EPA-450/1-77-001
 PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
   AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
                    XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX,
                    XXXXxXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.
                    /X/X/XXX//XXXXXXXXX/XXX
                    XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.

             • j • :• .•-;. ;•. ' -f * » ;,-
          '•^•^^'^>-i::-••';'•
          «.i*-*-^'.'r.-i S ' :.':".
     U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

-------
                               EPA-450/1-77-001
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION:
   AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
        ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
           Office of Air and Waste Management
        Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
        Research Triangle Park, North Carolina  27711

                   April 1977

-------
This report is issued by the Environmental Protection Agency to report
technical data of interest to a limited number of readers.  Copies are
available free of charge to Federal employees,  current contractors and
grantees, and nonprofit organizations - in limited quantities - from the
Library Services Office (MD-35) , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27711; or,  for a fee, from the National Technical Information Service,
5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia  22161.
                                   11

-------
                                     CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
                                                                                  , V
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
  A.    Emission Sources 	1
  B.    Control Methods	15
  C.    Measurement Methods 	36
  D.    Air Quality Measurement	56
  E.    Atmospheric Interaction	61
  F.    Basic Science and Technology	70
  G.    Standards and Criteria 	75
  H.    Legal and Administrative	77
   I.    General 	83

AUTHOR INDEX	84

SUBJECT INDEX	88

TECHNICAL REPORT DATA AND ABSTRACT	96

-------
          PARTICULATES AND AIR  POLLUTION:
              AN  ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
                                 INTRODUCTION
    Sources and conditions that produce particulates and the evaluation of the role of
particulate matter in air pollution are among the most pressing concerns in pollution
control efforts throughout the United States. To help in approaching these concerns,
the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards has  compiled and produced this
annotated bibliography.

    The 400 abstracts in this volume have been selected from Environmental Protection
Agency technical information storage and retrieval systems, professional publications,
convention proceedings and special studies by public and private agencies and experts.
These abstracts are arranged within the categories listed in the Contents Table. Subject
and author indices refer to the abstracts by category letter and accession number.
Generally, a higher accession number indicates a more recent document.  The author
index lists authors individually, and primary authorship is indicated by an asterisk.

    All documents in  this bibliography are currently on file at the Library of the
Environmental Research  Center, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27711.  Copies of these documents are available from the Library
free of charge to EPA employees, and state and local air pollution control agencies may
obtain copies in microfiche format at no charge. Other readers may seek documents
from publishers or authors or, under the Freedom of Information Act, may obtain them
from the Library for a modest  fee.
                                       v

-------
                                A.  EMISSION  SOURCES
37176
Ter Haar, G. L., D. L. Lenane, J. N. Hu, and M. Brandt
COMPOSITION,  SIZE AND CONTROL OF AUTOMOTIVE
EXHAUST PARTICIPATES. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
22(l):39-46,  Jan. 1972.  14 rets. (Presented at the Air Pollution
Control Accosiation, Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlantic City, N. J.,
1971, Paper  71-111.)
Several vehicles manufactured during 1966-1970, operated on a
chassis  dynamometer under Federal 7-mode cycle conditions,
were tested  to determine total paniculate composition, size  of
exhausted lead particulates, and the effects of traps on total
lead emitted. Cars varied widely in the amounts and composi-
tion of  their participate emissions. Cold-cycle operation gave
2-8 times more paniculate  than hot  engine operation. Lead
compounds  represented less than 1/3 of the total particulates,
the remainder being carbon compounds along with ammonium
and nitrate ions and unknown materials. Exhausted lead varied
with the condition of the exhaust  system and ranged between
7 and 30% of the lead consumed by the engine. Fuel additives
affected the amount of  emitted particulates. Probe sampling
techniques underestimated by a large factor the amount of par-
ticulates emitted by vehicles. Trapping systems offered poten-
tial for greatly reducing  the emission of suspended total par-
ticulates. The size of lead particulates was determined using 26
1966-model  cars  with  stabilized  exhaust deposits.  Under
Federal Cycle conditions, 18% of the lead burned was emitted
as fine and  11% as course particles. (Author abstract modified)
44621
Govan, Francis A., Louis A. Terracciano, and Jerome Romm
SOURCE TESTING OF  UTILITY BOILERS FOR PARTICU-
LATE AND  GASEOUS  EMISSIONS. Preprint,  Air Pollution
Control Assoc.,  Pittsburgh, Pa., 23p., 1972. (Presented at the
Air  Pollution  Control  Association, Annual  Meeting,  65th,
Miami, Fla., June 18-22,  1972, Paper 72-72.)
An emission test program was conducted with the cooperation
of  several commercial testing organizations to evaluate  the
best paniculate control techniques available  for installation on
new or substantially modified steam-generating systemm. A
total of 10 steam generators were tested for paniculate, sulfur
dioxide, and  nitrogen oxides  emissions.  Public Health Service
and ASME paniculate emissions tests were performed concur-
rently for seven of the units. The average paniculate emissions
for the six coal fired steam-electric units tested were 0.21  and
0.09 Ib/mill Btu of  heat input by  the PHS and ASME  test
methods,  respectively. The average paniculate emissions for
the two oil fired steam-electric units tested were 0.12 and 0.06
Ib/mill Btu of heat input  by the PHS and ASME, test methods
respectively. The average paniculate emission for  the 2 coal-
fired industrial boilers tested were 0.11 and 0.02 Ib/mill Btu of
heat input for the PHS and ASME methods,  respectively. A
presurvey for  the  purposes  of  establishing  liaison, setting
operating  parameters,   outlining   scaffolding  requirements,
checking sampling port conditions,  and location of a clean-up
area are  a  mandatory requisite for a  valid  test program.
Recommended testing procedures are discussed.
44926
Leaderer, Brian P. and Gregory H. Sovas
ALLOCATION AND PROJECTION OF RESIDENTIAL AND
COMMERCIAL EMISSIONS THROUGH USE OF THE LUNR
INVENTORY. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Association, Pitt-
sburgh, Pa., 22p.,  1972.  8 refs.  (Presented at the Air Pollution
Control Association, Annual Meeting, 65th, Miami, Fla., June
18-22, 1972, Paper 72-57.)
A technique was developed to estimate air pollution emissions
from present and projected residential  and commercial  land
uses by employing the Land Use Natural Resource Inventory
(LUNR Inventory) in combination with population and com-
mercial employee figures. While the method used for estimat-
ing total residential  and  commercial  emissions  is  a  well
established one, the allocation of these emissions on  a  land
use grid basis has a number  of desirable advantages.  The
procedure  allows  for easy and  accurate  estimates  of  area
source inputs for diffusion models, the projection of emissions
resulting from future residential and commercial land develop-
ment for any area in the state, the consideration of air pollu-
tant emissions in  land use-zoning procedures, and the  testing
of varying inputs  to the  system (i.e., population  densities, fuel
distributions) to determine the resultant emissions from future
residential and commercial land use patterns and fuel policies
in New York State. (Author abstract modified)

47139
Friedlander, S. K.
CHEMICAL ELEMENT BALANCES AND THE  IDENTIFICA-
TION  OF  AIR POLLUTION SOURCES. Preprint, California
Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, 28p., 1971. 16 refs. (Presented at the
Conference on Science in the Control  of Smog, Pasadena, Calif.,
Nov. 15-16, 1971.)
Air pollution sources of given types, whether natural or man-
made,  emit a characteristic set of  chemical  elements  in ap-
proximately fixed proportions. If the sources in a polluted re-
gion are known,  the contributions from each source can be
estimated by measuring  elemental concentrations  at a given
point and solving a set of simultaneous  linear algebraic equa-
tions. The  method was applied to paniculate matter measured
in the  air of Pasadena over  an 11-hour period and averaged
over particle size. For the test period, about 15%  of the par-
ticulate matter resulted from primary natural sources and 25%
from primary man-made sources. Sources included sea  salt,
soil dust, automobile exhaust fuel oil fly ash, Portland cement,
and tire dust. About 1/3  of the total resulted from atmospheric
reactions  with  1/4 produced  by the  conversion of gas phase
hydrocarbons to paniculate form. The estimate  for this figure
is based on a carbon balance. About 70% of the total panicu-
late burden was accounted for, with water probably making up
a  significant  portion of the missing 30%.  Improvements  and
extensions of  the  method are  discussed. (Author abstract
modified)

-------
                                  PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
52200
Jones, James R.
AIR POLLUTION FROM MINING OPERATIONS.  Preprint,
American Inst. of Mining, Metallurgical  and Petroleum  En-
gineers, New York, Society of Mining  Engineers, 22p., 1973. 1
ref. (Presented at the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgi-
cal and Petroleum Engineers, Annual Meeting, 102nd, Chicago,
111., Feb. 25-March 1, 1973, Paper 73F98.)
The potential  sources of emission  discussed  in this  paper
cover only the major problems  facing the coal industry. The
modern coal mining industry is  aware of  the many rules  and
regulations  facing  it with  regard  to the  environment.  All
sources of potential air pollution emissions at existing, as well
as  new coal mine  operations  must undergo careful scrutiny.
The most obvious and expensive control  will be that of par-
ticulate emissions from thermal driers. These are capable of
measurement of  stack emission  tests. Fugitive dust emissions
from breakers, crushers, and other preparation plant facilities
emitting dust  will  require water  sprays  or enclosures with
some type of  collector. Handling  systems as  well as loading
facilities will require efforts to minimize fugitive dust. Haulage
roads will  require oiling and  more  frequent  spraying with
water to ally dust. This will be particularly true in areas visible
from public roads and neighboring residences. (Author summa-
ry modified)

54010
Feldman, P. L. and D. W. Coy
COMPARISON OF COMPUTED AND MEASURED OPACI-
TIES:  LIGNITE-FIRED  BOILERS.  Preprint,  Air  Pollution
Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 32p., 1973. 2 refs.  (Presented at
the Air  Pollution Control Association, Annual  Meeting, 66th,
Chicago, 111., June 24-28, 1973, Paper 73-168.)
The correlation between plume  opacity and particle size  dis-
tribution and mass concentration was studied. Emission  and
opacity measurements were  obtained using two lignite fired
boilers. A Brink cascade impactor was used to collect size dis-
tribution data, and two type sampling  trains were  used to mea-
sure  participate  concentrations. A  computer program was
developed to predict opacity  given the size distribution  and
mass concentration data. The predicted  opacities were then
compared with the  measured values. The program was written
so that it was not necessary to approximate the distribution by
a  single log-normal distribution. Extinction efficiency factors
were calculated  from the Mie  equations  using  a subroutine
developed  by IBM. Opacities were calculated from the Lam-
bert-Beer Law with extinction coefficients evaluated by nu-
merical integration over the size  distribution data. Special care
chould  be  taken in the measurement of  mass concentration
and size distribution  data which are  to be used to calculate
opacities. Significant  error  in  computed   opacity can  result
from  normal error in  these measurements. Further, opacity in
itself has little  value as a general indicator of participate mass
concentration or particle size. Thus, each  system under study
must be described in detail before opacity has practical mean-
ing. For nonabsorbing particles,  the size  range encompassing
0.1  to 1 micron radii is generally the most important in  deter-
mining the overall opacity. Therefore, for acceptable correla-
tion of opacity and particle  size and  mass data,  the size  dis-
tribution data in this range must be accurately represented. It
is not sufficient, in many cases, to  represent the data as a  sin-
gle long-normal distribution. (Author abstract modified)
54062
White, Richard K. and John R. Ogilvie
DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CONTROL  OF AIR POLLUTION
PROBLEMS  ASSOCIATED  WITH  LIVESTOCK  PRODUC-
TION. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
23p.,  1973. 23 refs. (Presented at the  Air Pollution Control As-
sociation,  Annual  Meeting, 66th,  Chicago,  III,, June  24-28,
1973,  Paper 73-103.)
The status of research and technology for evaluating and con-
trolling air  pollution  problems  associated  with  livestock
production units is reviewed. The major problems are dust
from  cattle feed  lot and  from confined poultry  and swine
buildings, high levels of gases within confined livestock hous-
ing, and odor problems associated with the handling, treatment
and disposal  of livestock manures. The principal areas of fu-
ture research needs are correlating quantitative analytical data
with  sensory  evaluation  under  field conditions and the
development  of a  dispersa model for odors. (Author summary
modified)

54087
Hagen, L. J. and N. P. Woodruff
PARTICULATE LOADS  CAUSED BY WIND  EROSION IN
THE GREAT PLAINS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
Pittsburgh, Pa., 24p., 1973. 21 refs. (Presented at Air Pollution
Control Association, Annual Meeting, 66th, Chicago, 111., June
24-28, 1973, Paper 73-102.)
Previous research related dust concentrations to visibility and
showed that  the median dust storm concentration was 4.85
mg/cu m and the average duration was 6.6 hr. Wind speed and
particulate concentration profiles were integrated to computer
dust passage  at various locations in  the Great Plains. The an-
nual dust passage varied widely, depending upon precipitation,
but it averaged 40,000 tons per vertical sq mile in  the  1950 s
and 12,600 tons in the 1960 s.  Changes in the  dust passage
between adjacent locations were  consistent, and the  lowest
dust passage  occurred in the least erosive areas.  The estimated
total particulates suspended in dust storms ranged from 37 to
551 million tons annually;  the average dropped  from 244 mil-
lion tons in the 1950 s  to  77 million tons in the 1960 s. Esti-
mates of suspended particulates agreed  well with dust deposi-
tion data collected for a limited period in the 1960 s. Based on
these estimates, wind erosion produces a larger mass of par-
ticulates than do all other primary sources in the United States
combined.  Further, the high concentrations and frequent oc-
currence of dust storms make it  doubtful that any Great Plains
state  can meet all the criteria  in the  National  Ambient Air
Quality Standards, particularly if particle size continues to be
disregarded in the  standards. (Author abstract modified)

54138
Sehmel, George A.
INFLUENCE OF SOIL EROSION ON THE AIRBORNE PAR-
TICLE SIZE  DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION. Preprint, Air Pollu-
tion Control  Assoc., Pittsburgh,  Pa., 27p., 1973. (Presented at
the Air Pollution  Control  Association,  Annual Meeting, 66th,
Chicago, 111.,  June 24-28, 1973, Paper 73-162.)
Airborne  particle  size distributions were  determined,  and
adequate particle sampling techniques over a semiarid  region
were  established. The airborne particle  size  distribution func-
tion  was  determined for 'particle diameters  from  1 to 230
micron at 6 heights from 0.3 to 30 m. The airborne particles in
the respirable size range were determined using cascade parti-
cle impactors and the larger particles were collected by deposi-
tion within a wind direction  self-orienting attachment  to the

-------
                                            A.  EMISSION SOURCES
impactors.  The lower  limit of the distribution function was
represented by delta  N/delta  D equals alpha D  to the beta
power, in which D is the particle diameter and beta is an ex-
perimentally  evaluated exponent. The distribution function
decreased up to 10 orders of magnitude as the particle diame-
ter was increased from 1 to 230 micron. On windy, dusty days,
for  the  230  micron  particles, the  distribution function in-
creased to  five orders  of magnitude. The distribution function
for  1  micron particles increased  at  most one order of mag-
nitude. On nondusty,  nonwindy  days, there  is an apparent
lower  limit  to  the  distribution   function. The  exponential
decrease in the size  distribution is proportional to D to the -
3.88 for  particle diameters, D, between 1 and 40 micron  and
the decrease  is proportional to D to  the -5.48 power. The  dis-
tribution function for  smaller  particles was determined using
hi-volume cascade impactors.  Particles were collected on the
internal surfaces of the cascade impactors at locations other
than on the engineered particle impaction sites. This undesired
collection is termed a wall loss. The fractional wall losses were
a function of either  sampling  time (spring versus summer) or
sampling duration  (40 hr  versus less at  400 hr).  (Author ab-
stract modified)

54321
Heisler,  S. L., S. K. Friedlander, and R. B. Husar
THE  RELATIONSHIP OF  SMOG  AEROSOL  SIZE AND
CHEMICAL  ELEMENT  DISTRIBUTIONS  TO   SOURCE
CHARACTERISTICS.  Atmos. Environ.,  7(6):633-649, June
1973. 20  refs.
A method for calculating  the number and chemical element
size distribution of Pasadena aerosols in a polluted atmosphere
was developed based on measured source characteristics and a
chemical element  balance for  collected  aerosol  samples.
Secondary formation processes for  particulate matter signifi-
cantly  modify the primary  source spectrum and are taken  into
account  using  certain models for the conversion  processes.
The calculated  size and  volume  distributions compare well
with experimental data. Calculations of the chemical element
distribution with respect to size have also been made. A sim-
plified model was adopted  for sulfur oxide conversion. All the
chloride  in the minute aerosol component was replaced on a
molar equivalent basis by sulfate and the resulting droplets as-
sumed to  be saturated. The   volume of  the  supersaturated
droplet remains close to the saturation value. The replacement
of chloride accounted  for  0.028 micrograms m of  sulfate  and
0.006 micrograms m of water  were  associated with the satu-
rated droplets.  Organics are also a secondary source. (Author
abstract modified)

54634
McGarry, Frederick J. and  Constantine J. Gregory
A COMPARISON  OF THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF PAR-
TICULATES EMITTED  FROM AIR, MECHANICAL, AND
STEAM  ATOMIZED OIL FIRED  BURNERS. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc., 22(8):636-639, Aug. 1972. 3 refs.
Particulate air samples were collected from the effluent gases
from three steam generating boilers at an electric  generating
station. Samples were collected by an Andersen Stack Sampler
which operates on the principle of  a  cascade  impactor. The
samples  were  separated  into eight size ranges  and were
deposited on the collection plates  of  the sampler. These plates
were weighed with the samples and  compared with their tare
weights to  obtain the  weight per plate and the total weight of
particulates collected. The percent of the total weights retained
on each plate was then computed  for each sampling date. The
plumes produced by each type of fuel atomizer were observed
 and compared to the results of the particulate samples. The air
 atomized burner produced the greatest percentage of particu-
 lates by weight in the submicron range of the three types of
 atomizers  investigated. The air  atomized  unit also produced
 particulates with  a lower combustible  content than  either of
 the other two units. The mechanical atomized burner produced
 particulates which  were concentrated  in  the 9.2-3.3 micron
 range. The steam atomized burner produced a particulate dis-
 tribution which was spread  approximately  through the particu-
 late size ranges investigated. (Author summary)

^57524
 Lee, Robert E., Jr., Howard L. Crist, Allen E. Riley,  and
 Kathryn E. MacLeod
 THE  CONCENTRATION  AND SIZE  OF  TRACE  METAL
 EMISSIONS  FROM A POWER PLANT,  A  STEEL PLANT,
 AND  A COTTON GIN. Preprint, Environmental Protection
 Agency, Research Triangle Park, N. C., National Environmental
 Research Center, 23p., 1973. 16 refs.
 An in-stack cascade impactor was used to determine the size
 distribution of  particles, before  and after emission control
 systems, of a coal-fired power plant, a steel plant, and a cot-
 ton gin. Samples were analyzed for total particulate matter and
 elemental  metal content by  graphite-furnace  atomic absorp-
 tion; selenium  was analyzed by neutron  activation.  A sharp
 decrease in the concentration and particle size was  observed
 after  the  particulates  passed through  the control  systems.
 Pronounced metal concentration  and particle size relationships
 were found in  the power plant  and steel  plant samples. The
 power plant outlet samples  showed a concentration of chromi-
 um, lead, antimony, zinc,  and selenium  in  the particle  size
 range of 0-1 micron in diameter. The baghouse control system
 on  the steel plant was  extremely efficient in removing metal-
 containing particles below 5 micron in diameter. Mass and par-
 ticle size distribution were correlated for particulates  collected
 before and after an electrostatic  precipitator at  a coal-fired
 power plant, before and after a baghouse at an electric arc fur-
 nace steel plant, and before and  after a wet scrubber at a cot-
 ton gin. Potential sources of error in the study were associated
 with the accuracy of the sampling method, and included  wall
 loss effects,  particle reentrainment, and calibration inaccura-
 cies. (Author abstract modified)

'60240
 Ganley, John T. and George S. Springer
 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PAR-
 TICULATES  IN SPARK IGNITION ENGINE EXHAUST. En-
 viron. Sci. Technol., 8(4):340-347, April 1974. 27 refs.
 The formation and emission of particulates in the exhaust gas
 of a 350 cu in Chevrolet V-8 spark ignition engine mounted on
 a dynamometer and operated at constant speed and load were
 investigated.  Both leaded (Indolene HO 30) and unleaded (In-
 dolene HO O) fuels were used,  and the weight concentration
 and size distribution of  the  particles were measured over a
 wide range of exhaust gas temperatures (90-830 F). A large in-
 crease in weight concentration as the exhaust gas temperature
 decreased from 630-470 F was observed with the leaded fuel
 and was attributed to the condensation of lead salt vapors in
 the exhaust system; the weight concentration was constant at
 all  exhaust temperatures above  250 F  for the unleaded fuel.
 The size distributions lay within a relatively  narrow  band for
 the unleaded fuel, and no  discernible trend with respect  to
 temperature  was  observed;  several size  distributions were
 noted for the  leaded fuel, and the size distribution  was a
 strong  function of exhaust  gas temperature. The shape of the
 particulates, the effect of engine speed, load,  and air-fuel ratio

-------
                                 PARTICULATES AND  AIR POLLUTION
on participate  weight concentration and size distribution,  the
effect of  spark  timing on  paniculate weight concentrations,
and the chemical composition of the paniculate matter were
also examined.

60301
Craig, Alfred B.
OVERVIEW  OF  THE  FINE  PARTICULATE  PROBLEM.
Preprint,  Joint U. S-U.S.S.R.  Working  Group  on Stationary
Source Air Pollution Control Technology, 33p., 1974. (Presented
at the Symposium on Control of Fine Particulate Emissions from
Industrial Sources, Jan. 15-18, 1974.)
The problem of fine paniculate emissions is reviewed in terms
of air quality  and new source performance standards, mea-
surement  techniques, major industrial sources,  available con-
trol methods, and human health effects. Inertial impactors  are
currently  being used by the Environmental Protection Agency
to give reproducible particle  size distribution and mass frac-
tional  efficiency data  down  to  about  0.1  micron,  and  the
Southern  Research Institute under EPA sponsorship is using a
series of  diffusion batteries coupled with condensation nuclie
counters  to provide concentration  and size  distributions by
number over the size range from about 0.01-0.3 micron. Par-
ticulate sulfate,  the most abundant secondary fine particulate,
appears to have a threshold health effect level about one order
of magnitude  lower than total suspended particulate,  and  the
only obvious control strategy  is precursor control  (sulfur diox-
ide and catalyst materials).  Locus of particulate  deposition  and
time of retention in the respiratory system are both dependent
on particle  size; fine particles are retained for much longer
periods of time. Probably  the most efficient fine particulate
control device tested by EPA to date is a high pressure steam
scrubber  developed by the Lone  Star Steel Company; greater
than  99% of  all paniculate  can be removed  down to 0.05
micron.

65181
Kaakinen, Jown W., Roger M. Jorden, and Ronald E.  West
TRACE   ELEMENT  STUDY  IN  A  PULVERIZED-COAL-
FIRED POWER  PLANT. Preprint,  Air Pollution  Control  As-
soc., 22p., 1974. 24 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control
Association,  Annual Meeting,  67th,  Denver, Colo., June 9-13,
1974, Paper  74-8.)
Trace  element concentrations and  total mass  flow  rates of
solid  and liquid materials in all inlet and  outlet streams of a
pulverized-coal-fired power plant were  measured to study  the
fate  of trace elements  from coal combustion.  Concentrations
of 17 elements were determined by atomic abosrption spec-
trophotometry,  X-ray  fluorescence spectroscopy,  and  wet
chemistry. Overall mass balances for nine elements gaVe clo-
sures within 10%. Aluminum, iron, rubidium, strontium, yttri-
um, and niobium  were at essentially constant concentrations in
all outlet ash streams. Copper, zinc, arsenic, molybdenum,  an-
timony, lead, and the radioisotopes lead-210 and polonium-210
were in their lowest concentrations in  the bottom ash and in
progressively higher concentrations in fly ash collected succes-
sively downstream toward the stack. The bulk of the coal in-
puts  of elements in both  of these groups were retained in
ashes at the  power plant. Poor mass balance closures for mer-
cury and selenium based only on solid and liquid samples sug-
gested  that portions of these  two elements existed as  vapors
and/or very fine aerosols in flue gas which passed through  the
particulate control devices. The successive enrichment in  the
downstream  direction of certain trace elements  in fly ash was
probably due to  volatilization  of these elements or their com-
pounds in the  furnace, their subsequent condensation or  ad-
sorption  onto suspended fly ash particles,  resulting  in  their
relatively higher concentrations in the finer  particles, and the
relatively greater penetration of these  finer particles through
the particulate control devices. (Author abstract)

65184
Walker, A. B.
CHARACTERISTICS AND ELECTROSTATIC COLLECTION
OF PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM COMBUSTION OF
LOW SULFUR WESTERN COALS. Preprint,  Air Pollution
Control Assoc., 23p., 1974. 7 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, Annual Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo.,
June 9-13, 1974, Paper 74-11.)
About 90% of the known strippable low-sulfur coal reserves in
the U. S. are in the area west of the Mississippi River. These
coals  can meet sulfur oxide emission  regulations  without the
need for flue gas desulfurization. The  principal use  of  these
coals will be as fuel for conventional biolers which will require
particulate  removal efficiencies  in  excess of 99%. The  emis-
sion characteristics and electrostatic precipitator performance
tests on  these  coals are described. Mass emissions as a per-
centage of fuel ash were somewhat lower than Eastern bitu-
minous coals, but there  was insufficient information to suggest
deviation from currently available methods, based upon  East-
ern coals,  for  predicting ash carryover. Size  distribution of
particulate  emissions  on pulverized coal units  was similar to
that of Eastern bituminous coal. However, size distribution of
particulates  from  Western  coals   in  cyclone  boilers was
somewhat coarser than  from the same fuel  in pulverized coal
units or  predicted from available data on Eastern bituminous
coals  burned in cyclone boilers. Bulk electrical resistivity of
Western  fuel ash  at typical air heater outlet temperatures
varied over a wide range, could not be predicted on the basis
of fuel sulfur alone, and generally was above the  level where
back corona would be expected. The bulk electrical resistivity
of Western fuel ash, at typical  air heater inlet temperatures,
varied over a narrower range with  most of  the cases encoun-
tered  being below the level where  back corona would be ex-
pected.  Precipitator performance can generally be correlated
according to a modified form of  the Deutsch equation. This in-
dicates that specific collecting electrode areas in the  range of
350-550 sq  ft/1000 acfm are required for achievement of 99%
on fly ash  with in-situ resistivity levels  in the  range  of  10 to
the 10th to 10 to the 12th power ohm-cm; and that specific col-
lecting areas as high as 900-1000 sq  ft/1000 acfm  may  be
required  to achieve efficiencies in the 99.8% range. (Author
abstract modified)

65207
Roberts, John W., Harry A. Walters, Carl A. Mangold, and
August T. Rossano
COST AND  BENEFITS  OF ROAD  DUST CONTROL  IN
SEATTLE  S  INDUSTRIAL VALLEY.  Preprint, Air Pollution
Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 24p., 1974. 14 refs. (Presented
at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting,  67th,
Denver, Colo., June 9-13, 1974, Paper 74-83.)
In a study  done in Seattle s Duwamish Valley, the impact of
road dust on  air quality  was measured by obtaining dust emis-
sion factors for vehicles travelling at 10, 20, and  30 mph  on
gravel  as well  as dusty paved  roads. The  paving of gravel
roads with an average daily traffic  (ADT) over 15 is a least-
cost method for reducing suspended particulates in the air in
Seattle. A Mark II Cascade Impactor was mounted  on a trailer
and towed behind a car to determine  the concentration and
size distribution of this  dust. Each  vehicle at 20 mph on un-
paved roads contributed  7.0 Ib of dust to the air, 1.8 Ib consist-

-------
                                            A.  EMISSION SOURCES
ing of particles smaller than 10 micron in diameter and 0.24 Ib
below 2 micron. Three to 8% by weight of this respirable dust
was free silica, which is potentially toxic. The quantity of dust
generated varies as an exponent of the speed. The concentra-
tions of dust found in the  air near a dry gravel road with an
ADT of 250 reached 584 micrograms/cu m for an 8-hour work
day.  A  24-hour suspended participate reading of 463 micro-
grams/cu m and 3.83 micrograms/cu m  free silica was found
beside a dusty paved road with an ADT of 18,000.  Nineteen
miles  of gravel roads and  110 mi of dusty paved roads con-
tributed 2,700 tons/yr of particulates, of which 700 tons were
below  10 micron.  The cleaning  and paving  of roads  will
produce  benefits of  $3,881,000 yearly  in reduced  cleaning,
health care,  sewer, vehicle  operation, and road maintenance as
well as  an increase in property values. Clean roads can lower
the cost of clean air in Seattle.

66845
Amick,  Robert S., Kenneth Axetell, Jr., and Dale M.  Wells
FUGITIVE  DUST  EMISSION INVENTORY  TECHNIQUES.
Preprint,  Air Pollution Control  Assoc.,  Pittsburgh, Pa., 27p.,
1974.  8 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association,
Annual  Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo., June 9-13, 1974, Paper
74-58.)
The Clean Air Act of 1970 required all states  to submit state-
wide  emission inventories  as an integral part of their imple-
mentation plans. As  a result, emission inventory techniques
for conventional area sources and  point sources were  well
developed. Fugitive  dust sources were not generally included
in these inventories,  although they are prevalent in  the Great
Plains,  Far West, and Southwest, where arid conditions on
flat, exposed topography,  coupled with relatively high wind
speeds, create several  sources of paniculate emissions.  The
major fugitive dust sources are unpaved  roads,  agriculture,
land  development, construction, quarrying,  mining, tailings,
aggregate storage, and cattle feedlots. A method is  presented
for determining fugitive dust particulate emission inventories
for a  specific, long-term  inventory as  well  as for a more
general, short-term survey. The complete fugitive dust emis-
sion inventory includes a definition of the area to be  surveyed,
identification of  the  significant  sources, quantification by
source  category,  and combination  of the significant source
categories emissions to obtain the total fugitive dust contribu-
tion.  Emission factors are  given  for the various fugitive  dust
sources, and the data for the Colorado  fugitive  dust emission
inventory are given.

67834
Office of Air and Waste Management, Research Triangle Park,
N. C., Emission Standards  and Engineering Div.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR STANDARDS OF PER-
FORMANCE: PRIMARY ALUMINUM INDUSTRY. VOLUME
2: TEST  DATA  SUMMARY  (FINAL REPORT). Rept. EPA-
450-2-74-020D, Sip., Oct. 1974. 17 refs. NTIS: PB 237613/AS
A summary is presented of source tests and visible emission
measurements  which were cited  in  Technical Report: An in-
vestigation of the Best Systems of Emission Reduction for the
Primary Aluminum Industry. The summary is  concerned prin-
cipally with tests for fluorides and visible emissions but  also
describes the facilities, their operating conditions, and charac-
teristics of exhaust gas streams.  Average primary outlet emis-
sions  (fluorides) for 11 primary aluminum  facilities tested
were: 0.0122, 0.016,  0.28, 0.405,  0.50, 0.139, 0.448, 0.51, 0.04,
0.74, and 0.31  Ibs/ton of product. Roof emissions (fluorides),
secondary outlet fluorides,  and visible emissions  are also tabu-
lated. Many  of the tests were conducted using the  Environ-
mental Protection Agency Method 13 which will be proposed
in the Federal Register at the time of proposal of the per-
formance standards for new or substantially modified primary
aluminum plants.

67993
Dannis, M. L.
RUBBER DUST FROM  THE NORMAL WEAR OF TIRES.
Rubber Chem. Technol., 47(4): 1011-1037, Sept. 1974. 23 refs.
Results from studies on the nature of tire debris are presented.
Particles worn from  tires were collected  on sticky  panels
mounted under vehicles and appeared to approach cylinders or
sausage shapes. The particles ranged  from about 0.1  mm,
equivalent  diameter, to a  few microns minimum,  in  accord
with  the Schallamach  description of tire  abrasion. Particles
caught on the filter plates  of an isokinetic filter system were
examined, transferred to microscope slides, photographed, and
counted to obtain particle size distributions. Smooth distribu-
tions  were obtained,  with the geometric mean particle size
being about 20 micron equivalent diameter. Very few particles
in the range of 0.5-3 micron were found. Attempts to identify
volatile emissions using gas chromatography were unsuccess-
ful; and, since hydrocarbon loss as a vapor from tires was nil,
particulate   erosion  appeared  to   be   the  dominant  loss
mechanism. Tire dust particles were subject to oxidation, with
biochemical oxidation at  the  soil surface under the combined
influence of oxygen, photoexcitation, and  enzyme catalysis
being rapid.

68038
Davison, Richard L., David F. S. Natusch, John R. Wallace,
and Charles A. Evans, Jr.
TRACE ELEMENTS IN FLY ASH: DEPENDENCE OF CON-
CENTRATION ON PARTICLE SIZE. Environ. Sci. Technol.,
8(13):1107-1113, Dec. 1974. 33 refs.
The  concentrations of 25 elements in fly  ash  emitted  from a
coal fired power plant were measured as  function of particle
size.  Analytical techniques included  spark  source mass spec-
troscopy,  optical emission spectrography,  atomic absorption
spectroscopy,  and  X-ray fluorescence  spectroscopy.  The
highest concentrations of the  elements were in particles which
deposit in the pulmonary region of the respiratory system. Ex-
isting particle control devices are least effective for removing
the most toxic particles. The concentrations of lead, tantalum,
antimony, cadmium, selenium, arsenic, zinc,  nickel, chromi-
um,  and sulfur increased  markedly with decreasing  particle
size. A mechanism involving high temperature volatilization of
a species containing the trace element followed by preferential
condensation  or adsorption  onto  the  smallest particles is
proposed to account for the trace element  concentration de-
pendence on particle size. The environmental significance of
the  results  is discussed  including  their  relation  to urban
aerosols. (Author abstract modified)

68823
Office of Air and Waste Management, Research Triangle Park,
N. C., Emission Standards and Engineering Div.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR STANDARDS OF PER-
FORMANCE: PRIMARY ALUMINUM INDUSTRY. VOLUME
1: PROPOSED STANDARDS. Rept EPA-4SO/2-74-020a, 122p.,
Oct.  1974. 13 refs. NTIS: PB 237612/AS
The proposed standards of performance  for primary aluminum
plants and the rationale for the degree of control selected are
described. Analytical methods for sampling emissions and the
environmental  and economic  impact of  the  standards are

-------
                                   PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
   discussed. During initial plant surveys, source measurements,
   and a later visit to Norway, seven primary aluminum reduction
   plants were  observed to have visible emissions of about 10%
   opacity or less; four with dry control systems had no visible
   emissions. One domestic carbon anode bake plant had visible
   emissions of less than 20%  opacity; another domestic plant
   had 10%. The Norwegian anode bake plant  had about  10%.
   The primary standard was based on primary  emissions which
   averaged less than 0.5  Ibs TF/TAP (total fluoride/ton of alu-
   minum produced) which  were achieved  on four plants; one
   foreign plant reported  primary emissions of  less than 0.5 Ib
   TF/TAP. Three of the six tests of secondary  systems showed
   average emissions of less than 1.25 TF/TAP,  including two
   plants with elaborate sampling and flow measurement devices.
   Based on an assumed fluoride control efficiency of only 90%,
   emissions from carbon bake plants can be controlled to below
   0.20 Ib TF/TCAP. Data  were obtained from plants in which the
   collection systems  were upgraded and  control  systems
   retrofitted to an existing piant.  New plants should  easily  be
   able to achieve the recommended  standard  of  performance.
   The economic impact upon the domestic primary aluminum  in-
   dustry of the standards is not considered to  be  adverse. The
   economic impact would be adverse if more stringent  standards
   were to be imposed  upon the industry. The proposed standard
   of 2.0  Ib/TF/TAP is supported by measurement of emissions
   from potrooms. Control technology  for  anode bake plants is
   available to  achieve 0.20 Ib TF/TCAP. The  standard will
   require installation  and  proper maintenance of equipment
   representative of the best technology which has  been demon-
   strated for the industry. (Author summary modified)

   68922
   Office  of Air and Waste Management, Research Triangle Park,
   N. C., Emission Standards and Engineering Div.
  BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR STANDARDS OF PER-
  FORMANCE:  ELECTRIC SUBMERGED ARC FURNACES
  FOR PRODUCTION OF FERROALLOYS. VOLUME 2: TEST
  DATA  SUMMARY. Rept. EPA-450/2-74-018b,  55p., Oct. 1974.
  21 refs. NTIS: PB 238077/AS
  Test results  and visible emission  measurements on electric
  submerged arc  furnaces  for  production of  ferroalloys  are
  described. The background information and rationale used in
  the development of  proposed standards  of performance and
  the economic and environmental impacts  of the standards are
  discussed. The operating conditions of  the tested  facilities,
  characteristics  of the exhaust gas  streams, deviations from
  prescribed test procedures, and  results of paniculate matter
  and carbon monoxide tests are presented. Results are given of
  tests of electric submerged arc furnaces producing ferroman-
  ganese equipped with various types of control  methods includ-
  ing  venturi  and centrifugal  scrubbers,  settling chambers,
  baghouses, fume hoods,  electrostatic precipitators, and flares.

'68935
  Statnick, Robert M.
  MEASUREMENT OF SULFUR  DIOXIDE, PARTICULATE,
  AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN  COPPER SMELTER CON-
  VERTER    AND    ROASTER/REVERBERATORY   GAS
  STREAMS (FINAL REPORT). Environmental Protection Agen-
  cy, Research  Triangle  Park,  N. C., Control  Systems Lab.,
  ROAP 21ADM-012, Program  Element 1ABO12,  Rept. EPA-
  650/2-74-111, 92p., Oct. 1974. 33 refs.
  The results of the analysis of data on particulate, sulfur diox-
 ide, and trace element emissions and control efficiencies for a
 copper smelter  are given.  The SQ2 emission  rates from the
 roaster/reverberatory  and converter effluent streams were 518
 and 587 Ibs/min, respectively. The acid plant s SO2 control ef-
 ficiency was 96.8%. The mass collection efficiency of the con-
 verter s electrostatic precipitator for dry filterable solids  was
 95%. The electrostatic precipitators had a minimum collection
 efficiency for dry filterable solids of 0.8-1.2 micron. Analyzing
 emitted particulate gave the following mass emission rates (in
 Ibs/hr)  for selected elements: arsenic (58.05), lead (24.65),  cad-
 mium (1.32), zinc (15.7), chromium (0.065), and copper (4.825).
 Control efficiency for the analyzed elements was between 90
 and 98%.  An  appendix  presents methods for sampling  and
 analysis of mercury  vapor in industrial streams containing
 SO2. (Author abstract modified)

 69504
 Chu, Richard R.
 NON-STACK  GAS  PARTICULATE  EMISSIONS  FROM
 CHEMICAL AND POWER PLANTS - A REVIEW. Preprint,
 American  lust, of Chemical Engineers,  15p.,  1974.  25 refs.
 (Presented at the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, An-
 nual Meeting,  67th,  Washington, D. C., Dec.  5, 1974, Paper
 85e.)
 Major fugitive dust and nonstock particulate emission sources
 in power and chemical plants are described. The dispersion,
 distribution, and physico-chemical properties of these airborne
 particulate matters are also mentioned. Fugitive dust  and par-
 ticulate matter from the following sources were studied: cool-
 ing  tower  drift, coal storage, fly  ash handling, construction
 and unpaved roads, and limestone processing. Their formation
 and control measures are described. Plant facility damages and
 environmental  effects  caused by airborne particles  are also
 reviewed   including  atmospheric  contamination  of  electric
 transmission insulators causing electric flashover, atmospheric
 corrosion,  and environmental effects such as fogging and icing
 on roads. The major control methods for the sources are: ad-
 vanced drift eliminators and  high  blowdown for cooling
 towers;  water  sprays,   water/chemical   sprays,  asphalt
 coverings,  tar coverings, clay  coverings, and vacuum dust
 removal systems  for coal storage and  handling; paving, speed
 limits,  watering by trucks for unpaved roads; watering by
 trucks  or sprinkling  systems, chemical soil stabilization,  and
 planting of vegetation for construction; water sprays and filter
 and vacuum collecting systems  for limestone handling; and
 water wetting and washing down the loading area for fly  ash
 handling.

 69939
 Cowherd, Chatten, Jr., Kenneth Axetell, Jr., Christine M.
 Guenther, and George A. Jutze
 DEVELOPMENT OF  EMISSION FACTORS FOR FUGITIVE
 DUST SOURCES (FINAL REPORT).  Research Inst., Kansas
 City, Mo., Office of Air and Waste Management Contract 68-02-
 0619, Rept. EPA-450/3-74-037, 191p., June 1974. 30 refs. NTIS:
 PB 238262/AS
 Field tests were conducted to develop emission factors for the
 following common sources of fugitive dust: unpaved roads,
 agricultural  tilling, aggregate  storage operations, and heavy
 construction activities. For each source type, emissions were
 related  to  meteorological  and source parameters, including
 properties of the  emitting surface and characteristics of the
 vehicle  or implement which caused the emission. The informa-
 tion  was used to derive correction factors which appropriately
 adjust basic emission factors to reflect regional  differences in
 climate and surface properties. Calculated emission factors for
unpaved roads ranged from 6.0 to 55.9 Ib/vehicle-mi. Average
dust emissions from unpaved roads  had the following particle
size characteristics: less than 2 micron, 25 wt%; 2-30 micron

-------
                                            A. EMISSION  SOURCES
35 wt%; and  30-100 micron, 40 wt%. Emission factors for
agricultural tilling ranged from 41.6-85.2 Ibs/acre, with particle
size characteristics of 35 wt% for particle diameters less than
2 micron, 45 wt% for 2-30 micron, and 20  wt% for particle
diameters over  30  micron.  Emission  factors  for  aggregate
storage  emissions (total storage cycle)  were: 0.04 Ibs/ton for
loading  onto piles,  0.13  Ibs/ton for  vehicular traffic, 0.11
Ibs/ton  for wind erosion, and  0.05  Ibs/ton for loadout from
piles.  Estimated emission values from  two construction sites
were 1.4 and 1.0 tons/acre/mo.

69976
Cowherd, Chatten C., Jr., Christine  M. Guenther, and Dennis
D. Wallace
EMISSIONS  INVENTORY  OF  AGRICULTURAL TILLING,
UNPAVED ROADS AND AIRSTRIPS, AND CONSTRUCTION
SITES  (FINAL  REPORT).  Midwest Research  Inst.,  Kansas
City,  Mo., Environmental Protection Agency Contract  68-02-
1437,  Rept. EPA-450/3-74-085, 49p., Nov.  1974.  21 rets. NTIS:
PB 288919/AS
A national emission  inventory was  developed on a county-by-
county  basis to  determine the air pollution impact of selected
fugitive  dust  sources.  Source categories  included  were un-
paved roads, unpaved airstrips, heavy  construction sites, and
agricultural land tilling. Emission factors,  which  include cor-
rection  factors to adjust for local climatic conditions and pro-
perties  of emitting surfaces, were calculated for each county.
Measures of the extent  of activity for each category were
derived  from   available  data.  The  methodology  including
procedures used to  estimate missing data is  documented. The
source data were coded on the National Emission Data System
area source forms. (Author abstract modified)

71499
Picrson, W. R. and Wanda W. Brachaczek
AIRBORNE   PARTICULATE   DEBRIS   FROM  RUBBER
TIRES. Rubber  Chem. Technol., 47(5): 1275-1299, Dec. 1974. 54
refs. (Presented at a  joint meeting of the Rubber Division of the
Chemical Institute of Canada, Toronto, May 7-10, 1974.)
Road tests in tunnels and in the open  air were conducted  to
determine the amount of airborne particulate debris generated
from  rubber tires. Airborne  particulates accounted for a small
fraction  of the  total tire wear,  with most  of  material  worn
from  tires  being in  the  form of nonsuspendable particulates
deposited near the road. Tire debris comprised  about 1-4% of
the total airborne particulate matter generated by road vehicles
of all categories in tunnels. Depending  on driving conditions,
the amount of airborne tire particulate  matter ranged from  5-
45% (20% average) of  that  emitted  from  the exhausts  of
gasoline engines burning leaded fuel. The concentration of air-
borne tire  particulate  matter in urban areas  appears  to  be
about 1  microgram/cu m or  1% of the total particulate loading.
The nationwide  production of airborne tire particulates (about
50,000 tons/yr) does  not appear to justify the consideration of
tire wear as a major source of pollution. (Author conclusions
modified)

72403
Schulz,  E. J., R. B. Engdahl, and T. T. Frankenberg
SUBMICRON  PARTICLES  FROM  A  PULVERIZED  COAL
FIRED  BOILER. Atmos.  Environ.,  9(1):111-119, Jan. 1975.  2
refs.
The size distributions of submicron particles at the inlet and
outlet of an electrostatic precipitator serving  a coal-fired ther-
mal power plant were  measured with a Battelle number  6
cascade impactor and an in-stack Andersen sampler. Scanning
electron  microscope photographs indicated  that  most of the
particles  were spherical with the mean sizes at the precipitator
inlet and outlet being 5 and 2.25 micron, respectively. About
50% of the weight of the particles leaving the precipitator ap-
peared to be less than about 2 micron and about 15% were less
than 1 micron in size. The majority of the 1.0 micron particles
appeared  to  be  condensed   materials.  (Author  abstract
modified)

73045
Van Loan, M. and Larry Resnick
IMPACT OF  EMISSIONS  FROM FARM EQUIPMENT  AND
OFF-ROAD  HEAVY  DUTY EQUIPMENT ON AIR POLLU-
TION IN CALIFORNIA. Preprint,  Society of  Automotive En-
gineers, Inc., New York 15p.,  1973.  14 refs. (Presented at the
Society of Automotive Engineers National Combined Farm, Con-
struction and  Industrial Machinery  and Fuels and  Lubricants
Meetings, Milwaukee,  Wis., Sept. 10-13, 1973, Paper 730830.)
The impact  of uncontrolled emissions from farm  equipment
and off- road heavy duty equipment using gasoline or diesel
internal  combustion  engines  is  estimated  for  the state  of
California.   Estimates  of  hydrocarbon,  carbon  monoxide,
nitrogen  oxide, sulfur oxide,  and particulate  emissions  from
diesel and gasoline operated off-road heavy duty  equipment
based on estimates of population, annual usage, horsepowers,
and emission  factors are:  30.6, 448.9,  107.2, 12.8, and 12.4
tons/day. Similar estimates  for farm  equipment  are:  29.9,
507.9, 66.4, 4.9, and 6.4 tons/day for hydrocarbons,  CO, NOx,
SOx, and particulates, respectively. While farm and off-road
heavy-duty equipment do not constitute  major emission con-
tributors to  California s air pollution problem, the emissions
from these sources are nevertheless significant. Projected esti-
mates of hydrocarbons and NOx emissions  from such equip-
ment for the years 1975 and 1980 indicate that these emissions
will not be major factors in comparison to emissions from all
sources in the state.

74251
Cardina, J. A.
PARTICLE   SIZE  DETERMINATION   OF  TIRE-TREAD
RUBBER  IN  ATMOSPHERIC   DUSTS.   Rubber  Chem.
Technol., 47(4):1005-1010, Sept.  1974. 2 refs. (Presented at the
American Chemical Society, Rubber Division and Chemical In-
stitute of Canada, Macromolecular Science Division, Joint Meet-
ing, Toronto, Ontario, May 7-10, 1974, Paper 522.)
Ambient dust  within 20 ft of heavy traffic on an expressway
was sampled and analyzed for tread rubber by  pyrolysis gas
chromatography.  Dust  particles of  respirable  size (1.1-7.0
micron) accounted for 25-40% of the total by  weight, and the
remainder of the particles were divided about equally between
the size  range above 7.0 micron and that below 1.1 micron.
The amount of tread rubber in  the respirable dusts averaged
about  4.3%;  that  in dust over 7.0  micron  in size averaged
about  6.3%.  The  tread rubber content of  particles  in the
respirable range  averaged 2.6  micrograms/cu m of  suspended
particulates and was considered to  be of low  potential health
hazard. (Author summary modified)

75141
Shannon, Larry J., P.  G. Gorman, M. P. Schrag, and D.
Wallace
EMISSIONS CONTROL IN THE GRAIN AND FEED INDUS-
TRY: VOLUME  II   EMISSION INVENTORY (FINAL RE-
PORT). Midwest Research Inst., Kansas City, Mo., Office of Air

-------
 8
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
and Waste Management Contract 68-02-0213, Kept. EPA-450/3-
73-003sb, 99p., Sept. 1974. 4 refs. NTIS: PB 241234/AS
A particulate emissions inventory for the grain and feed indus-
try is presented along with projected emissions for the years
1975 and  1980. Emission calculations are given for the latest
year that production data are reported (generally  1969-1971).
Current  levels  of control  are calculated  by assuming that
cyclones are 90% efficient and fabric filters 99% efficient. The
following assumptions  are made concerning the future extent
of control when projecting emissions to 1975 and 1980; a linear
relationship exists between the present  and future level  of
emissions; large operations located  mainly in urban areas will
reach  100% application of  the most efficient control devices
by 1985; smaller operations will reach 100% control by 1990 or
 1995; and  application of control  at small operations in rural
areas will increase at a fixed rate (e.g., 3%/yr).

75944
 Ctvrtnicek, T. E., S. J. Rusek, and C. W. Sandy
EVALUATION   OF   LOW-SULFUR   WESTERN   COAL
CHARACTERISTICS,  UTILIZATION,  AND COMBUSTION
EXPERIENCE  (FINAL REPORT).  Monsanto Research Corp.,
 Dayton,  Ohio,  Dayton  Lab., Environmental  Protection Agency
 Contract 68-02-1320, Program Element 1AB013, ROAP 21BBZ-
 008, Task 12,  Rept.  EPA-6SO/2-75-046, MRC-DA-467, S69p.,
 May 1975. 104 refs. NTIS: PB 243911/AS
 Detailed information and statistics on western coal  resources,
 mining,  production,  composition, and combustion  properties
 are presented.  Over 43% of some 200 billion tons of demon-
 strated coal reserves in the western states is surface minable.
 Approximately 80%  of  sub-bituminous coal  reserves and 91%
 of lignite reserves in the western states contain less than 1%
 sulfur. During  the firing of western coal, a decline in the col-
 lection efficiency of electrostatic  precipitators  occurs as  a
 result  of western coal s low sulfur content and  subsequent
 high fly ash resistivity.  There is insufficient  information to as-
 sess the effect of coal trace element composition on the en-
 vironment. Low-sulfur western coal burning plants in the small
and intermediate boiler size range generally meet the Federal
 sulfur dioxide  regulation (1.2 Ib  SO2/million Btu). The best
market potential for western coal  based  on local rail coal
transportation is  the northeast central and  northwest  central
regions.

75958
Beltzer, Morton
PARTICULATE    EMISSIONS     FROM    PROTOTYPE
CATALYST CARS. Exxon Research and Engineering Co., Lin-
den, N. J., Products Research Div., Environmental  Protection
Agency Contract 68-02-1279, Program Element 1AA002, ROAP
21BCE-02, Rept.  EPA-650/2-75-054,  224p., May 1975. 60 refs.
NTIS: PB 244889/AS
Particulate emissions from a vehicle  equipped with a variety of
commercial and prototype catalyst systems were measured and
characterized. The catalysts used comprised four monolithic
and three pelleted oxidation catalysts and two nitrogen oxide
reduction  catalysts.  The 1975 Federal Test Procedure was
used. Particulate emissions  increased due to the  formation  of
sulfuric acid from exhaust  sulfur  dioxide.  Sulfates and  as-
sociated bound  water were the predominant components of the
exhaust particulates,  followed by  minor quantities of organic
particulates  and metal-derived particulate (mostly iron). The
relative  contributions  of the  latter  two  types of  particulate
decreased with  increasing fuel sulfur content. Substantial dif-
ferences in the sulfuric acid formation tendency of different
                            oxidation catalysts were observed. (Author summary modified)
                            76000
                            Hare, Charles T.
                            METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINING FUEL EFFECTS ON
                            DIESEL  PARTICULATE  EMISSIONS  (FINAL  REPORT).
                            Southwest  Research  Inst.,  San Antonio, Tex., Environmental
                            Protection  Agency  Contract  68-02-1230,  Program  Element
                            1AA002,  ROAP  26AAE-19,  Rept.  EPA-650/2-75-056,  200p.,
                            March 1975. 9 refs. NTIS: PB 245163/AS
                            A method for evaluating  fuel  and fuel additive effects  on
                            diesel engine particulate emissions was developed. A two-cycle
                            engine and a  four-stroke cycle engine  were operated in both
                            individual  steady-state modes and according to a variation of
                            the  13-mode diesel  emissions  measurement procedure. Both
                            engines were operated on three fuel types, each of which was
                            used with one of two diesel fuel additives as well as by itself.
                            The primary particulate  sampling technique employed  was a
                            dilution  tunnel.  Secondary evaluation  techniques included a
                            diluter- sampler,  a light  extinction smokemeter, and a filter-
                            type sampling smokemeter. Particulate mass rates were calcu-
                            lated from gravimetric data.  The chemical analyses  included:
                            sulfur, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen in particulate; total or-
                            ganic solubles; sulfur, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen
                            in  organic solubles; benzo(3-4)pyrene; metals  content; and
                            paraffin fractions. Specific  particulate  emission  rates were
                            strongly influenced by fuel type and by the presence of an or-
                            ganometallic  smoke  suppressant additive. The composition of
                            organic solubles was primarily hydrocarbon material. (Author
                            summary modified)

                            77351
                            Fennelly, Paul F.
                            PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PARTICULATES AS  POLLU-
                            TANTS. J. Air  Pollution Control Assoc., 25(7):697-704, July
                            1975. 56 refs.
                            Primary and secondary particulates are  discussed with respect
                            to  their size  distribution,  origin,  and  chemical composition.
                            Primary particulates are particles that are injected directly into
                            the atmosphere. Usually their sizes  are  within the range 1-20
                            micron. Common  sources are windblown soil, industrial emis-
                            sion, and  combustion  systems.  Examples of typical primary
                            particulates are soot, pollen, fly ash, and dust. Secondary par-
                            ticulates are  relatively small; their  size range is  0.01  to 1.0
                            micron. They can be generally classified as sulfate, nitrates, or
                            hydrocarbons. Secondary particulates are formed as a result of
                            atmospheric reactions involving gaseous species such as sulfur
                            dioxide,  nitrogen  oxides, oxygen, ammonia,  water, and
                            hydrocarbons. The  proposed mechanisms  for a  number  of
                            these reactions are  outlined  and their  relative importance is
                            discussed.  The impact  of both primary and secondary particu-
                            lates on health  and esthetics is discussed.  (Author abstract
                            modified)

                            77664
                            Ensor, D. S., T. A. Cahill, and L. E. Sparks
                            ELEMENTAL  ANALYSIS  OF  FLY  ASH  FROM   COM-
                            BUSTION OF A LOW SULFUR COAL. Preprint, Air Pollution
                            Control Assoc., Pittsburgh,  Pa., 19p., 1975. 12 refs. (Presented
                            at the Air Pollution Control Association,  Annual Meeting, 68th
                            Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-33.7.)
                            Elemental composition as a function of particle diameter was
                            determined for fly ash resulting from the combustion of low
                            sulfur coal. A cascade impactor with a back-up filter was used

-------
                                            A. EMISSION  SOURCES
to collect fly ash samples at the inlet and outlet of a fluidized
bed  scrubber,  and  the paniculate  matter  collected  was
analyzed by an ion-excited X-ray technique. An enrichment of
sulfur, copper, and zinc  was noted at the scrubber inlet. This
enrichment was possibly due to evaporation of volatile  ele-
ments during combustion followed by condensation on more
inert materials  when the stack gases cooled. The three same
elements were  also enriched  at the  scrubber  outlet. The in-
crease in S was possibly  a partial result of gas  to particle con-
version  within  the  scrubber. An enrichment of  the scrubber
exhaust as  a function of particle size was possibly due to the
entrainment  of mist  containing soluble elements. The  en-
richment of  the soluble elements  potassium,  calcium, man-
ganese,  nickel, copper, and zinc relative to silicon (the stan-
dard) for both large  and small particles was  unexpected.  A
possible  explanation for this enrichment involved the  bubble
mechanism of  the fluidized bed scrubber which was  packed
with plastic balls.

77665
Morgenstern, L. N., P. Morgenstern, C. E. Mears, and D. H.
Barrett
AIR QUALITY MODELING ANALYSIS OF POWER PLANTS
FOR FUEL CONVERSION. Preprint, Air Pollution Control As-
soc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,  19p., 1975. 6 rets. (Presented at  the Air
Pollution Control  Association,  Annual Meeting,  68th,  Boston,
Mass., June 15-20, 1975,  Paper 75-33.6.)
Diffusion modeling analyses for 63 east coast power plants at
which selected units  were considered  as candidates for  fuel
conversion from oil- to coal-firing were performed to evaluate
the  potential impact  of  these  conversions  on  ambient sulfur
dioxide and paniculate concentrations. All of the fuel  conver-
sions appeared to permit attainment of the primary annual  SO2
and paniculate ambient air quality standards. Fuel conversions
at 36 of the plants did not appear to endanger  attainment  of
the  primary  24-hour  suspended paniculate standard,  and at-
tainment of the primary 24-hour SO2 standard did not  appear
to be jeopardized  at 27 of the  plants.  All of the plants in-
dicated  attainment of the 24-hour suspended paniculate stan-
dard for the  1972 base year, and 53 of the plants indicated at-
tainment of the 24-hour  SO2 standard. The fuel conversion at
26 plants where attainment  of all standards was possible was
estimated to result in an annual reduction in fuel oil usage  of
about 3  billion gallons. The  largest reduction  in fuel  oil  was
projected for the New York-New Jersey area followed by the
New England states. (Author abstract modified)

77667
Anderson,  Michael K.
POWER PLANT  IMPACT  ON AMBIENT AIR: COAL VS.
OIL COMBUSTION.  Preprint,  Air Pollution  Control  Assoc.,
Pittsburgh, Pa., 15p.,  1975. 5 rets. (Presented at the Air Pollu-
tion Control  Association, Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass.,
June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-33.5.)
Total suspended particulates,  sulfur oxides, and nitrogen ox-
ides were monitored for  specific wind conditions in the vicini-
ty of a steam  electric power  plant over a  1-month period  to
determine the effect of coal-firing versus oil-firing on ambient
pollutant levels. Air pollution levels  were significantly lower
during oil  firing than during coal firing. Monitoring data ob-
tained downwind of the plant over a 24-hour period revealed a
37% reduction in  NOx,  a 90% reduction in SOx, and  a  30%
reduction in  total suspended  paniculate levels when oil  was
consumed in place of coal. The best method for comparing 24-
hour pollutant  samples to hourly wind direction readings in-
volved establishing correlations between the pollutant concen-
trations and the number of hours that the wind blew across the
source to the site. Maximum potential impact calculations sug-
gested that primary and secondary 24-hour SO2 standards are
in danger of being exceeded if coal is burned at the plant. The
prevention  of this requires keying period of coal  combustion
to suitable  meteorological conditions or operation of the plant
at less  than  full  coal  combustion capacity.  (Author abstract
modified)

77700
Cowherd, Chatten, Jr., James H. Southerland, and Charles O.
Mann
METHODOLOGY FOR  A NATIONAL EMISSIONS INVEN-
TORY OF  FUGITIVE DUST SOURCES.  Preprint, Air Pollu-
tion Control  Assoc.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa., 14p., 1975.  17  refs.
(Presented  at the  Air Pollution Control  Association, Annual
Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-36.5.)
The methodology used to  compile  data for a national emis-
sions inventory of fugitive dust emissions  (unpaved roads,
construction  sites,  agricultural land tilling,  and  unpaved  air
strips) is described. Dat on the extent of each source category
and on the correction parameters which adjust emissions esti-
mates  for  variations  in texture (silt content) and  average
moisture content of the emitting surface were compiled for
each of more than 3000 counties in the United States. Calcula-
tion schemes ranged from the apportioning of state-wide mea-
sures of source extent to the analysis of geographical maps of
climatic and  soil properties. The tabulations are being entered
into the National Emissions Data System for computation of a
national fugitive dust emissions  inventory. Average values of
corrected emission  factors  are presented for each state. Esti-
mates of the possible error  in the calculated data range from +
or - 15% to + or - 50%. (Author abstract modified)

77703
Kaplan, Lawrence and Peter Franconeri
DETERMINATION AND EVALUATION OF STACK EMIS-
SIONS  FROM MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS.  Preprint,  Air
Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,  15p., 1975. 5  refs.
(Presented  at the  Air Pollution Control  Association, Annual
Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-38.1.)
Performance and  stack  emissions  tests were performed  on
three large capacity municipal incinerators in New York City.
The tests  were performed  on  two electrostatic  precipitators
and one scrubber serving  the incinerators. The gaseous and
paniculate  components leading into  the  control devices were
considerably lower  than accepted incinerator furnace emission
factors.  The  electrostatic precipitators,  when  adequately
designed, met the present paniculate emission regulations for
municipal  incinerators  with  an adequate  safety  margin for
possible future stricter laws.   Precipitators  downstream  of
spray towers appeared capable of meeting future laws cover-
ing gaseous  emissions  from incinerators. Either  up-flow  or
down-flow   gas  spray  towers  worked  satisfactorily  with
precipitators to  meet  required  efficiencies.  However,  the
down-flow  towers removed a larger amount of gaseous pollu-
tants.  Electrostatic precipitators  limited  emissions  to  an
average of approximately 7 Ib of particulate/hr.  Electrostatic
precipitators also averaged 33% sulfur dioxide removal, 75%
hydrochloric acid fume removal, 60% chloride  removal,  and
23% removal for organic gases.  Gas sampling results are also
reported ammonia,  aldehydes, organic acids, ozone, nitrogen
dioxide, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitric oxide.

-------
10
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
77726
Kosky, Kennard F. and Martin P. Wanielista
FUGITIVE PARTICULATE FROM HIGHWAY CONSTRUC-
TION. Preprint,  Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
13p.,  1975. 5 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control As-
sociation,  Annual Meeting, 68th,  Boston, Mass., June  15-20,
1975, Paper 75-36.3.)
The air quality impact of highway construction activities was
assessed by  collecting 132 24-hour high-volume  samples at
nine  sampling locations at various distances  and elevations
with respect to the construction site. Violations of the primary
and secondary air quality standards for particulate matter (24-
hour) were observed 17.4  and 35.6% of  the  valid sampling
time, respectively. Particle size distributions ranged from 3.7-
7.5 micron. The occurrence of precipitation reduced mean par-
ticulate concentrations by  about 53%. The particulate concen-
tration also decreased rapidly with increasing  distance from
the road.  The largest number of high total suspended particu-
late concentrations was observed when the wind direction was
at  a  45-  degree angle  from the  direction  of the roadway.
(Author abstract modified)

77929
Jacko, Robert B. and James P. Loop
A PARAMETRIC STUDY OF AN OPEN HEARTH FURNACE
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS.  Preprint, Air  Pollution Control
Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 15p., 1975. 18 refs. (Presented at the Air
Pollution  Control Association,  Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston,
Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-15.2.)
Operating  parameters affecting particulate emissions from a
typical basic open hearth  steel making furnace were studied.
Consecutive  15-minute emission samples were extracted from
the furnace gathering flue  with a modified Andersen sampling
head and  the standard Environmental Protection Agency train.
This  resulted in the characterization of emissions with process
time. The  major process parameters that  were varied  during
the  study  were  the percentages  of hot  metal, number two
dealer scrap, and oxygen lancing.  Overall emissions varied by
as much as 10 to 1 during a typical 8-hour heat. Maximum ox-
ygen usage resulted in maximum particulate emissions; and the
lowest oxygen usage resulted in minimum emissions, with the
minimum  occurring typically for 50% hot metal addition  levels.
The amount of dealer scrap charged with each of the hot metal
additions exerted a  smaller effect on the  overall emissions as
compared to the use of oxygen. Doubling the amount  of ox-
ygen  resulted in a doubling of  the particulate  emission  level,
while only a 30% increase  was observed over the full range of
number two dealer  scrap.  The median particle diameter of
emissions  sampled during each of  seven heats was 1.5 micron.
(Author abstract modified)

78512
Hindman,  Edward E., II, Peter V.  Hobbs, and Lawrence F.
Radke
AIRBORNE INVESTIGATIONS OF AEROSOL PARTICLES
FROM A  PAPER MILL. Preprint,  Air Pollution Control As-
soc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 15p.,  1975. 18 refs. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston,
Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-32.9.)
Airborne measurements were made in the effluent of a  Kraft-
process  paper mill and in nearby  air unaffected by the mill
using a new particle sampling facility which integrates the data
from  five  instruments.  The  aerosol  particle  measurements
demonstrate that the effluent from the paper mill is a signifi-
cant and consistent source of particles with diameters greater
                            than 0.08 micron. The effluent contains fewer particles smaller
                            than  0.08 micron than nearby  air,  indicating that inhanced
                            coagulation of particles may be occurring in the mill s effluent
                            and not occurring in the nearby air. The effluent from the mill
                            is a  significant source of large  and  giant cloud condensation
                            nuclei (CCN),  but not a  significant source  of. small  CCN.
                            These large and giant CCN account for the anomalously large
                            drops which are  observed  in clouds  located in the  effluent of
                            the paper mill investigated. (Author abstract modified)

                            79163
                            O Keefe, Lawrence P.
                            MODELING INCINERATOR  FLUE TRAIN PERFORMANCE
                            WITH A DIGITAL COMPUTER. American Society of Mechani-
                            cal Engineers,  New  York, Incinerator Div.,  Natl.  Incinerator
                            Conf.  Resour. Recovery Thru  Incineration, Miami,  Fla.,  1974,
                            p. 173-178. 2 refs. (May 12-15.)
                            A mathematical model which characterizes incinerator flue gas
                            in terms of  temperature,  weight and  volume flow, moisture
                            content, pressure drop,  and particulate content as it travels
                            from the grate bed to the stack is described. Furnace and flue
                            train  design data are fed into the model along with refuse com-
                            position and forced draft air flow rates, and a computer pro-
                            vides printouts of flue gas conditions at each point  in the flue
                            train  for each combination of refuse composition and air flow.
                            The  contaminant loading section of the model uses  an empiri-
                            cal equation  to calculate the weight of fly ash generated.  Each
                            contaminant  removal process is assigned its own removal effi-
                            ciency value or equation, and the amount  of contaminant
                            remaining  is calculated  at  these  points.  An  electrostatic
                            precipitator subroutine calculates the particulate contained in
                            the flue gas exiting  to the atmosphere as a  function of inlet
                            dust loading and gas velocity. Energy recovery processes can
                            be modeled by adding  a waste heat boiler subroutine or, in the
                            case of a waterwalled furnace, adding equations to the furnace
                            subroutine. The model is useful for understanding the range of
                            conditions  during operation and for designing the  incinerator
                            and   control equipment  for  minimum  pollutant  generation.
                            (Author abstract modified)

                            80030
                            Lillis, Edward J.  and Dexter Young
                            EPA  LOOKS AT FUGITIVE EMISSIONS.  J.  Air Pollution
                            Control Assoc., 25(10): 1015-1018, Oct. 1975. 6 refs.
                            The  characteristics of  fugitive emissions (industrial) and fugi-
                            tive  dust emissions are described. Fugitive emissions include
                            both  gaseous and particulate emissions that result from indus-
                            trial related  operations and which escape to the atmosphere
                            through windows, doors, and vents, but not through a primary
                            exhaust system, such as a stack, flue, or control system. Fugi-
                            tive  emissions  results  from metallurgical furnace operations,
                            materials handling, transfer, and storage operations, and other
                            industrial   processes   where  emissions  escape  to  the at-
                            mosphere.  Fugitive  dust  emissions  are generally  related to
                            natural or man associated dusts  (particulate only) that become
                            airborne due to the forces of winds, man  s activity, or  both.
                            Fugitive dust emissions include windblown particulate matter
                            from unpaved dirt roads, tilled farm lands, and exposed sur-
                            face areas at construction sites. Natural dusts that become air-
                            borne during dust storms are included as fugitive dusts.

                            80648
                            Cross, Frank L., Jr. and J. Ronald Lawson
                            A NEW PETROLEUM REFINERY - THE ENVIRONMENTAL
                            IMPACT. AIChE Symp. Ser., 70(136):808-816,  1974. 17 refs.

-------
                                            A. EMISSION SOURCES
                                                        11
A  mathematical diffusion model is  used to estimate  the en-
vironmental  impact  of  a  hypothetical   100,000-barrel/day
refinery located in  the densely populated city  of Providence,
Rhode Island. Estimated sulfur dioxide, total paniculate, and
carbon monoxide emissions from the refinery  are 1606, 80.3,
and  1318  tons/yr, respectively,  as  compared with total con-
tributions  from other sources in the area of 139,150, 23,600,
and 437,350 tons/yr, respectively. Such estimates in combina-
tion  with  determinations  of the costs  of alternative control
methods are useful in site selection  considerations. A general
outline  of  a  typical  environmental  impact  statement  is
presented.

82797
Burchard, John K.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PARTICULATE EMISSIONS. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., 24(I2):1141-1142, Dec. 1974.
The emission of fine particulates is discussed in terms of their
effect on  human health, industrial  sources  of their emission,
and methods for their control. The  principal health effect  of
fine  particulates (less than 3 micron in  diameter) results from
inhalation and  direct attack on  the  respiratory system which
may be manifested  by short term irritant effects or longer term
damage in  the form  of  emphysema,  bronchitis,  or pneu-
moconiosis. Major  industrial sources of fine particulate emis-
sions can be priority ranked as follows: ferro-alloy furnaces,
steel-making furnaces,  coal-fired power plants,  lime kilns,
kraft pump mill recovery furnaces, municipal incinerators, iron
foundry cupolas, crushed stone plants,  hot-mix  asphalt plants,
and  cement kilns.  Although electrostatic   precipitators  and
fabric  filters can remove fine particles down  to 0.1 micron
with efficiencies around 98-99%, the range  of applicability  of
these control  devices is  limited by operating conditions and
particulate properties.

84716
Barrett, R. E., D. W. Locklin, and Robert E. Hall
FIELD INVESTIGATION OF EMISSIONS FROM COMMER-
CIAL  BOILERS. Preprint,  Battelle Columbus Laboratories,
Columbus,  Ohio  and   Environmental  Protection   Agency,
Research Triangle Park, N. C., 19p.,  1976. 10 refs. (Presented at
the  Air  Pollution Control  Association  Specialty  Session
Proceedings, 67th, June 1974.) NTIS:PB-2S1919/AS
Information  on  air-pollutant   emissions   from  commercial
boilers was developed in a 2-year field investigation conducted
by Battelle s Columbus Laboratories for the American Petrole-
um Institute and the U. S.  Environmental Protection Agency.
Particulate,  smoke, carbon  monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen
oxides, and sulfur dioxide emissions from 13 typical  commer-
cial boilers were measured  to determine the effects  on emis-
sions of various combustion parameters and fuel oil composi-
tions. Emissions were measured for 33  different combinations
of boilers and  fuels at  various loads and excess air settings.
Burner adjustments had a  marked  effect on particulate and
smoke emissions. Fuels  included  in the  investigation were
natural gas and five grades of fuel oil. Fuel characteristics had
a  significant effect on  emissions,  especially particulate  and
NOx. Particulate emissions with the 1% sulfur oil averaged
about 30% of those for conventional No. 6 oil with sulfur con-
tent  averaging  about 2%. Particulate emissions for No. 2 oil
averaged only about 3% of those for No. 6  oil. Emissions  of
NOx were lowest with gas  and  the  lighter grades of fuel oil.
An empirical correlation was developed relating NOx with the
nitrogen content  of fuel  oils. New  emission factors  (with a
distinction  between  fuel-oil grades)  are suggested for use  in
emission  inventories and in evaluating control strategies.  A
reference  document,  Guidelines  for  Burner Adjustments of
Commercial Oil-Fired Boilers, was prepared for use by service
technicians  in  adjusting  commercial  oil-fired  boilers  to
minimize  emissions and to maintain efficiency. (Author ab-
stract)

84717
Ward, Darold E., Charles K. McMahon, and Ragnar W.
Johansen
AN  UPDATE   ON  PARTICULATE  EMISSIONS  FROM
FOREST  FIRES. Preprint, the Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
Pittsburgh, Pa., 15p.,  1976. 20 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollu-
tion Control Association  Annual Meeting, 69th, Portland, Oreg.,
June 27-July 1,  1976, Paper 76-2.2.
Recent estimates of particulate production from forest fires in
the United States have ranged from 500,000 to 54,000.000 tons
annually.  This has been partly due to disparities in  estimates
of fuel that is  consumed during  the combustion process, but
more to the choice of emission factors used to compute par-
ticulate production. The published data are reviewed, and new
National estimates for 2 main  categories of fires (wildfires and
prescribed fires) are proposed. The emission factors for wild-
fires and  prescribed fires are 150 and 50  pound/ton,  respec-
tively; the annual particulate  production is  3,500,000 ton  and
430,000 ton, respectively. The wild range of presently quoted
emission factors, between  10  and 200 Ib/ton for different fire
behavior and fuel characteristics, is discussed. Grouped with
the prescribed fire category are both  low-intensity fires (used
mostly in  the South to reduce understory litter) and fires used
for disposal of logging debris (slash  fires). In addition, esti-
mates  summarizing particulates production  on a seasonal-re-
gional basis arc also presented in  order to underscore the need
to recognize the  cyclic and intermittent nature of the forest
burning source.

84723
Wilson, William E., Lester L.  Spiller, Thomas G. Ellestad,
Paul J. Lamothe, Thomas G. Dzubay,  Robert K. Stevens,
Edward S. Marcias, Janja D. Husar, Rudolf B. Husar,
Kenneth T. Whitby, David B.  Kittleson, and Bruce K. Cantrell

GENERAL  MOTORS   SULFATE  DISPERSION   EXPERI-
MENT: SUMMARY OF EPA MEASUREMENTS. Preprint, the
Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,  18p., 1976. 19
refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association Annual
Meeting, 69th, Portland, Oreg., June 27-July 1, 1976, Paper 76-
22.5.)
A study was conducted  to measure potential sulfate exposures
from  a fleet of cars  using catalyst-equipped motors in con-
trolled, simulated highway  driving conditions and under many
different  meteorological conditions.  A  fleet of 352 catalyst-
equipped  cars was run on a  10  km north-south straightway.
The  cars  ran for 2 hours at 80 km/hr, equivalent to a  traffic
density of about 5500 vehicles/hr on  a  4-Iane highway. The
gasoline was unleaded and blended to contain 0.03 wt% sulfur.
Samplers  are operated upwind and downwind of the road for
later   analysis  of  sulfur and  other  elements  by  X-ray
fluorescence. Sulfuric acid, sulfate, and  aerosol size distribu-
tion measurements were made inside  one of the test vehicles.
Sulfuric acid,  aerosol size distribution, ammonia, and sulfur
dioxide measurements were made 20 meters downwind of the
road.  The particulate  sulfur  emissions rate was determined
from  a measurement  of  the sulfate mass flow  rate 15 meters
downwind.  It  was  found  that sulfuric acid aerosol (Aitken
nuclei  mode, geometric  mean diameter about 0.02 micron)  was
emitted in the exhaust of the catalyst-equipped vehicles. Mea-

-------
 12
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
 surement  of  substantial  amounts of  sulfuric  acid  20  m
 downwind of the road indicated a lack of complete neutraliza-
 tion by ammonia. When the wind was perpendicular to the
 road, there was  no coagulation of sulfuric acid in the accumu-
 lation mode, geometric  mean diameter of about 0.24 micron.
 When the wind was parallel to the road, the higher concentra-
 tion of aerosol and the increased residence time led to coagu-
 lation of about one third of the sulfuric acid aerosol into the
 accumulation mode. From measurements of the aerosol sulfur
 mass flow rate, the aerosol sulfur emission  rate/car was deter-
 mined to be 3.5  plus or minus 0.8 micron/m, corresponding to
 a  12 plus or minus 3%  conversion of fuel  sulfur into emitted
 aerosol sulfur.

 84724
 Giammar, Robert D., Richard B. Engdahl, and Richard E.
 Barrett
 PARTICULATE  AND  POM EMISSIONS  FROM A SMALL
 COMMERCIAL STOKER-FIRED BOILER FIRING SEVERAL
 COALS. Preprint, Air  Pollution Control  Assoc., Pittsburgh,
 Pa., 16p., 1976.  6 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control
 Association  Annual Meeting, 69th,  Portland, Greg.,  June 27-
 July 1, 1976, Paper 76-4.2.)
 The stoker design, stoker operation and firing procedure, and
 type  of  coal  burned  is related  to  the levels  of emission of
 smoke, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, par-
 ticulates, and POM.  It is demonstrated that smokeless opera-
 tion of  small commercial stokers can be achieved with minor
 modifications in the stoker design  (by providing for overfire
 air) and  accurate control of the combustion air.  The data in-
 dicate that a relatively  large amount  of particulate and POM
 emissions are generated during the  off-cycle in which there is
 no control over the air supply. Emissions  might be reduced
 during this cycle by maintaining a control of the air flow to
 and above the fuel bed. Anthracite coal proved most suitable
 for stoker firing. Western subbituminous coal can be used with
 minor modifications in the design and  operation of the stokers.
' 84726
  Boyer, Kenneth W. and Herbert A. Laitinen
  AUTOMOBILE  EXHAUST PARTICULATES.  PROPERTIES
  OF   ENVIRONMENTAL   SIGNIFICANCE.   Environ.   Sci.
  Techno!., 9(5):457-469, May 1975. 20 refs.
  The physical and chemical properties of automobile exhaust
  particulates were investigated. The particulates  were collected
  with  a  specially designed  collection  apparatus from a  1973
  Ford  V-8  engine  operating at warmed-up cruise conditions.
  Analysis by gas  chromatography-mass  spectroscopy of the
  ether  extract  of  the  submicrometer  exhaust  particulates
  showed  the presence of hundreds of  compounds,  including
  about 50% saturated aliphatic, 5% polynuclear aromatic, and
  30% oxygenated hydrocarbons. Irradiation of exhaust particu-
  lates  with  ultraviolet  light  caused photochemical degradation
  of the organic material  associated with  the particulates. The
  presence of  lead  halides appeared  to enhance  the rate  of
  photodecomposition of exhaust particulates. (Author abstract)

 84742
 Dana, M. Terry,  R. N. Lee, and E. J. Schulz
 PARTICULATE  AND  SO2 EMISSIONS FROM PROCESS
 HEATERS   AT    SHELL   AND  TEXACO   REFINERIES,
 ANACORTES,  WASHINGTON.  Battelle,  Pacific  Northwest
 Laboratories, Richland, Wash., EPA Contract 68-02-1409,  Task
 17, 60p., Sept. 1975.
                            In response to a need for more up-to-date emission factors for
                            petroleum refinery process heaters, measurements  were made
                            of sulfur  dioxide and particulate emissions from such sources.
                            The measurements were made at the Texaco CO. Boiler and
                            Shell Crude Heater F-101 and were of three types: total par-
                            ticulate (EPA Method 5); particle size  distribution (Andersen
                            impactor); and sulfur dioxide (EPA Method 6). Because fuel
                            mixtures  can vary in normal operation of these plants, at least
                            four total particulate runs were performed at each location.
                            Two of these runs at each plant were conducted under high oil
                            firing conditions, and the other two under low oil conditions.
                            The high  oil condition  at one of the plants was  selected for
                            SO2 and  Andersen impactor sampling. The sampling points at
                            each  plant were located at the effluent  stack.  The measure-
                            ment results are given. (Author abstract)

                            84747


                            SUMMARY OF PARTICULATE AND SULFUR OXIDE EMIS-
                            SION   REDUCTIONS   ACHIEVED   NATIONWIDE  FOR
                            SELECTED INDUSTRIAL CATEGORIES,  1970-1974  (FINAL
                            REPORT). Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.
                            C., Div. of Stationary Source Enforcement, Rept.  EPA 340/1-76-
                            001, 33p., Jan. 1976.
                            The results of 4 years of local, state, federal, and industry ef-
                            forts  to reduce  the amount  of particulates and sulfur oxides
                            being emitted into the  atmosphere by  stationary  sources are
                            summarized.  Emission  reductions  for  selected  industrial
                            categories are summarized and compared to the reduction goal
                            planned for the time period. The results (presented in graphs
                            and tables) are discussed separately for each  pollutant and
                            each industry as well as for the nation as a whole.  Results are
                            expressed in  terms of  controlled emissions:  the difference
                            between  potential  and  actual emissions for specific  source
                            categories. For example, between  1970 and 1974, potential
                            SOx  emissions  increaed  by 13% (from  39.6 to 44.3 million
                            ton/yr), but the  overall  degree of control increased from 13 to
                            29%, resulting in an 8% reduction in actual emissions. By the
                            end of 1974, 7.6 million tons/yr of SOx were being controlled
                            that were not being controlled in  1970. Actual particulate emis-
                            sions also declined from 1970 to 1974, (from 27.5 to 19.5 mil-
                            lion ton/yr),  while the  potential for  emissions  increased,
                            because the overall degree of control also increased. Industries
                            for which results are discussed include:  coal-fired steam elec-
                            tric power plants, oil-fired steam electric power plants; coal-
                            fired  industrial/commercial  boilers;  integrated iron and steel
                            mills  and coke  plants;  petroleum refineries; primary  copper,
                            lead,  zinc,  and aluminum smelters;  Portland cement plants;
                            municipal refuse incinerators; sulfuric acid plants; phosphate
                            fertilizer plants; ferroalloy plants; asphalt concrete plants; coal
                            cleaning  plants; kraft and  sulfite pulp mills; and gray iron
                            foundries.

                            84748
                            Cowherd, Chatten, Jr. and Charles O. Mann
                            QUANTIFICATION  OF  DUST  ENTRAINMENT  FROM
                            PAVED ROADS. Midwest Research Institute, Kansas City, Mo.,
                            Contract  EPA 68-02-1403, Task 7, Rept. 76.54,  14p.,  1976. 9
                            refs.
                            This paper presents the results of a  field testing program to
                            develop emission  factors for fugitive  dust entrainment from
                            paved urban roadways.  Substantial  evidence  has been com-
                            piled which indicates that dust emissions from city streets are
                            a major cause of nonattainment of  national air quality stan-
                            dards for total  suspended particulates (TSP). Therefore, the
                            quantification of this source  is necessary to the development

-------
                                            A.  EMISSION SOURCES
                                                       13
of effective attainment and  maintenance strategies. The sam-
pling  program was conducted  at representative  sites  in  the
Kansas City area. At one location, controlled amounts of pul-
verized top soil  and gravel fines are applied to the road sur-
face. The  basic measurements consisted of isokinetic dust ex-
posure and concentration  profiles, particle size distributions,
dust deposition  profiles,  surface dust  loadings,  and  traffic
characteristics. In addition, conventional high volume samplers
were used to determine attenuation of TSP concentration with
distance  from  the  source.  Emissions  were  found to  vary
directly with  traffic volume and surface loading of silt (fines),
which in turn is related to land use. Estimated emission factors
for particles  smaller than 30 micrometers in diameter,  as  a
function of land use, range from about  1 to 15 g/vehicle-mile,
of which about two-thirds consists of particles smaller than  5
micrometers. (Author abstract)

84756
Tanner, R. L. and L. Newman
CHEMICAL  SPECIATION OF SULFATE EMISSIONS  FROM
CATALYST-EQUIPPED AUTOMOBILES UNDER AMBIENT
CONDITIONS.  Environmental  Protection  Agency, EPA-600/3-
76-035, 12p. 9 refs. In: The General Motors/Environmental Pro-
tection Agency  Sulfate Dispersion Experiment: Selected  EPA
Research Progress, April 1976.
Airborne particles samples were obtained on treated quartz fil-
ters during five days  of the  General  Motors (GM) Sulfate
Dispersion Experiment and analyzed for total acidity, sulfuric
acid,  ammonium,  soluble sulfate (two  methods), total  sulfur
and nitrate. From the resultant data it is concluded that the im-
mediate roadside impact  from sulfate emissions  by catalyst-
equipped  autos is of  the   order  of   3-6  microgram/cu m,
probably  all  in the form  of sulfuric acid (in agreement with
EPA  and  EPA contractor data). This paniculate  sulfuric acid
emission is neutralized by ambient ammonia with  a half-life of
tens of seconds, the rate apparently dependent on the ambient
ammonia  concentration. Experimental examples of (a) sulfuric
acid impact; (b) ammonia-neutralized sulfate  impact; and (c)
partially neutralized sulfate impact at 30 meters or 100 meters
downwind from the roadway are cited. (Author abstract)

84759
Macias, E. S., R. A. Fletcher, J. D. Husar, and R.  B. Husar
PARTICULATE SULFUR EMISSION RATE FROM A  SIMU-
LATED FREEWAY. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-
600/3-76-035, 20p. 6 refs. In:  The General Motors/Environmen-
tal Protection Agency Sulfate Dispersion Experiment: Selected
EPA Research Progress, April 1976.
The particulate sulfur emission rates from a roadway traversed
by catalytic converter equipped cars was determined by mea-
suring the particulate sulfur  concentration profile  and vertical
wind  velocity profile 15 m from the edge of  the road. Filter
samples were collected  in half-hour intervals with  two stage
samplers and were subsequently analyzed for sulfur, using the
flash  vaporization-flame  photometric  detection method.  Par-
ticulate mass was also monitored with a beta attenuation mass
monitor. The sulfur flow rate for this experiment was found to
be  5.3 +  or   1.2  microgram/m/sec and  the  sulfur  emission
rate/car was 3.5 + or - 0.8 microgram/m. This corresponds to  a
12. +  or -3.0% conversion of the fuel sulfur emitted as particu-
lar sulfur.  It was also found  that sulfur accounted  for approxi-
mately 20% of the fine particulate mass. Measurements in an
automobile indicated  that the sulfur  concentrations on  the
roadway and inside a passenger vehicle were comparable and
were similar  to the  concentrations measured  15 m downwind.
(Author abstract)
84760
Whitby, K. T., D. B. Kittelson, B. K. Cantrell, N. J. Barsic,
D. F. Dolan, L. D. Tarvestad, D. J. Nieken, J. L. Wolf, and J.
R. Wood
AEROSOL SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS AND CONCENTRATIONS
MEASURED DURING THE GENERAL MOTORS PROVING
GROUNDS SULFATE STUDY. Environmental Protection Agen-
cy, EPA-600/3-76-035, 50p. 12 refs. In: The General Motors/En-
vironmental Protection Agency Sulfate Dispersion Experiment:
Selected EPA Research Progress, April 1976.
In October 1975, General Motors (GM)  and the Environmental
Protection  Agency (EPA) conducted  a  freeway  simulation
study at the GM Milford Proving Ground, using only catalytic
converter equipped cars. During the study, nearly 900 aerosol
size  distribution measurements were made,  both on the test
track and close by. At  the same time,  sulfate measurements
were also  made  by  other experimental  teams. Background
aerosol volume size  distributions  measured during  the test
show three distinct modes with  mean sizes  of approximately
0.03, 0.24 and 0.6 micron. Aerosol distributions measured dur-
ing  the run,  both on and off the track, also exhibit  three
modes. Those  at 0.24 and 6.0 remain  essentially  unchanged
while the smaller mode contains much  more volume  than the
background aerosol, and now has  a  mean size  of about 0.02
microm.  The exact amount of the increase  in volume of the
smallest mode is greatly dependent on meteorological parame-
ters. This was  seen to vary from about 20 cu micron/cu cm,
when the wind direction  was parallel  to the track,  to  2 cu
micron/cu cm,  when the wind blew across the track.  On days
when the wind  was parallel to the track,  approximately 1/3 to
1/2  of the  increase  in  volume  during  the test  runs  over
background appeared  in the 0.24 micron mode. No increase of
the 0.24  micron mode was noted when  the wind blew across
the track. The primary aerosol volume emission was of a  mean
size  of 0.02 micron. (Author abstract

84761
Lamothe, Paul J., Thomas G.  Dzubay, and Robert K. Stevens
CHEMICAL    CHARACTERIZATION    OF   AEROSOLS
PRESENT  DURING  THE GENERAL  MOTORS  SULFATE
DISPERSION EXPERIMENT. Environmental Protection Agen-
cy, EPA-600/3-76-035, 27p. 12 refs. In: The General Motors/En-
vironmental Protection Agency Sulfate Dispersion Experiment:
Selected EPA Research Progress, April 1976.
A study  was conducted during October 1975 at General Mo-
tors  Milford Proving Ground  to measure  the chemical proper-
ties of sulfate emissions from a fleet of catalyst equipped vehi-
cles  under controlled highway driving conditions. Aerosol sam-
ples  were  collected  with dichotomous  samplers  and  were
analyzed by both X-ray fluorescence  spectrometry  and wet
chemical procedures  for strong  acid, ammonium and sulfate
content. In addition sulfuric acid, ammonia and sulfur dioxide
measurements were obtained. The peak sulfate concentrations
ranged from 2.4 to 5.7 microgram/cu m  above background and
the sulfuric acid concentrations ranged  from 1.1 to 5.4 micro-
gram/cu m. Because significant amounts of sulfuric acid were
measured at 20 m  downwind of the roadway,  it can be as-
sumed that the product of the ammonia concentration and
transport time  from the roadway to  the  monitor was insuffi-
cient to  cause  complete  neutralization  of the  sulfuric  acid.
(Author abstract)

84764
Barrett, R. E. and A. A. Putnam
BOILER  EMISSIONS--AN INVENTORY OF EMISSIONS BY
BOILER  SIZE  AND USE. Preprint, Air Pollution Control As-

-------
14
I ARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
soc., Pittsburgh,  Pa., 17p., 1976. 16 rets. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association Annual Meeting, 69th, Portland,
Oreg., June 27-July 1, 1976, Paper 76-4.6.)
Using available data sources, a compilation of the boilers in
use in the Continental United States was made by boiler size,
fuel, and boiler type. Residential, commercial, industrial, and
utility boilers were included in the study. Primary data sources
included the National Emissions  Data Bank (NEDS)  data,
American Boiler Manufacturers Association boiler sales  data,
and earlier reports  to the Environmental Protection Agency.
Allowance was made for the fact that no single data source
was  complete. Therefore, the  data from the various  sources
was manipulated to arrive at a  composite inventory of boilers
in use. Results are presented in the form of graphical displays
of (1) cumulative actual boiler use, both versus boiler size; and
(2) cumulative sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and paniculate
emissions versus boiler  size.  Boiler  design  capacity, actual
use,  and emissions are  presented for each major boiler fuel
and for the total of all fuels. (Author abstract)

84766
Chalekode, Parasuraman  K. and Thomas R. Blackwood
A   STUDY   OF    EMISSIONS   FROM   AGGREGATE
                             PROCESSING.  Preprint, Air  Pollution Control  Assoc., Pitt-
                             sburgh, Pa., 14p., 1976. 6 rets. (Presented at the Air Pollution
                             Control  Association Annual Meeting,  69th, Portland,  Oreg.,
                             June 27-July 1, 1976, Paper 76-36.4.)
                             Particulate emissions from aggregate processing are discussed.
                             Sampling at representative  aggregate plants indicates that the
                             emission factor for total particulates range from 3 gram/metric
                             ton (0.006 pound/ton) to 210 gram/metric ton (0.42 pound/ton)
                             processed through primary crusher.  Six percent to 17% of
                             these emissions are respirable less than 7  micron. This emis-
                             sion is lower than emission  estimates  previously  available.
                             Possible  explanation  of this  difference is discussed. Unit
                             operations  such as drilling,  blasting, unpaved road  traffic,
                             crushing and screening contribute to  more than 94%  of the
                             overall plant emissions. An  analysis of the emissions show that
                             the mean free silica content ranged from  1% to 28%. Trace
                             element analysis and fiber  counting showed their levels to be
                             too low to affect the ambient air quality significantly. Samples
                             of  unpaved road surface material were collected from various
                             aggregate plants across the United States  and the respirable
                             portion was analyzed for free silica. The mean free silica con-
                             tent was 14% with a range  of  1.4% to 47%. An error analysis
                             on  the emissions  and composition values has been  included,
                             where applicable. (Author abstract)

-------
                                                                                                                     15
                                B.  CONTROL  METHODS
26664
Chiaro, D. A.
SIGNIFICANT  OPERATING BENEFITS REPORTED  FROM
CEMENT QUARRY DUST CONTROL PROGRAM. Pit Quar-
ry, 63(7):116-118, Jan. 1971.
A systematic soil stabilization program has been practiced for
a number of years by the Arizona Portland Cement Company
to control dust  conditions on miles of unpaved roads at its ce-
ment stone  quarry near Tucson. Regular dust control treat-
ments  utilizing  a special emulsion agent called Coherex make
hauling easier and safer for drivers, and make truck washings
necessary only  at seven week intervals rather than on a once-
a-week basis. A technique was developed to mix the emulsion
with the hard crust of the road surface, while water is sprayed
lightly over the surface once each  working shift to keep the
Coherex binder active. Maintenance and special conditions are
mentioned, including the treatment of  new road beds and weak
sub-grades.

31028
Sproull, Wayne T.
MINIMIZING  RAPPING LOSS IN PRECIPITATORS  AT A
2000   MEGAWATT   COAL-FIRED   POWER   STATION.
Preprint,  Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 30p.,
1971. 4 rets. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association,
Annual Meeting, 64th,  Atlantic City, N.  J., June  27-July 2,
1971, Paper 71-125.)
To determine how rapping loss varied with the intensity, dura-
tion,  and time interval  between raps,  field tests were con-
ducted at a 2000  megawatt coal-fired power  station  where
precipitators were designed  to  collect 99.5%  of the fly ash in
the combustion gas. The amount and location of the rapping
losses  were  determined  by using  an instrument called  the
Konitest. Working  on a triboelectric principle,  it permits one
to measure rapidly  changing ash or dust concentrations at any
chosen point within an  operating precipitator, recording these
data automatically  on a  strip  chart.  Thus the places where
losses  occur are quickly found, and the effect of changes in
rapping technique are immediately made evident.  The rapping
loss  could be  reduced  from  about 4% to  less than  1% by
rapping the inlet,  intermediate, and outlet  sections  of  the
precipitator in a 3:2:1 frequency ratio; completing and  repeat-
ing the  rapping sequence  every  12  min; and considerably
reducing the rapping intensity from the level previously used.
(Author abstract modified)

43203
Corn, Morton and Robert T. Cheng
INTERACTIONS OF SULFUR  DIOXIDE WITH INSOLUBLE
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER. Preprint, Air Pollu-
tion  Control Assoc., Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  43p.,  1972.  15 rets.
(Presented at the Air  Pollution Control Association, Annual
Meeting, 65th, Miami, Fla., June 18-22, 1972, Paper 72-126.)
A laboratory study  was conducted of the heterogeneous catal-
ysis of sulfur dioxide at ppm concentrations in air by insoluble
particles of calcium carbonate,  vanadium pentoxide, ferric ox-
ide, fly ash from a coal-burning powerplant, manganese diox-
ide, activated carbon, and suspended particulate matter from
urban air. A new technique for aerosol stabilization was util-
ized which consisted of depositing the aerosol on Teflon beads
in a fluidized bed. The Teflon  beads  with deposited aerosol
particles were then packed into a flow reactor. Progress of the
chemical reaction  with  deposited particles was continuously
monitored by determining the SO2 concentrations in the reac-
tor effluent with a microcoulometer. The CaCO3, V2O5, and
fly ash were essentially inert to SO2 at room temperature. The
Fe203,  activated carbon,  MnO2,  and suspended  particulate
matter from urban air sorbed SO2 from air streams with up to
14.4 ppm SO2 in air. A substantial part of the sorbed SO2 was
physically adsorbed. Bioassay procedures which utilize pulmo-
nary  flow  resistance  changes  in  guinea  pigs  to  monitor
response to inhaled SO2-aerosol mixtures in air have indicated
the weak or non-potentiating capacity of insoluble aerosols as
contrasted  to soluble aerosols. Potentiating  response of  an
aerosol appears  to be strongly associated with reaction of SO2
in a water  droplet containing aerosol ions and not with physi-
cally adsorbed SO2 on an insoluble aerosol. (Author abstract
modified)

44638
Francis, Fred J.
SECONDARY  ALUMINUM  SMELTER AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL   USING  A   CHROMATOGRAPHIC  COATED
BAGHOUSE -  A TECHNICALLY NEW AND ECONOMIC
SOLUTION. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh,
Pa., 25p., 1972. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, Annual Meeting, 65th,  Miami, Fla., June 18-22,  1972,
Paper 72-79.)
The sources of air pollution for secondary aluminum smelters
and chromatographic coated baghouses to control  that pollu-
tion are described. The secondary aluminum  smelting industry
consumes aluminum scrap generated  by wastage  from  new
factory production or from obsolescence and  scrapping of old
products. This industry represents approximately 25% of total
production  of aluminum in the United States. The raw material
is scrap, and it comes with pollutants,  such as: oil, paint, and
plastics, and because of its volume it has to be melted under a
flux cover containing salt, potash, cryolite, or fluorspar, which
gives off fumes containing chlorides and fluorides. In addition,
most of the scrap intake into a smelter consists of wrought al-
loys containing magnesium (e.g., beer cans).  The pollutants in
aluminum industry are: carbonaceous particles both combusti-
ble and noncombustible,  oil particulates, magnesium  and alu-
minum  chlorides, chlorine, hydrogen  chloride, and hydrogen
fluoride. Control methods attempted  throughout the  world,
namely  scrubbers, afterburners, and baghouses are reviewed
briefly.  The reasons for  choosing the  novel chromatographic
coated baghouses are explained. Results of tests from  a total
of four runs  completed  utilizing  chromatographic   coated
baghouses  are discussed.  Samples taken for dust  analysis
reveal that in all four runs, the amount of emitted dust was
down to the minimum (an average of 0.0005 grain). The results
of runs  show it  is  possible to reduce particulate emission and

-------
16
                                 PARTICULATES  AND AIR  POLLUTION
noxious emissions to virtually  zero  by means of chromato-
graphic coated  baghouses.  An analysis is made of operating
costs, which are 1/3 to 1/2 of other potential systems, such as
scrubbers and afterburners. (Author abstract modified)

44641
Theodore, Louis
APPLICATION   OF   MODELING   AND   SIMULATION
TECHNIQUES TO THE DESIGN OF VENTURI SCRUBBERS.
I. MODEL OF PARTICLE CAPTURE. Preprint, Air  Pollution
Control Assoc., Pittsburgh,  Pa., 2Sp., 1972. 15 refs. (Presented
at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 65th,
Miami, Fla., June 18-22, 1972, Paper 72-101.)
A study was  made  to develop a  satisfactory  mathematical
model for venturi scrubbers to describe particle collection effi-
ciency as a function  of power consumption;  and to develop
improved design procedures, especially for particle  capture.
The mechanics of solid capture by the liquid phase is of major
importance  in  predicting  the  performance  of a venturi
scrubber. A prerequisite of a model  of particle  capture is a
description of  the flow field  in  the vicinity of the liquid
droplet. However, the flow is so complex in this system that it
can only realistically be represented by  a  simplified model.
One of  the simplest is the free  surface or cellular model
originally proposed by Happel. This idealized cellular model is
assumed to consist of two concentric spheres, the outer sphere
representing a  fluid envelope having  a free surface  and  con-
taining the aerosol,  and  the  inner sphere  containing  the
droplet. This model can be utilized to predict particle capture.
This is accomplished by computing the trajectory of an aerosol
particle as the  fluid flows around the inner sphere (the liquid
collector) in the two-concentric-sphere model. Single particle
collection efficiencies for  the cellular model are presented for
various  void fraction  values. These  are  compared  with the
results for a single collector (unit  void  volume) in  both the
creeping motion and potential flow regimes. The results clearly
indicate that single particle collection efficiencies are a func-
tion of the voild void volume. In addition, theory and experi-
mental results  for the  single collector in the high  Reynolds
number range are bounded by the viscous cellular model cal-
culations for void fraction  values of 0.66 and 0.90. The exten-
sion of the single particle collection efficiency model to  in-
clude the contribution of the entire assemblage of eligible col-
lector cells is presented.  The effect  of variations in particle
velocity, liquid  velocity, and void  volume, and  particle  and
liquid  size distributions on the overall efficiency equation is
discussed. (Author abstract modified)

44884
Theodore, Louis and Thomas J. Eastment
SIMULATION OF AN ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR ~
EFFECT  OF  VELOCITY,  PARTICLE  SIZE,  PARTICLE
MASS FLOW  RATE AND ELECTROSTATIC FORCE  DIS-
TRIBUTION ON COLLECTION EFFICIENCY. Preprint, Air
Pollution Control  Assoc.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa., 26p., 1972. 9  refs.
(Presented  at  the  Air Pollution Control  Association, Annual
Meeting, 65th, Miami, Fla., June 18-22, 1972, Paper 72-108.)
The behavior of particles  in  an electrostatic precipitator was
simulated in order to predict collection efficiency. One of the
contributions of the study is the proposed method of treating
system variables not previously mentioned in the  literature on
the  subject. These include particle size distribution as a func-
tion of inlet position, particle  mass  flow rate gradient,  gas
velocity profile,  and the variation of the electrostatic force as
a function  of particle size and inlet  position. The technique
used for this purpose is based on the repetitive solution of the
describing model,  with  the magnitude of the variables deter-
mined via  the selection of a  random number. The random
number technique  is employed  to treat the distribution of par-
ticle size as a function of inlet position and the electrostatic
force as a function of both particle size and inlet position. The
distribution effect  of several system variables can be included
in the describing equations for  electrostatic precipitators, such
as making the charge and the force a function of time, by sub-
stituting functions  in the equation. Since the proposed method
of  solution  is more akin to  physical experimentation  than
analytical or numerical  methods, it  should find application in
research and  design analysis  of  electrostatic precipitators.
(Author conclusions  modified)

44940
Calvert, Seymour, David Leith, and Jhuda Ooldshmid
PARTICULATE    SCRUBBER    APPLICATIONS,    PER-
FORMANCE, AND  COSTS. Preprint, Air Pollution  Control
Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,  24p., 1972. (Presented at the Air Pollu-
tion Control  Association, Annual Meeting, 65th, Miami, Fla.,
June  18-22, 1972, Paper 72-182.)
Criteria for selecting a scrubber, patterns of scrubber applica-
tion and performance, and cost are described. Results of a sur-
vey of scrubber systems in field use are presented. Ten  types
of scrubbers are identified and defined in terms of their prin-
cipal  mode of operation. Data are  presented on the numbers
and percentages, collection efficiency, and capacity for each
type  of  scrubber in each unit  process. Costs  of installed
complete scrubber systems are presented for the six scrubber
types for which there  were sufficient data. These  are  com-
pared with  predictions  based  on component costs and  en-
gineering cost estimation methods. The survey showed that in
the majority of the cases there is no  knowledge of particle size
or concentration. There is also a tendency to forget  about the
scrubber once it has passed inspection. Costs of scrubbers can
be estimated from  preliminary designs with about the same ac-
curacy as  the usual chemical plant  equipment.  In general,
scrubbers have been utilized successfully in thousands of in-
stallations, and will be utilized  increasingly in the future. They
possess  unique capabilities as  well  as limitations.  When
properly applied,  they  can be designed with as much  con-
fidence of success as any other type of air pollution control
equipment. Packed towers, fiber beds, sprays, Venturis,  cen-
trifuges,  and  baffles are used in the  chemical industry, in-
cinerators, dryers, stone crushing, foundries, and furnaces.

45066
Selle, Stanley J., Philip H. Tufte, and Gordon H. Gronhovd
A STUDY OF THE ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY  OF FLY
ASHES FROM LOW-SULFUR WESTERN COALS USING
VARIOUS METHODS.  Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
Pittsburgh, Pa., 32p., 1972. 5 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollu-
tion Control  Association, Annual Meeting, 65th,  Miami, Fla.,
June  18-22, 1972, Paper 72-107.)
The electrical resistivity of fly ashes from low-sulfur western
coals was  measured by the ASME laboratory  method,  the
point-to- plane  in-situ  method,  and  the cyclone  resistivity
probe in-situ method. Correlation of bulk resistivity with the
major fly ash constituents showed that  resistivity  tends to
decrease with increasing sodium monoxide and sulfur trioxide
and to increase with increasing silica, aluminum oxide, ferric
oxide, calcium oxide, and magnesium oxide. This  relationship*
also applied to in-situ resistivity as measured by the point-to-
plane method. Comparison of  resistivity  values obtained on
the same  fly  ash  at 300 F by the  ASME and point-to-plane
methods  showed  that,  contrary to  most published data on

-------
                                             B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                        17
Eastern  fly  ash,  the  in  situ  method  generally  gave higher
values. The in-situ results showed no SO3 surface conditioning
of fly ash. With high-alkali ashes,  any SO3 formed evidently
reacts quickly with the alkali and is not available for surface
conditioning. For the ashes studied, the best predictor of ash
resistivity was the ratio (CaO + MgO)/(Na20 + SOS). During
the next few years the number of new electrostatic precipita-
tors installed for collecting fly ash from plants burning lignites
and other low-sulfur Western coals will increase substantially.
The data presented may be  of value  in  predicting the per-
formance of these units based on the chemical analyses of the
ashes of the coals to be burned.

53742
Bartel, Mark H. and James O. Helland
WATER  SPRAYS  REDUCE  PARTICIPATE  EMISSIONS
FROM ASPHALT PLANT SCRUBBER STACK. Preprint, Air
Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 17p., 1973. (Presented
at Air Pollution Control Association, Annual  Meeting,  66th,
Chicago, 111., June 24-28, 1973. Paper 73-327.)
The case history of an asphalt plant which  was able to update
its dust collection equipment to  meet modern air pollution con-
trol requirements is presented.  Since the asphalt plant begins
operations prior to the morning rush hour, the residents driv-
ing in  from the area mountains could  easily spot any visible
emissions. The  plant  received  numerous  complaints directly
from the residents and through  the State of Idaho Department
of Environmental Protection  and Health.  When faced with a
requirement for source test results, the company developed a
wet scrubbing system. Experimentation showed that the addi-
tion of  three Swirl Air  nozzles in the wet scrubber  stack
greatly reduced  visible emissions and eliminated complaints. A
source test performed by an independent  consulting firm in-
dicated  that particulate emissions  were at  34.4 Ibs/hr at a
production  rate of 103 tons/hr. This is well  below the state
code of 51.2 Ibs/hr at a  production rate of 100 tons/hr. The
uniform distribution of finely atomized water droplets in the
scrubber was probably a major factor in reducing emissions  to
an acceptable level. (Author abstract modified)

53922
Theodore, Louis, Joseph P. Reynolds, and Ralph J. Navarrete
RESULTS OF  A NEW  TECHNIQUE FOR CALCULATING
COLLECTION    EFFICIENCIES    IN    ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATORS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pitt-
sburgh,  Pa., 30p., 1973. 13 rets. (Presented at the Air Pollution
Control  Association, Annual Meeting, 66th, Chicago,  III., June
24-28,  1973, Paper 73-292.)
Results of a new technique for calculating collection  efficien-
cies of several  system variables is presented. The variables in-
clude  particle   size  distribution,  particle  mass  flow  rate,
gradient, gas velocity profile, and the variation of electrostatic
force as a function of particle size and inlet position.  The cal-
culated  results  for  collection  efficiencies  are in reasonable
agreement with the limited experimental data available in the
literature. Variation of precipitator geometry and electrostatic
force produce  results  that are in  qualitative  agreement with
what one would expect, and for a  given efficiency;' the'drift
velocity  in the model differs considerably from that calculated
by the Deutsch - Anderson method. A substantial difference is
found between collection efficiencies that are calculated  using
particles of a single characteristic size and those calculated as-
suming a distribution  of sizes.  Because it  employs a random
assignment of inlet position, size, and charge to each particle
being tested, the proposed method of solution is more akin to
physical  experimentation   than  analytical   or  numerical
methods,  and as such should provide a realistic approach to
both the calculation of collection efficiencies and the design of
electrostatic precipitators. (Author abstract modified)

53990
Noll, Kenneth E., Wayne T. Davis, and Stephen P. Shelton
NEW CRITERIA FOR THE  SELECTION OF  FABRIC  FIL-
TERS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION. Preprint, Air Pollu-
tion Control  Assoc.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  23p.,  1973.  S  refs.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association,  Annual
Meeting, 66th, Chicago, III., June 24-28, 1973, Paper 73-301.)
A  simple  design equation was  adapted  from  filter  design
theory to allow a rapid initial  design for typical bag houses
without the  need for a  historical  data  bank concerned  with
filter operations. The basic equation is  ST equals K2 (Wf +
We), where ST  is filter drag,  K2 is resistance coefficient, Wf
is filter weight,  and  We  is cake weight. Data on the character
of  the  dust and the  total dust loading from  industrial  sources
are inputs to the equation. The design equation is solved for
typical  ranges of dust loadings and particle size and typical
design limits for commercially available filters to show how in-
itial filter designs can be obtained. Figures are provided which
illustrate the quantitative interrelationships between  the parti-
cle size, dust loading, filter weight, pressure drop, and clean-
ing interval. Figures of  this  type,  obtained from the  design
equation, allow rapid initial  design decisions and require no
calculations. The trade off relationship between pressure drop,
weight of filter,  and  cleaning interval are clearly evident in the
figures. (Author abstract)

53991
Sundberg, Ronald E.
THE PREDICTION OF OVERALL COLLECTION EFFICIEN-
CY OF  AIR  POLLUTION  CONTROL DEVICES  FROM
FRACTIONAL EFFICIENCY CURVES. Preprint, Air Pollution
Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 23p., 1973. 6  refs. (Presented at
the Air Pollution Control  Association, Annual Meeting, 66th,
Chicago, 111., June 24-28, 1973. Paper 73-298.)
The prediction of overall collection efficiency from  the parti-
cle size distribution of the dust and the fractional efficiency of
the air pollution control device is described. The cumulative
particle  size  distribution  of dust  resulting from  industrial
processes  can  usually be represented by a straight  line on
logarithmic probability paper or a  log normal  function.  The
fractional  efficiency curves  of many  air  pollution  control
devices  such as cyclones  or  wet scrubbers  can  also  be
adequately  represented by a  log  normal  function. Only two
parameters are  required  to define  a log  normal  function,  a
median diameter, and a geometric standard deviation. Both of
these can easily be obtained from a plot on logarithmic proba-
bility paper.  The overall  collection efficiency is  simply related
to the  four parameters required  to define the log normal func-
tions representing the particle size distribution and the collec-
tor fractional efficiency.  Using this relationship, the prediction
of  overall collection efficiency is greatly simplified with  no
loss of accuracy. (Author abstract modified)

54011
Cowherd, Chatten, Jr. and Kenneth D. Smith
THE CONTROL OF PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM AL-
FALFA DRYERS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control  Assoc., Pitt-
sburgh, Pa.,  27p., 1973.  6 refs.  (Presented  at the Air Pollution
Control Association,  Annual Meeting, 66th, Chicago, 111.,  June
24-28,  1973, Paper 73-104.)

-------
 18
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
A study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness and
costs of available techniques for the control of dryer generated
participates  which are emitted  from primary cyclone collec-
tors. Bench-mark performance  data for two pilot  scale and
three full scale wet  collectors (scrubbers) and  two full scale
systems which recycle effluent from the primary cyclone in-
dicate that medium efficiency wet scrubbers have the potential
to bring alfalfa dryer emissions into compliance with the Bay
Area emission standard; however, problems of water clarifica-
tion and sludge remain to be solved. Also, the partial recycling
of cyclone effluent back to the dryer furnace holds promise of
a  significant  reduction  in  paniculate  emissions.  Dryer
generated  participate  emissions  are  highly  dependent  on
process conditions, particularly hay quality and dryer produc-
tion rate (dry basis). The total participate emission from and
alfalfa dehydrating plant, without emission control, averages
less than 20 Ibs/ton of pellets (or meal). Based on cost figures
submitted by the control equipment manufacturers,  the equip-
ment and installation costs for a wet scrubber and water treat-
ment system range from $35,000 to $45,000 and annual operat-
ing  costs are  about $2000. The installed cost of  a recycle
system is about $20,000, and a net operating savings of  $2000
is realized  because  of decreased fuel usage.  These figures
apply to a model control problem which requires a control ef-
ficiency of about 60% for an effluent of 30,000 cu ft/min with
a particulate loading of 0.20 gr/acf. (Author abstract modified)

54132
Tassicker, Owen J. and Kenneth M. Sullivan
ESTIMATION OF  PRECIPITATOR PERFORMANCE FOR
COLLECTION OF FLY ASH BY EXAMINATION OF  LOW
SULPHUR COAL BORE CORES. Preprint, Air Pollution Con-
trol Assoc.,  Pittsburgh, Pa., 24p., 1973. 6 refs. (Presented  at the
Air Pollution  Control Association,  Annual  Meeting,  66th,
Chicago, 111., June 24-28, 1973, Paper 73-311.)
A method to aid in  the sizing of a precipitator for the collec-
tion of ash from a new low sulfur coal field by examination of
the  bore core  samples  was  developed. Such samples  are
prepared, analyzed,  and then fired  in  a  specially  developed
microfurnace  whose combustion  dyanmics are  such  as  to
produce  ash resembling full scale boiler  fly  ash. The ash is
subjected to electrical tests including resistivity  and corona
measurements. This  resistivity data are used for ranking  the
performance of a precipitator treating such ash. It was  shown
in a parallel study of field tests on pilot precipitators that re-
sistivity  correlates  significantly with  precipitator efficiency.
(Author abstract modified)

54531
Huntington, Richard  L.
INCINERATOR AFTERBURNER PARTICULATE EMISSION
FACTORS:  A CORRELATION AND COMBUSTION STUDY.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh,  Pa., 31p.,
1973. 15  refs. (Presented at the  Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, Annual Meeting, 66th, Chicago,  111., June 24-28,  1973,
Paper 73-226.)
An   incinerator  afterburner  emission  factor   equation  was
derived based upon chemical reaction rate kinetics. This  equa-
tion  compared  favorably with observed emission factor test
data and the available literature. The chemical reactions in-
volved in the combustion process and  in smoke  formation
were compared  thermodynamically to  observed  combustion
rate  constants.  Smoke-producing reactions were  investigated
and indicated that both carbon dioxide and water play an im-
portant part  in determining the reactivity of primary chamber
paniculate smoke emissions when burned in the secondary af-
                            terburner chamber and in the overall combustion process. The
                            acceleration effect  of  moisture  and CO2 on the combustion
                            process was attributed to  the reversible  water gas reaction.
                            Both CO2  and water served as  oxidizing agents at high tem-
                            peratures. A combustion reaction phase diagram for the forma-
                            tion and destruction of smoke  was prepared and  used  to
                            establish minimum smoke formation and combustion tempera-
                            tures. Equivalent minimum combustion zone residence time,
                            excess air and combustion  zone  temperature combinations are
                            presented in graphic form. (Author abstract)

                            56046
                            Friedlander, Sheldon K.
                            SMALL  PARTICLES  IN  AIR  POSE  A BIG CONTROL
                            PROBLEM. Environ. Sci. Technol., 7(13):111S-1118,  Dec. 1973.
                            6 refs.
                            The origin and control of  atmospheric  paniculate matter are
                            discussed. Control of gaseous precursors to aerosol formation
                            (sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and certain hydrocarbons) is a
                            key factor in the control of total particulates. In developing
                            improved standards for paniculate pollution, the chemical na-
                            ture of the  particulates and its relation to particle size should
                            be  taken into consideration. On  a tonnage basis, the principal
                            industrial source of particulates include  fuel combustion, ce-
                            ment dust,  and steel manufacture. Their control depends on
                            proper process design in the planning stages and on  the use of
                            gas  cleaning devices, primarily electrical  precipitators, fabric
                            filters, and  wet scrubbers.  This equipment is least efficient in
                            removing particles in  the critical 0.1 to 1.0 micron size range.
                            Particle removal efficiencies claimed for electrical precipita-
                            tors are usually in the range 90-99% on a weight basis. There
                            are  difficulties associated  with stack  gas sampling: outlet
                            loadings  for the same  effluents  measured with different sam-
                            pling trains varied by as much as a factor of four.

                            57521
                            Fraser, Malcolm D. and Gary J. Foley
                            A  PREDICTIVE PERFORMANCE MODEL   FOR FABRIC
                            FILTER  SYSTEMS. I. INTERMITTENTLY CLEANED SIN-
                            GLE-COMPARTMENT SYSTEMS. Preprint,  Air  Pollution
                            Control Assoc., Pittsburgh,  Pa., 3p., 1974. (Presented at the Air
                            Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 67th, Denver,
                            Colo., June 9-13, 1974.)
                            A performance model was developed for a single compartment
                            fabric filter. The model assumes that the filtering layer consist-
                            ing of dust  and fabric  can  be thought of as a tangled mass of
                            fibers of various diameters. Particle collection results in the
                            growth of  fiber-like particle filaments attached to  the fibers
                            which then act as fibers. The general type of theoretical col-
                            lection equations for  diffusion,  interception,  and  impaction
                            then  apply. The  model is the  first complete  computerized
                            model for  a  fabric  filter system. Collection  efficiency  is
                            described by equations for clean filters  and  dirty filters. A
                            standard equation is included to  describe the pressure drop as
                            a function of time and of two important coefficients - the ef-
                            fective drag of the fabric after cleaning and the dust-fabric re-
                            sistance coefficient. The model predictions are compared with
                            limited available data. A set of data for collection of fly ash on
                            a variety of fabrics was used to  show that the model can pre-
                            dict the general effect of fabric type on performance.

                            57700                                                   *
                            George, Herman F. and Gary W. Poehlein
                            CAPTURE  OF  AEROSOL  PARTICLES BY  SPHERICAL
                            COLLECTORS. ELECTROSTATIC, INERTIAL, INTERCEP-

-------
                                            B.  CONTROL METHODS
                                                       19
TION,  AND  VISCOUS EFFECTS.  Environ.  Sci.  Technol.,
8(l):46-49, Jan. 1974. 9 rets.
The  collection of aerosol particles smaller than  10  micron is
important in air pollution  control. A mathematical model is
presented to predict the efficiency of the capture of aerosol
particles by spherical collectors. This model considers inertial
viscous,  gravity, and  electrostatic  forces, and the interception
phenomena. The model shows that the efficiency of collection
can be unproved by the presence of electrostatic charges on
the particles. The model, based on potential flow around  the
collector, is written in dimensionless form. Model predictions
are plotted  in terms of the appropriate  dimensionless groups
and are compared with previous works that considered electro-
static  and   viscous   forces   separately.  (Author  abstract
modified)

57729
Qufllman, B. and C. W. Vogelsang
CONTROL  OF PARTICIPATE AND SO2 EMISSIONS FROM
AN  INDUSTRIAL  BOILER PLANT. BIdg. Systems Design,
71(1):18S-189,  Dec.-Jan. 1974.  (Presented  at  the  American
Society of Mechanical Engineers Industrial Power Conference,
Louisville, Ky., May 14-20, 1973, Paper 73-IPWR-5.)
Determination of the most economical route to control indus-
trial boiler plant paniculate and sulfur dioxide  emissions for a
specific  site requires an in-depth analysis of  the factors  ap-
plicable to that site. The major factors are fuel cost and availa-
bility,  how they are  expected  to vary  with  time,  the con-
fidence of the forecast, and the relative technical risk of pollu-
tion control alternative selection.  Natural gas  and No. 2  oil,
when gas is not available, is the preferred route so long as cur-
rent price and availability  forecasts hold. The  most economic
alternative to natural gas and No. 2 oil is 0.7% sulfur-content
coal using either bag filters or electrostatic precipitators, if the
fuel price differential between  low and high sulfur coal holds
as forecasted. Further, SO2 control is entirely dependent upon
an assumed 10-year supply of 0.7% S coal. Tail-end limestone
flue gas scrubbing  offers the greatest potential on an annual
operating cost basis.  However, investment is high and risk is
great as system reliability  has  not been demonstrated. This
should be the preferred route  because it makes possible  the
use  of  our most abundant fuel  resource.  However,  more
demonstrations of technology are required before the invest-
ment risk  is reasonable.  The  following program  has  been
adopted to  prepare for the time  when natural gas  is not an
available boiler fuel: continue with natural gas and No. 2 oil as
long as possible, maintain an on-going program to determine if
flue gas scrubbing is practical, and stay intimately familiar
with all  changes in fuel prices and availability. (Author sum-
mary)

59329
Bickelhaupt, Roy E.
ELECTRICAL VOLUME CONDUCTION IN  FLY ASH. J.  Air
Pollaton Control Assoc., 24(3):251-255, March 1974. 14 rets.
Resistivity and unsophisticated transference experiments were
conducted  at temperatures above 200  C.  Six commercially
produced fly ashes having similar overall chemistry but differ-
ing significantly in concentrations of alkali metals and alkaline
earths were used. Test specimens  were fabricated by pressing
and sintering the ash into self-supporting discs. An Arrhenius
equation was used to interpret the resistivity-temperature rela-
tionship. From the lack of deviation in experimental activation
energy  among the ashes  the  same conduction mechanism
prevailing in each was shown. The quantity of  electricity con-
ducted was proportional to a mass  transfer and lithium and
sodium ions migrated. Resistivity was inversely proportional to
the combined  Li  and Na  concentration. The volume  conduc-
tion process was controlled by an ionic mechanism in which Li
and Na are the principal charge carriers. The overall  conduc-
tion  process  involving specimens  and  electrodes was  in-
terpreted using the results of recent fundamental research on
silicate glasses. (Author abstract)

59340
Stenhouse, J. I. T.
THE  INFLUENCE   OF   ELECTROSTATIC  FORCES  IN
FIBROUS   FILTRATION.  Filtration  Separation   (Purley),
ll(l):25-26, Jan./Feb., 1974. 21 rets.
Mathematical expressions  are derived for the efficiency of col-
lection of  particles in fibrous filters due  to an electrostatic
mechanism  in which  either the particle or fiber or both  are
charged. The  theory  is based on  the cellular model  of flow
through a filter and  is in excellent agreement with published
experimental data. An increase in the packing density of  a
filter  has two effects. The streamline tortuosity is increased
and causes an increase in collision efficiency due to intercep-
tions and the fact that the particle  is  brought close to the fiber
where the  electrostatic forces are  strongest. The electrostatic
forces, however,  will be effective  over a shorter range, caus-
ing a  reduction in the collision efficiency due to electrostatics.
Calculations for the effect of filter packing density  indicate
that in the case of charged filters an increase in filter packing
density will have  little or no effect on the single fiber collision
efficiency.

59607
Frauenfelder, A.
OVERCOMING  SPECIAL PROBLEMS   IN ELECTRICAL
PRECmTATION. Filtration Separation (Purley), 11(1):S2, 54,
56, Jan./Feb.,  1974. (Presented at the Proceedings of the Filtra-
tion Society, Filtration Society s Conference on What s New in
Dust  Control and Air Cleaning at the Dust  Control  and  Air
Cleaning Exhibition, London, England. Sept. 25-27, 1973.)
Problems  encountered  with  the  operation of  electrostatic
precipitators are  reviewed in  relation to the pretreatment of
gases, the flow of gases in the precipitator, corrosion, and
stress corrosion. Very dry gases and dust with high electrical
resistivity  require pretreatment such as water injection  for
favorable recovery.  Normally, gas  conditioning towers with
water nozzles are provided ahead  of the precipitator  in order
to cool the gases to 150-200 C  and  to raise the water dew point
of the gases to 50-55 C. Other conditioning  agents such as sul-
fur trioxide are employed for thermal power station applica-
tions. Even distribution of the dust-laden gases over the whole
area of the precipitator is of the utmost  importance. Model
tests  are essential if  expensive adjustments  of the full scale
precipitator are to be  avoided.  Modern  precipitator design
must  also  ensure that gases will not bypass  the electrical
fields. Precipitators are susceptible to corrosion, particularly in
the cement industry; thus, the shell of the  precipitator is nor-
mally built in concrete and the works in acid-resisting materi-
als. Rubber coating  is used  on  the inside of  precipitators
designed for aluminum finishing processes employing the treat-
ment  of aluminum with  chlorine  gases. Stress  corrosion is
another problem, and for precipitators sited behind raw mills
in cement  works where temperatures are rather low, protec-
tion by a varnish might be helpful.  Other design considerations
include  a good high  tension rectifier, unbreakable discharge
electrodes, and optimum, plate gap  width.

-------
20
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
59920
Wagner, A. J. (ed.)
STEAM-POWERED  DUST  COLLECTORS ATTAIN  HIGH
EFFICIENCIES ECONOMICALLY. Mod. Casting, 64(2):58-60,
Feb. 1974.
An economical and highly efficient steam-powered dust collec-
tor has been successfully developed and  operated  at a steel
mill and pipe shop installation. The device uses a high speed
steam drive which creates its  own draft; the draft  draws  ex-
haust gases into a mixing tube where process water is injected.
Quick  agglomeration  is achieved  with  submicromic  particu-
lates, bringing them to manageable size for disposal in low
pressure drop cyclones. The system handles particulates from
6-20 micron at efficiencies of more than  99%. A sulfur dioxide
removal efficiency of  99.94%  can also  be achieved with  the
addition of chemically-treated water.

60214
Hull, Andrew P.
COMPARING  EFFLUENT  RELEASES  FROM NUCLEAR
AND  FOSSIL-FUELED  POWER  PLANTS.   Nucl.  News,
17(5):51-5S, April 1974. 21 rets.
The effluents from nuclear and fossil-fueled power  plants  are
compared for harm  and emission standards. Nuclear boiling
water reactors will release 1.66 times 10 to the 6th power gase-
ous airborne effluents, 5.31 airborne halogens and particulates,
49.6 liquid fission and corrosion products,  and  104 Ci/yr liquid
tritium effluents.  Pressurized water reactors will release 9650,
0.17, 30.2,  and 5720  Ci/yr, respectively.  Nuclear plants will
also emit radioactivity. Coal, oil,  and gas  fueled power plants
emit  sulfur  dioxide,  nitrogen  dioxide,  carbon  monoxide,
hydrocarbons, and  particulates. If fossil-fueled  and nuclear
power plants are compared by their compliance with stan-
dards,  and  if air quality standards are given  the  same  sig-
nificance that the radiation protection  standards have been
given,  then nuclear plants clearly  limit over-all air pollution to
a greater degree than fossil-fueled plants.

60223
Pilat, Michael J.,  Steven A. Jaasund, and Leslie E. Sparks
COLLECTION  OF  AEROSOL PARTICLES BY ELECTRO-
STATIC DROPLET   SPRAY  SCRUBBERS.   Environ.   Sci.
Technol., 8(4):360-362, April 1974. 14 rets.
Theoretical  calculations  and  experimental   measurements
showed that the  collection of  small aerosol particles (0.05-5
micron diameter) by water droplets in spray scrubbers can be
substantially  increased  by   electrostatically  charging   the
droplets and particles to opposite  polarity. Measurements with
a  140 acfm  two-chamber spray scrubber (7  sec  gas residence
time) showed an increase in the overall particle collection effi-
ciency  from 68.8%  at  uncharged conditions  to  93.6%  at
charged  conditions   with a dioctyl  phthalate  aerosol (1.05
micron particle mass  mean diameter and 2.59 geometric stan-
dard deviation). The  collection efficiency for 0.3 micron parti-
cles increased from  35% to 87% when charged. (Author  ab-
stract)

60335
Statnick, R. M. and D. C. Drehmel
FINE  PARTICLE   CONTROL  USING   SULFUR  OXIDE
SCRUBBERS.  Preprint, Environmental  Protection  Agency,
Research Triangle Park, N. C., Control Systems Lab., 23p.,
1974. 5 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution  Control Association,
Annual Meeting,  67th, Denver, Colo., June  9-13, 1974, Paper
74-231.)
                            Data were obtained on the fine particle collection efficiency of
                            sulfur oxide scrubbers at two power generating stations. A
                            venturi and a turbulent contacting absorber (TCA) both with
                            capacities of 30,000 cfm were tested at one site, while a ventu-
                            ri with 600,000 scfm capacity was tested  at the other site. Fine
                            particle collection efficiency was determined at three pressure
                            drops  for the  TCA  using  a  cascade  impactor. The TCA
                            showed high removal efficiencies, collecting more than 90%. of
                            submicron particles when the pressure drop was nearly 10 in.
                            of water. The overall particulate removal in the TCA scrubber
                            as determined by modified method five or by a Brink impactor
                            was greater than 99% when the pressure drop was greater than
                            6 in.  H2O. Collection efficiency for both venturi  scrubbers
                            decreased rapidly with decreasing particle size in the fine par-
                            ticle region. (Author abstract modified)

                            61754
                            Carroll, J. J., J. R. Dunbar, R. L. Givens, and W. B. Goddard
                            SPRINKLING  FOR  DUST  SUPPRESSION  IN A  CATTLE
                            FEEDLOT. Calif. Agr., 28(3):12-14, March 1974.
                            The effectiveness of sprinkling open, unpaved, feedlot cattle
                            pens for dust control, and the  effect of  sprinkling on the tem-
                            perature and relative humidity were investigated. The air tem-
                            perature, humidity,  and dustiness were measured simultane-
                            ously  at several locations within two lots,  one of which was
                            sprinkled.  Data recording was begun on June 25, 1970 and was
                            terminated on Sept. 9, 1970. The data consisted of 15 min sam-
                            ples taken once each hr, 24  hr per day.  The results show that
                            sprinkling lots during the  first  8 week  clearly  reduced dusti-
                            ness by about one-half.  During the period following  rain, the
                            dustiness of the unsprinkled lot was also reduced by at least
                            half. The maximum temperature reached within the sprinkled
                            lot was reduced by 5-10 F, the relative  humidity increased by
                            about  30%. This suggests that  sprinkling has no significant ef-
                            fect on the evaporative cooling of the animals.

                            61776
                            White, Harry J.
                            RESISTIVITY    PROBLEMS     IN     ELECTROSTATIC
                            PRECIPITATION. J.  Air Pollution Control  Assoc.,  24(4):314-
                            338, April 1974. SI refs.
                            High resistivity particles are one of the most common causes
                            of poor precipitator  performance. A coherent up-to-date ac-
                            count  is given of the problems of high resistivity particles and
                            the   basic  methods  for   dealing  with   them. Historical
                            background, measurement of resistivity  by the point-lane  and
                            concentric-cylinder methods, field  and laboratory resistivity
                            data,  conduction  mechanisms,  surface  conduction, back
                            corona,  sparkover, current-voltage  disturbances,  effects with
                            positive corona, effects of high resistivity on precipitator per-
                            formance  (electric operation,  particle  charging,  and particle
                            collection), and methods for overcoming high resistivity (clean
                            electrode methods, electrical energization methods, condition-
                            ing methods, systems methods, wet methods, temperature-con-
                            trolled  electrodes,   and  graded-resistance  electrodes)  are
                            discussed. Both theory and practice show  that precipitator
                            design should  be coordinated with particle resistivity  condi-
                            tions  in order to  obtain expected efficiency.  Where this has
                            not received adequate attention, precipitator  efficiencies as
                            low as 60 or  70%  occur instead of design values  of 99 or
                            99+%. Resistivity should be measured in present plants were
                            high  resistivity is suspected as a  problem, and new  plants
                            should be designed to eliminate this problem. Control methods
                            include conditioning  with moisture and/or certain chemicals,
                            improving electrical energization of the  precipitator,  changing
                            precipitator operating temperature to a  more favorable zone

-------
                                            B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      21
changes in raw materials  used in the process, correcting gas
flow problems if such exist, and using larger size precipitators.
In some cases, wet collection may be the method of choice in
obviating high resistivity problems.

62185
Kice, Russell W.
DUST CONTROL BASICS. Feedstuffs, 46(10):44-45, March 11,
1974. (Presented at the Oregon Feed, Seed,  and Suppliers As-
sociation 1974 meeting, Portland.)
The  problems of dust collection in a dust control system are
discussed. Dust  control consists of preventing the fine parti-
cles  from  escaping out of a machine enclosure or system into
the work  areas and into the atmosphere.  The emphasis is on
better enclosures to contain dust, on tight spouting, and on
conveyors that operate slowly  enough to  eliminate fine parti-
cles  from the surrounding atmosphere.  Due to environmental
concern, the dust  collector is  of prime importance in a dust
control  system.  The  cyclone  type  separator when properly
sized and  designed has a lot of favorable characteristics. How-
ever, the  system can be operated with stock outlet choked
down and all dust  blowing to the atmosphere.  This has caused
the  environmentalists to  arbitrarily  rule most systems using
cyclone type collectors for removal of fine dust particles as in
violation of the standards. The problem is being solved by the
installation of cloth filter collectors, either  as secondary col-
lectors following the  primary  cyclones or as the primary col-
lector. The primary cyclone should be used  to eliminate 98+%
of the dust in the system  and return  this dust back to the
system. The air and -2%  of the dust can then be directed to
the filter  for final cleaning  and releasing back to the building
or to the atmosphere.

62920
Sparks, L. E.
EFFECT  OF WATER VAPOR CONDENSATION ON PARTI-
CLE COLLECTION BY SCRUBBERS. Preprint,  U.S.-U.S.S.R.
Working  Group on Stationary Source  Air  Pollution Control
Technology, 26p., 1974. 51 refs. (Presented at the Symposium on
Control of Fine  Participate  Emissions from Industrial Sources,
San  Francisco, Calif.,  Jan. 14-18, 1974.)
Water vapor condensation can be  used  to improve participate
collection by scrubbers. The improved particulate collection is
due  to diffusiophoresis  and/or particle growth. Scrubbers
which utilize condensation are  defined as  condensation scrub-
bers. The literature on condensation scrubbing  is  reviewed.
Selected  references are given on Flux  Force/Condensation
Scrubbers. The  results of recent  Environmental Protection
Agency sponsored research on condensation scrubbing are
presented. These results show that the particle collection effi-
ciency of  a condesnation scrubber is a function of the amount
of  water  vapor  condensed.  The   costs  of   condensation
scrubbing  are  compared  with the  costs,  of  high  energy
scrubbing.  The  comparison  indicates  that   condensation
scrubbing  is  economically feasible  for  many  applications.
(Author abstract modified)

63039
Stock, D.  E. and C. T. Crowe
THE EFFECT OF ELECTRODYNAMIC SECONDARY FLOW
ON   THE   PERFORMANCE    OF   ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATORS.  Preprint, 14p., 1974. 7 refs. (Presented at
the Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics Institute, 24th, Corval-
lls, Oreg., June 12-14, 1974.)
A solution is presented which predicts the flow field for a two-
dimensional particle-laden flow found in electrostatic precipita-
tors.  The  effect  of  gas-particle  and  ion-gas  momentum
coupling is incorporated  in the general development. The ef-
fect of particle and ion space charge is included in the electric
field. The solution is used to analyze the turbulent gas-particle
flow in a concentric electrostatic precipitator. The effect of
electrodynamic secondary flow (electric wind) and the gas-par-
ticle momentum  coupling have about the same magnitude and
are opposite in direction. The numerical scheme was applied to
a wire and  pipe precipitator in a laboratory. The same scheme
is directly applicable to a wire and plate precipitator, and such
a configuration would show a much  larger electric wind. The
method can be extended  to account for particle reentrainment
and other conditions. (Author abstract modified)

63078
Epstein, Michael, Louis Sybert, Shih-Chung Wang, and
Charles C.  Leivo
EPA ALKALI SCRUBBING  TEST FACILITY: LIMESTONE
WET SCRUBBING TEST RESULTS. Bechtel Corp., San Fran-
cisco, Calif., Environmental Protection Agency Contract PH 22-
68-67, Program Element 1AB013, Rept. ROAP 21ACY-32, EPA-
650/2-74-010, 238p., Jan. 1974. 5 refs. NTIS: PB 232359/AS
Test  results   are  reported  for a  prototype  lime/limestone
scrubbing test facility for removing sulfur dioxide and particu-
lates from  flue  gases. The facility  consists of three parallel
scrubbers:  a  venturi/spray tower, a Turbulent Contact ab-
sorber,  and a  marble-bed scrubber. Each is able to treat a 10
Mw equivalent of flue gas from a coal-fired boiler at the Ten-
nessee Valley  Authority s Shawnee station. The report  covers
more than  1000  hrs of a long-term lime run on the  TCA and
more than  2000  hrs  of a long-term run on  the venturi/spray
tower system.  The objective of testing has been to identify the
most  economically attractive lime/limestone  system operating
conditions which are consistent with reasonable performance.

63523
Mockridge, P.  C. and D. W. McDowell, Jr.
MATERIALS AND CORROSION PROBLEMS IN A FLY ASH
SCRUBBING SYSTEM. Mater. Performance,  13(4):13-17, April
1974. 1 rrf.
Corrosion  in  power plant  scrubbing systems in caused by
changes in  the environment, improver materials and/or protec-
tive coatings,  or unusual mechanical  problems. Since the cor-
rosive medium is principally  weak sulfuic acid, high chloride
content becomes an important  factor, accelerating corrosion.
Results  of in-service  tests  of  materials for  scrubbing are
discussed. The tests were conducted on a number of scrubbers
designed for fly ash and/or  sulfur dioxide removal. The ad-
justable  venturi,  the  primary  mist eliminator, the  recycle
pumps, the wet ID fans, the secondary mist eliminator,  the re-
heat area, and the stacks are subject to corrosion under some
conditions, therefore corrosion-resistant  materials  should be
used. The  results  of two coated test spool  tests showed the
need for a protective coating. (Author abstract modified)

63545
Crook, James O.
FUGITIVE DUST  CONTROL.  Pit Quarry, 66(12):67-68, 106-
107, June 1974.  (Presented  at the National Crushed  Stone As-
sociation Annual  Convention, 57th, McCormick Place, Chicago,
111.)
Causes  and controls of  fugitive dusts are  reviewed for  the
quarrying industry. Major causes and contributing factors of

-------
22
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
fugitive dusts include: weather elements such as wind velocity
and direction, precipitation, and  moisture; quarry operations
such as drilling, blasting, loading, haul units  and roads,  and
stockpiles; non-vegetated or bare areas; and land configuration
both in and surrounding plant stockpile areas.  Control mea-
sures   include:  water  spraying,  scheduling  blasting during
periods of either  low wind or the correct wind direction, the
use of stone ladders (enclosed towers) to eliminate  the long
free-fall of stone, the mixing of sand and water in a small pug
mill, the  use of  stacker conveyors which  can be raised or
lowered just above the pile, and proper location of stockpiles.

64855
Morris, E. B. and J. L. Schumann
CONDITION  FLYASH  WITH  SYNTHETIC  SOS.  Power,
118(7):59-63, July 1974. 12 refs.
The conditioning of fly  ash  with synthetic sulfur trioxide  is
discussed. It enables an electrostatic precipitator to achieve
normal collection efficiencies  when cleaning flue gas at tem-
peratures within  the difficult range of  24Q-350 F and from
boilers burning low sulfur, high ash coals. The injection of
minute quantities of SO3 reduces the electrical  resistivity of
the fly ash to values below the critical level of  10 to the  10th
power ohms/cm.  These  SOS  quantities  range from  10 to 30
ppm by volume of the flue gas. On site synthesis eliminates
the need  for storing or handling either sulfuric acid  or liquid
SOS.  It is more economical than installing new hot precipita-
tors,  wet scrubbers,  or  special low temperature electrostatic
precipitators  designed  for low sulfur coal. Existing plants can
upgrade  the  collection   efficiency   of  their  electrostatic
precipitators to meet new particulate codes while continuing to
burn economical low sulfur coal.

65228
Dunbar, David R., Kenneth Axetell, Jr., and George A. Jutze
CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
FROM UNPAVED ROADS,  AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES
AND  CONSTRUCTION. Preprint,  Air  Pollution Control As-
sociation, Annual Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo., June 9-13,
1974, Paper 74-82.)
Methods  of  controlling  fugitive dust from  unpaved roads,
agricultural activities, and construction are presented. All con-
trols are applications of one of three basic techniques, water-
ing, chemical stabilization,  or reduction of surface wind speed
across exposed sources.  Four methods of roadway treatment
are used: paving, surface  treatment with penetration chemi-
cals, soil  stabilization chemicals worked into the roadbed, and
watering.  Cost  considerations are key factors in determining
which  techniques to use. Methods for control of fugitive dust
from agricultural lands are basically the same as those for con-
servation  of topsoils. Six general control methods are: continu-
ous cropping, stubble or other crop residue or  mulch left on
field,  limited irrigation of fallow fields, inter-row plantings of
grain  between  widely-spaced row crops or strip cropping,
vegetative or physical windbreaks, and spray-on chemical soil
stabilizers. On construction sites, watering has a short effec-
tiveness. Chemical stabilization is not successful in active con-
struction  conditions,  but  is  effective after  the  site  is
completed. Methods are presented for stabilization  of waste
tailings to prevent air and water pollution, suppression of dust
for storage piles,  and dust control from  cattle feedlots. Many
of the  methods described, particularly for agricultural sources,
have a relatively low percentage control and may not  be capa-
ble of achieving necessary reductions. If  these individual mea-
sures are  combined into an overall soil management program,
they will have a synergistic, rather than a purely additive ef-
                             fect. While the costs for control are not unreasonable for a
                             particulate source, the costs on a regional basis could easily
                             exceed those for conventional stationary sources, especially
                             for large agricultural areas. There is a need to begin to develop
                             a program within the air pollution control agencies to control
                             those sources of fugitive dust which have a significant impact
                             upon the air quality within their jurisdiction.

                             65239
                             Adams, Richard L.
                             FABRIC  FILTERS  FOR  CONTROL  OF  POWER PLANT
                             EMISSIONS.  Preprint,  Air Pollution  Control  Assoc.,  Pitt-
                             sburgh, Pa., 25p., 1974. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control
                             Association Annual Meeting, 67th,  Denver, Colo.,  June 9-13,
                             1974, Paper 74-100.)
                             Four separate pilot units were used in the application of fabric
                             filters to coal-fired utility boilers. A fabric filter equipped  with
                             fiberglass fabric at an air-to-cloth ratio of approximately 3.5 to
                             1 resulted in a  pressure drop in the range of 4 in. w.g., when
                             handling the effluent from coal-fired boilers. Cloth cleaning is
                             by  a combination  of  mechanical  shake plus  deflation.  The
                             operating results  from the first installation confirm pilot stu-
                             dies, and design parameters for another unit to be installed at
                             a major Eastern utility are  presented. Cost comparisons  with
                             an electrostatic precipitator on a 5000 megawatt station show
                             that the fabric filter represents  a  significant  reduction in
                             capital costs on coals having a sulfur content of less than 1.5%
                             where precipitator efficiency is required to be  at least 99.5%.
                             Basic design criteria are presented that represent the minimum
                             design requirements for a unit to be installed on a large coal-
                             fired utility boiler. The performance of  these units can exceed
                             that of electrostatic precipitators on many major utility instal-
                             lations in the United States. (Author abstract modified)

                             65240
                             Janoso, Richard P.
                             BAGHOUSE  DUST COLLECTORS ON  A LOW SULFUR
                             COAL FIRED UTILITY BOILER. Preprint, Air Pollution Con-
                             trol Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 28p., 1974. 4 refs. (Presented at the
                             Air  Pollution  Control  Association  Annual  Meeting,  67th,
                             Denver, Colo., June 9-13, 1974, Paper 74-101.)
                             The baghouse  dust collectors installed to reduce fly ash emis-
                             sions from low sulfur, anthracite  coal-fired Units  1 and  2 of
                             the Sunbury Steam Electric Station, Pennsylvania  Power and
                             Light Company are evaluated. Each boiler is rated at 80 MW.
                             The bag filters have performed well after over a year of opera-
                             tion, although there is evidence of bag wear due  to bag life
                             considerations. There  were  no serious problems which ef-
                             fected boiler reliability. Problems encountered have been as-
                             sociated primarily with auxiliary equipment, and not with the
                             baghouses themselves. The installation  cost for  the baghouses
                             including  the   fly  ash removal system was   approximately
                             $5,500,000. In  the summer of  1973, the baghouses were tested
                             for particulate and sulfur oxide emissions performance by the
                             Environmental  Protection Agency and results were within ap-
                             plicable Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania regulations. Particu-
                             late  emissions  met the" manufacturer s guarantee of greater
                             than 99% removal efficiency. (Author abstract modified)

                             65262
                             Reynolds, Joseph P., Louis Theodore, James Marino, and
                             Luigi de Francesco                                    *
                             THE  GENERATION  OF PERFORMANCE  CURVES  FOR
                             ELECTROSTATIC  PRECIPITATORS THROUGH THE  USE
                             OF A NEW  TECHNIQUE  FOR CALCULATING COLLEC-

-------
                                             B.  CONTROL METHODS
                                                        23
TOR  EFFICIENCIES. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
Pittsburgh, Pa., 30p., 1974. 6 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, Annual Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo.,
June 9-13, 1974, Paper 74-137.)
A model  for calculating  collection efficiences was  used to
generate performance curves for 12 industries presently using
electrostatic precipitators.  These industries include the electric
power, cement, pulp and paper, steel, chemical, and petroleum
industries.  The performance curves describe  thee predicted
collection  efficiency as a function of precipitator length, plate-
to-plate spacing and average field strength,  and are presented
in graphical, tabular, and  equation form. Whenever literature
values are available for a particular industry, comparisons are
made between  the collection efficiencies generated by the  new
model and  those based on actual  precipitator performance.
The collection efficiency in the new  model is sensitive to parti-
cle size distribution, a complication that cannot be treated in
the Deutsch-Anderson equation which permits the use of a sin-
gle  representative   particle  size  only.   (Author  abstract
modified)

65263
First, Melvin W. and William C. Hinds
HIGH EFFICIENCY  REMOVAL OF  SUBMICRON  PARTI-
CLES BY  ULTRA-HIGH  VELOCITY AEROSOL  FILTRA-
TION. Preprint,  Air  Pollution  Control  Assoc., Pittsburgh,  Pa.,
38p.,  1974. 19  rcfs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control As-
sociation,  Annual  Meeting,  67th, Denver,  Colo., June 9-13,
1974, Paper 74-139.)
The high  efficiency removal of subrnicron  particles by ultra-
high velocity aerosol filtration was investigated. Collection ef-
ficiency  of  fibrous  filters  for  subrnicron  aerosol  particles
decreases  as  face  velocity increases above  the  customary
range of 5-30  fpm. For velocities greatly in excess of a  few
hundred ft/min,  collection efficiency  increases spectacularly
and soon  attains values in excess of 99% for 0.7  micron dioc-
tyl phthalate  (DOP).  These high efficiencies persist  to  3500
fpm.  Energy  requirements increase to levels  comparable to
those needed for successful operation of high energy scrub-
bers.  The advantages of ultra-high velocity  include: compact-
ness of equipment with opportunities for significant reductions
in acquisition and installation costs; collection  efficiency  high
enough to meet modern emission control regulations; a dry
collection method  that requires  no water supply or  disposal
facility. Commercial  applications of high velocity filtration to
cooled plastic during oven fumes were effective in eliminating
the   characteristic   white  plume  caused  by   condensing
plasticizer. (Author abstract modified)

65375
Shannon,  L. J.
CONTROL   TECHNOLOGY  FOR  FINE  PARTICIPATE
EMISSIONS (FINAL REPORT). Midwest Research Inst., Kan-
sas City,  Mo.,  Environmental Protection  Agency Grant R-
801615, ROAP  No.  1AB012-OS,  Program  Element  1AB012,
Rept. EPA-650/2-74-027, 225p.,  May 1974. 186 refs.
Results are  presented from a study  to  assess the state-of-the-
art of control  technology  for fine  particulates emitted from
stationary sources, with emphasis  on the control of  primary
particulates. Topics covered include: particle collection and ag-
glomeration  mechanisms;   conventional  control  equipment
which includes electrostatic precipitators,  fabric  filters,  and
wet scrubbers; emerging control systems  such as the steam-
hydro air cleaning system, the ADTEC wet  scrubber, and the
wetted-knit  mesh filter; proposed control systems including
condensation  scrubbers,  charged  droplet  scrubbers,  foam
scrubbers,  electrified  filters, granular bed filters,  fluidized
beds, gamma-ray precipitators, and sonic agglomerators; and
recommendations for research and development programs.

65650
Dean, K. C., Richard Havens, and M. W.  Glantz
METHODS AND  COSTS FOR  STABILIZING  FINE-SIZED
MINERAL WASTES. Bureau of Mines, Salt Lake City,  Utah,
Salt Lake City Metallurgy Research Center, Rept. of Investiga-
tions 7896, 30p., 1974. 6 refs.
Field and  laboratory  tests  of  stabilizing  fine-sized  mineral
wastes, and the methods and costs for stabilizing  wastes  are
reviewed. Fine-sized mineral wastes discarded by  ore milling
plants require stabilization to prevent air and water pollution.
Stabilization can be attained  by physical, chemical,  vegetative,
and  combination  procedures.  Vegetative  reclamation   is
preferred to physical and  chemical stabilization, but is difficult
to achieve because the wastes are sterile, contain  deleterious
inorganic  salts, and lack  the essential nutrients  and physical
characteristics required  for sustaining   vegetative  growth.
Methods now have been developed to attain vegetative growth
on  all but  excessively  acidic, basic, or saline tailings at costs
ranging from  120 to 650  dollars/acre. The cost for stabilizing
tailings  requiring  more  intensive treatment  techniques may
range upward to $1750/acre.  Procedures developed  by the Bu-
reau of Mines and  industry for vegetating amenable tailings
are described. Costs for the  various processes are  listed, and
procedures that may be  applicable  for stabilizing  saline and
pyrite-containing tailings are  suggested. Ridged planting  beds,
drip irrigation, and  deep-furrow  planting techniques are sug-
gested for stabilizing  saline wastes. A  combination of mill
tailings and sewage sludge can be used for producing synthetic
soils, and  layers of sewage sludge buried under  a layer  of
tailjngs offer promise of inhibiting acid formation from oxida-
tion of  sulfides in  mineral wastes. Pelletization of tailings  to
improve  physical   structure  is beneficial  in establishing a
vegetative  cover. Nitrogen fertilization maintenance costs  for
vegetatively  stabilized  tailings  can  be  reduced  by  use  of
nitrogen-fixing native plant  species  such as Indian ricegrass.
Microvegetative growth can be ashieved on tailings and offers
promise over macroscopic forms on tailings in  arid regions,
but  the algae, lichens,  and mosses  are as subject to salinity
stresses as the larger plant species. (Author abstract modified)

65901
Guida, Kent
THE USES  OF  FLY ASH IN A FERROCEMENT  MIX
DESIGN.  Bureau of Mines Information Ore., no.  8640:56-60,
1974. 4 refs.  (Presented  at  the International  Ash Utilization
Symposium, 3rd, Pittsburgh, Pa., March 13-14, 1973.)
The uses of fly ash in ferrocement are discussed. Ferrocement
is a reinforced concrete material which has a high degree  of
imperviousness and elasticity, excellent  resistance  to  crack
propagation,  and high  strength-weight ratio. Ferrocement mix
designs  are based  on obtaining the highest possible compres-
sive strength  and  maximum  workability.  Fly ash addition  to
ferrocement can produce a lubricating effect which improves
workability, penetrability, and ease of finishing, pozzolanic ac-
tion to give long-term increase in  strength, increased sulfate
resistance, and inhibition of corrosion of steel when stimulated
hydraulically by the lime  from the hydration of cement. These
effects are described.

-------
24
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
65902
Mielenz, Richard C.
SPECIFICATIONS AND METHODS OF USING FLY ASH IN
PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE. Bureau of Mines Informa-
tion Circ., no. 8640:61-74, 1974. 27 refs. (Presented at the Inter-
national  Ash  Utilization  Symposium,  3rd,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,
March 13-14, 1973.)
Fly ash is utilized in three general ways in the preparation of
Portland cement  mixtures: As  an admixture in concrete or
mortar, as a pozzolan component  of a blended hydraulic ce-
ment, and as a portion of the raw  material used in the manu-
facture of portland cement.  The rate  of fly  ash utilization in
Portland cement mixtures has increased over the years and can
be expected to increase. The three ways of  using fly  ash are
discussed along with specifications for fly ash (both chemical
and physical requirements) in these mixtures. Fly ash and bot-
tom  ash represent a  valuable source of material for use in
manufacture of portland cement concrete, portland-pozzolan
cement, and portland cement itself. Satisfactory and uniform
results  can  be obtained  by  development and use of  suitable
specifications   and quality  control   and quality   assurance
procedures in  the production of the cement and concrete. The
diversity of sources of fly ash in terms of types of coal, use of
additives to the coal to accommodate air pollution standards,
and variable conditions of operation of individual coal-burning
facilities present  problems in the promulgation of  specifica-
tions and standards for  use of the  ash. In some instances, ac-
ceptance of the ash and decision on the manner of its use in
portland  cement  concrete  must  be  based upon tests of
concrete mixtures proposed  for use in specific work.  (Author
conclusions modified)

66681
Fishman, B. D. and M. E. Valov
REDUCING THE CONTAMINATION OF THE AIR  BY DUST
AND GASES  IN  THE  MANUFACTURE OF METAL POW-
DERS FROM MELTS.  Soviet Powder Metallurgy  and Metal
Ceramics (English translation  from  Russian  of:  Poroshk.
Metall.), 13(4):333-335, April 1974. 3 refs.
The  control of dust and gaseous  pollutants produced in the
manufacture of metal  powders from melts is discussed. Escap-
ing pollutants  vary greatly in temperature, chemical composi-
tion,  and particle  size.  Parts of existing ventilating and  dust
fume extraction systems were modified in a plant  and  some
new  units  were provided. The dry screening process which
produced an exceptionally large amount of dust (115 mg/cu m)
was altogether eliminated. Dust was reduced from the  melting
furnace from 11.2 mg/cu m to 2.4 mg/cu m, from the on bridge
crane level from  18 mg/cu m  to 9.5 mg/cu  m, and from the
drying furnace from 321  mg/cu m to 10.9 mg/cu m. The carbon
monoxide concentration was reduced from 0.031 mg/1 to 0.012
in the melting furnace,  from 0.037 to 0.018 in the  on bridge
crane level, and from 0.038 to 0.009 in  the drying furnace.

66823
McKenna, John D.
APPLYING FABRIC FILTRATION TO COAL FIRED INDUS-
TRIAL  BOILERS  (A  PRELIMINARY  PILOT  SCALE IN-
VESTIGATION)  (FINAL  REPORT).  Enviro-Systems  and
Research, Inc., Roanoke, Va., Environmental Protection Agency
Contract 68-02-1093, Program Element 1ABO12, EPA-065/2-74-
058, ROAP 21ADJ-038, 89p.,  July 1974. S refs.
The techno-economic feasibility of applying a fabric filter dust
collector to coal-fired  industrial boilers was investigated on a
pilot   scale.  Overall efficiencies  greater than 99.5%  were
                            achieved with Nomex felt at an air to cloth (A/C) ratio of six
                            to one. Cleaning improved with increasing volumes of reverse
                            air. Both woven Teflon and Gore-Tex on Nomex backing had
                            better release properties than  Nomex felt. Installed costs for
                            filter media and electrostatic precipitation at three levels of ef-
                            ficiency are included. Based  on 25% bag replacement per yr
                            and  an  electrostatic precipitator efficiency  level  of 98%,
                            Nomex felt and Gore-Tex on Nomex backing are competitive
                            with an electrostatic precipitator at A/C greater than 4/1.
                            Teflon felt needs and A/C greater than  7/1 before it becomes
                            competitive. (Author abstract modified)

                            67817
                            Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.
                            C., Control Systems Lab.
                            SEMINAR ON ELECTROSTATICS AND FINE PARTICLES -
                            SEPTEMBER 1973. Program Element  1ABO12,  ROAP  No.
                            21ADL-034, Rept. EPA-6SO/2-74-081,  131p., Aug. 1974. NTIS:
                            PB 236676/AS
                            Papers are presented from a siminar on the application of elec-
                            trostatics   to  fine  particle  control.  Topics  covered  in  the
                            seminar include: the investigation of systems  of charged parti-
                            cles  and electric  fields  for the removal  of submicron particu-
                            lates, the  application of charged droplet scrubbing to fine par-
                            ticle control,  wet electrostatic collection of fine particles, elec-
                            trostatic  capture  of  particles  in fiber  beds,  electrostatic
                            precipitator performance, the  dust layer and  precipitator effi-
                            ciency, the fractional efficiency of electrostatic  precipitators,
                            electric arc generation of metal aerosols in quantity, and new
                            concepts  and novel devices for fine particulate control. The
                            last topic  is covered in an open pan discussion.

                            67832
                            Nekervis, R., J. Pilcher, J. Varga, Jr., B. Gonser, and J.
                            Hallowell
                            PROCESS MODIFICATIONS FOR CONTROL OF PARTICU-
                            LATE EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY COMBUSTION, IN-
                            CINERATION,  AND METALS  (FINAL  REPORT).  Battelle
                            Memorial  Inst., Columbus, Ohio, Columbus  Labs., Environ-
                            mental Protection Agency Contract 68-02-1323, Task 9, ROAP
                            No.  21ADK-017, Program Element 1AB012, Rept.  EPA-650/2-
                            74-100, 116p., Oct. 1974. 107 refs. NTIS: PB 237422/AS
                            The  state  of process modifications for controlling fine particu-
                            late  emissions from  stationary  combustion  sources (electric
                            utilities and industrial processes), municipal incinerators, iron
                            and  steel plants, ferro-alloy plants, and nonferrous metal smel-
                            ters  (zinc  plants, copper smelters,  and aluminum reduction
                            cells) is reviewed. Modifications to conventional  stationary
                            combustion sources considered include:  ash fluxing, sulfur
                            trioxide addition to flue gas, staged combustion,  the  use of
                            fuel  additives, fly ash agglomeration, solvent refining, and flue
                            gas  recirculation. Unconventional systems  studied include:
                            fluidized beds, coal gasification, and submerged combustion.
                            Combined flue-refuse  firing, gas   cooling, and pyrolysis
                            methods are  considered for incinerators.  Emphasis for iron
                            and  steel  plants  is  given  to  the  bottom-blowing  oxygen
                            process. Modification of the conventional reverberatory smelt-
                            ing  procedure and the  introduction of  hydrometallurgical
                            methods are  discussed  for copper.  The chloride  electrolytic
                            process by the Aluminum Company of America  is considered
                            for aluminum. Each process is considered with  respect to its
                            stage of development, availability or acceptability by industry,
                            efficiency  in reducing emissions,  and environmental impact.
                            (Author abstract modified)

-------
                                            B.  CONTROL METHODS
                                                       75
67907
Walker, Alan B.
EXPERIENCE  WITH  HOT  ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITA-
TORS  FOR FLY ASH COLLECTION IN ELECTRIC UTILI-
TIES. Combustion, 46(5): 14-17, Nov. 1974. 10 refs.
Operating experience  with  over 30 fly ash precipitators on
utility steam generating units, ranging in size from 30 MW to
1000 MW, is described. Operating temperatures on these units
ranged from 630 to over 900 F;  operating service ranged from
2 to  38 months. Approximately 60 full-scale performance tests
were run on 19 different steam generating units in 11  different
plants. Actual performance data  on all commercial scale instal-
lations tested to date are presented.  A specific collecting  area
in the  range of 180 to 300  sq ft/1000 acfm will achieve  99%
removal  and specific  collecting  areas  of  230 and  400  are
required for 99.8% removal.  Power density  effects and physi-
cal reliability aspects of the precipitators are reviewed. From a
high efficiency  standpoint, hot-type precipitators are highly re-
liable and can be designed with a much higher degree of cer-
tainty  than  cold  precipitators because  the  probability  of en-
countering  high  resistivity  operating  conditions  is  sharply
reduced. Structural and mechanical design of hot precipitators
requires careful attention to  designs which minimize  tempera-
ture gradients  and  allow for  differential thermal expansion
where such temperature gradients cannot be avoided.  Hot-type
precipitators have an economic  advantage over cold-end units
under situations where the cold-end units must be designed for
operation  under  high resistivity  ash  conditions.  Hot-type
precipitators appear to have  a  performance  reliability  ad-
vantage over cold precipitators  in high resistivity situations.
(Author conclusions modified)

67994
Hudson, J. A. and Joseph Greco
POLLUTION,  PRECIPITATORS, PROBLEMS, AND PLANS
(TVA  S  PARTICULATE  EMISSION  COMPLIANCE PRO-
GRAM). Combustion,  46(4):39-4S, Oct.  1974. (Presented at the
American Power  Conference, Annual Meeting, 36th,  Chicago,
III.,  April 29-May  1, 1974.)
The Tennessee Valley Authority s paniculate emission com-
pliance program involving the use of electrostatic precipitators
to reduce fly ash from coal-burning steam generation plants is
described. A total of 111 precipitators will have been built for
generating units ranging in size from 60-1300 raw and  designed
for coal  with sulfur ranging from 0.7-4.9% over the  program
period 1958-1977. The cost per kilowatt for such installations is
estimated to vary  from 1-47  dollars, depending on the time of
installation, the efficiency required,  the amount  of  sulfur in
coal being burned, and requirements for modifications and ad-
ditions such as new chimneys  and fans. Data concerning the
number of units, the number of precipitators, the percent effi-
ciency specified, the capacity the installed units, gas  tempera-
ture and velocity, percent sulfur in coal burned, percent fly
ash,  starting  and  completion  dates  for  installation,  plant
capacity, installed cost, and cost per kilowatt are tabulated for
various  plants  where precipitators  were  installed  during
original plant  construction  or  as part  of  retrofit programs.
Specified efficiencies vary from  95-99.6%.

69153
Cavin, Daniel C.
A STUDY OF  IRON AND ALUMINUM RECOVERY FROM
POWER  PLANT  FLY ASH. Iowa State Univ.,  Ames, Ames
Lab.,  Atomic   Energy  Commission  Contract  W-7405-eng-82,
Rept. IS-T-611,  121p., April 1974. 75 refs. NTIS: IS-T-611
A  study of iron and aluminum recovery from  power plant fly
ash was  performed  to characterize a particular fly ash as  a
potential  source of iron and aluminum. Magnetic separation of
the iron-rich particles provided a fly ash fraction amenable to
further iron extraction processes. Sulfuric acid leaching of the
whole sample of fly ash as well  as the fines (minus 200 mesh)
showed a decrease in aluminum extractibility at increasing acid
strengths. Lime sintering of the nonmagnetic fines revealed an
increase  in aluminum  extractability at higher mole ratios of
calcium oxide to aluminum oxide. The primary crystalline alu-
minum bearing  mineral in the fly ash sample studied was mul-
lite, with trace  quantities of calcium aluminates also being ob-
served. In  comparison to aluminum recovery  from clays  and
other aluminous materials, fly ash  is much more refractory in
nature. Preliminary roasting of  fly ash  prior  to sulfuric acid
leaching  reduced the aluminum extractability by  reinforcing
the refractory character of the ash. (Author abstract modified)

69451
Bickelhaupt, R. E.
SODIUM  CONDITIONING  TO REDUCE FLY   ASH  RE-
SISTIVITY. Southern Research  Inst., Birmingham, Ala.,  En-
vironmental  Protection  Agency  Contract  68-02-0284,  ROAP
21ADJ-029,  Program Element 1ABO12,  Rept. EPA-650/2-74-
092, 14p., Oct.  1974. 5 refs. NTIS: PB 236922/AS
Results from a  review of recent research  and two field tests at
power stations  are presented  on the use  of sodium condition-
ing to reduce fly ash resistivity for efficient collection by elec-
trostatic  precipitation.  The two  field  tests were  conducted at
operational temperatures between 140 and  175 C, the range in
which surface conduction should dominate, were both techni-
cally successful in that the resistivity  was reduced  by the pre-
dicted amount following the addition of sodium. Neither of the
two facilities were  using  sodium conditioning. Potential com-
pounds  that  can be considered  as sources of sodium  oxide
conditioning agents  include: sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate,
sodium hydroxide,  and sodium nitrate. The source  of sodium
should be uniformly distributed throughout all of the coal feed
to insure that the sodium becomes an integral part of all the
ash. A procedure is given for  calculating the amount of sodium
that must be added to reduce fly ash  electrical resistivity to a
desired  value.   Advantages of  sodium  conditioning include
small capital investment,  low  labor  cost for operation  and
maintenance, no material  handling  problems and facile adjust-
ment of the amount of source material to compensate for sodi-
um level changes of incoming coal. Disadvantages are  source
material cost and potential boiler fouling.

69685
Scale, Leonard M. (ed.)
PROCEEDINGS: SYMPOSIUM  ON  THE USE  OF FABRIC
FILTERS FOR THE CONTROL OF SUBMICRON PARTICU-
LATES.  (APRIL 8-10,  1974, BOSTON,  MASSACHUSETTS).
GCA Technology Div., Bedford,  Mass., Environmental Protec-
tion Agency  Contract  68-02-1316,  Program Element 1AB012,
ROAP 21ADL-34,  Rept.  EPA-650/2-74-043, 316p., May 1974.
123 refs. NTIS:  PB 237629/AS
Proceedings presentations are given from a symposium  aimed
at describing the fine paniculate control  potential of existing
fabric  filter systems for  the benefit of  regulatory and user
groups and suggesting to manufacturing and research organiza-
tions  those areas  where  performance levels  most  need  im-
provement. Topics  covered include:  the  significance of par-
ticulate  emissions;  emission  standards  for particulates; per-
formance and cost  comparisons  between  fabric filters and al-
ternate paniculate control techniques; types of fabric filter in-

-------
26
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
stallations;  comparison of fine particle capture in fiber struc-
tures  and filter cakes;  optimizing filtration  parameters;  en-
gineering and economic considerations in fabric filtration; col-
lection efficiency as a function of particle size, shape, and
density; some effects of electrostatic charges in fabric filtra-
tion; the design of a filter system to  meet specified efficiency
and emission levels;  laboratory generation of particulates with
emphasis on sub-micron  aerosols;  methods  for  determining
particulate  mass  and size properties;  a mobile  fabric  filter
system; extending fabric  filter capabilities; new  fabrics and
their  potential application; new  kinds of  fabric  filtration
devices; and needed research in fabric filtration.

69981
Nichols, Grady B. and John P. Gooch
AN  ELECTROSTATIC   PRECIPITATOR PERFORMANCE
MODEL (FINAL  REPORT).  Southern  Research Inst.,  Bir-
mingham,  Ala.,  Environmental Protection  Agency  Contract
CPA  70-166, Program  Element 1ABO12, Rept. EPA-650/2-74-
132, ROAP 21ADJ-026, SORI-EAS-74-344, 186p., July 1972. 57
refs. NTIS: PB- 238923/AS
An   electrostatic  precipitator  performance   model   was
developed and critical factors limiting precipitator performance
were analyzed.  Quantitative  relationshps were  established
between precipitator performance and these factors. Operating
experience and costs were reviewed to determine the  influence
of gas temperature on overall system economics and  problems
related to the tendency toward corrosion and fouling  of the air
heater  and  precipitator.  A  small-scale  precipitator  was
designed and constructed  to study precipitator fundamentals
such as  the  effect  of changing time, relation of  particle  dis-
tribution in the interelectrode space to  collection efficiency,
and  reentrainment  factors.  Measurements  were   made  at
several power stations burning different types of coal to com-
pare  resistivities  measured by several types of apparatus  and
to provide data for analysis of precipitator performance.

70083
Soderberg, Henning E.
ENVIRONMENTAL,  ENERGY  AND  ECONOMIC  CON-
SIDERATIONS IN PARTICULATE CONTROL. Mining Congr.
J., 60(12):24-29, Dec. 1974.
The costs of clean  air are discussed with respect to the coal
industry. Because of the high operating costs of  air pollution
control  equipment,  and  energy and environmental  systems,
choice of control methods is very important in the coal indus-
try.  Several  types of dust control equipment and  their per-
formance,  costs,  and  power  requirements  are  reviewed.
Cyclone efficiency as a function of particle size,  cloth collec-
tors,  thermal dryer pollution  problems,  venturi scrubbers,
ways of improving collection efficiency, effects of dust loads
and distributions on collection, and wet scrubbers as  the prac-
tical solution for coal dryer emissions are discussed.

70459
Monroe, E. S.
THE  CYCLONIC  INCINERATOR.  Preprint, du  Pont de
Nemours (E. I.) and Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del., 13p.,  1974 (?).
The   development of  a  cyclonic  incinerator is  described
through its three stages, starting with the open pit. Rectangular
cyclonic  incinerators, cyclonic incinerators, and single versus
multichamber construction are  also  discussed. Test  data  are
given showing the completeness of combustion. The continued
acceptance of the open pit incinerator and the development of
the  enclosed  cyclonic incinerator demonstrate the advantages
                            of the good combustion characteristics inherent in the design.
                            The ability to handle high vaporization loads such as aqueous
                            wastes with simple injectors and without impingement is a de-
                            cided  advantage  over the vortex type burner  with  its  higher
                            heat release. Automation can be applied to both types for op-
                            timum control of firing rates  and temperature control. The
                            cylindrical cyclonic unit provides primary separation of par-
                            ticulate  matter  in the furnace and  potentially reduces  the
                            number  of applications requiring scrubbers. (Author abstract
                            modified)

                            71035
                            Dennis,  Richard
                            COLLECTION EFFICIENCY AS A  FUNCTION OF PARTI-
                            CLE SIZE,  SHAPE  AND DENSITY:  THEORY  AND EX-
                            PERIENCE. J. Air Pollution Control  Assoc,, 24(12):1156-1163,
                            Dec. 1974. 13 refs.
                            The performance features of both industrial and experimental
                            fabric filter systems are analyzed with respect to dust proper-
                            ties (particle size, shape, and density), fabric  properties, and
                            methods of filter cleaning. Fractional particle  efficiencies in
                            the 0.05-0.5 micron range are not strongly size dependent. Effi-
                            ciencies  generally vary form  85-  99.5%, depending on  the
                            weight and size  distribution of the dust deposited on the fil-
                            ters. High level particulate removal cannot be expected if the
                            fabric possesses  a high free area, and outlet concentrations in-
                            crease rapidly when the fabric pore diameter is  about 10 times
                            the particle diameter. Test results from evaluations of various
                            fabric filter cleaning systems with several dust/fabric combina-
                            tions and various fabric cleaning procedures indicate the fol-
                            lowing sources  of particulate emissions from fabric  filters:
                            small-sized  inlet dust that passes directly through  the  filter,
                            dust that migrates through the filter  by  successive deposition
                            and reentrainment under the combined effects of aerodynamic
                            and mechanical  (vibrational) forces,  dust dislodged from the
                            shaken fabric during cleaning that has penetrated the clean air
                            region, and dust loosened during cleaning as a result of insuffi-
                            cient bonding to the fibers or interstitial dust structure to resist
                            the dislodging forces.

                            71974
                            Accortt, J. I., A. L. Plumley, and J. R. Martin
                            FINE  PARTICULATE REMOVAL AND SO2  ABSORPTION
                            WITH A TWO-STAGE WET SCRUBBER. Environmental Pro-
                            tection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N. C., Control Systems
                            Lab. and A.P.T., Inc., Riverside, Calif., Fine Part.  Scrubber
                            Symp., San Diego, Calif., 1974, EPA-650/2-74-112, p. 144-160.
                            12 refs.  (May 28-30.) (Complete proceedings processed  under
                            APTIC 75055.) NTIS: PB 239335/AS
                            Results  from pilot plant studies and  early field demonstration
                            studies  of  a  limestone wet  scrubbing process designed  to
                            remove  fine particulates and sulfur dioxide generated from the
                            burning  of low  sulfur sub-bituminous  coal  are  presented.
                            Based on data  obtained  from the  prototype unit handling
                            12,000 CFM of  gas with an inlet dust  loading averaging 2.0
                            gr/SCF  and a particle size distribution showing a substantial
                            amount  of fines  (smaller than 1.5 micron), the limestone mar-
                            ble-bed  scrubber collected  only 96.10% of  the  total dust
                            generated by  the thermal power unit. With  the addition of* a
                            first  stage  collection device gas atomizing type collector),
                            overall removal  efficiency was increased to as high as 99.20%.
                            (Author  conclusions modified)

-------
                                            B. CONTROL  METHODS
                                                        27
72202
McCain, Joseph D., Joseph P. Gooch, and Wallace B. Smith
RESULTS  OF FIELD  MEASUREMENTS  OF  INDUSTRIAL
PARTICULATE    SOURCES    AND    ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATOR PERFORMANCE. J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc., 25(2):117-121, Feb. 1975. 1 ref.
Source  size  distribution measurements (0.1-5  micron size
range) for  six  classes of industrial  paniculate  sources are
presented along with  fractional efficiency measurements  on
five  full scale electrostatic precipitators and one pilot  scale
precipitator. The sources consisted of a coal fired boiler,  an
open hearth furnace, Kraft recovery boilers, a submerged arc
ferro-alloy furnace, a packed-bed sulfur dioxide scrubber, and
a spray  scrubber  following  an aluminum  reduction  furnace.
The  data obtained indicate  a minimum in  the collection effi-
ciency versus particle size  relationship for the  size  range
between 0.1 and 0.5 micron. Increasing collection  efficiencies
are obtained for particles larger than a few microns and for
particles smaller than  0.2 micron. The latter observation sug-
gests that electrostatic precipitation is a promising  means of
collecting extremely fine particles. The overall mass efficien-
cies  obtained  with  the six  electrostatic precipitators  tested
ranged from 96.2-99.8%.

72280
Gooch, John P. and Norman L. Francis
THEORETICALLY BASED MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR
CALCULATION  OF  ELECTROSTATIC  PRECIPITATOR
PERFORMANCE. -J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,  25(2):108-
113, Feb. 1975. 7 refs.
A computerized mathematical  model that relates collection  ef-
ficiency to electrostatic precipitator. size, and operating parame-
ters  is described. Procedures are outlined for calculating parti-
cle charging rates, electric field as a  function of. position in
wire-plate geometry, and-the theoretical .expected  collection
efficiencies for various particle sizes and .precipitator operating
conditions.  Although calculation of overall collection efficien-
cy  of  polydisperse, particulate material  in  an  electrostatic
precipitator. from the theoretical relationships results in  a con-
siderably higher value than that obtained  from performance
measurements on full-size units for coal-fired  power boilers,
corrections  applied for estimating the effects  of non-uniform
gas flow, rapping reentrainment, and  gas by-passing the elec-
trified sections reduce the overall values of calculated efficien-
cy to the range of values observed from field measurements.
Variation in  predicted  performance  caused by varying the
standard  deviation of  a log  normal  size   distribution with a
given  mass  median diameter is  investigated  with  computer
simulation  which  predicts  decreasing performance  with  in-
creasing  values of  particle  size  standard  deviation. The
decrease  results from  the influence of the increasing propor-
tions of fine particulate which are present with larger values of
standard deviation.

72281
Hall, H. J.
DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF HIGH VOLTAGE POWER
SUPPLIES  IN  ELECTROSTATIC  PRECIPITATION. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., 25(2):132-138, Feb. 1975. 11 refs.
The  design  and application of high voltage  power supplies for
electrostatic precipitators is reviewed,  with  particular emphasis
on  requirements and   methods  for achieving  the high per-
formance and reliability under various operating  conditions
and precipitator inputs. Solid-state, automatic voltage and cur-
rent-limit control with multiple signal  feedback  loops can pro-
vide   good  regulation   and  fast  response   to   transient
disturbances. Automatic voltage control is typically based on
maintaining an optimum  average  precipitator  sparking rate
which must be adjustable according to application and dust
concentration.  Excessive sparking  in outlet  sections must be
avoided so that gains obtained by increasing voltage are not
offset by dust losses due to voltage off-time, spark blasting,
and reentrainment of dust on the plates. Design and operating
requirements  of electrostatic  precipitators  are reviewed  in
terms of various applications, including high resistivity ash and
high  temperature and/or  high pressure gas treatment. Typical
precipitator voltage  and  current  waveforms are illustrated
along with a schematic of a modem power supply with auto-
matic voltage and current control.

72300
Coy, David W. and Norman W. Frisch
SPECIFYING  PRECIPITATORS FOR HIGH RELIABILITY.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 25(2): 128-132, Feb. 1975. 5 refs.

The  design of electrostatic precipitators of  high reliability is
discussed. Adequate fuel analysis data are required to design a
reliable precipitator system. Average and typical fuel analyses
are insufficient for sizing a precipitator to reliably treat a large
proportion of the fuel population.  The use of a large number
(greater than  30) of individual  fuel  samples,  either for in-
dividual sizing or for the estimation of  a parent  population be-
lieved representative  of the fuel samples, are more reliable ap-
proaches.   Sufficient  redundancy  is  required  to  permit
sustained operation under, conditions of electrical section and
other failure.  This.'redundancy is readily defined. Distribution
• effects, such as those representing gas velocity, gas tempera-
' ture, even dust'concentration, can be significant in reducing
the efficiency  of a precipitator designed for .high efficiency.
Methods for  adequately conpensating for  the effects  are
described.

,72315
White, Harry J.
ROLE OF ELECTROSTATIC  PRECIPITATORS IN  PAR-
TICULATE    CONTROL:   A    RETROSPECTIVE    AND
PROSPECTIVE  VIEW.   J.  Air  Pollution  Control Assoc.,
25(2): 102-107, Feb. 1975.  15 rets.
The  growth, applications, technology,  problem  areas, and fu-
ture  outlook of electrostatic precipitation as the major instru-
ment for the  high efficiency control of fine  particulate emis-
sions from heavy industry is reviewed. Data are presented for
major industrial precipitator installations between 1907  and
 1970, the  growth in total and fly ash precipitation capacity
since 1950, efficiency trends  for  fly  ash,  cement kiln,  and
paper precipitators, annual sales of precipitators in the United
States,  basic  design  parameters  in  practice for  fly  ash
precipitators,  and the effect of sodium content on fly ash re-
sistivity. Also  included are design  factors which should  be in-
cluded in .precipitator  specification and evaluation and  com-
monly encountered precipitator problems. The  ability of elec-
trostatic precipitators to  economically remove fine particles in
the micron and submicron range and thus meet the newer air
pollution control objectives  is projected to result in the con-
tinued growth  of this type of particulate control  technology.

75055
A.P.T. Inc., Riverside, Calif.
EPA  FINE  PARTICLE SCRUBBER  SYMPOSIUM  (SAN
DIEGO,   5/28-30/74).    Environmental  Protection   Agency,

-------
28
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
Research Triangle Park, N.  C., Control Systems  Lab. and
A.P.T., Inc., Riverside, Calif., Fine Part. Scrubber Symp., San
Diego, Calif., 1974, EPA-650/2-74-112, p. 1-248.  102 refs. (May
28-30.) NTIS: PB 2393S5/AS
Topics dealing  with  the collection of fine particles  (solid  or
liquid particles  smaller than about 3 micron) by any type  of
wet scrubbing device are presented. Subjects covered include:
the public health basis for fine paniculate  control; engineering
design considerations for scrubbers;  two-phase jet scrubbers,
rotating concentric homogeneous turbulence scrubbers; the ef-
fects of water injection arrangement on venturi scrubber per-
formance; transmissometer measurements of mean drop size
in full scale venturi scrubbers; the relationship of fine particle
collection efficiency to pressure drop, scrubbant and particle
properties, and the contact mechanism;  flux-force/condensa-
tion  scrubbing; entrainment separators for scrubbers; and fu-
ture needs for fine particulate control by scrubbing.

75092
Miller, B., G. E. R. Lamb, and P. Costariza
INFLUENCE OF FIBER CHARACTERISTICS ON PARTICU-
LATE FILTRATION (FINAL REPORT). Textile Research Inst.,
Princeton, N. J., Environmental Protection Agency Contract  R-
800042, Program Element  1ABO12,  ROAP 21ADL-022, Kept.
EPA-6SO/2-75-002,  SSp.,  Jan.  1975. 14  refs.  NTIS:  PB
239997/AS
The  influence of five fiber parameters (cross-sectional shape,
linear density, surface roughness, crimp, and staple length)  on
the filtration performance of model nonwoven fabrics was  in-
vestigated. Nonwoven fabrics made  from 32 polyester fiber
samples were used to filter fly ash particles from a stream of
air. Filter performance was assessed by  measuring pressure
drop across the filter, collection efficiency, and particle size
distribution.  The following   filtration  improvements were
statistically  observed at 95%  confidence:  efficiency increased
with the use of trilobal (rather than  cross-section)  fibers with
no detrimental  effect on drag; both  efficiency  and drag were
improved by using crimped (rather than uncrimped) fibers; and
efficiency was improved by using three (rather than six) denier
fibers, though at the cost of greater drag. These efficiency im-
provements were especially pronounced for fine particles (ap-
proximately 2.5 micron). Non-statistically,  except for epitropic
fibers with  very rough  carbon-embedded surfaces,  rougher
fibers appeared more efficient in removing fine particles. The
application of direct current voltages to 100% non-conducting
polyester filters resulted in considerable  efficiency increases.
No such effects  were observed  with polyester filters  incor-
porating 50% epitropic fibers. (Author abstract modified)

75099
Calvert, Seymour, Nikhil C. Jhaveri, and Shuichow Yung
FINE  PARTICLE   SCRUBBER  PERFORMANCE   TESTS
(FINAL REPORT). A.P.T., Inc., Riverside, Calif., Environmen-
tal Protection Agency Contract 68-02-0285, Program  Element
1AB012,  ROAP 21ADJ-037,  Rept. EPA-650/2-74-093,  271p.,
Oct. 1974. 6  refs. NTIS: PB 240325/AS
Various types of stack gas scrubbers were field tested at  in-
dustrial  installations to assess their particle  collection per-
formance. The approximate cut diameters (at 50% efficiency)
measured were: 1.2 micron for a  valve tray type scrubber on a
urea prilling tower; 1.2 micron for a vaned  centrifugal scrubber
on a potassium chloride dryer; 0.4 micron for a mobile bed
scrubber on a coal-fired utility boiler; 0.7 micron for  a venturi
scrubber on a coal-fired utility boiler; 0.8 micron for a wetted
fiber scrubber on a sodium chloride  dryer; 1.0 micron for  an
                            impingement plate  scrubber on a sodium chloride dryer; and
                            0.3 micron  for a venturi rod scrubber on  a foundry cupola.
                            The test of a hybrid scrubber at a metal melting facility was
                            abandoned  due to  operating  problems.  Mathematical models
                            were satisfactory for all ,of the scrubbers tested except the mo-
                            bile bed. Data on  investment and operating costs and  main-
                            tenance were generally n,of available in complete form.

                            75117
                            Dennis, Richard and John Wilder
                            FABRIC  FILTER  CLEANING  STUDIES  (FINAL REPORT).
                            GCA Technology Div.,  Bedford,  Mass., Environmental Protec-
                            tion Agency Contract 68-02-0268, Program  Element 1AB012,
                            ROAP 21ADJ-049, Rept. EPA-650/2-75-009,  GCA-TR-74-6-G,
                            438p., Jan. 1975. 35 refs. NTIS: PB 240372/AS
                            Fabric filter cleaning mechanisms were studied in a pilot plant
                            system designed  to operate as a single   or multiple-bag unit
                            for the investigation of cleaning  by mechanical shaking, pulse
                            jet air, and reverse flow air. Evaluations  were performed on
                            four  woven bag  types  (cotton and dacron) and two felt bag
                            types (wool and dacron) using resuspended fly ash and talc
                            dusts. An analysis of cleaning by both mechanical shaking and
                            pulse jet air indicated that the tensile force generated by bag
                            acceleration was the main cause of dust removal; aerodynamic
                            re-entrainment played only a  minor role. Residual fabric drag,
                            fabric holding capacity, and dust penetration  characteristics
                            were predictable in terms of such cleaning parameters as shak-
                            ing frequency, amplitude, pulse jet pressure, and rate of pres-
                            sure  rise. Based on an inlet concentration of 3-10 grains/cu ft,
                            effluent concentrations  for the  mechanically shaken,  woven
                            fabrics ranged from 0.0000001 to 0.001 grains/cu ft in contrast
                            to 0.001-0.01 grains/cu ft for felted media cleaned by pulse jet
                            air. Effluent concentrations for both systems decreased signifi-
                            cantly as the filtration progressed. (Author abstract modified)

                            75142
                            Sahagian, J., R. Dennis, and N. Surprenant
                            PARTICULATE EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR OIL-
                            FIRED BOILERS  (FINAL  REPORT).  GCA Corp.,  Bedford,
                            Mass., Technology  Div., Office of Air and Waste Management
                            Contract 68-02-1316,  Rept. EPA-450/3-74-063, 81p., Dec. 1974.
                            34 refs. NTIS: PB 241277/AS
                            The effectiveness of particulate emission  control systems on
                            oil-fired boilers was assessed  by  reviewing National Emissions
                            Data System files  and  stack  test data from various sampling
                            programs.  Emission  rates for boilers  (100 MW capacity  or
                            greater)  controlled  by electrostatic precipitators average about
                            3.8 lbs/1000 gal;  the effective  efficiency  for such units is
                            roughly  50% or less  for boilers  that are well controlled from
                            the  combustion  standpoint.  Inertia! collectors of the mul-
                            ticyclone type are  generally  of little  value  for controlling  oil-
                            fired boiler particulate  emissions except  for the capture  of
                            gross participates (greater than 10 micron in diameter)  in the
                            acid  smut category. Wet scrubbing systems developed mainly
                            for sulfur oxide  removal provide high particulate collection;
                            however, the power requirements to achieve greater than 90%
                            particulate removal and  the plume reheating necessary to pro-
                            vide  for vapor plume rise and dissipation  may exceed those
                            for electrostatic precipitation.  Normal variations in fuel oil sul-
                            fur and  ash content exert no significant effect on particulate
                            emission rates, although the  use of fuel additives to regulate
                            ash slagging and cold-end corrosion do produce higher particu-
                            late rates. (Author conclusions modified)

-------
                                            B.  CONTROL METHODS
                                                       29
75145
Melcher, J. R. and K. S. Sachar
CHARGED  DROPLET SCRUBBING OF SUBMICRON PAR-
TICULATE  (FINAL REPORT). Massachusetts Inst. of Tech.,
Cambridge,  Mass., Dept. of Electrical Engineering,  Environ-
mental Protection  Agency Contract  68-02-0250, Program  Ele-
ment  1AB012, ROAP  21ADL-003,  Rept.  EPA-650/2-74-075,
2S8p., Aug. 1974. 78 refs. NTIS: PB 241262/AS
Charged droplet scrubbing of submicron particles was theoreti-
cally and  experimentally investigated  for three charging  con-
figurations,   viz.,   oppositely  charged   supermicron  drops,
bicharged drops, and drops  charged with the  same polarity as
the particles being collected. All three  of  the configurations
showed the  same  collection characteristics, and in each  case
charging resulted in dramatically improved collection efficien-
cy as compared to inertial scrubbers. During experiments  typi-
cal of each configuration,  inertial  scrubbing by  50 micron
water drops of 0.6 micron DOP aerosol particles gave 25% col-
lection efficiency  as compared to 85-87% efficiency for  self-
precipitation of particles with charging (droplets not charged)
and 92-95%  efficiency for drop and  particle charging. Charged
drop scrubbing is  comparable to wet scrubbing in  terms of
capital  and  operating  costs  and  similar  to electrostatic
precipitation   in   collection   efficiency.   (Author   abstract
modified)

75201
Dismukes, Edward B.
CONDITIONING OF FLY  ASH WITH  AMMONIA. Environ-
mental  Protection  Agency, Washington, D. C.,  Office  of
Research  and  Development, Symp. Electrostal. Precipitators
Control Fine  Part., Research Triangle Park, N. C., 1975, p.
257-287, EPA-650/2-75-016. 22 refs. NTIS: PB 240440/AS
Field tests  at Tennessee Valley  Authority coal-fired power
plants  involving the effect  of  flue gas conditioning with am-
monia  on  the fly ash collection  efficiency  of electrostatic
precipitators are described, with  particular emphasis on the
mechanisms of collection enhancement. Ammonia conditioning
appears to  improve  the efficiency of  fly  ash precipitation
through two mechanisms. The  first  consists of a space-charge
effect, and  the second involves an increase  in the cohesive-
ness of fly  ash. The first occurs  with fly ash having low to
moderately  high resistivities, while  the  second mechanism is
observed only with low-resistivity fly ash. Evidence  of  each
mechanism  is  observed  only under circumstances where the
properties of the coal and the fly ash as well as the tempera-
ture of the flue gas permit significant  concentrations of sulfur
trioxide (2-11 ppm) to occur in the off gas. The reaction of am-
monia  with  SO3 to produce ammonium  sulfate or ammonium
bisulfate appears to be a key event in the occurrence of either
conditioning process. (Author conclusions modified)

75205
Bakke, Even
WET ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS FOR CONTROL
OF  SUB-MICRON PARTICLES.   Environmental  Protection
Agency, Washington, D.  C., Office  of Research and  Develop-
ment,  Symp.  Electrostal.  Precipitators  Control  Fine Part.,
Research Triangle Park, N. C.,  1975, p. 349-369, EPA-650/2-75-
016. 6 refs. NTIS: PB 240440/AS
The  operation  and  applications  of  continuously  sprayed,
horizontal flow, parallel plate, solid discharge electrode wet
electrostatic precipitators are reviewed, with particular empha-
sis on collection efficiencies in the submicron range. Optimiza-
tion  of  wet  precipitator  performance  requires a  uniform
velocity profile across the inlet section, which is accomplished
by  installing U-shaped baffle members  in  the inlet.  After
passing through the sections of U-shaped baffles, the dirty gas
stream enters the first electrostatic field, and water sprays
located above the electrostatic field sections  introduce evenly
distributed water droplets to the gas stream. The particulates
and water droplets pick up charges and migrate to the collect-
ing plates, with the collected water droplets forming a continu-
ous downward-flowing film over the collecting plates to keep
them  clean.  Submicron particulate collection  efficiencies of
over 98%  are  reported for applications  involving  emissions
from anode baking furnaces, coke ovens, and potlines.

75891
Cooper, D. W.  and D. P. Anderson
DYNACTOR SCRUBBER EVALUATION (FINAL REPORT).
GCA  Corp.,  Bedford, Mass., GCA Technology Div., Environ-
mental Protection Agency Contract 68-02-1316,  Task 6, Pro-
gram Element 1AB012, ROAP 21ADL-004, Rept. EPA-650/2-74-
083-a,  GCA-TR-74-21-G, 116p., June 1975. 14 refs.  NTIS' PB
243365/AS
A Dynactor  aspirative  spray  scrubber was tested for power
consumption and collective  efficiency at three flow rates, two
temperatures, two dust loading levels, and with two different
dusts.  Higher efficiencies were fostered by  lower flow rate,
lower inlet temperature, and higher mass  loading. The collec-
tion efficiency  of the Dynactor was not substantially different
from  that expected  for  a well-designed  venturi  scrubber
operating at the same power level and air flow rate. Efficien-
cies of over 99% were obtained  for particles larger than 2.5
micron; for fine particles smaller than 1  micron, the collection
efficiency decreased sharply as with other scrubbers of similar
power consumption. (Author abstract modified)

75949
Gooch, John P. and Joseph D. McCain
PARTICULATE  COLLECTION   EFFICIENCY  MEASURE-
MENTS  ON  A  WET  ELECTROSTATIC  PRECIPITATOR.
Kellogg (M. W.)  Co., Houston, Tex., Environmental Protection
Agency  Contract 68-02-1308,  Task  21,  Program  Element
1AB012,   ROAP   21ADL-004, Rept.  EPA-650/2-75-033,  6p.,
March 1975. 6 refs. NTIS: PB 244173/AS
Fractional  and overall  particulate collection efficiency  mea-
surements  were   made  on  a plate  type  wet  electrostatic
precipitator  collecting  fume  from  an  aluminum  pot  line.
Overall collection efficiency determinations,  based on a mass
train with  an instack filter, ranged from 95.0  to 98.0%.  The
mass  filter obtained much  higher total outlet mass loadings
than did  the Andersen impactors, presumably because of large
entrained liquor  droplets  which were  captured by the  mass
traverse, but not by the single point impactor measurements.
The average minimum collection efficiency in the size range
0.2 to  1.0 micron diameter, based on the  Andersen data, was
98.5%. Comparisons between  collection efficiencies measured
with Andersen impactors and predicted with a mathematical
model  of an  electrostatic precipitator indicated fair agreement
in the size range from 0.2 to about 1.3 micron. The relationship
of collection efficiency to particle size  departed drastically
from  the  expected pattern,  for larger  particles,  possibly
because  of  liquor carryover from the  electrode  irrigation
system. (Author abstract)

-------
30
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
75965
Epstein, Michael
EPA ALKALI SCRUBBING TEST FACILITY: SUMMARY OF
TESTING THROUGH OCTOBER  1974.  Bechtel Corp., San
Francisco, Calif., Environmental  Protection Agency Contract
PH 22-68-67, Program Element 1AB013, Rept. EPA-650/2-75-
047, 489p., June 1975. 19 refs. NTIS: PB 244901/AS
Test  results from  March  1972 to  October  1974  from  a
lime/limestone scrubbing test facility for removing sulfur diox-
ide and particulates from flue gases are described. The facility
consists of three  parallel scrubbers: a venturi spray tower, a
Turbulent Contact  Absorber (TCA),  and  a marble  bed ab-
sorber, each able  to treat a 10 MW equivalent of flue gas  from
a coal fired boiler. Limestone factorial tests were  conducted
on all three  scrubbers to determine  the effects of the indepen-
dent variables on SO2 and paniculate removal. Limestone re-
liability verification tests were conducted on all three scrub-
bers to define regions for  scale free  operation.  Lime and
limestone reliability tests were conducted on the venturi spray
tower  and TCA systems to demonstrate long term  reliability,
primarily  of  the  mist  elimination  systems. .Mathematical
models have  been developed  for  predicting  system  per-
formance. Test results show that  scrubber internals  can  be
kept relatively free of scale if  the sulfate saturation, of the
scrubber  liquor is  kept  below  about 135%.  The  TCA  mist
elimination system'has remained essentially clean over a 1000
hr period at;.a superficial gas velocity, of 8.6 ft/sec.. The spray
tower  has a Chevron mist, eliminator with provision  for under- •
side 'and  topside wash.  Neither intermittent nor continuous'
bottomside wash  prevented solids buildup  at 6.7 ft/sec superfi-
cial velocity and-8% slurry solids concentration. A  recent test
has  shown that a combination of intermittent topside-and bot-
tomside wash can keep the-mist eliminator free.of solids'at the.
above conditions..-(Author abstract modified)

77209       '   .  '    ;..''•'      ,'"'..'•...•
Stukel, J. J. and H. G. Rigo                     .      ..;    ;..
ENERGY EFFICIENCIES  OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
DEVICES. Atmos. Environ., 9(5):529-535, May 1975.  11 refs.
A thermodynamic  analysis  of the  minimum  energy require-
ments of various control  devices used, for  removing gaseous
and particulate pollutants from gas streams at various Jevels .of
collection efficiency is presented. Equations for calculating the
energy efficiency (effectiveness) of  various control devices are
given as a function  of both system energy  losses and operating
and maintenance costs. A plot  of the  energy efficiency as-
sociated with a single Cyclone, an electrostatic precipitator, a
fabric  filter, and  a venturi scrubber obtained by ratioing the
actual  energy required and the  theoretical  energy  calculated
for each device reveals extremely low energy efficiencies as-
sociated with all of the devices. The most efficient device, the
electrostatic  precipitator,  possesses  an efficiency  of 0.1%;
while the  venturi  scrubber which is the most energy intensive
abatement device  of  the  four possesses  an  efficiency  of
0.008%. The effectiveness of  both in terms of power consump-
tion and cost is  tabulated for sulfur  dioxide control devices
utilizing throw-away and  regenerable scrubbing processes and
dry processes of the catalytic oxidation and  copper  adsorption
type.

77279
Selle, Stanley J., .Lindsay L. Hess, and Everett A. Sondreal
WESTERN FLY  ASH COMPOSITION AS AN INDICATOR
OF RESISTIVITY AND PILOT ESP  REMOVAL EFFICIEN-
CY.  Preprint, Air Pollution  Control  Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
                             16p., 1975. 7 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control As-
                             sociation, Annual Meeting, 68th,  Boston, Mass., June  15-20,
                             1975, Paper 75-02.5.)
                             Pilot-scale  electrostatic precipitator performance tests  were
                             run on a high and low resistivity western fly ash and mixtures
                             thereof. The fly ashes were collected from full-scale electro-
                             static precipitator hoppers and reentrained in a flue gas of con-
                             stant analysis ahead of a  120 standard cu ft/min pilot precipita-
                             tor. Fly ash composition and measured resistivity were good
                             indicators  of precipitator performance.  Reentrained high-sodi-
                             um fly ash acted as an electrostatic precipitator conditioning
                             agent for high- resistivity fly ash. The addition of only  0.75%
                             of the  high- sodium fly ash increased  the effective migration
                             velocity from 0.5 to 0.8  ft/sec at 300 F.  Similar results were
                             obtained at 475 F. Computer regression analysis correlating
                             laboratory  fly ash resistivity with chemical analysis  substan-
                             tiated the  inverse relationship between  resistivity and sodium
                             oxide content of the fly ash. (Author abstract modified)

                             77280
                             Stone,  Richard C., Roger C. Trueblood,  and David G. Young
                             A PILOT  PLANT APPROACH TO SPECIFYING ELECTRO-
                             STATIC  PRECIPITATORS ON  LOW SULFUR  WESTERN
                             COAL. Preprint, Air Pollution Control  Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
                             15p., 1975. (Presented at  the Air Pollution Control Association
                             Annual Meeting, 68th,  Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975,  Paper
                             75-02.6.)
                            ' Results from over 100 pilot plant tests to determine specifica-
                             tions  for  electrostatic precipitators  serving  thermal  power
                             plants" burning low-sulfur western  coal are presented.  Tests
                             .with' a three.-stage electrostatic precipitator over a temperature
                             range''of 250-600 F  indicate that fly ash exhibits a moderately
                             high resistivity at  conventional temperatures  (300 F); it can,
                            . however, be collected in a reasonably  sized low-temperature
                             precipitator. Outlet  grain  loading  varies  inversely  with the
                             specific collecting area, being lower for higher collecting areas.
                             •(Author abstract modified)

                             77660 ,
                             Robinson, John W.
                             WET   SCRUBBER  APPLICATION  TO HOGGED  FUEL
                             BOILERS.  Preprint, Air  Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh,
                             Pa., 13p., 1975. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
                             tion, Annual Meeting,  68th, Boston, Mass., June 15-20,  1975,
                             Paper 75-34.2.)
                             The use of wet scrubbers for controlling paniculate emissions
                             from two tangentially-fired gas boilers burning hogged wood or
                             southern pine bark fuel is described. The installation consists
                             of two scrubbers mounted in parallel on each of two stacks.
                             The scrubbers utilize centrifugal force by sharply changing the
                             direction of gas flow to impinge dirty gas on the water surface
                             to capture paniculate matter. The total cost of the scrubber in-
                             stallation is $50,000. The measured paniculate emission rate
                             for each stack is 7.4 Ib/hr; and, based on an average inlet dust
                             loading of  250 Ib/hr, the overall efficiency is estimated to be
                             97%.

                             77666
                             Walton, John W., Ernest  C. Koontz, and Jerel R. Mclnnis
                             AIR POLLUTION  IN THE WOODWORKING  INDUSTRY.
                             Preprint, Air  Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 12p.,
                             1975. 4 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association,
                             Annual Meeting, 68th,  Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper
                             75-34.1.)

-------
                                            B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                        31
High volume stack samplers were used to make field evalua-
tions of paniculate emissions  from cyclones  serving wpod-
fired boilers used  in  woodworking operations.. Most wood-
working cyclones  were  found to be  below 20%  equivalent
opacity.  Cyclones  having  higher  visible  emission 'levels
generally contained sanding  dust.  A  grain loading standard
based on the high  volume sampler method appeared to be the '
best method for regulating the  woodworking industry because
of  the . numerous  problems  associated  ' with ' accurately '
establishing process weight inputs.

77675
Noll, Kenneth E. and Wayne T. Davis
THE   GENERATION   AND   EVALUATION  OF  FABRIC
FILTER PERFORMANCE CURVES FROM PILOT PLANT
DATA. Preprint, Air Pollution  Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
28p., 1975. 8 refs. (Presented at the  Air Pollution ControY As-
sociation, Annual  Meeting, 68th, Boston,' Mass., June' 15-20'
1975, Paper 75-57.6.)
The basic relationship between pressure drop  variations with
time and various dust/fabric combinations was determined in a
systematic  study on two test facilities.  Performance' curves
show that  the  pressure  drop  during the" early" stages 'of the
filter cycle depends on both' the fabric structure.and the "dust
characteristics. The residual   pressure drop   of conditioned
fabrics is  also  a  function  of- the  fabric  and dust.. A per-
formance curve which shows  a large rate of increase in pres-'
sure drop during the initial cake formation on a clean fabric
has the potential for a  high residual pressure drop for the' con-
ditioned fabric. After  a  homogeneous cake has formed on a
filter,  further increase in pressure drop is a  function of the
dust characteristics only, as would be predicted by  application
of Darcy s law. This applied to both a clean and conditioned
fabric. The collection efficiency  for fabrics appears to be re-
lated to pressure drop, with higher efficiencies  associated with
fabrics demonstrating  lower pressure  drops. The thicker all-
spun anf felted fabrics have  performance curves with lower
pressure drops and significantly higher  removal  efficiencies
than the filament  or  combination  fabrics. (Author abstract
modified)

77677
linoya, Koichi, Kazutaka Makino, and Noriaki  Izumi
OPTIMAL   DESIGN  OF  A  FABRIC   FILTER  SYSTEM.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,  16p.,
1975.  1 ref. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association,
Annual Meeting, 68th,  Boston,  Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper
75-57 J.)
A process  for  the determination of the  optimal design of a
fabric filter system was developed by formulating an economic
evaluation function based on the cleaning cycle for both  timer
and pressure switch type filter systems. The annual cost is for-
mulated in  terms of the fixed and operating costs of a fan, the
fixed cost of a filter and the fabric replacement cost. Assum-
ing that the fabric life  is constant or is equal to the allowable
repetitions   of  cleaning  cycles,  the  economically  optimal
operating  conditions,  such  as the  maximum  pressure  loss,
average filtering velocity, number of compartments, and clean-
ing period  are  calculated to minimize the annual cost of a
newly designed unit. The optimal number of compartments de-
pends on the inlet dust concentration. For a system in which
the fabric life is limited by the repetitions of the cleaning cy-
cles, the optimal operating conditions depend on the dust con-
centration  and the  number  of  compartments. For  a pulse
cleaning type filter system with constant  fabric life, the con-
centration may not affect the  optimal conditions. (Author ab-
stract modified)
 77678
 Spitz, Albert.W.
 CONTROL OF EMISSIONS  FROM SECONDARY METALS
 RECOVERY AND ASPHALT PAVING PLANTS. Preprint, Air
•PoHution Control Assoc.; Pittsburgh, Pa., lip., 1975. (Presented
 at the'Air Pollution Control'Association, Annual Meeting, 68th,
 Boston, Mass.', June. 15-20, 197$,.Paper.75130.7.)   ,
' Typfcal emission control systenis, installed within the last 5  yr
 for  brass,  bronze,'and'aluminum ingot  makers,  secondary
 copper,  lead, and zinc smelters, and asphalt paving plants are
 reviewed. For a Cu based ingot maker, a water spray and dilu-
 tion air cooliog system is. used with a baghouse. Fumes from a
 Zn alloy  recovery furnace are controlled with a baghouse with
 a calcium  carbonate precoat. The pollution potential of  Al
 scrap processing is described  along with several solutions. The
 use of precoated h'ous'es in'the. secondary Al. industry  is in-
 creasing.  Pilot,  scale  trial   fnstallations  are „ recommended.
 Asphaft paving plant pollution control systems are  under revi-
 sion with pulse jet baghouses  replacing wet scrubbers.

 77686      '     •       - •      •
 Fraser, Malcolm D.. .           '   •
 A  PREDICTIVE PERFORMA'NCE -MODEL  FOR  FABRIC
 FILTER  SYSTEMS,  II. .MULTICOMPARTMENT.'  SYSTEMS.
 Preprint,'Air.Pollution Control  Assoc.,  Pittsburgh,. Pa., 21p'.,
 1975, 7 .refs. (Presented at the  Air Pollution Control Association,
 Annual Meeting, .68th, Boston, Mass., June' 15-20, 1975,  Paper
 75-57.7.)
 A  predictive  performance  model for  a  multicompartment
 fabric filter system  was developed based on the fundamental
 principles involved in fabric  filtration. The equilibrium pres-
 sure-drop cycle which results  from switching compartments
 off and  on-line is calculated in an exact manner from the basic
 equations by an iterative algorithm. Comparison of  predictions
 from  this model with real performance data indicates that this
 model shows  promise for predicting the collection efficiency
 of multicompartment fabric filter systems  and for simulating
 their  behavior under changed inlet or  operating  conditions.
 (Author conclusions modified)

 77843
 Zahedi, K. and J. R. Melcher
 ELECTROFLUIDIZED BEDS IN THE FILTRATION OF SUB-
 MICRON PARTICULATE. Preprint, Air Pollution Control As-
 soc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 16p., 1975. 24 refs. (Presented at the Air
 Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting,  68th, Boston,
 Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-57.8.)
 The   use of  an electrofluidized bed  (EFB) consisting  of
 fluidized particles with an imposed electric field in either the
 flow direction (co-flow) or perpendicular to the flow direction
 (cross-flow) as a high performance particulate control device is
 discussed.  By dint of  the  electric field,  the  bed  particles
 (whether conducting or insulating) sustain  positive and nega-
 tive   charges  on  their  respective  ends.  Experiments  are
 described for the  co-flow configuration used to  collect 0.7
 micron DOP particles.  A slug-flow model is developed  show-
 ing the  way  in which  efficiency depends on  unfluidized bed
 height,  bed-particle size, particulate mobility, gas flow-rate
 and applied electric field intensity. This model is successfully
 correlated with tests in which flow rate, bed particle size, and
 unfluidized bed height are varied. Efficiencies better than 90%
 can be achieved in  collecting 0.7 micron DOP with a gas  re-
 sidence time less than 50 msec  and a pressure drop of about 6
 cm of water. (Author abstract modified)

-------
32
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
77930
Stephens, N. Thomas, J. Martin Hughes, Bruce W. Owen, and
William O. Warwick
EMISSIONS CONTROL AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY AT A
SECONDARY  STEEL PRODUCTION FACILITY. Preprint,
Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 14p., 1975. 8 refs.
(Presented at the Air  Pollution Control Association,  Annual
Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975. Paper 75-15.3.)
A case study of dust and fume emission control measures and
their impact on ambient air quality in the surrounding area is
presented for a secondary steel production facility  using elec-
tric  arc furnaces.   Emission  control  measures  include  a
mechanical cyclone and a number of baghouses with side draft
hood evacuation. Measurement of the ambient air quality near
the plant with high-volume samplers indicate that  the impact
of the facility on the surrounding community is minimal,  with
mean particulate concentrations  near the plant differing little
from those recorded in a nearby residential area. Visible emis-
sions, however, are still a  source of complaint from local offi-
cials.  The most  difficult problem is emission control  during
charging; the predominant furnace in use is a top-charged type
which  releases  fume  emissions  when the roof is  off  during
charging.

79050
Faure, F., R. B. Jacko, and R. Squires
THE COLLECTION EFFICIENCY OF AN ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATOR  FOR TRACE  METALS FROM  AN  OPEN
HEARTH FURNACE.  National Science Foundation, Washing-
ton, D. C., Research Applied to National Needs, Trace Contain.
Conf. Proc. 2nd Annu., Pacific Grove, Calif., 1974,  p. 64-68. 3
refs. (Aug. 29-31.) NTIS: LBL-3217
Emissions tests both upstream and downstream of  an electro-
static precipitator controlling a battery of seven open  hearth
furnaces revealed an average particulate collection efficiency
of 97.7%. An apparent minimum collection efficiency at the 4
micron  particle size level  appeared to be due to the  transfor-
mation of particle sizes within the precipitator. Agglomeration
of 1-micron particles to an effect 4-micron size appeared to be
the primary reason for the pseudo  efficiency decrement at 4
micron.  Average  particulate concentrations  upstream  and
downstream of the precipitator  were 0.349 and 0.008 grains/
standard cu ft, respectively. Total particulate mass  emission
rates varied from 35-94 Ib/hr and resulted in a calculated emis-
sion factor of 0.16-0.46 Ib particulates/ton of steel produced.
The mass  median  diameter  of the  particles  entering the
precipitator was 1.56 micron  and that of the particles leaving
the precipitator was 1.0 micron. (Author abstract modified)

79178
Wright, R. J.
SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF PARTICULATE CON-
TROL  DEVICES IN THE STEEL INDUSTRY.  In: Air Pollu-
tion Control  and Industrial  Energy Production. Kenneth E.
Noll, Wayne T. Davis, and Joseph  R. Duncan (cds.),  Ann Ar-
bor, Mich., Ann Arbor Science, 1974 (?), Chapt. 9, p. 153-159.
Various points of particulate emissions and possible methods
for control  in the  steel  industry  are  discussed.  Dust  is
produced when raw materials are transferred from  the rail car
to the  hopper, from the stock house to the weigh  car, and
from the weigh car to the  skip car. Fabric filters are used for
all three transfers. No simple approach  has  been found for
control of participates  from coke ovens. Scrubbers are often
used. Emissions  from the blast  furnace  are principally from
the slagging and cast house,  which use scrubbers, fabric fil-
                            ters,  and, occasionally,  precipitators.  Generally, the  open
                            hearth is vented  either  by an  electrostatic precipitator,  a
                            scrubber, or a glass fabric baghouse. The BOF-LD is con-
                            trolled by either  electrostatic precipitators or  high  energy
                            scrubbers. Tapping  directly from  the arc  furnace or  other
                            refined  steel  processes  to a  continuous  casting machine
                            presents  some  transfer problems requiring  small  amounts of
                            fabric, usually  glass cloth for filter dust' control. Because of
                            the abrasive nature of mill scale, an ample hopper is employed
                            as a primary collector and, depending on the amount of'"dust
                            involved, a mechanical collector is used  as  a precleaner and
                            primary collector ahead of fabric or wet scrubbers. Both grind-
                            ing and  polishing  are  usually shielded  in a liquid  coolant,
                            eliminating the  need for collection equipment. High-efficiency,
                            continuously cleaned, impingement  air filters are used for the
                            motor control center and  personnel control rooms and cubi-
                            cles. When heavier ambient air dustloads are experienced the
                            supplemented media precoated fabric filter can be installed.

                            79179
                            Henderson, J. S. and J. E. Roberson
                            THE  PULP AND PAPER  INDUSTRY PRECIPITATOR  SUR-
                            VEY. In: Air Pollution Control and Industrial Energy Produc-
                            tion. Kenneth E. Noll, Wayne T. Davis, and Joseph R. Duncan
                            (eds.), Ann Arbor, Mich., Ann Arbor Science, 1974 (?), Chapt.
                            10, p. 161-172, 3 refs.
                            A precipitator survey was conducted, covering collector units
                            placed in operation  since January 1,  1966, and with a collec-
                            tion efficiency of at least 98.0%. The survey questioned design
                            data,   collector construction,   collector   performance,  and
                            operating experience. Maintenance  costs, problem areas, and
                            stack test results  were included. Responses covered 20 wet
                            bottom precipitator units applied  to conventional recovery
                            boilers and four dry bottom precipitators as applied to noncon-
                            tact recovery boilers. The performance aspects of precipitators
                            are discussed. Inlet particulate loadings consist of a range of
                            values. Approximately 70% of the precipitator  tests were at
                            less than guaranteed efficiency. A 99.0% guaranteed efficiency
                            resulted  in a long  term operating  efficiency of  98.4%.  Only
                            half of the respondents kept specific maintenance cost records
                            on their  precipitators, while 75% of the respondents have per-
                            formed both guaranteed tests and  routine  operating tests of
                            their precipitators. The results for the dry bottom precipitators
                            parallel  those  of  the  wet bottom precipitators except for
                            downtime and maintenance costs. Downtime attributed  to dry
                            bottom averaged 220 hr versus 30  hr per yr for wet bottom
                            units.  Corresponding maintenance  costs were higher for dry
                            bottom units. (Author abstract modified)

                            79180
                            Clark, David
                            CONTROL  OF EMISSIONS IN THE CEMENT MANUFAC-
                            TURING INDUSTRY. In: Air Pollution Control and Industrial
                            Energy Production.  Kenneth E. Noll, Wayne  T. Davis, and
                            Joseph  R. Duncan  (eds.), Ann Arbor,  Mich.,  Ann  Arbor
                            Science, 1974 (?), Chapt.  11, p. 173-179.
                            Emission  control   in  Portland cement  manufacturing   is
                            discussed as it relates to attainment of ambient air and point
                            source mass emission standards. The processes  for reducing
                            particulate emissions from the procurement of raw materials
                            are described. The feeders used for mixing raw materials are
                            generally controlled sufficiently using shrouds and conveyor
                            shields. A wet  scrubber is the most commonly used dust con-
                            trol equipment  in the wet  process raw grinding operation and
                            may also be used to control emissions from the mixing stage.
                            The raw grinding stage has an exceptionally high mass  emis-

-------
                                             B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                        33
sion potential in the dry process. Continuous temperature con-
trol  is necessary to avoid  blinding the fabric filters used to
control emissions while drying the raw materials. The exhaust
gases from the burning phase and the quick cooling  operation
following it are the most difficult conditions in the control of
emissions from the entire process. The control methods used
include electrostatic precipitators  and fabric filters. Fabric fil-
ters are the mainstay of emission control from finish grinding.
The fabric filter is also the most used  collection device in ce-
ment storage and distribution. Although large quantities of fine
material are  transferred through this step, proper application
of  transfer points  shrouds  and conveyor covers, the use of
high level silo  alarms to avoid  silo overfill  and adequately
sized fabric filters, minimize the emission of cement dust.

79186
Bradstreet, Jeffrey W. and Robert J.  Fortman
STATUS  OF CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR  ACHIEVING
COMPLIANCE WITH AIR POLLUTION REGULATIONS BY
THE ELECTRIC UTILITY INDUSTRY. In: Air Pollution Con-
trol and Industrial  Energy Production. Kenneth E. Noll, Wayne
T. Davis, and Joseph R. Duncan (eds.), Ann Arbor, Mich., Ann
Arbor Science, 1974 (?), Chapt. 18, p. 285-305. 25 refs.
The ability of electric  utilities to select control equipment that
will afford  compliance .with the  Federal air pollution regula-
tions is  quite limited. It is possible  to control particulates to
the  extent required with the possible exception of low sulfur
fuel used to  limit sulfur oxide emissions. Flue gas desulfuriza-
tion processes have not developed sufficiently to provide relia-
ble  removals  consistent with  the  operation of the  boiler.
Nitrogen oxide  control  has only advanced  to  combustion
modification techniques  for gas fired  units,  and  possibly  oil
fired units. Control of nitrogen oxide emissions from coal fired
units  is an  undeveloped art.  Compliance with  the nitrogen
oxide emissions is, therefore, impossible for coal fired plants.
(Author abstract modified)
Gas emission temperatures in the neighborhood of 700 F and
moisture levels in the 20% range were found satisfactory for
the desired paniculate collection efficiency of 98.8%.

82793
Hobson, M. J.
REVIEW OF BAGHOUSE SYSTEMS FOR BOILER PLANTS.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 26(l):22-25, Jan. 1976.
Data on the operation of baghouse systems  used for the con-
trol of particulates from fossil fuel boilers were obtained from
10 commercial  installations.  The installations consisted  of
power utility  plants  and industrial  boiler plants.  Gas  flows
treated  ranged from 23,000  to 820,000 cu  ft/min. Although
operating and performance  data were  limited, a  strong rela-
tionship  appeared to exist between air to cloth ratio and bag
life. Collection efficiencies were generally high.

82795
First, Melvin W. and William C. Hinds
HIGH   VELOCITY    FILTRATION   OF   SUBMICRON
AEROSOLS. J.  Air  Pollution Control Assoc.,  26(2):119-123,
Feb. 1976. 10 refs.
The filtration efficiency of a fiberglass  mat filter medium was
investigated using a  dioctylphthalate aerosol having a  count
median diameter of  0.8 micron and uniform  polystyrene latex
spheres of 0.36-1.1 micron diameter over a face velocity range
of 500-3000  ft/min.   Penetration curves for the  liquid OOP
aerosol and the solid spheres showed  reasonable agreement up
to a face velocity of 1000 ft/min. At higher velocities, how-
ever,   the  polystyrene  latex  sphere penetration  increased,
whereas the  DOP penetration  showed  a continuing decrease.
This suggests that some fraction of the  solid particles can
either bounce back into the air stream after contacting a fiber
or be stopped and later reentrained in the air stream, whereas
liquid particles adhere on contact with a filter fiber.
 81267
 Grzywinski, Richard J.
 UPDATING INCINERATORS FOR AIR POLLUTION ABATE-
 MENT. Public Works, 105(12):48-50, Dec. 12, 1974.
 The installation of a particulate control system on a continu-
 ous type municipal incinerator with an actual daily capacity of
 750 tons/day  is described. The heart  of the control system is
 an electrostatic precipitator.  Gas entering the precipitator  is
 controlled  to a temperature  of 550  F by a bank of 20 air-
 atomized  water spray  nozzles with control  valves  which
 respond to the precipitator inlet temperature. Sufficient reten-
 tion time for the spray water droplets  to evaporate before en-
 tering the  precipitator is provided by  two in-line steel towers.
 Although  the performance  of the   precipitator  is  not yet
 verified, visual results are encouraging. The total project cost
 for particulate control  system is $3,219,008.

 82792
 Hughes, J. Martin, N. Thomas Stephens, and R. Anthony
 Gunn
 ELECTROSTATIC  PRECIPITATION  ASSESSMENT  FOR
 LIGHTWEIGHT  AGGREGATE  PRODUCTION.  Preprint,
 12p., 1975. 14 refs.
 Stack sampling and  laboratory tests were  conducted to deter-
 mine optimum operating parameters for the proposed installa-
 tion of  an  electrostatic precipitator at  a lightweight aggregate
production plant. Operating conditions where characterized for
a natural gas aggregate kiln producing  at a rate of 40 tons/hr.
82798
Burchard, John K.
SIGNIFICANCE OF PARTICULATE EMISSIONS. J. Air Pol-
lution Control Assoc., 25(2):99-100, Feb. 1975. 3 refs.
Fine particulate emissions (liquid and solid particles less than 3
micron in diameter)  are discussed in terms of their effects on
human health and methods for their control. Fine particulates
exert their principal  effect on health through inhalation and
direct  attack on the  respiratory   system  which  may be
manifested  by  short term  irritant  effects or  longer  term
damage in the  form of  emphysema,  bronchitis,  and pneu-
moconiosis.  High efficiency  electrostatic  precipitators  are
capable of  removing particles  with diameters down  to 0.1
micron with an efficiency as high as 98%. However, the range
of applicability  of conventional  precipitators  is limited  to  a
fairly narrow range  of  particle resistivity. Hot-side precipita-
tors appear to offer greater promise for the control  of fine par-
ticulates.

84729
Drehmel, Dennis C.
PRIMARY  FINE PARTICLE  CONTROL  TECHNOLOGY.
Preprint, Air Pollution  Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,  14p.,
1976.  12 refs. (Presented at the Air  Pollution Control Associa-
tion Annual  Meeting, 69th, Portland, Oreg., June 27-July 1,
1976, Paper 76-30.4.)
Recent Environmental Protection Agency-sponsored develop-
ment of particulate control for stationary sources stresses fine

-------
34
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
particulates and has been directed toward characterization and
improvement of conventional equipment and assessment of the
collectability of  dusts.  Studies of  electrostatic precipitators
showed that collection efficiency .does, not decrease rapidly^as
a function of decreasing particle size. Assessment of. scrubbers
of various kinds, (vale  tray,  vaned  centrifugal, mobile bed,
venturi,'wetted'fib'er.  impingement plate,t and, .venturi  rod)
revealed that: collection efficiency for all .varieties was initially.
high and  decreased rapidly  with  decreasing  particle size.
Fabric filters proved to be highly  efficient fine particle collec-
tors. Several novel devices, many  of which were scrubbers
using water, were also tested.  Projects have been initiated  to
study  new concepts in  paniculate control:  charged droplet'
scrubbers; electric curtains;  'electrostatic  fiber beds;  foam
scrubbing; cleanable double media cartridge filtration; electro-
static effects in fabric filtration; 'high gradient magnetic separa-.
tiori; ahd ceramic-membrane ^filtration.'     «
           •" •        "      ' '
84735        •
Weinstein, Norman J. and Richard F. Toro
PARTICULATE  EMISSION.  CONTROL  FOR  THERMAL
PROCESSING OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE. Preprint, Air
Pollution  Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 17p.,,l?76. 26 refs.
(Presented- at  tne Air -Pollution  Control,'Association Annual-
Meeting, 69th;'pqrtiand, Oreg., June 27-July 1, 1976,-Paper 76-
.27.3.)         '_          .",-   ,  "   '   '•"  '       .     ;" .  .'
Electrostatic precipitators, scrubbers, and fabric filters used to'
control paniculate emissions  from incinerators are discussed..
Design parameters, .operating  efficiency,  and  costs are
described. The  attainment  of  legal emission  standards  is
stressed.

84741
Padgett, Joseph and J. D. Bachmann
REGULATORY AND TECHNICAL CONTROL STRATEGIES
FOR FINE  PARTICLES. Preprint,  Air  Pollution Control As-
soc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 14p., 1976. 31 refs. (Presented at the Air
Pollution  Control Association  Annual Meeting, 69th, Portland,
Oreg., June  27-July 1, 1976, Paper 76-30.7.)
The implications of available  information for fine (less than 2
micron) paniculate control strategies is discussed. Available
information  on health  effects does not  permit the establish-
ment of adequate dose/response  functions for fine  panicles.
But preliminary research indicates that  some  adverse effects
may be associated with certain fine paniculate classes even
when current total  suspended  paniculate (TSP) standards are
met. Three  approaches to  control  are  discussed: control  of
emissions of gaseous precursors,  which account for the major
portion of fine paniculate  mass; control of  the  mechanisms
which  promote the transformation of gases to particles; and
control of direct emissions of fine  particles.  A general fine
paniculate standard would  not necessarily ensure against ef-
fects  from specific chemical compounds and would not ob-
viate the need for separate regulatory programs for such toxic
particulates  as  lead  and other trace elements, .acid  aerosols
such as sulfates and nitrates, and carcinogens such as certain
polycyclic organics. Recent evidence  suggests  an approach
which  places  greater emphasis  on the control  of  selected
categories, fine participate matter, especially  sulfates and
nitrates, which continued reliance on the  current TSP standard
for overall control.
                            84743
                            Robison, Ernest B.
                            APPLICATION OF DUST COLLECTORS TO RESIDUAL OIL
                            FIRED BOILERS. IN MARYLAND. State of Maryland Depart-
                            ment of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore, Md., Environ-
                            mental Health Administration, Rept. BAQC-TM 74-15, ISp.,
                           • Dec. 15(74. 8 refs.    ;      •  .
                           ' The experience  of the Maryland State Bureau of AH*
-------
                                             B.  CONTROL METHODS
                                                         35
 were  studied. Tests  were  made  on  a utility gas  turbine
 representative of current combustor operation which required
 the use of a fuel additive for control of visible smoke. An at-
 tempt was made to totally characterize the effect of additive
 use  on  the  solid  and gaseous emissions from the  turbine.
 Selected concentrations of 3 different smoke suppressant addi-
 tives representing  the  most widely used additive types were
 studied. Representative exhaust samples werf extracted from
-the gas turbine stack and analyzed  for total paniculate mass
 loading and composition, particle size distribution,  size and
 chemical state of the emissions derived from the additive base
 element,  polycyclic organic  matter, arid gaseous emissions in-
 cluding nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide,  carbon  monoxide,  ox-
 ygen, unburned hydrocarbons, sulfur dioxide, and sulfur triox-
 ide.  Tests  were  conducted  at  both  industrial  base  load
 (nominally 20 MW) and  an  intermediate load of 15  MW. The
 results indicate  that the chief  effect  of the additives is  to
 reduce the mass loading  of carbon in the effluent gas. The ad-
 ditive base element appeared in the exhaust as relatively large
 particles  (about  1  micron diameter). TJie relative quantities of
 manganese  (2+)/Mn(3+) in the  exhaust were 70/30% and
 90/10%   for  manganese-barium  and  manganese*  additives,
 respectively. For an iron-based additive^ 15% of- the" iron ap-
 peared as Fe(2 + )  with the  remaining 85% being. Fe(3+). The
 data Iqnd .support  to trie  contention that .the decreased opadity
 observed with the  use of fuel additives results from -a decrease
 in the total carbonaceous emissions.     .    ,

 84757'
 Turner, J. H.
 RESEARCH AND  DEVELOPMENT OF DUST COLLECTORS
 IN THE  V.  S. WITH EMPHASIS  ON FABRIC FILTRATION.
 Preprint,   Industrial   Environmental   Research  Laboratory,
 Research Triangle Park, N. C., 6p., 1976. 44 refs.
 Research and  development  of dust collectors  is discussed,
 with  emphasis on  fabric  filtration and some discussion  of
 scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators, and novel devices. Mea-
 surement methods  pertaining to field and laboratory particle
 size and  concentration  measurements  are briefly described.
 Research includes work on cleaning the filter systems, the ef-
 fect of fiber shape on collection efficiency, and the develop-
, ment of  fabrics  capable of withstanding high temperatures.
 High velocity  filtration, mathematical  filtration models, and
 dual purpose filters used for sorption of gas as well as collec-
 tion of participates  are discussed.

 84775
 Leith, David and Melvin W. First '
 FILTER CAKE REDEPOSITION IN A PULSE-JET FABRIC
 FILTER. Preprint,  The Air Pollution  Control Assoc.,  Pitt-
 sburgh, -Pa.,  23p., 1976. 9  refs. (Presented at the Air  Pollution
 Control  Association Annual  Meeting, 69th, Portland, Oreg.,
 June 27-Juiy 1, 1976, Paper 76-31.4.)
 To the extent  that' a filter cake of collected  dust redeposits
 rather than "falls to the hopper, pulse-jet'filter cleaning is inef-
 fective.  Dust tracer .techniques were used to identify  the ex-
 tent to which redeposition occurs. Dust redeposition  upon the
 pulsed bag itself was found to increase  markedly with increas-
 ing velocity, although  migration and redeposition on bags ad-
 jacent to the pulsed bag decreased.  Darcy s  law was found to
 predict accurately the  relationship between pressure  drop and
 velocity only when the  increased dust deposit thickness due to
 redeposition  was considered. For high velocity pulse-jet filters
 to  operate at their lowest possible  pressure drop, filter  cake
 redeposition  must be minimized. (Author abstract)

-------
36
                         C.  MEASUREMENT  METHODS
 18971
 Boubel, Richard W.
 A HIGH VOLUME STACK SAMPLER. Preprint, Air Pollution
 Control Assoc.,  Pacific Northwest International Section, 26p.,
 1970. 7 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association,
 Pacific  Northwest  International  Section,  Annual  Meeting,
 Spokane, Wash., Nov. 16-18, 1970, Paper 70-AP-5.)
 The design and operation of a high volume stack sampler with
 application to hog fuel  fired boilers, bark fired incinerators,
 wigwam burners, asphalt plants, and seed cleaning cyclones
 are  reviewed. Probe construction and  calibration, operating
 procedure, and field  evaluation results are examined. The sam-
 pler is  rapid,  reliable,  relatively  simple,  and inexpensive.
 (Author abstract modified)

/30707
 Hwang, Jae Y., Paul A. Ullucci, and Charles J. Mokeler
 TRACE ANALYSIS  OF  ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS BY
 SOLVENT EXTRACTION- FLAMELESS ATOMIC ABSORP-
 TION  SPECTROMETRY. Preprint, Air Pollution Control As-
 soc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 17p., 1971. 6 refs.  (Presented at the Air
 Pollution Control  Association  Annual Meeting, 64th,  Atlantic
 City, N. J., June 27-July 3,  1971.)
 Trace  elements of  silver, cadmium,  zinc,  and  lead in at-
 mospheric particulate samples were determined by solvent ex-
 traction- flameless atomic absorption techniques. Air particu-
 late samples were collected on organic membranes by  a low
 volume air sampler.  The membranes with the samples  were
 pretreated with  acetone  before acid extraction. Sample  solu-
 tions, thus prepared, were further extracted  into organic sol-
 vents.  The final organometallic complexes in organic solvents
 were then  dried,  pyrolyzed,  and  atomized in an enclosed
 chamber under an inert gas atmosphere for atomic absorption
 measurements.  To improve the accuracy of the  analysis,  a
 thorough  investigation into the  chemical interferences was
 made  and  the  interferences were  compared  between  the
 present and conventional atomic absorption  techniques. This
 technique is simple and runs with good  sensitivity and  preci-
 sion. It is ideal for the trace analysis of atmospheric particu-
 late  samples for a  short-term  variation study. (Author abstract
 modified)

 31612
 Ettinger, Harry J. and George W. Royer
 PARTICLE  SIZE, VISIBILITY  AND  MASS CONCENTRA-
 TION IN A NON-URBAN ENVIRONMENT. Preprint, Air Pol-
 lution Control  Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,  27p.,  1971. 22  refs.
 (Presented at the Air Pollution  Control Association, Annual
 Meeting, 64th, Atlantic City, N. J., June 27-July 2, 1971, Paper
 71-81.)
 An air  sampling  program was carried out in a non-urban, low
 pollution area to relate:  total particulate mass concentration
 measured  with  a high-volume sampler, particulate mass dis-
 tribution measured with aerodynamic size selective samplers,
 and visual range as  defined by the integrating nephelometer.
 For low suspended particulate mass concentrations, the fol-
                                                              lowing relationship was defined between visual range (L-sub-v)
                                                              and mass concentration (M - micrograms/cu m): L-sub-v equal
                                                              to 800/M miles. Particle size analysis obtained with the Ander-
                                                              sen impactor. and  Cascade Centripeter show varying mass
                                                              median size, but generally follow similar  size distributions.
                                                              Comparison of the three suspended particulate samplers shows
                                                              that  those  samplers measuring size  characteristics, indicate
                                                              mass  concentrations  approximately  20%  lower than total
                                                              suspended  particulates  defined  by  high   volume  samplers.
                                                              (Author abstract modified)

                                                              32257
                                                              Warner, P.  O., L. Saad, and J. O. Jackson
                                                              IDENTIFICATION  AND   QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS   OF
                                                              PARTICULATE  AIR  CONTAMINANTS  BY X-RAY DIF-
                                                              FRACTION SPECTROMETRY. Preprint,  Air Pollution Con-
                                                              trol Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 15p., 1971. 7 refs. (Presented at the
                                                              Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting,  64th, Atlan-
                                                              tic City, N.  J., June 27-July 2, 1971.)
                                                              Because of the synergistic  effects which occur from the mix-
                                                              ing of gases and particulates in  ambient air, it is important that
                                                              the determination of air pollutants be conducted on the sample
                                                              in its  native  state without  imposing  any further  chemical
                                                              recombination  during  the  analysis.  X-ray diffraction spec-
                                                              trometry allows such a non-destructive method of analysis. It
                                                              is suited for the identification  of  proprietary, but crystalline,
                                                              mineral particulates, such as cement powder, slag dust, sinter
                                                              emissions,  and graphite  coke.  Powdered glass  is used as a
                                                              solid diluent. The most significant application of this  method is
                                                              the rapid quantitative  determination of coke particulate in the
                                                              presence of coal, where these materials are stored under con-
                                                              ditions which may lead to their coentrainment. This method al-
                                                              lows the rapid, relatively  interference-free determination of
                                                              materials, such as industrial binders, molding sands, mill scale,
                                                              and carbonaceous particulates  which  possess some  degree of
                                                              crystallinity. The method was  extended  to  the study of such
                                                              gases as  sulfur dioxide, which  may be selectively fixed to an
                                                              active  surface.  Data have also  been gathered to show the ef-
                                                              fects of various gas-solid interfacial reactions on  the diffrac-
                                                              tion patterns of particulates.

                                                              32433
                                                              Dorsey, J. A. and J. O. Burckle
                                                              PARTICULATE EMISSIONS   AND  PROCESS  MONITORS.
                                                              Chem.  Eng. Progr., 67(8):92-9S,  Aug. 1971. 19 refs.
                                                              Increasing  efforts to  define  the extent of air pollution and
                                                              develop  control  technology for particulate emissions  has
                                                              shown the many disadvantages  of applying  manual methods to
                                                              routine measurement on a major scale. The most significant of
                                                              these are the high cost of performing a series of tests, and the
                                                              inability of the techniques  to provide a continuous  record of
                                                              instantaneous emission  rates.  The accuracy of a particulate
                                                              mass monitor is ultimately a function of the representativeness
                                                              of the  sample, and the degree to which the  sensor  responds to
                                                              true mass. The most significant factors influencing both areas
                                                              are the properties of the particulate matter or, more precisely

-------
                                        C.  MEASUREMENT  METHODS
                                                        37
the net effect of the properties of many minute, discrete parti-
cles. These include particle size,  shape,  density, color, re-
sistivity, and composition.  In addition to the physical and
chemical properties of the particles, the effects of gross flow
of particulate in the source must be carefully considered. Sam-
pling techniques and sensing principles are discussed. For in-
situ measurements,  the absorption of  visible light, gamma
rays, and acoustical energy have been investigated.

33562
Olin, John G., Gilmore J. Sem, and Richard P. Trautner
AIR-QUALITY MONITORING OF PARTICLE MASS  CON-
CENTRATION  WITH   A   PIEZOELECTRIC  PARTICLE
MICROBALANCE. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pitt-
sburgh, Pa.,  31p., 1971. 3 refs. (Presented at the Air  Pollution
Control Association, Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlantic City, N. J.,
June 27-July 2, 1971, Paper 71-1.)
The particle  mass monitor is specifically designed  for continu-
ous air quality monitoring and effectively  replaces the filter-
weighing procedure with an  automatic instrument.  The sensor
consists of  an  oscillating  quartz  crystal. An  electrostatic
precipitator deposits the particles with  nearly  100% collection
efficiency  onto the surface  of the vibrating  crystal.  Trace
amounts of a gas are  emitted by a constant-temperature per-
meation tube into the inlet aerosol  stream  to  make the parti-
cles firmly adhere to the crystal surface. The background error
caused  by  this trace gas is negligible. The resonance frequency
of  the crystal decreases linearly with the mass of the particu-
late deposition and  is monitored  and recorded with a  digital
counter and printer. The time rate-of-change  of frequency is
proportional to particle mass concentration. Simultaneous mea-
surements show good comparison of the particle mass monitor
with  the parallel membrane filter, good  reproducibility,  an
upper particle  size limit as high as 50  micron for  the aerosol
tested,  and a time response of 30 sec  or less. Measurements
with a  high-volume sampler were approximately a  factor  of
two higher than those  obtained with the parallel filter and par-
ticle mass  monitor, probably because the high-volume sampler
collected a significant  number of very large particles in  the  50
to 200 micron range. (Author abstract modified)

35266
Shannon, Larry J., A. Eugene Vandegrift, and Paul G.
Gorman
ASSESSMENT OF  SMALL-PARTICLE EMISSIONS   (LESS
THAN 2 MICRON). Preprint, California Air Resources Board,
Sacramento and California State Dept. of Public Health, 21p.,
1971. 14 refs. (Presented at the Conference  on  Methods  in Air
Pollution and Industrial Hygiene  Studies,  12th, Los Angeles,
Calif., April 6-8, 1971.)
Standard sampling and particle sizing methods applied  to the
fine particle  regime  are evaluated for information on (1) total
mass and fine particle  emissions and (2) particle size  and frac-
tional efficiency. The  method and  results  of  calculations  of
fine particle emissions  from major industrial sources are given.
Cascade impactors,  thermal  precipitators,  micro-particle clas-
sifiers.  Coulter counters, differential sedimentation devices,
and microscopic techniques are discussed.

42984
Wilson, Kent D. and Dennis A. Falgout
A   NEW  APPROACH  TO   ISOKINETIC  NULL  PROBE
DESIGN. Preprint, Air Pollution  Control Assoc.,  Pittsburgh,
Pa., 23p., 1972. 7 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control
Association, Annual  Meeting, 65th,  Miami, Fla.,  June  18-22,
Paper 72-32.)
A null probe of radical new design for sampling isokinetically
the particle-laden gas stream in paniculate-sampling operations
is discussed. The design eliminates the main problem encoun-
tered in previous models, that being the accurate measurement
of static pressure. In  the new probe, a small static probe is
located in the center of the nozzle  and another on the outside
and the static taps of both tubes are located in the plane of the
probe inlet. This ensures that static  pressure changes which
occur inside and outside the probe due to the disruption of
fluid  flow by the probe itself will not affect the sampling rate
accuracy. A consideration of fluid theory shows why previous
designs have met with  limited success and why the new design
overcomes these deficiencies. A prototype was  constructed
and tested in both a  wind tunnel and a field sampling situation.
Performance was excellent in both circumstances, with errors
generally less than 3%. It is believed that the errors were due
to poor  instrument precision  rather than design inadequacies.
(Author abstract modified)

42986
Gussman, Robert A., Anthony M. Sacco, and Roger E. Ladd
DESIGN  AND  CALIBRATION   OF  A   HIGH  VOLUME
CASCADE IMPACTOR. Preprint,  Air Pollution Control  As-
soc.,  Pittsburgh, Pa., 34p.,  1972.  13 refs. (Presented at the  Air
Pollution Control  Association, Annual  Meeting, 65th, Miami,
Fla.,  June 18-22, 1972,  Paper  72-27.)
An air sampler capable  of classifying large quantities of  air-
borne particulate matter  into discrete  size fractions  was
developed. Such a  fractionation will  permit  discrete  size-re-
lated chemical analysis of various particulate  pollutants and a
more  realistic  assessment of their health effects.  A  30  cu
ft/min, five-stage cascade  impactor of the slit-type was con-
structed and calibrated.  The  calibration aerosol  consisted  of
six different sizes  1.35-14 micron  of  isodispersed methylene
blue  produced with  a  spinning disk generator. The calibration
was  challenged with  heterodispersed  aerosols of methylene
blue,  Arizona road dust, and  dioctyl phthalate.  Test  and
calibration results are tabulated. (Author abstract modified)

43288
Burton,  Robert M., James N. Howard, Robert L. Penley,
Peggy A. Ramsay, and Thomas A. Clark
FIELD EVALUATION OF THE  HIGH-VOLUME PARTICLE
FRACTIONATING CASCADE IMPACTOR-  A TECHNIQUE
FOR RESPIRABLE  SAMPLING. Preprint, Air Pollution Con-
trol  Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,  33p., 1972. 15 refs. (Presented at
the Air  Pollution Control  Association,  Annual Meeting, 65th,
Miami, Fla.,  June 18-22,  1972.)
A four-stage, multiorifice, high-volume fractionating cascade
impactor with backup  filter,  which can be  operated as a com-
ponent of the  standard Hi-Vol sampler, separates particulate
matter into  five aerodynamic size ranges:  7 micron or larger;
3.3-7  micron;  2.0-3.3  micron;  1.1-2.0 micron;  and 0.01-1.1
micron.  Field tests  utilizing  duplicate sampling techniques in
comparative  tests were conducted  to determine the  feasibility
of using the fractionator on a routine basis in field operations.
A glass fiber collection medium with a pH  of 11.0 adsorbed at-
mospheric acid gases during  sampling  and  should  not be used
if results comparable to those obtained with the standard Hi-
Vol  sampler are  desired. Glass fiber filters with a pH of 6.5
will   eliminate the  acid  gas adsorption. (Author abstract
modified)

-------
38
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
44700
Wilson, E. F., L. Himmelstein, and F. R. Hauptman
CONTINUOUS   PARTICULATE    MEASUREMENTS   IN
PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA: A ONE  YEAR  STUDY
OF THE  INTEGRATING  NEPHELOMETER. Preprint;  Air
Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 14p.,  1972.  7 refs.
(Presented at  the Air  Pollution Control Association,  Annual
Meeting, 65th, Miami, Fla., June 18-22, 1972, Paper 72-23.)
A continuous paniculate measuring instrument was needed to
adapt to a new telemetered air monitoring system:  The' in-
tegrating nephelometer  was evaluated for this purpose. A brief
description of the instrument is presented  along with some
theory of how the light-scattering  coefficient relates  mathe-
matically to the suspended-dust level.  Correlation coefficient
and  regression equations were developed  using  Philadelphia
paniculate data collected over a 13-month period from  an In-
tegrating nephelometer  and  high-volume air samplers. The data
show that a correlation coefficient of 0.7-0.8 is about  as good
as can be expected in urban air containing a wide, range of  par-
ticle sizes. The best expected paniculate concentration esti-
mate appears to be  about  plus or minus 30 microgram/cu m
because the  high-volume air sampler filter captures particles
ranging up to 100 times the size of particles having the highest
scattering coefficient. However, the smaller particles measured •
best by the integrating nephelometer are known  to be poten-
tally dangerous since  they  enter into  the  deep areas of the
lung. (Author abstract modified)

44757
Findley, Charles E. and August T. Rossano, Jr.
CONTINUOUS MONITORING OF  PARTICULATE MATTER
IN AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST. Preprint, Air Pollution Control
Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 16p.,  1972.  9 refs. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association,  Annual  Meeting,  65th,  Miami,
Fla., June 18-20, 1972,  Paper 72-67.)
The design  and  testing of  a  continuous  monitoring  system
using a nephelometer for the measurement of primary  automo-
bile  exhaust  particulate  concentration  are  described.  The
system is based on the relationship of  particle light scattering
and mass concentration. Twenty separate tests  were conducted
with two automobiles over a 5-week period of time. Measure-
ments  of the light-scattering coefficient and mass  concentra-
tion were made while the vehicles were idling. The relationship
between these two variables was investigated by using a linear
regression analysis. A  good correlation of light-scattering and
mass concentration for the  range of test values covered  was
found  as evidenced  by correlation coefficients  of 0.938  and
0.705 for the two test vehicles used in the study. The mean of
the constant of proportionality (K)  relating the  ratio of particle
mass concentration to light scattering coefficient was 6,100,000
micrograms/sq  m  with a  95% confidence  level  interval of
5,400,000 to 6,800,000  micrograms/sq m. For the range of test
values  covered,   small variations  in  mass  concentration
produced wide variations in the light scattering coefficients. A
high  repeatability of both mass  concentration and  light scatter-
ing data was indicated by the tests. Size distribution tests were
conducted on the exhaust  gas  from one of the test  vehicles
utilizing a membrane filter  and cascade impactor. About 99%
of all particles collected had a smaller  than 0.5 micron mass
median diameter. The  remaining  1%  had  a  larger  than 15
micron mass median  diameter. (Author abstract modified)
                            44805
                            Naeve, Stephen W. and Patrick R. Atkins
                            APPLICATION  OF  AUTOMATIC  CONTROL  TO   THE
                            PROBLEM OF ISOKINETIC STACK SAMPLING.  Preprint,
                            Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 32p., 1972. 7 refs.
                            (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual
                            Meeting, 65th, Miami, Fla., June 18-22, 1972, Paper 72-36.)
                            In order  to apply automatic control to any physicial ^y.stem,
                            suitable variables must be available which are descriptive of
                            the behavior to be controlled. In the case  of  stack  sampling,
                            variables  must be available which indicate how and when sam-
                            pling velocity must be yaried to maintain the  isokinetic  situa-
                            tion.  The null-type  nozzle has  been utilized manually to
                            achieve isokinetic conditions, and could be readily adapted to
                            automatic contrpl. This device operates upon the premise that
                            at isokinetic conditions, static pressure within the probe will
                            be  equal  to duct  static,, pressure.  These  two pressures are
                            balanced  on a manometer, the zero deflection  or null point in-
                            dicating isttkinetic' conditions.  Unfortunately, the  operating
                            principle of the null-type nozzle is valid only for inviscid flow.
                           ' In reality, static pressure within the probe Will be  less than
                            duct  static pressure  at •isokinetic sampling  velocities, due to
                            factional losses and kintic energy  changes. However, if this
                            deviation from  the null  can be quantified, static pressure in-
                            side the probe minus duct static pressure could be used  as an
                            input  signal to a control  circuit  designed  to  achieve the
                            isokinetic  condition.' Theoretical and experimental predictions
                            of this deviation from null at isokinetic conditions is described.
                            Adaptation of this  input to a control circuit is als6 discussed.
                            The value of static pressure inside the probe minuj duct  static
                            pressure  is a feasible input to a control circuit designed to
                            achieve and maintain  the isokinetic  condition.  (Author ab-
                            stract)

                            44872
                            Ivey, Lee R.
                            TOOLS FOR  EVALUATING  NEW PROCESS  AND  CON-
                            TROL PLANS.  Preprint,  Air Pollution  Control  Assoc., Pitt-
                            sburgh, Pa., 21p., 1972.  9 refs.  (Presented at the Air Pollution
                            Control Association, Annual Meeting, 65th, Miami, Fla.,  1972,
                            Paper 72-46.)
                            Tools used to  evaluate quantitatively certain aspects of air-
                            pollution  control  devices utilized  in industrial  plants are
                            presented. A chart for measuring the effectiveness of incinera-
                            tor afterburners and vapor incinerators requires as inputs the
                            rate of flue  gas flow in standard cu ft/min and the  auxiliary
                            fuel burner capacity  in Btu per hour. The chart yields the flue
                            gas temperature increase,  given in  degrees Fahrenheit,  which
                            will result. A second tool is a new psychrometric graph for the
                            humidification and cooling of gases from processes  as hot as
                            3000 F. Inputs into the graph are the temperature of the  gases
                            entering the sprays from the hot  process and  the temperature
                            desired before  they  enter a control device such  as a  fabric
                            filter or a scrubber.  The yield is  the amount of water needed
                            in gallons/1000  cu  ft of gas. The only calculation needed is a
                            correction of  the  hot  gas volume to 70  F.  Research  areas
                            discussed are solid particles removal after wetting and the use
                            of surface active agents in scrubbing gaseous pollutants. There
                            is every  indication  that surfactants would markedly increase
                            the rate of organic vapor adsorption on liquid surfaces. The
                            possible importance of this adsorption phenomenon to air pol-
                            lution control is highlighted, particularly in view of  the dwin-
                            dling natural gas supply. (Author abstract modified)

-------
                                        C.  MEASUREMENT METHODS
                                                      39
 44881
 Jackson, Melbourne L.
 PARTICLE-MOLECULE COLLECTION BY SONIC  FLOW
 IMPINGERS.  Preprint, Air  Pollution  Control  Assoc., Pitt-
 sburgh, Pa., 31p., 1972. 20 rets. (Presented at the Air Pollution
 Control Association, Annual Meeting, 65th, Miami, Fla., June
 18-22, 1972, Paper 72-6.)
 A convenient, inexpensive, and sufficiently accurate  method
 of sampling molecular and near micron and submicron parti-
 cles, is described. Utilization of two sonic-flow impingers in a
 series'is predicted to  collect 98  to 99% of a phosphoric acid
 aerosol having a mass median diameter of 0.7 micron. The first
 impinger simultaneously collected 90 to 98% of the aerosol and
 95% of molecular fluoride  compounds in a field test. On the
 same aerosol, the standard Greenburg-Smith impinger had a
 low  collection performance, less than 65% at sonic velocity.
 The  utilization of a first impinger at sonic flow greatly simpli-
 fies  sampling procedures by the  need for a test meter and  as-
 sociated pressure and temperature measurements. Also, for
 small particle sizes, isokinetic sampling is not necessary and
 sampling line losses by deposition are less than 1%.  The low
 initial  cost of  the sampling  units and the low manpower
 requirements for setting up and supervising sampling make
 possible the taking of a' number of  samples  sufficient to
 establish emissions over extended intervals of time. The equip-
 ment is especially suited to locations having multiple emission
 sources, or for locations requiring simultaneous sampling of
 many points. (Author abstract modified)

/48175
 Luke,  Connell L., Thomas  Yi Kometani, John E. Kessler,
 Thomas C. Loomis, John L. Bove, and Benjamin Nathanson
 X-RAY SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS  OF AIR POLLUTION
 DUST.  Environ.  Sci.  Technol., 6(13):1105-1109,  Dec.  1972. 7
 refs.
 Direct nondestructive  analysis  of  airborne participate matter
 for  common metals -using X-ray  fluorescence  spectrometry
 was  examined,  Commercially available instrumentation  was
 used for the direct determination of lead, zinc, copper, nickel,
 iron, manganese,  and cobalt  in samples collected on filter
 paper.   Calibration  was  achieved by   precipitating   known
 amounts of these elements and collecting them on a- Millipore
 filter disc which serves as a reasonably permanent standard.
 (Author abstract modified)

 49798
 Nader, John S.
 DEVELOPMENTS IN SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS INSTRU-
 MENTATION FOR STATIONARY SOURCES. Preprint, En-
 vironmental Protection  Agency, Research Triangle Park, N. C.,
 National Environmental Research Center, ISp.,  1972.  7 refs.
 (Presented at the Conference on  Methods in Air Pollution and
 Industrial  Hygiene Studies, 13th, Berkeley, Calif., Oct. 30-31,
 1972.)
 Developments in measurement, sampling, and analysis instru-
 mentation for stationary sources are  discussed. Instrumenta-
 tion  for the measurement of pollutant emissions from stationa-
 ry sources  is best considered in terms of a complete system
 consisting  of subsystems having interdependent functions,  in-
 cluding  sample-site  selection, sample transport, sample treat-
 ment, sample analysis, data reduction and display, and  data in-
 terpretation.  Five measurement  approaches  exist,   two  of
 which involve sample  extraction from within the stack. The
 remaining three are advanced techniques using electro-optical
 techniques,  including in-situ monitoring, remote  sensing, and
long-path sensing. Current development status of instrumenta-
tion for each approach  was categorized as systems commer-
cially available, research  or prototype developments,  and
feasibility  studies.  The  incompleteness of  a  measurement
system is caused by the lack or inadequacy of an interface to
couple a monitor  to  a  source. This applies to the two ap-
proaches that involve sample extraction and that predominate
as commercially available  products. New systems  using ad-
vanced electro-optical techniques avoid the need for sample
extraction and the  complications associated with the interface
functions.

53800
Bird, Alvin N., Jr. and Joseph D. McCain
PARTICULATE SIZING  TECHNIQUES  FOR  CONTROL
DEVICE EVALUATION. Preprint, Air Pollution  Control As-
soc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 23p.,  1973. 3 refs. (Presented at  the Air
Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 66th, Chicago,
III., June 24-28, 1973, Paper 73-282.)
Measurement of the concentration and distribution of particles
smaller  than about 5 micron is necessary for  assessing the
potential contributions of paniculate emission sources to long
term atmospheric turbidity problems and human respiratory ef-
fects. To design and apply control equipment effectively, in-
formation on mass loading as  a function of particle size is
needed for the'small particles (e.g., 0.2 to 5 micron in diame-
ter). Field and laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate in-
ertial sizing techniques, cascade impactors,  and cyclones for
field measurements of control device efficiency as a function
of particle size. Over 300  particle size distribution measure-
ments were made  with  11  inertial classifiers on 12 stationary
emission sources. No single inertial sizing device was suitable
for' all  the sampling circumstances encountered on  a wise
variety of stationary emission sources. Further, reliable mea-
surements of mass loading as a function of particle size for
sizes below about 5 micron  required a sample weighing accura-
cy of at least 30 micrograms, and 10-microgram accuracy was
desirable. To achieve this accuracy in the field, it was necessa-
ry to use low-tar-weight (10  to 500 mg) impaction substrates
(e.g., metal foil or  glass fiber filter material.) (Author abstract
modified)

54628
Gilfrich, J. V., P. G. Burkhalter, and L. S. Birks
X-RAY SPECTROMETRY FOR PARTICULATE AIR POLLU-
TION-A QUANTITATIVE  COMPARISON OF TECHNIQUES.
Anal. Chem., 45(12):2002-2009, Oct. 1973. 17 refs.
A  quantitative  comparison  of  the  X-ray  spectrometry
technique  for  paniculate  air  pollution  was  made.  X-ray
fluorescence spectrometry  is best suited to the  determination
of the elemental composition of air pollution paniculate sam-
ples  because no sample preparation is  required for filter col-
lections and 100 sec detection Limits are 1 to 100 ng/sq cm for
most elements  of  interest. The technique  is nondestructive,
and 10 or 20 elements can be measured simultaneously using
presently available commercial equipment. The best detection
limits are achieved by reducing the background primary radia-
tion scattered into the measuring system by the sample and its
filter substrate. Comparisons were made among various excita-
tion  sources, X-ray tubes, fluorescers,  radioisotopes, and 5-
MeV protons, and alpha particles, and between wavelength
dispersion using a  crystal spectrometer arid energy dispersion
using a  silicon  (lithium)  solid state detector. Incinerator and
other actual samples were analyzed to show application of the
method. (Author abstract modified)

-------
40
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
56790
Lundgren, Dale A. and Harold J. Paulus
THE  MASS  DISTRIBUTION OF  LARGE ATMOSPHERIC
PARTICLES  - AND HOW IT RELATES TO WHAT A HIGH-
VOLUME  SAMPLER  COLLECTS. Preprint,  Air Pollution
Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 23p., 1973. 5 refs. (Presented at
the Air Pollution  Control  Association  Annual  Meeting  66th,
Chicago, 111.,  June  24-28, 1973, Paper 73-163.)
Determinations were made of the total mass and mass distribu-
tion of atmospheric aerosols, especially  those  with  particles
greater than   10 micron  in  diameter,  the fraction  of total
aerosol mass  collected  by a standard high-volume air sampler,
and the size interval settled out on a dust fall plate. A special
aerosol sampling system was  designed to obtain representative
samples of large airborne particles, and a  suburban sampling
site was selected  because no  strong local point  sources  of
aerosols existed   nearby.  Measurements  indicated  that  at-
mospheric paniculate matter  has a bimodal mass distribution;
mass associated with large particles mainly ranged from 5-100
micron, while that associated with small particles ranged from
an estimated  0.03-5 micron  in  size. These two distributions
produced a bimodal mass distribution with a minimum around
5  micron diameter. The high  volume air sampler was found to
collect most  of the total aerosol mass,  while dust fall plates
did not provide a  very useful measure of total aerosol mass.
Condensation and  dispersion  appeared to account for the for-
mation of the bimodal mass distribution in both natural and
anthropogenic aerosols.  Particle size  distribution measure-
ments were  found  frequently  in   error as a  result of  un-
representative samples of large airborne  particles. Hence, air
pollution regulations should specify or be based  upon an upper
particle size limit. (Author abstract modified)

57150
Alkezweeny,  A. J.
A SYSTEM FOR MEASURING PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBU-
TIONS. In: Pacific Northwest Laboratory Annual Report for
1972 to the USAEC Division of  Biomedical and  Environmental
Research.  Volume  II:  Physical  Sciences.  Part  1.  Atmospheric
Sciences. Battelle  Memorial  Inst.,  Richland,  Wash., Pacific
Northwest Labs., p. 140-142,  April 1973.  1  ref.  NTIS: BNWL-
1751 PT1, UC-53 Meteorology
A modified Royco  particle counting  system is described which
is capable of simultaneously  measuring the concentration and
size distribution of particles in the size range of 0.3-5 micron
diameter in  about 100 channels.  The  aerosol  particles  are
drawn into a Royco Model  220 optical  sensor, and the  90-
degree light scattering from the  individual particles is detected
by photomultiplier  tube and preamplifier, in the form of a volt-
age  pulse. Calibration and  instrumentation  are described.
(Author abstract modified)

58115
Crocker, B. B.
MONITORING PLANT AIR POLLUTION. Chem. Eng. Progr.,
70(l):41-49, Jan. 1974. 17 refs.
Measuring methods, instrumentation, costs, and applications
are outlined for industrial process, effluent, and area monitor-
ing of  gases and particulates. Illustrations are  provided  for a
sampling system with a remote monitor, a 24-hour daily com-
posite  gas sampling  system,  a  typical  sequential  sampler, a
dilution scheme for continuous stack gas sampling, a Barringer
in-stack sulfur dioxide  monitor,  a Faristor and electronic in-
dicator, a  Bailey stack opacity  meter, a Lear Siegler opacity
monitor, a paniculate mass monitor using beta-ray attenuation,
and a  Lear Siegler  beta-ray attenuation paniculate monitor
                            with traversing sample  probe. Typical ambient air concentra-
                            tion continuous monitors which can be used for stack effluent
                            analysis with dilution are listed for: sulfur dioxide, total sulfur
                            oxides, hydrogen sulfide, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monox-
                            ide, oxidants such as  ozone,  and hydrocarbons such  as
                            methane.

                            58175
                            Cunningham, Paul T., Stanley A. Johnson, and Ralph T_. Yang
                            VARIATIONS IN CHEMISTRY  OF AIRBORNE  PARTICU-
                            LATE MATERIAL WITH PARTICLE SIZE AND TIME. En-
                            viron. Sci. Technol., 8(2): 131-135, Feb. 1974. 27 refs.
                            Samples of airborne paniculate material were classified with
                            respect to particle size and time during their collection by iner-
                            tial impaction, and infrared spectroscopic analysis was used to
                            measure the major  chemical constituents of the samples, Data
                            obtained clearly  indicated that the paniculate  material col-
                            lected contained  ammonium sulfate, ammonium halide, car-
                            bonate, silicate,  silica, nitrate,  hydrocarbon, and chemisorbed
                            nitrogen dioxide  (surface  nitrate). The results  also  showed
                            variations in the chemistry of airborne particulates as a func-
                            tion of particle size and time and supported recent theories on
                            the origin of particulates that have been based on size distribu-
                            tion measurements and may be  important in assessing the
                            potential health hazard of particulates as  well as the ap-
                            propriateness of control techniques. (Author abstract modified)
                            58189
                            Bigg, E. K., A. Ono, and Judith A. Williams
                            CHEMICAL  TESTS  FOR  INDIVIDUAL   SUBMICRON
                            AEROSOL PARTICLES. Atmos. Environ., 8(1):1-13, Jan. 1974.
                            17 refs.
                            A thin film vapor method for the detection of aerosol particles
                            of masses down to 10 to the minus 16 g or less is described.
                            Particles  are  captured  on  electron  microscope   screens
                            precoated by vacuum evaporation with a thin film of reagent,
                            and the reaction proceeds by exposure to the vapor of a suita-
                            ble solvent. The reaction  products are then examined  with an
                            electron microscope and compared with similar particles cap-
                            tured on a non-reactive surface such as carbon. The method is
                            capable of detecting a radical such as sulfate in a particle of
                            very small size and allows for a large spreading of the original
                            particle,  thus  making  possible  the  use  of  an  electron
                            microscope  at low magnifications for examination of a large
                            area at one time. Examples are provided for the  detection of
                            sulfuric  acid, sulfates, nitrates, halides,  and persulfates in
                            laboratory, urban, and stratospheric aerosols. (Author abstract
                            modified)

                            58495
                            Haenel, Gottfried and Gode Gravenhorst
                            JET IMPACTOR  CHARACTERISTICS  VERSUS RELATIVE
                            HUMIDITY. J. Aerosol Sci., 5(l):47-54, Jan. 1974. 13 refs.
                            Increased relative humidity can increase particle size and thus
                            affect the collection of aerosols by jet impactors. For six types
                            of continental and marine aerosols, the cut-off radius  and the
                            number of particles collected within a jet impactor were calcu-
                            lated as a function of relative humidity. The six aerosol types
                            were  an average aerosol from Mainz Germany,  a sea-spray
                            aerosol,  aerosol over the Atlantic, aerosol  from  Sahara dust
                            over the Atlantic, urban aerosol from Mainz, and  aerosol at a
                            mountain in Germany. The calculations were performed for a
                            three-stage impactor and  for several  heights above the mean
                            sea level. An increase of the cut-off radius occurred on an-

-------
                                        C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
                                                       41
proximately a factor of 1.5-2 with a relative humidity between
0 and 0.995. For each stage, the number of collected particles
per cu of ambient air was not influenced severely,  as long as
the relative humidity was below 0.7. At larger humidities, this
number  increased  strongly with  relative  humidity in  most
cases.  The theoretical basis for the calculations  was the im-
plicit formula for the  appropriate inertia parameter which is
closely related with the probability of  a  particle  being  col-
lected. (Author abstract modified)
    >
585*5
Matteson, Michael J., George F. Boscoe, and Othmar Preining

DESIGN THEORY AND CALIBRATION OF A FIELD TYPE
AEROSOL SPECTROMETER.  J. Aerosol Sci., S(l):71-79, Jan.
1974. 15 rets.
A cylindrical-type  aerosol spectrometer, of simple, compact
design, was constructed and tested. The aerosol  particles are
injected into a horizontal centrifugal field through two ports —
a  pin-hole orifice  situated  opposite a larger  port. Aerosols
moving through the larger port are removed  in a cumulative
size deposition on half of a foil on the outer wall, and serve as
clean  air  for aerosols injected  through  the  pin-hole  and
deposited according to discrete sizes on the other half of the
foil. The instrument is based  on  a modification of a device
developed by Hochrainer and offers the advantage of  confin-
ing the aerosol deposit to a narrow streak or dot in the  case of
monodisperse particles. The spectrometer was calibrated with
monodisperse  polystyrene latex particles.  The  results  were
compared  with a theoretical  expression developed for sedi-
mentation  distances appropriate to aerosols flowing  in the
plane  of rotation.  The pressure drop across the exit orifice
could  be calculated from design variables,  and, assuming that
the  aerosol volumetric flow rate in the annular  channel was
limited by the pressure drop across the  exit orifice, this flow
rate was obtained  from orifice calibration data. Satisfactory
agreement was found between theoretically predicted sedimen-
tation   distances  and  those  from tests   with  aerosols  of
polystyrene latex. (Author abstract modified)

58855
Renoux, A., G. Tymen, and G.  Madelaine
EXPERIMENTAL  DETERMINATION  OF  THE  CHARAC-
TERISTICS OF THE CASELLA MK2 CASCADE  IMPACTOR.
APPLICATION TO THE STUDY OF THE GRANULOMET-
RIC DISTRIBUTION OF AEROSOLS AND OF ATMOSPHER-
IC RADIOACTIVITY. Atmos. Environ.,  8(1):41-SS,  Jan.  1974.
20rcfs.
The different characteristic diameters (cut-off size, effective
cut-off size,  mass median diameter,  and effective  cut-off
diameter) of a Casella MK2 cascade impactor were experimen-
tally determined by tracing  the penetration curves  of the ap-
paratus. On the second and third discs the  distribution of dust
is  log normal. Evaluating the law of granulometric distribution
of aerosols, i.e., dN/(d logR) equals CR to  the minus B power
gives the solution B equals 2.3 for 0.2 micron is less than R is
less  than 2 micron; B  equals 3.4 for 2 micron is  less than 20
micron; and B equals 6.5 for R greater than 20 micron. The ex-
perimental values of the mean mass diameter and  the effective
cut-off diameter measured  for  each stage of the  cascade im-
pactor are used to correct the cumulated distribution curves of
the mass and of  the natural radioactivity of the  atmospheric
aerosols. (Author abstract)
59609
Seeley, J. L. and R. K. Skogerboe
COMBINED  SAMPLING-ANALYSIS METHOD FOR  THE
DETERMINATION  OF   TRACE  ELEMENTS  IN   AT-
MOSPHERIC  PARTICULATES. Anal. Chem., 46(3):415-421,
March 1974. 32 rets.
A combined sampling-analysis method for the determination of
trace elements in atmospheric particulates has been developed
which utilizes  spectroscopic graphite electrodes as filters and
direct analysis by an emission spectrographic method. The gra-
phite  filters used were porous  cup spectrographic electrodes
(Ultra Carbon,  No. 202) which  were solution-doped with 0.25
micrograms of indium as an  internal  standard. Ineffective
vaporization of elements deposited  in the lower half of the col-
lection  cups  was  overcome   by   a vaporization  approach
whereby argon entered  the bottom of an electrode cup which
was essentially saturated  with  hydrogen chloride vapor. The
graphite cup filters appeared to be more effective for particu-
late collection than the more commonly used types,  and  the
low blank of the graphite filters readily permitted determina-
tions  on small  (short-term collection) samples or in  low par-
ticulate  background atmospheres. The method was found capa-
ble of determining  several trace elements distributed in the at-
mosphere as particulates  at concentrations of less  than  0.1
micrograms/cu  m (based on a 30 min sample collection) at a
collection rate of 1 1/min. The emission spectrographic method
allowed simultaneous  determination of several elements on a
single sample over a wide concentration range with precision
and accuracy of 10-20% of the amount present.

60053
Cooper, Douglas W. and Lloyd A. Spielman
A NEW PARTICLE SIZE CLASSmER:  VARIABLE-SLIT IM-
PACTOR  WITH   PHOTO-COUNTING.   Atmos.  Environ.,
8(3):221-232, March 1974. 20 refs.
A  novel instrument for measuring aerosol  particle  size dis-
tributions is described.  The device exploits  inertial impaction
for a  useful measure of particle size and photo-  detection for
speed for particle counting. Upon fixing the  angles of the sur-
faces  bounding the two-dimensional air flow, the geometry is
self-similar at all settings of the variable jet width; moreover,
at  fixed volume flow  rate, the  jet  Reynolds number is fixed.
Dynamic and geometric similarity then implies that impaction
efficiency depends on a single dimensionless group, the Stokes
number, which under  certain conditions is proportional to  the
ratio of particle radius to jet  width; thus, calibration for  all
particle  sizes is accomplished simply by varying  the jet width
using  a single  particle  size. Tests using monodisperse latex
particles confirmed the expected scaling features and showed
that decreasing the angle between plate and impaction surface
improved size discrimination. The  advantages of the new  im-
pactor are its rapidity, flexibility, continuously adjustable size
intervals,   and  ease   of  calibration.  The  impactor  and
photocounter can size particles  having aerodynamic diameters
ranging  from 0.5 to 5-10 micron. (Author abstract  modified)

60276
West, Philip W., A. D. Shendrikar,  and Nicholas Herrara
THE DETERMINATION  OF SULFURIC  ACID  AEROSOLS.
Anal.  Chim. Acta, 69(1):111-116, March 1974. 13 refs.
A  reliable,  sensitive,  colorimetric  method for the determina-
tion of sulfuric acid aerosol and alternately  the determination
of  total  acidity, including sulfuric acid, volatile acids, and salts
that hydrolyze  to  give  protons is  presented. The determina-
tions can be performed directly on  air samples collected with a

-------
42
PARTICULATES  AND  AIR  POLLUTION
sequential tape sampler, and use is made  of the inexpensive
ring  oven for separating and concentrating the samples and
reaction products. The basic chemical reactions involved are
specifically controlled by protons:  stoichiometric amounts  of
bromine are released from  a mixture of bromate-bromide  by
the protons; and the liberated bromine reacts with fluorescein
to produce cosin, the color  intensity of which is a direct mea-
sure  of proton concentration. The detection limit in terms  of
sulfuric acid is 0.5 microgram with a quantitative measurement
range of  1-10 microgram. Relative  errors are in the range  of
10-15%, comparing favorably with sophisticated and expensive
methods  at the microgram  or nanogram levels. (Author sum-
mary modified)

60291
Charlson, R. J., A.  H. Vandepol, D. S. Covert, A. P.
Waggoner, and N. C. Ahlquist
SULFURIC ACID-AMMONIUM SULFATE AEROSOL:  OPTI-
CAL DETECTION IN  THE  ST. LOUIS  REGION.  Science,
184(9133):1S6-1S8, April 12, 1974. 12 refs.
Nephelometric sensing  of  the  deliquescence  of  ammonium
sulfate produced by the reaction of sulfuric acid or ammonium
bisulfate aerosol with ammonia provides a means for detecting
these substances in the air. The basic measurement apparatus
is a  humidograph which measures the dependence of  the light
scattering coefficient of the paniculate matter  on the relative
humidity. The system can be operated with the injection of a
few  ppm of ammonia into  the sample flow, causing the. reac-
tion of H2SO4 and NH4HSO4 to form (NH4)2SO.4. Field ex-
periments showed these to  be dominant substances in the sub-
micron,  light-scattering aerosol in  the St. Louis region. The
system was operated at one rural  and two urban sites in  St.
Louis. It seemed likely that human sources of sulfur dioxide
were the  dominant source of sulfate aerosol. (Author abstract
modified)

60381
Gordon,  Robert J.
SOLVENT SELECTION IN EXTRACTION OF AIRBORNE
PARTICULATE MATTER.  Atmos. Environ., 8(2):189-191, Feb.
1974. 7 refs.
Replicate samples of  airborne  particulate matter were  ex-
tracted with  17 different solvents, and the yields of dried ex-
tract appeared strongly correlated  with the solvent  strength
parameter,  derived  from  liquid-solid  chromatography,  for
cases  not involving a  specific chemical interaction. Solvents
with strength parameter values of 0.3 or larger, e.g.,  benzene
(0.32), were  adequate  for  recovery of polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons. Solvents with higher solvent strength parameter
values extracted  larger  amounts  of  highly  polar  organics,
although  they also dissolved some  of the most soluble inor-
ganics. Soxhlet extraction  occurred at elevated temperatures
depending on the solvent boiling point, higher boiling solvents
being more efficient than expected  from their solvent strength
values. Minor reversals in  solvent strength parameter  values
were noted from one adsorbent to another.

62411
Brachaczek, Wanda and W. R. Pierson
ANALYTICAL METHOD  FOR  MEASURING  SBR  TIRE
DEBRIS  IN THE ENVIRONMENT. Rubber Chem. Technol.,
47(1):150-160, March  1974. 4 refs.
An analytical method was developed for measuring suspended
particulates collected on filters and analyzing them for rubber
particles  from rubber  tire  wear. The procedure consists  of
                            determining  styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) by measurement
                            of the absorbance in the infrared spectrum at 10.35  and 14.3
                            micron. Large  samples,  quite opaque to infrared radiation,
                            must  be collected in order to obtain a detectable amount of
                            SBR in the air. This necessitates a separation of SBR  from the
                            bulk of the  material prior to measurement. The  amounts of
                            SBR to be separated are commonly in the submilligran range,
                            constituting perhaps 0.1% of the sample. The method used for
                            separation is extraction with hot orthodjchlorobenzene  in an
                            oxygen-rich   environment.   Then  the  rubber  hydrocarbon
                            styrene-butadiene  copolymer is  analyzed by infrared  "s,pec-
                            troscopy in the extract. The prpcedure overcomes serious dif-
                            ficulties due to the small amounts of rubber normally encoun-
                            tered  and due to  the  losses of  SBR during  extraction from
                            aerosol samples.  The  method  and  some  applications are
                            discussed in detail.

                            62549
                            Lee, Robert E., Jr. and Jack Hein
                            METHOD  FOR   THE  DETERMINATION  OF  CARBON,
                            HYDROGEN, AND NITROGEN  IN SIZE FRACTIONATED
                            ATMOSPHERIC  PARTICULATE MATTER.  Anal.  Chem.,
                            46(7):931-933, June 1974.  9 refs.
                            A technique for characterizing carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
                            constituents  in atmospheric particulate matter as a function of
                            particle size  is  described. The  technique was applied to a
                            limited number of cascade impactor samples .collected in An-
                            kara,  Turkey,. London,  and Chicago. Ankara exhibited the
                            highest concentrations  of total suspended particulates .(TSP),
                            C, and H2. .No clear pattern-was associated with  the concen-
                            tration of N2. In all. .areas the' mass, median diameter of C and
                            H2 associated  particles  was generally  larger than  for. TSP
                            matter. The N2-'containing particles'generally exhibited mass
                            median diameter  values lower than for TSP and may have a
                            predominantly biological origin. Fuel'Combustion appears to be
                            a substantial factor in. the percentage of C in airborne particles
                            with the highest levels observed in Ankara where lignite coal
                            is the predominant fuel.  An estimate of the degree of satura-
                            tion of hydrocarbon compounds in suspended particles as a
                            function of size can be made by calculating the C:H molar ra-
                            tion although the contribution of carbonates is not taken into
                            account.

                            62595
                            Johnson,Jack L.
                            CHARACTERIZATION  OF  AIR-BORNE  PARTICULATES.
                            Microchem. J., 19(2): 168-178, June 1974. 26 refs. (Presented at
                            the International  Symposium  on  Microchemical  Techniques,
                            University Park, Pa., Aug. 19-24, 1973.)
                            Reliable instrument and chemical analysis techniques are being
                            applied to the rapid and  accurate characterization of airborne
                            particulates  including  microanalysis,  structure identification,
                            and quantitative elemental analysis. Microanalytical techniques
                            include optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and
                            electron probe microanalysis. X-ray diffraction provides valua-
                            ble information on the  structure of crystalline materials which
                            can lead  to compound  identification. This identification is ac-
                            complished by comparing the diffraction patterns with powder
                            diffraction data.  Methods for quantitative analysis of particles
                            include  X-ray   fluorescence,   atomic  absorption   spec-
                            trophotometry,     and    ultraviolet-visible-infrared     spec-
                            trophotometry. The choice of the method is governed by the
                            amount and type of sample and by the elements of interest.
                            Most  of  the problems associated with  the  analyses can*be
                            overcome with  proper sampling,  sample handling,  and the
                            development  of suitable  standards. Future improvements will

-------
                                        C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
                                                       43
 be undoubtedly directed towards increased analytical sensitivi-
 ty because the sample size will become smaller as the concen-
 trations of pollutants decrease with improved emissions  con-
 trol. (Author summary modified)

 62855
 Miller, K., J. H. Kozak, and H. W. De Koning
 ORIENTATION EFFECT OF GLASS FIBER FILTERS ON
 TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICIPATE MEASUREMENTS. At-
 mos. Environ., 8(5):519-520, May  1974. 2 refs.
 A comparative study, using three hi-vol samplers, was run in
 Windsor,  Ontario to determine  the effect of glass fiber filter
 orientation (rough side  up  or down) on  total suspended par-
 ticulate measurements.  Normally the filters are run rough side
 up. Three samplers were positioned within the fenced-in area
 at the air pollution monitoring station located at the intersec-
 tion of Mill and  Peter  Streets,  Windsor. The samplers were
 run on a 24-hour  period starting at midnight. The first sampler
 was run with the  filter installed in a normal positon, the other
 two were equipped with filters  in the upside down position.
 The samplers were calibrated using a calibrating orifice as-
 sembly. The glass fiber  filters were weighed after conditioning
 in a humidity-controlled atmosphere for 24 hr, before and after
 sampling. The study revealed that the orientation of the glass
 fiber  filters   does not affect   the  measurement  of  total
 suspended particulate matter under conditions normally em-
 ployed using the hi-vol sampler.

 63262
 Neustadter, Harold E. and Steven M. Sidik
 ON EVALUATING COMPLIANCE WITH AIR  POLLUTION
 LEVELS  NOT TO BE  EXCEEDED MORE  THAN ONCE A
 YEAR. J. Air Pollution Control  Assoc., 24(6):S59-S63, June
 1974. 11 refs.
 The recommended sampling frequency  for  meeting the En-
 vironmental  Protection Agency  air  quality   standards  is
 discussed. A  critique is  presented  of  the  calculation
 procedures for estimating the corresponding ambient pollution
 level  when a sampling program is operating in conformity with
 EPA  guidelines, once every  3-6 days. Quantitative considera-
 tion is given to the questions of statistical independence of the
 data, commutativity of  expectation and exponentiation opera-
 tions, and the statistical variability of the calculated results.
 Monte-Carlo simulations were performed  which indicate a 95%
 confidence interval of + or - 56% at 60 samples/yr and + or -
 40% at 120 samples/yr. Sampling frequencies every third  to
 sixth  day  are inadequate for determining conformity with stan-
 dards expressed as levels not to be exceeded more than once
 per year. (Author abstract modified)

/63650
 Sugimae, Akiyoshi
 EMISSION   SPECTROGRAPHIC  DETERMINATION  OF
 TRACE   ELEMENTS   IN   AIRBORNE   PARTICULATE
 MATTER. Anal. Chem., 46(8): 1123-1125, July 1974. 18 refs.
 An emission  spectrographic method was used for  the deter-
 mination of trace elements in airborne particulate matter col-
 lected  on a membrane  filter. The membrane filter was dis-
 solved  in acetone, and  the   airborne  particulate   matter
 separated  from the filter. After centrifuging, the power ob-
 tained was washed three times with acetone, dried, and mixed
 with sodium fluoride and graphite powder.  The resulting mix-
 ture was packed in a graphite cup electrode and excited by a
 dc arc.  Sodium was selected as  the spectroscopic buffer  to
 normalize variations in  sodium concentration in the samples.
Elements such as bismuth, cadmium, lead, tin, and zinc, clas-
sified in the volatile element group, were totally volatilized in
the first 30 sec of the discharge. The volatilization of berylli-
um,  chromium,  copper,  manganese, titanium, and  vanadium
which  were divided into the volatility groups of the median
volatile or in volatile, tended to delay and continued more than
100  sec. The selection  of internal  reference  elements  was
based upon  the  similarity of volatilization rates for elements,
which  fell into two distinct groups. To check the accuracy of
the method,  the results  of atomic absorption analyses were
compared with  those  of emission  spectrographic analyses.
There  was good agreement between the  two  methods.  The
relative standard deviation was 13% or less, values which  are
generally acceptable for most  air pollution analysis require-
ments.

64361
Countess, Richard J.
PRODUCTION  OF AEROSOL  BY  HIGH  VOLUME SAM-
PLERS. J. Air Pollution  Control Assoc., 24(6):605, June 1974. 5
refs.
The Staplex high volume sampler, widely used for atmospheric
monitoring,  produces carbon aerosol by the abrasive wear of
its motor brushes. The aerosol is entrained in air flowing past
the motor and is discharged from the rear of the sampler cas-
ing. This does not interfere with the use of the Staplex in mea-
surements of a specific  contaminant, but might interfere with
measurements of  total  dust  load. Therefore,  measurements
were made of the amount of aerosol produced by the sampler
and  of the fraction of aerosol  that recirculates to the sampler
inlet. Recirculation was very low at  all  conditions tested and
did not exceed  0.1%. A carbon aerosol concentration of no
more than 0.1% of 150 or 0.15 micrograms/cu m would recircu-
late in normal circumstances. This can be ignored, for environ-
mental mass dust concentrations are rarely less than a  few
micrograms/cu m, even  in rural areas. But there is a need  for
caution in some  situations in view of the substantial concentra-
tion of carbon aerosol produced by the Staplex or other pumps
using a centrifugal blower motor with carbon brushes.

64676
Winkler, Peter
RELATIVE  HUMIDITY  AND  THE  ADHESION  OF  AT-
MOSPHERIC PARTICLES  TO THE PLATES  OF  IMPAC-
TORS. J. Aerosol Sci., S(3):235-240, 1974. 10 refs
Quantitative proof of the increased retention efficiency of  hu-
midified atmospheric aerosol particles is  obtained in two series
of experiments using impactors to collect thy particles and a
microbalance to  determine the water free dry mass of aerosol
collected. Results show  that atmospheric aerosol particles can
be collected by  means of impactors with sufficiently high re-
tention efficiency even  without any  viscous substrate on  the
collection plate  if the relative humidity remains high enough
(greater than 75%) during the  sampling  period. The absorbed
water  of  the particles  acts as an adhesive. This effect is
further supported by the moisture  of  the  particles  already
deposited which act like a viscous coating of the  collection
plate. With decreasing humidity (less than 75%) the retention
efficiency of the collection plate decreases rapidly. At low  r.h.
(less than 75%)  a change in the relative composition  of  the
sample can occur due to a preferential deposition of the water
soluble material. This can only happen if there are differences
between the average composition of the total aerosol mass as
indicated by the  analysis of the bulk sample and the composi-
tion  of the individual aerosol particles. Additional information
would be desirable on the radius dependence of retention effi-

-------
44
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
ciency  and  more  measurements  would  result  in  better
statistics. A direct comparison of the humidity-dependent mass
retention  efficiency  with  the  mass  retention   efficiency
achieved by viscous media, would be of interest.

65204
Miller, Kenneth and Henk W. De Koning
PARTICLE SIZING INSTRUMENTATION. Preprint, Air Pol-
lution  Control  Assoc.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa., 24p.,  1974.  5  refs.
(Presented  at  the  Air Pollution  Control  Association  Annual
Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo., June 9-13, 1974, Paper 74-48.)
Various particle size fractionators, including  the Andersen
Non-viable Air Sampler, the BGI Cascade Centripeter, the R.
A.  C. Fractionating Paniculate Sampler, the Andersen, the
BGI-30, and the Sierra Hi-volume Cascade Impactors, are
evaluated. Ambient air monitoring of suspended particulates is
undertaken to determine their  size distribution and their ef-
fects on human health, visibility in the atmosphere, material
deterioration, soiling,  particle-particle, and particle-gas interac-
tions. The  data gathered also permitted the study of the fol-
lowing: precision of hi-volume  samplers; effects of flow rate
on accuracy of suspended particulate concentrations using hi-
volume samplers;  correlation of total  suspended  particulate
measurements as determined by the hi-volume and the particle
sizing intruments; comparison  of the mass median diameter
measured by the various impactors; and ease of operation and
maintenance. A sampling station was constructed in  a high
particulate loading  residential area  in Windsor,  Ontario. The
samplers are positioned 2.5 to 3 feet apart, with intakes being
approximately 4.5  to  5  feet above ground level. All samplers
are  operated  on a 5-day sampling schedule.  The hi-volume
measurements  obtained  at the same flow  are comparative.
There is a significant effect  of flow  rate on total suspended
particulate concentration. There is a significant sampler effect
on total suspended particulate measurements  and on  mass
median diameter. The Andersen, BGI-30, and Sierra hi-volume
impactors can be used in place  of the standard hi-vol for T. S.
P.  determinations  if empirical relationships  are developed.
There is a definite requirement for research into  the calibra-
tion and operation of particle fractionating instruments in the
field. (Author abstract modified)

65229
Gruber, Charles W. and Gale Harms
FUGITIVE DUST  MEASUREMENT BY THE ROTARY AM-
BIENT ADHESIVE IMPACTOR. Preprint, Air Pollution Con-
trol Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 20p., 1974 15 refs. (Presented at the
Air  Pollution  Control  Association,  Annual Meeting,  67th,
Denver, Colo., June 9-13, 1974,  Paper 74-85.)
A hand powered rotary  ambient adhesive impactor (RAAI) for
short time grab sampling  of fugitive dusts from non-confined
sources is evaluated. The RAAI uses a small diameter circular
target (approx. 1/4- inch dia.) to capture plus 20 micron parti-
cles by spinning the sampler at a fixed r.p.m. The volume sam-
pled is a function of number of revolutions.  Evaluation of the
sample is by counting or comparative measurement. Efficiency
of the instrument is presented.  The construction of the RAAI
is described and  actual field  measurements  are included.
Duplicate  tests show good agreement.  Several sources  were
measured:  an interstate  highway, a  downtown street location,
fly ash settling pond  from a utility station,  an asphalt paving
facility, a parking lot, and a citizen shaking out a rug. All sam-
ples were  one minute.  Results are  reported  as  particles/sq
cm/min, with some of the data  converted to concentrations as
particles/cu m. The method is applicable to evaluating fugitive
dust from non-confined sources. (Author abstract modified)
                            65247
                            Benson, Arthur L., Philip L. Levins, Arthur A. Massucco, and
                            James R. Valentine
                            DEVELOPMENT OF A  HIGH-PURITY FILTER FOR HIGH-
                            TEMPERATURE PARTICULATE SAMPLING AND ANALY-
                            SIS. Preprint,  Air Pollution Control Assoc.,  Pittsburgh, Pa.,
                            22p., 1974. 5 rels. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control  As-
                            sociation Annual Meeting, 67th Denver, Colo.,  June 9-13, 1974,
                            Paper 74-114.)
                            Particulate handsheet filters with satisfactory purity, efficien-
                            cy, thermal stability, cost strength (about 1 lb/in.), and flexi-
                            bility for analysis of particulates  in gases  up to 800 C were
                            made with 99.2% silicon oxide Microquartz fibers. Commercial
                            production on  a papermaking machine is  currently being con-
                            sidered. Cost is estimated to be about $1.00/sq ft. Almost all
                            purity requirements for optimum atomic absorption and  flame
                            emission  spectrophotometric  analysis for  trace metals was
                            achieved.  The filters  appear  highly  promising  for  X-ray
                            fluorescence analysis, but should  be further evaluated.  Suita-
                            bility of the filters for neutron activation analysis is uncertain
                            and should also be further evaluated. Dioctyl  phthalate (DOP)
                            aerosol efficiencies of 99 to 99.9% were  achieved by  using
                            fibers of  various diameters. The filters are insensitive to  hu-
                            midity, insoluble  to most acids  and organic  solvents,  and
                            slightly alkaline (pH 9-10). The strength  and  flexibility  result
                            from a novel combination alkali and 800 C heat treatment. The
                            heat  treatment also  decreases  extractable  impurities  and
                            moisture sensitivity. (Author abstract modified)

                            65538
                            Soffian, Gerard and Peter R. Westlin
                            PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM APARTMENT HOUSE
                            BOILERS AND INCINERATORS. Preprint, Air Pollution Con-
                            trol Assoc., Pittsburgh Pa., 27p., 1974. 13 refs.  (Presented  at the
                            Air Pollution  Control   Association  Annual  Meeting,  67th,
                            Denver, Colo.,  June 9-13, 1974, Paper 74-187.)
                            An extensive number of tests were made using the Environ-
                            mental Protection Agency s Method 5 stack sampling train to
                            obtain  emission factors for existing apartment house boilers
                            and incinerators in the City of New York. In addition to calcu-
                            lating emission factors, stack emission data were examined to
                            compare results of simultaneous emission  tests and to compare
                            the dry particulate catch of the sampling train with the total
                            particulate catch which included the impinger catch. The data
                            indicate that the amount of particulate  captured in the imp-
                            inger section of the sampling train is relatively constant and is
                            independent of the amount of dry particulate catch found dur-
                            ing boiler emission sampling. This possibly results from the ab-
                            sorption of sulfur dioxide in the impingers and the subsequent
                            formation of  relatively constant  quantities of  sulfuric acid.
                            Comparison  of simultaneous boiler tests  indicated that  the
                            sampling^ train  may be sensitive to variations in operating per-
                            sonnel, sampling conditions, and boiler operation. Tests of  on-
                            site incinerators  indicate that previously published emission
                            factors may be too high for well maintained  and properly
                            operated incinerators. (Author abstract modified)

                            65540
                            Lapson, W. F., H. Dehne, and D. B. Harris
                            THE  DEVELOPMENT  AND  APPLICATION  OF A  HIGH
                            VOLUME SAMPLING  TRAIN FOR PARTICULATE  MEA-
                            SUREMENTS OF  STATIONARY SOURCES. Preprint, Air Bol-
                            lution Control  Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 28p.  1974. (Presented at
                            the Air Pollution  Control Association Annual Meeting,  67th,
                            Denver, Colo.,  June 9-13, 1974, Paper 74-189.)

-------
                                        C.  MEASUREMENT METHODS
                                                       45
The  development and  application of a high volume sampling
train for particulate measurements of stationary sources are
described.  The new train  can be  used  at flow rates  up to
nearly  6 cfm, or at least six times  the flow rate of the more
conventional sampling  train. The system can be unpacked and
set up  for  use in a matter of minutes. The high volume sam-
pling train  was tested  together with a standard sampling train
under controlled conditions. The high volume  train acquires a
sample  in about 1/4 the time of a standard sampling train. At
grain loadings of 0.04 grain/cu ft and an effluent velocity of 60
fps,  the high volume sampler can easily acquire the three sam-
ples  required for Method 5 in a single day of  testing. (Author
abstract modified)

65541
Weitzman, Leo and John C. Reed
REVIEW  OF  PARTICULATE  STACK  TEST  REPORTS.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 20p.,
1974. 7 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control  Association
Annual Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo.,  June 9-13, 1974, Paper
74-194.)
The  principles of a  properly performed  particulate stack test
are discussed from  the viewpoint  of an  individual reviewing
the  test report. A systematic analysis  method  is presented
which  allows calculation  of the  isokinetic ratios, pollutant
mass emission rates,  and  other  test parameters  needed to
determine  whether the sampling  was  properly performed. A
second worksheet is presented which enables the reviewer to
determine  the reliability of the test results in relation  to ap-
plicable regulations. The calculations use the raw data and can
be performed in  approximately 1/2 hr with a slide rule or a
square root function portable calculator. For stack test data on
coal fired boilers, the normal distribution is a realistic descrip-
tion of deviation from the measured mean of a  test. (Author
abstract modified)

66633
Liu, Y. H., V. A. Marple, K. T. Whitby, and N. J. Barsic
SIZE  DISTRIBUTION  MEASUREMENT OF  AIRBORNE
COAL  DUST BY  OPTICAL PARTICLE COUNTERS.  Amer.
Ind. Hyg., Assoc. J., 35(8):443-451, Aug. 1974. 16 refs.
An optical particle counter was calibrated for  size distribution
measurement of  airborne  coal dust  particles. A differential
electrical mobility analyzer was used with a fluidized bed dust
feeder to produce uniform coal dust particles of a known size
for calibration  for particles  less than 2.4 micron.  For larger
particles, the optical counter was calibrated with a microscopic
technique.  The output  pulse height  of the optical counter was
significantly  lower  for coal particles than for  spherical  oil
drops  of the same  particle size.  The geometrical standard
deviation of the output pulse height distribution of the optical
counter for monodispersc  aerosols increased  from about 1.1
for spherical oil particles  to  about  1.8  for the  irregularly
shaped coal particles. Although this broadening effect reduced
the ability  of the  counter to resolve  small particle size  dif-
ferences,  a  numerical inversion  procedure  was  developed
which  allowed the original  size distribution to be  recovered.
Thus, the response of  the optical particle counter to coal was
significantly  different  from its response to ideal transparent
spheres, but this can be properly corrected and systematic er-
rors in the  measurement size distribution eliminated by proper
calibration  and data reduction procedures. (Author  abstract
modified)
66821
Giauque, Robert D., Lilly Y. Goda, and Roberta B. Garrett
X-RAY INDUCED  X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS OF
SUSPENDED  AIR  PARTICULATE  MATTER.  Calif. Univ.,
Berkeley, Calif., Nuclear Chemistry Div., Atomic Energy Com-
mission Contract W-7405-ENG-48, Rept.  TID-4SOO-R61, UC-11,
61p., July 1974. 18 refs. NTIS: LBL-2951
A theoretical review is presented on critical  aspects of X-ray
induced X-ray fluorescence analysis that should be considered
for quantitative elemental analysis of suspended air particulate
matter. Topics convered include: sensitivity  factors  involving
selection of the excitation radiation,  geometry considerations,
spectrometer characteristics, and  substrate  selection; deter-
mination  of  relative  excitation-detection  efficiencies;  and
determination  of particle size effects. A method is illustrated
for compensating for particle size  effects when  analyzing for
lower  atomic  number elements by assuming that the larger
suspended  particles are collected in the form of a monolayer.
Although the procedure requires that a weighted average value
for the average mass thickness be employed, the net error in
the result is relatively small due to the fact that the bulk of the
mass concentration is usually within  a  relatively small range
since the total mass of a particle can vary as the cube of the
particle diameter.

66826
Ettinger, H. J., M. I. Tillery, L. McGuire, and L. Ortiz
AEROSOL  SIZE CHARACTERIZATION  AND SAMPLING.
In:  Annual Report  of  the  Biomedical  and Environmental
Research Program of the LASL Health  Division. Jan. through
Dec. 1973.  California Univ., Los Alamos, N. Mex., Los  Alamos
Scientific Lab., Atomic Energy  Commission  Contract W-7405-
ENG36, Rept. UC-48, p. 25-27, May 1974.  1 ref. NTIS: LA-
5633-PR
The spinning spiral channel aerosol size spectrometer for stu-
dying  small airborne  participates and  its  performance are
discussed. The advantages of an expanding channel spectrome-
ter over the less expensive nonexpanding channel spectrome-
ter are described theoretically. Thy equations will be solved by
computer  and compared with empirically derived calibration
curves for the  spectrometers to  determine if the model is suffi-
ciently representative. The equations  do indicate that  the ex-
panding channel will require a  greater length for deposition
since the top of the nonexpanding channel drives the particles
into a region of high centrifugal force. This  suggests that the
simpler, nonexpanding design is preferable  from both a cost
and usefulness point  of  view. Air sampling in the vicinity of
glove boxes to  determine hazards to workers from  contain-
ment system leaks  is also discussed. Optimum sampler  loca-
tion determination procedures are reviewed. Membrane filters
can be used to collect particles  which are then viewed for size
determination  by optical microscopy.  Submicron particles can
be collected by electrostatic or thermal precipitators and  sized
by electron microscopes.

66931
Mark, D.
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE  USE OF MEMBRANE
FILTERS FOR DUST SAMPLING WHEN COMPOSITIONAL
ANALYSIS  IS REQUIRED. Ann. Occupational Hyg., 17(1):3S-
40, 1974. 2 refs.
Properties required of filter materials for use in  the gravimet-
ric  sampling of airborne coal  mine  dust,  when  subsequent
compositional  analysis by infrared spectrophotometry is per-
formed, are outlined, and results are presented from laborato-

-------
46
PARTICULATES  AND AIR  POLLUTION
ry investigations with five  types  of  membrane filters. Filter
material characteristics required  for  gravimetric sampling of
respirable  mine dust for subsequent infrared analysis include:
high collection  efficiency (virtually 100%), minimal moisture
effect, and negligible or predictable ash production which does
not interfere in the infrared  spectrogram for quartz.  Test
results are given for a Sartorius PVC filter, a Sartorius cellu-
lose nitrate  filter,  two Gelman  Metricel filters,  a  Millipore
Polyvic filter,  and a  Whatman  glass fiber filter (for  com-
parison). All of the incinerated filter materials, with the excep-
tion of the Sartorius PVC filter which leaves no ash,  show sig-
nificant interference in the region of  spectrogram correspond-
ing to quartz peaks.  The Sartorius PVC filter, however, ap-
pears to collect considerably less  dust than the glass-fiber fil-
ters currently in use due to electrostatic repulsion of the dust
particles by the filter during sampling. A method of treating
the filters with a detergent solution  appears to eliminate the
undersampling of the PVC filter, while apparently not resulting
in any other adverse effect.

67035
Michel, H. V. and Frank Asaro
NEUTRON  ACTIVATION ANALYSIS  OF PARTICULATE
MATTER IN AIR. In: Nuclear Chemistry Annual Report 1973.
California Univ., Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab., Atomic
Energy Commission Contract  W-7405-eng-48, Repl. TID-4500-
R61, UC-4, Chemistry, p. 407-409, 1974. NTIS: LBL-2366
Neutron activation analysis is performed on airborne particu-
late matter  from the  Pasadena,  California area to determine
modifications   necessary for  the conversion  of  analytical
techniques developed for pottery analysis to the analysis of air
pollutants.  Measured weights  and  standard  deviations are
listed for  the following elements: aluminum, magnesium, calci-
um, vanadium, chlorine, bromine, sodium, manganese, stronti-
um, potassium, gallium, uranium, samarium, tungsten, cadmi-
um, mercury,  arsenic, titanium,  tantalum, cobalt, scandium,
silver, iron, cesium,  antimony,  tin, indium, chromium, thori-
um, Ew,  barium,  nickel, rubidium,  terbium,  hafnium,  zinc,
and selenium.

67828
Hamil, Henry F. and David E. Camann
COLLABORATIVE STUDY OF METHOD FOR THE DETER-
MINATION  OF  PARTICULATE  MATTER  EMISSIONS
FROM STATIONARY  SOURCES  (PORTLAND  CEMENT
PLANTS). Southwest  Research Inst., San Antonio,  Tex., En-
vironmental Protection Agency Contract 68-02-0626, ROAP No.
26AAG, Program  Element 1HA327,  Rept. EPA-650/4-74-029,
S5p., May 1974. 16 refs. NTIS: PB 237346/AS
The results  of  a collaborative test of the Environmental  Pro-
tection Agency s  Method  5   Determination  of Particulate
Emissions from Stationary Sources  are presented. The test
was conducted  by four participating laboratories at a Portland
cement plant under simulated real world  Method 5 testing con-
ditions. Topics  discussed include: the design of the collabora-
tive test, problems encountered in using Method 5, estimates
of  the  inter- and  intra-laboratory precision of the method,
sources of precision variability, and the  necessity of samph'ng
restrictions  for compliance testing.  The magnitude  of the
Method 5  precision estimates obtained is due primarily to oc-
casional extremely high paniculate determinations.  This  high
value phenomenon, present in all three Method 5 collaborative
tests  conducted by  Southwest  Institute, is  believed  to be
caused  by accidental scraping  of the  probe tip against the
stack wall. The following suggestions  are made to improve the
inter- and  intra-laboratory precision of the method: develop a
                            procedure to prevent, or at least inhibit, the occurrence of the
                            high value phenomenon,  standardize the method to reduce
                            laboratory bias by specifying in greater detail how procedures
                            are to be performed, and retain the isokinetic  sampling restric-
                            tion but with some latitude in the minimum dry gas  sampling
                            volume limitation.

                          / 68056
                            Wedberg, George H., Kwok-Chi Chan, Bernard L. Cohen, and
                            John O. Frohliger
                            X-RAY FLUORESCENCE STUDY OF ATMOSPHERIC PAR-
                            TICULATES  IN   PITTSBURGH.  Environ.  Sci.   Technol.,
                            8(13):1090-1093, Dec. 1974. 10 refs.
                            Methods for determining whether air pollution episodes in Pitt-
                            sburgh are due to  industrial or automotive sources  were in-
                            vestigated by trace element analysis of fine particulates using
                            proton-induced X-ray fluorescence. The  determination of the
                            lead/bromine ratio was inadequate because Pb, as well as Br,
                            is predominantly  of automotive origin, and the ratio of these
                            elements in particulates  from auto exhaust varies with time
                            and atmospheric conditions. The ratio of Pb to iron was much
                            more useful, as Fe is almost exclusively of  industrial origin.
                            Several air pollution episodes in the Pittsburgh area were stu-
                            died. Some  were due to  atmospheric  stagnation with both Pb
                            and Fe content high, while others were due to industrial emis-
                            sions,  characterized by  low  Pb/Fe ratios. (Author abstract
                            modified)

                            68097
                            Herrick, Robert A.
                            SOURCE SAMPLING FOR MASS EMISSIONS OF PARTICU-
                            LATE MATTER:  A STATE-OF-THE-ART REPORT. Health
                            Lab. Sci., 11(4):366-370, Oct. 1974. 19 refs.
                            The state-of-the-art regarding  the  samph'ng  of  paniculate
                            matter,  including   in-stack  concentrations,  is   reviewed.
                            Although several established methods are available  for mea-
                            suring the  paniculate content of stack gases at stack condi-
                            tions, there is no fully satisfactory  source measurement since
                            paniculate  matter is not adequately defined in terms of tem-
                            perature and pressure specificity of the sampled stack gas. The
                            Environmental Protection Agency  s  front half method is a
                            specific  method  using arbitrary pressures and temperatures
                            and is also  a repeatable  method which can be used  to  check
                            emission levels against a  numerical standard since it correlates
                            directly with neither control equipment  engineering  data nor
                            ambient air quality measurement. There are currently no fully
                            adequate methods for measuring the condensible fraction of
                            point source paniculate emissions;  the Greenburg-Smith imp-
                            inger is unsatisfactory because of its low paniculate collection
                            efficiency in the sub-micron range and the possible absorption
                            of gases. (Author summary modified)

                            69006
                            Modowski, E. R.
                            STACK  PARTICULATE SAMPLING. Mech. Eng.,  96(10):29-
                            34, Oct. 1974. 6 refs.
                            In-stack  paniculate emission samplers  has  been used con-
                            veniently and successfully for a number of years, but have not
                            received approval by the Environmental Protection Agency as
                            an acceptable alternate for its own paniculate samph'ng train
                            procedure. Recent  comparison tests are described  which in-
                            dicate that the in-stack samplers are more efficient,  accurate,
                            and consistent in actual practice than the  EPA method. The ef-
                            ficiency  of  collection of the EPA system was erratic  even
                            under  controlled  conditions: For a series of  checks  it was

-------
                                        C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
                                                       47
below 99% by weight because of lay-down in the long probe
ahead of the first filter that is  almost  impossible to remove
completely. A single stage filter of EPA recommended materi-
al  in an in-stack sampler can  be 99% or more efficient  by
weight without any  back-up filter. The EPA system took more
than twice  as long  per test as the less cumbersome in-stack
system.  Collection  in the impinger portion of the EPA train
showed  an  apparently created material that can  be volatilized
off at higher temperatures. Flue gas moisture content can be
established just as accurately by combustion calculations from
fuel and gas analyses as by trapping and weighing the moisture
in the sampled  gas. Isokinetic  sampling rates  for  the EPA
system will usually  be higher because its S-type pilot tube will
indicate  a  higher  velocity  head  than  that  obtained by a
Fecheimer  probe.  Laboratory  and  field test  results   are
presented.

69097
Beltzer, Morton
MEASUREMENT OF VEHICLE PARTICULATE EMISSIONS.
Preprint, National Inst. of Health, Research Triangle Park, N.
C., National  Inst. of Environmental Health Sciences and En-
vironmental Protection Agency,  Research Triangle Park, N.  C.,
Office  of  Research and  Development, 28p.,   1974.  5 refs.
(Presented at the Health  Consequences of Environmental Con-
trols: Impact of Mobile  Emissions  Controls,  Durham,  N.  C.,
April 16-19, 1974.)
An  automobile  exhaust  particulate  sampling  system   is
described which is  capable of frequent  and convenient opera-
tion, is  compatible with constant volume sampling, and col-
lects  particulate  matter  at  constant  temperature during  the
1972 or  1975 Federal Test Procedure. Compatibility is obtained
because the particulate sampler requires only a small portion
of the diluted exhaust and the  major portion of the  sample is
thus available to the constant volume sampling system for  the
measurement of gaseous emissions. The system consists of a
diluent air preparation system, a flow development tunnel, and
exhaust injector system, an  isokinetic sampling probe, and a
 •articulate  measurement device.
 69989
 Funkhouser, John T., Edward T. Peters, Philip L. Levins,
 Arnold Doyle, Paul Giever, and John McCoy
 MANUAL METHODS FOR SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF
 PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM MUNICIPAL INCINERA-
 TORS (FINAL  REPORT). Little (Arthur D.), Inc., Cambridge,
 Mass., Environmental Protection Agency Contract EHSD 71-27,
 Program  Element  1AA010,  Rept. EPA-650/2-73-023,  287p.,
 Sept. 1973. 83 refs. NTIS: PB 238 476/AS
 Manual methods for the sampling and analysis  of particulate
 emissions from municipal incinerators were evaluated. Particu-
 lates consist of chloride, sulfate, nitrate, and cations such as
 zinc, lead,  tin, iron, potassium, sodium,  titanium,  and alu-
 minum. An information base was prepared which describes in-
 cineration   processes   and    sampling   methodology  and
 procedures.  The technology necessary to  meet the program ob-
 jectives was defined.  Field  tests  were  conducted using the
 EPA sampling  train to  evaluate the plan.  The train caught
 more than 80% of  the particulate  catch in  the probe/cyclone
 and  filter. Very little of the  material caught in  the impingers
 was  related  to what  is considered particulate.  The impinger
 catch is essentially mineral acid. It is not clear whether the ox-
 idation of sulfur dioxide in the sampling train  is a potential
 source of error in the impinger catch.
69999
Goulding, F. S. and J. M. Jaklevic
DEVELOPMENT  OF  AIR PARTICULATE  MONITORING
SYSTEMS (FINAL  REPORT). California  Univ.,  Berkeley,
Lawrence Berkeley Lab., Environmental Protection Agency In-
teragency Agreement  EPA-IAG-D4-0377, ROAP 56AAI,  Pro-
gram Element 1A1103,  Rept.  EPA-650/4-74-030,  67p.,  July
1974. 8 refs.
Results of the first year of a 2-year research program in the
fabrication of a high-speed aerosol  system are  described.
Twelve automated dichotomous sampling stations which col-
lect particles in the 0 to 2 to 20 micron diameter ranges will be
built.  A  prototype  virtual impactor for  aerodynamically
separating particles into two size  ranges is described, and
design improvements  for  minimizing  losses are  discussed.
Design parameters  were determined for a high-speed energy
dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer capable of analyz-
ing elements  with atomic numbers  above 13  during the first
year of the research program. A prototype beta gauge for total
mass determination was tested, and  a detection limit of  10
micrograms/sq cm was  measured. For the purpose of sample
identification,  a system  is described by which the X-ray spec-
trometer and beta gauge will be able to identify a digital code
on each filter. (Author abstract modified)

70714
Jaenicke, R. and I. H. Blifford
THE INFLUENCE  OF  AEROSOL  CHARACTERISTICS ON
THE CALIBRATION  OF  IMPACTORS.  J. Aerosol  Sci.,
S(S):4S7-464, 1974. 11 refs.
Experiments  investigating  the  influence  of aerosol  charac-
teristics  on the calibration  of  impactor collection  efficiency
were performed, with the results being compared to earlier ex-
perimental calibrations  and recent theoretical calculations.
Rectangular jet impactors  were calibrated with a  procedure
which avoided the production  of multiple polystyrene  parti-
cles. The original hydrosol of the  polystyrene particles was
reactivated ultrasonically to break up all multiple particle ag-
glomerates. Large dilutions  with distilled  water were  used to
minimize the formation  of agglomerates during spraying of the
hydrosol. Special variable-slit impactors were constructed for
calibration purposes, and an optical particle  counter was used
to monitor the performance  of  the  aerosol generator.  The
calibration curve obtained differed greatly from earlier calibra-
tions, though it was in close agreement with recent theoretical
calculations. Systematic changes in calibration curves over the
years and their departure from the present results suggest that
earlier calibrations may  have been affected by the character of
the calibration aerosols.

72399
Neustadter, H. E., S. M. Sidik, R. B. King, J. S. Fordyce, and
J. C. Burr
THE USE OF WHATMAN-41 FILTERS FOR HIGH VOLUME
AIR SAMPLING. Atmos. Environ., 9(1):101-109, Jan. 1975.  22
refs.
Paired measurements  of suspended  particulates  with glass
fiber filters and Whatman-41 filters were taken at 16 sites over
a high-volume air sampling network during a 13-month period
to determine the feasibility of replacing glass fiber filters with
the Whatman  filters. The suspended particulate samples from
the glass fiber filters averaged slightly, but not significantly,
higher than those from the Whatman-41 filters. Extra handling
procedures were required to avoid errors due to the hygro-
scopic nature  of the  Whatman-41 filters which demonstrated

-------
48
                                  PARTICULATES  AND AIR POLLUTION
 their practicability for air quality  monitoring  and elemental
 analysis in urban environments similar to the test site in Cleve-
 land, Ohio. (Author abstract modified)

 72974
 Lao, R. C., R. S. Thomas, L. Dubois, and J. L. Monkman
 IMPROVED  METHODS OF SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF
 AIRBORNE  HAZARDOUS PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS.
 Preprint, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Air Pollution Control
 Directorate 7p., 1974.  (Presented  at  the Health Effects of  En-
 vironmental Pollution, International Symposium Paris, France,
 June 24-28, 1974.)
 Problems  ivolved in  the collection of airborne particulates
 composed of compounds  with high  vapor  pressures  are
 discussed. Although the analysis  of volatile compounds of ar-
 senic,  selenium,  and  mercury  as  well  as  the analysis of
 polynuclear aromatics is continually being upgraded with such
 techniques as gas chromatography, mass spectrometry,  and
 spectrophotometry, few changes  are evident in the collection
 of such compounds. Particulate pollutants having high vapor
 pressures appear capable  of either passing  through  conven-
 tional filter media without being trapped or evaporating from
 the collected particulates with the continuing passage of the air
 stream. Calculated equilibrium vapor concentrations for vari-
 ous  polynuclear and  arsenic compounds  indicate that vapor
 losses during sampling may be appreciable.

 73008
 Knollenberg, Robert G.
 ACTIVE SCATTERING AEROSOL SPECTROMETRY. Nat.
 Bur.  Stand.  U.  S. Spec.  Publ.,  no.  412:57-64,  Oct. 1974.
 (Presented at the National Bureau  of Standards Seminar on
 Aerosol Measurements, Gaithersburg, Md., May 7, 1974.)
 Aerosol sizing methods are reviewed, with particular emphasis
 on active scattering aerosol spectrometry. Active scattering
 spectrometers use the active open cavity of  a laser as  the
 source of particle illumination, with the interferometric aspects
 of the system producing both forward and backward scattered
 radiation at all collecting angles. This, coupled with the use of
 an extremely intense source and the fact that the collecting op-
 tics  solid angle can be considerably greater than 1 steradian,
 results in a highly sensitive system capable of  sizing  particles
 with diameters of several hundred Angstroms using solid state
 silicon  detectors. Size measurements  are obtained from  the
 pulse  height, and  the sensitivity in terms   of  converted
 photocurrent is 1  microampere of signal per micron squared of
 scattering cross section. A field depth of  + or  - 5 mm can be
 obtained without appreciable change in the scatter function.
 (Author abstract modified)

(73043
 Carter, William Jackson, III
 QUANTITATIVE X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCO-
 PY AND  APPLICATIONS  TO AHt POLLUTION. Tennessee
 Univ., Knoxville, Physics Div., Thesis (Ph.D.), Sept. 1974. 137p.
 72 refs. NTIS: ORNL-TM-4669
 The  technique of electron  spectroscopy for chemical analysis
 (ESCA) was evaluated for analyzing air pollution samples of
 paniculate matter. Three paniculate air pollution samples  and
 the filter paper  on  which they  were  collected were  studied
 using aluminum potassium alpha excitation. The elements com-
 prising the major composition of each sample were identified
 from the binding energy position  of the peaks arising from the
 photoionization of core electrons. Different chemical states or
 environments for certain elements  were  also  observed.  The
                                                             composition for one of the paniculate matter samples was ex-
                                                             amined in detail in order to obtain qualitative and quantitative
                                                             identification of the elements  present. X-ray  photoelectron
                                                             spectroscopy (XPS) is potentially applicable for routine analy-
                                                             sis of these type samples. The  sample  was also examined by
                                                             Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and was in agreement with
                                                             the XPS data for lead and sulfur. (Author abstract modified)

                                                             73065
                                                             Shofner, Frederick M., Gunter O. Schrecker, Thomas B.
                                                             Carlson, and Ronald O. Webb
                                                             MEASUREMENT AND INTERPRETATION OF DRIFT-PAR-
                                                             TICLE CHARACTERISTICS. State of Maryland, Power Plant
                                                             Siting Program and Atomic Energy Commission, Washington,
                                                             D. C.,  Div.  of Biomedical  and Environmental Research, Cool.
                                                             Tower  Environ. Symp., College Park,  Md.,  1974,  CONF-
                                                             740302, p. 427-454, 1975. 6 refs.  (March  4-6.)
                                                             The  measurement  and interpretation of drift-particle charac-
                                                             teristics  associated with   cooling  towers  are  discussed.
                                                             Representative accuracies associated with data generated by
                                                             laser light scattering, sensitive paper, and isokinetic sampling
                                                             techniques are around + or - 15% for particle density distribu-
                                                             tions resulting from typical  evaporative  cooling device installa-
                                                             tions. The accuracy of particle density distribution data  in-
                                                             terpretation  strongly depends  on maintenance  of  calibration
                                                             and the acquisition of a solid statistical  data base. Particle den-
                                                             sity distribution is thhe most basic and important drift parame-
                                                             ter for predicting transport. In contrast, mass  measurements
                                                             which necessarily report an apparent drift water mass are of
                                                             no utility in evaluating the  environmental effects of a cooling
                                                             system. (Author conclusions modified)

                                                             73139
                                                             Marple, V. A.
                                                             DEVELOPMENT,  CALIBRATION AND APPLICATION OF
                                                             SIZE DISTRIBUTION INSTRUMENTS  AT THE UNIVERSITY
                                                             OF  MINNESOTA.  Nat. Bur.  Stand. U. S. Spec.  Publ., no.
                                                             412:149-176, Oct. 1974. 15 refs. (Presented at the National Bu-
                                                             reau ofStandards Seminar  on Aerosol Measurements, Gaither-
                                                             sburg, Md.,  May 7, 1974.)
                                                             Progress in  the development,  calibration, and  application of
                                                             size  distribution instruments at  the University of Minnesota is
                                                             reviewed. Topics covered include: the development and opera-
                                                             tion  of an electrical aerosol analyzer for in-situ measurements
                                                             over the 0.003-1.0 micron diameter range; the use of a vibrat-
                                                             ing  orifice  monodisperse  aerosol generator  for  calibrating
                                                             aerosol measuring  and sampling equipment; the generation of
                                                             submicron  (below   0.5  micron)  aerosols  with  pneumatic
                                                             atomization and electrostatic classification; the calibration of
                                                             condensation nuclei counters;  the use of submicron aerosol
                                                             generators for the calibration of the electrical aerosol analyzer;
                                                             calibration methods  for optical particle counters using ideal
                                                             and nonideal aerosols; the development of various aerosol size
                                                             distribution  measurement  systems;  and  conclusions  drawn
                                                             from field studies of atmospheric aerosol particle size distribu-
                                                             tions.  Fine  particles constitute about 1/3  of  the  total  at-
                                                             mospheric aerosol  mass on the average, with moderately pol-
                                                             luted urban areas showing fine  particle size concentrations of
                                                             around 50 micrograms/cu m and coarse particle  concentrations
                                                             of around 120 micrograms/cu m.

                                                             75084                                               ,
                                                             Reisman, E., W. D. Gerber, and N. D. Potter
                                                             IN-STACK TRANSMISSOMETER MEASUREMENT OF PAR-
                                                             TICULATE   OPACITY  AND  MASS  CONCENTRATION

-------
                                       C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
                                                      49
(FINAL REPORT). Philco-Ford Corp., Newport Beach, Calif.,
Aeronutronic  Div., Environmental Protection Agency Contract
68-02-1229, Program Element  1AA010, ROAP 26AAM,  Rept.
EPA-650/2-74-120, 116p., Nov. 1974. 12 refs.
Field  test evaluations of  a transmissometer for in-stack mea-
surements of paniculate opacity and mass concentration were
conducted at  six industrial sites. The performance of the trans-
missometer as a continuous monitor was evaluated at each site
for a  period of 30 days.  Plume opacities were also measured
by one of several objective methods such as telephotometry,
and mass concentrations  were measured directly with an En-
vironmental   Protection  Agency  particulate   sampling  train
(Method  5)  for comparison  purposes.  The  transmissometer
performed accurately and reliably, detecting  density changes
of 0.001. The presence of water droplets when the stack gas
was below the dew point temperature  was recorded by the in-
strument as participates, and the presence of sulfur trioxide in
vapor form was not detected since, like all optical devices, the
transmissometer only measures the characteristics  of the par-
ticulates  it encounters. Zero drifts were generally  very small
for the instrument. At one site a high vibration level created
the need for continual check of the alignment.

75110
Ranade, Madhav B.
SAMPLING   INTERFACE FOR QUANTITATIVE  TRANS-
PORT OF AEROSOLS (FINAL REPORT). IIT Research Inst.,
Chicago, 111., Environmental Protection Agency Contract 68-02-
0579, Proj.  26AAM,  Program  Element 1AA010,  Rept.  EPA-
650/2-74-016, 141p., Dec. 1973.  4 refs. NTIS: PB 240434/AS
A sampling  probe for the quantitative transport of aerosols
through a conduit from a source to a sensor is described. The
probe consists of a porous metal tube encased in  a manifold
through which transpiration air is passed inward to provide a
moving clean air sheath that minimizes particle deposition on
the walls. The probe, which  is 178  cm  by 1.27 cm  in size,
requires  only  14.2  1/min  of  transpiration  air to  virtually
eliminate the deposition of particles in the 0.05 to 15 micron
size range. Particles as large as 70 micron require as much  as
283 1/min to  prevent  deposition losses at low sample flow
rates. The porous probe is also effective in the preservation  of
size distribution. Optimization  of the sample and transpiration
flow  ratio is necessary for a  given size range to  obtain the
most  effective use  of the porous probe.  (Author abstract
modified)

75111
Roberds, D.  W., W. M. Farmer, and A. E. Lennert
INTERFEROMETRIC INSTRUMENTATION FOR PARTICLE
SIZE  ANALYSIS  (FINAL REPORT). Arnold  Research Or-
ganization, Inc., Arnold Air Force Station, Tenn., Environmen-
tal  Protection  Agency  Interagency   Agreement  EPA-IAG-
0177(D), Program Element 1AA010, ROAP 26AAM,  Rept. EPA-
650/2-73-034,  59p., June 1974. 17 refs. NTIS: PB 240584/AS
Results from  experiments conducted to determine the charac-
teristics and potential capabilities of particle size analysis with
laser  interferometer techniques are reported.  The fringe visi-
bility  technique appears capable of being incorporated into a
viable instrument for the real time analysis of particle sizes
simultaneously with  velocity   measurements.  Particle  sizes
from the millimeter range to 1 micron can be determined; how-
ever,  the threshold of detection is not established. For self-
aligning optics, 0.5 wavelengths of the illuminating beam ap-
pears  to be the limit, e.g., in the case of the helium-cadmium
laser,  operating at 4416  A, approximately 0.22 micron. The
threshold  is further lowered to  0.17 micron  by opening the
laser at 3250 A. One-dimensional particle sizing exerpiments
leave much to be desired, and two-dimensional particle sizing
is a minimum condition for realizing reliable measurements.

75115
Ringwall,  Carl G.
COMPACT SAMPLING SYSTEM  FOR COLLECTION OF
PARTICULATES FROM  STATIONARY SOURCES (FINAL
REPORT). General Electric  Co., Schenectady, N. Y., Environ-
mental Protection Agency Contract  68-02-0546, Program  Ele-
ment  1A1010, Rept.  EPA-650/2-74-029,  106p.,  April 1974. 5
refs. NTIS: PB 240398/AS
A  compact sampling system for the collection of particulates
from stationary sources is described, with particular emphasis
on the gas velocity sensor and a fluidic control amplifier. The
sensor concept  is based  on the static  pressure differential
between the free air stream and the nozzle inlet. The fluidic
control amplifier which interfaces directly with the sensor pro-
vides the  control to automatically  maintain isokinetic condi-
tions. Field tests at both oil- and coal-fired power  plants in-
dicate  that the  sensor  and  controller  can  function with no
degradation in performance under the adverse environment of
representative power plant stacks. Temperatures of  up to 205
C  and  solid particulate  concentrations of 3.50 g/cu  m can be
tolerated by the sampling system. (Author abstract modified)

75147
Conner, William D.
MEASUREMENT OF THE OPACITY AND MASS CONCEN-
TRATION OF PARTICULATE EMISSIONS BY TRANSMIS-
SOMETRY. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Trian-
gle Park,  N. C., Chemistry and Physics Lab., Program Element
1AA010,  ROAP  26AAM, Rept. EPA-650/2-74-128, 37p.,  Nov.
1974. 23 refs. NTIS: PB 241251/AS
The transmissometric  measurement  of opacity and mass con-
centration  of stack  particulate emissions is reviewed. Trans-
missometers used to measure the opacity of particulates pos-
sess two essential design features: the spectral response of the
instrument is limited to visible light (sensitive  to green light
mostly) and the  light collimating optics of the instrument ex-
clude light scattered by the particulates from  measurement.
Although  only a limited opacity-mass concentration relation-
ship can be expected between sources of different  sizes and
particulate characteristics, a good opacity-mass concentration
relationship can be obtained  for sources with stable particulate
characteristics.  Such a  relationship is  usually  developed by
empirical  calibration of  a transmissometer on the source with
an accepted manual gravimetric sampling method. Two rela-
tively simple  methods exist  for remote instrumental measure-
ment of opacity. They  are  through-the-plume photometry of
the sun and  telephotometry of contrasting targets. A more
general lidar method for remote opacity measurements is  cur-
rently being developed.

75187
Brooks, E. F., E. C. Beder, C. A. Flegal, D. J. Luciani, and R.
Williams
CONTINUOUS   MEASUREMENT   OF    TOTAL   GAS
FLOWRATE  FROM STATIONARY SOURCES (FINAL  RE-
PORT). TRW Systems Group, Redondo Beach, Calif., Environ-
mental Protection Agency Contract  68-02-0636, Program  Ele-
ment  1AB013,  ROAP  21ACX-AE, Rept.  EPA-650/2-75-020,
TRW 23060-6019-RU-OO, 262p., Feb.  1975. 7  refs. NTIS: PB 241
894/AS

-------
50
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
Laboratory and field evaluations of hardware and techniques
for the continuous  measurement of the total gas  flow rate
from  stationary  sources  were  conducted,  with  particular
emphasis being placed on large or complex ducts where total
flow metering devices such as plate orifices are not practical.
The total volumetric flow rate in either circular or rectangular
ducts was measured with  accuracies consistently better than
10% when from one to eight flow sensors were properly posi-
tioned; standard traversal techniques would require from 20-50
traverse  points. Rectangular  duct mapping  techniques dis-
played optimum accuracy immediately downstream of an el-
bow. Several off-the-shelf velocity sensors were acceptable for
use in the specified stack-type environment. (Author abstract
modified)

75948
Nichols, Grady B.
TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING FLY ASH RESISTIVITY
(FINAL REPORT).  Southern Research Inst., Birmingham, Ala.,
Environmental Protection Agency Contract 68-02-1303, Program
Element 1AB012, Rept. EPA-6SO/2-74-079, 49p.,  Aug. 1974.  9
refs. NTIS: PB 244140/AS
The methods used  for the measurement of the  electrical re-
sistivity  of  paniculate matter suspended  in  an  effluent  gas
stream are  discussed.  The behavior  of  an   electrostatic
precipitator is related  to  the value  of the resistivity  of  the
suspended paniculate.  Some of the  mechanisms  of electrical
conduction  in fly ash from  coal combustion are  described as
they  influence resistivity.  A  discussion is also included of in
situ versus laboratory techniques for measuring resistivity  and
the  interpretation of data  measured by these methods. The
point to plane probe provides data that are more clearly con-
sistent with  observed behavior  of  operating   electrostatic
precipitators than the  other alternative devices.  This  factor,
together with the  similarities between the  operation of  a
precipitator and the instrument are the basis for  the selection
of the point to plane device  as the preferred measurement in-
strument. (Author abstract modified)

75993
Smith, W. B., K. M. Gushing, G. E. Lacey, and J. D. McCain
PARTICULATE  SIZING  TECHNIQUES  FOR   CONTROL
DEVICE  EVALUATION.   Southern   Research   Inst.,  Bir-
mingham, Ala., Environmental Protection Agency  Contract 68-
02-0273, Program Element  1AB012, ROAP  21ADM-011, Rept.
EPA-650/2-74-102-a, SORI-EAS-7S-369, 133p., Aug. 197S.  12
refs. NTIS: PB 245184/AS
Laboratory  and field evaluations of  inertial sizing techniques
(cyclones and cascade  impactors) were performed in an effort
to find a suitable method for the evaluation of pollution con-
trol devices. Laboratory tests with hard, dry aerosols indicated
that approximately  10 m/sec is the practical upper limit  for im-
pactor jet velocities if reentrainment is to be avoided. Glass
fiber substrate weight gains which were mostly due to  sulfate
uptake on the substrates constituted a severe problem. Precon-
ditioning of normal Gelman type A  substrates for  several
hours  in flue gas reduced  the  weight gains  considerably.
Teflon, Whatman GF/A and  GF/D, and Reeve Angel 934  AH
were glass  fiber materials which showed  little   weight gain.
Electrostatic effects posed a  substantial interference with bare
collection plates, although the effect with glass fiber substrates
was minimal. Design and calibration data were also obtained
for two series of cyclone size devices: one designed to operate
at a flowrate of 140 1/min and the other at 28 1/min. Each pro-
vided three  size fractionation points  in the 0.5-10 micron size
interval. The cyclone systems  permitted  the collection  of
                            larger quantities  of size fractionated particulates and  were
                            somewhat easier  to use than were the impactors.  (Author ab-
                            stract modified)
                                                                                 •v
                            76006
                            Mitchell, William J. and M. Rodney Midgett
                            METHOD  FOR  OBTAINING REPLICATE  PARTICULATE
                            SAMPLES  FROM STATIONARY  SOURCES  (FINAL  RE-
                            PORT). Environmental Protection Agency,  Research  Triangle
                            Park, N. C., Quality Assurance and Environmental Monitoring
                            Lab., Program Element  1HA327, ROAP  26AAG,  Rept.  EPA-
                            650/4-75-025, 32p., June 1975. 7 refs. NTIS: PB 245045/AS
                            Dual sampling arrangements that  allowed four  independent
                            trains to sample  simultaneously at the same  point in a stack
                            were used  to  obtain  replicate paniculate  samples from sta-
                            tionary sources.  A total of 16 paniculate sampling runs  with
                            four identical Environmental protection Agency Method 5 par-
                            ticulate trains  revealed that the  magnitude of the within-run
                            standard deviation was linearly related to  the magnitude of the
                            mean paniculate concentration measured for that run. How-
                            ever, no such  relationship was found between the within-run
                            standard deviation and  either the  run sampling  time or the
                            total volume of gas sampled. A statistical analysis of the per-
                            cent moisture in  the stack determination was used to estimate
                            the  precision  of the condensation  technique used in the
                            Method 5 train. (Author abstract modified)

                            77724
                            Kurtz, Jerome  L. and John G. Olin
                            A NEW FLOW  CONTROLLER FOR  HIGH VOLUME  AIR
                            SAMPLERS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh,
                            Pa., 23p., 1975. 6 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control
                            Association, Annual Meeting, 68th,  Boston,  Mass., June 15-20,
                            1975, Paper 75-65.6.)
                            A constant flow controller for high  volume  paniculate sam-
                            plers is described. The  device  uses a  constant-temperature
                            thermal anemometer  which measures the  mass  flow of the
                            sampled air. A triac motor speed regulator in a feed-back con-
                            trol loop maintains the flow rate constant over the selectable
                            range of 20-60 standard  cu  ft/min. The flow rate error caused
                            by filter loading, temperature variation, line voltage  changes,
                            change of filters  and motor brushes, and the installation of a
                            top-loading   calibrator is  at most  1.1   standard cu ft/min.
                            (Author abstract  modified)

                            77725
                            Porch, William M. and James E. Lovill
                            SATELLITE AND SURFACE OBSERVATIONS  OF  TEXAS
                            DUST STORMS. Preprint,  Air Pollution  Control  Assoc.,  Pitt-
                            sburgh, Pa., 18p., 1975.  15 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution
                            Control Association, Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June
                            15-20, 1975, Paper 75-36.4.)
                            Fast-response surface measurements and  satellite observations
                            of Texas dust  storms  were  made in March and April of 1974.
                            Nephelometer  measurements of dust  showed a strong correla-
                            tion  with  simultaneous  wind  measurements.  The  vertical
                            gradient of the nephelometer signals, which  is a measure of
                            the  aerosol  flux,  showed a  very strong power law relationship
                            to the horizontal  wind velocity. Frequency response and spec-
                            tral density comparisons of the wind and dust data proved to
                            be valuable tools for understanding the physical propertied of
                            dust suspension  by wind. The anlysis of  satellite data demon-
                            strated the  applicability  of spectral separation  of  dust and
                            cloud phenomena. (Author conclusions modified)

-------
                                         C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
                                                       51
  77828
  Bethea, Robert M. and Philip R. Morey
  AN ENGINEERING  ANALYSIS  OF  THE  RESPIRATORY
  AND TOTAL DUST PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH COT-
  TON TEXTILE  PROCESSING OPERATIONS. Preprint,  Air
  Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,  16p., 1975. 16 refs.
  (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual
  Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-20.2.)
  Results from an  experimental comparison  of several total  and
  respirable dust concentration sampling techniques under simu-
  lated cotton textile  processing conditions  are presented. The
  methods evaluated are: the Environmental Protection Agency-
  type high volume sampler  for  total dust,  the  Occupational
  Safety and Health  Administration-type  vertical  elutriator for
  total and respirable  cotton dust, and the Andersen multistage
  cascade impactor for  the  determination of dust size distribu-
  tion. The total dust monitor of the vertical elutriator must be
  mounted at  the  same height as  the entrance to the elutriator
  cone if particle  size distributions comparable  to the standard
  high volume sampler  are  to be  obtained.  Inconsistent results
  are obtained with the verticle elutriator at  flow rates of 6.8-7.5
  1/min;  at reduced flows  of 3.8-4.2 1/min, reproducibility  of the
  data is excellent, however.  The cumulative particle size  dis-
  tributions obtained by the  Andersen and high volume samplers
  are identical within  experimental error for airborne emissions
  from  carding strict  middling cotton. Very good agreement is
  also obtained for good middling  cotton carding emissions.  The
  Andersen units  consistently yield total  dust  concentrations
  40% lower than the corresponding results from the standard
  high volume sampler. Multistage cascade  iinpactors appear to
  be of limited utility in cotton dust sampling. (Author abstract
  modified)

/ 77890
  Bernstein, David, Michael T. Kleinman, Theodore J. Kneip,
  Tai L. Chan, and Morton Lippmann
  DEVELOPMENT OF A  HIGH-VOLUME SAMPLER  FOR
  THE  DETERMINATION  OF PARTICLE SIZE  DISTRIBU-
  TIONS IN AMBIENT AIR. Preprint, Air Pollution  Control As-
  soc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,  15p., 1975. 9 refs. (Presented at the Air
  Pollution Control Association, Annual  Meeting,  68th, Boston,
  Mass., June  15-20, 1975, Paper 75-65.3.)
  A size selective  particle sampler has been developed for con-
  tinuous sampling of the urban  aerosol over  periods ranging
  from hours to weeks. It  uses a parallel array of two-stage sam-
  plers. The cyclones  used as  the first stage  collectors have 50%
  particle retention at 3.5, 2.5, 1.5, and 0.5 micron aerodynamic
  diameter, respectively. Undersize particles passing  through the
  cyclones  are  captured  on  glass  fiber filters.  Equal  intake
  velocities are assured by  flow equalizers  on the inlets  to the
  cyclones. Accurate control of the flow through the cyclones is
  obtained using an integrated circuit pressure transducer in con-
  junction  with a  specially designed feedback control  circuit.
  The collection efficiencies of the cyclone were calibrated using
  monodisperse ferric oxide test aerosols tagged with Tc-99m.
  Mass  balances of the participates  collected  on the cyclones
  and filters are obtained for the five sampling stages. The sam-
  pler was operated in  New York City for periods  of 1  wk at
  rooftop level (13 stories). The concentrations in micrograms/cu
  m of the total suspended particulates measured by  the particle
  size sampler are in  excellent agreement with a constant flow
  sampler operating at  the  same  site over the same sampling
  period. By taking the differences in the measured concentra-
  tions in each of the  following  particle size regions are  ob-
  tained: less  than 0.5  micron; 0.5 to 1.5  micron;  1.5 to 2.5
  micron; 2.5 to 3.5 micron; greater than 3.5 micron. A bimodal
distribution  of the aerosol  is observed.  The distribution  of
lead, zinc, and manganese with particle size were determined
by analyses of the filter samples and are discussed. (Author
abstract modified)

77892
Lilienfeld, Pedro
A NEW AMBIENT PARTICULATE MASS MONITOR USING
BETA ATTENUATION. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
Pittsburgh, Pa., 14p., 1975. 21 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, Annual Meeting,  68th, Boston, Mass.,
June 15-20, 1975,  Paper 75-65.2.)
A paniculate mass monitor  has  been  developed for the auto-
mated measurement of ambient aerosol concentrations, based
on beta  radiation attenuation of two concurrently collected
filter samples, representing  the  total  and the respirable size
fractions. The instrument incorporates a  high-flow rate sam-
pling  inlet,  isokinetic  secondary collection  flow extraction,
flow control by an upstream venturi-type critical nozzle, and a
double-beta detection  rotating  head configuration  permitting
uninterrupted  sample collection  without time loss  associated
with  beta  counting.  The  instrument also  incorporates  a
microprocessor especially programmed for  this  application,
which performs all signal processing, control, timing, self-test-
ing and computation functions. The ambient paniculate moni-
tor has been designed  for maximum compatibility with typical
telemetry systems used on air pollution monitoring networks
with central computer  data collection.  Unattended operation
for almost a  full year for  1-hour  sampling periods appears
feasible.  (Author  abstract modified)

77941
Fegley, M. J., D.  S. Ensor, and L. E. Sparks
THE PROPAGATION  OF ERRORS IN PARTICLE  SIZE DIS-
TRIBUTION   MEASUREMENTS   PERFORMED  USING
CASCADE IMPACTORS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control  As-
soc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 25p., 1975.. 10 refs. (Presented at the Air
Pollution  Control Association, Annual  Meeting, 68th, Boston,
Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-32.5.)
A fundamental error analysis in particle size distribution mea-
surements performed using cascade impactors was conducted.
The  effects of flow condition fluctuations and  construction
tolerances are analyzed  using  the  solutions of  differential
equations describing the deposition efficiency of a round hole
jet impactor. The important  sources of random error are the
weighting of the  particle deposits, the tolerance in drilling the
jet holes, and the variation in flow rate through the impactor.
The  difficulty of generalizing the error analysis and the need
to apply to specific situations are stressed. These  errors are
controlled by  using an analytical balance  with the best preci-
sion available and with good quality  control of the impactor
construction. Careful size determination  is best  achieved  by
calibrating the impactor with a test aerosol. (Author summary
modified)

77971
Shofner, Frederick M., Gerhard Kreikebaum, and  Harold W.
Schmitt
IN  SITU CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT  OF  PARTICU-
LATE MASS CONCENTRATION. Preprint, Air Pollution Con-
trol Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 17p., 1975. 4 refs. (Presented at the
Air  Pollution  Control Association,   Annual  Meeting,  68th,
Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-41.1.)
An instrument capable of making in situ continuous measure-
ments of paniculate mass concentration, independent of parti-

-------
52
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
cle size  distribution for the  particle  size  range of 0.05-10
micron diameter, is described. The instrument is based on the
principle of laser light scattering and is essentially a backscat-
tering device. The backscattered light is detected in a combina-
tion of angles in  the backangle lobe. The incident light is  a
highly  colliminated  beam   of monochromatic  light  whose
wavelength is 0.9 micron.   The critical  electro-optical com-
ponents are all contained at the end of a probe which may be
inserted any distance into essentially any process gas stream.
The sampling  volume is completely optically defined  and en-
compasses approximately 12 cu cm. This  volume is external to
the probe and is configured relative to the probe so  that the
probe does not disturb the sampled gas  stream  as it passes
through the sampling volume. The sensitivity of the instrument
of 0.005 grains/actual cu ft, of process gas. Results of a series
of simultaneous measurements with the device  and with  a
standard isokinetic sampling train downstream of a precipitator
serving a coal-fired power plant are presented.

77994
Lebowitz, Malcolm F.
SHORT  TERM TESTING  FOR FUGITIVE  DUST EFFECT.
Preprint,  Air  Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  15p.,
1975. 11 refs.  (Presented at  the Air Pollution Control  Associa-
tion; Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June  15-20, 1975,
              '    '     '
 Examples of short-term testing for fugitive dust emissions are
 provided. Gravitational separation is the basis of test site loca-
 tion; and two or more test locations, well beyond  the  heavy
 settling range, are designated as boundary sites. Another loca-
 tion near the source, within the heavy settling range,  is the
 source site. Ambient air quality paniculate matter concentra-
 tions are measured by the high volume method. The  air sample
 is drawn through a filter situated in a covered housing at about
 50 cu ft/min for approximately 24 hr. The data are tabulated in
 a two-dimensional array to ascertain variations due to daily ef-
 fects and locations.  Suspended particulate concentrations are
 reported for areas around a wood products process, a cement
 plant, and one new and one existing steel plant. The tabulated
 data indicate concentrations greater than the  national  primary
 standard.

 77999

 I^alika, Peter W., Paul T. Bartlett, Robert E. Kenson, and
 John E. Yocom
 MEASUREMENT OF FUGITIVE EMISSIONS. Preprint,  Air
 Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 15p., 1975.  (Presented
 at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 68th,
 Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-25.3.)
 Methods for  measuring fugitive particulate and gaseous emis-
 sions from various industrial sources are discussed.  The three
 basic measurement approaches being investigated in  laboratory
 and field tests are: the quasi stack method in which the fugi-
 tive emission is  temporarily hooded and a temporary  duct or
 stack and fan are installed to  permit sampling by  means of
 standard stack sampling methods; the monitoring  of roof  and
 other vent openings to determine air  and material balances
 through  these  openings;  and  outdoor  sampling   during
prescribed meteorological  conditions  using sampling grids up-
wind and downwind of the source. A cost-effectiveness  analy-
sis of sampling strategy/industry source combinations indicates
that the cost-effectiveness of a given sampling  strategy  is de-
pendent on the source  to  be tested. A quasi-stack strategy is
most cost effective for a single source such as a grey iron cu-
pola; whereas a -roof monitoring program  is preferred  for a
copper smelter converter building, for example. A list of 18 in-
                            dustry/process combinations that are potentially significant fu-
                            gitive emission sources is provided. (Author abstract modified)
                            78102
                            Nader, John S.
                            CURRENT  TECHNOLOGY FOR CONTINUOUS MONITOR-
                            ING OF PARTICULATE EMISSIONS. Air Pollution Control
                            Assoc., 25(8):814-821, Aug. 1975. 40 refs.
                            Particulate matter is characterized by its physical and chemical
                            properties. Federal and state  emission standards identify two
                            important physical properties, opacity (visible emissions) and
                            particulate mass concentration. In addition, particle size and
                            particle composition  are characteristics that play a significant
                            role in the assessment of health effects, visibility, and control
                            strategy. Systems to  monitor  these particle characteristics are
                            in various  stages of  development. Opacity monitors  have the
                            longest history of commercial availability  and of applicability
                            to various  source emissions. Particulate mass  monitors have a
                            short history as commercially available systems and are under
                            evaluation in various source applications. Particle monitors are
                            mainly in  the advanced  prototype development stage. Real
                            time size monitoring systems will eventually be wedded to real
                            time  particle composition  analyzers  to  give a  monitoring
                            system for particle size distributions of chemical constituents.

                            78510
                            Owusu, Joshua K. and Robert M. Bethea
                            SCREENING  TECHNIQUE FOR HAZARDOUS METALLIC
                            COMPOUNDS  IN  PARTICULATE  STACK  EFFLUENTS.
                            Preprint, Air  Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 17p.,
                            1975. 16 refs. (Presented at  the Air  Pollution  Control Associa-
                            tion, Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June 15-20,  1975,
                            Paper  75-33.1.)
                            A rapid screening technique for hazardous  metallic compounds
                            in particulate  stack effluents was developed for the oxides of
                            antimony,  iron, chromium,  nickel, vanadium, tin,  and silver.
                            The qualitative  procedures,   originally  based  on  standard
                            geochemical and quantitative analysis methods are modified to
                            conform to the  anticipated lower detection limits required for
                            the screening  particulate stack samples obtained as a result of
                            emission or compliance testing. Solubilization is achieved by
                            digestion in 0.5  N nitric acid  followed by  selective solubiliza-
                            tion of copper oxide, ferrous  oxide, ferric oxide, and vanadi-
                            um pentaoxide in hot 3 N nitric acid and the  final  solution of
                            beryllium oxide and  antimony oxide in hot concentrated sul-
                            furic acid. Subsequent cation separation is obtained by com-
                            plex forming extractions in  suitable  solvents at an appropriate
                            pH. (Author abstract modified)

                            79037
                            Dzubay, T.  G., L. E. Hines, and R. K. Stevens
                            PARTICLE BOUNCE ERRORS IN  CASCADE IMPACTORS.
                            Preprint, Environmental  Protection Agency, Research Triangle
                            Park, N. C., 24p., 1975. 10 refs.
                            Field measurements of atmospheric aerosols using cascade im-
                            pactors indicated that the nature of the impaction surface ex-
                            erts a  significant effect on the apparent size distribution. The
                            tests were  performed with two identical cascade impactors
                            operating simultaneously. Dry impaction  surfaces  (aluminum
                            foil, glass  fiber filter material, and wax-coated paper) were
                            used in the  first impactor, while grease-coated foils were used
                            in the  second as a reference. A  comparison of the measured
                            size distributions indicated that the  use of dry impaction sur-
                            faces leads to a distorted measurement of the size distribution.

-------
                                       C.  MEASUREMENT METHODS
                                                      53
The distortion is attributed to particles bouncing off of the dry
impaction surfaces and  being collected on subsequent stages
or on the backup filter. (Author abstract modified)

79093
Brenchley, David L., C.  David Turley, and Raymond F.
Yarmac
USE OF  THE  EPA PARTICULATE TRAIN  FOR  COM-
PLIANCE TESTING.  In: Air Pollution Control  and  Industrial
Energy  Production. Kenneth  E.  Noll, Wayne T. Davis, and
Joseph  R. Duncan (eds.), Ann  Arbor,   Mich.,  Ann  Arbor
Science, 1974 (?), Chapt. 4, p 73-85. 7 refs.
A specific sampling procedure has been developed,  known as
Environmental  Protection Agency Method 5, for conducting
source compliance tests. The  EPA Method 5 in essence refers
only to dry participate  at  250  F.  The  sampling train  is
described, including the nozzle and probe, the pilot tube, the
filter, the cyclone, the impingers, the sampling box, the umbil-
ical  cord, and  the meter box.  The performance, and hence
calibration of the orifice meter is of primary importance and is
critical  to the maintenance of isokinetic  conditions.  The other
critical  pieces of equipment are the phot tube and dry gas me-
ter.  Routine maintenance  and calibration procedures are out-
lined. The test procedures are  also included.  Care must be
taken in shutting down  the sampling equipment at the  end of
the sampling period.

81439
Anderson, Paul L.
DEVELOPMENT OF A CENTRIFUGE  FOR SOURCE SAM-
PLING  TO  DETERMINE PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION.
Environ. Sci. Technol., 10(2): 145-150, Feb. 1976. 6 refs.
A small  centrifuge  source-aerosol sampler  with a  spectral
calibration range of from 0.16-3 micron is described. The sam-
pler includes multi-orifice cascade impactor plants ahead of
the centrifuge to process coarse  participates. The centrifuge is
thermally protected and small enough to be used  for some in-
stack sampling applications. The application of the sampler to
the collection of aerosols  before and after a fluid bed reactor
baghouse on  the  experimental  aluminum  reduction  cell  is
described. The fluid  alumina bed appears to be an efficient
collector of fine fume particles  as  well  as hydrogen fluoride.
Coarse   fines  (1-10  micron) predominately  penetrate the
baghouse as opposed to fines  less than  1  micron in size.
(Author abstract modified)

81499
Maddalone,  Ray F., Ronnie L. Thomas, and Philip W. West
MEASUREMENT  OF  SULFURIC ACID  AEROSOL  AND
TOTAL SULFATE CONTENT OF AMBIENT  AIR. Environ.
Sci. Technol., 10(2): 162-168, Feb.  1976. 28 refs.
A procedure for the measurement of sulfuric acid aerosol and
total sulfate  content of ambient air is described. The procedure
involves the formation of permidylammonium sulfate and sub-
sequent thermal decomposition  to  form  quantitatively sulfur
dioxide. The SO2  may  be  determined colorimetrically  by the
West-Gaeke procedure or by  means of flame photometry. Air-
borne participate samples are  analyzed by isolating the sulfuric
acid by microdiffusion, and total  sulfate is determined by
aqueous extraction of  the particulate  samples. A working
range of  1-50  micrograms of sulfate can  be handled con-
veniently, and  the determination (excluding  microdiffusion)
requires only a few minutes. (Author abstract modified)
82794
Gravatt, C. C., Jr.
REAL TIME  MEASUREMENT OF THE  SIZE  DISTRD3U-
TION OF PARTICULATE MATTER IN AIR BY A  LIGHT
SCATTERING METHOD. Preprint, National  Bureau of Stan-
dards, Washington,  D. C., Inst. for Materials Research,  20p.,
1972. 8 reis.
A light scattering method for the real time measurement of the
size  distribution of airborne particulate matter is  described
which produces  results that are independent  of the index of
refraction of the particles. The method involves  the simultane-
ous measurement of the intensity of light scattered by  a single
particle at two  small scattering angles  as  the  particle flows
through a scattering chamber. The ratio of  the two intensities
is proportional to the size of the particle but is independent of
its index of refraction. The size of each particle can be deter-
mined in about 20 microseconds. The lower measurable parti-
cle  size is about 0.2 micron with a helium-neon laser source
and  0.05 micron with  an argon laser source. Changes in parti-
cle  size distribution can be determined  within a few seconds
by employing a  multichannel analyzer as the data storage and
readout device. (Author abstract modified)

84722
Roberts, P. T.  and S. K. Friedlander
ANALYSIS  OF SULFUR IN DEPOSITED AEROSOL  PARTI-
CLES BY VAPORIZATION AND FLAME PHOTOMETRIC
DETECTION. Atmos. Environ., vol. 9:403-408,  1976. 15 refs.
An  aerosol  vaporization method that measures sulfur at the
nanogram  level directly from  the collection  substrate is
described. Detection is provided by a flame  photometric sulfur
analyzer. Calibration shows the method to  have a coefficient
of variance  of 7.3% and a lower limit of detection of 1 ng sul-
fur,  independent of  sulfur species. The method will respond to
sulfur compounds which evaporate or decompose below about
1200 C. The method has been used to measure  aerosol sulfur
concentrations (both total filter and with respect to  particle
size) in the Los  Angeles atmosphere and in  smog experiments.
(Author abstract)

84727
Liu, Benjamin Y. H. and K. W. Lee
EFFICIENCY OF MEMBRANE AND NUCLEPORE  FILTERS
FOR SUBMICROMETER AEROSOLS. Environ. Sci. Technol.,
10(4):345-350, April  1976. 8 refs.
The  efficiency  of  several  commonly  used  membrane  and
Nuclepore  filters  has  been measured using  monodisperse
aerosols and a new  electrical aerosol detector. Particles in the
0.03- and 1 micron diameter range were used  and the  filter
pressure drop was varied between 1 and 30  cm Hg. The filters
tested include  Teflon  membrane filters of 0.5-,  1.0-, 5.0-, and
10.0-micron diameter pores and Nuclepore filters of  0.6-,  1.0-,
3.0-, 5.0-, and 8.0-micron pores. The minimum filter efficiency
ranged from a  low of 62% for the 10-micron Teflon membrane
filter to a  high  of greater than 99.99% for the 0.5- and 1.0-
micron Teflon filters. For the Nucleopore filters, the minimum
filter efficiency  ranged from a low of zero for the 8-micron
filter to a high of 80% for the 0.6-micron filter. In general, the
membrane  filter was  considerably more efficient  than  a
Nucleopore filter of the same or a comparable pore size. The
results suggest that the classical filtration mechanisms of inter-
ception, impaction,  and diffusion are operative in these filters.
(Author abstract)

-------
54
PARTICULATES  AND AIR POLLUTION
84728
Kukreja, Ved P. and John L. Bove
DETERMINATION  OF FREE  CARBON  COLLECTED  ON
HIGH-VOLUME  GLASS   FIBER  FILTER.  Environ.  Sci.
Techno!., 10(2): 187-189, Feb. 1976. 2 refs.
A convenient and precise method for determining free carbon
in a high-volume glass fiber filter is described. A low analyti-
cal blank was found, allowing for the determination of small
quantities of free carbon. The analytical technique is based on
the   initial   decomposition  of   the  glass   fiber  mat  with
hydrofluoric  acid,  followed  by the action  of  ammonium
hydroxide,  nitric acid,  and hydrochloric acid  to dissolve in-
soluble organics and digest organics.  The amount of free  car-
bon is then determined by the  difference in weight recorded
when the remaining residue is heated first at 150 C and then at
700  C.  The  analysis blank  for free  carbon was low  and
uniform  when  Mine Safety and Appliance glass fibers were
used. An average blank of  1.1 mg was found when 5 unsoiled
filters were examined.  Almost no deviation  was found when
the 5 results were compared.

84730
Natusch, D. F. S. and' J. R. Wallace
DETERMINATION OF AIRBORNE PARTICLE SIZE DIS-
TRIBUTIONS: CALCULATION OF  CROSS-SENSITIVITY
AND DISCRETENESS EFFECTS IN CASCADE IMPACTION.
Atmos. Environ., vol. 10:315-324, 1976. 22 refs.
A theory was  developed which permits numerical evaluation
of errors associated with the determination of aerosol size dis-
tributions using cascade impactors. Account is taken of errors
due  to the overlap of  a given particle  size between adjacent
impaction stages and to the discrete nature of cascade  impac-
tion.  The theory is applied to both log-normal and polynomial
functional approximations  to  an aerosol size distribution.  Nu-
merical  determination  of  errors considered  shows that  the
mass of  large  and small particles present in the wings of a log-
normal  aerosol distribution  is  over-estimated manyfold by
most cascade  impactors but that the mass of particles  having
aerodynamic  diameters close  to  the  aerosol mass  median
diameter is generally subject to quite  small (less  than 20%)
negative errors. Even under extremely unfavorable conditions
the mass median diameter of an aerosol can  be determined to
well within 25% of the true value. (Author abstract)

84732
Whitby,  Kenneth T.
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT OF AEROSOLS.  Fine Part.
Symp. Proc.,  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  1975,  p.  581-621. 56  refs.
(May.) (Available in EPA-600/2-7-059, Oct. 1975.)
The  basic principles of electrical size distribution and concen-
tration measurement methods are reviewed. Electrical  aerosol
measuring  instruments are discussed under three  headings:
charging, classification and  detection. Recent work by Liu and
his students shows that the  particle charging rate, based on the
Boltzmann  Law, can best describe bipolar and unipolar diffu-
sion  charging  of  aerosol particles,  over the size  range  and
charging  conditions of most interest to electrical aerosol mea-
surement. Working equations for calculating diffusion  charge
are presented. Several  charged  aerosol classifiers or mobility
analyzers are described, including the latest differential mobili-
ty analyzers developed at the University of Minnesota. Parti-
cle charge versus size  curves for bipolar,  diffusion and field
charging are integrated with some of the latest aerosol size dis-
tribution  models,  in order  to calculate the response charac-
teristics of the different kinds of electrical instruments. Three
                            late  model  electrical aerosol instruments developed  at the
                            University of Minnesota are described. These are the Electri-
                            cal Aerosol  Analyzer, the Differential Mobility Analyzer, and
                            an Electrical Aerosol Concentration Meter. (Author abstract)

                            84733
                            Lundgren, Dale A., Lawrence D. Carter, and Peter S. Daley
                            AEROSOL MASS MEASUREMENT USING PIEZOELECTRIC
                            CRYSTAL SENSORS. Fine Part. Symp.  Proc., Minneapolis,
                            Minn., 1975, p. 485-509. 21  refs. (May.) (Available in  EPA-
                            600/2-75-059, Oct. 1975.)
                            Studies and papers on the use and performance of piezoelec-
                            tric crystal  sensors for aerosol  mass concentration measure-
                            ment are reviewed. The capabilities and limitations  of the
                            piezoelectric technique, and recent developments and improve-
                            ments made  to  commercially  available  instruments,  are
                            discussed. Piezoelectric crystals,  when mechanically stressed,
                            develop electrical charges on certain crystal surfaces. Quartz,
                            as a piezoelectric  material, vibrates  at a  very precise  natural
                            frequency, which can easily be determined to one part in ten
                            million when the crystal is placed in an appropriate electronic
                            oscillating circuit.  When foreign material, such as particular
                            matter,  is deposited onto  the crystal active area,  the vibra-
                            tional frequency characteristics of the crystal change in a pre-
                            dictable and measurable manner. This phenomenon led to the
                            development of  two  commercial  instruments which  were
                            described in the literature of 1970. These  two devices, one
                            based upon  particle deposition by impaction and one by elec-
                            trostatic precipitation, were revolutionary because of their ex-
                            treme sensitivity and rapid, near real time, response  charac-
                            teristics. (Author abstract)

                            84736
                            Marple, Virgil A. and Klaus Willeke
                            INERTIAL IMPACTORS: THEORY, DESIGN AND USE. Fine
                            Part. Symp. Proc., Minneapolis,  Minn.,  1975, p. 411-445. 41
                            refs. (May.)  (Available in EPA-600/2-75-059, Oct. 1975.)
                            Inertial impactors  are  devices used to classify particles with
                            respect to their aerodynamic size. The  theoretical analyzing
                            techniques currently available are sufficiently  accurate to pre-
                            dict  the impaction characteristics of impactors, provided with
                            the impactor design conforms reasonably well with the boun-
                            dary condition used in the theoretical analysis. Using results of
                            a theoretical study employing these techniques, design  criteria
                            are given for  such parameters  as  jet-to-plate distance, jet
                            Reynolds number,  and jet throat length to obtain sharp cut-off
                            characteristics  for both  round  and rectangular  impactors.
                            Precautions  which must  be taken in the  use  of impactors are
                            discussed, and limitations of impactors due to interstage losses
                            and particle bounce from various surfaces are  presented. Vari-
                            ous designs of impactor jets and impaction  surfaces are ex-
                            amined with special attention given to the use of multiple jet
                            impactors for  the  purpose of  controlling  the  jet Reynolds
                            number.  Also,  the principle operating characteristics of com-
                            mercial cascade impactors are presented. (Author abstract)

                            84737
                            John, Walter
                            CONTACT  ELECTRIFICATION  APPLIED  TO  PARTICU-
                            LATE MATTER-MONITORING. Fine Part. Symp. Proc., Min-
                            neapolis,  Minn., 1975. p. 649-667. 25 refs.  (May.)  (Available
                            from EPA-600/2-75-059, Oct. 1975.)                        „
                            The theory of the charging of aerosol particles by contact elec-
                            trification is reviewed, as  well as the development over the
                            past decade of monitors based  on this  phenomenon.  Such

-------
                                        C.  MEASUREMENT  METHODS
                                                        55
monitors  offer  the  advantage  of  continuous measurements
over a wide range of concentrations. Moreover, the total elec-
trical charge collected has been found to  correlate  well with
the  total  mass  determined  gravimetrically. The  lack   of
widespread  use  of these detectors  may be due to some con-
tradictory reports on their performance as  well as uncertainty
arising from the presently  incomplete understanding of  the
operating principle. The major factors which influence the in-
strumental response are discussed, including the recent finding
that the  sensitivity is strongly dependent on the electrical re-
sistivity of the material sampled. It is also  found that the con-
dition of  the probe s surface has an important effect on  the
sensitivity. At present, theoretical understanding of the contact
charging is semiquantitive for  particles of metals but only rudi-
mentary in the case of insulators. (Author abstract)

84738
Harris, D. B. and W. B. Kuykendal
PROBLEMS IN STACK SAMPLING AND MEASUREMENT.
Fine Part. Symp. Proc., Minneapolis, Minn., 1975, p. 399-409.
11 refs. (May.) (Available in EPA-600/2-75-059, Oct. 1975.)
Though many techniques for monitoring particulates have been
studied in great detail under laboratory conditions, the applica-
tion to field situations of these  techniques has often been  dif-
ficult. Attempts  to use cascade impactors for manual fractional
efficiency and optical and beta  gauging for instrumental parti-
cle sizing are described. Though each technique seemed to be
ideally  suited to  particle  measurement,   the  many  different
problems presented by industrial gas streams and the solutions
used to overcome them  are  described. Particle  bounce  and
reentrainment is the first problem discussed, followed by sub-
strate  material selection due  to reaction  with gaseous com-
ponents. Instrumental problems have centered on getting sen-
sors to perform in the hostile stack environment and on mak-
ing  reasonable  compromises   necessary  to  apply  these
techniques to real stack environments. (Author abstract)

84739
Altpeter, Lawrence L., Jr., J.  P. Pilney, L.  W. Rust, A. J.
Senechal, and D. L. Overland
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS  REGARDING THE USE OF A
FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR AS AN AEROSOL MONI-
TOR. Fine Part. Symp. Proc.,  Minneapolis,  Minn., 1975, p. 625-
647. 10 refs. (May.) (Available  in EPA-600/2-75-059, Oct. 1975.)
High speed waveform studies were performed with the output
signals  of individual aerosol particles as they  were  consumed
in  the  flame of a  flame ionization  detector. These  output
signals  were  shown to consist of  modulated current pulses
with mean amplitudes  which varied with particle size from 10
to the minus 9th power to 10 to the minus 6th power ampere
and with durations from a fraction of a millisecond to several
milliseconds. Aerosol measurements were  performed with the
FID centered in an aerosol  test chamber. Sampling conditions
of size, number concentration and composition were carefully
controlled. Repeatability of  the  flame ionization detector was
estimate to  be 5 to 15 percent.  Response of the detector was
shown to be linear throughout the  tested size range of 0.5 to
10 micron. Size  limit of detection was 0.15 to 0.2 micron with
evidence of ways to improve this limit significantly. Sensitivity
varied with particle size as the 3/2 power. There was evidence
of limited selectivity when the detector was used with parallel
plate electrode geometry. Considerations of the structured cur-
rent pulses observed with  the conventional  FID led to design
and testing of a novel FID. All features of the novel FID were
identical to the conventional model wth the exception of the
collection electrode which was segmented into a vertical array
of horizontal strips. Each strip was a separate and individually
addressable electrode.  The detector was referred to as a seg-
mented-plate  FID, or SFID. Preliminary  results  with this
device suggest that the current pulse  observed with the  con-
ventional FID is  a composite of two signals, one of which is
the time-of-flight delayed current of the charge carriers from
the flame. (Author abstract)

84750
Tanner, Roger L. and Leonard Newman
THE  ANALYSIS OF AIRBORNE SULFATE.  J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc., 26(8):737-747, Aug. 1976.  130 refs.
A critical review  of literature reflecting the current state  of
analytical methodology  for  sulfatc in  airborne  particles  is
presented. Methods for determination  of total aerosol  sulfate
and total  soluble  sulfate  are assessed.  A more detailed  review
of the relatively new techniques  for quantitative speciation of
airborne sulfate then  follows. Size distribution  methodology
and  filter  sampling  difficulties relating to  the collection  of
aiiborne sulfate-containing particles are enumerated.  Experi-
ments are suggested which use new, improved, and potentially
applicable sullaic  speciation techniques to obtain a better un-
derstanding of the generation,  transport, transformation and
removal proce.->ses that, in turn, determine the identity and
concentrations of sulfate species in ambient air. (Author ab-
stract)

84752
Floyd, John R. and Kenneth T. Knapp
FINE   PARTICLE   MEASUREMENT   IN   STATIONARY
SOURCES. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc.,  Pittsburgh,
Pa., 14p., 1976. 15 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control
Association Annual Meeting, 69th, Portland, Orcg., June 27-
July 1,  1976, Paper 76-30.10.)
The state of the  art of determining  size  distributions of parti-
cles in  effluents  is presented.  Various methods arc reviewed
for applicability to stack testing, ease and cost of operation
and analysis, size cut resolution and reproducibility, as well as
potential  for widespread future  use and adaptability of  each
specifically to the measurement of small particles less than 2.0
micrometer  in  aerodynamic   diameter  (respirable  fraction).
Aerodynamic theory,  inertial impaction, cyclonic  separation,
diffusion, electrical mobility,  optical theory,  and microscopy
methods are  reviewed in a language understood by scientists
not directly associated  with aerosol mechanics and particle siz-
ing techniques. Pointed out is the need for more development
of test  methods specific for determining effluent  stream con-
centrations of fine particles  smaller than 2.0 micrometer in
diameter. Preliminary  tests indicate that such specificity is
possible with inertial elutriation, requiring no elaborate particle
sizing equipment. Other recent developments  in fine particle
measurement are also discussed. (Author abstract)

-------
56
                   D.  AIR  QUALITY  MEASUREMENTS
44691
Longley-Cook, Barbara Ann
AIR POLLUTION PARTICULATE MAPPING. Arizona Univ.,
Tucson, Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Thesis (Ph.D.), Ann
Arbor, Mich., Univ. Microfilms, Inc., 1971, 89p. 55 refs.
An extensive survey of airborne suspended participates using
high  volume air samplers  was  conducted  in  the  Tucson
metropolitan area. Determinations were made of the variations
and fluctuations in pollutant concentrations  with respect to
time and space. Time considerations included  diurnal, weekly,
monthly, annual, and long range trends. Contour maps of the
suspended  particulates  were constructed. The contours main-
tained a remarkable constancy in shape even thougn  the levels
of concentration changed from day to day, mainly as functions
of meteorological parameters. The major sources of particulate
matter were vacant land and strip-paved and  unpaved roads.
The  latter  contain  very finely  pulverized  material  which
becomes airborne due to moving traffic and surface winds. A
mathematical function consisting of the product of a spatially
dependent  function and a  time  dependent function  was
developed  to calculate  the suspended  particulate  levels in the
Tucson atmosphere.  A  computer plotting program was written
to  perform the mapping. The constancy in the shape of the
geographical distribution showed that pollution levels at all lo-
cations could be inferred from measurements at a few selected
locations. (Author abstract modified)

52447
Pasceri, Ralph E.
RESPIRABLE DUST CONTENT IN AMBIENT AIR. Environ.
Sci. Techno!., 7(7):623-627, July 1973. 15 refs.
The respirable dust content in the ambient air at a single near-
urban location was determined by using a high-volume sampler
and a cyclone separator to simulate the filtering action of the
upper respiratory tract. The performance curve of the cyclone
for unit density spheres closely matched an existing model for
the filtering action of the nasal-pharynx and tracheo-bronchial
regions. The experimentally determined ratio of the respirable
dust weight to the total suspended particulate  weight followed
a normal distribution curve with a linear correlation coefficient
of 0.0989 and an arithmetic average ratio of 0.56. Thus, on the
average, approximately half of the suspended  particulate mass
at  the  sampling  location  was  respirable. (Author abstract
modified)

54482
Pedace, Eduardo A. and Eric  B. Sansone
THE  RELATIONSHIP  BETWEEN SOILING INDEX AND
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER CONCENTRATIONS.
J.  Air Pollution Control Assoc., 22(5): 348-351, May 1972. 16
refs.
Experimental relationships between the mass concentration of
suspended  particulate matter and the  optical density of par-
ticulates collected  on paper  tape (soiling index) were deter-
mined for the atmospheric aerosol and for aerosols of optical
properties in field and laboratory  tests. Simultaneous samples
were obtained on membrane filters (for gravimetric analysis)
and on Whatman No. 4 paper tape (for  optical evaluation).
Sampling procedures were adopted which ensured that the ef-
ficiency of sampling was the same in  both cases. Consistent
relationships between mass  concentrations of suspended par-
ticulate matter and optical density expressed in terms of per-
cent transmittance  or percent  reflectance were  found  for
dispersions of coal, limestone,  fly ash, and a coal limestone
mixture. For atmospheric  aerosol samples collected on  the
roof of the Graduate School of Public Health, University of
Pittsburgh, the relationship  between mass concentration and
percent transmittance or percent reflectance was linear over
the range of  values  observed. The  correlation coefficients
were 0.93 (for concentration versus percent transmittance) and
0.89 (for  concentration versus percent reflectance).  (Author
abstract)

59252
Samuels, Harris J., SuzAnne Twiss, Evan W. Wong, Harmon
Wong-Woo, Peter K. Mueller, John A. Maga, and George J.
Taylor
VISIBILITY, LIGHT SCATTERING AND  MASS CONCEN-
TRATION OF PARTICULATE  MATTER.  California State  Air
Resources Board,  California  Tri-City Aerosol Sampling Project
and the California State Dept. of Public Health, Air and Indus-
trial Hygiene Lab., 60p., July 1973. 13 refs.
Mass concentration aerosol data was collected using two-stage
and high volume samplers, light scattering data was collected
with an integrating nephelometer, and prevailing visibility was
observed  at sites in  Los Angeles, Oakland, and Sacramento
from Jan. 1970 to March 1971. Visibility  and light scattering
correlated highly, and relations between  these  parameters
agreed with theory. Visibility was an  important index of air
quality; because there were operational difficulties in acquiring
prevailing visibility data, the  integrating  nephelometer was
recommended  as  a useful  instrument  for  routine  air quality
monitoring. Mass  concentration correlated  with light scattering
and visibility. Expressions relating mass concentration to light
scattering were not precise,  however, and  preclude the use of
mass  concentration data  to describe  visibility. In  all three
urban locations, the mass fraction of particulate matter in the
refined range,  i.e., particles nominally smaller than 3 micron in
diameter,  ranged from an average of 53% to 57% and for 24-
hour samples was essentially independent of variations in total
mass concentrations. (Author abstract modified)
   09
Hidy, G. M., P. K. Mueller, H. H. Wang, J. Karney, S. Twiss,
M. Imada, and A. Alcocer
OBSERVATIONS   OF  AEROSOLS   OVER  SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA  COASTAL  WATERS.  J.  Appl.   Meteorol.,
13(1):96-107, Feb. 1974. 25 refs.
To characterize the background aerosol in air off the Califor-
nia  coast, observations of suspended particles were made in
the  summer and  fall of 1970 on  San Nicolas Island  (SNI),
located  about 130 km west-southwest of Los Angeles. Mea-

-------
                                    D.  AIR  QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
                                                      57
surements of the physical and chemical properties of aerosols
showed that  the particles are a complex mixture of material
from marine and continental origins. The Aitken nuclei popula-
tion averaged 2400/cc, while particles more than 0.5  micron in
diameter averaged 20-100/cc.  The average total mass concen-
tration of aerosol evaluated from 22 samples was 29.8 micro-
grams/cu m,  but the refined fraction defined as particles less
than 3.5  micron in diameter  was 40% of this level.  The
averages of the chemical analysis of 13 samples revealed that
11% of the aerosol sampled at a 200 m height above  the ocean
was sea salt,  while approximately 20% evidently was soil dust,
as indicated by silicates.  Over 25% of the suspended material
was sulfate, nitrate, or ammonium, which are constituents be-
lieved  to be produced  primarily from gaseous transformation
reactions in the atmosphere.  More than 20% of the sampled
material  was volatile in  nature and  is believed to  be partly
water.  The ratio for the average chlorine to sodium concentra-
tions from the analysis of  13 different samples was 2.4 com-
pared  with 1.8  for  sea water. This high  ratio supports  other
limited results for unpolluted air from offshore sources  taken
in this geographical region. The anomaly is believed to be
linked  with chemical reactions transforming gaseous chlorine
compounds into condensed material. Comparison was  made
between  the  aerosol sampled  on San Nicolas Island and the
natural background  contribution of the Los  Angeles  smog
aerosol, as estimated elsewhere assuming contributions solely
from sea salt and soil dust. The calculated background and the
composition of the SNI aerosol were qualitatively similar, with
the principal differences showing in calcium,  zinc, sulfate, and
nitrate.  Further  comparison   with  aerosol analyzed  from
Pasadena illustrated the major contribution of localized pollu-
tion to the chemical properties of the particles, particularly in
the concentrations of manganese, Ca, bromine, iron,  lead, SO4
ion, and NO3 ion. (Author abstract)

65199
Levaggi, D. A., J. S. Sandberg, M.  Feldstein, and SuzAnne
Twiss
TOTAL ANTHROPOGENIC SUSPENDED PARTICIPATE AS
DERIVED FROM CHEMICAL ANALYSIS   OF CHLORIDE
AND SILICATE ON HIGH-VOLUME SAMPLES. Preprint, Air
Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 22p., 1974.  12 refs.
(Presented  at the Air  Pollution Control  Association,  Annual
Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo., June 9-13, 1974, Paper 74-34.)
Extensive  chemical analysis  of  suspended paniculate  un-
dertaken by the Bay Area Air Pollution Control  District for in-
terpretation of  total mass  leading data and  the detection of
problem  areas is presented. From  high-volume  samples  taken
with cellulose paper as the collection medium,  analyses were
performed  for  the  five  heavy metals  and  nitrate,  sulfate,
chloride, silicon, and total organics (loss on ignition at 550 C).
Two constituents considered primarily non-anthropogenic, sil-
icate and  chloride, were  evaluated from eight sampling  sites.
Data were derived  from over  600 samples,  one sample per
week   per  site. The  locations  have  diverse  geographical
backgrounds, although  they lie in a common air basin. A 21-
month  average for chlorides ranged from 4.2 micrograms /cm
m at  San  Francisco to  1.7 micrograms/cu  m  at Livermore
some 40 miles inland.  Inversely,  the total silicates  increased
from 5.7 micrograms/cu  m at  San Francisco to 22.6 micro-
grams/cu m at Livermore. The silicate values peak strongly in
the dry season, with individual  24-hour silicate component
values  greater than  60 micrograms/cu  m  at inland stations.
Wind-generated dust from the bare hills of the Coast Range is
the most probable source. Since the silicates  and chlorides are
primarily  non-anthropogenic,  they were  excluded from the
TSP values to give a total anthropogenic  suspended particu-
lates (TASP). The TASP values for the Bay Area show a geo-
graphic  distribution in much  closer conformity to visibility
reduction  and citizen complaint than do TSP values. (Author
abstract)
               )NEE
65200
Faoro, Robert
TRENDS  IN CONCENTRATIONS  OF  BENZENE-SOLUBLE
SUSPENDED     PARTICULATE     FRACTION     AND
BENZO(A)PYRENE  DETERMINED  BY  DATA  FROM THE
NATIONAL AIR SURVEILLANCE  NETWORK.  Preprint. Air
Pollution  Control Assoc.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa., 14p.,  1974. 4 refs.
(Presented at  the Air  Pollution Control Association,  Annual
Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo., June 9-13, 1974, Paper 74-39.)
National trends  in the benzene-soluble portion (BSO) of total
suspended particulate matter in ambient  air for  1960 through
1970  is  presented.  Trends  for  benzo(a)pyrene  (BaP),  a
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) present as  a com-
ponent  of the BSO  fraction, are presented  for  1966 through
1970. Currently, data are not available for  other PAH com-
pounds  and organics making up the remainder of BSO. Am-
bient concentrations of BSO decreased significantly  nation-
wide for  urban stations from 1960 to 1970. Out  of 126 urban
stations studied, 118 exhibited negative-rank correlations with
time, indicating the tendency at these stations of a decreasing
trend in BSO concentrations.  At half of the stations  studied
BSO showed  a  statistically  significant  downward  trend.
Decreases in urban  BaP concentrations  were  also observed,
but, the limited  data available prohibit a statistical evaluation
of this  change. The  composite BaP average of the 32 urban
stations dropped about 30% from 1966 to  1970. Nonurban BSO
and  BaP  tend to show a decrease at the majority of stations
studied  from 1966 through 1970. The  estimated national con-
sumption  of coal by small  consumers  for  heating purposes
decreased approximately 50%  in the 1966-70 period, and this
decreased use during this period is probably  the principal fac-
tor contributing to the trends in BSO and BaP. A similar per-
centage decrease was  observed in  composite average  BSO
concentrations  for  urban stations.  Local open   burning or-
dinances  and  controls  on automboiles instituted during this
period  are other possible factors contributing to the observed
trends for these suspended particles.  (Author  abstract)

73577
Office of  Air and Waste Management, Research Triangle Park,
N. C., Office of Air Quality Planning and  Standards
SPECIAL   REPORT: TRENDS IN  CONCENTRATIONS OF
BENZENE-SOLUBLE SUSPENDED  PARTICULATE  FRAC-
TION AND BENZO(A)PYRENE 1960-1972. Rept. EPA-450/2-
74-022. 48p., Nov. 1974. 4 refs. NTIS: PB 238 S04/AS
Trends  in concentrations  of  benzene-soluble suspended par-
ticulate  fractions and benzo(a)pyrene from  1960  to 1972 for
data from the National  Air  Surveillance  Network as well as
other state, county, and  local air  monitoring programs are
described. Trends in the benzene-soluble portion (BSO) of
total suspended particulate matter are given  for  1960 through
1970 for   126  urban and 25  nonurban sites.   Trends for
benzo(a)pyrene (BaP),   a  polynuclear  aromatic  hydrocarbon
present  as a component  of the BSO fraction,  are presented for
1966 through 1970 for  126 urban and 22 nonurban stations.
Analyses  of BaP and BSO data were also made  for 33 urban
locations for which data was available for 1971 and 1972. Am-
bient concentrations of BSO  decreased  significantly  nation-
wide for  urban  stations from  1960 to  1970. The composite
average of 32 urban stations for which complete data  was
available dropped consistently from  10.6 to 4.8 micrograms/cu

-------
  58
PARTICULATES  AND AIR  POLLUTION
   m from 1960 to 1970. Decreases in urban BaP concentrations
   were also observed, but the limited data available prohibited a
   statistical evaluation  of this change.  The  composite BaP
   average of the 32 urban stations dropped about 30% from 1966
   to 1970. The decreasing trends in BSO and BaP appear to be
   continuing for  the 33  sites with data available for  1971  and
   1972. The nonurban stations for BSO didj-not show an ap-
   parent trend for 1965-1970. However, since 1966 the composite
   average has  dropped from 2.2 to 1.2 micrograms/cu m in 1970.
   A very slight decline in the nonurban BaP composite average
   also has occurred. Decreasing coal usage, local open burning
   ordinances,  and automobile controls are probable factors con-
   tributing to the observed trends. (Author summary modified)

/ 74250
   Colovos, G., G. S. Wilson, and J. L. Moyers
   PARTICLE  SIZE DETERMINATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS
   IN URBAN  AIR. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., vol. 3:239-252,
   1974. 23 refs. (Presented at the Symposium on Recent Advances
   in the  Analytical Chemistry of Pollutants, Halifax, Nova  Scotia,
   Aug. 23-25,  1972.)
   Airborne urban  particulate  matter was collected and frac-
   tionated according to size by cascade impactors situated about
   10 m  above ground and was then analyzed for the elements
   zinc, cadmium, copper, lead, aluminum, iron, manganese, cal-
   cium,  and magnesium. The average mass median equivalent
   diameter of Cd and Pb was approximately 0.1 micron; and the
   average MMD  s for Zn, Cu, Mg, and Fe were between 0.3 and
   0.4 micron.  The MMD s for Al, Ca, and Mn were between 0.5
   and 0.6 micron. Examination of the elemental ratios (using Al
   as a reference element) revealed that Pb and Cd were about
   1000  times  more  concentrated  in atmospheric  particulate
   matter than in  average crustal material and that in general the
   Pb/Al and Cd/Al ratios were inversely proportional to particle
   size. The Zn/Al and Cu/Al ratios of atmospheric particles were
   more or less independent of particle size and approximately 20
   times  higher than the corresponding ratios for crustal material.
   The ratios Fe/Al, Mn/Al, Ca/Al, and Mg/Al in all sizes  of par-
   ticulate matter were essentially identical to the average  crustal
   material ratios. (Author abstract modified)

   77627
   Gilmore, Timothy M. and Thomas R. Hanna
   APPLICABILITY OF THE MASS CONCENTRATION  STAN-
   DARDS   FOR  PARTICULATE  MATTER  IN  ALASKAN
   AREAS. J.  Air Pollution Control Assoc., 25(5):535-539, May
   1975. 17 rets.
   High  particulate  matter  concentrations were measured  in
   several communities in Alaska using high volume air samplers.
   Because of  these measurements, Anchorage and Fairbanks are
   classified Priority I for particulate matter. There are few large
   point sources of particulate matter in Alaska: the high concen-
   trations that were measured due to entrainment of dust, either
   by natural  means or  by man s activities. The mean particle
   diameter in  the Alaskan urban areas is approximately ten times
   that found in major metropolitan areas. The mean particle size
   increases with increasing mass concentration in those areas.
   Particulate matter concentrations in Alaska are highly  depen-
   dent on natural phenomenon. The COH  meter readings  do not
   correlate  with  high  volume  air  sampler measurements'  in
   Alaska. Combined sulfur dioxide and particulate  matter data
   indicate little evidence of possible health hazard as defined in
   Air Quality  Criteria for Particulate Matter. A possible method
   for relating  high volume air sampler data  to  ambient air  par-
   ticulate  matter standards  based  on  size  distribution  was
   developed. (Author abstract modified)
                            77628
                            Willeke, Klaus and Kenneth T. Whitby
                            ATMOSPHERIC  AEROSOLS:  SIZE  DISTRIBUTION  IN-
                            TERPRETATION. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,  25(5):529-
                            534, May 1975. 13 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control
                            Association Annual  Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo., June 1974,
                            Paper 74-262.)
                            Measurements made with  the  Minnesota Aerosol  Analyzing
                            System in Denver, -near Denver, and near Ft. Collins, Colo.,
                            are analyzed in relation to other several thousand size distribu-
                            tions measured in the  other parts of the United States. The
                            size distributions are  multimodal. The  Aitken  nuclei range
                            mode is a measure of freshly produced aerosols, the accumu-
                            lation range mode indicates the degree of  aerosol aging and the
                            coarse particle mode gives information on the  amount of wind-
                            blown  dust, sea spray, or mechanically produced aerosols such
                            as fly ash. Air environments can be categoried into four kinds
                            of backgrounds: clean  continental, average content continen-
                            tal, urban district, and oceanic. The physical characteristics  of
                            these categories  may be  described by  a limited number  of
                            parameters such as NT, VT, V3-, and bscat. (Author summary
                            modified)

                            77645
                            Wroblewski, Sandra C. and Thomas A. Kowalski
                            AN EVALUATION OF  THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AM-
                            BIENT  SULFUR   DIOXIDE  AND    WATER-SOLUBLE
                            SULFATE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE CITY OF CHICAGO.
                            Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh,  Pa., 15p.,
                            1975. 10  refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution  Control Associa-
                            tion, Annual, Meeting,  68th, Boston,  Mass., June 15-20, 1975,
                            Paper 75-10.7.)
                            Ambient sulfur dioxide and water-soluble sulfates were moni-
                            tored at 16 trend sites in Chicago during 1966-1971 and 1974. A
                            74% decrease in ambient  SO2 was observed from  1966  to
                            1974; while water soluble  sulfates declined only 25% during
                            the  same  period,  ref electing  a 66%  reduction  in  the
                            SO2/sulfate ratio. Annual correlation coefficients for the 7  yr
                            ranged from 0.61 for  1968 to 0.09 in  1974.  Concentration
                            gradient maps for 1966 and 1974 illustrated dissimilar SO2 and
                            sulfate density  patterns across  the  city. Seasonal  charac-
                            teristics of both pollutants indicated a general lack of congrui-
                            ty. No simple relationship appeared to exist between ambient
                            SO2 and water-soluble  sulfates in Chicago. (Author abstract
                            modified)

                            77658
                            Rote, Donald M. and Lawrence E. Wangen
                            ANALYSIS  OF  SUSPENDED PARTICULATES  IN  THE
                            CHICAGO AREA BY  PARTICLE SIZE. Preprint, Air Pollu-
                            tion Control Assoc., Pittsburgh,  Pa., p. 1975. 11 refs.  (Presented
                            at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 68th,
                            Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-28.3.)
                            An aerosol sampling program in the Chicago area is described
                            in which" samples were obtained as a function of particle size
                            twice/wk at two or three urban and one  non-urban site which
                            is usually upwind of the city. The submicron and supermicron
                            mass  reaction  depend significantly  on  wind  speed, wind
                            direction, and  sampling  location.  A distinction in the wind
                            speed  dependence of the two  particle modes is suggested  by
                            the data and supports theoretical expectations. The lower limit
                            to  the anthropogenic  source  contribution  in  the Chicago
                            metropolitan  area ranges from 8-33% of the total suspended
                            particulates and  that  50% or more of  the  observed total
                            suspended  particulates is  due  to sources located  within the
                            metropolitan  area.   The  9-month  arithmetic  average total

-------
                                      D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
                                                        59
  suspended participate,  super-and  submicron participate con-
  centrations at the non-urban site are 67.5, 40.5, and 27.4 micro-
  grams/cu m  respectively. The corresponding averages at one
  urban site are 85.7,  55.7, and 30.3 micrograms/cu m. (Author
  abstract modified)

  77881
  Sandberg, J.  S., D. A. Levaggi, R.  E. DeMandel, and W. Siu
  SULFATE AND NITRATE PARTICULATES AS RELATED
  TO SO2 AND NOX GASES AND EMISSIONS. Preprint, Air
  Pollution Control  Assoc., Pittsburgh,  Pa., 14p.,  1975. 14 refs.
  (Presented at the Air Pollution Control  Association, Annual
  Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-62.5.)
  Five  years (1969-1973)  of sulfate and  nitrate fractions were
  analyzed from high volume particulate samples at 8 stations in
  the San Francisco Bay Area. The sulfate and nitrate particu-
  lates  closely  track simultaneous emission inventory data, while
  sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen  oxides (NOx) gas data vary
  more widely  in response to local sources and to meteorological
  factors. The  area-wide  five year mean  for sulfates  is  2.68
  microg/cu m, slightly  above  the remote  nonurban  sulfate
  background  level. The  similar  five  year  nitrate  mean,  2.78
  microg/cu m, is well above the  national  urban  average.  A
  study at 3  stations in  1973  indicated that the sulfates are
  primarily in   the fine  (less than  0.65 micron)  size range.  A
  regression line  was fitted  to all  station annual averages  of
  sulfate versus SO2. Compared with a recent Environmental
  Protection   Agency  study  for   northeastern  cities,   the
  background  is less than one quarter  as high, but the slope is
  twice as great, best explained by photochemical species and
  processes accelerating conversion. The nitrate and NOx  data
  yielded more  complex  and  localized  relationships.  The
  generally low sulfate levels indicate the effectiveness of  SOx
  control. The  relatively  high nitrate levels suggest that control
  strategy  might  place  greater  emphasis on NOx  emissions.
  Distinct groupings of the higher sulfate levels in the north and
  nitrate levels in the south suggest  that sub-basins requiring dif-
  fering control emphasis may exist. The sulfate and nitrate data
  may  serve as a basis for development of improved particulate
  standards. (Author abstract modified)

/78617
  Neustadter, H. E., R. B. King, and J. S. Fordyce
  ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF SUSPENDED  PARTICU-
  LATES AS FUNCTIONS OF SPACE AND TIME IN CLEVE-
  LAND,  OHIO.  Preprint,  Air Pollution  Control Assoc.,  Pitt-
  sburgh, Pa.,  14p., 1975.  17 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution
  Control Association,  Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June
  15-20, 1975,  Paper 75-28.1.)
  Neutron activation  and  emission spectrometric analyses  of
  over 750 24-hour airborne particulate samples collected at  16
  sites  in Cleveland,  Ohio from August 1971 to  October  1972
  were performed. The data were analyzed with the aid of pair-
  wise  correlation statistics, selective  data plotting, and cluster
  analysis. Bromine and lead, taken as  a pair, showed relatively
  low variability and were similarly enriched when normalized to
  silicon as compared with  typical earth  crustal abundances.
  Lanthanum,   samarium,  europium, dysprosium, and thorium
  generally exhibited the  same spatial distribution as aluminum,
  silicon,  titanium,  selenium, and vanadium. As  a group they
  were  not highly variable  and did not show any enrichment
  relative to  earth crustal abundance.  Iron,  chromium,  and
  cobalt  jointly exhibited a slightly more variable  distribution
  pattern and showed  possible enrichment. Copper, magnesium,
  and antimony were  significantly enriched, and each possessed
  its own  distinctive distribution  pattern.  Possible  industrial
 emission sources of particulates in the area were related to the
 various  enrichment  patterns  observed.  (Author  abstract
 modified)

 81446
 Kleinman, M. T.?)T. J. Kneip, and M. Eisenbud
 SEASONAL  PATTERNS OF  AIRBORNE  PARTICULATE
 CONCENTRATIONS IN  NEW YORK CITY. Atmos. Environ.,
 10(1):9-11, 1976. 8 refs.
 Total  suspended  particulate  measurements  over New  York
 City for the 2-year period 1972-1974 were analyzed for possi-
 ble seasonal patterns. The measurements were normalized for
 the effects of wind speed and the  height of the  atmospheric
 mixing layer.  Emissions were increased during  the winter
 months, presumably due to the combustion of oil for space
 heating. This source appeared to contribute an average of 40%
 of the total suspended  particulate  loading during the winter
 and  about 10-30% of the annual average total suspended par-
 ticulates. (Author abstract modified)

/82796
 Feeney, P. J., T. A. Cahill, R. G. Flocchini, R. A. Eldred, D.
 J. Shadoan, and T. Dunn
 EFFECT  OF  ROADBED CONFIGURATION  ON  TRAFFIC
 DERIVED  AEROSOLS.  J.  Air  Pollution Control  Assoc.,
 25(11):1145-1147, Nov. 1975. 10 refs.
 Aerosols present upwind and downwind of freeways in  the
 Los Angeles Basin were  collected by Lundgren impactors with
 afterfilters over five particle size ranges in an effort to deter-
 mine the effect of roadbed  configuration on traffic-derived
 aerosols. The contribution of freeway traffic to total airborne
 particulate load  was  established  by subtracting  the  local
 background which was measured with an upwind sampler from
 the values obtained by downwind samplers on a  size by size
 and  element by element basis. The contribution of traffic to
 aerosol load correlated reasonably well with estimates derived
 from  automotive  and   roadbed  expendable  rates. Traffic-
 derived  aerosols,  normalized to vehicular  flow,  were  con-
 siderably lower in mass  at locations  downwind of depressed
 roadbed configuration than they were at either raised or at-
 grade  configurations. A  line source  model combined  with
 literature values  for emitted lead  produced good agreement
 with results obtained for the at-grade configuration. (Author
 abstract modified)

 84754
 Ursenbach, Wayne O., A. Clyde Hill, William H. Edwards,
 and Steven M. Kunen
 ATMOSPHERIC    PARTICULATE   SULFATE   IN   THE
 WESTERN UNITED STATES. Preprint, Air Pollution Control
 Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 32p., 1976. 11 refs. (Presented at the Air
 Pollution Control Association Annual Meeting, 69th, Portland,
 Oreg., June 27-July 1, 1976, Paper 76-7.5.)
 In order to understand the nature of the particulates responsi-
 ble for light scattering and hence reduction  in visibility, elec-
 tron microscopy was used to analyze particulates collected in
 the field to obtain the particle size distribution and types of at-
 mospheric particles. From these data  using Mie theory the in-
 fluence on light scattering and hence visibility  reduction was
 calculated. This paper reports results  particularly  as they per-
 tain to sulfate particles in  the arid  Western United States.
 These  particles are believed  to be  predominantly ammonium
 sulfate, although  other sulfate  species and ammonium nitrate
 may be present.  A  persisting  environmental  concern  with
 proposed energy  development is the reduction of visibility in

-------
60
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
the scenic Western United States due to industrial pollution.
The rule making for prevention of significant deterioration was
related in part to this purpose to prevent industrial particulates
from  spoiling this  area. In  spite of these efforts  visibility
degradation has been suspected but, except in local situations,
no clear definition of atmospheric particulates in any one area
has been obtained. Conventional particulate concentrations as
measured by  hi-vol samplers and to some extent with cascade
impactors have not been adequate to assess this problem. Par-
ticulate concentrations will continue to be highly variable due
to the influence of wind  action on dry soil surfaces and limited
measurements have not shown the visibility correlation  with
mass  concentrations  observed  in  urban  communities.  At-
mospheric submicron sulfate particles, predominantly ammoni-
um sulfate, were observed everywhere samples were collected.
In remote areas mass concentrations on a weekly basis ranged
from  0.2   1.0  microgram/cu m, predominantly  less than 0.7
micron diameter. Limited studies of conversion of sulfur diox-
ide to atmospheric submicron sulfate particulates in  the Four
Corners Power Plant plume showed a rate  of conversion less
than 1%/hr. Extinction coefficients, calculated for the various
particulates observed  in atmospheric particle samples,  were
used  to estimate  visual range. On a  mass basis submicron
sulfate particulates were about twenty times  more  effective
than fly ash and soil dust in reduction of visibility, accounting
for 15-50% of the extinction coefficient due to suspended par-
ticulates at the normally low ambient humidity. (Author ab-
stract)

84755
Cowherd, Chatten, Jr., Christine Guenther, and Charles C.
Masser
METHODOLOGY FOR  AN HOURLY EMISSIONS INVENTO-
RY OF FUGITIVE DUST SOURCES FOR THE RAPS  PRO-
GRAM. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
14p.,  1976.  13 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control As-
sociation Annual Meeting, 69th, Portland, Oreg., June 27-July
1, 1976, Paper 76-5.1.)
The methodology that was used in developing an hourly  fugi-
tive dust emissions inventory for the Metropolitan St. Louis
Air Quality Control Region as a part of the Regional Air Pollu-
                            tion Study (RAPS) is presented. The information is directed
                            toward those interested in inventorying sources of fugitive
                            dust emissions,  in particular, unpaved roads, agricultural land
                            tilling, wind erosion of agricultural land, construction sites, ag-
                            gregate storage  piles, and inpaved airstrips. For each  of ap-
                            proximately 2000 RAPS grid areas, data were compiled  on an-
                            nual emissions of fugitive dust. This required,  in addition to
                            basic emission factors adjusted for local climatic and surface
                            conditions,  annual measures  of source extent (vehicle-miles
                            traveled on unpaved  roads, acres of  land tilled) for each grid
                            area. Finally, hourly  apportioning factors were  derived to ac-
                            count  for emissions variations by hour of the day, day of the
                            week, and season of  the year. Results include county totals of
                            annual source extent and annual  emissions for each  source
                            category. Unpaved roads and wind erosion from agricultural
                            tilled land account for more than 80% of the total fugitive dust
                            emissions within the St.  Louis area. Fine particle  emissions
                            from fugitive dust sources in the St. Louis area were found to
                            comprise 39% of the total  particulate emissions. (Author ab-
                            stract)

                            84762
                            Pace, Thomson P.
                            NATIONAL ASSESSMENT OF THE  URBAN PARTICULATE
                            PROBLEM. VOLUME II. PARTICLE CHARACTERIZATION
                            (FINAL REPORT). Environmental Protection Agency, Research
                            Triangle Park, N. C.,  Contract EPA 62-02-1376, Task Order 18,
                            Rept. GCA-TR-76-25-G(2), Rept. EPA 450/3-76-025, 258p., July
                            1976. 2 refs.
                            Data concerning the  physical and  chemical properties  of the
                            particulate matter collected on selected hi-vol filters obtained
                            from existing filter banks for 14 cities are presented. Most of
                            the analysis was by optical microscopic examination of the 445
                            samples obtained. In addition,  there was a detailed physical
                            examination of 15 of  the filter samples, chemical analysis of 8
                            samples, and particle size distribution analysis  (as a function
                            of particle type) for 4 samples. Meteorological observations
                            for the sampling days are  also provided.  The cities studied
                            were:  Denver, Birmingham, Baltimore, Philadelphia, Washing-
                            ton, Chattanooga, Oklahoma City, Seattle,  Cincinnati,  Cleve-
                            land, San Francisco, Miami, St. Louis, and Providence.

-------
                                                                                                                    61
                     E.  ATMOSPHERIC   INTERACTION
31831
Yen, K. T.
METEOROLOGICAL   AIR   POLLUTION   MODELING.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 33p.,
1971. 22 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlantic City  , N. J., June 27-July
2, 1971, Paper 71-92.)
An approach to the development of a meteorological air pollu-
tion  model  and  a scheme  for  pollution  monitoring  and
forecasting for  an urban region are presented. Two  dynamic
equations governing the transport and  diffusion of the pollu-
tants are derived: the mesoscale diffusion equation controlling
the  pollutant distribution in an urban area and the macroscale
diffusion equation which can be used to  find the transport of
pollutants  from one metropolitan area to another. To be  con-
sistent with the two averaging scales for the large-scale and
mesoscale  motions, the same  scales  should be used  as the
basic sampling or averaging scales for the pollutant concentra-
tions. The two  scales in time  are of the order  of several
minutes and two  hours.  The characteristics  of Gaussian
models are examined. An  example is given to show that  only
for mesoscale winds of a specific type can the Gaussian model
be modified to include the effects of such winds in the vertical
standard deviation of  the  concentration  distribution.  The
proposed monitoring network has a surface station separation
of a few kilometers, and  is found to be compatible  with the
computational grid  for mesoscale prediction. Such a network
appears to  have the necessary density for surveillance of pol-
lutant  emissions in the industrial  area. In  the  scheme, a
procedure for carrying out the prediction of large-scale winds,
mesoscale  winds, and pollutant  distribution is given,  and the
required computing time estimated. (Author abstract modified)
42146
Vekris, S. L.
DISPERSION  OF  COAL  PARTICLES  FROM  STORAGE
PILES. Ont. Hydro Res. Quart., 23(2):11-16, 1971. 3 refs.
The dispersion of dust from  a large coal pile has been  ex-
amined and a  theory developed for calculating the deposition
at distances of a few  thousand meters. Three  phases are in-
volved in the process:  generation of airborne dust; dispersion
by eddy diffusion; and deposition by gravitational settling and
precipitation washout.  The  amount  of material deposited is a
function  of distance, wind  speed, atmospheric stability,  emis-
sion rate, and particle size. The dust raised by vehicular move-
ment was estimated from concentration measurements  made
close to the pile surface, and  the theory was used to calculate
depositions based on this value. Results suggest that, on rare
occasions,  coal-dust deposition could be a major source of
dustfall. At times when such episodes could occur, it is impor-
tant  that  precautionary measures, such as the  spraying of the
pile  surface  with  water,  be  undertaken.  (Author  abstract
modified)
44643
Biggs, W. Gale, Robert G. Allen, Loren W. Crow, Einar L.
Hovind, and Robert G. Larson
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE COMBINED EFFECTS OF  AIR
POLLUTION BY THE MAJOR  POWER PLANTS  IN THE
SOUTHWEST UNITED STATES. Preprint, Air Pollution Con-
trol Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 25p., 1972. 1  ref. (Presented at the
Air  Pollution Control  Association,  Annual  Meeting,  65th,
Miami, Fla., June 18-22, 1972, Paper 72-130.)
Results  of a joint effort by several  separate consulting or-
ganizations to assemble a unified report  concerning the total
impact on the environment of the southwest United States (the
area including eastern Utah, Western  Colorado, northwestern
New  Mexico, northern Arizona, and southern Nevada) by the
large  coal-fired power plants in the region, are presented. An
investigation was conducted only at those plants which were
already in operation, under construction,  or for which definite
plans have been  made. The major effort was an  attempt to
describe   the  meteorology and  possible air movement or
exchange during  periods  of restricted dispersion  conditions.
The area in  question  can be  broken into several gross air
sheds. The meteorological interaction between air sheds during
stagnant  conditions  is insignificant. There is no significant in-
teraction  of power plant effluents between gross air sheds.
Stagnation may be as long as  13 days in this area. However,
each  separate air shed should be evaluated further since the
degree of stagnation, and its consequences, will vary between
the different locales. Even when stagnation occurs, concentra-
tions  of  emissions  do not build continuously  but reach an
equilibrium, the magnitude of which is determined by emission
rate and  atmospheric reactivity of the pollutant. (Author  con-
clusions)

51856
Hagen, L. J. and N. P. Woodruff
AIR  POLLUTION FROM DUST STORMS IN  THE GREAT
PLAINS. Atmos. Environ., 7(3):323-332, March 1973. 8 refs.
Great Plains  states are adopting air  pollution regulations to
limit  paniculate concentrations. Because little information  is
about dust storms, an important source of particulates in those
states, hourly observations of the weather on dusty days dur-
ing the  1950 s at 37 weather  stations were  analyzed. Wind
direction was southerly, and windspeeds  were usually 8.9-13.4
mi/sec; relative humidity was less than 70 in 92% of the dusty
hours. During periods of low precipitation, most Great Plains
locations  had  a significant number of hours with dust. The
study revealed  that the median annual hours  of dust was 45,
but more than 150 dusty hours were recorded in 20% of the re-
ports. Though urban  air  pollution episodes last longer  than
dust storms, dust storms have larger particles and  higher par-
ticulate concentrations. The average dust storm lasted 6.6 hr,
and median dust concentration  was 4.85 mg/cu m.  Because of
high concentrations of coarse particles in dust storms, air pol-
lution laws in the  Great Plains probably should specify particu-
late size  distributions to  which various  sections of the  laws
apply as  well as limits on paniculate  concentrations. (Author
abstract modified)

-------
62
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
54382
Nevers, Noel H. de and J. Roger Morris
ROLLBACK MODELING-BASIC AND MODIFIED. Preprint,
Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 30p., 1973. 6 rets.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control  Association,  Annual
Meeting, 66th, Chicago, 111., June 24-28, 1973, Paper 73-139.)
The rollback or proportional model is widely used in pollution
control calculations and  included in the guidelines for prepar-
ing and evaluating state implementation, plans. It assumes that
the concentration of any long-lived pollutant at any point is
equal to the background concentration of that  pollutant plus
some linear function  of the total emission rate of the pollutant
in the area which influences the  concentration at that point.
However,  simple rollback has no experimental  basis, and its
theoretical basis is restricted to very  unusual situations, i.e.,
situations involving perfect atmospheric mixing  in the area of
interest, or in which all emitters make the same percentage
reduction. Four  modified forms of  rollback are derived. The
first .extends basic rollback to multiple categories of sources;
the second extends this multiple source version to include  the
effects of average stack heights for the various categories;  the
third includes the radial  distance from source to receptor; and
the fourth adds wind direction frequency. All of these models
are derived from the same formula, with each one  differing
from the others only in the number of categories into which
the area emissions are divided and the method of estimating
the contribution of a unit emission rate from a category to the
concentration at a particular point.  Rollback modeling should
begin with the basic  equation and proceed to the form that is
justified by plausible assumptions  and  data  availability. In
most cases,  the third or  fourth model  would be most  ap-
propriate.  They  may play a useful  role as intermediate tools
between the very simple, hand calculated rollback formula and
the more advanced and complex computer models now in use.
(Author abstract modified)

55295
Fitzjarrald, D. E.
A  FIELD  INVESTIGATION  OF DUST  DEVILS. J.  Appl.
Meteorol., 12(5):808-813, Aug. 1973. 9 rets.
The interaction between dust devils and their environment was
investigated in  a field observation  program conducted  at El
Mirage, California. The outputs of  sensors designed to mea-
sure vertical vorticity were recorded, together  with  those of
cup anemometers. Analysis of the data indicated that there is
no correlation between vorticity measured  at a point  and  the
direction  of rotation of  nearby  dust  devels.  Tangential
velocity, vertical velocity, and temperature were determined in
11  dust devils.  Maximum vertical velocities were  about one-
tenth of the tangential velocities,  indicating that the boundary
layer height extended well above the 2 m  measurement height.
The data are thus unlikely  to reveal a cooler area at the very
center of  the vortex due to downward motion.  (Author  ab-
stract modified)

56092
McAdie, H. G. and D. K. A. Gillies
THE  OPERATIONAL FORECASTING OF  UNDESIRABLE
POLLUTION LEVELS BASED ON A COMBINED  POLLU-
TION INDEX. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 23(ll):941-944,
Nov. 1973. 6 rets. (Presented  at the  Air Pollution Control  As-
sociation, Annual Meeting, 65th, Miami Beach, Fla., June 1972,
Paper 72-183.)
Several air pollution  indicies have been developed for control
action and public information. The majority of these are based
upon some  combination  of sulfur  dioxide  and  paniculate
                            matter levels, since epidemiological studies indicate a relation-
                            ship between severity of health effects and these constituents.
                            The application of one such index, in conjunction with synop-
                            tic meteorological forecasting, to an operational program for
                            forecasting  pollution  potential  in  the  Sarnia,   Ontario,
                            photochemical complex  is   described.  The  program  was
                            developed in conjunction with the Lambton Industrial Society.
                            This system has operated for over 5 years with approximately
                            a 70% accuracy of  predicting adverse  situations.  The  per-
                            formance  of  this  program  indicates  that  meteorological
                            forecasts can be used successfully  to provide major sources
                            with the  advance information necessary to effect  any addi-
                            tional control measures relevant to their individual operations.
                            (Author abstract)

                            57132
                            Sehmel, G. A. and F. D. Lloyd
                            INFLUENCE OF SOIL RESUSPENSION ON THE AIRBORNE
                            PARTICLE  SIZE  DISTRIBUTION.  In:  Pacific  Northwest
                            Laboratory Annual Report for 1972 to the USAEC Division of
                            Biomedical and Environmental Research. Volume II: Physical
                            Sciences. Part 1. Atmospheric Sciences. Battelle Memorial Inst.,
                            Richland, Wash., Pacific Northwest Labs., p. 1-5, April 1973. 2
                            refs. NTIS: BNWL-1751 PT1, UC-53 Meteorology
                            The airborne particle size distribution function of resuspended
                            soil was determined as a function of particle diameters from 1
                            to 230 micron and  sampling  heights from 0.3  to 30 m. An ap-
                            parent  lower limit was  determined for  the  size distribution
                            function. Soil resuspension can cause relatively high soil injec-
                            tion rates into the atmosphere which increase the magnitude of
                            the  size distribution function above the lower limit. The  soil
                            resuspension rates  are a direct function of the hours of  high
                            wind speed occurring during  dusty time periods. However, the
                            resuspension rates  must also be a function of the persistence
                            of these  high  winds since less resuspension occurs for the
                            same total hours of high winds when these hours are accumu-
                            lated over a longer time period. (Author abstract)

                            57133
                            Slinn, W. G. N.
                            INITIAL RESUSPENSION  MODELS.  In: Pacific  Northwest
                            Laboratory Annual Report for 1972 to the USAEC Division of
                            Biomedical and Environmental Research. Volume II: Physical
                            Sciences. Part 1. Atmospheric Sciences. Battelle Memorial Inst.,
                            Richland, Wash., Pacific Northwest Labs., p. 5-15, April 1973.
                            10 refs. NTIS: BNWL-1751 PT1, UC-53 Meteorology
                            The resuspension of aerosol  particles from the earth s surface
                            was studied theoretically. For friction velocity greater than or
                            approximately equal to 20 cm/sec, horizontal wind fluctuations
                            can dislodge most sub-millimeter particles from dry soil.  This
                            suggests that the soil particle size distribution is the controlling
                            factor of the airborne particle size distribution in the near-sur-
                            face layer. Above the surface layer, the convective diffusion
                            equation  is  incapable of  explaining experimental  data.  The
                            resuspension of the material into the forced convection layer
                            depends almost entirely on the statistical properties of the tur-
                            bulence. A statistical approach based on the  probability  dis-
                            tribution  of vertical  wind speeds is explored;  the  observed
                            wind speed data does correctly  describe the  size distribution
                            of large, resuspended particles. Directions are indicated for fu-
                            ture theoretical  and experimental  studies.  (Author abstract
                            modified)

-------
                                      E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
                                                       63
57134
Sehmel, G. A. and M. M. Orgill
RESUSPENSION  BY  WIND AT ROCKY FLATS. In: Pacific
Northwest Laboratory Annual  Report for 1972 to the USAEC
Division of Biomedical and Environmental Research. Volume II:
Physical  Sciences.  Part  1.  Atmospheric  Sciences.  Battelle
Memorial Inst., Richland, Wash., Pacific Northwest  Labs., p.
15-22,  April  1973.  9  refs.  NTIS:  BNWL-1751  PT1, UC-53
Meteorology
Airborne plutonium concentrations were related to meteorolog-
ical parameters at Rocky Flats  to  increase understanding of
environmental  resuspension  processes. The meteorological
data included hourly wind speed and direction and maximum
daily wind gust at the tower site. The anemometer was located
40 ft above  ground and .75  mi west  of  the oil spill area.
Despite low activity levels and smoothing of  variability in air-
borne concentrations performed  by sampling over  relatively
long periods of time, the reported data were useful in defining
some dependencies  of resuspension  on meteorological parame-
ters. The maximum  resuspension  factors,  for  scoping esti-
mates, were in the range of 10 to the -5th power to 10 to the -
9th power/m  for 6 hr, 48 hr, and weekly air samples collected
near the east security fence and at 2-3 mi from the plant. Since
the airborne concentration should also be related to an upwind
and not a local surface contamination, the airborne concentra-
tions at  one  sampling  station  were  related to wind speed for
July 1970 to Jan. 1971. The model for wind-caused plutonium
resuspension at this sampling station was the average airborne
concentration in uits of fCi/cu m equals 0.45 times the average
west and southwest wind speed to the 2.1 power in mi/hr. The
linear  correlation coefficient  for the model was  0.89. The
theoretical model was proportional to wind  speed to the 2.0
power rather than  the experimental wind  speed to the 2.1
power.  The model  predicts that total activity in each hourly
time period is equal to the plutonium fallout  activity in fCi/cu
m during the time  period plus 0.3 plus 0.45  (mph)  to the 2.1
power.

58159
Hutcheson, Main R. and Franklin P. Hall, Jr.
SULFATE  WASHOUT  FROM   A  COAL   FIRED   POWER
PLANT PLUME.  Atmos. Environ., 8(l):23-28, Jan. 1974. 8 refs.

Sulfate washout data was collected near a coal-fired generating
station, and  the  seasonally-averaged sulfate  concentration in
rainwater was  converted to  sulfate washout at  17  sampling
sites located  in an area one to 16 miles from the site. Sulfate
aerosol scavenging did not account for the washout pattern ob-
served, and known  characteristics strongly  suggested that sul-
fur dioxide  scavenging  by rain was  the  primary  washout
mechanism. An  empirical  expression for  the SO2  washout
coefficient based upon  knowledge  of  SO2 scavenging was
developed and used as an aid in  analyzing the data. The study
indicated that the relative importance of sulfate aerosol  and
SO2 scavenging in  the very complex sulfur  washout process
was  significantly  influenced by the  background acidity of the
rain, the height of  the pollutant source, and the rainfall rate.
(Author abstract modified)

59613
Hobbs, P. V., H.  Harrison, and E. Robinson
ATMOSPHERIC  EFFECTS   OF  POLLUTANTS.   Science,
183(4128):909-915, March 8, 1974. 18 refs.
The influence of various air  pollutants on the atmosphere is
considered, and criteria are proposed for the classification and
control of such pollutants. The dispersion cycle of a pollutant
through the atmosphere depends on the nature of the source,
its dilution  and dispersion by atmospheric motion, and  the
removal  or scavenging  of  the pollutant by atmospheric and
surface  processes; and the evaluation of a new  material as a
potential source of air pollution must taken into account the
material at the  vaiious stages in its manufacture  and disposal.
Aerosols appear to' be the principal agents by which pollutants
affect weather and climate, and they are most likely to act  by
influencing the  structure and distribution of clouds.  They may
also  influence  the vertical temperature structure of  the  at-
mosphere which in turn  influences mixing and dispersion and
the  buildup of  aerosols.  Inadvertent   modification  of  the
microstructure  and distribution of clouds will not only affect
precipitation processes  but also radiative properties.  Water
vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone each significantly affect the
heat transfer of outgoing thermal radiation from the  earth s
surface. Molecules which are  likely  to  interact  strongly  with
photochemical oxidation sequences in the air are: photoactive
molecules which may form atomic oxygen, hydroxyl  radical,
atomic  hydrogen, or halogen  atoms in  ultraviolet  or  visible
radiation;   free-radical   scavenging   molecules;   olefinic
molecules,  especially those with conjugated double bonds;
molecules with  aromatic  and heterocyclic rings; molecules that
form long-lived triplet states by  absorption near  3000-4000  A;
and molecules with strained rings.

60279
Gatz, Donald F.
METROMEX:  AIR AND  RAIN  CHEMISTRY  ANALYSES.
Bull. Am. Meteoroi. Soc., 55(2):92-93, Feb. 1974. 3 refs.
Causes  of  inadvertent  precipitation modification  in  the  St.
Louis area were  studied by using tracers to measure particle
removal efficiencies and  to follow particles ingested in convec-
tive storm updrafts and by measuring trace element concentra-
tions in rain and air sampled upwind and downwind of the city
to determine where  and when  urban  pollutants  appear  in
downwind  precipitation.  Tracers  were released  from  various
surface locations  on 9  days to  investigate  whether urban
aerosols could  reach cloud level in time  to  influence near-
downwind   precipitation; deposition  patterns  showed  that
materials released near the ground were  capable of entering
convenctive clouds and  depositing in rain within short times
and distances from the  release point. Trace element measure-
ments  showed  that mean concentrations in both air and rain
increased by at least 50%  from upwind to downwind  of the
city. For each  element  the relative concentration increase in
the rain matched or exceeded that in the air, confirming the
fact  that urban aerosols are  quickly  incorporated into and
deposited by rain.

61125
Beard, K. V. and S. N. Grover
NUMERICAL  COLLISION  EFFICffiNCIES  FOR SMALL
RANDROPS COLLIDING WITH MICRON SIZE  PARTICLES.
J. Atmospheric Sci., 31(2):543-550, March 1974. 24 refs.
Numerical  calculations  are conducted  to determine collision
efficiencies between small raindrops and micron-size particles
based on a  numerical description of  the axisymmetric steady-
state flow about a rigid sphere for drop Reynolds numbers 1,
10, 20,  100, 200,  and 400. The particle is assumed to move
with a Stokes-Cunningham resistance to motion  in  the unper-
turbed flow of the drop. The results for drop radii between 40
and 600 micron and particle radii greater than  or equal to 1
micron, the ratio of the latter to the former being less than or
equal to 0.1, are intermediate to previously calculated collision

-------
64
                                 PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
efficiencies for the potential and viscous flow  limits  and do
not follow the Langmuir  interpolation formula. Comparison
with experimental results shows good agreement when  electric
forces  are  unimportant.  A  new  interpolation  scheme  is
presented for the present  results as well a% for the potential
flow case for larger raindrops which may %e evaluated either
graphically or by computer for a range ofltmospheric condi-
tions of 800-1100 mb and 0-30 C. (Author abstract modified)

62089
Hanna, Steven R.
RELATING EMISSIONS TO AIR QUALITY IN TENNESSEE.
National  Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,  Oak Ridge,
Tenn.,  Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Lab.,  ATDL Con-
tribution  File 90, 19p., March 1974. 5 refs.
Average  annual emissions  of suspended particles,  sulfur diox-
ide,  and  carbon monoxide from each of  the 95  counties  in
Tennessee during 1970 are  compared with observed air  quality.
Due to the location of air monitoring instruments close  to large
local sources,  the  readings of these instruments are found  to
be usually not representative of regional air quality. In order
to adequately test  regional dispersion models in Tennessee, it
is necessary to install additional air monitoring stations that
are not influenced by large local sources.  The vaiations  of
county pollutant concentrations across the  state are generally
within  a  factor of  three, while the variations of county pollu-
tant emissions are  generally over several orders  of magnitude.
The wind speed therefore  strongly controls, the  day  to day
background level of air pollution in the state. (Author abstract)
65180
Spiegler, David B., Elliot Newman, and Robert E. Bailey
AMBIENT  POLLUTANT   CONCENTRATIONS  AROUND
POWER PLANTS AS A FUNCTION OF METEOROLOGICAL
CONDITIONS. Preprint,  Air Pollution Control Assoc.,  18p.,
1974. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control  Association, An-
nual Meeting,  67th, Denver, Colo., June 9-13, 1974, Paper 74-
7.)
Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and total suspended particu-
lates were measured by real-time Air Monitoring Analysis and
Prediction (AIRMAP)  systems  near power plants along the
North  Shore  of eastern  Massachusetts  and in the  Hudson
River Valley in N. Y. Two meteorological towers in the Hud-
son River Valley measured  wind direction, wind speed, tem-
perature, and temperature difference. Pollutant concentrations
were influenced by the meteorological conditions and the large
scale atmospheric conditions which can be  predicted a day in
advance. Therefore, it would be technically feasible to develop
reliable air  quality predictions  which  could  be used as the
basis  for an intermittent fuel control  strategy in the power
plants. Hourly average  concentrations varied in some cases by
more  than  two orders of  magnitude, depending  upon  at-
mospheric conditions. The highest SO2 conditions occurred in
the  winter  when high  pressure  systems  moved  to the
southwest resulting in southwest  winds  and a  stable  at-
mosphere over the region, when a polar anticyclone was over
the region,  and  when  unstable and neutral  conditions with
gusty winds  averaging greater than 10 mph occurred. Stable at-
mospheres  were associated with higher than  average  NOx
readings, while strong winds were associated with lower NOx
readings. Diurnal NOx variations correlated with traffic.
67179
Idso, Sherwood B.
TORNADO  OR  DUST DEVIL: THE ENIGMA  OF  DESERT
WHIRLWINDS.  Am.  Scientist,  62(S):530-541, Sept.-Oct. 1974.
42 refs.
The  enigma  of desert whirlwinds is reviewed in terms of possi-
ble  mechanisms   for   their  development,   with   typical
mechanisms being  illustrated for tornados and dust devils.
Several mechanisms are  cited that may induce  concentrated,
vortical wind motion in the vicinity of desert dust storm fron-
tal boundaries, including the interaction  of a thunderstorm s
cold-air outflow with a topographic disturbance. The interac-
tion  at thunderstorm outflow boundaries involving the momen-
tum  of a strong convergent local wind field might also be an
explanation  for  vortices  as opposed to  differential  tempera-
ture-induced convection.  Questions concerning vortices which
remain unanswered involve: whether they occur in front of or
behind the surge head and whether their rotation is cyclonic or
anticyclonic, the possibility of a dynamic connection with the
cloud base, the probability  of vortex occurrence downwind
from significant topographic disturbances,  the  frequency of
twin funnels, and  the frequency  of small subsidiary vortices
being associated with larger vortex wind fields.

67645
Whelpdale, D. M.
PARTICULATE RESIDENCE TIMES. Water, Air, Soil Pollut.
3(3):293-300, Sept. 1974. 10 refs.
Examination of suspended particulate concentration data from
a year-long, regional air quality study of a portion of the Great
Lakes area  revealed  that depletion of particulates  occurred
during extended periods  of travel over water surfaces. Based
on  particulate  concentrations  and  meteorological  measure-
ments,  residence  times  of  background  regional particulate
matter were between 5 and 16 hr  in the region. Using a simple
model for the deposition of particulate matter into the lakes,
deposition rates  ranging from 0.2 to 3.9 micrograms/sq m/sec
were found. This  results, for  example,  in an estimated  150
metric tons  of material being deposited  into Lake St. Clair,
with an area of  1270 sq km, during a 24-hour period. (Author
abstract modified)

67890
Easter, Richard C. and Peter V. Hobbs
THE FORMATION OF  SULFATES AND  THE ENHANCE-
MENT OF CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI IN CLOUDS.
J. Atmospheric Sci., 31(6): 1586-1594, Sept. 1974. 24 refs.
A mathematical model is developed for predicting the produc-
tion  of ammonium sulfate  by oxidation  of dissolved sulfur
dioxide in cloud droplets of small-amplitude wave clouds  and
the  resulting  enhancement  of  cloud  condensation nuclei
released from the  clouds on evaporation. The condensational
growth of the droplets formed on 75 initial cloud condensation
nuclei sizes is considered simultaneously  with the production
of sulfates in the droplets of an  air parcel moving through a
wave cloud via the Scott-Hobbs mechanism.  Significant  in-
creases in the concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei ac-
tive at 0.5% supersaturation can be produced by SO2 oxidation
in wave clouds with short flow-through times (4  min) and with
concentrations of SO2 and ammonia typical of unpolluted air
(1 and 3 ppb, respectively). The  sulfate production decreases
as the SO2 concentration rises above 10 ppb due to the limited
buffering capacity of the NH3.  In-cloud production  of  am-
monium sulfate can probably explain previous observations of
higher than  ambient cloud condensation nuclei  concentrations

-------
                                     E.  ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
                                                      65
in air from  evaporating clouds, with the ammonium sulfate
production in clouds being sufficiently fast to account for the
major worldwide  source of  these particles.  (Author abstract
modified)

69084
Roberts, Paul T. and Sheldon K. Friedlander
CONVERSION  OF  SO2   TO  AMBIENT  PARTICULATE
SULFATES   IN  THE  LOS  ANGELES  ATMOSPHERE.
Preprint, National Inst. of Health, Research Triangle Park, N.
C., National Inst. of Environmental Health Sciences  and En-
vironmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N. C.,
Office  of  Research and  Development,  16p.,  1974.  13 refs.
(Presented at the Health Consequences of Environmental Con-
trols: Impact of Mobile Emissions  Controls, Durham, N. C.,
April 16-19, 1974.)
Gas phase  and participate  phase sulfur were determined at
various locations  in the Los Angeles basin to determine  at-
mospheric conversion rates and mechanisms. A new technique
was developed for the measurement of participate  sulfur.
From measurements of the particulate to gas phase sulfur ratio
near the major stationary sources  and far  downstream and
from estimates of travel times determined by air trajectory
analysis, it is possible to  estimate  gas-to-particle conversion
rates for sulfur. Such calculations show that automobiles
presently contribute a major part of the total sulfur as mea-
sured at a receptor site such as Pasadena, while contributing
only a small amount to the particulate sulfur loading. The in-
troduction of  oxidation catalyst-equipped vehicles  may add
significantly to the particulate sulfur  at downwind  receptor
sites;  predictions  of  particulate  sulfur  concentrations near
freeways show substantial  increases due  to such  vehicles.
(Author abstract)

69380
Newman, J. E., M. D. Abel,  W. A. Brans, and K. J. Yost
SOME  ATMOSPHERIC  TRANSPORT CHARACTERISTICS
OF  SUSPENDED  PARTICULATES   AND  ASSOCIATED
TRACE CONTAMINANTS  AROUND THE SOUTH END OF
LAKE MICHIGAN. Preprint, Purdue  Univ., West Lafayette,
Ind., Dept. of  Agronomy and Purdue  Univ., West Lafayette,
Ind., Dept. of Bionucleonics, 31p., 1974. 5 refs.
Selected daily isopleths for total suspended particulate and as-
sociated  trace  contaminants  around the south end  of Lake
Michigan  are  analyzed  for  atmospheric  transport  charac-
teristics. It is possible to clearly isolate certain mesoscale at-
mospheric transport characteristics from single-day isopleth
analysis. But,  single-day isopleth analysis  reveals only area
source  pollution  levels, not  point  sources.  Point  source
identification from  atmospheric transport patterns  can there-
fore be achieved only from  accurate hourly meteorological
data, in conjunction  with  known  point  source  inventory
strengths, and under environmental  conditions that essentially
eliminate refloatation  from  terrestrial  surfaces. (Author ab-
stract)

69411
Orgill, M. M., G. A. Sehmel, and T. J. Bander
REGIONAL  WIND RESUSPENSION OF DUST. In:  Pacific
Northwest Laboratory  Annual  Report for 1973 to the USAEC
Division of Biomedical  and Environmental Research. Part 3 At-
mospheric Sciences.  Battelle  Memorial Inst., Richland, Wash.,
Pacific Northwest  Labs., Atomic Energy Commission  Contract
AT(45-1):1830, Environmental and Earth Sciences Rept UC-11,
p. 214-219, April 1974. NTIS: BNWL-1850 PT3
The  natural  wind-caused airborne dust  loadings  over the
country were determined through meteorological data. The Na-
tional Weather Service reporting observations of dust and visi-
bility were used to infer the approximate frequency and dust
loadings for  resuspension periods.  Dust parameters for the
period 1953-1970 are presented for the Hanford area. The total
dust hours were 475  and the total dust days were 142. There
were 150 dust storms which ranged in duration from 1-16 hr.
The  hours of dust occurrence, average visibility, and  estimated
average dust  concentration are tabulated as a function of wind
direction and speed.  The average dust concentration  during
dusty period was approximately 7 mg/cu m.

69434
Abel, Michael D. and James E. Newman
AIR QUALITY CHANGES  ASSOCIATED WITH THE  AT-
MOSPHERIC TRANSPORT OF TOTAL SUSPENDED PAR-
TICULATE IN AND  AROUND CHICAGO.  Preprint,  Purdue
Univ., West Lafayette, Ind., Agricultural Experiment Station,
23p., 1974. 3 refs.
An analysis is made of  the wind directional effects on the at-
mospheric  transport  of total  suspended  particulate  in  and
around the city of Chicago. Daily and annual estimated values
in micrograms/cu m are reported for total suspended particu-
lates advected  into Chicago from  surrounding industrial, ur-
ban,  and rural areas. Using 8 years of data in  the analysis,
estimates are  given  for  the  mean annual  values of total
suspended  particulate advection  from northwest Indiana  into
Chicago, 111. Some estimates are given for corresponding mean
daily values of  total suspended  particulate advection  into
Chicago as  well. The  estimated  maximum value of total
suspended  particulate increase due to advection from  Indiana
into Chicago was computed  as  4% for the  8-year average.
(Author abstract modified)

69919
Cahill, Thomas A. and Patrick J. Feeney
CONTRIBUTION OF FREEWAY TRAFFIC TO AIRBORNE
PARTICULATE  MATTER  (FINAL  REPORT).  California
Univ., Davis, Crocker Nuclear Lab., California Air  Resources
Board Contract ARB-502, Proj. 4B-184-7, Rept. ARB-R-502-74-
06, Calif. Univ. Rept. UCD-CNL-169, 163p., April  1974.  18 refs.
NTIS: PB 231617
The total particulate matter burden contributed by motor vehi-
cle  traffic was  determined  by analysis  of size-segregated
aerosol samples collected upwind  and downwind of cut, fill
and  at-grade  freeway sections. Elemental analyses of the sam-
ples were performed to  determine the selective contribution of
exhaust emissions, roadway abrasion, tire  wear,  and degrada-
tion of moving parts. The results were combined  with weather
data to determine dispersal patterns and the contributions from
other  sources.  In areas adjacent  to  the  downwind  side of
freeways, the particulate burden was greatest for fill-sections,
intermediate  for at-grade sections, and least for cut-sections.
This  information will be useful for urban planning and for
designing roadways. The combustion products of gasoline, in-
cluding lead, bromine, chlorine, and sulfur, provided about 2/3
of all elements  heavier than sodium observed in the particulate
matter. About 60% of the elements heavier than sodium that
were seen in participates consisted of particles less  than 5
micron in  size. Combustion  products dominated this class,
with most mass occurring below 0.5 micron. Dispersion of par-
ticulates was dominated by wind conditions, with high values
of particulate mass per  vehicle mile occurring in calm  periods
in near-freeway locations. (Author abstract modified)

-------
66
PARTICULATES  AND AIR  POLLUTION
72402
Nicholson, Sharon E.
A POLLUTION MODEL FOR STREET-LEVEL AIR.  Atmos.
Environ., 9(1):19-31, Jan. 1975. 16 refs.
A scalar budget-box diffusion model is  developed to  predict
volume-average pollution  concentrations in street  canyons.
Input is wind speed, direction, and total pollution  emission at
the lower boundary of the box. Vortex velocity is predicted by
assuming logarithmic wind profiles above buildings and streets
and by using the continuity equation. A bulk wind speed for
winds parallel to the  street is predicted by  assuming  an ex-
ponential wind profile in the canyon. Diurnal curves showing
predicted and observed hourly values of carbon monoxide in
Madison, Wisconsin;  Chicago,  Illinois;  and Frankfurt,  Ger-
many are in reasonable agreement, indicating the usefulness of
the  model  for  vastly  differing   cities.   (Author abstract
modified)

72958
Jones, Herbert C.
PREOPERATIONAL ATMOSPHERIC MONITORING IN THE
CUMBERLAND STEAM  PLANT  AREA:  THE  PH  AND
SULFATE CONTENT OF PRECIPITATION. Tennessee Valley
Authority, Muscle  Shoals, Ala., Air Pollution Effects Section,
Rept. E-EB-74-1, 27p., Nov. 1974. 27 refs.
Rainfall  samples  collected   around the  Tennessee  Valley
Authority Cumberland Steam Plant before operation  for the
period September  1971  through July 1972 were analyzed for
pH and sulfate. The rainfall in the area was much  more acidic
than  geologically pure rainfall (ph 4.5  as  compared with pH
5.7),  though insufficient information exists to predict whether
sulfur dioxide emissions from the  steam plant  are capable of
further increasing rain acidity. The weighted average concen-
tration of sulfates (5.4 mg/1) washed out in  precipitation during
the  11-month period before  the steam plant began  operating
was about  three times that considered to  be background for
areas remote from sources of sulfur emissions. The installation
of five additional monitoring stations in the Cumberland Steam
Plant air monitoring network to obtain more complete statistics
on  pH and sulfur  content of  precipitation is recommended
along  with  the installation of  precipitation collectors at re-
gional air quality monitoring stations for observing long-term
trends in precipitation acidity.

72968
Briggs, Gary A.
PRELIMINARY DRAFT. DIFFUSION  ESTIMATION  FOR
SMALL EMISSIONS. In: Environmental Research Laboratories
1973  Annual Report.  National Oceanic and  Atmospheric Ad-
ministration, Oak Ridge, Tenn., Atmospheric Turbulence and
Diffusion Lab., Rept. ATDL-106, p. 83-145, Dec.  1974. 19 refs.
Procedures for the  calculation of ground level  concentrations
of effluents from small industrial and fuel burning  installations
(source heights  of  less than 100  m) are  discussed.  Topics
covered include: the calculation of effective plume height, as-
suming  that it escapes the downwash effect of the stack and
buildings;  methods  for  predicting   the  occurrence  of
downwash; the estimation of building and buoyancy  effects;
the  use of diffusion model coefficients and  stability classes for
estimating ground level concentrations from both elevated and
ground sources; the computation of long term average concen-
trations;  the extension of  classical methods  to the prediction
of the long-term average deposition of particulates (30  days to
1 yr), the effects of mechanical and convective turbulence on
plume diffusion in urban areas;  and the effects of topographi-
cal interactions in diffusion.
                            73066
                            Schrecker, Gunter O., Karl R. Wilber, and Frederick M.
                            Shofner
                            PREDICTION AND MEASUREMENT  OF  AIRBORNE  PAR-
                            TICULATE  CONCENTRATIONS FROM COOLING-DEVICE
                            SOURCES AND IN THE AMBIENT ATMOSPHERE. State of
                            Maryland,  Power Plant  Siting Program and  Atomic Energy
                            Commission,  Washington, D. C.,  Div. of Biomedical and En-
                            vironmental  Research,  Cool. Tower  Environ.  Symp.,  College
                            Park,  Md.,   1974, CONF-740302, p. 455-482, 1975.  9  refs.
                            (March 4-6.)
                            The sensitivity of drift-particle mineral residue  transport calcu-
                            lations to source and meteorological parameters is discussed
                            for natural-  and mechanical-draft cooling  towers and  spray
                            module systems. The ground-level air salt concentration from
                            either source contributions or ambient contributions is a more
                            fundamental  parameter for comparison than the deposition
                            rate which is more difficult to measure or predict. Representa-
                            tive and accurate source data on particle density distribution
                            and good meteorological data are required for the prediction of
                            airborne mineral concentrations.  Accurate source measure-
                            ments for large particles are especially important for near-zone
                            considerations;  such  measurements are critical for particles
                            diameters greater than 100  micron with natural-draft towers,
                            50 micron with mechanical-draft towers, and diameters greater
                            than 20 micron with spray systems. The accuracy requirements
                            for far-zone considerations are less stringent since small parti-
                            cles  are more influenced by atmospheric turbulence than by
                            gravitational  effects. Accurate information  on the mass emis-
                            sions associated with these  particles is useful for comparison
                            and prediction. Since far-zone source contributions are not ap-
                            preciably reduced by even complete elimination of large parti-
                            cles, the increased costs and possibly reduced thermal effi-
                            ciency associated with high-efficiency drift eliminator systems
                            may be counter-productive. Airborne particle samplers can
                            provide .accurate sea-salt  measurements at  detection  limits
                            nearly two  orders  of magnitude lower than those of high-
                            volume samplers. (Author conclusions modified)

                          / 73103
                            Stukel, J. J.,  R. L. Solomon, and J. L. Hudson
                            A MODEL FOR THE DISPERSION OF PARTICULATE OR
                            GASOUS POLLUTANTS FROM A  NETWORK OF STREETS
                            AND  HIGHWAYS.  Preprint, Illinois Univ., Urbana, Dept. of
                            Chemical Engineering, 35p.,  1975. 30 refs.
                            A computerized model for  predicting the  atmospheric  trans-
                            port of paniculate  and gaseous pollutants from finite length
                            line sources  representing a  network of city streets and rural
                            highways is described. The  model can be used to predict the
                            dispersion of pollutants in any region of flat  terrain. The in-
                            puts required are the coordinates of the highway segments,
                            traffic counts,  and meteorological  conditions. The model in-
                            cludes  transport by  advection,  turbulent  dispersion, and
                            settling. A computer program is written to predict the distribu-
                            tion  of pollutants  from  any combination of line segments
                            which  represent streets or highways. The model is applied to
                            predicting the distribution of lead emitted from automobiles in
                            the vicinity of Urbana-Champaign. (Author abstract modified)

                            73766
                            Mills, M. T., R.  C. Dahlman, and J. S. Olson
                            GROUND LEVEL AIR CONCENTRATIONS OF DUST PAR-
                            TICLES DOWNWIND FROM A TAILINGS AREA DURING A
                            TYPICAL  WINDSTORM.  Oak  Ridge  National  Lap.,  Oak
                            Ridge, Tenn., Computer Sciences Div., Atomic Energy Commis-
                            sion Contract W-7405-eng-26, Rept. ORNL-TM-4375  660 Sent
                            1974. 10 refs.                                    '

-------
                                        E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
                                                       67
  An atmospheric transport model for predicting the wind-in-
  duced suspension of toxic participates deposited on a ground
  surface  is described. The threshold wind speed for the onset
  of saltation (the rolling and bouncing of individual grains
  across the surface)  is found by setting the moment about the
  sand grain pivot point due to the particle  weight equal to the
  moment due to the drag force. The ground level air concentra-
  tion of dust downwind from a tailings site can be calculated by
  using a  Gaussian plume equation  with a  modification to ac-
  count for plume depletion due to dry  deposition. Application
  of the model to the  wind-induced suspension of a uranium mill
  tailings  pile results in estimated values  that are within a factor
  of 2-15  of those observed. The results obtained at three sta-
  tions are not inconsistent with the model predictions, consider-
  ing the fact that the saltation ratio may easily vary by an order
  of magnitude from one site to another.

/ 73867
  Edwards, H. W., R. J. Rosenvold, and H. G. Wheat
  LEAD   ALKYL - PARTICULATE INTERACTIONS.  In: En-
  vironmental Contamination Caused by  Lead (Interim Report).,
  Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, National Science Foundation
  Grants  GI-3481X1 and GI-44423, p. 312-323, Dec. 31,  1974. 13
  refs.
  The exposure  of simulated atmospheric dust components to air
  streams doped with tetraethyl lead, both  in the presence of
  water vapor, resulted in the uptake of lead by the solids.  Lead
  uptake  on a specific surface area basis was greatest for gra-
  phitized carbon black substrate, followed by carbon black, alu-
  minum  oxide, and silicon dioxide. Sorbed  lead was only very
  slowly  removed upon aging.  A major effect of aging exposed
  samples was  the conversion of  a substantial portion of the
  sorbed  lead compounds into species that  were not removed
  with normal-hexane extraction or moderate heating. Sorption
  of organic  lead compounds  on atmospheric dust components
  thus appears to represent a significant scavenging mechanism,
  and atmospheric particulates  appear to serve as substrates for
  the conversion of sorbed organic lead to  inorganic lead  com-
  pounds. (Author abstract modified)

  77132
  Augustine, Frank E. and Richard W. Boubel
  PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS OF KRAFT PAPER MILL
  AEROSOLS OBTAINED BY AIRBORNE SAMPLING. J. Air
  Pollution Control Assoc., 25(6):617-621, June 1975. 8 refs.
  Size distributions of particles at several downwind points in a
  Kraft paper mill plume were  determined by means of airborne
  sampling. Nucleopore filters  were used as the primary  sam-
  pling filters. Size distributions from samples close to the  stack
  have  a  log normal  frequency  distribution,  but,  significant
  deviations from the log normal were found farther downwind.
  Several possible physical mechanisms are postulated as causes
  for this behavior, including breakup of agglomerated particles
  after exit from the  stack, loss of water from particle droplets
  due to  evaporation, dilution  of the plume  with particles of a
  smaller  average size, and downwind agglomeration of parti-
  cles. Plume dilution with background  particles appears to be
  the most likely mechanism. (Author abstract modified)

  77348
  Liu, Mei-Kao  and John H. Seinfeld
  ON THE VALIDITY OF GRID AND TRAJECTORY MODELS
  OF URBAN AIR POLLUTION. Atmos.  Environ., 9(6/7):555-
  574, June/July 1975. 15 rets.
  The validity of grid and trajectory models of urban air pollu-
  tion was evaluated and the magnitude of errors in the solution
of the diffusion equation was determined. Grid models imply a
coordinate  system fixed with respect to the ground, whereas
trajactory models have a coordinate system centered on a fic-
titious vertical air column which moves horizontally with the
advective wind. Both models are based on the atmospheric dif-
fusion equation as the essential description of turbulent advec-
tion  and diffusion. The primary errors committed in the grid
model are those attributed to finite difference approximations,
whereas the errors in the trajectory model are mainly a result
of the assumptions inherent in the model formulation, such as
neglect  of  horizontal  turbulent diffusion  across the parcel
boundaries  and neglect of wing shear. Quantitative conditions
based on comparison of exact solutions of the atmospheric dif-
fusion equation  with those of the grid and trajectory models
are derived to indicate when these two classes of models may
be accurately employed for various regimes of stability, wind
shear, and  source configuration.

77839
Schere,  Kenneth L. and Dennis W. Thomson
VERTICAL PROFILES AND SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS OF PAR-
TICULATES OVER ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI. Preprint, Air Pol-
lution  Control   Assoc.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  20p., 1975. 9  refs.
(Presented  at the  Air Pollution Control Association, Annual
Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-58.3.)
Vertical  profiles and  size distributions of the aerosol burden
upwind,  over,  and downwind of the St.  Louis  metropolitan
area were  studied concurrently with the  1973-1974  Regional
Air Pollution Study. A marked homogeneity is evident in par-
ticulate  number density within the mixed layer, especially dur-
ing afternoon hours.  Although this feature is present  in air
masses  of  differing  origin, the magnitude of the particulate
number concentration is observed to differ by more than an
order of magnitude from  one air mass to  another. Many in-
dividual  profiles exhibit  the  masking influence of  near-by
anthropogenic sources on  the normal dispersion patterns. Air-
borne estimates of the size distributions of  the  aerosols are
also obtained. The effects of the changing proportions of large
and  small particles on the size spectra affect the  slope of the
size  distribution.  Representative   size   distributions   are
presented  in power law  form for  each of  two distinct air
masses and altitudes. (Author abstract modified)

77996
Sehmel, George A.
EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS AND  PREDICTIONS
OF PARTICLE  DEPOSITION AND RESUSPENSION RATES.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  14p.,
1975. 10 refs. (Presented at the Air  Pollution Control Associa-
tion, Annual  Meeting,  68th, Boston,  Mass., June  15-20, 1975,
Paper 75-25.2.)
Results  from experiments investigating particle deposition and
resuspension rates are reported. Deposition studies were con-
ducted  with  a  wind  tunnel in which  monodisperse aerosols
were allowed to deposit on a variety of surfaces. Various wind
speeds were  employed; and data obtained for the deposition
velocities  were  correlated  with   particle   size,  surface
roughness,  and wind  speed. Deposition velocities varied over
several orders of magnitude from 0.001 to  10 cm/sec. The ac-
tual  value  was  dependent on particle diameter, particle  densi-
ty, surface roughness, and wind speed and reflected the rela-
tive contribution to mass transfer of Brownian diffusion, eddy
diffusion, and gravity settling. Deposition  velocities were also
a function  of atmospheric stability,  but the  dependence was
relatively minor. Deposition velocities in all cases were greater
than those  predicted by simple gravity settling rates. Experi-

-------
68
PARTICULATES  AND  AIR POLLUTION
ments in which submicron preformed aerosol was seeded onto
a plot of ground revealed  resuspension rates  ranging from 2
times 10  to  the -10 fraction resuspended per second for 1.3
m/sec winds to 2 times 10 to the -8 fraction per second for 5.8
m/sec winds. (Author abstract modified)

78078
Chu, Kuang J. and John H. Seinfeld
FORMULATION  AND   INITIAL   APPLICATION  OF  A
DYNAMIC MODEL  FOR  URBAN AEROSOLS. Atmos. En-
viron., 9(4):375-402, April 1975. 39 refs.
A dynamic model for prediction of the  spatial  and temporal
behavior of the size and chemical composition distributions of
an urban air pollution aerosol is developed. Particular attention
is given to the description of aerosol formation and growth in
photochemical smog,  in which  the aerosol  of  interest lies
primarily in the size range 0.1-1 micron diameter. The dynamic
model developed is used to  simulate aerosol number and mass
concentrations and size  distributions along several  typical air
trajectories on Sept. 20,  1972 in the  Los Angeles basin. Predic-
tions of the model are compared with a total aerosol mass con-
centrations computed from light scattering measurements. The
sensitivity of  the predictions to assumptions concerning the
nature of gas to particle  conversion  processes  is explored.
(Author abstract)

78181
McCollister, George M. and Kent R. Wilson
LINEAR   STOCHASTIC  MODELS   FOR  FORECASTING
DAILY  MAXIMA  AND HOURLY CONCENTRATIONS OF
AIR POLLUTANTS. Atmos. Environ., 9(4):417-423, April 1975.
10 refs.
Two  related time series models were developed to forecast
concentrations of various air pollutants and tested on carbon
monoxide and oxidant data for  the Los Angeles basin. One
model forecasts daily maximum concentrations of a particular
pollutant using only past daily  maximum values of  that  pollu-
tant as input. The other model forecasts  1 hr average concen-
trations using only the past hourly average values. Both are
significantly more accurate than persistence,  i.e., forecasting
for  tomorrow what occurred today  (or  yesterday).  Model
forecasts for 1972 of the daily  instantaneous maxima for total
oxidant made using only past pollutant concentration data are
more accurate than those made by the Los  Angeles  APCD
using meteorological input as well as pollutant concentrations.
Although none of these models forecast as accurately as might
be desired for a health warning system, the relative success of
simple time  series models, even though based  solely on  pollu-
tant  concentration,   suggests   that  models  incorporating
meteorological data and using  either multi-dimensional  times
series or  pattern recognition  techniques  should  be tested.
(Author abstract modified)

84720
Ragland, K.  W.
WORST-CASE AMBIENT AIR CONCENTRATIONS FROM
POINT SOURCES USING THE GAUSSIAN  PLUME MODEL.
Atmos. Environ., vol. 10:371-374, 1976. 10 refs.
The  highest possible ground-level ambient air concentrations
due to an elevated point  source diffusing over flat terrain were
obtained from the Gaussian  Plume Model for power law forms
of the dispersion coefficients. The critical wind speed, critical
plume height and distance downwind were  also obtained. The
results are discussed for various sets of Gaussian dispersion
coefficients and the increased  concentrations  due to trapping
are presented. (Author abstract)
                            84721
                            Sharma, V. and L. O. Myrup
                            DIFFUSION FROM A LINE SOURCE  IN AN URBAN  AT-
                            MOSPHERE. Atmos. Environ., vol. 9:907-922, 1975. 16 refs.
                            A model for the diffusion of material from a line source in an
                            urban atmosphere is presented. The plume is assumed to have
                            a well-defined edge at which the concentration faljs to zero.
                            The vertical wind shear is accounted for by using a power  law,
                            the exponent of which is explicitly determinable as a function
                            of surface roughness characteristics of the terrain and the sta-
                            bility of the atmosphere (Monin-Obukhov length, L). The  con-
                            centrations estimated from the model compare favorably  with
                            the field observations of other investigators. (Author abstract)

                            84740
                            Chock, David P.
                            THE GENERAL MOTORS SULFATE DISPERSION EXPERI-
                            MENT:  ASSESSMENT OF  THE  EPA  HIWAY  MODEL.
                            Preprint, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C.,
                            32p., 1975. (Presented at the GM Sulfate Dispersion Experiment
                            Symposium, Research Triangle  Park,  N. C., April  12, 1976,
                            Paper GMR-2126 EV 27.)
                            A major objective of the  General Motors Sulfate  Dispersion
                            Experiment was to investigate the validity of the Environmen-
                            tal Protection Agency s HIWAY dispersion model. This model
                            was the basis for the  high roadside predictions made by EPA
                            in 1975. Comparison of measurements with predictions show
                            that under the worst meteorological conditions, variable winds
                            at different heights  and plume-rise due to the heated exhaust
                            completely  invalidate  the  model.   Under other  adverse
                            meteorological conditions,  the model also grossly overpredicts
                            sulfate concentrations near the ground. Overpredictions by as
                            high as a factor of 16 were observed for the roadside position.
                            The Overpredictions worsen as the distance from the roadway
                            increases. When the wind is parallel to the road,  substantial
                            Overpredictions occur at all sampling positions. New disper-
                            sion  parameters were determined which substantiate the ex-
                            pectation  that  mechanical  mixing due  to the traffic wake
                            completely dominates  the effects of atmospheric stability.  It is
                            expected  that  the overprediction of  the HIWAY  model at
                            ground level will become worse as the number of traffic lanes
                            increases. In fact, the values of the dispersion parameters are
                            expected  to  increase with  the number of  lanes since the
                            material from the upwind lane will experience a longer interval
                            of turbulent mixing before leaving the roadway. (Author ab-
                            stract)

                            84758
                            Petersen, William B.
                            COMPARISONS  OF  DISPERSION  MODEL  ESTIMATES
                            WITH MEASURED SULFATE CONCENTRATIONS. Environ-
                            mental Protection Agency, EPA-600/3-76-035, 26p.  8 refs. In:
                            The  General  Motors/Environmental  Protection Agency Sulfate
                            Dispersion Experiment: Selected EPA Research Progress, April
                            1976.
                            A fleet of about 400 catalyst equipped vehicles were operated
                            on the test track at GM s Milford Proving Ground. This  type
                            of controlled equipment provides an excellent opportunity to
                            compare estimates from the EPA HIWAY Model with mea-
                            sured sulfate  concentrations.  Concentration estimates  from
                            HIWAY are compared with  sampling measurements observed
                            for  several weeks during morning hours. Performance  of the
                            model  at  the  receptor heights and  at  several  distances
                            downwind  from  the  test  track is also  investigated.  The
                            HIWAY  model gave  concentration estimates best in cases
                            when the  winds  were  near perpendicular  to  the  track  It

-------
                                      E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
                                                       69
overestimated concentrations when the winds were near paral-
lel. During unstable atmospheric conditions,  HIGWAY  esti-
mated  concentrations  well. For stable  conditions,  HIWAY
overestimated concentrations. (Author abstract)

84763
Wilson, William E., Robert J. Charlson, Rudolf B. Husar,
Kenneth T. Whitby, and Donald Blumenthal
SULFATES IN  THE ATMOSPHERE.  Preprint,  Air  Pollution
Control Assoc.,  Pittsburgh, Pa., 19p.,  1976. 21 refs. (Presented
at the Air Pollution Control Association Annual Meeting, 69th,
Portland, Oreg., June 27-July 1, 1976, Paper 76-30-06.)
A transformation-transport theory is advanced to explain the
failure of an  observed  reduction in urban sulfur  dioxide emis-
sions and concentrations (due to mandatory use low-sulfur
fuels) to be accompanied by a proportional decrease in urban
sulfate. Reductions in urban SO2 emissions have been accom-
panied by increases in rural SO2 emissions from new power
plants located outside cities. SO2 from these power plants may
be transformed to sulfate in the atmosphere  and transported
over long distances to urban areas.  Earlier work had shown
that the rate  of conversion of SO2 to sulfate in power plant
plumes was slow (1 percent/hr) except at  very high relative hu-
midity.  In the recent EPA program, consistent conversion of
several percent per hour at normal levels of relative hudmity
has been measured. The conversion of SO2 to sulfate aerosol
in power plant plumes is  slow in the  early part  of the plume;
that is, close to the point of emission. As ambient  air mixes
with the plume, the rate of conversion  increases.  Thus tall
stacks reduce the  ground-level concentrations of SO2 but in-
crease sulfate aerosol formation by reducing surface losses of
SO2 and by increasing the atmospheric residence time, which
results  in  increased  SO2-to-sulfate  conversion.  In urban
plumes, which  are well-mixed to the ground,  SO2 may  be
removed by reaction with plants and by deposition.  The SO2
dry deposition rates vary with vegetation, with  the  nature of
the surface,  and with  time of year. Urban plumes have  been
sampled out  to 250 km from their sources and power plant
plumes out to 60 km. Sampling at these distances revealed that
sulfate, generated  from SO2 in power plant and urban plumes,
and ozone, generated from hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides
in urban plumes, may  be transported  at least  hundreds of km
and may cause air pollution episodes and other problems far
from the source of pollution. These air pollution problems can-
not be controlled by the governmental entity where the air pol-
lution impact actually occurs. (Author abstract)

84767
Cole, Clifford F. and Bruce E. Hanna
MODELING   PARTICIPATE   CONCENTRATIONS  AND
DUSTFALL   RATES  AT  WHITE  ROCKS  SAND  AND
GRAVEL  MINE.  Preprint, The  Air Pollution  Control  Assoc.,
Pittsburgh, Pa., 15p., 1976. 6 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollu-
tion Control Association Annual Meeting, 69th, Portland, Oreg.,
June 27-July 1, 1976, Paper 76-5.2.)
The ability of two predictive dispersion-deposition models to
simulate particualte concentrations and dustfall rates  at a  sand
and gravel mine has been demonstrated. Using  basic input data
(material throughput and storage mass, wind speed and wind
direction frequencies of occurrence and particle size distribu-
tion) that would be available at most sites before  mining activi-
ty began,  accurate predictions  of suspended  paniculate  con-
centrations in the vicinity of the mine can be made. A modifi-
cation to one of the models to allow for re-entrainment of par-
ticulate  downwind  of  the  source significantly improves  the
agreement between measured and predicted values could have
been further improved at the White Rocks site by model tun-
ing. It should not be assumed that  the same  simple models
could produce equally  accurate  predictions at  any surface
mine. Certain  factors such  as topography, ground surface
characteristics and geographic distribution of the  source have
a pronounced influence on dispersion and deposition, and if
not correctly taken into account will result in poor simulations.
On the  other hand, there is no reason to believe that predic-
tions as accurate as these  at the White Rocks could not be
made at mine sites similar to White Rocks. The  modification
made to Model 1, which analytically prevents the plume cen-
terline from penetrating the ground, clearly improves the pre-
diction  of dustfall rates. Furthermore, the suspected physical
mechanism which prompts the modification, re-entrainment of
particulate  at  ground level,  seems plausible. Yet before this
explanation  can  be accepted  with  confidence  additional
evidence of re-entrainment, possibly by direct measurement of
dustfall  rates  upwind  and  downwind  of a section  of  hard-
packed  ground in the vicinity of  the mine, should be sought.
(Author abstract)

84772
Rao, K. S., I. Thomson, and B. A. Egan
REGIONAL  TRANSPORT   MODEL   OF  ATMOSPHERIC
SULFATES. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh,
Pa., 16p., 1976. 6 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control
Association Annual  Meeting,  69th, Portland, Oreg.,  June  27-
July 1,  1976, Paper 76-34.3.)
In recent years, there has been substantial evidence that par-
ticulate  sulfate in the presence of  sulfur oxide gases is a  major
contributor to the health hazards  of air pollution,  and there is
considerable interest in developing a strategy  for controlling
the atmospheric sulfate concentration  levels. This requires a
systematic  modeling program supported by observations  aimed
at understanding the relation  between the emissions, chemical
transformation, deposition,  transport, and dispersion of  sulfur
oxides over distances of hundreds of  kilometers  from  major
sources. As part of  the Sulfate Regional Experiment (SURE)
Design  Project, a  regional  transport  model of  atmospheric
sulfates  has been  developed. This quasi-Lagrangian  three-
dimensional grid  numerical model uses a detailed SO2  emis-
sion inventory of major anthropogenic sources in the eastern
U.  S.  region,  and observed  meteorological data during an
episode as  inputs. The model accounts for advective transport
and turbulent diffusion of the pollutants.  The chemical  trans-
formation of SO2 and sulfate and the deposition of the species
at the earth s surface are assumed to be linear  processes at
specified constant rates. The numerical  model can predict the
daily average  concentrations  of SO2 and SO4  at all receptor
locations in the grid region during the episode. Because  of the
spatial resolution of the grid,  this model is particularly  suited
to investigate the effect of tall stacks in reducing the ambient
concentration  levels of sulfur pollutants.  This  paper presents
the formulations and assumptions of the regional sulfate  trans-
port model.  The  model  inputs  and  results  are discussed.
Isopleths of predicted SO2 and SO4 concentrations  are com-
pared with the observed ground level values. The bulk  of the
information in this paper is directed to air pollution meteorolo-
gists and environmental engineers interested in  the atmospher-
ic  transport  modeling  studies of  sulfur  oxide pollutants.
(Author abstract)

-------
70
              F.  BASIC  SCIENCE  AND  TECHNOLOGY
58474
Kirsch, A. A., I. B. Stechkina, and N. A. Fuchs
GAS   FLOW   IN   AEROSOL   FILTERS   MADE  OF
POLYDISPERSE ULTRAFINE  FIBRES.  J.   Aerosol  Sci.,
5(1):39-4S, Jan. 1974. 8 refs.
The most efficient modern aerosol filters are made of ultrafine
polydisperse glass fibers. Gas flow and pressure drop in these
filters were measured at various pressure from 760 to 4 torr. A
semiempirical  formula was proposed and verified experimen-
tally for the  pressure drop  as  a function of the Knudsen
number,  packing density, and degree of structure nonuniformi-
ty of the filters. The polydispersity of fibers in a filter does
not disturb the linear dependence of the pressure  drop  across
a filter on the  Knudsen number, in spite of the fact that the
gas flow at the surface of thick and thin fiber is of a quite dif-
ferent  character.  Thus,  the  polydisperse  filters  can  be
described by a  formula with the dependence of drag calculated
by  another formula  and tau  equals  1.4.  (Author abstract
modified)

58890
Shlien, D. J. and S. Corrsin
A  MEASUREMENT OF  LAGRANGIAN  VELOCITY  AU-
TOCORRELATION IN APPROXIMATELY  ISOTROPIC TUR-
BULENCE. J. Fluid Mech. (Cambridge), 62(2):255-271, 1974. 32
refs.
Atmospheric  turbulence  disperses solid and fluid particles and
measurement of this  phenomenon is basic  to  heat  and mass
transport problems.  Small particles can be used  to calculate
the Lagrangian velocity  correlation from particle dispersion.
The mean temperature profile behind a heating wire spanning
an  isotropic turbulence (approximately  the  probability density
of  the lateral  displacement of a  fluid  particle)  is Gaussian
within the accuracy of measurement, supporting earlier results.
The maximum  scatter on a typical profile is less  than  2% of
the peak. The  measured Lagrangian  velocity  microscale of
time is much larger than  the Eulerian microscale of the turbu-
lent velocity observed in a frame moving with  the mean flow.
The stationary Lagrangian time integral scale  is about 30%
larger  than that of  the Eulerian correlation moving with the
mean flow.  The Lagrangian velocity  correlation coefficient
was calculated  and  compared  with  the  simplest  Eulerian
velocity  correlation  in time, i.e.,  that moving  with  the mean
flow. They are rather different in shape. A realistic assumption
of self-preservation  of the particle velocities are made  to cal-
culate the Lagrangian correlation coefficient. This assumption
collapsed the  data  taken with the source at  two different
stages  of decay, verifying the self- preservation  assumption.
The recasting of the results into those for a (hypothetical) non-
decaying isotropic turbulence should be useful for comparison
with future  theories; theories tend to  be simpler for non-
decaying isotropic turbulence. (Author conclusions modified)

60258
Liu, Benjamin Y. H. and Timothy A. Ilori
AEROSOL DEPOSITION IN TURBULENT PIPE FLOW. En-
viron. Sci. Technol., 8(4):351-356, April 1974. 25 refs.
A model is proposed for calculating the effective particle dif-
fusivity,  epsilon p, in the boundary layer of a turbulent fluid;
it  is based on the analogy between the diffusion of particles
caused by Brownian motion and that caused by fluid turbu-
lence. The model results  in epsilon p being equal  to  epsilon
plus v squared times tau, where epsilon is the eddy diffusivity,
v is the root-mean-square fluctuating velocity of the fluid in a
direction normal to the wall, and tau is the particle relaxation
time. Results  are  presented demonstrating that the  particle
deposition rate based  on this effective particle diffusivity and
diffusion free flight model is in general agreement with experi-
mental data without the need to use either unreasonably high
or  arbitrary free-flight velocities  as in previous  theories in
which particle and eddy momentum diffusivities are assumed
equal. (Author abstract modified)

63787
Scott, David S. and Donald F. Rennick
ON THE DYNAMICS OF SMALL AEROSOL PARTICLES. J.
Aerosol Sci., 5(3):301-315, 1974. 13 refs.
Matters related to the  difference between the typical trajectory
of an individual Knudsen particle and the mean trajectory of a
cloud of such particles are introduced. To illustrate these mat-
ters, a statistical numerical procedure which yields individual
particle trajectories is  presented. The success of the procedure
in a relatively straightforward physical circumstance suggests
that its extension to the modeling of more complex  situations
is plausible.  The proper interpretation and limitations of recent
free-molecular and  transition theories  as they  apply to small
aerosol particles are discussed. Examples  from the  literature
are used to illustrate the arguments  presented. Particle random
thermal motion is important to the dynamics of  Knudsen parti-
cle aerosols, and its relation to transition  and free- molecular
mean-force theories must be appreciated when applying such
theories. (Author abstract modified)

64811
Grams, G. W., I. H. Blifford, Jr., D. A. Gillette, and P.  B.
Russell
COMPLEX  INDEX OF REFRACTION OF AIRBORNE SOIL
PARTICLES. J. Appl. Meteorol., 13(4):459-471, June 1974. 33
refs.
The angular variation  of the intensity of light scattered from a
collimated beam by airborne  soil  particles and the size dis-
tribution of  the particles were measured simultaneously 1.5 m
above the ground.  The measurements gave an estimate of  the
complex index of refraction of airborne soil particles equal to
the real part minus the imaginary part of the refractive index.
Standard  microscopic  analysis  procedures  were employed to
determine the real  part of  the refractive  index. Although a
wide range  of values was observed, the  value of  1.525  was
taken as representative. By  applying Mie scattering  theory to
each of  the observed distributions  of particle size, the  ex-
pected angular variation of the intensity of the scattered light
was calculated for a fixed value of the real part of the refrac-
tive index and a wide range of values of imaginary refractive
index. For each set of simultaneous measurements,  the value

-------
                                 F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
                                                       71
of the imaginary part of the refractive index was  that value
which provided the best fit to  the  experimental  data. The
upper limit of the value of the imaginary part of the refractive
index for the airborne particles studied  was 0.005 with an un-
certainty factor of about two. The estimate of the imaginary
part was fairly  insensitive to the assumed value of  the real
part of the  refractive index. (Author abstract modified)

65545
Novakov, T.
SULFATES IN POLLUTION PARTICIPATES. Preprint, Air
Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  31p.,  1974. 12 refs.
(Presented  at  the Air  Pollution  Control  Association Annual
Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo., June 9-13,  1974, Paper 74-200.)
Experimental  evidence  is presented which demonstrates that
combustion-generated carbon particles in the form of finely di-
vided soot  are efficient  catalysts involved in sulfur dioxide ox-
idation to sulfates. Both soot and graphite particles in the  air
catalytically oxidize  SO2, with soot catalyzed oxidation play-
ing a major role even in the presence of combustion produced
gases. The  sulfate species produced  on carbon particles are
nonvolatile  in vacuum  but  are water soluble  and  when  dis-
solved increase  the acidity of the  solution. Field study results
are compatible  with this oxidation mechanism. (Author ab-
stract modified)

65573
Jaffe, Raphael J. and Frank C. Smith, Jr.
FACTORS  AFFECTING REACTIONS IN SMOG CHAMBERS.
Preprint, Air  Pollution  Control  Assoc.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa., 28p.,
1974. 7 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association
Annual Meeting, 67th,  Denver, Colo., June 9-13, 1974,  Paper
74-246.)
Results of  a study of a smog chamber illuminated by a  xenon
arc lamp are presented along with a  study of the differences
between smog chambers, including an  experimental study of
how  various  design and  operational  variables  affect  the
photochemical reactions observed in smog  chambers.  A group
of round-robin tests were conducted  using these chambers as
follows:  irradiation  of  seven  different  hydrocarbons with
nitrogen  oxides; replicate  runs  to  establish  reproducibility
using the propylene-nitrogen oxides system; a reactant concen-
tration study in which 3 ppm propylene was reacted  with 3,  1.5
and 0.5 ppm nitrogen oxides. Apparatus used was specifically
designed to meet the objectives of the study by allowing inde-
pendent  variation in materials configuration,  lighting  condi-
tions, and cleaning technique. The illuminator produces a colli-
mated light beam. Plates of materials  can be placed  parallel to
the beam  axis  without affecting the  light  conditions. This
decoupling  of  light and  materials  allows independent variation
of  the  two factors.  Major apparatus  items  are  the  smog
chamber; the  xenon  arc lamp illuminator;  the  thermal  enclo-
sure for  the chamber;  and  the gas analysis instrumentation.
The spectral distribution of light provided a smog chamber  in-
fluencing the photochemical  reaction  observed. In  particular,
the nitrogen dioxide photodisintegration rate (k sub  d  or  its
equivalent k sub 1) does not sufficiently characterize the light
conditions.   Further  data  analysis  and  experimentation  is
required  to understand the spectral sensitivity phenomena
demonstrated in this work. The understanding of the hydrocar-
bon dioxides of nitrogen-sunlight  systems, particularly  in re-
gard to the  conversion of nitric oxide  to  NO2, is not complete.
66488
Henley, David C.
AN  ANALYSIS  OF  RANDOM  FLUCTUATIONS  OF  AT-
MOSPHERIC  DUST CONCENTRATIONS.  Army  Electronics
Command, White Sands Missile Range,  N. Mex., Atmospheric
Sciences  Lab.,  Task  ITO61102B53A-18, Rept.  ECOM-5530,
20p., Jan. 1974. 3 refs. NTIS, DDC: AD 773824
A modified structure function analysis  is developed for and
applied to time series data on the number concentration of at-
mospheric dust particles. Preliminary indications are that this
application is a useful method of  analysis for particle concen-
tration fluctuations,  though the data should be submitted  to
the whole spectrum of time series methods  in the interest  of
completeness. (Author summary modified)

66855
Kim, Yong W.
AN ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATION  OF  THE PARTICLE
INERTIA EFFECT WITH AN APPLICATION TO  AEROSOL
SAMPLING EFFICIENCY  CALCULATION.  Lehigh  Univ.,
Bethlehem,  Pa.,  Dept.  of  Physics,  Bureau  of Mines Grant
G0110235, TR 24, 89p., Jan. 1974.  12 refs. NTIS: N74-17023
The particle inertia effect, in the absence of all other compet-
ing effects,  is  treated analytically with parallel laboratory ex-
periments for application to the calculation of aerosol sampling
efficiency.  Expressions for two universal coefficients are ob-
tained  which give rise  to quantitative measures of the inertia
effect  for a variety  of  given flow fields. A two-dimensional
sampler is used for studying the particle  sampling efficiency in
the presence of the pure inertia effect, and descriptions for the
model  system are established by first measuring the field with
tracer particles  and then comparing the measurement with ex-
isting theoretical  results. A general scheme  of computing the
number of sampled particles for each specific size  category is
established and applied to the model system, with  the results
showing that the sampled particle number density exceeds the
free stream density as a result of readjustment of the particle
number density in the  sampler inlet  region due to the inertia
effect. The sampling  efficiency increases with particle size for
the particles ranging from 1-10 micron in diameter. The predic-
tion is confirmed  by measurements  of  the  particle  size dis-
tribution before and  after sampling,  and a method is devised
for particle size determination.  (Author abstract modified)

66995
Novakov, T., S. G. Chang, and A. B. Harker
SULFATES  AS POLLUTION PARTICULATES: CATALYTIC
FORMATION  ON CARBON  (SOOT) PARTICLES. Science,
186(4160):259-261, Oct.  18, 1974. 13 refs.
Experimental evidence  (obtained by electron spectroscopy for
chemical analysis) is presented which  shows that finely di-
vided carbon (soot) particles may play a major role in the cata-
lytic oxidation  of sulfur  dioxide to sulfate in polluted at-
mospheres. The results obtained with sulfates produced in the
laboratory by the oxidation of sulfur dioxidy on graphite parti-
cles and combustion-produced soot  particles are  compared
with the properties  and behavior of ambient sulfates.  The
proposed SO2 oxidation mechanism is qualitatively consistent
with field observations. The catalytic formation of sulfate on
soot is expected  to occur in the  open atmosphere and espe-
cially in or near combustion sources where both SO2 and soot
concentrations  are highest. Although the   sulfate  formation
mechanism described may not be the only atmospheric sulfate-
producing process, it probably plays  a major role in  urban at-
mospheres characterized by high concentrations of particulate
carbon. (Author abstract modified)

-------
72
PARTICULATES  AND AIR  POLLUTION
68498
Cha, C. Y. and B. J. McCoy
THERMAL FORCE ON AEROSOL PARTICLES. Phys. Fluids,
17(7):1376-1380, July 1974. 21 refs.
With a method previously applied to thermal transpiration and
planar radiometric force, the force on a spherical aerosol parti-
cle in a gas which sustains a temperature gradient is analyzed
theoretically.  Expressions for  thermal force  and  thermal
velocity span all values  of the particle  Knudsen number and
show the effect of imperfect accommodation. The model con-
sists of  a spherical  particle  suspended  in  a gas  midway
between  two plane surfaces  at  different  temperatures. The
theory of thermophoresis (thermal force) is an adaptation  of
the analysis used for  the planar thermal (radiometric force).
The linearized Burnett second-order  constitutive equations for
heat flux and stress applied to the gas between the  plane sur-
faces and provide the  coupling between temperature gradients
and momentum flux. Expressions for transition regime viscosi-
ty and thermal conductivity coefficients  are used for the par-
ticular geometry of the problem. These  transport coefficients
allow the theory to span the  transition  regime. A differential
equation  for  the  gas temperature distribution is derived and
solved with the aid of  boundary and  limit conditions. The tem-
perature-induced  stress  provides a  force  on the  spherical
aerosol particle. When the thermal force is balanced by a drag
force,  an expression for the velocity of  thermophoresis is ob-
tained.  The  theoretical  thermal force and  thermophoretic
velocity are compared with experimental data and with previ-
ous theories.

70407
Medley, W. H., S. M. Mehta, C. M. Moscowitz, A. D. Snyder,
H. H. S.  Yu,  and D. L. Zanders
SOURCES AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FINE PARTICU-
LATE TEST DUSTS  (FINAL REPORT). Monsanto Research
Corp., Dayton, Ohio,  Environmental Protection Agency Con-
tract 68-02-1320,  Task 8, Program Element  1ABO12, EPA-
650/2-74-117, ROAP 21ADM-021, MRC-DA-431, 107p., Nov.
1974. 47 refs. NTIS: PB 238 924/AS
Suitable characterization criteria for  test dusts were developed
to determine procedures  for obtaining,  handling, and  charac-
terizing the dusts and to establish potential  suppliers of test
dusts.  Seventeen criteria were  identified: size  distribution;
shape, surface area, and pore volume;  chemical composition;
density; wettability and moisture  content; solubility; hardness,
abrasiveness,  and grindability;   charge  properties;  dielectric
properties; corrosiveness; optical properties; magnetic  suscep-
tibility; carrier gas composition;  and solids loading. Potential
industrial suppliers of  test dusts for  simulation purposes were
identified for  11 industries:  pulverized  coal  combustion,
stoker-fired  coal  combustion,  basic oxygen  furnaces,  open
hearth furnaces,  electric arc furnaces,  metallurgical  coke
ovens, cement plants, municipal  incineration,  sfeel  foundries,
Kraft pulp mill  recovery furnaces, and aspHalt plants. The
production of a particulate-laden test flue  gfts was  evaluated.
Redispersion  of collected dusts is favored over generation of
fresh paniculate. (Author abstract modified)

70711
Sinclair, David, Richard J. Countess, and George S.  Hoopes
EFFECT  OF  RELATIVE HUMIDITY ON THE SIZE OF AT-
MOSPHERIC  AEROSOL  PARTICLES.  Atmos.   Environ.,
8(11):1111-1117, Nov. 1974. 19 rets.
In situ  measurement of the growth of atmospheric aerosol par-
ticles (about one-tenth the size of particles  which dominate at-
mospheric light scattering) with increasing relative humidity (0-
                            98%) were made with miniature diffusion batteries and a con-
                            tinuous flow condensation nuclei center. Particle size distribu-
                            tions computed from the battery measurements were log nor-
                            mal. The number median diameter increased  twofold from
                            0.018 to 0.036 micron oyer the range of humidity investigated.
                            The range of geometric standard deviation for the particle size
                            distributions was 1.53-2.06, with the larger nuniber median
                            diameter having the smaller geometric standard deviation. This
                            indicates that the smaller particles grow proportionately more
                            than the larger and that the  total respiratory deposition  of
                            small hygroscopic material will decrease during periods of high
                            humidity. (Author abstract modified)

                            72264
                            Bickelhaupt, Roy E.
                            SURFACE RESISTIVITY AND THE CHEMICAL COMPOSI-
                            TION OF FLY  ASH. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 25(2):148-
                            152, Feb. 1975.  10 refs.
                            The relationship between surface resistivity and the chemical
                            composition of fly ash was determined.  Resistivity was  deter-
                            mined  for a  group of well characterized ashes  representing
                            both eastern and western coals. Data were taken  between  60
                            and 250 C in an environment of air containing approximately 9
                            vol%  water.  Chemical  transference  experiments were  con-
                            ducted for two ashes having  substantially different chemical
                            compositions.   Chemical  analyses  of   the   transference
                            specimens  revealed  a  pronounced  migration of  alkali  metal
                            ions toward the negative  electrode. The surface resistivity was
                            inversely proportional to the concentration of these ions. The
                            iron concentration influenced  particularly the participation  of
                            potassium. Surface resistivity is sensitive to the chemical com-
                            position of fly  ash because the alkali metals serve as charge
                            carriers.  The conduction mechanism is probably analogous  to
                            that of glass. (Author abstract modified)

                            72967
                            Davis, James A., Susan M. Davenport, and Frank Biggs
                            ON ESTIMATION  OF  PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS.
                            Sandia Lab.,  Albuquerque, N. Mex., Atomic Energy Commis-
                            sion Contract, 25p., Feb. 1974. 9 refs. NTIS: SIA-73-0576
                            A numerical means for estimating the distribution of particle
                            sizes in the atmosphere is presented. The method assumes that
                            a linear probe,  to which  the particles are opaque, is to scan a
                            subset of a plane within  the volume containing the particles.
                            When  the  probe  intersects a  particle, it  is interrupted for a
                            time proportional to the  maximum width  of the cross section
                            intersected in the direction of  the motion  of the probe. Under
                            certain assumptions,  the distribution of cross section diameters
                            is written as an integral equation involving the underlying size
                            distribution. The  measurement data are used to  estimate the
                            distribution of cross  sections, and the integral equation is then
                            numerically unfolded to  yield  an  estimate of the particle size
                            distribution. Monte Carlo simulations of  the physical experi-
                            ment  are performed for several distributions  to  demonstrate
                            the numerical technique.  (Author abstract modified)

                          v' 75961
                            Broida, H. P., Jay D. Eversole, and  Paul K. Hansma
                            STUDIES OF SMALL METALLIC PARTICLES FORMED BY
                            HOMOGENEOUS  NUCLEATION:  LIGHT   SCATTERING
                            AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (FINAL REPORT). Califor-
                            nia Urtiv., Santa Barbara, Dept. of Physics, Environmental Pro-
                            tection Agency Grant R-800845, Pro). 21AJX-004, Program Ele-
                            ment 1AA008, Rept. EPA-650/3-75-006, 45p., Feb. 1975 24 refs
                            NTIS: PB 244403/AS

-------
                                 F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
                                                      73
The formation of metallic particles ranging from 5-5000 nm in
diameter by homogeneous  nucleation from  the vapor phase
was  studied using light scattering and  electron microscopy.
Metals used in the experiments included: sodium, potassium,
lithium, rubidium, cesium, cadmium, magnesium, zinc,  and
lead. Plasma resonance peaks and widths for alkali metal parti-
cles  were  observed to change systematically with  system
parameters.  The growth of Zn particles was observed with
electron microscopy which revealed characteristic geometric
shapes. The correlation of these observations may provide in-
formation necessary to compute nucleation and growth rates in
a steady-state system. (Author abstract modified)

75975
Bickelhaupt, R. E.
EFFECT OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ON SURFACE RE-
SISTIVITY  OF  FLY  ASH  (FINAL  REPORT).  Southern
Research Inst., Birmingham,  Ala.,  Environmental Protection
Agency Contract 68-02-1303, Program Element 1AB012,  ROAP
21ADJ-029,  Rept. EPA-600/2-75-017, SORI-EAS-75-397, 3134-
XV, SOp., Aug. 1975. 10 refs. NTIS: PB 244885/AS
Resistivity  was determined for a  group  of well characterized
fly ashes representing both Eastern and Western coals. Data
were  obtained between  60 and 250 C in an air environment
containing approximately 9 vol% water. Chemical transference
experiments were conducted for  two ashes having substan-
tially  different  chemical  compositions  and  revealed  a
pronounced migration of alkali metal ions toward the negative
electrode. The surface resistivity was inversely proportional to
the concentration of these ions which in turn was especially
influenced  by the participation of  potassium in  the  current
conduction process. The sensitivity of surface resistivity to the
chemical composition of fly ash was apparently due to  the al-
kali  metals  serving  as charge carriers,  with the conduction
mechanism being probably  analogous to  that of glass. (Author
abstract modified)

77879
Corrin, Myron L.
NUCLEATION AS A COMPETITIVE FACTOR IN GAS-TO-
PARTICLE CONVERSION. Preprint, Air Pollution Control As-
soc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 5p., 1975. (Presented at the Air Pollution
Control Association, Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June
15-20,  1975, Paper 75-62.1.)
The  pathways by which emitted gases are  converted  to  par-
ticulate matter are  considered. Homogeneous nucleation and
physical or chemical adsorption are discarded as insignificant.
Other  factors considered  include heterogeneous nucleation,
heterogeneous catalysis, heteromolecular nucleation, and solu-
bility.  These are  at present too poorly  understood to  permit
evaluation of their relative importance.  It is  quite likely  that
many processes occur simultaneously and that the products of
one such process are the raw material of another.  (Author ab-
stract modified)

77940
Lioy, Paul J., George T. Wolff, and Raymond M. Manganelli
AEROSOL  RESCUE RESEARCH AT RUTGERS  UNIVERSI-
TY: 1. BEHAVIOR OF SOLUBLE PARTICLES, AND 2. SUR-
FACE  INTERACTION OF GASES  ON  SOLID PARTICLES.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa*, 16p.,
1975. 7 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association,
Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper
75-32.6.)
Aerosol  research  in  two  aspects  of  submicron  particle
behavior in environmental systems is described. The growth of
submicron  particle  aerosol  generated  from  pure  sodium
chloride solutions and brackish water, collected at the input to
a cooling tower was studied at a carrier air temperature of 18
C-19 C and at specific relative humidities between  80-90%.
The heterogeneous nature of the brackish water aerosol tends
to limit growth, and ultimate droplet size,  when compared to
that obtained for the saline droplet aerosol. The nature of the
heterogeneous surface interactions of sulfur dioxide and metal
oxide aerosols was studied. Chemisorption of SO2 is  strongly
influenced by relative humidity. Two regimes of chemisorption
are discerned: from 0-40% relative humidity, and from 40-less
than  100%.  When  cadmium  oxide  contains  less  than  a
monolayer  of  SO2, the amount of sulfate formed is directly
proportional to the amount  of sorbed SO2.  Large particles are
effective in oxidizing SO2 because they contain more adsorbed
water.  (Author abstract modified)

79318
Blanchard, Duncan C.
INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE CHEMISTRY OF
SEA/AIR  PARTICULATE  EXCHANGE  PROCESSES:  SUM-
MARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS. J. Rech. Atmospheriques,
8(3-4):509-513, July-Dec. 1974. 19 refs. (Presented at the Inter-
national  Symposium on the Chemistry of  Sea/Air Particulate
Exchange Processes, Nice, France, Oct. 4-10, 1973.)
Sources of marine particles and sea/air particulate exchanges
processes are  discussed. Topics covered include the composi-
tion  of sea surface monolayers, the  importance of dissolved
organic material in the sea, secondary particle production and
enrichment at the  phase change, insoluble  dust, and particle
residence time. Most particulate  material  in the marine at-
mosphere far removed from the continents  is not produced by
the sea. Even  in remote regions of the oceans, especially over
the tropical Atlantic, the dust loading of the atmosphere ex-
ceeds that of the ocean derived material. These dusts, originat-
ing from the  desert regions of the  world, make it difficult to
understand and interpret aerosol chemistry. Continued  pollu-
tion of the oceans and fresh water bodies of the  earth produce
profound changes in these  surfaces and  in the chemistry and
biology of the water to air  transfer of particulate material. In-
creased pollution of the water brings about a pollution of the
atmosphere.

84718
Fenton, Donald L.
IDENTIFICATION  AND  MEASUREMENT  OF PARTICU-
LATE  TRANSPORT PROPERTIES.  Fine  Part. Symp.  Proc.,
Minneapolis, Minn., 1975, p. 777-791. 8 refs. (May.) (Available
in EPA-600/2-75-059, Oct. 1975.
The continuum approach to particulate flow in the wake region
behind a circular cylinder was utilized to identify and experi-
mentally evaluate  the  appropriate transport  properties. The
criteria of a  dilute suspension was applied, which  allowed
separation of the gaseous phase equation of mean motion from
the particulate equation of mean  motion.  This type of un-
restricted turbulent flow is  also found in jets and within boun-
dary layers on the free side. Whereas the  gaseous wake flow
in the fully  developed region could  be characterized  by  a
similar solution, the particulate flow could  not, because of the
nonlinearity of the gaseous-particulate transfer  term. Neglect
of this term in the governing equation of motion  for particulate
flow permitted a solution and analogous to the gaseous flow —
Gauss  function. Measurements within the particulate wake in-
cluded particulate velocity  and particulate  density (mass con-

-------
74
PARTICULATES  AND AIR  POLLUTION
centration)  where the wake centerline defects persisted far
downstream  before   fully   developed   conditions  were
established.  Distributions of the paniculate variables  trans-
verse to the  wake  became  Gaussian  at the  downstream
distance where  the gaseous flow is fully  developed.  The ex-
perimental system consisted of a closed-loop air flow facility
and  the paniculate material was  composed  of glass  beads
(count mean diameter equals  11 micron).  Knowledge of the
paniculate transport properties, especially their relation to the
gaseous transport properties, is useful in  calculations applied
to particulate control devices. (Author abstract)

84731
Kasahara, Mikio and Kanji Takahashi
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON AEROSOL PARTICLE FOR-
MATION  BY  SULFUR DIOXIDE.  Atmos.   Environ., vol.
10:475-486,  1976. 24 refs.
The  formation  and growth  of  aerosol particles of dilute sul-
furic acid produced by photochemical oxidation of sulfur diox-
ide (0.05-10  ppm, by volume) in purified air has been studied
qualitatively in  laboratory apparatus. The  number of particles
formed  is strongly dependent  on SO2 concentration, relative
humidity (less  than  10-80%)  and  u.v.  light  intensity. The
number concentration increases rapidly to a maximum within a
few  minutes after the start of irradiation and  then decreases
slowly during the next 10 min. Particle size increases with ir-
radiation time and is dependent on  SO2 concentration, and  on
relative humidity when the SO2 concentration is less  than 0.1
ppm. In the conditions employed the volumetric rate of forma-
tion  of particles ranged from 0.15 to 18.7 cu micron/cu cm/hr.
The  overall quantum  yield of photochemical reaction was
8/1000. The oxidation rate was 0.04%/hr; extrapolation of this
rate  to noonday sunlight in summer at latitude 35 deg N gives
0.7%/hr. (Author abstract)

84734
Stoeber, Werner
DESIGN, PERFORMANCE AND APPLICATIONS OF SPIRAL
DUCT AEROSOL CENTRIFUGES. Fine Part. Symp.  Proc.,
Minneapolis, Minn., 1975, p. 351-397. 66 refs. (May.) (Available
in EPA-600/2-7S-059, Oct. 1975.)
A review of the design, the performance and  the applications
of spiral duct aerosol centrifuges as they are increasingly used
in aerosol   particle  size spectrometry and  related  aerosol
research is given. Background, advantages and limitations  of
this  type of instrument and its modifications are discussed.
Precision measurements of  dynamic shape factors on certain
types of nonspherical particles  as well as applications to high-
                            resolution size distribution analysis are reported. Comparative
                            studies  of  different  authors  on the possibility  of  using  me
                            spiral duct aerosol centrifuge as an absolute instrument  tor
                            aerodynamic  size distribution measurements  are  compiled
                            from  literature.  Data on  aerosol particle  densities obtained
                            with spiral  duct centrifuges are reported and problems of mea-
                            suring cigarette smoke and dense aerosols are discussed.  An
                            adaptation  of a short spiral duct centrifuge for applications to
                            ambient  particulate  air pollution is described and a recent
                            feasibility study of developing the instrument into an aerosol
                            mass distribution monitor by way of using piezoelectric quartz
                            crystals as  size-selective mass sensors is reported. (Author ab-
                            stract)
                            84746
                            Middleton, Paulette,  Glen K. Yue, and C. S. Kiang
                            KINETIC MODEL FOR SULFATE AEROSOL. Preprint, Na-
                            tional Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colo., 12p.,
                            1976. 7 refs. (To be presented at the International Air Pollution
                            Symposium, 12th, Paris, France, May 7, 1976.)
                            A numerical model is constructed to simulate the gas-to-parti-
                            cle conversion and aerosol growth of sulfuric acid particles in
                            smog chamber experiments and in the atmosphere. The model
                            incorporates the  mechanisms of heteromolecular nucleation,
                            heteromolecular condensation and  thermal coagulation. Vari-
                            ous atmospheric and chamber conditions are  used to simulate
                            the evolution in  time  of  the particle  size distribution. It is
                            shown that the evolution  of  the particle size distribution  de-
                            pends on the initial size distribution, the relative humidity and
                            the rate of production of sulfuric acid  gaseous molecules.
                            (Author abstract)

                            84749
                            Yue, Glenn K., Volker A. Mohnen, and C. S. Kiang
                            SULFUR DIOXIDE TO SULFATE CONVERSION IN THE AT-
                            MOSPHERE. Preprint, Atmospheric Sciences Research Center,
                            State University of New York, Albany, and National  Center for
                            Atmospheric Research,  Boulder, Colo.,  14p.,  1976.  11 refs.
                            (Presented at the  International Air Pollution Symposium, 12th,
                            Paris, France, May 7, 1976.)
                            Two conversion  processes for sulfur  dioxide  to sulfate  are
                            discussed:  (1) gas phase oxidation via OH radical; (2) liquid
                            phase oxidation in the presence of  ammonia under various at-
                            mospheric  conditions.  The relative importance of  these two
                            processes  under different environmental conditions is  in-
                            vestigated.  It is shown that the most important parameter for
                            the production of sulfate in aerosol is the concentration of sul-
                            furic acid gaseous molecules.  The effects of  temperature and
                            droplet   size  on  the  relative  importance   of these  two
                            mechanisms have also been studied.  (Author abstract)

-------
                                                                                                                   75
                       K.   STANDARDS  AND  CRITERIA
44642
Lemke, Eric E., John E. Williamson, and Herbert Simon
THE EVOLUTION OF A COMPREHENSIVE  SET OF PAR-
TICULATE  RULES. Preprint, Air Pollution  Control  Assoc.,
Pittsburgh, Pa., 24p., 1972. (Presented at the Air Pollution Con-
trol Association, Annual Meeting,  65th, Miami, Fla., June 18-
22, 1972, Paper 72-92.)
The Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control  District utilizes
three different but related control  rules for the control of par-
ticulate emissions. First, highly visible effluent  plumes such as
smoke and submicron particulates are controlled  by two rules
which  complement  each other. A particulate  matter  control
rule has been developed to restrict the concentration  of par-
ticulate matter in the effluent in grains/standard  cu  ft of dry
gas. This rule establishes a decreasing allowable  grain  loading
with increasing effluent volume. The  volume is  calculated as
dry gas  at standard  conditions. The other particulate matter
control rule limits the mass emission  rate in Ib/hr. The mass
emission rate rule requires an increase in collection efficiency
as the  weight of materials processed in a specific  operation in-
creases. (Author abstract)

65225
Curran, Thomas C. and William F. Hunt
INTERPRETATION   OF  AIR   QUALITY   DATA   WITH
RESPECT  TO THE NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
STANDARDS.  Preprint,  Air Pollution Control  Assoc., Pitt-
sburgh, Pa., 14p., 1974. 7 refs. (Presented at the  Air Pollution
Control Association, Annual Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo., June
9-13, 1974, Paper 74-78.)
The problem of interpreting air quality data with respect to the
National  Ambient   Air  Quality  Standards  (NAAQS)   is
presented for those responsible for evaluating compliance with
the NAAQS. A series of diverse topics that relate to frequent
questions concerning the comparison  of air quality data with
the standards is examined. Basic conventions regarding signifi-
ant features are indicated as well as more detailed discussions
concerning the averaging times employed in comparing air
quality data with particular standards. The distinction is  made
between two  general categories  of  standards:  annual  mean
standards and once-per- year standards. Conventions concern-
ing the determination of compliance for both types of stan-
dards are discussed as well as statistical factors affecting in-
ferences made in these evaluations. In particular,  the influence
of sampling frequency upon the results is examined. Recom-
mendations  are made concerning each  major point  and the
relative merits of these suggestions are indicated. (Author ab-
stract modified)

65241
Hovey, Harry H., Howard C. Jones, and William  N. Stasiuk
DEVELOPMENT  OF SHORT-TERM  AIR QUALITY  STAN-
DARDS  FOR  SUSPENDED  PARTICULATE  MATTER IN
NEW  YORK STATE. Preprint, Air Pollution Control  Assoc.,
Pittsburgh, Pa., 22p., 1974. 9 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollu-
tion Control Association  Annual Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo.,
June 9-13, 1974, Paper 74-102.)
The  development  of short-term air  quality  standards  for
suspended particulate matter in New York State is described.
The Clean Air Act of 1970 requires each state to submit plans
for implementation, maintenance, and enforcement of National
Ambient Air Quality Standards  subsequent  to promulgation.
Air quality standards for averaging times shorter than 1 yr are
needed to shorten the time required to show contravention and
to provide a basis for early corrective measures to regulate
specific  sources.  Daily  suspended  particulate  data  was
analyzed by the Kolgomorov-Smirnov  method goodness-of-fit
technique to determine that the  form  of the distribution was
log normal. A method  developed  by Larsen for predicting
short-term maximum concentrations  of  log  normally dis-
tributed data was used to determine numerical values for 1, 2,
and 3-month standards.  A graphical approach was  also used
with equivalent results. Monthly, bi-monthly, and tri-monthly
suspended particulate standards of  125 micrograms/cu m,  110
micrograms/cu m,  and 100 micrograms/cu m, respectively are
proposed  for  the most extensively developed areas of New
York  State and correspondingly lower values for other  areas.
The  methods  are  generally applicable to  other air  contami-
nants. (Author abstract modified)

67829
Office of Air and Waste Management, Research Triangle Park,
N. C., Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON NATIONAL EMISSION
STANDARDS  FOR  HAZARDOUS  AIR  POLLUTANTS  -
PROPOSED   AMENDMENTS   TO   STANDARDS   FOR
ASBESTOS  AND MERCURY (FINAL  REPORT). Rept. EPA-
450/2-74-009a,  149p., Oct. 1974. SO refs.  -VTIS: PB 237169/AS
The rationale for proposed amendments  to the national emis-
sion standards for asbestos  and mercury  that were promul-
gated April 6,  1973 is presented along  with the economic and
environmental impacts of such  amendments.  Summaries  of
proposed  amendments  concerning  asbestos are given  for
operations involving manufacturing (shotgun shell manufacture
and asphalt concrete plants), demolition and renovation, fabri-
cation, and  asbestos waste disposal. A proposed amendment
relating to mercury emissions from sludge  incineration and
drying facilities is also  summarized.  The proposed amend-
ments to the asbestos and mercury standards will have signifi-
cant beneficial effects  by reducing  emissions  to the outside
air, although they may also have limited adverse effects on
land and water resources. The use of dust suppression agents
to prevent wind erosion  of asbestos waste may  cause  water
pollution,  and  alternative disposal methods to the incineration
of wastewater treatment plant sludges may cause mercury pol-
lution of land and water. Estimated economic impacts are out-
lined for each type of affected facility.

69106
Office of Air and Waste Management, Research Triangle Park,
N. C., Emission Standards and Engineering Div.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR  STANDARDS  OF PER-
FORMANCE:  ELECTRIC SUBMERGED  ARC  FURNACES
FOR  PRODUCTION  OF FERROALLOYS.  VOLUME  1:

-------
76
PARTICIPATES AND AIR POLLUTION
PROPOSED STANDARDS  (FINAL  REPORT).  Kept.  EPA-
450/2-74n018a, 163p., Oct. 1974. 123 refs. NTIS: PB 23741 I/AS
Background information for  proposed  standards  of  per-
formance for electric submerged arc furnaces in the ferroalloy
industry are presented in connection with formal proposals ap-
pearing  in  the  Federal  Register. Topics  covered include:
processes   and  emissions  from  the  ferroalloy   industry;
proposed mass standards and opacity  standards; emission con-
trol technology involving open furnaces,  semi-enclosed fur-
naces, sealed furnaces, and control of fumes during tapping;
environmental effects in relation to air, water, solid waste pol-
lution, and energy considerations;  procedures for developing
standards; data for substantiating standards; economic inforr
mation, including control costs and economic impact; alterna-
tive standards for paniculate matter, carbon monoxide, and
visible emissions; and enforcement aspects of proposed stan-
dards, including emission monitoring. Data are given for esti-
mated ground level particulate concentrations caused by sub-
merged arc ferroalloy furnaces at various downwind  distances
as well as  for emission rate comparisons between controlled
and uncontrolled furnaces.

69115
Office of Air and Waste Management, Research Triangle Park,
N. C., Emission Standards and Engineering Div.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR STANDARDS OF PER-
FORMANCE: COAL PREPARATION PLANTS. VOLUME 1:
PROPOSED STANDARDS  (FINAL  REPORT).  Rept.  EPA
450/2-74-021a, 58p., Oct. 1974. 7 refs. NTIS: PB 237421/AS
Proposed standards of performance for coal preparation plants
(both wet cleaning and dry cleaning systems) are presented.
The proposed standards limit emissions of participates (includ-
ing visible  emissions)  from  the  following  sources: thermal
driers,  pneumatic coal-cleaning equipment (air tables),  coal
processing  and  conveying equipment (including  breakers and
crushers),  screening equipment, coal storage,  coal transfer
points, and coal loading facilities. The standards  apply at the
point(s) where undiluted gases are discharged from the air pol-
lution control system or from the affected facility if no air pol-
lution control system is utilized. Particulate matter from  ther-
mal driers would  be limited to no more than 0.070 g/dry stan-
dard cu  m  and less than 30%  opacity, while  particulates from
pneumatic  coal-cleaning equipment would  be  limited to  no
more than 0.040 g/dry standard cu m and less than 20% opaci-
ty. Particulate  matter from  other affected  facilities  would  be
limited to less than 20% opacity.  Background information  on
the following  topics  is also  provided;  process description,
emissions and methods of control, existing air pollution  stan-
dards, the rationale for proposed standards,  and  the environ-
mental and economic impacts of the proposed standards.

73011
Dept. of Commerce, Washington, D. C., Environmental
Affairs Div.
IMPLICATIONS  OF  AIR NON-DEGRADATION POLICIES
ON CLEAN AIR  REGIONS: A CASE STUDY OF THE DAL-
LAS-FORT  WORTH  AQCR  (215). 68p., May  1974. 2  refs.
NTIS: COM-74-11438
Baseline and potential air pollution (sulfur dioxide and particu-
                          lates) from industrial and area source emissions in the      ^
                          Fort Worth Air Quality Control Region are examined in terms
                          of projected growth patterns and proposed alternative  non-
                          degradation air quality criteria. Baseline  1972 SO2 concentra-
                          tions in the area are well below the 60 microgram/cu m annual
                          secondary  standard, with the largest concentration  being.10
                          micrograms/cu m. Calculated annual particulate averages (3-5
                          micrograms/cu m) are  much lower than measured values (a-
                          100 micrograms/cu m)  due to natural background dust in Uus
                          area. Area sources contribute nearly 60% of the total emitted
                          particulates and SO2 emissions, and control of these sources is
                          essential to  maintaining  or improving  air quality.  Annual
                          average SO2 concentrations are projected to increase by about
                          8 micrograms/cu m by 1990,  assuming present fuel use pat-
                          terns and  the best available control technology. Within this
                          two  decade  time frame, the proposed  SO2 increment of  15
                          micrograms/cu m is not expected to be reached; hence, growth
                          of the population or industry will not be limited. Unless natu-
                          ral background contributions of particulates are excluded  from
                          calculations,  the  ambient air concentration limits of Environ-
                          mental Protection Agency  or Sierra Club plans preclude ap-
                          preciable growth in the area. (Author summary modified)

                          77997
                          Pace, Thompson G., Ill and Walter H. Stevenson
                          THE NATIONAL STATUS OF AIR POLLUTION BY TOTAL
                          SUSPENDED PARTICULATES  AND FUTURE  PROSPECTS
                          FOR CONTROL. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pitt-
                          sburgh, Pa.,  19p., 1975. 20  refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution
                          Control Association, Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass.,  June
                          15-20,  1975, Paper 75-25.1.)
                          An overview of  the attainment status of the National Ambient
                          Air  Quality  Standards for particulate matter is presented.
                          Major problems related to the attainment of particulate  stan-
                          dards include conventional stationary and mobile sources, high
                          urban  background concentrations,  and  rural fugitive  dust
                          problems.  The  urban background  problems are  being ex-
                          perienced  in many areas  of  the  United States  and are as-
                          sociated with particulate emissions from tire  and pavement
                          wear,  windblown dust, street dust caused by traffic flow, and
                          construction  activities. The rural problems are associated with
                          farm land  dust and unpaved  roads  and generally  occur in the
                          arid southwestern  states. As  conventional stationary sources
                          continue to reduce particulate emissions, it  may be necessary
                          for future control efforts to be redirected toward  fugitive dust
                          sources. (Author abstract modified)

                          82784
                          Walsh, George" W.
                          EMISSION STANDARDS FOR PARTICULATES.  J. Air Pollu-
                          tion Control  Assoc., 25(2):101-102, Feb. 1975.
                          New Source Performance Standards for stationary sources are
                          discussed in relation to thee problem of fine particulate con-
                          trol. Although performance standards tend  to accomplish the
                          goal of fine particulate control indirectly  by being  written
                          stringent   enough  for total  particulate  control,  there  is
                          nevertheless  a limit beyond  which such standards cannot  go
                          without a formal regulatory effort to control fine particulates.
                          The establishment  of such a regulatory problem requires that
                          the present ability to predict collector performance be signifi-
                          cantly improved.

-------
                                                                                                                    77
                    L.   LEGAL   AND  ADMINISTRATIVE
31849
Reilly, William, Clemens A. Lazenka, and Fredrick Voigt
PHILADELPHIA S EXPERIENCE IN  THE CONTROL  OF
EMISSIONS  FROM  ASBESTOS  SPRAY  FIREPROOFING
OPERATIONS. Preprint,  Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pitt-
sburgh, Pa., 32p., 1971. 7 rets. (Presented at the Air Pollution
Control Association, Annual Meeting, 64th Atlantic  City, N. J.,
June 27-JuIy 2, 1971, Paper 71-52.)
The multiple environmental health problems associated with
the use of asbestos spray fireproofing and the administrative
and legal  steps taken by Philadelphia to control this problem
are  described.  Medical  studies  documented  a  correlation
between exposure to asbestos and mesothelioma. With  this
evidence,  medical experts recommended zero emission from
the use of asbestos as  fireproofing for structural  steel mem-
bers  in construction  work.  The  Air Management Services
worked with the construction industry in  attempts to  control
the emissions  from  the  spraying and related construction
operations. This included the  use of several types (fibrous  and
cementitious  forms)  of asbestos spray material and detailed
procedures for the spraying operations covering methods for
enclosures, mixing, clean  up, disposal, and worker protection.
It was also announced that no permits would be issued  for the
spraying of asbestos  unless it could  be demonstrated  that  it
could  be  fully  controlled.  Another parallel  and difficult
problem is the demolition of buildings which contain apprecia-
ble quantities  of asbestos construction or insulating materials.
In these cases, control should be 100% containment of visible
emissions. New demolition procedures must be developed to
achieve this result. (Author abstract modified)

33474
Wilson, Edward F. and William Reilly
ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES.  Preprint, Air Pollution Con-
trol Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 16p., 1971. 3 refs. (Presented at the
Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlan-
tic City, N. J., June 27-July 2, 1971, Paper 71-6.)
In the Fall of 1969, Philadelphia adopted an Air Management
Code, a broad-based enabling act with an expanded  set of
definitions  giving  broad administrative  and  enforcement
powers to the Department of Health,  Licenses and Inspec-
tions, and Law and extensive regulatory authority to the Air
Pollution  Control Board.  The philosophy of the enforcement
procedure is  to obtain compliance with the standards  of the
Air Management Code and Regulations through the develop-
ment and implementation of improvement programs. If this ap-
proach is  not  successful,  the full line of enforcement  actions
can be brought to bear, including  municipal court action  and
fines, orders,  license revocation,  sealing:of equipment,  and
common pleas  court  action  in the form of an  injunction or
restraining order. Air Management Services initiates enforce-
ment actions only when  it  is determined thai other types of ad-
ministrative remedies  will not  accomplish the job. In all cases
where  it is appropriate, industrial  and commercial companies
with responsive management are given ample opportunity to
develop improvement  programs. Because of the flexibility pro-
vided by the Air Management Code and the fact that the  En-
forcement Procedures are designed to maintain and utilize this
flexibility,  Air Management  Services  has the capability  to
choose  the  course  of action  which will  give  the  maximum
result with  minimum dislocation and  resource requirement.
(Author abstract modified)

37348
Lawyer, R. E. and C. G. Beard, II
WEST VIRGINIA S NEW CONCEPT IN REGULATING PAR-
TICULATE MATTER FROM  MANUFACTURING PROCESS.
J. Air  Pollution Control  Assoc.,  22(2):   96-99,  Feb.  1972.
(Presented  at  the Air Pollution  Control Association Meeting,
Annual, 64th, Atlantic City, N. J., Paper 71-18.)
The  regulation (Regulation  VII) limiting the emission of solid
and liquid particulate matter from manufacturing processes in
West Virginia is based on a modified process  weight standard.
The  modification is manifested in a duplicate source concept
with several allowable emission rate curves for different indus-
trial  categories rather than the  conventional unit approach with
a single curve. Any combination of  like units  within a plant is
defined  as  a duplicate  source, and the  combined process
weight of all  units  comprising a duplicate source is used  to
enter the process weight table for determination of the total al-
lowable emission from all such units. The allowable emission
rate  from each individual unit  is then determined by prorating
the total emission by the appropriate process weight ratios. To
avoid undue restrictions on industrial growth, the  regulation
includes an expansion formula for determining the emission
rate  for a new  addition to a controlled  existing  plant. The
duplicate source concept is  expected to minimize the economic
inequity between competing industries with regard  to air pollu-
tion control.

44804
Ports, Kenneth N. and David W. Jones
TEXAS   EXPERIENCE  IN  INTEGRATING  LOCAL,  RE-
GIONAL  AND STATE  PROGRAMS FOR EFFECTIVE AIR
POLLUTION  CONTROL  ACTIONS. Preprint, Air Pollution
Control  Assoc.,  Pittsburgh, Pa.,  24p., 1972. (Presented  at  the
Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 65th,  Miami
Fla., June 18-22, 1972, Paper 72-41.)
The  necessity of planning for effective air pollution control is
emphasized,  and the unique  characteristics  of air pollution
control and management problems in Texas are described. The
experiences of the Texas Air Pollution Control Services in in-
tegrating local, regional, and State programs are related. As a
solution  to  problems,  an implementation  planning  office
responsible for development, coordination,  and collation of the
plan  was established. Local programs were analyzed through
the use  of planning conferences to  define  critical  areas of in-
terfacing and reach  a final  agreement of the primacy of func-
tions  This initial contact started activities in the right direction
and ultimately a comprehensive chart was produced formaliz-
ing salient functional areas. The staffing of the 12 Air Quality
Control  Regions played  a major role in providing satisfactory
interfacing between  the different levels of management and

-------
78
                                   PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
control. This  coupled with the establishment of a source sur-
veillance system, provided local and regional control officials
with data concerning the enforcement activities  and the central
office with planning, management, and  supervisory data.  In-
terstate cooperation was  formalized  through  planning con-
ferences  involving  New  Mexico, Oklahoma,  Arkansas, and
Louisiana. International cooperation is presently on  an ex-of-
ficio basis, but the  coordination between technical  personnel
at the working level on both sides of the border is  accelerat-
ing. Thus the local, regional, and State  programs were  inter-
grated  effectively by the Texas Air Control Program. (Author
abstract modified)

45861
Blair, Roger
KENTUCKY  S AIR POLLUTION CONTROL  EXPERIENCE
WITH  THE ROAD  PAVING INDUSTRY. Preprint, Air Pollu-
tion Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 16p.,  1972. (Presented at
the Air Pollution Control  Association, Annual  Meeting,  65th,
Miami, Fla., June 18-22, 1972, Paper 72-86.)
Kentucky s  experience with  the road  paving industry and
methods devised to implement  air pollution  control regula-
tions,  are  presented.  The first  step was  a  seminar  which
presented an  accurate picture of air pollution control laws and
regulations are they applied to an  asphalt batch plant with spe-
cial  emphasis on the  permit  regulation and  the particulate
emissions regulation for process operations.  It outlined  en-
forcement activities and emphasized what the owner could ex-
pect in terms of inspections and legal activities as a result of
those inspections. The internal procedures followed in evaluat-
ing various types of applications and guidelines for  the plants
to follow towards compliance with the regulations were given.
As many as 50% plants and about 90% of the asphalt concrete
production plants were represented at the seminar. By follow-
ing the guidelines for both quarries and  asphalt plants, plants
can device a control system for compliance,  and an agency
can standardize its evaluations  procedures. The guidelines con-
sidered the following aspects:  haul roads, stockpiles, settling
ponds, control  equipment, fugitive dust sources, drilling and
blasting  sites, and  evaluation  techniques.  The total program
emphasized more  effective control equipment.  As  a con-
sequence, venturi scrubbers and a number of baghouses were
installed.  Since March  27,  1972,  was established  as  the
deadline for  compliance  with the emission  limitations  for
process operations,  it was proposed to issue cease and desist
orders to individuals who have not filed  a permit to operate to
issue   notices of charges  against  any  individual  operating
without a permit or having emissions in  excess of those  stipu-
lated, and to notify the Commissioner of Highways of  those
firms in  violation of the regulations and request that no con-
tracts be accepted with them. As result of this approach, more
than 77% of  the plants currently  in operation  have  compiled,
or are  in the  process of complying with  regulations.  Although
the approach  concerns two specific industries, the basic princi-
ples are  applicable  to other industries as  well. This type  of
seminar and industry-wide approach are highly beneficial  to in-
dustries and air pollution  control agencies faced with similar
problems. (Author conclusions modified)

53491
Hemeon, Wesley C. L.
A CRITICAL REVIEW OF REGULATIONS FOR THE CON-
TROL  OF PARTICULATE EMISSIONS.  J. Air Pollution Con-
trol Assoc., 23(5):376-387, May 1973. 25 refs.
Regulations for the  control of  particulate emissions are criti-
cally reviewed.  The design of present emission  standards
began with the Los Angeles rules of 1949 based on a survey of >
industries in the  region and  on engineering consideration ol'
what was feasible for those industries to comply with, in
of commercially available gas cleaning equipment.  The
Air Act  of  1967 was based on another California  Act
required  the development of an ambient  air quality  standard'
and the measurement of existing concentrations of pollutants-."
This system was  unworkable  because it required states to
develop  emission  regulations either by measurement of ah51'
quality or  by data on existing  emissions  or both. The  1970
Amendments to the  Clean Air Act require states to  establish
and  operate  appropriate  devices,  methods,  systems  arid
procedures necessary to monitor, compile, and  analyze  data
on ambient quality. The number of samples and sampling sta-
tions  are among the provisions not specified.  There is no
evidence that health  is impaired by air pollutants, yet the  1970
Amendments provide that primary ambient air  quality stan-
dards are those requisite to protect the public health,  seconda-
ry standards  are to protect the public against sensory air pollu-
tion offenses. The methods advocated  by the Environmental
Protection  Agency for measurement  of particulate matter in
ambient  air are an  integral part of air pollution regulations.
The EPA does not recognize the  sampling techniques of the
American  Society of  Testing Materials  and  the American
Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers  although their  techniques
produce  the  same results as  the modified  EPA train that the
EPA specifies be used.

59578
Pooler, Francis, Jr.
NETWORK  REQUIREMENTS  FOR THE  ST.  LOUIS  RE-
GIONAL AIR POLLUTION STUDY. J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc., 24(3):228-231, March 1974.  8 refs. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 66th,  Chicago,
III., June 1973, Paper 73-160.)
Criteria determining  siting requirements for a monitoring  net-
work  are briefly reviewed, together  with the modelling  and
other objectives of the Regional Air Pollution Study. The sche-
matic layout of sites proposed for St.  Louis is described and
discussed in terms of the conflicting requirements of extended
regional coverage vs. close spacing of sites to achieve desired
spatial resolution.  More detailed  criteria for  selection of
specific sampling locations within  the general network layout
are described. These depend  on both physical  features in the
immediate vicinity of proposed locations, and on  the locations
of both near and distant sources. There were 25 sites selected
which will  measure carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons,  nitrogen
oxides, sulfur dioxide, free particulates, and such meteorologi-
cal parameters as wind,  temperature,  moisture, turbulence,
and solar and sky radiations. (Author abstract modified)

62309
Kennedy, A. S., K. G. Croke, T. E. Baldwin, and R. L.
Reisenweber
AIR   POLLUTION/LAND   USE   PLANNING   PROJECT
VOLUME I. SELECTED LAND USE CONTROL  POLICIES
FOR AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT. Argonne National Lab.,
Argonne, III., Center for Environmental Studies,  Office of Air
and Water  Programs, Interagency Agreement  Environmental
Protection   Agency-IAG-0159(D),   Rept.   EPA-450/3-74-028-a,
46p., May 1973.
Alternative  means for  the control of  high emission source
clustering were investigated in order to meet and maintain ara^
bient air quality standards called for by the Clean Air Act of
1970,  specifically,  nondegradation of  air quality presently
better than  the national  standards. Three  policies  were  con-

-------
                                       L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
                                                       79
sidered: air pollution impact statements; zoning control in two
forms, permitted use zoning and emission density limited zon-
ing; and the prediction of air pollution impacts of comprehen-
sive regional land use plans. The source clustering  problem in
the Chicago area was studied specifically in relation to the ef-
fectiveness of the three investigated control strategies. An  im-
pact statement policy can be based on the  two diget SIC clas-
sification. Emission density zoning is an effective  long range
control and is  no more costly than point  source control,  as-
suming a  stable zoning process. Deterioration in air quality is
predictable and controlled virtually by  the  definition  of  the
density limitation. Comprehensive  planning  as  a  control
mechanism depends on: the stability of the plan over time;  the
ability of  public administrators to implement the  plan; and  the
ability of planners to forecast the  air quality effects of land
use decisions and policies and to rank land use. (Author  ab-
stract modified)

65205
Hougland, Erik S. and N. Thomas Stephens
AIR  POLLUTANT MONITOR  SITING  BY  ANALYTICAL
TECHNIQUES. Preprint, Air  Pollution Control Assoc., Pitt-
sburgh, Pa.,  15p., 1974. 3 refs. (Presented  at the  Air Pollution
Control Association Annual Meeting, 67th,  Denver, Colo., June
9-13,  1974, Paper 74-49.)
A source  oriented monitor site location model providing moni-
tor site assignments designed to maximize monitor coverage of
a region within existing equipment limitations is presented. It
gives priority to areas with high emission levels and high con-
centrations without neglecting weaker sources. The method is
easy  to  use  and  inexpensive in  computer resources. It is
limmited  by  the necessity to use  a discrete set of potential
sites. A model which can choose from  the continuous  set of
points of a map is required. The sensitivity of  the model to
input parameters  such as the number of wind directions and
the spacing of potential monitor sites needs to be examined in
detail. Refinements in the  calculation of  coverage  factors
needs  to  be made.  Work  on  these  items is  currently  in
progress.  Results of  an  example problem are presented and
compared with a monitoring network already in place.  (Author
summary  modified)

65227
Faith, W. L.
AN EVALUATION OF FUGITIVE DUST  REGULATIONS.
Preprint,  Air Pollution  Control Assoc.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa., 16p.,
1974. 3 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution  Control Association,
Annual Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo., June 9-13, 1974,  Paper
74-80.)
The nature of fugitive dust regulations  in the various states,
many  of  which  are  based at least  to  some  degree on  the
Federal example regulation in Appendix B of 40CFR Part  51,
is discussed.  The Federal  example calls for reasonable precau-
tions  to be taken to  control fugitive dust and  cities  suitable
control procedures for  various  sources.  Many states have
adopted these regulations in whole or in part. Many have made
the regulation  more  definitive by requiring  that  emissions
beyond the property line of the source be invisible or meet a
specific opacity limitation, particle  size, or number limitation,
or not exceed the ambient air quality standard for paniculate
matter. The attempt to make the regulation more definite often
has created more problems than it has solved. Inasmuch as fu-
gitive dust problems are  highly Icoalized,  it is  likely that
across-the-board  regulations  may  not  be  suitable.  Specific
regulations should be  written for those sources of greatest im-
portance  in a given state. If across-the-  board  regulations  are
desired, the Federal example regulation without added numeri-
cal limitations is the best approach.

67958
Gerstle, Richard W. and Donald J. Henz
ADMINISTRATIVE  AND  TECHNICAL   ASPECTS  OF
SOURCE SAMPLING  FOR PARTICULATES  (FINAL  RE-
PORT).  PEDCo-Environmental  Specialists,  Inc.,  Cincinnati,
Ohio, Office of Air and Waste  Management Contract CPA 70-
124, Rept. EPA-450/3-74-047, 88p.,  Aug. 1974. IS rcls. NTIS:
PB 203502
The  technical  and administrative  aspects  of establishing  a
source-sampling program  for particulates within an air pollu-
tion  control agency are presented. Topics considered include:
functions of the source-sampling unit, regulations required  to
conduct  source sampling,  legal use  of source-sampling infor-
mation, the organization and administration of a source- sam-
pling unit, preliminary  procedures  required  for conducting a
stack test,  measurement  of stack  gas  velocity  and  related
parameters, determination of  isokinetic  sampling rates, no-
nideal sampling conditions,  particulate  sampling  equipment,
sampling  procedures,  disassembly   and  particulate  clean-out
procedures, particulate analysis, test report format and presen-
tation  of results,   and  the significance  of  errors in source
sampling. Appendices  are provided to illustrate  nomographs
for use with sampling trains, the cleaning of train components,
and orifice calibration procedures.

68398
Holston, Richard M. and Bernard J. Schroer
EVALUATING THE  IMPACT OF  NEW  INDUSTRY  ON  A
CITY S PARTICULATE LEVELS. Preprint, Air Pollution Con-
trol Assoc.,  Pittsburgh, Pa., 19p.,  1974. 3  refs. (Presented at the
Air  Pollution  Control  Association,  Annual  Meeting,  67th,
Denver, Colo., 1974.)
An urban diffusion model known as the Air Quality Display
Model (AQDM) was used  to determine the impact of locating
new industry in two industrial  parks on particulate dispersion
in the Huntsville,  Alabama area. Source area, meteorological
data, and receptor data were used  as input; and  the primary
output of the model was the computed ground level concentra-
tion  at each of the grid and non-grid  receptors. The model was
run with a number of increase emission estimates at each of
the two industrial  parks to study the impact of new industry
on particulate concentrations. Stack  heights were  assumed to
be zero; therefore, the emissions were not dispersed  over a
wide  area.  The maximum particulate emissions  from  both
parks acceptable in terms of  not exceeding the annual  federal
standard of 75 micrograms/cu m  were estimated at a total of
40 tons.  The  maximum  24-hour  concentration necessary for
emissions to reach 40 tons from both  parks was estimated to
be 160 micrograms/cu  m. Subsequent  programming modifica-
tions  incorporated  into the  model  included  the  addition of
wind rose data for four major  metropolitan areas  in the state
and  the  addition  of  an optional method of computing the
plume rise using the Brigg s equation.

70849
Lafleur, R. J.
A  RATIONAL  AIR  POLLUTION  SURVEILLANCE  NET-
WORK DESIGN. Preprint, North  Atlantic Treaty Organization
Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society, Expert Panel
on Air Pollution Modeling, 15p., 1974. 3 refs. (Presented at the
Expert Panel on Air Pollution Modeling, 5th Meeting, Roskilde,
Denmark, June 4-6, 1974.)

-------
80
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
The application of dispersion modeling to the design of an air
pollution surveillance network  is discussed. The design of an
air pollution surveillance network is possible with  the aid of
two  complementary  tools:  the emission  inventory and the
dispersion model. Simple climatological models are  capable of
providing reliable information for the design of networks and
can operate within the constraints of such a network, provid-
ing  the  pollutants under consideration are limited to  sulfur
dioxide  and  particulates. Implementation  of such models for
these pollutants is recommended. Research on the develop-
ment of similar simple models for the dispersion of automotive
and photochemical pollutants is also suggested. The stages in
the  design of  an air pollution surveillance network are: the
identification of areas in need of surveillance; identification of
the  pollutants  present and the type and number of monitors
necessary; the determination of general locations  for monitor-
ing  stations, followed by the determination of actual monitor-
ing  locations according  to physical  constraints; the selection
and design of actual equipment installations; the establishment
of operating and maintenance procedures; the establishment of
data collection, handling, and  reporting procedures: and the
evaluation of overall network  design after a reasonable  trial
period, with the implementation of appropriate revisions.

75507
Abcor, Inc., Cambridge, Mass., Walden Research  Div.
MODELING ANALYSIS OF POWER PLANTS FOR EVALUA-
TION OF IMPACT OF  AMBIENT SO2 CONCENTRATIONS.
MIDLAND-ODESSA-SAN ANGELO AQCR 218. Office of Air
and Waste Management Contract, 26p., March 1975.  3 refs.
Diffusion modeling analyses of sulfur dioxide emissions from
five thermal power plants located in the  Midland-Odessa-San
Angelo  Air  Quality Control  Region (Texas) are presented as
part of  an effort to  determine the air quality impact of such
operations in the face of possible changes in fuel use and com-
pliance  schedule extensions.  Emissions under both nominal
and maximum loads from each of the five plants result in con-
tributions to ambient air concentrations  which by  themselves
do not exceed the primary 24-hour and annual  SO2 air quality
standards. The ratio  of the ambient SO2  concentration  to the
emission rate for a given plant in micrograms/cu m per g/sec
ranges from 0.48-2.3 and 0.31-1.6 for nominal and maximum
loads, respectively, on maximum concentration days and from
0.053-0.43 for  the  maximum  annual  concentration.   These
values indicate the relative pollution potential  for  each  plant
which is primarily a function  of stack design  as well  as  sur-
rounding terrain features.

75521
GEOMET, Inc., Gaithersburg,  Md.
MODELING OF THE IMPACT OF POWER PLANTS ON AM-
BIENT  SO2 CONCENTRATIONS IN NORTHEAST ARKAN-
SAS AQCR  20 (FINAL  REPORT). Office of Air  and  Waste
Management Contract 68-02-1483, Rept. 420, 22p., Dec.  1974. 6
refs.
Diffusion modeling analyses  of sulfur dixoide emissions from
three thermal power  plants located in the Northeast Arkansas
Air Quality Control Region are presented as part of an effort
to determine the air quality impact of changes in  fuel use and
state implementation plans in the face of limited fuel availabili-
ty. Emissions  under  either nominal or maximum load condi-
tions at  each plant produce contributions to ambient SO2 con-
centrations which do not exceed the Federal 24-hour air quali-
ty standard. Emissions from each plant  under nominal load
conditions do not result in the  annual average  standard being
exceeded. The values of the ratio of the ambient SO2 concen-
                           tration to the emission rate of a given plant, in micrograms/cu
                           m per g/sec, ranged from 0.14-0.72 and 0.10-0.58 for nominal
                           and maximum loads, respectively, on maximum concentration
                           days and from 0.0084-0.065 for the maximum annual average
                           concentration.  These  values  indicate  the  relative pollution
                           potential of each plant. (Author conclusions modified)      ,

                           75576
                           GEOMET, Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.
                           MODELING OF THE IMPACT OF POWER PLANTS ON AM-
                           BIENT  SO2 CONCENTRATIONS   IN  LAKE MICHIGAN
                           AQCR 237. Office of Air and Waste Management Contract 68-
                           02-1483, Rept. EF-366, 21p., Nov. 1974. 6 refs.
                           Diffusion modeling analyses of sulfur dioxide emissions from
                           the J. P. Pulliam and Edgewater thermal power plants located
                           in the Lake Michigan Air Quality Control Region (Wisconsin)
                           are presented as part of an effort to  determine  the air quality
                           impact of such  operations in  the face  of possible  changes in
                           fuel use and compliance schedule extensions.  Sulfur dioxide
                           levels resulting from emissions from each plant  under nominal
                           load conditions do not exceed the 24-hour or maximum annual
                           air quality standards. Emissions under maximum load condi-
                           tions at  the  J.  P. Pulliam plant result in contributions to am-
                           bient air concentrations which by themselves exceed the  24-
                           hour standard, while those from  the Edgewater plant do  not
                           cause the 24-hour standard to be exceeded. The values for the
                           ratio of the ambient SO2 concentration to the emission rate of
                           the  plants in micrograms/cu  m  per  g/sec are  0.24 and 0.08
                           under nominal load and 0.23 and 0.10 under maximum load for
                           the Pulliam and Edgewater plants, respectively, on maximum
                           concentration days. The values for the maximum annual con-
                           centration are 0.023 and 0.030  for the Pulliam and Edgewater
                           plants respectively. These values indicate the relative pollution
                           potential of the plants.

                           77084
                           Norco, Jay E., Roger K. Raufer, and Phillip A. Roberts
                           THE  AIR  QUALITY  AND ENERGY  IMPLICATIONS  OF
                           SUPPLEMENTARY  CONTROL  SYSTEM  IMPLEMENTA-
                           TION. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
                           13p., 1975. 11 refs. (Presented at  the Air Pollution Control  As-
                           sociation, Annual Meeting,  68th,  Boston, Mass., June 15-20,
                           1975, Paper 75-29.5.)
                           The implementation of  supplementary  control  systems  as an
                           interim measure for attaining air quality standards in the near
                           term until sufficient stack gas  scrubbing devices are available
                           for sulfur dioxide control is discussed with particular reference
                           to the electrical power production industry in Illinois. A sup-
                           plementary control  system is a program that incorporates real-
                           time  monitoring of  stack emissions, meteorological conditions,
                           and air quality with a numerical scheme for determining cur-
                           rent and future ambient  air quality in the vicinity of a specific
                           source. Thus, when selected levels of ambient  air  quality  are
                           obtained or  forecasted,  specific  emission reduction activities
                           can be undertaken. The  use of supplementary control systems
                           for the primary power plant condidates would account for ap-
                           proximately one-fourth of the 1975 Illinois coal production and
                           half of the coal which remains in the state. Without the sup-
                           plementary  controls, this quantity of coal would be displaced
                           by low-sulfur western coals,  resulting in a severe  econqmic
                           impact on the  Illinois coal  industry.  Furthermore, the added
                           cost  to the utilities would approachh $80 million/yr. (Author
                           abstract modified)

-------
                                      L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
                                                      81
77098
Rubin, Edward S. and Harold T. Bloom
MAINTENANCE  OF  AMBIENT  PARTICIPATE  STAN-
DARDS IN AN INDUSTRIALIZED  REGION.  Preprint, Air
Pollution  Control  Assoc.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  1975. 16  refs.
(Presented  at  the  Air Pollution Control  Association,  Annual
Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June  15-20, 1975, Paper 75-06.1.)
Modeling  studies and air quality data analysis are applied to
the region of Allegheny County,  Pennsylvania  to assess the
adequacy  of existing regulatory policy for attaining secondary
air quality standards in the next decade, during which time lit-
tle regional growth is expected. Under compliance with exist-
ing emission regulations, currently  inventoried sources are pro-
jected to contribute about one third of the annual future im-
pacts of fugitive emissions, especially from industrial process
operations, and of background  concentrations  advected  into
the region.  Present estimates  of the latter impact indicate
values of  about 45 to 50 micrograms/cu  m, which are about
50%  higher  than  values  heretofor  assumed  for Allegheny
County. It also appears that attainment of short-term standards
may impose  the more stringent control  requirements, though
definitive  assessments of control  needs  are hampered by in-
adequacies in  modeling techniques,  source inventories,  and
ambient monitoring data. Efforts to upgrade these areas in the
context of intensive  local studies are seen as  the most im-
mediate need for  meaningful  air  quality  maintenance projec-
tions in industrialized regions such as Pittsburgh. (Author ab-
stract)

77995
Keeling, Billy F., Robert J. Schreiber, Jr., and James H. Long
MISSOURI S WORKABLE FUGITIVE DUST REGULATION.
Preprint,  Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,  10p.,
1975. (Presented at the  Air Pollution  Control Association, An-
nual Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-
25.5.)
The development  and implementation of Missouri s  fugitive
dust regulation is described, with particular emphasis on its ef-
fectiveness in controlling emissions from industries which do
not readily lend themselves to process weight regulations. The
versatility and ease of application of the regulation is depen-
dent on the use of the microscope to clearly identify the na-
ture and source of the material creating the nuisance. Specific
examples  of  successful application of the regulation are  cited
for rock  quarrying operations,  the  wood products industry,
cotton  gins,   large grain elevators,  and an  iron pelletizing
operation. (Author abstract modified)

78130
Lillis, Edward J. and Jean J. Schueneman
CONTINUOUS  EMISSION  MONITORING:   OBJECTIVES
AND  REQUIREMENTS.  J.  Air  Pollution Control  Assoc.,
25(8):804-809, Aug. 1975. 2 refs.
The benefits of the continuous emission monitoring regulations
proposed   by  the  Environmental  Protection   Agency  are
described.  The  regulations require existing and new sources
within certain specified  source categories to install,  operate,
and maintain  continuous emission monitoring  systems.  Con-
tinuous emission monitoring provides  a full time data base for
both the control agency and the source operator. The systems
permit control agencies:  to evaluate  nuisance  conditions; to
develop a  more comprehensive air resource management plan
for the community; to  determine the specific emissions of
each major source within the community; and to develop more
accurate relationships between ambient ground  level concen-
trations and emission  rates.  The  systems  provide  process
operators with a tool to assist them in controlling plant operat-
ing conditions so as to achieve minimum emission,  improve
operating, efficience, and to reduce costs.

84725
Johnson, Gary L., Maurice P. Schrag, and A. K. Rao
THE   FINE   PARTICLE   EMISSIONS   INFORMATION
SYSTEM: A NEW PUBLIC DATA BANK. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc., 26(7):643-646, July 1976.
The Fine Particle Emissions Information System (EPEIS) is a
computerized follow-on of the Fine Particle Emissions Inven-
tory developed by Midwest Research Institute in  1971 as part
of the Particulate Systems Study. A plan to update the 1971 in-
ventory was initiated in July 1974 by the  Industrial Environ-
mental  Research  Laboratory (IERL) at  Research  Triangle
Park, N. C.  By early 1975, the planned update of the Fine Par-
ticle Emissions Inventory  was supplanted by the concept of a
computerized  information  system on  fine  particle emissions
from stationary sources. The Fine Particle Emissions Informa-
tion System is designed to contain source test data including
particle size distributions; chemical,  physical, and  bioassay
testing results performed  on paniculate samples; design and
performance data on particle control systems applied; process
descriptions of the sources; and descriptions of the sampling
equipment and techniques employed. (Author abstract)

84745
Offen, G. R., J. P. Kesselring, K. Lee, G. Poe, and K. J.
Wolfe
CONTROL  OF PARTICULATE MATTER FROM  ODL BUR-
NERS AND BOILERS. Acurex Corp., Mountain View, Calif.,
Acrotherm Div., Environmental Protection Agency  Contract 68-
02-1318, Rept. EPA-450/3-76-005, 260p., April 1976.
The control of particulate emissions from oil-fired boilers that
are used to  generate hot water or steam and furnaces that are
used to provide warm air for space heating is discussed. The
emphasis is  on control strategies that can be used by local or
state  air pollution control authorities  to implement programs
for the attainment or maintenance of national air quality  stan-
dards in major urban  centers.  Building codes,  regulations,
combustion  additives, fuel composition controls, maintenance
and inspection procedures, emission  limits, and  many other
pertinent topics are discussed for  several  categories of sta-
tionary sources.

84753
Bradway, Robert M., Gordon L.  Deane, Rebecca C.
Galkiewicz,  David  A. Lynn, and  Frank A. Record
NATIONAL ASSESSMENT OF THE URBAN PARTICULATE
PROBLEM  (FINAL  REPORT).  GCA  Corp., Bedford, Mass.,
GCA/Technology Div.,  Environmental Protection Agency  Con-
tract  68-02-1376,  Task  Order 18,  Rept. GCA-TR-76-25-G(l),
Rept. EPA 450/3-76-D24, 200p., July 1976.
A study of the total suspended particulates  in 12 U.  S. cities is
presented. The effect of various meteorological factors on TSP
concentrations was studied, with emphasis on the ability of
different regions to  meet national air quality standards.  The
study identified 5 factors that  affect attainment  and main-
tenance of the TSP ambient standards; 3 general categories of
sources that contribute to the TSP loadings at a given point
(traditional  sources  such as  fuel  combustion  and waste
disposal; nontraditional sources such as particulates  from auto
exhaust and fugitive dust  from construction; and natural and
transported particulates), and 2 factors that act to modify the

-------
82                                PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION

ambient levels measured (meteorology; and the monitoring net-     that a broadly supported control effort directed at urban reen-
work configuration and siting). These factors are discussed in     . .    .  ,  .    ,  .  .,          ...    ,  ,  .  ,-,,;ninilv con-
detail. The general conclusions include the recognition that the     tramed dust and smular non-tnuhtional  (not previously
regional-scale burden of transported and  secondary particu-     trolled) sources will be required in order to meet the present
lates, especially sulfates, must be reduced; and the judgment     paniculate standard.

-------
                                                                                                                    83
                                            N.  GENERAL
44753
Lee, Wilbert L. and Arthur C. Stern
THE STACK HEIGHT REQUIREMENTS IMPLICIT IN THE
FEDERAL  STANDARDS  OF  PERFORMANCE FOR NEW
STATIONARY SOURCES. Preprint, Air Pollution Control As-
soc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 24p., 1972. 9 refs. (Presented  at the Air
Pollution Control Association,  Annual Meeting, 65th, Miami,
Fla., June 18-20, 1972, Paper 72-89.)
The  promulgation  of  Federal  standards of  performance for
certain classes  of  new stationary sources  requires that such
sources have minimum stack heights to meet the requirements
of  national  air  quality  standards.  The  determination  of
minimum stack height is complicated by the facts that the per-
formance  and air quality standards are stated  on different
averaging time bases; that the extent of preemption of the as-
similative capacity of the air by any individual source will vary
among jurisdictions and, in some cases, among different geo-
graphic areas of a  single jurisdiction;  and  that some new
sources will be designed to emit appreciably less than the per-
formance standard requirement. However, these complications
can be resolved and equations and charts have been prepared
from which minimum stack height can  be selected. (A uthor ab-
stract modified)

-------
84
                                         AUTHOR   INDEX
ABEL M D    E-69380, 'E-69434
ACCORTT J I  'B-71974
ADAMS R L  *B-65239
AHLQUIST N C   C-60291
ALCOCER A   D-59409
ALKEZWEENY A J   'C-57150
ALLEN R G   E-44643
ALTPETER L L JR  'C-84739
AMICK R S   *A-66845
ANDERSON D P    B-75891
ANDERSON M K   'A-77667
ANDERSON P L   *C-81439
ASARO F    C-67035
ATKINS P R   C-44805
AUGUSTINE F E   *E-77132
AXETELL K JR   A-66845, A-69939,
      B-65228


                  B

BABCOCK A W   J-67459
BACHMANN J D   B-84741
BAILEY K C  *J-67908
BAILEY R E   E-65180
BAKKE E   'B-75205
BALDWIN T E    L-62309
BANDER T J   E-69411
BARRETT D H    A-77665
BARRETT R E   'A-84716, A-84724,
      'A-84764
BARSIC N J   A-84760, C-66633
BARTEL M H  'B-53742
BARTLETT P T   C-77999
BEARD C G II    L-37348
BEARD K V  *E-61125
BEDER E C   C-75187
BELTZER M   'A-75958, 'C-69097
BENSON A L   'C-65247
BENSON J  R  'J-61840
BERNSTEIN D   *C-77890
BETHEA R M  'C-77828, C-78510
BICKELHAUPT R E   *B-59329, *B-69451,
      *F-72264, *F-75975
BIGG E K   'C-58189
BIGGS F   F-72967
BIGGS W G  'E-44643
BIRD A N JR  *C-53800
BIRKS L S    C-54628
BLACKWOOD T R   A-84766
BLAIR D N   H-84719
BLAIR R   'L-45861
BLANCHARD D C  'F-79318
BLIFFORD I H    C-70714, F-64811
BLOOM H T   L-77098
BLUMENTHAL D   E-84763
BOSCOE  G F   C-58545
BOUBEL R W  'C-18971, E-77132
BOVE J L   C-48175,  C-84728
BOYER K W   'A-84726
BRACHACZEK W  *C-624I1
BRACHACZEK W W    A-71499
BRADSTREET J W  *B-79186
BRADWAY R M   *L-84753
BRANDT M   A-37176
BRENCHLEY D L   'C-79093
BRIGGS G A   'E-72968
BROIDA H P   *F-75961
BROOKS E F  *C-75187
BRUNS W A   E-69380
BURCHARD J K   *A-82797
BURCKLE J O   C-32433
BURKHALTER P G    C-54628
BURR J C   C-72399
BURTON R M   *C-43288
CAHILL T A   A-77664, D-82796, 'E-69919

CALVERT S   *B-44940, 'B-75099
CAMANN D E   C-67828
CANTRELL B K   A-84723, A-84760
CARDINA J A  'A-74251
CARLSON T B    C-73065
CARR R C    B-84751
CARROLL J J   *B-61754
CARTER L D   C-84733
CARTER W J III  *C-73043
CAVIN  D C  *B-69153
CHA C  Y   'F-68498
CHALEKODE P K   'A-84766
CHAN K C   C-68056
CHAN T L    C-77890
CHANG S G    F-66995
CHARLSON R J  'C-60291, E-84763
CHENG R T    B-43203
CHIARO D A   *B-26664
CHOCK D P   'E-84740
CHU K J   'E-78078
CHU R  R   'A-69504
CLARK D   'B-79180
CLARK T A    C-43288
COHEN B L    C-68056
COLE C F   *E-84767
COLOVOS G   *D-74250
CONNER W D   'C-75147
COOPER D W  'B-75891, 'C-60053
CORN M   'B-43203, J-61840
CORRIN M L   *F-77879
CORRSIN S   F-58890
COSTANZA P   B-75092
COUNTESS R J   *C-64361, F-70711
COVERT D S   C-60291
COWHERD C C JR   *A-69976
COWHERD C JR   'A-69939, *A-77700,
      *A-84748, *B-54011, 'D-84755
COY D  W   A-54010, 'B-72300
CRAIG  A B   'A-60301
CREED E R   'H-62878
CRIST H L   A-57524
CROCKER  B B  *C-58115
CROKE K G   J-62263, L-62309
CROOK J O  'B-63545
CROSS  F L JR   *A-80648
CROW L W   E-44643
CROWE C T    B-63039
CTVRTNICEK T E   'A-75944
CUNNINGHAM P T   "C-58175
CURRAN T C  'K-65225
GUSHING K M   C-75993
                   D

DAHLMAN R C    E-73766
DALEY P S    C-84733
DANA M T   'A-84742
DANNIS M L   'A-67993
DAVENPORT S M    F-72967
DAVIS B L   'H-84719
DAVIS J A  *F-72967
DAVIS W T    B-53990, B-77675
DAVISON R L   'A-68038
DE FRANCESCO L   B-65262
DE KONING H W    C-62855, C-65204
DEAN K C   *B-65650
DEANE G L    L-84753
DEHNE H   C-65540
DEMANDEL R E   D-77881
DENNIS R  *B-71035, 'B-75117, B-75142
DISMUKES E  B   *B-75201
DOLAN D F    A-84760
DORSEY J A  'C-32433
DOWNING P B  'J-69134
DOYLE A   C-69989
DREHMEL D C    B-60335, 'B-84729
DUBOIS L   C-72974
DUNBAR D  R   *B-65228
DUNBAR J R    B-61754
DUNN T   D-82796
DZUBAYTG    A-84723, A-84761,
      'C-79037
EASTER R C   'E-67890
EASTMENT T J   B-44884
EDWARDS H W   'E-73867
EDWARDS W H   D-84754
EGAN B A   E-84772
EISENBUD M   D-81446
ELDRED R A    D-82796
ELLESTAD T G   A-84723
ENGDAHL R B    A-72403, A-84724
ENSOR D S   'A-77664, C-77941
EPSTEIN M   'B-63078, 'B-75965
ETTINGER H J   *C-31612, 'C-66826
EVANS C A JR    A-68038
EVERSOLE J D   F-7596I
FABER J H  'J-67459
FAITH W L  'L-65227
FALGOUT D A   C-42984
FAORO R   'D-65200
FARMER W M    C-75111
FAURE F   'B-79050
FEENEY P J  'D-82796, E-69919
FEGLEY M J   'C-77941
FELDMAN P L   'A-54010
FELDSTEIN M   D-65199
FENNELLY P F   'A-77351
FENTON D L  'F-84718
FINDLEY C E   *C-44757
FIRST M W  'B-65263, 'B-82795, B-84775
FISHMAN  B D   'B-66681

-------
                                               AUTHOR INDEX
                                                                          85
FITZJARRALD D E  'E-55295
FLEGAL C A    C-75187
FLETCHER R A   A-84759
FLOCCHINI R G    D-82796
FLOYD J R   "C-84752
FOLEY G J    B-5752I, J-65236
FORDYCE J S    C-72399, D-78617
FORTMAN  R J   B-79186
FRANCIS F J   *B-44638
FRANCIS N L    B-72280
FRANCONERI P   A-77703
FRANKENBERG T T   A-72403
FRASER M D   *B-57521, 'B-77680,
      •J-65236
FRAUENFELDER A   'B-59607
FRIEDLANDER S K   *A-47139, A-54321,
      •B-56046, C-84722, E-69084
FRISCH N W   B-72300
FROHLIGER J O    C-68056
FUCHS N A    F-58474
FUNKHOUSER J T  "C-69989
                   G
GALKIEWICZ R C   L-84753
GANLEY J T   'A-60240
GARRETT R B    C-66821
GATZ D  F   'E-60279
GEORGE H F   'B-57700
GERBER W D   C-75084
GERSTLE R W   *L-67958
GIAMMAR R D   *A-84724
GIAUQUE R D   «C-66821
GIEVER  P    C-69989
GILFRICH J V   "C-54628
GILLETTE D A    F-64811
GILLIES D K A   E-56092
GILMORE T M   *D-77627
GIVENS  R L    B-61754
GLANTZ M W    B-65650
GODA L Y   C-66821
GODDARD W B   B-61754
GOLDSHMID J   B-44940
GONSER B    B-67832
GOOCH i P    B-69981, B-72202, 'B-72280,
      •B-75949
GORDON R J   *C-60381
GORMAN P G    A-75141, C-35266
GOULDING F S  *C-69999
GOVAN  F A   *A-44621
GRAMS G W    'F-64811
GRAVATT C C JR   'C-82794
GRAVENHORST G   C-58495
GRECO J   B-67994
GREGORY C J    A-54634
GRONHOVD G H    B-45066
GROVER S N    E-61125
GRUBER C W   'C-65229
GRZYWINSKI R J   *B-81267
GUENTHER C    D-84755
GUENTHER C M    A-69939, A-69976
GUIDA K  'B-65901
GUNN R A    B-82792
GUSSMAN R A   'C-42986


                  H

HAENEL G   'C-58495
HAGEN L J  'A-54087, "E-51856
HAGGARD S J    H-84719
HALL F  P JR    E-58159
HALL H  J   'B-72281
HALL R  E    A-84716
HALLOWELL J    B-67832
HAMIL H F  'C-67828
HANNA  B E    E-84767
HANNA S R   'E-62089
HANNA T R    D-77627
HANSMA P K   F-75961
HARE C T   'A-76000
HARKER A B    F-66995
HARMS G   C-65229
HARRINGTON R E   *G-71966
HARRIS D B    C-65540, *C-84738
HARRISON H    E-59613
HAUPTMAN F R    C-44700
HAVENS R   B-65650
HEDLEY W H   *F-70407
HEIN J    C-62549
HEISLER S L   *A-54321
HELLAND J O    B-53742
HEMEON W C L   *L-53491
HENDERSON J S   *B-79179
HENLEY D C   'F-66488
HENZ D J    L-67958
HERRARA N   C-60276
HERRICK R A   'C-68097
HERSH S  *B-84751
HESS L L    B-77279
HIDY G M   'D-59409
HILL A C   D-84754
HIMMELSTEIN L    C-44700
HINDMAN E E II   »A-78512
HINDS W C   B-65263, B-82795
HINES L E   C-79037
HOBBS P V   A-78512, *E-59613, E-67890
HOBSON M J   'B-82793
HOLSTON R M   *L-68398
HOOPES G S   F-70711
HOUGLAND  E  S   *L-65205
HOVEY H H   'K-65241
HOVIND E L   E-44643
HOWARD J N   C-43288
HU J N   A-37176
HUDSON J A   'B-67994
HUDSON J L   E-73103
HUGHES J M    B-77930, 'B-82792
HULL A P  'B-60214
HUNT W F   K-65225
HUNTINGTON  R L  'B-54531
HURLEY J F   B-84751
HUSAR J D   A-84723, A-84759
HUSAR R B   A-54321, A-84723, A-84759,
      E-84763
HUTCHESON M R   «E-58159
HWANG J Y   *C-30707
IDSO S B
IINOYA K
ILORI T A
IMADA M
IVEY L R
IZUMI N
"E-67179
 «B-77677
  F-60258
 D-59409
*C-44872
B-77677
J AEROSOL SCI   C-70714
JAASUND S A    B-60223
JACKO R B   'A-77929, B-79050
JACKSON J O   C-32257
JACKSON M L   'C-44881
JAENICKE R   *C-70714
JAFFE R J    'F-65573
JAKLEVIC J  M    C-69999
JANOSO  R P  'B-65240
JHAVERI N  C   B-75099
JOHANSEN  R W   A-84717
JOHN W   'C-84737
JOHNSON G  L   'L-84725
JOHNSON J L  'C-62595
JOHNSON L R    H-84719
JOHNSON S A    C-58175
                               JONES D W   L-44804
                               JONES H C   'E-72958, K-65241
                               JONES J R   'A-52200
                               JORDEN R  M   A-65181
                               JUTZE G A   A-69939, B-65228


                                                 K

                               KAAKINEN J W  *A-65181
                               KALIKA P  W   *C-77999
                               KAPLAN L   'A-77703
                               KARNEY J    D-59409
                               KASAHARA M   'F-8473I
                               KEELING B F  'L-77995
                               KENNEDY  A S    'J-62263, 'L-62309
                               KENSON R E   C-77999
                               KESSELRING J P    L-84745
                               KESSLER J E   C-48175
                               KIANG C S   F-84746, F-84749
                               KICE R W   *B-62185
                               KIM Y W   'F-66855
                               KING R B   C-72399,  D-78617
                               KIRSCH A  A   'F-58474
                               KITTELSON D B   A-84760
                               KITTLESON D B   A-84723
                               KLEINMAN M T   C-77890, *D-81446
                               KNAPP K T   C-84752
                               KNEIP T J    C-77890, D-81446
                               KNOLLENBERG R G   'C-73008
                               KOMETANI T Y   C-48175
                               KOONTZ E C   B-77666
                               KOSKY K F  'A-77726
                               KOWALSKI T A   D-77645
                               KOZAK J H   C-62855
                               KREIKEBAUM G    C-77971
                               KUKREJA V P  *C-84728
                               KUNEN S M    D-84754
                               KURTZ J L   'C-77724
                               KUYKENDAL W B    C-84738
LACEY G E   C-75993
LAFLEUR R J   *L-70849
LAITINEN  H A   A-84726
LAMB G E R   B-75092
LAMOTHE P J   A-84723, 'A-84761
LAO R C   'C-72974
LAPSON W F   'C-65540
LARSON R G    E-44643
LAWSON J R    A-80648
LAWYER R E   'L-37348
LAZENKA  C A   L-31849
LEADERER B  P   *A-44926
LEBOWITZ M  F   'C-77994
LEE K   L-84745
LEE K W   C-84727
LEE R E JR   'A-57524, *C-62549
LEE R N   A-84742
LEE W L  'N-44753
LEITH D   B-44940,  'B-84775
LEIVO C C    B-63078
LEMKE E E   'K-44642
LENANE D L    A-37176
LENNERTAE   C-751I1
LEVAGGI D A   *D-65199, D-77881
LEVINS P L   C-65247, C-69989
LILIENFELD P  'C-77892
LILLIS E J  »A-80030, -L-78130
LIOY P J   'F-77940
LIPPMANN M    C-77890
LIU B Y H   'C-84727, 'F-60258
LIU M K   *E-77348
LIU Y H   'C-66633
LLOYD F D   E-57132
LOCKLIN D W   A-84716
LONG J H    L-77995

-------
86
                                    /ARTICULATES AND AIR  POLLUTION
LONGLEY COOK B A  *D-4469I
LOOMIS T C    C-48175
LOOP J P   A-77929
LOVILL J E   C-77725
LUCIANI D J    C-75I87
LUKE C L   'C-48175
LUNDGREN D A   *C-56790, "C-84733
LYNN D A    L-84753


                  M

MACIAS E S   'A-84759
MACLEOD K  E   A-57524
MADDALONE R F   *C-81499
MADELAINE  G   C-58855
MAGA J A    D-59252
MAKING K    B-77677
MANGANELLI R M   F-77940
MANGOLD C  A   A-65207
MANN C O    A-77700, A-84748
MARCIAS E S   A-84723
MARINO J    B-65262
MARK D   *C-66931
MARPLE V A    C-66633,  'C-73139,
      *C-84736
MARTIN J R    B-7I974
MASSER C C    D-84755
MASSUCCO A A   C-65247
MATTESON M J  *C-58545
MCADIE H G   *E-56092
MCCAIN J D   *B-72202, B-75949, C-53800,
      C-75993
MCCOLLISTER G M   *E-78181
MCCOY B J   F-68498
MCCOY J    C-69989
MCDOWELL  D W JR   B-63523
MCGARRY F  J   'A-54634
MCGUIRE L    C-66826
MCINNIS J R    B-77666
MCKENNA J  D  'B-66823
MCMAHON C K   A-84717
MEARS C E   A-77665
MEHTA S M    F-70407
MELCHER J R   *B-75145, B-77843
MERCANDO A   B-84744
MICHEL H V   *C-67035
MIDDLETON P  *F-84746
MIDGETT M R   C-76006
MIELENZ R C   'B-65902
MILLER B    *B-75092
MILLER K   *C-62855, *C-65204
MILLS M T   *E-73766
MITCHELL W J  "C-76006
MOCKRIDGE P C  *B-63523
MODOWSKI E R   "C-69006
MOHNEN V A   F-84749
MOKELER C  J   C-30707
MONKMAN J L    C-72974
MONROE E S  'B-70459
MOREY P R   C-77828
MORGENSTERN L N   * A-77665
MORGENSTERN P   A-77665
MORRIS E B   'B-64855
MORRIS J R    E-54382
MOSCOWITZ  C M    F-70407
MOYERS J L    D-74250
MUELLER  P  K   D-59252, D-59409
MYRUP L O    E-84721


                  N

NADER J S   "C-49798, "C-78102
NAEVE S W   "C-44805
NATHANSON  B    C-48175
NATUSCH DPS   A-68038, *C-84730,
      •G-67635
NAVARRETE R J   B-53922
NEKERVIS R   *B-67832
NEUSTADTER H E   "C-63262, *C-72399,
      •D-78617
NEVERS N H D   *E-54382
NEWMAN E   E-65180
NEWMAN J E  'E-69380, E-69434
NEWMAN L   A-84756, C-84750
NICHOLS G B  'B-69981, *C-75948
NICHOLSON  S E   *E-72402
NIEKEN D J    A-84760
NOLL K E  *B-53990, *B-77675
NORCO J E   'L-77084
NOVAKOV T   *F-65545, *F-66995


                  O

O KEEFE L P  *A-79163
OFFEN  G R  *L-84745
OGILVIE 3 R    A-54062
OLIN J G  'C-33562, C-77724
OLSON  J S   E-73766
ONO A    C-58189
ORGILL M M   E-57134, 'E-69411
ORTIZ L   C-66826
OVERLAND D L   C-84739
OWEN B W   B-77930
OWUSU J K   "C-78510
PACE T G III   *K-77997
PACE T P   *D-84762
PADGETT J  »B-84741
PASCERI R E   *D-52447
PAULUS H J   C-56790
PEDACE E A   *D-54482
PENLEY R L   C-43288
PETERS E T    C-69989
PETERSEN W B  *E-84758
PIERSON W R  *A-71499, C-62411
PILAT M J  *B-60223
PILCHER J   B-67832
PILNEY J P   C-84739
PLUMLEY A L   B-71974
POE G   L-84745
POEHLEIN G W   B-57700
POOLER F JR  'L-59578
PORCH W M   *C-77725
PORTS K N  *L-44804
POTTER  N D   C-75084
PREINING O   C-58545
PUTNAM A A   A-84764
                  Q
QUILLMAN B   *B-57729
                   R
RADKE L F   A-78512
RAGLAND K W   'E-84720
RAMSAY P A    C-43288
RANADE M B   *C-75110
RAO A K    L-84725
RAO K S   'E-84772
RAUFER R K    L-77084
RECORD F A    L-84753
REED J C   C-65541
REILLY W   'L-31849, L-33474
REISENWEBER R L    J-62263, L-62309
REISMAN E   »C-75084
RENNICK D F   F-63787
RENOUX A  'C-58855
RESNICK  L   A-73045
REYNOLDS J P    B-53922, *B-65262,
      •B-84744
RIGO H G   B-77209
RILEY A  E   A-57524
RINGWALL C G   *C-75115
ROBERDS D W   'C-75111
ROBERSON J E    B-79179
ROBERTS J W   *A-65207
ROBERTS P A    L-77084
ROBERTS P T   *C-84722, 'E-69084 '
ROBINSON E   E-59613
ROBINSON J W    *B-77660
ROBISON E B   *B-84743
ROMM J    A-4462I
ROSENVOLD R J    E-73867
ROSSANO A T   A-65207
ROSSANO A T JR   C-44757
ROTE D M   *D-77658
ROYER G W   C-31612
RUBIN E S  *L-77098
RUSEK S J   A-75944
RUSSELL P B    F-64811
RUST L W   C-84739
 SAAD L   C-32257
 SACCO A M   C-42986
 SACHAR K S   B-75145
 SAHAGIAN J  'B-75142
 SAMUELS H J   'D-59252
 SANDBERG  J S   D-65199, 'D-77881
 SANDY C W   A-75944
 SANSONE E B   D-54482
 SCHERE K L  'E-77839
 SCHMITT H W   C-77971
 SCHRAG M P   A-75141, L-84725
 SCHRECKER G O   C-73065, *E-73066
 SCHREIBER R J JR    L-77995
 SCHROER B J    L-68398
 SCHUENEMAN J J   L-78130
 SCHULZ E J   *A-72403, A-84742
 SCHUMANN J L    B-64855
 SCOTT D S  *F-63787
 SEALE L M   'B-69685
 SEELEY J L   'C-59609
 SEHMEL G A  *A-54138, *E-57132,
      'E-57134, E-69411,  'E-77996
 SEINFELD J H   E-77348, E-78078
 SEIZLER D R  *J-58903
 SELLE S J   'B-45066, 'B-77279
 SEM G J    C-33562
 SENECHAL  A J   C-84739
 SHADOAN D J   D-82796
 SHANNON L J   *A-75141, *B-65375,
      *C-35266
 SHARMA V   *E-84721
 SH ELTON S P   B-53990
 SHENDRIKAR A D   C-60276
 SHLIEN D J   *F-58890
 SHOFNER F M   *C-73065, *C-77971,
      E-73066
 SIDIK S M    C-63262, C-72399
 SIMON H    K-44642
 SINCLAIR D  *F-70711
 SIU W    D-77881
 SKOGERBOE R K   C-59609
 SLINN WON   'E-57133
 SMITH F C JR   F-65573
 SMITH K D    B-54011
 SMITH W B    B-72202, 'C-75993
 SNIDER M A  J-62263
 SNYDER A D   F-70407          *
 SODERBERG H E   *B-70083
. SOFFIAN G   *C-65538
 SOLOMON R L   E-73103

-------
                                                 AUTHOR INDEX
                                                                            87
SONDREAL E A   B-77279
SOUTHERLAND J H   A-77700
SOVAS G H   A-44926
SPARKS L E    A-77664, B-60223,
     •B-62920, C-77941
SPIEGLER D  B   *E-65180
SPIELMAN L A   C-60053
SPILLER L L   A-84723
SPITZ A W    'B-77678
SPRINGER G  S    A-60240
SPROULL W T   'B-31028
SQUIRES R   B-79050
STASIUK W N   K-65241
STATNICK  R  M   *A-68935, 'B-60335
STECHKINA I B   F-58474
STENHOUSE  3 I T   'B-59340
STEPHENS N T   'B-77930, B-82792,
     L-65205
STERN A C   N-44753
STEVENS R K   A-84723, A-84761,
     C-79037
STEVENSON  W H    K-77997
STOCK D E  *B-63039
STOEBER W   'F-84734
STONE R C   *B-77280
STUKEL J J  *B-77209,  *E-73I03
SUGIMAE A   'C-63650
SULLIVAN K M   B-54132
SUNDBERG R E  'B-53991
SURPRENANT N    B-75142
SYBERT L    B-63078
TAKAHASHI K   F-84731
TANNER R L   'A-84756, *C-84750
TARVESTAD L D   A-84760
TASSICKER O J  *B-54132
TAYLOER G J   D-59252
TER HAAR G L  'A-37176
TERRACCIANO L A    A-44621
THEODORE L   *B-4464I, 'B-44884,
      *B-53922, B-65262, B-84744
THOMAS R L    C-81499
THOMAS R S    C-72974
THOMSON D W   E-77839
THOMSON I    E-84772
TILLERY M I    C-66826
TORO R F    B-84735
TRAUTNER R P   C-33562
TRUEBLOOD R C    B-77280
TUFTE P H   B-45066
TURLEY C D   C-79093
TURNER J H   *B-84757
TWISS S   D-59252,  D-59409, D-65199
TYMEN G    C-58855


                  U

ULLUCCI P A   C-30707
URSENBACH W O   *D-84754
VALENTINE J R    C-65247
VALOV M E   B-66681
VAN LOAN M   *A-73045
VANDEGRIFI A E   C-35266
VANDERPOL A H   C-60291
VARGA J JR   B-67832
VEKRIS S L  'E-42146
VOGELSANG C W   B-57729
VOIGT F   L-31849


WAGGONER A P   C-60291
WAGNER A J  *B-59920
WALKER A B   *A-65184, 'B-67907
WALLACE D  A-75141
WALLACE D D   A-69976
WALLACE J R   A-68038, C-84730,
      G-67635
WALSH G W   *K-82784
WALTON J  W   *B-77666
WANG H H   D-59409
WANG S C    B-63078
WANGEN L E    D-77658
WANIELISTA M P   A-77726
WARD D E   *A-84717
WARNER P O   "C-32257
WARWICK W O   B-77930
WATSON W D JR   J-58903, J-69134
WAITERS H A   A-65207
WEBB R O   C-73065
WEDBERG G H  'C-68056
WEINSTEIN N J   'B-84735
WEITZMAN L   *C-6554I
WELLS D M    A-66845
WEST P W  "C-60276, C-81499
WEST R E   A-65181
WESTLIN P R   C-65538
WHEAT H G    E-73867
WHELPDALE D M   *E-67645
WHITBY K T   A-84723, *A-84760,
     C-66633, *C-84732,  D-77628, E-84763
WHITE H J   *B-61776, *B-72315
WHITE R K   'A-54062
WILBER K R   E-73066
WILDER J   B-75117
WILLEKE K    C-84736, 'D-77628
WILLIAMS J A   C-58189
WILLIAMS R   C-75187
WILLIAMSON J E    K-44642
WILSON E F   *C-44700, *L-33474
WILSON G S   D-74250
WILSON K D   *C-42984
WILSON K R   E-78181
WILSON W E   'A-84723, 'E-84763
WINKLER P   "C-64676
WOLF J L   A-84760
WOLFE K J   L-84745
WOLFF G T   F-77940
WONG E W   D-59252
WONG WOO H   D-59252
WOOD J R   A-84760
WOODRUFF N P    A-54087, E-51856
WRIGHT R 1   »B-79178
WROBLEWSKI S C   *D-77645
YANG R T   C-58175
YARMAC R F   C-79093
YEN K T  'E-31831
YOCOM J E   C-77999
YOST K J   E-69380
YOUNG D   A-80030
YOUNG D G    B-77280
YU H H S    F-70407
YUE G K   F-84746, *F-84749
YUNG S    B-75099
ZAHEDI K  'B-77843

-------
                                          SUBJECT   INDEX
ABATEMENT   K-44642, L-44804, L-45861
ABSORPTION (CONTROL)   B-75965,
     E-73867
ABSORPTION (GENERAL)   B-57729,
     B-60335, B-63078, B-63523
ABSORPTION PHENOMENA   B-75965
ADOLESCENCE  L-70849
ADSORPTION (CONTROL)   C-44872,
     C-60381, E-73867, G-67635
ADSORPTION (GENERAL)   B-43203,
     B-77209
ADVECTION   E-69434, E-73103
ADVISORY SERVICES  L-45861
AERODYNAMICS   C-77890, C-84736,
     F-66855
AEROSOL ATOMIZATION   B-67817,
     B-69685, C-42986, C-70714, C-84722
AEROSOL DIFFUSION AND BROWNIAN
     MOTION   F-60258
AEROSOL ELECTRICAL PHENOMENA
     C-84732, C-84733, C-84737
AEROSOL FORMATION   A-75958,
     B-67817, E-78078, F-77940, F-79318,
     F-84731, F-84746, F-84749
AEROSOL FORMATION (MIXED)
     E-78078
AEROSOL MECHANICS   E-78078
AEROSOL SPECTROMETERS   B-71035,
     F-84734
AEROSOLS   A-54321, A-84723, A-84760,
     A-84761, B-43203, B-56046,  B-57700,
     B-60223, B-65263, B-82795, C-32257,
     C-33562, C-42986, C-44881, C-56790,
     C-57I50, C-58189, C-58495, C-58545,
     C-58855, C-60053, C-60276, C-60291,
     C-64361, C-64676, C-65247, C-66826,
     C-69999, C-70714, C-73008, C-75110,
     C-77890, C-77892, C-79037, C-81439,
     C-81499, C-84722, C-84727, C-84730,
     C-84732, C-84733, C-84737, C-84739,
     C-84750, D-54482, D-59252,  D-59409,
     D-77628, D-77658, E-57133,  E-58159,
     E-59613, E-60279, E-69919, E-77132,
     E-77839, E-78078, F-58474, F-63787,
     F-66855, F-68498, F-70711, F-77940,
     F-79318, F-84731, F-84734, F-84746,
     G-67635
AGRICULTURAL SERVICES   A-57524
AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY  A-54062,
     A-57524, A-77700, B-61754
AIR POLLUTION EPISODES   C-68056
AIR POLLUTION FORECASTING
     A-44926, E-31831, E-54382, E-56092,
     E-65180, E-69084, E-72402, E-78181,
     L-68398, L-77084
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA   K-44642,
     K-65241, K-7301I
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENT
     PROGRAMS   A-65207, A-66845,
     A-69976, A-73045, A-77726,  C-31612,
     C-63262, C-72399, D-44691, D-59409,
     D-65200, D-73577, D-77645,  D-78617,
     D-81446, E-31831, E-56092, E-65180,
     E-69411, K-73011, L-59578, L-65205,
      L-75507, L-75521, L-75576, L-77084,
      L-77098
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS   A-54087,
      A-60301, A-77665, A-77667, B-60214,
      B-84741, C-63262, K-65225, K-77997,
      L-33474, L-53491, L-62309, L-65227,
      L-75507, L-75521, L-75576, L-77098,
      L-84753, N-44753
AIR QUALITY SURVEYS   A-77726,
      D-81446
AIR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
      E-31831, K-67829, K-73011, L-33474,
      L-70849, L-77098
AIR-FUEL RATIO  A-60240
AIRPORTS  A-69976, A-77700
ALABAMA   L-68398
ALASKA   D-77627
ALDEHYDES   A-77703
ALFALFA  B-54011
ALKALINE  ADDITIVES   B-57729,
      B-63078, B-71974, B-75965
ALUMINUM  A-68823, B-44638, B-67832,
      B-69153
ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS   B-77678,
      C-69989, D-74250, D-78617
ALUMINUM OXIDES   B-45066, E-73867
AMIDES  L-70849
AMMONIA   A-77351, A-77703, A-84761,
      C-60291
AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS   A-37176,
      A-77351, A-77703, A-84756, A-84761,
      C-60291, D-59409
ANEMOMETERS  C-77724, E-55295
ANIMALS (NON-HUMAN)  B-43203,
      B-61754
ANTICYCLONES   E-67179
ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS  A-57524,
      D-78617
AQUEOUS SOLUTION SCRUBBING
      B-79180
AREA EMISSION ALLOCATIONS
      L-62309
AREA SURVEYS  A-65207, A-69976,
      A-73045, A-77726, C-72399, D-44691,
      D-59409, D-77645, D-78617, D-81446,
      E-56092, E-65180, E-69411, K-73011,
      L-75507, L-75521, L-75576, L-77084,
      L-77098
ARIZONA  D-44691, E-44643
ARKANSAS   L-75521
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS   C-624I1
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS   A-68935,
      C-67035, C-72974
ASBESTOS   K-67829, L-31849
ASHES   A-65181, A-65184, B-69451
ASPHALT  B-53742, L-45861
ASPHALT PAVING   B-77678
ASPIRATORS   C-77828
ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS   A-54087,
      A-54138, A-77667, A-80030, A-84759,
      C-77725, D-77658, D-81446, E-31831,
      E-42146, E-44643, E-51856, E-54382,
      E-55295, E-57I32, E-57133, E-57134,
      E-60279, E-62089, E-65180, E-67179,
      E-69411, E-69434, E-69919, E-72402,
      E-72968, E-73103, E-73766, E-77839,
      E-77996, E-84758, L-59578, L-68398
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY
      L-70849
AUSTRALASIA   B-54132, C-58189
AUSTRALIA  B-54132, C-58189
AUTOMATIC MEASUREMENT METHODS
        B-31028, C-33562,  C-44805, C-69999,
      C-77892
AUTOMOBILES   A-37176, A-84723,
      A-84726, A-84756, A-84759, A-84761,
      C-68056, C-69097, E-69084, E-73103,
      E-84758
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION CONTROL
      A-37176, A-60240, A-75958, A-84761,
      E-69084
AVAILABILITY   A-75944
                   B
BAFFLES   B-44940
BAG FILTERS   A-57524, A-68922,
      B-44638, B-53990, B-57729, B-65240,
      B-77678, B-77930, B-79178, B-82793,
      B-84775, C-81439
BENZENE-SOLUBLE ORGANIC MATTER
      D-44691, D-65200, D-73577
BENZO(3-4)PYRENE   D-65200, D-73577,
      G-67635
BENZOPYRENES   D-65200, D-73577,
      G-67635
BETA PARTICLES   C-77892
BIO-ASSAY  B-43203
BLAST FURNACE AND BASIC STEEL
      PRODUCTS M   A-77929, A-82797,
      B-59329, B-79178, C-32257
BLAST FURNACES   B-79178
BODIES OF WATER   A-47139, C-58495,
      D-59409, E-67645, E-69380, F-79318
BOILERS   A-54010, A-54634, A-65184,
      A-72403, A-84716, A-84724, A-84764,
      B-54132, B-57729, B-63078, B-65239,
      B-65240, B-66823, B-72202, B-75142,
      B-75965, B-77660, B-77666, B-79179,
      B-79186, B-82793, B-84743, C-18971,
      C-65538, C-65541, J-67908, L-84745
BREATHING   A-82797, B-82798
BROMINE  C-67035, D-59409, D-78617
BROMINE COMPOUNDS  C-68056
BROWNIAN MOTION    F-60258
BUILDINGS  E-72402, E-72968
BURNING  A-84717, B-79180
BUTADIENES   C-62411
BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY   A-68935,
      A-79163, B-65650, B-65901, B-65902,
      B-69153
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS   A-6»93*5,
      C-30707, D-74250, F-75961
CALCIUM COMPOUNDS   A-77664,
      B-43203, B-45066, D-59409, D-74250

-------
                                                   SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                                  89
CALIBRATION METHODS   B-65262,
      C-18971, C-42986, C-48175, C-57150,
      C-58545, C-60053, C-66633, C-70714,
      C-73139, C-77890, C-79093, L-67958
CALIFORNIA  A-47139, A-54321, A-73045,
      C-67035, D-59252, D-59409, D-65199,
      D-77881, D-82796, E-69084, E-7818I,
      K-44642, L-53491
CANADA  A-54062, B-44638, B-59329,
      C-62855, C-65204, C-72974, E-56092,
      F-63787, L-70849
CARBON  A-37176, A-47139, B-43203,
      C-62549, C-64361, C-84728, E-73867
      F-6S545
CARBON BLACK   A-37176, A-47139,
      B-43203, C-62549, C-64361, E-73867,
      F-65545
CARBON DIOXIDE   B-54531, E-59613
CARBON MONOXIDE  A-68922, A-73045,
      A-77703, A-80648, A-84716, A-84724,
      B-66681, C-58115, E-62089, E-72402,
      E-78181, K-69106, L-59578
CARBONATES   B-43203
CARCINOGENS   G-67635
CASCADE  IMPACTORS   A-54138,
      A-54634, A-57524, A-60301, C-31612,
      C-35266, C-42986, C-43288, C-44757,
      C-53800, C-58495, C-58855, C-60053,
      C-62549, C-64676, C-65204, C-65229,
      C-69999, C-70714, C-75993, C-77828,
      C-77941, C-79037, C-84730, C-84736,
      C-84738
CATALYSIS   A-67993, A-75958, B-43203,
      F-65545, F-77879
CATALYSTS   A-75958
CATALYTIC AFTERBURNERS   A-75958,
      A-84723, A-84761, E-69084
CATALYTIC OXIDATION   A-75958,
      F-65545, F-66995
CATTLE  B-61754
CEMENT PLANTS (HYDRAULIC)
      B-79180
CEMENTS   A-47139,  B-26664, B-65901,
      B-65902, B-79180, C-32257, C-67828,
      N-44753
CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATORS   B-53991,
      B-62185, B-70083, B-75142, B-77209,
      B-77666, B-77930, C-53800, C-58545,
      D-52447, J-61840
CHEMICAL BONDS   B-71035
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION   A-37176,
      A-47139, A-54321, A-54634, A-57524,
      A-60240, A-65181, A-65184, A-68038,
      A-74251, A-76000, A-77351, A-77664,
      B-59329, B-66681, B-77279, C-48175,
      C-58175, C-58495, C-59609, C-62411,
      C-62549, C-66931, C-67035, C-69989,
      C-73043, D-44691, D-59409, D-65199,
      D-65200, D-73577, D-74250, D-78617,
      D-82796, D-84762, E-60279, E-69919,
      E-72958, E-73066, F-72264, F-75975,
      F-79318, G-67635
CHEMICAL METHODS   C-32433, C-78510

CHEMICAL PROCESSES   A-69504,
      B-44940, H-62878, N-44753
CHICAGO   C-62549, D-77645, D-77658,
      E-69380, E-69434, E-72402, J-62263,
      L-62309
CHLORIDES   A-54321, B-44638, B-63523,
      C-69989, D-65199
CHLORINE  C-67035
CHLORINE COMPOUNDS   A-54321,
      B-44638, B-63523, C-69989, D-59409,
      D-65199
CHROMATOGRAPHY   B-44638, C-60381,
      C-81499, C-84722, C-84739
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS   A-57524,
      A-68935, D-78617
CHROMIUM OXIDES   C-78510
CITY GOVERNMENTS   L-31849, L-33474
CLEAN AIR ACT   K-6524I, L-53491,
      L-62309
CLEANING   B-79178
CLOUDS   E-59613, E-60279, E-67179,
      E-67890
COAL  A-44621, A-52200, A-54010,
      A-65181, A-68038, A-69504, A-72403,
      A-75944, A-77664, A-77665, A-77667,
      A-82797, A-84724, B-45066, B-54132,
      B-57729, B-602I4, B-64855, B-65239,
      B-65240, B-65902, B-66823, B-67994,
      B-69451, B-70083, B-75201, B-75965,
      B-79186, C-32257, C-62549, C-66931,
      D-65200, E-42146, E-44643, E-58159,
      F-72264, H-62878, J-58903, J-69134,
      K-69I15
COAL CONVERSION   B-67832
COAL PREPARATION   J-58903, K-69115
COALESCING   F-84746
COATING, ENGRAVING AND ALLIED
      SERVICES   B-79178
COBALT COMPOUNDS   C-48175, D-78617

CODES   L-33474
COKE  C-32257
COKE OVENS  B-79178
COLLECTORS (MECHANICAL)   A-68922,
      B-44940, B-53991, B-57700, B-59920,
      B-62185, B-66823, B-70083, B-75142,
      B-77209, B-77666, B-77930, B-79178,
      B-84743, C-35266, C-53800, C-58545,
      C-66826, D-52447, J-61840
COLORADO  D-77628, E-44643
COLORIMETRY   C-60276,  C-81499
COMBUSTION   A-84716, B-54531,
      B-67832, B-79180, B-79186, C-75948
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS   A-44621,
      A-65181, A-65184, B-31028, B-54531,
      B-57729, B-59607, B-59920, B-60214,
      B-69451, B-79186, C-42984, C-58115.
      D-81446, E-58159, F-66995, F-77879
COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT   B-79179,
      C-48175
COMMERCIAL FIRMS   J-69134
COMPLIANCE (RESPIRATORY)   J-69134
COMPUTER PROGRAMS    A-54010,
      A-79163, B-57521, B-72280, D-44691.
      E-73103
COMPUTERS   C-77892, L-65205
CONCRETE   B-65902
CONDENSATION    B-62920, B-65375.
      C-56790, E-67890, G-67635
CONDENSATION  (ATMOSPHERIC)
      A-78512, E-59613, E-60279, E-67179,
      E-67890
CONDENSATION  NUCLEI   A-78512
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY   A-77700,
      A-77726, B-77678
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS   A-47139,
      B-26664, B-53742, B-63523, B-65901.
      B-65902, B-79180, C-32257, C-67828,
      J-67459, L-31849, L-45861, N-44753
CONSTRUCTION OTHER THAN
      BUILDING CONSTRU   A-77726.
      B-77678
CONTINUOUS  B-75965, B-79178, B-79180

CONTINUOUS MONITORING   C-33562,
      C-44700, C-44757, C-58115, C-75084,
      C-75187, C-77890, C-77971, C-78102,
      C-84737, L-59578, L-78130
CONTROL AGENCIES   J-67908, J-69134,
      L-33474, L-44804, L-78130, L-84745
CONTROL EQUIPMENT - GAS STREAMS
      A-52200, A-57524, A-60301, A-65181,
      A-68823, B-31028, B-44638, B-44641,
      B-44884, B-44940, B-45066, B-53742,
      B-53922, B-53990, B-53991, B-540II,
      B-54132, B-54531, B-56046, B-57521,
      B-57700, B-57729, B-59340, B-59607,
      B-59920, B-60223, B-60335, C-32257,
      C-32433, C-33562, C-35266, C-43288,
      C-44872, C-53800, D-52447, F-58474,
      J-58903, K-44642, K-69115, L-45861
CONTROL METHODS-OBJECTS   B-71035

CONTROL METHODS-ROOMS  B-79178
CONTROL METHODS-ROOMS AND
      OBJECTS   B-79178
CONTROL PROGRAMS   A-84747,
      B-57729, B-67994, B-84743, J-62263,
      K-73011, L-31849, L-44804, L-45861,
      L-62309, L-75507, L-75576, L-77084,
      L-84745, L-84753
CONVECTION (ATMOSPHERIC)
      E-55295, E-57133, E-60279
COOLING   B-59607, B-79180, C-44872
COOLING TOWERS   A-69504, C-73065,
      E-73066, F-77940
COPPER   B-67832
COPPER COMPOUNDS   A-68935,
      A-77664, B-77678, C-48175, D-74250,
      D-78617
CORONA   A-65184, B-54132, B-61776
CORROSION   A-69504, B-59607. B-63523
COSTS  A-65207. A-68823, A-68922,
      B-44638, B-44940, B-54011, B-57729.
      B-62920. B-63078, B-65228, B-65239,
      B-65240, B-65650, B-66823, B-67907.
      B-67994, B-69451, B-69685, B-69981,
      B-70083, B-72315, B-75142. B-75145,
      B-77209, B-77660, B-77677, B-79179,
      B-81267, C-32433, C-58115, C-65247,
      C-77999. J-58903, J-61840. J-62263,
      J-65236, J-67908, J-69134, K-67829,
      K-69106, L-77084
COTTON GINNING   A-57524
COTTONS   C-77828
CRITERIA   A-44621, A-60301, A-67834,
      A-68922, A-77665, A-77667, B-44940,
      C-35266, F-70407, J-69134, K-44642,
      K-65241, K-73011, L-59578, L-75507,
      L-7552I, L-75576
CROP SERVICES   A-57524
CROPS  B-54011
CRYSTAL  METHODS   C-84733
CYCLONES (ATMOSPHERIC)  E-67179
CYCLONES (CONTROL)   B-77666
                   D
DATA ANALYSIS   C-44872, E-73066,
      F-66488
DATA HANDLING SYSTEMS  A-54010,
      A-79163, B-57521, B-72280, C-44872,
      C-49798, D-44691, E-73066, E-73103,
      F-66488, L-59578, L-78130
DECOMPOSITION   A-84726
DENSITY   B-59340, B-71035, C-31612,
      C-32433, C-33562, C-73065, C-75147,
      D-59252, E-73066
DEPOSITION   A-60301, A-68038, E-57134,
      E-60279, E-67645, E-69411, E-72968,
      E-77996, F-60258, F-70711, G-67635
DEPOSITION PHENOMENA   B-84775
DIAGNOSIS   B-43203
DIESEL ENGINES   A-73045, A-76000
DIFFRACTION   C-32257, C-62595

-------
90
                       PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
DIFFUSION (ATMOSPHERIC)   A-44926,
      A-44926, A-54321, A-77665, A-80648,
      B-62920, D-44691, E-31831, E-31831,
      E-42146, E-54382, E-54382, E-57133,
      E-57133, E-57134, E-57134, E-62089,
      E-69919, E-72402, E-72968, E-73103,
      E-73766, E-77348, E-78181, E-84720,
      E-84721, E-84740, E-84758, E-84767,
      F-60258, F-60258, L-68398, L-75507,
      L-75521, L-75576, N-44753, N-44753
DIFFUSION MODELS   A-44926, A-77665,
      A-80648, E-31S31, E-54382, E-57133,
      E-57134, E-62089, E-72402, E-72968,
      E-73103, E-73766, E-77348, E-78181,
      E-84720, E-84721, E-84740, E-84758,
      E-84767, F-60258, L-68398, L-70849,
      L-75507, L-75521, L-75576, N-44753
DILUTION   E-77132
DIOLEFINS   C-62411
DIRT AIR STRIPS   A-77700
DIRT ROADS   A-77700
DISPERSIONS   B-26664, L-70849
DOMESTIC HEATING   C-65538, D-65200
DROPLETS  B-65375, B-75949, E-61I25,
      E-67890
DRYING   A-52200, B-44940, B-54011,
      B-66681, B-70083, B-79180
DUST FALL  C-56790, E-42146, E-84767
DUSTS  A-47139, A-52200, A-54062,
      A-54087, A-54138, A-65207, A-66845,
      A-69504, A-69939, A-74251, A-77351,
      A-79163, A-80030, A-84748, A-84766,
      B-26664, B-31028, B-44638, B-53922,
      B-53990, B-53991, B-59920, B-61754,
      B-62185, B-63545, B-65228, B-66681,
      B-66823, B-71974, B-72300, B-75117,
      B-77675, B-77930, B-79178, B-79180,
      B-84757, B-84775, C-32257, C-48175,
      C-65229, C-66931, C-77725, C-77828,
      C-77994, C-77999, D-52447, D-59409,
      D-77627, D-77628, E-42146, E-51856,
      E-55295, E-57132, E-57133,  E-67179,
      E-69411, F-6481I, F-66488, F-70407,
      F-79318, K-67829, K-77997, L-65227,
      L-77995
DYNAMOMETERS  A-37176
 ECONOMICS
      A-75944
      B-57729.
      B-65239,
      B-67907.
      B-6998L,
      B-75145,
      B-79179,
      C-65247,
      J-62263,
      K-67829,
 EFFICIENCY
      A-75141,
      B-6I776,
      B-65240,
      B-67817,
      B-69685,
      B-71974,
      B-72315,
      B-75117,
      B-75205,
      B-77279,
      B-77680,
      B-79179,
      B-82798,
      C-64361,
  A-65207
 B-44638,
 B-62920,
 B-65240,
 B-67994,
 B-70083,
 B-77209,
 B-81267,
 C-77999,
J-65236, J
, K-69106,
  A-65184
 A-77703,
 B-62920,
 B-65262,
 B-67832,
 B-69981,
 B-72202,
 B-75055,
 B-75142,
 B-75891,
 B-77280,
 B-77843,
 B-82792,
 B-84729,
 C-64676,
, A-68823, A-68922,
B-44940, B-54011,
B-63078, B-65228,
B-65650, B-66823,
B-69451, B-69685,
B-72315, B-75142,
B-77660, B-77677,
C-32433, C-58115,
J-58903, J-61840,
-67908, J-69134,
 L-77084
, A-68823, A-68935,
A-79163, A-82797,
B-64855, B-65239,
B-65263, B-66823,
B-67907, B-67994,
B-70083, B-7I035,
B-72280, B-72300,
B-75092, B-75099,
B-75145, B-75201,
B-75949, B-77209,
B-77660, B-77675,
B-79050, B-79178,
B-82793, B-82795,
B-84744, C-62411,
C-65229, C-65247,
      C-66821, C-66826, C-66931, C-67828,
      C-69006, C-69999, C-70714, C-75084,
      C-77890, C-77941, C-84727, E-61125,
      F-66855
ELECTRIC FURNACES   A-68922,
      B-77930, K-69106
ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION
      A-44621, A-54634, A-57524, A-65181,
      A-65184, A-68038, A-69504, A-72403,
      A-77665, A-77667, A-82797, B-31028,
      B-60214, B-60335, B-63078, B-63523,
      B-65240, B-65902, B-67832, B-67907,
      B-67994, B-69153, B-69451, B-69981,
      B-71974, B-75201, B-77280, B-79I86,
      B-82793, C-75115, E-44643, E-58159,
      E-65180, E-72958, E-84763, J-58903,
      J-61840, J-67459, J-67908, J-69134,
      L-75507, L-75521, L-75576, L-77084,
      N-44753
ELECTRIC, GAS, AND SANITARY
      SERVICES   A-44621, A-54062,
      A-54634, A-57524, A-65181, A-65184,
      A-68038, A-69504, A-72403, A-77665,
      A-77667, A-77703, A-79163, A-82797,
      B-31028, B-44940, B-54531, B-60214,
      B-60335, B-63078, B-63523, B-65240,
      B-65650, B-65902, B-67832, B-67907,
      B-67994, B-69153, B-69451, B-69981,
      B-70459, B-71974, B-75201, B-77280,
      B-79186, B-81267, B-82793, B-84735,
      C-18971, C-65538, C-69989, C-75115,
      E-44643, E-58159, E-65180, E-72958,
      E-84763, J-58903, J-61840, J-67459,
      J-67908, J-69134, K-67829, L-75507,
      L-75521, L-75576, L-77084, N-44753
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT DEVICES
      C-49798
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES   A-65184,
      A-75944, B-44884, B-45066, B-53922,
      B-54132, B-59329, B-59340, B-60223,
      B-61776, B-64855, B-65375, B-67817,
      B-67907, B-69451, B-69685, B-69981,
      B-72280, B-72281, B-72315, B-75145,
      B-75201, B-77279, B-77280, B-77843,
      B-82798, C-33562, C-75948, C-84733,
      C-84737, F-70407, F-72264, F-75975
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE  A-65184,
      A-75944, B-45066, B-54132, B-59329,
      B-61776, B-64855, B-67907, B-69451,
      B-69981, B-72315, B-75201, B-77279,
      B-77280, B-82798, C-75948, C-84737,
      F-72264, F-75975
ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS
      C-32433
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY   A-72403,
      C-58189, C-62595, C-66826, F-75961
ELECTROSTATIC ATOMIZATION
      B-67817
ELECTROSTATIC METHODS   C-84737
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
      A-57524, A-65184, A-68922, A-68935,
      A-72403, A-75944, A-77703, A-79163,
      A-82797, B-31028, B-44884, B-45066,
      B-53922, B-54132, B-57700, B-57729,
      B-59607, B-61776, B-63039, B-64855,
      B-65239, B-65262, B-65375, B-66823,
      B-67817, B-67907, B-67994, B-69451,
      B-69981, B-72280, B-72281, B-72300,
      B-72315, B-75142, B-75201, B-75205,
      B-75949, B-77209, B-77279, B-77280,
      B-79050, B-79178, B-79179, B-79180,
      B-81267, B-82792, B-82798, B-84729,
      B-84735, B-84744, B-84757, C-33562,
      C-35266, C-75948, J-58903, J-61840
EMISSION  FACTORS  A-80648, A-84716,
      A-84717, A-84742, A-84748, A-84766,
      B-79050
                                                                          EMISSION INVENTORIES   A-66845,
                                                                                A-69976, A-73045, A-75141, A-77700,
                                                                                A-84764, D-77881, L-70849, L-84725
                                                                          EMISSION STANDARDS   A^60301,
                                                                                A-68823, A-68922, B-60214, B-69685,
                                                                                B-77666  B-79180, B-84735, B-84741,
                                                                                B-84743, J-62263, J-67908, J-69134,
                                                                                K-44642  K-67829, K-69106, K-69115,
                                                                                L-37348, L-5349I, L-77995, L-84745,
                                                                                N-44753
                                                                          EMULSIONS  B-26664
                                                                          ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES   J-69134,
                                                                                K-69106, L-33474, L-45861
                                                                          ENGINE EMISSIONS  A-37176, A-47139,
                                                                                A-60240, A-71499, A-73045, A-75958,
                                                                                A-76000, A-84723, A-84726, A-84760,
                                                                                C-44757, C-69097, D-82796, E-69084,
                                                                                E-69919, E-73103
                                                                          ENGINE OPERATING CYCLES   A-37176,
                                                                                A-60240, A-75958, A-76000
                                                                          ENGINE OPERATION MODIFICATION
                                                                                A-60240
                                                                          ENGINES    A-60240, A-73045, A-76000,
                                                                                B-84751
                                                                          EQUIPMENT CRITERIA   B-44940,
                                                                                C-35266
                                                                          EQUIPMENT STANDARDS   K-69115,
                                                                                L-84745
                                                                          EUROPE   B-59607, B-66681, C-58495,
                                                                                C-58545, C-58855, C-62549, C-64676,
                                                                                C-66931, C-70714, E-72402, F-58474,
                                                                                H-62878
                                                                          EXHAUST SYSTEMS  A-68922, B-66681
                                                                          EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT   C-48175,
                                                                                C-69999, C-73139, F-65573
                                                                          EXPLOSIONS   B-63545
FABRIC FILTERS   A-57524, A-68922,
      A-82797, B-44638, B-53990, B-57729,
      B-65240, B-77678, B-77680, B-77930,
      B-79178, B-79180, B-82793, B-84735,
      B-84775, C-81439
FARMS   A-54062, A-69976, B-61754,
      B-65228, D-84755, K-77997
FEASIBILITY STUDIES   B-66823
FEEDLOTS  A-54062, B-61754
FIBER FILTERS    B-77677
FIELD OPERATIONS   B-81267, B-82793
FIELD TESTS   A-67834, A-77703, B-31028,
      B-69451, B-71974, B-72202, B-75099,
      B-75201, B-79050, C-18971, C-43288,
      C-60291, C-72399, C-73139, C-75084,
      C-75115, C-75187, C-75993,-C-77725,
      C-77890, C-81439
FILTER FABRICS   B-53990, B-57521,
      B-59340, B-62185, B-65239, B-65263,
      B-65375, B-66823, B-69685, B-71035,
      B-75092, B-75117, B-77209, B-77675,
      B-77677, B-79178, B-82795, C-32257,
      C-43288, C-44872, C-62855, C-65247,
      C-72399, F-58474, J-65236
FILTERS    A-57524, A-68922, A-82797,
      B-44638, B-53990, B-57521, B-57729,
      B-59340, B-62185, B-65239, B-65240,
      B-65263, B-65375, B-66823, B-69685,
      B-70083, B-75092, B-75117, B-77209,
      B-77675, B-77677, B-77678, B-77680,
      B-77930, B-79178, B-79180, B-82793,
      B-82795, B-84729, B-84735, B-84757,
      B-84775, C-32257, C-32433,1>C-43288,
      C-44872, C-62855, C-65247, C-69006,
      C-72399, C-81439, D-52447, F-58474,
      J-65236
FINANCING   B-71035

-------
                                                   SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                                91
FIRING METHODS   A-54634, A-77929,
      B-67832, B-70459,  B-79186
FLAME AFTERBURNERS   C-44872
FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR (CO)
      C-84739
FLAME PHOTOMETRY  C-81499, C-84722

FLARES   \ -68922
FLOWMETERS   C-75187
FLUID FLOW   A-65181, B-44641, B-44884,
      R-53922, B-59607, B-63039, B-65263,
      B-72300, B-77843, B-82795, C-32433,
      C-42984, C-58545, C-65204, C-65540,
      C-75110, C-75187, C-77724, C-77941,
      E-6I125, F-58474, F-58890, F-60258,
      F-84718, L-67958
FLUIDIZED BED PROCESSING   C-81439
FLUIDIZED BED SCRUBBERS   A-77664
FLUORESCENCE  C-48175, C-54628,
      C-62595, C-68056
FLUORIDES  A-67834, A-68823, C-44881
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS   A-67834,
      A-68823, B-44638,  C-44881
FLY ASH   A-47139. A-65181, A-65184,
      A-68038, A-69504, A-75944, A-77351,
      A-77664, A-79163, B-31028, B-43203,
      B-45066, B-54132,  B-57521, B-59329,
      B-63523, B-64855,  B-65240, B-65901,
      B-65902, B-67832,  B-67907, B-67994,
      B-69153, B-69451,  B-72315, B-75092,
      B-75117, B-75201,  B-77279, B-77280,
      C-75948, D-77628, F-72264, F-75975,
      J-58903, J-67459, J-69134
FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS
      INDUSTRY  A-54062, A-75141,
      B-54011
FORESTS   A-84717
FRACTIONATION   C-43288
FRANCE   C-58855
FREE RADICALS  C-58189
FUEL ADDITIVES  A-37176, A-60240,
      A-76000, B-67832, B-69451, B-75142,
      B-84751
FUEL ASH CONTENT   A-77664
FUEL CHARACTERISTICS   A-65184,
      A-75944, A-75958, A-76000,  A-77664,
      A-84716, B-69451, B-71974, B-77280,
      B-79186
FUEL CHARGING  A-54634
FUEL CRITERIA   A-77665, A-77667,
      L-75507, L-75521,  L-75576
FUEL GASES   A-84716, B-57729, B-60214,
      B-79186
FUEL OILS   A-44621, A-47139, A-77665,
      A-77667, A-84716, B-57729, B-60214,
      B-75142, B-79186,  B-84743, D-81446,
      L-84745
FUEL RESOURCES   A-65184
FUEL SULFUR  CONTENT   A-75958,
      B-79186
FUEL TREATMENT  B-67832, J-58903,
      K-69115
FUGITIVE DUST SOURCES   A-77700,
      A-77726, A-80030, C-77725, D-84755
FUMES   B-66681, B-75949,  B-77678,
      B-77930, C-81439
FURNACES   A-68922, A-77929, A-82797,
      B-43203, B-44940, B-65375, B-66681,
      B-72202, B-77678, B-77930, B-79050,
      B-79178, C-35266, K-69I06
GAMMA RADIATION   B-65375, C-32433
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY   C-81499,
     C-84722, C-84739
GAS PHASE MECHANICS   E-78078
GAS SAMPLING   A-37176, C-58115
GAS TURBINE ENGINES   B-84751
GASIFICATION  B-67832
GASOLINES    A-60240, A-75958
GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC
      C-58495, C-64676, C-70714, E-72402
GLASS FABRICS   B-65239, B-79178,
      B-82795, C-32257, C-43288, C-62855,
      C-72399
GRAIN PROCESSING   A-75141
GRAPHITE   F-65545, F-66995
GRAVITY COLLECTORS   A-68922,
      B-44940, C-35266
GRAVITY SETTLING (CONTROL)
      B-57700, E-42146
GREAT BRITAIN   C-62549, C-66931,
      H-62878
GROUND LEVEL  E-72402, E-72968,
      E-84720
G UINEA PIGS   B-43203


                   H

HALOGEN GASES   A-84726, B-60214,
      C-67035, D-59409, D-78617
HEALTH IMPAIRMENT   A-60301,
      A-77351,  C-65204, G-71966
HEAT TRANSFER   B-59607, B-79180,
      C-44872,  E-59613
HEIGHT FINDING   E-54382, N-44753
HI-VOL SAMPLERS  A-54138, C-18971,
      C-31612, C-33562, C-42986, C-43288,
      C-44700, C-56790, C-62855, C-64361,
      C-65204, C-65540, C-72399, C-77724,
      C-77828,  D-44691, D-52447, D-77627,
      D-84762
HIGHWAYS   A-65207, A-71499, A-74251,
      A-77726,  A-84723, A-84756, A-84759,
      A-84760,  A-84761, B-65228, D-82796,
      E-69919,  E-73103, E-84740, E-84758,
      K-77997
HUMIDITY  B-54531, B-61754, C-58495,
      C-60291, C-64676, E-51856, E-59613,
      F-70711, F-77940, L-59578
HYDROCHLORIC ACID   A-77703,
      B-44638
HYDROFLUORIC ACID   B-44638, C-81439

HYDROGEN   C-62549
HYDROGEN SULFIDE   C-58115
HYDROSPHERE   E-67645
HYGROSCOPICITY   F-70711
                    I
ILLINOIS   C-62549, D-77645, D-77658,
      E-69380, E-69434, E-72402, J-62263,
      L-62309, L-77084
IMPACT STATEMENTS   A-80648
IMPACTION   C-84733, C-84736
IMPINGEMENT  C-44881, C-65538,
      C-68097, C-69006, C-69989, C-79093
IN SITU  C-75948, C-77971
INCINERATORS (REFUSE)  A-77703,
      A-79163, A-82797, B-44940, B-54531,
      B-67832, B-70459, B-81267, B-84735,
      C-18971, C-65538, C-69989, K-67829,
      N-44753
INCINERATORS (WASTE GASES)
      A-75958, A-84723, A-84761, B-44638,
      B-54531, C-44872, E-69084
INDUSTRIAL AREAS   B-77930, E-58159,
      E-65180. H-62878, L-68398
INERTIAL SEPARATION   B-57700,
      C-84736
INFRARED SPECTROMETRY  C-62411,
      C-66931
INHALATION   A-82797, B-82798
INORGANIC ACIDS  A-75958. A-77703,
      A-84723, A-84756, A-84761, B-44638,
      B-63523, C-44881,  C-58189, C-60276,
      C-60291, C-65538,  C-81439, C-81499,
      F-84731, F-84746,  N-44753
INSPECTION   A-75958, A-76000, B-44940,
      C-69097
INSPECTORS   L-67958
INSTRUMENTATION   C-33562, C-43288,
      C-44872, C-49798,  C-57150, C-58115,
      C-58545, C-58855,  C-60053, C-62595,
      C-63650, C-69999,  C-73139, C-75147,
      C-75187, C-77724,  C-77971, D-59252
INTERMITTENT (MODIFIER)  B-75965
INTERMITTENT MONITORING   C-77892
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
      A-60240, A-73045, A-76000
IONS   B-59329, F-75975
IRON   A-57524, B-59920, B-67832, B-69153

IRON AND^STEEL  FOUNDRIES   A-82797

IRON COMPOUNDS  C-48175, C-68056,
      C-69989, D-59409,  D-74250, D-78617,
      F-72264, G-67635
IRON OXIDES   B-43203, B-45066,
      C-77890, C-78510
IRRADIATION CHAMBERS   F-65573
JAPAN   B-77677, C-63650


                   K

KILNS   A-82797, B-63078, B-79180,
      B-82792
KONIMETERS   B-31028
KRAFT (SULFATE) PULPING  A-78512,
      A-82797, E-77132
LABORATORY ANIMALS   B-43203
LAKES   E-67645, E-69380
LAND USE PLANNING   A-44926,
      J-62263, L-59578, L-62309
LA SERS  C-73008, C-73065, C-75111,
      C-77971, C-82794
LEAD COMPOUNDS   A-37*176, A-57524,
      A-60240, A-68935, A-847f6, B-77678,
      C-30707, C-4817"5, C-680M, C-69989,
      C-73CBJ, C-77890. D-59409, D-74250,
      D-78617, D-827S6, E-73103, E-73867,
      F-75%1, G-67635
LEGISLATION   K-65241, K-67829,
      L-53491, L-62309
LIDAR  C-75147
LIGHT SCATTERING  A-54010, C-44700,
      C-44757, C-57150, C-73008, C-73065,
      C-77971, C-82794, D-59252. D-84754,
      F-64811, F-75%1
LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES   A-37176,
      A-84723, A-84726, A-84756, A-84759,
      A-84761, C-68056, C-69097, E-69084,
      E-73103, E-84758
LIME KILNS   A-82797, B-63078
LIME/LIMESTONE PROCESSES  B-75965

LIMESTONE   A-69504, B-57729, B-63078
LINE SOURCES   D-82796. E-69919,
      E-73103, E-84721

-------
92
PARTICULATES AND AIR POLLUTION
LIQUID ATOMIZATION   B-67817
LITHIUM COMPOUNDS   B-59329,
      F-75961
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS   L-44804
LONDON  C-62549
LOS ANGELES   A-47139, A-54321,
      D-59252, D-59409, D-82796, E-69084,
      E-78181, K-44642
LOWER ATMOSPHERE  C-77890,
      E-55295, E-57132, E-77132
LUMBER AND WOOD PRODUCTS
      INDUSTRY   B-77660, B-77666
LUNG CLEARANCE   D-52447

                   M

MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS   B-45066,
      D-74250, D-78617, F-75961
MAINTENANCE   B-26664, B-65239,
      B-71035, B-75117, B-79179, B-84743,
      C-79093, J-61840
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS    A-77664,
      B-43203, C-48175, C-77890, D-59409,
      D-74250
MANUAL   C-32433
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
      A-54062, A-75141, A-77929, A-78512,
      A-80648, A-82797, A-84742, B-54011,
      B-59329, B-59920, B-65650, B-66681,
      B-67832, B-77660, B-77666, B-77678,
      B-77930, B-79178, B-79180, C-32257,
      C-77828, E-77132, K-67829
MAPPING  D-44691
MARYLAND   B-84743
MASS DETERMINATION  C-77890,
      C-78I02, C-84733
MATERIALS HANDLING  B-79178,
      B-79180
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSES   A-47139,
      A-54010, A-54321, A-65184, A-79163,
      B-44641, B-44884, B-53922, B-53990,
      B-53991, B-54531, B-57521, B-57700,
      B-59340, B-63039, B-65262, B-69981,
      B-72280, B-75949, B-75965, B-77209,
      B-77680, B-84744, C-44700, C-58495,
      C-58545, C-58855, C-66826, C-77941,
      C-84730, D-44691, D-82796, E-54382,
      E-57133, E-57134, E-58159, E-61125,
      E-67890, E-69084, E-72968, E-73066,
      E-78078, E-84772, F-58474, F-58890,
      F-60258, F-63787, F-66488, F-66855,
      F-68498, F-72967, J-65236, J-69134,
      K-65241, L-37348, L-65205, L-67958
MATHEMATICAL MODELING   A-79163,
      B-44641, B-53922, B-57521, B-57700,
      B-65262, B-69981, B-72280, B-75949,
      B-75965, B-77680, B-84744, D-82796,
      E-54382, E-57133, E-57134, E-67890,
      E-69084, E-78078, E-84772, F-58890,
      F-60258, F-63787, F-66855, J-65236,
      J-69134, L-65205
MEAT PACKING PLANTS   L-70849
MEETINGS   L-4586I
MEMBRANE FILTRATION   C-30707,
      C-33562, C-44757, C-48175, C-63650,
      C-66931, C-72399, C-84727
MERCURY COMPOUNDS  A-68935,
      C-72974, K-67829
METAL COMPOUNDS   A-37176, A-57524,
      A-60240, A-65181, A-68935, A-77664,
      A-84726, B-43203, B-45066, B-59329,
      B-77678, C-30707, C-48175, C-63650,
      C-67035, C-68056, C-69989, C-72974,
      C-73043, C--77890, D-59409, D-65199,
      D-74250, D-78617, D-82796, E-57134,
      E-73066, E-73103, E-73766, E-73867,
      F-72264, F-75961, G-67635, K-67829
       METAL INDUSTRIES  A-77929, A-82797,
             B-59329, B-77678, B-77930, B-79178,
             C-32257
       METALS   A-57524, A-68823, B-44638,
             B-59920, B-67832, B-69153, B-77678
       METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS
             C-77724, E-55295
       METEOROLOGY   A-54087, A-54138,
             A-69939, A-77667, A-78512, A-80030,
             A-84759, B-54531, B-61754,  B-63545,
             C-58495, C-60291, C-64676, C-68056,
             C-77725, D-44691, D-77658, D-81446,
             E-31831, E-42146, E-44643, E-51856,
             E-54382, E-55295, E-56092, E-57132,
             E-57133, E-57134, E-58159, E-59613,
             E-60279, E-61125, E-62089, E-65180,
             E-67I79, E-67890, E-69411, E-69434,
             E-69919, E-72402, E-72958, E-72968,
             E-73066, E-73103, E-73766, E-77839,
             E-77996, E-84758, F-58890, F-70711,
             F-77940, L-59578, L-68398, L-70849,
             L-77084, L-84753
       METROPOLITAN AREAS   A-44926,
             A-47139, A-54321, A-68038, A-80648,
             B-43203, B-44638, C-44700, C-58189,
             C-58495, C-60291, C-67035, C-72399,
             C-73139, C-77890, D-44691,  D-52447,
             D-59252, D-65200, D-73577, D-74250,
             D-77627, D-77628, D-77645, D-77658,
             D-77881, D-78617, D-81446, D-82796,
             D-84755, D-84762, E-31831, E-58159,
             E-60279, E-69084, E-69434,  E-72402,
             E-72968, E-77839, E-78078,  E-84721,
             E-84763, G-67635, J-62263, K-73011,
             K-77997, L-33474, L-84745, L-84753
       MICROSCOPY   C-35266, C-62595, L-77995

       MIDDLE  ATMOSPHERE   C-58189
       MINERAL PROCESSING  A-47139,
             A-52200, A-69504, B-26664, B-44940,
             B-53742, C-18971, E-73766, K-67829,
             K-69115, L-4586I, N-44753
       MINING   A-52200, C-66931, E-84767
       MISSOURI    C-60291, D-84755, E-60279,
             E-77839, L-59578, L-77995
       MISTS    B-75965
       MIXING   B-79180
       MIXING  HEIGHT   D-81446
       MONITORING   A-44621, A-54634,
             A-57524, A-65181, A-67834, A-68823,
             A-68922, A-69939, A-77703, A-77929,
             B-56046, B-77666, C-18971, C-32433,
             C-33562, C-35266, C-42984, C-44700,
             C-44757, C-44805, C-49798, C-58115,
             C-63262, C-65538, C-67828, C-68097,
             C-69006, C-69097, C-69999, C-75084,
             C-75115, C-75147, C-75187, C-76006,
             C-77828, C-77890, C-77892, C-77971,
             C-77999, C-78102, C-81439, C-84737,
             C-84738, C-84739, E-31831, E-62089,
             K-69106, L-59578, L-65205, L-67958,
             L-70849, L-77084, L-78130
       MONTHLY   D-44691
       MOUNTAINS  C-58495
       MUNICIPAL  INCINERATORS   A-77703,
             A-82797, B-81267


                           N

       NATIONAL AIR SAMPLING NETWORK
             (NASN)  D-73577
       NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS   J-69134,
             N-44753
       NATURAL EMISSION SOURCES
             C-77725
       NATURAL GAS   A-84716, B-57729
       NEPHELOMETER   C-77725
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
      C-65247, C-67035
NEVADA   E-44643
NEW MEXICO   C-31612, E-44643
NEW YORK CITY   D-81446
NEW YORK STATE  A-44926, D-81446,
      K-65241
NICKEL COMPOUNDS   A-77664, C-48175

NITRATES   A-37176, A-77351, A-84756,
      B-84741, C-58189, C-69989, D-59409,
      D-65199, D-77881
NITRIC OXIDE (NO)   A-77703
NITROGEN   C-62549
NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2)   A-77703
NITROGEN OXIDES   A-44621, A-73045,
      A-77351, A-77667, A-77703, A-84716,
      A-84724, A-84764, B-79186, C-58115,
      D-77881, E-65180, F-65573, L-59578
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
      (STATION   A-54062, A-54087,
      C-77725, D-44691, E-57132, E-57133
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
      (NEC)  K-67829, K-69106
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
      (STATION   K-77997
NON-METROPOLITAN  AREAS   A-54062,
      A-69976, B-61754, B-65228, C-31612,
      C-56790, C-60291, D-73577, D-77658,
      D-84755, K-77997
NONFERROUS FOUNDRIES   B-77678
NORTH CAROLINA  L-70849
NOX CONTROL   B-79186
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS   B-60214
NUCLEATION   D-59409, F-75961,
      F-77879, F-84746


                   o

OCEANS    A-47139, C-58495, D-59409,
      F-79318
ODOR CONTROL  A-54062
ODOR COUNTERACTION  A-54062
ODORS   B-59920, B-65650, B-66681,
      B-67832, B-79178, K-67829
OHIO  D-78617
OLEFINS   C-62411,  F-65573
OPEN HEARTH FURNACES   A-77929,
      B-79050, B-79178
OPERATING COSTS   B-77677
OPERATING CRITERIA  A-60301,
      A-67834, A-68922, A-77665, A-77667,
      J-69134, L-75507,  L-75521, L-75576
OPERATING VARIABLES  A-65184,
      A-67834, A-68823, A-68922, A-76000,
      A-77664, A-77667, A-77929, A-79163,
      B-44884, B-53922, B-54011, B-61776,
      B-67907, B-69451, B-69981, B-71035,
      B-72280, B-72281, B-72300, B-75055,
      B-75092, B-75117, B-75142, B-75891,
      3-77279, B-77280, B-79050, B-81267,
      B-82792, B-82793, B-82795, C-18971,
      C-43288, C-44805, C-44872, C-75993,
      C-76006, C-77724, C-77828, C-79037
      J-65236, K-82784, L-77084
OPTICAL METHODS   C-35266, C-62595
      L-77995
ORGANIC ACIDS   A-77703
ORGANIC WASTES  A-54062
OXIDANTS   C-58115, E-78181  *
OXIDATION   A-67993, E-67890, F-65545
OXYGEN   A-77351, L-70849
OXYGEN LANCING   A-77929
OZONE  A-77703, C-58115,  E-59613

-------
                                                    SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                                 93
PACKED TOWERS   B-44940, B-60335
PAPER AND ALLIED MANUFACTURING
      A-78512, A-82797, E-77132
PARTICLE COUNTING   A-60301,
      B-31028, C-35266, C-57150, C-60053,
      C-66633, C-73065, C-73139, C-77971,
      F-70711
PARTICLE ENTRAINMENT   B-75949
PARTICLE GROWTH   A-68038, B-62920,
      B-65375, B-75201, C-58495, E-67890,
      F-70711, F-75961
PARTICLE INVESTIGATION METHODS
      A-54138, A-54634, A-57524, A-60301,
      B-31028, C-30707, C-31612, C-33562,
      C-35266, C-42986, C-43288, C-44700,
      C-44757, C-44881, C-48175, C-53800,
      C-57150, C-58495, C-58855, C-60053,
      C-60291, C-62549, C-63650, C-64676,
      C-65204, C-65229, C-65538, C-66633,
      C-6693I, C-68097, C-69006, C-69989,
      C-69999, C-70714, C-72399, C-73065,
      C-73139, C-75993, C-77725, C-77828,
      C-77890, C-77892, C-77941, C-77971,
      C-79037, C-79093, C-84727, C-84730,
      C-84733, C-84736, C-84738, C-84750,
      D-59252, E-77132, F-70711, F-84734
PARTICLE SEPARATION   C-30707,
      C-33562, C-44757, C-44881, C-48175,
      C-63650, C-65538, C-66931, C-68097,
      C-69006, C-69989, C-72399, C-79093,
      C-84727, C-84733, C-84736
PARTICLE SHAPE   A-60240, A-67993,
      B-71035, C-32433, F-70407
PARTICLE SIZE   A-37176, A-47139,
      A-54010, A-54087, A-54138, A-54321,
      A-54634, A-57524, A-60240, A-60301,
      A-65184, A-65207, A-67993, A-68038,
      A-68935, A-69939, A-72403, A-74251,
      A-77351, A-77929, A-82797, A-84748,
      A-84760, B-44641, B-44884, B-44940,
      B-53922, B-53990, B-53991, B-56046,
      B-60223, B-60335, B-69685, B-70083,
      B-71035, B-72202, B-72280, B-72315,
      B-75055, B-75099, B-75145, B-75205,
      B-75891, B-75949, B-79050, B-82798,
      B-84729, C-31612, C-32433, C-33562,
      C-35266, C-42986, C-43288, C-44700,
      C-44757, C-44881, C-53800, C-56790,
      C-57150, C-58I75, C-58189, C-58495,
      C-58545, C-58855, C-60053, C-62549,
      C-64676, C-65204, C-66633, C-66821,
      C-66826, C-69999, C-73008, C-73065,
      C-73139, C-75111, C-77828, C-77890,
      C-77892, C-78102, C-81439, C-84730,
      C-84736, D-44691, D-52447, D-59252,
      D-59409, D-74250, D-77627, D-77628,
      D-77658, D-77881, E-42146, E-51856,
      E-57132, E-57133, E-61125, E-699I9,
      E-73066, E-78078, F-66855, F-70407,
      F-70711, F-72967, F-77940, G-67635,
      K-82784
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
      A-77726, A-84742, C-77890, C-77892,
      C-77941, C-78102, C-79037, C-82794,
      C-84730, C-84732, C-84750, C-84752,
      D-77627, D-77628, E-77132, E-77839,
      E-78078, F-84746
PARTICULATE CLASSIFICATION
      METHODS   A-37176, A-47139,
      A-54010, A-54062, A-54087, A-54138,
      A-54321, A-54634, A-57524, A-60301,
      B-44641, B-44884, B-44940, B-53922,
      B-53990, B-53991, B-56046, B-60223,
      B-60335, B-71035, C-31612, C-32433,
      C-33562, C-35266, C-42986, C-43288,
      C-44700, C-44757, C-44881, C-53800,
      C-56790, C-57150, C-58175, C-58189,
      C-58495, C-58855, C-60053, C-70714,
      D-44691, D-52447, D-59252, D-59409,
      E-42146, E-51856, E-57132, E-57133,
      E-77996
PARTICULATE SAMPLING   A-54010,
      A-54138, A-57524, A-69939, A-72403,
      A-78512, B-71035, C-30707, C-31612,
      C-56790, C-58115, C-65247, C-65540,
      C-66826, C-66931, C-67828, C-68097,
      C-69006, C-69097, C-69989, C-69999,
      C-72399, C-72974, C-73065, C-73139,
      C-75084, C-75115, C-76006, C-77724,
      C-77828, C-77890, C-77892, C-77971,
      C-77994, C-79093, C-81439, D-77658,
      D-82796, E-73066, F-66855, L-67958
PENNSYLVANIA   B-65240, C-44700,
      C-68056, L-31849, L-33474, L-77098
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS  A-60301,
      A-68823, A-68922, B-60214, B-69685,
      B-77666, B-79180, B-84735, B-84741,
      B-84743, J-62263, J-67908, J-69134,
      K-44642, K-67829, K-69106, K-69115,
      K-82784, L-37348, L-53491, L-77995,
      L-84745, N-44753
PERMEABILITY   F-58474
PERMITS   L-31849, L-45861
PERSONNEL  L-67958
PETER SPENCE PROCESS (GLAUS)
      A-68935
PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS
      INDUSTRY   A-80648, A-84742
PETROLEUM REFINING  A-80648,
      A-84742
PH   C-43288, C-60276, E-58159, E-72958,
      F-65545
PHENYL COMPOUNDS  C-62411
PHENYLS   C-62411
PHILADELPHIA   C-44700, L-31849,
      L-33474
PHOSPHORIC ACID   C-44881
PHOSPHOROUS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
      A-54138, A-54634, A-57524, A-60301,
      C-31612, C-35266, C-42986, C-43288,
      C-44757, C-53800, C-58495, C-58855,
      C-60053, C-62549, C-64676, C-65204,
      C-65229, C-69999, C-70714, C-77828,
      C-77890, C-77941, C-79037, E-77132
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
      A-67993, A-84726, E-59613, F-65573,
      F-84731
PHOTOMETRIC METHODS    C-31612,
      C-32433, C-57150, C-60053, C-75084,
      C-75I47, C-82794
PHOTOOXIDATION    A-67993
PILOT PLANTS   B-54I32, B-65239,
      B-66823, B-71974, B-72202, B-75117,
      B-77279, B-77280
PITTSBURGH  C-68056
PLAINS  A-54087
PLANNING AND ZONING   A-44926,
      J-62263, L-59578, L-62309
PLANT DAMAGE   L-70849
PLASTICS   B-66823
PLATING AND POLISHING   B-79178
PLUME BEHAVIOR   t-72968, E-77132,
      E-84720, E-84721, E-84763, E-84767,
      L-68398
POINT SOURCES   B-79180,  D-77627,
      E-69380, E-84720, J-62263
POLLENS  A-77351
POLLUTANT PRECURSORS   B-84741
POLLUTION PRECURSORS   B-71035,
      L-70849
POLYNUCLEAR COMPOUNDS  C-60381,
      C-72974, D-65200, D-73577, G-67635
POROUS, GRANULAR, AND FRITTED
      FILTRATION   C-84727
POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS  C-69989,
      F-72264, F-75961
PRECIPITATION   B-61754, E-51856,
      E-58159, E-59613, E-60279, E-61125,
      E-67179, E-72958
PROCESS MODIFICATION  A-54634,
      A-77929, B-44638, B-59607, B-67832,
      B-70459, B-77279, B-79186
PROPENES  F-65573
PROPOSALS   K-73011
PUBLIC AFFAIRS   B-62920, E-56092,
      L-84725
PUBLIC INFORMATION   B-62920,
      E-56092, L-84725
PULMONARY FUNCTION   B-43203
PULMONARY RESISTANCE   B-43203
PULP MILLS   A-78512, A-82797, E-77132
PYRENES   D-65200, D-73577,  G-67635
PYROLYSIS  B-67832
QUALITY ASSURANCE   C-76006,
      C-77724, C-79037
QUARTZ  C-66931
                    R
RADIOACTIVE RADIATION   B-60214,
      B-65375, C-32257, C-32433, C-48175,
      C-54628, C-58855, C-62595, C-68056,
      C-77892
RAIN   B-61754, E-58159, E-60279,
      E-61125, E-72958
RAPPING   B-31028, B-65239, J-65236
REACTION KINETICS   A-84726, B-43203,
      B-54531, E-67890, E-73867, E-77996
REACTION MECHANISMS   A-77351,
      B-43203, B-7520'  E-59613, E-67890,
      E-69084, E-73867, F-66995, F-75975,
      F-84749
REDUCTION   A-75958
REFRACTIVE INDEX   F-64811
REFUSE SYSTEMS   A-54062, A-77703,
      A-79I63, A-82797, B-44940, B-54531,
      B-65650, B-67832, B-70459, B-81267,
      B-84735, C-18971, C-65538, C-69989,
      K-67829, N-44753
REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS   L-44804
REGULATIONS   B-60214, B-79186,
      C-56790, J-62263, K-44642, L-31849,
      L-37348, L-45861, L-53491, L-65227,
      L-67958, L-77098, L-77995, L-78130
REMOTE SENSING   C-77725
REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLING  C-77892
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES  C-49798,
      E-31831
RESEARCH PROGRAMS  F-77940
RESIDENTIAL AREAS   A-44926, B-77930
RESPIRATORY DISEASES  A-82797,
      B-82798
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM  A-60301,
      D-52447, G-71966
RETENTION  A-60301, E-73867
ROADS  A-65207, A-69504,  A-69939,
      A-69976, A-71499, A-74251, A-77700,
      A-77726, A-84723, A-84748, A-84756,
      A-84759, A-84760, A-84761, B-26664,
      B-65228, C-62855, D-44691, D-82796.
      E-69084, E-69919, E-72402, E-73103.
      E-84740, E-84758, K-77997
RUBBER   A-71499. A-74251, C-62411

-------
94
PARTICIPATES AND AIR POLLUTION
SAMPLERS   A-54138, A-54634, A-57524,
      A-6030I, C-18971, C-30707, C-31612,
      C-32433, C-33562, C-35266, C-42986,
      C-43288, C-44700, C-44757, C-44881,
      C-48175, C-53800, C-56790, C-58495,
      C-58545, C-58855, C-59609, C-60053,
      C-62855, C-64361, C-65204, C-65247,
      C-65540, C-66826, C-72399, C-73065,
      C-75115, C-77724, C-77828, C-77892,
      C-79093, D-44691, D-52447, D-54482,
      D-59252, D-77627, D-84762, F-58474,
      L-67958
SAMPLING PROBES   A-37176, C-42984,
      C-44805, C-69006, C-75110, C-77971,
      C-79093
SAN FRANCISCO  D-59252, D-77881
SANITARY SERVICES   A-54062, A-77703,
      A-79163, A-82797, B-44940, B-54531,
      B-65650, B-67832, B-70459, B-81267,
      B-84735, C-18971, C-65538, C-69989,
      K-67829, N-44753
SATELLITES (ARTIFICIAL)   C-77725
SCALING   B-75965
SCATTERING (ATMOSPHERIC)  F-58890
SCRUBBERS   A-57524, A-60301, A-68922,
      A-77664, A-77703, B-44638, B-44641,
      B-44940, B-53742, B-53991, B-54011,
      B-57729, B-59920, B-60223, B-60335,
      B-62920, B-63078, B-63523, B-65375,
      B-67817, B-70083, B-71974, B-72202,
      B-75055, B-75099, B-75142, B-75145,
      B-75891, B-75965, B-77209, B-77660,
      B-77678, B-79I78, B-79180, B-84729,
      B-84735, B-84757, C-44872, G-71966,
      L-45861
SEA SALTS   A-47139, C-58495, D-59409,
      E-73066
SECONDARY SMELTING AND REFINING
      OF NONFE  B-77678
SEDIMENTATION (CONTROL)   B-57700,
      E-42146
SEDIMENTATION PHENOMENA
      B-57700, C-35266, C-58545, E-42146
SELENIUM COMPOUNDS   A-57524,
      C-72974, D-78617
SETTLING CHAMBERS   A-68922,
      C-35266
SETTLING PARTICLES   A-47139,
      A-52200, A-54062, A-54087, A-54138,
      A-65207, A-66845, A-69504, A-69939,
      A-74251, A-77351, A-79163, A-80030,
      A-84748, A-84766, B-26664, B-31028,
      B-44638, B-53922, B-53990, B-53991,
      B-59920, B-61754, B-62185, B-63545,
      B-65228, B-66681, B-66823, B-70083,
      B-71974, B-72300, B-75117, B-77675,
      B-77678, B-77930, B-79178, B-79180,
      B-84757, B-84775, C-32257, C-48175,
      C-58495, C-65229, C-66931, C-73065,
      C-77725, C-77828, C-77994, C-77999,
      D-52447, D-59409, D-77627, D-77628,
      E-42146, E-51856, E-55295, E-57132,
      E-57133, E-67179, E-69411, E-73066,
      E-77996, F-64811, F-65545, F-66488,
      F-66995, F-70407, F-79318, K-67829,
      K-77997, L-31849, L-65227, L-77995
SEWERAGE  SYSTEMS  B-65650, K-67829

SILICATES   D-59409, D-65199
SILICON COMPOUNDS   A-84766,
      D-59409, D-65199, D-78617
SILICON DIOXIDE   A-65207, B-45066,
      E-73867
SILVER  COMPOUNDS   C-30707
        SIMULATION   A-79163, B-44641, B-44884,
              B-77680, C-67828, E-73867, E-78078,
              F-70407, F-72967, J-69134
        SINTERING  B-59329, C-32257
        SITE SELECTION   A-80648
        SLUDGE   B-65650, K-67829
        SMOG   D-59409, E-78078
        SMOKE SHADE   A-67834, A-68823,   .
              A-68922, B-53742, D-54482, K-69115
        SMOKEMETERS   C-32433, C-75084,
              C-75147
        SMOKES   A-84724, B-54531, B-84751,
              H-62878
        SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS  J-67908,
              K-67829, K-73011, L-77084
        SODIUM CHLORIDE   E-73066
        SODIUM COMPOUNDS  B-45066,
              B-59329, C-69989, D-59409, E-73066,
              F-75961
        SOILING INDEX   D-54482
        SOILS   A-47139, A-54087, A-54138,
              A-77351, B-26664, D-59409, E-57132,
              E-57133, F-64811
        SOLAR RADIATION   L-59578
        SOLUBILITY   F-77879
        SOLVENT REFINING   B-67832
        SOLVENTS  C-30707, C-60381
        SOOT   A-77351, F-65545, F-66995
        SOOT FALL  A-77351
        SOURCE MONITORING   A-44621,
              A-54634, A-57524, A-65181, A-67834,
              A-68823, A-68922, A-69939, A-77703,
              A-77929, B-56046, B-77666, C-18971,
              C-35266, C-42984, C-44805, C-49798,
              C-65538, C-67828, C-68097, C-69006,
              C-69097, C-75084, C-75115, C-75187,
              C-76006, C-77828, C-77971, C-77999,
              C-81439, C-84738, L-67958
        SOUTH DAKOTA   H-84719
        SOUTH PACIFIC   B-54132, C-58189
        SOX CONTROL   A-68935, B-43203,
              B-57729, B-59920, B-60335, B-63078,
              B-64855, B-71974, B-75965, J-58903,
              L-70849
        SPACE HEATING   D-81446
        SPARK IGNITION  ENGINES  A-60240,
              A-73045
        SPARK TIMING  A-60240
        SPECTROMETRY   C-30707, C-32257,
              C-48175, C-54628, C-58545, C-59609,
              C-62411, C-63650, C-66821, C-66826,
              C-66931, C-69999, C-73008, C-73043
        SPECTROPHOTOMETRY   C-62595,
              C-65247, C-73008
        SPRAY TOWERS   A-77703, B-44940,
              B-53742, B-60223, B-63078, B-75965
        SPRAYS   B-77678, L-31849
        ST LOUIS   C-60291, D-84755, E-60279,
              E-77839, L-59578
        STABILITY (ATMOSPHERIC)   C-68056,
              E-42146, E-44643, E-65180, E-72968,
              E-84721
         STACK GASES   A-65181, A-67834,
              A-68823, A-68922, A-68935, A-72403,
              A-77351, A-77667, A-77703, A-78512,
              A-79163, B-57729, B-59607, B-59920,
              B-60214, B-63078, B-64855, B-65375,
              B-66681, B-67832, B-70459, B-71974,
              B-72281, B-75099, B-75201, B-75205,
              B-75965, B-77666, B-77930, B-79050,
              C-42984, C-58115, C-62549, C-65538,
              C-65541, C-68097, C-75084, C-75115,
              C-75147, C-75187, C-76006, C-77971,
              C-78510, E-58159, E-72968, F-70407,
              K-69106, L-67958, L-75507, L-75521,
              L-75576, L-77084
STACK MONITORING   A-54634, A-57524,
      A-65181, A-77929, B-56046, B-77666,
      C-18971, C-42984, C-44805, C-49798,
      C-65538, C-69006, C-75084, C-75115,
      C-75187, C-76006, C-81439, C-84738,
      L-67958                   ••..•!
STAGNATION   CT68056
STATE GOVERNMENTS   L^44804,
      L-77995                  -
STATISTICAL ANALYSES   A-44926,
      A-57524, C-44872, C-63262, C-67828,
      C-76006, C-77994, D-52447, D-54482,
      D-77881, D-78617, D-81446, E-57133,
      E-57134, F-63787, F-66488, F-70711,
      K-65225
STEAM   B-59920
STEAM ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION
        A-44621, A-54634, A-65181,
      A-65184, A-72403, A-77665, A-77667,
      A-82797, B-60214, B-65902, B-67907,
      B-67994, B-69451, B-71974, B-75201,
      B-77280, B-79186, B-82793, C-75115,
      E-58159, E-72958, J-58903, J-61840,
      J-67908, J-69134, L-75507,  L-75521,
      L-75576, L-77084, N-44753
STEEL  A-57524, B-59920, B-67832
STONE, CLAY, GLASS, AND CONCRETE
      PRODUCT   A-82797, B-79180
STREETS   A-65207, A-69504, A-69939,
      A-69976, B-26664, B-65228, C-62855,
      D-44691, E-69084, E-69919, E-72402,
      E-73103, K-77997
STRUCTURES   A-71499, E-72402, E-72968

STYRENES  C-62411
SUBSURFACE STRUCTURES   A-71499
SULFATES  A-54321, A-60301, A-75958,
      A-77351, A-84723, A-84756, A-84759,
      A-84760, A-84761, B-84741, C-58189,
      C-60291, C-69989, C-81499, C-84750,
      D-59409, D-65199, D-77645, D-77881,
      D-84754, E-58159, E-67890, E-69084,
      E-72958, E-84740, E-84763, E-84772,
      F-65545, F-66995, F-84746, F-84749,
      L-84753
SULFIDES   C-58115
SULFUR COMPOUNDS   A-54321,
      A-60301, A-65184, A-75958, A-77351,
      A-77664, A-84723, A-84756, A-84759,
      A-84760, A-84761, B-45066, B-79186,
      B-84741, C-58115, C-58189, C-60291,
      C-69989, C-73043, C-81499, C-84722,
      C-84750, D-59409, D-65199, D-77645,
      D-77881, D-84754, E-58159, E-67890,
      E-69084, E-72958, E-84740, E-84763,
      E-84772, F-65545, F-66995, F-84746,
      F-84749, J-58903, L-84753
SULFUR DIOXIDE   A-44621, A-68935,
      A-75944, A-75958, A-77351, A-77665,
      A-77703, A-80648, A-84716, A-84742,
      A-84761, B-57729, B-75965, C-32257,
      C-58115, C-60291, C-65538, D-77627,
      D-77645, D-77881, D-84754, E-56092,
     - E-58159, E-62089, E-65180, E-67890,
      E-69084, E-84763, E-84772, F-65545,
      F-66995, F-77940, F-84731, F-84749,
      H-62878, K-73011, L-59578, L-70849
      L-75507, L-75521, L-75576
SULFUR OXIDES   A-44621, A-54321,
      A-68935, A-73045, A-75944, A-75958,
      A-77351, A-77665, A-77667, A-77703,
      A-80648, A-84716, A-84724,*A-84742,
      A-84747, A-84761, A-84764, B-4S066,
      B-57729, B-64855, B-65240, B-75965,
      B-79186, C-32257, C-58115, C-60291
      C-65538, D-77627, D-77645, D-77881,

-------
                                                     SUBJECT  INDEX
                                                                                                                             95
      D-84754, E-56092, E-58I59, E-62089,
      E-65180, E-67890, E-69084, E-84763,
      E-84772, F-65545, F-66995, F-77940,
      F-84731, F-84749, H-62878, K-730I1,
      L-59578, L-75507, L-75521, L-75576
SULFUR TRIOXIDE   B-45066, B-64855
SULFURIC ACID   A-75958, A-84723,
      A-84756, A-84761, B-63523, C-58189,
      C-60276, C-60291, C-65538, C-81499,
      F-84731, F-84746, N-44753
SUPERSATURATION   A-54321, B-75965
SURFACE COATINGS   B-59607
SURFACE PROPERTIES  A-72403,
      B-65228, C-32257, C-79037, F-70407,
      F-72264, F-75975, G-67635
SURFACTANTS   C-44872
SURVEY METHODS   A-66845, A-69976,
      L-59578, L-65205, L-70849
SUSPENDED PARTICULATES  A-47139,
      A-54087, A-60301, A-65181, A-65184,
      A-68038, A-69504, A-74251, A-75944,
      A-77351, A-77664, A-77665, A-77667,
      A-77726, A-79163, A-84724, B-3I028,
      B-43203, B-45066, B-54132, B-54531,
      B-57521, B-59329, B-63523, B-64855,
      B-65240, B-65375, B-65901, B-65902,
      B-66681, B-67832, B-67907, B-67994,
      B-69153, B-69451, B-72315, B-75092,
      B-75I17, B-7520I, B-75949, B-75965,
      B-77279, B-77280, B-77678, B-77930,
      B-84751, C-31612, C-62411, C-62549,
      C-62855, C-65204, C-66821, C-72399,
      C-75948, C-77725, C-81439, D-44691,
      D-52447, D-54482, D-59409, D-65199,
      D-65200, D-73577, D-77628, D-77658,
      D-81446, E-61125, E-62089, E-65180,
      E-67645, E-67890, E-69380, E-69434,
      E-77996, E-78078, F-72264, F-75975,
      H-62878, J-58903, J-67459, J-69134,
      K-65241, L-84753
SYNERGISM   B-43203
 TAXATION   J-67908, J-69134
 TEFLON   B-66823
 TEMPERATURE  A-60240, B-59329,
      B-66681, B-67907, B-72300, B-79180,
      C-44872, C-65247, C-68097, C-79093,
      F-68498
 TEMPERATURE (ATMOSPHERIC)
      B-61754, E-55295, E-59613, E-65180,
      E-67179, F-58890, L-59578
 TENNESSEE   E-62089
 TEST ENGINES   C-44757
 TEXAS   K-73011, L-44804, L-75507
 TEXTILE MILLS   C-77828
 TEXTILES   C-77828
 THERMAL RADIATION   E-59613, F-68498

 THERMODYNAMICS   B-54531, B-77209,
      F-68498
 THROUGHPUT   B-79050
 THUNDERSTORMS    E-60279, E-67179
 TIN COMPOUNDS   C-69989
TIRES  A-47139, A-67993, A-71499,
      A-74251, C-62411
TITANIUM COMPOUNDS   C-69989,
      D-78617
TOPOGRAPHIC INTERACTIONS
      E-44643, E-67179, E-69919, E-72968,
      E-84721, E-84767
TOXICITY   A-68038, G-67635, G-71966,
      H-62878, L-53491      /       /
TRACE ANALYSIS ^A-57524,_£-30707,
      C-6365Q, C-65247, C-67035, C-68056,
      D-7425t>, E-60279
TRACERS   E-57134, E-60279
TRANSMISSOMETERS   C-75084, C-75147
TRANSPORT  A-77351, C-73065, E-31831,
      E-42146, E-57134, E-67645, E-69380,
      E-69434, E-73066, E-73103, E-73766,
      E-84763, E-84772, F-58890, F-84718
TRAPPING (SAMPLING)   A-37176
TREATED FABRICS   B-79178
TRENDS   A-73045, A-75141, A-84747,
      B-65902, B-72315, D-65200, D-73577,
      D-77645, K-73011
TUNNELS   A-71499
TURBIDIMETRY   C-44700, C-44757,
      C-60291, C-77725, D-59252
TURBULENCE (ATMOSPHERIC)
      E-57133, E-72968, E-73103, H-58890,
      F-60258, L-59578


                   u

ULTRASONICS    C-32433, C-44881
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION   A-84726
UNITED KINGDOM   C-62549, C-66931,
      H-62878
UNITED STATES  A-44926, A-47139,
      A-54321, A-65207, A-73045, B-65240,
      B-84743, C-31612, C-44700, C-60291,
      C-62549, C-67035, C-68056, D-44691,
      D-59252, D-59409, D-65199, D-77627,
      D-77628, D-77645, D-77658, D-77881,
      D-78617, D-81446, D-82796, D-84755,
      E-44643, E-51856, E-60279, E-62089,
      E-69084, E-69380, E-694II, E-69434,
      E-72402, E-77839, E-78I8I, H-84719,
      J-62263, J-67908, K-44642, K-65241,
      K-73011, L-31849, L-33474, L-37348,
      L-44804, L-53491, L-59578, L-62309,
      L-68398, L-75507, L-75521, L-75576,
      L-77084, L-77098, L-77995
URANIUM COMPOUNDS   E-73766
URBAN AREAS   A-44926, A-47139,
      A-54321, A-68038, B-43203, B-44638,
      C-44700, C-58189, C-58495, C-60291,
      C-67035, C-72399, C-73139, C-77890,
      D-44691, D-52447T D-59252, D-65200,
      D-73577, D-74250. D-77627, D-77628,
      D-77645, D-77658, D-78617, D-82796,
      D-84762, E-31831, E-58159. E-60279,
      E-69084, E-69434, E-72402, E-72968,
      E-78078, E-84721, E-84763, G-67635,
      J-62263, K-73011,  K-77997, L-33474,
      L-84745
USSR  B-66681,  F-58474
UTAH   E-44643
VANADIUM COMPOUNDS   B-43203,
      D-78617
VAPOR PRESSURE   C-72974
VAPOR RECOVERY SYSTEMS   C-44872
VAPORS   B-59920. C-44872
VEHICULAR TRAFFIC   A-84748
VELOCITY  B-75965, B-84775
VENTILATION   B-66681
VENTURI SCRUBBERS   A-68922,
      B-44641, B-44940, B-60335, B-63078,
      B-70083, B-75965, L-45861
VISIBILITY   A-54087, B-77666, C-31612,
      C-65204, C-75084, D-59252, D-84754,
      K-69106
VISIBLE  RADIATION   C-32433
VOLATILITY   C-63650, C-72974
VOLTAGE   B-6I776


                   w

WASHINGTON (STATE)   A-65207,
      E-69411, J-67908
WASHOUT    E-58159, E-72958
WASTE GAS CONTROL   A-68935,
      B-43203, B-57729, B-59920, B-60335,
      B-63078, B-64855, B-71974, B-75965,
      B-79180, B-79186, J-58903
WASTE GASES   A-65181, A-67834,
      A-68823, A-68922, A-68935, A-72403,
      A-77351, A-77667, A-77703, A-78512,
      A-79163, A-80648, B-57729, B-59607,
      B-59920, B-60214, B-63078, B-64855,
      B-65375, B-66681, B-67832, B-70459.
      B-71974, B-72281, B-75099, B-75201,
      B-75205, B-75965, B-77666, B-77930,
      B-79050, B-79180, B-79186, B-82792,
      C-42984, C-58115, C-62549, C-65538,
      C-65541, C-68097, C-75084, C-751I5,
      C-75147, C-75187, C-76006, C-77971,
      C-78510, E-58159, E-72968, F-70407,
      K-69106, L-67958, L-75507, L-75521,
      L-75576, L-77084
WATER   A-75958,  A-77351, B-62920
WATER BODIES   K-67829, K-69106
WATER POLLUTION   K-67829, K-69106
WEATHER FORECASTING   E-56092
WEATHER MODIFICATION   E-59613,
      E-60279
WEST AND GAEKE METHOD (SO2)
      C-81499
WEST VIRGINIA   L-37348
WET CYCLONES   A-68922, B-44940,
      B-5401I, B-77660
WETTING  B-26664, B-59607, B-63545,
      B-65228, C-44872
WIND ROSE  L-68398
WIND TUNNELS   C-42984,  E-77996
WINDS   A-54087, A-54138, A-77667,
      A-80030, A-84759, C-77725, D-77658,
      D-81446, E-31831, E-42146, E-51856,
      E-54382, E-55295, E-57I32, E-57133,
      E-57134, E-60279, E-62089, E-65180,
      E-67179, E-69411, E-69434, E-69919,
      E-72402, E-73766, E-77839, E-77996,
      E-84758, L-59578, L-68398
WISCONSIN   E-72402, L-75576
WOOD (MATERIAL)   B-77660, B-77666
                                            X-RAYS  C-32257, C-48175, C-54628,
                                                  C-62595, C-68056
ZINC   B-67832
ZINC COMPOUNDS  A-57524, A-68935,
      A-77664, B-77678, C-30707, C-48175,
      C-69989, C-77890, D-59409, D-74250,

-------
                                    TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
                             (Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
 1. REPORT NO.
   EPA-450/1-77-001
                                                             3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
   Particulates  and Air Pollution:
   Bibliography
An Annotated
                                                             5. REPORT OATF   Aprjl
                       6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
                                                            8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
   Environmental  Protection Agency
   Office of Air  Quality Planning and Standards
   Research Triangle Park, NC   27711
                                                             10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
                       11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
 12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
                                                             13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED

                                                                Final	
                                                             14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
                                                              EPA
 15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
 16. ABSTRACT
         EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and  Standards has prepared,

    selected and  compiled the 400  abstracts in  this  bibliography.   The abstracts

    are arranged  within 10 general  subject categories.   The abstracted documents

    are thought to  be representative of available  literature.  Subject and author

    indices are included.  The  indices refer to  the  abstracts by  a  category code
    and abstract  number.  The author index lists all  authors individually.

    Generally, higher abstract  numbers have been assigned to more recent documents,
17.
                                KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
                  DESCRIPTORS
                                               b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
                                                                             COSATl Field/Group
    Air Pollution
    Particulates
    Total Suspended Particulates
    Information Retrieval
    Bibliographies
    Abstracts
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
    Release to  Public
                                               19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
                                                 unclassified
                                     21. NO. OF PAGES
                                          106
         20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
            unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
                                             96
                                                  *U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1977 - 740-104/410

-------