solid waste handling and disposal
in multistory buildings and hospitals
VOLUME III
research on systems development
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This report has been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency and approved for publication. Approval
does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views
and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
nor does mention of commercial products constitute endorse-
ment or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government.
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solid waste handling and disposal
in multistory buildings and hospitals
VOLUME III research on systems development
This final report (SW-34d. 3) on work performed
under solid waste management demonstration
grant no. EC-00164 to the County of Los
Angeles was written by ESCO/GREENLEAF
and is reproduced as received from the grantee.
VOLUME I Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations (SW-34d.l)
is available under separate cover from the U.S. Government
Printing Office.
VOLUMES II and IV Observations of Local Practices (SW-34d.2) and Selection
and Design of Solid Waste Systems (SW-34d.4) are available
from the Department of Commerce National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1972
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An environmental protection publication in
the solid waste management series (SW-34d.3).
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents,
U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C. 20402 Price $1.75
Stock Number 5502-0083
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FOREWORD
In the past century of national growth, reflected in increased
population, expanding municipalities, and greater industrial and
commercial enterprises, this Nation responded with nonconcern
to a concurrent physical deterioration of the country. The first
comprehensive water pollution control legislation was not enacted
until 1956; the first comprehensive air pollution legislation, in
1963: Finally, six years ago, legislation acknowledged a national
solid waste problem--a pollution that can pervade the air, water,
and land.
Under the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 (Title II, P. L. 89-272)
and now under the broader mandate of the Resource Recovery Act
of 1970 (P. L. 91-512), municipalities and other agencies are
eligible to apply for Federal demonstration grants to study, test,
and demonstrate techniques which advance the state of the art in
the solid waste management field.
Disquieting statistics compiled by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency point up the significance of these solid waste management
demonstration projects. The Nation's outlay for getting rid of its
debris is $4. 5 billion annually--and growing. Most of this cost is:
(1) for collecting only part (180 million tons) of the 360 million tons
of household, commercial, and industrial waste actually being
generated; (2) for disposing of it in dumps or landfills (94 percent
of which are unsatisfactory) or in incinerators (75 percent of which
are inadequate). One basic Federal policy has been to encourage
the concept of areawide solid -waste management as a sound vehicle
for raising the overall level of these sanitation services to safeguard
environment and public comfort.
The County of Los Angeles received one of these demonstration grants,
to make
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The ultimate purpose of this study is to determine improved solid waste
handling and disposal techniques adaptable to various types of multistory
buildings, hospitals and detention facilities. This research initiated by
the Project Planning and Pollution Control Division, Department of County
Engineer, County of Los Angeles, was performed with the assistance of
the Solid Wastes Program, National Center for Urban and Industrial
Health, U.S. Public Health Service, Department of Health, Education
and Welfare,* and through guidance of the Advisory Committee on Solid
Wastes, organized by the Department of County Engineer to assist the
project team throughout the study period.
ESCO-GREENLEAF, A Joint Venture (Engineering Service Corporation,
Los Angeles, California, and Greenleaf/Telesca, Engineers & Architects,
Miami, Florida) was selected by the Board of Supervisors to conduct this
study in collaboration with the Project Planning and Pollution Control
Division. Special consultants assisting the project staff in certain aspects
of the study include Elmer R. Kaiser, Senior Research Scientist, New
York University; George S. Michaelsen, Professor and Director, Division
of Environmental Health and Safety, University of Minnesota; Richard G.
Bond, Professor, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota;
Donald Vesley, Assistant Professor, School of Public Health, University
of Minnesota; and Gordon P. Larson, Air Pollution Control Consultant,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Considerable interest in this study has been shown by many governmental
agencies, equipment manufacturers and individuals directly concerned
with the subject. With this encouragement, together with the direct and
indirect assistance of numerous contributors, enthusiasm for successful
completion of the study has been maintained.
Sincere appreciation is extended to the administrators and staffs of all
hospitals, members of the Sheriff's Department and representatives of
the Department of Building Services, who cooperated and assisted in the
on-site investigations in those buildings under their respective juris-
dictions.
The constructive criticism and guidance of members of the Advisory
Committee on Solid Wastes were invaluable and special recognition for
the member agencies is warranted. Agencies represented in this
Committee include: Los Angeles County, Hospital Department, Mechani-
cal Department, Building Services, Health Department, Forester and
Fire Warden, Department of County Engineer, and Air Pollution Control
District; and the State of California, Department of Public Health and
Regional Water Quality Control Board.
* Now the Office of Solid Waste Management Programs, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
IV
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PREFACE
Problems of solid •waste collection and disposal in institutions and
other multistory buildings mirror many of the same problems con-
fronting the community at large --in greatly magnified form. In
large building complexes, as in many of the Nation's communities,
solid waste systems often are so crude as to be termed, in the
words of this report, "man- handling „ " Either in large- buildings,
the subject here, or in a community; a two-prong approach will
be necessary- -immediate application of improved methods that are
presently available, and then planning and research for optimal
future ^
This study, supported in part by solid waste management demon-
stration grant no. G06-EC-00164 from the Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, reflects this approach, and hopefully will motivate
administrators and designers concerned with multistory complexes
to consider solid waste handling and disposal as an integral factor
in the total service system provided for these buildings. Such a
consideration must take into account safety, sanitation, convenience,
and cost. The complete study is reported in four volumes:
Volume I, Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations, presents
a digest of study objectives, development of systems evaluation
methodology, and criteria for systems design, together with a brief
review of the total study. Available from the Superintendent of
Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.
Volume II, Observations of Local Practices, is a detailed study and
evaluation of systems and practices in fifteen County -owned building
complexes, including seven hospitals, four multistory office build-
ings, and four detention facilities, varying in function and size
within each classification. This report establishes the theoretical
standards of operation peculiar to each plant and, through field
observations, actual operating conditions of these systems. Avail-
able from the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, Virginia Z2151.
Volume III, Research on Systems Development, covers an investi-
gation and evaluation of available solid waste handling, storage,
processing, and disposal equipment and systems adaptable to build-
ing installations. This report provides coverage on both marketed
systems and equipment components, as well as systems concepts in
the development and "idea" stage. Available from the Superinten-
dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
B.C.
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Volume IV, Selection and Design of Solid Waste Systems, provides
an extended evaluation of systems adaptable to the various classi-
fications of buildings and complexes considered in the study, -with
recommendations for operational improvements or modifications
of existing systems as may be required in each type of facility.
Design criteria and preliminary design of systems modifications,
together •with outline specifications and cost estimates covering
installation and operation, are developed on a selected building
complex. Available from the U.S. Department of Commerce,
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia
22151.
John A. Lambie, County Engineer, County of Los Angeles, was
the project director for this study; Peter M, McGarry, with our
Division of Demonstration Operations, was the project officer.
--JOHN T. TALTY, Director
Division of Demonstration Operations
Office of Solid Waste Management Programs
VI
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VOL. Ill RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
Page No.
CONTENTS
I INTRODUCTION 1-1
II HANDLING METHODS AND EQUIPMENT ll-l
III STORAGE METHODS AND EQUIPMENT Ill-l
IV PROCESSING METHODS AND EQUIPMENT IV-1
V FINAL PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL METHODS V-l
VI SUMMARY VI-1
Vll
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VOL. Ill RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
—~~ ~~ Page No.
APPENDICES
A HANDLING EQUIPMENT
Classifications and Definitions of Equipment & Accessories a-1
B HANDLING EQUIPMENT
Product List (Type, Manufacturer and Trade Name) b-1
C STORAGE EQUIPMENT
Classifications and Definitions of Equipment & Accessories c-1
D STORAGE EQUIPMENT
Product List (Type, Manufacturer and Trade Name) d-1
E PROCESSING EQUIPMENT
Classifications and Definitions of Equipment & Accessories e-1
F PROCESSING EQUIPMENT
Product List (Type, Manufacturer and Trade Name) f-1
G FINAL PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL EQUIPMENT
Classifications and Definitions of Equipment & Accessories g-1
H FINAL PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL EQUIPMENT
Product List (Type, Manufacturer and Trade Name) h-1
I MANUFACTURERS' LIST j-1
Vlll
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VOL. Ill RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
CHAP. I INTRODUCTION 1-1
Observations of present day methods, practices and equipment used in the movement
of solid waste material in modern multistory buildings reveal little indication of
widespread change or progress since the first concepts of multistory construction.
The in-building handling system relying on pushcarts and portable bins for hori-
zontal movement, and conventional gravity chutes, elevators or stairs for vertical
movement, still prevails.
Special purpose buildings with complex material handling functions, such as
hospitals, until the present time, have also largely operated with similar systems.
Continuing expansions and improvements in hospital plants, together with the
ever increasing costs of operation and added emphasis on environmental conditions,
have provided the impetus for research and development of equipment to simplify
the flow of both incoming supplies, as well as outgoing wastes generated from
their use. The transfer of waste materials from point of generation to the point
of on-site disposal or central storage is the greatest and most costly task within
building waste systems. Although the ultimate disposal of these materials is
often looked upon as the function that potentially has the greatest effect on
the general public and the community environment, it is the least costly
increment of the total solid waste system and the lesser concern of in-plant
solid waste management. Improvements to the waste system must consider
all aspects of solid waste management. This applies to all building types.
The emphasis today in research and development is not isolated to any single
component or function of the waste system. Conversely, efforts are being
directed towards development of equipment that will serve all areas of the
system, including transfer of waste materials by means of automated conveyors,
special containerization,and improved processing and disposal methods.
Consultants, together with manufacturers, are exploring the "closed system"
concept, utilizing various combinations of material handling, storage,
processing and/or disposal equipment which will provide systems minimizing
or eliminating manual handling of waste materials after the initial deposit.
The purpose
of this study is to investigate and establish The total requirements of solid
waste systems serving multistory buildings, hospitals and detention facilities,
and recommend improvements or modifications of existing systems that will
provide an acceptable level of operation, environmentally and economically.
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. I
The preceding volumes have provided a digest of the overall study objectives, a
summary of the total study, and the detailed study and evaluation of existing waste
systems in selected building complexes in Los Angeles County where waste system
improvements are being considered. In order that the reader be informed further
on the total background of this study, review of Volumes I and II are recommended.
Purpose of this Division of Study:
The purpose of this division of study as contained herein is (1) to review the
equipment that is presently marketed and available for use in solid waste systems
in multistory buildings, hospitals and detention facilities, (2) to investigate
equipment that is in the developing stage, (3) to identify new system concepts
that are being considered in this field, and (4) to evaluate equipment usage
for specific applications in various types of special purpose buildings.
This equipment review is primarily intended to provide necessary data for up-
grading the waste systems in the local building complexes under study and
similar use to others in the industry. It is to be hoped that the information
gathered herein will have a longer useful life than that to be normally expected
from a study of this type. The compiled data could prove useful in the conceptual
planning stages of many types of buildings yet to be designed and built.
This compendium gathers together much useful information. It is far from a
complete treatise on the subjects, but it is believed to provide some specific
direction toward the solutions to many complex problems, not only limited to
solid waste systems but on the much broader base of total material handling
systems for the distribution of general supplies as well.
Method of Research and Investigation:
Observations of the basic requirements of solid waste systems of special purpose
buildings were accomplished through (1) inspection of selected plants and their
respective practices in various geographic locations, (2) literature review and
(3) consultation with knowledgeable parties in plant administrative, management
and operational capacities.
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. I 1-3
Research and investigation of equipment and systems were performed through:
(1) Review of trade journals and technical publications.
(2) Attendance at trade shows and technical sessions.
(3) Review of manufacturers' data sheets and informational releases.
(4) Inspection of marketed equipment and prototypes at manufacturing plants.
(5) Inspection of actual working installations of equipment in hospitals,
apartment complexes, office buildings, commercial buildings,
warehouses, etc.
(6) Discussions with engineering and marketing representatives of
manufacturers.
(7) Consultation with qualified authorities in fields related to the general
subject.
The experiences and opinions of technicians and other personnel involved in the
operation of solid waste systems and general material handling systems have been
sought and listened to during field inspections. These inspections have included
such outstanding examples of modern handling systems as the installations at
Loyola University Medical Center at Maywood, Illinois, and Mercy Hospital
and Medical Center at Chicago, Illinois.
It is not possible to investigate, or even to list, all of the many manufacturers
of useable equipment in the very broad field of solid wastes. For this reason,
a list of reference materials and information sources is included in the Appendix,
in addition to the particular equipment and methods discussed in this section
of the report.
General Background:
A brief review of pertinent definitions presented in earlier volumes may be of
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VOL. HI ______
CHAP. I '"4
later assistance to the reader In understanding the contents covered herein. Initial
investigations as conducted earlier in this study (Volumes I and II) identified the
four basic components or sub-systems in solid waste systems in multistory building
complexes as the Unit, Inter-Unit, Inter-Building and Off-Site systems, and further
identified the four basic functions that may be performed within each of fhese sub-
systems, i.e. handling, storage, processing and disposal.
Within the concept of this study, handling functions and related terms include
collection, horizontal transport, vertical transport and discharge of solid wastes,
or distribution of other materials from a point of origin to an ultimate destination.
Such movement or handling is considered to terminate at the boundaries of building
complexes, but in some instances may include off-site movement.
The storage of wastes is defined as the interim containment of accumulated materials
in either loose, compacted or other processed form prior to subsequent handling,
reprocessing or disposal.
Waste processing is considered as those preparation functions, such as bagging or
encapsulating of disposables and reusables, as well as treatment to disposables
involving volume reduction through changes in size, shape, uniformity or
consistency. Waste processing may also include those techniques employed in
reconditioning reusables such as laundry, bottlewashing, autoclaving, etc.
However, the scope of this study in the case of reusables shall be limited to
the interim storage and handling of these materials up to the point of central
storage and reprocessing.
Waste disposal is considered within this report as the terminal treatment of waste
materials. This ultimate treatment is limited to various disposal processes or
combinations of processes involving natural or accelerated conversion of the raw
wastes into useful or innocuous products.
Figure 1-1 schematically illustrates the location and identifies these components
or sub-systems and functions that will be found in solid waste systems in multi-
story building complexes.
The term "solid waste system", as used in this report, is defined as a combi-
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VOL. Ill —r
CHAP.I '~6
nation of methods and/or equipment provided for the handling, storage, processing
and/or disposal of all solid waste materials. Its use does not necessarily imply a
fully mechanized or complete arrangement, such as might be made by some single
manufacturer. Fully mechanized solid waste systems, as such, are almost non-
existent at this time. Today's prevailing systems can be said to be more manual
than mechanical. The present stage of development in which solid waste manage-
ment finds itself, particularly as it relates to this study, demands flexibility of
thought and planning for the future. This should involve combining various
methods and equipment for handling, storage, processing and/or disposal in
efforts to produce a system mechanized as fully as possible. Partially mechanized
systems are presently under development. Additionally, some prototypes exist
but these have not had exposure to extensive operating conditions.
The timeliness of this study demands some discussion. Many months of investi-
gation, numerous field observations and countless interviews convince us that
this report is being prepared at a time just prior to very important developments
in the fields of waste handling and disposal. It is regrettable but true that
several new handling methods and treatment processes have been or are presently
being developed, but which are, as yet, untested under working conditions.
Certain of these methods and equipment will be discussed in later sections of
this report. In some cases, no specific recommendations can be made. This
condition and some limitations are imposed upon us for two principal reasons.
Some of the equipment known to exist is of foreign origin and not yet installed
or proven under operating conditions in the United States. Other equipment or
methods, some of which have been seen by the consultant, are still in the
development or pilot plant stages and the sponsors have placed restrictions
upon disclosure of details at the present time.
The rate at which progress is being made in the development and use of more
sophisticated methods of handling and disposal may well make some portions of
this report outdated almost before publication. It must be recognized that
during any period of great technological progress, no precise time could be
totally ideal for such a study to be made.
None of the foregoing remarks imply any criticism of the timing of the commis-
noning of this study. It is likely that an earlier time may have been too soon,
while a later date may possibly have been too late. On the contrary the
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. I 1-7
imperativeness of the need for further expansion and continued updating of the study
is stressed.
The current upsurge of new concepts and developments of solid waste management
equipment is due largely to expanded and justifiable concern with environmental
pollution. Air, water and land pollution are matters which demand immediate,
and in certain areas, drastic steps. The urgency of some of these problems has
fostered increased interest in possible solutions. Industries, some of which were
not formerly associated with solid waste management, have released funds for
research and development of new or improved methods of coping with the pressing
problems. While some of the newest of these concepts are not yet proven, it is
apparent that great forward strides are being made.
Another and very important factor which has stimulated equipment development
is the tremendous increase in the volume of items which are prepackaged and
articles which are designed to be disposable. This increased volume, plus the
changed nature and mix of materials now found in refuse, have combined to
make improvement and changes in disposal methods mandatory.
The meaning of "disposable" has changed to a noticeable extent, as applied to
solid waste management problems. This is especially true if Webster's definition,
"easy to get rid of", is used. Many of today's plastic "disposables" almost defy
destruction. Certainly many of them cannot be adequately disposed of by
presently used conventional processes and equipment. Some of these articles,
commonly used today, are disposable only in the sense that they are designed
for one-time use only. Container manufacturers and packaging designers have
flooded the merchandising market with these "undisposable" disposables and,
with very few exceptions, without having first determined whether or not the
leftover package or container is destructible by conventional means.
The volumes of these various so-called disposables are now increasing at
alarming rates, especially in hospitals. Various kinds of instruments, containers
and linens are but a few of the items which will have but one use and then be
discarded. These supplies are already seen in some institutions and the apparent
trend indicates continuing increase in use in the future.
Other items which now have one use before being discarded include containers
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HI
CHAP .1
made of steel, aluminum, glass and paper, as well as various types of plastics.
Storage space for reusables, need for sanitizing after use, and, very importantly,
the labor cost of separate handling and processing have made the disposable
articles on the surface almost an economic necessity. Added to this is the
convenience factor and when these several plus-features are considered, their
increasing use is all but guaranteed.
The growth of the demand for prepackaged merchandise; the proliferation of the
use of disposable containers; the very widespread use of plastics, many types
and forms of which are highly resistant to present disposal methods; growing
awareness of the hazards of environmental pollution, and the resulting
restrictions placed upon the burning of wastes have combined to bring about
interesting and desirable research and development in processing and disposal
methods. Substantial sums are being expended by private enterprises for
experimentation and the construction and operation of pilot plants which are
designed to improve waste processing and disposal.
Organization of Material:
In the early stages of this investigation, it was anticipated that classifications
and definitions of the various types of equipment encountered was requisite to
the study, both for the readers' benefit and as a working tool in preparation of
the report. The major classifications or divisions of equipment were limited to
correspond to the four basic functions of the waste system, i .e. handling,
storage, processing and disposal.
The sections of this report devoted to the narrative review of this equipment
also follow these classifications. In support of this equipment review within
each major classification, referenced appendices were prepared, identifying
(sub-classification) by name and definition, the individual equipment components
and accessories. Separate appendices (Product Lists) were also prepared listing
these equipment components alphabetically and identifying respective manu-
facturers and known trade names. To complete the appendices in support of
this equipment review, a master alphabetical index of these manufacturers
with addresses, was prepared.
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. I 1-9
The criteria for the selected classification and sub-classification of equipment
components was based on functions performed by the equipment and the mechanical
characteristics in the design of each. These established classifications, sub-
classifications and definitions relate only to this report for the purpose of grouping
like items, and will not necessarily agree with manufacturers' nomenclature,
where wide variations of names and terms were encountered. The need for
eventually standardizing equipment terminology by manufacturers serving the
solid waste industry for the benefit of users of this equipment cannot be over-
emphasized.
In the review of equipment, the inclusion of detailed descriptions of products of
particular manufacturers or the omission thereof constitutes or implies neither
approval nor disapproval, acceptance nor rejection, endorsement nor the lack
thereof, on the part of the consultant. Every effort has been made to describe
representative makes of equipment and such descriptions are included for general
informational purposes only.
The listing of manufacturers of various products identified in this report is only
partial. To identify every manufacturer producing equipment related to the
subject is neither practicable considering the time limitations imposed, nor
necessarily useful for purposes of this report. There are many lists published
covering specific types of equipment, such as those to be found in Material
Handling Engineering Handbook & Directory; Solid Wastes Management
Sanitation Industry Yearbook; Guide Issue, Journal of the American Hospital
Association, as well as many other sources. In general, product listings have
been restricted to those items which have been seen at trade shows, or inspected
in operation, or on which descriptive printed matter has been reviewed,,
Numerous equipment manufacturers failed to respond to inquiries and hence
are not included.
During the course of this investigation, voluminous project records, consisting
of equipment catalog files, inspection reports and correspondence with numerous
manufacturers, were developed. This written review in a sense represents only a
summary of the total activities undertaken.
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VOL. Ill RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
CHAP. II HANDLING METHODS AND EQUIPMENT Page No.
Body, Truck, Special 11-7
Cart, Electric, Driverless, Self-powered 11-7
Chute, Gravity 11-14
Conveyor, Litter, Vacuum 11-15
Conveyor, Belt 11-15
Conveyor, Chain, Drag 11-16
Conveyor, Chain, Drag, Driverless 11-16
Conveyor, Chain, In-floor 11-18
Conveyor, Chain, Overhead 11-23
Conveyor, Monorail, Electric 11-28
Conveyor, Pneumatic 11-33
Conveyor, Roller 11-43
Conveyor, Screw 11-44
Conveyor, Slat 11-45
Conveyor, Sorting 11-45
Conveyor, Track, Overhead 11-47
Conveyor, Tube 11-47
Conveyor, Tube, Belt 11-49
Conveyor, Vertical, Continuous 11-49
Conveyor, Vertical, Reciprocating 11-50
Conveyor, Wheel 11-51
Dolly, Fiberglass, Castered 11-51
Hoist, Container, Rear-loading 11-51
Hoist, Tiltframe, Container, Packer 11-52
Packer, Mobile 11-52
Packer, Trailer 11-54
Scooter, Collection, Trash 11-55
Tractor, Electric, Driverless, Self-powered 11-55
Trailer, Transfer 11-56
Train, Container 11-57
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VOL. Ill RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
HANDLING METHODS AND EQUIPMENT Page No,
LIST OF FIGURES
11-1 Supply-Waste Cycle in a Typical Multistory Building Complex II-3
11-2 Amscar - American Sterilizer Company 11-9
11-3 Amscar -American Sterilizer Company 11-11
11-4 Amscar - American Sterilizer Company 11-13
11-5 Switch-Train - SI Handling Systems, Inc. 11-17
11-6 Lo-Tow - SI Handling Systems, Inc. 11-21
11-7 ACTE - Columbus McKinnon Corporation 11-26
11-8 ACTE - Columbus McKinnon Corporation 11-27
11-9 CyberaiI - Castle Automated Systems 11-31
11-10 Cyberai I - Castle Automated Systems 11-32
11-11 A VAC - Aerojet-General Corporation 11-35
11-12 A VAC - Aerojet-General Corporation ||-37
11-13 Air-Flyte - Eastern Cyclone Industries ||-41
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VOL. Ill RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
CHAP. II HANDLING METHODS AND EQUIPMENT ll-l
The major task and cost in the operation of solid waste systems is the movement of
waste material between the initial point of accumulation and the ultimate disposal
point. In effect, operation of solid waste systems is largely a material handling
function, adaptable to mechanization but predominantly performed today by
manual methods. Today's manual systems are largely "built-in" by building
design conditions. !t is not uncommon to find, even in contemporary designs,
numerous interim waste storage points for the temporary deposit of wastes,
thereby breaking the cycle of movement and thus creating a number of
rehandlings of the same material before reaching the final destination point.
Today, scarcity of labor for this type of work, the trend of lower productivity
of labor, as well as rising labor rates, collectively emphasize the need for
mechanization of the more complex systems.
Unfortunately, far too much of the solid wastes, as well as supplies in insti-
tutions, are "handled" and "rehandled" instead of being directly transported
by mechanical means. These conditions have been permitted to develop by
institutional and industrial planners and management. Institutional management,
habitually satisfied to "do it by hand", ignored the development of these plant
engineering needs, planners were not aware of these needs, and the materials
handling industry was not properly alert to a new market. The latter was
apparent during the course of this investigation when it was found that many
equipment manufacturers were unaware of the needs in the field of solid waste
handling at the time they were first contacted. Due to this, it was equally
apparent early in the investigation that developing information on waste
handling methods and equipment would be more time-consuming and involved
than would be that required for storage, processing and disposal methods.
Considerable time and effort was made in contacting manufacturers and as a
result of many otherwise unproductive inquiries, it is indicated that some
companies have been prompted to investigate the material handling problems
in solid wastes. Hopefully, new contributions in useable equipment will be
forthcoming for this field.
The apparent reluctance on the part of some manufacturers to become involved
in waste handling is somewhat understandable. In general, the subject of
materials handling has long been almost solely associated with industry.
Applications of their methods and equipment in the past have been primarily
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. II
directed to warehousing, processing and manufacturing industries, where identical,
or at least similar, articles are handled. If the material is in bulk, it normally
has consistency in shape and other physical characteristics throughout its volume
and, hence, mechanical handling is not too difficult to develop. On the other
hand, solid wastes, especially those generated in hospitals, almost defy description.
This material lacks uniformity of size and shape. It is a non-homogeneous mix and
may be highly contaminated. Adapting a mechanical handling system to these
conditions may be highly complex.
The relationship of the movement of "clean" and "dirty" materials within a
building complex is an involved process. In effort to simplify the relationship
of this process, Figure II-1 schematically shows the supply-waste cycle.
This diagram is admittedly an oversimplification but serves to emphasize the
parallel course in movement of supplies and wastes and the basic activities
between the point of supply, point of use (or conversion to waste), and ultimate
point of disposal. Locations of these activities (storage and processing) for both
supplies and wastes may be and generally are interspersed throughout the system.
The point is that planned material handling systems can minimize the interim
storage needs and permit efficient direct and uninterrupted flow of both
materials.
It is essential that the reader be made aware of the current state-of-the-art as
it applies to solid waste handling. Considering the existing need, it is inadequate.
While some advancement is being made, these efforts range from meager to
sophisticated. However, if one thinks of general materials handling, as opposed
to the handling of solid wastes, then giant strides have been made. Electron-
ically controlled, fully automated supply systems are available, but they are
neither presently suitable for specialized use in handling solid wastes nor
economically feasible for this purpose alone. Types of equipment, such as
overhead chain conveyors, horizontal or inclined belt conveyors, or perhaps
long roller conveyors as used in industry, do not at first glance seem to be
applicable to the problems encountered in solid waste handling. Although
perhaps not directly useable, it is possible that these basic methods of moving
materials might be modified to meet the needs under study.
With few exceptions, little has been seen which could be described as complete
-------
o
o
m
FIGURE 11-1 SUPPLY-WASTE CYCLE IN A TYPICAL MULTISTORY BUILDING COMPLEX
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. II
solid waste handling systems. There are hundreds of different pieces of equipment
designed and produced to handle or transport material items. These individually
are considered in this report as equipment components and not systems. Most of
the installations seen have consisted of a number of components rather than a
complete integrated system.
Review of Handling Methods and Equipment:
As defined earlier, the term "waste handling" includes all those functions
associated with the transfer or movement of solid waste materials after creation,
excluding storage and actual processing and/or ultimate disposal methods that
may be employed. These waste handling functions are limited to and defined
as follows:
collection - Methods and equipment used in (1) the pickup of
accumulated wastes from the initial point of deposit
or subsequent storage points and (2) loading of
vehicles or other means of conveyance for transport.
transport - Methods and equipment used in the vertical or hori-
zontal movement of materials.
discharge - Methods and equipment used to unload wastes from
the carrier or transporter.
The most elementary and, at the present time, the most widely used class of
horizontal transport devices in use for the horizontal transport of solid wastes
in institutions is the hand-pushed cart. This indispensable piece of equipment
comes in many shapes and styles; is available in metal, fiber and plastic; and
of standard or special designs. Carts are available from simple open-top canvas
hampers to specially designed stainless steel bodies. A very wide range of
types of conveyors, including roller, belt, chain, monorail and pneumatic
tube, plus many varieties of these principal classifications, may also be
considered in the general class of horizontal transport equipment. For
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. II ||-5
off-site operations and for some possible on-site transport requirements, special types
of collection vehicles or mobile packers or transfer trailers may be employed.
Gravity and vacuum chutes alone are the only equipment items specifically designed
and commonly used for the vertical transport of wastes. The principal forms of
multipurpose vertical transport are elevators, dumbwaiters or specially designed
lift systems, which will accommodate only carriers or transporters of a special type
and handle all types of material. Controls may be manual, i.e. they can be
summoned or dispatched by push buttons or they may be automated to sequence
with loading from or unloading to horizontal conveyors.
Some devices, such as pneumatic tubes, gravity chutes, certain types of conveyors,
and other equipment, provide multiple functions. They not only transport materials
but may be used to load or discharge bulk or containerized items, and may incor-
porate interim storage or holding stations for en route materials. These may be
complete horizontal and vertical transport systems designed and installed by one
manufacturer or they may be combinations of loading devices, horizontal and
vertical conveyors and discharging equipment of different manufacture, which
have been combined into an integrated system„
Such devices as blowers or suction fans, cyclonic separators, pneumatic tubes,
various types of conveyors, vertical lifts, pipelines for slurries, and other
equipment can be arranged to operate as an integrated handling system. Some
of the most interesting general materials handling systems observed have been
examples of good engineering and the apparent successful "marriage" of
components' made by different manufacturers.
The most sophisticated, fully automated systems were designed and largely built
and installed by single manufacturers. These combine horizontal and vertical
transport elements, using special track, transporters, modules and electronic
controls. Units can be summoned and dispatched from control panels and
operated within the system, unattended.
The review of equipment as contained herein covers the limited field of
specialized equipment for handling solid wastes as-well as certain general
materials handling equipment and accessories considered to be adaptable
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VOL. Ill _.
CHAP. II M"6
for possible use in solid waste systems.
Class!ficat-ion of this equipment involved reconciling the wide variations of names
and terms used by manufacturers and the material handling industry at large, as
well as in solid waste management. For purposes of this report, these equipment
classifications were established by definition, as appear in Appendix "A". A
product list, Appendix "B", was also prepared providing an alphabetical listing
of the equipment classifications, together with a partial listing of the respective
manufacturers and trade names.
The intent of Appendix "A" is to identify by definition all equipment components
which might be unknown to the reader or where some degree of confusion wou|d
be created if the items were not defined. The product list, Appendix "B", includes
all equipment classifications as defined, as well as other equipment items and
accessories where names are self-explanatory.
The following narrative review of equipment covers selected categories of equipment
with descriptions of mechanical and operational characteristics and in most cases
discussions on particular application (or possible application) in the waste handling
system.
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. II 11-7
Body, Truck, Special:
Among various special designs of truck bodies available for application in the waste
systems of institutional complexes are those produced by Bynal Products Inc. and
Hanna Enterprises.
("Hussler11 - Bynal Products, Inc.)
The "Hussler" body is made by Bynal Products, Inc. in six and eight cubic yard
sizes. They can be mounted on small chassis, having relatively short wheel bases,
and can be used in cramped areas which could not be serviced by larger vehicles.
They are useful in inter-building service where a vehicle having multipurpose
abilities is almost indispensable.
Several features make the "Hussler11 unique. The body has 38" high sides, but
forward portions on both sides can be dropped to half-height to provide easier
side loading. The tailgate, designed to act as a chute for rear unloading, will
also operate as a conventional hydraulic tailgate for loading and unloading. A
most important feature is a dual hydraulic lifting mechanism which permits the
entire body to be lifted vertically in a level position to match dock heights.
Additionally, the body can be inclined for rear dumping.
("Trashmobile" - Hanna Enterprises)
Another small and special type body which is practical for use in building
complexes is the "Trashmobile". It has small capacity, of about a yard and a
half, andean be used as a satellite vehicle, serving larger ones by reason of its
ability to reach otherwise inaccessible areas. It has a hydraulic dumping
mechanism for rear unloading. It is easily operated by one man and can carry
a variety of loads. It is designed to be mounted on a Datson, Jeep or Inter-
national Scout chassis and hence would be highly maneuverable.
Cart, Electric, Driverless, Self-powered:
Properly described, these carts are the hearts of two nearly identical transportation
systems which have been recently developed and shown at materials handling and
hospital equipment shows around the country. The systems are made and marketed
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. II 'I'8
by Jervis B. Webb Company and the Amsco Systems Company, a division of American
Sterilizer Company. The Webb vehicles are identified by trade name as "Mini-Carts"
and the Amsco units as "Amscar". The Webb organization serves industry generally
while Amsco is primarily in the hospital equipment field.
Three hospitals now under construction will be serviced with Webb Mini-Cart systems:
The Jewish Hospital at Cincinnati, Ohio, will use a 40-cart system; Elmbrook Hospital,
Brookfield, Wisconsin will have 18 carts; and Elliott White Springs Hospital, Lancaster;
South Carolina, will have a 16-cart system. The 500 bed Fairfax Hospital at
Falls Church, Virginia, will inaugurate its system with 60 Amscar units .
("Amscar" - American Sterilizer Company)
The Mini-Cart and the Amscar are basically the same unit but for purposes of
description, reference will be made to Amscar since its primary use is intended
to be in hospitals. This vehicle is electric-battery-powered. The batteries are
housed under a stainless steel platform floor. It is designed to follow an electronic
guidepath of wire concealed in the floor. The front or dashboard of the Amscar houses
the programming control devices, together with a steering and control tiller for
manually guiding the unit onto or off of the guidepath. Under such manual guidance
and utilizing self-contained motive power, the unit can be directed to locations
remote from the buried wires.
A variety of containers or modules are available to fit onto the bed or platform •; ,
of the cart. These can be custom designed but standard models for handling food,
linens, general supplies, and soiled items are available.
The vehicle is capable of raising or lowering the various types of wheeled and
castered modules with its own power. After the Amscar is guided beneath the
module, the vehicle platform is raised sufficiently to lift the wheels of the
module clear of the floor. When the cart and module have reached their
destination, the module is lowered to the floor and the Amscar withdrawn.
After disengagement the module may be rolled to any desired point in the'
manner of a conventional cart.
-------
a. Amscar Vehicle Approaching Module
b. Process of Mating Has Begun
c. Mating Complete with Module
Loaded for Transport
FIGURE 11-2
AMSCAR - AMERICAN STERILIZER COMPANY
PAGE 11-9
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VOL. Ill —
CHAP. II "~10
The Amscar is dispatched by means of the pushbutton controls on its own panel.
After being placed over the guidepath, the unit proceeds to the programmed
destination-unattended. Built-in proximity sensors halt the cart if a person or
object obstructs its path. A central station for controlling the movement of carts
can be provided, as well as a series of control panels located at nursing stations
and other strategic points.
Vertical transport of the vehicles and their loads is provided by special elevators
designed exclusively for this purpose. These elevators are instructed by the control
system. Cars are summoned, shaftway doors opened and closed, vehicles injected,
vertical travel accomplished, and carts ejected onto another level, in an entirely
automatic sequence.
A special feature of the Amscar system is a central cart cleaning and sterilizing
area, through which the vehicle and module must pass before entering the "clean"
holding or parking area. The cleaning process is automatically controlled by the
entrance of the vehicle. The batteries of the carts are recharged while they are
in the holding area.
The cost of the Amscar system is high, but perhaps not excessively so when its many
advantages are taken into consideration. Its total and best uses have not yet been
fully tested in day-to-day operations in hospitals, but soon will be. Proposed
installation of this handling system in existing structures presents some formidable
obstacles. Installation costs may be expected to be considerably higher than in
those planned installations in new buildings. However, the more desirable
features of the system, which follow, would weigh heavily in favor of such an
installation if a total handling system is to be considered.
In no way is it suggested that Amscar or Mini-Cart systems be considered for the
primary purpose of handling solid wastes. Such highly sophisticated conveying
systems must first be considered as automated methods for delivering "clean"
materials or supplies and removing "soiled" reusable items such as linens,
dietary trays, and utensils which require reprocessing. Manpower saved by
the abilities of these systems to respond to calls and obey electronic commands
while almost totally unattended represents tremendous savings in dollars and
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1
STEERING
S ERVO
^
GUIDANCE
CON T ROL
TRACTION
MOTOR
^
r
a . Amscar Vehicle Guidance System
b. General Purpose Module Mounted
on Amscar Unit
c. Palletized Loading Technique
May Also Be Used
FIGURE 11-3
AMSCAR -7WERICAN STERILIZER COMPANY
PAGE 11-11
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. II
assures obedient and prompt attendance to many institutional demands. The foregoing
is not intended to eliminate consideration of this type of transport system for handling
disposable solid wastes, but rather to emphasize the possibilities of such auxiliary
use. If these primary uses can be economically justified by the complete types of
studies done by the manufacturers, then, and only then, should any thought be
given to its adaptation to the handling of the bulk of disposable solid wastes
produced by the institution. Of itself and as originally conceived, it would not
likely be an economically efficient method of handling disposable solid wastes.
However, if waste handling can be added to its primary purposes, then such use
could well prove to be a dividend which would further justify an expensive
installation.
Unattended operation of this transport system in halls or passageways used by
patients or visitors is not recommended. Although the carts are equipped with
sensing devices which will halt motion on contact with any object, their unattended
progress can be startling to the unsuspecting. The possible need for separate hori-
zontal passageways for cart travel must be considered. Additional space is required
for vertical lift shafts but it is probable that the same or more space would have
been needed for larger elevators if conventional methods of handling were in use.
It is obvious that installations of this type of equipment are more practical when
planned into new structures than when considered for additions to existing buildings.
This does not preclude use in such existing institutions, however. Guidepath wires
can easily be installed in saw-cuts in concrete floors or secured to floors under
carpets. Horizontal travel on basement or supply floors and some vertical movement
and limited movement on patient floors can be considered, but all are dependent
on studies of conflicting traffic conditions. Such installations might be feasible
where major expansion and remodelling of the facilities of a complex are under
consideration.
Each installation presents its own set of complex problems and, unless all of the
facts are known, estimates of the costs of installation cannot be accurately
projected. The sizes (cubage and weight) and numbers of incoming and outgoing
loads must be accurately known, kinds of materials, fixed delivery schedules,
and many other factors must be studied before equipment requirements and cost
-------
A Schematic Diagram of an Amscar System
Shown above is a schematic diagram of typical service level corridors
and vertical shaftways required for the Amscar system. Straight hori-
zontal passageways must have a minimum clear width of 7"-4" to
permit two vehicles to pass abreast. Height of passageways should be
about 7 feet, minimum. Vertical shaftways require minimum inside
clearances of 5'-4" x 8'-6" for a single vehicle lift, or IT x 8'-6"
to allow adequate space for a lift to accommodate two vehicles.
Dimensions of the Amscar vehicles are 62"L x 26"W x 73"H/ with
the operating lever, or tiller, in the vertical position. The vehicle
is'capable of maintaining forward speeds of one to three miles per
hour. Reverse speed is limited to one mile per hour. The gross
carrying capacity of the vehicle is 900 pounds.
The dimensions of module or standard container is 53"L x 28"W x
59"H, or two inches wider than the vehicle, to allow for a bumper.
Two styles of modules are available. They are identified as either
general purpose or dietary, and will range in weight from 100 to
400 pounds, the latter being the dietary type.
FIGURE 11-4
AMSCAR - AMERICAN STERILIZER COMPANY
PAGE 11-13
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. II
prediction can be made. Labor rates and availability will likely be the determining
factor in the economic feasibility of any contemplated installation.
No final determination on the possible use of such a sophisticated transport system
for handling solid wastes should even be made until the methods of processing and
disposal of such wastes have been studied by properly qualified technicians.
Chute, Gravity:
Next to hand-pushed carts, the gravity chute is the most common waste transport
equipment to be found in hospitals and similar institutions. These installations
usually consist of vertical cylindrical tubes, 12" to 36" in diameter, fabricated
of stainless steel, aluminized steel or aluminum. Some tubes are made with a
square configuration. The chutes are built into the building and are equipped
with receiving doors on each floor. The chute is vented at the top and, in the
case of chutes used for trash, the rooftop terminus is equipped with an explosion
vent. Other applications of gravity chutes include spiral chutes for handling
packages and containers. These are built around a central, vertical core and,
while usually open, are available as closed types.
The doors of the receiving stations to linen and trash chutes can be supplied with
either foot pedal, hand-operated opening devices or keyed locking devices.
Interlocking systems are also available which automatically lock all doors
except the one being open or, during cleaning operations, all doors on all
floors. Complaints are numerous from maintenance engineers and housekeepers
concerning malfunctions of doors and their control and locking mechanisms.
Minor injuries have been sustained by personnel during operation of receiving
doors. Such criticisms are aimed at nearly all manufacturers of chute instal-
lations.
The gravity chute is limited in its application, providing vertical free-fall, but
some downward slope can be accommodated. It should not be considered a handling
system, but a component,, Properly installed and maintained, it is one of the most
economical components of the total waste system. It is also adaptable to use in
conjunction with horizontal mechanical conveying equipment for the continuing
movement of linens or rubbish to central storage or processing points.
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. II n_i5
Collector, Litter, Vacuum:
This unique vacuum device, originally designed for collecting leaves and cleaning
small, dry debris from shallow ditches, also has other applications and capabilities,
such as cleaning general litter from around trash dumping or processing areas.
(1lTecorp" - Truck Equipment Corporation)
This accessory, called a Tecorp Leaf Collector, can be added to a side-loader,
mobile packer. It consists of a gasoline-motor-driven vacuum unit which can be
mounted between the packer body and the truck cab. A large diameter, flexible
hose and nozzle are connected to the unit when in use and can easily be handled
by one man.
The manufacturer claims collected debris passes through a self-cleaning impeller
fan which chops the material and blows it into the packer body. The suction hose
is easily detachable for storing.
Conveyor, Belt:
Probably the most widely used of the many varieties of handling equipment, the
belt conveyor is available in many forms and its applications are almost limitless.
Basically, this general type of conveyor consists of an endless belt running between
two rollers located at opposite ends of a supporting frame. A series of rollers or a
flat metal bed support the belt throughout its length. The end rollers, one of which
is powered, are usually tensioned to keep the belt reasonably taut and in contact
with the driving roller. Lengths, loading, kinds of materials handled and other
factors will govern the selection and arrangement of driving power.
The variations and arrangements of belt conveyors are almost endless. Such types
as folding, extendible, portable, inclined, etc. are to be found in catalogs of
many manufacturers. The belts are commonly made of canvas, cotton, nylon,
rubber or woven materials impregnated with rubber or rubber covered. The use
to which the equipment will be put will determine type selection.
Belt conveyors are used extensively in warehousing, manufacturing and processing
industries, including applications in waste handling in bulk and containerized form.
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VOL III .
CHAP. II IM6
Conveyor, Chain, Drag:
This special type of conveyor used principally for the movement of dry, bulk materials
is generally self-contained, self-cleaning and operates within its own casing, The
transport mechanism is an endless chain to which "flyers" or paddles are attached at
short intervals. As the flyers move through the enclosing square or rectangular
shaped tube, the loose bulk material is dragged or pushed toward a discharge point
or opening. Dry material, such as coarse sand and ashes, varying in granular sizes,
can be handled. This type of conveyor is generally used for short, horizontal runs
and has more limited capabilities than the tube conveyor discussed later in this
chapter.
Conveyor, Chain, Drag, Driverless:
This battery-powered, driverless vehicle provides motive power to tow a train of
unpowered carts over a programmed route. The driverless tractor drags a length of
conveyor chain of the same style used by SI Handling Systems (described in detail
in the next item). The tractor and chain follow a shallow slot in the floor. A guide
pin on the centerline of each cart is inserted in the chain. The chain has "pusher dogs"
spaced at intervals to accommodate the carts to be towed. The pusher dogs are
special sections of the chain which have a raised formation just behind a recess.
Each cart is equipped with a towpin which can be dropped into the chain slot in
the floor. As the chain, being dragged by the tractor, approaches the cart
waiting to be picked up, the towpin drops into the recessed section ahead of the
pusher dog which, in turn, pushes against the towpin, thus moving the castered
cart forward following the tractor.
Carts are added to the train by being hand-guided over the floor slot and the
towpin engaged. Each cart is equipped with a pair of selector pins mounted
on the front which can be preset to activate switches that will divert the cart
off the main slot or track onto a spur track. This action is accomplished automat-
ically and is controlled by the various combinations of selector pin settings.
As the selector pins ( which can be either electrical or mechanical) pass over
the reader boxes or mechanical triggers (set in the floor), the pre-selected
diverter is actuated and the towpin is diverted from the drag chain by a
sideways sliding motion onto the spur track. As soon as the towpin has passed
-------
Si's Driverless Switch-Train in Operation, Towing a Pair of Non-powered Carts
FIGURE 11-5
SWITCH-TRAIN - SI HANDLING SYSTEMS, INC.
PAGE 11-17
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VOL. Ill ,.
CHAP. II M"1?
the diverter, this mechanism is recocked in a closed position so that the following
cart, unless programmed for that particular spur, cannot enter it-
The tractor can be programmed to proceed to and stop at selected locations. An
audible alerting signal is automatically given by the tractor so that carts may be
loaded, unloaded, removed or added by manual operation. The castered carts
used are of simple design, easily moved, and relatively inexpensive. They are
interchangeable with those used on SI Handling Systems in-floor chain conveyors.
The pictorial description of this equipment included herein includes further details,
of the operation of the selector pins and the diverters.
Conveyor, Chain, In-floor:
This conveyor may be briefly described as an endless chain, continuously moving ,
in a recessed and flush mounted housing in the floor, serving as the drive mechanism
for a special cart system. Numerous manufacturers of this type of equipment are
identified in the Product List (Appendix "B").
("Low-Tow" - SI Handling Systems, Inc.)
The equipment described herein is identified by the trade name "Low-Tow", as
manufactured by SI Handling Systems, Inc. It has been selected for description
primarily because it has been inspected in operation at two commercial installations
(a large motor freight terminal, and a major chain store warehousing center). The
freight terminal conveying system operates 24 hours per day, six days per week, and
daily handles about one million pounds of freight. The total installed cost was about
$400,000. This installation includes 3800' of powered mainline chain, 93 non-
powered spurs, 2 powered spurs, and 1100 automatic dispatch switch-carts.
The merchandising service center system cost nearly $80,000. Of that amount,
the 100 carts cost about $17,000. This system includes 1900' of powered drive
chain, 35 spurs, totaling 900' of length, 2 powered drivers, and 100 automatic
dispatch switch-carts.
The track, a shallow, "U" shaped steel channel with a narrow opening at the top,
is embedded in the floor with the open top of the channel flush with the floor. This
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. II 11-19
channel is the housing for the constantly moving endless chain which is the conveyor
mechanism. The track and chain are kept properly lubricated. The endless chain
passes over the drive sprockets and idler wheels of a drive unit, which is electrically
powered. This drive unit is usually located in a pit in the floor. The pit has
removable steel covers to allow access to the unit.
More than one loop of conveyor chain can be installed and it is possible to transfer
carts automatically from one loop to another by means of a transfer conveyor. It
is operated by a separate drive. Transfer is electronically controlled through
special sensors and no operating problems are presented.
Details of the chain configuration, the pusher dogs and their functions, as described
in the preceding section on the driverless chain drag conveyor, are the same type
of components used in the in-floor chain conveyor and will not be discussed further.
The diverters for both systems are the same. They are switching devices with their
operating mechanisms enclosed in a box which is embedded in the floor. The movable
diverter plate is flat and flush with the floor and channel. The diverter is connected
to two trigger mechanisms. These may be either electrically or mechanically
actuated. In either system, when the selector pins of any cart are set to coincide
with a given spur diverter, the triggering device of that particular diverter, and no
other, will function. The accompanying picture shows the diverter in a closed
position. This prevents the towpin on the cart from entering the spur. The picture
also shows the two selector pins, set for spur H-3, just approaching the reading
coil box. As the selector pins pass over the coil box, a signal is transmitted to
the diverter which will spring to the open position, as shown by the white.dotted
lines.
As the towpin reaches the diverter, the cart is shunted off the mainline chain
conveyor and enters the spur under its own momentum. As the towpin passes the
diverter, it recocks into the closed position, thus preventing unprogrammed carts
from entering the spur. There is no power on this spur. The entering cart will be
nudged further onto the spur by the following cart and there will be no interference
on the mainline conveyor. If a second cart is programmed for this same spur, it
enters in a similar manner and pushes the first cart further into the spur track.
The mechanically operated diverter trigger functions in a similar way except that
it will be intercepted by small spherical latches which protrude slightly above
the floor.
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. II
The selector pin arrangement has a capacity for- 169 separate stations or spurs, if two
pins are used. The destination selection is governed by the spacing of the selector
pins from the centerline of the cart and track. When the settings of the pins and
the locations of the diverter trigger coincide, the diverter will open but otherwise
remain closed permitting travel of carts on the mainline chain only.
Chain speeds can be varied from 2 to 300 feet per minute. Some freight dock
installations operate at 150' per minute. Normal warehouse operation will be
between 60 and 80 feet per minute.
The towpins of the carts are held in a suspended position well above the floor when
not in use on the chain. This permits free movement by hand to and from the chain
and to desired points of use. When the cart is to be injected into the conveying
system, it is moved over the chain, the towpin is released and dropped into the
floor slot. This operation takes place between moving carts where spacing
indicates an empty pusher dog. The top of the chain is smooth and until contact
by a pusher dog link, the towpin rides along the lubricated flat top of the chain.
Upon contact by the pusher dog, the towpin drops into the recessed front section
of the dog and the raised pusher section imparts the chain's forward motion to the
cart. The pusher dogs can be spaced from about eight to fifteen or more feet apart.
This spacing is determined by loading requirements and is an engineering function
to be considered in the design of the system.
It is possible to provide ramped sections of this conveyor system so that carts may
be operated on more than one level.
Some installations have been seen where several fire doors crossed the conveyor
line. Closure of these doors is controlled by pressure-sensitive switches on the
sprinkler system. If and when the sprinklers should operate, the fire doors would
close off zones of the building. When this occurs, special diverters are electri-
cally actuated, causing carts approaching the closed fire doors to be diverted
onto special accumulation spurs. This prevents collision with the fire doors,
which are closed across the towline track. Provision is also made for automatically
shutting down drive mechanisms of the mainline and all other powered chains in
the system.
-------
a. Switching Controls of a Typical
Lo-Tow Cart
b. Lo-Tow Mainline in St. Louis
Freight Terminal
c. Test Track at Easton, Penn. Plant of
SI Handling Systems, Inc.
d. View of Chain Drive Mechanism
FIGURE 11-6
LO-TOW - SI HANDLING SYSTEMS, INC
PAGE 11-21
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. II H'22
Carts for these systems are made to order and hence there is no standard size. A
reasonable average cart platform would be about 36" x 60", varying in height
from 811 to 12" above the floor. Heights of loaded carts, of course, will vary
greatly, depending upon types of loads to be transported. It is estimated that
gross weights of loaded carts may run between 600 and 750 pounds. Of these
weights, carts will account for about 25 per cent.
The principal use of this type of equipment has been in industry. The in-floor
conveyor systems, Switch-Trains and similar equipment are run in the open,
where employees are used to the movement. If tunnels or passageways are
found necessary, then horizontal clearances of one foot on each side of the
widest cart should be provided. For systems having a single chain and 3' wide
carts, it is recommended that tunnels be at least 5' wide. If two chains are
used, the width should be increased to 9' to allow carts to pass each other.
Tunnels should have minimum vertical heights of six feet. The foregoing
figures apply to the Lo-Tow conveyor. If the Switch-Train, tractor type
equipment is used, then widths of single tunnels should be increased to 6 feet,
double tunnels to 11 feet. Heights will remain the same. Shaft dimensions
should be 7' x 9' for single lifts, and 15' x 9' for double lifts. The elevators
are capable of handling 5,000 pound loads, as regular equipment. A general
rule-of-thumb would require one foot of clearance from any fixed object.
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. II 11-23
This type of conveyor can readily be used in non-pedestrian areas, in tunnels and
separate passageways, and even out-of-doors between buildings. Small or large
loops can be employed with few or many carts. The in-floor chain conveyor is
not suggested as a total handling system but it can be adapted to certain uses within
an integrated system.
It is not possible to provide accurate cost estimates unless all factors of loadings,
timing, distances, etc. are known. Cost indicators on trackage of a simple
installation have been calculated at about $20.00 to $25.00 per lineal foot.
To this must be added from $150.00 to $400.00 per cart, depending upon design.
Conveyor, Chain, Overhead:
Industrial usage of the overhead chain conveyor is widespread and still growing,
but the principles involved have many other applications. The overhead chain
conveyor of today is frequently an automated system with sophisticated electronic
controls. The chains may be semi-enclosed in tubes and of many different styles
and types. Carriers having rollers or wheels which ride on various types of over-
head track are integral parts of the chain assembly. The generally accepted
concept of this type of conveyor is not particularly suited to the uses with which
this report is concerned. There are, however, some variations of the application
of chain conveyors that are, or might be, useable in multistory building complexes.
Various manufacturers produce and market systems with similar mechanical and
operational characteristics. From these, we have selected the "Power-Flex"
and "ACTE" systems, designed and installed by Columbus McKinnon Corpor-
ation, as being illustrative of what can be accomplished with an overhead chain
conveyor as a general materials handling system.
("Power-Flex" - Columbus McKinnon Corporation)
One of the "Power-Flex" installations inspected has been in daily operation over
a three year period in a major department store located in a southern California
regional shopping penter. This system was designed for material distribution and
waste handling in this three story building containing nearly 200,000 square feet
of gross area.
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VOL. Ml
CHAP. II
A central receiving and distribution center supplies this department store and another
unit of the same chain. The distribution center and each of the retail outlets are
equipped with "Power-Flex" systems. New merchandise is processed, containerized
and loaded directly at the distribution center. These containers or system carts are
manually rolled onto trucks for transport to the designated store. Upon arrival, they
are manually pushed off the trucks and inserted into the store's conveyor system for
automatic delivery to pre-selected destinations within the retail unit. When not
required for in-house use, the empty carts can be returned to the distribution center
for recirculation.
This installation inspected combines both powered and free rails in the horizontal
transport components and vertical transport components are designed to serve the
system exclusively. The horizontal conveyor network forms continuous loops or
service corridors running around the perimeter of the building on each of the sales
floors. These perimeter service areas, containing other service functions as well,
are separated from the inner public areas. The horizontal conveyor system is
serviced by vertical lifts located in each of the four corners of the building.
There are 100 carts of various styles in use in the system. The carts used are of
simple design and are castered to allow easy manual movement in sales and service
areas. Some are simple cages; others are closed containers with doors which can
be locked. A specially designed trash cart incorporating an automatic self-dumping
feature was developed for the system.
The system's motive power is supplied by a semi-enclosed power chain composed
of a series of vertical and horizontal roller wheels which operate on the bottom
and sides of the enclosing channel. Pusher pendants are attached to four-wheeled
trolley carriers, spaced a few feet apart on the chain. These pusher pendants
engage with the trolley carriers when the trolley is injected into the system.
The carts to be transported are manually pushed under any of the entry stations on
the system. The cart is easily attached to a trolley carrier, the "Telematic"
automatic dispatch control set for the cart's destination and the trolley, with cart
attached, is released. When an unoccupied pusher pendant approaches the entry
spur, the loaded trolley is automatically released into the main line, by gravity,
and is then engaged by the pusher pendant and moves with the main drive chain.
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. II IJ325
When the trolley carrier, with its attached cart, arrives at the destination spur or
turnout, it is automatically shunted off the main line,, The trolley and cart are
stopped by a retarding mechanism. The carts are manually detached from the
trolley and rolled to the desired location.
Carts destined for other floors are automatically injected into a vertical lift and
automatically ejected at the selected floor. The injection and ejection operations
are accomplished by gravity on power free rails.
The method of handling waste paper and rubbish is semi-automatic. Six specially
designed trash containers are used exclusively for the transportation of wastes
throughout the system. These containers are equipped with permanently attached
trolleys and "Telamatic" control heads. The control head is permanently set for
the container to orbit the trash route, discharge contents and return to assigned
station. These special containers have an automatic bottom-dump mechanism
which opens the bottom doors as the container passes over a trash chute on an
upper floor. After the trash has been dumped, and the cart passes beyond the
trash chute, the doors are automatically returned to the closed position. The
trash chute empties into bulk storage rubbish containers on the ground floor.
A private waste hauling contractor periodically empties the containers into his
mobile packer and hauls the wastes to an off-site disposal point.
The installed cost of this conveyor system, including 100 carts and approximately
3,500 lineal feet of track, was about a quarter of a million dollars.
("ACTE" - Columbus McKinnon Corporation)
Another overhead chain conveying system manufactured by Columbus McKinnon
is known as ACTE - Automatic Cart Transport Equipment. It was designed espe-
cially for handling supplies, dietary items and linens in hospitals. ACTE instal-
lations are reported planned for or already under construction at Laguna Hills
Hospital, California; Mercy Hospital, Buffalo, New York; Wadley Hospital,
Texarkana, Texas; Providence Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio; and elsewhere.
Similar to the Power-Flex system, ACTE handles typical hospital carts which
-------
Technician is "dialing" destination code on the
"Telematic" control, programming either a point-
to-point or sequential routing.
b. Standard supply cart traveling six inches off the
floor to its previously dialed destination.
ACTE - COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION
FIGURE 11-7
FI-26
-------
ACTE (Automatic Cart Transport System)
Shown above is a schematic diagram of a typical ACTE installation. ACTE
uses standard hospital carts with typical dimensions of 48" long by 54" high
by 27" wide, down to and including tote box dimensions, all of which may
be carried on the same system. The weight of carts or modules depending
on size, design and materials, range between 25 and 200 pounds. Load
capacity will range between 300 to 500 pounds for the larger dimension
sizes. Common or average speeds of operation for the horizontal travel
of this conveyor is 40' per minute. Vertical transportation is accomplished
at elevator speeds (to 500' per minute).
This equipment requires average clearances of two feet on each side of the
track's center line. Vertical clearance for ACTE, where cart will be carried
just above the floor, range up to 8' minimum on larger carts. 15' clearance,
floor to ceiling, will allow transportation of larger carts overhead, above
false ceilings.
Horizontal tunnels should be 8' wide and 8' high to accommodate passing
carts and low density foot traffic.
Vertical shafts for reciprocating single-cart styled vertical conveyors require
a space of 7'6" by 9'2" for high rise lifts and 6'10" by 8'6" minimum for low
rise shafts.
FIGURE 11-8
ACTE - COLUMBUS McKINNON CORPORATION
PAGE 11-27
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. II
can easily be attached to or detached from special trolley carrier bars. "Telematic"
control heads are mounted on the carrier for programming the route of both the carrier
and cart.
Carts are introduced into or removed from the system by either of two methods. One
employs a section of non-powered track which can be raised or lowered by electro-
mechanical means to pick up or deposit a cart. The other method involves a section
of gravity track which is depressed sufficiently below the level of the operating track
to allow the wheels of the cart to touch the floor. When the cart is solidly on the
floor, it can be easily released from the trolley by means of a manually operated
unlocking bar.
In hospital installations of ACTE, two separate vertical lifts can be provided for
separated movement of clean supplies and soiled items. All returned carts are
cycled through a decontamination area before reuse.
Cost figures are not presently available for this type of system. However, for a
typical 500 bed hospital, the manufacturer estimates that through semi-automation,
a direct "payout" of five years could be anticipated from reduced operating costs
in comparison to operating costs of the conventional cart system that is normally
used.
Conveyor, Monorail, Electric:
The concept of an electric monorail conveyor, as defined, is limited for purposes
of this report to continuous structural power rails carrying heavy-duty self-propelled
transporters on horizontal, vertical and inclined routes. Although several manu-
facturers produce such classified systems for industry, the only system found specifi-
cally designed for general materials handling in hospitals was the "Cyberail" system.
("Cyberail" - Castle Automated Systems)
The "Cyberail" monorail conveyor, produced and marketed by Castle Automated
Systems, is a highly sophisticated transport system consisting of a network of
suspended horizontal and vertical trackage for movement of materials and supplies
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. II 11-29
between various stations within the system. Two vital elements of the Cyberail system
are the special motorized transporters and modular containers. These components,
carried on the monorail track, usually operate within their own shafts and tunnels,
except for injection and ejection at the various stations in the system.
The transporter is self-propelled and driven by two 2hp, 208 volt, three phase motors.
Two small motors are used in order to provide adequate motive power within limited
space. Power is supplied to the motors through buses, which are an integral part of
the track. The function of the transporter is to pick up, transport and deposit
containers on a demand basis at the various stations within the system. A leveling
device retains the containers, or modules, in an upright position at all times,
regardless of the angle of inclination of the track or any off-center loading of the
container.
Typical containers or modules are constructed of stainless steel and have tightly sealing
doors and removable shelves. The containers can be made to special designs but
are limited to standard overall dimensions in order that they fit the transporter.
Containers weigh up to 170 pounds and have a payload capacity of about 220 pounds
and volume capacity of approximately 16 cubic feet.
The operation of the Cyberail system is completely automated with the exception of
the actual loading and unloading of the modules. The system can contain a large
number of stations, each of which is equipped with a control panel for summoning
or dispatching transporters. Sterilized containers can be summoned from the
container wash and storage area. An empty transporter can be summoned for the
purpose of removing a module awaiting pickup from a particular station. Trans-
porters, with or without modules, can be dispatched from any station to any other
station in the system.
A module is shown, in the accompanying photograph, emerging from a vertical shaft
of the system. The control panel is shown at the right. This container has been
dispatched from the supply area to this particular station. The transporter has
carried the container horizontally, through the service tunnel on a lower floor,
and upward in the vertical shaft. When the transporter reaches the programmed
destination, the sliding doors to the shaftway at the receiving station are
automatically opened. The module is then ejected by the transporter and the
doors automatically close immediately behind the module. The module is
automatically moved along one of the walls, in order to free the shaft access
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VOL. Ill ,
CHAP. II M"30
doors and provide space for both additional modules to be received, as well as room
for dispatching others. The modules are equipped with large casters and can be
easily rolled by hand from or to the control station.
An accompanying photograph shows a module held by the transporter, which is on a
portion of the horizontal trackage of the system. It should be noted that the vertical
track differs from the horizontal track in that a rack gear is mounted on the base of
the track to give positive drive in vertical movement.
The Cyberail system operates on the loop principle and hence can provide a clean
side and a soiled side for transport. Although originally visualized as a system for
handling clean materials from supply areas to nursing stations and removing soiled
reusable items from those stations, its adaptation for handling disposable wastes is
also possible. The initial cost of this system is high and therefore should not be
thought of as primarily for waste handling .
The system is designed with a container wash and storage area to keep a supply of
sanitized containers available to all users. When a container is no longer needed
by a user, it is sent to this area, inspected to ensure that no material has been left
aboard, and then automatically processed through a washer/dryer prior to storage
in a clean holding area. Transporters can be dispatched from the various stations
to pick up a sterilized container.
It is not possible to estimate the cost of a system accurately unless complete plans
are available and an extensive study made. However, the manufacturers estimated
net costs of an installation for a 400 bed hospital at about $1,600,000, considering
savings of items replaced by the Cyberail system, such as conventional cart systems,
building space etc. It was estimated that the "payback" would require about nine
years.
Other cost indicators were provided, based on the probable requirements of g
hypothetical 1,000 bed hospital. Preliminary estimates indicated that 42 trans-
porters at $15,000 each and 300 containers at an approximate cost of $800 each
would be required, or about $870,000 for accessory equipment alone, excluding
the cost of track, shaftways and tunnels, control stations, etc.
An outstanding feature of Castle Automated Systems' approach in determining
requirements of a proposed installation is the detailed study which must be under-
-------
a. Typical System Station
b. Schematic of Typical Cyberail Installation
c. Container Module Suspended from Transporter
FIGURE 11-9
CYBERAIL - CASTLE AUTOMATED SYSTEMS
PAGE 11-31
-------
CVPMM. WTAUJTWH - MWTIIIC
A Schematic Diagram of a Cyberail System
Shown above is a schematic diagram of a typical service tunnel system
with vertical shaftways for routing Cyberail trackage and modules.
Tunnels large enough for two transporters to pass each other should be
10' wide and 7'-6" high. Vertical shafts require a space 5' x 5' for
each track or about IT x 5" for a dual operation.
Standard modules are 40" L x 25" W x 49" H. The module and trans-
porter combined will be 5'-0" W x 6'-6" H. These modules are con-
structed of stainless steel, weigh up to 170 pounds and have a carrying
capacity of about 16 cubic feet or 220 pounds.
Loaded transporters travel about 200 feet per minute on horizontal
track and 100 fpm in the vertical shafts. Speeds on horizontal and
vertical curves are somewhat lower.
FIGURE (1-10
CYBERAIL - CASTLE AUTOMATED SYSTEMS
PAGEII-35
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. II 11-33
taken before any recommendations can be made. The total operation of the existing or
planned hospital is studied in depth, such as the number of daily moves, types and sizes
of loads, distances to be traveled and many other factors being used in the compu-
tations. These figures are used in a computer simulation to determine the feasibility
of the contemplated Cyberail installation. It is by this means that the potential
customer can be properly guided in his judgment before contracting for such a system.
Castle Automated Systems will undertake such a study for a predetermined fee, which
will be credited to the client against the total cost of the installation if the system is
acquired.
Installations of Cyberail are planned for or being installed in several hospitals. These
include the University of Connecticut Hospital at Farmington, Connecticut, the
Hospital of the Good Samaritan, Los Angeles, California, three Veterans Adminis-
tration Hospitals located in Atlanta, Georgia, Washington, D.C. and Woods,
Wisconsin.
Conveyor, Pneumatic:
This conveying method, employing tubes in which air, under either positive or
negative pressure, is used to move carriers, objects or bulk materials. The form in
which this type of conveyor is best known is the pneumatic tube system used to
transport documents and small objects within buildings and institutions, such as
hospitals. This small pneumatic tube system is still effectively used in hospitals
but its size and limited capacity removes it from consideration in this study.
Application of pneumatic conveying for movement of loose or bulk materials is
common in industry today. These, as well as specialized systems, have considerable
merit for the handling of wastes. Several systems developed for the movement of
waste materials have been investigated during the course of this study. Each,
having certain variations in tKeir application, are discussed separately herein.
("AVAC" - Aerojet General Corporation)
A pneumatic transport system, originally developed in Sweden under the trade name
"AB Centralsug", is now produced and marketed by Aerojet-General Corporation
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. 11
under the trade name "AVAC" - Automated Vacuum Collection Systems,, An operating
pilot plant, shown in the accompanying photograph, was built at the Aerojet-General
plant at El Monte, California, for demonstration purposes.
The AVAC system is described by the manufacturer as a horizontal system of pipes with
an exhauster at one end and air inlets at the end of each branch line. When the system
is in operation, a vacuum is developed at the inlet of the exhauster and a high velocity
air stream is drawn through the transport pipes from the air inlets, one at a time.
Throughout the system, vertical gravity chutes are provided and connected to the
horizontal pipe system. Material, for example trash or soiled linen, is collected
in the vertical chutes and then dropped into the moving air stream, one chute at a
time. The air stream carries the material to a collection hopper, leaves the material
in the hopper, continues on to the exhauster, and then discharges to the atmosphere.
Air moves in the system at the rate of 80 feet per second or about 60 miles per hour.
Construction materials and sizing of the tube system can, of course, vary if special
requirements of a particular project so dictate. However, a typical system utilizes
the following materials:
20-inch diameter pipe of carbon steel, coated and wrapped when used underground;
A pipe wall thickness of 3/16-inch for all buried lines and for trash lines above-
ground;
A pipe wall thickness of 1/8-inch for soiled linen lines, air exhaust pipes above-
ground and material storage sections;
Aluminized steel vertical chutes of 14-gage; and
Epoxy-lined soiled linen transport pipes.
The manufacturer feirther states that the pipe now being used is spirally wound,
carbon steel, weighing about forty pounds per foot. Insulation consisting of
1/64-inch lead sheeting and 1-inch thick fiber glass are used. Cathodic protection
is recommended for pipe subject to corrosive soil conditions.
Actuation of the AVAC system is automatically controlled from a central panel.
A timer may be employed to initiate operation. Upon initiation, the exhauster is
started and simultaneously the inlet air valve nearest the exhauster opens. After
-------
AVAC Pilot Plant - Aerojet-General Corporation
A general view of the demonstration installation of the Automated
Vacuum Collection System (AVAC) at the El Monte, California
plant of Aerojet-General Corporation. The receiving hopper and
control panel are shown on the right side of the platform.
FIGURE 11-11
AVAC - AEROJET-GENERAL CORPORATION
PAGE 11-35
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. II H-36
air flow has been established, the discharge valves in the particular branch are
sequenced individually. Sequencing of inlet air valves and vertical discharge valves
on the remaining branches is performed automatically, each valve in the system
operating for a fixed time interval. Automatic, non-scheduled operation of discharge
valves can be incorporated into system controls to handle demand situations.
At the completion of the sequence, all valves are closed and the exhauster shuts
down. Between cycles of the system, a collection hopper is automatically emptied,
discharging into storage hoppers or specific items of equipment for ultimate disposal
or processing.
Either single tube systems may be employed for separate cycling of soiled linens and
disposable wastes, or dual tube systems may provide for complete separation in the
movement of these materials. A schematic diagram as prepared by the manufacturer
and included herein? shows a typical dual tube system installation in a multistory
building.
It should be noted that the AVAC system has capability to move material in any
direction, under air power, after material is discharged from chute storage into the
airstream. Initial vertical movement is limited to a downward direction from conven-
tional gravity chutes. The manufacturer claims and demonstrates in the pilot plant
that material can be lifted about 30 feet vertically.
The system is not continuous in its operation. It must be actuated either by push
button or placed under a tirae-cycle control or on a demand basis through limit-
switch controls at storage points. This intermittent operation has some operating
cost advantage but also necessitates some attention by operating personnel. Since
the operation of the system is not continuous, some storage space of materials
awaiting horizontal transport is required. This storage space is provided solely by
the lower extremities of the vertical gravity chutes. Although the AB Centralsug
system is in operation in some hospitals in Sweden, the adequacy of this storage
concept has not yet been proven by any operating installations in the United States.
However, in theory, with adequate limit controls within the chute storage areas,
this method appears to be feasible.
The manufacturer states that an AVAC installation is contemplated at Walt Disney
World, the 27,000 acre entertainment resort now being built near Orlando, Florida.
-------
- SECONDARY AIR INLETS
^VERTICAL GRAVITY CHUTES
WITH MULTIPLE CHARGING STATIONS
SOILED LINEN
COLLECTION HOPPER
Schematic Diagram of an AVAC System
Shown above is a simplified diagrammatic sketch of a typical dual system for transporting solid waste and soiled linen. Directly above in the sketch is
the air inlet, a screened opening. In a system with branches, butterfly valves are provided downstream of the air inlet to ensure that only one branch
operates at any given time.
Proceeding to the right of the air inlet, the sketch portrays two vertical gravity chutes - one for solid waste and the other for soiled linen - with
charging stations on each floor of the structure. At the bottom of the chutes, material storage sections and pneumatic cylinder-operated slide-type
discharge valves are incorporated.
In multistory buildings, bypasses normally will be provided around the valves to allow a constant air flow ond to maintain a slight negative pressure
in the vertical chutes. This is maintained by a small exhaust blower. As indicated, secondary inlets are provided at the top of the chutes on the
exterior of the structure. This arrangement continually removes air carrying dust, odors, or contaminants from the vertical gravity chutes. When
the system includes a series of vertical chutes in one branch, the discharge valves will operate in sequence; the first valve to open will be the one
closest to the exhauster. To the right of the gravity chutes (the next branch downstream) is a typical floor-mounted charging station. Such units
can be provided in the garden for cuttings, in the kitchen for cans, boxes, bags, wrappings and other waste; or in any area in which there might be
provided in te g
a rapid accumulation of waste.
their
A high velocity air stream carries the materials from the material storage sections and discharge valves through the material transport pipes to thei
respective collection hoppers in the laundry service area, and in the equipment room or service building. The air continues through the collectio
hoppets leaving the material load in the hopper. A grating or screen is provided in the hopper to protect the exhauster by preventing coarse
materials from being carried further downstream. Provisions are generally made for automatic removal of trash from the solid waste collection
hopper to such processing equipment as shredders, balers, compactors, incinerators or other equipment used for trash disposal. From the soiled
linen collection hopper, automatic removal is generally provided to a truck loading facility, or to transfer equipment for removal to appropriate
stations in the laundry.
The air then flows through air exhaust pipes and manifold valves to an air-cleaning device (identified in the sketch as an air filter). The extent
of filtration i: determined by specific customer requirements. A wide range of filters is available, from throw-away types of nominal capability
to bag filters, electrostatic filters, or absolute filters.
Finally, the air discharges through the exhauster, which is o heavy duty blower. The capacity of the exhauster is determined by the length of
the runs, the materials to be carried, piping configuration, and other design parameters.
The sketch indicates a sound attenuator at the exhaust end of the line on the exterior of the equipment room or service building. Requirements
for noise reduction devices will vary dependent upon the distance of the exhaust from occupied buildings and the nature of the occupancy.
Noise reduction can be accomplished by enlarged exhaust outlet ducts, insulation, baffled chambers, or mufflers.
FIGURE 11-12
AVAC - AEROJET-GENERAL CORPORATION
PAGE 11-37
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CHAP. II
The system, as presently anticipated, would have 7,500 feet of pipe. The longest
single run would be about 4,500 feet. The exhausters would be powered by 1-100
horsepower and 1-200 horsepower motors. The cost of the installed system is esti-
mated to be more than $600,000.
("Air-Flyte" - Eastern Cyclone Industries, Inc.)
Eastern Cyclone Industries, Inc. designs, manufactures arad installs negative pressure
air conveying systems called "Air-Flyte1'. Originally designed for linen handling
in laundries, especially those providing diaper service, it has been adapted for
installation in a large number of hospitals. In some institutions, it is being used
for both soiled linen and trash handling.
E.C.I. Air-Flyte uses negative air pressure to move linen or bagged wastes to
points of processing or disposal through a tube or piping system from depository
stations, strategically located within buildings or a building complex. The most
common system employs a single tube, usually between 12 and 20 inches in
diameter. Automatic switching devices make it possible to divert linens or
trash to the proper destination. Single tube systems can be equipped with either
one or two-door depository stations, although both in the latter case are connected
to the same single tube. Systems can also be installed in which separate tubes
are provided for linen and trash. The operations of single or two-door systems
and single or dual tube systems are controlled by push button.
The operation of an Air-Flyte pneumatic conveying system at Altq Bates Commu-
nity Hospital at Berkeley, California, was inspected in mid-1969. This hospital
was established in 1905 and has recently undergone extensive expansion and now
has a capacity of 245 beds. A description of the pneumatic conveyor recently
installed in a five story addition to this plant follows.
The pneumatic conveyor installation consists of a single tube system, equipped
with seven receiving stations. Each station is served by a single outer door and
has two control buttons, one to actuate the relays and switches which control
the routing of waste or trash, and the other to select the routing of soiled linen
or trash to the proper destination in the basement. The receiving stations are
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. II fK39
located inside of small trash and utility rooms, where access is limited to authorized
personnel. The manufacturer recommends a two-door system inasmuch as it provides
a method for obviously channeling soiled linens and trash to the appropriate desti-
nations. However, in this installation at Alta Bates, in an effort to economize,
the hospital chose to install a single-door system.
Each receiving station consists of a built-in housing with an outer access door
flush with the wall. An inner door, which is air-operated, provides the closure
between the receiving station and the main air tube of the system. The outer door
can be opened only when the inner door is closed and thus no air from the system
is expelled into the building nor can inside air be drawn into the system.
All wastes and soiled linens are bagged on the patient floors in either paper or
plastic bags, depending upon the types of materials. These bagged materials are
put into the conveying system by hospital personnel as demands require. Bagging
is considered essential to prevent heavy objects from falling out of the airstream.
Since the system operates on negative pressure, the materials introduced into the
tube are pulled through the system rather than pushed. Materials moving in the
system are considered to be carried in suspension at approximately 80 feet per
second or 60 miles per hour.
When a bag of trash is to be introduced into the system, the outer door is opened,
the bag is placed inside the receiving station, the outer door is closed, and the
trash button pushed. By means of an electronic memory and a series of actuating
relays, the inner door is automatically opened and the bag is drawn into the air
tube. The electronic controls will also actuate switching mechanisms within the
Air-Flyte system which will direct trash and soiled linen to the proper destination
when properly instructed.
From the foregoing description of the single door system, it is obvious that a
"people factor" is involved in the operation of the system and that it will be a
more critical factor in this system as opposed to one having separate doors for
trash and linen. The use of a two-door system does not eliminate the possi-
bility of incorrect dispatching, but it does make some initial thought and
decision necessary to accomplish the operation. When a second door is used,
it could be equipped with a foot lock, a second latch or a key on the trash
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. II
door to help insure proper operation.
The system is engineered to dispatch but one bag from one receiving station to a
selected destination at any given time. The memory system, like the type used
for elevator control, will record demands from a number of stations and actuate
the inner doors of the various receivers throughout the system in a time sequence
corresponding to the order in which the demands were placed. When one delivery
is completed, the next in the demand sequence will be commenced and subsequently
completed before a following cycle will begin. In this particular installation, the
longest run of air tube is 300 feet and the maximum cycle of operation for the
movement of one bag requires only eight seconds.
Necessary fire control devices can be incorporated in the Air-Flyte system. Fire
dampers, which are accordion-pleated devices that drop vertically across the
airstream, are controlled by fusible links and can be installed in accordance
with prevailing codes. Likewise, sprinkler systems can be installed to comply
with local regulations.
In the Alta Bates installation, an 18-inch air inlet, the exhaust stack, and fan
(exhauster) room are located on the roof. The exhauster is in constant operation
but a damper controls the system so that until a receiving station door is actuated,
no air is moving in the conveyor tubes. When a receiving station button is pushed,
the damper is actuated and permits air at about 9,500 cfm to enter the system.
When the transport operation is completed, the air from the exhauster is bypassed
to the atmosphere. The main conveyor tubes are 16 inches in diameter.
The plant of Eastern Cyclone Industries, Inc. was visited at Fairfield, New Jersey,
where sheet metal fabricating work is done. The cylindrical tubes are usually
fabricated in 8-foot lengths and are subsequently assembled on the job site.
Bends are made to a square cross sectional configuration, thus providing a smooth,
flat surface for the curved walls of a 45°, 90° or other bends. The tubes are
insulated with one inch, 1 1/2 pound density fiberglass material to deaden
air noise inside the tubes.
In addition to systems now operating in about fifteen commercial laundries in ten
states and one province of Canada, many hospitals have acquired Air^Flyte
-------
a. Inner Door Discharges Load to
Pneumatic Chute
b. Discharge from Soiled Linen Hopper
to Hamper
c. Schematic Diagram of Air-Flyte Pneumatic Conveyor System
in a Hospital
FIGURE 11-13
AIR-FLYTE - EASTERN CYCLONE INDUSTRIES
PAGE 11-41
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VOL- "I
CHAP. 1 1
installations. By mid-1969, there were nine operating installations in hospitals across
the country and about twenty new hospital installations either on order or being
installed.
Some advantages of pneumatic tube conveyors for handling of solid wastes include:
1. Travel can be horizontal or inclined, upward or downward in the same
system.
2. Space for intermediate storage of soiled linen and trash has been minimized.
Waste deposits can be made by nurses, aides, maids or other personnel as
materials are brought to the depository station.
3. An automatic and almost instant method of linen and trash transport to
proper storage or processing points is provided.
4. The systems are completely closed, use outside air and are self-cleaning.
Contamination risks are greatly reduced as compared with gravity chutes.
With the latter, unless under induced negative pressure, air is expelled
from the chute door each time it is opened or used.
5. Fire hazard is reduced because on-floor intermediate storage of accumulations
of trash and soiled linen is eliminated. Air tubes cannot clog and can be
automatically sealed off. No materials are stored in the tubes in the case
of the Air-Flyte system.
("Airveyor" - Fuller Company)
Several additional manufacturers of pneumatic conveyors produce bulk material
handling systems for industrial applications. The various pneumatic conveying
systems made by the Fuller Company, under the general trade name "Airveyor", are
representative of available bulk material handling equipment,, Airveyor systems may
use positive displacement blowers to create a vacuum, provide positive air flow in
pipelines, or a combination of vacuum and pressure. Although commonly associated
with the chemical and food processing industry, this type of transport has many
applications. Installations can be designed to meet specific requirements and to
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. II H_43
fit into existing structures. A wide range of bulk materials can be handled by this type
of pneumatic conveyor. Pneumatic conveying systems of this type may be designed to
load or unload, store, weigh, batch or blend. As previously discussed, pneumatic
handling of wastes has the advantages of rapid, confined and controllable flows of
materials. Pipeline transport minimizes environmental contamination and generally
insanitary conditions associated with moving solid wastes. Space and maintenance
requirements are less with pipelines than with many other forms of transport.
Conveyor, Roller:
There are two principal types of roller conveyors, gravity roller conveyors which roll
freely, and live roller conveyors which have power applied to the rollers. The
selection of type depends upon materials to be moved, accumulation requirements,
gradients and other factors.
The gravity roller conveyor, as its name indicates, relies upon gravity to move
materials from point to point. Materials must be containerized in some manner or be
sufficiently massive to move readily from roller to roller for, obviously, loose materials
cannot be moved effectively on a roller conveyor. This type of conveyor consists of a
pair of side frame members, between which free-running rollers are suspended. The
length and width of these conveyors are determined by specific application require-
ments, although many regular sizes are available from stock. Roller conveyors can
be of steel or aluminum. Rollers are available from less than one inch to three inches
and in lengths from one to four feet. Roller shafts are fitted with ball bearing races.
The live roller conveyor can be powered by an endless belt, by a continuous chain,
or by a series of progressive chains. Curved sections are sometimes powered by
V-belts. The belt driven form of roller conveyor can best be described as an endless,
flat belt conveyor over which a frame, holding a series of rollers, has been super-
imposed. The bottoms of the rollers are in contact with the top of the moving belt,
which, in turn, imparts reverse movement to the rollers. The belt provides the motive
power and rollers function as carriers. The continuous chain roller conveyor, as the
name implies, is powered by an endless chain which engages sprockets fixed onto one
end of each roller. Progressive chain roller conveyors have two sprockets fixed at
the same end of each roller. Two small chains are used to engage the sprockets on
each pair of rollers, thus imparting motion progressively from one roller to the next.
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VOL. HI
CHAP. 11
This type of drive is sometimes used on long conveyors and where heavy objects are to
be moved.
Live roller conveyors are used primarily where accumulation is required or transfer to
or from converging lines is desired. They can also be used for short transfer mediums
from one type of conveyor to another. They are more expensive than simple belt
conveyors and should not be used without the advice of conveyor specialists.
Conveyor, Screw:
Screw conveyors move materials either horizontally, on an incline or vertically. They
can be used to feed, distribute, collect or mix certain bulk materials. Dry and moist
materials can be handled, but the design and operating speeds of the conveyor will
vary and qualified specialists should be consulted.
A typical screw conveyor can be described as a closed trough, usually "U11 shaped or
may be tubular, in which a longitudinal screw rotates to move materials from one end
of the trough to the other. The configuration of the screw will vary with the character-
istics of the material to be handled. The rotary motion of the screw is provided by a
motor driven assembly attached to the screw shaft at one end of the trough and can be
of several types.
Conveyors are available in standard diameters from 4 to 24 inches. Manufacturers
advise that virtually every application is unique in one respect or another. For that
reason, they urge consultation with engineering specialists before selection of a screw
conveyor of a particular size or capacity. Typical capacities vary from about 1.5
cubic feet per minute for a 4" conveyor to about 350 cubic feet per minute for a 24"
conveyor with standard pitch screws. A wide range of materials can be handled by
the screw conveyor including such items as dry or wet ashes, 3" crushed bauxite,
1/2" crushed bones, coal cinders, corn meal, fly ash, pebble limestone, ground
oyster shells, paper pulp, phosphate rock, dry sawdust, granulated furnace slag,
wood chips and shavings. Weights of materials handled vary from 5 to 200 pounds
per cubic foot. Vertical conveyors, called "Screw-lift11, are available, and can
provide practical lifts up to TOO feet. They can handle a wide variety of materials,
ranging in density from 4 to 125 pounds per cubic foot.
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. II 11-45
Conveyor, Slat:
Similar to a flat belt conveyor, this conveyor has two heavy, specially shaped chains
operating at the sides of a frame between which wooden or metal slats are suspended.
The slats may be wide or narrow, and the width of the conveyor frame will depend
upon the sizes and shapes of loads to be carried.
This type of conveyor is used for objects which are too heavy or otherwise hard to
handle on belt, roller or other types of conveyors.
Conveyor, Sorting:
Conveyor systems utilizing special trackage carts and containers with the capability
of dumping or otherwise transferring loads to other conveyors are identified for purposes
of this report as sorting conveyors.
("Cartrac" - SI Handling Systems, Inc.)
Originally developed in Sweden, where it is used for baggage handling at airports,
Cartrac is now being built by SI Handling Systems, Inc. as U. S. licensee. Although
warehousing and baggage handling were the first applications of the Cartrac system
in Sweden, manufacturing plants in France and England have also made installations
and the manufacturers are now considering adaptation of the system for hospital
installations in Sweden. The name is an acronym to describe a cart moving on a
track. At present, the system can transport loads at speeds of 500 feet per minute
and the makers anticipate ultimate speeds of up to 1,000 feet per minute.
A small demonstration loop of Cartrac was observed in operation at the 1969 National
Material Handling Show in Detroit. Although limited, the exhibition indicates a
variety of applications for a high-speed transporter having some unusual characteristics.
As observed at the Detroit demonstration, the system consisted of a loop of track con-
structed on a metal framework about 18 inches high in a rectangular configuration.
The carts observed in operation on the demonstration trackage were square or
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. II
rectangular, ranging in size up to about 2'-6" W x 3'-6" L. The platforms were of ^
plastic or metal. The carts were equipped with four wheels on vertical axles on their
underside, which rode against the sides of two retaining rails. A drive wheel centered
on the underside of each cart is in direct contact with, and rides on top of, a driving
tube located in the center of the space between the retaining rails. The drive wheel
assembly is capable of being rotated about a vertical axis by contact with longitudinal
bars located at approaches to turns or stopping points.
Motive power is supplied to the drive wheel by the driving tube. Driven by small
electric motors at both ends, the tube rotates at very high speed. The drive wheel,
covered with a rubber-like substance, is in constant contact with the driving tube.
The drive wheel assembly has four roller bearing wheels on vertical axes which are
clustered about the drive wheel itself. As these rollers come in contact with the
longitudinal control bars, they alter the position of the drive wheel with respect to
the driving tube. The angle which the drive wheel makes with the driving tube
governs the forward speed of the cart. At 90 , the cart will remain stationary since
both tube and wheel are revolving on parallel axes at the same speed. Full forward
speed of the cart is attained at 45° with lower speeds resulting as the angle increases
toward 90°. Carts can be made to retain or change their orientation at corners, as
may be required. Retardation and acceleration guides are installed at corners, curves,
turns or stops, as may be desired. Despite the high rate of travel, the acceleration
and deceleration are claimed to be so smooth that food, including liquids, and fragile
loads can be safely transported. The system can be semi or totally automated and
equipped with tilting devices for unloading at specified destinations. The manu-
facturers are now attempting to develop a vertical lift system which can be coupled
with Cartrac to provide multistory service.
("SS Sorter" - Speaker Sortation Systems)
Another type of sorting conveyor is made by Speaker Sortation Systems and is known
as the SS Sorter. Resembling an endless belt, running in a more-or-less circular
loop, the conveyor consists of a series of platforms fastened together in an articu-
lated manner. The platforms or trays can be automatically tilted at any desired
station or chute, thus allowing the carried load to be slid or dumped from the
platform. Loads can thus be transferred to other belts or trays, standard belt
conveyors or other means of transport, or into chutes or bins. The system is
semi-automated but requires operators at control panels for programming
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. II
system activities and tray destinations.
Conveyor, Track, Overhead:
The overhead track conveyor is a slight variation of the overhead chain conveyor as
described earlier and has similar capabilities in transporting suspended containers or
loads.
("Unibilt" - Jervis B. Webb Company)
The Unibilt overhead track conveyor, made by the Jervis B. Webb Company, consists
of an endless chain fitted with double and single wheel assemblies which are univer-
sally attached to each other. The assemblies are assembled alternately in the chain
(i .e. a unit having two wheels on a horizontal axis is followed by a unit having one
wheel on a vertical axis in a continuing sequence). The entire chain moves inside
a tubular track having a square sectional shape. The double wheels ride on the bottom
or against the top of the inside of the tube, depending upon vertical gradients. The
horizontal wheel is in contact with the side walls of the track, guiding the chain
around horizontal curves. The design of the chain and track permits the use of
compound curves for best alignment requirements.
The bottom of the track is slotted to permit hangers to be attached to and carried
from the roller assemblies. The Unibilt conveyor can carry 75 pound loads from
each hanger, and the spacing of attachments from which boxes or other containers
are suspended is dependent upon the length of each container. Many different
types of carriers such as baskets, trays, boxes and special containers can be used.
Conveyors of this type normally operate above the heads of workers. Where required
to run close to floor level, they can be fenced in. Widths and heights of tunnels or
passageways are limited only by the sizes of loads, plus desired clearances.
Conveyor, Tube:
The tube conveyor is an endless pipe within which pushers, connected by rod linkage,
are moved in an endless chain to push material inside the pipe from one location to
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VOL. Ill . —-
CHAP. II "~48
others.
("Tube-Flo" - Jervis B. Webb Company)
In the Tube-Flo conveyor manufactured by Jervis B. Webb Company, linkage rods
about six inches long with balls at both ends are connected with flight disc holders
forming a universal joint. This enables the entire linkage train to negotiate curves
and grades in the tube. The flight discs, which may be of metal or plastic, are placed
on the pusher linkage at eight inch centers. The flight discs are free to rotate 360 on
the linkage and are attached through an off-center hole. This allows the disc, or
pusher, to turn on the linkage and thus move readily following the pipeline contour.
Material is fed into the tube from a hopper and fills the pipe in the spaces between
the flight discs. As the linkage moves forward the material is pushed through the
tube. Discharge of the material is through one or more openings or spouts in the
bottom of the pipe at desired locations.
Tube conveyors can be carried underground, suspended, on the floor or wall, indoors
or outside. Nominal tube diameters are from four to twelve inches. Conveyor speeds
are from six to sixty feet per minute. Capacities will naturally vary with types and
characteristics of the materials carried. At speeds of 60 feet per minute, 2.85 cubic
feet of abrasive material can be moved per minute in a 4-inch diameter tube.
Lubricating materials, in a 12-inch tube, moving at 60 feet per minute, will have
a delivery capacity of 35.4 cubic feet per minute. These estimated capacities are
based on 80% of free volume in the tube.
Tube conveyors will handle powders, crystals, flakes, dusts, granules, lumps,
sludges, slurries, and metal chips. They may be hot or cold, wet or dry. Such
diverse materials as filter cake, lime, fly ash, coal, clay, scrap rubber, graphite,
plastics, sawdust, prepared mixes, ground meat, salt, peanuts, detergents, brewing
wastes and chocolate can be readily moved.
Tube conveyors work vertically as well as horizontally and can have vertical or
horizontal curves and bends incorporated in their design. Being fully enclosed,
tube conveyors eliminate the possibility of inside materials or odors escaping and
the entrance of outside matter. They can be made fully water and dust tight.
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VOL. I
CHAP,
Conveyor, Tube, Belt:
With this method of handling, a belt conveyor runs through a tube when carrying
material and returns in an enclosed pan beneath the tube. It is useable indoors or out,
reduces dusting, eliminates spillage of materials carried, and will convey a variety
of materials.
("Tube-Belt" - Con-Vey International, Inc.)
In the tube enclosed conveyor manufactured by Con-Vey International, Inc., the belts
are made about 67% wider than the diameter of the tube, thus providing a trough
belt conforming to the contour of the inside of the tube. These conveyors are made
in six standard tube diameters: 6", 8", 10", 16", 20" and 30" using belts 10", 12",
16", 24", 32" and 48" wide, respectively. The cylindrical shape of the conveyor
lends itself to proper structural support. It can be readily suspended or fastened to
walls. The tubes themselves are said to be self-supporting up to twenty foot spans
dependent on loading. Tubes are available in stainless or mild steel.
The manufacturer claims that most materials can be satisfactorily handled on slopes
of as much as 30°. Materials such as wood chips, sawdust, fertilizer, roofing
granules, and sewage sludge have been carried by this type of conveyor.
A low-pressure blower or compressor can be added to inject air under the belt to
provide an air-cushion for the belt to ride upon. This is helpful where long systems
and heavy loads are involved. Capacities of tube-belt conveyors vary from 8.75
cubic feet'in a 6" tube moving at 100 feet per minute to 1,650 cubic feet in a
30" tube at 1,000 feet per minute.
Conveyor, Vertical, Continuous:
Continuous motion vertical conveyors are usually of the pendant tray type.
Carriers are suspended between two endless chains moving on gear-like wheels at
the top and bottom of a vertical shaft. These carriers are pivoted, and suspended
containers remain level during travel. Carriers are. generally equipped with fingers
which comb through load station fingers as the carriers move upward. Loading takes
place on the upside and unloading on the downside and is automatic. Carrier fingers
can be manually or mechanically hinged so as to bypass any desired station. Wheel
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VOL. Ill __.
CHAP. II "-50
conveyors of variable length are installed at separate loading and unloading stations
and may connect with various types of horizontal conveyors in integrated material
handling systems.
A similar automated system has been adapted for hospital installations by the Olson
Division of Unarco Industries, Inc. This system handles coded containers 16" x 20"
x 10" high with loads up to 40 pounds, in shafts as small as 5 x 7 1/2 feet, and at
claimed rates as fast as 16 containers per minute, or hourly capacities of about
36,000 pounds. Fully automated injection and ejection of containers have been
accomplished in these handling systems, which also have the capability of exchange
of materials between stations served by different vertical conveyors.
Conveyor, Vertical, Reciprocating:
Reciprocating vertical lifts such as elevators and dumbwaiters may also be designed
to handle special containers or carriers. The dumbwaiter, as manufactured by
J. L. Baldwin Co., consists of a line of units capable of handling from 50 to 500
pounds. Cars are available in sizes up to 36" x 36" x 48" high. Power units may
be installed at either the top or bottom of the shaft.
Modern elevator controls are frequently employed with vertical conveyors of this
type and many are highly automated. In highly sophisticated installations, self-
powered vehicles can summon cars, command shaft doors to open and close and
direct destinations.
In very simple installations which permit horizontal travel of loads in one direction
only, loads are injected from roller, wheel or belt conveyors onto the lift car, the
floor of which is a sloping wheel or roller conveyor. The load rolls onto the car
by gravity and when the car reaches its destination at another level, the load is
released to roll off the lift onto another conveyor.
In general and except for lifts which reach only a few feet or from one floor to
another, these installations are customized. Shaft sizes are governed by the sizes
of the carts or containers to be moved.
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VOL. Ill
CHAP, ii rra
Conveyor, Wheel:
This type of conveyor consists of a series of small wheels, similar to skate wheels,
carried on horizontal axes suspended between two side frames. The wheels revolve
freely on ball bearings and loads move on them by gravity. Wheel spacing and
wheel axle centers will be governed by the sizes, shapes and types of loads to be
carried. Wheels are usually made of steel, aluminum or nylon and can be arranged
in a variety of patterns. Common diameters are about two inches with a 5/8" face
width. Standard conveyor frame widths are 1211, 18" and 24". Wheel axle centers
are 1 1/2", 3" and 4". Wheel patterns may vary from 6 to 28 wheels per foot of
conveyor. Frames are available in 5 and 10 foot standard lengths in the regular
widths. Both 45° and 90° curves are also available. One manufacturer makes
an automatic pressure conveyor of the wheel type which employs a narrow, endless
belt located in the center between the frames and between two sets of axles and
wheels. It is used to provide some live, accumulating action to a largely gravity
wheel conveyor.
Dolly, Fiber glass, Castered:
These dollies are molded of colored fiber glass. They come in nine stock sizes,
ranging from 17-7/8" x 10-5/8" to 42-1/2" x 20" and can be had with four swivel
casters or two swivel and two rigid wheels. Wheel diameters are three and four
inches.
Standard fiber glass tote pans in sizes from 16" to 39" long, 10" to 19" wide, and
5" to 14" deep will fit on various sizes. The pans are constructed to nest but covers
are also available so that pans can be stacked.
Hoist, Container, Rear-Loading:
This heavy duty hoist system is designed to handle large, special-purpose containers,
including tanks and bins. It is not to be confused with a mobile packer hoist, with
which it has no connection. Container hoists are capable of lifting, transporting
and dumping or depositing containers having capacities as large as 15 cubic yards.
The equipment can be handled by one man on a truck. This equipment is largely
used in industry for handling many types of materials, including loose and compacted
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VOL. Ill —_
CHAP. 11 "~52
wastes.
The "Dempster Dumpster" by Dempster Brothers and the "Load Lugger" by The Heil Co.
have many features which are similar although the actual hoisting systems differ. The
Dempster hoist is hydraulic and somewhat resembles a forklift mechanism. The Heil
hoist is also hydraulic but utilizes a lift, swing and set operation which is affected
by a pair of heavy arms which are pivoted at the bottom of the hoist, at chassis level.
Both types of hoists are mounted on medium sized truck chassis of relatively short wheel
base. They are capable of lifting, transporting, depositing or dumping large, special
type containers of a wide variety of styles. Containers having capacities as high as
15 cubic yards can be handled.
Hoist, Tiltframe, Container, Packer:
A tiltframe. hoist is designed for attachment to a large truck chassis for the purpose of
pulling a large container or body onto the chassis and allowing it to slide off at a
desired location. They are used for loading, transporting and unloading the large,
closed containers used with stationary packers and also for open-top containers used
to haul loose and uncompacted wastes to points of processing or disposal. In its
simplest form, the tiltframe hoist is a heavy frame which is attached by a hinge
at the rear of the main structural members of a truck chassis. The point of attachment
will be about one fifth of the length of the tiltframe from the end which overhangs
the chassis. A hydraulic, ram-type lifting device is attached to the chassis and is
capable of raising (tilting toward the rear) and lowering the frame and its load. A
cable and winch are used to pull the container onto the tilted frame and to restrain
it when being unloaded. Hydraulic stabilizing jacks are optional equipment available
with most tiltframe hoists. Exclusive of the truck chassis, list prices of tiltframes
range from about $5,000 to $7,000.
Packer, Mobile:
The three principol types of mobile packers, front, rear or side-loaders, are iden-
tified by the method used to empty wastes from containers into the body. Capacities
nominally range from about ten to thirty cubic yards.
The front-loader mobile packer is used for handling large containers rather than as a
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. 11 11-53
receiver of loads from hand-emptied cans, as in residential service. The expansion of
the use of large containers for the accumulation of industrial commercial refuse has
increased the use and popularity of the front-end loader. In addition, the loading and
dumping of containers with a front-end loader is somewhat simpler and requires less
maneuvering than some loaders of other types. It is possible for one man to load, dump
and replace a container. The front-loader packer can be used with container systems
for handling such as those used with apartment-size stationary packers and refuse trains.
The front-loader packer has an hydraulically operated lifting mechanism usually con-
sisting of a pair of fork arms which can be engaged with the container. The fork arms
can be moved forward and backward as well as vertically for engagement of the con-
tainer. Since the container to be picked up is in front of the truck, the driver Jnas a
view of the operation. Some loaders are equipped with a series of mirrors which enable
the operator to observe the dumping of the container into the packer - an operation which
takes place behind the cab. The lifting operation moves the container, suspended between
and held by the fork arms, up and over the cab. The opening into the packer is on top
of the body, immediately behind the cab. The hopper cover on the packer body is auto-
matically opened and closed for the dumping cycle. After dumping, the container is
replaced on the ground and the lifting fork arms are withdrawn.
The front-loader mobile packer receives its loads of loose waste at the front (topside)
and packing action is toward the rear of the body. It is accomplished by a series of
compacting movements of a hydraulically operated blade operating inside the body.
After a load of loose material is dumped into the hopper of the body, the hydraulic
ram is actuated to compact the material and then withdrawn so that succeeding loads
may be packed to the rear of the container body. The packer body is equipped with
a power o'perated tailgate which is opened for rear dumping at a disposal or processing
site. Dumping is accomplished by the packing blade pushing the entire load out of the
body through the open tailgate.
e
The rear-loader is perhaps the most widely used of mobile packers in residential waste
collection, where cans of refuse are manually dumped into a packer hopper. Some models
of this type are or can be equipped with hoist mechanisms for handling and dumping the
contents of large containers into the packer hopper or body. One manufacturer (Leach
Company, Oshkosh, Wisconsin) features a combined packer and carrier plate having an "L"
shaped cross section. As it moves forward, the bottom section pushes the loose waste upward
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VOL. Ill _
CHAP. II H"54
while the upper portion pushes it toward the front of the body. At the same time, the
pushout plate moves toward the rear of the body producing a compressive action, which
is claimed by the manufacturer to create a compaction density of up to 1,000 pounds
per cubic yard on dry household refuse.
A rear-loading packer body is generally emptied by raising the entire rear hopper and
loading mechanism while the pushout blade forces the compacted load out of the rear
of the body. These packers are made in a range of sizes from about sixteen to twenty-
five cubic yards. A thirty-one cubic yard semi-trailer type is also available. It has
its own self-contained power supply system for full.operation.
Side-loading packers are produced in models generally ranging from 13 to 28 cubic
yard capacities. Loading is accomplished through an opening on the side, near the
front of the body. Cans may be manually emptied into this opening which, when not
in use, is covered by a sliding door. Some models are equipped with a container
hoist which lifts special containers up the side of the packer body and empties the
contents into the body just behind the cab0 The side-loading packer body is emptied
by raising the rear tailgate while the compaction blade is used to evacuate the
compacted load from the body.
Packer, Trailer:
Dempster Brothers, Inc. make and market a very large compaction trailer, which is
a complete packer and container mounted on a semi-trailer. These packers can be
used in place of a stationary packer and/or a transfer trailer at a transfer station.
Two sizes are available - 65 and 75 cubic yards. The trailer, with its compaction
unit, is 39 feet long, 8 feet wide and from 12 to 13 feet high, depending upon the
model. The hoppers of the two models will hold 16 and 19 cubic yards respectively.
Gross weight of the vehicles is about 13 tons. The hopper opening is in the top of
the box and is 100" x 88" in size. Materials can be dumped from other trucks or
packers or chuted into the hopper of the trailer. Packing action is from front to
rear. An 85,000 pound thrust is claimed. At the disposal site, the rear tailgate
of the trailer is opened and the load is pushed out through the rear.
Val-Jac Manufacturing Co., Inc. and others make small, towable packers. These
trailer compaction units may be rear or side-loaders and are useable around building
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. II IP55"
complexes. They are manually loaded and are commonly rated at 10 cubic yards.
The manufacturer claims compaction to 600 pounds per cubic yard for the Pak-Rat-Pup,
a self-powered packer on a trailer.
Scooter, Collection, Trash:
Cushman Motors markets a small three wheeled refuse collection vehicle. Behind the
driver's cab is a tiltable, open body with a capacity of about 1 1/4 cubic yard. The
body is tilted toward the rear by a hydraulically operated ram-type mechanism. Ease
of operation and excellent maneuverability are prime sales points made by the manu-
facturers. The vehicle has a 72" wheel base, maximum overall length of 129", and
a turning radius of 15 feet. The vehicle is useful around grounds and as a small
capacity satellite for larger collection vehicles.
Tractor, Electric, Driverless, Self-powered:
The driverless tractor systems have some features and capabilities similar to the self-
powered driverless electric carts previously discussed. The driverless tractor, although
primarily designed for driverless operation, may also accommodate a driver for movements
remote from the guidance towpath, which is normally used to control the vehicle when
unattended.
("Prontow" - Jervis B. Webb Co.)
The Prontow driverless tractor manufactured by Jervis B. Webb Company has three
optional guidance systems - magnetic, optical or radio controlled. Magnetic
guidance is accomplished by means of a low-frequency excited guide wire placed
in a shallow groove cut in the floor. Right and left hand sensing coils on the tractor
detect the magnetic field generated by the wire and pivot with the steerable wheel.
A signal level detector permits operation only when signal strength is sufficient for
guidance. The traction motor will not operate without sufficient signal strength.
In optical guidance, the towpath is a line contrasting in color to the floor. The
line can be either painted or laid down in the form of pressure-sensitive tape. Light-
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VOL. Ill .
CHAP. II n~56
sensing elements on the tractor distinguish the difference between the color of the floor
and the contrasting color of the paint or tape. The information provided by the light-
sensing elements is evaluated for level difference and steering signals sent in much the
same way as in magnetic guidance. A safety condition is recognized for both all dark
or all light surfaces, such as the end of a tape or a white newspaper over the tape.
When such a condition occurs, the tractor immediately stops and remains stopped
until put back in operation by a human operator.
Guidance by radio control allows movement of the tractor to be continually controlled
by an operator in a remote location. A compact, transistorized radio transmitter with
rechargeable batteries is provided for the operator. The tractor will move forward,
steer right or left, as long as the transmitter is operating and will brake to a stop
when transmission stops.
Systems can be either very simple or complex and can include block signals and pre-
determined patterns of movement, including switching. Several models of this tractor
are available. They vary in maximum drawbar pull from 750 pounds to 2,500 pounds.
Overall dimensions of these tractors vary but they are as large as 86" long x 42" wide.
The manufacturer claims the tractor will operate in four foot aisles but required space
will be governed by the widths of carts and loads being towed. They will operate in
seven feet of headroom. Weights with batteries will vary from 2,700 to 3,900 pounds.
Trailer, Transfer:
Unlike packer trailers, which have packers integrally built on them, the compacting
of wastes into the transfer trailer is accomplished at a transfer station by a fixed packer
installed there. Wastes are hauled to the transfer station by mobile packers or other
collection vehicles. Their loads are dumped into the hopper of the fixed packer which
compacts the materials into the large transfer trailer body. When the body is full, it
is hauled by a tractor to a disposal or processing site. A hydraulically operated
ejector plate pushes the waste materials out of the rear of the transfer trailer, which
is equipped with a full-opening tailgate. The trailers are available in 65 and 75 cubic
yard capacities and are about 39 feet long, 8 feet wide and have a maximum height of
about 13 feet.
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. II 11-57
A transfer trailer which empties from the side has recently been introduced. When
hydraulically tilted, the entire hinged side opens, thus allowing the contents to slide
out sideways without the need for a hydraulic or mechanical ejection plate.
Train, Container:
The container train manufactured by LoDal, Inc. consists of a series of castered
containers equipped with coupling devices which enable them to be towed by a
tractor or other small vehicle. The containers, of one cubic yard capacity, can be
spotted throughout a building complex for receiving waste materials. They can be
periodically hauled in a train to a central point where they can be emptied of their
contents. The containers are equipped with special lifting channels which match
the front-loader mobile packers made by the same manufacturer. Other and larger
containers can also be fitted with tow hitches which would enable them to be
coupled into a train of containers or carts.
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VOL. Ill RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
CHAP. Ill STORAGE METHODS AND EQUIPMENT Page No.
Bag, Laundry, Soluble 111-4
Bag, Paper, Disposable III-4
Bag, Plastic, Disposable UI-4
Barrel III-5
Box, Tote III-5
Cart, Hand-pushed III-6
Cart, Packer, Stationary 111-6
Cart, Refuse, Tiltable, Plastic 111-7
Cart, Side-Loader, Packer, Mobile 111-7
Container, Packer, Mobile II1-7
Container, Open-top, Roll-off 111-9
Container, Rear-Loading 111-10
Container, Receiving, Packer, Stationary 111-10
Hopper, Feeder, Vacuum 111-11
Hopper, Self-dumping 111-11
Hopper, Vibrating 111-12
Hopper, Weighing, Air-operated 111-12
Washer, Can 111-13
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VOL. Ill RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
CHAP. Ill STORAGE METHODS AND EQUIPMENT Ill-l
Storage of wastes for purposes of this report has been previously defined as the
interim containment of accumulated materials in either loose, compacted or
other processed form prior to subsequent handling, processing or disposal.
Storage as related to solid wastes further includes required facilities for the
containment of both reusable materials (such as soiled linens) and disposable
wastes. However, this section of the study is primarily concerned with the
problems associated with disposables. Characteristics of these materials
subject to storage may range from loose, mixed or segregated wastes
(including rubbish, food wastes, sharps, pathological, and non-combustible
materials) to various types of processed wastes (including shredded, baled,
compacted and pulped materials).
Containment of loose wastes may be accomplished with various types of acces-
sories for dry storage, such as bags, wastebaskets, barrels, bins, etc. in either
its bulk state as collected or after undergoing certain dry processes such as
shredding, pulverizing, which achieve a substantial degree in volume
reduction and produce a homogeneous end product.
Other methods of volume reduction may be accomplished with various types
of compaction devices, such as packers and balers. These dry compaction
processes may handle both loose bulk wastes or shredded or pulverized wastes.
Conventional containment of these materials is by compaction in special bins,
containers and in some cases standard cans and paper bags. In the case of
some balers, the compacted wastes are merely strapped for open storage.
Certain reduction processes involving both grinding or shredding and
compression, together with the addition of a small amount of moisture,
produce a moist homogeneous compacted waste in an extruded form.
Storage accessories for this end product are similar to those for loose wastes,
although the volume requirements are considerably reduced.
The pulping process, in which loose or bagged dry wastes are greatly reduced
in particle size by grinding and shearing action in the presence of water,
produces a slurried wet waste. The liquid slurry can either be transported
through pipelines for further treatment or passed through a dewatering
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VOL. Ill . .
CHAP. Ill m~2
press. In the latter case, the end product is a damp, uncompressed sludge of
high moisture content and high density. Storage requirements may be limited
to barrels or special containers where larger volumes are involved.
Storage and handling are inextricably related. The wastebasket, the simplest
form of a storage unit, must be emptied, usually into a larger receptacle, which,
in turn, is another storage unit. The emptying process and the movement of
both the wastebasket and the larger receptacle are elements of the handling
process. The large waste receptacle is moved, usually on a manually pushed
cart to a terminal point on the floor. If, when the cart reaches this destination,
the accumulated and presumably bagged waste was deposited in a chute or
other handling device, no further interim storage space need have been
provided on the floor for waste accumulations. What is perhaps more important,
one entire handling operation would have been eliminated.
The foregoing is not against the provision of necessary storage areas. It is in
favor of reducing the tendency in institutions to use storage areas for the
avoidance of work by some and creating work by leaving items for others to
rehandle. It favors the elimination of any unrequired operations, especially
the most expensive of all, manual tasks. Storage areas are highly essential
but they should be planned in conjunction with the actual requirements of
the handling system, for both functions are inseparable.
Waste storage facilities must incjude the various types of temporary storage
receptacles, such as bags, baskets, barrels, packer containers and bins, etc.,
but also the properly planned storage areas, rooms or spaces in which the
equipment will be used and handled. These areas must be carefully located
within individual rooms, departments, utility stations and on the ground floor
or basement service levels as well. If stationary packers are to be used,
ample horizontal and vertical clearance must be provided to permit the movement
of loading equipment. Provision must be made for adequate cleaning and
sterilizing of the waste storage areas, as well as equipment and receptacles.
It is recognized that despite the need for the reduction of the numbers of
storage points, adequate spaces must be provided within the Unit, Inter-Unit
and Inter-Building systems. No amount of desire will eliminate the necessity
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. Ill IM-3
for properly planned, well laid out and adequately sized storage areas within the
total solid waste system.
In planning storage areas, the volumes and compositions of the generated wastes
must be known or estimated with reasonable accuracy. The total handling concept
must be determined as well as methods of processing and disposal before the number,
sizes and locations of the storage areas and the required equipment can be determined,
Review of Storage Methods and Equipment:
The review of methods and equipment as contained herein covers the limited
specialized components available for the storage of wastes, as well as numerous
accessories employed for this function.
For purposes of this report, these equipment classifications were established by
definitions, as appear in Appendix "C". A product list, Appendix "D", was
also prepared providing the alphabetical listing of the equipment classification,
together with a partial listing of the respective manufacturers and trade names.
The following narrative review of equipment covers selected categories of equipment
and accessories, with general discussions on their application in the waste system.
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. Ill IIM
Bag, Laundry, Soluble:
Although developed primarily for control of the spread of infection and contamination
in the handling and reprocessing of soiled linens in hospitals, these bags may have
other applications. They are made of polyvinyl alcohol film and are readily soluble
in 140° water. Initial deterioration begins even in cold water. The bags are made
in four sizes - from 17" x 22" for diapers to 34" x 44" for large hamper liners. The
standard bag is 26" x 36". Known as "room size", it will hold 25 pounds of linen.
The manufacturer claims satisfactory chute drop tests as high as ten stories. Prices
of the bags listed above are: diaper size 14$, room size 23$, and the large hamper
size 34$.
Bag, Paper, Disposable:
Paper bags are made in various combinations of sizes and resistance to moisture.
Two of the standard sizes are 20 gallons and 30 gallons. Standard type bags are
used for moist and dry refuse; leak resistant bags are coated with a polyethylene
moisture barrier on the inner ply and are used in dietary areas, lunchrooms, near
vending machine loactions, etc. The bags claimed by the manufacturer to be leak-
proof are made of two plys of high wet strength paper with the inner ply polyethylene
coated, as in the leak resistant bag, but with a special leak-proof bottom closure.
Some makes are treated with bacteriostatic chemicals to resist and retard the growth
of bacteria and germs. Prices range between $12 and $20 per hundred, depending
upon capacity and degree of resistance to leaks. Various types of holders have been
developed by manufacturers for use with bag storage systems, including open tubular
stands, wall mounted frames and enclosed cabinet style models. Prices of these
accessory holders will generally range from $10 to $35 per unit depending on type,
size and features.
Bag, Plastic, Disposable:
Bags are commonly made of polyethylene but some of them are combinations of polyeth-
ylene and buta diene rubber, of varying thicknesses, usually 0.00125" gauge, and
colors. Capacities will vary from 3 1/2 to 55 gallons. Bags of this type are commonly
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. Ill ~ fills"
used as liners for waste cans. The larger sizes are made of heavier gauge material.
Prices may range from $19.50 to $190.00 per thousand, depending upon capacity
and the thickness of the bag material.
Barrel:
Utility barrels are produced in aluminum, fiber, plastic, and steel, ranging in capac-
ity from about 20 to 65 gallons.
Aluminum barrels are made in sizes from 33 to 50 gallons and weigh between 12 and
15 pounds. Fiber barrels are made in sizes from 18" x 30" to 24" x 48", with or without
casters and can be had with tops. These units are constructed of heavy case-hardened
fiber, riveted at seams and reinforced with corrosion resistant steel rims, bottoms and
hand holes, if any. Shapes, other than cylindrical, such as half-round, rectangular,
round corner, etc. are available. Plastic barrels are available from several manu-
facturers in sizes from 20 to 65 gallons, with or without handles, in colors for coding
purposes, and in a variety of gauges. Dome or other special styles of tops are
available. These units are generally made of polyethylene or copolymer plastic.
Prices vary with quality but range between $11 and $18 each for the 32 gallon size.
The steel barrel or drum, although heavier than barrels of other materials, has advan-
tages of great durability. These units are available with open heads and covers.
Box, Tote:
Tote boxes are produced in aluminum, fiber, fiberglass, plastic and steel. Aluminum
tote boxes, although usually associated with conveying systems, are also used for
temporary storage of small quantities of waste materials or articles to be reprocessed.
They are available in common sizes: 34" x 17" x 12"; 21" x 18" x 7" and 21" x 16"
x 5". Fiber and fiber glass tote boxes are made of heavy, hardened fiber and edged
with metal, and are made in a variety of sizes. They are available in stacking or
nesting shapes. Plastic tote boxes are available in a multiplicity of shapes and sizes,
with flat, square or rolled flanges in a variety of colors and standard lengths to 24",
widths to 18" and depths to 14".
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VOL. Ill '•'•_
CHAP. III n|-6
Steel tote boxes of limited styles and sizes are available for heavy duty applications
where lighter weight boxes previously described are not suitable.
Cart, Hand-pushed:
Carts are utilized in both storage and handling functions but have been included in
this chapter on storage for purposes of this report.
Many styles are available from the simple two-wheeled hand-truck for moving barrels
to special purpose designs. Units are often manufactured with steel or aluminum
frames and special purpose bodies are produced in aluminum, fiber glass, fiber and
stainless steel. Hamper-type carts of various sizes are also available with or without
casters or bottom drain assemblies. Fiber glass carts or trucks are of the hamper or
tub styles. Molded in one piece, of fiber glass reinforced polyester, they have
smooth and seamless surfaces. They are non-rusting and are easily cleaned. The
lined styles have no bacteria or dirt-harboring cracks or crevices. Unlined carts
range in sizes from 36" x 26" x 27" deep to 60" x 39" x 32" deep. Carts with
liners are sized from 36" x 24" x 26" deep to 39" x 28" x 30" deep. The bodies
of fiber carts are made of .080" to .090" thick vulcanized fiber. The sides, corners
and bottoms are reinforced with specially shaped steel bands which also act as
bumpers. Bottoms are of hardwood. Although generally of the open-top, hamper
style, many other designs are available. Generally, the carts have fixed wheels
but are available with casters. Steel carts are available in more styles and designs
than in any other material. Combinations of steel plate, strips, angles or wire are
among the standard models. They can also be had in closed sides and top varieties.
Cart, Packer, Stationary:
A heavy-duty, steel box used with a special dumping device attached to a large
stationary packer. This cart is castered and is drawn or pushed by some type of
towing unit and can be coupled to similar carts and made into a train. Its capacity
is four cubic yards.
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VOL. Il
CHAP. Il
Cart, Refuse, Tiltable, Plastic:
The hand-pushed tilting carts are very durable and have many applications. Equipped
with two rubber-tired wheels and a rear caster, they can be readily pushed, even
though capable of carrying heavy loads. They are molded of seamless, chemically-
strengthened plastic and reinforced with square tubular steel outside framing. Hinged
lids are optional. The manufacturer claims that these units may be cleaned with
chemical solvents or steam. Designed to carry from one half to one cubic yard of
material, either dry or wet, they are said to be capable of handling loadings of from
800 to 1800 pounds. Overall dimensions range up to 65" L x 35" W x 42" H.
Weights of the tilt trucks vary from 130 to 168 pounds. The half cubic yard model
is priced at $135 and the largest one cubic yard model, 1800 pounds, is priced at
$200.
Cart, Side-Loader, Packer, Mobile:
This is a small, aluminum, open-top cart designed for use with a special side-loader,
mobile packer. It will hold 5/8 cubic yard. Equipped with two pneumatic-tired
wheels and a caster, it can be easily hand pushed. Empty, the cart weighs 75 pounds.
Container, Packer, Mobile:
Containers used with mobile packers vary in sizes, shapes and styles depending upon
the type'of packer they are to be used with, the manner of dumping, and the manu-
facturer. The three general classifications of mobile packers, front-loader, rear-
loader, and side-loader require containers of differing characteristics and these are
identified by the same descriptive nomenclature. Containers having from one to six
yard capacities are in general use. Some special, industrial styles are somewhat
shallow pan-shaped and may hold up to 12 or 15 cubic yards. The mobile packers
which handle and dump these containers are equipped with special hoists and their
several methods of use are described in detail below.
This class of container is made by many different .manufacturers and used with a
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VOL. Ill .
CHAP. Ill M|-8
variety of front-loading packers. The descriptions and comments that follow are
general in nature and represent a somewhat composite picture of available equipment.
Generally, rectangular in shape and holding from one to eight or, in some cases, ten
cubic yards, these containers are intended for the temporary storage of loose wastes.
They may be chute-loaded under certain conditions but are usually filled by hand or
from hand-pushed carts. They are commonly placed on the ground and left in such a
position that packers may be easily maneuvered into position for the pickup of the
container by the trucks' loading mechanism. They are used extensively as parts of
store, shopping center, apartment and institutional waste collecting systems. The
pickup and emptying operations are handled by municipal or private hauling
contractors' crews. After emptying into the mobile packer, the container is replaced
on the ground for reuse.
Containers are equipped with hinged covers to prevent deposited refuse from being
scattered by the wind. Some covers are spring-loaded. The smaller sizes of
containers are usually castered to allow for hand-pushing. This is especially so
where they are for use inside buildings where headroom and/or other clearances
will not allow trucks to reach the usual locations of the containers. Where loading
docks are available, the larger sizes of containers are feasible. They can be placed
on the ground and loading from hand-pushed carts can be accomplished from the
dock level.
The designs of loading lugs and container shapes vary with the different manufacturers.
In general, the lifting mechanism is a forked arrangement and requires matching slots
or holders on the sides of the containers.
Front-loader packers, and hence the containers used with them, have the advantage
of requiring less handling labor since the truck driver has a much better view of the
container to be lifted than he does with rear-loader packers. Front-loaders can be
operated by a driver and helper and, in emergencies, by the driver alone. Rear-
loaders require a minimum of two men and commonly three make up a crew.
Prices of these containers will vary, depending upon design, weight and corre-
sponding delivery costs. However, they will generally be found in the following
range: 1 CY @ $150, 2 CY @ $195, 3 CY @ $245, 4 CY @ $275, 5 CY @ $320,
6 CY @ $345, and 8 CY @ $415.
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. 111
There are fewer rear-loaders which are designed to handle containers than there are
front loaders and hence there are a limited number of sizes and styles of rear-loading
packer containers available. Shapes vary from generally rectangular, with sloping
fronts for smaller containers, to large, somewhat shallow, pan-styles on the 10-15 yard
sizes. Like the front-loader containers, these are equipped with hinged tops, some
being spring-loaded. The smaller sizes are usually caster-mounted.
The side-loading packer container serves in much the same manner as does the front-
loader container. Two general styles are common. One has a flat top while the other
is slightly peaked. Both are equipped with lids. Sizes range from 1 1/2 to 4 cubic
yard capacities. Containers are castered and the manufacturer claims ease of
handling and spotting. Weights of empty containers range from about 300 to 600
pounds.
Container, Open-top, Roll-off:
Built of heavy steel, substantially reinforced, these containers are designed for the
mechanical dumping of loose wastes and very large, generally non-compactible
objects. They are frequently used in connection with self-dumping hoppers handled
by forklifts.
Capacities of these containers range from six to forty or more cubic yards. Overall
widths are about eight feet. Heights vary from three to eight feet. Lengths run
between 17 to 21 feet.
These big boxes are handled onto and off truck chassis by tiltframe hoists of various
designs. Dumping the contents of the container is accomplished by raising the box
and opening its rear doors.
Prices on the largest size are not available but $400 for the 10 yard size and $700
for the 20 yard container will provide some basis for estimates.
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. Ill
Container, Rear-Loading:
These containers differ greatly from those used with mobile packers and are not to be
confused with them. These units are large, special-purpose containers, frequently
used in industry. Open-topped, tank type and other styles of closed containers are
available. They are equipped with special lifting ears or lugs and can be handled
only by the special hoists (described in Chapter II, under the heading: Hoist, Container,
Rear-Loading.) The rear-loading container is lifted by the special hoist, which is
usually mounted on a short-wheel base heavy duty truck chassis. It can then be trans-
ported and subsequently deposited or dumped at a disposal site. Containers are gener-
ally of two basic types - tilt and skip, or bottom dump. In addition to styles already
mentioned, hopper, sludge and pallet styles are available. Although, as previously
mentioned, these containers are used in industry for hauling bulk materials, they
have applications for moving wastes around building complexes and can be chute or
mechanically loaded.
Container, Receiving, Packer, Stationary:
Unlike containers used with mobile packers, of which there are a variety of shapes,
those used with stationary packers are more uniform in general configuration. These
containers, generally box-like in appearance, usually have an opening in the lower
half of one end of the box to allow the packer ram to operate inside the container
during the compaction cycle. This loading end is also hinged as a tailgate to permit
it to swing fully open for the dumping of refuse from the container at the point of
disposal. The container is equipped with a pair of cables which are used to retain
the compacted load during transport to the disposal area.
The stationary packer is equipped with a ratchet locking device used to secure the
container to the packer during the filling and compacting operations. When the
container is full, the ram has been entirely withdrawn and the retaining cables
or tubes and the tarpaulin are in place, the full container is winched onto a tilt-
frame hoist and can be carted away. The full container is replaced by an empty
one, which is strapped or locked to the packer and the entire unit is again ready
for operation. The sides and top of the container are tapered slightly to facilitate
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. Ill
refuse slideout when dumping. The following data will provide indicators on the
price range of the various sizes of containers available.
Capacity Length Approx. Price
27 CY 16 feet $3,000
30 CY 18 feet 3,100
37 CY 20 feet 3,400
42 CY 22 feet 3,500
Hopper, Feeder, Vacuum:
These air-operated devices can be incorporated in pneumatic conveying systems and
are designed for transferring materials from bulk bins, or shipping containers, into
processing machinery or from one process to another. Units are positioned over
equipment to be charged, such as mixers, blenders or reactors. Materials are drawn
into the hopper feeder under vacuum produced by a jet-air venturi suction valve.
The complete system is under negative pressure.
The manufacturer claims feed rates to 1000 pounds per hour and, under some
conditions, handling of ground or shredded materials having densities up to 300 pounds
per cubic foot. Hopper sizes are small, varying from 1/4 cubic foot to four cubic
feet. Material pickup hoses are 1 1/2 inches in diameter. Overall dimensions of
the feeder are about those of a three foot chute.
Hopper, Self-dumping:
Built on structural steel bases, these open-top hoppers are designed with a latching
lever which holds the hopper in an upright position during filling and transport
cycles. Constructed with a hinge pin at the bottom, near the front, the weight of
the contained materials will tilt the hopper forward when the latching lever is
pulled into the unlocked position. The balance of the weight of the empty hopper
is such that it will return to its upright position after dumping. The latch will
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. Ill IIM2
automatically relock the hopper into its upright, filling position.
The self-dumping hopper can be chute, hand or mechanically fed. Due to its weight,
it is normally handled by forklift equipment. These hoppers are available in capac-
ities from 3/8 to 4 cubic yards, varying in size up to 74" L x 83" W x 59" H, and
weigh from 440 to 1,480 pounds each. They are optionally available with casters.
Approximate price ranges of the various sizes are as follows: 3/8 CY @ $127,
1/2 CY @ $132, 3/4 CY @ $145, 1 CY @ $152, 2 CY @ $221, 3 CY @ $349..
and 4 CY @ $391.
Hopper, Vibrating:
Vibrating hoppers are designed to assure a constant flow of stored materials during
processing. They do so through the operation of vibratory motors which are integral
parts of the hoppers. The manufacturer claims that these hoppers have proved
successful against various common storage problems including (1) "classification"
i.e. when upon filling the storage bin, the aggregate and fines tend to separate
with the larger particles falling to the outside of the bin, (2) "selectivity" i.e.
when the design of the bin causes it to discharge the center portion of the material
first and the outside walls last. This is also referred to as coring or rat-holing, and
(3) "bridging" i.e. when a flowable material is rendered unflowable by one of
five common causes (adhesion to walls or cohesion of particles, irregular particle
structure-interlocking, set factor, static pressures and dynamic pressures). This
type of live bottom hopper is designed to provide a steady, continuous, control-
lable flow of materials from storage, on demand. Vibrating hoppers are available
in light or heavy duty models and with capacities varying from 25 to 100 tons
per hour.
Hopper, Weighing, Air-operated:
This is a device, incorporating a scale, used in conjunction with the feeder hopper
just described. It does not change the capacities or rates of handling of the hopper
but allows automatic weighing and discharge of batches of dry bulk materials. The
weighing and discharge cycles can be made automatic or be manually controlled.
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. Ill 111-13
Washer, Can:
Two basic types of waste can washers are available. One is a device to wash cans or
other large containers after the contents have been emptied completely. The second
type combines a can washer with a heavy duty food grinder or disposal unit. The
better grades of this equipment are made with cabinet enclosures to limit the splashing
of water and food wastes and to permit the cleaning of both interior and exterior of
cans in one operation. Cans up to 40 gallon capacities can be handled by the cabinet
models. Other styles will handle cans up to 25" in diameter or square containers
whose diagonal dimensions do not exceed 25". Prices of open style can washers range
from $235 to $550, the cabinet models at about $600, and the combination food
disposer-can washers range from $940 to $1,390.
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VOL. Ill RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
CHAP. TV PROCESSING METHODS AND EQUIPMENT Page No.
Baler, Bag-type IV-4
Baler, Carousel-type IV-4
Baler, Continuous IV-7
Baler, Portable IV-8
Baler, Stationary IV-8
Blender IV-13
Chipper, Brush IV-13
Collector, Dust, Bag-type IV-13
Collector, Dust, Centrifugal IV-14
Collector, Dust, Cyclone IV-14
Crusher IV-14
Crusher, Bottle and Can IV-15
Crusher, Delumper IV-16
Crusher, Syringe IV-16
Digester, Continuous IV-16
Extruder, Refuse IV-16
Grinder, Dry 1V-17
Grinder, Wet IV-22
Hammermills IV-24
Hogger IV-25
Mixer IV-26
Packer, Roll-off IV-28
Packer, Stationary IV-28
Pulley, Magnetic IV-29
Pulper IV-30
Pulverizer IV-32
Pulverizer, Paper IV-35
Separator, Cyclone IV-35
Separator, Magnetic IV-36
Shredder IV-36
Sieve, Dewatering IV-37
Sterilizer, Sludge IV-37
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VOL. Ill RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
CHAP. IV PROCESSING METHODS AND EQUIPMENT Page No.
LIST OF FIGURES
IV-1 Loewy-Kompex Carousel - Loewy Machinery Supplies Conine. IV-6
IV-2 Compackager Corporation IV-11
IV-3 Compackager Corporation IV-12
IV-4 Mil-Pac Systems, Inc. IV-19
IV-5 Mil-Pac Systems, Inc. IV-20
IV-6 Mini-Mill - Eidal International Corp. IV-23
IV-7 Ecology Industries, Inc. IV-27
IV-8 Somat System - Somat Corporation IV-31
IV-9 The Black Clawson Company IV-33
1V-10 The Black Clawson Company IV-34
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VOL. Ill RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
CHAP. IV PROCESSING METHODS AND EQUIPMENT IV-1
During the course of this study, it became increasingly evident that some form of
preparation of solid wastes prior to planned disposal is desirable, and under certain
conditions is essential. Present practices in disposal operations will not suffice for
the changing composition of solid wastes. The need for some preparation of general
solid wastes prior to attempted disposal by sanitary landfill or other methods deserves
extensive and continuing investigation. Such processes as grinding or shredding
permit more material to occupy a given space than is the case with present methods
of disposal of raw untreated wastes. In addition, the decomposition of waste
materials is hastened by particle size reduction.
Dry grinding of solid wastes prior to incineration or deposit in landfills deserves
consideration but alternative methods of disposal should be studied. Reduction by
wet grinding or pulping and the creation of a readily transportable slurry constitutes
another method which deserves in-depth investigation. A variation of this method
involves dewatering of the pulped wastes into a moist sludge for easier handling
with less bulk. Although these methods may be considered as means of disposal by
the user, they are only processes or preparation of the material for subsequent
handling and ultimate disposal.
Processing, as related to this study, includes some operations which are highly
interrelated with handling, storage and disposal functions. The criteria used for
identification of processing functions is based upon physical change of the loose
raw materials. Waste processing is considered as those preparation functions, such
as bagging or encapsulating of disposables and reusables, as well as treatments to
disposables involving volume reduction through changes in size and shape, uniformity
or consistency. The degree of volume reduction and corresponding increase in density
varies with the method or combination of methods employed and the composition of
the material input. Typical processes or combinations of these processes which
precede ultimate disposal may include:
Bagging Shredding Pulverizing
Encapsulating Chipping Dewatering
Compaction Grinding Baling
Crushing Pulping Extrusion
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. IV IV'2
Probably the simplest form of processing of solid wastes is packaging. This includes
the manual separation of certain wastes and depositing the material in bags or special
containers for interim storage until the container is injected into some type of handling
system. By bagging, packaging or other encapsulating processes, conditions of the
wastes have been changed from loose to contained for greater ease in handling, as
well as improvement in sanitation.
Methods or devices which reduce the bulk of solid wastes by compression include such
items as balers, crushers and packers. Drastic changes in size, shape and consistency
by homogenizing mixed waste materials is another variation in reduction processes
employed to facilitate handling, further processing or ultimate disposal. Such equip-
ment as grinders, shredders, pulverizers, and pulpers may accomplish this initial
reduction. Further positive reduction may be accomplished by such devices as
pelletizers and extruders or dewatering presses in the case of pulped wastes.
Various combinations of equipment components for processing solid wastes are being
researched by manufacturers in efforts to develop satisfactory processing or disposal
systems. One such combination of components is a pulper having a dewatering press
and junk remover as connected processes for reduction of solid waste to a moist sludge
form for subsequent disposal in landfills or incineration. Another manufacturer
combines a grinder of the hammemnill type with an extruding device which reduces
solid wastes to highly compressed, moist briquettes. Still another processing system
is one which combines a blow hog and a cyclone to combine pneumatic transport
of raw and treated materials with a reduction process. The end product is a finely
shredded, dry material prepared for incineration or other means of disposal.
The review of equipment as contained herein covers the broad field of specialized
equipment and accessories for processing solid wastes as well as certain equipment
used in industrial processes that may be adaptable to use in waste processing systems.
Classification of this equipment involved reconciling the wide variations of names
and terms used by manufacturers in the processing industries as well as in solid waste
management. For purposes of this report, classifications of equipment where
considered questionable were established by definition as appear in Appendix "E",
A product list, Appendix "F", was also prepared providing an alphabetical listing
of the equipment classifications, together with a partial listing of the respective
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VOL. Ill
CHAP.IV IV-3
manufacturers and trade names.
The intent of Appendix "E" is to identify by definition all equipment components which
might be unknown to the reader or where some degree of confusion would be created if
the items were not defined. The product list includes all equipment classifications as
defined, as well as other equipment items and accessories where names are self-
explanatory.
The following narrative review of equipment covers selected categories of processing
equipment with descriptions of the mechanical and operational characteristics and
discussions on particular application (or possible application) in solid waste systems.
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VOL. Ill .
CHAP. IV IV-4
Baler, Bag-type:
These machines are sometimes called packers by manufacturers but are classified here
as balers because they compact waste materials into bags or cans. These units require
manual attention when sufficient loose material has been compacted to the limit of
the machine's capacity, usually about four cubic feet, compressed. Several variations
of this type of equipment are available; however the "Gator" as manufactured by
Compaction Equipment Company, Inc. has been selected for discussion of operating
principles.
("Gator" - Compaction Equipment Company, Inc.)
The general design of this unit is a horizontal compaction cylinder and ram, the latter
acting against a bulkhead. Wastes may be hand or chute fed into a hopper mounted
above the compacting mechanism. The ram is actuated by either optical or sonic
control instruments, the latter being preferable.
When the capacity of the baler has been reached, an operator opens the bulkhead
door and secures a large paper bag over the end of the compaction cylinder. By
operating the ram, the slug of compacted wastes is forced into the bag, the ram
withdrawn, filled bag removed and sealed and the bulkhead door closed and locked.
The baler is then ready for another filling cycle. Alarm systems can be installed to
alert an attendant when needed for the removal of the compressed wastes. Filled
bags will vary in weight between 55 and 100 pounds, with a compaction ratio of
five to one, according to the manufacturer's claims. The manufacturer also claims
this baler operates with a 70 p.s.i. pressure on a 15" diameter ram face and has
a packing rate of about one cubic yard per minute. The Gator machine is about
10 feet long, 2 feet wide and 2 feet high. The list price of this packer is about
$3,000.
Baler, Carousel-type:
The carousel balers are equipped with a circular platform holding suspended bags.
Rotation of the platform beneath a receiving hopper aligns bags to be filled either
by manual methods or chute. Process may be completely automated except for
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. IV fvl5~
removal and replacement of bags.
("Loewy-Kompex Machine" - Loewy Machinery Supplies Company, Inc.)
A carousel-type baler, developed in Sweden, is now being made and marketed in this
country by Loewy Machinery Supplies Co. under the name of Loewy-Kompex Machine.
This baler or rotary-type compacting machine features a revolving platform, or carousel,
upon which bags can be supported inside retainers and held in open positions. Waste
materials can be chute-fed to the baler. As wastes pass optical or sonic controls, and
are dropped into an open and unfilled bag, a vertical ram is actuated to compress the
materials into the bag. The metal retainer, outside the bag, acts as a restraining bulk-
head and prevents the bag from being ruptured by the compaction pressure. The ram is
pneumatically operated, a feature claimed by the manufacturer to reduce servicing
problems and costs.
When an individual bag is filled to its compacted capacity of about four cubic feet,
an automatic indexing mechanism moves the carousel one position which places an
empty bag under the ram. An alarm system will alert an attendant so that filled
bags can be sealed and removed from the carousel and be replaced with empty ones.
Machines having room for thirty bags are said to be obtainable.
Assuming a compaction ratio of four to one, a ten-bag machine should have the total
capacity to handle about six cubic yards of loose wastes before manual attention
would be needed. By the manufacturer's claims of a higher ratio of compaction
perhaps this figure might reach seven cubic yards. Space required for the ten
bag machine is equivalent to about a nine foot cube.
("Pak-Trell" - Research-Cottrell, Inc.)
Another carousel-type baler is made by Research-Cottrell, Inc. under the trade name
Pak-Trell. This is a hydraulically operated baler having a receiving hopper for chute-
fed refuse, two rams (one horizontal and the other vertical), and a carousel-type device
for holding filled and empty cans. Bags may be substituted for standard size refuse cans.
Two sizes of carousels are available, one capable of handling four cans and a larger
one for six cans.
-------
The Ten-Position Loewy-Kompex Carousel or Rotary Type Compacting Machine
FIGURE IV-1
LOEWY-KOMPEX CAROUSEL - LOEWY MACHINERY SUPPLIES CO.,INC. PAGE IV--6
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. IV IV-7
The horizontal ram pushes loose material from the hopper into a half cylinder beneath
the vertical ram. This is done in two strokes. After the second stroke, the ram
remains in its forward position and forms the wall of the other half of the cylinder
under the vertical ram. A hydraulically operated horizontal gate forms the bottom of
the vertical cylinder and is closed before wastes are pushed into the vertical cylinder
before the horizontal ram is actuated.
After waste materials have been pushed into the cylinder, and while it is being held
in place, the vertical ram descends and compresses the material against the closed
horizontal bottom gate. Successive loadings by the horizontal ram and compaction
by the vertical ram build up a cylindrical slug of wastes 15" in diameter and about
15" high. According to the manufacturer, when this occurs the two rams remain in
their extended positions to hold the materials under compaction for an adjustable
period of time in order to form the slug of compacted refuse and give the material
time to set. Following this prescribed setting time, the bottom gate is opened, the
vertical ram extended downward and the slug of compressed wastes is ejected into
one of the cans on the carousel.
The manufacturer claims a compaction ratio of five to one and a compacted density
of about 25 pounds per cubic foot. It is further claimed that either cans or paper
bags can be used interchangeably. The manufacturer states that installation is
easy and the unit is readily adaptable to existing chutes and no special piping or
wiring is required. A space about 8'-0" L x 3'-6" W x 7'-0" H will accommodate
this unit.
Baler, Continuous:
These balers are chute fed and operate horizontally. They are automated except
for part of the tying of bales. Designed for industrial use in reclaiming waste
paper, chipboard and corrugated board, these units are most efficient when coupled
with a hogger which shreds the waste to relatively uniform condition. The appli-
cation of this type of baler to the processing of general solid wastes cannot be
determined categorically. Several factors, all interdependent, must be considered
and among the most important of these are the quantities of waste to be handled per
day and the ability of a hogger to properly prepare it for baling. The method of
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VOL. Ill . ——
CHAP. IV IV~8
ultimate disposal of wastes must also be a determinant.
This class of baling equipment is capable of producing bales having densities ranging
roughly from 20 to 50 pounds per cubic foot, depending upon the composition of the
shredded material. It is probable that, with proper preparation, shredded materials
might be reduced in baled bulk on ratios varying between five and ten to one. Since
manual attention is required for bale tying, the attendant labor cost could be prohib-
itive unless very large quantities of materials were being handled.
Bale lengths can be regulated for automatic cutoff, commonly six feet or less. Widths
and heights of bales vary from 24" x 2411 to 36" x 40". In order to provide some
technical data, the following information was taken from the catalog of one manu-
facturer, Balemaster Division of East Chicago Machine Tool Corporation. This
manufacturer lists 16 models of continuous balers. The smallest unit, equipped with
a 10 HP motor, develops a total ram thrust of 35,000 pounds with a 50 p.s.i. pressure
at ram face. Overall dimensions of this unit require a space of 16'L x 7'W x 7'H.
The gross weight of this small unit is about 7,800 pounds.
Baler, Portable:
These horizontal balers are mounted on casters to permit towing or pushing from one
location to another or may be mounted on self-propelled vehicles. They are hand-
fed and manually operated. Designed for industrial, commercial and institutional
application, they are capable of baling general wastes without special preparation.
They produce bales containing from ten to fifteen cubic feet and weighing between
100 and 300 pounds, depending upon the composition of the baled materials. These
balers are 10'L x 3'W x 3'H and have a gross weight of 1,650 pounds.
Baler, Stationary:
Stationary balers are commonly of the vertical type. Materials may be fed manually,
by chute or by automated conveyors to receiving hoppers or compartments located at
the top of the baler. Compaction is by a series oj compression strokes of the ram
mechanism, which is usually operated hydraulically. Completed bales must be
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. IV IV-9
contained or are tied with baling wire, by an attendant. No extensive preparation
of materials is made prior to baling.
(Logemann Brothers Company)
Several styles and sizes of stationary balers are manufactured for industrial application
by a number of firms as listed in Appendix F. Among these manufacturers, Logemann
Brothers Company lists 20 models of vertical downstroke paper balers. Some of the
technical data, together with price ranges, follow.
Floor area requirements vary from 8 to 28 square feet and overall height clearances
from 8 to 16 feet. Bale sizes range from 30" x 15" x 15" to 72" x 30" x 59" and
may weigh from 75 to 1,500 pounds. Platen pressures vary between 2 1/2 to 35 tons.
Motors 2 to 10 horsepower may be required.
List prices of balers range through $1,600-$3,500 for the smaller sizes and $2,100-
$11,000 for larger capacity machines.
(Apartment-type Baler - Compackager Corporation)
A small stationary baler manufactured by Compackager Corporation was especially
designed for use in apartments and institutions having relatively small quantities of
wastes per day. These machines will produce bales containing from about five to
eight cubic feet of compressed materials. Since the manufacturer claims a compaction
ratio of ten to one on general wastes from apartment buildings, each bale might
contain the equivalent of from two to three cubic yards of loose materials, when
fully compacted. These Compackager balers are small stationary balers of the
vertical downstroke type.
The bales must be bound by an operator, using four wires. After securing the baling
wires, the bale is enclosed in a large plastic bag, which is sealed to keep in any
odors and to reduce arthropod and rodent attraction. Bales can be easily handled
by one man with a hand truck.
The balers may be directly hand-loaded or chute-fed. In the latter case, they can
be equipped with an alarm system which notifies an attendant when the machine has
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VOL. Ill —™
CHAP. IV IV'10
reached its compacted capacity. Automatic devices are installed so that the baler
will operate unattended from its empty to full conditions.
Manually fed models require about ten square feet of floor area with 8 feet of over-
head clearance. The semi-automatic, chute-fed models (see photograph) will need
about 50 square feet of floor area and 8 feet of overhead clearance.
(Hospital-type Baler - Compackager Corporation)
The Compackager Corporation has also developed a baler especially for use in
hospitals, garden apartments and nursing homes where several small units may be
preferable to a large, chute-fed installation. Installations of this equipment were
inspected in institutions in Washington, D.C.
The baler is housed in an attractive cabinet which occupies about four square feet
of floor space and stands about seven feet high. A bottom-hinged receiving door
is located in the center of the front of the machine. Bagged or loose wastes can be
dumped into the receiver, thus providing direct disposal of these materials and
eliminating rehandling in a utility room. The operation of the ram actuating
mechanism requires the use of two hands, providing adequate safety precautions.
The bottom compartment of the baler has a side-hinged door opening onto the
compaction chamber. Before operation, an empty corrugated carton is placed in
the chamber. Wastes deposited through the receiving door fall into the carton.
When the compaction ram is actuated, it compresses the materials inside the
corrugated container. When the box is full and final compaction is completed,
the box can be readily removed. It can then be sealed and is easily transported
by one man, using a small hand truck. The accompanying photographs illustrate
the above noted principles of operation.
-------
I
A Model PTIC-30 Compackager Chute-Fed Baler Used in High-Rise Buildings
FIGURE IV-2
COMPACKAGER CORPORATION
PAGE IV-11
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a. Opening Depository Door of Model CA-10
Compackager Unit
b. Depositing Bagged Wastes in Baler
c. Compacting Ram is Activated
d. Removal of Boxed Material from
Lower Compartment
FIGURE IV-3
COMPACKAGER CORPORATION
PAGE IV-12
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. IV IV-13
Blender:
This equipment is a type or variety of mixer, generally used in the processing of dry
materials, although liquid blenders are also available. Two general types of dry
material blenders are common. One is quite similar to a concrete mixer and tumbles
the materials from baffles as the drum revolves. The other style, known as a "ribbon1
blender, is a cylinder within which a longitudinal shaft revolves. Welded to the
shaft are a series of thin, ribbon-like blades formed into an elongated, cylindrical
helix.
Drum-type blenders will thoroughly mix or blend dry powders or coarse, lumpy
materials. They have capacities from about 5 cubic feet to 450 cubic feet in
standard models. They will range in size from 4' x 3 1/2' x 4' high to 21' x 12'
x IT high.
Chipper,- Brush:
These machines are designed to reduce brush, tree limbs and cuttings to shredded
material by passing the debris through a rapidly revolving drum equipped with
cutters. The brush or limbs are hand-fed into a receiving hopper at the back of
the machine. The revolving drum pulls the material through the cutters and the
resulting shredded wood and leaf particles are blown through an inclined delivery
tube into a truck. The chipper is usually towed by the open truck used to haul
the shredded materials to a disposal point. Models with 12 and 16 inch wide
drums and cutting knives are available. The rotors are driven by heavy duty,
industrial type combustion engines at 3000 rpm.
Collector, Dust, Bag-type:
Several varieties of dust collectors are made by the John Zink Co. Of the least
complicated is the bag-type, of which there are variations such as shakerless and
intermittent types. The basic type forces dust-laden air upward through a series
of cylindrical bags. The air passes through the walls of the bags and into the
clean air manifold, leaving the dust deposited on the inside surfaces of the bags.
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. IV
The bags are periodically shaken by pneumatic or electrical mechanical devices. The
dust falls into a hopper and is usually removed by a screw conveyor. The shakerless
collectors rely upon reverse air flow for cleaning. This type has fewer moving parts.
The intermittent collector is similar to the basic type but must be periodically shut
down for shaking.
Collector, Dust, Centrifugal:
This type of collector employs a series or clusters of dual vertical cylinders, one inside
the other. Dirty air is forced in a downward spiral in the circumferential space
between the outer and inner cylinders. The dust is collected in a hopper at the bottom
of the cluster, while the cleaned air is exhausted upward through the inner cylinder.
The dust is removed from the hopper by air.
Collector, Dust, Cyclone:
These collectors operate on the cyclone principle consisting of a circular outer cone
of high velocity air, and an inner column of swirling, rising air. At the lower end
of the funnel a partial vacuum exists. The dust-laden air enters the collector
tangentially and follows a spiral pattern to the bottom of the cone. The centrifugal
action, which forces the heavier dust particles to the periphery of the collector,
increases as the velocity increases and the radius of the vortex is reduced. This
combination of gravitational and swirling forces causes the dust to move downward
to the dust outlet. The cyclone collector has many applications to waste systems
and is available in a number of sizes and capacities.
Crusher:
There is no clear-cut distinction which sets a crusher apart from a hammermill, or
even a pulverizer. All are generally similar in design, operation and function.
The names of these mills are used interchangeably by users and manufacturers.
Some degree of differences in the fineness of the end product will exist between
crushers and pulverizers but some or all of the basic reduction principles enumerated
below are present in crushers, hammermills, pulverizers, impact mills, fragmentizers.
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. IV IV-15
and shredders.
Some crushers may utilize fixed hammers or swing hammers on a revolving shaft.
Others, of the rolling ring type, may employ a series of serrated crushing wheels
which revolve loosely about axles attached to circular plates revolving about a
horizontal axis. However, most crushers provide multiple stage reduction by a
series of actions generally achieved in the following sequence. Material usually
enters from the top of the mill. The hammers impact on the falling material and
initial size-reduction takes place. Breaker plates located toward the bottom of
the mill further reduce the size of the material as it impacts against them. Some
crushers have additional plates built into them, sometimes called "anvils", against
which the material is forced, thus producing some crushing action between the anvil
and hammers. Grids at the bottom section of the mill further aid the crushing action
created by the hammers. Materials which have been reduced to maximum allowable
sizes will be discharged through the grids. Materials requiring further reduction are
flung against the breaker bars at the upper section of the back housing. Remaining
material will make the full cycle repeatedly until properly reduced.
Crushers will handle such varied materials as bones, steel turnings, coal, glass,
aluminum springs, shells, slag - in general, most friable materials. Capacities
will vary greatly with the size of the crusher, the material being processed and
the size to which it is to be reduced. Rates vary from 3/4 ton to several hundred
tons per hour. Floor space required will range from about 15 square feet to perhaps
150 square feet.
Crusher, Bottle and Can:
These machines come in several models. Some crush only bottles, others flatten
cans, while the larger models will handle both bottles and cans. The latter may be
equipped with a sloped conveyor to carry the materials to be crushed to the top of
the machine. The crushing principle involves the use of three horizontal drums
revolving in close proximity to each other. The drums have intermeshing vee-shaped
protrusions which force the cans or bottles between the rollers. The manufacturer
claims a size reduction ratio of from ten to one. Prices range from about $900 for
a small, combination crusher to about $3,300 for a large-capacity machine equipped
with a conveyor.
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VOL. Ill . —r-r
CHAP. IV IV~16
Crusher, Delumper:
This small crusher is used in the food and chemical industries for the further reduction
of friables, wet or dry materials. The crusher consisting of a drum with integrally
mounted teeth or blades revolves so as to allow the blades to pass through a comb-
like screen. The delumper crusher is suitable for size regulation of slurries. Another
size reduction device is made by the same manufacturer. It operates on the same
general principle but is especially designed with flanges which permit it to be bolted
into and made an integral part of a pipeline. Pipeline delumpers are made in standard
sizes of 3,4,6,10 and 12 inches. They are constructed of #304 stainless steel. Prices
of the 6" and 12" sizes are $3,600 and $9,300 respectively.
Crusher, Syringe:
Similar in principle to bottle and can crushers, this special-purpose crusher,
developed for hospital and clinic application, is small and can be table or counter-
mounted. Syringes, including needles, are crushed between special rollers. The
manufacturer claims reduction to 25% of original bulk. These conventional syringe
crushers are priced at less than $200.
Digester, Continuous:
The principal element of the continuous digester system manufactured by Black Clawson
Company consists of a tubular retention chamber. A screw conveyor, with variable
screw drive, inside the tube, moves pulped material through the tube at a prede-
termined and controlled rate of speed. The material being processed is digested at
the required temperature and steam pressure with accurate control of these variables
automatically maintained. The manufacturer claims that pulped materials can be
satisfactorily sterilized with this controlled thermal process.
Extruder, Refuse:
These devices are either integral parts of or may be hqd as optional equipment for
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. IV IV-17
attachment to certain types of waste grinders. In principle, they compact previously
ground or shredded waste materials, which contain some moisture, into a dense briquette,
Bulk reduction of loose material, after proper grinding and extrusion, is claimed by the
manufacturers to be as high as fifteen to one. This type of equipment, as parts of
reduction systems made by Mil-Pac and Electronic Assistance Corp., will be discussed
further in conjunction with dry grinders.
Grinder, Dry:
Distinction is made herein between dry grinders and wet grinders wherein the latter
require a constant supply of flushing water. The manufacturers of heavy duty lines of
dry grinders, crushers, hammermills and shredders produce equipment capable of
reducing the sizes of mixed and unselected municipal wastes. In general, the dry
grinders selected for discussion grind, crush or shred solid wastes such as are generated
in apartments, offices, hospitals or similar institutions. Some have extruders as integral
parts of the grinding equipment; others can have extruders added as optional equipment.
(EAC/Refuse Compactor - Electronic Assistance Corporation)
The manufacturer's brochures on the EAC/Refuse Compactor have been examined but
no opportunity has been afforded to inspect the equipment in operation. The EAC
machine occupies a space about 5'-6" W x 1 T-0" L x 5'-3" H. It consists of a
shredder which appears to be of the swing-hammer type, a screw conveyor for feeding
the waste from a top hopper into the shredder, and a hydraulic ram for compacting
the material into briquettes. The end-product is extruded in compressed form in the
form of solid briquettes five and one half inches square in section. The machine can
be regulated _to cut these off in blocks from four to eight inches long. The manu-
facturer claims a very high volume reduction of twenty-five to one, and also claims
a capacity of 400 to 600 pounds per hour dependent on type and density of refuse
being processed. It is further claimed that the equipment is designed to handle
general refuse mixture containing plastic and glass containers, metal cans, food
waste, sheet metal scrap, wood scrap, rags, paper products, cardboard and light
industrial wastes.
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. IV ~~ I\M8
(Mil-Pac -Mil-Pac Systems, Inc.)
The dry grinder produced by Mil-Pac Systems, a unit of SFM Corporation, is, like the
EAC equipment, an integrated grinder-extruder. It occupies a space 4'-3" W x 9'-0" L
x 8'-0" H including the feed chute. The Mil-Pac consists of a vertical-shaft hammer-
mill for grinding solid waste, which is chute-fed from the top; and a hydraulic ram
mechanism for compacting and extruding the ground, moist material. The motorized
screw conveyor for the input end, for use instead of a chute, and a sloped output
chute are available as optional .equipment. The end-product is extruded in five
strips of dense briquettes. The briquettes are about four inches square in cross
section. The strips are continuous and are pushed along an inclined chute, by the
extruding mechanism, and dropped into a container or onto a conveyor. The manu-
facturer claims a bulk reduction of fifteen to one. The accompanying photographs
of the equipment show various features of the Mil-Pac grinder.
The Mil-Pac, available in three basic models, #2400, #4000 and #6000, have
respective rated capacities of 600-1,200 Ibs./hr., 2,000-10,000 Ibs./hr., and
15,000-30,000 Ibs./hr. according to the manufacturer. These capacities are
dependent upon the makeup of the garbage and refuse being compacted. List prices
of the three models are: #2400 - $17,400; #4000 - $72,000; #6000 - $125,000.
These prices are FOB the Union, New Jersey plant of SFM Corporation. It is
estimated that the installation costs will be about equal to 20% of the list prices.
At the present time only the model #2400 is available. However, the two larger
models are expected to be in production by mid to late 1970.
-------
a. Inclined and Enclosed Conveyor at Right Moves Bagged Wastes
into Vertical Hammermill
b. Cover Removed Showing
Vertical Hammermill
c. Ground and Compacted Wastes
Being Extruded
FIGURE IV-4
PAGE IV-19
MlL-PAC SYSTEMS, INC.
-------
The MIL-PAC Model 2400 refuse disposal system is designed for hotels, institutions,
commercial and industrial buildings, and wherever large amounts of solid waste are
generated. It does not cause air pollution because it does not incinerate the refuse.
Instead, it pulverizes all solid waste and refuse and compresses the pulverized
product into easily disposable briquettes as small as l/15th its original volume.
FIGURE \V-5
MIL-PAC SYSTEMS, INC.
PAGE IV-20
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. IV f\7^2T
("Mini-Mill" - Eidal International Corporation)
Eidal International developed and manufactures a heavy duty dry grinder whose function
is the reduction of automobile bodies, discarded refrigerators and similar oversize bulk
wastes. These machines are capable of destroying eighty tons of junked cars per hour,
and produce an end-product of scrap metal particles half the size of a man's fist. From
Eidal's experience with these large grinders came smaller models, with some modifi-
cations. Recently a model identified by trade name as the "Mini-Mill" was developed
for the reduction of mixed wastes such as those generated in apartments, hospitals and
office buildings.
The first generation of the Mini-Mill has been observed and the results of its grinding
of domestic wastes seen at EidaPs plant at Albuquerque. This grinder had two barrels,
dual rotors and a rated capacity of three tons per hour of general household refuse or
light industrial solid waste matter excluding heavy metal objects and other highly dense
materials. The grinder can be arranged for continuous feed by chute or conveyor. A
compacting device, identified as a pelletizer, which can compress and extrude the
finely ground materials into briquettes, is available as optional equipment. If the
pelletizer is not installed, the ground material is discharged into containers or a
conveyor. This original model, SW-20, was about 9'-6" L x 4'-0" W x 5'-6" H
and priced at about $10,000. The inclusion of the pelletizer brought the total
installed cost to about $16,000.
The performance of the SW-20 was quite satisfactory and although users were well-
pleased, Eidal developed a newer version of the Mini-Mill. Known as model 75,
this grinder is single-barreled and will replace the earlier double-barreled style.
The manufacturer claims a capacity of about five tons per hour, with a 75 hp motor.
Motors up to 150 hp are optionally available, as are customized feed hoppers and
oscillating feed conveyors. The grinder is about 7'-0" L x 5'-0" W x 8'-0" H.
The accompanying photographs show the rotor and side grinding bar plates of the
Mini-Mill. It should be noted that the star-shaped grinding wheels are free to
rotate about their vertical axes as the rotor assembly revolves at its rated 640 rpm.
The rated tip speed is 6,000 feet per minute. The holes in the grinding wheels are
larger than the shafts which hold them. This extra clearance produces some hammer
action, yet permits the grinding wheel to pass a very dense object without jamming
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VOL. Ill fTT-^-
CHAP. IV IV~22
the rotor.
As the photographs show, the barrel slopes inward at the bottom. Materials fed into
the grinder, above the rotor, undergo particle size reduction as they move toward the
bottom of the barrel. The ground end-product is of coarse texture and, in general,
would pass a one inch screen. The quality of the end product will, of course, vary
with the characteristics of the input. The soft materials will have been shredded and
the friable materials shattered by impact and grinding. The manufacturer claims bulk
reduction of the order of six to one. At the time of reporting, no pelletizer was
available for the new model.
Eidal produces several models of grinders identified as the Mini-Mill (75 hp and
100 hp), the Glutton (200 hp and 400 hp), and the Brute (700 hp and 1000 hp).
The Mini-Mil I is listed at $11,000 for the 75 hp model and $11,200 for the 100 hp
model.
Although relatively new on the market, this grinder has met with the approval of
qualified observers who have witnessed demonstrations of its capabilities. These
grinders could be used for first stage reduction of unselected wastes where further
processing would be carried out or they are suitable for particle size and bulk
reduction of wastes which may be the last step before disposal.
Grinder, Wet:
This class of grinder is of the type usually associated with food waste grinders
installed in sinks. They vary in size, capacity and method of installation but all
require flushing of wastes into, through and beyond the grinder. They are found
in the dietary areas of practically all hospitals, restaurants and institutions which
serve food. Although some models are free-standing, most are built into sinks or
stripping counters. There are many makes of this type of wet grinder, each having
special claims made for it, but all perform the same general tasks - the reduction
of general dietary wastes into particle size and condition as to be flushed into a
sanitary sewer. Some manufacturers claim abilities to reduce mixed solid wastes.
Typical design of these grinders is a vertical barrel set into a sink or receiving
bowl. Below the bowl is a grinder and below it is the motor. The ground wastes
-------
a. 75 HP Eidal Single Barrel Mini-Mill b. View of Grinder Bar Plates on Interior of
Grinding Barrel
c. Completed Double Barrel Rotor Assembly
Installed on Bed Plate
FIGURE IV-6
MINI-MILL - EIDAL INTERNATIONAL CORP.
PAGE IV-23
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VOL. Ill . —nr-r-
CHAP. IV IV"24
are flushed out of the bottom of the grinder section through a side outlet. Design of
the grinding plates differs, but most of the reduction takes place at the periphery of
the plates, between the edge of the plate and the serrated ring which forms a portion
of the barrel. Some plates feature the addition of small swing-hammers on vertical
axes, set on top of the grinding plate.
Sizes and claimed capacities are varied and designations are not uniform. Standard
models equipped with motors of 1/3 to 10 horsepower are listed by most manufacturers,
and larger models are in the development stage by some makers.
(Atomic Disposer Corporation)
Atomic Disposer Corporation has developed prototypes of wet grinders, utilizing both
shearing and slicing actions in addition to grinding, for reduction of hospital wastes
and have employed such units in demonstration projects in Los Angeles, California.
These units have demonstrated the capability of reduction of various types of plastics
(film and rigid), disposable syringes, needles, dressings, etc. to the fineness of grind
standards required by the Sanitation Bureau, City of Los Angeles, for discharge to
sewers. Advance reports of this demonstration project conducted by the County Health
Department, County of Los Angeles, indicate satisfactory results. Total findings of this
study and reports on the performance of this equipment will be available in the near
future. Atomic Disposer Corporation utilized both 5 hp and 7 1/2 hp units in this
project and since have developed and tested models up to 25 hp.
(Swimquip, Inc.)
Swimquip, Inc., Division of Weil-McClain have developed a prototype of wet
grinders claimed suitable for reduction of certain hospital and clinic wastes. It is
being developed primarily for the reduction of disposable syringes and needles and
other hazardous small wastes generated in medical treatment areas. The pilot model
resembling a step-on waste can stands about 24" high and is enclosed in a stainless
steel housing with a locking lid.
Hammermills:
Hammermills, grinders, crushers and pulverizers all belong to the same family group.
The actions of these mills is to shatter friable materials by impact as opposed to *
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. IV TV-25"
closely grinding them between two harder objects. This has already been pointed out
in the discussion of crushers, to which the reader is referred.
The selection of the exact type of mill to use for a specific application should not be
undertaken without the aid, and benefit, of the experience of long-established
manufacturers of such equipment. The composition of the materials to be destructed,
its variations, quantities and other factors will greatly affect the final choice of
equipment.
A wide variety of hammermills are available. Some of these are identified as swing-
hammer, with heavy hammers pivoted from heavy plates attached to a revolving hori-
zontal shaft; fixed-hammer, which, as the name implies, has its hammers attached
rigidly to a plate or other fixture on the main shaft; ring-hammer, with star or some-
what serrated edges and which are loosely fitted on revolving horizontal axes
arranged around the peripheries of circular plates; and several modifications of these
types.
The interior of hammermill cases are equipped with many variations of anvils, screens
and discharge grids, all of which, combined with the velocity imparted to the
materials being impacted by the revolving hammers, help to reduce and finally
determine maximum sizes of the processed materials.
Hogger:
Similar to the equipment described above, the hogger is classified by some manu-
facturers and users as a hammermill and may also be correctly classified as shredders.
Originally designed to break up wood scraps for further processing, easier disposal or
fuel, these mills are frequently referred to as "wood hogs". The predominating design
is that of the hammermill, although some hogs are made with knives instead of hammers.
The hammer-type hogger is generally classified as knifeless.
(Ecology Industries, Inc., Formerly The Engineer Co.)
The Ecology Industries, Inc. waste reduction system consists of a pneumatic conveying
tube, a two-stage attrition device utilizing a blow-hog as the principal destructing
device; a cyclone separator and a receiver for the shredded waste materials.
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. IV 'V-26
The operation of the Ecology Industries, Inc. pilot plant was observed at the company's
plant at South Plainfield, New Jersey. Hospital wastes, in plastic bags, were received
from a local hospital, introduced into the pneumatic transport system and conveyed by
it through a primary breaker mounted above the blow-hog and then passed through the
blow-hog. The latter equipment is located in an underground vault. The pneumatic
system carries the shredded wastes through a cyclone separator where all solids are
deposited in a mobile packer container for subsequent transfer and disposal. At this
pilot plant, the exhaust air from the cyclone is discharged to the atmosphere.
Among the wastes which were included in the observed demonstration were tin cans,
aluminum foil, dietary wastes, plastic and glass bottles, paper, waxed milk containers,
baby bottles, hypodermic syringes and needles, heavy plastic chemical containers,
butane gas bottles, rags and other cloths, and many unidentifiable materials. Following
the reduction of this hospital waste and to further demonstrate the ability of the trans-
port and reduction equipment, a bag of short pieces of two inch thick lumber, varying
from four to ten inches in width and about two feet long, were put into the pneumatic
tube receiving hopper- As observed at the discharge end, this material was reduced
to splinters, slivers and coarse particles, none being longer than three inches.
It is the belief of Ecology Industries, Inc. engineers that a properly installed system
could easily be arranged to blow the shredded materials directly into an enclosed
hauling vehicle or incinerator, or deposit the materials on a conveying belt or other
mechanism, or could be used in conjunction with some other method of final processing
or disposal.
Mixer:
Mixers may be simple, revolving drums, equipped with baffles and closely resembling
concrete mixers. They may be either closed or open horizontal troughs, in which
spiral flight blades fastened to a horizontal shaft revolve. In general, this equipment
is similar to blenders, which have already been described. General use of this
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Unsorted, bagged refuse is dropped in hopper (right foreground),
conveyed pneumatically through duct to attrition mill below
grade. Comminuted refuse is conveyed pneumatically through
vertical duct to air separator. Material drops into bin (below
air separator), whence it may be fed by conveyor to a packer
truck, compactor or incinerator.
Comminuted refuse enters separator from horizontal duct
(top right) and drops into bin. Special, variable speed
conveyor moves material forward where it drops into fan pick-
up chute. Fan (left foreground) delivers material to Inciner-
ator for suspension burning. Temperature and smoke indi-
cators and temperature controllers on panel (left rear).
F.I.A. and F.M. approved gas control package below panel.
FIGURE IV-7
ECOLOGY INDUSTRIES, INC.
PAGE IV-27
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VOL. Ill
CHAP.IV
equipment is common in food and chemical processing industries where uniformity of
mixtures is important. These units can handle a wide variety of materials, both wet
and dry, such as granules, powders or slurries.
Packer, Roll-off:
S. Vincen Bowles, Inc. makes a packer which is similar to a stationary packer but
the packer mechanism and the packer container are combined on a skid mount which
is of the roll-off type. The skid is equipped with heavy rollers which permit it to be
rolled onto or off of a heavy-duty tiltframe hoist. When fully loaded with compacted
wastes, the roll-off packer is taken to a disposal point and there the packer blade
pushes the load out through a rear tailgate. The empty container and packing
mechanism is then returned to its usual location for reuse. The roll-off packer is
produced in 25 and 30 cubic yard models. The overall lengths of the two sizes are
20 feet and 24 feet respectively.
Packer, Stationary:
The stationary compactor is widely used by industry, commerce and institutions. The
stationary packer, with its large-capacity container, provides temporary outside storage
facilities and does not take up costly enclosed space. Basically, this packer, sometimes
called a fixed compactor, is comprised of two connected components - a stationary
packing mechanism which remains in one location, and a detachable receiving
container into which the wastes are compacted and periodically removed for emptying.
The packer component consists of a receiving hopper for refuse delivered by chute,
conveyor, cart or hand, and the hydraulic ram assembly used to compact the waste
into the container. The closed container is attached to the packer so that the
compaction blade can enter it through an opening in one end of the container. The
opposite end has tailgate-type doors. The arrangement of packer components, some
mechanical details and methods of hopper loading may differ between products of
various manufacturers but the operating principles are quite similar.
Operation of the packer can be actuated manually or automatically controlled. Cycling
controls provide a delay period so that loose materials will be compressed into the
container when the packer hopper has a predetermined level of waste accumulated
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. IV fV-29
in it. When the compacted capacity of the container has been reached, it can be
detached from the packer and removed by a truck equipped with a tiltframe hoist, and
emptied by dumping through its rear tailgate-type doors at some disposal or processing
point.
A wide range of sizes is available in the commercial series of stationary packers. Units
with receiving hoppers of one to about eight cubic yards are marketed. The smaller
sizes naturally accommodate smaller sized containers than do the largest models. Those
packers having hopper capacities of about three cubic yards and upward are dock-
loading types. These require the use of tilt carts and certain manufacturers incorporate
their own hoisting and dumping platform for use with this type of cart. Prices of the
stationary packers range from about $4,500 for the smallest packer to about $18,000
for larger sizes.
Several manufacturers produce small stationary packers suitable for apartment buildings
and installations having relatively small quantities of wastes for disposal. The operating
principles of these packers are essentially the same as the larger versions used in
commerce and industry. In most installations, the charge box, or hopper, of the packer
will be chute-fed and cycling operations are automated through the use of sonic controls.
These small packer mechanisms occupy only about 15 square feet, exclusive of the
containers which are used to receive the compacted wastes. The containers up to
three cubic yard capacities are castered and can be moved manually if space does
not permit pickup by a mobile packer. The manufacturers generally claim about four
to one compaction ratio for the equipment. Prices of these small packers, exclusive
of containers, will range from about $3,500 to $4,000.
Pulley, Magnetic:
These pulleys are used with belt conveyors and can be substituted for the usual pulley
which would be installed at the discharge end of the conveyor. Special coil windings
built into the pulley are supplied with electrical current and become electromagnets.
As materials on the conveyor belt pass over the energized pulley, the ferrous materials
will be held onto the belt by the magnets while the non-ferrous materials will fall off
over the end of the belt. The magnetic materials will continue on the belt until the
belt leaves the underside of the pulley. A divider, erected under the pulley, prevents
the non-magnetic materials from mixing with the accumulated ferrous materials. These
pulleys are used for the removal of unwanted tramp metal from materials being processed.
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VOL. HI __ ,v
CHAP. IV IV
Pulper:
There are several solid waste processing systems on the market and in operation which
utilize pulpers as the principal means of reduction. Generally, the pulpers are composed
of a pulping bowl with a pulping impeller and waste-sizing ring in the bottom. Acces-
sory equipment includes a junk or trash ejector and a dewatering press. The pulper and
junk extractor are mounted directly adjacent to each other but the dewatering press can
be located at some distance from the pulper and is connected by piping. It is possible
to utilize multiple pulping stations and one dewatering press and in general, units can
be located in the most convenient places since the slurry goes to the press and water
is returned to the pulper by pipelines. These principles are illustrated in the accom-
panying photographs of a typical Somat system as manufactured by the Somat Corporation.
Wastes can be introduced into the pulper by chute in floor models or manually fed in pit
models. Capacities vary from about 400 to 4,000 pounds per hour.
In general, where only food wastes, paper and light institutional wastes are being
processed, the equipment is reported to perform well. During the development stages
of pulpers, considerable difficulty has been encountered in satisfactorily handling
plastics, especially sheets, tubing and PVC containers, and occasional heavier
materials such as commonly found in unselected hospital wastes.
(Black Clawson Company)
Black Clawson Company has recently introduced a system utilizing pulping as its
operating principle. This organization has been manufacturing machinery for the
pulp and paper industry for many years. This experience with heavy duty pulpers
has given their waste reduction system some desirable features which appear to have
improved the ability of a waste pulper to handle heavier and more dense materials.
The manufacturer claims that tests already made indicate the hydrapulper can handle
the full range of plastic items and unselected hospital wastes.
An important element in the satisfactory performance of this equipment is attributed
by the manufacturer to the type of rotor and extractor bed plate used in the pulper.
It is of a design which has been modified from the heavy duty equipment which can
withstand continuous operation in the paper industry. Limited experience indicates
that this pulper can satisfactorily handle the heavier, denser materials found in
general solid wastes. The statement has been made by the manufacturer that the
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a. A Schematic Diagram Showing Multiple Somat Pulping Stations
Connected with a Remote Dewatering Press
b. Somat Pulper with
Automatic Junk Extractor
c. Hydra-Extractor or
Dewatering Press
FIGURE IV-8
SOMAT SYSTEM - SOMAT CORPORATION
PAGE IV-31
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VOL. Ill .
CHAP. IV IV~32
pilot plant has successfully pulped, among other things, small animals; garden trimmings,
including branches and leaves; wire-bound crates and 2" x 4" lumber.
This system uses a junk remover to extract large particles of metal, glass and other
unpulpable materials. These are deposited in containers for separate disposal. The
slurry is piped from the hydrapulper to a dewatering press and the resulting residue
or sludge is deposited as very moist, shredded material in containers for later disposal.
It could be thoroughly dried to save transported weight or disposed of moist in a sanitary
landfill, according to current practices. The arrangement of the components shows in
the accompanying photograph.
The pilot plant was observed in operation at Middletown, Ohio. A large pile of freshly
collected municipal garbage and refuse was available for testing purposes. A smaller
load of hospital wastes, in plastic bags, was also on hand. The various materials were
fed into the pulper bowl, using a portable belt conveyor. Observations indicate that
both general types of wastes were adequately pulped. Only a small percentage of the
input was rejected as unpulpable and removed by the junk extractor.
Pulping, as a method of processing solid wastes for ultimate disposal, has much merit.
A distinct advantage to pulping is the ease with which the wastes can be transported
as slurry in pipelines. The possible savings by this method of transport as against
the costs of conventional handling in building complexes would seem to justify
extensive study and experiment.
Pulverizer:
Most pulverizers are similar to hammermills or crushers and operate with a horizontal
shaft. The clearances between hammers and casings are somewhat less with pulverizers
than other types of reduction mills. Final screens or discharge grids in pulverizers may
be finer than in other types of similar equipment.
("Tollemache" - The Heil Company)
The Tollemache refuse pulverizer system is manufactured and sold by The Heil Company.
The basic machine is called a pulverizer and is capable of reducing municipal waste
to particle sizes which can be readily handled by conveyors and packers. The
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Schematic Diagram of Black-Clawson Hospital Waste Disposal System
FIGURE IV-9
THE BLACK CLAWSON COMPANY
PAGE IV-33
-------
Black Clawson Pulping System
The Hospital Waste Disposal System Pilot Plant at the Shartle/Pandia
Division of Black Clawson Company employs a hydrapulper, shown in
the center of the picture, below the conveyor. Note inside of bowl,
shown in mirror above it. The dewatering press, with its end-product
"sludge" chute, is on the extreme left. The junk remover is between
the pulper and the press.
FIGURE IV-10
THE BLACK CLAWSON COMPANY
PAGE IV-34
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. IV
Tollemache pulverizer is different in that it is a vertical mill. The hammers are arranged
in three groups of four horizontal rings. The diameters of each succeeding group of rings
is larger than the one above it - the smallest at the top, with the largest at the bottom.
The top of the pulverizer is a conically shaped, open hopper into which refuse is fed by
conveyor. The cone merges with the cylindrical casing of the lower portion of the
pulverizer. At the bottom of the conical section is an upward sloping chute through
which non-reducible objects are thrown for rejection. The rejects are hit by the rapidly
revolving hammers and literally thrown up the chute like a ball in a roulette wheel.
Materials moving downward are reduced in size in a series of stages. No grates are
provided since the end product is thrown out of the pulverizer much as a ballistic
separator might do. The ground material is flung through an opening in the casing,
onto a belt conveyor.
Developed for the heavy duty operation required to handle 15 tons of municipal waste
per hour, this pulverizer is massive. No exact dimensions are available but the mill,
exclusive of any conveyors, would occupy an area about 10' x 12' and would be about
15" high. The manufacturer claims that a waste reduction operation, based upon the
use of this pulverizer, can be handled by a work force of two or three men.
Pulverizer, Paper:
This is a special purpose pulverizer which, it is claimed, will pulverize all types of
paper, including IBM cards, photographs, medical and personal records and even
offset plates and glass slides. The end product appears similar to coarse cotton. The
complete system includes a cyclone separator, dust collector and a small compactor.
The actual reduction device is a swing-hammer impact mill with a built-in pregrinding
shredder. Models with capacities ranging from 300 to 10,000 pounds per hour are
available.
Separator, Cyclone:
Probably the most readily recognized and perhaps the most commonly used separator is
the cyclonic type. The conical bottom section and cylindrical top with ducts attached
is a familiar sight in all industrial complexes. Used to remove solids from airstreams in
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. IV
industry, they operate on the principle of inertial separation. In the cyclone, mixtures
of air and solid particles are introduced at the top. They are forced to spiral downward
by pressure or suction. The inertial spin imparted to the particles forces them to the
inner walls of the cyclone. The downward motion of the air drives the dust or particles
to the bottom of the cone where its inertial energy carries the solids through an outlet.
The cleaned air moves radially inward from the cyclone flow and it passes upward
through an outlet. Separators operating on the cyclone principle are used to collect
dust or undesirable particles and also to separate wanted solids, such as shredded
materials, out of the airstream for further processing or disposal. The outlet air can
be recirculated within a closed system or discharged to the atmosphere.
Separator, Magnetic:
These electromagnetic devices are made in several forms of bars, grates, grids and
plates. They can be built into hoppers, chutes or conveying systems. They have many
applications but their primary function is the removal of unwanted bits, pieces and
particles of metal. Their magne?3c capacities and capabilities are almost infinite
and they can be provided to meet very unusual conditions.
Shredder:
Shredders are mills which are frequently used to reduce non-friable materials and are
quite similar in principle to hammermills, grinders and crushers, although the shape of
hammers or knives may be different from some other mills. Hammer shapes may be of
the heavy "slugger" style or of the "hog" style. Others may be variations of ring
hammers, with star shapes or roughly serrated edges.
Shredders are of two main types. The down-running shredder has material fed to it
on the down-swing of the hammers. The over-running type receives material at the
top of the mill and on the up-swing of the hammers. Over-running, sometimes called
up-running, shredders or crushers are used with less friable materials, when a longer
cycle in the mill is desired. Generally speaking, the size of grate openings and the
arrangement and pattern of breaker plates will regulate the sizes of the finished
products.
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. IV JV~37
The wide variations in the composition of general or municipal wastes make two-stage
reduction sometimes desirable. This is especially true if composting is to be the ultimate
method of disposal. Regardless of ultimate disposition of shredded wastes, serious consid-
eration should be given to the use of a primary and secondary shredder. This would
result in a more uniform end product but would also provide some backup equipment for
use under emergency conditions and for short periods of operation. While not as fully
safe as duplicate equipment, some measure of assurance of a continuing process would
be obtained.
Manufacturers' catalogs give little that is specific about the capacities of shredders.
This is understandable when the wide variety of uses to which the equipment might be
put is considered. However, one manufacturer alone lists about thirty sizes each for
down and over-running shredders. Weights of the equipment run from 7,500 to 170,000
pounds in a wide range of capacities to suit almost any requirement.
Sieve, Dewatering:
These sieves have no moving parts. They consist of a steeply sloped screen held in a
frame, with a feed or headbox at the top. Liquids or slurries to be strained are fed
into the headbox, from which they flow over a weir and down the face of the sieve.
The sieve is built of stainless steel and has transverse bars with slot spacing available
from .010 inches to .100. Five standard widths from 18" to 72" and heights from
57" to 84" are available.
Sterilizer, Sludge:
This process usually consists of a combination of equipment components in a designed
system for neutralization of contaminated industrial wastes and sewage sludge.
("Farrer System" - Dorr Oliver, Inc.)
A thermal treatment process known as the Farrer System is now being marketed by
Dorr-Oliver, Incorporated. This process involves heat treatment of sludges in a
range of 360° to 380°F for the desired period of reaction. By utilization of heat
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. IV IV-38
exchange principles, incoming sludge is heated to approximately 300 F by controlling
outgoing treated sludge temperature at 85 F. A booster raises the preheated sludge
to the desired temperature by means of heat from the main boiler. The heated sludge
flows through a specially designed reactor at a controlled rate to insure desired
retention time for full sludge conditioning. Following heat treatment, the sludge
moves to a continuous flow decanting tank for separation. The separated sludge is
then dewatered with a final moisture content of 50% to 60%.
The manufacturer further states there is no steam injection and no vapor discharge in
this process. Dry sludge cake is sterile, odor-free, and bulk is reduced up to 10%
of original volume. Operation is fully automatic. Precise heat control can be
maintained regardless of surge loadings. Minimal operator attention is required.
Continual improvements have produced a system widely accepted in Europe.
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/PL. Ill RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
CHAP. V FINAL PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL METHODS Page No.
SANITARY LANDFILL V-4
RECLAMATION V-6
Swine Feeding V-6
Rendering V-7
Product Salvage V-8
COMPOSTING V-10
INCINERATION V-ll
INCINERATORS FOR HOSPITALS by Elmer R. Kaiser,P.E. V-17
Incinerators V-18
Air Pollution Control V-21
Controls and Safety V-22
General Recommendations V-23
PYROLYSIS V-24
WET AIR OXIDATION ' V-27
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VOL. Ill RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
CHAP. V FINAL PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL METHODS Page No.
LIST OF FIGURES
V-l Standards of the Incinerator Institute of America V-12
V-2 Sargent-NCV Division of Zurn Industries, Inc. V-15
V-3 A Typical Arrangement for Hospital Refuse Incinerator V-20
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VOL. Ill RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
CHAP. V FINAL PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL METHODS \M~
Singularly, the most emphasized need and least developed functi.on-.or activity in solid
waste management is that of disposal. Conversely, however, the greatest investment
and advances in equipment for solid waste systems occur in handling, storage and
processing functions preceding disposal. Development of satisfactory disposal processes,
free of pollution effects on the environment, has been lagging and processes are still
being researched.
Disposal is considered herein as the final treatment or combination of treatments in the
conversion of wastes to innocuous materials or useable by-products. By and large,
known disposal methods are limited to relatively few conversion processes, some
involving conversion by normal decomposition of materials and several processes which
involve accelerated conversion.
Conversion of waste materials may be accelerated by destructive disposal processes,
such as controlled incineration and supervised or unsupervised open burning. These
processes produce high volume reduction of solids with the end product of these processes
being a mixed residue including ash and non-combustible materials of high density, as
well as gaseous air pollutants. Conversion may also be accomplished by natural
composting or accelerated by means of various mechanized systems. Products of these
mechanized composting systems are a sterile organic soil and gaseous air pollutants.
The composting process in itself does not greatly reduce the volume of waste materials.
However, substantial reduction in the end product may be accomplished in conjunction
with those reclamation activities normal with composting processes and where high
ratios of salvageable materials are present. Grinding of food wastes for discharge to
sewers with ultimate processing at treatment plants and final deposit of sludge at
sanitary landfills or use as soil conditioner is popularly accepted in many areas as
the best method of disposal of garbage. In addition, other terminal processes such
as wet air oxidation, which may produce a sterile slurry or ash cake, and pyrolysis,
a destructive distillation process producing sterile charred solids, are among the
numerous newer conversion processes being explored for development.
Salvage of selected waste materials in the past has had great significance and currently
this reclamation concept is regaining popularity, although economics are not always
favorable. Among the materials of greater significance for salvage are paper, rags,
ferrous and non-ferrous metals, glass and rubber. Other salvage processes such as
rendering of animal carcasses and fats for production of fertilizer, glue, soaps, etc.,
as well as salvage of food wastes for swine feeding, still prevails in many areas of
the country. Both methods generally require segregation of the wastes at the source
of generation and often require refrigerated storage. Excessive handling costs in
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VOL. Ill . _y.
CHAP. V V'2
nearly all reclamation processes are the overriding factors in the economic feasibility
of disposal by various reclamation processes.
Disposal by sanitary landfill, open dumping and dumping at sea are the only processes
where conversion is not accelerated by man and where normal decomposition of the
organic material occurs. However, dumping of solid wastes in the sea or inland bodies
of water has in recent years been outlawed for all practical purposes. In both sanitary
landfill and open dumping methods, substantial settlement of the material occurs during
decomposition, together with production of gaseous emissions. Open dumping, the
most common practice used in the disposal of solid wastes, has in recent years received
strong criticism from governmental agencies and the general public. The only currently
acceptable method of disposal by landfill is management of sanitary landfills adhering
to accepted standards of construction and daily maintenance. Continuing studies on
sanitary landfills are being conducted in efforts to produce land on completion of such
operations that will have a wider range of use than current experience indicates is
permissible.
The above broadly indicates the total range of disposal methods currently available.
For purposes of this report, we are primarily concerned with selection of ultimate
disposal methods that are suitable for the special categories of wastes commonly gener-
ated in hospitals, office buildings and detention facilities. From the foregoing studies
covered in Volume I and II, quantities, types and characteristics of waste produced at
each of these types of facilities, together with an evaluation of present disposal methods
employed, were explored in some depth. Based upon these studies, the following
criteria in the selection of disposal methods for each building type was established.
Hospital Wastes: The evaluation of hospital solid waste systems indicated that main-
taining separate collection channels for contaminated and non-contaminated wastes
cannot be practically or economically enforced in the conventional hospital facility.
Segregation of waste materials throughout the system must rely heavily on the human
element of judgment in the classification and distinction of these types of materials.
Generally, an intermix of materials occurs due to difficulty of identification and
the inability of the workers to make a distinction. Even intermixing of disposables
and reusables is commonplace. As a result of these observations, this study has adopted
the theory that all wastes coming off the hospital floor can be classified as contaminated
materials. It must be pointed out that such classification of hospital wastes is not
currently accepted by all authorities. Composition of these wastes include many
salvageable materials that could prove harmful upon reclamation and reuse. Based^
upon these conditions, it was concluded that on-site disposal should be preferred or
on-site processing of these materials should be accomplished to produce a sterile
homogeneous material suitable for safe off-site transport and disposal.
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. V V-3
Office Building Wastes: Composition of wastes generated in the office buildings studied
were neither hazardous nor objectionable when related to handling or disposal. Largely
consisting of paper with an intermix of small quantities of food wastes and non-combustibles,
these materials are generated in relatively low volumes. No restrictions appear necessary
on the disposal of materials of this type. However, in interests of security of confidential
information, as well as general building safety, consideration should be given to first
stage processing of this material such as shredding and/or compaction or baling preceding
ultimate disposal. Selection of disposal methods will likely be limited to incineration
and landfill or salvage where quantities of materials warrant.
Detention Facilities: Disposable wastes generated in detention facilities were previously
identified as rubbish and food wastes not unlike general municipal wastes. It was found
in earlier investigations that detention facility waste systems are largely operated by
inmates and equipment in this operation is intentionally limited. It was concluded that
on-site processing or disposal involving mechanical equipment subject to the operational
abuse by inmates should be avoided and that off-site disposal would be preferred.
Nature of the waste materials present no greater hazards in disposal than in normal
municipal wastes and may satisfactorily be disposed of by conventional methods such
as landfilling or incineration.
The research and investigation of disposal methods has been closely interrelated with
the investigation of processing methods as reviewed in the preceding chapter. The
purpose of this section of the report is to review the various disposal processes and the
combinations of equipment components for processing solid wastes as currently being
researched by manufacturers, in efforts to develop, select and evaluate satisfactory
disposal systems for the various types of buildings under study.
Organization of material in narrative review presented herein is limited to the
discussion of disposal processes rather than review of individual equipment components
such as presented in the preceding chapters on handling, storage and processing.
However, specialized equipment components utilized in these various processes are
discussed as appear warranted within the review of each disposal process. These
equipment components are further identified by classification, definition and
manufacturer in Appendices "G" and "H".
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VOL. Ill . .
CHAP. V V'4
SANITARY LANDFILL
Sanitary landfills designed for local conditions, on suitable sites and operated in
accordance with accepted standards have proven to be one of the most satisfactory
methods of waste disposal currently available. Where suitable sites ore available
within reasonable haul distances from sources of waste generation or collection areas,
it is likely the most economical method of disposal.
Considering the nature and characteristics of the types of wastes generated in office
buildings and detention facilities, disposal by sanitary landfill would be on acceptable
method. It would also be an acceptable method of disposal for hospital wastes providing
these materials were properly conditioned for off-site transport and disposal prior to
dispatch from the hospital plant. Minimum conditioning immediately following col-
lection should include grinding, shredding or pulping and dewatering, or other
processes to reduce the mixed unselected wastes generated in hospitals to a homoge-
neous, unidentifiable material. In addition, this material should be subjected to a
sterilization process producing an innocuous end-product that may be safely transported
off-site for handling at nearly any type of landfill operation. These conditioning
processes would provide multiple benefits. Reduction of the material to a homogeneous
state would not only preclude the possibility of off-site salvage and reuse of contam-
inated articles but also prevent the equally important possibility of on-site salvage
before waste materials are dispatched to the disposal site. A controlled sterilization
process would further assure against transmission of disease and environmental pollution
both during off-site transport and at the disposal site.
To further qualify the above limitations recommended for disposal of hospital wastes in
sanitary landfills, the following general discussion on factors of off-site disposal as
presented in Volume I is repeated herein.
No conclusive research directly related to off-site disposal of hospital wastes and
its effect on the community has been performed. Principal concerns relate to the
possible survival of harmful bacteria and disease transmission by direct human contact
with contaminated materials or through other biological vectors, as well as trans-
mission through air and water pollution. Off-site disposal conventionally involves
a method of highway transport, direct or via transfer stations to landfills or central
incineration plants. The community environment may be exposed to hospital waste
contaminants throughout the course of travel with greatest potential exposure
occurring at the disposal site where direct contact by refuse workers and scavengers
may occur or where water pollution via run-off or leaching may ultimately affect
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. V
the populace.
General observation in Los Angeles County and other areas inspected indicate that
other than identified pathologic wastes which represent a small percentage of total
wastes, the majority of mixed waste materials are being transported to area landfills.
It is also likely that the majority of hospitals, especially those of less than 500 beds,
are serviced by private refuse contractors or public collection agencies. Largely
these waste materials are not identifiable as hospital wastes as they are received at
landfills. Collectors servicing private institutions as well as some of the public
facilities provide routine servicing, and therefore the majority of hospital wastes
are mixed with commercial and/or residential wastes prior to delivery to disposal
sites and could not feasibly receive special handling.
Based on the above factors and limited knowledge in this field as to immediate and
long-range effects, elimination of these potential hazards to the community environ-
ment through on-site disposal or such processing as discussed would likely be recog-
nized as the preferred method from the viewpoint of public interest. Regardless of
the system selected, assurance of its proper operation to minimize environmental
contamination, both within the plant and the community, is paramount and is
emphasized should off-site disposal be the only feasible alternative available to
the community.
It is acknowledged that by definition, sanitary landfill includes the controlled
disposal of wastes and special handling of identifiable hazardous wastes. In
communities where such methods are employed and where separate collections
of hospital wastes are feasible, off-site disposal in this manner may be acceptable.
Potential hazards to the environment may be minimized in transport through tight
container!zation, and at sanitary landfill sites through special handling procedures,
such as immediate compaction and cover, as well as tight security and proper
selection of site.
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. V
RECLAMATION
Reclamation, defined as the act or process of reclaiming, for purposes of this study is
all inclusive of those activities connected with salvage of useable materials, products,
or by-products in the disposal of solid wastes. Major reclamation activities considered
herein include the direct salvage of useable mixed materials such as garbage and food
wastes for swine feeding, remnants of animal carcasses and fats for rendering, as well
as the salvage of specific products, such as paper, metals, glass, etc. that may be
recycled in the production of new materials.
Recovery of by-products that may be achieved during conversion or disposal processes
are also considered reclamation activities and include such processes as waste heat
recovery from incineration, compost from composting, charcoal from pyrolysis, etc.
For purposes of this study, evaluation of the suitability of the disposal process, rather
than the potential recovery of by-products, is the chief concern. Those disposal
processes capable of producing by-products will be discussed in later sections of
this chapter as may be warranted. This section will be confined to the direct salvage
of useable materials and products as noted above and as related to the various types
of buildings and respective wastes under consideration.
Swine Feeding:
Collection of garbage by commercial haulers or piggeries for hog feeding remains as
an accepted method of disposal in many areas of the country. However, this method
now under the strict control of health agencies is permissible only when the waste
material is conditioned by accepted cooking procedures. These enforced procedures,
together with prevailing zoning, plant design and licensing requirements in most areas
are the basic controls which have been developed to permit this industry practice to
continue and to eliminate transmission of certain diseases via hog feeding. Since
the mid-fifties, these types of controls have been adopted in all states, with the
responsibility of enforcement on local health agency officials. The regulations,
primarily in the interest of public health, also encourage compliance of the
commercial piggery operator, which in effect provide insurance against loss due
to herd infection and required destruction of the infected animals.
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. V V-7
Properly conducted in accordance with current standards of operation, the age-old
practice of hog feeding as a method of disposal, fulfills the popular concept of
recycling of waste materials in the interests of conservation.
Relating this method of disposal to the food wastes generated in detention facilities
and office buildings, it would appear as an acceptable method when these materials
are generated in sufficient quantities whereby collection is economically feasible.
In the case of food preparation wastes generated in hospitals, it would also be
acceptable, providing these materials can be properly segregated. Approval of this
method for disposal of food wastes generated in hospitals should be at the discretion
of the local health officer and indicated public acceptance in the community involved,
Rendering:
Rendering animal and fish carcasses is still a significant method of disposal, as well
as a recognized process in the production of fertilizers, glues, soap, oils, etc. It
is a common and accepted method of disposal in the larger communities.
Rendering, as considered in this study, would be an acceptable method of disposal
for remnants of animal and fish carcasses resulting from food processing at detention
facilities or office building cafeterias. It would also be an acceptable method of
disposal for similar wastes produced in hospitals if segregated from contaminated
wastes until collected. In all such cases, refrigerated storage must be provided
for this type of material due to normally infrequent collections.
This method cannot be recommended for the disposal of small animal carcasses
resulting from laboratory and research activities in hospitals. Should this method
be considered, it should be subject to the approval of health agencies. The decision
should be dependent on the type of research conducted on specific animals, the hazard
these carcasses might present in handling and off-site movement or in the residues
produced in rendering.
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VOL. Ill
CHAP.V V'8
Product Salvage:
Several factors must be evaluated when considering salvage of specific products from
wastes generated in hospitals, detention facilities and office buildings. Principal
materials generated at these types of buildings that may have potential salvage value
include paper, metals and glass. By and large these materials are intermixed during
collection. Relatively small quantities of the individual waste materials are generated,
hence separate collection and segregation of the materials cannot be economically
justified as an in-plant activity.
Due to the nature of wastes generated in hospitals, as previously defined, direct
salvage of products should not be considered either at in-plant or at off-site locations.
Recovery of materials with salvage could be considered only after the intermixed wastes
were subjected to a complete sterilization process. It can be readily assumed that it
would not be economically feasible to sterilize these materials for the single purpose
of salvage. However, if sterilization was justified for other purposes, salvage of
select materials might prove feasible.
The nature of wastes generated at detention facilities are estimated to have a relatively
low proportion of salvageable products as opposed to office building wastes where a high
proportion of salvageable paper may be found. However, due to the relatively low
waste production (by weight) found in office buildings, coupled with the prevailing
requirement for daily service in removal of these wastes by private refuse contractors,
significant benefits from potential salvage of these materials cannot be expected by
the building owner or tenant. The private contractor in most cases is primarily
providing a reliable refuse removal service to the customer. Salvage benefits that
may be derived from these mixed wastes should rightfully accrue to the contractor
or ultimate processor, especially when considering price variations that occur in
the salvage market.
As a result of quantity surveys on wastes generated in office buildings as reported in
Volume II of this study, it was found that average daily production was slightly less
than 2.5 pounds per thousand square feet. Typical of buildings investigated was one
with an area of 1,000,000 square feet producing a total of about 2,000 pounds of
wastes per day. Considering the salvage value of about $20-$25 per ton for baled
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. V
paper as prevailed in 1969, substantially greater quantities of waste paper would neces-
sarily be generated daily at any building to warrant separate collection and central
processing exclusively for salvage.
In summary, the nature of waste materials produced in detention facilities and office
buildings present little hazard in handling and would be suitable for disposal by partial
salvage if economically feasible to commercial salvage firms. It is unlikely that in-
plant salvage would prove feasible except in extremely large buildings or complexes.
In the case of hospital wastes, salvage of products cannot be recommended and in any
case should not be considered except after positive sterilization by some proven method.
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. V
COMPOSTING
Mechanized systems of composting presently in development stages rely on the principle
of accelerated aerobic decomposition of organic materials. This method of disposal
under controlled conditions is suitable for wastes of high organic content and produces
a sterile soil with potential value. However, developing markets for the end-product
has been one of the principal obstacles in popular use and acceptance of these systems,
for without a sufficient monetary return from the sale of compost, the economic feasi-
bility of this method of disposal appears at best, marginal. Other economic returns
derived from this process are income produced from salvage operations normally
associated with composting plants. Products salvaged include paper, metals, glass,
rags, rubber, etc. dependent upon current demands of the salvage market.
Considering composting as the final disposal process for wastes generated in hospitals
would be conditional. As in the case of other off-site disposal methods that may be
considered, it is vital that certain of the waste materials such as disposable syringes,
needles, instruments, etc. should be destructed and sterilization of all waste materials
should be accomplished by some proven method prior to dispatch from the hospital
plant.
The nature of wastes generated in detention facilities, although considered to be
proportionately low in salvageable materials, would as domestic wastes be suitable
for composting. Wastes generated in office buildings would have proportionately
high salvage value in paper content and likely relatively little value for compost
as such.
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. V
INCINERATION
Incineration, one of the most effective methods of reducing the bulky volume of solid
wastes, produces a relatively innocuous residue that is reasonably safe and easy to
handle. Ultimate disposal of this residue in a landfill requires but a fraction of the
space necessary for burial of the raw wastes, hence, the useable life of any given
landfill area may be prolonged.
That incineration is sometimes looked upon with disfavor is not necessarily the fault
of the process or the equipment. Although faulty installations can often be traced
to improper design, due to lack of knowledge on the part of the designer, improper
selection of package units or components or even penuriousness in budgeting, the
blame for poor performance often lies in the hands of those who are responsible for
the operation of plants and equipment at management, supervisory and operating
levels. The best designed and built plant, of any kind, will not perform satisfactorily
if improperly operated. This applies to sewage or water treatment plants, or other
mechanical equipment installations, as well as incinerators. It is strongly recommended
that where installations of incinerators are made, they be manned by people who
understand the operation of major equipment involving heat and power. For example,
providing incinerator operation was carried out in conjunction with the operation of
power or steam generating plants, it is likely the level of efficient and satisfactory
performance would be improved, for the operating crews of these plants have the
necessary training to understand incinerator operation. To assign the operation of
incinerators to the least skilled and lowest paid personnel is inviting a level of
operation which will not meet even the barest minimum of standards„
The discussion of incinerators herein will be limited to the types of equipment which
are most applicable to the problems with which this report is concerned and will
include the smaller capacity equipment, those usually identified as package and on-
site incinerators, pathological incinerators and crematories. Consideration of the
use of an incinerator for waste disposal should be preceded by a review of the Standards
of the Incinerator Institute of America, to which the reader is referred. Included in
these standards are the Institute's "Classification of Wastes and Incinerators" repro-
duced on the following page for the reader's convenience.
The selection of equipment will depend upon the conditions which must be met. To
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CLASSIFICATION OF WASTES AND INCINERATORS
The basis for satisfactory incinerator operation is the proper analysis of the waste to be destroyed, and the selection of
proper equipment to test destroy that particular waste.
As a guide, mixtures of waste most commonly encountered have been classified into types of waste, together with the
B.T.U. values and moisture contents of the mixtures. A concentration of one specific waste in the mixture may change the
B.T.U. value and/or the moisture content of the mixture. A concentration of more than 10% by weight of catalogues,
magazines, or packaged paper will change the density of the mixture and affect burning rates.
Similarly, incinerators have been classified, by their capacities and by the type of wastes they are capable of incinerating.
CLASSIFICATION OF WASTES
Type 0 — Trash, a mixture of highly combustible waste
such as paper, cardboard, cartons, wood boxes, and com-
bustible floor sweepings, from commercial and industrial
activities. The mixtures contain up to 10% by weight of
plastic bags, coated paper, laminated paper, treated corru-
gated cardboard, oily rags and plastic or rubber scraps.
This type of waste contains 10% moisture, 5% incom-
bustible solids and has a heating value of 8300 B.T.U. per
pound as fired.
Type 1 — Rubbish, a mixture of combustible waste such as
paper, cardboard cartons, wood scrap, foliage and com-
bustible floor sweepings, from domestic, commercial and
industrial activities. The mixture contains up to 20% by
weight of restaurant or cafeteria waste, but contains little
or no treated papers, plastic or rubber wastes.
This type of waste contains 25% moisture, 10% incom-
bustible solids and has a heating value of 6500 B.T.U. per
pound as fired.
Type 2 — Refuse, consisting of an approximately even
mixture of rubbish and garbage by weight.
This type of waste is common to apartment and residen-
tial occupancy, consisting of up to 50% moisture, 7% in-
combustible solids, and has a heating value of 4300 B.T.U.
per pound as fired.
Type 3 — Garbage, consisting of animal and vegetable
wastes from restaurants, cafeterias, hotels, hospitals, mar-
kets, and like installations.
This type of waste contains up to 70% moisture, up to
5 % incombustible solids, and has a heating value of 2500
B.T.U. per pound as fired.
Type 4 — Human and animal remains, consisting of car-
casses, organs and solid organic wastes from hospitals,
laboratories, abattoirs, animal pounds, and similar sources,
consisting of up to 85% moisture, 5% incombustible
solids, and having a heating value of 1000 B.T.U. per
pound as fired.
Type 5 — By-product waste, gaseous, liquid or semi-liquid,
such as tar, paints, solvents, sludge, fumes, etc., from indus-
trial operations. B.T.U. values must be determined by the
individual materials to be destroyed.
Type 6 — Solid by-product waste, such as rubber, plastics,
wood waste, etc., from industrial operations. B.T.U. values
rnust be determined by the individual materials to be
destroyed.
CLASSIFICATION OF INCINERATORS
Class 1 — Portable, packaged, completely assembled, direct
fed incinerators, having not over 5 cu. ft. storage capacity,
or 25 Ibs. per hour burning rate, suitable for Type 2 Waste.
Class IA — Portable, packaged or job assembled, direct fed
incinerators 5 cu. ft. to 15 cu. ft. primary chamber volume;
or a burning rate of 25 Ibs. per hour up to, but not includ-
ing, 100 Ibs. per hour of Type 0, Type 1, or Type 2 Waste;
or a burning rate of 25 Ibs. per hour up to, but not includ-
ing, 75 Ibs. per hour of Type 3 Waste.
Class II — Flue-fed, single chamber incinerators with more
than 2 sq. ft. burning area, for Type 2 Waste. This type
of incinerator is served by one vertical flue functioning
both as a chute for charging waste and to carry the products
of combustion to atmosphere. This type of incinerator has
been installed in apartment houses or multiple dwellings.
(See notes on page 2B.)
Class HA — Chute-fed multiple chamber incinerators, for
apartment buildings with more than 2 sq. ft. burning area,
suitable for Type 1 or Type 2 Waste. (Not recommended
for industrial installations.) This type of incinerator is
served by a vertical chute for charging wastes from two or
more floors above the incinerator and a separate flue for
carrying the products of combustion to atmosphere.
Class HI — Direct fed incinerators with a burning rate of
100 Ibs. per hour and over, suitable for Type 0, Type 1 or
Type 2 Waste.
Class IV — Direct fed incinerators with a burning rate of
75 Ibs. per hour or over, suitable for Type 3 Waste.
Class V — Municipal incinerators suitable for Type 0,
Type 1, Type 2, or Type 3 Wastes, or a combination of
all four wastes, and are rated in tons per hour or tons per
24 hours.
Class VI — Crematory and pathological incinerators, suit-
able for Type 4 Waste.
Class VII — Incinerators designed for specific by-product
wastes. Type 5 or Type 6.
PAGE—1968—3A
Standards of the Incinerator Institute of America
FIGURE V-1
PAGE V-12
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. V
speculate or to deal with hypothetical quantities of wastes, their composition, rates
of creation and many other factors would serve no useful purpose here. Suffice it to
say that a complete survey of conditions must be made and from the data collected,
the required criteria can be established. Further details on design criteria are discussed
later in the section on "Incinerators for Hospitals".
Careful attention must be given to keep abreast of regulatory measures and codes. In
certain areas of the country, these become more restrictive almost daily and what was
acceptable last year may not do today. Consultation with responsible authorities must
be had with some frequency before final selection of incinerating equipment and
accessories is made. It may be added without reservation that incineration of relatively
small quantities of mixed wastes in a manner whereby emissions will be at acceptable
levels will be relatively expensive in initial costs and that budgets should be generous
in the area of combustion accessories, air pollution control devices and controls.
However, with proper maintenance and operation, operating costs can be held within
reasonable economic limits.
Research and development on various newer principles of incineration are actively
being pursued by many manufacturers; however, development is largely aimed at high
capacity units for municipal incineration rather than the smaller units applicable to
this study.
Typical of the conventional package incinerators marketed for on-site installation is
the 600 pound per hour retort incinerator and the 50 pound per hour pathological
incinerator as manufactured by Sargent NCV Division of Zurn Industries, Inc. These
units as described below are shown in the accompanying photographs.
The R 600-1 incinerator is classified as a heavy duty destructor of the retort type
capable of handling Class I or Class II wastes. The manufacturer claims it meets the
standards of the Incinerator Institute of America for this type of equipment and complies
with the requirements of Class III, Class IV, Class VI or Class VII incinerators. Advan-
tages claimed for retort type over in-line incinerators include substantial space savings
due to reduced length of the retort equipment and some increase in burning efficiency
of this type of unit. The R 600-1 retort incinerator requires a space of about 13'-0 x
9'-0 with about 14 feet of vertical clearance. The unit is 7'-6" high without
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VOL. Ill ____
CHAP.V V-14
allowances for stack connections. The cost of this unit is about $7,000 f.o.b, plant
excluding installation.
The gas scrubber unit (model 600) for this incinerator is of the wet impingement type
and has a capacity of 6,480 pounds of gases per hour, at temperatures up to 2,000°F.
This equipment requires 6 gallons of water per minute at 30 psi. Standard models
include stainless steel inlet sections with alloy steel outer shell. However, complete
stainless steel construction should be specified for acid or pathological wastes. Space
requirements will vary slightly depending upon whether the scrubber is equipped with
either a top or side inlet, but generally a space 8'-0" x 6'-0" with 13 feet of vertical
clearance will accommodate either model. Approximate cost of the model 600 scrubber
is $4,000. Other accessories such as a pyrometer and control panel are priced at $100
and $450 respectively.
Pathological-type incinerators capable of handling Type IV wastes are available in
six models with capacities varying from 50 to 300 pounds per hour. They incorporate
overlapping hot-hearth type incinerators. The model P-50 has a capacity of 50 pounds
of Class IV wastes per hour. It has 5.6 square feet of hearth area in a 9.9 cubic foot
combustion chamber. This unit requires a minimum space of 9'-0" x 4'-0" with
vertical clearances of 7 feet. The model P-50 costs approximately $3,170 f.o.b.
plant equipped with two gas burners but excluding installation.
If required, this incinerator may be equipped with a model 100 gas scrubber, pyrometer
and control panel at an additional cost of about $2,350. This gas scrubber has a
capacity of 1,080 pounds of gases per hour and requires one gallon of water per minute
at 30 psi. If retention chambers are required for gas scrubbers, they are available at
$350 per unit. Chain hoists for operating destructor charging doors cost about $250.
No duct work costs are included in any of the prices given.
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with 60Q Ser>m GJI W*sh«i
(front Vi*w! S... M.ya Hoi
prill Now Orlmni, loufi..
Sargent Retort Incinerator
Sargent Pathological Incinerator
(50 Pound Per Hour Capacity)
FIGURE V-2
SARGENT-NCV DIVISION OF ZURN INDUSTRIES, INC
PAGE V-15
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VOL. Ill
CHAP.V V-16
The above briefly describes the principles of application and operation of the smaller
package incinerators as well as accessories that are available. Improvements in package
incineration over the years has been largely confined to changes in design of components,
such as shape of combustion chambers, kinds of refractory lining, methods of introducing
and controlling combustion air, modifications of afterburner principles, and other air
pollution control devices, stack design, methods of stoking and ash removal, automated
controls, etc. In short, incineration is a highly complex process. Design of instal-
lations should not be left to catalog selection of equipment or for the evaluation of
the layman. It should be stressed that qualified engineers experienced in incineration
design should establish design criteria and prepare necessary designs, specifications
and operating procedures for all types of incinerator installations. These engineering
functions are further detailed in the following section on "Incinerators for Hospitals"
as prepared by Elmer R. Kaiser for this study. It may be added that many of the general
requirements and broad principles established are also applicable to on-site incineration
for many types of buildings, as well as hospital installations.
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. V
INCINERATORS FOR HOSPITALS by Elmer R. Kaiser, P.E.*
Destruction of hospital wastes by incineration is an established, sanitary and
economical practice. Improvements in incinerator design and the use of modern
high efficiency washers for the combustion gases have made incinerators more
acceptable. On-site incineration reduces hazards and contamination in the
handling and disposal of hospital wastes, particularly by waste handlers who are
unfamiliar with the dangers associated with such wastes.
The purpose of this presentation is to provide guidance to hospital administrators,
architects, engineers and others in the considerations for an incinerator facility.
For a new hospital, the architect will find it particularly advisable to regard waste
management as an important function and to allocate ample space for it. In the
past, the incinerator was too often relegated to a cramped area in the basement
with awkward arrangements for the transport of refuse and burned out residue.
Incinerator plant design by professional engineers includes consideration of the
refuse quantities and types, material handling of refuse and residue, incinerator
selection and room layout, air pollution control, safety, utilities, and cost. Only
rudiments of the hospital incinerators will be discussed in this article.
A survey of refuse types and weights is advisable for existing hospitals before
deciding on the size of incinerator to be installed. The survey should be conducted
for a week or more, with all refuse weighed and recorded by days. The daily
number of bed patients should also be noted for comparison. If feasible, the weight
of metal, glass and other non-combustibles should be determined.
In general, incinerable refuse consists of free moisture, dry combustible matter,
and inerts. Moisture is that fraction which evaporates by heat drying in air at
not over 212 F. Moisture contents vary from about 8 per cent for paper to 85 per
cent for food waste. Metal, glass and the mineral matter associated with most organics
are deemed inert for incineration, although some oxidation of metals does occur in
*Senior Research Scientist, New York University, School of Engineering and Science,
Bronx, New York 10453
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VOL. HI
CHAP.V
the fire.
Calorific values of the dry, inert-free, combustibles also vary from 7,500 to 19,000
British thermal units (Btu) per pound, with an average of about 10,000 Btu per pound.
Hospital waste of 10 per cent moisture and 5 per cent inerts, known as Type 0 waste,
would thus have a calorific value as fired of 10,000 (1.00 - 0.10 - 0.05) = 8,500
Btu per pound. Type 1 waste has 25 per cent moisture and 10 per cent inerts, with
a calorific value of 6,500 Btu per pound. Hospital waste ranges between Type 0
and Type 1. For design purposes, the more conservative selection is Type 0 waste.
Most hospital waste is now placed in plastic bags near the point of origin and is
delivered to the incinerator area, rather than as loose rubbish.
Requirements for segregation are minimal; however, identifiable aerosol cans and
containers of highly combustible liquids should be collected separately and delivered
to the incinerator operator for special handling. The incinerator operator can dispose
of such wastes with greater safety if he receives them separately.
Where waste is delivered to the incinerator room at any time of day or night, but
burned only during the daytime shift, storage space must be provided in a separate
room or on the charging platform of the incinerator.
Incinerator residue removal from the incinerator area and from the premises also
requires planning. Covered ash cans or special transportable containers are avail-
able. By use of can hoists and rubber-tired carts, manual lifting and noise are
reduced to a minimum. Good housekeeping is as feasible in the incinerator area
as in any other hospital area.
Incinerators:
Incinerators, also named destructors, are engineered products available from
nationally established manufacturers. They are multi-chambered, refractory
lined, heat insulated and brick cased or steel cased. Auxiliary equipment for
high combustion efficiency includes overfire air blowers and nozzles, gas burners,
temperature sensors, and dampers. Air pollution regulations are met with gas washers
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VOL. Ill
CHAP.V V-19
or scrubbers, which remove the fly ash from the combustion products.
The purpose of the incinerator is to reduce the volume and weight of refuse by
combustion. Moisture and hydrogen are converted to water vapor. Carbon is
burned to carbon dioxide. Both water vapor and carbon dioxide are natural
constituents of the atmosphere and support plant life. They are not air pollutants.
Bottle glass decrepitates to shards by heat shock, thus reducing volume. Metal
cans are burned free of labels and organic linings, and lose their strength., The
final weight of residue (ash, glass and metal) will be 5 to 10 per cent of the
original refuse, depending mainly on the amount of metal and glass present in
the refuse. The heat generated promotes sterility in the gases and in the residue.
Figure V-3 is a typical layout for guidance to architects. The design shows end
firing of the incinerator, but side firing at either side is also equally feasible.
While Figure V-3 also shows the incinerator, flue, scrubber and chimney in line,
turns are also possible without sacrifice of performance. Thus, af\ incinerator
installation is adaptable to building designs, provided that certain minimum floor
areas and ceiling heights are provided* An independent air supply to the incinerator
room is also necessary as the combustion process requires 10 to 15 pounds of air
(133 to 200 cu ft) per pound of refuse burned.
Incinerator and scrubber manufacturers will furnish dimensions and discuss layouts.
The charging platform shown in Figure V-3 is definitely advisable for the larger
incinerators, but is not needed for the small units. Power operated stokers are
advisable for incinerators burning over 2,000 Ib per hour, but cast iron grates
are commonly used on other destructors.
The size of incinerator is determined by the weight of refuse to be burned per hour.
Typical refuse firing is once every 15 or 20 minutes, during which no more than
one fourth to one third of the hourly capacity is charged manually. Bagged refuse
is easier to charge than loose material. Air is admitted under the grates through
air registers or louvers provided for the purpose. Air is also supplied above the
grate through registers or louvers, as well as by the overfire air blower.
For complete combustion the operating temperatures in the primary and secondary
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STORAGE
AREA AND
CHARGING PLATFORM
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OVER FIRE AIR BLOWER
FLUE GAS
SCRUBBER
ELEVATION
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. V
combustion spaces should be in the range of 1,400 F to 1,800 F. Gas burners are
provided for preheating the incinerator and for maintaining the temperatures.
Overfire air assists combustion of the refuse and flames by supplying air (oxygen)
and promoting mixing (turbulence). Burning rates should not exceed 25,000 Btu
an hr per cubic foot of combustion space in the chambers.
am
Incineration of hospital refuse will provide a reduction ranging up to 90% in
weight and 95% in volume, with the density of the residue decreasing as the ratio
of bulky inerts, such as tin cans, increases. There will be a considerable variation
based on composition of the input.
Air Pollution Control:
Stringent requirements of Federal, state and local regulations directed toward the
prevention of air pollution can be met with available incinerator flue-gas cleaners.
Successful control is achieved by the combination of good combustion, followed by
the removal of particles from the gases before the latter are discharged to the
chimney and the atmosphere. Ash dust in the combustion gases cannot be burned
but can be trapped.
Smoke is consumed by combustion of the minute carbon or soot particles to carbon
dioxide in the secondary combustion chamber. Larger carbonaceous flakes of
paper fall to the floor of the secondary chamber, where the carbon oxidizes away,
leaving an ash residue to be removed by periodic cleanout.
The gaseous products of combustion next flow through a gas scrubber or washer
where suspended fly ash is largely removed by water spray and wetted surfaces.
Water that drains from the scrubber carries these particles to the sewer. Test
results on scrubbers of good design indicate that they can meet the standard of
0.2 grains per standard cubic foot of dry flue gas, corrected to 12 per cent CO2.
This standard is equivalent to 0.4 Ib of dust per 100 Ib of refuse. Gas scrubbers
are available to reduce the dust loading of the flue gases to even lower levels
where that is required, but at an increase in fan horsepower and water consumption.
Incinerator manufacturers will guarantee to meet the legal requirements in all
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VOL. Ill
CHAP.V V-22
respects„
Gas scrubbers have a further advantage in removing hydrochloric acid vapor from the
gases, which result from the combustion of plastics. To counter possible acid attack
on the equipment, the recirculated water is treated with small additions of soda ash
(Na2COs), or the flow of water to the sewer is increased to reduce the acid concen-
tration in the water.
The discharge gas temperature from the scrubber varies with the scrubber design and
the efficiency of scrubbing, and is in the range of 165 to 400 F. To overcome the
resistance to flow through the intricate passages of the scrubber and to offset the
loss of chimney draft because of the cooling of the gases, scrubbers are provided
with exhaust blowers (induced draft fans).
Controls and Safety:
Electrically operated appliances assist the incinerator operator and improve the
performance of the installation.
While counterbalanced guillotine charging doors are not burdensome to operate
manually, electrically operated doors with push-button control save the operator's
time and energy, and reduce his exposure to heat.
The scrubber exhaust fan provides the slight negative pressure in the furnace to
induce the inward flow of air required for combustion of the refuse. The flow is
regulated by the control damper in the exhaust duct, as well as by proper settings
of the air inlet registers.
The gas burners have electric safety controls and can be turned on or off auto-
matically within the set temperature limits.
Should electric power fail when the incinerator is in operation, causing the scrubber
and gas burners to shut down, the by-pass damper opens automatically to vent the
combustion gases to the chimney „
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. V 7=23
General Recommendations:
A survey and estimate of present and future refuse generation for a hospital should be
prepared in advance of incinerator plant design.
Incinerator room size and shape is determined by the size of equipment to be installed,
whether or not a charging platform is included, and the storage space for refuse and
residue containers.
Incinerator space, utilities and chimney size should be ample for future hospital
expansion. A second incinerator furnace may be necessary in the future.
The Incinerator Standards and other publications of the Incinerator Institute of America
should be consulted for general guidance. The Institute's address is 60 East 42nd Street,
New York, New York 10017.
The installation should, of course, conform to all regulations, such as building,
electrical, air pollution, and other codes.
A qualified professional engineer is usually required to prepare plans for approval
by municipal or state agencies which have jurisdiction over the proposed installation
or modification. Also, the design of incinerator systems requires knowledge beyond
the above simplified presentation.
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VOL. Ill
CHAP.V
PYROLYSIS:
Pyrolysis involves the process of destructive distillation or carbonization of solid wastes
and results in bulk reduction and the conversion of waste materials to combustible gases
and a charred product. Depending upon the characteristics of the waste input, the
charred end-product may have commercial value as a useable fuel. Environmental
contamination from the pyrolytic process is claimed to be much lower than that produced
by incineration. However, since pilot plants are still in experimental stages, the degree
of possible atmospheric pollution cannot now be stated.
The theory of pyrolytic action, chemical change induced by heat in the absence of
oxygen, is neither new nor unused in certain industries, but its possible application
in the treatment of solid wastes has but recently been investigated seriously. In general,
materials to be treated are shredded before being fed into a nearly horizontal, cylin-
drical vessel inside a refractory-lined furnace. A seal is provided to prevent the
entrance of air and moisture into the inner drum, or retort. Heat is applied between
the outer wall of the slowly rotating retort and the inner walls of the oven.
The products of such pyrolysis are charcoal, combustible gases and some tarry residuals.
It is claimed that the gases produced can be utilized to provide some portion of the fuel
required to heat the charges in the retort. The extent to which this is possible is not
presently known.
A unit being developed by Monsanto Enviro-Chem Systems, Inc. and the Lantz Converter
being developed by Pan American Resources, Inc., both employing pyrolysis for solid
waste destruction, were inspected during the course of this study.
(Monsanto Enviro-Chem Systems, Inc.)
Increasing resistance to the use of incinerators and the need to develop satisfactory
means of the destruction and disposal of general solid wastes have led a major industrial
organization to carry out extensive research and experimentation to determine the feasi-
bility of using pyrolysis as a treatment process. Monsanto Enviro-Chem Systems, Inc.
is operating a plant in St. Louis County, Missouri, to demonstrate the feasibility of
pyrolysis as an economical means of reducing solid waste to an innocuous form. The
manufacturer foresees a great potential in waste disposal and recovery of by-products
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. V
through pyrolysis. Pyrolysis occurs when flammable organic matter is heated to high
temperature without air, thus driving off combustible gases and producing a solid residue
of charred materials. The flammable, gaseous by-products, burning at high temperatures,
generate heat necessary to assure destruction of the odoriferous waste components. It
may be possible to utilize the waste heat thus released. The char may be separated
and graded for various carbon markets. It is possible also to reclaim other products
such as metals and glass, if warranted. Thus, many of the solid waste components
may be recovered, recycled and achieve a second use through this process. The
Enviro-Chem unit is claimed to be capable of pyrolyzing all types of solid waste,
including plastics, rubber and other difficult materials.
The unit appears to provide excellent control of potential pollutants and is acceptable
in appearance and operating characteristics. The manufacturers expect these factors
to encourage placement of units in light manufacturing or other close-in locations
without offense to neighbors.
While cost information on the demonstration plant is incomplete, Monsanto claims that
it will be possible to pyrolyze solid wastes at capital and operating costs substantially
below those for high quality incineration.
("Lantz Converter" - Pan American Resources, Inc.)
Pan American Resources, Inc. has been operating a Lantz Converter pyrolyzing unit
at the Milpitas plant of the Ford Motor Company, near San Jose, California. Here
the general industrial dry wastes of the plant are being treated. These wastes are
largely composed of wood dunnage, corrugated board and paper products. The
corrugated board and much of the paper are being manually separated and baled.
The wooden dunnage and all other remaining wastes are fed by conveyor to a large
hammermill for predestruction before introduction into the retort for pyrolyzing. At
the PAR installation, the pyrolyzing is reported to require from 12 to 22 minutes for
complete conversion to char» Retort temperatures are said to range about 1700 to
2200°F. The residual char is cooled by a water mist spray as it emerges from the
retort onto a belt conveyor.
Pan American Resources officials state that there is a ready market for the coarse,
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VOL. Ill ,
CHAP. V V-26
granular charcoal. Its market value, early in 1969, was about $35.00 per ton as
compared to baled paper which was bringing about $23.00 per ton, F.O.B. Milpitas
at this time.
The plant operators claim a capacity of 60 tons of refuse per day, based on a processing
rate of 2 1/2 tons per hour. It is further claimed that municipal refuse can be processed
but such processing was not witnessed.
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. V ' \PTT
WET AIR OXIDATION
Another process for the reduction or conversion of solid wastes is by wet air oxidation.
This method has been successfully used for thermal treatment of sewage sludge and
produces a sterile slurry that upon dewatering forms a cake which is easily crumbled
into granules.
(Zimpro Division of Sterling Drug, Inc.)
The Zimpro Division of Sterling Drug, Inc. produces and markets a processing system
designed to reduce the bulk of and to sterilize sewage sludge. The process can be
applied to raw or digested, primary or secondary, sludge, plus scum and screenings.
The process is claimed to be applicable to industrial waste treatment and disposal.
The wet air oxidation process is based on the principle that any substance capable
of burning can be oxidized when in a slurried form under pressure in the presence of
air at temperatures between 250 F. and 700°F. The process is especially suited to
the treatment of difficult to dewater waste slurries and sludges where the solids are
but a few percent of the content.
In the wet air oxidation process, air pollution is controlled when the oxidation takes
place in water at relatively low temperatures; hence, no fly ash, dust, sulfur dioxide
or nitrogen oxides are formed. An unobjectionable gaseous discharge is assured by
passing exhaust gases from the Zimpro unit through a final scrubber or catalytic after-
burner. Because water scrubbing of high temperature exhaust gases is not required in
wet air oxidation, the heavy steam or water vapor plumes associated with scrubbing
systems of incinerators can be eliminated.
As used in the treatment of sludge with a continuous process unit, the sludge is ground
to a particle size of 1/4 inch. Sludge and air are then pumped into the system. The
mixture is passed through heat exchangers and brought to initiating reaction temperatures
between 300° and 400°F. From the heat exchangers, the heated mixture enters a
reactor where oxidation takes place at temperatures between 350° and 600°Fc The
oxidized products leaving the reactor are cooled in the heat exchangers against the
entering cold sludge and air. The gases are separated from the liquid carrying the
residual oxidized solids and released through a pressure control valve to the catalytic
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VOL. Ill .
CHAP. V V-28
afterburner unit for complete odor control. It may be possible to recover some power
from these gases. Upon dewatering the treated slurry with accessory equipment, such
as vacuum filters, solids are reduced to about 35% to 45% moisture content.
For startup, heat is obtained from an auxiliary source, usually a small steam generator.
With high degree oxidations and high fuel value sludges, no external heat is needed
once the process is started.
High pressure units, operating at 1750 psig, have been handling 300 tons of sewage
solids per day at the West-Southwest Sewage Treatment Works at Chicago. For small
capacity requirements up to about 10,000 gallons of sewage sludge a day, small batch
units are available. Dependent upon temperature and pressure ranges, solid waste
materials may be merely sterilized by this process or reduced in the conversion process
up to about 80% of the original dry weight of solid content of the slurry mix. The
manufacturer claims that Zimpro wet air oxidation units will dispose of mixed refuse,
including various types of plastics, as readily as any other organic material when
properly ground and conditioned in a slurried form.
Among the advantages claimed for the Zimpro process are sterile end products, minimal
air pollution, ease of dewatering, a sanitary process which only a closed system can
provide and capability of processing a wide range of waste materials in slurried form.
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VOL. Ill RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
CHAP. VI SUMMARY VI-1
One of the primary objectives of this study has been the consideration of existent and
available systems for the efficient handling of the wastes generated in multistory
building complexes and hospitals, which would carry solid wastes from their many
points of origin to a place or places of ultimate processing or disposal, without human
handling or hazards to health. Despite the advanced state of development of general
materials handling equipment, tried and proven mechanical components designed
exclusively for solid waste handling are almost non-existent, with the exception of
chutes and pneumatic conveyor systems. Various types of conveyors used in industry
(such as screw conveyors, belt conveyors, chain conveyors, etc.), however, have
been adapted to certain components of waste handling and disposal systems.
Various types of processing and disposal equipment (such as compactors, balers, grinders,
pulpers, incinerators, etc.), all offering a wide range of capacities, have been developed
for solid waste systems in buildings. Continuing improvements are being made in the
evolution of this type of equipment.
Reduced space requirements can be accomplished with the use of waste reduction
devices, and building sanitation and safety can be improved with modern compactor
container storage. Interim storage points in multistory building complexes can be
minimized with the use of pneumatic conveyors whereby nearly instant removal of
wastes can be accomplished.
Substantial progress is being made in the development of individual components, but
generally the total system concept has not yet been developed and marketed, that will
provide solutions to all of the many different problems in building complex systems.
A brief recapitulation of the many problems encountered in the building types under
study and review of the varieties of equipment available further confirm this obser-
vation. This is most emphatically so where a waste system installation is considered
for existing structures. The existing layout of floor areas, assigned use and space
limitations due to existing mechanical installations impose restrictions upon a free
choice of methods and equipment presently available.
The solution to these problems in both existing buildings and those in planning stages
requires engineering design of the total system. Design of systems in existing buildings
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. VI V-2
generally requires the following:
1. Analysis of planned building areas and functions and*future expansions.
2. Identification of types and quantities of wastes to be generated by building areas.
3. Review applicable code requirements affecting waste* hand I ing.
*
4. Establish range of locally approved disposal methods.
5. Establish range of processing and disposal methods to consider.
6. Establish range of handling methods to consider.
7. Establish range of storage methods to consider.
8. Evaluate economic and environmental aspects of workable combinations of
handling, storage and processing.
In addition to the above, design of systems in buildings in the planning stage should also
consider the following:
1. Study of general materials handling requirements (quantities and types of new
materials at receiving, storage, processing and distribution points).
2. Evaluate merit of common conveyor system for new materials and waste materials.
The rate at which progress is being made in the development of more sophisticated
handling and disposal equipment may well make some portions of this report outdated
almost before publication. Daily, new material could be added or superseded. It must
be recognized that during any period of great technological progress, no precise time
could be totally ideal for such a study to be made and the process of updating is a
continuing one. New handling methods and treatment processes are being developed,
but which are, as yet, untested under working conditions. Some of the equipment
known to exist is of foreign origin and not yet installed or proven under operating
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VOL. Ill
CHAP. VI VI-3
conditions in the United States. Other equipment or methods, some of which have
been seen by the consultant, are still in the development or pilot plant stages and
the sponsors have placed restrictions upon disclosure of details at the present time.
In conclusion, it is strongly recommended that continuing investigations be carried
out in efforts to stay abreast of developments in this field.
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VOL. HI RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
APPENDIX A HANDLING EQUIPMENT
CLASSIFICATIONS AND DEFINITIONS OF EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES
BLOWER - A fan device, operated by an electrical motor and which may be used
to exert air movement as pressure or suction. Blowers are used in pneumatic
transport systems and have many other applications, some of which may be in the
processing of wastes„
BODY, Truck, Special - As used in this report, this term applies to truck bodies
of special design which do not fit types otherwise listed.
BUCKET, Clamshell - A digging and transfer device, handled by cables from a
crane. It can be opened and closed so as to pick up and hold a mass of material.
Some of these buckets are specifically designed for waste handling, especially
at incinerators or where loading or unloading of materials of mixed composition
and consistency must be accomplished.
CART, Electric - A self-propelled, battery-operated propulsion unit designed
to accept and transport various types of modular containers or packaged loads
and to do so either attended or unattended. It is capable of horizontal movement
following an embedded wire or other type of guide path and can, when properly
programmed, call and use specially designed lifts.
CART, Hand-pushed - Any of a large group of wheeled or castered vehicles of
light weight and which can be easily handled by an individual. These are fully
described in Chapter III, Storage, because many of them serve first as temporary
storage units and subsequently as handling devices.
CHUTE, Gravity - Vertical ducts installed in buildings, into which soiled linens
or wastes can be inserted and subsequently transported by free-fall to some lower
level. They are usually cylindrical in shape and are equipped with hinged doors
for the injection of materials to be transported.
COLLECTOR, Litter, Vacuum - A truck-mounted vacuum pump-operated suction
mechanism capable of lifting litter and small sized debris through a large diameter,
flexible hose and depositing the collected materials into a truck body.
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX A a~2
CONVEYOR, Belt - Commonly a transport mechanism employing an endless belt
operated over a series of rollers and motivated by electrical motors. Belts may
be of cotton, nylon, canvas, rubber impregnated or rubber covered. Conveyors,
although usually horizontal, may be inclined nearly twenty degrees.
CONVEYOR, Belt, Mesh - Similar to the more common belt conveyor described
above, but equipped with metal mesh belts. They are used to handle hot or cold
articles or materials passing through ovens or water sprays, etc. Can be used on
plain and "S" curves.
CONVEYOR, Belt, Spring - Similar to the conveyors just defined but its belt is
actually a series of endless springs which are sufficiently flexible to permit changes
in the conveyor alignment. Usually used on portable conveyors, particularly those
used for loading bagged materials.
CONVEYOR, Belt, Wire - Similar to mesh belt conveyors but frequently of heavier
metal and used generally for the transfer of bagged materials where it is desired
to allow any loose materials to fall through the belt prior to final discharge of
the loads carried.
CONVEYOR, Chain, Drag, Driverless - A self-powered, electrical tractor which
serves as a driverless motive power unit to haul trains of castered carts by means
of a length of chain dragged behind the unit. The chain moves in a channel built
into the floor and which has an open top or slot at floor level. The power unit
follows the slot and carts are attached to the towed chain by means of drop pins.
The unit can be programmed to follow predetermined routes and will stop or start
unattended.
CONVEYOR, Chain, In-floor - An endless moving chain moving in a floor
channel to which carts can be attached by means of drop pins. The carts can
be programmed to drop off at selected turnouts by means of a diverter.
CONVEYOR, Chain, Overhead - An endless moving chain which can be operated
horizontally or on an incline, suspended above working areas or in an assigned
corridor. Articles and containerized materials can-be attached by means of
hooks or special carriers. It can be adapted to use with special vertical lifts
and programmed to drop off at selected turnouts.
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX A
CONVEYOR, Monorail, Electric - A fully automated conveying system employing
electrically operated transporters operating on an overhead monorail and carrying
special container modules. The system usually operates horizontally in its own
tunnels and vertically in special shaftways. Complete programming of call and
dispatch of transporters can be automatically controlled by pushbutton. Injection
and ejection of modules is also automatic.
CONVEYOR, Pneumatic - A system of tubes which may run horizontally, vertically
or diagonally and through which either specially designed tubular carriers, soiled
linens or solid wastes, or bulk materials can be transported by air pressure or suction
supplied by blowers or fans. Linens or wastes are usually bagged for transport within
the system. Naturally, the three types of pneumatic conveyors differ and cannot be
used interchangeably to transport materials other than those for which they may be
specifically designed.
CONVEYOR, Roller - A common type of conveyor utilizing a series of closely
spaced rollers upon which objects or containers can be rolled, largely unattended,
from one point to another. Powered rollers are used for lengthy horizontal
transport while free, unpowered rollers can be used for very short distances or
for sloping conveyors.
CONVEYOR, Screw - A mechanical conveyor consisting of a trough or tube within
which a spiral screw revolves to move material from one end of the tube to the other.
Although commonly used for horizontal or inclined movement, special designs are
available for vertical movement also. This type of conveyor is used for the transport
of bulk materials but is adapted to the movement of other materials and slurries
as well.
CONVEYOR, Slat - Similar to a belt conveyor, this device has hinged wooden
or metallic slats arranged as an endless belt.
CONVEYOR, Sorting - A system frequently utilizing small cars or platforms which
circulate on a network of trackage and which is used for the distribution of objects
or containers. The platforms or cars are usually capable of tilting so that their
contents can be dumped or slid onto other conveyors or delivered to predetermined
destinations. The total system is controlled by programming devices and is largely
automatic after commands are fed into its controls.
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX A a~4
CONVEYOR, Track, Overhead - Although related to the overhead chain type, this
conveyor utilizes a series of wheels or rollers jointed into an endless chain which
operates within a tube or track which has as its only opening a slot at the bottom.
Hooks or carriers may be suspended from the rollers so that loads may be transported.
CONVEYOR, Tramrail - A system of overhead track upon which powered hoist
carriers can be moved electrically. The trackage is frequently monorail but for
heavier loadings, dual tracks are used. The movement of the carrier on the track
and the operation of the crane are controlled by remotely located push buttons.
CONVEYOR, Trolley, Cable - Somewhat similar to the overhead track conveyor,
this equipment consists of rollered carriers riding on horizontal or inclined tracks.
The carriers are fastened to an endless cable, instead of a chain as in the overhead
chain conveyor, and can be spaced to meet specific requirements. Hooks or
containers can be suspended from the carriers.
CONVEYOR, Tube - A totally enclosed conveyor for moving bulk or ground
materials through a tube. Metal or plastic discs fitting the inside of the tube,
spaced several inches apart, and connected by universally jointed endless linkage
or chain, are pulled through the tube. Materials injected into the tube are pushed
to a desired destination and then ejected. This equipment is sometimes called a
drag chain conveyor.
CONVEYOR, Tube, Belt - A method of transport similar to the tube conveyor, this
device utilizes an endless, flexible belt which carries materials within a tube, thus
keeping the materials dry and preventing spillage. The belt forms into a semi-
circular trough during its travel through the tube, but flattens out for its return
within a closed pan beneath the tube.
CONVEYOR, Vertical, Continuous - A lifting device consisting of one or more
pairs of endless chains operating over pairs of upper and lower pulleys. Carriers
are suspended between the chains. Top, bottom and intermediate loading and
unloading stations provide for automatic injection and ejection of trays or tote
boxes. One side of the chain takes material downward while carriers move
upward on the other side.
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VOL 111
APPENDIX A
CONVEYOR, Vertical, Reciprocating - Similar to an elevator, these lifts have trays
or other loads injected and ejected from the same side. The dumbwaiter would be
classed as a reciprocating, vertical conveyor. This type of equipment can be
provided with automatic controls.
CONVEYOR, Wheel - Somewhat similar to roller conveyors but employing several
independently movable wheels on a series of closely spaced shafts. Gravity wheel
conveyors are frequently used for sorting and accumulation, operations in which
the differential actions of the separate wheels are an advantage.
CRANE, Electric - Electrical hoisting device with wide range of size and
capacities.
CRANE, Overhead, Monorail - Electric cranes with capability of horizontal
movement operating from monorails.
DOLLY, Fiber Glass, Castered - Small, castered platforms made of fiber glass,
upon which loads or containers may be readily transported.
DUMBWAITER - Small, light-duty vertical transfer cages which may be powered or
hand-operated.
GRAPPLE, Incinerator - A hinged, toothed handling device operated by cables from
a crane. Designed to pick up large quantities of materials of a conglomerate nature.
Especially intended to handle garbage and trash.
HOIST, Container, Rear-Loading - A special type of hoist which may be cable
operated but is generally of the lift-swing-set type and is used for handling large
and special shaped containers, which are described in Chapter III. It is mounted
on a truck chassis, in place of a body. Containers can be picked up, swung onto
the chassis and held there during transport. This hoist and the containers used with
it are not to be confused with the hoists and containers commonly used with a mobile
packer.
HOIST, Tiltframe, Container, Packer - A tiltable frame equipped with hoisting
cables and mounted on a large truck chassis. Hinged at the back of the truck
frame, it can be raised at the front, thus allowing large receiving containers,
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX A
used with stationary packers, to be slid onto or off the tiltframe at the rear of the
truck.
LEVELER, Dock - Devices which may be manually, mechanically or hydraulically
operated, used to provide a hinged platform between loading docks and trucks to
facilitate loading and unloading.
LOADER, Pallet, Automatic - A mechanical tilting device, used in conjunction
with conveying systems, to raise or lower loaded pallets or containers from one
level to another.
PACKER, Front-Loader, Mobile - A specially constructed truck body, designed to
pick up, empty and lower refuse containers of specific design and to compact the
refuse dumped into a receiving hopper located topside. This piece of equipment
is sometimes called a mobile compactor. The front-loader is intended for use with
its own special containers and not to receive cans or bundles of refuse.
PACKER, Rear-Loader, Mobile - A compactor body having a receiving hopper at
the rear, into which bagged refuse or containers of loose material can be emptied.
The contents of the hopper are subsequently compacted into the main body of the
truck. Some models of this packer are equipped with hoisting mechanisms which
permit the emptying of special containers into the hopper.
PACKER, Side-Loader, Mobile - A special truck body somewhat similar to the front
and rear-loader packers but, as the name implies, it is loaded from the side. Most
models will receive only such wastes as may be put into it by hand. However, some
models have a hoist for lifting and emptying special containers into the compactor
body.
SCOOTER, Collection, Trash - A small, specially designed body mounted on a
scooter chassis used for trash collection, generally around building grounds or in
inter-building service. The body is equipped with a dumping mechanism.
TAILGATE, Hydraulic - A mechanism, usually hydraulically operated, for raising
or lowering heavy or bulky loads from trucks.
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX A
TRACTOR, Electric, Driverless, Self-Powered - A battery-operated tractive unit
which follows an electric guide path on prearranged routes or is remotely controlled
by radio. It is capable of towing trains of castered carts. Electronic programming
permits largely unattended operation.
TRACTOR, Electric, Self-powered - A battery-operated tractive unit for towing
trains of castered carts. May be capable of accommodating a driver or may be
manually controlled with a tiller handle.
TRAILER, Transfer - Mounted on trailers, these large receiving containers can be
loaded with compacted wastes at a transfer station and then be hauled to disposal
areas. Their large capacities make fewer hauling trips necessary- Refuse is
emptied out of the rear of the body.
TAILER, Transfer, Side-tilting - These trailers serve a similar purpose to the
transfer trailers just described. Their principal difference is that they are unloaded
by being tilted to the side instead of being emptied from the rear.
TRAIN, Container - A series of small, wheeled trash containers can be made into
a "train" to be hauled by a small truck or a tractor or tow-motor. This equipment
is used generally in inter-building service.
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX B
RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
HANDLING EQUIPMENT
PRODUCT LIST
(Type, Manufacturer and Trade Name)
BLOWER, Air
- Quickdraft Corporation
BODY, Truck, Special- Bynal Products, Inc.
- Trashmobile Division
Hanna Enterprises
BUCKET, Clamshell - Esco Corporation
CART, Electric, Driver!ess, Self-powered
- Amsco Systems Company
Div. of American Sterilizer Co.
- Jervis B. Webb Company
CHUTE, Gravity
Comstock Engineering Co.
Construction Products Co., Inc.
Kirk & Blum Mfg. Co., The
Lam son Division
Diebold, Incorporated
Mathews Conveyor Co.
Olson Div.
American Chain & Cable Co., Inc,
Standard Conveyor Co.
Wilkinson Chutes, Inc.
COLLECTOR, Litter, Vacuum
- Truck Equipment Corporation
CONVEYOR, Belt
Alvey Conveyor Manufacturing Co.
J. L. Baldwin Conveyor Co.
E. W. Buschman Co., The
Comstock Engineering Co.
Conveyor Systems, Inc.
A. B. Farquhar Div.
J. C. Corrigan Co., Inc.
Eastern Cyclone Industries, Inc.
- "Hussler"
"Am scar"
"Mini-Cart"
- "Haslett"
- "Tecorp"
- "Air-Flyte"
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX B
CONVEYOR, Belt (Continued)
- Hewitt-Robins, Inc.
Div. Litton Industries
- Hobart Manufacturing Co., The
- Hollymatic Corp.
- Hytrol Conveyor Company, Inc.
- Joy Manufacturing Company
- Kornylak Corporation - "Zipflo" &
"Armorbelt"
- Lamson Division
Diebold, Incorporated
- Link-Belt
Div. of FMC Corp.
- Mathews Conveyor Company
- Newark Caster & Truck Corp. - "Speedways"
- New London Engineering Co.
- Olson Division
American Chain & Cable Company, Inc.
- Rapistan Incorporated
- Speedways Conveyors, Inc.
- Sprout, Waldron & Company, Inc.
- Standard Conveyor Company - "Traylift"
- Versa Corp. - "Versa-Veyor"
CONVEYOR, Belt, Mesh
- E. W. Buschman Co., The
- Conveyor Systems, Inc.
A. B. Farquhar Div.
- Hytrol Conveyor Company, Inc.
- New London Engineering Co.
CONVEYOR, Belt, Spring
- Flexoveyor Conveyor Co.
CONVEYOR, Belt, Wire
- Flexoveyor Conveyor Co.
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX B
b-3
CONVEYOR, Chain, Drag, Driverless
- SI Handling Systems, Inc.
CONVEYOR, Chain, In-floor
- Anchor Steel and Conveyor Company
- E. W. Buschman Co., The
- Link-Belt
Div. of FMC Corp.
- SI Handling Systems, Inc.
- Jervis B. Webb Company
CONVEYOR, Chain, Overhead
- Anchor Steel & Conveyor Co.
- E. W. Buschman Co., The
- Columbus McKinnon Corporation
- Conveyor Systems, Inc.
A. B. Farquhar Div.
- Econo Manufacturing Co.
- Link-Belt
Div. of FMC Corp.
- Rapistan Incorporated
- Jervis B. Webb Company
CONVEYOR, Monorail, Electric
- Castle Automated Systems
Division of Sybron Corporation
- "Switch-Train1
- "Tow-All"
"Trukveyor"
"Lo-Tow" &
"Switch-Cart"
"Shallo-Tow" &
"Towveyor"
"Power-Flex"
& "ACTE"
- "Surgamatic"
- "Dog Magic"
- "Cyberail"
CONVEYOR, Pneumatic
- Aerojet-General Corporation
- Butler Manufacturing Co.
- Eastern Cyclone Industries-, Inc.
- Fisher-Klosterman, Inc.
- Flo-Tronics
Air Conveyor Div.
- Fuller Company
- "AVAC"
- "Air-Flyte"
- "Airveyor"
-------
VOL. Ill
APPENDIX B
CONVEYOR, Pneumatic (Continued)
CONVEYOR, Roller -
CONVEYOR, Screw -
CONVEYOR, Slat
Lamson Division
Diebold, Incorporated
Quickdraft Corporation
Salina Manufacturing Co., Inc.
Alvey Conveyor Manufacturing Co.
Anchor Steel & Conveyor Co.
E. W. Buschman Co., The
Conveyor Systems, Inc.
A. B. Farquhar Div-
J. C. Corrigan Co., Inc.
Hytrol Conveyor Company, Inc.
Lamson Division
Diebold, Incorporated
Newark Caster & Truck Corp.
Olson Division
American Chain & Cable Company, Inc.
Rapistan Incorporated
Speedways Conveyors, Inc.
Standard Conveyor Co.
Versa Corp.
Inc.
- "Speedways"
- "Versa-Veyor"
J. C. Corrigan Co.,
S. Howes Co., Inc.
Link-Belt
Div- of FMC Corp.
Salina Manufacturing Co., Inc.
Screw Conveyor Corporation
Sprout, Waldron & Co., Inc.
Williams Patent Crusher & Pulverizer Co., Inc.
E. W. Buschman Co., The
Comstock Engineering Co.
New London Engineering Co.
Rapistan Incorporated
-------
VOL. Ill
APPENDIX B
CONVEYOR, Sorting - SI Handling Systems, Inc. - "Cartrac"
- Speaker Sortation Systems Division
Automatic Sprinkler Corp. of America
- Hewitt-Robins, Inc.
Div. Litton Industries
Chainveyor Operations
CONVEYOR, Track, Overhead
- Hewitt-Robins, Inc.
Div. Litton Industries
Chainveyor Operations
- Jervis B. Webb Company - "Unibilt"
CONVEYOR, Tramrail- Cleveland TramraiI Division
CONVEYOR, Trolley, Cable
- E. W. Buschman Co., The
CONVEYOR, Tube - Hapman Corp.
- Prab Conveyors, Inc.
- Jervis B. Webb Company - "Tube-Flo"
- Sprout, Waldron & Co., Inc.
CONVEYOR, Tube, Belt
- Con-Vey International, Inc. - "Tube-Belt"
CONVEYOR, Vertical, Continuous
- Alvey Conveyor Manufacturing Co.
- E. W. Buschman Co., The
- Conveyor Systems, Inc.
A. B. Farquhar Div.
- Hewitt-Robins, Inc.
Div. Litton Industries
Chainveyor Operations
- Kornylak Corporation - "Vertiflo"
- Lamson Division
Diebold, Incorporated
-------
VOL. Ill
APPENDIX B
CONVEYOR, Vertical, Continuous (Continued)
- Olson Division
American Chain & Cable Company, Inc.
- Rapistan Incorporated
- Standard Conveyor Co. - "Escaveyor"
- Jervis B. Webb Company
CONVEYOR, Vertical, Reciprocating
- Anchor Steel & Conveyor Co.
- J. L. Baldwin Conveyor Co.
- E. W- Buschman Co., The
- Conveyor Systems, Inc.
A. B. Farquhar Div.
- Lamson Division
Diebold, Incorporated
- Olson Division
American Chain & Cable Company, lncn
- Rapistan Incorporated
- Jervis B. Webb Company
CONVEYOR, Wheel - E. W. Buschman Co., The
- Conveyor Systems, Inc.
A. B. Farquhar Div.
- Hytrol Conveyor Co., Inc.
- Kornylak Corporation
- Olson Division
American Chain & Cable Company, Inc.
- Rapistan Incorporated
- Speedways Conveyors, Inc.
- Versa Corp. - "Versa-Veyor"
CONVEYOR, Wicket-type
- Conveyor Systems, Inc.
A. B. Farquhar Div.
CRANE, Electric - Harnischfeger Corp. - "P&H"
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX B
CRANE, Overhead, Monorail
- Cleveland Tramrail Division
of Cleveland Crane & Eng. Div.
of McNeil Corp.
DOLLY, Fiber Glass, Castered
- Container Development Corp.
DUMBWAITER
- J. L. Baldwin Conveyor Co.
GRAPPLE, Incinerator - Esco Corporation
- Jos. F. Kiesler Company
HOIST, Container, Rear-Loading
- Bremen Equipment Corp.
- Bynal Products, Inc.
- ConvertoMfg. Co.
Div. of Golay & Co., Inc.
- Dempster Brothers, Inc.
- Hei I Co., The
- Perfection-Cobey Company
Div. of Harsco Corp.
- Western Body & Hoist Co.
HOIST, Tiltframe, Container, Packer
- Anchor Machine Company, Inc.
- S. Vincen Bowles, Inc.
- ConvertoMfg. Co.
Div. of Golay & Co., Inc.
- Dempster Brothers, Inc.
- E-Z Pack Company
- Gar Wood Industries, Inc.
- Heil Co., The
- Hobbs Hyd-Pak
Div. of Fruehauf Corp._
- Industrial Services of America
Tri-Pak Division
- "Tarca Track"
- "Tripsaver"
- "Convertainer"
- "Dumpster"
- "Load Lugger"
- "Liftainer"
- "Anchorlift"
- "Leav-A-Tainer"
- "Dinosaur"
- "Dispos-Haul"
- "Huge-Haul"
- "Pack-Saddle"
- "Tri-Pak"
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX B
b-8
HOIST, Tiltframe, Container, Packer (Continued)
- King Container, Inc.
- Perfection-Cobey Company
Div. of Harsco Corp.
- Swiftainer Industries Corp.
- Universal Handling Equipment Co.
- Wayne Engineering Corporation
- Western Body & Hoist Co.
LEVELER, Dock
- T&S Equipment Company
PACKER, Front-Loader, Mobile
- Dempster Brothers, Inc.
- E-Z Pack Company
- King Container, Inc.
- LoDal, Inc.
- Pak-Mor Manufacturing Co.
- Perfection-Cobey Company
Div. of Harsco Corp.
- Western Body & Hoist Co.
PACKER, Rear-Loader, Mobile
- City Tank Corp.
- Elgin Leach Corp.
- E-Z Pack Company
- Gar Wood Industries, Inc.
- Heil Co., The
- Hobbs Hyd-Pak
Div. of Fruehauf Corp.,
- Pak-Mor Manufacturing Co.
- Perfection-Cobey Company
Div. of Harsco Corp.
- TampoMfg. Co., Inc.
"Fleetainer"
"Swift-Hoist"
"Dockmate"
"Dumpmaster"
"Load-A-Matic"
"Pak-tainer" &
"Fork-tainer"
"Full-Pak",
"Jet Full-Pak"
& "Top-Pak"
"Load-Master"
& "Roto-Pac"
"Packmaster"
- "Colectomatic"
- "Hyd-Pak"
- "Load Liner"
- "Cobey"
- "Seal-Press"
-------
VOL. Ill
APPENDIX B
PACKER, Side-Loader, Mobile
- D-V Metal Fab Co.
Div- of Data-Veyors Corp.
- E-Z Pack Company
- Hobbs Hyd-Pak
Div. of Fruehauf Corp.
- Pak-Mor Mfg. Co.
- Perfection-Cobey Company
Div. of Harsco Corp.
- H. E. Smith, Inc.
- Sterling Mfg. Co.
- TampoMfg. Co., Inc.
- Truck Equipment Corp.
- Val-Jac Mfg. Co., Inc.
- Wayne Engineering Corp.
- Western Body & Hoist Co.
PACKER, Trailer
- Dempster Brothers, Inc.
- Elgin Leach Corp.
- Gar Wood Industries, Inc.
- King Container, Inc.
- M-B Company
- H. E. Smith, Inc.
- Val-Jac Mfg. Co., Inc.
- Wayne Engineering Corp.
SCOOTER, Collection, Trash
- Cushman Motors
- Truck Equipment Co. of Georgia, Inc.
TAILGATE, Hydraulic - Heil Co., The
TRACTOR, Electric, Driverless, Self-powered
- Barrett Electronics Corporation
- Jervis B. Webb Company
- "Fastpack"
- "Com-Pak"
"Swift-Pak"
"Smithpac"
"Hippo"
"Sea I-Press"
"Truxmore Pakker"
"Pak-Rat"
"Mighty-Pack"
"Shu-Pak"
"Moto-Pack"
"Portapac"
"Pak-Rat-Pup"
"Mighty-Pack"
11 Trash Taxi"
"Heil-A-Way"
"Guide-O-Matic"
& "Radox"
"Prontow"
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX B b-10
TRACTOR, Electric, Self-powered
- Barrett Electronics Corporation
TRAILER, Transfer - S. Vincen Bowles, Inc.
- Dempster Brothers, Inc.
- Elgin Leach Corporation
- Heil Co., The
- Hobbs Hyd-Pak
Div- of Fruehauf Corp.
- Pak-MorMfg. Co. - "Lo Boye"
- Swiftainer Industries Corp. - "Swiftransfer"
TRAILER, Transfer, Side-tilting
- Gar Wood Industries, Inc.
TRAIN, Container - Lo Da I, Inc.
- Truck Equipment Corporation - "Trux-Train"
-------
VOL. HI RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
APPENDIX C STORAGE EQUIPMENT
CLASSIFICATIONS AND DEFINITIONS OF EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES
BOX, Tote - Small containers, usually open, made of various metals, fibers or
plastics. Used for moving small quantities of materials and usually associated
with conveying systems. Capacities of one and a half to about three cubic feet.
CART, Hand-Pushed - Two or four wheeled or castered vehicles made of metal or
plastic, used to transport wastes or other materials or supplies by hand-pushing.
Small in sizes and capacities but may have shelves, bins or other special-use
compartments.
CART, Trash, Packer - Large, heavy duty castered bins, having capacities of
about two to five cubic yards. Capable of being made into trains for hauling
to processing points. Used with special, heavy duty dumping devices in
connection with stationary packers.
CONTAINER, Mobile-Packer - Medium duty refuse bins or boxes so designed
as to permit their being mechanically raised by and emptied into a mobile
packer. Various designs allow use with front, rear or side loading packers.
Capacities will range from about one to eight cubic yards. These containers
are usually fitted with hinged tops and/or sides. Those styles designed for use
with small, apartment-size stationary packers may be as small as one cubic yard.
CONTAINER, Open-Top - Large, open-top boxes with capacities up to forty
cubic yards, used for hauling uncompacted and bulky wastes. The box-like
body is of the roll-on, roll-off type, handled by a tiltframe hoist mounted on
a truck chassis. The containers are rear-dumping.
CONTAINER, Rear-Loading - Large, special shaped containers of capacities
from 1 1/2 to 16 cubic yards, used to handle loose, bulk or wet materials.
They can be hand, machine or chute loaded. Containers must be handled by
a special hoist mounted on a truck chassis and are dumped from the rear by the
special hoist.
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX C c-2
CONTAINER, Receiving, Stationary-Packer - Large capacity, ranging from six to
over sixty cubic yards, these containers are closed boxes which are secured to
stationary packers and into which the loose wastes are compacted by the packer
ram mechanism operating through a relatively small aperture in one end of the
container.
HOLDER, Bag, Disposable - Devices, usually of metal, from which empty paper
or plastic bags can be suspended for filling purposes. May or may not be equipped
with a cover.
HOPPER, Self-dumping - Steel bins or containers designed for dumping accumulated
scrap or refuse by means of a lifting action. Can be used in conjunction with a
fork lift or other handling device. Capacities from 3/8 to 4 cubic yards.
HOPPER, Vibrating - Hoppers with built-in agitating mechanisms to facilitate
steady and regulated material flows.
HOPPER, Weighing, Air-operated - A hopper designed to feed measured weights
of materials in processing systems utilizing air transport.
LINER, Can, Plastic - Plastic bags used to line cans or barrels to promote
cleanliness or ease of subsequent handling of wastes or other materials.
WASHER, Can - Device for washing and sterilizing waste cans.
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX D
RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
STORAGE EQUIPMENT
d-1
PRODUCT LIST
(Type, Manufacturer and Trade Name)
BAG, Cloth, Reusable - Industrial Bag & Spec., Inc.
BAG, Laundry, Soluble
- Mono-Sol Div.
Chris Craft Industries, Inc.
BAG, Paper, Disposable
- Gilman Paper Co.
- International Paper Co.
- St. Regis Paper Co.
- Union Camp Corp.
- West Virginia Pulp and Paper Co.
BAG, Plastic, Disposable
- Mobil Chemical Co.
- Phillips Films Co., Inc.
Polyolefin Div.
- Rubbermaid Commercial Products, Inc.
BARREL, Aluminum
BARREL, Fiber
BARREL, Plastic
BARREL, Steel
- Grand Aluminum Welding
- William Bal Corp.
- Metal Edge Industries
- Chi lite Plastics, Inc.
- County Plastics Corp.
- Refuse Disposal Equipment Co., Inc.
- Rubbermaid Commercial Products, Inc.
- Florsheim Mfg. Co., Inc.
- Republic Steel Corp.
BOX, Tote, Aluminum - McClintock Division
Unarco Industries, Inc.
- Wear-Ever Aluminum Co.
"QisPOzit"
"Garbax"
- "Westvaco"
- "Piggie Pokes"
- "Fiberoc"
- "ChiliteToter"
- "Aerospace"
- "Brute Group"
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX D
BOX, Tote, Fiber
- William Bal Corp.
- Insulfab Container Corporation
- Metal Edge Industries
- Newark Caster & Truck Corp.
BOX, Tote, Fiber Glass
- Container Development Corp.
- Molded Fiber Glass Tray Co.
BOX, Tote, Plastic - Container Development Corp.
- Gould Products, Inc.
- Hollywood Plastics, Inc.
- McClintock Division
Unarco Industries, Inc.
- Metropolitan Wire Goods Corp.
- Uniroyal, Inc.
BOX, Tote, Steel - Fort Steuben Metal Products Co.
- Republic Steel Corp.
CART, Aluminum, Hand-pushed
- McClintock Division
Unarco Industries, Inc.
- Rol-Away Truck Mfg. Co., Inc.
o
CART, Fiber Glass, Hand-pushed
- Container Development Corp.
CART, Fiber, Hand-pushed
- William Bal Corp.
- Insulfab Container Corp.
- Metal Edge Industries
CART, Packer, Stationary
- Anchor Machine Co., Inc.
- E-Z Pack Company
- Industrial Services of America
- Swiftainer Industries Corp.
- "Fedco"
"MFG Toteline"
& "Toteline"
- "Royalite"
"Anchortilt"
"E-Z Kart"
"Tri-Pak"
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX D
d-3
CART, Refuse, Tillable, Plastic
- Fusion Rubbermaid Corp.
CART, Side-Loader, Packer, Mobile
- Hobbs Hyd-Pak
CART, Steel, Hand-pushed
- Bloom field/Si I ex Industries, Inc.
- Fort Steuben Metal Products Co.
- McClintock Division
Unarco Industries, Inc.
- Metropolitan Wire Goods Corp.
- Rapistan Incorporated
- Republic Steel Corp.
- Tradewind Industries, Inc.
CONTAINER, Front-Loader, Packer, Mobile
- Burtman Iron Works
- Bynal Products, Inc.
- Dempster Brothers, Inc.
- E-Z Pack Company
- Gen Sani-Can Corporation
- King Container, Inc.
- LoDal, Inc.
- National Compactor & Technology
Systems, Inc.
- New York Sani-Can, Inc.
- Pak-Mor Manufacturing Co.
- Universal Handling Equipment Co.
CONTAINER, Open-top
- Bremen Equipment Corp.
- Gar Wood Industries, Inc.
- Heil Co., The
- "Tilt-Truck"
- "Hyd-Pak"
- "Wheel -Ezy"
"Dyna-Bilt"
"Hand-E-Con"
- "Load-A-Matic"
"Dispos-Haul"
"Huge-Haul"
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX D
CONTAINER, Rear-Loader, Packer, Mobile
- Apex Metal Products
- Burtman Iron Works
- Bynal Products, Inc.
- Elgin Leach Corporation
- E-Z Pack Company
- Gen Sani-Can Corp.
- King Container, Inc.
- National Compactor & Technology
Systems, Inc.
- New York Sani-Can, Inc.
- Pak-Mor Manufacturing Co.
- Universal Handling Equipment Co.
CONTAINER, Rear-Loading
- Apex Metal Products
- Bynal Products, Inc.
- Converto Mfg „ Co.
- Dempster Brothers, Inc.
- Heil Co., The
- Perfection-Cobey Company
CONTAINER, Receiving, Packer, Stationary
- Anchor Machine Co., Inc.
- Auto Pak Co.
- S. Vincen Bowles, Inc.
- Dempster Brothers, Inc.
- E-Z Pack Company
- Hei I Co., The
- Hobbs Hyd-Pak
- Industrial Services of America
- King Container, Inc.
- Marathon Equipment Co., Inc.
- National Compactor & Technology
Systems, Inc0
- New York Sani-Can, Inc.
- Swiftainer Industries Corp.
- Tubar Waste Systems
"Dyna-Bilt"
"Hand-E-Con"
- "Spill-Tainer"
- "Load Lugger"
"Anchortainer"
"Dual-Pak"
"Huge-Pac"
"Tri-Pak"
"Ram-Jet"
"Swiftainer"
"Tubartainer,"
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX D
d-5
CONTAINER, Side-Loader, Packer, Mobile
- Burtman Iron Works
- Bynal Products, lnc»
- Gen Sani-Can Corpc
- Hobbs Hyd-Pak
- King Container, Inc.
- National Compactor & Technology
Systems, Inc.
- Pak-Mor Manufacturing Co.
- Tampo Manufacturing Co., Inc.
- Truck Equipment Corp.
- Universal Handling Equipment Co.
- Val-Jac Manufacturing Co., Inc.
HOLDER, Bag, Paper, Disposable
- Gilman Paper Co.
- International Paper Company
- St. Regis Paper Co.
- Union Camp Corp.
- West Virginia Pulp & Paper Co.
HOPPER, Feeder, Vacuum
- Vac-U-Max
HOPPER, Self-Dumping
- Bremen Equipment Corp.
HOPPER, Vibrating - Carman Industries, Inc.
- Vibra Screw, Inc.
HOPPER, Weighing - Stedman Foundry and Machine Co., Inc.
"Dyna-Bilt"
"Hand-E-Con"
"Handi-Lift"
11 Sea I-Press"
"Truxmore Container"
"DisPOzit"
"Garbax"
"Trim-Town"
"Papercan"
- "Jet-Air"
HOPPER, Weighing, Air-operated
- Vac-U-Max
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX D d-6
LINER, Can, Plastic - See Bag, Plastic
WASHER, Can - Atomic Disposer Corp. - "Waste-O-Matic"
& "Cleen-O-Matic"
- Sargent NCV Division
Zum Industries, Inc.
- Vacuum Can Company
-------
VOL. Ill RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
APPENDIX E PROCESSING EQUIPMENT e-1
CLASSIFICATIONS AND DEFINITIONS OF EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES
BALER, Portable - Commercial capacity, hydraulic compaction devices, caster-
mounted for towing or pushing or may be mounted on self-powered vehicles.
BALER, Stationary - These machines may be of either the vertical or horizontal
types. They may be hand or chute-fed and require some sort of final containment,
such as strapping, bagging or boxing, to hold the compacted materials in compres-
sion. All types require some manual attention. They vary in sizes, capacities
and methods of containment. Some subclassifications of stationary balers are those
specifically designed for use in hospitals, apartments and industry.
CHIPPER, Brush - A towable machine employing cutting knives revolving at very
high speed, used to reduce brush and small tree limbs to chips. The chipper is
equipped with a blower for pneumatically transporting the chipped wood into a
truck or other container.
COLLECTOR, Dust - These devices may be of several types and are designed to
separate dust and other particulates from air streams before discharge of air to the
atmosphere. Cyclone-type collectors used in processing, to separate solids from
the air stream, are further defined under separators.
COLLECTOR, Fume - Equipment designed to trap and remove noxious fumes from
processing operations.
CONTROLS - Photoelectric, magnetic, electric, mechanical and pneumatic
devices which may operate singly or in groups for the control of operating
mechanisms in handling, storage, processing or disposal systems. These also
include safety devices for detecting the presence of smoke in chutes or ducts
and malfunctions of components of systems. They may cause audible and/or
visible alarms or shut off operating mechanisms.
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VOL. Ill .
APPENDIX E e-2
CRUSHERS - Heavy duty mills used in industry for size reduction of friable materials.
They may be of various designs including rolling ring, fixed or rotating knives, star
knives or impact devices of several shapes. Trade nomenclature for this type of
machine includes grinder, pulverizer, hammermill, etc. In general, crushers may
be classed as hammermills of either fixed or movable knife design. The primary
distinction between crushers, grinders and pulverizers, as opposed to shredders,
is that the former reduce particle sizes of brittle materials. The latter are more
effective with non-brittle materials.
CRUSHER, Bottle - A machine designed to crush bottles into fragments by the
application of pressure between plates, jaws or rollers.
CRUSHER, Can - A crushing device similar to a bottle crusher but one which flattens
cans rather than fragmentizes them.
CRUSHER, Delumper - A small crusher employing fixed knives rotating through a
steel comb used to remove lumps from dry materials. It is small in size and designed
for use in the chemical industry.
CRUSHER, Syringe - A small, table-mounted machine for destroying plastic one-
time use syringes by crushing.
DELUMPER, Pipeline - A crusher with revolving blades and comb teeth, similar to
the delumper crusher previously described, but built to be fitted into a pipeline
for size reduction of wet materials flowing through process piping.
DETECTOR, Metal - A magnetic device used to detect even very fine metallic
particles in products being processed. Can be mounted on conveyors.
DIGESTER, Continuous - Generally, a cylindrical tube containing a screw
conveyor for cooking, or digesting, wet materials in the chemical, food
processing, paper and other industries.
DRYER, Fluid Bed - A unit designed to dry, cool, calcinate, pelletize or blend
materials by the application of high heat utilizing gases to suspend and agitate
a bed of granular solids. It has many industrial applications.
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX E
DRYER, Rotary - Rotary dryers are also known as kilns and are used for both drying
and cooling various types of materials. They are generally horizontal tubes which
revolve inside a heated container. In certain applications, heat is emitted within
the tube to dry the materials being processed. Slope is provided so that materials
placed inside the revolving tube for drying will flow at a controlled rate from one
end of the tube to the other.
EXTRACTOR, Screw - A device employing the screw principle, used to separate
solid materials from liquids. The chemical and pulp processing industries use this
equipment. It is also used in solid waste systems for dewatering pulped or wet
ground waste materials.
EXTRUDER, Refuse - A component used with certain types of dry grinders to compact
finely ground, moist refuse into briquettes. Some are made integral with the grinder
and others are designed as optional additions.
GRINDER, Dry - These mills are related to the crushers previously defined and may
also be classified by manufacturers as pulverizers or hammermills,, Similar to
crushers and frequently indistinguishable from them, they may have fixed or
movable blades or hammers. They are used to grind brittle materials by impact.
GRINDER, Wet - This classification includes the food waste grinders used in
special sinks or with large hoppers. They are commonly found in the dietary
areas of institutions, such as hospitals.
HAMMERMILL - The name hammermill is applied to a wide variety of mills whose
functions are the crushing of friable materials such as coal, rock and mixed
materials. Some types of hammermills can also be used to destruct nonfriable
materials, including solid wastes. These mills can be of several designs, each
different from others, and still be considered by manufacturers as hammermills.
The hammers may be fixed or movable. The mill can be of the down-running or
over-running type. Breaker plates may be fixed or traveling. The basic design
is a horizontal shaft to which are attached the fixed or movable hammers. Shaft
speeds may vary from 1500 to 360 r.p.m. and hammer velocities from 5,000 to
20,000 feet per minute. The hammermill breaks materials primarily by impact
rather than by crushing or grinding between two hard surfaces.
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VOL. Ill t
APPENDIX E e-4
HOGGER - The hogger, sometimes called wood hog, blow hog or hog, is also
considered a hammermill by some manufacturers. Although usually associated with
the reduction of large pieces of wood to chips or shavings, the hogger can be used
for breaking solid wastes into small particles or shreds. Its construction is similar
to the hammermills previously described but is commonly equipped with rotating
hammers instead of fixed knives.
MIXER - Mechanical mixers, as differentiated from pneumatically operated blenders
or mixers, are of two general types. One, resembling a concrete mixing drum, is
used in the processing of dry materials by a tumbling action. A vertical mixer is
also available. A screw operating in the center of a cylinder raises and intermixes
dry materials introduced at either the top or bottom of the cylinder.
PACKER, Roll-off - A packer similar to a stationary packer but mounted on skids
and equipped with heavy rollers so that it may be rolled onto or off a truck equipped
with a tiltframe hoist.
PACKER, Stationary - Sometimes called a fixed packer, this equipment receives
and compacts loose wastes which may be manually or mechanically fed to it. The
packer remains in a fixed location. It packs the refuse into a large, closed
container which, when full, is hauled away to a disposal area and emptied. The
haulaway trucks are equipped with tilt-frame hoists previously described. The
full receiving container is replaced with an empty one so that the storage and
compaction operations are but briefly interrupted.
PACKER, Trailer - A compaction unit combined with a receiving container which
can be trailed behind a truck or tractor. When the container is full, it is hauled
to a disposal area and the compacted load is pushed out of the rear of the container
by the packer ram.
PACKER, Transfer, Stationary - A fixed packer used at a transfer station. Mobile
packers empty their collected loads into the transfer packer, which in turn compacts
the wastes into large transfer trailers for hauling to disposal areas.
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX E
PRECIPITATOR, Electrostatic - A device using opposite electrostatic charges to
attract, separate and precipitate fine dust or liquid particles, fumes, fogs or corrosive
gases. Employed to reduce or eliminate objectionable emissions from processing plants.
PRESS, Dewatering - A machine employing single or dual rotating screws to dewater
or thicken high-moisture, fibrous materials such as various types of pulp.
PULLEY, Magnetic - A pulley equipped with one or more electromagnetic coils and
used in connection with belt conveyors for the separation of tramp metal from
materials being handled in processing*
PULPER - A machine employing the combined principles of mechanical and hydraulic
shearing to destruct solid materials into a pulp. A rotor is mounted in the bottom of
a bowl into which water and the materials to be pulped are introduced. The rotating
impeller creates a hydraulic vortex, drawing the materials downward. A perforated
bedplate below the rotor determines the sizes of particles of pulped material which
passes through it and out of the pulper, since all liquids and solids must exit through
it. Pulpers can be combined with junk removers and dewatering presses and are
sometimes used in a process for the reduction of solid wastes.
PULVERIZER - A mill similar to hammermills, crushers and grinders and used to reduce
the size of friable materials. These machines are usually associated with finer
grinding than grinders or crushers, even though they frequently employ the same
principles of reduction.
PULVERIZER, Paper - A specially designed machine for the reduction of paper.
The process is also called "dry pulping". The equipment employs a swing-type
hammermill which also has a built-in pre-grinding shredder. The end product
is a fine textured, cotton-like powder.
SEPARATOR, Cyclone - Cyclones, as they are commonly called, are usually
vertical cylinders with an inverted bottom section through which air streams are
passed for the purpose of removing fine particles of dry materials carried in suspension.
The cyclone operates on the principle of inertial separation. Some types of cyclones
have a large number of small cyclonic units arranged in parallel.
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX E
SEPARATOR, Magnetic - Any of a variety of magnetic plates or grates used to remove
ferrous metals from materials passing over or under them. Used in connection with
conveying systems.
SHREDDER - Shredders are mills similar to hammermills, crushers, grinders or pulver-
izers in their operation. They may have fixed or swing hammers or knives. The design
and shape of the hammers may differ from some other types of mills. The term shredder
is usually applied to mills which are to be used for the destruction of paper, rags and
other non-brittle materials.
SHREDDER, Screenings, Sewage - A hammermill-type of shredder designed for the
reduction of sewage solids. They are commonly used in connection with bar screens
and produce uniform particle sizes of materials passed through them.
SIEVE, Dewatering - A non-mechanical device over which slurries or pulped materials
can be passed for removal of excess liquids and thickening of slurries being processed.
STERILIZER, Sludge - Equipment or system of equipment components for neutralization
of contaminated sludges without oxidation or destruction occurring. May involve
chemical or thermal processes in the treatment of industrial wastes and sewage sludge.
STRAINER, Line - Large basket-type strainers for the removal of objectionable
materials from liquids being processed and handled through pipelines.
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VOL. Ill
RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
APPENDIX F
PROCESSING EQUIPMENT
PRODUCT LIST
(Type, Manufacturer and Trade Name)
BALER, Bag-type
BALER, Carousel-type
BALER, Continuous
BALER, Portable
BALER, Stationary
BLENDER
Automatic Refuse Systems, Inc.
Auto Pak Co.
Compaction Equipment Co., Inc.
E-Z Pack Company
Piezo Manufacturing Corp.
Waterbury Hydraulics Industries, Inc.
Loewy Machinery Supplies Co., Inc.
Research-Cottrell, Inc.
American Baler Co., The
Balemaster Div.
East Chicago Machine Tool Corp.
Logemann Bros. Co.
Maren Engineering Corp.
Maren Engineering Corp.
Tamaker Corp.
American Baler Machine Co.
Div. Nat11 Compactor & Technology
Systems, Inc.
Compackager Corporation
Consolidated Baling Machine Co.
Logemann Bros. Co.
Tamaker Corp.
Sprout, Waldron & Co., Inc.
Strong-Scott Mfg. Co., The
Sturtevant Mill Co.
- "ARS"
- "Gobbler"
- "Gator"
- "Piezo-Pak"
- "Loewy-Kompex
Carousel"
- "Pak-Trell"
- "Cyclomatic"
CHIPPER, Brush
- Wayne Manufacturing Co.
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX F
COLLECTOR, Dust, Bag-type
- John Zink Co.
COLLECTOR, Dust, Centrifugal
- Fisher-Klosterman, Inc.
COLLECTOR, Dust, Cyclone
- Bartlett-Snow
- Fisher-Klosterman, Inc.
- Salina Manufacturing Co., Inc.
COLLECTOR, Fume - Fisher-Klosterman, Inc.
CONTROL, Photoelectric
- Autotron, Inc.
CONTROL, Proximity - Autotron, Inc.
CONTROLS, Electric - Farmer Electric Products Co., Inc.
CONTROLS, Motor, Electric
- Saco Electronics Corporation
CONTROLS, Ultrasonic- Delavan Manufacturing Co.
CRUSHER
- "Balanced Air"
& "Cluster-Clone
- "Balanced Air"
& "Cluster-Clone"
- "Balanced Air"
- "Bull Dog"
- American Pulverizer Co.
- Gruendler Crusher and Pulverizer Co.
- Hammermills, Inc.
- Pennsylvania Crusher Corp.
- Sprout, Waldron & Co., Inc.
- Stedman Foundry and Machine Co., Inc.
- Sturtevant Mill Co.
- Williams Patent Crusher and Pulverizer Co., Inc.
CRUSHER, Bottle - Qualheim, Inc.
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX F
CRUSHER, Can - Qualheim, Inc.
CRUSHER, Delumper - Franklin Miller, Inc.
CRUSHER, Syringe - Qualheim, Inc.
DELUMPER, Pipeline - Franklin Miller, Inc.
DETECTOR, Metal - Indiana General
Magnetic Equipment Div.
DETECTOR, Smoke - Autotron, Inc.
DIGESTOR, Continuous
- Black Clawson Company, The - "Chemi-Pulper"
DRYER, Fluid Bed - Bartlett-Snow
- Strong-Scott Manufacturing Co., The
DRYER, Rotary - Bartlett-Snow
EXTRACTOR, Screw - Bauer Bros. Co.
EXTRUDER, Refuse - Electronic Assistance Corp. - "EAC/Refuse
Compactor"
- Mil-Pac Systems, Inc.
Unit of SMF Corporation
FEEDER, Belt - Williams Patent Crusher & Pulverizer Co., Inc.
FEEDER, Gravimetric - Howe Richardson Scale Co.
FEEDER, Vacuum - Vac-U-Max - "Jet-Air"
FEEDER, Vibrating - Carman Industries, Inc. _
- HammermilU, Inc.
- Syntron
Div. of FMCCorp.
- Vibra Screw, Inc.
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX F
f-4
GRINDER, Dry
GRINDER, Wet
HAMMERMILL
HOGGER
Buffalo Hammer Mi 11 Corp.
Eidal International Corp. - "Mini-Mill"
Electronic Assistance Corp. - "EAC/Refuse
Compactor"
Gruendler Crusher and Pulverizer Co.
Mil-Pac Systems, Inc.
Unit of SMF Corporation
Williams Patent Crusher and Pulverizer Co., Inc.
Atomic Disposer Corp.
Buffalo Hammer Mill Corp.
Bus Boy Disposer, Inc.
FMC Corporation
Gruendler Crusher & Pulverizer Co.
In-Sink-Erator Mfg. Co.
Salvajor Company
Swimquip Inc.
Waste King Universal
American Pulverizer Co.
Bauer Bros. Co.
Buffalo Hammer Mill Corp.
Gruendler Crusher and Pulverizer Co.
Hammermills, Inc.
Sprout, Waldron & Co., Inc.
Stedman Foundry and Machine Co., Inc.
Sturtevant Mill Company
Williams Patent Crusher & Pulverizer Co., Inc.
W-W Grinder Corp.
- "Bull Dog"
- "Cyclomatic"
Balemaster Div.
East Chicago Machine Tool Corp.
Ecology Industries, Inc.
Gruendler Crusher & Pulverizer Co.
Logemann Bros. Co.
Stedman Foundry & Machine Co., Inc. - "Nife-Less"
Williams Patent Crusher & Pulverizer Co.,
Inc. - "No-Nife".
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX F
f-5
MIXER
PACKER, Roll-off
PACKER, Stationary
- Sprout, Waldron & Co., Inc.
- Stedman Foundry and Machine Co., Inc.
- Sturtevant Mill Co.
- So Vincen Bowles, Inc.
- Anchor Machine Company, Inc.
- Apex Metal Products
Div. of Hydraulic Refuse Systems Corp.
- Auto Pak Co.
- S. Vincen Bowles, Inc.
- Compaction Equipment Co., Inc.
- Dempster Brothers, Inc.
- E-Z Pack Company
- Heil Co., The
- Hobbs Hyd-Pak
Div. of Fruehauf Corp.
- Industrial Services of America
Tri-Pak Division
- King Container, Inc.
- LoDal, Inc.
- Marathon Equipment Co., Inc.
- National Compactor & Technology
Systems, Inc.
- New York Sani-Can, Inc.
- Pak-MorMfg. Co.
- Perfect! on-Cobey Company
Div- of Harsco Corp.
- Swiftainer Industries Corp.
- Tubar Waste Systems,
Div. Uhrden, Inc.
- Universal Handling Equipment Co.
- Western Body & Hoist Co.
- "Bowles Pac"
- "Anchorpac"
- "Concentrator"
- "Dual-Pak" &
"Pitch 'NPak"
- "Bowles Pac"
- "Pac-King"
- "Dinopacker II"
- "Huge-Pac"
- "Hyd-Pak"
- "Tri-Pak"
- "Ram-Jet"
- "Sani-Pac"
- "Station-pak"
- "Swift-Pac"
- "Tubar-Pak"
- "Shu-Pak"
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX F
f-6
PRECIPITATOR, Electrostatic
- Nichols Engineering & Research Corp.
- John Zink Co.
PRESS, Dewatering
PULLEY, Magnetic
PULPER
PULVERIZER
PULVERIZER, Paper
PUMP, Slurry
SCALE
SCREEN, Vibrating
- Bauer Bros. Co., The
- Indiana General
Magnetic Equipment Div.
- Black Clawson Company, The
- Somat Corp.
- Wascon Systems, Inc.
- Bauer Bros. Co.
- Gruendler Crusher and Pulverizer Co.
- The Heil'Co.
- Stedman Foundry and Machine Co., Inc.
- Sturtevant Mill Co.
- Pacific Cutter Co., Inc.
- W-W Grinder Corp., The
- Hammermills, Inc.
- Howe Richardson Scale Co.
Bauer Bros. Co.
S. Howes Co., Inc.
Sprout, Waldron & Co., Inc.
Stedman Foundry & Machine Co., Inc.
Williams Patent Crusher & Pulverizer Co., Inc.
- "Pressafiner"
- "Tollemache"
SEPARATOR, Cyclone -
Balemaster Div.
East Chicago Machine Tool Corp.
Eastern Cyclone Industries, Inc.
Gruendler Crusher & Pulverizer Co.
Quickdraft Corporation
- "Ed" &
"Air-Flyte"
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VOL.111 ^
APPENDIX F f-7
SEPARATOR, Cyclone (Continued)
- Salina Manufacturing Co., Inc.
- Williams Patent Crusher & Pulverizer Co,, Inc.
- John Zink Company
SEPARATOR, Magnetic
- Bunting Magnetics Co.
- Indiana General
Magnetic Equipment Div.
- W-W Grinder Corp., The
SHREDDER - American Baler Co., The
- American Pulverizer Co.
- Gruendler Crusher & Pulverizer Co.
- Hamnnermills, Inc. - "Bull Dog"
- Pennsylvania Crusher Corp.
- Stedman Foundry and Machine Co., Inc.
- Williams Patent Crusher and Pulverizer Co.,
Inc. - "Fragment!zer"
SHREDDER, Screenings, sewage
- Gruendler Crusher and Pulverizer Co.
SIEVE, Dewatering - Bauer Bros. Co., The - "Hydrasieve"
STERILIZER, Sludge - Dorr-Oliver, Incorporated - "Farrer System"
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VOL. Ill RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
APPENDIX G FINAL PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL EQUIPMENT g-1
CLASSIFICATIONS AND DEFINITIONS OF EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES
AFTERBURNER, Gas - These devices, usually gas fired, may be accessories to or
integrally incorporated into incinerators. Their purpose is to apply controlled heat
to the flue gases after the burning of waste materials, to insure the destruction of
odors and the reduction of particulate matter.
ARRESTOR, Spark - Metal or ceramic devices, frequently in the forms of cages,
placed over the tops of incinerator stacks to reduce hazards from sparks which
might be otherwise emitted.
CHIMNEY - As applied to this report, chimneys are prefabricated sections which
can be assembled on the site. They are metal cylinders, lined with high temperature
refractory materials.
.INCINERATOR - A device for carrying out the process of reducing combustible wastes
to inert residue by high-temperature burning. In the context of this report, it also
includes those special types of incinerators used for the destruction of laboratory
animals, pathological wastes, fumes, gases and liquids by the application of heat.
Incinerators are provided with means of using auxiliary fuels to assist in the
combustion process.
PYROLYZER - A retort, usually of cylindrical shape, in which wood or other materials
are reduced to char by the application of heat in the absence of air and any added
moisture. They are sometimes referred to as converters. In addition to the char,
combustible gases are also produced. These are used as part of the fuel input to
carry on the pyrolyzing process.
SCRUBBER, Gas - Equipment used to remove fly ash or other particulate matter from
flue gases of incinerators or other burning devices. They employ sprays of water,
wet surfaces and passage of gases through water to accomplish their purposes.
STOKER, Incinerator - Mechanical equipment for the movement and feeding of
waste materials through the incinerator burning chamber. They may be of different
designs such as alternating or reciprocating, chain grate or variations of these types.
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX G 9-2
WALL, Refractory - The linings of incinerators which are of refractory brick, tiles
or other forms. As applied in this report, they refer to suspended or special air-cooled
walls, rather than the firebrick walls commonly laid up as masonry.
OXIDIZER, Air, Wet - A series of equipment components providing a closed pres-
surized system for the reduction of organic material through oxidation without flame
at temperatures of 250°F to 700°F in the presence of water. Low pressure systems
nominally operate in a range below 300 psig and temperatures below 350 F. High
pressure systems can be operated upwards to 3000 psig in the higher temperature
ranges for higher oxidation rates.
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VOL. Ill
RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
APPENDIX H
FINAL PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL EQUIPMENT
PRODUCT LIST
(Type, Manufacturer and Trade Name)
AFTERBURNER, Gas -
ARRESTOR, Spark
CHIMNEY
INCINERATOR
Hydro Combustion Corporation
Sargent NCV Division
of Zurn Industries, Inc.
Sargent NCV Division
of Zurn Industries, Inc.
Power-Pac Stacks, Inc.
Sargent NCV Division
of Zurn Industries, Inc.
Air Preheater Company, Inc.
American Incinerator Corp.
Brule Incinerators
Calcinator Corporation
Combustion Engineering, Inc.
Despatch Oven Company
Garver-Davis, Inc.
Joseph Coder Incinerators
I.P.C. Industries
Morse Boulger
Div. Hagan Industries, Inc.
Nash, Cadmus & Voelker, Inc.
Nichols Engineering & Research Corp.
Plibrico Company
Sargent NCV Division
of Zurn Industries, Inc.
Silent Glow Corp.
Thermal Research & Engineering Corp.
Vulcan Iron Works, Inc.
Waste Combustion Corporation
- "Combustall"
"Calcinators"
"Combustopak"
"Des-lnerator"
"Destructur"
- "Hydrox-O-Lator"
- "Consumat"
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX H
INCINERATOR, Gas - Carver-Davis, Inc.
- Thermal Research & Engineering Corp.
INCINERATOR, Liquid
- Garver-Davis, Inc.
- Hydro Combustion Corporation
- Thermal Research & Engineering Corp.
INCINERATOR, Rotary
- Bartlett-Snow
- Kennedy Van Saun Corporation
INCINERATOR, Slagging
- Dravo Corporation
OXIDIZER, Air, Wet
PYROLYZER
SCRUBBER, Gas
Zimpro Division
Sterling Drug, Inc.
Monsanto Enviro-Chem Systems, Inc.
Pan American Resources, Inc.
Chemical Construction Corp.
(Subsidiary of Ebasco Industries, Inc.)
Pollution Control Division
M. H. Detrick Co.
I.P.C. Industries
Krebs Engineers
Nichols Engineering & Research Corp.
Peabody Engineering Corp.
Research-Cottrell, Inc.
Sargent NCV Division
of Zurn Industries, Inc.
Western Precipitation Division
Joy Manufacturing Co.
- "Destructur"
- "Destructur"
- "FLK
- "Lantz Converter"
- "Chemico"
- "Incino-Trell"
- "Turbulaire"
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX H
STOKER, Incinerator - Detroit Stoker Company
- Flynn and Emrich Company - "Constant-Flo"
STOKER, Incinerator, Chain grate
- Illinois Stoker Company
WALL, Refractory, Suspended
- M. H. Detrick Co.
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX I
RESEARCH ON SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
MANUFACTURERS' LIST
Aerojet-General Corporation
Environmental Systems Division
9200 East Flair Drive
El Monte, California 91734
Air Preheater Company, Inc.
Subsidiary of Combustion Engineering
Wellsville, New York 14895
Al-Jon, Inc.
P. O. Box 592
Ottumwa, Iowa 52502
Alvey Conveyor Manufacturing Co.
9301 Olive Boulevard
St. Louis, Missouri 63132
American Baler Company, (The)
1000 Hickory Street
Bellevue, Ohio 44811
American Baler Machine Company
Div. National Compactor & Technology
Systems, Inc.
839 - 39th Street
Brooklyn, New York 11232
American Compressed Steel Corporation
Louisville, Kentucky 40201
American Incinerator Corp.
5710 East Nevada
Detroit, Michigan 48234
American Pulverizer Company
1249 Macklind Avenue
St. Louis, Missouri 63110
Amsco Systems Company
Div. of American Sterilizer Co.
2710 West 21st Street
Erie, Pennsylvania 16512
Anchor Machine Company, Inc.
P. O - Box 260
Jackson, Michigan 49204
Anchor Steel and Conveyor Company
6906 Kingsley Avenue
Dearborn, Michigan 48126
Apex Metal Products
Div. of Hydraulic Refuse Systems Corp.
101 Louise Street
Rochester, New York 14606
Atomic Disposer Corp.
605 East Banning Avenue
Compton, California
Automatic Refuse Systems, Inc.
33201 Harper Avenue
St. Clair Shores, Michigan 48083
Auto Pak Company
4908 Lawrence Street
Bladensburg, Maryland 20710
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX I
Autotron, Inc.
3629 North Vermillion
Danville, Illinois 61832
Bal Corporation, William
947 Newark Avenue
Elizabeth, New Jersey 07208
Baldwin Conveyor Co., J. L.
2726 N. Ashland Avenue
Chicago, Illinois 60614
Balemaster Div.
East Chicago Machine Tool Corp.
4801 Railroad Avenue
East Chicago, Indiana
Barrett Electronics Corporation
630 Dundee Road
Northbrook, Illinois 60062
Bartlett-Snow
6200 Harvard Avenue
Cleveland, Ohio 44105
Bauer Bros. Co., (The)
P. O. Box 968
Springfield, Ohio 45501
Bernitz Furnace Appliance Company
301 Old York Road
Jenkintown, Pennsylvania 19046
Black & Decker Mfg. Co.
Towson, Maryland 21204
Black Clawson Company, (The)
Shartle Division
Pandia Division
Middletown, Ohio 45042
Bloomfield/Silex Industries, Inc.
4546 W. 47th Street
Chicago, Illinois 60632
S. Vincen Bowles, Inc.
12039 Branford Street
Sun Valley, California 91352
Bremen Equipment Corp.
3133 So. Gertrude Street
P. O. Box 2656
South Bend, Indiana 46613
Brockway Motor Trucks
Division of Mack Trucks, Inc.
Cortlandt, New York 13045
Brule ("Bru-lay") Incinerators
13920 South Western Avenue
Blue Island, Illinois 60406
Buffalo Hammer Mill Corp.
1245 McKinley Parkway
Buffalo, New York 14218
Bunting Magnetics Co.
9245 Cherry Street
Franklin Park, Illinois 60131
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX^
73"
Burtman Iron Works
Readville, Massachusetts 02137
E. W. Buschman Company, (The)
4146 Clifton Avenue
Cincinnati, Ohio 45232
Bus Boy Disposer, Inc.
13150 Saticoy Street
North Hollywood, California 91605
Butler Manufacturing Co.
7400 East 13th Street
Kansas City, Missouri 64126
Bynal Products, Inc.
11990 Franklin Avenue
Franklin Park, Illinois 60131
Calcinator Corporation
P. O. Box 400
Bay City, Michigan 48706
Carman Industries, Inc.
(formerly Carrier Mfg. Co.)
1005'W. Riverside Drive
Jeffersonville, Indiana 47103
Castle Automated Systems
Division of Sybron Corporation
317 Main Street
East Rochester, New York 14445
Also - 1777 East Henrietta Road
Rochester, New York 14623
Central Vac International
3008 E. Olympic Boulevard
Los Angeles, California 90023
Chainveyor Operations
Hewitt-Robins, Inc.
Div. Litton Industries
2041 Davfe Avenue
Los Angeles, California 90022
Chemical Construction Corp.
Subsidiary of Ebasco Industries, Inc.
Pollution Control Division
320 Park Avenue
New York, New York 10022
Chilite Plastics, Inc.
2278 Westside Drive
Rochester, New York 14624
City Tank Corporation
Culpeper, Virginia
Clark Equipment Company
Construction Machinery Division
Benton Harbor, Michigan
Cleveland Tramrail Division
of Cleveland Crane & Engineering Div.
of McNeil Corporation
1060 East 289th Street
WickMffe, Ohio 44092
Columbus McKinnon Corporation
1180_Avenue of the Americas
New York, New York 10036
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX I
Combustion Engineering, Inc.
Windsor, Connecticut 06095
Compackager Corporation
2135 Wisconsin Avenue, N.E.
Washington, D.C. 20007
Compaction Equipment Company, Inc.
P. O. Box 2206
Silver Spring, Maryland 20902
Compactor Refuse Handling Systems
900 North 137th Avenue
Seattle, Washington 98133
Comstock Engineering Co.
2311 East Eighth Street
Los Angeles, California
Conco
Material Handling Division
5440 W. St. Charles Road
Berkeley, Illinois 60163
Consolidated Baling Machine Company
Division, N.J. Cavagnaro & Sons.
Machine Corp.
400 Third Avenue
Brooklyn, New York 11215
Construction Products Co., Inc.
Route #7
Brookfield, Connecticut 06804
Container Development Corp.
Watertown, Wisconsin 53094
ConvertoMfg« Co.
Divo of Golay & Co., Inc.
Cambridge City, Indiana 47327
Con-Vey International, Inc.
4777 S. E. Sixteenth Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97202
Conveyor Specialties Co.
633 South Palm Avenue
Alhambra, California 91803
Conveyor Systems, Inc.
A. Bo Farquhar Div.
6451 Main Street
Morton Grove, Illinois 60053
J. C. Corrigan Co., Inc.
41 Norwood Street
Boston, Massachusetts 02122
County Plastics Corp.
100 Verdi Street
Farmingdale, New York 11735
Currie Machinery Company
1150 Walsh Avenue
Santa Clara, California 95050
Cushman Motors
Lincoln, Nebraska 68501
Cyanamid
Decision Making Systems Dept.
Bound Brook, New Jersey 08805
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX I
i-5
Dashaveyor Company, (The)
1042 Princeton Drive
Venice, California 90291
Data-Veyors Corporation
3246 Ettie Street
Oakland, California 94608
Delavan Manufacturing Company
811 Fourth Street
West Des Moines, Iowa 50265
Dempster Brothers, Inc.
P. O. Box 3127
Knoxville, Tennessee 37917
Despatch Oven Company
P. O. Box #1320
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414
M. H. Detrick Co.
20 N. Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Detroit Stoker Company
Div. of United Industrial Corp.
Monroe, Michigan 48161
Diamond Reo Trucks
Div., White Motor Corp.
Lansing, Michigan 48920
Differential Steel Car Co.
Findlay, Ohio 45840
Dorr-Oliver, Inc.
77 Havemeyer Lane
Stamford, Connecticut 06904
Dravo Corporation
3600 Neville Road
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15225
D-V Metal Fab Co.
(Div. of Data-Veyors Corp.)
3246 Ettie Street
Oakland, California 94608
Eastern Cyclone Industries, Inc.
15 Daniel Road
Fairfield, New Jersey 07006
Ecology Industries, Inc.
433 Liberty Street
P. O. Box 5
Little Ferry, New Jersey 07643
Econo Manufacturing Co.
Celina, Ohio 45822
Eidal International Corporation
245 Woodward Road, S.W.
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87103
(Parent company of Eidal -
Southwest Factories, Inc.
3805 NoW. 36th Street
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73112)
Electronic Assistance Corp.
20 Bridge Avenue
Red Bank, New Jersey 07701
Elgin Leach Corporation
222 West Adams Street
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Empire Engineering Co.
385 East Green Street
Pasadena, California 91101
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX
i-6
Esco Corporation
1017 Griggs
Danville, Illinois 61832
E-Z Pack Company
(Div. of Hercules Galion Products, Inc.)
P. O. Box 607
Gallon, Ohio 44833
Farmer Electric Products Co., Inc.
Tech Circle
Natick, Massachusetts 01760
Fisher-Klosterman, Inc.
2901 Magazine Street
Louisville, Kentucky 40211
Flexoveyor Conveyor Co.
1220 South Acoma Street
Denver, Colorado 80223
Florsheim Manufacturing Company, Inc.
825 No. Lessing Street
Chicago, Illinois 60622
Flo-Tronics
Air Conveyor Div.
1820 Xenium Lane
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55427
Flynn and Emrich Company
3001 Grantley Road
Baltimore, Maryland 21215
FMC Corporation
Hoopeston, 111 i noi s 60942
Riverside Division
3075 - 12th Street (Box 552)
Riverside, California 92505
Fort Steuben Metal Products Co.
Fort Steuben Road
Weirton, West Virginia
Fuller Company
123 Bridge Street
Catasauqua, Pennsylvania 18032
Fusion Rubbermaid Corporation
Statesville, North Carolina 28677
Garver-Davis, Inc.
19200 Villaview Road
Cleveland, Ohio 44119
Gar Wood Industries, Inc.
Wayne, Michigan 48184
General Atronics Corporation
1200 East Mermaid Lane
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19118
General Hydraulics of California, Inc.
411 South Flower Street
Burbank, California 91502
Gen Sani-Can Corporation
21 Gear Avenue
Lindenhurst, New York 11757
Gil man Paper Company
Kraft Bag Division (DisPOzit Div.)
Time & Life Building, Rockefeller Center
111 West 50th Street
New York, New York 10020
Coder Incinerators, Joseph
2483 Green leaf Avenue
Elk Grove Village, Illinois 60007
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX
i-7
Gould Products, Inc.
Elmont, Long Island, New York
Grand Aluminum Welding
1232 Commercial Street, N.E.
Salem, Oregon 97301
Gruendler Crusher and Pulverizer Co.
2915 No. Market Street
St. Louis, Missouri 63106
Hammermills, Inc.
(Subsidiary-Pettibone Mulliken Corp.)
625 "C" Avenue, N.W.
Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52405
Hapman Corporation
630 Gibson Street
Kalamazoo, Michigan 49006
Harnischfeger Corporation
Industrial Division
440 West National Avenue
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53246
Heil Co., (The)
3000 W. Montana Street
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201
Hercules Gallon Products, Inc.
P. O. Box 607
Gallon, Ohio 44833
Hewitt-Robins, Inc.
Div. Litton Industries
Chainveyor Operations
2041 Davie Avenue
Los Angeles, California 90022
Hewitt-Robins, Inc.
Div., Litton Industries
666 Glenbrook Road
Stamford, Connecticut 06096
Habart Manufacturing Co., (The)
Troy, Ohio
Hobbs Hyd-Pak
(Div. of Fruehauf Corp.)
Ki I pa trick Road
Cleburne, Texas 76031
Hollymatic Corp.
80 North Street
Park Forest, Illinois 60466
Hollywood Plastics, Inc.
4560 Worth Street
Los Angeles, California 90063
Howe Richardson Scale Company
680 Van Houten Avenue
Clifton, New Jersey 07015
S. Howes Co., Inc.
Silver Creek, New York 14136
Hydro Combustion Corporation
9630 Santa Fe Springs Road
Santa Fe Springs, California 90670
Hytrol Conveyor Company, Inc.
St. Louis, Missouri
Illinois Stoker Company
Alton, Illinois 62002
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VOL. Ill
APPENDIX
i-8
Inca Metal Products Corporation
501 East Purnell Road
Lewisville, Texas 75067
Indiana General
Magnetic Equipment Div.
6001 South General Avenue
Dudahy, Wisconsin 53110
Industrial Bag & Spec., Inc.
1025 Brush
Detroit, Michigan 48226
Industrial Services of America
Tri-Pak Division
P. O. Box 21-070
Louisville, Kentucky 40221
In-Sink-Erator Manufacturing Co.
4700 - 21st Street
Racine, Wisconsin 53406
Insulfab Container Corporation
830 Hayne Street
Spartanburg, So. Carolina 29301
International Harvester Co.
Chicago, Illinois 60611
International Paper Company
Garbax Disposal System
220 East 42nd Street
New York, New York 10017
I.P.C. Industries
687 So. Post Avenue
Detroit, Michigan 48217
Joy Manufacturing Co.
Oliver Building
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15222
Kennedy Van Saun Corporation
Danville, Connecticut 17821
Kiesler Company, Jos. F.
928 West Huron Street
Chicago, Illinois 60622
Kimberly-Clark Corporation
Neenah, Wisconsin 54956
King Container, Inc.
1111 South 12th Street
Kansas City, Kansas 66105
Kirk & Blum Manufacturing Co., (The)
3120 Forrer Street
Cincinnati, Ohio
George Koch Sons, Inc.
P. O. Box 358
Evansville, Indiana 44704
Kornylak Corporation
400 Heaton Street
Hamilton, Ohio 45011
Krebs Engineers
1205 Chrysler Drive
Menlo Park, California 94025
Lamson Division
Diebold, Incorporated
Lamson Street
Syracuse, New York 13201
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APPENDIX I
i-9
Link-Belt
Div« of FMC Corp.
Prudential Plaza
Chicago, Illinois 60601
LoDal, Inc.
Kingsford, Michigan 49802
Logemann Brothers Company
3150 West Burleigh Street
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53245
Loewy Machinery Supplies Co., Inc.
305 East 47th Street
New York, New York 10017
McClintock Division
Unarco Industries, Inc.
15005 So. Marquardt Avenue
Santa Fe Springs, California 90670
Malsbary Manufacturing Company
845 - 92nd Avenue
Oakland, California 94603
Marathon Equipment Co., Inc.
1300 Borden Avenue
P. O. Box 160
Leeds, Alabama 35094
Maren Engineering Corporation
16246 School Street
P. O. Box 143
South Holland, Illinois 60473
Mathews Conveyor Company
190 Tenth Street
Ellwood City, Pennsylvania
Maxon Premix Burner Company, Inc.
Muncie, Indiana
M-B Company
1635 Wisconsin Avenue
New Hoi stein, Wisconsin 53061
Metal Edge Industries
Barrington, New Jersey 08007
Metropolitan Wire Goods Corporation
N. Washington St. & George Avenue
Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 18705
Mid Equipment Corp.
Grundy Center, Iowa 50638
Midland Equipment Division
Midland Truck Caster & Wheel Co.
685 U. S. Highway No. 1
Elizabeth, New Jersey 07207
Miller, Inc., Franklin
36 Meadow Street
East Orange, New Jersey 07017
Mil-Pac Systems
Unit of SFM Corporation
1110 Globe Avenue
Mountainside, New Jersey 07092
Mobil Chemical Co.
Packaging Department
Canandaigua, New York
Molded Fiber Glass Tray Co.
Linesville, Pennsylvania 16424
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APPENDIX
i-10
Mono-Sol Div.
Chris Craft Industries, Inc.
407 County Line Road
Gary, Indiana 46403
Monsanto Enviro-Chem Systems, Inc.
800 North Lindbergh Boulevard
St. Louis, Missouri 63166
Morse Boulger
Div. of Hagan Industries, Inc.
53-09 - 97th Place
Corona, New York 11368
Nash, Cadmus & Voelker, Inc.
70 West Sunrise Highway
Freeport, New York 11520
National Compactor & Technology
Systems, Inc.
839 - 39th Street
Brooklyn, New York 11232
Newark Caster & Truck Corp.
355 Park Avenue
Newark, New Jersey 07107
New London Engineering Company
1700 Division Street
New London, Wisconsin 54961
New York Sani-Can, Inc.
225 Marcus Boulevard
Deer Park, New York 11729
Nichols Engineering & Research Corp.
150 William Street
New York, New York 10038
Olson Division
American Chain & Cable Company, Inc.
10601 W. Belmont Avenue
Franklin Park, Illinois 60131
Pacific Cutter Co., Inc.
3690 Santa Fe Avenue
Los Angeles, California 90058
Pak-Mor Manufacturing Company
1123 S.E. Military Drive
P. O. Box 14147
San Antonio, Texas 78214
Pan American Resources, Inc.
Eastern Division
64 Fulton Street
New York, New York 10038
Peabody Engineering Corporation
232 Madison Avenue
New York, New York 10016
Pennsylvania Crusher Corporation
Subsidiary of Bath Industries, Inc.
Box 100
Broomal, Pennsylvania 19008
Perfection-Cobey Company
Div. of Harsco Corp.
Gallon, Ohio 44833
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APPENDIX
Phillips Films Co., Inc.
Polyolefin Division
(Subsidiary-Phillips Petroleum Co.)
5570 Creek Road
Cincinnati, Ohio 45242
Piezo Manufacturing Corporation
193 Main Street
Madison, New Jersey 07940
Plibrico Company
1800 N. Kingsbury Street
Chicago, Illinois 60614
Power-Pac Stacks, Inc.
610 Devon Street
Kearny, New Jersey 07032
Prab Conveyors, Inc.
5944 East Kilgore Road
Kalamazob, Michigan 49003
Qualheim, Inc.
1225 - 14th Street
P. O. Box 368
Racine, Wisconsin 53403
Quickdraft Corporation
1525 Perry Drive, S.W.
Canton, Ohio 44708
Rapistan Incorporated
Rapistan Building
Grand Rapids, Michigan 49505
Refuse Disposal Equipment Co., Inc,
P. O. Box 421
Highland Park, Illinois 60035
Republic Steel Corporation
1315 Albert Street
Youngstown, Ohio 44505
Research-Cottrell, Inc.
Box 750
Bound Brook, New Jersey 08805
Rogers Manufacturing Co., Inc.
220 No. Mahaffie
Olathe, Kansas 66061
Rol-Away Truck Manufacturing Co., Inc
6143 S.E. Foster Road
Portland, Oregon 97206
Rubbermaid Commercial Products, Inc.
(Subsidiary of Rubbermaid, Inc.)
Winchester, Virginia 22601
Rudolph Poultry Equipment Company
Vineland, New Jersey 08360
St. Regis Paper Company
150 East 42nd Street
New York, New York 10017
Salina Manufacturing Co., Inc.
606 North Front Street
P. O. Box 26
Salina, Kansas 67401
Salvajor Company
4530 East 75th Terrace
Kansas City, Missouri 64132
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APPENDIX
i-12
Sargent NCV Division
of Zum Industries, Inc.
610 Devon Street
Kearny, New Jersey 07032
Screw Conveyor Corporation
700 Hoffman Street
Hammond, Indiana 46320
Seco Electronics Corporation
1001 Second Street, South
Hopkins, Minnesota 55343
Shredmaster Corporation, (The)
891 South Ocean Avenue
Freeport, L.I., New York 11520
Signode Corporation
Strapping Division
2600 N. Western Avenue
Chicago, 111 inois 60647
SI Handling Systems, Inc.
P. O. Box 70
Easton, Pennsylvania 18042
Silent Glow Corporation
850 Windsor Street
Hartford, Connecticut 06101
H. E. Smith, Inc.
28880 Southfield Road
Lathrup Village, Michigan 48075
Somat Corporation
Box 831
Coatesville, Pennsylvania 19320
Speaker Sortation Systems Division
Automatic Sprinkler Corp. of America
3250 North 126th Street
Brookfield, Wisconsin 53005
Speedways Conveyors, Inc.
1210 E. Ferry Street
Buffalo, New York 14211
Spencer Turbine Co.
c/o (Rep.) Robson L. Splane
17825 Osborne Street
Northridge, California 91324
Spronz Incinerator Corp.
1262 Plymouth Avenue, South
Rochester, New York 14611
Sprout, Waldron & Company, Inc.
Muncy, Pennsylvania 17756
Standard Conveyor Company
940 Indiana Avenue
North St. Paul, Minnesota 55109
Stedman Foundry and Machine Company,Inc
Subsidiary-United Engrg. & Foundry Co.
Aurora, Indiana 47001
Sterling Manufacturing Company
241 North Third Street
Laurens, Iowa 50554
Strong-Scott Mfg. Co., (The)
(Berwind Corporation-Process Equip. Group)
451 Taft Street, N.E.
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55413
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APPENDIX I
i-13
Sturtevant Mill Company
Park and Clayton Streets
Boston, Massachusetts 02122
Swiftainer Industries Corp.
2345 Hollers Avenue
Bronx, New York 10469
Swimquip, Inc.
3301 Oilman Road
El Monte, California 91732
Syntron
Div - of FMC Corp.
Homer City, Pennsylvania 15748
Tamaker Corp.
P. O. Box 204
Ventura, California 93002
Tampo Manufacturing Company, Inc.
Seal Press Refuse Collection Body Div-
1146 West Laurel Street
P. O. Box 7248
San Antonio, Texas 78207
T&S Equipment Company
Albion, Michigan 49224
Thermal Research & Engineering Corp.
(Subsidiary of Cosmodyne)
Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428
Tilt/Load Hoppers
Box 154
Salina, Kansas 67401
Tradewind Industries, Inc.
P- O. Box 96
Liberal, Kansas 67901
Trashmobile Division
Hanna Enterprises
1122 N. Williams Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97227
Truck Equipment Company of Georgia, Inc.
20-24 - 14th Street, N.W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Truck Equipment Corporation
9400 Midlothean Turnpike
Richmond, Virginia 23235
Tubar Waste Systems
Div. of Uhrden, Inc.
Sugarcreek, Ohio 44681
Union Camp Corporation
233 Broadway
New York, New York 10007
Uniroyal, Incorporated
Div. of United States Rubber Company
2638 North Pulaski Road
Chicago, Illinois 60639
Universal Handling Equipment Co.
100 Burl and Crescent
Hamilton, Ontario
Canada
Vac-U-Max
227 Main Street
Belleville, New Jersey 07109
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APPENDIX
i-14
Vacuum Can Company
19 South Hoyne Avenue
Chicago, Illinois 60612
Val-Jac Manufacturing Co., Inc,
5650 North Broadway
Wichita, Kansas 67219
Versa Cart Containers
P. O. Box 142
Northbrook, Illinois 60062
Versa Corporation
P. O. Box 152
Mt. Sterling, Ohio 43143
Vibra Screw, Incorporated
755 Union Boulevard
Totowa, New Jersey 07512
Vulcan IronWorks, Inc.
Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
Wascon Systems, Inc.
Subsidiary - Robins & Myers
210 Bonair Avenue
Hatboro, Pennsylvania 19040
Waste Combustion Corporation
P. O. Box 6295
Richmond, Virginia 23230
Waste King Universal
3300 East 50th Street
Los Angeles, California 90058
Waterbury Hydraulics Industries, Inc.
58 Lafayette Street
Waterbury, Connecticut 06708
Wayne Engineering Corporation
1st & Iowa Streets
Cedar Falls, Iowa 50613
Wayne Manufacturing Co.
1201 East Lexington Street
Pomona, California 91766
Wear-Ever Aluminum, Inc.
5th Avenue & llth Street
New Kensington, Pennsylvania
Webb Company, Jervis B.
9000 Alpine Avenue
Detroit, Michigan 48204
Western Body & Hoist Company
8901 Juniper Street
Los Angeles, California 90002
West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company
230 Park Avenue
New York, New York 10017
Wilkinson Chutes, Inc.
619 East Tallmadge Avenue
Akron, Ohio 44310
Williams Patent Crusher and Pulverizer
Co., I nc.
2701 North Broadway
St. Louis, Missouri 63102
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APPENDIX I
i-15
W-W Grinder Corporation (The)
2957 North Market
Wichita, Kansas 67219
Zimpro Division of
Sterling Drug, I no-
Rothschild, Wisconsin 54474
Zink Company, John
4401 South Peoria
Tulsa, Oklahoma 74105
MCF570
ft U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1972 O - 470-306
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