring provides a full time data base for
both the control agency and the source operator. The systems
permit control agencies: to evaluate nuisance conditions; to
develop a more comprehensive air resource management plan
for the community; to determine the specific emissions of
each major source within the community; and to develop more
accurate relationships between ambient ground level concen-
trations and emission rates. The systems provide process
operators with a tool to assist them in controlling plant operat-
ing conditions so as to achieve minimum emission, improve
operating, efficience, and to reduce costs.
84725
Johnson, Gary L., Maurice P. Schrag, and A. K. Rao
THE FINE PARTICLE EMISSIONS INFORMATION
SYSTEM: A NEW PUBLIC DATA BANK. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc., 26(7):643-646, July 1976.
The Fine Particle Emissions Information System (EPEIS) is a
computerized follow-on of the Fine Particle Emissions Inven-
tory developed by Midwest Research Institute in 1971 as part
of the Particulate Systems Study. A plan to update the 1971 in-
ventory was initiated in July 1974 by the Industrial Environ-
mental Research Laboratory (IERL) at Research Triangle
Park, N. C. By early 1975, the planned update of the Fine Par-
ticle Emissions Inventory was supplanted by the concept of a
computerized information system on fine particle emissions
from stationary sources. The Fine Particle Emissions Informa-
tion System is designed to contain source test data including
particle size distributions; chemical, physical, and bioassay
testing results performed on paniculate samples; design and
performance data on particle control systems applied; process
descriptions of the sources; and descriptions of the sampling
equipment and techniques employed. (Author abstract)
84745
Offen, G. R., J. P. Kesselring, K. Lee, G. Poe, and K. J.
Wolfe
CONTROL OF PARTICULATE MATTER FROM ODL BUR-
NERS AND BOILERS. Acurex Corp., Mountain View, Calif.,
Acrotherm Div., Environmental Protection Agency Contract 68-
02-1318, Rept. EPA-450/3-76-005, 260p., April 1976.
The control of particulate emissions from oil-fired boilers that
are used to generate hot water or steam and furnaces that are
used to provide warm air for space heating is discussed. The
emphasis is on control strategies that can be used by local or
state air pollution control authorities to implement programs
for the attainment or maintenance of national air quality stan-
dards in major urban centers. Building codes, regulations,
combustion additives, fuel composition controls, maintenance
and inspection procedures, emission limits, and many other
pertinent topics are discussed for several categories of sta-
tionary sources.
84753
Bradway, Robert M., Gordon L. Deane, Rebecca C.
Galkiewicz, David A. Lynn, and Frank A. Record
NATIONAL ASSESSMENT OF THE URBAN PARTICULATE
PROBLEM (FINAL REPORT). GCA Corp., Bedford, Mass.,
GCA/Technology Div., Environmental Protection Agency Con-
tract 68-02-1376, Task Order 18, Rept. GCA-TR-76-25-G(l),
Rept. EPA 450/3-76-D24, 200p., July 1976.
A study of the total suspended particulates in 12 U. S. cities is
presented. The effect of various meteorological factors on TSP
concentrations was studied, with emphasis on the ability of
different regions to meet national air quality standards. The
study identified 5 factors that affect attainment and main-
tenance of the TSP ambient standards; 3 general categories of
sources that contribute to the TSP loadings at a given point
(traditional sources such as fuel combustion and waste
disposal; nontraditional sources such as particulates from auto
exhaust and fugitive dust from construction; and natural and
transported particulates), and 2 factors that act to modify the
-------
82 PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
ambient levels measured (meteorology; and the monitoring net- that a broadly supported control effort directed at urban reen-
work configuration and siting). These factors are discussed in . . . , . , . ., ... , , . ,-,,;ninilv con-
detail. The general conclusions include the recognition that the tramed dust and smular non-tnuhtional (not previously
regional-scale burden of transported and secondary particu- trolled) sources will be required in order to meet the present
lates, especially sulfates, must be reduced; and the judgment paniculate standard.
-------
83
N. GENERAL
44753
Lee, Wilbert L. and Arthur C. Stern
THE STACK HEIGHT REQUIREMENTS IMPLICIT IN THE
FEDERAL STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW
STATIONARY SOURCES. Preprint, Air Pollution Control As-
soc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 24p., 1972. 9 refs. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 65th, Miami,
Fla., June 18-20, 1972, Paper 72-89.)
The promulgation of Federal standards of performance for
certain classes of new stationary sources requires that such
sources have minimum stack heights to meet the requirements
of national air quality standards. The determination of
minimum stack height is complicated by the facts that the per-
formance and air quality standards are stated on different
averaging time bases; that the extent of preemption of the as-
similative capacity of the air by any individual source will vary
among jurisdictions and, in some cases, among different geo-
graphic areas of a single jurisdiction; and that some new
sources will be designed to emit appreciably less than the per-
formance standard requirement. However, these complications
can be resolved and equations and charts have been prepared
from which minimum stack height can be selected. (A uthor ab-
stract modified)
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84
AUTHOR INDEX
ABEL M D E-69380, 'E-69434
ACCORTT J I 'B-71974
ADAMS R L *B-65239
AHLQUIST N C C-60291
ALCOCER A D-59409
ALKEZWEENY A J 'C-57150
ALLEN R G E-44643
ALTPETER L L JR 'C-84739
AMICK R S *A-66845
ANDERSON D P B-75891
ANDERSON M K 'A-77667
ANDERSON P L *C-81439
ASARO F C-67035
ATKINS P R C-44805
AUGUSTINE F E *E-77132
AXETELL K JR A-66845, A-69939,
B-65228
B
BABCOCK A W J-67459
BACHMANN J D B-84741
BAILEY K C *J-67908
BAILEY R E E-65180
BAKKE E 'B-75205
BALDWIN T E L-62309
BANDER T J E-69411
BARRETT D H A-77665
BARRETT R E 'A-84716, A-84724,
'A-84764
BARSIC N J A-84760, C-66633
BARTEL M H 'B-53742
BARTLETT P T C-77999
BEARD C G II L-37348
BEARD K V *E-61125
BEDER E C C-75187
BELTZER M 'A-75958, 'C-69097
BENSON A L 'C-65247
BENSON J R 'J-61840
BERNSTEIN D *C-77890
BETHEA R M 'C-77828, C-78510
BICKELHAUPT R E *B-59329, *B-69451,
*F-72264, *F-75975
BIGG E K 'C-58189
BIGGS F F-72967
BIGGS W G 'E-44643
BIRD A N JR *C-53800
BIRKS L S C-54628
BLACKWOOD T R A-84766
BLAIR D N H-84719
BLAIR R 'L-45861
BLANCHARD D C 'F-79318
BLIFFORD I H C-70714, F-64811
BLOOM H T L-77098
BLUMENTHAL D E-84763
BOSCOE G F C-58545
BOUBEL R W 'C-18971, E-77132
BOVE J L C-48175, C-84728
BOYER K W 'A-84726
BRACHACZEK W *C-624I1
BRACHACZEK W W A-71499
BRADSTREET J W *B-79186
BRADWAY R M *L-84753
BRANDT M A-37176
BRENCHLEY D L 'C-79093
BRIGGS G A 'E-72968
BROIDA H P *F-75961
BROOKS E F *C-75187
BRUNS W A E-69380
BURCHARD J K *A-82797
BURCKLE J O C-32433
BURKHALTER P G C-54628
BURR J C C-72399
BURTON R M *C-43288
CAHILL T A A-77664, D-82796, 'E-69919
CALVERT S *B-44940, 'B-75099
CAMANN D E C-67828
CANTRELL B K A-84723, A-84760
CARDINA J A 'A-74251
CARLSON T B C-73065
CARR R C B-84751
CARROLL J J *B-61754
CARTER L D C-84733
CARTER W J III *C-73043
CAVIN D C *B-69153
CHA C Y 'F-68498
CHALEKODE P K 'A-84766
CHAN K C C-68056
CHAN T L C-77890
CHANG S G F-66995
CHARLSON R J 'C-60291, E-84763
CHENG R T B-43203
CHIARO D A *B-26664
CHOCK D P 'E-84740
CHU K J 'E-78078
CHU R R 'A-69504
CLARK D 'B-79180
CLARK T A C-43288
COHEN B L C-68056
COLE C F *E-84767
COLOVOS G *D-74250
CONNER W D 'C-75147
COOPER D W 'B-75891, 'C-60053
CORN M 'B-43203, J-61840
CORRIN M L *F-77879
CORRSIN S F-58890
COSTANZA P B-75092
COUNTESS R J *C-64361, F-70711
COVERT D S C-60291
COWHERD C C JR *A-69976
COWHERD C JR 'A-69939, *A-77700,
*A-84748, *B-54011, 'D-84755
COY D W A-54010, 'B-72300
CRAIG A B 'A-60301
CREED E R 'H-62878
CRIST H L A-57524
CROCKER B B *C-58115
CROKE K G J-62263, L-62309
CROOK J O 'B-63545
CROSS F L JR *A-80648
CROW L W E-44643
CROWE C T B-63039
CTVRTNICEK T E 'A-75944
CUNNINGHAM P T "C-58175
CURRAN T C 'K-65225
GUSHING K M C-75993
D
DAHLMAN R C E-73766
DALEY P S C-84733
DANA M T 'A-84742
DANNIS M L 'A-67993
DAVENPORT S M F-72967
DAVIS B L 'H-84719
DAVIS J A *F-72967
DAVIS W T B-53990, B-77675
DAVISON R L 'A-68038
DE FRANCESCO L B-65262
DE KONING H W C-62855, C-65204
DEAN K C *B-65650
DEANE G L L-84753
DEHNE H C-65540
DEMANDEL R E D-77881
DENNIS R *B-71035, 'B-75117, B-75142
DISMUKES E B *B-75201
DOLAN D F A-84760
DORSEY J A 'C-32433
DOWNING P B 'J-69134
DOYLE A C-69989
DREHMEL D C B-60335, 'B-84729
DUBOIS L C-72974
DUNBAR D R *B-65228
DUNBAR J R B-61754
DUNN T D-82796
DZUBAYTG A-84723, A-84761,
'C-79037
EASTER R C 'E-67890
EASTMENT T J B-44884
EDWARDS H W 'E-73867
EDWARDS W H D-84754
EGAN B A E-84772
EISENBUD M D-81446
ELDRED R A D-82796
ELLESTAD T G A-84723
ENGDAHL R B A-72403, A-84724
ENSOR D S 'A-77664, C-77941
EPSTEIN M 'B-63078, 'B-75965
ETTINGER H J *C-31612, 'C-66826
EVANS C A JR A-68038
EVERSOLE J D F-7596I
FABER J H 'J-67459
FAITH W L 'L-65227
FALGOUT D A C-42984
FAORO R 'D-65200
FARMER W M C-75111
FAURE F 'B-79050
FEENEY P J 'D-82796, E-69919
FEGLEY M J 'C-77941
FELDMAN P L 'A-54010
FELDSTEIN M D-65199
FENNELLY P F 'A-77351
FENTON D L 'F-84718
FINDLEY C E *C-44757
FIRST M W 'B-65263, 'B-82795, B-84775
FISHMAN B D 'B-66681
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
85
FITZJARRALD D E 'E-55295
FLEGAL C A C-75187
FLETCHER R A A-84759
FLOCCHINI R G D-82796
FLOYD J R "C-84752
FOLEY G J B-5752I, J-65236
FORDYCE J S C-72399, D-78617
FORTMAN R J B-79186
FRANCIS F J *B-44638
FRANCIS N L B-72280
FRANCONERI P A-77703
FRANKENBERG T T A-72403
FRASER M D *B-57521, 'B-77680,
•J-65236
FRAUENFELDER A 'B-59607
FRIEDLANDER S K *A-47139, A-54321,
•B-56046, C-84722, E-69084
FRISCH N W B-72300
FROHLIGER J O C-68056
FUCHS N A F-58474
FUNKHOUSER J T "C-69989
G
GALKIEWICZ R C L-84753
GANLEY J T 'A-60240
GARRETT R B C-66821
GATZ D F 'E-60279
GEORGE H F 'B-57700
GERBER W D C-75084
GERSTLE R W *L-67958
GIAMMAR R D *A-84724
GIAUQUE R D «C-66821
GIEVER P C-69989
GILFRICH J V "C-54628
GILLETTE D A F-64811
GILLIES D K A E-56092
GILMORE T M *D-77627
GIVENS R L B-61754
GLANTZ M W B-65650
GODA L Y C-66821
GODDARD W B B-61754
GOLDSHMID J B-44940
GONSER B B-67832
GOOCH i P B-69981, B-72202, 'B-72280,
•B-75949
GORDON R J *C-60381
GORMAN P G A-75141, C-35266
GOULDING F S *C-69999
GOVAN F A *A-44621
GRAMS G W 'F-64811
GRAVATT C C JR 'C-82794
GRAVENHORST G C-58495
GRECO J B-67994
GREGORY C J A-54634
GRONHOVD G H B-45066
GROVER S N E-61125
GRUBER C W 'C-65229
GRZYWINSKI R J *B-81267
GUENTHER C D-84755
GUENTHER C M A-69939, A-69976
GUIDA K 'B-65901
GUNN R A B-82792
GUSSMAN R A 'C-42986
H
HAENEL G 'C-58495
HAGEN L J 'A-54087, "E-51856
HAGGARD S J H-84719
HALL F P JR E-58159
HALL H J 'B-72281
HALL R E A-84716
HALLOWELL J B-67832
HAMIL H F 'C-67828
HANNA B E E-84767
HANNA S R 'E-62089
HANNA T R D-77627
HANSMA P K F-75961
HARE C T 'A-76000
HARKER A B F-66995
HARMS G C-65229
HARRINGTON R E *G-71966
HARRIS D B C-65540, *C-84738
HARRISON H E-59613
HAUPTMAN F R C-44700
HAVENS R B-65650
HEDLEY W H *F-70407
HEIN J C-62549
HEISLER S L *A-54321
HELLAND J O B-53742
HEMEON W C L *L-53491
HENDERSON J S *B-79179
HENLEY D C 'F-66488
HENZ D J L-67958
HERRARA N C-60276
HERRICK R A 'C-68097
HERSH S *B-84751
HESS L L B-77279
HIDY G M 'D-59409
HILL A C D-84754
HIMMELSTEIN L C-44700
HINDMAN E E II »A-78512
HINDS W C B-65263, B-82795
HINES L E C-79037
HOBBS P V A-78512, *E-59613, E-67890
HOBSON M J 'B-82793
HOLSTON R M *L-68398
HOOPES G S F-70711
HOUGLAND E S *L-65205
HOVEY H H 'K-65241
HOVIND E L E-44643
HOWARD J N C-43288
HU J N A-37176
HUDSON J A 'B-67994
HUDSON J L E-73103
HUGHES J M B-77930, 'B-82792
HULL A P 'B-60214
HUNT W F K-65225
HUNTINGTON R L 'B-54531
HURLEY J F B-84751
HUSAR J D A-84723, A-84759
HUSAR R B A-54321, A-84723, A-84759,
E-84763
HUTCHESON M R «E-58159
HWANG J Y *C-30707
IDSO S B
IINOYA K
ILORI T A
IMADA M
IVEY L R
IZUMI N
"E-67179
«B-77677
F-60258
D-59409
*C-44872
B-77677
J AEROSOL SCI C-70714
JAASUND S A B-60223
JACKO R B 'A-77929, B-79050
JACKSON J O C-32257
JACKSON M L 'C-44881
JAENICKE R *C-70714
JAFFE R J 'F-65573
JAKLEVIC J M C-69999
JANOSO R P 'B-65240
JHAVERI N C B-75099
JOHANSEN R W A-84717
JOHN W 'C-84737
JOHNSON G L 'L-84725
JOHNSON J L 'C-62595
JOHNSON L R H-84719
JOHNSON S A C-58175
JONES D W L-44804
JONES H C 'E-72958, K-65241
JONES J R 'A-52200
JORDEN R M A-65181
JUTZE G A A-69939, B-65228
K
KAAKINEN J W *A-65181
KALIKA P W *C-77999
KAPLAN L 'A-77703
KARNEY J D-59409
KASAHARA M 'F-8473I
KEELING B F 'L-77995
KENNEDY A S 'J-62263, 'L-62309
KENSON R E C-77999
KESSELRING J P L-84745
KESSLER J E C-48175
KIANG C S F-84746, F-84749
KICE R W *B-62185
KIM Y W 'F-66855
KING R B C-72399, D-78617
KIRSCH A A 'F-58474
KITTELSON D B A-84760
KITTLESON D B A-84723
KLEINMAN M T C-77890, *D-81446
KNAPP K T C-84752
KNEIP T J C-77890, D-81446
KNOLLENBERG R G 'C-73008
KOMETANI T Y C-48175
KOONTZ E C B-77666
KOSKY K F 'A-77726
KOWALSKI T A D-77645
KOZAK J H C-62855
KREIKEBAUM G C-77971
KUKREJA V P *C-84728
KUNEN S M D-84754
KURTZ J L 'C-77724
KUYKENDAL W B C-84738
LACEY G E C-75993
LAFLEUR R J *L-70849
LAITINEN H A A-84726
LAMB G E R B-75092
LAMOTHE P J A-84723, 'A-84761
LAO R C 'C-72974
LAPSON W F 'C-65540
LARSON R G E-44643
LAWSON J R A-80648
LAWYER R E 'L-37348
LAZENKA C A L-31849
LEADERER B P *A-44926
LEBOWITZ M F 'C-77994
LEE K L-84745
LEE K W C-84727
LEE R E JR 'A-57524, *C-62549
LEE R N A-84742
LEE W L 'N-44753
LEITH D B-44940, 'B-84775
LEIVO C C B-63078
LEMKE E E 'K-44642
LENANE D L A-37176
LENNERTAE C-751I1
LEVAGGI D A *D-65199, D-77881
LEVINS P L C-65247, C-69989
LILIENFELD P 'C-77892
LILLIS E J »A-80030, -L-78130
LIOY P J 'F-77940
LIPPMANN M C-77890
LIU B Y H 'C-84727, 'F-60258
LIU M K *E-77348
LIU Y H 'C-66633
LLOYD F D E-57132
LOCKLIN D W A-84716
LONG J H L-77995
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86
/ARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
LONGLEY COOK B A *D-4469I
LOOMIS T C C-48175
LOOP J P A-77929
LOVILL J E C-77725
LUCIANI D J C-75I87
LUKE C L 'C-48175
LUNDGREN D A *C-56790, "C-84733
LYNN D A L-84753
M
MACIAS E S 'A-84759
MACLEOD K E A-57524
MADDALONE R F *C-81499
MADELAINE G C-58855
MAGA J A D-59252
MAKING K B-77677
MANGANELLI R M F-77940
MANGOLD C A A-65207
MANN C O A-77700, A-84748
MARCIAS E S A-84723
MARINO J B-65262
MARK D *C-66931
MARPLE V A C-66633, 'C-73139,
*C-84736
MARTIN J R B-7I974
MASSER C C D-84755
MASSUCCO A A C-65247
MATTESON M J *C-58545
MCADIE H G *E-56092
MCCAIN J D *B-72202, B-75949, C-53800,
C-75993
MCCOLLISTER G M *E-78181
MCCOY B J F-68498
MCCOY J C-69989
MCDOWELL D W JR B-63523
MCGARRY F J 'A-54634
MCGUIRE L C-66826
MCINNIS J R B-77666
MCKENNA J D 'B-66823
MCMAHON C K A-84717
MEARS C E A-77665
MEHTA S M F-70407
MELCHER J R *B-75145, B-77843
MERCANDO A B-84744
MICHEL H V *C-67035
MIDDLETON P *F-84746
MIDGETT M R C-76006
MIELENZ R C 'B-65902
MILLER B *B-75092
MILLER K *C-62855, *C-65204
MILLS M T *E-73766
MITCHELL W J "C-76006
MOCKRIDGE P C *B-63523
MODOWSKI E R "C-69006
MOHNEN V A F-84749
MOKELER C J C-30707
MONKMAN J L C-72974
MONROE E S 'B-70459
MOREY P R C-77828
MORGENSTERN L N * A-77665
MORGENSTERN P A-77665
MORRIS E B 'B-64855
MORRIS J R E-54382
MOSCOWITZ C M F-70407
MOYERS J L D-74250
MUELLER P K D-59252, D-59409
MYRUP L O E-84721
N
NADER J S "C-49798, "C-78102
NAEVE S W "C-44805
NATHANSON B C-48175
NATUSCH DPS A-68038, *C-84730,
•G-67635
NAVARRETE R J B-53922
NEKERVIS R *B-67832
NEUSTADTER H E "C-63262, *C-72399,
•D-78617
NEVERS N H D *E-54382
NEWMAN E E-65180
NEWMAN J E 'E-69380, E-69434
NEWMAN L A-84756, C-84750
NICHOLS G B 'B-69981, *C-75948
NICHOLSON S E *E-72402
NIEKEN D J A-84760
NOLL K E *B-53990, *B-77675
NORCO J E 'L-77084
NOVAKOV T *F-65545, *F-66995
O
O KEEFE L P *A-79163
OFFEN G R *L-84745
OGILVIE 3 R A-54062
OLIN J G 'C-33562, C-77724
OLSON J S E-73766
ONO A C-58189
ORGILL M M E-57134, 'E-69411
ORTIZ L C-66826
OVERLAND D L C-84739
OWEN B W B-77930
OWUSU J K "C-78510
PACE T G III *K-77997
PACE T P *D-84762
PADGETT J »B-84741
PASCERI R E *D-52447
PAULUS H J C-56790
PEDACE E A *D-54482
PENLEY R L C-43288
PETERS E T C-69989
PETERSEN W B *E-84758
PIERSON W R *A-71499, C-62411
PILAT M J *B-60223
PILCHER J B-67832
PILNEY J P C-84739
PLUMLEY A L B-71974
POE G L-84745
POEHLEIN G W B-57700
POOLER F JR 'L-59578
PORCH W M *C-77725
PORTS K N *L-44804
POTTER N D C-75084
PREINING O C-58545
PUTNAM A A A-84764
Q
QUILLMAN B *B-57729
R
RADKE L F A-78512
RAGLAND K W 'E-84720
RAMSAY P A C-43288
RANADE M B *C-75110
RAO A K L-84725
RAO K S 'E-84772
RAUFER R K L-77084
RECORD F A L-84753
REED J C C-65541
REILLY W 'L-31849, L-33474
REISENWEBER R L J-62263, L-62309
REISMAN E »C-75084
RENNICK D F F-63787
RENOUX A 'C-58855
RESNICK L A-73045
REYNOLDS J P B-53922, *B-65262,
•B-84744
RIGO H G B-77209
RILEY A E A-57524
RINGWALL C G *C-75115
ROBERDS D W 'C-75111
ROBERSON J E B-79179
ROBERTS J W *A-65207
ROBERTS P A L-77084
ROBERTS P T *C-84722, 'E-69084 '
ROBINSON E E-59613
ROBINSON J W *B-77660
ROBISON E B *B-84743
ROMM J A-4462I
ROSENVOLD R J E-73867
ROSSANO A T A-65207
ROSSANO A T JR C-44757
ROTE D M *D-77658
ROYER G W C-31612
RUBIN E S *L-77098
RUSEK S J A-75944
RUSSELL P B F-64811
RUST L W C-84739
SAAD L C-32257
SACCO A M C-42986
SACHAR K S B-75145
SAHAGIAN J 'B-75142
SAMUELS H J 'D-59252
SANDBERG J S D-65199, 'D-77881
SANDY C W A-75944
SANSONE E B D-54482
SCHERE K L 'E-77839
SCHMITT H W C-77971
SCHRAG M P A-75141, L-84725
SCHRECKER G O C-73065, *E-73066
SCHREIBER R J JR L-77995
SCHROER B J L-68398
SCHUENEMAN J J L-78130
SCHULZ E J *A-72403, A-84742
SCHUMANN J L B-64855
SCOTT D S *F-63787
SEALE L M 'B-69685
SEELEY J L 'C-59609
SEHMEL G A *A-54138, *E-57132,
'E-57134, E-69411, 'E-77996
SEINFELD J H E-77348, E-78078
SEIZLER D R *J-58903
SELLE S J 'B-45066, 'B-77279
SEM G J C-33562
SENECHAL A J C-84739
SHADOAN D J D-82796
SHANNON L J *A-75141, *B-65375,
*C-35266
SHARMA V *E-84721
SH ELTON S P B-53990
SHENDRIKAR A D C-60276
SHLIEN D J *F-58890
SHOFNER F M *C-73065, *C-77971,
E-73066
SIDIK S M C-63262, C-72399
SIMON H K-44642
SINCLAIR D *F-70711
SIU W D-77881
SKOGERBOE R K C-59609
SLINN WON 'E-57133
SMITH F C JR F-65573
SMITH K D B-54011
SMITH W B B-72202, 'C-75993
SNIDER M A J-62263
SNYDER A D F-70407 *
SODERBERG H E *B-70083
. SOFFIAN G *C-65538
SOLOMON R L E-73103
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
87
SONDREAL E A B-77279
SOUTHERLAND J H A-77700
SOVAS G H A-44926
SPARKS L E A-77664, B-60223,
•B-62920, C-77941
SPIEGLER D B *E-65180
SPIELMAN L A C-60053
SPILLER L L A-84723
SPITZ A W 'B-77678
SPRINGER G S A-60240
SPROULL W T 'B-31028
SQUIRES R B-79050
STASIUK W N K-65241
STATNICK R M *A-68935, 'B-60335
STECHKINA I B F-58474
STENHOUSE 3 I T 'B-59340
STEPHENS N T 'B-77930, B-82792,
L-65205
STERN A C N-44753
STEVENS R K A-84723, A-84761,
C-79037
STEVENSON W H K-77997
STOCK D E *B-63039
STOEBER W 'F-84734
STONE R C *B-77280
STUKEL J J *B-77209, *E-73I03
SUGIMAE A 'C-63650
SULLIVAN K M B-54132
SUNDBERG R E 'B-53991
SURPRENANT N B-75142
SYBERT L B-63078
TAKAHASHI K F-84731
TANNER R L 'A-84756, *C-84750
TARVESTAD L D A-84760
TASSICKER O J *B-54132
TAYLOER G J D-59252
TER HAAR G L 'A-37176
TERRACCIANO L A A-44621
THEODORE L *B-4464I, 'B-44884,
*B-53922, B-65262, B-84744
THOMAS R L C-81499
THOMAS R S C-72974
THOMSON D W E-77839
THOMSON I E-84772
TILLERY M I C-66826
TORO R F B-84735
TRAUTNER R P C-33562
TRUEBLOOD R C B-77280
TUFTE P H B-45066
TURLEY C D C-79093
TURNER J H *B-84757
TWISS S D-59252, D-59409, D-65199
TYMEN G C-58855
U
ULLUCCI P A C-30707
URSENBACH W O *D-84754
VALENTINE J R C-65247
VALOV M E B-66681
VAN LOAN M *A-73045
VANDEGRIFI A E C-35266
VANDERPOL A H C-60291
VARGA J JR B-67832
VEKRIS S L 'E-42146
VOGELSANG C W B-57729
VOIGT F L-31849
WAGGONER A P C-60291
WAGNER A J *B-59920
WALKER A B *A-65184, 'B-67907
WALLACE D A-75141
WALLACE D D A-69976
WALLACE J R A-68038, C-84730,
G-67635
WALSH G W *K-82784
WALTON J W *B-77666
WANG H H D-59409
WANG S C B-63078
WANGEN L E D-77658
WANIELISTA M P A-77726
WARD D E *A-84717
WARNER P O "C-32257
WARWICK W O B-77930
WATSON W D JR J-58903, J-69134
WAITERS H A A-65207
WEBB R O C-73065
WEDBERG G H 'C-68056
WEINSTEIN N J 'B-84735
WEITZMAN L *C-6554I
WELLS D M A-66845
WEST P W "C-60276, C-81499
WEST R E A-65181
WESTLIN P R C-65538
WHEAT H G E-73867
WHELPDALE D M *E-67645
WHITBY K T A-84723, *A-84760,
C-66633, *C-84732, D-77628, E-84763
WHITE H J *B-61776, *B-72315
WHITE R K 'A-54062
WILBER K R E-73066
WILDER J B-75117
WILLEKE K C-84736, 'D-77628
WILLIAMS J A C-58189
WILLIAMS R C-75187
WILLIAMSON J E K-44642
WILSON E F *C-44700, *L-33474
WILSON G S D-74250
WILSON K D *C-42984
WILSON K R E-78181
WILSON W E 'A-84723, 'E-84763
WINKLER P "C-64676
WOLF J L A-84760
WOLFE K J L-84745
WOLFF G T F-77940
WONG E W D-59252
WONG WOO H D-59252
WOOD J R A-84760
WOODRUFF N P A-54087, E-51856
WRIGHT R 1 »B-79178
WROBLEWSKI S C *D-77645
YANG R T C-58175
YARMAC R F C-79093
YEN K T 'E-31831
YOCOM J E C-77999
YOST K J E-69380
YOUNG D A-80030
YOUNG D G B-77280
YU H H S F-70407
YUE G K F-84746, *F-84749
YUNG S B-75099
ZAHEDI K 'B-77843
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
ABATEMENT K-44642, L-44804, L-45861
ABSORPTION (CONTROL) B-75965,
E-73867
ABSORPTION (GENERAL) B-57729,
B-60335, B-63078, B-63523
ABSORPTION PHENOMENA B-75965
ADOLESCENCE L-70849
ADSORPTION (CONTROL) C-44872,
C-60381, E-73867, G-67635
ADSORPTION (GENERAL) B-43203,
B-77209
ADVECTION E-69434, E-73103
ADVISORY SERVICES L-45861
AERODYNAMICS C-77890, C-84736,
F-66855
AEROSOL ATOMIZATION B-67817,
B-69685, C-42986, C-70714, C-84722
AEROSOL DIFFUSION AND BROWNIAN
MOTION F-60258
AEROSOL ELECTRICAL PHENOMENA
C-84732, C-84733, C-84737
AEROSOL FORMATION A-75958,
B-67817, E-78078, F-77940, F-79318,
F-84731, F-84746, F-84749
AEROSOL FORMATION (MIXED)
E-78078
AEROSOL MECHANICS E-78078
AEROSOL SPECTROMETERS B-71035,
F-84734
AEROSOLS A-54321, A-84723, A-84760,
A-84761, B-43203, B-56046, B-57700,
B-60223, B-65263, B-82795, C-32257,
C-33562, C-42986, C-44881, C-56790,
C-57I50, C-58189, C-58495, C-58545,
C-58855, C-60053, C-60276, C-60291,
C-64361, C-64676, C-65247, C-66826,
C-69999, C-70714, C-73008, C-75110,
C-77890, C-77892, C-79037, C-81439,
C-81499, C-84722, C-84727, C-84730,
C-84732, C-84733, C-84737, C-84739,
C-84750, D-54482, D-59252, D-59409,
D-77628, D-77658, E-57133, E-58159,
E-59613, E-60279, E-69919, E-77132,
E-77839, E-78078, F-58474, F-63787,
F-66855, F-68498, F-70711, F-77940,
F-79318, F-84731, F-84734, F-84746,
G-67635
AGRICULTURAL SERVICES A-57524
AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY A-54062,
A-57524, A-77700, B-61754
AIR POLLUTION EPISODES C-68056
AIR POLLUTION FORECASTING
A-44926, E-31831, E-54382, E-56092,
E-65180, E-69084, E-72402, E-78181,
L-68398, L-77084
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA K-44642,
K-65241, K-7301I
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENT
PROGRAMS A-65207, A-66845,
A-69976, A-73045, A-77726, C-31612,
C-63262, C-72399, D-44691, D-59409,
D-65200, D-73577, D-77645, D-78617,
D-81446, E-31831, E-56092, E-65180,
E-69411, K-73011, L-59578, L-65205,
L-75507, L-75521, L-75576, L-77084,
L-77098
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS A-54087,
A-60301, A-77665, A-77667, B-60214,
B-84741, C-63262, K-65225, K-77997,
L-33474, L-53491, L-62309, L-65227,
L-75507, L-75521, L-75576, L-77098,
L-84753, N-44753
AIR QUALITY SURVEYS A-77726,
D-81446
AIR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
E-31831, K-67829, K-73011, L-33474,
L-70849, L-77098
AIR-FUEL RATIO A-60240
AIRPORTS A-69976, A-77700
ALABAMA L-68398
ALASKA D-77627
ALDEHYDES A-77703
ALFALFA B-54011
ALKALINE ADDITIVES B-57729,
B-63078, B-71974, B-75965
ALUMINUM A-68823, B-44638, B-67832,
B-69153
ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS B-77678,
C-69989, D-74250, D-78617
ALUMINUM OXIDES B-45066, E-73867
AMIDES L-70849
AMMONIA A-77351, A-77703, A-84761,
C-60291
AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS A-37176,
A-77351, A-77703, A-84756, A-84761,
C-60291, D-59409
ANEMOMETERS C-77724, E-55295
ANIMALS (NON-HUMAN) B-43203,
B-61754
ANTICYCLONES E-67179
ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS A-57524,
D-78617
AQUEOUS SOLUTION SCRUBBING
B-79180
AREA EMISSION ALLOCATIONS
L-62309
AREA SURVEYS A-65207, A-69976,
A-73045, A-77726, C-72399, D-44691,
D-59409, D-77645, D-78617, D-81446,
E-56092, E-65180, E-69411, K-73011,
L-75507, L-75521, L-75576, L-77084,
L-77098
ARIZONA D-44691, E-44643
ARKANSAS L-75521
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS C-624I1
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS A-68935,
C-67035, C-72974
ASBESTOS K-67829, L-31849
ASHES A-65181, A-65184, B-69451
ASPHALT B-53742, L-45861
ASPHALT PAVING B-77678
ASPIRATORS C-77828
ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS A-54087,
A-54138, A-77667, A-80030, A-84759,
C-77725, D-77658, D-81446, E-31831,
E-42146, E-44643, E-51856, E-54382,
E-55295, E-57I32, E-57133, E-57134,
E-60279, E-62089, E-65180, E-67179,
E-69411, E-69434, E-69919, E-72402,
E-72968, E-73103, E-73766, E-77839,
E-77996, E-84758, L-59578, L-68398
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY
L-70849
AUSTRALASIA B-54132, C-58189
AUSTRALIA B-54132, C-58189
AUTOMATIC MEASUREMENT METHODS
B-31028, C-33562, C-44805, C-69999,
C-77892
AUTOMOBILES A-37176, A-84723,
A-84726, A-84756, A-84759, A-84761,
C-68056, C-69097, E-69084, E-73103,
E-84758
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION CONTROL
A-37176, A-60240, A-75958, A-84761,
E-69084
AVAILABILITY A-75944
B
BAFFLES B-44940
BAG FILTERS A-57524, A-68922,
B-44638, B-53990, B-57729, B-65240,
B-77678, B-77930, B-79178, B-82793,
B-84775, C-81439
BENZENE-SOLUBLE ORGANIC MATTER
D-44691, D-65200, D-73577
BENZO(3-4)PYRENE D-65200, D-73577,
G-67635
BENZOPYRENES D-65200, D-73577,
G-67635
BETA PARTICLES C-77892
BIO-ASSAY B-43203
BLAST FURNACE AND BASIC STEEL
PRODUCTS M A-77929, A-82797,
B-59329, B-79178, C-32257
BLAST FURNACES B-79178
BODIES OF WATER A-47139, C-58495,
D-59409, E-67645, E-69380, F-79318
BOILERS A-54010, A-54634, A-65184,
A-72403, A-84716, A-84724, A-84764,
B-54132, B-57729, B-63078, B-65239,
B-65240, B-66823, B-72202, B-75142,
B-75965, B-77660, B-77666, B-79179,
B-79186, B-82793, B-84743, C-18971,
C-65538, C-65541, J-67908, L-84745
BREATHING A-82797, B-82798
BROMINE C-67035, D-59409, D-78617
BROMINE COMPOUNDS C-68056
BROWNIAN MOTION F-60258
BUILDINGS E-72402, E-72968
BURNING A-84717, B-79180
BUTADIENES C-62411
BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY A-68935,
A-79163, B-65650, B-65901, B-65902,
B-69153
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS A-6»93*5,
C-30707, D-74250, F-75961
CALCIUM COMPOUNDS A-77664,
B-43203, B-45066, D-59409, D-74250
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
89
CALIBRATION METHODS B-65262,
C-18971, C-42986, C-48175, C-57150,
C-58545, C-60053, C-66633, C-70714,
C-73139, C-77890, C-79093, L-67958
CALIFORNIA A-47139, A-54321, A-73045,
C-67035, D-59252, D-59409, D-65199,
D-77881, D-82796, E-69084, E-7818I,
K-44642, L-53491
CANADA A-54062, B-44638, B-59329,
C-62855, C-65204, C-72974, E-56092,
F-63787, L-70849
CARBON A-37176, A-47139, B-43203,
C-62549, C-64361, C-84728, E-73867
F-6S545
CARBON BLACK A-37176, A-47139,
B-43203, C-62549, C-64361, E-73867,
F-65545
CARBON DIOXIDE B-54531, E-59613
CARBON MONOXIDE A-68922, A-73045,
A-77703, A-80648, A-84716, A-84724,
B-66681, C-58115, E-62089, E-72402,
E-78181, K-69106, L-59578
CARBONATES B-43203
CARCINOGENS G-67635
CASCADE IMPACTORS A-54138,
A-54634, A-57524, A-60301, C-31612,
C-35266, C-42986, C-43288, C-44757,
C-53800, C-58495, C-58855, C-60053,
C-62549, C-64676, C-65204, C-65229,
C-69999, C-70714, C-75993, C-77828,
C-77941, C-79037, C-84730, C-84736,
C-84738
CATALYSIS A-67993, A-75958, B-43203,
F-65545, F-77879
CATALYSTS A-75958
CATALYTIC AFTERBURNERS A-75958,
A-84723, A-84761, E-69084
CATALYTIC OXIDATION A-75958,
F-65545, F-66995
CATTLE B-61754
CEMENT PLANTS (HYDRAULIC)
B-79180
CEMENTS A-47139, B-26664, B-65901,
B-65902, B-79180, C-32257, C-67828,
N-44753
CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATORS B-53991,
B-62185, B-70083, B-75142, B-77209,
B-77666, B-77930, C-53800, C-58545,
D-52447, J-61840
CHEMICAL BONDS B-71035
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION A-37176,
A-47139, A-54321, A-54634, A-57524,
A-60240, A-65181, A-65184, A-68038,
A-74251, A-76000, A-77351, A-77664,
B-59329, B-66681, B-77279, C-48175,
C-58175, C-58495, C-59609, C-62411,
C-62549, C-66931, C-67035, C-69989,
C-73043, D-44691, D-59409, D-65199,
D-65200, D-73577, D-74250, D-78617,
D-82796, D-84762, E-60279, E-69919,
E-72958, E-73066, F-72264, F-75975,
F-79318, G-67635
CHEMICAL METHODS C-32433, C-78510
CHEMICAL PROCESSES A-69504,
B-44940, H-62878, N-44753
CHICAGO C-62549, D-77645, D-77658,
E-69380, E-69434, E-72402, J-62263,
L-62309
CHLORIDES A-54321, B-44638, B-63523,
C-69989, D-65199
CHLORINE C-67035
CHLORINE COMPOUNDS A-54321,
B-44638, B-63523, C-69989, D-59409,
D-65199
CHROMATOGRAPHY B-44638, C-60381,
C-81499, C-84722, C-84739
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS A-57524,
A-68935, D-78617
CHROMIUM OXIDES C-78510
CITY GOVERNMENTS L-31849, L-33474
CLEAN AIR ACT K-6524I, L-53491,
L-62309
CLEANING B-79178
CLOUDS E-59613, E-60279, E-67179,
E-67890
COAL A-44621, A-52200, A-54010,
A-65181, A-68038, A-69504, A-72403,
A-75944, A-77664, A-77665, A-77667,
A-82797, A-84724, B-45066, B-54132,
B-57729, B-602I4, B-64855, B-65239,
B-65240, B-65902, B-66823, B-67994,
B-69451, B-70083, B-75201, B-75965,
B-79186, C-32257, C-62549, C-66931,
D-65200, E-42146, E-44643, E-58159,
F-72264, H-62878, J-58903, J-69134,
K-69I15
COAL CONVERSION B-67832
COAL PREPARATION J-58903, K-69115
COALESCING F-84746
COATING, ENGRAVING AND ALLIED
SERVICES B-79178
COBALT COMPOUNDS C-48175, D-78617
CODES L-33474
COKE C-32257
COKE OVENS B-79178
COLLECTORS (MECHANICAL) A-68922,
B-44940, B-53991, B-57700, B-59920,
B-62185, B-66823, B-70083, B-75142,
B-77209, B-77666, B-77930, B-79178,
B-84743, C-35266, C-53800, C-58545,
C-66826, D-52447, J-61840
COLORADO D-77628, E-44643
COLORIMETRY C-60276, C-81499
COMBUSTION A-84716, B-54531,
B-67832, B-79180, B-79186, C-75948
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS A-44621,
A-65181, A-65184, B-31028, B-54531,
B-57729, B-59607, B-59920, B-60214,
B-69451, B-79186, C-42984, C-58115.
D-81446, E-58159, F-66995, F-77879
COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT B-79179,
C-48175
COMMERCIAL FIRMS J-69134
COMPLIANCE (RESPIRATORY) J-69134
COMPUTER PROGRAMS A-54010,
A-79163, B-57521, B-72280, D-44691.
E-73103
COMPUTERS C-77892, L-65205
CONCRETE B-65902
CONDENSATION B-62920, B-65375.
C-56790, E-67890, G-67635
CONDENSATION (ATMOSPHERIC)
A-78512, E-59613, E-60279, E-67179,
E-67890
CONDENSATION NUCLEI A-78512
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY A-77700,
A-77726, B-77678
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS A-47139,
B-26664, B-53742, B-63523, B-65901.
B-65902, B-79180, C-32257, C-67828,
J-67459, L-31849, L-45861, N-44753
CONSTRUCTION OTHER THAN
BUILDING CONSTRU A-77726.
B-77678
CONTINUOUS B-75965, B-79178, B-79180
CONTINUOUS MONITORING C-33562,
C-44700, C-44757, C-58115, C-75084,
C-75187, C-77890, C-77971, C-78102,
C-84737, L-59578, L-78130
CONTROL AGENCIES J-67908, J-69134,
L-33474, L-44804, L-78130, L-84745
CONTROL EQUIPMENT - GAS STREAMS
A-52200, A-57524, A-60301, A-65181,
A-68823, B-31028, B-44638, B-44641,
B-44884, B-44940, B-45066, B-53742,
B-53922, B-53990, B-53991, B-540II,
B-54132, B-54531, B-56046, B-57521,
B-57700, B-57729, B-59340, B-59607,
B-59920, B-60223, B-60335, C-32257,
C-32433, C-33562, C-35266, C-43288,
C-44872, C-53800, D-52447, F-58474,
J-58903, K-44642, K-69115, L-45861
CONTROL METHODS-OBJECTS B-71035
CONTROL METHODS-ROOMS B-79178
CONTROL METHODS-ROOMS AND
OBJECTS B-79178
CONTROL PROGRAMS A-84747,
B-57729, B-67994, B-84743, J-62263,
K-73011, L-31849, L-44804, L-45861,
L-62309, L-75507, L-75576, L-77084,
L-84745, L-84753
CONVECTION (ATMOSPHERIC)
E-55295, E-57133, E-60279
COOLING B-59607, B-79180, C-44872
COOLING TOWERS A-69504, C-73065,
E-73066, F-77940
COPPER B-67832
COPPER COMPOUNDS A-68935,
A-77664, B-77678, C-48175, D-74250,
D-78617
CORONA A-65184, B-54132, B-61776
CORROSION A-69504, B-59607. B-63523
COSTS A-65207. A-68823, A-68922,
B-44638, B-44940, B-54011, B-57729.
B-62920. B-63078, B-65228, B-65239,
B-65240, B-65650, B-66823, B-67907.
B-67994, B-69451, B-69685, B-69981,
B-70083, B-72315, B-75142. B-75145,
B-77209, B-77660, B-77677, B-79179,
B-81267, C-32433, C-58115, C-65247,
C-77999. J-58903, J-61840. J-62263,
J-65236, J-67908, J-69134, K-67829,
K-69106, L-77084
COTTON GINNING A-57524
COTTONS C-77828
CRITERIA A-44621, A-60301, A-67834,
A-68922, A-77665, A-77667, B-44940,
C-35266, F-70407, J-69134, K-44642,
K-65241, K-73011, L-59578, L-75507,
L-7552I, L-75576
CROP SERVICES A-57524
CROPS B-54011
CRYSTAL METHODS C-84733
CYCLONES (ATMOSPHERIC) E-67179
CYCLONES (CONTROL) B-77666
D
DATA ANALYSIS C-44872, E-73066,
F-66488
DATA HANDLING SYSTEMS A-54010,
A-79163, B-57521, B-72280, C-44872,
C-49798, D-44691, E-73066, E-73103,
F-66488, L-59578, L-78130
DECOMPOSITION A-84726
DENSITY B-59340, B-71035, C-31612,
C-32433, C-33562, C-73065, C-75147,
D-59252, E-73066
DEPOSITION A-60301, A-68038, E-57134,
E-60279, E-67645, E-69411, E-72968,
E-77996, F-60258, F-70711, G-67635
DEPOSITION PHENOMENA B-84775
DIAGNOSIS B-43203
DIESEL ENGINES A-73045, A-76000
DIFFRACTION C-32257, C-62595
-------
90
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
DIFFUSION (ATMOSPHERIC) A-44926,
A-44926, A-54321, A-77665, A-80648,
B-62920, D-44691, E-31831, E-31831,
E-42146, E-54382, E-54382, E-57133,
E-57133, E-57134, E-57134, E-62089,
E-69919, E-72402, E-72968, E-73103,
E-73766, E-77348, E-78181, E-84720,
E-84721, E-84740, E-84758, E-84767,
F-60258, F-60258, L-68398, L-75507,
L-75521, L-75576, N-44753, N-44753
DIFFUSION MODELS A-44926, A-77665,
A-80648, E-31S31, E-54382, E-57133,
E-57134, E-62089, E-72402, E-72968,
E-73103, E-73766, E-77348, E-78181,
E-84720, E-84721, E-84740, E-84758,
E-84767, F-60258, L-68398, L-70849,
L-75507, L-75521, L-75576, N-44753
DILUTION E-77132
DIOLEFINS C-62411
DIRT AIR STRIPS A-77700
DIRT ROADS A-77700
DISPERSIONS B-26664, L-70849
DOMESTIC HEATING C-65538, D-65200
DROPLETS B-65375, B-75949, E-61I25,
E-67890
DRYING A-52200, B-44940, B-54011,
B-66681, B-70083, B-79180
DUST FALL C-56790, E-42146, E-84767
DUSTS A-47139, A-52200, A-54062,
A-54087, A-54138, A-65207, A-66845,
A-69504, A-69939, A-74251, A-77351,
A-79163, A-80030, A-84748, A-84766,
B-26664, B-31028, B-44638, B-53922,
B-53990, B-53991, B-59920, B-61754,
B-62185, B-63545, B-65228, B-66681,
B-66823, B-71974, B-72300, B-75117,
B-77675, B-77930, B-79178, B-79180,
B-84757, B-84775, C-32257, C-48175,
C-65229, C-66931, C-77725, C-77828,
C-77994, C-77999, D-52447, D-59409,
D-77627, D-77628, E-42146, E-51856,
E-55295, E-57132, E-57133, E-67179,
E-69411, F-6481I, F-66488, F-70407,
F-79318, K-67829, K-77997, L-65227,
L-77995
DYNAMOMETERS A-37176
ECONOMICS
A-75944
B-57729.
B-65239,
B-67907.
B-6998L,
B-75145,
B-79179,
C-65247,
J-62263,
K-67829,
EFFICIENCY
A-75141,
B-6I776,
B-65240,
B-67817,
B-69685,
B-71974,
B-72315,
B-75117,
B-75205,
B-77279,
B-77680,
B-79179,
B-82798,
C-64361,
A-65207
B-44638,
B-62920,
B-65240,
B-67994,
B-70083,
B-77209,
B-81267,
C-77999,
J-65236, J
, K-69106,
A-65184
A-77703,
B-62920,
B-65262,
B-67832,
B-69981,
B-72202,
B-75055,
B-75142,
B-75891,
B-77280,
B-77843,
B-82792,
B-84729,
C-64676,
, A-68823, A-68922,
B-44940, B-54011,
B-63078, B-65228,
B-65650, B-66823,
B-69451, B-69685,
B-72315, B-75142,
B-77660, B-77677,
C-32433, C-58115,
J-58903, J-61840,
-67908, J-69134,
L-77084
, A-68823, A-68935,
A-79163, A-82797,
B-64855, B-65239,
B-65263, B-66823,
B-67907, B-67994,
B-70083, B-7I035,
B-72280, B-72300,
B-75092, B-75099,
B-75145, B-75201,
B-75949, B-77209,
B-77660, B-77675,
B-79050, B-79178,
B-82793, B-82795,
B-84744, C-62411,
C-65229, C-65247,
C-66821, C-66826, C-66931, C-67828,
C-69006, C-69999, C-70714, C-75084,
C-77890, C-77941, C-84727, E-61125,
F-66855
ELECTRIC FURNACES A-68922,
B-77930, K-69106
ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION
A-44621, A-54634, A-57524, A-65181,
A-65184, A-68038, A-69504, A-72403,
A-77665, A-77667, A-82797, B-31028,
B-60214, B-60335, B-63078, B-63523,
B-65240, B-65902, B-67832, B-67907,
B-67994, B-69153, B-69451, B-69981,
B-71974, B-75201, B-77280, B-79I86,
B-82793, C-75115, E-44643, E-58159,
E-65180, E-72958, E-84763, J-58903,
J-61840, J-67459, J-67908, J-69134,
L-75507, L-75521, L-75576, L-77084,
N-44753
ELECTRIC, GAS, AND SANITARY
SERVICES A-44621, A-54062,
A-54634, A-57524, A-65181, A-65184,
A-68038, A-69504, A-72403, A-77665,
A-77667, A-77703, A-79163, A-82797,
B-31028, B-44940, B-54531, B-60214,
B-60335, B-63078, B-63523, B-65240,
B-65650, B-65902, B-67832, B-67907,
B-67994, B-69153, B-69451, B-69981,
B-70459, B-71974, B-75201, B-77280,
B-79186, B-81267, B-82793, B-84735,
C-18971, C-65538, C-69989, C-75115,
E-44643, E-58159, E-65180, E-72958,
E-84763, J-58903, J-61840, J-67459,
J-67908, J-69134, K-67829, L-75507,
L-75521, L-75576, L-77084, N-44753
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT DEVICES
C-49798
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES A-65184,
A-75944, B-44884, B-45066, B-53922,
B-54132, B-59329, B-59340, B-60223,
B-61776, B-64855, B-65375, B-67817,
B-67907, B-69451, B-69685, B-69981,
B-72280, B-72281, B-72315, B-75145,
B-75201, B-77279, B-77280, B-77843,
B-82798, C-33562, C-75948, C-84733,
C-84737, F-70407, F-72264, F-75975
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE A-65184,
A-75944, B-45066, B-54132, B-59329,
B-61776, B-64855, B-67907, B-69451,
B-69981, B-72315, B-75201, B-77279,
B-77280, B-82798, C-75948, C-84737,
F-72264, F-75975
ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS
C-32433
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY A-72403,
C-58189, C-62595, C-66826, F-75961
ELECTROSTATIC ATOMIZATION
B-67817
ELECTROSTATIC METHODS C-84737
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
A-57524, A-65184, A-68922, A-68935,
A-72403, A-75944, A-77703, A-79163,
A-82797, B-31028, B-44884, B-45066,
B-53922, B-54132, B-57700, B-57729,
B-59607, B-61776, B-63039, B-64855,
B-65239, B-65262, B-65375, B-66823,
B-67817, B-67907, B-67994, B-69451,
B-69981, B-72280, B-72281, B-72300,
B-72315, B-75142, B-75201, B-75205,
B-75949, B-77209, B-77279, B-77280,
B-79050, B-79178, B-79179, B-79180,
B-81267, B-82792, B-82798, B-84729,
B-84735, B-84744, B-84757, C-33562,
C-35266, C-75948, J-58903, J-61840
EMISSION FACTORS A-80648, A-84716,
A-84717, A-84742, A-84748, A-84766,
B-79050
EMISSION INVENTORIES A-66845,
A-69976, A-73045, A-75141, A-77700,
A-84764, D-77881, L-70849, L-84725
EMISSION STANDARDS A^60301,
A-68823, A-68922, B-60214, B-69685,
B-77666 B-79180, B-84735, B-84741,
B-84743, J-62263, J-67908, J-69134,
K-44642 K-67829, K-69106, K-69115,
L-37348, L-5349I, L-77995, L-84745,
N-44753
EMULSIONS B-26664
ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES J-69134,
K-69106, L-33474, L-45861
ENGINE EMISSIONS A-37176, A-47139,
A-60240, A-71499, A-73045, A-75958,
A-76000, A-84723, A-84726, A-84760,
C-44757, C-69097, D-82796, E-69084,
E-69919, E-73103
ENGINE OPERATING CYCLES A-37176,
A-60240, A-75958, A-76000
ENGINE OPERATION MODIFICATION
A-60240
ENGINES A-60240, A-73045, A-76000,
B-84751
EQUIPMENT CRITERIA B-44940,
C-35266
EQUIPMENT STANDARDS K-69115,
L-84745
EUROPE B-59607, B-66681, C-58495,
C-58545, C-58855, C-62549, C-64676,
C-66931, C-70714, E-72402, F-58474,
H-62878
EXHAUST SYSTEMS A-68922, B-66681
EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT C-48175,
C-69999, C-73139, F-65573
EXPLOSIONS B-63545
FABRIC FILTERS A-57524, A-68922,
A-82797, B-44638, B-53990, B-57729,
B-65240, B-77678, B-77680, B-77930,
B-79178, B-79180, B-82793, B-84735,
B-84775, C-81439
FARMS A-54062, A-69976, B-61754,
B-65228, D-84755, K-77997
FEASIBILITY STUDIES B-66823
FEEDLOTS A-54062, B-61754
FIBER FILTERS B-77677
FIELD OPERATIONS B-81267, B-82793
FIELD TESTS A-67834, A-77703, B-31028,
B-69451, B-71974, B-72202, B-75099,
B-75201, B-79050, C-18971, C-43288,
C-60291, C-72399, C-73139, C-75084,
C-75115, C-75187, C-75993,-C-77725,
C-77890, C-81439
FILTER FABRICS B-53990, B-57521,
B-59340, B-62185, B-65239, B-65263,
B-65375, B-66823, B-69685, B-71035,
B-75092, B-75117, B-77209, B-77675,
B-77677, B-79178, B-82795, C-32257,
C-43288, C-44872, C-62855, C-65247,
C-72399, F-58474, J-65236
FILTERS A-57524, A-68922, A-82797,
B-44638, B-53990, B-57521, B-57729,
B-59340, B-62185, B-65239, B-65240,
B-65263, B-65375, B-66823, B-69685,
B-70083, B-75092, B-75117, B-77209,
B-77675, B-77677, B-77678, B-77680,
B-77930, B-79178, B-79180, B-82793,
B-82795, B-84729, B-84735, B-84757,
B-84775, C-32257, C-32433,1>C-43288,
C-44872, C-62855, C-65247, C-69006,
C-72399, C-81439, D-52447, F-58474,
J-65236
FINANCING B-71035
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
91
FIRING METHODS A-54634, A-77929,
B-67832, B-70459, B-79186
FLAME AFTERBURNERS C-44872
FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR (CO)
C-84739
FLAME PHOTOMETRY C-81499, C-84722
FLARES \ -68922
FLOWMETERS C-75187
FLUID FLOW A-65181, B-44641, B-44884,
R-53922, B-59607, B-63039, B-65263,
B-72300, B-77843, B-82795, C-32433,
C-42984, C-58545, C-65204, C-65540,
C-75110, C-75187, C-77724, C-77941,
E-6I125, F-58474, F-58890, F-60258,
F-84718, L-67958
FLUIDIZED BED PROCESSING C-81439
FLUIDIZED BED SCRUBBERS A-77664
FLUORESCENCE C-48175, C-54628,
C-62595, C-68056
FLUORIDES A-67834, A-68823, C-44881
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS A-67834,
A-68823, B-44638, C-44881
FLY ASH A-47139. A-65181, A-65184,
A-68038, A-69504, A-75944, A-77351,
A-77664, A-79163, B-31028, B-43203,
B-45066, B-54132, B-57521, B-59329,
B-63523, B-64855, B-65240, B-65901,
B-65902, B-67832, B-67907, B-67994,
B-69153, B-69451, B-72315, B-75092,
B-75117, B-75201, B-77279, B-77280,
C-75948, D-77628, F-72264, F-75975,
J-58903, J-67459, J-69134
FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS
INDUSTRY A-54062, A-75141,
B-54011
FORESTS A-84717
FRACTIONATION C-43288
FRANCE C-58855
FREE RADICALS C-58189
FUEL ADDITIVES A-37176, A-60240,
A-76000, B-67832, B-69451, B-75142,
B-84751
FUEL ASH CONTENT A-77664
FUEL CHARACTERISTICS A-65184,
A-75944, A-75958, A-76000, A-77664,
A-84716, B-69451, B-71974, B-77280,
B-79186
FUEL CHARGING A-54634
FUEL CRITERIA A-77665, A-77667,
L-75507, L-75521, L-75576
FUEL GASES A-84716, B-57729, B-60214,
B-79186
FUEL OILS A-44621, A-47139, A-77665,
A-77667, A-84716, B-57729, B-60214,
B-75142, B-79186, B-84743, D-81446,
L-84745
FUEL RESOURCES A-65184
FUEL SULFUR CONTENT A-75958,
B-79186
FUEL TREATMENT B-67832, J-58903,
K-69115
FUGITIVE DUST SOURCES A-77700,
A-77726, A-80030, C-77725, D-84755
FUMES B-66681, B-75949, B-77678,
B-77930, C-81439
FURNACES A-68922, A-77929, A-82797,
B-43203, B-44940, B-65375, B-66681,
B-72202, B-77678, B-77930, B-79050,
B-79178, C-35266, K-69I06
GAMMA RADIATION B-65375, C-32433
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY C-81499,
C-84722, C-84739
GAS PHASE MECHANICS E-78078
GAS SAMPLING A-37176, C-58115
GAS TURBINE ENGINES B-84751
GASIFICATION B-67832
GASOLINES A-60240, A-75958
GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC
C-58495, C-64676, C-70714, E-72402
GLASS FABRICS B-65239, B-79178,
B-82795, C-32257, C-43288, C-62855,
C-72399
GRAIN PROCESSING A-75141
GRAPHITE F-65545, F-66995
GRAVITY COLLECTORS A-68922,
B-44940, C-35266
GRAVITY SETTLING (CONTROL)
B-57700, E-42146
GREAT BRITAIN C-62549, C-66931,
H-62878
GROUND LEVEL E-72402, E-72968,
E-84720
G UINEA PIGS B-43203
H
HALOGEN GASES A-84726, B-60214,
C-67035, D-59409, D-78617
HEALTH IMPAIRMENT A-60301,
A-77351, C-65204, G-71966
HEAT TRANSFER B-59607, B-79180,
C-44872, E-59613
HEIGHT FINDING E-54382, N-44753
HI-VOL SAMPLERS A-54138, C-18971,
C-31612, C-33562, C-42986, C-43288,
C-44700, C-56790, C-62855, C-64361,
C-65204, C-65540, C-72399, C-77724,
C-77828, D-44691, D-52447, D-77627,
D-84762
HIGHWAYS A-65207, A-71499, A-74251,
A-77726, A-84723, A-84756, A-84759,
A-84760, A-84761, B-65228, D-82796,
E-69919, E-73103, E-84740, E-84758,
K-77997
HUMIDITY B-54531, B-61754, C-58495,
C-60291, C-64676, E-51856, E-59613,
F-70711, F-77940, L-59578
HYDROCHLORIC ACID A-77703,
B-44638
HYDROFLUORIC ACID B-44638, C-81439
HYDROGEN C-62549
HYDROGEN SULFIDE C-58115
HYDROSPHERE E-67645
HYGROSCOPICITY F-70711
I
ILLINOIS C-62549, D-77645, D-77658,
E-69380, E-69434, E-72402, J-62263,
L-62309, L-77084
IMPACT STATEMENTS A-80648
IMPACTION C-84733, C-84736
IMPINGEMENT C-44881, C-65538,
C-68097, C-69006, C-69989, C-79093
IN SITU C-75948, C-77971
INCINERATORS (REFUSE) A-77703,
A-79163, A-82797, B-44940, B-54531,
B-67832, B-70459, B-81267, B-84735,
C-18971, C-65538, C-69989, K-67829,
N-44753
INCINERATORS (WASTE GASES)
A-75958, A-84723, A-84761, B-44638,
B-54531, C-44872, E-69084
INDUSTRIAL AREAS B-77930, E-58159,
E-65180. H-62878, L-68398
INERTIAL SEPARATION B-57700,
C-84736
INFRARED SPECTROMETRY C-62411,
C-66931
INHALATION A-82797, B-82798
INORGANIC ACIDS A-75958. A-77703,
A-84723, A-84756, A-84761, B-44638,
B-63523, C-44881, C-58189, C-60276,
C-60291, C-65538, C-81439, C-81499,
F-84731, F-84746, N-44753
INSPECTION A-75958, A-76000, B-44940,
C-69097
INSPECTORS L-67958
INSTRUMENTATION C-33562, C-43288,
C-44872, C-49798, C-57150, C-58115,
C-58545, C-58855, C-60053, C-62595,
C-63650, C-69999, C-73139, C-75147,
C-75187, C-77724, C-77971, D-59252
INTERMITTENT (MODIFIER) B-75965
INTERMITTENT MONITORING C-77892
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
A-60240, A-73045, A-76000
IONS B-59329, F-75975
IRON A-57524, B-59920, B-67832, B-69153
IRON AND^STEEL FOUNDRIES A-82797
IRON COMPOUNDS C-48175, C-68056,
C-69989, D-59409, D-74250, D-78617,
F-72264, G-67635
IRON OXIDES B-43203, B-45066,
C-77890, C-78510
IRRADIATION CHAMBERS F-65573
JAPAN B-77677, C-63650
K
KILNS A-82797, B-63078, B-79180,
B-82792
KONIMETERS B-31028
KRAFT (SULFATE) PULPING A-78512,
A-82797, E-77132
LABORATORY ANIMALS B-43203
LAKES E-67645, E-69380
LAND USE PLANNING A-44926,
J-62263, L-59578, L-62309
LA SERS C-73008, C-73065, C-75111,
C-77971, C-82794
LEAD COMPOUNDS A-37*176, A-57524,
A-60240, A-68935, A-847f6, B-77678,
C-30707, C-4817"5, C-680M, C-69989,
C-73CBJ, C-77890. D-59409, D-74250,
D-78617, D-827S6, E-73103, E-73867,
F-75%1, G-67635
LEGISLATION K-65241, K-67829,
L-53491, L-62309
LIDAR C-75147
LIGHT SCATTERING A-54010, C-44700,
C-44757, C-57150, C-73008, C-73065,
C-77971, C-82794, D-59252. D-84754,
F-64811, F-75%1
LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES A-37176,
A-84723, A-84726, A-84756, A-84759,
A-84761, C-68056, C-69097, E-69084,
E-73103, E-84758
LIME KILNS A-82797, B-63078
LIME/LIMESTONE PROCESSES B-75965
LIMESTONE A-69504, B-57729, B-63078
LINE SOURCES D-82796. E-69919,
E-73103, E-84721
-------
92
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
LIQUID ATOMIZATION B-67817
LITHIUM COMPOUNDS B-59329,
F-75961
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS L-44804
LONDON C-62549
LOS ANGELES A-47139, A-54321,
D-59252, D-59409, D-82796, E-69084,
E-78181, K-44642
LOWER ATMOSPHERE C-77890,
E-55295, E-57132, E-77132
LUMBER AND WOOD PRODUCTS
INDUSTRY B-77660, B-77666
LUNG CLEARANCE D-52447
M
MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS B-45066,
D-74250, D-78617, F-75961
MAINTENANCE B-26664, B-65239,
B-71035, B-75117, B-79179, B-84743,
C-79093, J-61840
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS A-77664,
B-43203, C-48175, C-77890, D-59409,
D-74250
MANUAL C-32433
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
A-54062, A-75141, A-77929, A-78512,
A-80648, A-82797, A-84742, B-54011,
B-59329, B-59920, B-65650, B-66681,
B-67832, B-77660, B-77666, B-77678,
B-77930, B-79178, B-79180, C-32257,
C-77828, E-77132, K-67829
MAPPING D-44691
MARYLAND B-84743
MASS DETERMINATION C-77890,
C-78I02, C-84733
MATERIALS HANDLING B-79178,
B-79180
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSES A-47139,
A-54010, A-54321, A-65184, A-79163,
B-44641, B-44884, B-53922, B-53990,
B-53991, B-54531, B-57521, B-57700,
B-59340, B-63039, B-65262, B-69981,
B-72280, B-75949, B-75965, B-77209,
B-77680, B-84744, C-44700, C-58495,
C-58545, C-58855, C-66826, C-77941,
C-84730, D-44691, D-82796, E-54382,
E-57133, E-57134, E-58159, E-61125,
E-67890, E-69084, E-72968, E-73066,
E-78078, E-84772, F-58474, F-58890,
F-60258, F-63787, F-66488, F-66855,
F-68498, F-72967, J-65236, J-69134,
K-65241, L-37348, L-65205, L-67958
MATHEMATICAL MODELING A-79163,
B-44641, B-53922, B-57521, B-57700,
B-65262, B-69981, B-72280, B-75949,
B-75965, B-77680, B-84744, D-82796,
E-54382, E-57133, E-57134, E-67890,
E-69084, E-78078, E-84772, F-58890,
F-60258, F-63787, F-66855, J-65236,
J-69134, L-65205
MEAT PACKING PLANTS L-70849
MEETINGS L-4586I
MEMBRANE FILTRATION C-30707,
C-33562, C-44757, C-48175, C-63650,
C-66931, C-72399, C-84727
MERCURY COMPOUNDS A-68935,
C-72974, K-67829
METAL COMPOUNDS A-37176, A-57524,
A-60240, A-65181, A-68935, A-77664,
A-84726, B-43203, B-45066, B-59329,
B-77678, C-30707, C-48175, C-63650,
C-67035, C-68056, C-69989, C-72974,
C-73043, C--77890, D-59409, D-65199,
D-74250, D-78617, D-82796, E-57134,
E-73066, E-73103, E-73766, E-73867,
F-72264, F-75961, G-67635, K-67829
METAL INDUSTRIES A-77929, A-82797,
B-59329, B-77678, B-77930, B-79178,
C-32257
METALS A-57524, A-68823, B-44638,
B-59920, B-67832, B-69153, B-77678
METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS
C-77724, E-55295
METEOROLOGY A-54087, A-54138,
A-69939, A-77667, A-78512, A-80030,
A-84759, B-54531, B-61754, B-63545,
C-58495, C-60291, C-64676, C-68056,
C-77725, D-44691, D-77658, D-81446,
E-31831, E-42146, E-44643, E-51856,
E-54382, E-55295, E-56092, E-57132,
E-57133, E-57134, E-58159, E-59613,
E-60279, E-61125, E-62089, E-65180,
E-67I79, E-67890, E-69411, E-69434,
E-69919, E-72402, E-72958, E-72968,
E-73066, E-73103, E-73766, E-77839,
E-77996, E-84758, F-58890, F-70711,
F-77940, L-59578, L-68398, L-70849,
L-77084, L-84753
METROPOLITAN AREAS A-44926,
A-47139, A-54321, A-68038, A-80648,
B-43203, B-44638, C-44700, C-58189,
C-58495, C-60291, C-67035, C-72399,
C-73139, C-77890, D-44691, D-52447,
D-59252, D-65200, D-73577, D-74250,
D-77627, D-77628, D-77645, D-77658,
D-77881, D-78617, D-81446, D-82796,
D-84755, D-84762, E-31831, E-58159,
E-60279, E-69084, E-69434, E-72402,
E-72968, E-77839, E-78078, E-84721,
E-84763, G-67635, J-62263, K-73011,
K-77997, L-33474, L-84745, L-84753
MICROSCOPY C-35266, C-62595, L-77995
MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE C-58189
MINERAL PROCESSING A-47139,
A-52200, A-69504, B-26664, B-44940,
B-53742, C-18971, E-73766, K-67829,
K-69115, L-4586I, N-44753
MINING A-52200, C-66931, E-84767
MISSOURI C-60291, D-84755, E-60279,
E-77839, L-59578, L-77995
MISTS B-75965
MIXING B-79180
MIXING HEIGHT D-81446
MONITORING A-44621, A-54634,
A-57524, A-65181, A-67834, A-68823,
A-68922, A-69939, A-77703, A-77929,
B-56046, B-77666, C-18971, C-32433,
C-33562, C-35266, C-42984, C-44700,
C-44757, C-44805, C-49798, C-58115,
C-63262, C-65538, C-67828, C-68097,
C-69006, C-69097, C-69999, C-75084,
C-75115, C-75147, C-75187, C-76006,
C-77828, C-77890, C-77892, C-77971,
C-77999, C-78102, C-81439, C-84737,
C-84738, C-84739, E-31831, E-62089,
K-69106, L-59578, L-65205, L-67958,
L-70849, L-77084, L-78130
MONTHLY D-44691
MOUNTAINS C-58495
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS A-77703,
A-82797, B-81267
N
NATIONAL AIR SAMPLING NETWORK
(NASN) D-73577
NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS J-69134,
N-44753
NATURAL EMISSION SOURCES
C-77725
NATURAL GAS A-84716, B-57729
NEPHELOMETER C-77725
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
C-65247, C-67035
NEVADA E-44643
NEW MEXICO C-31612, E-44643
NEW YORK CITY D-81446
NEW YORK STATE A-44926, D-81446,
K-65241
NICKEL COMPOUNDS A-77664, C-48175
NITRATES A-37176, A-77351, A-84756,
B-84741, C-58189, C-69989, D-59409,
D-65199, D-77881
NITRIC OXIDE (NO) A-77703
NITROGEN C-62549
NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2) A-77703
NITROGEN OXIDES A-44621, A-73045,
A-77351, A-77667, A-77703, A-84716,
A-84724, A-84764, B-79186, C-58115,
D-77881, E-65180, F-65573, L-59578
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION A-54062, A-54087,
C-77725, D-44691, E-57132, E-57133
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) K-67829, K-69106
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION K-77997
NON-METROPOLITAN AREAS A-54062,
A-69976, B-61754, B-65228, C-31612,
C-56790, C-60291, D-73577, D-77658,
D-84755, K-77997
NONFERROUS FOUNDRIES B-77678
NORTH CAROLINA L-70849
NOX CONTROL B-79186
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS B-60214
NUCLEATION D-59409, F-75961,
F-77879, F-84746
o
OCEANS A-47139, C-58495, D-59409,
F-79318
ODOR CONTROL A-54062
ODOR COUNTERACTION A-54062
ODORS B-59920, B-65650, B-66681,
B-67832, B-79178, K-67829
OHIO D-78617
OLEFINS C-62411, F-65573
OPEN HEARTH FURNACES A-77929,
B-79050, B-79178
OPERATING COSTS B-77677
OPERATING CRITERIA A-60301,
A-67834, A-68922, A-77665, A-77667,
J-69134, L-75507, L-75521, L-75576
OPERATING VARIABLES A-65184,
A-67834, A-68823, A-68922, A-76000,
A-77664, A-77667, A-77929, A-79163,
B-44884, B-53922, B-54011, B-61776,
B-67907, B-69451, B-69981, B-71035,
B-72280, B-72281, B-72300, B-75055,
B-75092, B-75117, B-75142, B-75891,
3-77279, B-77280, B-79050, B-81267,
B-82792, B-82793, B-82795, C-18971,
C-43288, C-44805, C-44872, C-75993,
C-76006, C-77724, C-77828, C-79037
J-65236, K-82784, L-77084
OPTICAL METHODS C-35266, C-62595
L-77995
ORGANIC ACIDS A-77703
ORGANIC WASTES A-54062
OXIDANTS C-58115, E-78181 *
OXIDATION A-67993, E-67890, F-65545
OXYGEN A-77351, L-70849
OXYGEN LANCING A-77929
OZONE A-77703, C-58115, E-59613
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
93
PACKED TOWERS B-44940, B-60335
PAPER AND ALLIED MANUFACTURING
A-78512, A-82797, E-77132
PARTICLE COUNTING A-60301,
B-31028, C-35266, C-57150, C-60053,
C-66633, C-73065, C-73139, C-77971,
F-70711
PARTICLE ENTRAINMENT B-75949
PARTICLE GROWTH A-68038, B-62920,
B-65375, B-75201, C-58495, E-67890,
F-70711, F-75961
PARTICLE INVESTIGATION METHODS
A-54138, A-54634, A-57524, A-60301,
B-31028, C-30707, C-31612, C-33562,
C-35266, C-42986, C-43288, C-44700,
C-44757, C-44881, C-48175, C-53800,
C-57150, C-58495, C-58855, C-60053,
C-60291, C-62549, C-63650, C-64676,
C-65204, C-65229, C-65538, C-66633,
C-6693I, C-68097, C-69006, C-69989,
C-69999, C-70714, C-72399, C-73065,
C-73139, C-75993, C-77725, C-77828,
C-77890, C-77892, C-77941, C-77971,
C-79037, C-79093, C-84727, C-84730,
C-84733, C-84736, C-84738, C-84750,
D-59252, E-77132, F-70711, F-84734
PARTICLE SEPARATION C-30707,
C-33562, C-44757, C-44881, C-48175,
C-63650, C-65538, C-66931, C-68097,
C-69006, C-69989, C-72399, C-79093,
C-84727, C-84733, C-84736
PARTICLE SHAPE A-60240, A-67993,
B-71035, C-32433, F-70407
PARTICLE SIZE A-37176, A-47139,
A-54010, A-54087, A-54138, A-54321,
A-54634, A-57524, A-60240, A-60301,
A-65184, A-65207, A-67993, A-68038,
A-68935, A-69939, A-72403, A-74251,
A-77351, A-77929, A-82797, A-84748,
A-84760, B-44641, B-44884, B-44940,
B-53922, B-53990, B-53991, B-56046,
B-60223, B-60335, B-69685, B-70083,
B-71035, B-72202, B-72280, B-72315,
B-75055, B-75099, B-75145, B-75205,
B-75891, B-75949, B-79050, B-82798,
B-84729, C-31612, C-32433, C-33562,
C-35266, C-42986, C-43288, C-44700,
C-44757, C-44881, C-53800, C-56790,
C-57150, C-58I75, C-58189, C-58495,
C-58545, C-58855, C-60053, C-62549,
C-64676, C-65204, C-66633, C-66821,
C-66826, C-69999, C-73008, C-73065,
C-73139, C-75111, C-77828, C-77890,
C-77892, C-78102, C-81439, C-84730,
C-84736, D-44691, D-52447, D-59252,
D-59409, D-74250, D-77627, D-77628,
D-77658, D-77881, E-42146, E-51856,
E-57132, E-57133, E-61125, E-699I9,
E-73066, E-78078, F-66855, F-70407,
F-70711, F-72967, F-77940, G-67635,
K-82784
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
A-77726, A-84742, C-77890, C-77892,
C-77941, C-78102, C-79037, C-82794,
C-84730, C-84732, C-84750, C-84752,
D-77627, D-77628, E-77132, E-77839,
E-78078, F-84746
PARTICULATE CLASSIFICATION
METHODS A-37176, A-47139,
A-54010, A-54062, A-54087, A-54138,
A-54321, A-54634, A-57524, A-60301,
B-44641, B-44884, B-44940, B-53922,
B-53990, B-53991, B-56046, B-60223,
B-60335, B-71035, C-31612, C-32433,
C-33562, C-35266, C-42986, C-43288,
C-44700, C-44757, C-44881, C-53800,
C-56790, C-57150, C-58175, C-58189,
C-58495, C-58855, C-60053, C-70714,
D-44691, D-52447, D-59252, D-59409,
E-42146, E-51856, E-57132, E-57133,
E-77996
PARTICULATE SAMPLING A-54010,
A-54138, A-57524, A-69939, A-72403,
A-78512, B-71035, C-30707, C-31612,
C-56790, C-58115, C-65247, C-65540,
C-66826, C-66931, C-67828, C-68097,
C-69006, C-69097, C-69989, C-69999,
C-72399, C-72974, C-73065, C-73139,
C-75084, C-75115, C-76006, C-77724,
C-77828, C-77890, C-77892, C-77971,
C-77994, C-79093, C-81439, D-77658,
D-82796, E-73066, F-66855, L-67958
PENNSYLVANIA B-65240, C-44700,
C-68056, L-31849, L-33474, L-77098
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS A-60301,
A-68823, A-68922, B-60214, B-69685,
B-77666, B-79180, B-84735, B-84741,
B-84743, J-62263, J-67908, J-69134,
K-44642, K-67829, K-69106, K-69115,
K-82784, L-37348, L-53491, L-77995,
L-84745, N-44753
PERMEABILITY F-58474
PERMITS L-31849, L-45861
PERSONNEL L-67958
PETER SPENCE PROCESS (GLAUS)
A-68935
PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS
INDUSTRY A-80648, A-84742
PETROLEUM REFINING A-80648,
A-84742
PH C-43288, C-60276, E-58159, E-72958,
F-65545
PHENYL COMPOUNDS C-62411
PHENYLS C-62411
PHILADELPHIA C-44700, L-31849,
L-33474
PHOSPHORIC ACID C-44881
PHOSPHOROUS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
A-54138, A-54634, A-57524, A-60301,
C-31612, C-35266, C-42986, C-43288,
C-44757, C-53800, C-58495, C-58855,
C-60053, C-62549, C-64676, C-65204,
C-65229, C-69999, C-70714, C-77828,
C-77890, C-77941, C-79037, E-77132
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
A-67993, A-84726, E-59613, F-65573,
F-84731
PHOTOMETRIC METHODS C-31612,
C-32433, C-57150, C-60053, C-75084,
C-75I47, C-82794
PHOTOOXIDATION A-67993
PILOT PLANTS B-54I32, B-65239,
B-66823, B-71974, B-72202, B-75117,
B-77279, B-77280
PITTSBURGH C-68056
PLAINS A-54087
PLANNING AND ZONING A-44926,
J-62263, L-59578, L-62309
PLANT DAMAGE L-70849
PLASTICS B-66823
PLATING AND POLISHING B-79178
PLUME BEHAVIOR t-72968, E-77132,
E-84720, E-84721, E-84763, E-84767,
L-68398
POINT SOURCES B-79180, D-77627,
E-69380, E-84720, J-62263
POLLENS A-77351
POLLUTANT PRECURSORS B-84741
POLLUTION PRECURSORS B-71035,
L-70849
POLYNUCLEAR COMPOUNDS C-60381,
C-72974, D-65200, D-73577, G-67635
POROUS, GRANULAR, AND FRITTED
FILTRATION C-84727
POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS C-69989,
F-72264, F-75961
PRECIPITATION B-61754, E-51856,
E-58159, E-59613, E-60279, E-61125,
E-67179, E-72958
PROCESS MODIFICATION A-54634,
A-77929, B-44638, B-59607, B-67832,
B-70459, B-77279, B-79186
PROPENES F-65573
PROPOSALS K-73011
PUBLIC AFFAIRS B-62920, E-56092,
L-84725
PUBLIC INFORMATION B-62920,
E-56092, L-84725
PULMONARY FUNCTION B-43203
PULMONARY RESISTANCE B-43203
PULP MILLS A-78512, A-82797, E-77132
PYRENES D-65200, D-73577, G-67635
PYROLYSIS B-67832
QUALITY ASSURANCE C-76006,
C-77724, C-79037
QUARTZ C-66931
R
RADIOACTIVE RADIATION B-60214,
B-65375, C-32257, C-32433, C-48175,
C-54628, C-58855, C-62595, C-68056,
C-77892
RAIN B-61754, E-58159, E-60279,
E-61125, E-72958
RAPPING B-31028, B-65239, J-65236
REACTION KINETICS A-84726, B-43203,
B-54531, E-67890, E-73867, E-77996
REACTION MECHANISMS A-77351,
B-43203, B-7520' E-59613, E-67890,
E-69084, E-73867, F-66995, F-75975,
F-84749
REDUCTION A-75958
REFRACTIVE INDEX F-64811
REFUSE SYSTEMS A-54062, A-77703,
A-79I63, A-82797, B-44940, B-54531,
B-65650, B-67832, B-70459, B-81267,
B-84735, C-18971, C-65538, C-69989,
K-67829, N-44753
REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS L-44804
REGULATIONS B-60214, B-79186,
C-56790, J-62263, K-44642, L-31849,
L-37348, L-45861, L-53491, L-65227,
L-67958, L-77098, L-77995, L-78130
REMOTE SENSING C-77725
REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLING C-77892
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES C-49798,
E-31831
RESEARCH PROGRAMS F-77940
RESIDENTIAL AREAS A-44926, B-77930
RESPIRATORY DISEASES A-82797,
B-82798
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM A-60301,
D-52447, G-71966
RETENTION A-60301, E-73867
ROADS A-65207, A-69504, A-69939,
A-69976, A-71499, A-74251, A-77700,
A-77726, A-84723, A-84748, A-84756,
A-84759, A-84760, A-84761, B-26664,
B-65228, C-62855, D-44691, D-82796.
E-69084, E-69919, E-72402, E-73103.
E-84740, E-84758, K-77997
RUBBER A-71499. A-74251, C-62411
-------
94
PARTICIPATES AND AIR POLLUTION
SAMPLERS A-54138, A-54634, A-57524,
A-6030I, C-18971, C-30707, C-31612,
C-32433, C-33562, C-35266, C-42986,
C-43288, C-44700, C-44757, C-44881,
C-48175, C-53800, C-56790, C-58495,
C-58545, C-58855, C-59609, C-60053,
C-62855, C-64361, C-65204, C-65247,
C-65540, C-66826, C-72399, C-73065,
C-75115, C-77724, C-77828, C-77892,
C-79093, D-44691, D-52447, D-54482,
D-59252, D-77627, D-84762, F-58474,
L-67958
SAMPLING PROBES A-37176, C-42984,
C-44805, C-69006, C-75110, C-77971,
C-79093
SAN FRANCISCO D-59252, D-77881
SANITARY SERVICES A-54062, A-77703,
A-79163, A-82797, B-44940, B-54531,
B-65650, B-67832, B-70459, B-81267,
B-84735, C-18971, C-65538, C-69989,
K-67829, N-44753
SATELLITES (ARTIFICIAL) C-77725
SCALING B-75965
SCATTERING (ATMOSPHERIC) F-58890
SCRUBBERS A-57524, A-60301, A-68922,
A-77664, A-77703, B-44638, B-44641,
B-44940, B-53742, B-53991, B-54011,
B-57729, B-59920, B-60223, B-60335,
B-62920, B-63078, B-63523, B-65375,
B-67817, B-70083, B-71974, B-72202,
B-75055, B-75099, B-75142, B-75145,
B-75891, B-75965, B-77209, B-77660,
B-77678, B-79I78, B-79180, B-84729,
B-84735, B-84757, C-44872, G-71966,
L-45861
SEA SALTS A-47139, C-58495, D-59409,
E-73066
SECONDARY SMELTING AND REFINING
OF NONFE B-77678
SEDIMENTATION (CONTROL) B-57700,
E-42146
SEDIMENTATION PHENOMENA
B-57700, C-35266, C-58545, E-42146
SELENIUM COMPOUNDS A-57524,
C-72974, D-78617
SETTLING CHAMBERS A-68922,
C-35266
SETTLING PARTICLES A-47139,
A-52200, A-54062, A-54087, A-54138,
A-65207, A-66845, A-69504, A-69939,
A-74251, A-77351, A-79163, A-80030,
A-84748, A-84766, B-26664, B-31028,
B-44638, B-53922, B-53990, B-53991,
B-59920, B-61754, B-62185, B-63545,
B-65228, B-66681, B-66823, B-70083,
B-71974, B-72300, B-75117, B-77675,
B-77678, B-77930, B-79178, B-79180,
B-84757, B-84775, C-32257, C-48175,
C-58495, C-65229, C-66931, C-73065,
C-77725, C-77828, C-77994, C-77999,
D-52447, D-59409, D-77627, D-77628,
E-42146, E-51856, E-55295, E-57132,
E-57133, E-67179, E-69411, E-73066,
E-77996, F-64811, F-65545, F-66488,
F-66995, F-70407, F-79318, K-67829,
K-77997, L-31849, L-65227, L-77995
SEWERAGE SYSTEMS B-65650, K-67829
SILICATES D-59409, D-65199
SILICON COMPOUNDS A-84766,
D-59409, D-65199, D-78617
SILICON DIOXIDE A-65207, B-45066,
E-73867
SILVER COMPOUNDS C-30707
SIMULATION A-79163, B-44641, B-44884,
B-77680, C-67828, E-73867, E-78078,
F-70407, F-72967, J-69134
SINTERING B-59329, C-32257
SITE SELECTION A-80648
SLUDGE B-65650, K-67829
SMOG D-59409, E-78078
SMOKE SHADE A-67834, A-68823, .
A-68922, B-53742, D-54482, K-69115
SMOKEMETERS C-32433, C-75084,
C-75147
SMOKES A-84724, B-54531, B-84751,
H-62878
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS J-67908,
K-67829, K-73011, L-77084
SODIUM CHLORIDE E-73066
SODIUM COMPOUNDS B-45066,
B-59329, C-69989, D-59409, E-73066,
F-75961
SOILING INDEX D-54482
SOILS A-47139, A-54087, A-54138,
A-77351, B-26664, D-59409, E-57132,
E-57133, F-64811
SOLAR RADIATION L-59578
SOLUBILITY F-77879
SOLVENT REFINING B-67832
SOLVENTS C-30707, C-60381
SOOT A-77351, F-65545, F-66995
SOOT FALL A-77351
SOURCE MONITORING A-44621,
A-54634, A-57524, A-65181, A-67834,
A-68823, A-68922, A-69939, A-77703,
A-77929, B-56046, B-77666, C-18971,
C-35266, C-42984, C-44805, C-49798,
C-65538, C-67828, C-68097, C-69006,
C-69097, C-75084, C-75115, C-75187,
C-76006, C-77828, C-77971, C-77999,
C-81439, C-84738, L-67958
SOUTH DAKOTA H-84719
SOUTH PACIFIC B-54132, C-58189
SOX CONTROL A-68935, B-43203,
B-57729, B-59920, B-60335, B-63078,
B-64855, B-71974, B-75965, J-58903,
L-70849
SPACE HEATING D-81446
SPARK IGNITION ENGINES A-60240,
A-73045
SPARK TIMING A-60240
SPECTROMETRY C-30707, C-32257,
C-48175, C-54628, C-58545, C-59609,
C-62411, C-63650, C-66821, C-66826,
C-66931, C-69999, C-73008, C-73043
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY C-62595,
C-65247, C-73008
SPRAY TOWERS A-77703, B-44940,
B-53742, B-60223, B-63078, B-75965
SPRAYS B-77678, L-31849
ST LOUIS C-60291, D-84755, E-60279,
E-77839, L-59578
STABILITY (ATMOSPHERIC) C-68056,
E-42146, E-44643, E-65180, E-72968,
E-84721
STACK GASES A-65181, A-67834,
A-68823, A-68922, A-68935, A-72403,
A-77351, A-77667, A-77703, A-78512,
A-79163, B-57729, B-59607, B-59920,
B-60214, B-63078, B-64855, B-65375,
B-66681, B-67832, B-70459, B-71974,
B-72281, B-75099, B-75201, B-75205,
B-75965, B-77666, B-77930, B-79050,
C-42984, C-58115, C-62549, C-65538,
C-65541, C-68097, C-75084, C-75115,
C-75147, C-75187, C-76006, C-77971,
C-78510, E-58159, E-72968, F-70407,
K-69106, L-67958, L-75507, L-75521,
L-75576, L-77084
STACK MONITORING A-54634, A-57524,
A-65181, A-77929, B-56046, B-77666,
C-18971, C-42984, C-44805, C-49798,
C-65538, C-69006, C-75084, C-75115,
C-75187, C-76006, C-81439, C-84738,
L-67958 ••..•!
STAGNATION CT68056
STATE GOVERNMENTS L^44804,
L-77995 -
STATISTICAL ANALYSES A-44926,
A-57524, C-44872, C-63262, C-67828,
C-76006, C-77994, D-52447, D-54482,
D-77881, D-78617, D-81446, E-57133,
E-57134, F-63787, F-66488, F-70711,
K-65225
STEAM B-59920
STEAM ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION
A-44621, A-54634, A-65181,
A-65184, A-72403, A-77665, A-77667,
A-82797, B-60214, B-65902, B-67907,
B-67994, B-69451, B-71974, B-75201,
B-77280, B-79186, B-82793, C-75115,
E-58159, E-72958, J-58903, J-61840,
J-67908, J-69134, L-75507, L-75521,
L-75576, L-77084, N-44753
STEEL A-57524, B-59920, B-67832
STONE, CLAY, GLASS, AND CONCRETE
PRODUCT A-82797, B-79180
STREETS A-65207, A-69504, A-69939,
A-69976, B-26664, B-65228, C-62855,
D-44691, E-69084, E-69919, E-72402,
E-73103, K-77997
STRUCTURES A-71499, E-72402, E-72968
STYRENES C-62411
SUBSURFACE STRUCTURES A-71499
SULFATES A-54321, A-60301, A-75958,
A-77351, A-84723, A-84756, A-84759,
A-84760, A-84761, B-84741, C-58189,
C-60291, C-69989, C-81499, C-84750,
D-59409, D-65199, D-77645, D-77881,
D-84754, E-58159, E-67890, E-69084,
E-72958, E-84740, E-84763, E-84772,
F-65545, F-66995, F-84746, F-84749,
L-84753
SULFIDES C-58115
SULFUR COMPOUNDS A-54321,
A-60301, A-65184, A-75958, A-77351,
A-77664, A-84723, A-84756, A-84759,
A-84760, A-84761, B-45066, B-79186,
B-84741, C-58115, C-58189, C-60291,
C-69989, C-73043, C-81499, C-84722,
C-84750, D-59409, D-65199, D-77645,
D-77881, D-84754, E-58159, E-67890,
E-69084, E-72958, E-84740, E-84763,
E-84772, F-65545, F-66995, F-84746,
F-84749, J-58903, L-84753
SULFUR DIOXIDE A-44621, A-68935,
A-75944, A-75958, A-77351, A-77665,
A-77703, A-80648, A-84716, A-84742,
A-84761, B-57729, B-75965, C-32257,
C-58115, C-60291, C-65538, D-77627,
D-77645, D-77881, D-84754, E-56092,
- E-58159, E-62089, E-65180, E-67890,
E-69084, E-84763, E-84772, F-65545,
F-66995, F-77940, F-84731, F-84749,
H-62878, K-73011, L-59578, L-70849
L-75507, L-75521, L-75576
SULFUR OXIDES A-44621, A-54321,
A-68935, A-73045, A-75944, A-75958,
A-77351, A-77665, A-77667, A-77703,
A-80648, A-84716, A-84724,*A-84742,
A-84747, A-84761, A-84764, B-4S066,
B-57729, B-64855, B-65240, B-75965,
B-79186, C-32257, C-58115, C-60291
C-65538, D-77627, D-77645, D-77881,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
95
D-84754, E-56092, E-58I59, E-62089,
E-65180, E-67890, E-69084, E-84763,
E-84772, F-65545, F-66995, F-77940,
F-84731, F-84749, H-62878, K-730I1,
L-59578, L-75507, L-75521, L-75576
SULFUR TRIOXIDE B-45066, B-64855
SULFURIC ACID A-75958, A-84723,
A-84756, A-84761, B-63523, C-58189,
C-60276, C-60291, C-65538, C-81499,
F-84731, F-84746, N-44753
SUPERSATURATION A-54321, B-75965
SURFACE COATINGS B-59607
SURFACE PROPERTIES A-72403,
B-65228, C-32257, C-79037, F-70407,
F-72264, F-75975, G-67635
SURFACTANTS C-44872
SURVEY METHODS A-66845, A-69976,
L-59578, L-65205, L-70849
SUSPENDED PARTICULATES A-47139,
A-54087, A-60301, A-65181, A-65184,
A-68038, A-69504, A-74251, A-75944,
A-77351, A-77664, A-77665, A-77667,
A-77726, A-79163, A-84724, B-3I028,
B-43203, B-45066, B-54132, B-54531,
B-57521, B-59329, B-63523, B-64855,
B-65240, B-65375, B-65901, B-65902,
B-66681, B-67832, B-67907, B-67994,
B-69153, B-69451, B-72315, B-75092,
B-75I17, B-7520I, B-75949, B-75965,
B-77279, B-77280, B-77678, B-77930,
B-84751, C-31612, C-62411, C-62549,
C-62855, C-65204, C-66821, C-72399,
C-75948, C-77725, C-81439, D-44691,
D-52447, D-54482, D-59409, D-65199,
D-65200, D-73577, D-77628, D-77658,
D-81446, E-61125, E-62089, E-65180,
E-67645, E-67890, E-69380, E-69434,
E-77996, E-78078, F-72264, F-75975,
H-62878, J-58903, J-67459, J-69134,
K-65241, L-84753
SYNERGISM B-43203
TAXATION J-67908, J-69134
TEFLON B-66823
TEMPERATURE A-60240, B-59329,
B-66681, B-67907, B-72300, B-79180,
C-44872, C-65247, C-68097, C-79093,
F-68498
TEMPERATURE (ATMOSPHERIC)
B-61754, E-55295, E-59613, E-65180,
E-67179, F-58890, L-59578
TENNESSEE E-62089
TEST ENGINES C-44757
TEXAS K-73011, L-44804, L-75507
TEXTILE MILLS C-77828
TEXTILES C-77828
THERMAL RADIATION E-59613, F-68498
THERMODYNAMICS B-54531, B-77209,
F-68498
THROUGHPUT B-79050
THUNDERSTORMS E-60279, E-67179
TIN COMPOUNDS C-69989
TIRES A-47139, A-67993, A-71499,
A-74251, C-62411
TITANIUM COMPOUNDS C-69989,
D-78617
TOPOGRAPHIC INTERACTIONS
E-44643, E-67179, E-69919, E-72968,
E-84721, E-84767
TOXICITY A-68038, G-67635, G-71966,
H-62878, L-53491 / /
TRACE ANALYSIS ^A-57524,_£-30707,
C-6365Q, C-65247, C-67035, C-68056,
D-7425t>, E-60279
TRACERS E-57134, E-60279
TRANSMISSOMETERS C-75084, C-75147
TRANSPORT A-77351, C-73065, E-31831,
E-42146, E-57134, E-67645, E-69380,
E-69434, E-73066, E-73103, E-73766,
E-84763, E-84772, F-58890, F-84718
TRAPPING (SAMPLING) A-37176
TREATED FABRICS B-79178
TRENDS A-73045, A-75141, A-84747,
B-65902, B-72315, D-65200, D-73577,
D-77645, K-73011
TUNNELS A-71499
TURBIDIMETRY C-44700, C-44757,
C-60291, C-77725, D-59252
TURBULENCE (ATMOSPHERIC)
E-57133, E-72968, E-73103, H-58890,
F-60258, L-59578
u
ULTRASONICS C-32433, C-44881
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION A-84726
UNITED KINGDOM C-62549, C-66931,
H-62878
UNITED STATES A-44926, A-47139,
A-54321, A-65207, A-73045, B-65240,
B-84743, C-31612, C-44700, C-60291,
C-62549, C-67035, C-68056, D-44691,
D-59252, D-59409, D-65199, D-77627,
D-77628, D-77645, D-77658, D-77881,
D-78617, D-81446, D-82796, D-84755,
E-44643, E-51856, E-60279, E-62089,
E-69084, E-69380, E-694II, E-69434,
E-72402, E-77839, E-78I8I, H-84719,
J-62263, J-67908, K-44642, K-65241,
K-73011, L-31849, L-33474, L-37348,
L-44804, L-53491, L-59578, L-62309,
L-68398, L-75507, L-75521, L-75576,
L-77084, L-77098, L-77995
URANIUM COMPOUNDS E-73766
URBAN AREAS A-44926, A-47139,
A-54321, A-68038, B-43203, B-44638,
C-44700, C-58189, C-58495, C-60291,
C-67035, C-72399, C-73139, C-77890,
D-44691, D-52447T D-59252, D-65200,
D-73577, D-74250. D-77627, D-77628,
D-77645, D-77658, D-78617, D-82796,
D-84762, E-31831, E-58159. E-60279,
E-69084, E-69434, E-72402, E-72968,
E-78078, E-84721, E-84763, G-67635,
J-62263, K-73011, K-77997, L-33474,
L-84745
USSR B-66681, F-58474
UTAH E-44643
VANADIUM COMPOUNDS B-43203,
D-78617
VAPOR PRESSURE C-72974
VAPOR RECOVERY SYSTEMS C-44872
VAPORS B-59920. C-44872
VEHICULAR TRAFFIC A-84748
VELOCITY B-75965, B-84775
VENTILATION B-66681
VENTURI SCRUBBERS A-68922,
B-44641, B-44940, B-60335, B-63078,
B-70083, B-75965, L-45861
VISIBILITY A-54087, B-77666, C-31612,
C-65204, C-75084, D-59252, D-84754,
K-69106
VISIBLE RADIATION C-32433
VOLATILITY C-63650, C-72974
VOLTAGE B-6I776
w
WASHINGTON (STATE) A-65207,
E-69411, J-67908
WASHOUT E-58159, E-72958
WASTE GAS CONTROL A-68935,
B-43203, B-57729, B-59920, B-60335,
B-63078, B-64855, B-71974, B-75965,
B-79180, B-79186, J-58903
WASTE GASES A-65181, A-67834,
A-68823, A-68922, A-68935, A-72403,
A-77351, A-77667, A-77703, A-78512,
A-79163, A-80648, B-57729, B-59607,
B-59920, B-60214, B-63078, B-64855,
B-65375, B-66681, B-67832, B-70459.
B-71974, B-72281, B-75099, B-75201,
B-75205, B-75965, B-77666, B-77930,
B-79050, B-79180, B-79186, B-82792,
C-42984, C-58115, C-62549, C-65538,
C-65541, C-68097, C-75084, C-751I5,
C-75147, C-75187, C-76006, C-77971,
C-78510, E-58159, E-72968, F-70407,
K-69106, L-67958, L-75507, L-75521,
L-75576, L-77084
WATER A-75958, A-77351, B-62920
WATER BODIES K-67829, K-69106
WATER POLLUTION K-67829, K-69106
WEATHER FORECASTING E-56092
WEATHER MODIFICATION E-59613,
E-60279
WEST AND GAEKE METHOD (SO2)
C-81499
WEST VIRGINIA L-37348
WET CYCLONES A-68922, B-44940,
B-5401I, B-77660
WETTING B-26664, B-59607, B-63545,
B-65228, C-44872
WIND ROSE L-68398
WIND TUNNELS C-42984, E-77996
WINDS A-54087, A-54138, A-77667,
A-80030, A-84759, C-77725, D-77658,
D-81446, E-31831, E-42146, E-51856,
E-54382, E-55295, E-57I32, E-57133,
E-57134, E-60279, E-62089, E-65180,
E-67179, E-69411, E-69434, E-69919,
E-72402, E-73766, E-77839, E-77996,
E-84758, L-59578, L-68398
WISCONSIN E-72402, L-75576
WOOD (MATERIAL) B-77660, B-77666
X-RAYS C-32257, C-48175, C-54628,
C-62595, C-68056
ZINC B-67832
ZINC COMPOUNDS A-57524, A-68935,
A-77664, B-77678, C-30707, C-48175,
C-69989, C-77890, D-59409, D-74250,
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-450/1-77-001
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Particulates and Air Pollution:
Bibliography
An Annotated
5. REPORT OATF Aprjl
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards has prepared,
selected and compiled the 400 abstracts in this bibliography. The abstracts
are arranged within 10 general subject categories. The abstracted documents
are thought to be representative of available literature. Subject and author
indices are included. The indices refer to the abstracts by a category code
and abstract number. The author index lists all authors individually.
Generally, higher abstract numbers have been assigned to more recent documents,
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATl Field/Group
Air Pollution
Particulates
Total Suspended Particulates
Information Retrieval
Bibliographies
Abstracts
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
106
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
96
*U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1977 - 740-104/410
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