solid waste handling and disposal
in multistory buildings and hospitals
         VOLUME III
         research on systems development

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    This report has been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental
   Protection Agency and approved for publication. Approval
does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views
   and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
nor does mention of commercial products constitute endorse-
   ment or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government.

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                         solid waste handling and disposal
                     in  multistory buildings and hospitals
                         VOLUME III research on systems development
                         This final report (SW-34d. 3) on work performed
                           under solid waste management demonstration
                              grant no. EC-00164 to the County of Los
                            Angeles was written by ESCO/GREENLEAF
                          and is reproduced as received from the grantee.
         VOLUME I  Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations (SW-34d.l)
                      is available under separate cover from the U.S. Government
                      Printing Office.


VOLUMES  II  and IV  Observations of Local Practices (SW-34d.2) and Selection
                      and Design of Solid Waste Systems (SW-34d.4) are available
                      from the Department of Commerce National Technical
                      Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.
                      U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

                                                              1972

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   An environmental protection publication in
the solid waste management series (SW-34d.3).

 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents,
             U.S. Government Printing Office,
         Washington, D.C. 20402  Price $1.75
                    Stock Number 5502-0083

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                           FOREWORD

In the past century of national growth, reflected in increased
population,  expanding municipalities,  and greater industrial and
commercial enterprises,  this Nation responded with nonconcern
to a concurrent physical deterioration of the country.  The first
comprehensive water pollution control legislation was not enacted
until 1956; the  first comprehensive air pollution legislation,  in
1963: Finally,  six years ago, legislation acknowledged a national
solid waste problem--a pollution that  can pervade the  air,  water,
and land.

Under the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 (Title II, P. L.  89-272)
and now under the broader mandate of the Resource Recovery Act
of 1970  (P. L.  91-512),  municipalities and other agencies are
eligible  to apply for Federal demonstration grants to  study,  test,
and demonstrate techniques which advance the state of the art in
the solid waste management field.

Disquieting statistics compiled by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency point up the significance of these solid waste management
demonstration projects.   The Nation's outlay for  getting rid  of its
debris is $4. 5 billion annually--and growing.  Most of this cost is:
(1) for collecting only part (180 million tons) of the 360 million tons
of household,  commercial,  and industrial waste actually being
generated; (2)  for disposing of it in dumps or landfills (94 percent
of which are unsatisfactory) or in incinerators  (75 percent of which
are inadequate).  One basic Federal policy has been to encourage
the concept of  areawide solid -waste management as a sound vehicle
for raising  the overall level of these sanitation services to safeguard
environment and public comfort.

The County of  Los Angeles  received one of these  demonstration grants,
to make
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                         ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The ultimate purpose of this study is to determine improved solid waste
handling and disposal techniques adaptable to various types of multistory
buildings, hospitals and detention facilities.  This research initiated by
the Project  Planning and Pollution Control Division, Department of County
Engineer, County of Los Angeles,  was performed with the assistance of
the Solid Wastes  Program,  National Center for Urban and Industrial
Health, U.S. Public Health Service, Department of Health, Education
and Welfare,* and through guidance of the Advisory Committee on Solid
Wastes, organized by the Department of County Engineer to assist the
project team throughout the study period.

ESCO-GREENLEAF, A Joint Venture (Engineering Service Corporation,
Los Angeles, California, and Greenleaf/Telesca, Engineers  &  Architects,
Miami, Florida)  was selected by the Board of Supervisors to conduct this
study in collaboration with the Project Planning and Pollution Control
Division. Special consultants assisting the  project staff in certain aspects
of the  study include Elmer R. Kaiser,  Senior  Research Scientist,  New
York University; George S. Michaelsen, Professor and Director,  Division
of Environmental Health and Safety, University of Minnesota; Richard G.
Bond,  Professor, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota;
Donald Vesley, Assistant Professor,  School of Public Health, University
of Minnesota; and Gordon P. Larson,  Air Pollution Control Consultant,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Considerable interest in this  study has been shown by  many governmental
agencies, equipment manufacturers and individuals directly concerned
with the subject.   With this encouragement, together with the direct and
indirect assistance  of numerous contributors, enthusiasm for successful
completion  of the study has been maintained.

Sincere appreciation is extended to the administrators and staffs of all
hospitals, members of the Sheriff's Department and representatives of
the Department of Building Services,  who cooperated and assisted in the
on-site investigations in those buildings under their respective  juris-
dictions.

The constructive criticism and guidance of members of the Advisory
Committee  on Solid Wastes were invaluable and special recognition for
the member agencies is warranted.  Agencies represented in this
Committee  include: Los Angeles County, Hospital Department, Mechani-
cal Department,  Building Services, Health Department, Forester and
Fire Warden, Department of County Engineer, and Air Pollution Control
District; and the State  of California, Department of Public Health and
Regional Water Quality Control  Board.

* Now the Office of Solid Waste  Management Programs, U.S. Environmental
  Protection Agency.
                                    IV

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                          PREFACE

Problems of solid •waste collection and disposal in institutions and
other multistory buildings mirror many of the same problems con-
fronting the community at large --in greatly magnified form.  In
large building complexes, as in many of the Nation's communities,
solid waste systems  often are so crude as to be termed, in the
words  of this report,  "man- handling „ " Either  in large- buildings,
the subject here,  or  in a community; a two-prong approach will
be necessary- -immediate application of improved methods that are
presently available,  and then planning and research for optimal
future            ^
This study, supported in part by solid waste management demon-
stration grant no. G06-EC-00164 from the Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, reflects this approach,  and hopefully will motivate
administrators and  designers concerned with multistory complexes
to consider solid waste handling and disposal as an integral factor
in the total service  system provided for these buildings.  Such a
consideration must  take into account  safety, sanitation, convenience,
and cost.  The complete  study is reported in four volumes:

Volume I,  Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations, presents
a digest of study objectives,  development of systems evaluation
methodology,  and criteria for systems  design,  together with a brief
review  of the total study.  Available from the Superintendent of
Documents, U.S.  Government Printing Office,  Washington, D. C.

Volume II,  Observations of  Local Practices,  is a detailed study and
evaluation of systems and practices in fifteen County -owned building
complexes, including seven hospitals, four multistory office build-
ings,  and four detention facilities,  varying  in function and size
within each classification.  This report establishes the  theoretical
standards of operation peculiar  to each plant and,  through field
observations, actual operating conditions of these  systems.  Avail-
able from the U.S.  Department  of Commerce, National Technical
Information Service, Springfield,  Virginia Z2151.

Volume III, Research on Systems Development,  covers an investi-
gation and evaluation of available solid waste handling,  storage,
processing, and disposal  equipment and systems adaptable to build-
ing installations.  This report provides coverage on both  marketed
systems and equipment components,  as well as systems concepts in
the development and "idea"  stage.  Available from the Superinten-
dent of Documents,  U.S. Government Printing Office,  Washington,
B.C.

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Volume IV, Selection and Design of Solid Waste Systems, provides
an extended evaluation of systems adaptable to the various classi-
fications of buildings and complexes considered in the study, -with
recommendations for operational improvements or modifications
of existing systems as may be required in each type of facility.
Design criteria and preliminary design of systems modifications,
together •with outline specifications  and cost estimates covering
installation and operation, are developed on a selected building
complex.   Available from the U.S.  Department of Commerce,
National Technical Information Service,  Springfield,  Virginia
22151.

John A. Lambie, County Engineer,  County of  Los Angeles, was
the project director for this  study; Peter M, McGarry, with our
Division of Demonstration Operations, was the project officer.
                   --JOHN T.  TALTY,  Director
                     Division of Demonstration Operations
                     Office of Solid Waste Management Programs
                              VI

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VOL. Ill	RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT	
                                                         Page No.
                                CONTENTS
      I       INTRODUCTION                                  1-1

      II       HANDLING METHODS AND EQUIPMENT               ll-l

     III       STORAGE METHODS AND EQUIPMENT                Ill-l

     IV       PROCESSING METHODS AND EQUIPMENT             IV-1

      V       FINAL PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL METHODS          V-l

     VI       SUMMARY                                      VI-1
                              Vll

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VOL. Ill       RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT	
—~~                                          ~~                Page No.
                              APPENDICES

      A       HANDLING EQUIPMENT
              Classifications and Definitions of Equipment & Accessories     a-1

      B       HANDLING EQUIPMENT
              Product List (Type, Manufacturer and Trade Name)            b-1

      C       STORAGE EQUIPMENT
              Classifications and Definitions of Equipment & Accessories     c-1

      D       STORAGE EQUIPMENT
              Product List (Type, Manufacturer and Trade Name)            d-1

      E       PROCESSING EQUIPMENT
              Classifications and Definitions of Equipment & Accessories     e-1

      F       PROCESSING EQUIPMENT
              Product List (Type, Manufacturer and Trade Name)            f-1

      G      FINAL PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL EQUIPMENT
              Classifications and Definitions of Equipment & Accessories     g-1

      H       FINAL PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL EQUIPMENT
              Product List (Type, Manufacturer and Trade Name)            h-1

       I       MANUFACTURERS' LIST                                 j-1
                                  Vlll

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VOL.  Ill       RESEARCH ON  SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT	
CHAP.  I        INTRODUCTION                                             1-1
Observations of present day methods, practices and equipment used in the movement
of solid waste material in modern multistory buildings reveal little indication of
widespread change or progress since  the first concepts of multistory construction.
The in-building handling system relying on pushcarts and portable bins for hori-
zontal movement, and conventional  gravity chutes, elevators or stairs for vertical
movement, still prevails.

Special purpose buildings with complex material handling  functions, such as
hospitals, until the present time, have also  largely operated with similar systems.
Continuing expansions and improvements in  hospital plants, together with the
ever increasing costs of operation and added emphasis on environmental  conditions,
have provided  the impetus for research and development of equipment to simplify
the flow of both incoming supplies, as well  as outgoing wastes generated from
their use.  The transfer of waste materials from point of generation to the point
of on-site disposal or central storage is the greatest and most costly task within
building waste systems.  Although the ultimate disposal of these materials is
often  looked upon as the function that potentially  has the  greatest effect on
the general  public and the community environment, it is the least costly
increment of the  total solid waste system and the lesser concern of in-plant
solid waste management.  Improvements to the waste system must consider
all aspects of solid waste management.  This applies to all building types.

The emphasis today in research  and development is not isolated to any single
component or function of the waste system.  Conversely, efforts are being
directed towards  development of equipment  that will serve all areas of the
system, including transfer of waste materials by means of automated conveyors,
special containerization,and improved processing and  disposal methods.
Consultants, together with manufacturers, are  exploring the "closed system"
concept, utilizing various combinations of material handling, storage,
processing and/or disposal equipment which  will provide systems minimizing
or eliminating manual handling of waste materials after the initial  deposit.

                                                          The  purpose
of this study is  to investigate and establish The total requirements of solid
waste systems serving multistory buildings, hospitals and detention facilities,
and recommend improvements or modifications  of existing systems that will
provide an acceptable level of operation, environmentally and economically.

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VOL.  Ill
CHAP. I
The preceding volumes have provided a digest of the overall study objectives,  a
summary of the total study, and the detailed study and evaluation of existing waste
systems in selected building complexes in Los Angeles County where waste system
improvements are being considered.  In order that the reader be informed further
on the total background of this study, review of Volumes I and  II are recommended.
Purpose of this Division of Study:

The purpose of this division of study as contained herein is (1) to review the
equipment that is presently marketed and available for use in solid waste systems
in multistory buildings, hospitals and detention facilities, (2)  to investigate
equipment that is in  the developing stage, (3) to identify  new system  concepts
that are being considered in this field, and (4) to evaluate equipment usage
for specific  applications in various types of special purpose buildings.

This equipment review is primarily intended to provide necessary data for up-
grading the  waste systems in the local building complexes under study and
similar use to others  in the industry.  It is to be hoped that the information
gathered herein will  have a longer useful life than that to be normally expected
from a study of this type. The compiled data could prove useful in the conceptual
planning stages of many types of buildings yet to be designed and built.

This compendium gathers together much useful information.  It is far from a
complete treatise on the subjects, but it is believed to provide some specific
direction toward the solutions to many complex problems,  not only limited to
solid waste  systems but on the much broader base of total material handling
systems for the distribution of general supplies as well.
 Method of Research and Investigation:

 Observations of the basic requirements of solid waste systems of special purpose
 buildings were accomplished through (1) inspection of selected plants and their
 respective practices in various geographic locations, (2) literature review and
 (3) consultation with knowledgeable parties in plant administrative, management
 and operational capacities.

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP.  I                                                                      1-3
Research and investigation of equipment and systems were performed through:

    (1)  Review of trade journals and technical publications.

    (2)  Attendance at trade shows and technical sessions.

    (3)  Review of manufacturers' data sheets and informational releases.

    (4)  Inspection of marketed equipment and prototypes at manufacturing plants.

    (5)  Inspection of actual working installations of equipment in hospitals,
        apartment complexes, office buildings,  commercial buildings,
        warehouses, etc.

    (6)  Discussions with engineering and marketing representatives of
        manufacturers.

    (7)  Consultation with qualified authorities in fields related to the general
        subject.

The experiences and opinions of technicians and other personnel involved in the
operation of solid waste systems and general material handling systems have been
sought and listened to during field inspections.  These inspections have  included
such outstanding  examples of modern handling systems as the installations at
Loyola University Medical Center at Maywood, Illinois, and Mercy Hospital
and Medical Center at Chicago,  Illinois.

It is not possible  to investigate, or even to list, all of the many manufacturers
of useable equipment in the very broad field of solid wastes. For this reason,
a list  of reference materials and information sources is included in the Appendix,
in addition to the particular equipment and  methods discussed in this section
of the report.


General Background:

A brief review of pertinent definitions presented in earlier volumes may be of

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VOL.  HI	______
CHAP. I                                                                         '"4
later assistance to the reader In understanding the contents covered herein.  Initial
investigations as conducted earlier in this study (Volumes I and II) identified the
four basic components or sub-systems in solid waste systems in multistory building
complexes as the  Unit, Inter-Unit, Inter-Building and Off-Site systems, and further
identified the four basic functions that may be performed within each of fhese sub-
systems,  i.e. handling, storage, processing  and disposal.

Within the concept of this study, handling functions and related terms include
collection,  horizontal  transport, vertical  transport and discharge of solid wastes,
or distribution of  other materials from a point of origin to an  ultimate destination.
Such movement or handling is considered to  terminate at the  boundaries of building
complexes,  but in some instances may include off-site movement.

The storage of wastes is defined as the interim containment of accumulated materials
in either loose, compacted or other processed form prior to subsequent handling,
reprocessing or disposal.

Waste processing  is considered as those preparation functions, such as bagging or
encapsulating of  disposables and reusables, as well as  treatment to disposables
involving volume reduction through changes in size, shape, uniformity or
consistency. Waste processing may also include those techniques  employed in
reconditioning reusables such as laundry,  bottlewashing, autoclaving, etc.
However, the scope of this study in the case of reusables shall be  limited to
the interim  storage and handling of these materials up  to the  point of central
storage and reprocessing.

Waste disposal is considered  within this report as  the terminal treatment of waste
materials.  This ultimate treatment is limited to various disposal processes or
combinations of processes involving natural  or accelerated conversion of the raw
wastes into  useful or innocuous products.

Figure 1-1 schematically illustrates the location and identifies these components
or sub-systems and  functions  that will be found in solid waste systems in multi-
story building complexes.

The term "solid waste system", as used in this report, is defined as a combi-

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VOL.  Ill	—r
CHAP.I                                                                     '~6
nation of methods and/or equipment provided for the handling, storage, processing
and/or disposal of all solid waste materials.  Its use does not necessarily imply a
fully mechanized or complete arrangement, such as might be made by some single
manufacturer.  Fully mechanized solid waste systems, as such, are almost non-
existent at this time.  Today's prevailing systems can be said to be more manual
than mechanical.  The present stage of development in which solid waste manage-
ment finds itself, particularly as it relates to this study, demands flexibility of
thought and planning for the future.  This should involve combining various
methods and equipment for handling, storage, processing and/or disposal in
efforts to  produce a system mechanized as fully as possible.  Partially mechanized
systems are presently under development.  Additionally, some prototypes exist
but these  have not had exposure to extensive operating conditions.

The timeliness of this study demands some discussion.  Many months of investi-
gation, numerous field observations and  countless interviews convince us that
this report is being prepared at  a time just prior to very important developments
in the fields of waste handling and disposal.  It is regrettable but true that
several new handling methods and treatment processes have been or are presently
being developed, but which are, as yet, untested under working conditions.
Certain of these methods and equipment  will be discussed in later sections of
this report.  In some cases, no specific recommendations can be made.  This
condition and some limitations are imposed upon us for two principal reasons.
 Some of the equipment known to exist is of foreign origin and not yet installed
or proven under operating conditions in  the United States.  Other equipment or
methods,  some of which have been seen  by the consultant,  are still in the
development or pilot plant stages and the sponsors have placed restrictions
upon disclosure of details at the present time.

The rate at which progress is being made in the  development and use of more
sophisticated methods of handling and disposal may  well make some portions of
this report outdated almost before publication.  It must be recognized that
during any period of great technological progress, no precise time  could be
totally ideal for such a study to be made.

 None of the foregoing remarks imply any criticism of the timing of the commis-
noning of this study.   It is likely that an earlier time may have been too soon,
while a later date may possibly have been too late.  On the contrary the

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP. I                                                                      1-7
imperativeness of the need for further expansion and continued updating of the study
is stressed.

The current upsurge of new concepts and developments of solid waste management
equipment is due  largely to expanded and justifiable concern with environmental
pollution.  Air, water and land pollution are matters which demand  immediate,
and in certain areas, drastic steps.  The urgency of some of these problems has
fostered increased interest in  possible solutions.  Industries, some of which were
not formerly associated with solid waste management, have released funds for
research and development of new or improved methods of coping with the pressing
problems. While some of the newest of these concepts are not yet proven, it is
apparent that great forward strides are being made.

Another and very important factor which has stimulated equipment development
is the tremendous increase in  the volume of items which  are prepackaged and
articles which are designed to be disposable. This increased volume, plus the
changed nature and mix of materials now found in refuse, have combined to
make improvement and changes in disposal methods mandatory.

The meaning of "disposable" has changed to a noticeable extent, as applied to
solid waste management problems. This is especially true if Webster's definition,
"easy to get rid of", is used.   Many of today's plastic "disposables" almost defy
destruction.  Certainly many  of them cannot be adequately disposed of by
presently used conventional processes and equipment.  Some of these articles,
commonly used today, are disposable only in the sense that they are designed
for one-time use only.   Container manufacturers and packaging designers have
flooded the merchandising market with  these "undisposable" disposables and,
with very few exceptions, without having first determined  whether or not the
leftover package  or container is destructible by conventional means.

The volumes of these various so-called  disposables are now increasing at
alarming  rates, especially in  hospitals.  Various kinds of instruments, containers
and linens are but a few of the items which will have but one use and then be
discarded.  These supplies are already seen in some institutions and the apparent
trend indicates continuing increase in use in the future.

Other items which now have one use before being discarded include containers

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       HI
CHAP .1
made of steel, aluminum, glass and paper,  as well as various types of plastics.
Storage space for reusables, need for sanitizing after use, and, very importantly,
the labor cost of separate handling and processing have made the disposable
articles on the surface almost an economic necessity. Added to this is the
convenience factor and when these several  plus-features are considered, their
increasing use is all but guaranteed.

The growth of the demand for prepackaged merchandise; the proliferation of the
use of disposable containers; the very widespread use of plastics, many types
and forms of which are highly resistant  to present disposal methods; growing
awareness of the hazards of environmental pollution, and the resulting
restrictions placed upon the burning of  wastes have combined to bring about
interesting and desirable research and development in processing and disposal
methods.  Substantial sums are being expended by private enterprises for
experimentation and the construction and operation of pilot plants which are
designed to improve waste processing and disposal.
Organization of Material:

In the early stages of this investigation, it was anticipated that classifications
and definitions of the various types of equipment encountered was requisite to
the study, both for the readers' benefit and as a working tool in preparation of
the report.  The major classifications or divisions of equipment were limited to
correspond to the four basic functions of the waste system, i .e. handling,
storage, processing and disposal.

The sections of this report devoted to the narrative review of this equipment
also follow these classifications.  In support of this equipment review within
each  major classification, referenced appendices were prepared, identifying
(sub-classification) by name and definition, the individual equipment components
and accessories.  Separate appendices (Product Lists) were also prepared  listing
these equipment components alphabetically and identifying respective manu-
facturers and known  trade names.  To complete the appendices in support of
this equipment review,  a master alphabetical index of these manufacturers
with addresses, was prepared.

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP. I                                                                    1-9
The criteria for the selected classification and sub-classification of equipment
components was based on functions performed by the equipment and the mechanical
characteristics in the design of each.  These established classifications, sub-
classifications and definitions relate only to this report for the purpose of grouping
like items, and will not necessarily agree with manufacturers' nomenclature,
where wide variations of names and terms were encountered. The need for
eventually standardizing equipment terminology  by manufacturers serving the
solid waste industry for the benefit of users of this equipment cannot be over-
emphasized.

In the review of equipment, the inclusion of detailed descriptions of products of
particular manufacturers or the omission thereof constitutes or implies neither
approval nor disapproval, acceptance  nor rejection, endorsement nor the lack
thereof, on the part of the consultant.  Every effort has been made  to describe
representative makes of equipment and such descriptions are included for general
informational purposes only.

The listing of manufacturers of various products identified in this report is only
partial.  To identify every manufacturer producing equipment related to the
subject  is neither practicable considering the time limitations imposed, nor
necessarily useful for purposes of this report. There are many lists published
covering specific types of equipment,  such as those to be  found in Material
Handling Engineering Handbook & Directory; Solid Wastes Management
Sanitation  Industry  Yearbook; Guide Issue, Journal of the American Hospital
Association, as well as many other sources. In general, product listings have
been restricted to those items which have been seen at trade shows, or inspected
in operation, or on which descriptive printed matter has been reviewed,,
Numerous equipment manufacturers failed to respond to inquiries and hence
are not  included.

During the course of this investigation, voluminous project records, consisting
of equipment catalog files, inspection  reports and correspondence with numerous
manufacturers, were developed.  This written review in a sense represents only a
summary of the total activities undertaken.

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VOL.  Ill       RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT	
CHAP. II       HANDLING METHODS AND EQUIPMENT                Page No.
                   Body,  Truck, Special                                  11-7
                   Cart, Electric, Driverless,  Self-powered                 11-7
                   Chute, Gravity                                       11-14
                   Conveyor, Litter,  Vacuum                              11-15
                   Conveyor, Belt                                        11-15
                   Conveyor, Chain, Drag                                11-16
                   Conveyor, Chain, Drag, Driverless                      11-16
                   Conveyor, Chain, In-floor                             11-18
                   Conveyor, Chain, Overhead                            11-23
                   Conveyor, Monorail, Electric                          11-28
                   Conveyor, Pneumatic                                  11-33
                   Conveyor, Roller                                      11-43
                   Conveyor, Screw                                      11-44
                   Conveyor, Slat                                        11-45
                   Conveyor, Sorting                                     11-45
                   Conveyor, Track,  Overhead                            11-47
                   Conveyor, Tube                                       11-47
                   Conveyor, Tube, Belt                                  11-49
                   Conveyor, Vertical, Continuous                        11-49
                   Conveyor, Vertical, Reciprocating                      11-50
                   Conveyor, Wheel                                      11-51
                   Dolly,  Fiberglass, Castered                            11-51
                   Hoist, Container,  Rear-loading                         11-51
                   Hoist, Tiltframe, Container,  Packer                     11-52
                   Packer, Mobile                                       11-52
                   Packer, Trailer                                        11-54
                   Scooter, Collection, Trash                             11-55
                   Tractor, Electric,  Driverless, Self-powered              11-55
                   Trailer, Transfer                                       11-56
                   Train, Container                                      11-57

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VOL. Ill      RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
              HANDLING METHODS AND EQUIPMENT                 Page No,
                              LIST OF FIGURES

       11-1    Supply-Waste Cycle in a Typical Multistory Building Complex  II-3
       11-2    Amscar - American Sterilizer Company                       11-9
       11-3    Amscar -American Sterilizer Company                       11-11
       11-4    Amscar - American Sterilizer Company                       11-13
       11-5    Switch-Train - SI  Handling Systems, Inc.                    11-17
       11-6    Lo-Tow - SI Handling Systems, Inc.                         11-21
       11-7    ACTE - Columbus  McKinnon Corporation                     11-26
       11-8    ACTE - Columbus  McKinnon Corporation                     11-27
       11-9    CyberaiI -  Castle  Automated Systems                         11-31
       11-10   Cyberai I -  Castle  Automated Systems                         11-32
       11-11   A VAC - Aerojet-General  Corporation                        11-35
       11-12   A VAC - Aerojet-General  Corporation                        ||-37
       11-13   Air-Flyte - Eastern Cyclone Industries                        ||-41

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VOL.  Ill       RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT	
CHAP. II       HANDLING METHODS AND EQUIPMENT                      ll-l
The major task and cost in the operation of solid waste systems is the movement of
waste material between the initial point of accumulation and the ultimate disposal
point. In effect, operation of solid waste systems is largely a material handling
function, adaptable to mechanization but predominantly performed today by
manual methods.  Today's manual systems are largely "built-in" by building
design conditions. !t is not uncommon to find, even in contemporary designs,
numerous interim  waste storage points for the temporary deposit of wastes,
thereby breaking  the cycle of movement and thus creating a number of
rehandlings of the same material  before reaching the final destination point.
Today, scarcity of labor for this  type of work, the trend of lower productivity
of labor, as well  as rising labor rates, collectively emphasize the need for
mechanization of the more complex systems.

Unfortunately, far too much of the solid wastes, as well as supplies in insti-
tutions, are "handled" and "rehandled"  instead  of being directly transported
by mechanical means.  These conditions have been permitted to develop by
institutional and industrial planners and  management.  Institutional  management,
habitually  satisfied to "do it by hand", ignored  the development of these plant
engineering needs, planners were not aware of these needs, and the materials
handling industry was not properly alert to a new market.  The latter was
apparent during the course of this investigation when it was found that many
equipment  manufacturers were unaware of the needs in the field of solid waste
handling at the time they were first contacted.  Due to this, it was equally
apparent early in the investigation that developing information on waste
handling methods and equipment would be more  time-consuming and involved
than would be that required for storage, processing and disposal methods.
Considerable time and effort was made in contacting manufacturers and as a
result of many otherwise unproductive inquiries, it is indicated that some
companies  have been prompted to investigate the material handling problems
in solid wastes.  Hopefully, new contributions in useable equipment will  be
forthcoming for this field.

The apparent reluctance on the part of some manufacturers to become involved
in waste handling is somewhat understandable.  In general, the subject of
materials handling has long been almost  solely associated with industry.
Applications of their methods and equipment in the past have been primarily

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VOL.  Ill
CHAP. II
directed to warehousing, processing and manufacturing industries, where identical,
or at least similar, articles are handled.  If the material is in bulk, it normally
has consistency in shape and other physical characteristics  throughout its volume
and, hence, mechanical  handling is not too difficult to develop.  On the other
hand, solid wastes, especially those generated in hospitals, almost defy description.
This material  lacks uniformity of size and shape.  It is a non-homogeneous mix and
may be highly contaminated. Adapting a mechanical handling system  to these
conditions may be highly complex.

The relationship of the movement of "clean" and "dirty" materials within a
building complex is an involved  process.  In effort to simplify  the relationship
of this process, Figure II-1 schematically shows the supply-waste cycle.
This diagram is admittedly an oversimplification but serves  to emphasize the
parallel course in movement of supplies and wastes and the  basic activities
between the point of supply, point of use (or conversion to  waste), and ultimate
point of disposal.  Locations of these activities (storage and processing) for both
supplies and wastes may be and generally are interspersed throughout the system.
The point is that planned material handling systems can minimize the interim
storage needs and permit efficient direct and uninterrupted  flow of both
materials.

It is essential that  the reader be  made aware of the current  state-of-the-art  as
it applies to solid waste handling.  Considering the existing need, it is inadequate.
While some advancement is being made, these efforts range from meager to
sophisticated.  However,  if one  thinks of general materials handling, as opposed
to the handling of  solid wastes,  then giant  strides have been made. Electron-
ically controlled,  fully automated supply systems are available, but they are
neither presently suitable for specialized use in handling solid wastes nor
economically feasible for this purpose alone.   Types of equipment, such as
overhead chain conveyors, horizontal or inclined belt conveyors,  or perhaps
long roller conveyors as used in  industry, do not at first glance seem to be
applicable to the problems encountered in solid waste handling.  Although
perhaps not directly useable, it  is possible  that these basic  methods of moving
materials might be modified to meet the needs under study.

With few exceptions, little has been seen which could be described as complete

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  o
o
m
                 FIGURE 11-1   SUPPLY-WASTE CYCLE IN A TYPICAL MULTISTORY BUILDING COMPLEX

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VOL.  Ill
CHAP. II
solid waste handling systems. There are hundreds of different pieces of equipment
designed and produced to handle or transport material items.  These individually
are considered in this  report as equipment components and not systems.  Most of
the installations seen have consisted of a number of components rather than a
complete integrated system.
Review of Handling Methods and Equipment:

As defined earlier,  the term "waste handling" includes all those functions
associated with the transfer or movement of solid waste materials after creation,
excluding storage and actual processing and/or ultimate disposal methods that
may be employed.  These waste handling  functions are limited to and defined
as follows:

     collection    - Methods and  equipment used in (1) the pickup of
                    accumulated  wastes from the initial point of deposit
                    or subsequent storage points and (2) loading of
                    vehicles or other means of conveyance for transport.

     transport     - Methods and  equipment used in the vertical or hori-
                    zontal movement of materials.

     discharge    - Methods and  equipment used to unload wastes from
                    the carrier or transporter.

The most elementary and,  at the present time, the most widely used class of
horizontal transport devices in use  for the horizontal  transport of solid wastes
in institutions is the hand-pushed cart. This indispensable piece of equipment
comes in many shapes and styles; is available in metal, fiber and plastic; and
of standard or special designs.  Carts are available from simple open-top canvas
hampers to specially designed stainless steel  bodies.  A very wide range of
types of conveyors, including roller, belt, chain, monorail and pneumatic
tube, plus many varieties of these  principal classifications, may also be
considered in  the general class of horizontal transport equipment.  For

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP. II                                                                     ||-5
off-site operations and for some possible on-site transport requirements, special  types
of collection vehicles or mobile packers or transfer trailers may be employed.

Gravity and vacuum chutes alone are the only equipment items specifically designed
and commonly used for the vertical  transport of wastes.  The principal forms of
multipurpose vertical transport are elevators, dumbwaiters or specially designed
lift systems, which will accommodate only carriers or transporters of a special type
and handle all types of material.  Controls may be manual, i.e. they can be
summoned or dispatched by push buttons or they may be automated to sequence
with loading from or unloading  to horizontal conveyors.

Some devices, such as  pneumatic tubes, gravity chutes, certain types of conveyors,
and other equipment, provide multiple functions. They not only transport materials
but may be used to load or discharge bulk or containerized items, and may incor-
porate interim storage or holding stations for en route materials.  These may be
complete horizontal  and vertical transport systems designed and installed  by one
manufacturer or they may be  combinations of loading devices, horizontal  and
vertical conveyors and discharging equipment of different manufacture, which
have been combined into an integrated system„

Such devices as blowers or suction fans, cyclonic separators,  pneumatic tubes,
various types of conveyors, vertical lifts, pipelines for slurries, and other
equipment can be arranged to operate as an integrated  handling system.  Some
of the most interesting  general materials handling systems observed have been
examples of good engineering and the apparent successful "marriage" of
components' made by different manufacturers.

The most sophisticated, fully automated systems were designed and largely built
and installed by single manufacturers.  These combine horizontal  and vertical
transport elements, using special track, transporters, modules and electronic
controls.  Units  can  be summoned and dispatched from control  panels and
operated within  the system, unattended.

The review of equipment as contained herein covers the limited field of
specialized equipment  for handling  solid wastes as-well as certain general
materials handling equipment and accessories considered to be adaptable

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VOL.  Ill	_.
CHAP.  II                                                                    M"6
for possible use in solid waste systems.

Class!ficat-ion of this equipment involved reconciling the wide variations of names
and terms used by manufacturers and the material handling industry at large, as
well  as in solid waste management.  For purposes of this report, these equipment
classifications were established by definition, as appear in Appendix "A".  A
product list, Appendix "B", was also prepared providing an alphabetical listing
of the equipment classifications,  together with a partial listing of the respective
manufacturers and trade names.

The intent of Appendix "A" is to identify by definition  all  equipment components
which might be unknown to the reader or where  some degree of confusion wou|d
be created if the items were not defined. The product list, Appendix "B", includes
all equipment classifications as defined, as  well as other equipment items and
accessories where names are self-explanatory.

The following narrative review of equipment covers selected categories of equipment
with descriptions of mechanical and operational characteristics and in most cases
discussions on particular application (or possible application) in the waste handling
system.

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP. II                                                                     11-7
Body, Truck, Special:

Among various special designs of truck bodies available for application in the waste
systems of institutional complexes are those produced by Bynal Products Inc. and
Hanna Enterprises.

                         ("Hussler11 - Bynal Products, Inc.)

The "Hussler" body is made by  Bynal Products, Inc.  in six and eight cubic yard
sizes.  They can be mounted on small chassis, having relatively short wheel bases,
and can be  used in cramped areas which could not be serviced by larger vehicles.
They are useful  in inter-building service where a vehicle having multipurpose
abilities is almost indispensable.

Several features make the "Hussler11 unique.   The body has 38" high sides,  but
forward portions on both sides can be dropped to half-height to provide easier
side loading.  The tailgate, designed to act as a chute for rear unloading,  will
also operate as a conventional  hydraulic tailgate for loading and unloading.  A
most important feature is a dual hydraulic lifting mechanism which permits the
entire body to be lifted vertically in a level  position to match dock  heights.
Additionally, the body can be  inclined for rear dumping.

                        ("Trashmobile" - Hanna Enterprises)

Another small and special type body which is practical for use in building
complexes is the "Trashmobile".  It has small  capacity, of about a yard and a
half, andean be used as a  satellite vehicle,  serving larger ones by reason of its
ability to reach otherwise inaccessible areas. It has a hydraulic dumping
mechanism for rear unloading.  It is easily operated  by one man and can carry
a variety of loads.  It is designed to be mounted on a Datson,  Jeep or Inter-
national  Scout chassis and  hence would be highly maneuverable.
Cart, Electric, Driverless, Self-powered:

Properly described, these carts are the hearts of two nearly identical transportation
systems which have been recently  developed and shown at materials handling and
hospital  equipment shows around the country.  The systems are made and marketed

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP. II                                                                      'I'8
by Jervis B. Webb Company and the Amsco Systems Company,  a division of American
Sterilizer Company.  The Webb vehicles are identified by trade name as "Mini-Carts"
and the Amsco units as "Amscar".  The Webb organization serves industry generally
while Amsco is primarily in the hospital equipment field.

Three hospitals now under construction  will be  serviced with Webb Mini-Cart systems:
The Jewish Hospital at Cincinnati, Ohio,  will use a 40-cart system;  Elmbrook Hospital,
Brookfield, Wisconsin will have 18 carts; and Elliott White Springs Hospital,  Lancaster;
South Carolina,  will have a 16-cart system. The 500  bed Fairfax Hospital at
Falls Church, Virginia, will inaugurate its system with 60 Amscar units .
                     ("Amscar" - American Sterilizer Company)

The Mini-Cart and the Amscar are basically the same unit but for purposes of
description, reference will be made to Amscar since its primary use is intended
to be in hospitals. This vehicle is electric-battery-powered.  The batteries are
housed under a stainless steel platform floor.  It is designed to follow an electronic
guidepath of wire concealed in  the floor.  The front or dashboard of the Amscar houses
the programming control devices, together with a steering and control tiller for
manually guiding the  unit onto or off of the guidepath.  Under such manual guidance
and utilizing self-contained motive  power,  the unit can be  directed to locations
remote from the buried wires.

A variety of containers or modules are available to fit onto  the bed or platform     •; ,
of the cart. These can be custom designed but standard models for handling food,
linens, general supplies, and soiled items are available.

The vehicle is capable of raising or  lowering the various types of wheeled and
castered modules with its own power.  After the Amscar is guided beneath the
module, the vehicle platform is raised sufficiently to lift the wheels of the
module clear of the floor.  When the cart and module have  reached  their
destination, the module is lowered to the floor and the Amscar withdrawn.
After disengagement the module may be rolled to any desired point in the'
manner of a conventional cart.

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                      a. Amscar Vehicle Approaching Module
      b. Process of Mating Has Begun
c. Mating Complete with Module
       Loaded for Transport
                                                             FIGURE 11-2
AMSCAR - AMERICAN STERILIZER COMPANY
                   PAGE 11-9

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VOL.  Ill	—
CHAP.  II                                                                     "~10
The Amscar is dispatched by means of the pushbutton controls on its own panel.
After being placed over the guidepath, the unit proceeds to the programmed
destination-unattended.  Built-in proximity sensors halt the cart if a person or
object obstructs its path.  A central station for controlling the movement of carts
can be provided,  as well as a series of control panels located at nursing stations
and other strategic points.

Vertical  transport of the vehicles and their loads is provided by special elevators
designed exclusively for this purpose.  These elevators are instructed by the control
system.  Cars are summoned,  shaftway doors opened and closed, vehicles injected,
vertical travel  accomplished, and carts ejected onto another level,  in an entirely
automatic sequence.

A special feature of the Amscar system is a central cart cleaning and sterilizing
area, through which the vehicle and module must pass before entering the  "clean"
holding or parking area.   The cleaning process is automatically controlled by the
entrance of the vehicle.   The batteries of the carts are recharged while  they are
in the holding area.

The cost of the Amscar system is high, but perhaps not excessively so when  its many
advantages are taken into consideration.  Its total and best uses have not yet  been
fully tested in day-to-day operations in hospitals, but soon will  be.  Proposed
installation of this handling system in existing structures presents some formidable
obstacles. Installation costs may be expected to be considerably higher than  in
those planned installations in new buildings.  However, the more desirable
features of the system, which follow, would weigh heavily in favor of such an
installation if a total  handling  system is to be considered.

In no way is it suggested that Amscar or Mini-Cart systems be considered for the
primary purpose of handling solid wastes. Such highly sophisticated conveying
systems must first be considered as automated methods for delivering  "clean"
materials or supplies and removing "soiled" reusable items such as linens,
dietary trays, and utensils which require reprocessing.  Manpower saved by
the abilities of these systems  to respond to calls and obey electronic commands
while almost totally unattended represents tremendous savings in dollars and

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1
STEERING
S ERVO



^
GUIDANCE
CON T ROL



TRACTION
MOTOR


^


r
                    a .  Amscar Vehicle Guidance System
b.  General Purpose Module Mounted
           on Amscar Unit
c. Palletized Loading Technique
        May Also Be Used
                                                               FIGURE 11-3
AMSCAR -7WERICAN STERILIZER COMPANY
                    PAGE 11-11

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VOL.  Ill
CHAP.  II
assures obedient and prompt attendance to many institutional  demands.  The foregoing
is not intended to eliminate consideration of this type of transport system for handling
disposable solid wastes, but rather to emphasize the possibilities of such auxiliary
use.  If these primary uses can be economically justified by the complete types of
studies done by the manufacturers, then,  and only then, should any thought be
given to its adaptation to the handling of the bulk of disposable solid wastes
produced by the institution.  Of itself and as originally conceived, it would not
likely be an economically efficient method of handling  disposable solid wastes.
However, if waste handling can be added to its primary purposes, then such use
could well prove to be a dividend  which  would further justify an expensive
installation.

Unattended operation of this transport system in halls or passageways used by
patients or visitors is not recommended.  Although the carts are equipped with
sensing  devices which will  halt motion on contact with any object, their unattended
progress can be startling to the unsuspecting.   The possible need for separate hori-
zontal passageways for cart travel  must be considered.   Additional space is required
for vertical lift shafts but it is probable that the same or more space would have
been needed for larger elevators if conventional methods of handling were in use.

It is obvious that installations of this type of equipment  are more practical when
planned into new structures than when considered for additions to existing buildings.
This does not preclude use in  such  existing institutions,  however.  Guidepath wires
can easily be installed in saw-cuts in concrete floors or secured to floors under
carpets. Horizontal travel on basement or supply floors and some vertical movement
and limited movement on patient floors can be considered, but all are dependent
on  studies of conflicting traffic conditions.  Such installations might be feasible
where major expansion and remodelling of the facilities of a complex are under
consideration.

Each installation presents its own set of complex problems and, unless all of the
facts are known, estimates of the costs of installation cannot  be accurately
projected. The sizes (cubage and  weight) and numbers of incoming and outgoing
loads must be accurately known, kinds of materials, fixed delivery schedules,
and many other factors must be studied before  equipment requirements and cost

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                        A Schematic  Diagram of an Amscar System
       Shown above is a schematic diagram of typical service level corridors
       and vertical shaftways required for the Amscar system. Straight hori-
       zontal passageways must have a minimum clear width of 7"-4" to
       permit two vehicles to pass abreast. Height of passageways should be
       about 7 feet, minimum.  Vertical  shaftways require minimum inside
       clearances of 5'-4" x 8'-6" for a single vehicle  lift, or IT x 8'-6"
       to allow adequate space for a lift  to accommodate two vehicles.

       Dimensions of the Amscar vehicles are 62"L x 26"W x 73"H/ with
       the operating lever,  or tiller, in the vertical position. The vehicle
       is'capable of maintaining forward  speeds of one to three miles per
       hour.  Reverse speed is limited to  one mile per hour.  The gross
       carrying capacity of the vehicle is 900 pounds.

       The dimensions  of module or standard container is 53"L x 28"W x
       59"H, or two inches wider than the vehicle, to allow for a bumper.
       Two styles of modules are available.  They are identified as either
       general purpose or dietary, and will range in weight from 100 to
       400 pounds, the latter being the dietary type.
                                                                   FIGURE 11-4
AMSCAR - AMERICAN STERILIZER COMPANY
PAGE 11-13

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VOL.  Ill
CHAP. II
prediction can be made.  Labor rates and availability will likely be the determining
factor in the economic feasibility of any contemplated installation.

No final determination on the possible use of such a sophisticated transport system
for handling solid wastes should even be made until the methods of processing and
disposal of such wastes have been studied by properly  qualified technicians.
Chute, Gravity:

Next to hand-pushed carts, the gravity chute is the most common waste transport
equipment to be found in hospitals and similar institutions.  These installations
usually consist of vertical cylindrical  tubes, 12" to 36" in diameter, fabricated
of stainless steel, aluminized steel or  aluminum.  Some tubes are made with a
square configuration.  The chutes are  built into the building and are equipped
with receiving doors on each  floor.  The chute is vented at the top and, in the
case of chutes used for trash,  the rooftop terminus is equipped with an explosion
vent. Other applications of gravity chutes include spiral chutes for handling
packages and containers.  These are built around a central, vertical core  and,
while usually open, are available as closed types.

The doors of the receiving stations to  linen and trash chutes can be supplied with
either foot pedal, hand-operated opening devices or keyed locking  devices.
Interlocking systems are also available which automatically lock all  doors
except the one being open or, during  cleaning operations, all doors on all
floors.  Complaints are numerous from maintenance engineers and housekeepers
concerning malfunctions of doors and  their control and locking mechanisms.
Minor injuries have been sustained by personnel during operation of receiving
doors.  Such  criticisms are aimed at nearly all manufacturers of chute instal-
lations.

The gravity chute is limited in its application, providing vertical free-fall, but
some downward slope can be accommodated.  It should not be considered a handling
system,  but a component,,  Properly installed and maintained,  it is one of  the most
economical components of the total waste system.  It is also adaptable to use in
conjunction with horizontal mechanical  conveying equipment  for the continuing
movement of linens or rubbish to central storage or processing  points.

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP. II                                                                     n_i5
Collector, Litter,  Vacuum:

This unique vacuum device, originally designed for collecting leaves and cleaning
small, dry debris from shallow ditches, also has other applications and  capabilities,
such as cleaning general litter from around trash dumping or processing areas.

                     (1lTecorp" - Truck Equipment Corporation)

This accessory, called a Tecorp Leaf Collector,  can be added to a side-loader,
mobile packer.  It consists of a gasoline-motor-driven vacuum unit which can be
mounted between the packer body and the truck cab.  A large diameter, flexible
hose and nozzle are connected to the unit when in use and can easily be handled
by one man.

The manufacturer claims collected debris passes through a  self-cleaning impeller
fan which chops the material and blows it into the packer  body.  The suction hose
is easily detachable for storing.
Conveyor, Belt:

Probably the most widely used of the many varieties of handling equipment, the
belt conveyor is available in many forms and its applications are almost limitless.
Basically, this general type of conveyor consists of an endless belt running between
two rollers located at opposite ends of a supporting frame.  A series of rollers or a
flat metal bed support the belt throughout its length.  The end rollers, one of which
is powered, are  usually tensioned to keep the belt reasonably taut and in contact
with the driving roller. Lengths, loading, kinds of materials handled and other
factors will govern the selection and arrangement of driving power.

The variations and arrangements of belt conveyors  are almost endless.  Such types
as folding, extendible, portable, inclined, etc. are to be found in catalogs of
many manufacturers.  The belts are  commonly made of canvas,  cotton, nylon,
rubber or woven materials impregnated with rubber or rubber covered.  The use
to which the equipment will be put  will determine type selection.

Belt conveyors are used extensively in warehousing, manufacturing and processing
industries, including applications in waste handling in  bulk and containerized form.

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VOL III        	.	
CHAP. II                                                                       IM6
Conveyor,  Chain, Drag:

This special type of conveyor used principally for the movement of dry, bulk materials
is generally self-contained, self-cleaning and operates within its own casing,  The
transport mechanism is an endless chain to which "flyers" or paddles are attached at
short intervals. As the flyers move through the enclosing square or  rectangular
shaped tube, the loose bulk material  is dragged or pushed toward a  discharge point
or opening.  Dry material,  such as coarse sand and ashes, varying in granular sizes,
can be handled.  This type  of conveyor is generally used for short,  horizontal  runs
and has more limited capabilities than the tube conveyor discussed later in this
chapter.
Conveyor, Chain, Drag, Driverless:

This battery-powered, driverless vehicle provides motive power to tow a train of
unpowered carts over a programmed route.  The driverless tractor drags a length of
conveyor chain of the same style used by SI Handling  Systems (described in detail
in the next item). The tractor and chain follow a shallow slot in the floor.  A guide
pin on the centerline of each cart is inserted  in the chain.  The  chain  has "pusher dogs"
spaced at intervals to accommodate the  carts  to be towed.  The pusher dogs are
special sections of the chain which have a raised formation just behind a recess.
Each cart is equipped with a towpin which can be dropped into the chain slot in
the floor.  As the chain, being dragged by the tractor, approaches the cart
waiting to be picked up, the towpin  drops into the recessed section ahead of the
pusher dog which, in turn, pushes against the towpin, thus moving the castered
cart forward  following the tractor.

Carts are added to the train by being hand-guided over the floor slot and the
towpin engaged.  Each cart is equipped with  a pair of selector pins mounted
on the front which can be preset to activate switches that will divert the cart
off the main  slot or track onto a spur track.   This action is accomplished automat-
ically and is controlled by the various combinations of selector pin settings.
As the selector pins ( which can be either electrical or mechanical) pass over
the reader boxes or mechanical triggers  (set in the floor), the pre-selected
diverter  is actuated and the towpin is diverted from the drag chain by a
sideways sliding motion onto the spur track.   As soon as the towpin has passed

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  Si's Driverless Switch-Train in Operation, Towing a Pair of Non-powered Carts
                                                               FIGURE 11-5
SWITCH-TRAIN  - SI HANDLING SYSTEMS, INC.
PAGE 11-17

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VOL.  Ill	,.
CHAP.  II                                                                       M"1?
the diverter,  this mechanism is recocked in a closed position so that the following
cart,  unless programmed for that particular spur, cannot enter it-

The tractor can be programmed to proceed to and stop at selected locations. An
audible alerting signal  is automatically given by the tractor so that carts may be
loaded, unloaded, removed or added by manual operation.  The castered carts
used are of simple design, easily moved, and relatively inexpensive.  They are
interchangeable with those used on SI Handling Systems in-floor chain conveyors.
The pictorial  description of this equipment included herein includes further details,
of the operation of the  selector pins and the diverters.
Conveyor, Chain,  In-floor:

This conveyor may  be briefly described as an endless chain, continuously moving  ,
in a recessed and flush mounted housing in the floor, serving as the drive mechanism
for a special cart system.  Numerous manufacturers of this type of equipment are
identified in the Product List (Appendix "B").

                     ("Low-Tow" - SI Handling Systems,  Inc.)

The equipment described herein is identified by  the trade name "Low-Tow",  as
manufactured by SI Handling Systems,  Inc.  It has been selected for description
primarily because it has been inspected in  operation at two commercial installations
(a large motor freight terminal, and a  major chain store warehousing center). The
freight terminal conveying system operates 24 hours per day, six days per week, and
daily handles about one million pounds of freight.  The total installed cost was about
$400,000.  This installation includes 3800' of powered mainline chain, 93 non-
powered spurs, 2 powered spurs, and 1100  automatic dispatch switch-carts.

The merchandising  service center system cost nearly $80,000.  Of that amount,
the 100 carts cost about $17,000.  This system includes 1900' of powered drive
chain, 35 spurs, totaling 900' of length, 2 powered drivers,  and  100 automatic
dispatch switch-carts.

The track, a shallow,  "U" shaped steel channel  with a narrow opening at the top,
is embedded in the floor with the open top of the channel flush with the floor. This

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP.  II                                                                    11-19
channel is the housing for the constantly moving endless chain which is the conveyor
mechanism.  The track and chain are kept properly lubricated.  The endless chain
passes over the drive sprockets and idler wheels of a drive unit, which is electrically
powered. This drive unit is usually located in a pit in the floor.  The pit has
removable steel covers to allow access to the  unit.

More than one loop of conveyor chain can be installed and  it is possible to transfer
carts automatically from one loop to another by means of a transfer conveyor.  It
is operated by a separate drive.  Transfer is electronically controlled through
special sensors and no operating problems are  presented.

Details of the chain configuration, the pusher dogs and their functions, as described
in the preceding section on the driverless chain drag conveyor,  are the same type
of components used in the in-floor chain conveyor and will  not be discussed further.
The diverters for both systems are the same.  They are  switching devices with their
operating mechanisms enclosed in a box which is embedded  in the floor.  The movable
diverter plate is flat and flush with the floor and channel.  The diverter is connected
to two trigger mechanisms.  These may be either electrically or mechanically
actuated.  In either system,  when the selector pins of  any cart are set to coincide
with a given spur diverter, the triggering device of that particular diverter, and no
other, will function.  The accompanying picture shows the diverter in a closed
position. This prevents  the towpin on the cart from  entering the spur.  The picture
also shows the two selector pins, set for spur H-3, just approaching the reading
coil box.  As the selector pins pass over the coil  box,  a signal is transmitted to
the diverter which will  spring to the open position,  as shown by the white.dotted
lines.

As the towpin reaches the diverter, the cart is shunted off the mainline chain
conveyor and enters the spur under its own momentum.  As the towpin passes the
diverter, it recocks into the closed position, thus preventing unprogrammed carts
from entering the spur.   There is no power on  this spur.  The entering cart will be
nudged further onto the  spur by  the following  cart and there will be no interference
on the mainline conveyor.  If a second cart is programmed for this same spur, it
enters in a similar manner and pushes the first cart further into the spur track.
The mechanically operated diverter trigger functions in a similar way except that
it will be intercepted by small spherical latches which protrude slightly above
the floor.

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VOL.  Ill
CHAP. II
The selector pin arrangement has a capacity for- 169 separate stations or spurs, if two
pins are used.  The destination selection is governed by the spacing of the selector
pins from the centerline of the cart and track. When the settings of the pins and
the locations of the diverter trigger coincide, the diverter will open but otherwise
remain closed permitting travel  of carts on  the mainline chain only.

Chain speeds can be varied from 2  to 300 feet per minute.  Some freight dock
installations operate at  150' per minute.  Normal warehouse operation will be
between 60 and 80 feet  per minute.

The towpins of  the carts are  held in a suspended position well above the floor when
not in use on the chain.  This permits free movement by hand to and from the chain
and to desired points of  use.  When the cart is to be injected into the conveying
system,  it is moved over the chain, the towpin is released and dropped into  the
floor slot.  This operation takes place between moving  carts where spacing
indicates an empty pusher dog.  The top of the chain is smooth and until contact
by a pusher dog link, the  towpin rides along the  lubricated flat top of the chain.
Upon contact by the pusher dog, the towpin drops into  the recessed front section
of the dog and  the raised pusher section imparts the chain's forward motion to the
cart.  The pusher dogs can be spaced from about  eight to fifteen or more feet apart.
This spacing is  determined by loading requirements and is an engineering function
to be considered in the design of the system.

It is possible to provide  ramped  sections of this conveyor system so that carts may
be operated  on  more than one level.

Some installations have  been seen where several  fire doors crossed the conveyor
line.  Closure of these doors is controlled by pressure-sensitive switches on the
sprinkler system. If and when the sprinklers should operate, the fire doors would
close off zones of the building.  When this occurs, special  diverters are electri-
cally actuated, causing  carts approaching the closed fire doors  to be diverted
onto special accumulation spurs. This prevents collision with the fire doors,
which are closed across  the towline track.  Provision is also made for automatically
shutting down drive mechanisms of  the mainline and all  other powered chains in
the system.

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    a. Switching Controls of a Typical
             Lo-Tow Cart
  b. Lo-Tow Mainline in St. Louis
          Freight Terminal
 c. Test Track at Easton, Penn. Plant of
        SI Handling Systems, Inc.
d. View of Chain Drive Mechanism
                                                                 FIGURE 11-6
LO-TOW  - SI  HANDLING SYSTEMS, INC
                        PAGE 11-21

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP. II                                                                     H'22
Carts for these systems are made to order and hence there is no standard size. A
reasonable average cart platform would be about 36" x 60", varying in height
from 811 to 12" above the floor.  Heights of loaded carts, of course, will vary
greatly, depending upon types of loads to be transported.  It is estimated that
gross weights of loaded carts may run between 600 and 750 pounds.  Of these
weights, carts will account for about 25 per cent.

The principal use of this type of equipment has been in industry.  The in-floor
conveyor systems, Switch-Trains  and similar equipment are run in the open,
where employees are used to the  movement.  If tunnels or passageways are
found necessary, then horizontal  clearances of one foot on each side of the
widest cart should be provided.  For systems having a single chain and 3' wide
carts, it is recommended that tunnels be at least 5' wide.  If two chains are
used, the width should be increased to 9'  to allow carts to pass each other.
Tunnels should have minimum vertical heights of six feet.  The foregoing
figures apply to the Lo-Tow conveyor.  If the Switch-Train, tractor type
equipment is used, then  widths of single tunnels should be increased to 6 feet,
double tunnels to  11 feet.  Heights will remain the same.  Shaft dimensions
should be 7' x 9' for single lifts,  and 15' x 9'  for double lifts.  The elevators
are capable of handling  5,000 pound loads, as regular equipment.  A general
rule-of-thumb would require one  foot of clearance from any fixed object.

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP. II                                                                      11-23
This type of conveyor can readily be used in non-pedestrian areas, in tunnels and
separate passageways, and even out-of-doors between buildings.  Small or large
loops can  be employed with  few or many carts. The in-floor chain conveyor is
not suggested as a total  handling system but it can be adapted to certain uses within
an integrated system.

It is not possible to provide accurate cost estimates unless all factors of loadings,
timing, distances, etc.  are known.  Cost indicators on trackage of a simple
installation have been calculated at about $20.00 to $25.00 per lineal foot.
To this must be added from $150.00 to $400.00 per cart, depending upon  design.
Conveyor, Chain, Overhead:

Industrial usage of the overhead chain conveyor is widespread and still growing,
but the principles involved have many other applications. The overhead chain
conveyor of today is frequently an automated system with sophisticated electronic
controls.  The chains may be semi-enclosed in tubes and of many different styles
and types.  Carriers having rollers or wheels which ride on various types of over-
head track are  integral parts of the chain assembly.  The  generally accepted
concept of this type of conveyor is not particularly suited to the uses with  which
this report is concerned.  There are, however, some variations of the application
of chain conveyors  that are, or might be,  useable in multistory building complexes.

Various manufacturers produce and market systems with similar mechanical and
operational characteristics.  From these, we have selected the "Power-Flex"
and "ACTE" systems, designed and installed by Columbus McKinnon Corpor-
ation, as being illustrative of what can be accomplished with an overhead chain
conveyor as a general materials handling system.

                 ("Power-Flex" - Columbus McKinnon Corporation)

One of the "Power-Flex"  installations inspected has been in daily operation over
a three year period  in a major department store located in a  southern California
regional  shopping penter.  This system was designed for material distribution and
waste handling  in this three story building containing nearly 200,000 square feet
of gross area.

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VOL.  Ml
CHAP.  II
A central receiving and distribution center supplies this department store and another
unit of the same chain.  The distribution center and each of the retail outlets are
equipped with "Power-Flex" systems.  New merchandise is processed, containerized
and  loaded directly at the distribution center.  These containers or system carts are
manually rolled onto trucks for transport to the designated store.  Upon arrival, they
are manually pushed off the trucks and inserted into the store's  conveyor system for
automatic delivery to pre-selected destinations within the retail unit.  When not
required for in-house use, the empty carts can be returned to the distribution center
for recirculation.

This installation inspected combines both powered and free rails in the horizontal
transport components and vertical transport components are designed  to serve the
system exclusively.  The horizontal conveyor network forms continuous loops or
service corridors running around  the perimeter of the building on each of the sales
floors.  These perimeter service areas, containing other service functions as well,
are separated from the inner public areas.  The horizontal  conveyor system is
serviced by vertical  lifts located in each of the four corners of  the building.

There are 100 carts of various styles in use in the system.  The carts used are of
simple design and are castered to allow easy manual  movement  in sales and service
areas.  Some are simple cages; others are closed containers with doors which can
be locked.  A specially designed trash cart incorporating an automatic self-dumping
feature was developed for the system.

The system's motive power is supplied by a semi-enclosed power chain composed
of a  series of vertical and horizontal roller wheels which operate on  the bottom
and sides of the enclosing channel. Pusher pendants are attached to four-wheeled
trolley carriers, spaced a few feet apart on the chain.  These pusher pendants
engage with the trolley carriers when the trolley is injected into the system.

The carts to be transported are manually pushed under any of the entry stations  on
the system.  The cart is easily attached to a trolley carrier, the "Telematic"
automatic dispatch control set for the cart's destination  and the trolley, with cart
attached, is released. When an  unoccupied pusher pendant approaches the entry
spur, the loaded trolley is automatically released into the main line, by gravity,
and is then engaged by the pusher pendant and moves with the main drive chain.

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP.  II                                                                      IJ325
When the trolley carrier, with its attached cart, arrives at the destination spur or
turnout,  it is automatically shunted off the main line,,  The trolley and cart are
stopped by a retarding mechanism.  The carts are manually detached from the
trolley and rolled to the desired location.

Carts destined for other floors are automatically injected into a vertical lift and
automatically ejected at the  selected floor.  The injection and ejection operations
are accomplished by gravity on power free rails.

The method of handling waste paper and rubbish is semi-automatic.  Six specially
designed trash containers are used exclusively for the transportation of wastes
throughout the system.  These containers are equipped with permanently attached
trolleys and "Telamatic" control heads. The control head is permanently set for
the container to orbit the trash  route, discharge contents and return to assigned
station.  These special containers have an automatic bottom-dump mechanism
which opens the bottom doors as the container passes over a trash chute on an
upper floor.  After the trash has been dumped, and the cart passes beyond the
trash chute, the doors are automatically returned to the closed position.  The
trash chute empties into bulk storage rubbish containers on the ground floor.
A private waste hauling contractor  periodically empties the containers into his
mobile packer and hauls the wastes to an off-site disposal point.

The installed cost of this conveyor system, including 100 carts and approximately
3,500 lineal feet of track, was about a quarter of  a million dollars.

                    ("ACTE" - Columbus McKinnon Corporation)

Another overhead chain conveying  system manufactured by Columbus McKinnon
is known as ACTE - Automatic Cart Transport Equipment.  It was designed espe-
cially for handling supplies,  dietary items and linens in hospitals. ACTE instal-
lations are reported planned for or already under construction at Laguna  Hills
Hospital, California; Mercy Hospital,  Buffalo, New York; Wadley Hospital,
Texarkana,  Texas; Providence Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio; and elsewhere.

Similar to the Power-Flex system, ACTE handles typical hospital  carts which

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                   Technician is "dialing" destination code on the
                   "Telematic" control, programming either a point-
                   to-point or sequential routing.
             b.  Standard supply cart traveling six inches off the
                 floor to its previously dialed destination.
ACTE - COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION
                                                                   FIGURE 11-7
FI-26

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                    ACTE  (Automatic Cart Transport System)

     Shown above is  a schematic diagram of a typical ACTE installation.  ACTE
     uses standard hospital carts with typical dimensions of 48" long by 54" high
     by 27" wide, down to and including tote box dimensions, all  of which may
     be carried on the same system.  The weight of carts or modules depending
     on size, design  and materials,  range between 25 and 200 pounds.  Load
     capacity will range between 300 to 500 pounds for the larger dimension
     sizes. Common  or average speeds  of operation  for the horizontal travel
     of this conveyor is 40'  per minute.  Vertical transportation is accomplished
     at elevator speeds (to 500' per minute).

     This equipment requires average clearances of two feet on each side of the
     track's center line.  Vertical clearance for ACTE, where cart will  be carried
     just  above the floor, range up to 8' minimum on larger carts.  15' clearance,
     floor to ceiling, will allow transportation of larger carts overhead, above
     false ceilings.

     Horizontal tunnels should be 8' wide and 8'  high to accommodate passing
     carts and  low density foot traffic.

     Vertical shafts for reciprocating single-cart  styled vertical conveyors require
     a  space of 7'6"  by 9'2" for high rise lifts and 6'10" by 8'6" minimum for low
     rise  shafts.
                                                                     FIGURE 11-8
ACTE - COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION
PAGE 11-27

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VOL.  Ill
CHAP.  II
can easily be attached to or detached from special trolley carrier bars.  "Telematic"
control  heads are mounted on the carrier for programming the route of both the carrier
and cart.

Carts are introduced into or removed from  the system by either of two methods.   One
employs a section of non-powered track which can be raised or lowered by electro-
mechanical means to pick up  or deposit a cart.  The other method involves a section
of gravity track which is depressed sufficiently below the level of the operating  track
to allow the wheels of the cart to touch the floor.  When the cart is solidly on the
floor, it can be easily released from the trolley by means of a manually operated
unlocking bar.

In hospital installations of ACTE, two separate vertical lifts can be provided for
separated movement of clean  supplies and  soiled items.  All returned carts are
cycled through a decontamination area before reuse.

Cost figures are not presently available for this type of system.  However, for a
typical  500 bed hospital, the manufacturer estimates that through semi-automation,
a direct "payout" of five years could be anticipated from reduced operating costs
in comparison to operating costs of the conventional cart system  that  is normally
used.
Conveyor,  Monorail, Electric:

The concept of an electric monorail conveyor, as defined, is limited for purposes
of this report to continuous structural power rails carrying heavy-duty self-propelled
transporters on horizontal, vertical and inclined routes. Although several manu-
facturers produce such classified systems for industry, the only system  found specifi-
cally designed for general materials handling in hospitals was the "Cyberail" system.

                      ("Cyberail" - Castle  Automated Systems)

The "Cyberail" monorail conveyor, produced and marketed by Castle  Automated
Systems, is a highly sophisticated transport system consisting of a network of
suspended horizontal and vertical trackage for movement of materials  and supplies

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP. II                                                                    11-29
between various stations within the system.  Two vital elements of the Cyberail system
are the special motorized transporters and modular containers.  These components,
carried on the monorail track, usually operate within their own shafts and tunnels,
except for injection and ejection at the various stations in the system.

The transporter is self-propelled and driven by two 2hp, 208 volt, three phase motors.
Two small motors are used in order to provide adequate motive power within limited
space.  Power is supplied to the motors through buses, which are an integral  part of
the track.  The function of the transporter is to pick up, transport and deposit
containers on a demand basis at the various stations within the system.  A leveling
device retains the containers,  or modules, in an upright position at all  times,
regardless of the angle of inclination of the track or any off-center loading of the
container.

Typical containers or modules  are constructed of stainless steel and have  tightly sealing
doors and removable shelves.  The containers can be made to special designs but
are limited to  standard overall dimensions in order that they fit the transporter.
Containers weigh up to 170 pounds and have a payload capacity of about 220 pounds
and volume capacity of approximately 16 cubic feet.

The operation  of the Cyberail  system is completely automated with the  exception of
the actual loading and unloading of the modules.  The  system can contain a large
number of stations, each of which is equipped with a control panel for  summoning
or dispatching transporters.  Sterilized containers can be summoned from  the
container wash and storage area.  An empty transporter can be summoned for the
purpose of removing a module  awaiting pickup from a particular station.  Trans-
porters, with or without modules, can be dispatched from any station to any other
station in the system.

A module is shown, in  the accompanying photograph, emerging from a  vertical shaft
of the system.   The control panel is shown at the right.  This container has been
dispatched from the supply area to this particular station.  The transporter has
carried the container horizontally, through the service tunnel on a lower floor,
and upward in the vertical shaft.  When the transporter reaches the programmed
destination, the sliding doors to the shaftway at the receiving station are
automatically  opened.  The module is then ejected by the transporter and the
doors automatically close immediately behind the module.  The module is
automatically  moved along one of the walls,  in order to free the shaft access

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VOL.  Ill	,
CHAP.  II                                                                       M"30
doors and provide space for both additional modules to be received, as well as room
for dispatching others.  The modules are equipped with large casters and can be
easily rolled by hand  from or to the control station.

An accompanying photograph shows a  module held by the transporter, which is on a
portion of the  horizontal trackage of the system.  It should be noted that the vertical
track differs from the  horizontal  track in that a rack gear is mounted on the base of
the track to give positive drive in vertical movement.

The Cyberail system operates on  the loop principle and hence can provide a clean
side and a soiled side for transport. Although originally visualized as a system for
handling clean materials from supply areas to nursing stations and removing soiled
reusable items from those stations,  its  adaptation for handling disposable wastes is
also possible.   The initial cost of this  system is high and therefore should not be
thought of as primarily for waste handling .

The system is designed with a container wash and storage area to keep a supply of
sanitized containers available to all users.  When a container is no longer needed
by a user, it is sent to this area, inspected to ensure that no material has been left
aboard, and then automatically processed through a washer/dryer prior to storage
in a clean holding area. Transporters can be dispatched from the various stations
to pick up a sterilized container.

It is not possible to estimate the  cost of a system accurately unless complete plans
are available and an extensive study made.  However, the manufacturers estimated
net costs of an  installation  for a  400 bed hospital at about $1,600,000, considering
savings of items replaced by the  Cyberail system, such as conventional cart systems,
building space  etc.  It was estimated that the "payback" would require about nine
years.

Other cost indicators  were  provided, based on the probable requirements of g
hypothetical 1,000 bed  hospital. Preliminary estimates indicated that 42 trans-
porters at $15,000 each and 300 containers at an approximate cost of $800 each
would be required, or about $870,000 for accessory equipment alone, excluding
the cost of track, shaftways and  tunnels,  control stations, etc.

An outstanding feature of Castle Automated Systems'  approach in determining
requirements of a proposed  installation is the detailed study which must be under-

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                                                   a. Typical  System Station
                                   b. Schematic of Typical Cyberail Installation
                                   c. Container Module Suspended from Transporter
                                                                FIGURE 11-9
CYBERAIL - CASTLE AUTOMATED SYSTEMS
PAGE 11-31

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                                                                 CVPMM. WTAUJTWH - MWTIIIC
                    A Schematic Diagram of a Cyberail System

    Shown above is a schematic diagram of a typical service tunnel system
    with vertical shaftways for routing Cyberail trackage and modules.
    Tunnels  large enough for two transporters to pass each other should be
    10' wide and 7'-6" high.  Vertical  shafts require a space 5' x 5'  for
    each track or about IT x 5" for a dual operation.

    Standard modules are 40" L x 25" W x 49" H.  The module and trans-
    porter combined will be 5'-0" W x 6'-6" H.  These modules are con-
    structed of stainless steel, weigh up to 170 pounds and have a carrying
    capacity of about 16 cubic feet or 220 pounds.

    Loaded transporters travel about 200 feet per minute on horizontal
    track and 100 fpm in the vertical  shafts. Speeds on horizontal and
    vertical curves are somewhat lower.
                                                                   FIGURE (1-10
CYBERAIL - CASTLE AUTOMATED SYSTEMS
PAGEII-35

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP.  II                                                                      11-33
taken before any recommendations can be made.  The total operation of the existing or
planned hospital is studied in depth, such as the number of daily moves, types and sizes
of loads, distances to be traveled and many other factors being used in the compu-
tations.  These figures are used in a computer simulation  to determine the feasibility
of the contemplated Cyberail installation. It is by this means that the potential
customer can be properly guided in his judgment before contracting for such a system.
Castle Automated Systems will undertake such a study for a predetermined fee, which
will be credited to the client against the total cost of the installation if the system is
acquired.

Installations of Cyberail are planned for or being  installed in several hospitals.  These
include the University of Connecticut Hospital  at Farmington, Connecticut,  the
Hospital  of the Good  Samaritan, Los Angeles, California, three Veterans Adminis-
tration Hospitals located in Atlanta, Georgia,  Washington, D.C.  and Woods,
Wisconsin.
Conveyor, Pneumatic:

This conveying method, employing tubes in which air, under either positive or
negative pressure, is used to move carriers, objects or bulk materials.  The form in
which this type of conveyor is best known is the pneumatic tube system used to
transport documents and small  objects within buildings and institutions, such as
hospitals.  This small  pneumatic tube system is still  effectively used in hospitals
but its size and limited capacity removes it from consideration in  this study.

Application of pneumatic conveying for movement of loose or bulk materials is
common in industry today.  These, as well as specialized  systems, have considerable
merit for the handling of wastes.  Several systems developed for the movement of
waste materials have been investigated during the course of this study.  Each,
having certain variations in tKeir application, are discussed separately herein.

                     ("AVAC" - Aerojet General  Corporation)

A pneumatic transport system, originally developed in Sweden under the trade name
"AB Centralsug", is now produced and marketed by Aerojet-General  Corporation

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VOL.  Ill
CHAP. 11
under the trade name "AVAC" - Automated Vacuum Collection Systems,, An operating
pilot plant, shown in the accompanying photograph, was built at the Aerojet-General
plant at El Monte, California, for demonstration purposes.

The AVAC system is  described by the manufacturer as a horizontal system of pipes with
an exhauster at one end and air inlets at the end of each branch line.  When the system
is in operation, a vacuum is developed at  the inlet of the exhauster and a high velocity
air stream is drawn through the transport pipes from the air inlets, one at a  time.
Throughout the system, vertical gravity chutes are provided and connected  to the
horizontal pipe system.  Material, for example trash or soiled linen, is collected
in the vertical chutes and then dropped into the moving  air stream, one chute at a
time.  The air stream carries the material to a collection hopper, leaves the material
in the hopper, continues on to the exhauster, and then discharges to the atmosphere.
Air moves in the system  at the rate of 80 feet per second or about 60 miles per hour.

Construction materials and sizing of the tube system can, of course, vary if special
requirements of a particular project so dictate.  However, a typical system utilizes
the following materials:

    20-inch diameter pipe of carbon steel, coated and wrapped when used underground;
    A pipe wall thickness of 3/16-inch for all buried lines and for trash lines above-
      ground;
    A pipe wall thickness of 1/8-inch for soiled linen  lines, air exhaust pipes above-
      ground and material storage sections;
    Aluminized steel vertical chutes of 14-gage; and
    Epoxy-lined soiled linen transport pipes.

The manufacturer feirther states that the pipe now being used is spirally wound,
carbon steel, weighing about forty pounds per foot. Insulation consisting of
1/64-inch lead sheeting and 1-inch thick  fiber glass are used.  Cathodic protection
is recommended for pipe subject to corrosive soil conditions.

Actuation of the AVAC system is automatically controlled from a central panel.
A timer may be employed to initiate operation. Upon initiation, the exhauster is
started and simultaneously the inlet air valve nearest the exhauster opens.  After

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              AVAC Pilot Plant - Aerojet-General Corporation

       A general view of the demonstration installation of the Automated
       Vacuum Collection System (AVAC) at the El Monte, California
       plant of Aerojet-General Corporation.  The receiving hopper and
       control panel  are shown on the right side of the platform.
                                                                  FIGURE 11-11
AVAC - AEROJET-GENERAL CORPORATION
PAGE 11-35

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VOL.  Ill		
CHAP. II                                                                     H-36
air flow has been established,  the discharge valves in the particular branch are
sequenced individually.  Sequencing of inlet air valves and vertical discharge valves
on the remaining branches is performed automatically,  each valve in the system
operating for a fixed time interval.  Automatic,  non-scheduled operation of discharge
valves can  be incorporated into system controls to handle demand situations.

At the completion of the sequence,  all valves are closed and  the exhauster shuts
down. Between cycles of the system, a collection hopper is automatically emptied,
discharging into storage hoppers or specific items of equipment for ultimate disposal
or processing.

Either single tube systems may  be employed for separate cycling of soiled linens and
disposable wastes, or dual tube systems may provide for complete separation in the
movement of these materials.  A schematic diagram as prepared by the manufacturer
and included herein? shows a typical dual tube system installation in a multistory
building.

It should be noted that the AVAC system has capability to move material in any
direction, under air power, after material is discharged from chute storage into the
airstream.  Initial vertical movement is limited to a downward direction from  conven-
tional gravity chutes.  The manufacturer claims and demonstrates in the  pilot  plant
that material can be lifted about 30 feet vertically.

The system  is not continuous in its operation.  It  must be actuated either by push
button or placed under a tirae-cycle control  or on a demand basis through limit-
switch controls at storage points.  This intermittent operation  has some operating
cost advantage but also necessitates some attention by operating personnel.  Since
the operation of the system is not continuous, some storage space of materials
awaiting horizontal transport is required.  This storage  space is provided solely by
the lower extremities of the vertical gravity chutes.  Although the AB Centralsug
system is in operation  in some hospitals in  Sweden, the adequacy of this storage
concept has not yet been proven by any operating installations in the United  States.
However, in theory, with adequate limit controls within the chute storage areas,
this method appears to be feasible.

The manufacturer states that an AVAC installation is contemplated at Walt Disney
World, the 27,000 acre entertainment resort now being built near Orlando, Florida.

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                                        - SECONDARY AIR INLETS
                                                           ^VERTICAL GRAVITY CHUTES
                                                            WITH MULTIPLE CHARGING STATIONS
                                                                                        SOILED LINEN
                                                                                        COLLECTION  HOPPER
                                       Schematic  Diagram  of an  AVAC  System
Shown above is a simplified diagrammatic sketch of a typical dual system for transporting solid waste and soiled linen.  Directly above in the sketch is
the air inlet, a screened opening.  In a system with branches, butterfly valves are provided downstream of the air inlet to ensure that only one branch
operates at any given time.

Proceeding to the right of the air inlet, the sketch portrays two vertical gravity chutes - one  for solid waste and the other for soiled linen - with
charging stations on each floor of the structure.  At the bottom of the chutes, material storage sections and pneumatic cylinder-operated slide-type
discharge valves are incorporated.

In multistory buildings, bypasses normally will be provided around the valves to allow a constant air flow ond to maintain a slight negative pressure
in the vertical chutes.  This is maintained by a small exhaust blower.  As indicated,  secondary inlets are provided at the  top of the chutes on the
exterior of the structure.  This arrangement continually removes air carrying dust, odors, or contaminants from the vertical gravity chutes.  When
the system includes a series of vertical chutes in one branch, the discharge valves will operate in sequence; the first valve to open will be the one
closest to the exhauster.  To the right of the gravity chutes (the next branch downstream) is a typical floor-mounted charging station.  Such  units
can be provided in the  garden for cuttings,  in the kitchen for cans,  boxes, bags, wrappings and other waste; or in any area in which there might be
                  provided in te g
            a rapid accumulation of waste.
                                                                                                                                        their
            A high velocity air stream carries the materials from the material storage sections and discharge valves through the material transport pipes to thei
            respective collection hoppers in the laundry service area, and in the equipment room or service building. The air continues through the collectio
            hoppets leaving the material load in the hopper.  A grating or screen is provided in the hopper to protect the exhauster by preventing coarse
            materials  from being carried further downstream.  Provisions are generally made for automatic removal of trash from the solid waste collection
            hopper to such processing equipment as shredders, balers, compactors, incinerators or other equipment used for trash disposal.  From the soiled
            linen collection hopper, automatic removal  is generally provided to a truck loading  facility, or to  transfer equipment for removal to appropriate
            stations in the laundry.

            The air then flows through air exhaust pipes  and manifold valves to an air-cleaning device (identified in the sketch as an air filter).  The extent
            of filtration i: determined by specific customer requirements.   A wide range of filters is available,  from throw-away types of nominal  capability
            to bag filters, electrostatic filters, or absolute filters.

            Finally, the air discharges through the exhauster, which is o  heavy duty blower.  The capacity of the exhauster is determined by the  length of
            the  runs,  the materials to be carried, piping configuration, and other design parameters.

            The sketch indicates a sound attenuator at the exhaust end of the line on the exterior of the  equipment room or service building.  Requirements
            for noise reduction devices will vary dependent upon the distance of the exhaust from occupied buildings and the nature of the occupancy.
            Noise reduction can be accomplished by enlarged exhaust outlet ducts, insulation, baffled chambers, or mufflers.
                                                                                                                                 FIGURE  11-12
AVAC -  AEROJET-GENERAL  CORPORATION
                                                                                                                         PAGE 11-37

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CHAP. II
The system, as presently anticipated, would have 7,500 feet of pipe.  The longest
single run would be about 4,500 feet.  The exhausters would be powered by 1-100
horsepower and 1-200 horsepower motors. The cost of the installed system is esti-
mated to be more than $600,000.


                   ("Air-Flyte" - Eastern Cyclone Industries, Inc.)

Eastern  Cyclone Industries, Inc. designs, manufactures arad installs negative pressure
air conveying systems called  "Air-Flyte1'.  Originally designed for linen handling
in laundries, especially those providing diaper service, it has been adapted for
installation in a large number of hospitals.  In some institutions, it is being used
for both soiled linen and trash handling.

E.C.I.  Air-Flyte uses negative air pressure to move linen or bagged wastes to
points of processing or disposal through a tube or piping system from depository
stations, strategically located within buildings or a building complex.  The most
common system employs a single tube, usually between 12 and 20 inches in
diameter.  Automatic switching devices make it possible to divert linens or
trash to the proper destination.  Single tube systems can be equipped with either
one or two-door depository stations,  although both in the latter case are connected
to the same single tube.   Systems can also be installed in which separate tubes
are provided for linen and trash. The operations of single or two-door systems
and single or dual tube systems are controlled by push button.

The operation of an Air-Flyte pneumatic conveying system at Altq Bates Commu-
nity Hospital at Berkeley, California, was inspected in mid-1969.  This hospital
was established in 1905 and has recently undergone extensive expansion and now
has a capacity of 245 beds.   A description of the pneumatic conveyor recently
installed in a five story addition to this  plant follows.

The pneumatic conveyor installation  consists  of a single tube system,  equipped
with seven receiving stations.  Each  station  is served  by a single outer door and
has two control buttons, one  to actuate  the relays and switches which control
the routing of waste or trash, and the other to select the routing of soiled linen
or trash to the proper destination in the  basement.  The receiving stations are

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VOL.  Ill       	
CHAP.  II                                                                     fK39
located inside of small trash and utility rooms, where access is limited to authorized
personnel.  The manufacturer recommends a two-door system inasmuch as it provides
a method for obviously channeling soiled linens and trash to the appropriate desti-
nations. However, in this installation at Alta Bates, in an effort to economize,
the hospital chose to  install a single-door system.

Each receiving station consists of a built-in housing with an outer access door
flush with the wall.   An inner door, which is air-operated, provides the closure
between the receiving station and the main air tube of the system. The outer door
can be opened only when the inner door is closed and thus no air from the system
is expelled  into the building nor can inside air be drawn into the system.

All wastes and soiled linens are bagged on the patient floors in either paper or
plastic bags, depending  upon the types of materials. These bagged materials are
put into the conveying system by hospital personnel  as demands require.   Bagging
is considered essential to prevent heavy objects from falling out of the airstream.
Since the system operates on negative pressure, the  materials introduced into the
tube are pulled through the system rather than pushed.  Materials moving in the
system are considered to be carried in suspension at  approximately 80 feet per
second or 60 miles per hour.

When a bag of trash is to be introduced into the system, the outer door is opened,
the bag is placed inside  the receiving station, the outer door is closed, and the
trash button pushed.  By means of an electronic memory and a series of actuating
relays,  the  inner door is automatically opened and the bag  is drawn into the air
tube.  The electronic controls will also actuate switching mechanisms within the
Air-Flyte system which will direct trash and soiled linen to the proper destination
when properly instructed.

From the foregoing description of the single door system, it is obvious that a
"people factor" is involved in the operation of the system and that it will be a
more critical factor in this system as opposed to one having separate doors for
trash and linen.  The use of a two-door system does  not eliminate the possi-
bility of incorrect dispatching,  but it does make some initial  thought and
decision necessary to accomplish the operation.  When  a second door is  used,
it could be equipped  with a foot lock, a second latch or a key on the trash

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VOL.  Ill
CHAP.  II
door to help insure proper operation.

The system is engineered to dispatch but one bag from one receiving station to a
selected  destination at any given time.  The memory system, like the type used
for elevator control, will  record demands from a number of stations and actuate
the inner doors of the various receivers throughout the system in a time sequence
corresponding to the order in which the demands were placed.  When one delivery
is completed, the next in  the demand sequence will  be commenced and subsequently
completed before a following cycle will begin.  In this particular installation, the
longest run of air tube is 300 feet and the maximum  cycle of operation for the
movement of one bag  requires only eight seconds.

Necessary fire control devices can be incorporated in the Air-Flyte system.   Fire
dampers, which are accordion-pleated devices that  drop vertically across the
airstream, are controlled by fusible links and can be installed in accordance
with prevailing codes.  Likewise, sprinkler systems can be installed to comply
with local regulations.

In the Alta Bates installation, an 18-inch air inlet,  the exhaust stack,  and fan
(exhauster) room are  located on the roof.  The exhauster is in constant operation
but a damper controls the  system so that until a receiving station door is actuated,
no air is  moving in the conveyor tubes.  When a receiving station button is pushed,
the damper is actuated and permits air at about 9,500 cfm to enter the system.
When the transport operation is completed, the air from the exhauster is bypassed
to the atmosphere.  The main conveyor tubes are 16 inches in diameter.

The plant of Eastern Cyclone Industries, Inc. was visited at Fairfield, New Jersey,
where sheet metal fabricating work is done.  The cylindrical tubes are usually
fabricated in 8-foot lengths and are subsequently assembled on the job site.
Bends are made to a square cross sectional  configuration, thus providing a smooth,
flat surface for the curved walls of a 45°,  90° or other bends.  The tubes are
insulated with one inch, 1 1/2 pound density fiberglass material  to deaden
air noise inside the tubes.

In addition to systems now operating in about fifteen commercial laundries in ten
states and one province of Canada, many hospitals have acquired Air^Flyte

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a.  Inner Door Discharges Load to
         Pneumatic Chute
b.  Discharge from Soiled Linen Hopper
              to Hamper
         c.  Schematic Diagram of Air-Flyte Pneumatic Conveyor System
                                 in a Hospital
                                                                FIGURE 11-13
AIR-FLYTE  - EASTERN CYCLONE INDUSTRIES
                        PAGE 11-41

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VOL- "I
CHAP. 1 1
installations.  By mid-1969, there were nine operating installations in hospitals across
the country and about twenty new hospital installations either on order or being
installed.

Some advantages  of pneumatic tube conveyors for handling of solid wastes include:

    1.  Travel can be horizontal or inclined, upward or downward in the same
        system.

    2.  Space for intermediate storage of soiled linen and trash has been minimized.
        Waste deposits can be made by  nurses, aides, maids or other personnel as
        materials are brought to the depository station.

    3.  An automatic and  almost instant method of linen and trash transport to
        proper storage or processing points is provided.

    4.  The systems are completely closed, use outside air and are self-cleaning.
        Contamination risks are greatly reduced as compared with gravity chutes.
        With the  latter, unless under induced negative pressure,  air is expelled
        from the chute door each time it is opened or used.

    5.  Fire hazard is reduced because on-floor intermediate storage of accumulations
        of trash and soiled linen is eliminated.  Air tubes cannot clog and can be
        automatically sealed off.  No materials are  stored in  the tubes in the case
        of the Air-Flyte system.

                          ("Airveyor" - Fuller Company)

Several additional manufacturers of pneumatic conveyors produce bulk material
handling systems for industrial applications.  The various pneumatic conveying
systems made by the Fuller Company, under the general trade name  "Airveyor", are
representative of available bulk material handling equipment,, Airveyor systems may
use positive displacement blowers to create a vacuum, provide positive air flow in
pipelines, or a combination of vacuum and pressure. Although commonly associated
with the chemical and food processing industry, this type of transport has many
applications. Installations can be designed to meet  specific  requirements and to

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VOL.  Ill    	
CHAP. II                                                                    H_43
fit into existing structures.  A wide range of bulk materials can be handled by this type
of pneumatic conveyor.  Pneumatic conveying systems of this type may be designed to
load or unload, store, weigh, batch or blend.  As previously discussed, pneumatic
handling of wastes has the advantages of rapid, confined and controllable flows of
materials.  Pipeline transport minimizes environmental contamination and generally
insanitary conditions associated with moving solid  wastes.  Space and maintenance
requirements are less with pipelines than with many other forms of transport.
Conveyor, Roller:

There are two principal types of roller conveyors, gravity roller conveyors which roll
freely,  and live roller conveyors which have power applied to the rollers.  The
selection of type depends upon materials to be moved, accumulation requirements,
gradients and other factors.

The gravity roller conveyor, as its name indicates,  relies upon gravity to move
materials from point to point. Materials must be containerized in some manner or be
sufficiently massive to move readily from roller to roller for, obviously, loose materials
cannot be moved effectively on a roller conveyor.  This type of conveyor consists of a
pair of side frame members, between which free-running rollers are suspended. The
length and width of these conveyors are determined by specific application require-
ments, although many regular sizes are available from stock.  Roller conveyors can
be of steel or aluminum.  Rollers are available from less than one inch to three inches
and in lengths from one to four feet. Roller shafts are fitted with ball  bearing races.

The live roller conveyor can be powered by an endless belt, by a continuous chain,
or by a  series of progressive chains.  Curved sections  are sometimes powered by
V-belts.  The belt driven form of roller conveyor can best be described as an endless,
flat belt conveyor over which a frame,  holding a series of rollers, has been super-
imposed. The bottoms of the rollers are in contact with the top of the moving belt,
which,  in turn,  imparts reverse movement to the rollers.  The belt provides the motive
power and rollers function as carriers.  The continuous chain roller conveyor, as the
name implies, is powered by an endless chain which engages sprockets fixed onto one
end of each roller.  Progressive chain roller conveyors have two sprockets fixed at
the same end of each roller. Two small chains are used to engage the sprockets on
each pair of rollers, thus imparting motion progressively from one roller to the next.

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VOL.  HI
CHAP. 11
This type of drive is sometimes used on long conveyors and where heavy objects are to
be moved.

Live roller  conveyors are used primarily where accumulation is required or transfer to
or from converging lines is desired. They can also be used for short transfer mediums
from one type of conveyor to  another. They are more expensive than simple belt
conveyors and should not be used without the advice of conveyor specialists.
Conveyor,  Screw:

Screw conveyors move materials either horizontally, on an incline or vertically.  They
can be used to feed, distribute, collect or mix certain bulk materials.  Dry and moist
materials can be handled, but the design and operating speeds of the conveyor will
vary and qualified specialists should be consulted.

A typical screw conveyor can be described as a closed trough, usually "U11 shaped or
may be tubular, in which a longitudinal screw rotates to move materials from one end
of the trough to the other.  The configuration of the screw will vary with the character-
istics of the material to be handled.  The rotary motion of the screw is provided by a
motor driven assembly attached to the screw shaft at one end of the trough and can be
of several types.

Conveyors are available in standard diameters from 4 to 24 inches. Manufacturers
advise that virtually every application is unique in one respect or another. For that
reason,  they urge consultation with engineering specialists before selection of a  screw
conveyor of a particular size or capacity.  Typical capacities vary from about 1.5
cubic feet per minute for a 4" conveyor to about 350 cubic feet per minute for a 24"
conveyor with standard pitch screws. A wide range of materials can be handled  by
the  screw conveyor including such items as dry or wet ashes, 3" crushed bauxite,
1/2" crushed bones, coal cinders, corn meal, fly ash, pebble limestone, ground
oyster shells, paper pulp, phosphate rock, dry sawdust, granulated furnace slag,
wood chips and shavings.  Weights of materials handled vary from 5 to 200 pounds
per  cubic foot. Vertical conveyors,  called "Screw-lift11, are available, and  can
provide  practical lifts up to TOO feet. They can handle a wide variety of materials,
ranging  in density from 4 to 125 pounds per cubic foot.

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP. II                                                                   11-45
Conveyor, Slat:

Similar to a flat belt conveyor, this conveyor has two heavy, specially shaped chains
operating at the sides of a frame between which wooden or metal slats are suspended.

The slats may be wide or narrow, and the width of the conveyor frame will depend
upon  the sizes and shapes of loads to be carried.

This type of conveyor is used for objects which are too heavy or otherwise hard to
handle on belt, roller or other types of conveyors.
Conveyor, Sorting:

Conveyor systems utilizing special trackage carts and containers with the capability
of dumping or otherwise transferring  loads to other conveyors are identified for purposes
of this report as sorting conveyors.

                       ("Cartrac" - SI Handling Systems, Inc.)

Originally developed in  Sweden, where it is used for baggage handling at airports,
Cartrac is now being built by SI Handling Systems,  Inc. as U. S. licensee.  Although
warehousing and baggage handling were the first applications of the Cartrac system
in Sweden, manufacturing plants in France and England have also made installations
and the manufacturers are now considering adaptation of the system for hospital
installations in Sweden.   The name is an acronym to describe a cart moving on a
track.  At present, the system can transport loads at speeds of 500 feet per minute
and the makers anticipate ultimate speeds of up to 1,000 feet per minute.

A small demonstration loop of Cartrac was observed in operation at the 1969 National
Material Handling Show in Detroit.  Although limited, the exhibition indicates a
variety of applications for a high-speed transporter having some unusual characteristics.
As observed at the Detroit demonstration, the system consisted of a loop of track con-
structed on a metal framework about  18 inches high in a rectangular configuration.

The carts observed in operation on the demonstration trackage were square or

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VOL.  Ill
CHAP. II
rectangular, ranging in size up to about 2'-6" W x 3'-6" L.  The platforms were of ^
plastic or metal.  The carts were equipped with four wheels on vertical axles on their
underside, which rode against the sides of two retaining rails.  A drive wheel centered
on the underside of each cart is  in direct contact with, and rides on top of, a driving
tube located in the center of the space between  the retaining rails.  The drive wheel
assembly is capable of being rotated about a vertical axis by contact with  longitudinal
bars located at approaches  to turns or stopping points.

Motive power is supplied to the  drive wheel by the driving  tube. Driven by small
electric motors at both ends,  the tube rotates at very high speed.  The drive wheel,
covered with a rubber-like substance, is in constant contact with the driving tube.
The drive wheel  assembly has four roller bearing wheels on  vertical axes which are
clustered about the drive wheel  itself. As these rollers come in  contact with the
longitudinal control bars, they alter the position of the drive wheel with respect to
the driving tube.  The angle which  the drive wheel makes with the driving tube
governs the forward speed of the cart.  At 90 , the cart will remain stationary since
both tube and wheel are revolving on parallel axes at the same speed.  Full forward
speed of the cart is attained at 45°  with lower speeds resulting as the angle increases
toward 90°.  Carts can be made to retain  or change their orientation at corners,  as
may be required.  Retardation and acceleration guides are installed at corners, curves,
turns or stops, as may be desired.  Despite the high rate of travel, the acceleration
and deceleration are claimed to be  so smooth that food, including liquids, and fragile
loads can be safely transported.   The system can be semi or totally automated and
equipped with tilting devices for unloading at specified destinations.  The  manu-
facturers are now attempting to develop a  vertical lift system which can be coupled
with Cartrac to provide multistory service.

                       ("SS Sorter" - Speaker Sortation  Systems)

Another type of sorting conveyor is  made by Speaker Sortation Systems and is known
as the SS Sorter.  Resembling an endless belt, running in a  more-or-less circular
loop, the conveyor consists of a  series of platforms fastened together in an  articu-
lated manner. The platforms or trays can  be automatically  tilted at any desired
station or chute, thus allowing the carried load to be slid or dumped from  the
platform.  Loads can thus be transferred to other belts or  trays,  standard belt
conveyors or other means of transport, or into chutes or bins. The system is
semi-automated but requires operators at control  panels for  programming

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VOL.  Ill
CHAP. II
system activities and tray destinations.
Conveyor, Track, Overhead:

The overhead track conveyor is a slight variation of the overhead chain conveyor as
described earlier and has similar capabilities in transporting suspended containers or
loads.

                        ("Unibilt" - Jervis B. Webb Company)

The Unibilt overhead track conveyor, made by the Jervis B. Webb Company, consists
of an endless chain fitted with double and single wheel assemblies which are univer-
sally attached to each other.  The assemblies are assembled alternately in the chain
(i .e. a unit having two wheels on a horizontal axis is followed by a unit having one
wheel  on a vertical axis in a continuing sequence).  The entire chain moves inside
a tubular track having a square sectional shape. The double wheels ride on  the bottom
or against the top of the inside of the tube, depending  upon vertical gradients.  The
horizontal wheel is in contact with the side walls of  the track, guiding the chain
around horizontal curves.  The design of the chain and track permits the use of
compound curves for best alignment requirements.

The bottom of the track is slotted to permit hangers to be attached to and carried
from the roller assemblies.  The Unibilt conveyor can carry 75 pound loads from
each hanger, and the spacing of attachments from which boxes or other containers
are suspended is dependent upon the  length of each container. Many different
types of carriers such as baskets,  trays, boxes and special containers can be  used.
Conveyors of this type normally operate above the  heads of workers.  Where required
to run close to floor level, they can be fenced in.  Widths  and heights of tunnels or
passageways are limited only by the sizes of loads, plus desired clearances.
Conveyor, Tube:

The tube conveyor is an endless pipe within which pushers, connected by rod linkage,
are moved in an endless chain to push material inside the pipe from one  location to

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VOL.  Ill	.	—-
CHAP. II                                                                      "~48
others.

                      ("Tube-Flo" - Jervis B. Webb Company)

In the Tube-Flo conveyor manufactured by Jervis B. Webb Company, linkage rods
about six inches long with balls at both ends are connected with flight disc holders
forming a  universal  joint.  This enables the entire linkage train to negotiate curves
and grades in the tube.  The flight discs, which may be of metal or plastic, are placed
on the pusher linkage at eight inch centers. The flight discs are free to rotate 360  on
the linkage and are attached  through an off-center hole.  This allows the disc, or
pusher,  to turn on the linkage and thus move readily following the pipeline contour.

Material is fed into the tube from a hopper and fills the pipe in the spaces between
the flight  discs.  As the linkage moves forward the material is pushed through the
tube.  Discharge of the material is through one or more openings or spouts in the
bottom of  the pipe at desired  locations.

Tube conveyors can be carried underground, suspended,  on the floor or wall, indoors
or outside.  Nominal tube diameters are from four to twelve inches. Conveyor speeds
are from six to sixty feet per minute.  Capacities will naturally vary with types and
characteristics of the materials carried.  At speeds of 60 feet per minute, 2.85 cubic
feet of abrasive material can be moved per minute in a 4-inch  diameter tube.
Lubricating materials, in a 12-inch tube, moving at 60 feet per minute, will  have
a delivery capacity of 35.4 cubic feet per minute.  These estimated capacities are
based on 80% of free volume in the tube.

Tube conveyors will handle powders, crystals,  flakes, dusts, granules, lumps,
sludges, slurries,  and metal chips. They may be hot or cold,  wet or dry.  Such
diverse  materials as filter cake, lime, fly ash, coal, clay, scrap rubber, graphite,
plastics, sawdust, prepared mixes, ground  meat, salt, peanuts, detergents, brewing
wastes and chocolate can be readily moved.

Tube conveyors work vertically as well as horizontally and can have vertical  or
horizontal curves and bends incorporated in their design.  Being fully enclosed,
tube conveyors eliminate the possibility of inside materials or odors escaping and
the entrance of outside matter. They  can be made fully water and dust tight.

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VOL.  I
CHAP,
Conveyor, Tube, Belt:

With this method of handling, a belt conveyor runs through a tube when carrying
material and returns in an enclosed pan beneath the tube.  It is useable indoors or out,
reduces dusting, eliminates spillage of materials carried, and will  convey a variety
of materials.

                    ("Tube-Belt" - Con-Vey International, Inc.)

In the tube enclosed conveyor manufactured by Con-Vey International, Inc., the belts
are made about 67% wider than the diameter of the tube, thus  providing a trough
belt conforming  to the contour of the inside of the tube.  These conveyors are made
in six standard tube diameters: 6", 8", 10", 16", 20" and 30" using belts  10",  12",
16", 24", 32" and 48" wide, respectively.  The cylindrical shape of the conveyor
lends itself to proper structural  support.  It can be readily suspended or fastened to
walls.  The tubes themselves  are said to be self-supporting up to twenty foot  spans
dependent on loading.  Tubes are available in stainless or mild steel.

The manufacturer claims that most materials can be satisfactorily handled on  slopes
of as much as 30°.  Materials such as wood chips, sawdust, fertilizer, roofing
granules,  and sewage sludge  have been carried by this type of conveyor.

A low-pressure blower or compressor can be added to inject air under the belt to
provide an air-cushion for the belt to ride upon.  This is helpful where long systems
and heavy loads are involved.  Capacities of tube-belt conveyors vary from 8.75
cubic feet'in a 6" tube moving  at 100 feet per minute to 1,650 cubic feet in a
30" tube at 1,000 feet per minute.
Conveyor, Vertical, Continuous:

Continuous motion vertical conveyors are usually of the pendant tray type.
Carriers are suspended between two endless chains moving on gear-like wheels at
the top and bottom of a vertical  shaft.  These carriers are pivoted, and suspended
containers remain level during travel.  Carriers are. generally equipped with fingers
which  comb through load station fingers as the carriers move upward.  Loading takes
place on the upside and unloading on the downside and is automatic.  Carrier fingers
can be manually or mechanically hinged so as to bypass any desired station. Wheel

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VOL.  Ill	__.
CHAP.  II                                                                      "-50
conveyors of variable length are installed at separate loading and unloading stations
and may connect with various types of horizontal  conveyors in integrated material
handling systems.

A similar automated system has been adapted  for hospital installations by the Olson
Division of Unarco  Industries,  Inc.   This system handles coded containers 16" x 20"
x 10" high with loads up to 40 pounds, in shafts as small as 5 x 7 1/2 feet, and at
claimed rates as fast as  16 containers per minute, or hourly capacities of about
36,000 pounds. Fully automated injection and ejection of containers have been
accomplished in these handling systems, which also have the capability of exchange
of materials between stations served by different vertical conveyors.
Conveyor, Vertical, Reciprocating:

Reciprocating vertical  lifts such as elevators and dumbwaiters may also be designed
to handle special containers or carriers.  The dumbwaiter, as manufactured by
J. L. Baldwin Co., consists of a line of units capable of handling from 50 to 500
pounds.  Cars are available in sizes up to 36" x 36" x 48" high.  Power units may
be installed at either the top or bottom of the shaft.

Modern elevator controls are frequently employed with vertical conveyors of this
type and many are highly automated.  In  highly sophisticated installations,  self-
powered vehicles can summon cars,  command shaft doors to open and close and
direct destinations.

In very simple installations which permit  horizontal travel of loads in one direction
only, loads are injected from roller, wheel or belt conveyors onto the lift car, the
floor of which is a sloping wheel or roller conveyor.  The  load rolls onto the car
by gravity and when the car reaches its destination at another level, the load is
released to roll off the  lift onto another conveyor.

In general and except for lifts which reach only a few feet or from one floor to
another, these installations are customized. Shaft sizes are governed by the sizes
of the carts or containers to be moved.

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VOL.  Ill  	
CHAP, ii                                                                      rra
Conveyor, Wheel:

This type of conveyor consists of a series of small wheels, similar to skate wheels,
carried on horizontal axes suspended between two side frames.  The wheels revolve
freely on ball  bearings and loads move on them by gravity.  Wheel spacing and
wheel axle centers will be governed by the sizes, shapes and types of loads to be
carried.  Wheels are usually made of steel, aluminum or nylon  and can be arranged
in a variety of patterns.  Common diameters are about two inches with a  5/8" face
width.  Standard conveyor frame widths are 1211, 18" and 24". Wheel axle centers
are 1 1/2",  3" and 4". Wheel patterns may vary from 6 to 28 wheels per foot of
conveyor.  Frames are available in  5 and 10 foot standard lengths in the  regular
widths. Both 45° and 90° curves are also available. One manufacturer  makes
an automatic pressure conveyor of the wheel type which employs a narrow, endless
belt located in the center between the frames and between two sets of axles and
wheels.  It is used to provide some live, accumulating action to a largely gravity
wheel conveyor.
 Dolly, Fiber glass, Castered:

 These dollies are molded of colored fiber glass. They come in nine stock sizes,
 ranging from 17-7/8" x 10-5/8" to 42-1/2" x 20" and can be had with four swivel
 casters or two swivel and two rigid wheels. Wheel diameters are three and four
 inches.

 Standard fiber glass tote pans in sizes from  16" to 39" long, 10" to 19" wide, and
 5" to 14" deep will fit on various sizes.  The pans are constructed to nest but covers
 are also available  so that pans can be stacked.
 Hoist, Container,  Rear-Loading:

 This heavy duty hoist system is designed to handle large, special-purpose containers,
 including tanks and bins.  It is not to be confused with a mobile packer hoist, with
 which it has no connection. Container hoists are capable of lifting, transporting
 and dumping or depositing containers having capacities as large as 15 cubic yards.
 The equipment can be handled by one man on a truck.  This equipment is largely
 used in  industry for handling many types of materials,  including loose and compacted

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VOL.  Ill	—_
CHAP. 11                                                                      "~52
wastes.

The "Dempster Dumpster" by Dempster Brothers and the "Load Lugger" by The Heil Co.
have many features which are similar although the actual hoisting systems differ. The
Dempster hoist is hydraulic and somewhat resembles a forklift mechanism.  The  Heil
hoist is also hydraulic but utilizes a lift, swing and set operation which is affected
by a pair of heavy arms which are pivoted at the bottom of the hoist, at chassis level.
Both types of hoists are mounted on medium sized  truck chassis of relatively short wheel
base.  They are  capable of lifting, transporting, depositing or dumping large, special
type containers of a wide variety of styles.  Containers having capacities as high as
15 cubic yards can be handled.
Hoist, Tiltframe, Container,  Packer:

A tiltframe. hoist is designed for attachment to a large truck chassis for the purpose of
pulling a large container or body onto the chassis and allowing it to slide off at a
desired location. They are used for loading, transporting and unloading  the large,
closed containers used with stationary packers and also for open-top containers used
to haul loose and uncompacted wastes to points of processing  or disposal.  In its
simplest form, the tiltframe hoist is a heavy  frame which is attached by a hinge
at the rear of the main structural members of a truck chassis.  The point of attachment
will be about one fifth of the length of the tiltframe from the end which overhangs
the chassis.   A hydraulic, ram-type lifting device is attached to the chassis and is
capable of raising (tilting toward the rear) and lowering the frame and  its load.  A
cable and winch are used to pull the container onto the tilted frame and  to restrain
it when being unloaded.  Hydraulic stabilizing jacks are optional equipment available
with most tiltframe hoists.  Exclusive of the  truck chassis,  list prices of tiltframes
range from about $5,000 to $7,000.
Packer, Mobile:

The three principol types of mobile packers, front, rear or side-loaders, are iden-
tified by the method  used to empty wastes from containers into the body.  Capacities
nominally range from about ten to thirty cubic yards.

The front-loader mobile packer is used for handling large containers rather than as a

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP. 11                                                                       11-53
receiver of loads from hand-emptied cans, as in residential service.  The expansion of
the use of large  containers for the accumulation of industrial commercial refuse has
increased  the use and popularity of the front-end loader. In addition, the loading and
dumping of containers with a front-end loader is somewhat simpler and requires less
maneuvering than some loaders of other types. It is possible for one  man to load, dump
and replace a  container.  The front-loader packer can be used with container systems
for handling such as those used with apartment-size stationary packers and  refuse trains.
The front-loader packer has an hydraulically operated lifting mechanism usually con-
sisting of a pair  of fork arms which can be engaged with the container.  The fork arms
can be moved  forward and backward as well  as vertically for engagement of the con-
tainer. Since the container to be picked up is in front of the truck, the driver Jnas a
view of the operation.  Some loaders are equipped with a series of mirrors which enable
the operator to observe the dumping of the container into the packer - an operation which
takes place behind the cab.  The lifting operation moves the container, suspended between
and held by the  fork arms, up and over the cab.  The opening into the packer is on top
of the body, immediately behind the cab. The hopper cover on the packer body is auto-
matically opened and closed for the dumping cycle.  After dumping, the container is
replaced on the  ground and the lifting fork arms are withdrawn.

The front-loader mobile packer receives its loads of loose waste at the front (topside)
and packing action is toward the rear of the  body.   It is accomplished by a series of
compacting movements of a hydraulically operated blade operating inside the body.
After a load of loose material is dumped into the hopper of the body, the hydraulic
ram is actuated to compact the material  and  then withdrawn so that succeeding loads
may be packed to the rear of the container body.   The packer body is equipped with
a power o'perated tailgate which is opened for rear dumping at a disposal or processing
site.  Dumping is accomplished by the packing blade pushing the entire load out of the
body through the open tailgate.
                                                                           e
The rear-loader  is perhaps the most widely used of mobile packers in residential waste
collection, where cans of refuse are manually dumped into a packer hopper.   Some models
of this type are or can be equipped with hoist mechanisms for handling and dumping  the
contents of large containers into the packer  hopper or body.  One manufacturer (Leach
Company, Oshkosh,  Wisconsin)  features a combined packer and carrier plate  having an "L"
shaped cross section.  As it moves forward, the bottom section pushes the loose waste upward

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VOL.  Ill	_	
CHAP. II                                                                    H"54
while the upper portion pushes it toward the front of the body.  At the same time,  the
pushout plate moves toward the rear of the body producing a compressive action, which
is claimed by the manufacturer to create a compaction density of up to 1,000 pounds
per cubic yard on dry household refuse.

A rear-loading packer body is generally emptied by raising the entire rear hopper and
loading mechanism while the pushout blade forces the compacted load out of the rear
of the body.  These packers are made in a  range of sizes from about sixteen  to twenty-
five cubic yards. A thirty-one cubic yard semi-trailer type is also available.  It has
its own self-contained power supply system for full.operation.

Side-loading packers are produced  in models generally ranging from 13 to 28 cubic
yard capacities.  Loading is accomplished  through an opening on the side, near the
front of the body.  Cans may be manually emptied into this opening which, when not
in use, is covered by a sliding  door.  Some models are equipped with a container
hoist which lifts special containers  up the side of the packer body and empties the
contents into the body just behind the cab0 The side-loading packer body is emptied
by raising the rear tailgate while the compaction blade is used to evacuate the
compacted load from the body.
Packer, Trailer:

Dempster Brothers, Inc. make and market a very large compaction trailer, which is
a complete packer and container mounted on a semi-trailer.  These  packers can be
used in place of a stationary packer and/or a transfer trailer at a  transfer station.
Two sizes are available - 65 and 75 cubic yards.  The trailer, with  its compaction
unit, is 39 feet long, 8 feet wide and from 12 to 13 feet high, depending upon the
model.  The hoppers of the two models will hold 16 and 19 cubic  yards respectively.
Gross weight of the vehicles is about  13  tons. The hopper opening is in the top of
the box and  is 100" x 88" in size.  Materials can be dumped from other trucks or
packers or chuted into the hopper of the  trailer. Packing  action is from front to
rear.  An 85,000 pound thrust is claimed.  At the disposal site, the rear tailgate
of the trailer is opened and  the load is pushed out through the rear.

Val-Jac Manufacturing Co., Inc. and others make small, towable packers.  These
trailer compaction units may be rear or side-loaders and are useable around building

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP. II                                                                     IP55"
complexes.  They are manually loaded and are commonly rated at 10 cubic yards.
The manufacturer claims compaction to 600 pounds per cubic yard for the Pak-Rat-Pup,
a self-powered packer on a trailer.
Scooter, Collection,  Trash:

Cushman Motors markets a small three wheeled refuse collection vehicle.  Behind the
driver's cab is a tiltable, open body with a capacity of about 1 1/4 cubic yard.  The
body is tilted toward the rear by a hydraulically operated ram-type mechanism.  Ease
of operation and excellent maneuverability are prime sales points made by the manu-
facturers.  The vehicle has a 72" wheel base, maximum overall length of 129", and
a turning radius of 15 feet.  The vehicle is useful around grounds and as a small
capacity satellite for larger collection vehicles.
 Tractor, Electric, Driverless, Self-powered:

 The driverless tractor systems have some features and capabilities similar to the self-
 powered driverless electric carts previously discussed.  The driverless tractor, although
 primarily designed for driverless operation, may also accommodate a driver for movements
 remote  from the guidance towpath, which is normally used to control the vehicle when
 unattended.

                          ("Prontow" - Jervis B. Webb Co.)

 The Prontow driverless tractor manufactured by Jervis B. Webb Company has three
 optional guidance systems - magnetic, optical or radio controlled.  Magnetic
 guidance is accomplished by means of a low-frequency excited guide wire placed
 in a shallow groove cut in the floor.  Right and left hand sensing coils on the tractor
 detect the magnetic  field generated by the wire and pivot with the steerable wheel.
 A signal level detector permits operation only when signal strength is sufficient for
 guidance.  The traction motor will  not operate without sufficient signal strength.

 In optical guidance, the towpath is a line contrasting in color to the floor.  The
 line can be either painted or laid down in the form of pressure-sensitive tape.  Light-

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VOL.  Ill	.	
CHAP. II                                                                      n~56
sensing elements on the tractor distinguish the difference between the color of the floor
and the contrasting color of the paint or tape. The information provided by the light-
sensing elements is evaluated for level difference and steering signals sent in much the
same way as in magnetic guidance.  A safety condition is recognized for both all dark
or all light surfaces, such as the end of a tape or a white newspaper over the tape.
When such a condition occurs, the tractor immediately stops and remains stopped
until put back in operation by a human operator.

Guidance by radio control allows movement of the tractor to be continually controlled
by an operator in a remote location.  A compact, transistorized radio transmitter with
rechargeable batteries is provided for the operator.  The tractor will move forward,
steer right or left, as long as the transmitter is operating and will  brake to a stop
when  transmission stops.

Systems can be either very simple or complex and can include block signals and  pre-
determined patterns of movement, including switching.  Several models of this tractor
are available.  They vary in maximum drawbar pull from 750 pounds to 2,500 pounds.
Overall dimensions of these tractors vary but they are as large as 86" long x 42" wide.
The manufacturer claims the tractor will operate in four foot aisles but required space
will be governed by the widths of carts and loads being towed.  They will operate in
seven feet of headroom.  Weights with batteries will vary  from 2,700 to 3,900 pounds.
Trailer, Transfer:

Unlike packer trailers, which have packers integrally built on them, the compacting
of wastes into the transfer trailer is accomplished at a transfer station by a fixed packer
installed there.  Wastes are hauled to the transfer station by mobile packers or other
collection vehicles.  Their loads are dumped into the hopper of the fixed packer which
compacts the materials into the large transfer trailer body.  When the body is full, it
is hauled by a tractor to a disposal or processing site. A hydraulically operated
ejector plate pushes the waste materials out of the rear of the transfer trailer, which
is equipped with a full-opening tailgate.  The trailers are available in 65 and 75 cubic
yard capacities and are about 39 feet long, 8 feet wide and have a maximum height of
about 13 feet.

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP. II                                                                     11-57
A transfer trailer which empties from the side has recently been introduced. When
hydraulically tilted, the entire hinged side opens, thus allowing the contents to slide
out sideways without the need for a hydraulic or mechanical ejection plate.
Train, Container:

The container train manufactured by LoDal, Inc. consists of a series of castered
containers equipped with coupling devices which enable them to be  towed by a
tractor or other small vehicle.  The containers, of one cubic yard capacity, can be
spotted throughout a building complex for receiving waste materials. They can be
periodically hauled in a train to a central point where they can be emptied of their
contents.  The containers are equipped with special lifting channels which match
the front-loader mobile packers made by the same manufacturer.  Other and larger
containers can also be fitted with tow hitches which would enable them to be
coupled into a train of containers or carts.

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VOL.  Ill      RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT	
CHAP. Ill      STORAGE METHODS AND EQUIPMENT                   Page No.
                  Bag, Laundry, Soluble                                  111-4
                  Bag, Paper, Disposable                                 III-4
                  Bag, Plastic, Disposable                                UI-4
                  Barrel                                                 III-5
                  Box, Tote                                             III-5
                  Cart, Hand-pushed                                     III-6
                  Cart, Packer, Stationary                                111-6
                  Cart, Refuse, Tiltable, Plastic                           111-7
                  Cart, Side-Loader, Packer, Mobile                      111-7
                  Container, Packer, Mobile                              II1-7
                  Container, Open-top, Roll-off                          111-9
                  Container, Rear-Loading                                111-10
                  Container, Receiving, Packer,  Stationary                 111-10
                  Hopper, Feeder, Vacuum                                111-11
                  Hopper, Self-dumping                                  111-11
                  Hopper, Vibrating                                      111-12
                  Hopper, Weighing, Air-operated                         111-12
                  Washer, Can                                          111-13

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VOL.  Ill      RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT	
CHAP. Ill      STORAGE METHODS AND EQUIPMENT                        Ill-l
Storage of wastes for purposes of this report has been previously defined as the
interim  containment of accumulated materials in either loose, compacted or
other processed form prior to  subsequent handling,  processing or disposal.

Storage as related to solid wastes further includes required facilities for the
containment of both reusable materials (such as soiled linens) and disposable
wastes.  However,  this section  of the study is primarily concerned with the
problems associated with disposables.  Characteristics of these materials
subject to storage may range  from loose, mixed or segregated wastes
(including rubbish, food  wastes, sharps, pathological, and non-combustible
materials) to various types of processed wastes (including shredded, baled,
compacted and pulped materials).

Containment of loose wastes may be accomplished with various types of acces-
sories for dry storage, such as bags, wastebaskets,  barrels, bins, etc.  in either
its bulk state as collected or  after undergoing certain dry processes such as
shredding, pulverizing, which  achieve a substantial degree in volume
reduction and produce a  homogeneous  end product.

Other methods of volume reduction may be accomplished with various types
of compaction devices, such  as packers and balers.  These dry compaction
processes may handle both loose bulk wastes or shredded or pulverized wastes.
Conventional containment of these materials is by compaction in special bins,
containers and in some cases  standard cans and paper bags.  In the case of
some balers, the compacted wastes are merely strapped for open storage.

Certain reduction processes involving both grinding or shredding and
compression, together with the  addition of a small  amount of moisture,
produce a moist homogeneous compacted waste in an extruded form.
Storage accessories for this end product are similar to those for loose wastes,
although the volume requirements are considerably reduced.

The  pulping process, in which loose or bagged dry wastes are greatly reduced
in particle size by grinding and shearing action in the presence of water,
produces a slurried  wet waste.  The liquid slurry can either be transported
through pipelines for further treatment or passed through a dewatering

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VOL.   Ill	.	.
CHAP.  Ill                                                                    m~2
press.  In the latter case, the end product is a damp,  uncompressed sludge of
high moisture content and high density.  Storage requirements may be limited
to barrels or special containers where larger volumes are involved.

Storage and handling are inextricably related.  The wastebasket, the simplest
form of a storage unit, must be emptied,  usually into a larger receptacle, which,
in turn, is another storage unit.  The emptying process and the movement of
both the wastebasket and the larger receptacle are elements of the handling
process.  The large waste receptacle is moved,  usually on a manually pushed
cart to a terminal point on  the floor.  If, when the cart reaches this destination,
the accumulated and presumably bagged waste was deposited in a chute or
other handling device, no further interim storage space need have been
provided on the floor for waste accumulations.  What  is perhaps more important,
one entire handling operation would have been eliminated.

The foregoing is not against the provision of necessary storage areas.  It is in
favor of reducing the tendency in institutions to use storage areas for the
avoidance of work by some and creating work by leaving items for others to
rehandle.  It favors the elimination of any unrequired  operations, especially
the most expensive of all, manual tasks.  Storage areas are highly essential
but they should be planned in conjunction with the actual  requirements of
the handling system, for both functions are inseparable.

Waste storage facilities must incjude the various types of temporary  storage
receptacles, such as bags, baskets,  barrels,  packer containers and bins, etc.,
but also the properly planned storage areas,  rooms or spaces in which the
equipment will be used and handled.  These  areas must be  carefully located
within individual rooms, departments, utility stations and on the ground floor
or basement service levels as well.  If stationary packers are to be used,
ample horizontal and vertical clearance must be provided to permit  the movement
of loading equipment.  Provision must be made for adequate cleaning and
sterilizing of the waste storage areas, as well as equipment and receptacles.

It is recognized that despite the need for the reduction of the numbers of
storage points, adequate spaces must be provided within the Unit, Inter-Unit
and Inter-Building systems.  No amount of desire will  eliminate the necessity

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP. Ill                                                                    IM-3
for properly planned, well laid out and adequately sized storage areas within the
total solid waste system.

In planning  storage areas, the volumes and compositions of the generated wastes
must be known or estimated with reasonable accuracy. The total  handling concept
must be determined as well as methods of processing and disposal before the number,
sizes and locations of the storage areas and the required equipment can be determined,
 Review of Storage Methods and Equipment:

 The review of methods and equipment as contained herein covers the limited
 specialized components available for the storage of wastes,  as well as numerous
 accessories employed for this function.

 For purposes of this report, these equipment classifications were established by
 definitions, as appear in Appendix  "C".  A product list, Appendix "D", was
 also prepared  providing the alphabetical listing  of the equipment classification,
 together with  a partial listing of the respective manufacturers and trade names.

 The following narrative review of equipment covers selected categories of equipment
 and accessories, with general discussions on their application in the waste system.

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP. Ill                                                                    IIM
Bag, Laundry, Soluble:

Although developed primarily for control of the spread of infection and contamination
in the handling and reprocessing of soiled linens in hospitals, these bags may have
other applications.  They are made of polyvinyl alcohol  film and are readily soluble
in 140° water.  Initial deterioration begins even in cold water.  The bags are made
in four sizes - from  17" x 22" for diapers to 34" x 44" for large hamper liners.  The
standard bag is 26" x 36".  Known as  "room size", it will hold 25 pounds of linen.
The manufacturer claims satisfactory chute drop tests as high as ten stories.  Prices
of the bags listed above  are: diaper size 14$, room size 23$, and the large hamper
size 34$.
Bag, Paper, Disposable:

Paper bags are made in various combinations of sizes and resistance to moisture.
Two of the standard sizes are 20 gallons and 30 gallons.  Standard type bags are
used for moist and dry refuse;  leak resistant bags are coated with a polyethylene
moisture barrier on the inner ply and are used in dietary areas, lunchrooms,  near
vending machine loactions, etc. The bags claimed by the manufacturer to be leak-
proof are made of two plys of high wet strength paper with the inner ply polyethylene
coated, as in the leak resistant bag, but with a special leak-proof bottom closure.
Some makes are treated with bacteriostatic chemicals to resist and retard the growth
of bacteria and germs. Prices range between $12 and $20  per hundred, depending
upon capacity and degree of resistance to  leaks.  Various types of holders have been
developed by manufacturers for use with bag storage systems, including open tubular
stands, wall mounted frames and enclosed  cabinet style models.   Prices of these
accessory holders will generally range from $10 to $35 per unit depending on type,
size and features.
Bag, Plastic, Disposable:

Bags are commonly made of polyethylene but some of them are combinations of polyeth-
ylene and buta diene rubber,  of varying thicknesses, usually 0.00125" gauge, and
colors.  Capacities will vary from 3 1/2 to 55 gallons.  Bags of this type are commonly

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VOL.  Ill      	
CHAP. Ill     ~                                                              fills"
used as liners for waste cans.  The larger sizes are made of heavier gauge material.
Prices may range from  $19.50 to $190.00 per thousand, depending upon capacity
and the thickness of the bag material.
Barrel:

Utility barrels are produced in aluminum, fiber, plastic, and steel, ranging in capac-
ity from about 20 to 65 gallons.

Aluminum barrels are made in sizes from 33  to 50 gallons and weigh between 12 and
15 pounds.  Fiber barrels are made in sizes from 18" x 30" to 24" x 48", with or without
casters and can be had with tops.  These units are constructed of heavy case-hardened
fiber, riveted at seams and reinforced with corrosion resistant steel rims, bottoms and
hand holes, if any.  Shapes, other than cylindrical, such as half-round, rectangular,
round corner, etc.  are available.  Plastic barrels are available  from several manu-
facturers in sizes from 20 to 65 gallons, with or without handles, in colors for coding
purposes, and in a variety of gauges.  Dome or other special styles of tops are
available. These units are generally made of polyethylene or copolymer plastic.
Prices vary with quality  but range between $11 and $18 each for the 32 gallon size.

The steel barrel or drum, although heavier than barrels of other  materials, has advan-
tages of great durability. These units are available with open heads and covers.
 Box,  Tote:

 Tote boxes are produced in aluminum, fiber, fiberglass, plastic and steel.  Aluminum
 tote boxes, although usually associated with conveying systems, are also used for
 temporary storage of small quantities of waste materials or articles to be reprocessed.
 They  are available  in common sizes: 34" x 17" x 12"; 21" x 18" x 7" and 21" x 16"
 x 5".  Fiber and  fiber glass  tote boxes are made of heavy,  hardened fiber and edged
 with metal, and are made in a variety of sizes. They are available in stacking or
 nesting shapes.  Plastic tote boxes are available in a multiplicity of shapes and sizes,
 with flat, square or rolled flanges in a variety of colors and standard lengths to 24",
 widths to  18"  and depths to  14".

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VOL.  Ill	'•'•_
CHAP. III                                                                    n|-6
Steel  tote boxes of limited styles and sizes are available for heavy duty applications
where lighter weight boxes previously described are not suitable.
Cart, Hand-pushed:

Carts are utilized in both storage and handling functions but have been included in
this chapter on storage for purposes of this report.

Many styles are available from the simple two-wheeled hand-truck for moving barrels
to special purpose designs. Units are often manufactured with steel or aluminum
frames and special  purpose bodies are produced in aluminum,  fiber glass, fiber and
stainless steel.  Hamper-type carts of various sizes are also available with or without
casters or bottom drain assemblies.  Fiber glass carts or trucks are of the hamper or
tub styles. Molded in one piece, of fiber glass reinforced polyester, they have
smooth and seamless surfaces.  They are non-rusting and are easily cleaned.  The
lined styles have no bacteria or dirt-harboring cracks or crevices.  Unlined carts
range in sizes from 36" x 26" x 27" deep to 60" x 39" x 32" deep.  Carts with
liners are sized from 36" x 24" x 26" deep to 39" x 28" x 30" deep.  The bodies
of fiber carts are made of  .080" to .090" thick vulcanized  fiber. The sides, corners
and bottoms are reinforced with specially shaped steel bands which also act as
bumpers.  Bottoms are of hardwood. Although generally of the open-top,  hamper
style, many other designs are available.  Generally, the carts have fixed wheels
but are available with casters.  Steel carts are available in more styles and designs
than in any other material.  Combinations of steel plate, strips,  angles or wire are
among the standard models.  They can also be had in closed sides and top varieties.


Cart, Packer,  Stationary:

A heavy-duty, steel box used with a special dumping device attached to a large
stationary packer.  This cart is castered and is drawn or pushed by some type of
towing unit and can be coupled to similar carts and made into a train.  Its capacity
is four cubic yards.

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VOL.  Il
CHAP. Il
Cart, Refuse, Tiltable,  Plastic:

The hand-pushed tilting carts are very durable and have many applications.  Equipped
with two rubber-tired wheels and a rear caster, they can be readily pushed,  even
though capable of carrying heavy loads.  They are molded of seamless, chemically-
strengthened plastic and reinforced with square tubular steel outside framing. Hinged
lids are optional.  The manufacturer  claims that these units may be cleaned with
chemical solvents or steam.   Designed to carry from one half to one cubic yard of
material, either dry or wet, they are said to be capable of handling loadings of from
800 to 1800 pounds.   Overall dimensions range up to 65" L x 35" W x 42" H.
Weights of the tilt trucks vary from 130 to 168 pounds.  The half cubic yard model
is priced at $135 and the largest one cubic yard model, 1800 pounds,  is priced at
$200.
Cart, Side-Loader, Packer, Mobile:

This is a small, aluminum,  open-top cart designed for use with a special side-loader,
mobile packer.  It will hold 5/8 cubic yard.  Equipped with two pneumatic-tired
wheels and a caster, it can be easily hand pushed.  Empty, the cart weighs 75 pounds.
Container, Packer, Mobile:

Containers used with mobile packers vary in sizes, shapes and styles depending upon
the type'of packer they are to be used with, the manner of dumping, and the manu-
facturer.  The three general classifications of mobile packers, front-loader, rear-
loader, and side-loader require containers  of differing characteristics and these are
identified by the same descriptive nomenclature. Containers having from one to six
yard capacities are in general use.   Some special, industrial  styles are somewhat
shallow pan-shaped and may  hold up to  12  or 15 cubic yards.  The mobile packers
which  handle and dump these containers are equipped with special hoists and their
several methods of use are described in detail below.

This class of container is made by many  different .manufacturers and used with a

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VOL.   Ill	.	
CHAP.  Ill                                                                    M|-8
variety of front-loading packers.  The descriptions and comments that follow are
general in nature and represent a somewhat composite  picture of available equipment.
Generally, rectangular in shape and holding from one to eight or, in some cases,  ten
cubic yards, these containers are intended for the temporary storage of loose wastes.
They may be chute-loaded under certain conditions but are usually filled by hand  or
from hand-pushed carts.  They are commonly placed on the ground and left in such a
position that packers may be easily maneuvered into position for the pickup of the
container by the trucks' loading mechanism. They are used extensively as parts of
store, shopping center,  apartment and institutional waste collecting systems.  The
pickup and emptying operations are  handled by municipal  or private hauling
contractors' crews.  After emptying  into the mobile packer, the container is  replaced
on the ground for reuse.

Containers are equipped with hinged covers to prevent deposited refuse from  being
scattered by the wind.  Some covers are spring-loaded. The smaller sizes of
containers are usually castered to allow for hand-pushing.  This is especially so
where they are  for use inside buildings where headroom and/or other clearances
will not allow trucks to  reach the usual locations of the containers.  Where loading
docks are available, the larger sizes of containers are  feasible. They can be placed
on the ground and loading from hand-pushed carts can  be accomplished from the
dock level.

The designs of loading lugs and container shapes vary with  the different manufacturers.
In general, the lifting mechanism is  a forked arrangement and requires matching slots
or holders on the sides of the containers.

Front-loader packers, and hence the containers  used with  them, have the advantage
of requiring less handling labor since the truck driver has a much better view of the
container to be lifted than he does with rear-loader packers.  Front-loaders can be
operated by a driver and helper and, in emergencies, by the driver alone.  Rear-
loaders require a minimum of two men and commonly three  make up a crew.

Prices of these containers will vary,  depending upon design, weight and  corre-
sponding delivery costs.  However, they will generally be  found in the following
range:  1 CY @ $150, 2 CY @ $195,  3 CY @ $245, 4 CY @ $275, 5 CY @ $320,
6 CY @ $345, and 8 CY @ $415.

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VOL.  Ill
CHAP. 111
There are fewer rear-loaders which are designed to handle containers than there are
front loaders and hence there are a limited number of sizes and styles of rear-loading
packer containers available.  Shapes vary from generally rectangular, with sloping
fronts for smaller containers, to large, somewhat shallow, pan-styles on the 10-15 yard
sizes.  Like the front-loader containers, these are equipped with hinged tops, some
being spring-loaded.  The smaller sizes are usually caster-mounted.

The side-loading packer container serves in much  the same manner as does the front-
loader container. Two general styles are common.  One has a flat top  while the other
is slightly peaked.   Both are equipped with lids.   Sizes range from 1  1/2 to 4 cubic
yard capacities.   Containers are castered and the manufacturer claims  ease of
handling and spotting.  Weights of empty containers range from about 300  to 600
pounds.
 Container, Open-top, Roll-off:

 Built of heavy steel, substantially reinforced, these containers are designed for the
 mechanical dumping of loose wastes and very large, generally non-compactible
 objects.   They are frequently used in connection with self-dumping hoppers handled
 by forklifts.

 Capacities of these containers range from six to forty or more  cubic yards.  Overall
 widths are about eight feet.  Heights vary from three to eight feet.  Lengths run
 between 17 to 21 feet.

 These big boxes are handled onto and off truck chassis by tiltframe hoists of various
 designs.   Dumping the contents of the container is accomplished by raising the box
 and  opening  its  rear doors.

 Prices on the largest size are not available but $400 for the 10 yard size and $700
 for the 20 yard container will provide some basis for estimates.

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VOL.  Ill
CHAP. Ill
Container, Rear-Loading:

These containers differ greatly from those used with mobile packers and are not to be
confused with them. These units are large, special-purpose containers, frequently
used in industry.  Open-topped, tank type and other styles of closed containers are
available. They are equipped with special lifting ears or lugs and can be handled
only by the special  hoists (described in Chapter II, under the heading: Hoist, Container,
Rear-Loading.) The rear-loading container is lifted by the special  hoist, which is
usually mounted on  a short-wheel base heavy duty truck chassis.  It can then be trans-
ported and subsequently deposited or dumped at a disposal site.  Containers are gener-
ally of two basic types - tilt and skip, or bottom dump. In addition to styles already
mentioned, hopper, sludge and pallet styles are available.  Although, as previously
mentioned, these containers are used in industry for hauling bulk materials,  they
have applications for moving wastes around building complexes and can be chute or
mechanically loaded.
Container, Receiving, Packer, Stationary:

Unlike containers used with mobile packers, of which there are a variety of shapes,
those used with stationary packers are more uniform in general configuration.  These
containers, generally box-like in appearance,  usually have an opening in the lower
half of one end of the box to  allow the packer ram to operate inside the container
during the compaction cycle.  This loading end is also hinged as a tailgate to permit
it to swing fully open for the  dumping of refuse from the container at the point of
disposal.  The container is equipped with a pair of cables which are used to retain
the compacted load during transport to the disposal  area.

The stationary packer is equipped with a ratchet locking  device used to secure the
container to the packer during the filling and compacting operations.  When the
container is full, the ram  has been entirely withdrawn and the retaining cables
or tubes and the tarpaulin are in place, the full container is winched onto a tilt-
frame hoist and can be carted away.   The  full  container is replaced by an empty
one, which is strapped or  locked to the packer and the entire unit is again ready
for operation.  The  sides and  top of the container are tapered slightly to facilitate

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VOL.  Ill
CHAP. Ill
refuse slideout when dumping.  The following data will provide indicators on the
price range of the various sizes of containers available.

             Capacity                 Length                Approx.  Price

              27 CY                   16 feet                  $3,000
              30 CY                   18 feet                   3,100
              37 CY                   20 feet                   3,400
              42 CY                   22 feet                   3,500
Hopper,  Feeder, Vacuum:

These air-operated devices can be incorporated in pneumatic conveying systems and
are designed for transferring materials from bulk bins, or shipping containers, into
processing machinery or from one process to another.  Units are positioned over
equipment to be charged, such as mixers,  blenders or reactors.  Materials are drawn
into the hopper feeder under vacuum produced by a jet-air venturi suction valve.
The complete system is under negative pressure.

The manufacturer claims feed rates to 1000 pounds per hour and, under some
conditions,  handling of ground or shredded materials having densities up to 300 pounds
per cubic foot.  Hopper sizes are small, varying from 1/4 cubic foot to four cubic
feet. Material pickup hoses are 1 1/2 inches in diameter. Overall dimensions of
the feeder are about those of a three foot chute.
Hopper,  Self-dumping:

Built on structural steel  bases, these open-top hoppers are designed with a latching
lever which holds the hopper in an upright position during filling and transport
cycles.  Constructed with a hinge pin at the bottom, near the front, the weight of
the contained materials will tilt the hopper forward when the latching lever is
pulled into the  unlocked position.  The balance of the weight of the empty hopper
is such that it will return to its upright position after dumping.  The latch will

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP. Ill                                                                   IIM2
automatically relock the hopper into its upright, filling position.

The self-dumping hopper can be chute, hand or mechanically fed.  Due to its weight,
it is normally handled by forklift equipment.  These hoppers are available in capac-
ities from 3/8 to 4 cubic yards, varying in size up to 74" L x  83"  W x 59" H, and
weigh from 440 to 1,480 pounds each.  They are optionally available with casters.
Approximate price ranges of the various sizes are as follows: 3/8 CY @ $127,
1/2 CY @ $132,  3/4 CY @ $145,  1 CY @ $152, 2  CY @ $221, 3 CY @ $349..
and 4 CY @ $391.
Hopper, Vibrating:

Vibrating  hoppers are designed to assure a constant flow of stored materials during
processing.  They do so through the operation of vibratory motors which are integral
parts of the hoppers. The manufacturer claims that these hoppers have proved
successful  against various common storage problems including (1) "classification"
i.e. when upon filling the storage bin, the aggregate and fines tend to separate
with the larger particles falling to the outside of the bin, (2) "selectivity" i.e.
when the design of the bin causes it to discharge the center portion of the material
first and the outside walls last.  This is also referred to  as coring or rat-holing, and
(3)  "bridging" i.e. when a flowable material is rendered unflowable by one of
five common causes (adhesion to walls or cohesion of particles, irregular  particle
structure-interlocking, set factor,  static pressures and dynamic pressures).  This
type of live bottom hopper is designed to provide a steady,  continuous, control-
lable flow of materials from storage,  on demand.  Vibrating hoppers are available
in light or heavy duty models and with capacities varying from 25 to 100  tons
per hour.
Hopper, Weighing, Air-operated:

This is a device, incorporating a scale, used in conjunction with the feeder hopper
just described.  It does not change the capacities or rates of handling of the hopper
but allows automatic weighing and discharge of batches of dry bulk materials.  The
weighing and discharge cycles can be made automatic or be manually controlled.

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP. Ill                                                                   111-13
Washer, Can:

Two basic types of waste can washers are available.  One is a device to wash cans or
other large containers after the contents have been emptied completely.  The second
type combines a can washer with a heavy duty food grinder or disposal unit.  The
better grades of this equipment are made with cabinet enclosures to limit the splashing
of water and food wastes and to permit the cleaning of both interior and exterior of
cans in one  operation.  Cans up to 40 gallon capacities can be handled by the cabinet
models.  Other styles will handle cans up to 25" in diameter or square containers
whose diagonal dimensions do  not exceed 25".  Prices of open style can washers range
from $235 to $550, the cabinet models at about $600, and the combination food
disposer-can washers range from $940 to $1,390.

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VOL.  Ill     RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
CHAP. TV     PROCESSING METHODS AND EQUIPMENT                 Page No.
                  Baler, Bag-type                                        IV-4
                  Baler, Carousel-type                                   IV-4
                  Baler, Continuous                                      IV-7
                  Baler, Portable                                        IV-8
                  Baler, Stationary                                      IV-8
                  Blender                                               IV-13
                  Chipper, Brush                                        IV-13
                  Collector, Dust, Bag-type                              IV-13
                  Collector, Dust, Centrifugal                             IV-14
                  Collector, Dust, Cyclone                               IV-14
                  Crusher                                               IV-14
                  Crusher, Bottle and Can                                IV-15
                  Crusher, Delumper                                     IV-16
                  Crusher, Syringe                                       IV-16
                  Digester,  Continuous                                   IV-16
                  Extruder,  Refuse                                       IV-16
                  Grinder, Dry                                          1V-17
                  Grinder, Wet                                          IV-22
                  Hammermills                                           IV-24
                  Hogger                                               IV-25
                  Mixer                                                IV-26
                  Packer, Roll-off                                       IV-28
                  Packer, Stationary                                     IV-28
                  Pulley, Magnetic                                      IV-29
                  Pulper                                                IV-30
                  Pulverizer                                             IV-32
                  Pulverizer, Paper                                      IV-35
                  Separator, Cyclone                                    IV-35
                  Separator,  Magnetic                                    IV-36
                  Shredder                                              IV-36
                  Sieve, Dewatering                                     IV-37
                  Sterilizer,  Sludge                                      IV-37

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VOL. Ill     RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT	
CHAP. IV     PROCESSING METHODS AND EQUIPMENT              Page No.
                            LIST OF FIGURES

      IV-1   Loewy-Kompex Carousel - Loewy Machinery Supplies Conine. IV-6
      IV-2   Compackager Corporation                                IV-11
      IV-3   Compackager Corporation                                IV-12
      IV-4   Mil-Pac Systems, Inc.                                  IV-19
      IV-5   Mil-Pac Systems, Inc.                                  IV-20
      IV-6   Mini-Mill - Eidal International Corp.                      IV-23
      IV-7   Ecology Industries,  Inc.                                 IV-27
      IV-8   Somat System - Somat Corporation                        IV-31
      IV-9   The Black Clawson Company                              IV-33
      1V-10  The Black Clawson Company                              IV-34

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VOL.  Ill      RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT	
CHAP. IV      PROCESSING  METHODS AND EQUIPMENT                     IV-1
During the course of this study,  it became increasingly evident that some form of
preparation of solid wastes prior to planned disposal is desirable, and under certain
conditions is essential.  Present  practices in disposal operations will  not  suffice for
the changing composition of solid  wastes.  The need for some preparation of general
solid wastes prior to attempted disposal by sanitary landfill or other methods deserves
extensive and continuing investigation.  Such processes as grinding or shredding
permit more material to occupy a given space than is  the case with present methods
of disposal of raw untreated wastes.  In addition,  the decomposition  of waste
materials is hastened by particle size reduction.

Dry grinding of solid wastes prior to  incineration or deposit in landfills deserves
consideration but alternative methods of disposal should be studied.  Reduction by
wet grinding or pulping and the  creation of a readily  transportable slurry constitutes
another method which deserves in-depth investigation.  A variation of this method
involves dewatering of the pulped wastes into a moist sludge for easier handling
with less bulk. Although these methods may be considered as means  of disposal by
the user,  they are only processes or preparation of the material for subsequent
handling and ultimate disposal.

Processing, as related to this study,  includes some operations which are highly
interrelated with  handling, storage and disposal functions.  The criteria  used for
identification of processing functions is based upon physical change of the  loose
raw materials.  Waste processing is considered as those preparation functions, such
as bagging or encapsulating of disposables and reusables, as well as treatments to
disposables involving volume reduction through changes in size and shape,  uniformity
or consistency.  The degree of volume reduction and corresponding increase in density
varies with the method or combination of methods  employed and the composition of
the material input.  Typical processes or combinations of these processes which
precede ultimate disposal may include:

    Bagging                     Shredding                 Pulverizing
    Encapsulating                Chipping                  Dewatering
    Compaction                  Grinding                  Baling
    Crushing                    Pulping                    Extrusion

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP. IV                                                                     IV'2
Probably the simplest form of processing of solid wastes is packaging.  This includes
the manual separation of certain wastes and depositing the material in bags or special
containers for interim storage until the container is injected into some type of handling
system.  By  bagging, packaging or other encapsulating processes,  conditions of the
wastes have been changed from loose to contained for greater ease in handling, as
well as improvement in sanitation.

Methods or devices which reduce the bulk of solid wastes by  compression include such
items as balers,  crushers and packers.  Drastic changes in size, shape and consistency
by homogenizing mixed waste materials is another variation in reduction processes
employed to facilitate handling, further processing or ultimate disposal. Such equip-
ment as grinders, shredders, pulverizers, and pulpers may accomplish this initial
reduction.  Further positive reduction may be accomplished by such devices as
pelletizers and extruders or dewatering presses in the case of pulped wastes.

Various combinations of equipment components  for processing solid wastes are being
researched by manufacturers in  efforts to develop satisfactory processing or disposal
systems.   One such combination of components  is a pulper having a dewatering press
and  junk remover as connected  processes for reduction of solid waste to a moist sludge
form for subsequent disposal in  landfills or incineration.  Another manufacturer
combines a grinder of the hammemnill  type with an extruding  device which reduces
solid wastes to highly compressed, moist briquettes.  Still another processing system
is one which combines a blow hog and a cyclone to combine  pneumatic transport
of raw and treated materials with a  reduction process.  The end product is a finely
shredded, dry material prepared for incineration or other means of disposal.

The  review of equipment as contained herein covers the broad field of specialized
equipment and accessories for processing solid wastes as well  as certain equipment
used in industrial processes that may be adaptable  to use in waste processing  systems.

Classification of this equipment involved reconciling the wide variations of names
and  terms used by manufacturers in the processing industries as well as in solid waste
management.  For purposes of this report, classifications of equipment where
considered questionable were established by definition as appear in Appendix "E",
A product list, Appendix "F",  was also prepared providing an alphabetical listing
of the equipment classifications, together with  a partial  listing of the respective

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP.IV                                                                    IV-3
manufacturers and trade names.

The intent of Appendix "E" is to identify by definition all  equipment components which
might be unknown to the reader or where some degree of confusion would be created if
the items were not defined.  The product list includes all equipment classifications as
defined, as well as other equipment items and  accessories where names are self-
explanatory.

The following narrative review of equipment covers selected categories of processing
equipment with descriptions of the mechanical and operational characteristics and
discussions on particular application  (or possible application) in solid waste systems.

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VOL.  Ill	.	
CHAP. IV                                                                   IV-4
Baler,  Bag-type:

These machines are sometimes called packers by manufacturers but are classified here
as balers because they compact waste materials into bags or cans.  These units require
manual attention when sufficient loose material has been compacted to the limit of
the machine's capacity, usually about four cubic  feet, compressed.  Several variations
of this  type of equipment are available; however the "Gator" as manufactured by
Compaction Equipment Company, Inc. has been selected for discussion of operating
principles.

                 ("Gator" - Compaction Equipment Company, Inc.)

The general design of this unit is a horizontal compaction cylinder and ram,  the latter
acting  against a bulkhead.  Wastes may be hand or chute fed into a hopper mounted
above the compacting mechanism. The ram is actuated by either optical or sonic
control instruments, the latter being preferable.

When the capacity of the baler has been reached, an operator opens the bulkhead
door and secures a  large paper bag over the end of the compaction cylinder.  By
operating the ram, the slug of compacted wastes is forced into the bag, the ram
withdrawn, filled bag removed and sealed and the bulkhead door closed and locked.
The baler is then ready for another filling cycle.  Alarm systems can be installed to
alert an attendant when needed for the removal of the compressed wastes. Filled
bags will vary in weight between 55 and 100 pounds, with a compaction ratio of
five to one, according to the manufacturer's claims.  The manufacturer also  claims
this baler operates with a 70 p.s.i. pressure on a  15" diameter ram face and has
a packing rate of about one cubic yard per minute.  The  Gator machine is about
10 feet long,  2 feet wide and 2 feet high. The list price of this packer is about
$3,000.
Baler,  Carousel-type:

The carousel balers are equipped with a circular platform holding suspended bags.
Rotation of the platform beneath a receiving hopper aligns bags to be filled either
by manual methods or chute.  Process may be completely automated except for

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VOL.  Ill    	
CHAP. IV                                                                    fvl5~
removal and replacement of bags.

       ("Loewy-Kompex Machine" - Loewy Machinery Supplies Company, Inc.)

A carousel-type baler, developed in Sweden, is now being made and marketed in this
country by  Loewy Machinery  Supplies Co. under the name of Loewy-Kompex Machine.

This baler or rotary-type compacting machine features a revolving platform, or carousel,
upon which bags can be supported inside retainers and held in open positions. Waste
materials can be chute-fed to the baler. As wastes pass optical or sonic controls, and
are dropped into an open and unfilled bag, a vertical ram is  actuated to compress the
materials into  the bag.  The metal  retainer,  outside the bag, acts as a restraining bulk-
head and prevents the bag from being ruptured by the compaction pressure.  The ram is
pneumatically operated,  a feature claimed by the manufacturer to reduce servicing
problems and costs.

When an individual bag is filled to its compacted capacity of about four cubic feet,
an automatic indexing mechanism moves the carousel one position which places an
empty bag  under the ram.  An alarm  system will alert an attendant so that filled
bags can be sealed and removed from the carousel and be replaced with empty ones.
Machines having room for thirty bags are said to be obtainable.

Assuming a compaction ratio of four to one,  a ten-bag machine should have the total
capacity to handle about six cubic yards of loose wastes before manual attention
would be needed. By the manufacturer's claims of a higher ratio of compaction
perhaps this figure might reach  seven cubic yards.  Space  required for the ten
bag machine is equivalent to  about a nine foot cube.

                      ("Pak-Trell" - Research-Cottrell,  Inc.)

Another carousel-type baler is made by  Research-Cottrell, Inc. under the trade name
Pak-Trell.  This is a hydraulically operated baler having a receiving  hopper for chute-
fed refuse, two rams (one horizontal and the other vertical), and a carousel-type device
for holding filled and empty cans.  Bags may be substituted for standard size refuse  cans.
Two sizes of carousels are available, one capable of handling four cans and a larger
one for six  cans.

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     The Ten-Position Loewy-Kompex Carousel or Rotary Type Compacting Machine
                                                            FIGURE IV-1
LOEWY-KOMPEX CAROUSEL - LOEWY MACHINERY SUPPLIES CO.,INC. PAGE IV--6

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VOL.   Ill	
CHAP.  IV                                                                     IV-7
The horizontal ram pushes loose material from the hopper into a half cylinder beneath
the vertical ram.  This is done  in two strokes.  After the second stroke, the ram
remains in  its forward position and forms the wall of the other half of the cylinder
under the vertical ram. A hydraulically operated horizontal gate forms the bottom of
the vertical cylinder and is closed before wastes are pushed into the vertical cylinder
before the  horizontal  ram  is actuated.

After waste materials have been pushed into the  cylinder, and while it is being held
in place, the vertical ram  descends and compresses the material against the closed
horizontal  bottom gate.  Successive  loadings by  the horizontal ram and compaction
by the vertical ram build up a cylindrical slug of wastes 15" in diameter and about
15" high.  According to the manufacturer, when this occurs the two rams remain in
their extended positions to hold the materials under compaction for an adjustable
period of time in order to  form  the slug of compacted refuse and give the material
time to set.  Following  this prescribed setting time, the bottom gate is opened, the
vertical  ram extended downward and the slug of compressed wastes is ejected into
one of the  cans on the carousel.

The manufacturer claims a  compaction ratio of five to one and a compacted density
of about 25 pounds per cubic foot.   It is further claimed that either cans or paper
bags can be used interchangeably.   The manufacturer states that installation is
easy and the unit is readily adaptable to existing chutes and no special piping or
wiring is required.  A space about 8'-0" L x 3'-6" W x 7'-0" H will accommodate
this unit.
Baler, Continuous:

These balers are chute fed and operate horizontally.  They are automated except
for part of the tying of bales. Designed for industrial use in reclaiming waste
paper, chipboard and corrugated board, these units are most efficient when coupled
with a hogger which shreds the waste to relatively uniform condition.  The appli-
cation of this type of baler to the processing of general solid wastes cannot be
determined categorically.  Several factors, all interdependent,  must be considered
and among the most important of these are the quantities of waste to be handled  per
day and  the ability of a hogger to properly prepare it for baling. The method of

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VOL.   Ill	.		——
CHAP.  IV                                                                    IV~8
ultimate disposal of wastes must also be a determinant.

This class of baling equipment is capable of producing bales having densities ranging
roughly from 20 to 50 pounds per cubic foot, depending upon the composition of the
shredded material.  It is probable that, with proper preparation, shredded materials
might be reduced in baled bulk on ratios varying between five and ten to one.  Since
manual  attention is required for bale tying, the attendant labor  cost could be prohib-
itive unless very large quantities of materials were being handled.

Bale lengths can be regulated for automatic cutoff, commonly six feet or less.  Widths
and heights of bales vary from 24" x 2411 to 36" x 40". In order to provide some
technical data, the following information was taken from the catalog of one manu-
facturer,  Balemaster Division of East Chicago Machine Tool Corporation.  This
manufacturer lists 16 models of continuous balers. The smallest  unit, equipped with
a 10 HP motor, develops a total ram thrust of 35,000 pounds with a 50 p.s.i.  pressure
at ram face.  Overall dimensions  of this unit require a space of  16'L x 7'W  x 7'H.
The gross weight of this small unit is about 7,800 pounds.
Baler, Portable:

These horizontal balers are mounted on casters to permit towing or pushing from one
location to another or may be mounted on self-propelled vehicles.  They are hand-
fed and manually operated.  Designed for industrial,  commercial and institutional
application, they are capable of baling general wastes without special preparation.
They produce bales containing from  ten to fifteen cubic feet and weighing between
100 and 300 pounds, depending upon the composition of the baled materials.  These
balers are 10'L x 3'W x 3'H and have a gross weight of 1,650 pounds.


Baler, Stationary:

Stationary balers are commonly of the vertical type.  Materials may be fed manually,
by chute or by automated conveyors to receiving hoppers or compartments located at
the top of the baler.  Compaction is by a series oj compression strokes of the ram
mechanism, which is usually operated hydraulically.   Completed bales must be

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VOL.   Ill	
CHAP. IV                                                                   IV-9
contained or are tied with baling wire, by an attendant.  No extensive preparation
of materials is made prior to baling.

                            (Logemann Brothers Company)

Several styles and sizes of stationary balers are manufactured for industrial application
by a number of firms as listed in Appendix F. Among these manufacturers, Logemann
Brothers Company  lists 20 models of vertical  downstroke paper balers.  Some of the
technical  data, together with price ranges,  follow.

Floor area requirements vary  from 8 to 28 square feet and overall height clearances
from 8 to  16 feet.  Bale sizes range from 30" x  15" x 15" to 72" x 30" x 59" and
may weigh from 75 to 1,500 pounds.  Platen pressures vary between 2  1/2 to 35 tons.
Motors 2 to 10 horsepower may  be required.

List prices of balers range through $1,600-$3,500 for the smaller sizes and $2,100-
$11,000 for larger capacity machines.

                  (Apartment-type  Baler - Compackager Corporation)

A small stationary baler manufactured by Compackager Corporation was especially
designed for use in apartments and institutions having relatively small quantities of
wastes per day.  These machines will produce bales containing from about five to
eight cubic  feet of compressed materials.  Since the manufacturer claims a compaction
ratio of ten  to one on general wastes from apartment buildings, each bale might
contain the  equivalent of from two to three cubic yards of loose materials, when
fully compacted.  These Compackager balers are small stationary balers of the
vertical downstroke type.

The bales  must be  bound by an operator, using four wires. After securing the baling
wires, the bale is  enclosed in a large plastic bag, which is sealed to keep in any
odors and  to reduce arthropod and rodent attraction. Bales can be easily  handled
by one man  with a hand truck.

The balers may be  directly hand-loaded or chute-fed.  In the latter case, they can
be equipped with an alarm system which notifies an attendant when the machine has

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VOL.  Ill	—™
CHAP. IV                                                                   IV'10
reached its compacted capacity.  Automatic devices are installed so that the baler
will operate unattended from its empty to full conditions.

Manually fed models require about ten square feet of floor area with 8 feet of over-
head clearance. The semi-automatic, chute-fed models (see photograph) will need
about 50 square feet of floor area and 8 feet of overhead clearance.

                  (Hospital-type Baler - Compackager Corporation)

The Compackager Corporation has also developed a baler especially for use in
hospitals, garden apartments and  nursing homes where several small  units may be
preferable to a large, chute-fed installation.  Installations of this equipment were
inspected in institutions in Washington, D.C.

The baler is housed in an attractive cabinet which occupies about four square feet
of floor space and stands about seven feet high.  A bottom-hinged receiving door
is located in the center of the front of the machine.  Bagged or loose wastes can be
dumped into the receiver,  thus providing direct disposal of these materials and
eliminating rehandling in a utility room.  The operation of the ram actuating
mechanism  requires the use of two hands, providing adequate safety precautions.

The bottom  compartment of the baler has a side-hinged door opening onto the
compaction chamber.  Before operation, an empty corrugated carton is placed in
the chamber. Wastes deposited through the receiving door fall into the carton.
When the compaction ram is actuated, it compresses the materials inside the
corrugated  container. When the  box is full and  final compaction is completed,
the box can be readily removed.  It  can then be sealed and is easily transported
by one man, using a small  hand truck.  The accompanying photographs illustrate
the above noted principles of operation.

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     I
    A Model PTIC-30 Compackager Chute-Fed Baler Used in High-Rise Buildings
                                                            FIGURE IV-2
COMPACKAGER CORPORATION
PAGE IV-11

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a. Opening Depository Door of Model CA-10
            Compackager Unit
b. Depositing Bagged Wastes in Baler
  c. Compacting Ram is Activated
    d. Removal of Boxed Material from
            Lower Compartment
                                                                FIGURE IV-3
  COMPACKAGER CORPORATION
                       PAGE IV-12

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP. IV                                                                     IV-13
Blender:

This equipment is a type or variety of mixer, generally used in the processing of dry
materials, although liquid blenders are also available.  Two general types of dry
material blenders are  common. One is quite similar to a concrete mixer and tumbles
the materials from baffles as the drum revolves.  The other style, known as a "ribbon1
blender, is a cylinder within which a longitudinal shaft revolves.  Welded to the
shaft are a series of thin, ribbon-like blades formed into an elongated, cylindrical
helix.

Drum-type blenders will thoroughly mix or blend dry powders or coarse, lumpy
materials.  They have capacities  from about 5 cubic feet to 450 cubic feet in
standard models.   They  will range in size from 4' x 3  1/2' x 4' high to 21' x 12'
x IT high.
Chipper,- Brush:

These machines are designed to reduce brush,  tree limbs and cuttings to shredded
material by passing the debris through a rapidly revolving drum equipped with
cutters.  The brush or limbs are hand-fed into  a receiving hopper at the back of
the machine.  The revolving drum pulls the material through the cutters and the
resulting shredded wood and leaf particles are blown through an inclined delivery
tube into a truck. The chipper is usually towed by the open truck  used to haul
the shredded materials to a disposal point.  Models with  12 and  16 inch wide
drums and cutting knives are available. The rotors are driven  by heavy duty,
industrial  type combustion engines at 3000 rpm.
Collector, Dust, Bag-type:

Several varieties of dust collectors are made by the John Zink Co.  Of the least
complicated is the bag-type, of which there are variations such as shakerless and
intermittent types.  The basic type forces dust-laden air upward through a series
of cylindrical bags.  The air passes through the walls of the bags and into the
clean air manifold, leaving the dust deposited on the inside surfaces of the bags.

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VOL.  Ill
CHAP. IV
The bags are periodically shaken by pneumatic or electrical mechanical devices.  The
dust falls into a hopper and is usually removed by a screw conveyor.  The shakerless
collectors rely upon reverse air flow  for cleaning.  This type has fewer moving parts.
The intermittent collector is similar to the basic type but must be periodically shut
down  for shaking.
Collector, Dust, Centrifugal:

This type of collector employs a series or clusters of dual vertical cylinders, one inside
the other.  Dirty air is forced  in a downward spiral in the circumferential space
between the outer and inner cylinders.  The dust is collected in a hopper at the bottom
of the cluster, while the cleaned air is exhausted upward  through the inner cylinder.
The dust is removed from the hopper by air.
Collector, Dust,  Cyclone:

These collectors operate on the cyclone principle consisting of a circular outer cone
of high velocity air, and an inner column of swirling, rising air.  At the lower end
of the funnel a partial vacuum exists.  The dust-laden air enters the collector
tangentially and follows a spiral pattern to the bottom of the cone.  The centrifugal
action, which forces the heavier dust particles to the periphery of the  collector,
increases as the velocity increases and the radius of the vortex is reduced.  This
combination of gravitational and swirling  forces  causes the dust to move downward
to the dust outlet.  The cyclone collector has  many applications to waste systems
and is available in a number of sizes and capacities.
Crusher:

There is no clear-cut distinction which sets a crusher apart from a hammermill, or
even a pulverizer.  All are generally similar in design, operation and function.
The  names of these mills are used interchangeably by users and manufacturers.
Some degree of differences in the fineness of the  end product will exist between
crushers and pulverizers but some or all of the basic  reduction principles enumerated
below are present in crushers, hammermills, pulverizers, impact mills,  fragmentizers.

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VOL.   Ill	
CHAP.  IV                                                                     IV-15
and shredders.

Some crushers may utilize fixed hammers or swing hammers on a revolving shaft.
Others, of the rolling ring type, may employ a series of serrated crushing wheels
which revolve loosely about axles attached to circular plates revolving about a
horizontal axis.   However, most crushers provide multiple stage reduction by a
series of actions generally achieved in the following sequence.  Material usually
enters from the top of the mill.  The hammers impact on the falling material and
initial size-reduction takes place. Breaker plates located toward  the bottom of
the mill further reduce the size of the material  as it impacts against them.  Some
crushers have additional  plates built into them, sometimes called "anvils", against
which the material is forced,  thus producing some crushing action  between the anvil
and hammers.  Grids at the bottom section of the mill further aid the crushing action
created by the hammers.  Materials which  have been  reduced to maximum allowable
sizes will  be discharged through the grids.  Materials requiring further reduction are
flung against the breaker bars at the upper section of  the back housing.  Remaining
material will make the full cycle repeatedly until properly reduced.

Crushers will handle such varied materials  as bones, steel  turnings, coal, glass,
aluminum  springs, shells, slag - in general, most friable materials. Capacities
will vary greatly with the size of the crusher, the material being processed and
the size to which it is to be reduced.  Rates vary from 3/4 ton to several hundred
tons per hour. Floor space required will range  from about  15 square feet to perhaps
150 square feet.
Crusher, Bottle and Can:

These machines come in several models.  Some crush only bottles, others flatten
cans, while the larger models will handle both bottles and cans.  The latter may be
equipped with a sloped conveyor  to carry the materials to be crushed to the top of
the machine.  The crushing principle involves the use of three horizontal drums
revolving in close proximity to each other.  The drums have intermeshing vee-shaped
protrusions  which force the cans or bottles between the rollers.  The manufacturer
claims a size reduction ratio of from ten  to one.  Prices range from about $900 for
a small, combination crusher to about $3,300 for a large-capacity machine equipped
with a conveyor.

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VOL.  Ill	.		—r-r
CHAP. IV                                                                     IV~16
Crusher, Delumper:

This small crusher is used in the food and chemical industries for the further reduction
of friables, wet or dry materials.  The crusher consisting of a drum with integrally
mounted teeth or blades revolves so as to allow  the blades to pass through a comb-
like screen.  The delumper crusher is suitable for size regulation of slurries.  Another
size reduction device is made by the same manufacturer.   It operates on the same
general principle but is especially designed with flanges which permit it to be bolted
into and made an integral part of a pipeline.  Pipeline delumpers are made in standard
sizes of 3,4,6,10 and 12 inches.  They are constructed of #304 stainless steel. Prices
of the 6" and 12" sizes are $3,600 and $9,300 respectively.
Crusher, Syringe:

Similar in principle to bottle and can crushers, this special-purpose crusher,
developed for hospital and clinic application, is small and can be table or counter-
mounted.  Syringes, including needles,  are crushed between special rollers.  The
manufacturer claims reduction  to 25% of original bulk.  These conventional syringe
crushers are priced at less than $200.
Digester, Continuous:

The principal element of the continuous digester system manufactured by Black Clawson
Company consists of a tubular retention chamber. A screw conveyor, with variable
screw drive, inside the tube, moves pulped material through the tube at a prede-
termined and controlled rate of speed.  The material being processed is digested at
the required temperature and steam pressure with accurate control of these variables
automatically maintained.  The manufacturer claims that pulped materials can be
satisfactorily sterilized with this controlled thermal  process.


Extruder, Refuse:

These devices are either integral parts of or may be  hqd as optional equipment for

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP. IV                                                                    IV-17
attachment to certain types of waste grinders.  In principle, they compact previously
ground or shredded waste materials, which contain some moisture,  into a dense briquette,
Bulk reduction of loose material, after proper grinding and extrusion, is claimed by the
manufacturers to be as high as fifteen to one.  This type of equipment, as parts of
reduction systems made by Mil-Pac and Electronic Assistance Corp., will be discussed
further in conjunction with dry grinders.
Grinder, Dry:

Distinction is made herein between dry grinders and wet grinders wherein the latter
require a constant supply of flushing water.  The manufacturers of heavy duty lines of
dry grinders, crushers, hammermills and shredders produce equipment capable of
reducing the sizes of mixed and unselected municipal  wastes.  In general, the dry
grinders selected for discussion grind, crush or shred solid wastes such as are generated
in apartments, offices, hospitals or similar institutions.  Some have extruders as integral
parts of the  grinding equipment; others can have extruders added as optional equipment.

             (EAC/Refuse Compactor - Electronic Assistance Corporation)

The manufacturer's brochures on the EAC/Refuse Compactor have been examined but
no opportunity has been afforded to inspect the equipment in operation.  The EAC
machine occupies a space about 5'-6" W x 1 T-0" L x 5'-3" H.  It consists of a
shredder which appears to be of the swing-hammer type, a screw conveyor for feeding
the waste from a top hopper into the shredder, and a hydraulic ram for compacting
the material into briquettes.  The end-product is extruded in compressed form in the
form of solid briquettes five  and one half inches square in section.  The machine can
be regulated _to cut these off in blocks from four to eight inches long. The  manu-
facturer claims a very high volume reduction of twenty-five to one, and also claims
a capacity of 400 to 600 pounds per hour dependent on type and density of  refuse
being processed.   It is further claimed that the equipment is designed to handle
general  refuse mixture containing plastic and glass containers, metal cans,  food
waste, sheet metal scrap, wood scrap,  rags, paper products, cardboard and light
industrial wastes.

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP. IV                            ~~                                  I\M8
                         (Mil-Pac -Mil-Pac Systems, Inc.)

The dry grinder produced by Mil-Pac Systems, a unit of SFM Corporation, is, like the
EAC equipment, an integrated grinder-extruder.  It occupies a space 4'-3" W x 9'-0" L
x 8'-0" H including the feed chute. The Mil-Pac consists of a vertical-shaft hammer-
mill  for grinding solid waste, which is chute-fed from the top; and a hydraulic ram
mechanism for compacting and extruding the ground, moist material.  The motorized
screw conveyor for the input end, for use instead of a chute,  and a sloped output
chute are available as optional .equipment.  The end-product is  extruded  in five
strips of dense briquettes.  The briquettes are about  four inches square in  cross
section.  The strips are continuous and are pushed along an inclined chute, by the
extruding mechanism, and dropped  into  a container  or onto a  conveyor.   The manu-
facturer claims a bulk reduction of  fifteen to one. The accompanying photographs
of the equipment show various features of the Mil-Pac grinder.

The Mil-Pac, available in three basic models, #2400, #4000  and #6000,  have
respective rated capacities of 600-1,200 Ibs./hr., 2,000-10,000 Ibs./hr., and
15,000-30,000 Ibs./hr. according  to the manufacturer. These capacities are
dependent upon the makeup of the garbage and refuse being compacted.  List prices
of the three models are: #2400 - $17,400; #4000 - $72,000; #6000 - $125,000.
These prices are FOB the Union, New Jersey plant of SFM Corporation.  It is
estimated that the installation costs will be about equal to 20% of the list prices.
At the  present time only the model  #2400 is available. However, the two larger
models are expected to be in production by mid to late 1970.

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       a.  Inclined and Enclosed Conveyor at Right Moves Bagged Wastes
                           into Vertical Hammermill
b. Cover Removed Showing
    Vertical Hammermill
                                              c.  Ground and Compacted Wastes
                                                        Being Extruded
                                                              FIGURE IV-4
                                                                PAGE IV-19
MlL-PAC SYSTEMS,  INC.

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The MIL-PAC Model 2400 refuse disposal system  is designed for hotels, institutions,
commercial and industrial buildings, and wherever large amounts of solid waste are
generated. It does not cause air pollution because it does not incinerate the refuse.
Instead, it pulverizes all solid waste and refuse and compresses the pulverized
product into easily disposable briquettes as small as l/15th its original volume.
                                                                   FIGURE \V-5
MIL-PAC SYSTEMS,  INC.
PAGE IV-20

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP. IV                                                                    f\7^2T
                   ("Mini-Mill" - Eidal  International Corporation)

Eidal  International developed and manufactures a heavy duty dry grinder whose function
is the reduction of automobile bodies, discarded refrigerators and similar oversize bulk
wastes.  These machines are capable of destroying eighty tons of junked cars per hour,
and produce an end-product of scrap metal particles half the size of a man's fist. From
Eidal's experience with these large grinders came smaller models, with some modifi-
cations.  Recently a model identified by trade name as the "Mini-Mill" was developed
for the reduction of mixed wastes such as those generated in apartments,  hospitals and
office buildings.

The first  generation of the Mini-Mill has been observed and the  results of its grinding
of domestic wastes seen at EidaPs plant at Albuquerque.  This grinder had two barrels,
dual rotors and a rated capacity of three tons per hour of general household refuse or
light  industrial solid waste matter excluding heavy metal objects and other highly dense
materials.  The grinder can be arranged for continuous feed by chute or conveyor.  A
compacting device,  identified as a pelletizer, which can compress and extrude the
finely ground materials into briquettes,  is available as optional equipment.  If the
pelletizer is not installed, the ground material is discharged into containers or a
conveyor.  This original model, SW-20, was about 9'-6" L x 4'-0" W x 5'-6" H
and priced at about $10,000. The inclusion of the pelletizer brought the total
installed cost to about $16,000.

The performance of the SW-20 was quite satisfactory and although users were well-
pleased,  Eidal developed a newer version of the Mini-Mill.  Known as model 75,
this grinder is  single-barreled and will replace the earlier double-barreled style.
The manufacturer claims a capacity of about five tons per hour,  with a 75 hp motor.
Motors up to 150 hp  are optionally available, as are customized feed hoppers and
oscillating feed conveyors.  The grinder is about 7'-0" L x 5'-0" W x 8'-0"  H.

The accompanying photographs show the rotor and side grinding bar plates of the
Mini-Mill. It should be noted that the star-shaped grinding wheels are free to
rotate about their vertical axes as the rotor assembly revolves at its rated 640 rpm.
The rated tip speed is 6,000 feet per minute. The holes in the grinding wheels are
larger than the shafts which  hold them.  This extra clearance produces some  hammer
action, yet permits the grinding wheel to pass a very dense object without jamming

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VOL.  Ill		fTT-^-
CHAP. IV                                                                    IV~22
the rotor.

As the photographs show, the barrel slopes inward at the bottom. Materials fed into
the grinder, above the rotor, undergo particle size reduction as they move toward the
bottom of the barrel.  The ground end-product is of coarse texture and, in general,
would pass a one inch screen.  The quality of the end product will, of course, vary
with the characteristics of the input.  The soft materials will have been shredded and
the friable materials shattered by impact and grinding.  The manufacturer claims bulk
reduction of the order of six to one.  At the time of reporting,  no pelletizer was
available for the new model.

Eidal produces several  models of grinders identified as the Mini-Mill (75 hp and
100 hp), the Glutton (200 hp and 400 hp), and the Brute (700 hp and 1000 hp).
The Mini-Mil I is listed at $11,000 for the 75 hp model and $11,200 for the 100 hp
model.

Although relatively new on  the market, this grinder has met with the approval  of
qualified observers who have witnessed demonstrations of its capabilities.  These
grinders could be used for first stage  reduction of unselected wastes where further
processing would be  carried out or they are suitable for particle size and bulk
reduction of wastes which may be the last step before disposal.
Grinder, Wet:

This class of grinder is of the type usually associated with food waste grinders
installed in sinks.  They vary in size, capacity and method of installation but all
require flushing of wastes into, through and beyond the grinder.  They are found
in the dietary areas of practically all hospitals, restaurants and institutions which
serve food.  Although some models are free-standing, most are built into sinks or
stripping counters.  There are many makes of this type of wet grinder, each  having
special claims made for it,  but all  perform the same general tasks - the reduction
of general dietary wastes into particle size and condition as to be flushed into a
sanitary sewer. Some manufacturers claim abilities to reduce mixed solid wastes.
Typical  design of these grinders is a vertical barrel set into a sink or receiving
bowl.  Below the bowl is a  grinder and below it is  the motor.  The ground wastes

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a.  75 HP Eidal Single Barrel Mini-Mill    b. View of Grinder Bar Plates on Interior of
                                                     Grinding Barrel
                 c.  Completed Double Barrel  Rotor Assembly
                            Installed on Bed  Plate
                                                               FIGURE IV-6
MINI-MILL  - EIDAL INTERNATIONAL CORP.
PAGE IV-23

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VOL.  Ill	.	—nr-r-
CHAP. IV                                                                    IV"24
are flushed out of the bottom of the grinder section through a side outlet.  Design of
the grinding plates differs, but most of the reduction takes place at the periphery of
the plates, between the edge of the plate and the serrated ring which forms a portion
of the barrel.   Some plates feature the addition of small swing-hammers on vertical
axes, set on top of the grinding plate.

Sizes and  claimed capacities are varied and designations are not uniform.  Standard
models equipped with motors of 1/3 to 10 horsepower are listed by most manufacturers,
and larger models are in the development stage  by some makers.

                           (Atomic Disposer Corporation)

Atomic  Disposer Corporation has developed prototypes of wet grinders, utilizing both
shearing and slicing actions in addition to grinding, for reduction of hospital wastes
and have employed such units in demonstration projects in Los Angeles, California.
These units have demonstrated  the capability of reduction of various types of plastics
(film and rigid), disposable syringes, needles, dressings, etc. to the fineness of grind
standards required by the Sanitation Bureau, City of Los Angeles, for discharge to
sewers.  Advance reports of this demonstration project conducted by the County Health
Department, County of Los Angeles, indicate satisfactory results.  Total  findings of this
study and  reports on the performance of this equipment will be available  in the near
future.  Atomic Disposer Corporation utilized both 5 hp and 7 1/2 hp units in this
project  and since have developed and tested models up to 25 hp.

                                  (Swimquip,  Inc.)

Swimquip, Inc., Division of Weil-McClain have developed a prototype of wet
grinders claimed suitable for reduction of certain hospital and clinic wastes.  It is
being developed primarily for the reduction of disposable syringes and needles and
other hazardous small wastes generated in medical treatment areas.   The  pilot model
resembling a step-on waste can stands about 24" high and is enclosed in a stainless
steel housing with a locking lid.
Hammermills:

Hammermills, grinders, crushers and pulverizers all belong to the same family group.
The actions of these mills is to shatter friable materials by impact as opposed to  *

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VOL.  Ill  	
CHAP. IV                                                                    TV-25"
closely grinding them between two harder objects.  This has already been pointed out
in the discussion of crushers, to which the reader is referred.

The selection of the exact type of mill to use for a specific application should not be
undertaken without the aid, and benefit, of the experience of long-established
manufacturers of such equipment.  The composition of the materials to be destructed,
its variations, quantities and other factors will  greatly affect the final  choice of
equipment.

A wide variety of hammermills are available.   Some of these  are identified as swing-
hammer, with heavy hammers pivoted from heavy plates attached to a revolving hori-
zontal  shaft; fixed-hammer, which, as the name implies,  has its hammers attached
rigidly to a  plate or other fixture on the main shaft; ring-hammer, with star or some-
what serrated edges and which are loosely fitted on revolving horizontal axes
arranged around the peripheries of circular plates; and several modifications of these
types.

The interior of  hammermill  cases are equipped with many variations of anvils, screens
and discharge grids, all of which, combined with the velocity imparted to the
materials being impacted by the revolving hammers,  help  to reduce and finally
determine maximum sizes of the processed materials.
Hogger:

Similar to the equipment described above,  the hogger is classified by some manu-
facturers and users as a hammermill and may also be correctly classified as shredders.
Originally designed  to break up wood scraps for further processing, easier disposal or
fuel,  these mills are frequently referred to  as "wood hogs".  The predominating design
is that of the hammermill, although some hogs are made with knives instead of hammers.
The hammer-type hogger is generally classified as knifeless.

               (Ecology Industries, Inc., Formerly The Engineer Co.)

The Ecology Industries,  Inc. waste reduction system consists of a pneumatic conveying
tube,  a two-stage attrition device utilizing a blow-hog as the principal destructing
device; a cyclone separator and a receiver for the shredded  waste materials.

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP. IV                                                                    'V-26
The operation of the Ecology  Industries, Inc.  pilot plant was observed at the company's
plant at South Plainfield,  New Jersey.  Hospital wastes, in plastic bags, were received
from a  local hospital, introduced into the pneumatic transport system and conveyed by
it through a primary breaker mounted above the blow-hog and then passed through the
blow-hog.  The latter equipment is located in an underground vault.  The pneumatic
system  carries the shredded wastes through a cyclone separator where all solids are
deposited in a mobile packer  container for subsequent transfer and disposal.  At this
pilot plant, the exhaust air from the cyclone  is discharged to the atmosphere.

Among the wastes which were included in the observed demonstration were tin cans,
aluminum foil, dietary  wastes, plastic and glass bottles, paper, waxed milk  containers,
baby bottles, hypodermic syringes and needles,  heavy plastic chemical containers,
butane gas bottles,  rags and other cloths, and many unidentifiable  materials.  Following
the reduction of this hospital waste and to further demonstrate the ability of  the trans-
port and  reduction equipment, a bag of short pieces of two inch thick lumber,  varying
from four to ten inches  in width and about two feet long, were put  into the pneumatic
tube receiving hopper-   As observed at the discharge end, this material was  reduced
to splinters, slivers and coarse particles, none being longer than three inches.

It is the belief of Ecology  Industries,  Inc.  engineers that a properly installed system
could easily be arranged to blow the shredded materials directly into an enclosed
hauling vehicle or incinerator,  or deposit the materials on a conveying belt  or other
mechanism, or could be used  in conjunction with some other method of final  processing
or disposal.
Mixer:

Mixers may be simple,  revolving drums, equipped with baffles and closely resembling
concrete mixers.  They may be either closed or open horizontal troughs, in which
spiral flight blades fastened to a horizontal shaft revolve.  In general, this equipment
is similar to blenders, which have already been  described.  General use of this

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           Unsorted, bagged refuse is dropped in hopper (right foreground),
           conveyed pneumatically through duct to attrition mill below
           grade.  Comminuted refuse  is conveyed pneumatically through
           vertical duct to air separator.  Material drops into bin (below
           air separator), whence it may be fed by conveyor to a packer
           truck, compactor or incinerator.
           Comminuted refuse enters separator from horizontal duct
           (top right) and drops into bin.  Special, variable speed
           conveyor moves material forward where it drops into fan pick-
           up chute.  Fan (left foreground) delivers material to Inciner-
           ator for suspension burning.  Temperature  and smoke indi-
           cators and temperature controllers on panel (left rear).
           F.I.A. and F.M. approved gas control package  below panel.
          	                                      FIGURE IV-7
ECOLOGY INDUSTRIES, INC.
PAGE IV-27

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VOL.  Ill
CHAP.IV
equipment is common in food and chemical processing industries where uniformity of
mixtures is important. These units can handle a wide variety of materials, both wet
and dry, such as granules, powders or slurries.


Packer, Roll-off:

S. Vincen Bowles, Inc. makes a packer which is similar to a stationary packer but
the packer mechanism and the packer container are combined on a skid mount which
is of the roll-off type.  The skid is equipped with heavy rollers which permit it to be
rolled onto or off of a heavy-duty tiltframe hoist.  When fully loaded with compacted
wastes, the roll-off packer is taken to a disposal point and there the packer blade
pushes the load out through a rear tailgate.  The empty container and packing
mechanism is then returned to its usual location for reuse.  The roll-off packer is
produced in 25 and 30 cubic yard models.  The overall lengths of the two sizes are
20 feet and 24 feet respectively.
Packer, Stationary:

The stationary compactor is widely used by industry, commerce and institutions.  The
stationary packer, with its large-capacity container, provides temporary outside storage
facilities and does not take up costly enclosed space.  Basically, this packer, sometimes
called a fixed compactor, is comprised of two connected components - a stationary
packing mechanism which remains in one location, and a detachable receiving
container into which the  wastes are compacted and periodically removed for emptying.
The packer component consists of a receiving hopper for refuse delivered by chute,
conveyor, cart or hand, and the hydraulic ram assembly used to compact the waste
into the container. The closed container is attached to the packer so that the
compaction blade can enter it through an opening in one end of the container.  The
opposite end has tailgate-type doors.  The arrangement of packer components,  some
mechanical details and methods of hopper loading may differ between products of
various manufacturers but the operating principles are quite similar.

Operation of the packer can be actuated manually or automatically controlled.  Cycling
controls provide a  delay period so that loose materials will be compressed into  the
container when the packer hopper has a predetermined level of waste accumulated

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP. IV                                                                    fV-29
in it.  When the compacted capacity of the container has been reached, it can be
detached from the packer and removed by a truck equipped with a tiltframe hoist, and
emptied by dumping through its rear tailgate-type doors at some disposal or processing
point.

A wide range of sizes is available in the commercial series of stationary packers. Units
with receiving hoppers of one to about eight cubic yards are marketed.  The smaller
sizes naturally accommodate smaller sized containers than do the largest models.  Those
packers having  hopper capacities of about three cubic yards and upward are dock-
loading types.  These require the use of tilt carts and certain manufacturers incorporate
their own hoisting and dumping platform  for use with this type of cart.  Prices of the
stationary packers range from about $4,500  for the smallest packer to about $18,000
for larger sizes.

Several manufacturers produce small stationary packers suitable for apartment buildings
and installations having relatively small  quantities of wastes for disposal.  The operating
principles of these packers are essentially the  same  as the larger versions used in
commerce and industry.  In most installations,  the charge box, or hopper, of the packer
will be chute-fed and cycling operations are automated through the use of sonic controls.
These small  packer mechanisms occupy only about 15 square feet, exclusive of the
containers which are  used to receive the compacted wastes.   The containers up  to
three cubic  yard capacities are castered  and can be moved manually if space does
not permit pickup by a mobile packer.  The manufacturers generally  claim about four
to one compaction ratio for the equipment.  Prices of these small packers, exclusive
of containers, will range from about $3,500 to $4,000.
Pulley, Magnetic:

These pulleys are used with belt conveyors and can be substituted for the usual pulley
which would be installed at the discharge end of the conveyor.  Special  coil windings
built into the pulley are supplied with electrical current and become electromagnets.
As materials on the conveyor belt pass over the energized pulley, the ferrous materials
will be held onto the belt by the magnets while the non-ferrous materials will fall off
over the end of the belt.  The magnetic materials will continue on the belt until the
belt leaves the underside of the pulley.  A divider, erected under the pulley, prevents
the non-magnetic materials from mixing with the accumulated ferrous materials.  These
pulleys are used for the removal of unwanted tramp metal from materials being processed.

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VOL.  HI	__	    ,v
CHAP. IV                                                                    IV
Pulper:

There are several solid waste processing systems on the market and in operation which
utilize pulpers as the principal means of reduction.  Generally, the pulpers are composed
of a pulping bowl with a pulping impeller and waste-sizing ring in the bottom.  Acces-
sory equipment includes a  junk or trash ejector and a dewatering press.  The pulper and
junk extractor are mounted directly adjacent to each other but the dewatering press can
be located at some distance from the pulper and is connected by piping.  It is possible
to utilize multiple pulping stations and one dewatering press and in general, units can
be located in the most convenient places since the slurry goes to the press and water
is returned to the pulper by pipelines. These principles are illustrated in the accom-
panying photographs of a typical Somat system as manufactured by the Somat Corporation.
Wastes can be introduced into the pulper by chute in floor models or manually fed in pit
models.  Capacities vary from about 400 to 4,000 pounds per hour.

In general, where only food wastes, paper and light institutional wastes are being
processed, the equipment is reported to perform well.  During the development stages
of pulpers, considerable difficulty has been encountered in satisfactorily handling
plastics, especially sheets, tubing and PVC containers, and occasional heavier
materials such as commonly found in unselected hospital wastes.

                             (Black Clawson Company)

Black Clawson Company has recently introduced a system  utilizing pulping as its
operating principle.  This  organization has been manufacturing machinery for the
pulp and paper industry for many years.  This experience with heavy duty pulpers
has given their waste reduction system some desirable features which appear to have
improved the ability of a waste pulper to handle heavier and more dense materials.
The manufacturer claims that tests already  made indicate the hydrapulper can handle
the full range of plastic items and unselected hospital wastes.

An important element  in the satisfactory performance of this equipment is attributed
by the manufacturer to the type of rotor and extractor bed plate used in the pulper.
It is of a design  which has been modified from the heavy duty equipment which can
withstand continuous operation in the paper industry.  Limited experience indicates
that this pulper can satisfactorily handle the heavier, denser materials found in
general solid wastes.  The statement has been made by the manufacturer that the

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       a.  A Schematic Diagram Showing Multiple Somat Pulping Stations
                    Connected with a Remote Dewatering Press
   b. Somat Pulper with
      Automatic Junk Extractor
c. Hydra-Extractor or
    Dewatering Press
                                                                FIGURE IV-8
SOMAT SYSTEM - SOMAT CORPORATION
          PAGE IV-31

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VOL.   Ill	.	
CHAP.  IV                                                                  IV~32
pilot plant has successfully pulped, among other things, small animals; garden trimmings,
including branches and leaves; wire-bound crates and 2" x 4" lumber.

This system uses a junk remover to extract large particles of metal, glass and other
unpulpable materials.  These are deposited in containers for separate disposal.  The
slurry is piped from the hydrapulper to a dewatering press and the resulting residue
or sludge is deposited as very moist, shredded material in containers for later disposal.
It could be thoroughly dried to save transported weight or disposed of moist in a sanitary
landfill, according to current practices.  The arrangement of the components shows in
the accompanying photograph.

The pilot plant was observed in operation at Middletown, Ohio. A large pile of freshly
collected municipal garbage and refuse was available for testing purposes.  A smaller
load of hospital wastes, in plastic bags, was also on hand.  The various materials were
fed into the pulper bowl, using a portable belt conveyor.  Observations indicate that
both general types of wastes were adequately pulped. Only a small percentage of the
input was rejected as unpulpable and removed by the junk extractor.

Pulping, as a method of processing solid wastes for ultimate disposal, has much merit.
A distinct advantage to pulping is  the ease with which the wastes can be transported
as slurry in pipelines.  The possible savings by this method of transport as against
the costs of conventional handling  in building complexes would seem to justify
extensive study and experiment.
Pulverizer:

Most pulverizers are similar to hammermills or crushers and operate with a horizontal
shaft.  The clearances between hammers and casings are somewhat less with pulverizers
than other types of reduction mills. Final screens or discharge grids in pulverizers may
be finer than in other types of similar equipment.

                        ("Tollemache" - The Heil Company)

The Tollemache refuse pulverizer system is manufactured and sold by The Heil Company.
The basic machine is called a pulverizer and is capable of reducing municipal waste
to particle sizes which can be readily handled by conveyors and packers.  The

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        Schematic Diagram of Black-Clawson Hospital Waste Disposal System
                                                             FIGURE IV-9
THE BLACK CLAWSON COMPANY
PAGE IV-33

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                      Black Clawson Pulping System
      The Hospital Waste Disposal System Pilot Plant at the Shartle/Pandia
      Division of Black Clawson Company employs a hydrapulper, shown in
      the center of the picture, below the conveyor.  Note inside of bowl,
      shown in mirror above it. The dewatering press, with its end-product
      "sludge" chute, is on the extreme  left.  The junk remover is between
      the pulper and the press.
                                                                  FIGURE IV-10
THE BLACK CLAWSON COMPANY
PAGE IV-34

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VOL.  Ill
CHAP. IV
Tollemache pulverizer is different in that it is a vertical mill.  The hammers are arranged
in three groups of four horizontal rings. The  diameters of each succeeding group of rings
is larger than the one above it - the smallest  at the top, with the largest at the bottom.

The top of the pulverizer is a conically shaped, open hopper into which refuse is fed by
conveyor.  The cone merges with the cylindrical casing of the lower portion of the
pulverizer.  At the bottom of the conical section is an  upward sloping chute through
which non-reducible objects are thrown for rejection.  The rejects are hit by the rapidly
revolving hammers and literally thrown up the chute like a ball in a roulette wheel.
Materials moving downward are reduced in size in  a series of stages.   No grates are
provided since the end product is thrown out  of the pulverizer much as a ballistic
separator might do.  The ground material is flung through an opening  in the casing,
onto a belt conveyor.

Developed for the  heavy duty operation required to handle  15 tons of municipal waste
per hour, this pulverizer is massive. No exact dimensions are available but the mill,
exclusive of any conveyors, would occupy an area about  10' x 12' and would  be about
15" high.  The manufacturer claims that a waste reduction operation, based upon the
use of this pulverizer, can be handled by a work force  of two or  three men.
Pulverizer, Paper:

This is a special purpose pulverizer which, it is claimed, will pulverize all types of
paper, including IBM cards, photographs, medical and personal records and even
offset plates and glass slides.  The end product appears similar to coarse cotton.  The
complete system includes a cyclone separator, dust collector and a small compactor.
The actual reduction device is a swing-hammer impact mill with a built-in pregrinding
shredder. Models with  capacities ranging from 300 to  10,000 pounds per hour are
available.
Separator, Cyclone:

Probably the most readily recognized and perhaps the most commonly used separator is
the cyclonic type.  The conical bottom section and cylindrical  top with ducts attached
is a familiar sight in all industrial complexes.  Used to remove solids from airstreams in

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VOL.  Ill
CHAP. IV
industry, they operate on the principle of inertial separation.  In the cyclone, mixtures
of air and solid particles are introduced at the top.  They are forced to spiral downward
by pressure or suction.  The inertial spin imparted to the particles forces them to the
inner walls of the cyclone.  The downward motion of the air drives the dust or particles
to the bottom of the cone where its inertial  energy carries the solids through an outlet.
The cleaned air moves radially inward from  the cyclone flow and it passes upward
through an outlet. Separators operating on  the cyclone principle are used to collect
dust or undesirable particles and also to separate wanted solids, such as shredded
materials, out of the airstream for further processing or disposal.  The outlet air can
be recirculated within a closed system or discharged to the atmosphere.
Separator,  Magnetic:

These electromagnetic devices are made in several forms of bars, grates, grids and
plates.  They can be built into hoppers, chutes or conveying systems. They have many
applications but their primary function is the removal of unwanted bits, pieces and
particles of metal.  Their magne?3c capacities and capabilities are almost infinite
and they can be provided to meet very unusual conditions.
Shredder:

Shredders are mills which are frequently used to reduce non-friable materials and are
quite similar in principle to hammermills, grinders and crushers, although the shape of
hammers or knives may be different from some other mills. Hammer shapes may be of
the heavy "slugger" style or of the "hog" style.  Others may be variations of ring
hammers, with star shapes or roughly serrated edges.

Shredders are of two main types.  The down-running shredder has material  fed  to it
on the down-swing of the hammers.   The over-running type receives material at the
top of the mill and on the up-swing of the hammers.  Over-running, sometimes called
up-running, shredders or crushers are used with less friable materials,  when a longer
cycle in the mill  is desired.  Generally speaking, the size of grate openings and the
arrangement and pattern of breaker plates will regulate the sizes of the finished
products.

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VOL.  Ill  	
CHAP. IV                                                                    JV~37
The wide variations in the composition of general or municipal wastes make two-stage
reduction  sometimes desirable.  This is especially true if composting is to be the ultimate
method of disposal.  Regardless of ultimate disposition of shredded wastes, serious consid-
eration should be given to the use of a primary and secondary shredder.  This would
result in a more uniform end product but would also provide some backup equipment for
use under  emergency conditions and for short periods of operation.  While not as fully
safe as duplicate  equipment, some measure of assurance  of a continuing  process would
be obtained.

Manufacturers' catalogs give little  that is specific about the capacities of shredders.
This is understandable when the wide variety of uses to which the equipment might be
put is considered. However, one manufacturer alone lists about thirty sizes each for
down  and  over-running shredders.  Weights of the equipment run from 7,500 to 170,000
pounds in  a  wide  range of capacities to suit almost any requirement.
Sieve, Dewatering:

These sieves have no moving parts.  They consist of a steeply sloped screen held in a
frame, with a feed or headbox at the top.  Liquids or slurries to be strained are fed
into the headbox, from which they flow over a weir and down the face of the sieve.
The sieve is built of stainless steel and has transverse bars with slot spacing available
from .010 inches to .100.  Five standard widths from 18" to 72" and heights from
57" to 84" are available.
 Sterilizer, Sludge:

 This process usually consists of a combination of equipment components in a designed
 system for neutralization of contaminated industrial wastes and sewage sludge.

                        ("Farrer System" - Dorr Oliver, Inc.)

 A thermal treatment process known as the Farrer System is now being marketed by
 Dorr-Oliver, Incorporated. This process involves heat treatment of sludges in a
 range of 360° to 380°F for the desired period of reaction.  By utilization of heat

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP. IV                                                                   IV-38
exchange principles, incoming sludge is heated to approximately 300 F by controlling
outgoing treated sludge temperature at 85 F.  A booster raises the preheated sludge
to the desired temperature by means of heat from the main boiler.  The heated sludge
flows through a specially designed reactor at a controlled rate to insure desired
retention time for full sludge conditioning.  Following heat treatment, the sludge
moves to a continuous flow decanting tank  for separation.  The separated sludge is
then dewatered with a final moisture content of 50% to 60%.

The manufacturer further states there is no steam injection and no vapor discharge in
this process.  Dry sludge cake is sterile, odor-free, and bulk is reduced up to 10%
of original volume.  Operation is fully automatic.  Precise heat control can be
maintained regardless of surge loadings.  Minimal operator attention is required.
Continual improvements have produced a system widely accepted in Europe.

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/PL.  Ill      RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT    	
CHAP. V      FINAL PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL METHODS          Page No.
             SANITARY LANDFILL                                 V-4

             RECLAMATION                                      V-6
                Swine Feeding                                     V-6
                Rendering                                        V-7
                Product Salvage                                   V-8

             COMPOSTING                                      V-10

             INCINERATION                                      V-ll

             INCINERATORS FOR HOSPITALS by Elmer R. Kaiser,P.E.    V-17
                Incinerators                                      V-18
                Air Pollution Control                               V-21
                Controls and Safety                                V-22
                General Recommendations                           V-23

             PYROLYSIS                                          V-24

             WET AIR OXIDATION                    '             V-27

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VOL. Ill      RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT	
CHAP. V      FINAL PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL METHODS           Page No.
                            LIST OF FIGURES

      V-l    Standards of the Incinerator Institute of America             V-12
      V-2    Sargent-NCV Division of Zurn Industries, Inc.              V-15
      V-3    A Typical Arrangement for Hospital Refuse Incinerator        V-20

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VOL.  Ill      RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT	
CHAP. V      FINAL PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL METHODS               \M~
Singularly, the most emphasized need and least developed functi.on-.or activity in solid
waste management is that of disposal.  Conversely, however, the greatest investment
and advances in equipment for solid waste systems occur in handling, storage and
processing functions preceding disposal.  Development of satisfactory disposal processes,
free of pollution effects on the environment,  has been  lagging and processes are  still
being researched.

Disposal is considered herein as the final treatment or combination of treatments  in the
conversion of wastes to innocuous materials or useable  by-products. By and  large,
known disposal  methods are limited to relatively few conversion processes, some
involving  conversion by normal  decomposition of materials and several processes  which
involve accelerated conversion.

Conversion of waste materials may be accelerated by destructive disposal processes,
such as controlled  incineration and supervised or unsupervised open burning.  These
processes produce high volume reduction of solids with the end product of these processes
being a mixed residue including ash and non-combustible materials of high density, as
well as gaseous air pollutants.  Conversion may also be accomplished by natural
composting or accelerated by means of various mechanized systems. Products of  these
mechanized composting systems are a sterile organic soil and gaseous air pollutants.
The composting process in itself does not greatly reduce the volume of waste materials.
However, substantial reduction in  the end product may be accomplished in conjunction
with those reclamation activities normal with composting processes and where high
ratios of salvageable materials are present.  Grinding of food wastes for discharge to
sewers with ultimate processing at  treatment plants and final deposit of sludge at
sanitary landfills or use as soil conditioner is popularly accepted in many areas as
the best method of disposal of garbage.  In addition, other terminal processes such
as wet air oxidation, which may produce a sterile slurry or ash cake, and pyrolysis,
a destructive distillation  process producing sterile charred solids, are among the
numerous newer conversion processes being explored for development.

Salvage of selected waste materials in the past has had great significance and currently
this reclamation concept  is regaining popularity, although economics are not always
favorable. Among the materials of greater significance for salvage are paper, rags,
ferrous and non-ferrous metals, glass and rubber.  Other salvage processes such as
rendering  of animal carcasses and fats for production of fertilizer, glue, soaps, etc.,
as well as salvage  of food wastes for  swine feeding, still prevails in many areas of
the country.  Both methods generally require segregation of the wastes at the source
of generation and often require refrigerated storage.  Excessive handling costs in

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VOL.  Ill	.	_y.
CHAP. V                                                                       V'2



nearly all reclamation processes are the overriding factors in the economic feasibility
of disposal by various reclamation processes.

Disposal  by sanitary landfill, open dumping and dumping at sea are the only processes
where conversion is not accelerated by man and where normal decomposition of the
organic material occurs. However, dumping of solid wastes in the sea or inland bodies
of water has in  recent years been outlawed for all practical purposes.  In both sanitary
landfill  and open dumping methods, substantial settlement of the material occurs during
decomposition,  together with production of gaseous emissions.  Open dumping,  the
most common practice used in the disposal of solid wastes,  has in recent years received
strong criticism from governmental agencies and the general public.  The only currently
acceptable method of disposal by landfill is management of sanitary landfills adhering
to accepted standards of construction and daily maintenance.  Continuing studies on
sanitary landfills are being conducted in efforts to produce land  on completion  of such
operations that  will have a wider range of use than current experience indicates is
permissible.

The above broadly indicates the total  range of disposal methods currently available.
For purposes of  this report, we are primarily concerned with selection of ultimate
disposal methods that are suitable for the special categories of wastes commonly gener-
ated in hospitals, office buildings and detention facilities.  From the foregoing  studies
covered in Volume I and II, quantities, types and characteristics of waste produced at
each of these types of facilities, together with an evaluation of present disposal methods
employed, were explored in some depth.  Based upon these studies, the following
criteria in the selection of disposal methods for each building type was established.

Hospital  Wastes:  The evaluation of hospital solid waste systems indicated that main-
taining separate collection channels for contaminated and  non-contaminated wastes
cannot be practically or economically enforced in the conventional hospital facility.
Segregation of waste materials throughout the system must rely heavily on the human
element of judgment in  the classification and distinction of these types of materials.
Generally, an intermix of materials occurs due to difficulty of identification and
the inability of the workers to make a distinction.  Even intermixing of disposables
and reusables is commonplace.  As a result of these observations, this study has adopted
the theory that  all wastes coming off the hospital  floor can be classified as contaminated
materials. It must be pointed out that such classification of hospital wastes is not
currently accepted by all authorities.  Composition of these wastes include many
salvageable materials that could prove harmful  upon reclamation and  reuse.  Based^
upon these conditions, it was concluded that on-site disposal should be preferred or
on-site processing of these materials should be accomplished to produce a sterile
homogeneous material suitable for safe off-site transport and disposal.

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VOL.  Ill  	
CHAP. V                                                                     V-3
Office Building Wastes:  Composition of wastes generated in the office buildings studied
were neither hazardous nor objectionable when related to handling or disposal.   Largely
consisting of paper with an intermix of small quantities of food wastes and non-combustibles,
these materials are generated in relatively low volumes.  No restrictions appear necessary
on the disposal of materials of this type.  However, in interests of security of confidential
information, as well as general building safety, consideration should be given to first
stage processing of this material such as shredding and/or compaction or baling  preceding
ultimate disposal.  Selection of disposal methods will  likely be  limited to incineration
and landfill or salvage where quantities of materials warrant.

Detention Facilities:   Disposable wastes generated in detention  facilities were previously
identified as rubbish and food wastes not unlike general municipal wastes.  It was found
in earlier investigations that detention facility waste systems are largely operated by
inmates and equipment in this operation is intentionally limited.  It was concluded that
on-site processing or disposal involving mechanical equipment subject to the operational
abuse by inmates should be avoided and that off-site disposal would be preferred.
Nature of the waste materials present no greater hazards in disposal than in normal
municipal wastes and may  satisfactorily be disposed of by conventional methods such
as landfilling or incineration.

The research and investigation of disposal methods has been closely interrelated with
the investigation of processing methods as reviewed in the preceding chapter.   The
purpose of this section of the report is to review the various disposal processes and the
combinations of equipment components for processing solid  wastes as currently being
researched by manufacturers, in efforts to develop, select and evaluate satisfactory
disposal systems for the various types of buildings under study.

Organization of material in narrative review presented herein is limited to the
discussion of disposal processes rather than review of individual equipment components
such as presented in the preceding chapters on handling,  storage and processing.
However, specialized equipment components utilized in these various processes are
discussed as appear warranted within the review of each disposal process. These
equipment components are  further identified by classification, definition and
manufacturer in Appendices  "G" and "H".

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VOL.  Ill	.	.	
CHAP. V                                                                       V'4
SANITARY LANDFILL

Sanitary landfills designed for local  conditions, on suitable sites and operated in
accordance with accepted standards  have proven to be one of the most satisfactory
methods of waste disposal currently available.  Where suitable sites ore available
within reasonable haul distances from sources of waste generation or collection areas,
it is likely the most economical method of disposal.

Considering  the nature and characteristics of the types of wastes generated in office
buildings and detention facilities, disposal by sanitary landfill would  be on acceptable
method. It would also be an acceptable method of disposal for hospital wastes providing
these materials were properly conditioned for off-site transport and disposal prior to
dispatch from the hospital plant.  Minimum  conditioning immediately  following col-
lection should include grinding, shredding or pulping and  dewatering, or other
processes to  reduce the mixed unselected wastes generated in hospitals to a homoge-
neous, unidentifiable material.  In addition, this material should be subjected to a
sterilization process producing an innocuous end-product that may be  safely transported
off-site for handling at nearly any type of landfill operation.  These conditioning
processes would provide multiple benefits.  Reduction of the material  to a homogeneous
state would not only preclude the possibility of off-site salvage and reuse  of  contam-
inated articles but also prevent the equally  important possibility of on-site salvage
before waste materials are dispatched to the disposal site.  A controlled sterilization
process would  further assure against transmission of disease and environmental pollution
both during off-site transport and at  the disposal site.

To further qualify the above limitations recommended for disposal of hospital  wastes in
sanitary landfills, the following general discussion on factors of off-site disposal  as
presented in Volume I is repeated herein.

No conclusive research directly related to off-site disposal of hospital wastes and
its effect on the community has been performed.  Principal concerns relate to the
possible survival of harmful bacteria and disease transmission by direct human contact
with contaminated materials or through other biological  vectors, as well as trans-
mission through air and water pollution.  Off-site disposal conventionally involves
a method of highway  transport, direct  or via transfer stations to landfills or central
incineration plants.   The community environment may be exposed to hospital  waste
contaminants throughout the course of  travel with greatest potential exposure
occurring at the disposal site where direct contact by refuse workers and scavengers
may occur or where water pollution via run-off or leaching may ultimately affect

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VOL.  Ill
CHAP. V
the populace.

General observation in Los Angeles County and other areas inspected indicate that
other than identified pathologic wastes which represent a small percentage of total
wastes, the majority of mixed waste materials are being transported to area landfills.
It is also likely that the majority of hospitals, especially those of less than 500 beds,
are serviced by private refuse contractors or public collection agencies.  Largely
these waste materials are not identifiable as hospital wastes as they are received at
landfills.  Collectors servicing private institutions as well as some of the public
facilities provide routine servicing, and therefore  the majority of hospital wastes
are mixed with commercial and/or residential  wastes prior to delivery to disposal
sites and could not feasibly receive special handling.

Based on the above factors and limited knowledge  in this field as to immediate and
long-range effects, elimination of these potential  hazards to the community environ-
ment through on-site disposal or such processing as discussed would likely be recog-
nized as the preferred method from the viewpoint of public interest.  Regardless of
the system selected, assurance of its proper operation to minimize  environmental
contamination, both within the plant and the community, is paramount and is
emphasized should off-site disposal be the only feasible alternative available to
the community.

It is acknowledged that by definition, sanitary landfill  includes the controlled
disposal of wastes and special handling of identifiable hazardous wastes.  In
communities where such methods are employed and where separate collections
of hospital wastes are feasible, off-site disposal in this manner may be acceptable.
Potential  hazards to the environment may be minimized in transport through tight
container!zation, and at sanitary  landfill sites through special  handling procedures,
such as immediate compaction and cover,  as well as tight security and proper
selection of site.

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VOL.  Ill
CHAP. V
RECLAMATION

Reclamation, defined as the act or process of reclaiming, for purposes of this study is
all inclusive of those activities connected with salvage of useable materials, products,
or by-products in the disposal of solid wastes.   Major reclamation activities considered
herein include the direct salvage of useable mixed materials such as garbage and food
wastes for swine feeding, remnants of animal carcasses and fats for rendering, as well
as the salvage of specific products, such as paper, metals, glass, etc. that may be
recycled in  the production of new materials.

Recovery of by-products that may be achieved during conversion or disposal processes
are also considered reclamation activities and include such processes as waste heat
recovery from incineration,  compost from composting, charcoal  from pyrolysis, etc.

For purposes of this study, evaluation of the suitability of the disposal process, rather
than the potential  recovery of by-products,  is the chief concern.  Those disposal
processes capable of producing by-products will be discussed in  later sections of
this chapter as may be warranted.  This section will be confined to the direct salvage
of useable materials and products as noted above and  as related  to the various types
of buildings and respective wastes under consideration.
Swine Feeding:

Collection of garbage by commercial haulers or piggeries for hog feeding remains as
an accepted method of disposal in many areas of the country. However, this method
now under the strict control of health agencies is permissible only when the waste
material  is conditioned by accepted cooking procedures.  These enforced procedures,
together  with prevailing zoning,  plant design and licensing requirements in most areas
are the basic controls which have been developed to permit this industry practice to
continue and to eliminate transmission of certain  diseases via hog feeding.  Since
the mid-fifties, these types of controls have been adopted in all states, with the
responsibility of enforcement on local health agency officials.   The regulations,
primarily in the interest of public health, also encourage compliance of the
commercial piggery operator, which in effect provide insurance against loss due
to herd infection and required destruction of the infected animals.

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP. V                                                                      V-7
Properly conducted in accordance with current standards of operation, the age-old
practice of hog feeding as a method of disposal,  fulfills the popular concept of
recycling of waste materials in the interests of conservation.

Relating this method of disposal to the food wastes generated in detention facilities
and office buildings, it would appear as an acceptable method when these materials
are generated in sufficient quantities whereby collection  is economically feasible.
In the case of food preparation wastes generated  in hospitals, it would also be
acceptable, providing these materials can be properly segregated.  Approval of this
method  for disposal of food wastes generated in hospitals should be at the discretion
of the local health officer and indicated public acceptance in the community involved,
 Rendering:

 Rendering animal and fish carcasses is still a significant method of disposal, as well
 as a recognized process in the production of fertilizers, glues, soap, oils, etc.  It
 is a common and accepted method of disposal in the larger communities.

 Rendering, as considered in this study, would be an acceptable method of disposal
 for remnants of animal and fish carcasses resulting from food processing at detention
 facilities or office building cafeterias. It would also be an acceptable method of
 disposal  for similar wastes produced in hospitals if segregated from contaminated
 wastes until collected.  In all such cases, refrigerated  storage must be provided
 for this type of material  due to normally infrequent collections.

 This method cannot be recommended for the disposal  of small  animal carcasses
 resulting from laboratory and research activities in hospitals.  Should  this method
 be considered, it should be subject to the approval of health agencies.  The decision
 should be dependent on the type of research conducted on specific animals, the  hazard
 these carcasses might present in handling  and off-site movement or in  the  residues
 produced in rendering.

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP.V                                                                      V'8
Product Salvage:

Several factors must be evaluated when considering salvage of specific products from
wastes generated in hospitals, detention facilities and office buildings.  Principal
materials generated at these types of buildings that may have potential salvage value
include paper, metals and glass.  By and large these materials are intermixed during
collection.  Relatively small quantities of the individual waste materials are generated,
hence separate collection and segregation of the materials cannot be economically
justified as an in-plant activity.

Due to the nature of wastes generated in hospitals,  as previously defined, direct
salvage of products should not be considered either at in-plant or at off-site locations.
Recovery of materials with salvage could be considered only after the intermixed wastes
were subjected to a complete sterilization process.  It can be readily assumed that it
would not be economically feasible to sterilize these  materials for the single purpose
of salvage.  However, if sterilization was justified for other purposes, salvage of
select materials might prove feasible.

The nature of wastes generated at detention facilities are estimated to have a relatively
low proportion of salvageable products as opposed to office building wastes where a  high
proportion of salvageable paper may be found. However, due to the relatively low
waste production (by weight) found in office buildings, coupled with the prevailing
requirement for daily service in removal of these wastes by private refuse contractors,
significant benefits from potential salvage of these materials cannot be expected by
the building owner or tenant.  The private  contractor in  most cases is primarily
providing  a reliable refuse removal  service to the customer.  Salvage benefits that
may be derived from  these mixed wastes should rightfully accrue to the contractor
or ultimate processor, especially when considering price variations that occur in
the salvage market.

As a result of quantity surveys on wastes generated in office buildings as reported in
Volume II of this study, it was found that average daily production was slightly less
than 2.5 pounds per thousand square feet.  Typical  of buildings investigated was one
with an area of 1,000,000 square feet producing  a  total  of about 2,000 pounds of
wastes per day.  Considering the salvage value of about  $20-$25 per ton for baled

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VOL.  Ill
CHAP. V
paper as prevailed in 1969, substantially greater quantities of waste paper would neces-
sarily be generated daily at any building to warrant separate collection and central
processing exclusively for salvage.

In summary, the nature of waste materials produced in detention facilities and office
buildings present little hazard in handling and would be suitable for disposal by partial
salvage if economically feasible to commercial salvage firms.  It is unlikely that in-
plant salvage would prove  feasible except in extremely large buildings or complexes.
In the case of hospital wastes,  salvage of products  cannot be recommended and in any
case should not be considered except after positive sterilization by some proven method.

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VOL.  Ill
CHAP. V
COMPOSTING

Mechanized systems of composting presently in development stages rely on the principle
of accelerated aerobic decomposition of organic materials.  This method of disposal
under controlled conditions is suitable for wastes of high organic content and produces
a sterile soil with potential value.  However, developing markets for the end-product
has been one of the principal obstacles in popular use and acceptance of these systems,
for without a sufficient monetary return from the sale of compost, the economic feasi-
bility of this method of disposal appears at best, marginal.   Other economic returns
derived from this process are income produced from salvage operations normally
associated with composting plants.  Products salvaged include paper, metals, glass,
rags, rubber, etc. dependent upon current demands of the salvage market.

Considering composting as the final disposal process for wastes generated in hospitals
would be conditional.  As in the case of other off-site disposal methods that may be
considered, it is vital that certain of the waste materials such as disposable syringes,
needles, instruments, etc. should be destructed and sterilization of all waste materials
should be accomplished by some proven method prior to dispatch from the hospital
plant.

The nature of wastes generated in detention facilities, although considered to be
proportionately low in salvageable materials, would as domestic wastes be suitable
for composting.  Wastes generated in office buildings would have proportionately
high salvage value in paper content and likely relatively little value for compost
as such.

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VOL.  Ill
CHAP. V
INCINERATION

Incineration, one of the most effective methods of reducing the bulky volume of solid
wastes, produces a relatively innocuous residue that is reasonably safe and easy to
handle.  Ultimate disposal of this residue in a landfill  requires but a fraction of the
space necessary for burial of the raw wastes, hence, the useable life of any given
landfill area may be prolonged.

That incineration is sometimes looked upon with disfavor is not necessarily the fault
of the process or the equipment.  Although faulty installations can often be traced
to improper design, due to lack of knowledge on the part of the designer, improper
selection of package units or components or even penuriousness in budgeting, the
blame for poor performance often lies in  the hands of those who are responsible for
the operation of plants and equipment at management, supervisory and operating
levels.  The best designed and  built plant, of any kind,  will not perform satisfactorily
if improperly operated. This applies to sewage or water treatment plants, or other
mechanical equipment installations, as well as incinerators.  It is strongly recommended
that where installations of incinerators are made, they be manned by people who
understand the operation of major equipment involving heat and power. For example,
providing incinerator operation was carried out in conjunction with the operation of
power or steam generating plants, it is likely the level of efficient and satisfactory
performance would be improved, for the  operating crews of these plants have the
necessary training to understand incinerator operation.  To assign the operation of
incinerators to the least skilled and lowest paid personnel is inviting a level of
operation which will not meet even the barest minimum of standards„

The discussion of incinerators herein will be limited to the types of equipment which
are most applicable to the problems with which this report is concerned and will
include the smaller capacity equipment,  those usually identified as package and on-
site incinerators, pathological  incinerators and crematories.  Consideration of the
use of an incinerator for waste  disposal should be preceded by a review of the Standards
of the Incinerator Institute of America, to which the reader is referred.  Included in
these standards are the Institute's "Classification of Wastes and Incinerators" repro-
duced on the following  page for the reader's convenience.

The selection of equipment will depend upon the conditions which must be met.   To

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    CLASSIFICATION   OF   WASTES   AND   INCINERATORS

    The basis for satisfactory incinerator operation is the proper analysis of the waste to be destroyed, and the selection of
proper equipment to test destroy that particular waste.
    As a guide, mixtures of waste most commonly encountered have been classified into types of waste, together with the
B.T.U. values and moisture contents of the mixtures. A concentration of one specific waste in the mixture may change the
B.T.U. value and/or the moisture content of the  mixture.  A concentration of more than 10%  by weight of  catalogues,
magazines, or packaged  paper will change the density of the mixture and affect burning rates.
    Similarly, incinerators have been classified, by their capacities and by the type of wastes they are capable of incinerating.
CLASSIFICATION OF WASTES

Type 0 — Trash, a mixture  of highly  combustible waste
such as paper, cardboard, cartons, wood boxes, and com-
bustible floor sweepings, from commercial and industrial
activities. The mixtures  contain up to  10% by weight of
plastic bags, coated paper, laminated paper, treated corru-
gated cardboard, oily rags and plastic or rubber scraps.
  This type of waste contains 10% moisture, 5%  incom-
bustible solids and has a heating value of 8300 B.T.U. per
pound as fired.

Type 1 — Rubbish, a mixture of combustible waste such as
paper, cardboard cartons, wood  scrap,  foliage  and com-
bustible floor sweepings, from domestic, commercial  and
industrial activities. The mixture contains up to 20%  by
weight of restaurant or  cafeteria waste, but contains  little
or no treated papers, plastic or rubber wastes.
  This type of waste contains 25% moisture, 10%  incom-
bustible solids and has a heating value of 6500 B.T.U. per
pound as fired.

Type 2  — Refuse,  consisting of an approximately  even
mixture of rubbish and garbage by weight.
  This type of waste is common to apartment and residen-
tial occupancy, consisting of up to 50% moisture, 7% in-
combustible solids, and has a heating value of 4300 B.T.U.
per pound as fired.

Type  3  — Garbage, consisting of animal and vegetable
wastes from restaurants, cafeterias, hotels,  hospitals,  mar-
kets, and like installations.
  This type of waste contains up to 70% moisture, up to
5 % incombustible solids, and has a heating value of 2500
B.T.U. per pound as fired.

Type 4 — Human  and  animal remains, consisting  of  car-
casses,  organs  and  solid  organic wastes  from  hospitals,
laboratories, abattoirs, animal pounds, and similar sources,
consisting of up to 85%  moisture,  5%  incombustible
solids, and having  a heating value of 1000  B.T.U.  per
pound as fired.

Type 5 — By-product waste, gaseous, liquid or semi-liquid,
such as tar, paints, solvents, sludge, fumes, etc., from indus-
trial operations. B.T.U.  values must be determined  by the
individual materials to be destroyed.

Type 6 — Solid by-product waste, such as rubber, plastics,
wood waste, etc., from  industrial operations. B.T.U. values
rnust be  determined by  the  individual materials to  be
destroyed.
CLASSIFICATION  OF  INCINERATORS

Class 1 — Portable, packaged, completely assembled, direct
fed incinerators, having not over 5 cu. ft. storage capacity,
or 25 Ibs. per hour burning rate, suitable for Type 2 Waste.

Class IA — Portable, packaged or job assembled, direct fed
incinerators 5 cu. ft. to 15 cu. ft. primary chamber volume;
or a burning rate of 25 Ibs. per hour up to, but not includ-
ing, 100 Ibs.  per hour of Type 0, Type 1, or Type 2 Waste;
or a burning rate of 25 Ibs. per hour up to, but not includ-
ing, 75 Ibs. per hour of Type 3 Waste.

Class II — Flue-fed, single chamber incinerators with more
than 2  sq. ft. burning  area,  for Type 2  Waste.  This  type
of incinerator is served  by  one vertical flue functioning
both as a chute for charging waste and to carry the products
of combustion to atmosphere. This type of incinerator has
been installed in apartment  houses or multiple  dwellings.
(See notes on page 2B.)

Class HA — Chute-fed multiple chamber incinerators, for
apartment buildings with more than 2 sq. ft.  burning  area,
suitable for Type 1 or  Type 2 Waste. (Not recommended
for industrial installations.)  This  type  of incinerator is
served  by a vertical chute for charging wastes  from two or
more floors  above the  incinerator and a separate flue for
carrying the  products of  combustion to atmosphere.

Class HI —  Direct fed incinerators with a  burning rate of
100 Ibs. per  hour and over, suitable for Type 0,  Type 1 or
Type 2 Waste.

Class IV —  Direct fed incinerators with a  burning rate of
75  Ibs. per hour or over,  suitable for Type 3 Waste.

Class  V —  Municipal incinerators suitable  for  Type 0,
Type  1, Type 2, or  Type 3 Wastes, or  a  combination of
all  four wastes, and are rated in  tons per hour or  tons per
24  hours.

Class VI —  Crematory and  pathological incinerators, suit-
able for Type 4 Waste.

Class VII — Incinerators designed for  specific  by-product
wastes. Type 5 or Type 6.
                                              PAGE—1968—3A
               Standards of the Incinerator  Institute  of America
                                                                                                       FIGURE  V-1
                                                                                                          PAGE  V-12

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VOL.  Ill
CHAP. V
speculate or to deal with hypothetical quantities of wastes, their composition, rates
of creation and many other factors would serve no useful purpose here.  Suffice it to
say that a complete survey of conditions must be made and from  the data collected,
the required criteria can be established.  Further details on design criteria are discussed
later in the section on "Incinerators for Hospitals".

Careful attention must be given to keep abreast of regulatory measures and codes.  In
certain areas of the country, these become more  restrictive almost daily and what was
acceptable last year may not do today. Consultation with responsible authorities must
be had with some frequency before final selection of incinerating equipment and
accessories is made.  It may be added without reservation that incineration of relatively
small  quantities of mixed wastes in a manner whereby emissions will be at acceptable
levels will be relatively expensive in initial costs and that budgets should be generous
in the area of combustion accessories, air pollution control  devices and controls.
However, with proper maintenance and operation, operating costs can be held within
reasonable economic  limits.

Research and development on various newer principles of incineration are actively
being pursued by many manufacturers; however, development is  largely  aimed at high
capacity units for municipal incineration rather than the smaller units applicable to
this study.

Typical of the conventional package incinerators marketed for on-site installation is
the 600 pound per hour retort incinerator and the 50 pound per hour pathological
incinerator as manufactured by Sargent NCV Division of Zurn Industries, Inc.  These
units as described below are shown in the  accompanying photographs.

The R 600-1 incinerator is classified as a heavy duty destructor of the retort type
capable of handling  Class I or Class II wastes.  The manufacturer claims it meets the
standards of the Incinerator Institute of America for this type of  equipment and complies
with the requirements of Class III, Class IV, Class VI or Class VII incinerators.  Advan-
tages claimed for retort type over in-line  incinerators include substantial space savings
due to reduced length of the retort equipment  and some increase in burning efficiency
of this type of unit.   The R 600-1 retort incinerator requires a space of about  13'-0 x
9'-0 with about 14 feet of vertical  clearance.  The unit is 7'-6" high without

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VOL.  Ill	____
CHAP.V                                                                   V-14
allowances for stack connections.  The cost of this unit is about $7,000 f.o.b, plant
excluding installation.

The gas scrubber unit (model 600) for this incinerator is of the wet impingement type
and has a capacity of 6,480 pounds of gases per hour, at temperatures up to 2,000°F.
This equipment requires 6 gallons of water per minute at 30 psi.  Standard models
include stainless steel  inlet sections with alloy steel outer shell.  However, complete
stainless steel construction should be specified  for acid or pathological wastes.  Space
requirements will vary slightly depending upon whether the scrubber is equipped with
either a top or side inlet, but generally a space 8'-0" x 6'-0" with 13 feet of vertical
clearance will accommodate either model.  Approximate cost of the model 600 scrubber
is $4,000.  Other accessories such as a pyrometer and control panel are priced at $100
and $450 respectively.

Pathological-type incinerators capable of handling Type IV wastes are available in
six models with capacities varying from 50 to 300 pounds per hour.  They incorporate
overlapping hot-hearth type incinerators.  The model P-50 has a  capacity of 50 pounds
of Class IV wastes per hour. It has 5.6 square  feet of hearth area in a 9.9 cubic foot
combustion chamber.  This unit requires a minimum space  of 9'-0" x 4'-0" with
vertical clearances of 7 feet.  The model P-50 costs approximately $3,170 f.o.b.
plant equipped with two gas burners but excluding installation.

If required, this incinerator may  be equipped with a model 100 gas scrubber, pyrometer
and control panel at an additional cost of about $2,350.  This gas scrubber has a
capacity of 1,080 pounds of gases per hour and requires one gallon of water per minute
at 30 psi.  If retention chambers  are required for gas scrubbers, they are available at
$350 per unit.  Chain  hoists for operating destructor charging doors cost about $250.
No  duct work costs are included  in any of the prices given.

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 MO; Hr Rrtofi lniinor»toi
 with 60Q Ser>m GJI W*sh«i
 (front Vi*w! S... M.ya Hoi
 prill Now Orlmni, loufi..
                                        Sargent Retort Incinerator
          Sargent Pathological Incinerator
           (50 Pound Per Hour Capacity)

                                                                      FIGURE V-2
SARGENT-NCV DIVISION OF ZURN INDUSTRIES, INC
PAGE V-15

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP.V                                                                      V-16
The above briefly describes the principles of application and operation of the smaller
package incinerators as well as accessories that are available.  Improvements in package
incineration over the years has been largely confined to changes in design of components,
such as shape of combustion chambers, kinds of refractory lining, methods of introducing
and controlling combustion air, modifications of afterburner principles, and other air
pollution control devices, stack design, methods of stoking and ash removal, automated
controls, etc.  In short, incineration is a highly complex process.   Design of instal-
lations should not be left to catalog selection of equipment or for the evaluation of
the layman.  It should be stressed that qualified engineers experienced in incineration
design should establish design criteria and prepare necessary designs, specifications
and operating procedures for all types of incinerator installations.  These engineering
functions are further detailed in the following section on "Incinerators for Hospitals"
as prepared by Elmer R. Kaiser for this study.  It may be added  that many of  the general
requirements and broad principles established are also applicable to on-site incineration
for many types of buildings, as well as hospital installations.

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VOL.  Ill
CHAP. V
INCINERATORS FOR HOSPITALS by Elmer R. Kaiser, P.E.*
Destruction of hospital wastes by incineration is an established, sanitary and
economical practice.  Improvements in incinerator design and the use of modern
high efficiency washers for the combustion gases have made incinerators more
acceptable.  On-site incineration reduces hazards and contamination in the
handling and disposal of hospital wastes, particularly by waste handlers who are
unfamiliar with the dangers associated with such wastes.

The purpose of this presentation is to provide guidance to hospital administrators,
architects, engineers and others in the considerations for an incinerator facility.
For a new hospital, the architect will find it particularly advisable to regard waste
management as an important function and to allocate ample space for it.  In the
past, the incinerator was too often relegated to a cramped area in the basement
with awkward arrangements for the transport of refuse and burned out residue.

Incinerator plant design by professional engineers includes consideration of the
refuse quantities and types, material handling of refuse and residue, incinerator
selection and room layout, air pollution control, safety, utilities, and cost.  Only
rudiments of the hospital incinerators will be discussed in this article.

A survey of refuse types and weights is advisable for existing hospitals before
deciding on the size of incinerator to be installed.  The  survey should be conducted
for a week or more, with all  refuse weighed and recorded by days.  The daily
number of bed patients should also be noted for comparison.  If feasible, the weight
of metal,  glass and other non-combustibles should be determined.

In general, incinerable refuse consists of free moisture, dry combustible matter,
and inerts. Moisture is that fraction which evaporates by heat drying in air at
not over 212 F.  Moisture contents vary from about 8 per cent for paper to 85 per
cent for food waste.  Metal, glass and the mineral matter associated with most organics
are deemed inert for incineration, although some oxidation of metals does occur in
*Senior Research Scientist, New York University, School of Engineering and Science,
Bronx, New York 10453

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VOL.  HI
CHAP.V
the fire.

Calorific values of the dry, inert-free,  combustibles also vary from 7,500 to 19,000
British thermal units (Btu) per pound, with an average of about 10,000 Btu per pound.
Hospital waste of 10 per cent moisture and 5 per cent inerts, known as Type 0 waste,
would thus have a calorific value as fired of 10,000 (1.00  - 0.10 - 0.05) = 8,500
Btu per pound.   Type  1 waste has 25 per cent moisture and  10 per cent inerts, with
a calorific value of 6,500 Btu per pound. Hospital waste ranges between Type 0
and Type  1.  For design purposes, the more conservative selection is Type 0 waste.

Most  hospital waste is now placed in plastic bags near the point of origin and is
delivered to the incinerator area, rather than as loose rubbish.

Requirements for segregation are minimal; however, identifiable aerosol cans and
containers of highly combustible liquids should be collected separately and delivered
to the incinerator operator for special handling.  The incinerator operator can dispose
of such wastes with greater safety if he receives them separately.

Where waste is delivered to the incinerator room at any time of day or night, but
burned only during the daytime shift, storage space must be provided in a separate
room  or on the charging platform of the  incinerator.

Incinerator residue removal from the incinerator area and from the premises also
requires planning.  Covered ash cans or special transportable containers are avail-
able.  By use of can hoists and rubber-tired carts, manual lifting and noise are
reduced to a minimum.  Good housekeeping is as feasible in the incinerator area
as in  any other hospital area.
Incinerators:

Incinerators, also named destructors, are engineered products available from
nationally established manufacturers.  They are multi-chambered, refractory
lined, heat  insulated and brick cased or steel cased.  Auxiliary equipment for
high combustion efficiency includes overfire air blowers and nozzles, gas burners,
temperature sensors, and dampers.  Air pollution regulations are met with gas washers

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VOL.   Ill   	
 CHAP.V                                                                      V-19
or scrubbers, which remove the fly ash from the combustion products.

The purpose of the incinerator is to reduce the volume and weight of refuse by
combustion.  Moisture and hydrogen are converted to water vapor.  Carbon is
burned to carbon dioxide.  Both water vapor and carbon dioxide are natural
constituents of the atmosphere and support plant life.  They are not air pollutants.

Bottle glass decrepitates to shards by heat shock, thus reducing volume.  Metal
cans are burned  free of labels and organic linings, and lose their strength.,  The
final weight of residue (ash,  glass and metal) will be 5 to 10 per  cent of the
original refuse,  depending mainly on the amount of metal and glass present in
the refuse.  The heat generated promotes sterility in the gases and in the residue.

Figure V-3 is a typical  layout for guidance to architects.  The design shows end
firing of the incinerator, but side firing at either side is also equally feasible.
While Figure V-3 also shows the incinerator, flue, scrubber and chimney in line,
turns are also possible without sacrifice of performance. Thus, af\ incinerator
installation is adaptable to building designs, provided that certain minimum floor
areas and ceiling heights are provided*  An independent air supply to the incinerator
room is  also necessary as the combustion process requires 10 to  15 pounds of air
(133 to  200 cu ft) per pound of refuse burned.

Incinerator and scrubber manufacturers will furnish dimensions and discuss layouts.
The charging platform shown in Figure V-3 is definitely advisable for the larger
incinerators, but is not needed for the small  units. Power operated stokers are
advisable for incinerators burning over 2,000 Ib per hour, but cast iron grates
are commonly used on other destructors.

The size of incinerator is determined by the weight of refuse to be burned per hour.
Typical refuse firing is once every 15 or 20 minutes, during which no more than
one fourth to one third of the hourly capacity is charged manually.  Bagged refuse
is easier to charge than loose material.  Air is admitted under the grates through
air registers or louvers provided for the purpose.  Air is also supplied above the
grate through registers or louvers,  as well as by the overfire air blower.

For complete combustion the operating temperatures in the primary and secondary

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  (Q
  i
  s
  I
  o
oi
m m'

K> co
o
         STORAGE
          AREA AND
         CHARGING  PLATFORM
•W+36"
                                         FLOOR PLAN
                            OVER FIRE AIR BLOWER
                                                     FLUE GAS
                                                     SCRUBBER
                                         ELEVATION

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VOL.  Ill
CHAP. V
combustion spaces should be in the range of 1,400 F to 1,800 F.  Gas burners are
provided for preheating the incinerator and for maintaining the  temperatures.

Overfire air assists combustion of the refuse and flames by supplying air (oxygen)
and promoting mixing (turbulence). Burning rates should not exceed 25,000 Btu
an hr per cubic foot of combustion space in the chambers.
                         am
Incineration of hospital refuse will provide a reduction ranging  up to 90% in
weight and 95% in volume, with the density of the residue decreasing as  the ratio
of bulky inerts, such as tin cans,  increases. There will be a considerable variation
based on composition of the input.
Air Pollution Control:

Stringent requirements of Federal, state and local regulations directed toward the
prevention of air pollution can be met with available incinerator flue-gas cleaners.
Successful control  is achieved by the  combination of good combustion, followed by
the removal of particles from the gases before the latter are discharged to the
chimney and the atmosphere.  Ash dust in the combustion gases cannot be burned
but can be trapped.

Smoke is consumed by combustion of the minute carbon or soot particles to carbon
dioxide in the secondary combustion chamber.  Larger carbonaceous flakes of
paper fall to the floor of the secondary chamber, where the carbon oxidizes away,
leaving an ash residue to be removed  by periodic cleanout.

The gaseous products of combustion next flow through a gas scrubber or washer
where suspended fly ash is largely removed by water spray and wetted surfaces.
Water that drains from the scrubber carries these particles to the sewer.  Test
results on scrubbers of good design indicate that they can meet the standard of
0.2 grains per standard cubic foot of dry flue gas, corrected to 12 per cent CO2.
This standard is equivalent to 0.4 Ib of dust per 100 Ib of refuse.  Gas scrubbers
are available to reduce  the dust  loading of the flue  gases to even  lower levels
where that is required, but at an increase in fan horsepower and water consumption.
Incinerator manufacturers will guarantee to meet the legal requirements in all

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP.V                                                                      V-22
respects„

Gas scrubbers have a further advantage in removing hydrochloric acid vapor from the
gases, which result from the combustion of plastics.  To counter possible acid attack
on the equipment, the recirculated water is treated with small additions of soda ash
(Na2COs), or the flow of water to the sewer is increased  to reduce the acid concen-
tration in the water.

The discharge gas temperature from the scrubber varies with the scrubber design and
the efficiency of scrubbing, and is in the range of 165 to 400 F.  To overcome the
resistance to flow through the  intricate passages of the scrubber and to offset the
loss of chimney draft because of the cooling of the gases,  scrubbers are provided
with exhaust blowers (induced draft fans).
Controls and Safety:

Electrically operated appliances assist the incinerator operator and improve the
performance of the installation.

While counterbalanced guillotine charging doors are not burdensome to operate
manually, electrically operated doors with push-button  control save the operator's
time and energy, and reduce his exposure to heat.

The scrubber exhaust fan provides the slight negative pressure in  the furnace to
induce the inward flow of air required for combustion of the refuse.  The flow is
regulated by the control damper in the exhaust duct, as well as by proper settings
of the air inlet registers.

The gas burners have electric safety controls and can be turned on or off auto-
matically within the set temperature  limits.

Should electric power fail when the incinerator is in operation, causing the scrubber
and gas burners to shut down, the by-pass damper opens automatically to vent the
combustion gases to the chimney „

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VOL.  Ill        	
CHAP. V                                                                     7=23
General  Recommendations:

A survey and estimate of present and future refuse generation for a hospital  should be
prepared in advance of incinerator plant design.

Incinerator room size and shape is determined by the size of equipment to be installed,
whether or not a charging platform is included, and the storage space for refuse and
residue containers.

Incinerator space, utilities and chimney size should be ample for future hospital
expansion.  A second incinerator furnace may be necessary in the future.

The Incinerator Standards and other publications of the Incinerator Institute of America
should be consulted for general guidance.  The Institute's address is 60 East 42nd Street,
New York, New York 10017.

The installation should, of course, conform to all  regulations,  such as building,
electrical, air pollution, and other codes.

A qualified professional engineer is usually required to prepare plans for approval
by municipal  or state agencies which have jurisdiction over the proposed installation
or modification.  Also, the design  of incinerator systems requires knowledge beyond
the above simplified presentation.

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VOL.  Ill
CHAP.V
PYROLYSIS:

Pyrolysis involves the process of destructive distillation or carbonization of solid wastes
and results in bulk reduction and the conversion of waste materials to combustible gases
and a charred product.  Depending upon the characteristics of the waste input,  the
charred end-product may have commercial value as a useable fuel.  Environmental
contamination from the pyrolytic process is claimed to be much lower than that produced
by incineration.  However, since pilot plants are still  in experimental stages, the degree
of possible atmospheric pollution cannot now be stated.

The theory of pyrolytic action, chemical change induced by heat in the absence of
oxygen, is neither new nor unused in certain industries, but its possible application
in the treatment of solid wastes has but recently been investigated seriously.  In general,
materials to be treated are  shredded before being fed into a nearly horizontal, cylin-
drical vessel inside a  refractory-lined furnace.  A seal is provided to prevent the
entrance of air and moisture into the inner drum, or retort.  Heat is applied between
the outer wall  of the slowly rotating retort and  the inner walls of the oven.

The products of such pyrolysis  are charcoal, combustible gases and some tarry residuals.
It is claimed that the  gases produced can be utilized to provide some portion of the fuel
required to heat the charges in the retort.  The extent to which this is possible is not
presently known.

A unit being developed by  Monsanto Enviro-Chem  Systems, Inc. and the Lantz Converter
being developed by Pan American  Resources, Inc., both employing pyrolysis for solid
waste destruction, were inspected  during the course of this study.

                       (Monsanto Enviro-Chem Systems,  Inc.)

Increasing resistance to the use of  incinerators and the need to develop satisfactory
means of the destruction and disposal of general solid wastes have led a major industrial
organization to carry  out extensive research and experimentation to determine the feasi-
bility of using pyrolysis as a treatment process.  Monsanto Enviro-Chem Systems, Inc.
is operating a plant in St. Louis County, Missouri, to demonstrate the feasibility of
pyrolysis as an economical  means of reducing solid waste to an innocuous form.  The
manufacturer foresees  a great potential in waste disposal and recovery of by-products

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VOL.  Ill
CHAP. V
through pyrolysis. Pyrolysis occurs when flammable organic matter is heated to high
temperature without air, thus driving off combustible gases and producing a solid residue
of charred materials.  The flammable, gaseous by-products, burning  at high temperatures,
generate heat necessary to assure destruction of the odoriferous waste components.  It
may be possible to utilize the waste heat thus released.  The char may be separated
and graded for various carbon markets. It is possible also to reclaim other products
such as metals and glass, if warranted. Thus, many of the solid waste components
may be recovered, recycled and achieve a second use  through this process. The
Enviro-Chem unit is claimed  to be capable of pyrolyzing all types of solid waste,
including plastics, rubber and other difficult materials.

The unit appears  to provide excellent control of potential pollutants  and  is acceptable
in appearance and operating  characteristics. The manufacturers expect these factors
to encourage placement of units in  light manufacturing or other close-in  locations
without offense to neighbors.

While  cost information on the demonstration plant is incomplete, Monsanto claims that
it will  be possible to pyrolyze solid wastes at capital and operating costs substantially
below  those for high quality incineration.

                ("Lantz Converter" - Pan American Resources, Inc.)

Pan American Resources, Inc. has been operating a Lantz Converter  pyrolyzing unit
at the Milpitas plant of  the Ford Motor Company, near San Jose, California.  Here
the general industrial  dry wastes of the plant are being treated.  These wastes are
largely composed of wood dunnage, corrugated board and paper products.  The
corrugated board  and much of the paper are being manually separated and baled.

The wooden dunnage and all other remaining wastes are fed by conveyor  to a large
hammermill for predestruction before introduction into the retort for pyrolyzing. At
the PAR installation, the pyrolyzing is reported to require from 12 to 22 minutes for
complete conversion to char» Retort temperatures are said to range about 1700 to
2200°F. The residual char is cooled by a water mist spray as it emerges from the
retort onto a belt conveyor.

Pan American Resources officials state that there is a ready market for the coarse,

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VOL.  Ill	          ,
CHAP. V                                                                   V-26
granular charcoal. Its market value, early in 1969, was about $35.00 per ton as
compared to baled paper which was bringing about $23.00 per ton, F.O.B. Milpitas
at this time.

The plant operators claim a capacity of 60 tons of refuse per day,  based on a processing
rate of 2 1/2 tons per hour.  It is further claimed that municipal refuse can be processed
but such processing was not witnessed.

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP. V                            '	\PTT
WET AIR OXIDATION

Another process for the  reduction or conversion of solid wastes is by wet air oxidation.
This method has been successfully used for thermal treatment of sewage sludge and
produces a sterile slurry that upon dewatering forms a cake which is easily  crumbled
into granules.

                       (Zimpro Division of Sterling Drug, Inc.)

The Zimpro Division of  Sterling Drug, Inc. produces and markets a processing system
designed to reduce  the bulk of and  to sterilize sewage sludge.  The process can be
applied to raw or digested,  primary or secondary, sludge, plus  scum and screenings.
The process is claimed to be applicable to industrial waste treatment and disposal.

The wet air oxidation process is based on the principle that any substance capable
of burning can be oxidized when in a slurried form under pressure in the presence of
air at temperatures  between 250 F. and 700°F.  The process is  especially suited to
the treatment of difficult to dewater waste slurries and sludges where the solids are
but a few percent of the content.

In the wet air oxidation process, air pollution is controlled when the oxidation takes
place in water at relatively low temperatures; hence, no fly ash, dust, sulfur dioxide
or nitrogen oxides are formed. An  unobjectionable gaseous discharge is assured by
passing exhaust gases from the Zimpro unit through a final scrubber or catalytic after-
burner.  Because water  scrubbing of high temperature exhaust gases is not required in
wet air oxidation, the heavy steam or water vapor plumes associated with scrubbing
systems of incinerators can be eliminated.

As  used in the treatment of sludge with a continuous process unit,  the sludge is ground
to a particle size of 1/4 inch. Sludge and air are then pumped into the system.  The
mixture is passed through heat exchangers and brought to initiating reaction temperatures
between 300° and 400°F.  From the heat exchangers, the heated mixture enters a
reactor where oxidation takes place at temperatures between 350° and 600°Fc  The
oxidized products leaving the reactor are cooled in the heat exchangers against the
entering cold sludge and air.  The gases are separated from the liquid carrying the
residual oxidized solids and released through a pressure control valve to the catalytic

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VOL.  Ill	.	
CHAP. V                                                                      V-28
afterburner unit for complete odor control.  It may be possible to recover some power
from these gases.   Upon dewatering the treated slurry with accessory equipment, such
as vacuum filters,  solids are reduced to about 35% to 45% moisture content.

For startup,  heat is obtained from an auxiliary source, usually a small steam generator.
With high degree oxidations and high fuel value sludges, no external heat is needed
once the process is started.

High pressure units, operating at 1750 psig, have  been handling 300 tons of sewage
solids per day at the West-Southwest Sewage Treatment Works at Chicago.  For small
capacity requirements up to about 10,000 gallons  of sewage sludge a day, small batch
units are available.  Dependent upon temperature and pressure ranges,  solid waste
materials may be merely sterilized by this process  or reduced in the conversion process
up to about 80% of the original dry weight of solid content of the slurry mix.  The
manufacturer claims that Zimpro wet air oxidation units will  dispose of mixed refuse,
including various types of plastics, as readily as any  other organic material when
properly ground and conditioned in a slurried  form.

Among the advantages claimed for the Zimpro process are sterile end products, minimal
air pollution, ease of dewatering, a sanitary process  which only a closed system can
provide and  capability of processing a wide range of  waste materials in slurried form.

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VOL.  Ill      RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT	
CHAP. VI      SUMMARY                                                    VI-1
One of the primary objectives of this study has been the consideration of existent and
available systems for the efficient handling of the wastes generated in multistory
building  complexes and hospitals, which would carry solid wastes from their many
points of origin to a place or places of ultimate processing or disposal,  without human
handling or hazards to health.  Despite the advanced state of development of general
materials handling equipment, tried and proven mechanical components designed
exclusively for solid waste handling are almost non-existent, with the exception of
chutes and pneumatic conveyor systems.  Various types of conveyors used in industry
(such as screw conveyors, belt conveyors, chain conveyors,  etc.),  however, have
been adapted to certain components of waste handling and disposal  systems.

Various types of processing and disposal equipment (such as compactors, balers, grinders,
pulpers,  incinerators, etc.), all offering a wide range of capacities, have been developed
for solid  waste systems in buildings. Continuing improvements are being made in the
evolution of this type of equipment.

Reduced  space requirements can be accomplished with the use of waste reduction
devices, and building sanitation and safety can be improved with modern compactor
container storage.  Interim storage points in multistory building complexes can be
minimized with the use of pneumatic conveyors whereby nearly instant removal of
wastes can be accomplished.

Substantial progress is being made in the development of individual components, but
generally the total system concept has not yet been developed and marketed, that will
provide solutions to all of the many different problems in building complex systems.

A brief recapitulation of the many problems encountered in the building types under
study and review of the varieties of equipment available further confirm this obser-
vation.  This is most emphatically so where a waste system installation  is considered
for existing structures.  The existing layout of floor areas, assigned use  and space
limitations due to existing mechanical installations impose restrictions upon a free
choice of methods and equipment presently available.

The solution to these problems in both existing buildings and  those in planning stages
requires engineering design of the total system.   Design of systems in existing buildings

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP. VI                                                                    V-2
generally requires the following:

1.    Analysis of planned building areas and functions and*future expansions.

2.    Identification of types and quantities of wastes to be generated by building areas.

3.    Review applicable code requirements affecting waste* hand I ing.
                                                     *
4.    Establish range of locally approved disposal methods.

5.    Establish range of processing and disposal methods to consider.

6.    Establish range of handling methods to consider.

7.    Establish range of storage methods to consider.

8.    Evaluate economic and environmental aspects of workable combinations of
      handling,  storage and processing.

In addition to the above, design of systems in buildings in the planning stage should also
consider the following:

1.    Study of general materials handling requirements (quantities and types of new
      materials at receiving, storage, processing and distribution points).

2.    Evaluate merit of common conveyor system for new materials and waste materials.

The rate at which progress is being made in the development  of more sophisticated
handling and disposal  equipment may well make some portions of this report outdated
almost before publication.  Daily, new material could be added or superseded.  It  must
be recognized that during any period of great technological progress, no precise time
could be totally  ideal for such a study to be made and the process of updating is a
continuing one.  New handling methods and treatment processes are being developed,
but which are, as yet, untested under working conditions.  Some of the equipment
known to exist is of foreign origin and not yet installed or proven under operating

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VOL.  Ill	
CHAP. VI                                                                   VI-3
conditions in the United States.  Other equipment or methods, some of which have
been seen by the consultant, are still in the development or pilot plant stages and
the sponsors have placed restrictions upon disclosure of details at the present time.

In conclusion, it is strongly recommended that continuing investigations be carried
out in  efforts to  stay abreast of developments in this field.

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VOL. HI	RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
APPENDIX A     HANDLING EQUIPMENT
    CLASSIFICATIONS AND DEFINITIONS OF EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES
BLOWER - A fan device, operated by an electrical motor and which may be used
to exert air movement as pressure or suction.  Blowers are used in pneumatic
transport systems and have many other applications,  some of which may be in the
processing of wastes„

BODY,  Truck, Special - As used in this report, this term applies to truck bodies
of special design which do not fit types otherwise listed.

BUCKET, Clamshell - A digging and transfer device, handled by cables from a
crane.  It can be opened and  closed so as to pick up and hold a mass of material.
Some of these buckets are specifically designed for waste handling, especially
at incinerators or where loading or unloading of materials of mixed composition
and consistency must be accomplished.

CART, Electric  - A self-propelled, battery-operated propulsion unit designed
to accept and transport various types of modular containers or packaged loads
and to do so either attended or unattended.  It is capable of horizontal movement
following an embedded wire or other type of guide path and can, when properly
programmed, call and use specially designed lifts.

CART, Hand-pushed - Any of a large group of wheeled or castered vehicles of
light weight and which can be easily handled by an individual. These are  fully
described in Chapter III,  Storage, because many of them serve first as  temporary
storage units and subsequently as handling devices.

CHUTE,  Gravity - Vertical ducts installed in buildings, into which soiled linens
or wastes can be inserted and  subsequently transported by free-fall to some  lower
level.  They are usually cylindrical in shape and are equipped with hinged doors
for the injection of materials to be transported.

COLLECTOR, Litter, Vacuum - A truck-mounted vacuum pump-operated suction
mechanism capable of lifting litter and small sized debris through a large diameter,
flexible hose and depositing the collected materials into a truck body.

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VOL. Ill	
APPENDIX A                                                                 a~2
CONVEYOR, Belt - Commonly a transport mechanism employing an endless belt
operated over a series of rollers and motivated by electrical motors.  Belts may
be of cotton, nylon, canvas, rubber impregnated or rubber covered.  Conveyors,
although usually horizontal, may be inclined nearly twenty degrees.

CONVEYOR, Belt, Mesh  -  Similar to the more common belt conveyor described
above, but equipped with  metal mesh belts.  They are used  to handle hot or cold
articles or materials passing  through ovens or water sprays, etc.  Can be used on
plain and "S" curves.

CONVEYOR, Belt, Spring - Similar to the conveyors just defined but its belt is
actually a series of endless springs which  are sufficiently flexible to permit changes
in the conveyor alignment.  Usually used on  portable conveyors, particularly those
used for loading  bagged materials.

CONVEYOR, Belt, Wire  - Similar  to mesh belt conveyors but frequently of heavier
metal and used generally for the transfer of bagged materials where it is desired
to allow any  loose materials to fall  through the belt prior to final discharge of
the loads carried.

CONVEYOR, Chain, Drag, Driverless -  A self-powered, electrical  tractor which
serves as a driverless motive power unit to haul trains of castered carts by means
of a length of chain dragged behind the unit.  The  chain moves in a channel built
into the floor and which has an open top or slot at floor level.   The power unit
follows the slot and carts are attached to  the towed chain by means of drop pins.
The unit can  be programmed to follow predetermined routes  and will stop or start
unattended.

CONVEYOR, Chain, In-floor - An endless moving chain moving in a floor
channel to which carts can be attached by means of drop pins.   The carts can
be programmed to drop off at selected turnouts by means of a diverter.

CONVEYOR, Chain, Overhead - An endless moving chain which can be operated
horizontally or on an incline, suspended above working areas or in an assigned
corridor. Articles and containerized materials can-be attached by means of
hooks or special  carriers.  It can be adapted to use with special vertical lifts
and programmed  to drop off at selected turnouts.

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX A
CONVEYOR, Monorail, Electric - A fully automated conveying system employing
electrically operated transporters operating on an overhead monorail and carrying
special container modules.  The system usually operates horizontally in its own
tunnels and vertically in special shaftways.  Complete programming of call and
dispatch  of transporters  can be automatically controlled by pushbutton.  Injection
and ejection of modules is  also automatic.

CONVEYOR, Pneumatic - A system of tubes which may run horizontally,  vertically
or diagonally and  through which either specially designed tubular carriers, soiled
linens or solid wastes, or bulk materials can be transported by air pressure  or suction
supplied  by blowers or fans.  Linens or wastes are usually bagged for transport within
the system.  Naturally, the three types of pneumatic conveyors differ and  cannot be
used interchangeably to transport materials other than those for which they may be
specifically designed.

CONVEYOR, Roller - A common type of conveyor utilizing a series of closely
spaced rollers upon which objects or containers can be rolled, largely  unattended,
from one point to another.   Powered rollers are used for lengthy horizontal
transport while free,  unpowered rollers can be used for  very short distances or
for sloping conveyors.

CONVEYOR, Screw - A mechanical  conveyor consisting of a trough or tube within
which a spiral screw revolves to move material from  one end of the tube to the other.
Although commonly used for horizontal or inclined movement, special  designs are
available for vertical movement also.   This type  of conveyor is used for the transport
of bulk materials but is  adapted to the movement of other materials and slurries
as well.

CONVEYOR, Slat - Similar to a belt conveyor,  this device has hinged wooden
or metallic slats arranged as an endless belt.

CONVEYOR, Sorting - A  system frequently utilizing small cars or platforms which
circulate on a network of trackage and which is used for the distribution of objects
or containers. The platforms or cars are usually capable of tilting so that their
contents  can be dumped or slid onto other conveyors or  delivered to predetermined
destinations.  The  total  system is  controlled by programming devices and is largely
automatic after commands are fed into its controls.

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VOL. Ill	
APPENDIX A                                                                  a~4
CONVEYOR, Track, Overhead - Although related to the overhead chain type, this
conveyor utilizes a series of wheels or rollers jointed into an endless chain which
operates within a tube or track  which has as its only opening a slot at the bottom.
Hooks or carriers may be suspended from the rollers so that loads may be transported.

CONVEYOR, Tramrail - A system of overhead  track upon which powered hoist
carriers can be moved electrically.   The trackage is frequently monorail  but for
heavier loadings, dual tracks are used.  The movement of the carrier on the track
and the operation of the crane are controlled by remotely located push buttons.

CONVEYOR, Trolley, Cable - Somewhat similar to the overhead track conveyor,
this equipment consists of rollered carriers riding on horizontal or inclined tracks.
The carriers are fastened to an endless cable, instead of a chain as in the overhead
chain conveyor, and can be spaced to meet specific requirements.  Hooks or
containers can be suspended from the carriers.

CONVEYOR, Tube - A totally enclosed conveyor for moving bulk or ground
materials through a tube.  Metal or plastic discs fitting the inside of the  tube,
spaced several inches apart, and connected by  universally jointed endless linkage
or chain, are  pulled  through the tube.  Materials injected into the tube are pushed
to a desired destination and then ejected. This equipment is sometimes called a
drag chain conveyor.

CONVEYOR, Tube, Belt - A method of transport similar to the tube conveyor, this
device utilizes an endless, flexible belt which  carries materials within a tube, thus
keeping the materials dry and preventing spillage.  The belt forms into a semi-
circular trough during its travel through the tube, but flattens out for its  return
within a closed pan beneath the tube.

CONVEYOR, Vertical, Continuous  - A lifting device consisting of one or more
pairs of endless chains operating over pairs of upper and lower pulleys.  Carriers
are suspended between the chains.  Top, bottom and intermediate loading and
unloading stations provide for automatic injection and ejection of trays or tote
boxes.  One side of  the chain takes material  downward while carriers move
upward on the other side.

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VOL 111
APPENDIX A
CONVEYOR, Vertical, Reciprocating - Similar to an elevator, these lifts have trays
or other loads injected and ejected from the same side.  The dumbwaiter would  be
classed as a reciprocating, vertical conveyor.  This type of equipment can be
provided with automatic controls.

CONVEYOR, Wheel  - Somewhat similar to roller conveyors but employing several
independently movable wheels on a series of closely spaced shafts.  Gravity wheel
conveyors are frequently used for sorting and accumulation, operations in  which
the differential actions of the separate wheels are an advantage.

CRANE, Electric - Electrical hoisting device with wide range of size and
capacities.

CRANE, Overhead, Monorail - Electric cranes with capability of horizontal
movement operating from monorails.

DOLLY, Fiber Glass, Castered - Small, castered platforms made of fiber glass,
upon which  loads or containers  may be readily transported.

DUMBWAITER - Small,  light-duty vertical transfer cages which may be powered or
hand-operated.

GRAPPLE, Incinerator - A hinged, toothed handling device operated by cables from
a crane.  Designed to pick up large quantities of materials of a conglomerate nature.
Especially intended to handle garbage and trash.

HOIST, Container, Rear-Loading - A special type of hoist which may be cable
operated but is generally of the lift-swing-set type and is used  for handling large
and special  shaped containers,  which are  described in Chapter  III.  It is mounted
on a truck chassis, in place of a body.  Containers can be picked up, swung onto
the chassis and held there during transport.  This hoist and  the containers used with
it are not to be confused with the hoists and containers commonly used with a mobile
packer.

HOIST, Tiltframe, Container, Packer - A tiltable frame equipped with hoisting
cables and mounted on a large truck chassis. Hinged at the back of the truck
frame, it can be raised at the front, thus allowing large receiving containers,

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX A
used with stationary packers,  to be slid onto or off the tiltframe at the rear of the
truck.

LEVELER,  Dock - Devices which may be manually, mechanically or hydraulically
operated,  used to provide a hinged platform between loading docks and trucks to
facilitate loading and unloading.

LOADER,  Pallet, Automatic - A mechanical tilting device, used in conjunction
with conveying systems, to raise or lower loaded pallets or containers from one
level to another.

PACKER, Front-Loader, Mobile - A specially constructed truck body, designed to
pick up, empty and lower refuse containers of specific design and to  compact the
refuse dumped into a receiving hopper located topside.  This piece of equipment
is sometimes called a mobile compactor.  The front-loader is intended for use with
its own special containers and not to receive cans or bundles of refuse.

PACKER, Rear-Loader, Mobile - A compactor body having a receiving hopper at
the rear, into which bagged refuse or containers of loose material can be emptied.
The contents of the hopper are subsequently compacted into the main body of the
truck.  Some models of this packer are equipped with hoisting mechanisms which
permit the emptying of special containers into the hopper.

PACKER, Side-Loader, Mobile - A special truck body somewhat similar to the front
and rear-loader packers but, as the name implies,  it is loaded from the side. Most
models will receive only such wastes as may be put into it by hand.  However, some
models have a hoist for lifting and emptying special containers into the compactor
body.

SCOOTER, Collection, Trash - A small, specially designed body mounted on a
scooter chassis used for trash collection, generally around building grounds or in
inter-building service.  The body is equipped with a dumping mechanism.

TAILGATE, Hydraulic - A mechanism,  usually hydraulically operated, for raising
or  lowering heavy or bulky loads from trucks.

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VOL.  Ill
APPENDIX A
TRACTOR, Electric,  Driverless,  Self-Powered - A battery-operated tractive unit
which follows an electric guide path on prearranged routes or is remotely controlled
by radio.  It is capable of towing trains of castered carts. Electronic programming
permits largely unattended operation.

TRACTOR, Electric,  Self-powered - A battery-operated tractive unit for towing
trains of castered carts.  May be capable of accommodating a driver or may be
manually controlled with a tiller handle.

TRAILER, Transfer - Mounted on  trailers, these large receiving containers can be
loaded with compacted wastes at a transfer station  and then be hauled to  disposal
areas.  Their large capacities make fewer hauling trips necessary-  Refuse is
emptied  out of the rear of the body.

TAILER, Transfer, Side-tilting - These trailers serve a similar purpose to the
transfer trailers just described.  Their principal difference is that they are unloaded
by being tilted to the side instead of being emptied from the rear.

TRAIN,  Container - A series of small, wheeled trash containers can be made into
a "train" to be hauled by a small truck or a tractor or tow-motor.  This equipment
is used generally in inter-building  service.

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX B
RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
HANDLING EQUIPMENT
                               PRODUCT LIST
                     (Type, Manufacturer and Trade Name)
BLOWER, Air
    -  Quickdraft Corporation
BODY, Truck, Special- Bynal Products, Inc.
                     - Trashmobile Division
                        Hanna Enterprises

BUCKET, Clamshell    - Esco Corporation

CART, Electric, Driver!ess,  Self-powered
                     - Amsco Systems Company
                        Div. of American  Sterilizer Co.
                     - Jervis B. Webb Company
 CHUTE, Gravity
       Comstock Engineering Co.
       Construction Products Co., Inc.
       Kirk & Blum Mfg. Co., The
       Lam son Division
        Diebold,  Incorporated
       Mathews Conveyor Co.
       Olson Div.
        American Chain & Cable Co., Inc,
       Standard Conveyor Co.
       Wilkinson  Chutes, Inc.
 COLLECTOR, Litter,  Vacuum
                     - Truck Equipment Corporation
CONVEYOR, Belt
      Alvey Conveyor Manufacturing Co.
      J. L. Baldwin Conveyor Co.
      E. W. Buschman Co., The
      Comstock Engineering Co.
      Conveyor Systems,  Inc.
       A. B. Farquhar Div.
      J. C. Corrigan Co., Inc.
      Eastern Cyclone Industries, Inc.
                                           -  "Hussler"
                                              "Am scar"
                                              "Mini-Cart"
                                                            - "Haslett"
                                           -  "Tecorp"
                                                           -  "Air-Flyte"

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX B
CONVEYOR, Belt (Continued)
                    -  Hewitt-Robins,  Inc.
                        Div. Litton Industries
                    -  Hobart Manufacturing  Co.,  The
                    -  Hollymatic Corp.
                    -  Hytrol Conveyor Company, Inc.
                    -  Joy Manufacturing Company
                    -  Kornylak Corporation                   - "Zipflo" &
                                                              "Armorbelt"
                    -  Lamson Division
                        Diebold,  Incorporated
                    -  Link-Belt
                        Div. of FMC Corp.
                    -  Mathews Conveyor Company
                    -  Newark Caster  & Truck Corp.            - "Speedways"
                    -  New London Engineering Co.
                    -  Olson Division
                        American Chain & Cable Company, Inc.
                    -  Rapistan Incorporated
                    -  Speedways Conveyors, Inc.
                    -  Sprout, Waldron & Company, Inc.
                    -  Standard Conveyor Company             - "Traylift"
                    -  Versa Corp.                           - "Versa-Veyor"

CONVEYOR, Belt, Mesh
                    -  E. W. Buschman Co.,  The
                    -  Conveyor  Systems, Inc.
                        A.  B. Farquhar Div.
                    -  Hytrol Conveyor Company, Inc.
                    -  New London Engineering Co.

CONVEYOR, Belt, Spring
                    -  Flexoveyor Conveyor Co.

CONVEYOR, Belt, Wire
                    -  Flexoveyor Conveyor Co.

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX B
             b-3
CONVEYOR, Chain, Drag, Driverless
                     - SI Handling  Systems, Inc.

CONVEYOR, Chain, In-floor
                     - Anchor Steel and Conveyor Company
                     - E. W. Buschman Co., The
                     - Link-Belt
                         Div. of FMC Corp.
                     - SI Handling  Systems, Inc.

                     - Jervis B. Webb Company
 CONVEYOR, Chain, Overhead
                     - Anchor Steel & Conveyor Co.
                     - E. W. Buschman Co., The
                     - Columbus McKinnon Corporation

                     - Conveyor Systems, Inc.
                         A. B. Farquhar Div.
                     - Econo Manufacturing Co.
                     - Link-Belt
                         Div. of FMC Corp.
                     - Rapistan  Incorporated
                     - Jervis B. Webb Company

 CONVEYOR, Monorail, Electric
                     - Castle Automated Systems
                         Division of Sybron Corporation
- "Switch-Train1
- "Tow-All"
  "Trukveyor"
  "Lo-Tow" &
  "Switch-Cart"
  "Shallo-Tow" &
  "Towveyor"
   "Power-Flex"
   & "ACTE"
-  "Surgamatic"

-  "Dog Magic"



-  "Cyberail"
 CONVEYOR, Pneumatic
                     - Aerojet-General Corporation
                     - Butler Manufacturing Co.
                     - Eastern Cyclone Industries-, Inc.
                     - Fisher-Klosterman, Inc.
                     - Flo-Tronics
                         Air Conveyor Div.
                     - Fuller Company
-  "AVAC"

-  "Air-Flyte"



-  "Airveyor"

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX B
CONVEYOR, Pneumatic (Continued)
CONVEYOR, Roller   -
CONVEYOR, Screw   -
CONVEYOR, Slat
Lamson Division
  Diebold, Incorporated
Quickdraft Corporation
Salina Manufacturing Co., Inc.

Alvey Conveyor Manufacturing Co.
Anchor Steel & Conveyor Co.
E. W. Buschman Co.,  The
Conveyor Systems, Inc.
  A.  B. Farquhar Div-
J. C. Corrigan Co., Inc.
Hytrol Conveyor Company, Inc.
Lamson Division
  Diebold, Incorporated
Newark Caster & Truck Corp.
Olson Division
  American Chain & Cable Company, Inc.
Rapistan Incorporated
Speedways Conveyors, Inc.
Standard Conveyor Co.
Versa Corp.
                   Inc.
                                                            -  "Speedways"
                                                            -  "Versa-Veyor"
J. C. Corrigan Co.,
S. Howes Co., Inc.
Link-Belt
  Div- of FMC Corp.
Salina Manufacturing Co., Inc.
Screw Conveyor Corporation
Sprout, Waldron &  Co.,  Inc.
Williams Patent Crusher & Pulverizer Co., Inc.

E. W. Buschman Co., The
Comstock Engineering Co.
New London Engineering Co.
Rapistan Incorporated

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX B
CONVEYOR,  Sorting -  SI Handling Systems, Inc.               - "Cartrac"
                     -  Speaker Sortation Systems Division
                         Automatic Sprinkler Corp. of America
                     -  Hewitt-Robins, Inc.
                         Div. Litton Industries
                         Chainveyor Operations

CONVEYOR,  Track, Overhead
                     -  Hewitt-Robins, Inc.
                         Div. Litton Industries
                         Chainveyor Operations
                     -  Jervis B. Webb Company                - "Unibilt"

CONVEYOR,  Tramrail-  Cleveland  TramraiI  Division

CONVEYOR,  Trolley, Cable
                     -  E.  W. Buschman Co., The

CONVEYOR,  Tube   -  Hapman Corp.
                     -  Prab Conveyors, Inc.
                     -  Jervis B. Webb Company                - "Tube-Flo"
                     -  Sprout, Waldron &  Co., Inc.

CONVEYOR,  Tube, Belt
                     -  Con-Vey International, Inc.             - "Tube-Belt"

CONVEYOR,  Vertical, Continuous
                     -  Alvey Conveyor Manufacturing Co.
                     -  E.  W. Buschman Co., The
                     -  Conveyor Systems,  Inc.
                         A. B. Farquhar Div.
                     -  Hewitt-Robins, Inc.
                         Div. Litton Industries
                         Chainveyor Operations
                     -  Kornylak Corporation                   - "Vertiflo"
                     -  Lamson Division
                         Diebold, Incorporated

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX B
CONVEYOR, Vertical, Continuous (Continued)
                     -  Olson Division
                        American Chain & Cable Company,  Inc.
                     -  Rapistan Incorporated
                     -  Standard Conveyor Co.                 -  "Escaveyor"
                     -  Jervis B. Webb Company

CONVEYOR, Vertical, Reciprocating
                     -  Anchor Steel & Conveyor Co.
                     -  J.  L. Baldwin Conveyor Co.
                     -  E.  W- Buschman Co., The
                     -  Conveyor Systems, Inc.
                        A. B. Farquhar Div.
                     -  Lamson Division
                        Diebold, Incorporated
                     -  Olson Division
                        American Chain & Cable Company,  lncn
                     -  Rapistan Incorporated
                     -  Jervis B. Webb Company

CONVEYOR, Wheel   -  E.  W. Buschman Co., The
                     -  Conveyor Systems, Inc.
                        A. B. Farquhar Div.
                     -  Hytrol Conveyor Co., Inc.
                     -  Kornylak Corporation
                     -  Olson Division
                        American Chain & Cable Company,  Inc.
                     -  Rapistan Incorporated
                     -  Speedways Conveyors, Inc.
                     -  Versa Corp.                           -  "Versa-Veyor"

CONVEYOR, Wicket-type
                     -  Conveyor Systems, Inc.
                        A. B. Farquhar Div.

CRANE, Electric      -  Harnischfeger Corp.                    -  "P&H"

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX B
CRANE,  Overhead, Monorail
                     - Cleveland Tramrail Division
                         of Cleveland Crane & Eng. Div.
                         of McNeil Corp.

DOLLY,  Fiber Glass, Castered
                     - Container Development Corp.
 DUMBWAITER
- J. L. Baldwin Conveyor Co.
 GRAPPLE, Incinerator -  Esco Corporation
                     -  Jos. F. Kiesler Company

 HOIST, Container, Rear-Loading
                     -  Bremen Equipment Corp.
                     -  Bynal Products, Inc.
                     -  ConvertoMfg.  Co.
                         Div. of Golay & Co., Inc.
                     -  Dempster Brothers,  Inc.
                     -  Hei I Co., The
                     -  Perfection-Cobey Company
                         Div. of Harsco Corp.
                     -  Western Body & Hoist Co.

 HOIST, Tiltframe, Container, Packer
                     -  Anchor Machine Company, Inc.
                     -  S. Vincen Bowles,  Inc.
                     -  ConvertoMfg.  Co.
                         Div. of Golay & Co., Inc.
                     -  Dempster Brothers,  Inc.
                     -  E-Z Pack Company
                     -  Gar Wood Industries, Inc.
                     -  Heil Co., The
                     -  Hobbs Hyd-Pak
                         Div. of Fruehauf Corp._
                     -  Industrial Services of America
                         Tri-Pak Division
                                        - "Tarca Track"
                                        - "Tripsaver"

                                        - "Convertainer"
                                        - "Dumpster"
                                        - "Load Lugger"

                                        - "Liftainer"
                                        - "Anchorlift"
                                        - "Leav-A-Tainer"
                                        - "Dinosaur"

                                        - "Dispos-Haul"
                                        - "Huge-Haul"

                                        - "Pack-Saddle"

                                        - "Tri-Pak"

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX B
                                                    b-8
HOIST, Tiltframe, Container, Packer (Continued)

                    -  King Container, Inc.
                    -  Perfection-Cobey Company
                        Div. of Harsco Corp.
                    -  Swiftainer Industries Corp.
                    -  Universal Handling Equipment Co.
                    -  Wayne Engineering Corporation
                    -  Western Body & Hoist Co.
LEVELER, Dock
- T&S Equipment Company
PACKER, Front-Loader, Mobile
                     -  Dempster Brothers, Inc.
                     -  E-Z Pack Company
                     -  King Container, Inc.
                     -  LoDal,  Inc.
                     -  Pak-Mor Manufacturing Co.
                     -  Perfection-Cobey Company
                        Div. of Harsco Corp.

                     -  Western Body & Hoist Co.
PACKER, Rear-Loader, Mobile
                    -  City Tank Corp.

                    -  Elgin Leach Corp.
                    -  E-Z Pack Company
                    -  Gar Wood Industries, Inc.
                    -  Heil Co., The
                    -  Hobbs Hyd-Pak
                        Div. of Fruehauf Corp.,
                    -  Pak-Mor Manufacturing Co.
                    -  Perfection-Cobey Company
                        Div. of Harsco Corp.
                    -  TampoMfg. Co., Inc.
                                          "Fleetainer"
                                          "Swift-Hoist"
"Dockmate"


"Dumpmaster"


"Load-A-Matic"
                                          "Pak-tainer" &
                                          "Fork-tainer"
                                          "Full-Pak",
                                          "Jet Full-Pak"
                                          & "Top-Pak"
                                          "Load-Master"
                                          & "Roto-Pac"
                                          "Packmaster"
                                        -  "Colectomatic"

                                        -  "Hyd-Pak"
                                        -  "Load Liner"

                                        -  "Cobey"
                                        -  "Seal-Press"

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX B
PACKER, Side-Loader, Mobile
                     -  D-V Metal Fab Co.
                         Div- of Data-Veyors Corp.
                     -  E-Z Pack Company
                     -  Hobbs Hyd-Pak
                         Div. of Fruehauf Corp.
                     -  Pak-Mor Mfg. Co.
                     -  Perfection-Cobey Company
                         Div. of Harsco Corp.
                     -  H.  E. Smith, Inc.
                     -  Sterling Mfg. Co.
                     -  TampoMfg. Co.,  Inc.
                     -  Truck Equipment Corp.
                     -  Val-Jac Mfg. Co., Inc.
                     -  Wayne Engineering Corp.
                     -  Western Body & Hoist Co.
 PACKER, Trailer
- Dempster Brothers, Inc.
- Elgin Leach Corp.
- Gar Wood Industries, Inc.
- King Container, Inc.
- M-B Company
- H.  E. Smith, Inc.
- Val-Jac Mfg. Co.,  Inc.
- Wayne Engineering Corp.
 SCOOTER, Collection, Trash
                     - Cushman Motors
                     - Truck Equipment Co. of Georgia, Inc.

 TAILGATE, Hydraulic - Heil Co., The

 TRACTOR, Electric, Driverless, Self-powered
                     - Barrett Electronics Corporation

                     - Jervis B. Webb Company
                                       -  "Fastpack"
                                       -  "Com-Pak"
                                          "Swift-Pak"
                                          "Smithpac"
                                          "Hippo"
                                          "Sea I-Press"
                                          "Truxmore Pakker"
                                          "Pak-Rat"
                                          "Mighty-Pack"
                                          "Shu-Pak"
                                                              "Moto-Pack"
                                                              "Portapac"
                                                              "Pak-Rat-Pup"
                                                              "Mighty-Pack"
                                          11 Trash Taxi"

                                          "Heil-A-Way"
                                          "Guide-O-Matic"
                                          & "Radox"
                                          "Prontow"

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VOL. Ill	
APPENDIX B                                                                b-10
TRACTOR,  Electric, Self-powered
                     - Barrett Electronics Corporation

TRAILER, Transfer     - S. Vincen Bowles, Inc.
                     - Dempster Brothers, Inc.
                     - Elgin Leach Corporation
                     - Heil Co., The
                     - Hobbs Hyd-Pak
                         Div- of Fruehauf Corp.
                     - Pak-MorMfg. Co.                      -  "Lo Boye"
                     - Swiftainer Industries Corp.               -  "Swiftransfer"

TRAILER, Transfer, Side-tilting
                     - Gar Wood Industries, Inc.

TRAIN,  Container     - Lo Da I, Inc.
                     - Truck Equipment Corporation             -  "Trux-Train"

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VOL. HI	RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
APPENDIX C     STORAGE EQUIPMENT
    CLASSIFICATIONS AND DEFINITIONS OF EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES
BOX, Tote - Small containers, usually open, made of various metals,  fibers or
plastics.  Used for moving small quantities of materials and usually associated
with conveying systems.  Capacities of one and a half to about three cubic feet.

CART, Hand-Pushed  - Two or four wheeled or castered vehicles made of metal or
plastic, used to transport wastes or other materials or supplies by hand-pushing.
Small in sizes and capacities but may have shelves, bins or other special-use
compartments.

CART, Trash, Packer - Large,  heavy duty castered bins, having capacities of
about two to five cubic yards.  Capable of being made into trains for hauling
to processing points.  Used with special,  heavy duty dumping devices in
connection with stationary packers.

CONTAINER, Mobile-Packer - Medium duty refuse bins or boxes so designed
as to permit their being mechanically raised by and emptied into a mobile
packer.  Various designs allow use with front, rear or side loading packers.
Capacities will range from about one to eight cubic yards.  These containers
are usually fitted with hinged tops and/or sides.  Those styles designed for use
with small, apartment-size stationary packers may be as small as one cubic yard.

CONTAINER, Open-Top  - Large, open-top boxes with capacities up to forty
cubic yards,  used for hauling uncompacted and bulky wastes. The box-like
body is of the roll-on, roll-off type, handled by a tiltframe hoist mounted on
a truck chassis.  The containers are rear-dumping.

CONTAINER, Rear-Loading - Large,  special shaped containers of capacities
from 1  1/2 to 16 cubic yards, used to handle loose, bulk or wet materials.
They can be hand, machine or chute loaded.  Containers must be handled by
a special hoist mounted on a truck chassis and are dumped from the rear by the
special  hoist.

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VOL. Ill	
APPENDIX C                                                                 c-2
CONTAINER, Receiving, Stationary-Packer - Large capacity,  ranging from six to
over sixty cubic yards, these containers are closed boxes which  are secured to
stationary packers and into which the loose wastes are compacted by the packer
ram mechanism operating through a relatively small aperture in one end of the
container.

HOLDER, Bag, Disposable - Devices, usually of metal, from which empty paper
or plastic bags can be suspended for filling purposes. May or may not be equipped
with a cover.

HOPPER, Self-dumping - Steel  bins or containers designed for dumping accumulated
scrap or refuse by means of a lifting action.  Can be used in conjunction with a
fork  lift or other handling device.  Capacities from 3/8 to 4 cubic yards.

HOPPER, Vibrating - Hoppers with built-in agitating mechanisms to facilitate
steady and regulated material flows.

HOPPER, Weighing, Air-operated - A hopper designed to feed measured weights
of materials in processing systems utilizing air transport.

LINER,  Can, Plastic - Plastic bags used to line cans or barrels to promote
cleanliness or ease of subsequent handling of wastes or other materials.

WASHER, Can - Device for washing and sterilizing waste cans.

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX D
RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
STORAGE EQUIPMENT
            d-1
                                PRODUCT LIST
                      (Type, Manufacturer and Trade Name)
BAG, Cloth, Reusable - Industrial Bag & Spec., Inc.

BAG, Laundry, Soluble
                     - Mono-Sol Div.
                         Chris Craft Industries, Inc.

BAG, Paper, Disposable
                     - Gilman Paper Co.
                     - International Paper Co.
                     - St. Regis Paper Co.
                     - Union Camp Corp.
                     - West Virginia Pulp and Paper Co.

BAG, Plastic, Disposable
                     - Mobil Chemical Co.
                     - Phillips Films Co., Inc.
                         Polyolefin Div.
                     - Rubbermaid Commercial Products, Inc.
 BARREL, Aluminum

 BARREL, Fiber


 BARREL, Plastic
 BARREL, Steel
    -  Grand Aluminum Welding

    -  William Bal Corp.
    -  Metal Edge Industries

    -  Chi lite Plastics, Inc.
    -  County Plastics Corp.
    -  Refuse Disposal Equipment Co.,  Inc.
    -  Rubbermaid Commercial Products, Inc.
    -  Florsheim Mfg. Co., Inc.

    -  Republic Steel Corp.
 BOX, Tote, Aluminum - McClintock Division
                         Unarco Industries, Inc.
                     - Wear-Ever Aluminum Co.
                                              "QisPOzit"
                                              "Garbax"
                                            - "Westvaco"
                                            - "Piggie Pokes"
- "Fiberoc"

- "ChiliteToter"

- "Aerospace"
- "Brute Group"

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX D
BOX, Tote,  Fiber
- William Bal Corp.
- Insulfab Container  Corporation
- Metal Edge Industries
- Newark Caster & Truck Corp.
BOX, Tote,  Fiber Glass
                     - Container Development Corp.
                     - Molded Fiber Glass Tray Co.
BOX, Tote,  Plastic    - Container Development Corp.
                     - Gould Products, Inc.
                     - Hollywood Plastics, Inc.
                     - McClintock  Division
                         Unarco Industries, Inc.
                     - Metropolitan Wire Goods Corp.
                     - Uniroyal, Inc.

BOX, Tote,  Steel     - Fort Steuben Metal Products Co.
                     - Republic Steel Corp.

CART, Aluminum, Hand-pushed
                     - McClintock  Division
                         Unarco Industries, Inc.
                     - Rol-Away Truck Mfg.  Co., Inc.
                                  o
CART, Fiber Glass,  Hand-pushed
                     - Container Development Corp.

CART, Fiber, Hand-pushed
                     - William Bal  Corp.
                     - Insulfab Container Corp.
                     - Metal Edge Industries

CART, Packer, Stationary
                     - Anchor Machine Co., Inc.
                     - E-Z Pack Company
                     - Industrial  Services of America
                     - Swiftainer Industries Corp.
                                                              -  "Fedco"
                                           "MFG Toteline"
                                           & "Toteline"
                                         -  "Royalite"
                                           "Anchortilt"
                                           "E-Z Kart"
                                           "Tri-Pak"

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX D
            d-3
CART, Refuse, Tillable,  Plastic
                     -  Fusion Rubbermaid Corp.

CART, Side-Loader, Packer, Mobile
                     -  Hobbs Hyd-Pak

CART, Steel, Hand-pushed
                     -  Bloom field/Si I ex Industries, Inc.
                     -  Fort Steuben Metal Products Co.
                     -  McClintock Division
                         Unarco Industries, Inc.
                     -  Metropolitan Wire Goods Corp.
                     -  Rapistan Incorporated
                     -  Republic Steel Corp.
                     -  Tradewind Industries, Inc.

CONTAINER, Front-Loader, Packer, Mobile
                     -  Burtman Iron Works
                     -  Bynal  Products,  Inc.
                     -  Dempster Brothers, Inc.
                     -  E-Z Pack Company
                     -  Gen Sani-Can Corporation
                     -  King Container,  Inc.
                     -  LoDal, Inc.
                     -  National Compactor & Technology
                         Systems, Inc.
                     -  New York Sani-Can, Inc.
                     -  Pak-Mor Manufacturing Co.
                     -  Universal Handling Equipment Co.

CONTAINER, Open-top
                     -  Bremen Equipment Corp.
                     -  Gar Wood Industries, Inc.
                     -  Heil Co., The
-  "Tilt-Truck"
-  "Hyd-Pak"
- "Wheel -Ezy"
   "Dyna-Bilt"
   "Hand-E-Con"
-  "Load-A-Matic"
   "Dispos-Haul"
   "Huge-Haul"

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX D
CONTAINER, Rear-Loader, Packer, Mobile
                    -  Apex Metal Products
                    -  Burtman Iron Works
                    -  Bynal Products, Inc.
                    -  Elgin Leach Corporation
                    -  E-Z Pack Company
                    -  Gen Sani-Can Corp.
                    -  King Container, Inc.
                    -  National Compactor & Technology
                        Systems,  Inc.
                    -  New York  Sani-Can, Inc.
                    -  Pak-Mor Manufacturing Co.
                    -  Universal  Handling Equipment Co.

CONTAINER, Rear-Loading
                    -  Apex Metal Products
                    -  Bynal Products, Inc.
                    -  Converto Mfg „ Co.
                    -  Dempster Brothers, Inc.
                    -  Heil Co.,  The
                    -  Perfection-Cobey Company

CONTAINER, Receiving, Packer, Stationary
                    -  Anchor Machine Co., Inc.
                    -  Auto Pak Co.
                    -  S. Vincen  Bowles, Inc.
                    -  Dempster Brothers, Inc.
                    -  E-Z Pack Company
                    -  Hei I Co.,  The
                    -  Hobbs Hyd-Pak
                    -  Industrial  Services of America
                    -  King Container, Inc.
                    -  Marathon Equipment Co., Inc.
                    -  National Compactor & Technology
                        Systems,  Inc0
                    -  New York  Sani-Can, Inc.
                    -  Swiftainer  Industries Corp.
                    -  Tubar Waste Systems
   "Dyna-Bilt"
   "Hand-E-Con"
- "Spill-Tainer"
-  "Load Lugger"
   "Anchortainer"
   "Dual-Pak"
  "Huge-Pac"

  "Tri-Pak"

  "Ram-Jet"
  "Swiftainer"
  "Tubartainer,"

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX D
            d-5
CONTAINER, Side-Loader, Packer, Mobile
                    -  Burtman Iron Works
                    -  Bynal Products, lnc»
                    -  Gen Sani-Can Corpc
                    -  Hobbs Hyd-Pak
                    -  King  Container, Inc.
                    -  National Compactor & Technology
                        Systems, Inc.
                    -  Pak-Mor Manufacturing Co.
                    -  Tampo Manufacturing Co., Inc.
                    -  Truck Equipment Corp.
                    -  Universal Handling Equipment Co.
                    -  Val-Jac Manufacturing Co., Inc.

HOLDER, Bag, Paper, Disposable
                    -  Gilman Paper Co.
                    -  International  Paper Company
                    -  St. Regis Paper Co.
                    -  Union Camp Corp.
                    -  West Virginia Pulp & Paper Co.

HOPPER, Feeder, Vacuum
                    -  Vac-U-Max

HOPPER, Self-Dumping
                    -  Bremen Equipment Corp.

HOPPER, Vibrating   -  Carman Industries, Inc.
                    -  Vibra Screw, Inc.

HOPPER, Weighing   -  Stedman Foundry and Machine Co., Inc.
  "Dyna-Bilt"
  "Hand-E-Con"
  "Handi-Lift"
  11 Sea I-Press"
  "Truxmore Container"
  "DisPOzit"
  "Garbax"

  "Trim-Town"
  "Papercan"
- "Jet-Air"
 HOPPER, Weighing, Air-operated
                     -  Vac-U-Max

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VOL. Ill	
APPENDIX D                                                           d-6
LINER, Can, Plastic   - See Bag, Plastic

WASHER, Can        - Atomic Disposer Corp.                 -  "Waste-O-Matic"
                                                             & "Cleen-O-Matic"
                    - Sargent NCV Division
                       Zum Industries,  Inc.
                    - Vacuum Can Company

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VOL. Ill 	RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT	
APPENDIX E       PROCESSING EQUIPMENT                                e-1
    CLASSIFICATIONS AND DEFINITIONS OF EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES
BALER, Portable - Commercial capacity, hydraulic compaction devices, caster-
mounted for towing or pushing or may be mounted on  self-powered vehicles.

BALER, Stationary - These machines may be of either the vertical or horizontal
types.   They may be hand or chute-fed and require some sort of final containment,
such as strapping, bagging or boxing, to hold  the compacted materials in compres-
sion. All types require some manual attention.  They vary in sizes, capacities
and methods of containment.  Some subclassifications of stationary balers are those
specifically designed for use in hospitals, apartments and industry.

CHIPPER, Brush - A towable machine employing cutting knives revolving at very
high speed, used to reduce brush and small  tree limbs to chips.  The chipper is
equipped with a blower for pneumatically transporting the chipped wood into a
truck or other container.

COLLECTOR, Dust - These devices may be of several types and  are designed to
separate dust and other particulates from air streams before discharge of air to the
atmosphere.  Cyclone-type collectors used in  processing, to separate  solids from
the air stream, are further defined under separators.

COLLECTOR, Fume - Equipment designed to trap and remove noxious fumes from
processing operations.

CONTROLS - Photoelectric, magnetic, electric, mechanical and pneumatic
devices which may operate singly or in groups  for the control of operating
mechanisms in handling, storage, processing or disposal systems.  These also
include safety devices for detecting  the presence of smoke in chutes or ducts
and malfunctions of components of systems.  They may cause audible and/or
visible alarms or shut off operating mechanisms.

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VOL.  Ill	.	
APPENDIX E                                                                  e-2
CRUSHERS - Heavy duty mills used in industry for size reduction of friable materials.
They may be of various designs including rolling ring, fixed or rotating knives, star
knives or impact devices of several shapes.  Trade nomenclature for this type of
machine includes grinder, pulverizer, hammermill, etc.  In general,  crushers may
be classed as hammermills of either fixed or movable knife design.  The primary
distinction between crushers, grinders and pulverizers, as opposed to shredders,
is that the former reduce particle sizes of brittle materials.  The latter are more
effective with non-brittle materials.

CRUSHER, Bottle - A machine designed to  crush bottles into fragments by the
application  of pressure between plates,  jaws or rollers.

CRUSHER, Can - A crushing device similar to a bottle crusher but one which flattens
cans rather than fragmentizes them.

CRUSHER, Delumper - A small  crusher employing fixed knives rotating through a
steel comb used to remove lumps from dry materials.  It is small in size and designed
for use in the chemical industry.

CRUSHER, Syringe - A small,  table-mounted machine for destroying plastic one-
time use syringes by crushing.

DELUMPER, Pipeline - A crusher with revolving blades and comb teeth, similar to
the delumper crusher previously described,  but built to be fitted into a pipeline
for size reduction of wet materials flowing  through process piping.

DETECTOR, Metal - A magnetic device used to detect even very fine metallic
particles in  products being processed. Can be mounted on conveyors.

DIGESTER,  Continuous - Generally, a cylindrical tube containing a screw
conveyor for cooking, or digesting, wet materials in the chemical, food
processing, paper and other industries.

DRYER, Fluid Bed - A unit designed to dry, cool, calcinate, pelletize or blend
materials by the application of high heat utilizing gases to suspend and agitate
a bed of granular solids.  It has many industrial applications.

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VOL.  Ill
APPENDIX E
DRYER, Rotary - Rotary dryers are also known as kilns and are used for both drying
and cooling various types of materials. They are generally horizontal tubes which
revolve inside a heated container.   In certain applications, heat is emitted within
the tube to dry the materials being processed.  Slope is provided so that materials
placed inside the revolving tube for drying will  flow at a controlled rate from one
end of the tube to the other.

EXTRACTOR, Screw - A device employing the screw principle,  used to separate
solid materials from liquids.  The chemical and pulp processing industries use this
equipment.   It is also used in solid waste systems for dewatering pulped or wet
ground waste materials.

EXTRUDER, Refuse - A component used with certain types of dry grinders to compact
finely ground, moist refuse into briquettes.   Some are made integral with the grinder
and others are designed as optional  additions.

GRINDER, Dry - These mills are related to  the crushers previously defined and may
also be classified by manufacturers as pulverizers or hammermills,,  Similar  to
crushers and  frequently indistinguishable from them, they may have fixed or
movable blades or hammers.  They are used  to grind brittle materials by impact.

GRINDER, Wet - This classification includes the food waste grinders used in
special  sinks or with large hoppers.  They are commonly found in the dietary
areas of institutions, such as hospitals.

HAMMERMILL - The name hammermill is applied to a wide variety of mills whose
functions are the crushing of friable materials such as coal, rock and mixed
materials. Some types of hammermills can also be used to destruct nonfriable
materials, including solid wastes. These mills can be of several designs, each
different from others, and still be considered by manufacturers as hammermills.
The hammers may be fixed or movable. The mill can be of the down-running or
over-running type.  Breaker plates may be fixed or traveling.  The basic design
is a horizontal shaft to which are attached the fixed or movable hammers.  Shaft
speeds may vary from 1500 to 360 r.p.m.  and hammer velocities from 5,000 to
20,000 feet per minute.   The hammermill  breaks materials primarily by impact
rather than by crushing or grinding between two hard surfaces.

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VOL. Ill	t
APPENDIX E                                                                 e-4
HOGGER - The hogger, sometimes called wood hog, blow hog or hog, is also
considered a hammermill by some manufacturers.  Although usually associated with
the reduction of large pieces of wood to chips or shavings, the hogger can be used
for breaking solid wastes into small particles or shreds.  Its construction is similar
to the hammermills previously described but is commonly equipped with rotating
hammers instead of fixed knives.

MIXER - Mechanical mixers,  as differentiated from pneumatically operated blenders
or mixers, are of two general  types.  One, resembling a concrete mixing drum, is
used in the processing of dry materials by a tumbling action.  A vertical mixer is
also  available.  A screw operating in the center of a cylinder raises and intermixes
dry materials introduced at either the top or bottom of the cylinder.

PACKER,  Roll-off - A packer similar to a stationary packer but mounted on skids
and equipped with heavy rollers so that it may be  rolled onto or off a truck  equipped
with a tiltframe hoist.

PACKER,  Stationary - Sometimes called a fixed packer, this equipment receives
and compacts loose wastes which may be manually or mechanically fed to it.  The
packer remains in a fixed location.  It packs the refuse into a large,  closed
container which, when full, is hauled away to a disposal  area and emptied.  The
haulaway trucks are equipped with tilt-frame  hoists previously described.  The
full receiving container is replaced with an empty one so that the storage and
compaction operations are but briefly interrupted.

PACKER,  Trailer - A compaction unit combined with a  receiving container  which
can be trailed  behind a truck or tractor.  When the container is full, it is hauled
to a disposal area and the compacted load is pushed out of the rear of the container
by the packer ram.

PACKER,  Transfer, Stationary - A fixed packer used at a transfer station.  Mobile
packers  empty  their collected loads into the transfer packer, which in turn compacts
the wastes into large transfer trailers  for hauling to disposal areas.

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX E
PRECIPITATOR, Electrostatic - A device using opposite electrostatic charges to
attract, separate and precipitate fine dust or liquid particles,  fumes, fogs or corrosive
gases. Employed to reduce or eliminate objectionable emissions from processing plants.

PRESS, Dewatering - A machine employing single or dual rotating screws to dewater
or thicken high-moisture, fibrous materials such  as various types of pulp.

PULLEY, Magnetic - A pulley equipped with one or more electromagnetic coils and
used in connection with belt conveyors for the separation of tramp metal from
materials being handled in processing*

PULPER - A machine employing  the combined principles of mechanical  and hydraulic
shearing  to destruct solid materials into a pulp.  A rotor is mounted in the bottom of
a bowl into which  water and the materials to be  pulped are introduced. The rotating
impeller creates a  hydraulic vortex, drawing the materials downward.  A perforated
bedplate below the rotor determines the sizes of  particles of pulped material which
passes through it and out of the pulper, since all liquids and solids must exit through
it. Pulpers can be combined with junk removers and dewatering presses and are
sometimes used in  a process for the reduction of  solid wastes.

PULVERIZER - A mill similar to  hammermills,  crushers  and grinders and used to reduce
the size of friable  materials.  These machines are usually associated with finer
grinding  than grinders or crushers, even though they frequently employ the same
principles of reduction.

PULVERIZER, Paper - A specially designed machine for the  reduction of paper.
The process is also called "dry pulping".  The equipment employs a swing-type
hammermill which  also has a built-in pre-grinding shredder.  The end product
is a fine  textured, cotton-like powder.

SEPARATOR, Cyclone - Cyclones,  as they are commonly called, are usually
vertical cylinders  with an inverted bottom section through which air streams are
passed for the purpose of removing fine particles of dry materials carried in suspension.
The cyclone  operates on the principle of inertial separation.  Some types of cyclones
have a large  number of small  cyclonic units arranged in parallel.

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX E
SEPARATOR, Magnetic - Any of a variety of magnetic plates or grates used to remove
ferrous metals from materials passing over or under them.  Used in connection with
conveying systems.

SHREDDER - Shredders are mills similar to hammermills, crushers, grinders or pulver-
izers in their operation.   They may have fixed or swing hammers or knives.  The design
and shape of the hammers may differ from some other types of mills.  The term shredder
is usually applied to mills which are to be used for the destruction of paper, rags and
other non-brittle materials.

SHREDDER, Screenings,  Sewage - A hammermill-type of shredder designed for the
reduction of sewage solids.  They are commonly  used in  connection with bar screens
and produce uniform particle sizes of materials passed through them.

SIEVE, Dewatering - A non-mechanical device over which slurries or pulped materials
can be passed for removal of excess liquids and thickening of slurries being processed.

STERILIZER, Sludge - Equipment or system of equipment components for neutralization
of contaminated sludges without oxidation or destruction occurring.  May involve
chemical or thermal processes in the treatment of industrial wastes and sewage sludge.

STRAINER, Line - Large basket-type strainers for the removal of objectionable
materials from liquids being processed and handled through pipelines.

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VOL. Ill
RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
APPENDIX F
PROCESSING EQUIPMENT
                               PRODUCT LIST
                     (Type, Manufacturer and Trade Name)
BALER, Bag-type
BALER, Carousel-type


BALER, Continuous
BALER, Portable


BALER, Stationary
BLENDER
     Automatic Refuse Systems, Inc.
     Auto Pak Co.
     Compaction Equipment Co., Inc.
     E-Z Pack Company
     Piezo Manufacturing Corp.
     Waterbury Hydraulics Industries, Inc.

     Loewy Machinery Supplies Co., Inc.
     Research-Cottrell, Inc.

     American Baler Co., The
     Balemaster Div.
       East Chicago Machine Tool Corp.
     Logemann Bros. Co.
     Maren Engineering Corp.

     Maren Engineering Corp.
     Tamaker Corp.

     American Baler Machine Co.
       Div. Nat11 Compactor & Technology
        Systems, Inc.
     Compackager Corporation
     Consolidated Baling Machine Co.
     Logemann Bros. Co.
     Tamaker Corp.

     Sprout, Waldron & Co., Inc.
     Strong-Scott Mfg. Co.,  The
     Sturtevant Mill  Co.
-  "ARS"
-  "Gobbler"
-  "Gator"

-  "Piezo-Pak"
- "Loewy-Kompex
     Carousel"
- "Pak-Trell"
                                                           - "Cyclomatic"
CHIPPER, Brush
   - Wayne Manufacturing Co.

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX F
COLLECTOR, Dust,  Bag-type
                     -  John Zink Co.

COLLECTOR, Dust,  Centrifugal
                     -  Fisher-Klosterman,  Inc.
COLLECTOR, Dust,  Cyclone
                     -  Bartlett-Snow
                     -  Fisher-Klosterman,  Inc.

                     -  Salina Manufacturing Co., Inc.

COLLECTOR, Fume    -  Fisher-Klosterman,  Inc.

CONTROL, Photoelectric
                     -  Autotron, Inc.

CONTROL, Proximity  -  Autotron, Inc.

CONTROLS, Electric  -  Farmer Electric Products Co., Inc.

CONTROLS, Motor, Electric
                     -  Saco Electronics Corporation

CONTROLS, Ultrasonic- Delavan Manufacturing Co.
CRUSHER
                                        -  "Balanced Air"
                                           & "Cluster-Clone
                                        -  "Balanced Air"
                                           & "Cluster-Clone"
                                        -  "Balanced Air"
                                                             - "Bull  Dog"
- American Pulverizer Co.
- Gruendler Crusher and Pulverizer Co.
- Hammermills, Inc.
- Pennsylvania Crusher Corp.
- Sprout, Waldron &  Co., Inc.
- Stedman Foundry and Machine Co., Inc.
- Sturtevant Mill  Co.
- Williams Patent Crusher and Pulverizer Co., Inc.
CRUSHER, Bottle      - Qualheim, Inc.

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX F
CRUSHER, Can       -  Qualheim, Inc.

CRUSHER, Delumper  -  Franklin Miller, Inc.

CRUSHER, Syringe    -  Qualheim, Inc.

DELUMPER, Pipeline  -  Franklin Miller, Inc.

DETECTOR, Metal    -  Indiana General
                        Magnetic Equipment Div.

DETECTOR, Smoke    -  Autotron, Inc.

DIGESTOR, Continuous
                    -  Black Clawson Company, The            -  "Chemi-Pulper"

DRYER, Fluid Bed     -  Bartlett-Snow
                    -  Strong-Scott Manufacturing Co., The

DRYER, Rotary       -  Bartlett-Snow

EXTRACTOR, Screw  -  Bauer Bros. Co.

EXTRUDER, Refuse    -  Electronic Assistance Corp.              -  "EAC/Refuse
                                                              Compactor"
                    -  Mil-Pac Systems, Inc.
                        Unit of SMF Corporation

FEEDER, Belt         -  Williams Patent Crusher & Pulverizer Co., Inc.

FEEDER, Gravimetric  -  Howe Richardson Scale Co.

FEEDER, Vacuum     -  Vac-U-Max                           -  "Jet-Air"

FEEDER, Vibrating    -  Carman Industries, Inc. _
                    -  HammermilU, Inc.
                    -  Syntron
                        Div. of FMCCorp.
                    -  Vibra Screw, Inc.

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX F
                                                    f-4
GRINDER, Dry
GRINDER, Wet
HAMMERMILL
HOGGER
Buffalo Hammer Mi 11 Corp.
Eidal International Corp.                - "Mini-Mill"
Electronic Assistance Corp.              - "EAC/Refuse
                                        Compactor"
Gruendler Crusher and Pulverizer Co.
Mil-Pac Systems, Inc.
  Unit of SMF Corporation
Williams Patent Crusher and Pulverizer Co., Inc.

Atomic Disposer Corp.
Buffalo Hammer Mill Corp.
Bus Boy  Disposer, Inc.
FMC Corporation
Gruendler Crusher & Pulverizer Co.
In-Sink-Erator Mfg. Co.
Salvajor Company
Swimquip Inc.
Waste King Universal

American Pulverizer Co.
Bauer Bros. Co.
Buffalo Hammer Mill Corp.
Gruendler Crusher and Pulverizer Co.
Hammermills, Inc.
Sprout, Waldron & Co., Inc.
Stedman Foundry and Machine Co., Inc.
Sturtevant Mill Company
Williams Patent Crusher & Pulverizer Co., Inc.
W-W Grinder Corp.
                                                            -  "Bull Dog"
                                                            -  "Cyclomatic"
Balemaster Div.
  East Chicago Machine Tool Corp.
Ecology Industries, Inc.
Gruendler Crusher & Pulverizer Co.
Logemann Bros. Co.
Stedman Foundry & Machine Co., Inc.   -  "Nife-Less"
Williams Patent Crusher & Pulverizer Co.,
  Inc.                                 -  "No-Nife".

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX F
                                                    f-5
MIXER



PACKER, Roll-off

PACKER, Stationary
- Sprout, Waldron & Co., Inc.
- Stedman Foundry and Machine Co., Inc.
- Sturtevant Mill  Co.

- So Vincen Bowles, Inc.

- Anchor Machine Company, Inc.
- Apex Metal Products
    Div. of Hydraulic Refuse Systems Corp.
- Auto Pak Co.

- S. Vincen Bowles, Inc.
- Compaction Equipment Co., Inc.
- Dempster Brothers, Inc.
- E-Z Pack Company
- Heil Co., The
- Hobbs Hyd-Pak
    Div. of Fruehauf Corp.
- Industrial Services of America
    Tri-Pak Division
- King Container, Inc.
- LoDal, Inc.
- Marathon Equipment Co., Inc.
- National Compactor & Technology
    Systems, Inc.
- New York Sani-Can, Inc.
- Pak-MorMfg. Co.
- Perfect! on-Cobey Company
    Div- of Harsco Corp.
- Swiftainer Industries Corp.
- Tubar Waste Systems,
    Div. Uhrden,  Inc.
- Universal Handling Equipment Co.
- Western Body & Hoist Co.
-  "Bowles Pac"

-  "Anchorpac"

-  "Concentrator"
-  "Dual-Pak" &
   "Pitch 'NPak"
-  "Bowles Pac"
-  "Pac-King"
-  "Dinopacker II"

-  "Huge-Pac"

-  "Hyd-Pak"

-  "Tri-Pak"


-  "Ram-Jet"


-  "Sani-Pac"


-  "Station-pak"
-  "Swift-Pac"

-  "Tubar-Pak"

-  "Shu-Pak"

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX F
                                                     f-6
PRECIPITATOR,  Electrostatic
                    -  Nichols Engineering & Research Corp.
                    -  John Zink Co.
PRESS, Dewatering

PULLEY, Magnetic


PULPER



PULVERIZER
PULVERIZER, Paper


PUMP, Slurry

SCALE

SCREEN, Vibrating
- Bauer Bros. Co., The

- Indiana General
    Magnetic Equipment Div.

- Black Clawson Company, The
- Somat Corp.
- Wascon Systems,  Inc.

- Bauer Bros. Co.
- Gruendler Crusher and Pulverizer Co.
- The Heil'Co.
- Stedman Foundry and Machine Co., Inc.
- Sturtevant Mill Co.

- Pacific Cutter Co.,  Inc.
- W-W Grinder Corp., The

- Hammermills, Inc.

- Howe Richardson Scale Co.
  Bauer Bros. Co.
  S. Howes Co., Inc.
  Sprout, Waldron & Co., Inc.
  Stedman Foundry & Machine Co., Inc.
  Williams Patent Crusher & Pulverizer Co., Inc.
-  "Pressafiner"
                                                            -  "Tollemache"
SEPARATOR, Cyclone -
  Balemaster Div.
    East Chicago Machine Tool Corp.
  Eastern Cyclone Industries, Inc.

  Gruendler Crusher & Pulverizer Co.
  Quickdraft Corporation
                                                            -  "Ed" &
                                                               "Air-Flyte"

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VOL.111	^	
APPENDIX F                                                               f-7
SEPARATOR,  Cyclone (Continued)
                     - Salina Manufacturing Co., Inc.
                     - Williams Patent Crusher & Pulverizer Co,, Inc.
                     - John Zink Company

SEPARATOR,  Magnetic
                     - Bunting  Magnetics Co.
                     - Indiana  General
                         Magnetic Equipment Div.
                     - W-W  Grinder Corp., The

SHREDDER            - American Baler Co., The
                     - American Pulverizer Co.
                     - Gruendler Crusher & Pulverizer Co.
                     - Hamnnermills, Inc.                      - "Bull Dog"
                     - Pennsylvania Crusher Corp.
                     - Stedman Foundry and Machine Co., Inc.
                     - Williams Patent Crusher and Pulverizer Co.,
                         Inc.                                 - "Fragment!zer"

SHREDDER, Screenings, sewage
                     - Gruendler Crusher and Pulverizer Co.

SIEVE, Dewatering    - Bauer Bros. Co., The                   - "Hydrasieve"

STERILIZER,  Sludge   - Dorr-Oliver, Incorporated              - "Farrer System"

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VOL. Ill	RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT	
APPENDIX G      FINAL PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL EQUIPMENT          g-1
    CLASSIFICATIONS AND DEFINITIONS OF EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES
AFTERBURNER, Gas - These devices, usually gas fired, may be accessories to or
integrally incorporated into incinerators.  Their purpose is to apply controlled heat
to the flue gases after the burning of waste materials, to insure the destruction of
odors and the reduction of particulate matter.

ARRESTOR,  Spark - Metal or ceramic devices, frequently in the forms of cages,
placed over the tops of incinerator stacks to reduce hazards  from sparks which
might be otherwise emitted.

CHIMNEY - As applied to this report, chimneys are prefabricated sections which
can be assembled on the site.  They are metal cylinders, lined with high temperature
refractory materials.

.INCINERATOR - A device for carrying out the process of  reducing combustible wastes
to inert residue by high-temperature burning. In the context of this report, it also
includes those special types of incinerators used for the destruction of laboratory
animals, pathological wastes, fumes, gases and liquids by the application of heat.
Incinerators are provided with means of using auxiliary fuels to assist in  the
combustion process.

PYROLYZER - A retort, usually of cylindrical shape, in which wood or other materials
are reduced  to char by the application of heat in the absence of air and  any added
moisture. They are sometimes referred to as converters.  In addition to the char,
combustible  gases are also produced.  These are used as part of the fuel  input to
carry on the pyrolyzing process.

SCRUBBER,  Gas - Equipment used to remove  fly ash or other particulate  matter from
flue gases of incinerators or other burning devices.   They employ sprays of water,
wet surfaces and passage of gases through water to accomplish their purposes.

STOKER, Incinerator - Mechanical equipment for the movement and feeding of
waste materials through the incinerator burning chamber.  They may be of different
designs such as alternating or reciprocating,  chain grate or variations of these types.

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VOL. Ill	
APPENDIX G                                                                9-2
WALL, Refractory - The linings of incinerators which are of refractory brick, tiles
or other forms.  As applied in this report, they refer to suspended or special  air-cooled
walls, rather than the firebrick walls commonly laid up as masonry.

OXIDIZER, Air, Wet - A series of equipment components providing a closed pres-
surized system for the reduction of organic material through oxidation without flame
at temperatures of 250°F  to 700°F in the presence of water.  Low pressure systems
nominally operate in a range below 300 psig and temperatures below 350 F.  High
pressure systems can be operated upwards to 3000 psig  in the higher temperature
ranges for higher oxidation rates.

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VOL. Ill
RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
APPENDIX H
FINAL PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL EQUIPMENT
                                PRODUCT LIST
                     (Type, Manufacturer and Trade Name)
AFTERBURNER,  Gas   -



ARRESTOR, Spark


CHIMNEY



INCINERATOR
     Hydro Combustion Corporation
     Sargent NCV Division
      of Zurn Industries, Inc.

     Sargent NCV Division
      of Zurn Industries, Inc.

     Power-Pac Stacks,  Inc.
     Sargent NCV Division
      of Zurn Industries, Inc.

     Air Preheater Company, Inc.
     American Incinerator Corp.
     Brule Incinerators
     Calcinator Corporation
     Combustion Engineering, Inc.
     Despatch Oven Company
     Garver-Davis, Inc.
     Joseph  Coder Incinerators
     I.P.C. Industries
     Morse Boulger
      Div.  Hagan Industries,  Inc.
     Nash,  Cadmus & Voelker, Inc.
     Nichols Engineering & Research Corp.
     Plibrico Company
     Sargent NCV Division
      of Zurn Industries, Inc.
     Silent Glow Corp.
     Thermal Research & Engineering Corp.
     Vulcan Iron Works, Inc.
     Waste Combustion Corporation
- "Combustall"
                                                               "Calcinators"
                                                               "Combustopak"
                                                               "Des-lnerator"
                                                               "Destructur"
                                                            -  "Hydrox-O-Lator"
                                                            -  "Consumat"

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX H
INCINERATOR, Gas  - Carver-Davis, Inc.
                     - Thermal Research & Engineering Corp.
INCINERATOR, Liquid
                     - Garver-Davis, Inc.
                     - Hydro Combustion Corporation
                     - Thermal Research & Engineering Corp.
INCINERATOR, Rotary
                     - Bartlett-Snow
                     - Kennedy Van Saun Corporation
INCINERATOR, Slagging
                     - Dravo Corporation
OXIDIZER, Air, Wet


PYROLYZER


SCRUBBER, Gas
Zimpro Division
  Sterling Drug, Inc.

Monsanto Enviro-Chem Systems, Inc.
Pan American Resources, Inc.

Chemical Construction Corp.
  (Subsidiary of Ebasco Industries, Inc.)
  Pollution Control  Division
M.  H. Detrick Co.
I.P.C. Industries
Krebs Engineers
Nichols Engineering & Research Corp.
Peabody Engineering Corp.
Research-Cottrell,  Inc.
Sargent NCV Division
  of Zurn Industries, Inc.
Western Precipitation Division
  Joy Manufacturing Co.
                                      -  "Destructur"
                                      -  "Destructur"
                                      -  "FLK
-  "Lantz Converter"
                                                             -  "Chemico"
                                                             -  "Incino-Trell"
                                                             -  "Turbulaire"

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX H
STOKER, Incinerator  -  Detroit Stoker Company
                     -  Flynn and Emrich Company              - "Constant-Flo"

STOKER, Incinerator, Chain grate
                     -  Illinois Stoker Company

WALL, Refractory, Suspended
                     -  M. H. Detrick Co.

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX I
RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
MANUFACTURERS' LIST
Aerojet-General Corporation
Environmental Systems Division
9200 East Flair Drive
El Monte, California 91734

Air Preheater Company, Inc.
Subsidiary of Combustion Engineering
Wellsville, New York 14895

Al-Jon, Inc.
P. O. Box 592
Ottumwa, Iowa 52502

Alvey Conveyor Manufacturing Co.
9301 Olive Boulevard
St. Louis, Missouri 63132

American Baler Company, (The)
1000 Hickory Street
Bellevue,  Ohio 44811

American Baler Machine Company
Div. National Compactor & Technology
  Systems, Inc.
839 - 39th Street
Brooklyn,  New York 11232

American Compressed Steel Corporation
Louisville, Kentucky 40201

American Incinerator Corp.
5710 East Nevada
Detroit, Michigan 48234
                     American Pulverizer Company
                     1249 Macklind Avenue
                     St. Louis, Missouri  63110

                     Amsco Systems Company
                     Div. of American Sterilizer Co.
                     2710 West 21st Street
                     Erie, Pennsylvania  16512

                     Anchor Machine Company, Inc.
                     P. O - Box 260
                     Jackson,  Michigan  49204

                     Anchor Steel and Conveyor Company
                     6906 Kingsley Avenue
                     Dearborn, Michigan 48126

                     Apex Metal Products
                     Div. of Hydraulic Refuse Systems Corp.
                     101 Louise Street
                     Rochester, New  York 14606

                     Atomic Disposer  Corp.
                     605 East Banning Avenue
                     Compton, California

                     Automatic Refuse Systems, Inc.
                     33201 Harper Avenue
                     St. Clair Shores, Michigan 48083

                     Auto Pak Company
                     4908 Lawrence Street
                     Bladensburg, Maryland 20710

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX I
Autotron, Inc.
3629 North Vermillion
Danville, Illinois 61832

Bal Corporation, William
947 Newark Avenue
Elizabeth,  New Jersey 07208

Baldwin Conveyor Co., J. L.
2726 N. Ashland Avenue
Chicago, Illinois 60614

Balemaster  Div.
East Chicago Machine Tool Corp.
4801 Railroad Avenue
East Chicago, Indiana

Barrett Electronics Corporation
630 Dundee Road
Northbrook, Illinois 60062

Bartlett-Snow
6200 Harvard Avenue
Cleveland,  Ohio 44105

Bauer Bros.  Co., (The)
P. O. Box 968
Springfield, Ohio 45501

Bernitz Furnace Appliance Company
301 Old York Road
Jenkintown, Pennsylvania 19046

Black  & Decker Mfg. Co.
Towson, Maryland 21204
Black Clawson Company, (The)
Shartle Division
Pandia Division
Middletown, Ohio 45042

Bloomfield/Silex Industries,  Inc.
4546 W.  47th Street
Chicago, Illinois 60632

S. Vincen Bowles, Inc.
12039 Branford  Street
Sun Valley, California 91352

Bremen Equipment Corp.
3133 So. Gertrude Street
P. O. Box 2656
South Bend, Indiana 46613

Brockway Motor Trucks
Division  of Mack Trucks, Inc.
Cortlandt,  New York 13045

Brule ("Bru-lay") Incinerators
13920 South Western Avenue
Blue Island, Illinois 60406

Buffalo Hammer Mill Corp.
1245 McKinley Parkway
Buffalo,  New York  14218

Bunting Magnetics Co.
9245 Cherry Street
Franklin  Park, Illinois 60131

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX^
                                   73"
Burtman Iron Works
Readville, Massachusetts 02137

E. W. Buschman Company, (The)
4146 Clifton Avenue
Cincinnati, Ohio 45232

Bus Boy Disposer, Inc.
13150 Saticoy Street
North Hollywood, California 91605

Butler Manufacturing Co.
7400 East 13th Street
Kansas City,  Missouri 64126

Bynal Products, Inc.
11990 Franklin Avenue
Franklin Park, Illinois 60131

Calcinator Corporation
P. O. Box 400
Bay City, Michigan 48706

Carman Industries, Inc.
(formerly Carrier Mfg.  Co.)
1005'W. Riverside Drive
Jeffersonville, Indiana 47103

Castle Automated Systems
Division of Sybron Corporation
317 Main Street
East Rochester, New York 14445

Also - 1777 East Henrietta Road
      Rochester, New York 14623
Central Vac International
3008 E. Olympic Boulevard
Los Angeles,  California 90023

Chainveyor Operations
Hewitt-Robins, Inc.
Div. Litton Industries
2041 Davfe Avenue
Los Angeles,  California 90022

Chemical Construction  Corp.
Subsidiary of Ebasco Industries, Inc.
Pollution Control Division
320 Park Avenue
New York, New York 10022

Chilite Plastics, Inc.
2278 Westside Drive
Rochester, New York 14624

City Tank Corporation
Culpeper, Virginia

Clark Equipment Company
Construction Machinery Division
Benton Harbor, Michigan

Cleveland Tramrail Division
of Cleveland  Crane & Engineering Div.
of McNeil Corporation
1060 East 289th Street
WickMffe, Ohio 44092

Columbus McKinnon Corporation
1180_Avenue  of the Americas
New York, New York 10036

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX I
Combustion Engineering, Inc.
Windsor, Connecticut 06095

Compackager Corporation
2135 Wisconsin Avenue, N.E.
Washington, D.C. 20007

Compaction Equipment Company, Inc.
P. O. Box 2206
Silver Spring, Maryland 20902

Compactor Refuse Handling Systems
900 North 137th Avenue
Seattle, Washington 98133

Comstock Engineering Co.
2311 East Eighth Street
Los Angeles, California

Conco
Material Handling Division
5440 W. St. Charles Road
Berkeley, Illinois 60163

Consolidated Baling Machine Company
Division, N.J. Cavagnaro & Sons.
  Machine Corp.
400 Third Avenue
Brooklyn, New York 11215

Construction Products Co., Inc.
Route #7
Brookfield, Connecticut 06804

Container Development Corp.
Watertown, Wisconsin 53094
ConvertoMfg« Co.
Divo of Golay & Co., Inc.
Cambridge City, Indiana 47327

Con-Vey International, Inc.
4777 S. E. Sixteenth Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97202

Conveyor Specialties Co.
633 South  Palm Avenue
Alhambra, California 91803

Conveyor Systems, Inc.
A. Bo Farquhar Div.
6451 Main Street
Morton Grove, Illinois 60053

J. C. Corrigan Co.,  Inc.
41 Norwood Street
Boston, Massachusetts 02122

County Plastics Corp.
100 Verdi  Street
Farmingdale, New York 11735

Currie Machinery Company
1150 Walsh Avenue
Santa Clara, California 95050

Cushman Motors
Lincoln, Nebraska 68501

Cyanamid
Decision Making Systems Dept.
Bound Brook, New Jersey 08805

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX I
                                    i-5
Dashaveyor Company, (The)
1042 Princeton Drive
Venice, California 90291

Data-Veyors Corporation
3246 Ettie Street
Oakland, California 94608

Delavan Manufacturing Company
811 Fourth Street
West Des Moines, Iowa 50265

Dempster Brothers, Inc.
P. O.  Box 3127
Knoxville, Tennessee 37917

Despatch Oven Company
P. O.  Box #1320
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414

M. H. Detrick Co.
20 N.  Wacker Drive
Chicago,  Illinois  60606

Detroit Stoker Company
Div. of United Industrial  Corp.
Monroe, Michigan 48161

Diamond Reo Trucks
Div., White Motor Corp.
Lansing, Michigan 48920

Differential  Steel  Car Co.
Findlay, Ohio 45840

Dorr-Oliver, Inc.
77 Havemeyer Lane
Stamford, Connecticut 06904
Dravo Corporation
3600 Neville Road
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15225

D-V Metal Fab Co.
(Div. of Data-Veyors Corp.)
3246 Ettie Street
Oakland,  California 94608

Eastern Cyclone Industries,  Inc.
15 Daniel  Road
Fairfield,  New Jersey 07006

Ecology Industries, Inc.
433 Liberty Street
P. O. Box 5
Little Ferry, New Jersey 07643

Econo Manufacturing Co.
Celina, Ohio 45822

Eidal  International Corporation
245 Woodward Road, S.W.
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87103
(Parent company of Eidal -
Southwest Factories, Inc.
3805  NoW. 36th Street
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73112)

Electronic Assistance Corp.
20 Bridge Avenue
Red Bank, New Jersey 07701

Elgin Leach Corporation
222 West Adams Street
Chicago, Illinois 60606

Empire Engineering Co.
385 East Green Street
Pasadena, California 91101

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX
                                    i-6
Esco Corporation
1017 Griggs
Danville, Illinois 61832

E-Z Pack Company
(Div. of Hercules Galion Products, Inc.)
P. O. Box 607
Gallon,  Ohio 44833

Farmer Electric  Products Co., Inc.
Tech Circle
Natick,  Massachusetts 01760

Fisher-Klosterman, Inc.
2901 Magazine  Street
Louisville, Kentucky 40211

Flexoveyor Conveyor Co.
1220 South Acoma Street
Denver,  Colorado 80223

Florsheim Manufacturing Company, Inc.
825 No. Lessing Street
Chicago, Illinois 60622

Flo-Tronics
Air Conveyor Div.
1820 Xenium Lane
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55427

Flynn and Emrich Company
3001 Grantley Road
Baltimore, Maryland 21215

FMC Corporation
Hoopeston, 111 i noi s 60942
Riverside Division
3075 - 12th  Street (Box 552)
Riverside, California 92505
Fort Steuben Metal Products Co.
Fort Steuben Road
Weirton, West Virginia

Fuller Company
123 Bridge Street
Catasauqua, Pennsylvania 18032

Fusion Rubbermaid Corporation
Statesville, North Carolina 28677

Garver-Davis, Inc.
19200 Villaview Road
Cleveland, Ohio 44119

Gar Wood Industries,  Inc.
Wayne, Michigan 48184

General Atronics Corporation
1200 East Mermaid Lane
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19118

General Hydraulics of California, Inc.
411 South Flower Street
Burbank, California 91502

Gen Sani-Can Corporation
21 Gear Avenue
Lindenhurst, New York 11757

Gil man Paper Company
Kraft Bag Division (DisPOzit Div.)
Time & Life Building,  Rockefeller Center
111 West 50th Street
New York, New York 10020

Coder Incinerators,  Joseph
2483 Green leaf Avenue
Elk Grove Village, Illinois 60007

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX
                                                                          i-7
Gould Products, Inc.
Elmont, Long Island, New York

Grand Aluminum Welding
1232 Commercial Street,  N.E.
Salem, Oregon 97301

Gruendler Crusher and Pulverizer Co.
2915 No. Market Street
St. Louis, Missouri 63106

Hammermills, Inc.
(Subsidiary-Pettibone Mulliken Corp.)
625 "C"  Avenue, N.W.
Cedar Rapids,  Iowa  52405

Hapman Corporation
630 Gibson Street
Kalamazoo, Michigan 49006

Harnischfeger Corporation
Industrial Division
440 West National Avenue
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53246

Heil Co., (The)
3000 W.  Montana Street
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201

Hercules  Gallon Products, Inc.
P. O. Box 607
Gallon,  Ohio 44833

Hewitt-Robins,  Inc.
Div. Litton Industries
Chainveyor Operations
2041 Davie Avenue
Los Angeles, California 90022
Hewitt-Robins, Inc.
Div., Litton Industries
666 Glenbrook Road
Stamford,  Connecticut 06096

Habart Manufacturing Co.,  (The)
Troy, Ohio

Hobbs Hyd-Pak
(Div. of Fruehauf Corp.)
Ki I pa trick Road
Cleburne, Texas 76031

Hollymatic Corp.
80 North Street
Park Forest, Illinois 60466

Hollywood Plastics, Inc.
4560 Worth Street
Los Angeles, California 90063

Howe Richardson Scale Company
680 Van Houten Avenue
Clifton, New Jersey 07015

S. Howes  Co., Inc.
Silver Creek, New York 14136

Hydro Combustion Corporation
9630 Santa Fe  Springs Road
Santa Fe Springs, California 90670

Hytrol  Conveyor Company,  Inc.
St.  Louis, Missouri

Illinois Stoker  Company
Alton, Illinois 62002

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX
                                    i-8
Inca Metal Products Corporation
501 East Purnell Road
Lewisville, Texas 75067

Indiana General
Magnetic  Equipment Div.
6001 South General Avenue
Dudahy, Wisconsin 53110

Industrial  Bag & Spec., Inc.
1025 Brush
Detroit, Michigan 48226

Industrial  Services of America
Tri-Pak Division
P. O.  Box 21-070
Louisville, Kentucky 40221

In-Sink-Erator Manufacturing Co.
4700 - 21st Street
Racine, Wisconsin 53406

Insulfab Container Corporation
830 Hayne Street
Spartanburg, So.  Carolina 29301

International Harvester Co.
Chicago,  Illinois 60611

International Paper Company
Garbax Disposal System
220 East 42nd Street
New York, New York 10017

I.P.C. Industries
687 So. Post Avenue
Detroit, Michigan 48217
Joy Manufacturing Co.
Oliver Building
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15222

Kennedy Van Saun Corporation
Danville, Connecticut 17821

Kiesler Company, Jos. F.
928 West Huron Street
Chicago, Illinois 60622

Kimberly-Clark Corporation
Neenah, Wisconsin 54956

King Container, Inc.
1111 South 12th Street
Kansas City,  Kansas 66105

Kirk & Blum Manufacturing Co., (The)
3120 Forrer Street
Cincinnati, Ohio

George Koch Sons, Inc.
P. O. Box 358
Evansville, Indiana 44704

Kornylak Corporation
400 Heaton Street
Hamilton, Ohio 45011

Krebs Engineers
1205 Chrysler Drive
Menlo Park, California 94025

Lamson Division
Diebold, Incorporated
Lamson Street
Syracuse, New York 13201

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX I
                                   i-9
Link-Belt
Div« of FMC Corp.
Prudential Plaza
Chicago, Illinois 60601

LoDal, Inc.
Kingsford, Michigan 49802

Logemann Brothers Company
3150 West Burleigh Street
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53245

Loewy Machinery Supplies Co., Inc.
305 East 47th Street
New York, New York 10017

McClintock Division
Unarco Industries, Inc.
15005 So. Marquardt Avenue
Santa Fe Springs, California 90670

Malsbary Manufacturing Company
845 - 92nd Avenue
Oakland, California 94603

Marathon Equipment Co., Inc.
1300  Borden Avenue
P. O. Box 160
Leeds, Alabama 35094

Maren Engineering Corporation
16246 School Street
P. O. Box 143
South Holland, Illinois 60473

Mathews Conveyor Company
190 Tenth Street
Ellwood City, Pennsylvania
Maxon Premix Burner Company, Inc.
Muncie,  Indiana

M-B Company
1635 Wisconsin Avenue
New Hoi stein, Wisconsin 53061

Metal Edge Industries
Barrington, New Jersey 08007

Metropolitan Wire Goods Corporation
N. Washington St. & George Avenue
Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 18705

Mid Equipment Corp.
Grundy Center, Iowa 50638

Midland Equipment Division
Midland Truck Caster & Wheel Co.
685 U. S. Highway  No. 1
Elizabeth, New Jersey 07207

Miller, Inc., Franklin
36 Meadow Street
East Orange,  New Jersey 07017

Mil-Pac Systems
Unit of SFM Corporation
1110 Globe Avenue
Mountainside, New  Jersey 07092

Mobil Chemical Co.
Packaging Department
Canandaigua,  New  York

Molded Fiber Glass  Tray Co.
Linesville, Pennsylvania 16424

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX
                                   i-10
Mono-Sol  Div.
Chris Craft Industries,  Inc.
407 County Line Road
Gary, Indiana 46403

Monsanto Enviro-Chem Systems, Inc.
800 North Lindbergh Boulevard
St. Louis, Missouri 63166

Morse Boulger
Div. of Hagan Industries, Inc.
53-09 - 97th Place
Corona, New York 11368

Nash, Cadmus & Voelker, Inc.
70 West Sunrise Highway
Freeport, New York 11520

National Compactor & Technology
  Systems, Inc.
839 - 39th Street
Brooklyn,  New York 11232

Newark Caster & Truck Corp.
355 Park Avenue
Newark, New Jersey 07107

New London Engineering Company
1700 Division Street
New London, Wisconsin 54961

New York Sani-Can, Inc.
225 Marcus Boulevard
Deer Park, New York 11729
Nichols Engineering & Research Corp.
150 William Street
New York, New York 10038

Olson Division
American Chain & Cable Company, Inc.
10601 W.  Belmont Avenue
Franklin Park, Illinois 60131

Pacific Cutter Co.,  Inc.
3690 Santa Fe Avenue
Los Angeles,  California 90058

Pak-Mor Manufacturing Company
1123 S.E. Military Drive
P. O. Box  14147
San Antonio,  Texas 78214

Pan American Resources, Inc.
Eastern Division
64 Fulton Street
New York, New York 10038

Peabody Engineering Corporation
232 Madison Avenue
New York, New York 10016

Pennsylvania Crusher Corporation
Subsidiary of Bath Industries, Inc.
Box 100
Broomal,  Pennsylvania 19008

Perfection-Cobey  Company
Div. of Harsco Corp.
Gallon, Ohio 44833

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX
Phillips Films Co., Inc.
Polyolefin Division
(Subsidiary-Phillips Petroleum Co.)
5570 Creek Road
Cincinnati, Ohio 45242

Piezo Manufacturing Corporation
193 Main Street
Madison, New Jersey 07940

Plibrico Company
1800 N. Kingsbury Street
Chicago, Illinois 60614

Power-Pac Stacks, Inc.
610 Devon Street
Kearny, New Jersey 07032

Prab Conveyors,  Inc.
5944 East Kilgore Road
Kalamazob, Michigan 49003

Qualheim,  Inc.
 1225 - 14th  Street
P. O. Box 368
Racine, Wisconsin 53403

Quickdraft Corporation
1525 Perry Drive, S.W.
Canton, Ohio 44708

Rapistan Incorporated
Rapistan Building
Grand Rapids, Michigan 49505

Refuse Disposal  Equipment Co., Inc,
P. O. Box 421
Highland Park,  Illinois 60035
Republic Steel Corporation
1315 Albert Street
Youngstown,  Ohio 44505

Research-Cottrell, Inc.
Box 750
Bound Brook, New Jersey 08805

Rogers Manufacturing Co.,  Inc.
220 No. Mahaffie
Olathe,  Kansas 66061

Rol-Away Truck Manufacturing Co., Inc
6143 S.E. Foster Road
Portland, Oregon 97206

Rubbermaid Commercial Products,  Inc.
(Subsidiary of Rubbermaid, Inc.)
Winchester, Virginia 22601

Rudolph Poultry Equipment Company
Vineland, New Jersey 08360

St. Regis Paper Company
150 East 42nd Street
New York, New York 10017

Salina Manufacturing Co.,  Inc.
606 North Front Street
P. O. Box 26
Salina,  Kansas 67401

Salvajor Company
4530 East 75th Terrace
Kansas City, Missouri 64132

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX
                                    i-12
Sargent NCV Division
of Zum Industries, Inc.
610 Devon Street
Kearny, New Jersey 07032

Screw Conveyor  Corporation
700 Hoffman Street
Hammond, Indiana 46320

Seco Electronics Corporation
1001 Second Street, South
Hopkins, Minnesota 55343

Shredmaster Corporation, (The)
891 South Ocean Avenue
Freeport,  L.I., New York 11520

Signode Corporation
Strapping  Division
2600 N. Western Avenue
Chicago,  111 inois 60647

SI Handling Systems, Inc.
P. O.  Box 70
Easton, Pennsylvania 18042

Silent Glow  Corporation
850 Windsor  Street
Hartford,  Connecticut 06101

H. E. Smith,  Inc.
28880 Southfield Road
Lathrup Village, Michigan 48075

Somat Corporation
Box 831
Coatesville,  Pennsylvania 19320
 Speaker Sortation Systems Division
 Automatic Sprinkler Corp. of America
 3250 North 126th Street
 Brookfield, Wisconsin 53005

 Speedways Conveyors, Inc.
 1210 E. Ferry Street
 Buffalo, New York  14211

 Spencer Turbine Co.
 c/o  (Rep.) Robson L. Splane
 17825 Osborne Street
 Northridge, California 91324

 Spronz Incinerator Corp.
 1262 Plymouth Avenue, South
 Rochester, New York 14611

 Sprout,  Waldron & Company, Inc.
Muncy, Pennsylvania 17756

 Standard Conveyor Company
940  Indiana Avenue
 North St.  Paul,  Minnesota 55109

 Stedman Foundry and Machine Company,Inc
 Subsidiary-United Engrg. & Foundry Co.
Aurora, Indiana  47001

Sterling Manufacturing Company
241  North Third  Street
Laurens, Iowa 50554

Strong-Scott Mfg. Co., (The)
(Berwind Corporation-Process Equip. Group)
451 Taft Street,  N.E.
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55413

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX I
                                   i-13
Sturtevant Mill  Company
Park and Clayton Streets
Boston,  Massachusetts 02122

Swiftainer Industries Corp.
2345 Hollers Avenue
Bronx, New York  10469

Swimquip, Inc.
3301 Oilman Road
El Monte, California 91732

Syntron
Div - of FMC Corp.
Homer City, Pennsylvania  15748

Tamaker Corp.
P. O. Box 204
Ventura, California 93002

Tampo Manufacturing Company, Inc.
Seal Press Refuse Collection Body Div-
1146 West Laurel Street
P. O. Box 7248
San Antonio, Texas 78207

T&S Equipment Company
Albion, Michigan 49224

Thermal Research & Engineering Corp.
(Subsidiary of Cosmodyne)
Conshohocken,  Pennsylvania 19428

Tilt/Load Hoppers
Box 154
Salina,  Kansas 67401
Tradewind Industries, Inc.
P- O.  Box 96
Liberal, Kansas 67901

Trashmobile  Division
Hanna  Enterprises
1122 N. Williams Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97227

Truck Equipment Company of Georgia, Inc.
20-24 - 14th Street, N.W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309

Truck Equipment Corporation
9400 Midlothean Turnpike
Richmond, Virginia  23235

Tubar Waste Systems
Div. of Uhrden, Inc.
Sugarcreek,  Ohio 44681

Union Camp Corporation
233 Broadway
New York, New York 10007

Uniroyal, Incorporated
Div. of United States Rubber Company
2638 North Pulaski Road
Chicago, Illinois 60639

Universal Handling Equipment Co.
100 Burl and Crescent
Hamilton,  Ontario
Canada

Vac-U-Max
227 Main Street
Belleville, New Jersey  07109

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX
                                    i-14
Vacuum Can Company
19 South Hoyne Avenue
Chicago, Illinois 60612

Val-Jac Manufacturing Co., Inc,
5650 North Broadway
Wichita, Kansas 67219

Versa Cart Containers
P. O.  Box 142
Northbrook, Illinois 60062

Versa Corporation
P. O.  Box 152
Mt. Sterling, Ohio 43143

Vibra Screw, Incorporated
755 Union Boulevard
Totowa, New Jersey 07512

Vulcan IronWorks, Inc.
Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania

Wascon Systems, Inc.
Subsidiary - Robins & Myers
210 Bonair Avenue
Hatboro, Pennsylvania 19040

Waste Combustion Corporation
P. O.  Box 6295
Richmond, Virginia 23230

Waste King Universal
3300 East 50th Street
Los Angeles, California 90058
Waterbury Hydraulics Industries,  Inc.
58 Lafayette Street
Waterbury, Connecticut 06708

Wayne Engineering Corporation
1st & Iowa Streets
Cedar Falls, Iowa 50613

Wayne Manufacturing Co.
1201 East Lexington Street
Pomona, California 91766

Wear-Ever Aluminum, Inc.
5th Avenue & llth Street
New Kensington, Pennsylvania

Webb Company, Jervis  B.
9000 Alpine Avenue
Detroit, Michigan 48204

Western Body & Hoist Company
8901 Juniper Street
Los Angeles, California 90002

West Virginia Pulp and  Paper Company
230 Park Avenue
New York, New York 10017

Wilkinson Chutes, Inc.
619 East Tallmadge Avenue
Akron, Ohio 44310

Williams Patent Crusher and Pulverizer
  Co., I nc.
2701 North Broadway
St. Louis, Missouri 63102

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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX I
                                                                               i-15
W-W Grinder Corporation (The)
2957 North Market
Wichita, Kansas 67219

Zimpro  Division of
Sterling Drug, I no-
Rothschild, Wisconsin 54474

Zink Company, John
4401 South Peoria
Tulsa, Oklahoma 74105
  MCF570
                                                ft U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1972 O - 470-306

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