Solid Waste management
Demonstration Grant Projects -1971
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Solid Waste management
Demonstration Grant Projects -1971
for grants awarded during the
period Jone 1,19GB-June 3D, 1971
SUMMARIES FOR GRANTS AWARDED DURING THE PERIOD JUNE 1, 1966-DECEMBER 31, 1968
The 1966-1968 summaries (formerly published as report SW-3d) were prepared by Charles E. Sponagle.
ABSTRACTS FOR GRANTS AWARDED DURING THE PERIOD JANUARY 1, 1969-JUNE 30, 1969
The 1969 abstracts (formerly published as an interim supplement to SW-3d) were prepared
by Charles E. Sponagle.
ABSTRACTS FOR GRANTS AWARDED DURING THE PERIOD JULY 1, 1969-JUNE 30, 1971
The 1969-1971 abstracts were prepared by Patricia L. Stump.
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1971
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An environmental protection publication in the
solid waste management series (SW-Sd.l). This
publication is also in the Public Health Serv-
ice numbered series as Public Health Service
Publication No. 1821; its entry in two govern-
ment publication series is the result of a
publishing interface reflecting the transfer
of the Federal solid waste management program
from the U.S. Public Health Service to the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NO. 68-67030
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $2
Stock Number 5502-0050
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foreword
Under the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 (Title II, P.L. 89-272) and the broader
mandate of the 1970 amendment (Resource Recovery Act, P.L. 91-512), public and
nonprofit agencies can procure Federal aid to study or to test new approaches to solid
waste management. The grant awards provide up to two-thirds of the total project costs.
A variety of projects and studies are summarized here-ranging from a mechanized
collection vehicle that uses a telescoping arm to empty refuse containers, to laboratory
development of magnetic devices for recovering zinc, aluminum, brass, copper, and
stainless steel from junked automobiles. We hope that the information presented will
motivate productive interchange between the grantees and communities facing similar
solid waste problems and will encourage widespread application of effective new and
improved techniques.
In this publication are compiled summaries or abstracts of all demonstration grants
that have been awarded since the beginning of the Federal solid waste management
program. The grant descriptions are presented in three sections. The first and second
sections, on pages 3 through 195, are reprinted as they were originally published in 1968
and 1969. The third section, on pages 198 through 233, contains new information that
has not been published previously. A single table of contents and set of indexes serve all
three parts.
The mention of trade names or commercial products does not imply endorsement by
the Federal Government.
-SAMUEL HALE, JR.
Deputy Assistant Administrator
for Solid Waste Management
in
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preface
Within the solid waste management program of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, the demonstration activity addresses itself to fulfilling the directive of the Solid
Waste Disposal Act. This is to encourage and support projects that may demonstrate new
and improved methods of solid waste management, and specifically, projects that may
provide some means for recovering and reusing waste materials, both from the standpoint
of reducing waste quantities and conserving natural resources. In addition to the
demonstrations, this activity provides grant support for related projects, termed "studies
and investigations," which may lead to the demonstration of systems that advance solid
waste technology.
To effectively pursue its grants program, the demonstration activity assists in the
development and review of new applications and monitors funded projects so that
objectives are attained and that information developed is adequately presented for
nationwide dissemination. This publication is an effort to disseminate current
information describing new projects which have been funded in fiscal years 1970 and
1971, and to compile this with previously published information on demonstration
projects from fiscal years 1966 through 1969.
-JOHN T. TALTY, Director
Division of Demonstration Operations
For more specific information on individual projects, write to the Project Director
identified in the description, or the Project Officer in the Office of Solid Waste
Management Programs who has responsibility for monitoring the project.
Project Officer, Demonstration Grant No.
Division of Demonstration Operations
Office of Solid Waste Management Programs
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
P.O. Box 597
Cincinnati, Ohio 45201
IV
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introduction
This publication combines into one volume three separate bodies of information.
These are Public Health Service Publication No. 1821, Summaries, Solid Wastes
Demonstration Grant Projects-1969; an unnumbered publication titled Solid Wastes
Demonstration Grant Abstracts, Grants Awarded January 1-June 30, 1969, which
supplemented Publication No. 1821; and a new collection of abstracts on grants awarded
from July 1, 1969, to June 30,1971.
The first two publications have been reprinted here exactly as they were published
before, except that the tables of contents from all three have been combined, as have the
several indexes. The earlier introductions have been omitted. The reader will notice slight
variations in format among the sections, and some variations in type style. We believe,
however, that these discrepancies will be more than offset by the advantage of having all
demonstration grant information in one volume with one master index.
Each abstract identifies the title, type, grant number, grantee, project director, cost,
and duration of the project. A brief statement of the project's objectives and study
procedures completes the abstract. Summaries (the format used in the first section of this
volume) also contain a brief statement of progress as of early 1969 and publications that
resulted from or concern the project being described. The practice of offering a statement
of progress on each project was not applicable in the later two sections because relatively
new projects could not be expected to have reportable progress so early in the life of the
project.
Clarifying remarks concerning certain entries appear below:
• Project Type—Each project is identified as a Demonstration or a Study & Investigation
in accordance with categories described in the preface.
• Grant Number—The Office of Solid Waste Management Program's identifying number
for the project should be used in all contacts with the Office concerning the project.
• Grantee—Recipients of grant support may be State, interstate, or local agencies of
government, or public or private nonprofit organizations.
• Project Director—Each grantee designates an individual who will have primary
responsibility for conducting the project.
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• Estimated Total Project Cosr-The Federal grant funds indicated here are committed to
a project on an annual basis. For example, a project which will take three years to
complete may receive the total Federal share in three annual increments, as designated
by the [01], [02], and [03] appended to the Federal Share amounts.
• Date Project Started-The authorized beginning date of the project.
• Date Project Ends—The authorized ending date of the project.
VI
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contents
Grant No. Project
D01-UI-00003 Bagged solid wastes landfill project 3
D01-UI-00004 Solid waste reduction/salvage plant 5
D01-UI-00005 Solid waste disposal study for Kalamazoo County, Michigan 8
D01-UI-00006 Hydrogeology of solid waste disposal sites 10
D01-UI-00007 Solid waste study and planning grant—Jefferson County, Kentucky;
Floyd and Clark Counties, Indiana 14
D01-UI-00009 High-density landfill recovery program 17
D01-UI-00010 Waste incineration in mechanically agitated fluidized beds 18
D01-UI-00011 Gully reclamation method-landfill demonstration 20
D01-UI-00013 Multipurpose incinerator 22
D01-UI-00018 Land reclamation by accelerated stabilization and related studies of
compactor equipment 23
D01-UI-00019 Jefferson Parish West Bank refuse collection and disposal study 27
D01-UI-00020 Recreational use of waste incinerator heat 29
D01-UI-00021 California integrated solid waste management system 30
D01-UI-00026 Quad-City regional solid waste program 34
D01-UI-00029 Solid waste disposal incinerator prototypes for specialized operations ... 36
D01-UI-00030 Gainesville compost plant 37
D01-UI-00033 San Jose/Santa Clara County solid waste disposal demonstration project . 41
D01-UI-00035 Erie County refuse disposal project 44
D01-UI-00036 Oklahoma County solid waste disposal study 47
D01-UI-00038 Incinerator no. 5. Phase I-special studies. Phase H-design 49
D01-UI-00039 Maricopa countywide solid waste disposal 52
D01-UI-00040 Solid waste disposal by incineration, using an incinerator with character-
istics requiring minimum control equipment 54
D01-UI-00045 Building an amphitheater and coasting ramp with municipal refuse .... 55
D01-UI-00046 Development of construction and use criteria for sanitary landfills 57
D01-UI-00048 Use of abandoned strip mines for solid waste disposal in Maryland .... 62
D01-UI-00050 Evaluation of alternatives in refuse disposal-Raleigh, North Carolina .. 65
D01-UI-00053 Countywide sanitary landfill refuse disposal project 68
D01-UI-00057 Refuse crusher 69
D01-UI-00060 Des Moines metropolitan area solid waste study and investigation 71
D01-UI-00061 Investigate and evaluate feasibility of refuse baling as a means of
conserving sanitary fill space 73
D01-UI-00063 Development of master plan for solid waste collection and disposal .... 76
D01-UI-00068 Solid waste disposal study for Oakland County, Michigan, and adjacent
communities 79
D01-UI-00069 Farmington River Valley solid waste disposal study and investigation ... 81
D01-UI-00070 Solid waste disposal study for Flint and Genesee County metropolitan
area, Michigan 83
D01-UI-00072 Solid waste collection and disposal study, Harrison County, Mississippi . . 86
D01-UI-00073 Investigate the potential benefits of rail haul as an integral part of waste
disposal systems 87
D01-UI-00076 Evaluation of the Melt-Zit high temperature incinerator 89
D01-UI-00077 Contract bond financing of multimunicipal incinerator systems 91
D01-UI-00078 Problems and solutions in the regional approach to incineration of solid
waste 92
D01-UI-00080 Agricultural benefits and environmental changes resulting from the use of
digested sewage sludge on field crops and development of economic
and physical characteristic criteria for use in selecting disposal sites ... 93
D01-UI-00081 Illinois auto salvage waste pollution control 95
D01-UI-00082 Control of dust in handling of solid wastes 97
D01-UI-00084 Western Jefferson County solid waste disposal study 99
VTl
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Grant No.
Project
D01-UI-00087 Tocks Island regional-interstate solid waste management study 100
D01-UI-00089 Incinerator water treatment system and Peabody scrubber test 102
D01-UI-00090 Study and investigation of solid waste in Appalachian regional demon-
stration health area 1*"
D01-UI-00091 Bulk refuse crusher facility 1°5
D01-UI-00092 Economic feasibility of composting refuse and sewage sludge in south-
eastern Michigan 106
D01-UI-00093 Demonstration of countywide solid waste management program and
feasibility of sanitary landfill operations utilizing a multifunction
machine 10'
D01-UI-00095 Comprehensive study of solid waste disposal-Cascade County, Montana . 109
D01-UI-00097 Shredding of bulky solid wastes HI
D01-U1-00102 Dairy manure management methods 112
D01-UI-00106 Demonstration of improved incinerator technology for a small community 115
D01-UI-00108 Study of integrated disposal of liquid and solid wastes 116
D01-UI-00113 Maximum utilization of sanitary landfills through integrated regional
planning 118
D01-UI-00115 Demonstration of disposal of waste wood and bulky burnable objects by
a large city 120
D01-UI-00119 Disposal of wood and bark wastes by incineration or alternative methods 121
D01-UI-00121 To determine the feasibility of shredding, mixing, and compacting a full
range of municipal solid wastes for reclaiming submerged lands 123
D01-UI-00122 Integrated study of refuse disposal-Madison, St. Clair, and Monroe
Counties, Illinois 124
D01-UI-00133 Sanitary landfill and reclamation project 126
D01-UI-00135 Systems analysis study of the container-train method of solid waste
collection and disposal 127
D01-UI-00137 Dairy manure collecting and composting study 129
D01-UI-00138 Solid waste disposal by containerization 131
D01-UI-00142 Treatment and reutilization of solid wastes from water treatment process 132
D01-UI-00143 Demonstration of the use of model sanitary landfiUing methods to
convert open dump to recreation area 134
D01-UI-00145 Demonstration of modern curricula and techniques in the field of solid
waste management 137
D01-UI-00153 Demonstration of a compact incineration system meeting all anti-pollu-
tion requirements of record in the United States 138
D01-UI-00156 Evaluation of air pollution control equipment for small batch-feed
municipal incinerator 139
D01-UI-00159 Regional solid waste study—design and implementation program 140
D01-UI-00161 Solid waste disposal program multigovernmental metropolitan area .... 142
D01-UI-00163 Economic feasibility and administrative organization required to con-
struct a 1,000-foot solid wastes mountain and recreational area in a
major urbanized region 144
D01-UI-00164 Solid waste handling and disposal in multistory buildings and hospitals .. 145
D01-UI-00168 Systems planning for regional solid waste management in areas com-
prising diverse socioeconomic characteristics 147
D01-UI-00170 Development and testing of compaction and baling equipment for rail
haul of solid wastes 149
D01-UI-00172 Engineering evaluation of plastic and paper sacks for increased efficiency
of refuse collection 150
D01-UI-00174 Development of a solid waste disposal plan and program integrated with
the comprehensive regional planning process 152
D01-UI-00176 Use of prepared refuse with coal in large utility boilers 154
D01-UI-00178 Comprehensive solid waste management in a rural county (clean and
green-Chilton County, Alabama) ^g
D01-UI-00186 Study and investigation of solid wastes in the Charleston, West Virginia,
standard metropolitan statistical area and Kanawha County, West
Virginia ' j^g
D01-UI-00187 Processing of bulky, metallic solid wastes " ' 159
D01-UI-00111 Ambos Nogales international solid waste disposal project 153
Vlll
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Grant No. Project Page
D01-UI-00185 Demonstration of two approaches to wood removal from retired railroad
boxcars for scrap and salvage operations 164
D01-UI-00188 Investigate and evaluate feasibility of refuse baling as a means of
conserving sanitary fill space—Phase II 166
D01-UI-00190 Solid waste disposal by underground incineration 167
D01-UI-00194 System for total refuse disposal by fluid-mechanical separation of solid
wastes and fluid bed oxidation of combustibles 168
D01-UI-00195 Generation of steam from solid waste 169
D01-UI-00197 Upgrading a small municipality's existing incinerator Plant to handle bulk
refuse and to meet new governmental air quality standards 171
D01-UI-00200 Eriez refuse conversion system 172
D01-UI-00202 Containerization of family refuse 174
D01-UI-00208 Pipeline transportation of solid wastes 176
D01-UI-00210 Evaluation of a multi-functional machine for use in sanitary landfill
operations for sparsely-populated areas 177
D01-UI-00222 Waste pesticide management 179
D01-UI-00227 Demonstration of benefits from improvements to a solid waste system
for a small community 181
D01-UI-00233 Demonstration of mobile equipment for bulky waste disposal on a
county basis 183
D01-UI-00237 Model city—urban renewal solid waste land reclamation, education, and
training demonstration project 185
D01-UI-00238 Solid waste-home storage and collection concepts—demonstration .. 187
D01-UI-00239 Torrax solid waste disposal system 189
D01-UI-00240 Demonstration of a high temperature vortex incineration system .... 191
D01-UI-00241 The development and use of regulations, legal procedures, and equipment
for efficient collection of automobile hulks, abandoned appliances, and
heavy solid waste objects-Gainesville model cities 192
D01-UI-00244 Demonstrating the implementation of a metropolitan solid waste
management plan 193
D01-UI-00246 Waste clamshell recycling as oyster cultch 194
D01-UI-00247 Solid wastes management: a survey and analysis of the private sector ... 195
G06-EC-00151 Quad-City high temperature solid wastes destructor 198
G06-EC-00202 Containerization of family refuse 199
G06-EC-00250 Pneumatic waste handling system installation, United Housing Founda-
tion 200
G06-EC-00266 Utilization of grass-seed and cereal-crop residues, an interdisciplinary
investigation of agricultural and industral uses for organic wastes . . 201
G06-EC-00267 Study and investigation of the use of fly ash and coal preparation refuse
as cover for sanitary landfill 202
G06-EC-00268 Demonstration of a public-private regional solid waste management
system in Kentucky's bluegrass area development district 203
G06-EC-00269 Lee County solid waste management project 204
G06-EC-00270 Dairy collection and composting study 205
G06-EC-00271 Solid waste disposal by containerization-Phase II 206
G06-EC-00274 Classification of nonmagnetic metals 207
G06-EC-00279 Design, development, and implementation of a computerized manage-
ment information system for an incinerator operation 208
G06-EC-00282 The development of greater solid waste utilization through an analysis of
the secondary materials industry, its sources of supply, its consuming
markets, and its economic and technical problems 209
G06-EC-00285 Study of the disposal of sewage sludge in a sanitary landfill 210
G06-EC-00286 Study of open-pit incinerator for use in disposal of municipal garbage and
refuse 211
G06-EC-00289 Investigation of the use of computers and computer models in cost
evaluation of regional refuse transport and disposal systems 212
G06-EC-00292 Evaluation, extraction, and recycling of certain solid waste constituents . 213
G06-EC-00293 Utilizing the potential of model neighborhood residents to prevent litter
through exchanges with children and youth 214
IX
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Grant No.
Project
Page
G06-EC-00294 San Francisco airport solid waste study 215
G06-EC-00297 Crawford County, Ohio, sanitary landfill 216
G06-EC-00298 A study to identify opportunities for increased recycling of ferrous solid
waste 217
G06-EC-00302 Household refuse compactor demonstration project 218
G06-EC-00309 Effective use of high water table areas for sanitary landfills 219
G06-EC-00312 Use of refuse as supplementary fuel in boiler furnaces 220
G06-EC-00315 Lee County solid waste management project 221
G06-EC-OQ316 Demonstration of Eidal SW1150 shredder 222
G06-EC-00318 Solid waste separator 223
G06-EC-00319 Solid-waste-directed information and education program 224
G06-EC-00320 Special trash removal program 225
G06-EC-00328 Mechanization of refuse collection 226
G06-EC-00329 Pyrolysis-incineration process for solid waste disposal 227
G06-EC-00338 Public utility concept in solid waste management-a feasibility study . . . 228
G06-EC-00344 Solid waste collection and disposal at a major seaport 229
G06-EC-00351 Central Sonoma County sanitary landfill 230
G06-EC-00362 Neighborhood recycling centers-Phase I 231
G06-EC-00366 Separation of higher valued fractions from the fibrous portion of
shredded mixed municipal wastes 232
G06-EC-00370 Study of marketability of recovered and clarified incinerator residue in
New York metropolitan area 233
INDEXES
Subject 237
Geographic 240
Grantees 244
Project Directors 246
Consultants to Projects 247
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demonstration grant projects
SUMMARIES
Grants Awarded June 1, 1966—December 31, 1968
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Bagged solid wastes landfill project
PROJECT TYPE: DEMONSTRATION
GRANTEE: TOWN OF HARRINGTON
PROJECT DIRECTOR: CALVIN A. CANNEY, TOWN MANAGER, 283 COUNTY ROAD,
HARRINGTON, RHODE ISLAND 02806
GRANT NO. D01-UI-OOOOS
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST:
GRANTEE'S SHARE:
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1966
$279,917
$ 93,306
$ 20,522 [01]
$ 62,259 [02]
$103,800 [03]
DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAY 31, 1969
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the advantages
of a new method of solid waste storage and col-
lection by conducting a project to evaluate the
feasibility and economics of combined collec-
tion and disposal of rubbish and garbage using
kraft paper refuse sacks, and to determine the
effect of this collection method on the capacity
of a sanitary landfill.
PROCEDURES: The project will be carried
out by town employees and supervisory per-
sonnel.
Approximately one-third of the community
will be converted to the bag system during each
year of the project. Costs of initiating and op-
erating the system and public acceptance of the
changed collection method will be evaluated. A
model sanitary landfill operation will be insti-
tuted, and space requirements in relation to this
method of collection determined.
PROGRESS TO DATE: Various aspects of the
bag system, products, and companies were in-
vestigated; and holders and bags were purchased
from the St. Regis Paper Company under a 3-yr
contract. On the basis of its investigations, the
town decided to use a stand-type holder for the
bags, with a drop lid and gasket, to allow the
householder flexibility in placing the unit.
Prior to initiation of the system, information
was released to the press concerning the pro-
posed bag system. In addition, an information
packet was mailed to each householder explain-
ing the nature of the proposed system. Conver-
sion of one-third of the town to the bag system
was effected by Sept. 28, 1966. An additional
one-third of the town was converted to the bag
system in the second year of the project, and the
remaining one-third was converted to the bag
system in the third year of the project.
The use of the bag makes the handling of
household solid waste much easier for the home-
owner and removes most of the objections of
employees concerning the collection of solid
wastes. Reaction of homeowners to the bag sys-
tem has been favorable. A questionnaire survey
made in January 1967 indicated that 94 percent
of the people using the bag system liked the
change from cans to bags and would not want
to go back to the former method of collection.
Failure of the bags because of animal attack
has been more frequent than anticipated. In
some cases, it is believed that overfilling and im-
proper closure have resulted in more attacks by
dogs than would ordinarily have occurred. The
bag has proved to be attractive to these animals
after being placed at curbside. To reduce these
failures, the town has initiated a local leash law
and also recommended possible changes in the
bag itself to provide extra strength and less at-
tractiveness to dogs.
Comparative operating costs between the old
and new collection systems are being evaluated.
Preliminary estimates indicate that the bag col-
lection system is more efficient and economical
than other methods, but the savings are not
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enough to offset the complete cost of the bags.
Indications are that the change to the bag col-
lection system reduces the man-minute per ton
collection time by approximately 50 percent.
Since this increased efficiency is reflected by re-
duced labor and equipment costs, the town es-
timates that these economies offset approxi-
mately 11 cents per .dwelling unit collected per
week out of the 18 cents cost for supplying two
bags to each dwelling unit per week.
Improvements are being made to the existing
landfill to bring it into comformity with State
and Federal recommendations. Preliminary in-
dications are that the rate of use of the sanitary
landfill has increased beyond that normally ex-
pected. The town attributes this increase to the
availability and efficiency of the bag collection
system.
Data are being continuously collected to fur-
ther verify and substantiate the preliminary re-
sults to date. This data will be analyzed, and
the findings presented in a final report after the
project terminates.
PUBLICATION:
First community grant; municipal public works. New England Construction, Jan. 30, 1967.
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Solid waste reduction/salvage plant
PROJECT TYPE: DEMONSTRATION
GRANTEE: CITY OF MADISON, WISCONSIN
PROJECT DIRECTOR: JOHN J. REINHARDT, CIVIL ENGINEER III, ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,
ROOM 115, CITY-COUNTY BUILDING, MADISON, WISCONSIN 53709
GRANT NO. D01-UI-00004
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST:
GRANTEE'S SHARE:
FEDERAL SHARE:
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1966
$532,445
f!77,482
$250,000 [01]
$ 60,000 [02]
I 44,963 [03]
DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAY 31, 1969
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate possible im-
provements attainable in solid waste disposal
practices by (1) making an economic study of
the Gondard Process of milling solid wastes as
a means of reducing volume for the purpose of
extending the life of a landfill; (2) evaluating
the sanitary aspects of milled solid wastes es-
pecially with respect to rodents, insects, odor,
dust, blowing litter, and fires; (3) determining
the feasibility and sanitary aspects of using
milled domestic solid wastes as collected from
households, without separation, for deposit in a
fill site without cover; (4) evaluating the eco-
nomic feasibility of salvaging items such as
paper and metals; (5) investigating physical
changes in the condition of milled solid wastes
versus unmilled solid wastes in the fill site.
PROCEDURES: A Gondard hammer-type re-
duction mill will be constructed to process a
portion of the solid wastes produced in the city
of Madison. The first year's milling operation
will be conducted in 12 separate periods, each
of one month's duration, in accordance with the
following schedule: first month, combined do-
mestic refuse; second month, domestic garbage
only; third month, domestic refuse other than
garbage. This sequence will be repeated three
more times to permit evaluation of seasonal ef-
fects on each of the three categories of solid
wastes. Milled refuse produced during each pe-
riod will be placed in a separate landfill cell.
The surface of each cell will be leveled by a
front-end loader, and each cell will be packed
occasionally by a bulldozer.
For control purposes, sanitary landfill cells of
unmilled solid wastes will* be constructed. Each
control cell will contain the same weight of ma-
terial as is placed in the corresponding milled-
refuse cell.
For one cell of each type of refuse, three dif-
ferent grate mesh-sizes will be used in the mill,
in order that an economic analysis may be made
to determine the optimum mesh-size.
The economic and technical feasibility of the
milling process will be evaluated. Studies will
be made to determine reduction of landfill vol-
ume requirements for milled wastes, and com-
parative characteristics of milled and unmilled
wastes relative to settlement, leaching, gas pro-
duction, and rodent, insect, odor, dust and blow-
ing litter problems.
Following completion of the test cells, milled
solid waste will be worked into the regular land-
fill operation of the city.
Landfill and milling operations will be con-
ducted by employees of the city of Madison.
The Civil Engineering Department of the Uni-
versity of Wisconsin will conduct the evaluation
phase of the project, under the direction of
Professor Gerard Rohlich.
PROGRESS TO DATE: The Gondard refuse
mill was placed in operation on June 14, 1967,
and shakedown operations were conducted dur-
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ing the next 3 months. Some equipment modi-
fications were needed during this time. Major
problems encountered with the mill itself were
overheating of the motor and frequent stop-
pages caused by large loads during the initial
start-up period. The motor overheating prob-
lem was solved by providing larger heaters for
the motor. Slow response of the original auto-
matic controls caused the frequent overloading
of the mill. This was corrected by modifying the
controls and also allowing for hand stopping of
the feed belts. Experience has demonstrated that
optimum production is obtained when the mill
operator visually monitors the feed and bypasses
the automatic controls.
On Sept. 18, 1967, milling of combined ref-
use for evaluating the project was begun. A
summary of project operations from that date
to Dec. 31, 1967, as reported by the grantee, is
given below:
A 1-yr experimental program has been com-
pleted, and the reduction plant and landfill are
now being operated in a conventional manner.
During the experimental program, residential,
combined refuse was milled each season through
grates of different sizes. Some of the refuse was
not milled; thus, comparisons can be made be-
tween milled and nonmilled refuse, in addition
to comparing refuse milled through different
sized grates. Currently, the plant is being oper-
ated by using one size of grate in the mill, and
by constructing fewer, but larger, cells of refuse
in the landfill. Thus the costs and characteristics
of a production operation are being determined.
The production rate of the plant ranged from
6.8 to 7.7 tons per hr for the 3i/2- and 61/4-in.
grates, respectively. The quantity of material
that can be ballistically rejected out of the ma-
chine varies from 1 to 7 percent depending on
the size of grate used in the mill.
The operating cost of the small-scale, pilot-
plant operation was approximately $7.00 per
ton when using the 5-in. grates. Based on experi-
ence gained with the pilot-plant operation, cost
projections are made for a better designed,
equipped, and operated plant.
Local scrap dealers indicated no interest in
salvaging paper after it had been in a collection
truck. Furthermore, the comment of the most
interested salvage dealer was that there were too
many tin cans in the rejected metals to pass for
#2 grade scrap iron and that the rejects were
too heterogeneous to extract tin from cans.
Preliminary analyses of the leachate from
milled and nonmilled cells indicates that the
dissolved oxygen in all leachates is virtually
zero. Further analyses are being made for more
refined evaluation of leachate quality. The non-
milled cells, which are covered with dirt, are
producing less leachate than the milled cells,
which are not covered.
Physical analyses indicate that the refuse con-
tains approximately 15 percent food wastes and
40 percent paper products. The moisture con-
tent varied from 30 to 48 percent.
Plots of settlement versus time indicate that
after 1 yr, the surface of the 6-ft deep cells have
settled about 0.25 ft in the milled cells, and
more than 0.50 ft for the nonmilled cells.
Based on observations to date, using milled
refuse in a landfill results in a substantial in-
crease in the quality of operation. Wind-carried
litter and odors are less than for nonmilled ref-
use landfills. Additional benefits of using milled
refuse include: (1) ease of spreading, which
might reduce the amount of final cover dirt re-
quired to bring an area to grade, (2) ease of
following a grading plan and providing drain-
age during the landfill construction, (3) build-
ing access roads to desired dumping areas, and
(4) possibly not having to be as prompt in pro-
viding cover dirt, if any is required.
Cost of the existing plant (one mill operated
one shift) is $6.60 per ton; projections for ex-
pansion of the existing plant (two mills operated
two shifts) indicate that this cost can be sub-
stantially reduced. Four employees are required
to operate the present plant, one of whom has
been concerned with making modificati&ns in
the demonstration mill itself. It is estimated that
if a second mill were added the same number
of personnel could operate the enlarged plant.
-------
PUBLICATION:
Solid waste reduction/salvage plant; interim report. City of Madison pilot plant demonstration
project, June 14 to Dec. 31, 1967. Cincinnati, U.S. Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, 1968. 25 p.
-------
Solid waste disposal study for Kalamazoo County, Michigan
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00005
GRANTEE: KALAMAZOO COUNTY ROAD COMMISSION
PROJECT DIRECTOR: E. L. BOCKSTANZ. ENGINEER MANAGER, KALAMAZOO COUNTY ROAD COMMISSION,
P.O. BOX 2127, KALAMAZOO, MI CHIGAN 49003
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $12,000
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 4,000
FEDERAL SHARE: 9 8,000 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1966 DATE PROJECT ENDED: MAY 31, 1967
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate how new and
improved solid waste management techniques
could solve a regional solid waste problem by
developing an area-wide solid waste manage-
ment plan for Kalamazoo County.
PROCEDURES, FINDINGS, AND RECOM-
MENDATIONS: The consulting engineering
firm of Jones, Henry & Williams, Toledo, Ohio,
conducted the study. Local personnel provided
assistance to the consultant's staff, and data ac-
cumulated by local agencies was made available.
Major findings concerning solid waste prac-
tices and problems were as follows:
Existing collection practice in Kalamazoo
County makes each household and commercial
or industrial unit responsible for its own solid
waste disposal. Present rates by private haulers
tend to restrict residential collection to one 20-
gal can, which is picked up about seven times
per month. Refuse not collected by the hauler is
stored on the premises until a trip to the dump
is convenient, or it is burned.
There are 14 public disposal sites serving 24
political subdivisions in the county. Many of
these sites are poor examples of environmental
health programs. Even those that try to operate
in a satisfactory manner fall short of sanitary
standards, apparently because of efforts to con-
serve land or lack of operating capital.
Most of the existing sites make no charge for
dumping by township or village residents, and
the cost of operation is paid from the general
operating budget.
The collection methods in use in the county
made it impossible to determine the total
amount of solid waste actually produced. Avail-
able information was obtained by interview and
questionnaire concerning commercial and in-
dustrial solid waste production, and estimates of
total generation in the county developed. Data
relative to the generation of residential solid
wastes in other nearby areas were obtained and
used to estimate both present and future quan-
tities for Kalamazoo County. The estimated
amounts, as used in this study, were:
Class of refuse Generation (Tons/day)
1966 1985
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
200
280
1070
700
750
1930
The following recommendations for a county-
wide collection and disposal system were made
by the consultant. (1) To protect the public
health and welfare, all refuse collection and dis-
posal should be placed under the authority of a
single county agency. (2) A countywide collec-
tion system for both garbage and rubbish should
be instituted; this would include weekly resi-
dential collections with the setout setback
method of pickup. Cans and containers would
be furnished by the county. The county should
also collect commercial and industrial refuse,
except for materials requiring special handling,
or materials of large bulk; these should be col-,
lected by contract collectors. Such revisions in
the existing system will reduce the cost of refuse
-------
service for all citizens of Kalamazoo County.
(3) Sanitary landfill is the most economic
method of refuse disposal available to Kalama-
zoo County at this time. A minimum of three
sites for all solid waste disposal will be a prac-
tical solution for residential, commercial, and
some industrial refuse. A separate site will be
needed for such -products as dried papermill
sludges, construction and demolition debris, and
tree wastes. (4) Special assessments should be
levied against all properties producing solid
waste; this is a simple method of collecting rev-
enue and a way to avoid out-of-pocket payments.
This source of funds can be supplemented by
surcharges against commercial and industrial
customers. (5) A planned program of public re-
lations and public information should accom-
pany any project undertaken by the county's
refuse agency.
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Hydrogeology of solid waste disposal sites
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-40006
GRANTEE: UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
PROJECT DIRECTORS: ROBERT N. FARVOLDEN, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY,
DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, URBANA, ILLINOIS 61801
GEORGE M. HUGHES, ASSISTANT GEOLOGIST, ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,
115 SOUTH WASHINGTON STREET, NAPERVILLE, ILLINOIS 60540
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $98,632
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $46,032
FEDERAL SHARE: $47,031 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE) $ 5,569 [02]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1966
DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAY 31, 1969
OBJECTIVES: To investigate hydrogeologic en-
vironments currently being used as sanitary
landfills for solid waste disposal and to evaluate
the factors controlling groundwater and landfill
leachate movement in these environments.
PROCEDURES: The study is being conducted
by staff members of the State Geological Survey
and the Department of Geology, University of
Illinois.
Several landfill sites in northeastern Illinois,
representing some five different hydrogeologic
environments, will be selected for study. A de-
tailed boring program will be developed for
each site, and investigations will proceed as fol-
lows:
Holes will be drilled by wash boring or with
hollow-stem augers, and samples selected to de-
scribe the character and sequence of geologic
deposits. Piezometers will be installed in the
holes to define fluid potential distribution, and,
thereby, the groundwater flow system. Water
samples for chemical analysis will be collected
from the piezometers whenever possible, and
from additional borings that might be necessary
for a definition of water quality. A program to
monitor piezometer water levels will be con-
tinued for at least 1 yr to define the seasonal
variations in the groundwater flow system.
PROGRESS TO DATE: Four sites were se-
lected for study: one in DuPage County, one
10
near Elgin, one near Woodstock, and one near
Winnetka. Hydrologic investigations were con-
ducted substantially "in accordance with the
planned procedures. The field work at all sites
has been substantially completed; however,
groundwater elevations are being monitored
until the project terminates, to determine sea-
sonal variations of flow. Conclusions and recom-
mendations developed to date by the project
staff appear below:
CONCLUSIONS: At each of the sites studied,
groundwater flow patterns are relatively sim-
ple; and the hydrogeologic factors responsible
for the patterns can, in most cases, be readily
understood. The distribution of dissolved solids
in the groundwater are, with very few excep-
tions, in accord with the flow system determina-
tions: the dissolved solids from the various land-
fills move in a predictable manner. The ap-
proach used in this investigation should, there-
fore, be applicable for determining the suitabil-
ity of proposed disposal sites.
The four sites studied were not selected be-
cause of their suitability or unsuitability for
refuse disposal. It appears, however, that al-
though these sites are discharging dissolved sol-
ids, three of them are not adversely affecting a
water resource.
At each of the sites, precipitation has moved
downward through the fill surface and the ref-
use to produce a leachate with a high content
-------
of dissolved solids that has migrated out of the
filled area. At the DuPage County, Winnetka,
and Woodstock sites, these dissolved solids have
migrated for relatively short distances through
a surficial sand and have been attenuated to a
considerable degree during this migration. This
surficial sand is not and probably will not be
used for water supplies. At the Elgin site, these
dissolved solids have affected a shallow well be-
tween the landfill and the Fox River.
Springs and seeps of landfill leachate are pres-
ent in the vicinity of all four sites. At the Elgin
and Woodstock landfills, these are small and do
not appear to be a health hazard. At the DuPage
County and Winnetka landfills, these springs
are larger and present a local sanitary nuisance.
There is movement of groundwater from the
landfills at DuPage County and Woodstock into
small nearby streams. Limited chemical analyses
have not detected leachate in these streams, but
there is reason to believe it could be present in
detectable quantities.
No evidence has been found that dissolved
solids have moved downward through the clay
tills underlying any of the sites studied. It is not
yet known whether this is because not enough
time has elapsed for the water to have migrated
downward to the first available sampling point,
or whether the dissolved solids have been ad-
sorbed or their migration blocked by the clay
materials.
The cation exchange* capacity of the tills be-
neath the DuPage County, Elgin, and Winnetka
sites is between 4 and 6.2 milliequivalents per
100 grams, with the major exchangeable cation
being calcium. As all exchange positions are
probably filled and calcium is a difficult cation
to replace, adsorption of cations by these clays is
likely to be low; if it takes place, it would result
in an increase in groundwater hardness. The
effect of these tills on the migration of refuse
leachate is not understood; however, further
studies are under way.
At each site, mineralization of groundwater
in the fill declines with increasing age of the fill.
However, the amount of mineralization associ-
ated with fill of a given age cannot be correlated
from area to area. There is less evidence that the
inverse relation between age of fill and amount
of mineralization holds for points immediately
adjacent to the fill.
The results of the water quality analyses are
not directly comparable, and only general con-
clusions as to the distribution and migration of
leachate in the shallow deposits can be drawn
from them. High organic acids and chemical
oxygen demand are found in relatively young
refuse; and these components do not appear to
travel far from the landfill area, except at the
Elgin site. Hardness is very high in samples from
within the landfill, but decreases rapidly with
distance away from the landfill, though not as
rapidly as the organic components do.
Chlorides were perhaps the best indicator of
leachate migration as they decreased rather reg-
ularly from hundreds or thousands of parts per
million within the landfills to tens of parts
per million away from the landfills. They also
traveled farther than the other dissolved solids.
Total dissolved solids acted in much the same
manner as the chlorides. The concentration of
sulfates, manganese, and iron declined with in-
creased distance from the landfill, but more er-
ratically than the concentration of chlorides and
total dissolved solids.
Bromine was the only "unusual" element
found in the landfill leachate. Values for bro-
mine reached 15 ppm, but decreased rapidly
away from the landfill. The source of the bro-
mine is probably vegetable matter; however,
this has not been confirmed.
Analysis was run for selenium, but it was
not present in appreciable quantities.
In northeastern Illinois, precipitation is ade-
quate to infiltrate a landfill and to produce a
leachate high in dissolved solids. Various cover-
ing and grading methods could probably be
used to reduce the amount of infiltration; how-
• Cation exchange is the ability of a clay mineral to absorb cations and exchange them for
other cations introduced into the clay-water system.
11
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ever, eliminating it completely would be im-
practical. Infiltration of precipitation is encour-
aged by a flat fill surface with a cover of permea-
ble material supporting grass and weeds. This
situation is not uncommon in northeastern Illi-
nois landfills, and, in fact, landfills are com-
monly graded level and seeded.
In groundwater recharge areas, water, after
moving through the filled area, will move down-
ward unless intercepted by a surface stream or
tile, or a natural discharge area. More permeable
deposits, interbedded with or overlying tills that
have low permeability, will disperse leachate
moving from a landfill over a wider area, but
will not eliminate the downward movement.
RECOMMENDATIONS: Under conditions
existing in northeastern Illinois, there appears
to be no practical method of landfill construc-
tion that would completely eliminate the move-
ment of dissolved solids from a disposal site.
If this assumption is accepted, the problem of
selecting suitable sites becomes that of choosing
hydrogeologic environments that can accept or
eliminate dissolved solids without ill effect. Al-
though there are areas in northeastern Illinois
where solid waste disposal would be harmful to
the groundwater resource, these appear to be
relatively rare compared to the number of favor-
able areas.
Many prospective sites are in abandoned
gravel pits and quarries. These sites have a
major disadvantage in that they are in relatively
permeable materials that allow rapid movement
of leachate. If the quarry is in fractured rocks,
such as the limestones and dolomites of north-
eastern Illinois, very little attenuation or purifi-
cation of the leachate will occur during travel.
Such sites could be used, however, under the
following conditions: (1) If groundwater move-
ment at the site is upward and there is no possi-
bility of a reversal of this direction by pumping
or other forms of development before the land-
fill has become inert. (2) If impermeable ma-
terials beneath the fill will inhibit the down-
ward movement of leachate until it has migrated
laterally to a discharge area that is capable of
assimilating it without ill effect. Such conditions
12
occur naturally or could be developed by collec-
tion and treatment of the leachate at the dis-
posal site. (3) If (although movement is down-
ward through permeable materials) there is no
aquifer or groundwater resource along the
travel path of the leachate for a distance suffi-
cient to permit natural processes to purify the
leachate to an acceptable level. (The existence
of the above conditions would be very difficult
to prove, particularly in fractured rocks.)
Pit or quarry sites have some advantages for
landfill use. The land is generally inexpensive,
and its value may be increased by filling. In ad-
dition, stabilization of the fills should be rapid
because leaching would be promoted by the
conditions at such sites.
Sites in some parts of northeastern Illinois
should be regarded with caution. They are in
recharge zones, in permeable materials, and are
often upgradient from areas where large
amounts of groundwater are being used. These
critical areas are: (1) The upland gravels east
and west of the Fox River Valley. (2) Those
parts of the upland areas in eastern and southern
DuPage County, southern Cook County, and
northern Will County where bedrock is exposed
or close to the surface. (3) Lowland areas along
the Fox and Des Plaines Rivers where perme-
able materials overlie the aquifers and recharge
conditions may have developed because of heavy
pumpage. (It should be pointed out that heavy
pumpage may have a beneficial effect in that it
may dilute leachate to tolerable levels and re-
moves it from the groundwater reservoir.)
Abandoned or worked-out coal strip mines
southwest of the metropolitan area show some
promise as disposal sites, but they have not been
investigated in this study. Land values are rela-
tively low in these areas, and an excavation and
cover materials are generally available. Strip
mines are often associated with materials of low
permeability and are usually isolated from areas
of high groundwater use. In addition, rail facil-
ities are often present for large-volume trans-
port.
*
It was not possible to study a disposal site
located entirely in clay with no associated sand
-------
or silt material. The following would be ex-
pected to apply to such sites: (1) The ground-
water mound beneath the fill would be higher
than in other sites because there would be a
greater contrast between the permeabilities of
the refuse and the surrounding clay. (2) Springs
from the side of the fill could be a problem. (3)
Leachate collection facilities could be easily
constructed.
Stabilization time should also be considered
in selecting sites, particularly if treatment facil-
ities are planned or if future use of the site is
contemplated. Stabilization time should be de-
creased if leaching is rapid. Permeable cover
materials and rapid drainage will increase the
speed of leaching, but will also increase both the
daily and the total amount of leachate moving
from the fill.
In some limited areas in northeastern Illinois,
thick surficial gravels are present, and refuse
could be deposited above the top of the zone
of saturation. Unless the tops of these sites are
sealed, leachate would be produced by infiltrat-
ing precipitation. The quantity and rate of
leachate production would probably be low in
this type of environment because the landfill
would not be continuously saturated. Gas pro-
duction and its migration through the perme-
able gravels, however, could present problems.
PUBLICATIONS:
The major advantage of reducing infiltration
into a landfill would be the reduction of the
total quantity and rate of leachate production
and the diminishing of the rate of growth of a
groundwater mound. There are also disadvan-
tages. Reduction of infiltration would probably
extend the "polluting" life of the landfill. If
cover material with low permeability is used, it
would tend to force more of the gas produced
to move laterally, rather than upward through
the landfill surface. In addition it would entail
more expense.
Measures to reduce infiltration might best be
considered when it is necessary to collect and
treat the leachate or when the natural environ-
ment is not capable of handling the amount of
leachate produced.
To save space and to provide hill slopes for
recreational activities, refuse in some landfills
in northeastern Illinois is being piled 50 to 100
ft above the original land surface. Infiltration
into this type of fill should be minimal because
surface drainage is usually well planned and a
thick cover is generally used. However, as in
natural hills, a ground-water mound will form
unless infiltration can be completely eliminated,
and a leachate will eventually be produced.
Leachate springs could be a problem in such
landfills, as could slumping of the landfill sides.
LANDON, R. A. Application of hydrogeology to the selection of refuse disposal sites. Second
Mid-Atlantic Industrial Waste Conference, Drexel Institute of Technology, Philadel-
phia, Pennsylvania, Nov. 18-20, 1968.
HUGHES, G. M., R. A. LANDON, and R. N. FARVOLDEN. Hydrogeology of solid waste disposal sites
in northeastern Illinois; an interim report on a solid waste demonstration grant project.
[Cincinnati], U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1969. 137 p.
13
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Solid waste study and planning grant-Jefferson County, Kentucky;
Floyd and Clark Counties, Indiana
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION
GRANTEE: UNIVERSITY OF LOUISVILLE, INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH
PROJECT DIRECTOR: JOHN E. HEER, JR., PROFESSOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,
UNIVERSITY OF LOUISVILLE, LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY 40208
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $173,880
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 57,960
FEDERAL SHARE: 9 43,960 [01]
(BY YEAR OP PROJECT LIFE) $ 71,960 [02]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE I, 1966
GRANT NO. D01-UI-00007
DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAY 31, 1969
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate how new or
improved solid waste management techniques
could solve a regional solid waste problem by
developing a regional plan for solid waste
disposal for the Louisville metropolitan area,
which consists of Jefferson County, Kentucky,
and Floyd and Clark Counties, Indiana.
PROCEDURES: The project is being con-
ducted by staff of the University of Louisville
Institute of Industrial Research, Departments
of Civil and Chemical Engineering..
Sources and quantities of solid wastes gener-
ated in the study area will be determined.
Methods of solid waste disposal most suited to
the area and the types of waste generated will
be investigated. A computer program employing
systems analysis techniques and the linear pro-
gramming method will be developed to opti-
mize the disposal system on a regional basis.
PROGRESS TO DATE: The following ma-
terial has been extracted from a draft of the
grantee's final report for Jefferson County,
Kentucky:
Solid wastes considered included domestic
garbage and trash, commercial and industrial
nonliquid refuse, incinerator ash, junk, dis-
carded automobiles, sewage sludge, municipal
and institutional rubbish, and demolition and
construction wastes.
Estimates of present and future refuse quanti-
ties were developed from population and in-
dustrial growth projections made by Hammer
and Company Associates, and Arthur D. Little
Company, past records of municipal and private
refuse haulers, incinerator records, domestic and
commercial sampling studies, questionnaires,
personal interviews with representatives of local
industry and business, and observations of
refuse entering major disposal sites in the
county.
Unit values were developed expressing refuse
quantities in terms of pounds per capita per
day or pounds per employee per day and these
were applied to demographic information sup-
plied by the Jefferson County Planning Com-
mission to determine the distribution of refuse
sources within the county.
All major disposal sites operating in the
county were visited and surveyed. Where weight
or volume records were not available, estimates
were made of the daily loading of each facility.
The maximum capacity and life expectancy of
each disposal site were estimated. Current oper-
ating costs were determined for the Louisville
incinerator; and cost estimates were made for
the privately owned landfills.
Disposal methods currently available were
carefully studied and compared on the basis of
economic and aesthetic suitability. Solid wastes
disposal techniques in the research or early de-
velopment stages were also investigated and
evaluated as to future feasibility. Costs compari-
sons of new disposal methods with current
methods were made whenever possible.
14
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Selections of potential transfer facilities and
disposal sites were coordinated with county
planning and health agencies to ensure com-
patibility with other community planning goals.
In some cases, more than one type disposal
facility was investigated for a particular site.
Present methods of transporting solid wastes
were studied and hauling costs estimated. New
modes of refuse transportation, such as pipeline
or rail transfer, were evaluated for possible use
in the future. In accordance with stated project
objectives, collection methods and techniques
were considered outside the scope of this study.
A linear programming model was developed
to determine the locations and types of disposal
facilities that would result in the most eco-
nomical disposal system for Jefferson County.
Although the optimum system was based on
minimum cost, other considerations, such as
aesthetics, were included in selecting the model
constraints. The primary function of the model
was to evaluate competitive systems and aid in
development of general, long-range plans, rather
than simulate the existing disposal system.
A short-time plan was developed to provide
Jefferson County relief from its immediate and
serious solid waste disposal problems. In addi-
tion, however, long-range programs were de-
veloped, based on current and experimental
disposal methods, to provide for solid wastes
disposal until 1990. The program considers the
types and quantities of wastes expected to be
produced within Jefferson County and a mech-
anism is provided to permit evaluation of future
disposal techniques for possible inclusion in the
county disposal system.
FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS:
Current conditions. 1. Collection. Municipal
collection of residential wastes is provided by
the cities of Louisville, Shively, and Audubon
Park. All other incorporated and unincorporated
areas of Jefferson County rely on private haulers
for collection of residential refuse.
Although Louisville offers limited collection
service for commerical and industrial firms lo-
cated within city limits, most refuse of this type
is collected by private haulers.
2. Disposal. All domestic refuse from the city
of Louisville is incinerated at the Meriwether
incinerator. This incinerator plant also handles
large quantities of commercial and industrial
wastes from private refuse collectors. The Meri-
wether plant contains four 250-ton rotary-kiln
furnaces, frequently loaded beyond its design
capacity of 1,000 tons per day. Domestic refuse
from areas of Jefferson County other than Louis-
ville is taken to either of two privately owned
and operated landfills; one in the western por-
tion of the county at the foot of Lee's Lane, and
one (in the east, on Ash Avenue) on the Jeffer-
son-Oldham County line. The city of Louisville
also operates a landfill on the northern edge of
the county between River Road and Interstate-
71. This site is restricted to incinerator residue,
junk, and waste from the Parks Department and
the Metropolitan Sewer District.
The increasing quantities of solid wastes, to-
gether with the fact that Jefferson County
haulers have been barred from using disposal
sites in neighboring counties, have placed a
heavy load on existing disposal facilities.
The existing incinerator may require addi-
tional air pollution controls in the near future
to comply with more stringent codes. Existing
landfills are uneconomically located for many
areas of this county and will probably be ex-
hausted within 5 years. Present landfill oper-
ators will be forced to improve their operations
to meet new State standards for sanitary land-
fills. Although the effect of these new standards
on existing landfill practices in Jefferson County
is not known, operating costs will undoubtedly
be increased.
Refuse quantities and projections. Approxi-
mately 2,800 tons of refuse are being generated
daily in Jefferson County; about half of this is
incinerable. The total quantity of refuse is ex-
pected to increase to approximately 4,800 tons
per day by 1995.
1. Domestic Refuse. Residential households
produce about 2 Ib of refuse per capita per day.
Approximately 700 tons of refuse from this
15
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source is generated daily in Jefferson County.
The two major components of refuse are paper
and paper products comprising about 59.7 per-
cent of the total by weight and putrecible food-
stuffs, or garbage, comprising about 19.7 per-
cent of the total by weight.
2. Commercial Refuse. Between 250 and 300
tons of this type refuse is produced daily in
Jefferson County. Commerical refuse quantities
vary widely with the type and size of enterprise,
but on the average, commercial businesses pro-
duce about 4.6 Ib of refuse per employee. The
composition of the combined commercial refuse
output in Jefferson County is very similar to
that of residential refuse, with paper and gar-
bage the predominate components.
3. Industrial Refuse. Approximately 1,400 tons
of refuse is produced daily by Jefferson County
industries. Of this total quantity, about 21 per-
cent is salvaged, 52 percent is collected by pri-
vate and municipal haulers and enters the com-
munity disposal system, and 27 percent is dis-
posed of by industry on its own property. In-
dustrial refuse is so diversified it is impractical
to make generalizations regarding its composi-
tion.
4. Municipal Refuse. About 250 tons of refuse
is generated each day from activities related to
normal municipal activities. The primary con-
tributors are: schools, 36 tons per day; junk
pickups, 35 tons per day; street sweepings, 30
tons per day; and the sewage treatment plant
sludge, 150 tons per day.
5. Demolition and Construction Refuse. These
activities produce about 250 tons of refuse daily
in Jefferson County. Although some of these
wastes are taken to the major landfills, a large
portion is used to fill small holes on private
property.
Alternate disposal methods. 1. Landfill. Sani-
tary landfill is recommended as the primary
disposal method for Jefferson County for the
next 15 to 20 yr. Sanitary landfill is the most
economical disposal method currently available.
Properly operated, a landfill disposal site need
not be objectionable from either a health or
aesthetic standpoint. In addition to being a low
cost disposal method, landfill can also be used
to reclaim marginal land. The widely used
practices of open dumping and burning have
made any type of landfill operations distasteful
to many people, and it may be difficult to sell
the public on the use of sanitary landfill in spite
of its economy.
2. Incineration. Modern incineration is widely
used as a refuse disposal method. Incineration
does not eliminate the need for landfilling. De-
pending on incinerator design and refuse char-
acteristics, incinerator residue quantities can
range from 15 to 30 percent of input by volume.
This residue is much cleaner and more compact
than raw refuse and is a superior fill material.
When compared with disposal, incineration
is expensive; it costs an estimated four to six
times as much in the Jefferson County area. In-
cinerators are economical when land values are
high and landfill sites are located long distances
from refuse sources. Most existing incinerators,
including Louisville's, are plagued by air pollu-
tion problems. New, more stringent, air pollu-
tion codes being adopted by most metropolitan
areas will also substantially increase the cost of
new incinerators.
3. Composting. This disposal method is not
recommended for this area in the foreseeable
future.
4. Rail Haul. The obvious advantage of trans-
porting refuse by rail to distant strip mines is
that the wastes are removed from the area en-
tirely, and this is often desirable from an
aesthetic standpoint. At present, however, tech-
niques for rail transfer of refuse are still in the
developmental stage. In the few instances of
actual contracts for refuse disposal by this
method, the costs have been about four times
the cost of landfill in this area.
Work is proceeding on the development of
similar information in Floyd and Clark
Counties, Indiana. ,
16
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High-density landfill recovery program
PROJECT TYPE: DEMONSTRATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00009
GRANTEE: KING COUNTY SANITARY OPERATIONS
PROJECT DIRECTOR: JOHN NICHOLSON, ASSISTANT DIRECTOR, KING COUNTY SANITARY OPERATIONS,
608 KING COUNTY COURTHOUSE, SEATTLE, WASHINGTON 9810i
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $599,159
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $199,720
FEDERAL SHARE: $250,000 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE) $149,439 [02]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1966 DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAY 31, 1969
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate a new and im-
proved method of solid waste disposal by con-
structing and operating a machine that will
compact refuse at 200 psi, extrude the com-
pacted refuse substantially below ground level,
and compact cover material placed over the in-
place refuse by auxiliary earthmoving equip-
ment.
PROCEDURES: A prototype compacting ma-
chine, capable of handling about 2,000 tons of
solid wastes per day, will be constructed and
operated at King County's Cedar Hill landfill
site. Operating costs and characteristics of the
compacting machine, and settlement and bear-
ing characteristics of the fill, will be determined.
Gas production in the fill will be investigated.
The firm of Johnston, Campanella, Mura-
kami and Company, Renton, Washington, will
provide design, evaluation, and other necessary
consulting engineering services.
A film, documenting the project from initial
conception through final evaluation, will be
produced.
PROGRESS TO DATE: Bids for construction
of the compacting machine (otherwise known as
"the mole") were awarded on Sept. 18, 1967.
The machine was essentially completed and
moved onto the demonstration site in mid-1968
and was successfully tested in July of that year.
The county's transfer trailers have been modi-
fied to permit easy dumping of solid wastes into
the compacting machine. The trailers have been
converted from the conventional end-unloading
type to a type having two 42-cu-yd containers on
the truck bed. These containers are filled with
solid wastes at the transfer station and, one at a
time, a hydraulic unloader turns the container
upside down and empties it into the hopper of
the mole at the site. The unloading operation
takes about 3 to 4 min for each container. A
large hydraulic cylinder in the mole then com-
presses and extrudes the refuse into a trench
previously excavated by auxiliary equipment.
Special earth tamping devices provided on
the mole to compact the backfilled earth have
been found to be unnecessary; a bulldozer ade-
quately compacts the backfill. Other preliminary
observations are: 1. Refuse is extruded from the
mole as a 7- by 7-ft strip, which does not expand
appreciably as it leaves the machine, and is
deposited in the trench. 2. In-place density of
the extruded material is estimated to be 1,500
to 2,000 Ib per cu yd. 3. As a preliminary test,
a 1-day production of refuse from King County
(800-900 tons) was compacted and buried by the
equipment in about 8 hr in October 1968.
Rainy weather has hampered evaluation oper-
ations and delayed completion of the project.
Data on density, land use, time of operations,
and costs are being developed.
17
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Waste incineration in mechanically agitated fluffed beds
GRANT NO. D01-UI-00010
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION
GRANTEE- BOARD OF GOVERNORS, WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY
PROJECT DIRECTOR: RICHARD C. BAILIE, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL
ENGINEERING, WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY, MORGANTOWN, WEST VIRGINIA 26506
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $195,729
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 65,243
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 59,103 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE) $ 71,383 [02]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1966 DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAY 31. 1969
OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate, by a quantitive
study, the potential advantages of utilizing the
fluidized bed as an incineration method of solid
waste disposal.
PROCEDURES: The project is being con-
ducted by staff of the Department of Chemical
Engineering, the Department of Civil Engineer-
ing, and the Engineering Experiment Station,
West Virginia University, and will be carried
out in three phases as follows:
Phase I. A fluidized bed pilot plant will be de-
signed and constructed. Operating character-
istics will be determined, and the effects of a
number of factors on bed operation will be
evaluated. Garbage mixed with rubbish will be
treated. An economic analysis of fluidized bed
burning of refuse and rubbish as a source of
energy for a steam generating plant will be de-
veloped.
Phase II. Based upon information and experi-
ence gained in Phase I, the equipment will be
modified or overhauled for the incineration of
sewage sludges. The experimental investigation
will follow the pattern of phase 1.
Phase III. Based upon the results obtained in
Phases I and II, optimization studies will be
carried out on the disposal of wastes in fluidiz-
ing beds. Consideration will be given to plants
for the incineration of garbage and rubbish,
sewage sludges, and combination plants for cities
of various sizes.
A final report will be prepared describing the
18
advantages and disadvantages of a fluidized bed
incinerator, as demonstrated on a pilot plant
scale, for several types of solid wastes. The opti-
mum system for several case studies, including
heat recovery, sewage sludge disposal, etc., will
be given. The system will take into account both
cost and necessity of a more clean effluent. Fluid-
ized bed incineration will be compared with
other methods of disposal.
PROGRESS TO DATE: A second generation
pilot plant has been constructed. The results
from the first unit have shown:
1. Burner design for bed heat-up is ade-
quate.
2. Isothermal operation can be achieved
with and without auxiliary heat source.
3. Heat transfer rates to horizontal cooling
tubes found is 50 to 200 Btu per hr per
degree F per sq ft.
4. Granular material such as anthracite
coal and sand may be fed by a screw
feeder.
5. Sewage sludge may be fed from a piston
feeder with tapered end.
6. Control of bed is simple.
7. Heat release rate of 150,000 Btu per hr
per cu ft can be achieved.
8. Cooling is required for high heat release
rates.
9. Sand elutriation rates are excessive.
10. Negligible odor and clean stack resuljed
from burning of rubber sewage sludge
mixture in bed.
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11. Pulse testing to obtain kinetics of com-
bustion are valuable.
12. The volumetric generation rate was
limited by heat removal rate.
13. Increased bed heights should be in-
vestigated.
14. Pulse testing appeared to yield the most
valuable technique to obtain basic infor-
mation on combustion in a reasonable
period of time.
The second unit was constructed to allow for
a wider range of operating conditions including:
1. Effect of specific materials in refuse on
characteristics of bed. These include glass,
cans, plastics, and rubber.
2. Heat release data to point of oxygen dele-
tion.
3. More complete analysis of gas effluent and
solid carryover.
4. Effect of bed height on combustion.
5. Pulse testing.
The modifications of the pilot plant included:
1. Increase of height to 12 ft.
2. Expanded section on top to minimize
carryover.
3. Installation of blast ports for pulse feed-
ing.
4. Installation of a heat removal coil that can
be positioned to give variable area and
thereby vary heat removal rate.
5. Installation of removable preheat burner.
6. Installation of new auxiliary heat source,
adding fuel to fluidizing air.
7. Addition of continuous O2 analysis.
8. More complete gas sample train.
The following significant results have been
obtained:
1. For burning 1- by 1- by 12-in. pine block
and charcoal briquets:
(a) Reaction is not chemical reaction con-
trolled.
(b) Ninety percent of briquets burn in 3
to 4 min at 1700 F.
(c) Little increase in burning rate is ob-
served above 1700 F.
(d) Ignition temperature is about 700 F
for pine blocks and 900 F for charcoal.
2. Tin cans are oxidized and give off their
reaction energy in the bed. About 10 min
residence time is required.
3. Sand elutriation remained high.
4. Oxygen concentrations as low as 2 per-
cent were obtained by inserting the heat
removal coil in the bed.
5. In preliminary experiments, glass inserted
in bed did not agglomerate.
6. The oxygen level had a significant effect
on reaction rate.
The major problem for small-scale investiga-
tions continues to be the feeder. No satisfactory
solution has been found for a reliable feed sys-
tem that allows for continuous steady-state oper-
ations employing a wide variety of heteroge-
neous feed.
The pulse technique developed and presently
being modified has proved to be a most valuable
technique for the study of combustion efficiency
and the effects of particle size, moisture content,
bed temperature, oxygen concentration, heating
value, etc. This technique is far less time con-
suming than a steady-state operation and gives
valuable information about the kinetics of the
combustion that could not be obtained from
steady-state operation. This technique is being
used to exclude areas of operation that would
be undesirable to direct the time consuming
steady-state operations toward the most signifi-
cant areas for investigations.
The incineration of pine blocks and charcoal
briquets in less than 5 min is a qualitative veri-
fication of high combustion rates. To take ad-
vantage of high combustion rates leading to
small compact units, it will be necessary to re-
move heat even where there is no utilization
of this energy.
The advantages in reducing gaseous emissions
from incineration have not been substantiated.
It would appear from other work, that the
oxides of nitrogen may be more than predicted.
On the other hand, pollutants such as sulfur
dioxide, chlorine, etc., can be reduced sub-
stantially by adding material such as dolomite
to the bed to tie up these trace constituents.
19
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Gully reclamation method - landfill demonstration
TRANT NO
PROJECT TYPE: DEMONSTRATION GRANT NO.
GRANTEE: SARPY COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS, SARPY COUNTY COURTHOUSE,
PAPILLION, NEBRASKA 68046
PROJECT DIRECTOR: JOHN W. NEUBERGER, GENERAL MANAGER, PAPIO WATERSHED BOARD,
4538 SOUTH 84th STREET, OMAHA, NEBRASKA 68127
l-UI-00011
i
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST:
GRANTEE'S SHARE:
FEDERAL SHARE:
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1966
$118,557
$ 39,519
? 48,000 [01]
$ 21,300 [02]
$ 9,738 [03]
DATE PROJECT ENDED: SEPT. 30, 1968
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate an improved
method of solid waste disposal that would pro-
vide erosion control and land reclamation in
gullied areas by sanitary landfill operations and
to promote acceptance of landfills for solid waste
disposal.
PROGRESS TO DATE: The project was con-
ducted by the staff of the Papio Watershed
Board. The firm of Gollehon & Schemmer, Inc.,
Omaha, Nebraska, provided consulting engi-
neering services in connection with the neces-
sary construction to prepare the landfill site for
use. The following summary has been ab-
stracted from information provided by the
grantee:
An eroded gully on farmland approximately
10 miles south of Omaha was selected to serve
as the demonstration site. The gully was cleared
of all trees and brush, and an earth dam was
constructed at its mouth to establish a stable
grade for the landfill and to prevent seepage
from moving downstream. An all-weather access
road was built to the site, the site area was
fenced, and scales and an administration hut
were provided. Volume of the gully as prepared
for landfill use was estimated as being 32,080 cu
yd. The primary service area was the Offutt Air
Base—Capehart housing with an estimated popu-
lation of 8,000. Because of its close proximity
and easy access to a much larger service popu-
lation, however, private citizens and industry
from the nearby communities of Papillion
(4,500), LaVista (3,500), Bellevue (22,000),
Ralston (3,600), and several newly developed
subdivisions also utilized the site for convenient
disposal of solid waste.
From April 1967 to September 1968, the land-
fill was open for refuse disposal 6 days per wk,
Monday through Saturday. A TD-18 Interna-
tional Crawler Tractor with bulldozer was op-
erated each day of the week for compaction and
daily cover. A free public disposal station, lo-
cated outside the landfill gate, was opened to the
public 24 hr each day and 7 days per wk. Refuse
from private cars, station wagons, and small
trailers was deposited into containers that were
then hauled to the landfill face for disposal on a
routine basis.
A full-time landfill operator was employed to
provide constant supervision over the operation
of the sanitary landfill. An office was established
in the scale house and the equipment operator
was trained to keep records on the incoming
refuse. The operator was also responsible for
collecting fees from the haulers or recording
fees to be added to statements for monthly bill-
ing. The amount of refuse received each day
was low enough for this site so that the operator
also served as the equipment operator for cover
and compacting the landfill. The average daily
volume was 85 cu yd, or about 25 tons per day;
however, on peak days, the amount would fre-
quently triple, requiring one additional person
20
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to collect data and fees. Occasional additional
labor was also used to haul cover dirt, pick up
papers, mow weeds, or seed grass cover on the
disturbed areas. The Sarpy County Building
Inspector made periodic inspections of the oper-
ation.
Because of the physical configuration of the
gully, variations of all three basic landfill
methods (area method, trench method, and
ramp method) were required when operating
in this type of site. Consequently, more oper-
ator skill and judgment was required than for
sites that can be filled by use of only one
method.
Because of the prevalence of Dutch elm dis-
ease in the area, one of the major problems en-
countered arose in connection with the large
quantities of trees received. This created operat-
ing problems and substantially increased the
cost of operating the landfill. To solve this prob-
lem, a second nearby gully was used as a site for
tree disposal. This was operated on a weekly
spread and cover schedule.
During the life of the project, tours of the
site by various interested groups were held, and
county officials were briefed on progress from
time to time at the site. The grantee indicates
that this demonstration project is considered to
have achieved its purposes since the county
officials have accepted the sanitary landfill-land
reclamation concept and have appropriated
monies to continue these operations without
further Federal assistance.
Some additional benefits quoted by the
grantee are as follows:
Increase in farmable acreage. The demonstra-
tion gully occupied 4.5 acres of unfarmable land
area. After completion of the fill, the entire area
was seeded to brome grass for erosion control.
It is planned to plant 4.5 acres of corn on the
fill during the 1970 growing season. This is
expected to increase the landowner's net income
by some $225 per yr. An additional benefit is
involved in that more efficient field travel is now
possible.
Erosion control. It is estimated that this proj-
ect has prevented 2 acres of land voiding by
erosion that would have occurred during the
next 25 yr. Estimated average annual benefit to
property is $25 per acre per yr.
Stable outlet for terraced cropland. Construc-
tion of the grade control structure and filling
the voided gully raised the waterway flow line
an average of 20 ft. This provides a stable out-
let for the terraces and grassed waterway applied
to the 40 acres of cropland above the dam. The
effect of this improvement is to triple the life
of the terraces and waterways that are designed
to hold in place an estimated 600 tons of soil
that would have eroded off the land each year.
Conservation practices applied are expected'to
reduce sediment yield from 20 to 5 tons per
acre per yr. A frequently used value to estimate
the benefits of reducing sediment from clogging
waterways and reservoirs is $ 1 per ton. With that
somewhat arbitrary value, the benefits to the
property owner and the public for sediment re-
duction should exceed $600 per yr.
Land valuation increased. When useless land
is reclaimed, the overall property value is im-
proved, and more useable acres are added. The
4.5 acres reclaimed in this site will be used for
crops, and it is estimated their valuation should
increase from about $5 to $505 per acre within
5 yr. The extent of settlement, maintenance re-
quired, and productivity of the reclaimed acre-
age will establish a more reliable estimate of
the improved land value. Based on the current
property tax levy, the county could eventually
realize at least a $30 increase in tax receipts for
public services.
21
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Multipurpose incinerator
GRANT NO. D01-UI-0001S
PROJECT TYPE: DEMONSTRATION x^^t^rr n«om
GRANTEE: CITY OF STAMFORD, CONNECTICUT, 429 ATLANTIC STREET, STAMFORD, CONNECTICUT 06901
PROJECT DIRECTOR: NORMAN w. WAGNER, SUPERVISOR OF SANITATION, BUREAU OF SANITATION,
MAGEE AVENUE, STAMFORD, CONNECTICUT 06901
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST:
GRANTEE'S SHARE:
FEDERAL SHARE:
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1966
$1,092,749
$ 364^50
$ 250,000 [01]
$ 478,499 [02]
DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAY 31, 1969
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate an improved
solid waste disposal method by a project that
will determine the feasibility of incinerating, in
a multipurpose incinerator, solid wastes that
normally are too bulky or volatile for charging
to a conventional incinerator; and to demon-
strate the practicability of using an electrostatic
precipitator to meet State and Federal air pollu-
tion criteria.
PROCEDURES: The proposed incinerator will
be designed and constructed by the city, which
will also develop operational procedures for the
facility and evaluate its performance with the
assistance and advice of Elmer Kaiser, Advisory
Consultant for the project. Elements of the
evaluation phase of the project will include: (1)
accurate measurements of weights and volumes
of all wastes handled; (2) development of rules
and regulations governing the delivery of wastes
to the incinerator; (3) development of methods
of controlled burning, determination of the
compatability of varying types of wastes for joint
burning, methods of charging the chamber,
operating temperatures, draft measurements,
and effectiveness of the electrostatic precipi-
tators.
PROGRESS TO DATE: The consulting engi-
neering firm of James P. Purcell Associates,
Hartford, Connecticut, was retained to prepare
the plans and specifications for the incinerator,
provide assistance in the securing of bids, let-
ting of the contract, and supervision of construc-
tion. Bids were opened in October 1967, and
were substantially higher than the estimates.
This resulted in a delay of several months, while
arrangements were made to secure the neces-
sary additional funds to proceed with the proj-
ect. Sufficient funds were obtained, and con-
struction of the facility is well underway. If con-
struction continues at its present rate, the unit
should be ready for a shakedown run in April
1969.
The first phase of a citywide industrial waste
survey to determine what wastes will require
special handling has been completed. The sec-
ond and final phase of this survey, consisting of
the collection of samples of industrial wastes
that will require special handling, will begin in
the near future.
22
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Land reclamation by accelerated stabilization and related
studies of compactor equipment
PROJECT TYPE: DEMONSTRATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00018
GRANTEE: CITY OF SANTA CLARA, 1500 WARBURTON AVENUE, SANTA CLARA, CALIFORNIA 95050
PROJECT DIRECTOR: RALPH STONE, PRESIDENT, RALPH STONE & CO. INC., ENGINEERS,
10954 SANTA MONICA BOULEVARD, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90025
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST:
GRANTEE'S SHARE:
FEDERAL SHARE:
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1966
$379,413
f!26,471
$ 76,500 [01]
$ 94,100 [02]
I 83,342 [03]
DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAY 31, 1969
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the develop-
ment and application of new and improved
methods of solid waste disposal involving:
Landfill aeration. To demonstrate the use of
aeration in sanitary landfills to provide more
rapid stabilization, increased disposal capacity,
and accelerated land reclamation for construc-
tion and other uses.
Compaction. To compare the densities
achieved in sanitary landfills employing crawler
and compactor types of compaction equipment
and to evaluate each piece of equipment for
overall landfill use.
I. Land Reclamation
by Accelerated Stablization
PROCEDURES: The project is being carried
out by Ralph Stone & Co., Inc., Los Angeles,
California, over a 3-yr period. Test cells will be
constructed and operated to demonstrate and
compare conventional anaerobic sanitary land-
fill procedures with two types of aerated land-
fills and with their respective efficiencies in re-
claiming land for industrial park use. One aero-
bic test cell will demonstrate the principle of
composting, and the second will demonstrate the
principle of controlled high-rate oxidation to
achieve an oxidized residue suitable for final
land disposal. The proposed program is divided
into the following three phases: Phase 1. Dem-
onstration of the method of reclaiming land-
fills by rapidly oxidizing the refuse to a residue
and comparing the results of this process with
the composting cell and the conventional
anaerobic control cell. Phase 2. Refinement of
this process, supplemented by additional studies.
Phase 3. Demonstration of full-scale aerobic or
other improved disposal methods, industrial
park land reclamation, and development of
appropriate cost and land reclamation mainte-
nance experience.
PROGRESS TO DATE: Preparatory to initiat-
ing the large-scale field demonstration program
for the rapid oxidation and stabilization of solid
wastes, certain pilot plant facilities were estab-
lished at the project engineer's laboratory to
demonstrate improved volume reduction. The
concepts c-mployed included: (1) underground
incineration; (2) rapid biological oxidation by
controlled aeration, moisture application, heat-
ing, and natural thermophilic heat generation;
(3) improvement of odor and paniculate filtra-
tion and adsorption by varying the soil cover in
terms of depth, type, moisture content and
charcoal admixture; and (4) other chemical and
physical methods for accelerated degradation.
Important pilot study findings are: (1) Bio-
logical oxidation required both controlled aera-
tion and moisture. The pilot studies, although
affected by the ambient environment, have im-
proved operating technology and defined po-
tential problem areas for the large-scale field
450-537 O - 71 - 3
23
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demonstration. (2) The tests indicate that
underground refuse incineration is technically
feasible. Further pilot studies are required, how-
ever, to define practical limitations and optimize
various parameters. A major advantage of the
process is the effective oxidation owing to the
high temperatures resulting from the insulating
effects of the earth blankets and the long burn-
ing contact period "with low air velocity and soil
filtration, which minimize air pollution.
A test was conducted to determine the effects
of excavation and recompaction of a normal
anaerobic landfill in volume-compaction-den-
sity relationships at the Santa Clara landfill site.
A year-old anaerobic cell was excavated, and the
excavated solid waste recompacted into a new
cell. The volume of solid waste excavated from
the old cell was 530 cu yd, whereas the volume
of recompacted waste in the new cell was 667
cu yd, indicating a net expansion of 25.6 per-
cent. Settlement markers have been placed on a
recompacted cell and other cells to determine
settling rates. Characteristics of the recompacted
cell and other cells will be determined as part
of the overall test by core samples.
Two aeration cells have been constructed;
each measuring about 50 X 200 ft at the bottom,
85 X 220 ft at the top, with a depth of about 17
ft. Aeration systems, consisting of a piping grid,
blowers, valving and appurtenances, have been
placed in the bottom of each cell.
Aeration Cell 1 has been filled with municipal
rubbish and a mixture of municipal rubbish
and commercial refuse. Cell 1 was first filled
with municipal rubbish and aerated for 131
days. Temperatures in the cell rose rapidly after
aeration was begun, and after 4 weeks, ranged
from 190 to 200 F. An aerobic environment was
maintained. There was no evidence of methane
gas. Oxygen content within the cell ranged from
6 to 20 percent. Examination of the residue dur-
ing transfer to residue Cell 7 indicated advanced
decomposition. Vegetation was moist and soft
with a black color. Much of the paper was
brown, brittle, and appeared charred. Printing
was, in many cases, illegible.
The volume of refuse in Cell 1, prior to trans-
fer, was 4,430 cu yd. After transfer and recom-
paction in Cell 7, this same refuse occupied a
volume of 3,340 cu yd, indicating a 25 percent
volume reduction. Settlement in residue Cell 7
has been minimal, approximately 0.1 ft in 4 mo.
Cell 2 was filled with municipal refuse in the
first cycle and aerated for 109 days. As in Cell 1,
the internal aerobic environment was main-
tained. Maximum internal temperature was
measured at 176 F. Upon residue transfer to
Cell 12, a volume reduction of about 25 percent
was measured.
Cells 1 and 2 were filled on the second cycle
with a mixture of municipal rubbish and com-
mercial refuse. Cell 1 was aerated for 95 days.
The refuse residue is now being transferred to
the final disposal cell. Cell 2 is still being
aerated.
No problems due to odors, flies, or rodents
have been experienced. The odors that did exist
were not noxious and could be classified as
sweet tobacco or faint barnyard. No complaints
due to odor have been received. Two fires oc-
curred over a 2-yr period. Spontaneous com-
bustion may have resulted when aeration ceased
and methane and high temperatures were al-
lowed to develop simultaneously. During this
period, many more fires were encountered in
the'operating anaerobic landfills.
Records were kept of all construction and
operating costs related to the aeration process.
Based on an assumed operational system, the
additional cost for disposing of refuse by the
aeration process, over and above the cost of
ordinary landfill methods, was calculated to be
$0.92 per ton of raw refuse, including excava-
tion of residue cells, recompaction of refuse
residue, and amortized capital and operation
and maintenance costs for the aeration system.
The following preliminary conclusions have
been developed by the consultant on the basis
of the work performed to date: (1) the aeration
process provided for accelerated decomposition
of refuse into a stabilized residue; (2) following
aeration, excavation and recompaction, refuse
volume was reduced about 25 percent;* (3)
settlement of the semistabilized refuse residue
24
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has been minor; (4) vermin, flies, and other
health hazards were nonexistent because of the
high temperatures (180 F ±) and oxidation of
the putrescible solid waste fraction of the refuse;
(5) aeration maintained an aerobic internal en-
vironment and essentially eliminated methane
gas production; (6) additional disposal cost to
treat the refuse by this process is about $0.92 per
ton of raw refuse, over and above the cost of
ordinary landfill methods.
//. Landfill Compaction Studies
PROCEDURES: The relative effectiveness of a
Caterpillar D-9, a rubber-tired FWD Wagner
SF-17, a steel-wheeled FWD Wagner SF-17,
and a Caterpillar 980 in compacting domestic
and commercial refuse will be demonstrated.
PROGRESS TO DATE: A number of cells are
being monitored for density results, including
special compaction cells, cells at the regular
landfill, and aeration cells described under
Phase I. Surveys are made before, during, and
after filling of each cell to determine incremen-
tal and total refuse volume. The weight of
refuse delivered to each cell is recorded. Solid
waste used to fill the cells is municipal rubbish
collected in the city of Santa Clara and refuse
delivered by commercial haulers.
Nine test cells have been completed to date:
two by the rubber-tired FWD Wagner, four by
the CAT D-9, two by the steel-wheeled FWD
Wagner, and one worked by the steel-wheeled
FWD Wagner and the CAT SC D-9. The Cater-
pillar 980 has not yet been delivered to the site,
but is expected to arrive early in 1969. Compara-
tive compaction studies will then be carried out
with this equipment.
Cells 3, 4, 5, and 6 were designed specifically
for compaction evaluation and were filled with
municipal refuse. Aeration Cells 1 and 2 were
first used for measuring refuse density and
equipment efficiency, after which they were
aerated for the previously described landfill
stabilization demonstration. Cell 1 has been
filled twice, once with municipal rubbish and
once with commercial refuse and municipal
rubbish. Cell 2 on the first filling was subdivided
into 2s and 2N for comparative compaction
studies and was filled with municipal rubbish.
On the second filling of Cell 2, the entire cell
was evaluated using commerical refuse and
municipal rubbish.
The regular landfill operation is also being
monitored during the final year of the study.
Three cells have been completed: Cell I/II by
the CAT D-9; and Cells III/IV and V by the
steel-wheeled FWD Wagner. These cells were
filled with a combination of commercial refuse,
city rubbish, and refuse from public disposal.
Normal landfill compaction procedures were
used in these cells, and compacting time was
often governed by the rate at which the refuse
was received. In the special test cells, the com-
paction procedure was uniform.
The results to date on refuse density deter-
minations have been summarized:
Cell no.
1-Ist Cycle
l-2nd Cycle
2N-lst Cycle
2S-lst Cycle
2-2nd Cycle
3
4
5
6
I/H
III/IV
V
Refuse type
Municipal
Commercial and
municipal
Municipal
Municipal
Commercial and
municipal
Municipal
Municipal
Municipal
Municipal
Commercial and
municipal
Commercial and
municipal
Commercial and
municipal
Density
Equipment used (Ib/cu
yd)'
CAT D-9
CAT D-9 and Steel-
wheeled FWD Wagner
CAT D-9
Rubber-tired FWD
Wagner
Steel-wheeled FWD
Wagner
CAT D-9
Rubber-tired FWD
Wagner
CAT D-9
Steel-wheeled FWD
Wagner
CAT D-9
Steel-wheeled FWD
Wagner
Steel-wheeled FWD
Wagner
1208f
1073
941
875
1029
1049
1058
1094
1278
924
996
908
• Wet weight density exclusive of soil cover.
fCell 1 was aerated while it was being filled.
During the study program, cost data were
collected on operation and maintenance for each
piece of compaction equipment. The following
data represent the hourly cost for operation in-
cluding depreciation. Labor is also included at
$5.40 per hr.
1965 Rubber- tired Steel-wheeled
1959 CAT D-9 FWD Wagner FWD Wagner
$20.53/hr ?18.90/hr $11.67/hr
Studies were conducted periodically to deter-
25
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mine the time required for spreading and com-
pacting refuse. The working rate in tons/hour
was calculated from measured time and tonnage
worked. Rates varied considerably. The data
collected to date are summarized below.
Rubber-tired Steel-wheeled
CAT D-9 FWD Wagner FWD Wagner
No. of individual
observations 27 7 12
Total tons 1825 324 980
Total hours 28.6 5.1 13.9
Data from several of the higher-rate observa-
tions indicated that the observed mean peak
rates were:
Rubber-tired Steel-wheeled
Mean peak rate CAT D-9 FWD Wagner FWD Wagner
(tons/hr) 109 97 95
Based on the mean peak rates for spreading
and compacting refuse and the hourly operat-
ing cost shown previously, the unit cost for
working refuse was calculated.
Rubber-tired Steel-wheeled
CAT D-9 FWD Wagner FWD Wagner
Net cost $/ton 0.19 0.19 0.12
Each piece of equipment is being evaluated
as to its overall suitability for those tasks associ-
ated with landfill operation; i.e., earth excava-
tion, earth moving, embankment construction,
road construction and maintenance, etc. When
compared with the crawler type CAT D-9, which
is quite versatile, the steel-wheeled and rubber-
tired FWD Wagner have proven inefficient for
these tasks.
PUBLICATIONS:
The following preliminary conclusions have
been developed by the consultant on the basis
of the work performed to date: (1) The steel-
wheeled FWD Wagner was effective for work-
ing refuse; when working municipal rubbish,
approximately 20 percent higher refuse density
was achieved with it than with the CAT D-9 or
the rubber-tired FWD Wagner. Compaction
control is required to realize better densities.
(2) In the three regular landfill cells (Cells I/II,
III/IV, and V), the steel-wheeled FWD Wagner
achieved approximately the same refuse density
as the CAT r>-9. (3) The steel-wheeled FWD
Wagner was the most economical for refuse
compaction. The CAT D-9 and the rubber-tired
FWD Wagner were about equal for refuse com-
paction. These cost figures were based on the
actual operation and amortized capital costs of
the equipment on the landfill. Two special
factors that affected these costs were the older
age of the CAT D-9 and the rapid tire wear and
many punctures in the rubber tires of the FWD
Wagner. (4) Preliminary data indicated that the
CAT D-9 had the highest peak rate for spread-
ing and compacting refuse and that the steel-
wheeled FWD Wagner had the highest average
rate for spreading and compacting refuse. (5)
The CAT D-9 was far superior in performing
landfill tasks other than working refuse; i.e.,
earth excavation, road work, etc.
STONE, R., and E. T. CONRAD. Land reclamation by accelerated stabilization. Preprint No. B-4.
In Solid Waste Research and Development, II. Engineering Foundation Research
Conference, Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, July 22-26, 1968. 4 p.
STONE, R., and E. T. CONRAD. Landfill compaction studies. Preprint No. B-l. In Solid Waste
Research and Development, II. Engineering Foundation Research Conference, Beaver
Dam, Wisconsin, July 22-26, 1968. 4 p.
STONE, R., E. T. CONRAD, and C. MELVILLE. Land conservation by aerobic landfill stabilization.
Public Works, 99 (12) :95-97, 138-139, Dec. 1968.
STONE, R., and M. ISRAEL. Determining effects of landfill recompaction on a landfill. Public
Works, 99 (1) :72-73, Jan. 1968.
RALPH STONE and COMPANY, INC., ENGINEERS. Solid wastes landfill stabilization; an interim report.
Cincinnati, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1968. [145 p.]
26
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Jefferson Parish West Bank refuse collection and disposal study
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00019
GRANTEE: JEFFERSON PARISH COUNCIL, PARISH OF JEFFERSON, NEW COURTHOUSE,
GRETNA, LOUISIANA 70053
PROJECT DIRECTOR: JEROME PEPPER, PRESIDENT, PEPPER AND ASSOCIATES, INC., 816 HOWARD AVENUE,
NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA 70113
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $40,973
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $13,658
FEDERAL SHARE: $18,315 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE) $ 9,000 [02]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1,1966
DATE PROJECT ENDED: NOV. 30, 1968
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate how new or im-
proved solid waste management techniques
could solve a regional solid waste problem by
developing a regional plan for the collection and
disposal of solid wastes generated in the West
Bank area of Jefferson Parish.
PROCEDURES, FINDINGS, AND RECOM-
MENDATIONS: The consulting engineering
firm of Pepper and Associates, Inc., New
Orleans, Louisiana, conducted the study. Re-
sults of this study have been incorporated with-
in the New Orleans metropolitan area compre-
hensive solid wastes report (see summary for
Grant No. D01-UI-00063).
The existing collection and disposal systems
were analyzed to determine their efficiency,
adequacy, and economics. The quantity of solid
wastes generated in the study area was estimated
by means of weighing programs. Recommenda-
tions were developed for a regional solution to
the area's solid waste problem.
The West Bank of Jefferson Parish is com-
prised of that part of the Parish on the west side
of the Mississippi River. Four separate garbage
districts provide solid waste collection and dis-
posal services for the unincorporated West Bank
area. All of the districts put their revenues for
this purpose into one basic fund, and the second
district provides collection and disposal services
for all. The cities of Westwego and Gretna pro-
vide separate municipal collection and disposal
services for their citizens.
The solid wastes of the unincorporated area
are currently being disposed of by a 90-ton-a-day
incinerator located at Marrero and open burn-
ing at a dump. The city of Gretna also utilizes
a 90-ton-a-day incinerator and an open burning
dump, whereas Westwego is dumping and open
burning all of its collected refuse. Both inciner-
ators are obsolete, and open .burning is being
carried on in violation of Louisiana Board of
Health regulation.
Based on his studies of the area's problems
and present practices, the consultant has made
the following principal recommendations:
1. A public relations campaign should be
initiated to acquaint the public with the need
for improved solid waste collection and disposal
services, and to generally upgrade the image and
status of the sanitation worker.
2. The four separate garbage districts should
be consolidated into one overall district to serve
the West Bank area. The disposal operations of
Westwego and Gretna should be consolidated
with that of the overall district.
3. As an immediate solution to the area's
solid waste disposal problem, a 600-ton-per-day
incinerator should be built on the site of the
existing Marrero incinerator, to replace the two
obsolete 90-ton-per-day incinerators. Incinerator
residue should be disposed of by a sanitary land-
fill.
4. As a long-range disposal method, studies
should be undertaken to evaluate the feasibility
27
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of barging the West Bank area's solid wastes to The final report on the New Orleans metro-
swampy areas of lower Jefferson Parish reached politan area project that includes this study,
by means of Bayonne Barataria, which could be Public Health Service Publication No. 1932, is
utilized as a site for a sanitary landfill for an available from the Superintendent of Docu-
indefinite period of time. ments, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash-
ington, D.C. 20402.
-------
Recreational use of waste incinerator heat
PROJECT TYPE: DEMONSTRATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00020
GRANTEE: COUNTY OF BERGEN
PROJECT DIRECTOR: RICHARD L. NELSON, ASSISTANT EXECUTIVE ADMINISTRATOR, COUNTY OF BERGEN,
ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDING, HACKENSACK, NEW JERSEY 07601
ESTIMATED TOTAL'PROJECT COST:
GRANTEE'S SHARE:
FEDERAL SHARE:
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1966
$4,374,065
$3,963,375
$ 200,000 [01]
$ 195,312 [02]
$ 15,378 [03]
DATE PROJECT ENDED: OCT. 21, 1968
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate that munici-
pal refuse and other solid wastes can be incin-
erated without significantly polluting air or cre-
ating a public nuisance, and that incinerator
waste heat can be used to operate recreational
facilities.
PROCEDURES: A 600-ton-per-day incinera-
tor will be constructed in Overpeck Creek
Park, a recreational area which the county has
been developing since the mid-1940's. The in-
cinerator will be equipped with air pollution
control devices adequate to eliminate any pos-
sible smoke and odor nuisance. A swimming
pool and ice skating rink will also be built and
waste incinerator heat utilized as a power
source for their economical and efficient opera-
tion. Economics and practicability of the proj-
ect will be evaluated.
The firm of B. B. Reilly and Associates,
Ridgefield, New Jersey, will be retained to pre-
pare plans and specifications for the incinerator
and provide consulting engineering services in
connection with its construction. The firm of
Wank, Adams and Slavin, New York, New
York, will be retained to provide architectural
and engineering services required for the de-
velopment of a preliminary project plan and
analysis regarding the proposed recreational
complex adjacent to the incinerator.
PROGRESS TO DATE: Contracts were
signed with the two consultants in November
1966, and preparation of plans and specifica-
tions for the incinerator initiated. Preliminary
plans have been completed and are being re-
viewed.
In January 1967, the township of Teaneck,
New Jersey, filed suit seeking a court order to
prevent the county from constructing the incin-
erator in Overpeck Creek Park. In October
1968, in view of extended litigation and prob-
lems arising therefrom, it was decided that
further Federal support of the project could not
be justified, and the project was terminated at
the end of the 01 year.
29
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California integrated solid waste management system
GRANT NO. D01-UI-00021
PROTECT TYPE: DEMONSTRATION ^r,VVJ TJV WAY
GRANTEE: CALIFORNIA STATE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH, nei BERKELEY WAY,
BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 94704 nnn*,n*t
PROJECT DIRECTOR: RICHARD ,. PETERS, CHIEF, BUREAU OF VECTOR CONTR°^D™NHEALTH
OF ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION, STATE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $408,906
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $151,426
FEDERAL SHARE: $154,169 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE) $123,311 [02]
DATE PROTECT ENDED: MAY 31, 1968
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1966 UA L *• ^"J^
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate how new or
improved solid waste management technique.?
could provide a solution for a regional solid
waste problem by conducting an intensive study
and designing a system that will handle all
urban, industrial, and agricultural wastes in a
rapidly urbanizing 1,200-sq-mile area surround-
ing the city of Fresno; and to develop a tech-
nology for systematic study of the Fresno region
and demonstrate that it may be applied to solve
solid waste management problems in other
similar regions.
PROCEDURES, FINDINGS, AND RECOM-
MENDATIONS: The project was conducted
by Aerojet-General Corporation, El Monte,
California, and Engineering-Science, Inc., Arca-
dia, California. The major portions of the study
are summarized below from the consultants'
final report.
Operating Conditions. Studies of the Fresno
area were carried out to establish the physical
characteristics of the region and conditions with
reference to solid waste generation, collection,
and disposal. The conditions examined in-
cluded: (1) regional physical environment, (2)
population (existing and projected), (3) land
use (existing and projected), (4) waste loading
(existing and projected), (5) legislative condi-
tions, (6) existing management practices, (7)
economic capacities and projections, (8) State
Department of Health guidelines, and (9) tech-
nical restrictions.
30
These studies indicated that the 1967 regional
population was about 396,000 people, 312,000
of whom lived in the region's communities and
84,000 in areas outside the communities. By the
year 2000 the projected population of the region
is to exceed 1,000,000, of whom 973,000 are
expected in the communities and 83,000 out-
side. Agriculture is by far the largest land use.
About 82 percent of the 770,000 acres in the
region are currently used for this purpose,
either for production of high-return crops, for
use as irrigated pasture, for growing alfalfa or
hay, or as native rangeland. By the year 2000,
some 86 percent of the land area is estimated to
be used in agriculture.
Estimates of solid waste generation in the
region are as follows:
Expected by
Current year 2000
Type wastes (tons/yr) (tons/yr)
Municipal
Industrial
Animal wastes and
manures
Crop residues
Total
432,000
256,000
1,012,000
777,000
2,477,000
1,529,000
508,000
2,180,000
1,365,000
5,582,000
In general, laws and ordinances dealing with
solid waste management in the region fall into
three categories: (1) State legislation, which is,
for the most part, enabling in nature; (2) county
ordinances, which are implementing in nature
and develop detailed methods to meet control
objectives; (3) municipal legislation, wtfich
is directed toward detailed definition of
-------
methods, techniques, and financing of waste
collection and disposal. The result of existing
policies concerning solid waste collection and
disposal has been the development of a hetero-
geneous system in the region, with practices
varying between county and city and between
cities. There is no standardization of equipment
or routines, and a great deal of collection route
duplication has existed. Steps to eliminate some
of this duplication have recently been taken.
Performance and Ancillary Effect Scoring. This
involved the development of a methodology
whereby the effectiveness of various handling
systems could be compared. "Performance scor-
ing" and "ancillary effect scoring" procedures
were devised for this purpose by applying sys-
tems analysis to the problem of integrating com-
plex environmental relationships. The three
principal elements involved in this development
were:
1. The problems and effects to be controlled
were identified. Originally, 82 different solid
wastes were identified as occurring in sufficient
quantities to create a problem. After being
categorized as municipal, industrial, and agri-
cultural wastes, the 82 types were finally reduced
to 52 by combining certain similar wastes and
eliminating others determined not to be of
sufficient quantity to create serious environ-
mental problems. The 19 major states or con-
ditions in which solid wastes exist, or are likely
to exist, in the region were then identified, e.g.,
unmanaged, spread on ground, open burning,
plowed in ground, landfill. Thirteen various
bad environmental effects associated with solid
wastes in the various conditions were then
identified, such as water pollution, air pollution,
odor, safety hazards.
2. The basis of the performance scoring pro-
cedure was the postulation that the effectiveness
of waste management procedures can be ex-
pressed in terms of the degree to which the sys-
tem decreases the bad environmental effects of
the waste.
Basic bad-effects scores were determined for
each waste under each condition; experienced
practitioners in the sanitary engineering and
environmental health fields provided value judg-
ments on the relative contribution of a given
waste under a given condition to possible bad
effects. A rating scale of 0 to 5 was used, with
0 indicating no significant contribution and 5
the highest contribution. A numerical relative-
condition rating was then developed in a similar
way; this reflected the bad-effects consequence
of placing a unit quantity of the combined
wastes in each of the conditions.
A numerical "relative importance factor" was
developed to reflect the relative importance of
each bad effect in terms of the type of area or
subregion in which they occurred, i.e., whether
the area was predominantly municipal, indus-
trial, agricultural, or an interface area between
municipal and agricultural. A numerical "rela-
tive contribution factor" was developed that rep-
resented a judgment as to what percent of each
bad effect is caused by solid waste. An "influence
coefficient" for each bad effect in each subregion
was then obtained by multiplying the foregoing
two factors and dividing the product by the sum
of, products for all bad effects in all subregions.
Total weighted bad-effects scores were ob-
tained by (1) multiplying the basic bad-effects
scores by the influence coefficient for each bad
effect for each condition in each subregion and
(2) adding the resulting scores for all bad effects
in each condition. This resulted in a score repre-
senting the total bad effect of a unit quantity of
a particular waste in a given condition in a
particular subregion.
The performance score of any postulated
waste management system is then the sum of the
total weighted bad-effects scores for each waste in
each condition in each subregion, multiplied by
the tonnage of each waste in the particular con-
ditions called for by the system being considered.
Several of the conditions are basically transient,
i.e., the wastes are in such conditions only for a
short period of time. Compared with disposal
conditions, in which the wastes attain a more or
less permanent state, these transient scores are
relatively low. Combining the two component
scores would result in losing the effect of any
improvement for transient -conditions. Because
it was judged that transient and disposal com-
ponents are of equal importance to society, sepa-
31
-------
rate scores were maintained. In the final analysis
of total system performance, these two compo-
nent scores were individually evaluated and the
results combined.
3. Scoring the ancillary effects provides a
means of measuring the physical, social, and
psychological effects of alternative waste man-
agement systems and their components as op-
posed to performance scoring of the effects of
solid wastes. This becomes important when a
number of systems under consideration have
similar performance scores and costs. Ancillary
effects can then be used to choose the optimum
system from a group of nearly equal cost-effective
systems. Two steps were involved:
(a) Identifying ancillary effects. Twelve ancil-
lary effects were identified with reference to the
physical components of solid waste management
systems, e.g., noise, traffic interference, odor,
unsightliness.
(b) Ranking and rating of effects. The relative
importance and subsequent weighting factors for
each of the effects were determined by proce-
dures similar to those employed in the perform-
ance scoring procedure development previously
described. The rankings of each effect were
totaled for each subregion and ratings deter-
mined for the 12 effects by setting the highest
totaled ranking score equal to 1.0 and rating the
other effects in that subregion in proportion to
their totaled ranking score.
Conceptual Design of Waste Management Sys-
tems for the Fresno Region. Basic approaches to
solid waste management in the Fresno region
were investigated, and a number of systems were
delineated in sufficient detail to permit their
evaluation in terms of cost, performance, and
ancillary- effects. Eighteen systems were postu-
lated for managing municipal and industrial
wastes and four methods for agricultural wastes.
These were analyzed in sufficient detail to deter-
mine their capacities and effects in handling the
projected amounts of various wastes expected to
be produced in the year 2000.
Cost and Performance Analysis and System Se-
lection. The scoring methodology and proce-
dures described were applied to these systems.
32
Scores for transient and disposal components
were kept separate, and the percent improve-
ment for each component for each proposed
system were calculated, with the overall system
improvement represented by the average of the
improvement of the two system components.
Costs of handling projected waste quantities for
the year 2000 in the manner prescribed were
calculated for each system. Minimum desirable
performance and cost limitations for a solid
waste management system for the year 2000 were
determined.
A proposed system was selected for the Fresno
region based on consideration of all technical
constraints and of nontechnical constraints, i.e.,
legal, political, and sociological. The proposed
system, a combination of the various transient
and disposal systems, handles the different waste
categories in a variety of ways and allows for an
orderly transition over a period of time from
the existing system. Costs in the year 2000 are
estimated to be:
Municipal
Industrial
Manures
Crop residues
Total
$42:7 million
5.9 million
26.5 million
3.5 million
78.6 million
(1967 dollars)
The effectiveness of the proposed system is
indicated by the calculated 84 percent improve-
ment of environmental effects for the municipal-
industrial portion and an improvement of 70
percent for the agricultural portion. In addition,
the proposed system ancillary effect score of
17.24 is considerably lower than that of any of
the previously postulated systems and falls
within the cost benefit limits. These improve-
ments, well above the program goals and within
reasonable expenditures, are the result of a suc-
cessful application of the postulated procedures.
Recommendations. As the first action to develop
the proposed system concept, the consultants
recommend the establishment of a regional
agency with responsibility for overall conduct of
the regional system. Various specific recommen-
dations are also made for immediate actions and
for medium to long-range actions. Recommen-
dations concerning basic and applied research
indicate specific areas requiring additional effort.
-------
PUBLICATIONS:
CULVER, B. D., and B. E. WALSH. Some aspects of systems engineering for waste management in
California. Arch. Environ. Health, 17 (3): 377-382, Sept. 1968.
AEROJET-GENERAL CORPORATION. A systems study of solid waste management In the Fresno area;
final report on a solid waste management demonstration. Public Health Service Publi-
cation No. 1959. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969. [411 p.]
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Quad-City regional solid waste program
GRANT NO. D01-UI-00026
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION PATERSON NEW JERSEY 07505
GRANTEE: QUAD-CITY SOLID WASTES COMMITTEE,* CITY HALL, PATERA, j
PROJECT DIRECTOR: FRANK P. FRANCIA, ROOM 53, CITY HALL, PATERSON, NEW JERSEY 07505
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $151,300
GRANTEE'S SHARE; $ 50,500
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 50,000 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE) $ 50,800 [02]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1966
DATE PROJECT ENDED: DEC. 81, 1968
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate how new or im-
proved solid waste management techniques
could solve a regional solid waste problem by
developing a regionalized program for solid
waste disposal practices for a group of adjacent
municipalities having a common problem of
solid wastes handling, and to establish the ad-
ministrative means for implementing the pro-
gram developed.
PROCEDURES, FINDINGS, AND RECOM-
MENDATIONS: The committee's engineering
consultant, Mr. William T. Ingram, performed
much of the work carried out and also provided
overall advisory services. Studies were made of
the quantity and characteristics of solid wastes
produced in each municipality. Meteorological
investigations were carried out to evaluate the
influence that incineration might have on air
pollution in the area. Various methods of waste
disposal were evaluated.
A final report is being prepared by the
grantee. The following summary of major find-
ings and recommendations has been abstracted
from a, draft of the proposed final report.
The Quad-City region, located in the south-
easterly corner of Passaic County, New Jersey,
is comprised of the cities of Clifton, Passaic, and
Paterson, and the town of Wayne. Three of the
four communities have contiguous boundaries,
whereas the town of Wayne is separated from
them by a narrow strip comprising a group of
communities extending northeasterly from the
Essex County line to the Bergen County line.
Basic information on each of the four com-
munities was developed from earlier reports
dealing with refuse collection and disposal re-
quirements.
The official 1960 census was used as a basis
for estimating per capita data. Four assays con-
ducted in October 1966, and February, May,
and August 1967 provided data on municipally
collected solid wastes. Plant visits to 32 percent
of the industrial establishments in the four com-
munities provided information for projection of
industrial waste data. Field visits provided infor-
mation on construction/demolition production.
Community public works departments and con-
tract scavengers furnished data on periodic
cleanup and street cleaning production. Visits
to eight institutions provided onsite information
on the handling of such wastes.
The four assay data indicate that the munici-
pal waste production is 2.61 Ib/capita-day. The
industrial survey shows a Quad-City production
of 3.05 Ib/capita-day. Total waste production
in the four communities amounts to an esti-
mated 8.83 Ib/capita-day. Production in the
Quad-City community currently amounts to
about 440 tons of municipal waste, 500 tons of
industrial waste, and a total of 1,500 tons per
day.
Thermal value of municipal waste runs about
3,300 Btu/lb in the field with about 30 percent
moisture content and about 35 percent by
weight inert or noncombustible materials based
on laboratory assay.
Municipal waste includes approximately 44
• Composed of representatives of the communities of Paterson, Passaic, Clifton, and Wayne, New Jersey.
34
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percent paper and paper products, and 22 per-
cent organic garbage. Glass, metal, and plastics
account for about 18 percent of the production.
By comparison, industrial waste composition in-
cludes about 43 percent paper and 5 percent
organic food wastes. Glass, metal, and plastics
amount to about 20 percent of the total.
Air ventilation studies have shown an influ-
ence of Garrett Mountain and the First Watch-
ung Range on wind movements in the Paterson
area. It is evident that further studies will be
required at levels of stack height at any specific
site location on the Passaic River Valley floor
to establish dispersion characteristics of a plume
associated with any burning process.
Geological studies indicate that any form of
landfill must be so located that it will not be in
contact with either ground water or bedrock,
and preferably should be in areas of glacial
deposit to avoid potential pollution of water
resources.
Sixteen possible locations for treatment and/
or disposal of the region's solid wastes have been
considered, and nine have been investigated in
some detail. The detailed investigation of sites
is contingent on the methodology finally selected
by the commission and the system selected for
solid waste disposal demonstration. It appears
that not more than four sites have the necessary
attributes to meet both Quad-City requirements
and the objections that might be raised.
Many alternate methodologies for the treat-
ment and disposal of solid wastes were investi-
gated. These included incineration, landfill,
composting, compaction, long distance rail haul
with transfer stations, high temperature com-
bustion, grinding, and salvaging. Of these, three
primary methodologies were selected for inten-
sive investigation with the thought that alone
or in combination, a complete processing system
meeting the needs of the Quad-City community
could be found. These included: (1) high tem-
perature combustion, (2) long haul with trans-
fer stations, and (3) sanitary landfill.
Appropriate auxiliary processes such as grind-
ing, shredding, and compaction in support of
the primary methodology and air cleaning
equipment are considered to be part of the total
demonstration program.
High-temperature combustion has been se-
lected as the core disposal methodology for the
study area. Rail haul is considered to be worthy,
but not entirely adequa'te for the Quad-City
need.
The Quad-City Solid Wastes Committee was
established legally for a 3-yr term in July 1966.
The committee has utilized the services of the
legal counsels of each community in framing a
document acceptable to all that would establish
an authority to be known as the "Lower Passaic
Valley Solid Wastes Management Authority."
Completion of the charter document made
clear that a State legislative enablement act was
required before the local ordinances could be
officially acted upon. Such legislation was intro-
duced as Senate No. 387 in February 1968,
passed by both Houses, and signed into law by
the Governor on Aug. 16, 1968.
Local community action on the charter is pro-
ceeding to bring the Lower Passaic Valley Solid
Wastes Management Authority into being.
PUBLICATION:
Quad-City solid wastes project; an interim report, June 1, 1966, to May 31, 1967. Cincinnati, U.S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1968. [181 p.]
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Solid waste disposal incinerator prototypes for specialized operations
GRANT NO. D01-UI-00029
PROJECT TYPE: DEMONSTRATION ^^
GRANTEE: CITY OF BRIDGEPORT, CONNECTICUT, LYON TERRACE, BRIDGEPORT, CONN. 06604
PROJECT DIRECTOR: FRED SENGER, ASSISTANT CHIEF, 274 MIDDLE STREET, BRIDGEPORT,
CONNECTICUT 06603
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $290,012
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 96,670
FEDERAL SHARE: $181,671 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE) $ 11,671 [02]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: DEC. 1, 1966
DATE PROJECT ENDED: AUG. 31, 1968
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the feasibility
and economic practicability of disposal of bulky
solid wastes by means of an improved incinera-
tion process and to demonstrate the safety of
equipment and techniques involved.
PROCEDURES: The city will construct a large
brick incinerator approximately 15 ft wide and
75 ft long of the type commonly referred to as
the "Detroit" brush burner for disposal of all
types of bulky combustible solid wastes. Facili-
ties will be provided for the recirculation of hot
flue gases to the primary combustion chamber
to determine if this will reduce burning time
and improve stack effluent quality. On comple-
tion of construction, a test program will be con-
ducted to evaluate performance characteristics
of the incinerator. The types and amounts of
waste materials that can be disposed of will be
determined, and information about the relative
hazards of disposing of volatile and/or explosive
substances, which must now be buried, will be
developed.
The firm of Leonard C. Mandell, Associates,
Providence, Rhode Island, will provide consult-
ing engineering services in connection with the
design and construction of the project and will
plan and conduct the testing program with the
assistance of the University of Bridgeport's En-
gineering Department.
PROGRESS TO DATE: At the end of the 01
year, the propriety of continued grant support
for this project was reevaluated by the Bureau
of Solid Waste Management. It was determined
that there had been an unauthorized change in
emphasis of project objectives and that this,
together with excessive delays, had resulted in
the project's having lost the uniqueness and
merits which provided a basis for its original
approval. On Nov. 20, 1968, the grantee was
so advised and informed that funds originally
reserved for the 02 year of the project were
being reassigned and that the unexpended por-
tion of the 01 year's funds was to be returned
to the Government. Currently, at the request of
the grantee, the technical aspects of the project
are being further discussed.
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Gainesville compost plant
PROJECT TYPE: DEMONSTRATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00030
GRANTEE: GAINESVILLE MUNICIPAL WASTE CONVERSION AUTHORITY
PROJECT DIRECTOR: HERBERT W. HOUSTON, GAINESVILLE MUNICIPAL WASTE CONVERSION
AUTHORITY, 1600 S.E. 13th ROAD, P.O. BOX 1152, GAINESVILLE, FLORIDA 32601
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST:
GRANTEE'S SHARE:
FEDERAL SHARE:
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE I, 1966
$1,723,715
$ 574,572
? 250,000 [01]
$ 625,000 [02]
$ 274,143 [03]
DATE PROJECT ENDS: DEC. 31, 1969
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the reliability,
suitability, economic feasibility, and sanitary
and nuisance-free operation of a recently devel-
oped high-rate, mechanical composting system
for the disposal of municipal refuse from a
medium sized community.
PROCEDURES: A compost plant designed to
process 20 tons of refuse per hr will be con-
structed to dispose of municipal refuse from the
City of Gainesville, the University of Florida,
and Alachua County. Facilities will be provided
for incorporating either raw or digested sewage
sludge into the compost. The plant will utilize
the Metropolitan Waste Conversion System pre-
viously used at Largo, Florida, and currently in
use at Houston, Texas.
Records will be kept of the amounts of refuse
and sludge processed, compost produced, sal-
vaged materials, and other noncompostable com-
ponents. A complete cost analysis of the opera-
tion will be developed, including operation and
maintenance costs of major items of equipment.
The efficiency of the equipment will be evalu-
ated, and operating characteristics and mainte-
nance requirements will be determined. Neces-
sary insect and rodent control measures will be
instituted. Health records of employees will be
maintained. Biological, bacteriological, and
chemical and physical characteristics of the raw,
partially digested, and finished compost will be
determined.
Overall mechanical design criteria for the
plant will be developed by the Metropolitan
Waste Conversion Corporation, Wheaton, Illi-
nois. Plant design and associated consulting
engineering services will be provided by the
firm of Reynolds, Smith and Hills, Jacksonville,
Florida. Technical and scientific evaluation of
the project will be planned and supervised by
Environmental Engineering, Inc., Gainesville,
Florida.
PROGRESS TO DATE: Three reports have
been prepared by the grantee detailing progress
through August 1968. These are in the process
of being reproduced by the Bureau of Solid
Waste Management for widespread distribution.
A preliminary report on progress during Sep-
tember to December 1968 is being prepared.
The following summary has been developed
from information in these reports.
By the end of December 1967, construction
of the plant was basically completed. Briefly,
this plant employs the following process. Incom-
ing refuse is weighed, deposited in a receiving
hopper, and conveyed to the picking table by a
conveyor system that loosens the material, mak-
ing it easier to separate. The pickers remove
cardboard, paper, rags, metal, and bulky items;
the first three items are sold as salvage. The
refuse is then ground in a Centriblast. Disinte-
grator from which it is discharged to a ballistic
separator that removes the heavier materials
(metals) and lighter materials (paper and plas-
tics) . The remaining material receives a second
37
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grinding in a Williams hammermill. Sewage
sludge and/or water can be added at the dis-
charge end of this grinder. The material is
mixed by screws, and remaining ferrous material
is removed by a magnetic separator. The mixed
material is biologically degraded into a relatively
stable compost in two digester tanks, each 320 ft
long by 20 ft. wide. The digesters provide 6 days
of detention time at plant design capacity.
During the digestion period, air is periodically
passed through the perforated bottoms of these
tanks. Following digestion the compost is re-
ground in two specially built rasps and stock-
piled.
During an operational shakedown period,
which began on Jan. 4, 1968, and lasted until
the beginning of April, refuse from the city of
Gainesville was processed. This gave plant per-
sonnel a chance to become familiar with the
operation, correct difficulties, and make neces-
sary adjustments. Many problems were initially
encountered with the various items of equip-
ment, but these were, for the most part, cor-
rected during this period. The principal prob-
lems were noted in two main areas—at the
primary grinder and the tripper area at the
digester tanks.
Early in April, the plant began operating at
full capacity and received refuse from the city
of Gainesville and Alachua County. By April 12,
some 150 tons per day were being received. In
June, the University of Florida began delivering
its refuse to the plant. From this time until the
end of 1968, the plant was essentially in full
operation with the exception of two extended
shutdown periods, one in June and the other
during July and August, as explained later.
One of the principal problems encountered
was the quantity and nature of trash that the
city brought to the plant. The machinery in the
plant was basically designed to take all garbage
and trash that consisted of leaves, grass clippings,
shrubbery prunings, and small branches 2 to 3
in. in diameter and not over 3 ft long. During
May and June, separate trash deliveries were
made to the plant on certain days. Some trash
was also mixed in with the regular refuse. Tree
branches 6 to 8 ft long, oak logs up to 24 in.
in
diameter, together with whole tree root systems,
refrigerators, washing machines, and the like
were being received, all entwined with moss.
When alone, the smaller items of trash that the
machinery was designed to handle presented no
problem, but when these were mixed with the
larger items, sorting difficulties arose. The sort-
ers at the picking table found it practically
impossible to pull these masses apart before they
entered the primary grinder, which then bogged
down under the load. Frequently, the picking
conveyor had to be stopped and the material
pulled off and hauled to the landfill. This neces-
sitated considerable overtime, then a change to
a two-shift operation with an increased working
crew. These unforeseen developments resulted
in a plant shutdown from July 19 to August 17
because of a shortage of operating funds. During
this period, a reorganization of the plant operat-
ing crew was effected insofar as the number of
men and pay scale were concerned. This trash
problem has continued, and worsened in Octo-
ber when Gainesville changed its method of
pickup to a combined garbage and trash collec-
tion on a daily basis. Inordinately large amounts
of bulky items consequently have to be pulled
off the sorting belt and hauled to landfill with
other noncompostables.
A second major problem area has been the
primary grinder (Centriblast). Considerable
downtime has been required for various modi-
fications to this item; the longest such period
was the last week of June. This item is being
returned to the manufacturer. Evaluations have
been made of Williams, Gondard, and Eidal
grinders to replace the Centriblast. No final
decision has been reached on which make of
grinder will be purchased.
During May and June, a few complaints were
received of odors emanating from the plant.
The odor-producing situations were corrected,
and since then the operation has continued
without production of objectionable odors.
A summary of data concerning plant opera-
tion during 1968 shows, on a monthly basis, the
amounts of total refuse received for processing,
compostables in the refuse, and compost moved
to final storage.
38
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Refuse
(total tons)
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
2,448
2,450
1,478
293
2,361
2334
2,313
2,526
Compostables Compost
(tons) (tons*)
2,052
1,910
1,248
261
1,844
1,832
1,665
1,749
1,022
2394
838
0
1,066
1,158
927
889
Plant
operated
(days)
22
18
12
5
22
23
20
21
* Estimated tonnage moved from end of bulk storage belt
to permanent stockpile.
To date, compost has been produced in bulk
form only. An estimated 8,762 tons of compost
has been moved from storage at the end of the
process line to a permanent stockpile. Of this
total, 967 tons have been given to the city of
Gainesville and 552 tons to the university; 980
tons have been sold, principally to the citrus
industry. During the last 4 mo of 1968, sales
approximately doubled over those during the
previous 4-mo period. Most of the sales effort
to date has been directed at the citrus industry,
based on the concept that an in-depth approach
to one market area at a time generally produces
better results than superficial attempts to de-
velop many outlets. At present, customers pay
from $14.25 to $16.75 per ton (wet weight
basis), which includes delivery and application
by specially developed trucks and trailers. These
prices are for relatively small volumes, and it is
believed they would be lower, perhaps $7.00 to
$8.00 per ton, for large volume sales.
Total plant operating costs for the 4-mo
period September to December 1968 averaged
$19,363.22 per mo, or $7.96 per ton of solid
waste received.
To date, paper is the main waste constituent
salvaged. During the last 4 mo of the year, the
amount of paper salvaged was increased by add-
ing another baler, increasing efficiency of the
pickers, and processing greater amounts of
refuse. During this time, the amount of salvaged
paper increased from 114 to 184 tons per mo.
Percentage recovery increased from 4.8 to 7.3
percent of the weight of incoming refuse. The
paper is sold to users of low-grade paper stock
who manufacture several grades of paperboard
used in the building materials industry and to
roofing mills. These sources pay $19 to $20 per
ton, F.O.B. the plant, for salvaged paper.
Rags are now being salvaged because of the
interest indicated by one customer. One bale
has been produced, although it does not appear
there is any large quantity to salvage. The cus-
tomer has reported that the quality of the ma-
terial is good and he can use all that the plant
can produce. Rags are sold at a price of $18
per ton, F.O.B. the plant.
Possible markets for salvaged tin cans have
been investigated, but at present, there appar-
ently is no suitable market for these in Florida.
Consequently, they are being disposed of at the
landfill along with noncompostables and trash.
In early June, use of sewage sludge as a moist-
ening agent was begun. Ninety gal of sludge
with a 4 percent solids content were added to
each ton of compostable material being proc-
essed. Major problems encountered were the
difficulty in controlling the amount of moisture
being added and the jamming of solenoid valves
because of rags in the sludge. At the end of
June, use of sludge was discontinued in favor
of city water. During the last 3 mo of the year,
194,600 gal of digested sludge were mixed into
5,246 tons of compostable materials, a rate of
approximately 37 gal per ton. On occasion, the
large amount of sand in the sludge would plug
up the sludge lines, at which time city water
would be used. Sludge was used about 90 per-
cent of the time, and no major operating prob-
lems were encountered when digested sludge
was used at this rate.
The technical evaluation of the process has
been hindered by lack of established and proven
sampling and analytical methods. Progress made
to date is summarized as follows:
Carbon was diminished during the digestion
of solid waste and the curing of compost. Al-
though this reduction can be assumed, pre-
viously it was not conclusively demonstrated at
the Gainesville Compost Plant. Nitrogen appar-
ently increases during waste digestion. The C/N
ratio of waste decreased with increasing treat-
ment time and generally followed the BOD re-
39
450-537 O - " - 4
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duction. Preliminary results indicate that the
BOD test is satisfactory for determining waste
stability or degree of treatment; COD and vola-
tile solids tests were not satisfactory for this
purpose. A method was developed for sampling
solid waste. Good sampling is necessary before
meaningful data representing waste before and
after treatment can be obtained. The method
employs a Fiberglas bag to contain the waste
during treatment and to ensure its retrieval
after treatment. Thus, virtually the same sample
can be analyzed before and after treatment, and
the results are much less erratic than random
sampling procedures. A similar bag was used for
PUBLICATION:
the successful demonstration of coliform die-off
during composting.
A health hazard is suggested by the finding of
viable particles in the atmosphere surrounding
the plant in the size range that can penetrate the
lungs. The uncertainties of clinical research will
tend to preclude any correlation between this
potential hazard and actual lung diseases in the
plant workers. This suggests the use of labora-
tory animals that can be exposed to dusty at-
mospheres and then sacrificed for careful exami-
nation. Plans are being made to strengthen the
medical and the insect and rodent control pro-
grams.
GAINESVILLE MUNICIPAL WASTE CONVERSION AUTHORITY, INC. Gainesville Compost plant; an
interim report. Cincinnati, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1969.
[345 p.]
40
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San Jose/Santa Clara County
solid waste disposal demonstration project
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00033
GRANTEE: CITY OF SAN JOSE. CITY HALL, 801 NORTH FIRST STREET
PROJECT DIRECTOR: RAYMOND C. MILLER, DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC HEALTH, CITY OF SAN JOSE,
SAN JOSE, CALIFORNIA 95110
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $186,000
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 62,000
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 39,000 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE) $ 85,000 [02]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1966 DATE PROJECT ENDED: DEC. 31, 1967
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate how new and
improved solid waste management techniques,
using a systems analysis approach, could solve
the solid wastes problem in the San Jose metro-
politan area and Santa Clara County.
PROCEDURES, FINDINGS, AND RECOM-
MENDATIONS: The FMC Machinery/Systems
Group, FMC Corporation, Santa Clara, Cali-
fornia, carried out a systems analysis for the
study area. A coordinated information collection
and exchange effort was developed between the
FMC Corporation, the California Department
of Health, and the University of California, each
of which supplied mutually useful information
concerning various aspects of the solid wastes
problem in the study area.
The project has been completed, and a final
report has been prepared by the FMC Corpora-
tion. The major findings and recommendations
resulting from the study and presented in the
report are as follows.
A survey was conducted of solid waste sources
and quantities in Santa Clara County. Projec-
tions of the annual solid wastes quantities ex-
pected in the years 1970, 1980, and 1990 were
made by source and geographic location.
Potential incineration facility sites were se-
lected for system cost and environmental evalua-
tion. Service areas were defined for these selected
facility sites when combined in various numbers
and ways to handle the solid wastes of the
county. Estimated refuse hauling costs were com-
puted for these various multisite configurations.
On the basis of estimated hauling costs, a
final 10 of the disposal-system configurations
were selected for estimated facility-operating-
cost evaluation and combined (or system) cost
evaluation. An environmental evaluation was
made of the disposal facility sites involved in
these 10 disposal configurations.
During the solid waste system survey, a survey
was also made of resource recovery processes as
possible supplements to the incineration dis-
posal system
FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS: Survey re-
sults indicate that solid waste quantities are
much larger than suspected and will continue
to increase in San Jose and Santa Clara County.
Future projections of the aggregate solid wastes
(which include those from agriculture, demoli-
tion and construction activities, canneries, sew-
age treatment plants, etc., as well as those from
domestic, commercial, and other industrial
sources) are alarming particularly when related
to the existing sanitary landfill disposal capaci-
ties and the difficulties encountered in the
attempted acquisition of new landfill sites.
If new solid waste disposal methods are not
employed to substantially reduce waste volumes
in the future, and if no new landfill sites are
acquired, exhaustion of the existing landfill
capacities would probably occur in the early
1970's. The lives of these sites may be prolonged,
41
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however, by going to additional lifts (adding
layers of refuse on top of the existing fill).
By 1970, the annual solid waste production is
expected to be 3.4 million tons, and over 13.8
million cu yd (in the loose or noncompacted
condition). The total annual solid waste quan-
tities by 1990 are expected to increase to 4.6
million tons and 19.6 million cu yd-increases
of about 35 and 42 percent, respectively, over
the 1970 estimates. Though waste quantities
from agriculture are expected to decrease
sharply, waste quantities from all other major
waste source categories (residential, industrial,
etc.) are expected to show large increases.
Central incineration of almost all solid wastes,
except demolition debris, would significantly
prolong the lives of the existing landfill sites.
The residue from incineration would require
disposal by landfill, but the residue volume
would only be about 10 percent of the pre-
incinerated refuse volume.
Incineration would bring about other impor-
tant effects on landfill operations including:
(1) reduction of landfill operating costs, (2)
reduction of fill site pollution potential, and
(3) increase in ultimate uses of fill site (ability
to support structures, etc.).
Analysis and evaluation of selected potential
incineration facility sites and system configura-
tions (various Sira-type facility combinations)
on the basis of estimated disposal facility oper-
ating costs, refuse hauling costs, and environ-
mental factors such as land use compatibility,
accessibility, expansion potential, complaint po-
tential, etc., indicated the following:
1. A single incineration facility just south of
Agnew is the lowest estimated cost incineration
system configuration.
2. The estimated costs of disposal by incinera-
tion would increase as the number of facilities
serving Santa Clara County increase because the
estimated increases in facilities operating costs
would be more than the estimated savings in
hauling costs.
3. An incineration facility adjacent to the San
Jose-Santa Clara Water Pollution Control Plant
would be the most suitable on the basis of an
42
environmental evaluation. The estimated an-
nual system disposal costs for a single facility at
this site would be less than 4 percent higher
than the costs for the Agnew location.
4. Adding a transfer station to move south
county refuse from collection trucks to large
capacity trailers for long haul to a north county
incineration facility is more economical than
adding another incineration facility.
The survey of resource recovery processes in-
dicated that caution should be exercised in any
attempt to recover materials from solid wastes
finally reaching disposal sites. Ferrous metal re-
covery and steam generation, however, would be
accomplished as a part of the Sira system of
refuse disposal.
Composting has been beset by operational as
well as marketing problems. The market for
compost continues to be of doubtful viability.
No experience has been established with large-
scale pyrolysis operations, and, therefore, the
operational reliability and market potentials for
pyrolysis products (char and low-grade fuel gas)
are uncertain.
RECOMMENDATIONS: Although disposal by
incineration in Santa Clara County would be
more costly than disposal by sanitary landfill at
this time, it is not clear how long this will con-
tinue to be true. The estimated cost comparison
would depend upon how difficult it becomes to
obtain suitable nearby fill sites capable of
handling garbage and other putrescibles; how-
ever, cost intangibles associated with aesthetics
and the effects upon our environment, depend-
ing upon the criteria, indicate an overall de-
sirability of disposal by incineration.
For the above reasons, the overall program
plans, calling for engineering, construction, and
demonstration of a full-sized Sira-type refuse
disposal facility, should be carried through.
The purpose of the facility would be to dem-
onstrate the effective disposal of solid wastes
including municipal refuse, sewage sludge, ani-
mal manures, cannery wastes, pesticide residues,
etc., while avoiding problems of air and water
pollution.
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These studies have indicated that a Sira-type
demonstration facility should be capable of
handling at least 400 tons per day. Estimated
costs for the city and/or county to construct and
demonstrate this facility have been developed.
In September 1967, Sira Corporation an-
nounced plans to build a privately financed dis-
posal facility of 400-ton-per-day capacity for
the Green Valley Disposal Company of Los
Gatos, California.* It is therefore recommended
that San Jose and the county await the comple-
tion of this unit and evaluate its operation
before proceeding further.
It is further recommended that following
effective demonstration of the Sira-type system,
a countywide implementation program be
planned specifying a schedule of when and how
much incineration capacity should be installed
at the most suitable location adjacent to the San
Jose-Santa Clara Water Pollution Control Plant.
This implementation schedule would be gov-
erned in part by the estimated depletion dates
of the various sanitary landfill sites and the
availability of new sites.
Further evaluation should also be made to
integrate the following with the Sira-type refuse
disposal facility: (1) Sewage treatment and
refuse disposal through incineration in a boiler
of undigested sewage sludge, and steam utiliza-
tion in the sewage treatment plant. (2) Demoli-
tion debris, abandoned vehicle reduction (pul-
verization) , and segregation facility with the
burning of combustibles in Sira-type facility.
(3) Pilot composting, pyrolysis, and hydrolysis
processes.
The above work phase should then be con-
cluded with final installation plans and specifica-
tions. Construction could begin immediately
following this phase.
• Reported in the Los Gatos, California, Times Observer,
Sept. 28, 1967.
43
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Erie County refuse disposal project
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION
GRANTEE: ERIE COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
PROJECT DIRECTOR: THOMAS C. WEST, DIRECTOR, DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
ERIE COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, 606 WEST 2nd STREET,
ERIE, PENNSYLVANIA 16527
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $43,997
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $14,666
FEDERAL SHARE: $22,665 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE) $ 6,666 [02]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1966
GRANT NO. D01-UI-00035
DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAY 31, 1969
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate how new or
improved solid waste management techniques
could solve a regional solid waste problem by
conducting a study that will: (1) identify and
evaluate the separate solid waste collection and
disposal systems now being operated in Erie
County and develop a proposed countywide
system for solid wastes handling, and (2) deter-
mine the sociological problems associated with
the proposed establishment of refuse disposal
sites and develop and implement a program to
overcome adverse public attitudes.
PROCEDURES: The consulting engineering
firm of Michael Baker, Jr., Inc., Rochester,
Pennsylvania, has provided services in connec-
tion with the first project objective. The present
solid waste disposal practices of the political
subdivisions of the county will be determined.
Several alternative disposal methods for a coun-
tywide disposal system will be considered and
possible disposal sites located. The possibility of
integrating existing systems, or portions thereof,
into the proposed countywide system will be
considered. Capital and annual operating costs
for the recommended system will be estimated.
Proposed methods of financing and administra-
tion will be presented.
The County Department of Health will de-
velop and implement a public information pro-
gram in connection with the second project
objective.
PROGRESS TO DATE: All of the field work
44
required to develop a proposed countywide solid
waste disposal plan has been completed, and the
consultant's final report has been prepared.
Major conclusions and recommendations devel-
oped by the consultant in his report are as
follows:
1. Existing solid waste disposal practices
within the county are completely inadequate
and incapable of serving the county over a long-
term period. There is an immediate need for
additional solid waste disposal facilities in the
county to cope with the current and future
needs of an expanding population and with an
ever-increasing volume of solid waste. A cen-
tralized or countywide approach to the solid
waste problem is the only logical solution since
independent and/or separate actions by indi-
vidual municipalities, if attempted, would only
result in prohibitive and unrealistic costs for
solid waste disposal in many county areas.
2. It is not practical to utilize sanitary landfill
exclusively as a long-term solution to the
county's solid waste disposal problem, primarily
because of the lack of suitable large land tracts
required. Consequently, incineration in con-
junction with landfill of the incinerator residue
is proposed as the major method of solid waste
disposal for the Erie County area for the in-
definite future.
3. The county should undertake a phased
course of action in accordance with the follow-
ing schedule: (a) acquiring or reserving farge
land areas for solid waste disposal purposes
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around the urban areas of the county and acqui-
sition of the site for the proposed incinerator;
(b) continuing efficient use of existing landfill
sites and acquiring additional suitable landfill
sites of sufficient area to provide for satisfactory
disposal of county refuse up to 1971, at which
time the proposed incinerator may be in opera-
tion; (c) investigating, by the city of Erie, the
practicality of increasing the burning capacity
at its existing incinerators to reduce the volume
of wastes now being landfilled; (d) constructing
the proposed county incinerator facility; (e)
closing existing dumps and landfills, except for
disposal of noncombustible wastes and retaining
landfills serving county population centers be-
yond economical haul distances to the incinera-
tor; (f) continuing current area collection prac-
tice employing local municipal and/or private
collectors or continuation of both; however,
collection practices should be standardized
throughout the county by proper collection and
legislative action of all participating political
subdivisions; (g) following construction of the
new incinerator, abandoning the existing Erie
garbage incinerator and continuing operation,
but eventual phasing out, the Erie West Side
trash incinerator.
4. Many research efforts have been directed
to the problem of solid waste disposal with the
help of the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965,
and many are in various stages of development.
Some recent developments in this field hold
promise for possible application in the Erie area
and may warrant further future investigation.
These are variations of the sanitary landfill
method of disposal and, briefly, are as follows:
(a) refuse compaction, particularly as being
developed by the Japanese, followed by refuse
disposal for land reclamation purposes in
marshy areas or along lake shores, (b) Investi-
gation of transportation and exportation of solid
waste originating in the Erie area by rail and/or
express highway to abandoned strip mine areas
lying to the south of Erie County.
The county has formed a solid waste advisory
committee to review the recommendations of
the consulting engineer and to initiate a public
education program. The committee has con-
ducted an active program to date. Television,
radio, and newspaper releases have been used
to inform the public about solid waste problems
in the county. Numerous talks have been given
to civic clubs, and exhibits have been shown to
further make the public aware of the problem.
A questionnaire survey of a random sampling
of the population indicated that incineration is
the best known means of solid waste disposal
(91.2 percent of the people questioned knew
what incineration was), sanitary landfill was
second (46.8 percent knew what sanitary landfill
was), and composting was next (35 percent
knew what composting was). The survey also
indicated that 93.5 percent of the people would
support the governmental officials in their effort
to solve the garbage and refuse problems in Erie
County. The educational program is continuing,
guided by the results of the questionnaire.
The Solid Waste Advisory Committee is re-
viewing the program and laying the framework
for the establishment of a County Solid Waste
Management Authority that will be necessary
for carrying out the eventual program. During
the past year, a new sanitary landfill site was
approved in Erie County that meets the require-
ments of the State and County Departments of
Health. Another site is also presently under
consideration. Hopefully, these sites will be
operated by the proposed County Solid Waste
Management Authority. The new landfill sites
will serve the interim period until the compre-
hensive countywide plan can be implemented
and will possibly be included in the compre-
hensive plan.
The committee is also investigating all other
methods of solid waste disposal that might be
feasible. The consultant in his report discussed
the possibility of the county using the sanitary
landfill method of solid waste disposal. Esti-
mated capital operation and maintenance costs
of this method were less than those for incinera-
tion, but the consultant did not recommend its
use, principally because of his conclusion that
suitable land areas are not available within
reasonable distances of the heavily developed
county areas. Large tracts of land have been
45
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located that the county feels would be satisfac- possibility of utilizing this method of disposal
tory for landfill operations, however, and the is being studied by the committee.
46
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Oklahoma County solid waste disposal study
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00036
GRANTEE: OKLAHOMA CITY-COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT
PROJECT DIRECTOR: D. C. CLEVELAND, DIRECTOR, DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, CITY-COUNTY
HEALTH DEPARTMENT, 331 WEST MAIN STREET, OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA 73102
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST:
GRANTEE'S SHARE:
FEDERAL SHARE:
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1966
$70,830
$23,609
$13,767 [01]
$19,687 [02]
$13,767 [03]
DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAY 31, 1969
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate how new and
improved solid waste management techniques
could solve a regional solid waste problem by
preparing a long-range plan for the collection
and disposal of solid wastes to best serve the
needs of Oklahoma County, and promoting nec-
essary legislation for the establishment of an
area-wide solid wastes collection and disposal
district.
PROCEDURES: The project is being con-
ducted by staff members of the Oklahoma City-
County Health Department. Consulting engi-
neering services are being provided by Professor
Raul Zaltzman, University of West Virginia.
The records of each municipality will be ex-
amined to determine the area served by the
collection system, ownership of the system, cost
and frequency of collection, and amount and
character of Avastes collected. Costs of extending
existing systems to serve all municipal and rural
population will be estimated. Advantages of
an area-wide collection system vs individually
operated systems will be compared.
A survey of existing disposal sites will be
made to determine ownership, amount, and
character of wastes received, cost and effective-
ness of operation.
Commercial, industrial, and salvage opera-
tions will be surveyed to determine the amount,
character, and method of disposal of solid wastes
they produce.
A plan will be developed for the most effec-
tive solid waste collection and disposal system to
serve the needs of the county. If an area-wide
system or systems can be economically organized
and operated, necessary legislation will be pro-
moted to permit operations on this basis.
PROGRESS TO DATE: Existing solid waste
collection and disposal facilities have been sur-
veyed. Collection systems range from very
sophisticated and efficient types in the larger
cities to no service at all in the smaller com-
munities. Pickup frequency varies from twice
weekly to once a month. Disposal is mainly by
open dumps or improperly operated landfills.
Open burning is practiced at most disposal sites,
and at many homes, businesses, and schools.
Burning operations are properly controlled in
only a few instances, resulting in hazardous fires
at many locations during dry seasons. Many pri-
vate haulers are operating, the great majority
being unlicensed.
At present, production of solid wastes in the
county is estimated as being 440,000 tons per
yr, which is approximately 100,000 tons per yr
more than in 1960. Projections indicate that by
1985 this rate will increase to over 700,000 tons
per yr.
A mathematical model has been designed to
study and optimize the operational characteris-
tics of all the factors involved in the operation of
an area-wide solid waste storage, collection, and
disposal system.
47
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Various methods of solid waste disposal have have been selected.
been investigated. Sanitary landfill appears to be The grantee has begun work on the final
the most feasible. Several proposed landfill sites report for the project.
48
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Incinerator no. 5. Phase I-special studies. Phase II-design
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00038
GRANTEE: DEPARTMENT OF SANITARY ENGINEERING, GOVERNMENT OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
PROJECT DIRECTOR: WILLIAM F. YOUNG, CHIEF, PROJECT DEVELOPMENT & ENGINEERING BRANCH,
DEPARTMENT OF SANITARY ENGINEERING, GOVERNMENT OF THE DISTRICT OF
COLUMBIA, 14th & E STREETS, N.W., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20004
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $484,284
GRANTEE'S SHARE: |161,428
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 62,802 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE) $260,054 [02]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1966 DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAY 31, 1969
OBJECTIVES:
(1) To determine the feasibility of incor-
porating special features into the design of a
proposed 800 ton per day incinerator to provide
facilities for performing demonstration and re-
search projects related to advancing the science
of solid waste disposal, reducing air pollution,
improving plant operation, and establishing
parameters for design and operation of future
incinerator installations and allied equipment;
and (2) to study, investigate, and develop a
design for a solid waste incinerator installation,
together with satellite equipment capable of
reducing the volume of all categories of com-
bustible solid wastes for disposal in sanitary
landfills.
Phase I—special studies
PROCEDURES: Six separate studies will be
conducted for the proposed incinerator by Day
8c Zimmerman, Inc., Engineers and Architects,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as follows:
Study of municipal incinerator effluent gases.
The effect of certain incinerator variables on
the type and quantity of effluent gas emissions
and their effect on emission control equipment
will be studied. The performance of various
available types of emission control equipment
will be evaluated. Estimated capital and operat-
ing costs of acceptable types of emission control
equipment for the proposed incinerator will be
developed.
Heat recovery. Fuel characteristics of refuse and
combustion air requirements based on fuel
analysis will be investigated. Relative character-
istics of waste heat recovery boilers will be ex-
amined. Estimates will be made of capital and
operating costs for each type of boiler and for
a conventional incinerator without waste-heat
equipment so that incremental cost additions
may be determined.
Metal recovery. Recovery of metal before in-
cineration will be considered. Suitable proce-
dures for processing furnace residue to separate
ferrous metals will be reviewed. Capital and
operating costs will be estimated for a metal
recovery facility sized to process residue from
the proposed incinerator.
Control laboratory. The various types of labora-
tory and monitoring equipment available and
appropriate to perform the desired physical and
chemical analyses and continuous recording of
plant operating conditions will be studied. Esti-
mates of capital costs and space requirements
for recommended items will be made.
Size reduction of oversize burnable waste. Vari-
ous types of equipment available for size reduc-
tion of large combustible materials will be
studied. Capital and operating costs for a rec-
ommended installation will be estimated.
Size reduction of bulky metal objects by com-
pression presses. Types and capacities of presses
available for the reduction of bulk volume of
noncombustibles will be investigated. Capital
49
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and operating costs for a compression press in-
stallation will be estimated.
PROGRESS TO DATE: The foregoing studies
were completed during the first year of the
project and a final report prepared by the con-
sultant. Pertinent features of each study are
summarized below:
Study of municipal incinerator effluent gases.
This report considers the significant characteris-
tics of municipal incinerator effluent gases. A
discussion of the chemical constituents of in-
cinerator stack emissions is presented. The
effluent gases were found to be organic and in-
organic in nature in both gaseous and solid
states. Some constituents were found to be toxic
and corrosive when present in appreciable
amounts. Various types of emission control
equipment were evaluated, including electro-
static precipitators, air scrubbers, mechanical
cyclones, and baghouse filters. The electrostatic
precipitators preceded by mechanical cyclone
collectors were recommended because of their
high efficiency and ability to meet stringent air
pollution control standards. Although high-
energy scrubbers were considered acceptable
from a performance standpoint and lower cost,
aesthetic objections to the vapor plume and
probable thermal pollution of the water source
ruled out their application at this location.
Heat recovery. Several apparently successful
European applications of steam boilers to mu-
nicipal refuse incinerators have prompted con-
sideration of similar installations for American
incinerators. American operating experience
with incinerator heat recovery boilers has been
limited, and no outstanding pattern of success-
ful operation has been established.
To evaluate this disparity between European
and American practice, a comparison is made
of typical refuse compositions, refuse heating
values, and applications of heat recovery equip-
ment to incinerator furnaces.
Consideration is given to both refractory and
water-cooled furnaces, their effect on excess air
requirements, and the economics of the sale of
steam or other methods of heat dissipation.
50
For the proposed incinerator, the application
of a boiler plant capable of burning 800 tons of
refuse per day with four incinerator furnaces
is consuiered. The economics of the proposed
plane do not justify the installation of heat
recovery equipment.
Can-metal recovery. This study reviews the pos-
sibilities of recovering ferrous metal from mu-
nicipal refuse either before or after incineration.
The study indicates that the only major existing
market for this material (after incineration) is
the copper mining industry. This market is
currently being satisfied.
The capital investment required and the op-
erating costs to be expected for an installation
to recover ferrous can metal from the residue
of a new 800 tons per day incinerator have been
estimated. Because of the low price obtainable
for recovered can metal and the high cost of
freight to the one sizable market, it is concluded
that facilities of this type should not be included
in the new District of Columbia incinerator
project.
Control laboratory. This report itemizes in-
strumentation and laboratory equipment and
their estimated installed costs. The equipment
was selected to permit normal monitoring of
plant operations and to aid in the performance
of tests for developing incinerator design and
operating techniques. Equipment was grouped
into four categories: recording and indicating
equipment for incinerator operation; physical
laboratory equipment; chemical laboratory
equipment; and monitoring equipment for test
and development studies. The total cost of
recommended equipment and space is estimated
at $447,675.
References to existing test procedures are
presented to aid in the proper application of
the equipment items suggested.
Size reduction of oversize burnable waste. This
report considers various methods of size reduc-
tion of oversize burnable waste including the use
of specially designed incinerators and shredders.
A shredder of the hammermill type is recom-
mended for installation at the proposed new in-
cinerator site. A metal separator is also recom-
-------
mended because passage of excess metal through
the furnace is not desirable. The installation
cost is estimated to be approximately $667,000
and annual operating costs are estimated to be
$125,000.
Size reduction of bulky metal objects by com-
pression presses. This report discusses methods
for municipal disposal of bulky metal objects.
The use of compression presses to reduce the
volume of these objects was investigated and
found to be acceptable under certain conditions.
Capital investment estimates and evaluation of
operating costs for metal presses installed at two
separate locations are reported. The amount of
metal to be handled in the District of Columbia
is not sufficient to achieve a good economy of
operation. The alternative use of outside con-
tractors or metal shredding as a potentially more
economical solution is recommended.
Phase II—design
PROCEDURES: The consulting engineering
firm of Day & Zimmerman, Inc., Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, will make a comprehensive in-
vestigation of the design features, and design a
PUBLICATION:
continuous feed incinerator and appurtenances.
Investigations will be conducted to determine
the performance of special equipment (e.g., me-
chanical collectors and electrostatic precipita-
tors) and to develop design modifications that
will make them suitable for use in municipal
solid waste incineration. Size reduction of large
combustible objects by a large hammermill will
be investigated, and, if proven feasible, will be
incorporated into the design. Special control
and research laboratory facilities will also be in-
cluded in the design of the incinerator so that
a thorough evaluation can be made of the refuse
incinerator while operating under all condi-
tions. Included in the study will be an investiga-
tion of procedures and actions that a municipal-
ity must take for interim disposal of solid wastes
during design and construction of a permanent
facility. The design of this incinerator also will
demonstrate how to incorporate the solid waste
facility of a single jurisdiction into a long-range
regional plan.
PROGRESS TO DATE: Design of the incin-
erator is proceeding, and the project is expected
to be completed on schedule.
DAY & ZIMMERMANN, ENGINEERS AND ARCHITECTS. Special studies for incinerators; for the
Government of the District of Columbia, Department of Sanitary Engineering. Public
Health Service Publication No. 1748. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,
1968. 80 p.
51
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Maricopa Countywide solid waste disposal
GRANT NO. D01-UI-00039
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION
GRANTEE: MARICOPA COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT „„,„„„
PROJECT DIRECTOR: JOSEPH J. WEINSTE.N, DIRECTOR. DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES,
MARICOPA COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT, 1825 EAST ROOSEVELT,
PHOENIX, ARIZONA 85006
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST:
GRANTEE'S SHARE:
FEDERAL SHARE:
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: DEC. 1, 1966
$80,955
$26,985
$30,000 [01]
$ 9,970 [02]
$14,000 [03]
DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAR. 31, 1970
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate how new or
improved solid waste management techniques
could solve a regional solid waste problem by
developing a solid waste disposal system and
plan for countywide reference and use, and by
developing a protocol and timetable for putting
the plan into effect.
PROCEDURES: Types and quantities of solid
wastes now being produced in the county will
be determined and existing disposal methods
identified. The interrelationship between cur-
rent collection and disposal practices will be
studied. Estimates of population growth to the
year 2000 and parallel projected increases in
solid waste production will be made. An analysis
will be made of possible solutions to the solid
waste disposal problem of the county. A recom-
mended countywide solid waste disposal plan
will be developed. This will take into account
necessary funding arrangements, recognize and
recommend required modifications of law, and
describe needed intergovernmental cooperative
agreements and other methodology that will
assure a feasible plan.
The firm of John Carol lo Engineers, Phoenix,
Arizona, is providing consulting engineering
services and is responsible for attaining a major-
ity of the project objectives. Engineering and
other personnel of the County Health Depart-
ment are contributing to the study by making
supplementary surveys of the availability and
52
suitability of certain land for landfill purposes
and by conducting topographic and soil explora-
tion studies as needed.
PROGRESS TO DATE: The consultant has
prepared an interim report of project progress
based on general studies made during the first
year of the project. Activities during this period
included research into historical and current
technical literature on solid wastes disposal
methods and records, and visits to major disposal
sites in Texas and California including compost-
ing plants, incinerator plants, and sanitary land-
fill operations. Written and photographic
records were accumulated for all municipal
disposal operations in Maricopa County. Con-
ferences were held with public works directors
and engineers concerned with disposal opera-
tions in the county. Some special tests were
made by cities to determine valid density re-
lations to be used in planning. Main findings
presented in this report are summarized below.
In 1960, one-half of Arizona's population
lived in Maricopa County, which comprises 8.1
percent of the State's land area. Five major cities
in the county have a population of 30,000 or
more: Phoenix and Glendale, Mesa, Scottsdale,
and Tempe, which are located in the Phoenix
metropolitan area. The total I960 population
of these five communities was 523,600, or ap-
proximately 80 percent of the total county popu-
lation of 663,500. Corresponding estimated
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populations for the year 2000 are 2,400,000 and
3,000,000.
About 86 percent of this population is served
by sanitary landfill disposal facilities, about 3
percent by open dumps, whereas the remaining
11 percent is dispersed in rural areas where
organized collection service is not available.
Land reclamation, in conjunction with sanitary
landfills, has been practiced to a limited extent.
Cooked garbage was being fed to hogs at 67
licensed locations. A central junk automobile
processing plant was being operated near
Kyrene.
Municipal collection of residential solid
wastes is common to all cities and towns except
Paradise Valley. Commercial solid wastes are
generally collected by municipal forces, the
major exception being Phoenix where noncity
vehicles haul about one-half of all solid wastes
delivered to city sanitary landfills. Measure-
ments and records of haul and disposal opera-
tions in the county are generally inadequate to
provide a complete factual basis for analysis and
management. Phoenix has a good basic record
of disposal at three landfills, which provided the
most reliable data for analysis and use in this
study. Disposal of solid wastes was reported by
eight communities or their private firm haulers
to be as follows:
Place
Phoenix
Chandler
Mesa
Paradise Valley
Scottsdale
Wickenburg
Sun City
Tempe
PUBLICATION:
Lb/cap-day
5.1
4.1
3.2
4.2
3.8
4.0
2.1
3.3
Based on available information, the daily pro-
duction rate of residential, commercial, and in-
dustrial solid wastes was estimated to be 2.5 Ib
per capita for Sun City and Youngtown; 5.5, for
Phoenix; and 4.5, for all other urban areas in
Maricopa County. Agricultural solid wastes are
generated from the raising, processing, and
packaging of vegetable and meat products.
Measurements were not made of the total agri-
cultural waste production in the county, which
are generally disposed of onsite by application
to land. Major disposal problems would no
doubt arise upon termination of this practice;
however, these were not considered in the cur-
rent study. At present, the greater part of the
solid waste problem concerns residential, com-
mercial, and industrial waste production in
urban areas.
Solid waste disposal by means of sanitary land-
fill is the basic method proposed in this report.
Regional programs are proposed as the most
efficient and least expensive means of providing
sanitary disposal service to the smaller, as well as
the larger, communities. Under this plan the
county would be divided into seven regions,
each having its own system of collection and
disposal. County government participation in
these regional programs would be required.
Activities are underway to implement por-
tions of the above-mentioned report. Negotia-
tions are proceeding for the acquisition of a
suitable site for development and operation as
a model sanitary landfill. Investigations are also
proceeding as to the feasibility of solid waste
disposal by rail haul, possibly to abandoned
mine sites.
JOHN CAKOLLO ENGINEERS. Maricopa County; an interim report on a solid waste demonstration
project. [Cincinnati], U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1969. [318 p.]
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Solid waste disposal by incineration, using an incinerator with characteristics requirinf
minimum control equipment
GRANT NO. DOl-UI-00040
PROJECT TYPE: DEMONSTRATION
GRANTEE: CITY AND COUNTY OF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS, ROOM 260,
CITY HALL, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA 94102
PROJECT DIRECTOR: CLIFFORD J. GEERTZ, CITY ENGINEER, ROOM 359, CITY HALL, SAN FRANCISCO,
CALIFORNIA 94102
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $644,870
$214,956
$117,193 [01]
$155,527 [02]
$157,194 [03]
DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAR. 31, 1970
GRANTEE'S SHARE:
FEDERAL SHARE:
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: APRIL 1, 1967
OBJECTIVES: To develop, design and con-
struct a municipal-type refuse incinerator with
operating characteristics that would meet the re-
quirements of the several air pollution control
districts in the Pacific coastal area with a mini-
mum of control equipment.
PROCEDURES: The project will be con-
ducted by the technical staffs of the Department
of Public Works of the City and County of San
Francisco and the Bay Area Air Pollution Con-
trol District. Technical advice and assistance
will be furnished by the consulting firm of
Garretson-Elmendorf-Klein-Reibin, Architects
and Engineers, San Francisco, California.
Incineration process features that will be
studied, developed, fabricated, and tested in-
clude: (1) a mechanical grate capable of func-
tioning with a minimum of underfire air;
(2) multiple chamber furnace without conven-
tional bridge and/or curtain wall; (3) a secon-
dary chamber located so as to obtain turbulence
and complete burnout of gases; (4) air jets for
inducing turbulence and mixing at the entrance
to the secondary chamber; and (5) a fly-ash
scrubber, which, when used in conjunction with
the other components, would produce an efflu-
ent capable of meeting air pollution regulations.
Design factors will be evaluated by testing un-
der varying conditions of operation. Construc-
tion, maintenance, and operating cost informa-
tion will be developed for a unit capable of
handling 100 to 150 tons per day.
PROGRESS TO DATE: The consulting firm
of Garretson-Elmendorf-Klein-Reibin, Archi-
tects and Engineers, developed and submitted to
the city a proposed design for the incinerator.
Ernest B. Willis, retained by the city as a me-
chanical engineering consultant, assisted and ad-
vised with the details of the engineering and de-
sign of a grate capable of functioning with a
minimum of underfire air.
In December 1968, the city decided that the
most practical and feasible method of disposing
of its solid wastes would be by rail haul, and the
necessary plans are being developed. Because of
this development, the city will, in the near
future, request termination of this project.
54
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Building an amphitheater and coasting ramp with municipal refuse
PROJECT TYPE: DEMONSTRATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00045
GRANTEE: CITY OF VIRGINIA BEACH, VIRGINIA
PROJECT DIRECTOR: CHARLES S. KILEY, DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC WORKS, CITY HALL, COURTHOUSE DRIVE,
VIRGINIA BEACH, VIRGINIA 23456
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST:
GRANTEE'S SHARE:
FEDERAL SHARE:
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JAN. 1, 1967
$459,138
$153,046
$147,219 [01]
$102546 [02]
$ 56,627 [03]
DATE PROJECT ENDS: DEC. 31, 1969
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the feasibility
of constructing an above-grade sanitary landfill
with municipal refuse to serve as an amphi-
theater and coasting ramp.
PROCEDURES: Consulting services and as-
sistance are being provided by the Old Domin-
ion College, School of Engineering, and the
State Health Department.
The project site area will be thoroughly sur-
veyed and prepared. The land where the fill is
to be placed will be excavated to a depth some-
what above ground water and a standard sani-
tary landfill will be started. Refuse will be
placed, compacted, and covered each day "with
a 6-in. layer of earth. When earth from the
original cut is used up, earth from a borrow pit
will be utilized. When the project is completed,
this pit will be allowed to fill with water to form
a lake. Top soil, piled separately for use as a
final cover material, will be placed on the side
slopes and covered with vegetation as the fill
rises. At the time the project begins, a nursery
will be started to grow plants that will be used
to stabilize the banks. The fill will be con-
structed so that at completion an amphitheater
and coasting ramp will be created. This project
has been designed to dispose of the refuse from
a city of about 150,000 population.
PROGRESS TO DATE: The hill has been
built up with compacted refuse and cover ma-
terial to a height of 14 ft, 9 ft above the original
ground surface and 4 ft below, at the excavated
base. The planned hill will have a total height
of some 60 ft.
Since Apr. 1, 1967, all refuse from Virginia
Beach (estimated population 150,000) has been
placed in the hill. Work has proceeded on a 6
day per week schedule. Incoming refuse is
weighed, and other information such as truck
identification, type of refuse, weather, and
temperature is also obtained. These data are re-
corded on porta punch computer cards for an-
alysis. During the past year, an average of 268
tons of refuse has been received during each
operating day. The monthly averages have
varied from a high of 341 tons per day to a low
of 183 tons per day.
A FWD Wagner compactor is used to spread
and compact the refuse. A bulldozer is used for
spreading cover material and as a backup for the
compactor when it is being repaired. Cover ma-
terial is excavated by a dragline and loaded into
dump trucks by a front-end loader. The original
dump trucks have been replaced with larger,
more powerful units to eliminate difficulties in
negotiating grades on the hill, particularly in
bad weather. Slopes have also been reduced to
assist in overcoming this problem.
Personnel from Old Dominion College are
monitoring the project. Five wells have been
sunk adjacent to the hill, and chemical and
biological tests are being run to determine the
effects, if any, of leaching on ground water.
Settling plates, gas probes, and thermocouples
have been installed. Vertical probes have been
55
450-537 O - 71 -
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damaged by operating equipment, and in the Delays in procurement of equipment, adverse
future, horizontal probes will be installed. Ran- weather, and equipment breakdowns have
dom sampling of refuse is carried out to deter- slowed progress. Completion of the hill to its
mine the character of the material being planned full height and recreational develop-
deposited in the hill. ment of the area will require several more years.
PUBLICATIONS:
ALEXANDER, T. Where will we put all that garbage? Fortune, 76(5): 149-151, 189-190, 194,
Oct. 1967.
What to do with all that rubbishl Scholastic Newstime, 3 (14) :4 5, Jan. 1968.
56
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Development of construction and use criteria for sanitary landfills
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00046
GRANTEE: COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES, HALL OF ADMINISTRATION, 500 WEST TEMPLE STREET,
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90012
PROJECT DIRECTOR: JOHN A. LAMBIE, COUNTY ENGINEER, COUNTY ENGINEERING BUILDING,
108 WEST SECOND STREET, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90012
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST:
GRANTEE'S SHARE:
FEDERAL SHARE:
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JAN. 1, 1967
$303,500
$101570
$ 66,330 [01]
$ 73,300 [02]
$ 62,600 [03]
DATE PROJECT ENDS: DEC. 31, 1969
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate methods of im-
proving solid waste disposal procedures by: (1)
development of methods to control gas move-
ments from existing and new landfills; (2), de-
velopment of methods to control leachate dis-
charging from existing and new landfills; and
(3) development of a "code" for use in control-
ling construction of buildings on completed
sanitary landfills.
PROCEDURES: The actual investigations are
being made jointly by Engineering-Science, Inc.,
Arcadia, California, and the county's technical
staff.
First year. Solutions will be provided to the
problem of decomposition gas movement from
sanitary landfills into surrounding soil and
ground waters. These solutions will be the re-
sult of studies of gas flow measurements, geo-
logic configurations, soil properties, subsidence
rates, and gas-control devices. Second year. Sub-
sidence in sanitary landfills will continue to be
investigated. The investigations will include (1)
a review of subsidence data obtained from other
on-going solid waste disposal projects; (2) sur-
veys of existing structures located on landfills in
Los Angeles and San Francisco areas; (3) evalu-
ation of settlement data; (4) studies of the
effects of settlement on structures, utilities, and
roadbeds; and (5) recommendation for construc-
tion of above facilities on sanitary landfill sites.
Third year. The findings from the first and
second years will be combined and evaluated to
provide specific design and construction guide-
lines for sanitary landfills in urbanized areas.
Solutions to subsidence problems will be de-
veloped, pilot experiments to demonstrate the
advantages of volume reduction before land-
filling will be conducted, salvage of materials
will be studied, and a control and inspection
system for landfill operations will be formulated.
Throughout the study, specific proposals for
demonstration projects will be formulated.
PROGRESS TO DATE: A report covering the
work performed during the first year of the proj-
ect (Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1967) has been prepared
by the grantee. The following material has been
taken from this report:
Sanitary Landfill Practice. Construction and
operation of sanitary landfills was reviewed as
practiced by the City of Los Angeles, City of
Burbank, County of Orange, County Sanitation
Districts of Los Angeles County and private
operators.
Selection of Landfill Sites, and Scope and Re-
sults of Studies. Eleven sanitary landfills were
selected for study, and general soil and geologic
information was obtained for these landfills.
Ten of the sites were chosen to analyze gas pro-
duction and movement. The eleventh site was
used for settlement analysis only. A total of 338
gas probes were installed around these ten land-
57
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fills with the majority of the probes being placed
approximately three feet deep. Some were
located at deeper depths, varying from 5 to 16
feet, because of particular soil conditions and
the desire to analyze gas concentration at greater
depths. In addition, a total of 50 probes, in-
stalled by others at certain of the sites prior to
this study, were incorporated into the sampling
schedule for this program.
A minimum of two series of samples were
obtained and analyzed from these probes. Using
the results of these analyses, contours of equal
methane or carbon dioxide concentration were
plotted around each landfill. Correlations were
developed between the pattern and extent of gas
movement and the nature of soil formations, the
topography and the effect of existing gas control
devices.
Survey monuments were established at four
selected sites and background data were collated
on land subsidence at these and other sanitary
landfills,
Gas Movement Through Porous Media. Labo-
ratory experiments were conducted to test the
suitability of natural soils for gas barrier mem-
branes. Four soils with different particle size
distributions were separately tested in a labo-
ratory diffusion column at two levels of moisture
content and three inflow gas pressure conditions.
Using an analytical solution for the differential
equation governing the flow of gases through
porous media, diffusion-dispersion coefficients
for each soil were determined. These data pro-
vide a basis for calculating the rate of flow of
gases through these soils under different condi-
tions of soil moisture, compaction, and gas pres-
sure. This rate, in turn, provides a basis for
determining the relative degree of effectiveness
of these soils as gas barrier membranes.
Design of Field Gas Barriers and Control
Devices. Field experiments on gas barrier and
control devices were designed; these designs en-
vision the implementation of gas control systems
at three of the sites in the Los Angeles area. One
of the systems (at Site No. 1) includes the exca-
vation of five, 60-ft-deep wells about 150 ft from
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the finished landfill. The deep-well system will
operate on the basis of combined gas suction and
air flushing. Another control system (at Site No.
5) consists of an asphalt-type membrane in-
stalled under a greenhouse constructed directly
upon the fill. A third system (at Site No. 8) uses
a 10-ft-deep interceptor trench to be excavated
along one of the boundaries of the fill. This
trench will be backfilled with No. 2 gravel and
the intercepted gasses will be transferred to a
"tiki" burner through a horizontal 4-in. per-
forated pipe and vertical risers spaced at 300-ft
intervals.
The effect of Sanitary Landfills on Ground-
water Quality. Sanitary landfills may produce
water quality degradation if proper construction
practices are not followed. Water quality de-
gradation can occur through: (1) percolating
water carrying away liquids of undesirable qual-
ity which were contained within the fill; (2)
percolating water dissolving undesirable waste
fractions; (3) gases generated within the fill dif-
fusing downward and outward to be dissolved
in groundwater. The degree of degradation
depends upon the quality of waste generated
and dissolved which, in turn, depends on such
landfill conditions as type and state of fill ma-
teral, physical and chemical conditions within
the fill, surrounding soil characteristics, and
proximity of groundwater.
Completed Sanitary Landfill Land Uses. Land
uses on completed landfills within the study area
include athletic fields, botanical gardens, golf
courses and driving ranges, parks, parking lots,
playgrounds, salvage and storage yards, and
trailer parks. Most of the completed landfills
were fulfilling their planned purposes and have
provided beneficial uses for the completed land-
fill property. Severe damage to surface structures
and subsurface structures were observed in those
landfills where sound engineering practices had
been disregarded during construction of the
landfill or where no effort had been made to
design for differential settlement and the com-
bustible gases produced in the landfill. *
Code Considerations for Construction and
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Use of Sanitary Landfills. Existing regulations
governing sanitary landfill construction and
operation do not fully recognize dangers in-
herent in the subsurface production and move-
ment of methane gas. This deficiency could be
alleviated by requiring that a full investigation
be made by a qualified engineer. Conclusions
by the engineer should consist of an evaluation
of methane production potential, possibility of
methane movement into adjacent lands and
recommended methods of control.
Conclusions
1. Production of gases in a landfill is related
to decomposition of the various materials placed
therein. The amount of moisture present in the
landfill greatly affects the rate of decomposition.
Available data indicate that gas production and
movement can take place many years after com-
pletion of a sanitary landfill.
2. Gases generated in a sanitary landfill, con-
sisting predominantly of methane and carbon
dioxide, may travel a considerable distance from
the fill, depending on the nature of the soil
formations around the fill. Among the landfills
selected for this study, methane concentrations
of 10 percent were detected below the ground
surface at a distance of 600 to 700 ft from the fill
at Site No. 1 and 600 ft from the fill at Site No.
8. Both of these landfills were constructed in
depressions resulting from gravel mining opera-
tions. The natural soils around these fills consist
of coarse materials and are classified as gravelly
sand. On the other hand, at Landfill Site No. 6
where the soil formations consist predominantly
of fine materials such as silt and clay, shallow
probes at a distance of 200 ft from the fill
detected only negligible methane concentra-
tions.
3. Gas movement from sanitary landfills takes
place by molecular diffusion and convective gas
transport mechanisms. Positive gas pressures of
from 2 to 3 in. water have been registered in or
adjacent to sanitary landfills. The rate of this
transfer is determined by the permeability char-
acteristics of the soil formations around the fill
so that, for example, different flow rates may
result, under identical pressure and concentra-
tions, from two landfills, one in a gravel pit and
another in a tight soil formation.
4. The practical result of the laboratory ex-
periment is the demonstration that an effective
gas barrier can be formed around landfills that
are constructed in gravel pits by the construc-
tion of a membrane of fine textured soils under
and around these fills. In the case of landfills
constructed in areas where soils of sufficiently
high clay or silt content predominate, there may
be no need for installation of artificial mem-
branes. Provisions for venting the landfill will
assist in preventing buildup of gas pressure and
reduce possible gas movement.
5. Gas movement from sanitary landfills in
this geographical area has not resulted in serious
fire and explosion hazards to buildings located
on the landfills and neighboring areas. In order
to alleviate potential problems where, by mon-
itoring, gases are shown to exist steps should be
taken to assure adequate venting under and in
all buildings on or near the landfill so that ex-
plosive gases can not be trapped or accumulated
in the buildings.
6. Existing building codes do not recognize
a need to protect structures, located adjacent to
refuse fills, from the possible hazards of hori-
zontal gas movement.
7. Gas control measures, if required, would
be easier to provide before or during construc-
tion of the landfill.
8. Buildings, surface improvements, and sub-
surface structures can suffer extreme damage
and destruction if constructed on sanitary land-
fills without proper regard for the potential
differential settlement.
9. Further research and study is needed to
ascertain the seriousness of gas movement away
from landfills and its effect on improvements
and land use of adjacent areas.
An interim report for the second project year
(Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1968) has been prepared by
the grantee; the summary of progress and find-
ings given below has been taken from this report.
59
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Summary
Progress and Findings of Second Project Year.
Work of the first year was continued to gather
additional data for analysis and to augment that
already obtained. This involved (1) continued
sampling of gases at certain research sites for
analysis and evaluation of gas concentrations
and movement resulting from seasonal weather
conditions; (2) installation, testing, and evalua-
tion of the effectiveness of gas control and bar-
rier devices; (3) continued measurement of sub-
sidence; and (4) laboratory analysis of the gas
permeability of natural soils for suitability as
gas barrier membranes.
A laboratory experiment was conducted to
study leaching and leachate production of refuse
samples taken from two completed landfills and
of two synthetic fresh refuse samples mixed-in
the laboratory. Principal parameters of interest
were the rate of leachate production and the
total quantity of leachate that can be expected
per unit measure of a landfill. The samples were
systematically leached in the laboratory, and
leachates were analyzed for total dissolved solids,
chemical oxygen demand, hardness, alkalinity,
pH, organic and ammonia nitrogen, chlorides,
sulfates, and nitrates.
Available information on uses and problems
associated with sanitary landfills was collected
by mailing out questionnaires, visiting com-
pleted sanitary landfills upon which develop-
ments have been constructed, and interviewing
selected experts. A total of 272 short-form and 41
long-form questionnaires were returned. Nine-
teen completed and reused sanitary landfill sites
were visited and seven experts were formally
interviewed.
A laboratory experiment for investigating sub-
sidence characteristics of decomposing refuse
materials was started and will continue into the
third year. When the complete results of this
experiment become available, the development
of a method for predicting the maximum prob-
able amount of subsidence will be attempted.
Subsidence in a sanitary landfill has been
related to the nature of the refuse, compaction,
and volume reduction caused by biological de-
60
composition, saturation, and leaching. The ex-
periment introduced these and other variables
under aerobic and anaerobic conditions in the
forms of paper, garbage, garden waste and wood,
metal, glass, ceramics, rags, plastics, and inert
soil. These were synthesized and compacted in
a programmed sequence. Monitoring of weight,
temperature, and subsidence of decomposing
refuse materials will be maintained during the
course of this experiment. Consolidation tests
will be made when almost all of the decompos-
able organic materials have been decomposed.
Conclusions. Gas production studies during
the two-year study have verified that there are
urgent reasons to trace the movement of gases
from existing research sites and to study and
evaluate the effectiveness of control and barrier
devices. The results indicate that hazardous situ-
ations may be identified, observed, and con-
trolled.
Subsidence monitoring alone has not yielded
sufficient data to establish predictability of sub-
sidence. Laboratory testing, which is expected
to correlate subsidence with its causes, has not
progressed to the stage of decomposition of the
refuse materials beyond which subsidence pre-
dictions can be quantified.
Gas control systems tested during the second
year of the study have reduced methane con-
centrations within the area of influence of the
system.
A natural soil sample was tested for suitability
as a gas barrier membrane. The results indicate
that further testing would yield sufficient quan-
tification to enable the design of membranes
that would operate predictably. The range of
different soil types should be tested.
Leachate tests carried out on landfill refuse
samples have revealed the potential amounts of
leachable materials. Total dissolved solids was
used as an index for determining the quantity
of solutes that can be leached from refuse fills.
Significant reduction and change in leachate
concentrations may take place during the travel
of the solvent water through soil materials be-
fore reaching the ground-water bodies. Filtra-
tion, ion exchange, and adsorption are among
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the major processes affecting the composition of
leachates percolating through the soil forma-
tions. Information on the geology of the strata
between ground-water and the leaching landfill
is necessary for estimating the amount of direct,
rather than potenital, pollution.
The reuse of completed sanitary landfills as
real estate is prevalent. Many of the improve-
ments constructed are experiencing problems
caused by differential settlement. Others have
gas, odor, and nuisance problems. The most fre-
quent single reported planned use was for parks
and recreation. A significant number of other
uses include industrial, commercial, and resi-
dential buildings. Reports on the suitability of
sanitary landfill for development include favor-
able comments and opinions but emphasize the
need for detailed attention to preparations for
preventing and alleviating conditions caused by
the problems.
Of direct consequence to neighboring develop-
ments is the hazard of migrating gases. Some
reports of gas control installations indicate gen-
eral awareness of the hazard.
Factors that affect the degree of nuisance are
percentage of organic debris, moisture content,
daily soil cover, weather conditions, final soil
cover, and age of fill.
Structural requirements for safe construction
of all improvements depend on the horizontal
and vertical stability of the landfill. The require-
ments may be achieved by special attention to
application of basic physical principles as they
are affected by interaction with the sanitary
landfill. Differential settlement and horizontal
displacement effects must be anticipated in the
choice of methods, materials, and applications.
Detailed precautions are necessary to pre-
P OBLIGATION:
vent the intrusion of gases into confined or oc-
cupied areas of buildings. Utility installations
may create pathways for gases to follow. These
pathways must be sealed off and vented at man-
holes, vaults, basements, and underfloor areas.
The major problems associated with sanitary
landfills are gas, leachates, subsidence, odors, and
nuisance. Some good practices suggested to solve
these problems include (a) establishment of the
base of the active portion of the sanitary landfill
a safe distance above high ground-water eleva-
tion until gas and leachate barriers are demon-
strated to be reliable; (b) preplanned construc-
tion and maintenance of the sanitary landfill;
(c) provision for drainage of the surface and
subsurface, and planned maintenance of all
grading and piping; (d) installation of fencing
for security and to catch blowing papers; (e)
control of lifts and daily cover; (f) wetting,
which is advised; and (g) well-compacted and
contoured final earth cover drained to proper
drainage facilities.
Differential settlement is a special subsidence
condition and special techniques applied to
underground installations may minimize the
effects of this condition. These include (a) place-
ment of pressure lines in a zig-zag line; (b)
placement of utility lines in a trench; (c) choice
of flexible materials; (d) ball and socket joints
where possible; (e) placement of a protective
arch over the utilities lines to prevent contact
with subsiding earth above and on the sides; (f)
special installations in casings; (g) steeper slopes
for gravity lines; (h) easily removable plugs in
drop manholes to facilitate visual inspection;
(i) special design conditions at points where
utilities enter structures; and (j) special, flexible
ditch design with overlapping expansion joints.
COUNTY OF Los ANGELES, DEPARTMENT OF COUNTY ENGINEER. Development of construction and
use criteria for sanitary landfills; an interim report. Cincinnati, U.S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, 1969. [267 p.]
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Use of abandoned strip mines for solid waste disposal in Maryland
GRANT NO. D01-UI-00048
PROJECT TYPE: DEMONSTRATION
GRANTEE: MARYLAND STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
PROJECT DIRECTOR: WILFRED H. SHIELDS, JR., CHIEF, DIVISION OF SOLID WASTES, MARYLAND STATE
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, 2305 N. CHARLES ST., BALTIMORE, MARYLAND 21218
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST:
GRANTEE'S SHARE:
FEDERAL SHARE:
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: NOV. 1, 1966
$205,457
$ 79,960
$ 28,597 [01]
$ 50,352 [02]
$ 47,369 [03]
DATE PROJECT ENDS: OCT. 31. 1969
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the feasibility
of using abandoned strip mines for sanitary
landfills.
PROCEDURES: The project is being con-
ducted by personnel of the Division of Solid
Wastes, Maryland State Department of Public
Health, in cooperation with county and munici-
pal governments.
An abandoned strip mine in Allegany County
will be selected as a demonstration site for sani-
tary landfill operations. Information will be de-
veloped to identify (1) procedures, equipment
requirements, and desirable operational tech-
niques for efficient year-round utilization of
abandoned strip mines for solid waste disposal;
(2) unit costs for disposal; and (3) unit capacity
of strip mine landfills.
A second abandoned mine will be selected
and used for a sanitary landfill. Investigations
at this site will be undertaken to determine any
special precautions needed to prevent ground or
surface water pollution caused by water leaking
through the fill and the effects of the landfill
operations on acid production.
All abandoned strip mines in the State suit-
able for solid waste disposal will be located and
their capacity estimated.
PROGRESS TO DATE:
Frostburg site. An abandoned strip mine in
Allegany County, was selected as the demonstra-
tion site for sanitary landfill operations. The
62
mine is 1,900 ft long, with an average width of
80 ft and an average depth of 42 ft. Before ini-
tiation of the project, State Health Department
personnel had to spend considerable time in
discussing and explaining the project with local
citizen organizations and governing bodies in
an attempt to show that the project would be
an advantage, rather than a detriment, to the
area. As a result of this activity, a formal agree-
ment was executed between Frostburg, Allegany
County, and the State Department of Health
specifying the responsibilities and privileges of
each agency in the construction and operation
of the landfill and providing for financial sup-
port of the project by the city and the county.
Other required preliminary activities included
securing approval for the landfill operation
from the State Department of Water Resources
and the State Bureau of Mines; development
and institution of a sampling program to deter-
mine the effect, if any, of the landfill on adjacent
ground waters; acquisition of equipment and
operating personnel; site preparation, including
removal of standing water, grading, and bottom
stabilization, and provision of storm-water di-
version ditches.
The landfill was opened to receive refuse on
Apr. 1, 1967. Several months after the landfill
was opened, a Thurman portable truck scale of
80,000 Ib capacity was installed, a data collection
and recording system devised, and collection of
pertinent data instituted. Information being
collected for each vehicle dumping at the site
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includes vehicle number and type, source and
type of refuse, weight of refuse delivered to the
landfill, time, date, and weather conditions.
When the landfill was opened, the Allegany
County Health Department instituted a cam-
paign to eliminate all haphazard and illegal
dumps in the surrounding areas. A concentrated
radio, newspaper, and television campaign was
undertaken to inform the public that the laws
against haphazard dumping would be enforced
and that a sanitary landfill had been established
in the area. Many of these dumps have been
cleaned up, closed, and posted.
Originally, approximately 15,000 people were
served by the landfill. During 1968, however,
the city of Cumberland closed its open burning
dump and began hauling its solid wastes to the
Frostburg site, and small dumps in the vicinity
of the landfill have been closed, now the site
serves about 60,000 people.
During 1968, negotiations between the State
and County Health Departments, the city of
Cumberland, and the Allegany County Com-
missioners resulted in an agreement whereby
the latter agreed to absorb all costs of solid
waste disposal in the county if the municipalities
would haul their wastes to approved disposal
facilities. The State and County Health Depart-
ments also now require that all solid wastes in
the county be hauled to existing approved dis-
posal facilities or to new facilities constructed
and operated in conformance with State Health
Department requirements. As a result, negotia-
tions are underway with large industries to have
their solid wastes hauled to an existing approved
landfill.
Since there is no refuse collection in many of
the rural areas served by the landfill, many in-
dividuals haul their own refuse to the facility.
This interfered with efficient operation of the
landfill and also resulted in an indeterminate
quantity of refuse being brought into the site.
An intermediate receiving station for such solid
wastes was therefore established immediately
outside the landfill site. A dump truck was pro-
vided into which individuals could deposit their
refuse at any time during the day or night, 7
days a week. Since the site was originally closed
from 4:30 pm to 8:30 am during the week and
all day Sunday, this also provided a disposal fa-
cility for persons arriving at the site during these
times. At the beginning and end of each work-
ing day, the contents of the truck were weighed
and placed in the fill. Records were kept of the
number of vehicles utilizing this intermediate
facility by means of a vehicle trip counter.
Three principal problems developed in con-
nection with this receiving station: (1) The vol-
ume of the refuse was more than originally antic-
ipated, and when the capacity of the truck was
exceeded on many occasions, there was a pile of
refuse around it on Monday morning. (2) The
exposed refuse setting for a maximum period of
39 hr (from 4:30 pm on Saturday until 7:30 am
on Monday) could result in a rodent problem.
(3) In many cases, citizens were dumping refuse
around the truck site or somewhere in the gen-
eral vicinity even when the receptacle was not
full.
Evaluation of available records indicated that
peak usage hours were between 11:00 am and
5:00 pm on Sunday. A bulldozer operator was
put on duty at the site for about 4 hr on Sunday
afternoon to empty the dump truck when re-
quired and to provide supervision for those
using the receiving station. This eliminated all
observed problems.
Rough estimates indicate that the costs of dis-
posing of solid waste materials in strip mines are
about $1.00 per yr per person served by the
facility. This figure was decreased from about
$1.40 because of the approximate quadrupling
of the number of persons served at the Frost-
burg site. On the other hand, the cost to the
citizens of Cumberland increased by about $1.00
per person per yr because of the increase in
haul distances. Detailed analyses on costs per
ton and on costs per person bases will be made
at the conclusion of the project.
Since the normal operation of the landfill in
the strip mine includes cutting away the sides
of the mine as it is filled with solid wastes, esti-
mating the unit capacity of the strip mine is
difficult until final elevation is reached.
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Compaction studies are being considered to
determine in-place density of solid wastes placed
in the landfill. Computer programs are being
developed to illustrate variations in the amounts
of solid wastes received. Analyses of water sam-
ples collected on a continuing basis since the
beginning of the project show no effect on any
water supplies in the vicinity of the operation.
Westernport site. The Westernport sanitary
landfill, opened for use in September 1968, con-
sists of two abandoned strip mines. In one, ex-
perimental domestic refuse cells will be con-
structed; excess domestic refuse from the con-
tributing towns will be placed in the second.
The purpose of the experimental cells is to de-
termine the effects of refuse on acid mine water.
The cells are located adjacent to a stream
originating in many upstream abandoned strip
mines. A portion of the stream will be diverted
through the cells. Analyses will be run on the
influent to and the effluent from the cells. The
effluent will be treated in a septic tank, passed
through a sand filter, and chlorinated before
being returned to the stream. These experi-
mental cells are currently under construction.
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Evaluation of alternatives in refuse disposal-Raleigh, North Carolina
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION
GRANTEE: CITY OF RALEIGH
PROJECT DIRECTOR: W. L. BAIRD, DIRECTOR, DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS, ROOM 402,
MUNICIPAL BUILDING, RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA 27601
GRANT NO. D01-UI-00050
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST:
GRANTEE'S SHARE:
FEDERAL SHARE:
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JAN. 1, 1967
$147,956
$ 61,690
$ 27,805 [01]
$ 33,318 [02]
9 8,719 [03]
DATE PROJECT ENDS: DEC. 31, 1969
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate how a city's
solid waste disposal practices may be improved
by evaluating alternative disposal methods and
salvage possibilities, and applying a mathemati-
cal model to the existing collection system to
improve its efficiency.
PROCEDURES: Staff of North Carolina State
University's Departments of Civil, Industrial
and Mechanical Engineering are assisting the
city by conducting the technical studies and
evaluations.
The simulation model of a refuse collection
system developed by Quon, Charnes and Wersan
will be applied to the city's refuse collection
system to identify cost saving procedures. A
sampling program will be conducted to deter-
mine the origin, quantity, and composition of
the city's solid wastes. The refuse collection sys-
tem will be analyzed to develop input data for
the mathematical model. Several disposal meth-
ods will be studied in detail, including sanitary
landfill, composting, and incineration, with
attention being given to salvage possibilities.
Recommendations will be made for a preferred
method of disposal.
PROGRESS TO DATE: The following discus-
sion has been summarized from a statement
prepared by the grantee.
The Collection System. The Public Works De-
partment is designated as the agency responsible
for refuse collection and disposal in the city of
Raleigh; however, about 40 percent of the total
waste disposed of by the community is collected
by private contractors. Refuse is collected thrice
weekly from over 36,000 dwelling units. Back-
yard collections of garbage are made twice a
week. On Wednesday, general refuse in contain-
ers or tied bundles is picked up at the curb.
The downtown business district is serviced
six nights a week by one loadpacker. Another
packer operates six days a week to service shop-
ping centers.
Domestic collection services are allocated be-
tween 35 different routes. Fifteen routes are
serviced by 15 loadpackers carrying one driver
and four laborers. The loadpacker routes are in
the more densely populated parts of the city
and cover between 1,000 and 1,800 services in
a two-day period. Twenty routes are covered by
two train units. Each unit consists of one "dump-
master" with a driver, and four or five trains,
each consisting of a scout and three carts staffed
by two laborers. The train routes are located in
less densely populated parts of the city where
setbacks are generally in excess of 50 ft. Each
train route includes between 500 and 700 serv-
ices and is covered in one day so that each train
covers two routes twice a week.
Commercial refuse collection is largely by box
and dumpmaster. The unit purchases a box that
is picked up by the city. In the two large shop-
ping centers of Raleigh, 24 and 27 eight cu yd
boxes are picked up by the city on a daily basis.
The 1966-67 records showed that 600 pickups
65
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t/ton-mile
0.00193
0.00221
0.00023
per week were made of 285 boxes. In 1967-68,
1432 pickups were made each week of 526 boxes.
It is possible that in areas where multiple boxes
are located, a stationary compactor system may
be found feasible.
Only six percent of the 1,136 tons of industrial
refuse generated each week is picked up by the
city (68.5 tons/week). Approximately 27 percent
of the 141 industries in Raleigh have some mu-
nicipal refuse collection service.
Average cost of collection by the various
means provided are shown below:
f/service f/ton
Loadpackers 15.44 13.23
Dumpmaster and trains 13.43 13.28
Dumpmaster and boxes — 3.00
These figures are based on an 8-yr deprecia-
tion for loadpackers and dumpmasters, and a
3-yr depreciation on scout and train units. The
comparison favors the loadpackers; they are old-
er than 5 yr in all cases, whereas trains are no
older than 3 yr in any case. The largest single
component of cost for loadpackers is labor. In
the train system, the cost of operation and main-
tenance is nearly equal to the labor cost. In the
box system, labor is clearly at a minimum.
A large variation in performance and cost was
found for the different collection routes. An
examination of each route is being made to
determine the causes of such variations, among
which could be number of services, service den-
sity, and setbacks.
The city of Raleigh disposes of refuse in a
sanitary landfill located on State property. The
site covers about 18 acres; about 16 acres have
been filled since 1959. Since 1939, a total of six
different sites have been used. The average use
for the past 28 yr has been approximately 3.7
acres/yr, with an average depth of fill of 11 ft.
The current landfill is well located adjacent to
a major east-west traffic artery; however, it is
necessary that a new landfill or alternative meth-
od of disposal be soon selected.
In one measurement, an estimated 1,544 tons
of refuse was accepted in one 6-day week. Nine
hundred tons, or about 60 percent, was collected
and delivered by city collection vehicles. An
additional 644 tons was collected by institutions
such as N. C. State University, the Dorothea Dix
Hospital, and private haulers. Current cost of
landfill disposal is about $0.47/ton.
When an estimated 13,523 nonresidents and
105,722 residents are considered, the total daily
per capita generation of refuse disposed of in
the sanitary landfill is 3.7 lb. Since the domestic
generation is 2.04 Ib/capita/day, the commercial
and industrial contribution may be estimated at
1.66 Ib/day. These figures do not include wreck-
ing of buildings and automobiles.
Sources and composition of solid waste. Weigh-
ing programs conducted at the city's landfill
indicated that an average of 1,580 tons of solid
wastes per week was received for disposal. Con-
tributions to this total by the several types of
sources were estimated from available data and
special studies. This breakdown is shown below.
There is a remarkably close agreement between
the weighed and estimated amounts.
% of total
53.0
42.6
4.4
Domestic
Commercial
Industrial
Total
Tons/week
840
676
69
1385
100.0
The physical composition of the refuse was
estimated from very detailed analyses of domestic
refuse and certain national studies and is shown
below.
Category
Combustibles
Garbage
Paper
Other
(brush and
Noncombustibles
Metals
Glass
Other
Tons/week
1524
191
875
158
clippings)
329
106
120
103
% by weight
78.9
12.3
56.4
10.2
21.1
6.8
7.7
6.6
The large amount of paper and the small
amount of garbage are large departures from
studies made in the 1930 and 1940 decades,
when ashes and garbage were significant frac-
tions of the total refuse.
Very detailed chemical analyses were per-
formed on the domestic waste for the purpose
of determining the potential for composting the
refuse. Only a few of the results, however, are
reported here.
66
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Other
Analysis Food wastes combustibles
Moisture (wet weight) 6955% 19.6%
C/N ratio (dry weight) 15.4 175
Calorific value (dry weight) 7300 Btu/lb 7,820 Btu/lb
(wet weight) 4,400 Btu/lb 4,400 Btu/lb
The collection model. A simulation model for
the collection system was adapted to the Raleigh
loadpacker system. The object here was to deter-
mine points of attack in improving collection.
The model could be varied in a number of
essentials to predict effects of changing the load
carried per vehicle trip to the landfill, the num-
ber of collections per week, the number of pick-
up men, and the use of curb collection.
The model was first verified with data from
the present collection system, then the factors
were varied.
Among the findings of these studies were: (1)
Loads carried per trip to the landfill were light
compared to loads quoted by equipment manu-
facturers. Even small increases from 340 Ib per
cu yd to 500 Ib per cu yd should effect savings
by reducing the number of trips to the landfill.
(2) Two collections per week would be as effec-
tive as three collections a week. One collection
per week would result in substantial savings.
(3) Curb collections would require only half as
much labor as the present backyard collections.
(4) Landfills close to the city offer obvious sav-
ings in haul costs. It is intended that each of
these conclusions be tested in demonstrations
on some routes in the city during 1969.
Studies of Disposal Alternatives. Landfill
proved to be the least costly method of refuse
disposal for the next 10 yr, even in the event
that Raleigh had to purchase land. A number of
potential landfill sites was examined, and a land
acquisition program was recommended. Since
there is a large amount of state-owned land in
the Raleigh area, it is possible that in some cases
at least the trade off of free collection service for
the use of land is feasible.
Other studies included:
1. Welfare salvage, that serves a useful, but
somewhat limited, function in Raleigh. The
amount of salvage in the categories of garments,
furniture, paper, and scrap iron totals about 14
tons per week.
2. Wood scrap is used as fuel.
3. Rags are a possible source of salvage only if
some other item is recovered; that is, it could
not pay the cost of recovery on its own.
4. Metal scrap is almost completely salvaged.
5. Metal from tin cans is not a promising
venture since the current markets are far re-
moved from Raleigh.
6. Glass recovery does not appear practical
because of problems of quality control and the
very low cost of raw materials in the glass in-
dustry.
7. Rubber recovery is not feasible because of
remoteness of markets.
8. Plastics are not at present an economically
reclaimable material. Some of the urea form
plastics find their way to the fertilizer.
9. Paper is a feasible item for recovery, but
would require a large capital investment for
separation. For most advantageous resale, a pulp-
ing and deinking operation should be included
in any plans. The study does not recommend
consideration of recovery at the present time.
Few cities are equipped with the staff for pro-
motion and sale of a product.
10. Composting of refuse with sewage sludge
could be accomplished if a market could be
developed. In that event, the combined recovery
of paper and composting of refuse and sludge
could be an economical means for disposal of
two community waste products.
11. Incineration is a relatively expensive
means of refuse disposal. The heat value of
Raleigh refuse is equivalent to about 60 tons
of coal per day. The capital costs and operating
expenses, however, place the disposal of refuse
by simple incineration at about $4.70 per ton
in Raleigh, or about 10 times the cost of landfill.
67
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Couniywide sanitary landfill refuse disposal project
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO D01-UI-00053
GRANTEE: BROOME COUNTY BOARD OF SUPERVISORS, COUNTY OFFICE BUILDING
PROJECT DIRECTOR: ROLAND M. AUSTIN, DIRECTOR, ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES,
BROOME COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT, 62 WATER STREET, BINGHAMTON,
NEW YORK 13901
$42,000
$14,000
528,000 [01]
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST:
GRANTEE'S SHARE:
FEDERAL SHARE:
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: NOV. 1, 1966
DATE PROJECT ENDED: DEC. 81, 1967
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate how new or
improved solid waste management techniques
could solve a regional solid waste problem by
conducting a study that will enable the Broome
County Board of Supervisors to select the solid
waste disposal system that will best meet the
needs of the county.
PROCEDURES, FINDINGS, AND RECOM-
MENDATIONS: The study was conducted by
William J. Virgilio, Consulting Engineer, Endi-
cott, New York, and has been completed. Prin-
cipal conclusions and recommendations are
summarized below:
The present population of Broome County
(222,000) produces an estimated 183,000 tons of
refuse per year. Projected population by the year
2000 is 354,000 people with a refuse production
of 446,000 tons per year. Broome County is an L
shaped area, with the major part of its popu-
lation concentrated at the junction of the two
legs, in the city of Binghamton and environs.
Of the total amount of refuse produced in the
county, 85 percent is generated in the Bingham-
ton area.
The recommended solid waste disposal system
consists of three landfills; the largest to be estab-
lished in the Binghamton area, with smaller
landfills near the end of each of the legs of the
county. The county should construct and oper-
ate these landfills with financing provided by a
tax levied for this purpose. The Broome County
Health Department should be the regulatory
agency in charge of the refuse disposal system.
Refuse collection should remain the responsi-
bility of the individual municipalities.
The county has conducted a public informa-
tion program to acquaint the public with the
recommended disposal plan and the need for,
and benefits of, a countywide system.
68
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Refuse crusher
GRANT NO. D01-UI-00057
PROJECT TYPE: DEMONSTRATION
GRANTEE: CITY OF TACOMA, WASHINGTON
PROJECT DIRECTOR: GILBERT M. SCHUSTER, DIRECTOR, PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT,
CITY OF TACOMA, COUNTY-CITY BUILDING, TACOMA, WASHINGTON 98402
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST:
GRANTEE'S SHARE:
FEDERAL SHARE:
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1967
$419,717
$139,906
$105,358 [01J
$114,067 [02]
$ 60^86 [03]
DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAY 31, 1970
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate improved dis-
posal of demolition wastes by incorporating
them into a sanitary landfill after crushing.
PROCEDURES: The entire project will be
conducted by city personnel. A mechanical
crusher or shredder, scales, and a scale house
will be purchased and installed at the existing
landfill site. A metal-wheeled compactor will
also be purchased.
The project will be conducted in three phases,
each lasting approximately 6 mo.
Phase I. The sanitary landfill will operate under
controlled conditions without use of demolition
material. (Demolition wastes are not now ac-
cepted at the landfill.)
Phase II. The sanitary landfill will be operated
under controlled conditions with unshredded
demolition waste incorporated with the regular
municipal refuse.
Phase III. The sanitary landfill will be operated
under controlled conditions with shredded dem-
olition waste incorporated with the regular mu-
nicipal refuse.
During all phases of the project, records of
weights and volumes of solid wastes received and
incorporated into the sanitary landfill will be
maintained. Savings in landfill volume that re-
sult from shredding the demolition wastes and
economics of the process will be determined.
Evaluation of the feasibility and practicality of
the procedures employed will be made by the
Department of Public Works.
Feasibility and advantages of shredding other
types of solid wastes before incorporation into
the landfill will also be explored.
PROGRESS TO DATE: The first 6 months of
this project were devoted to preliminary plan-
ning. After considering various types of steel-
wheeled compactors, the city purchased the Rex-
Trashmaster. This equipment was delivered to
the site late in December 1967.
The first bids for construction of a scale
house and installation of scales at the site failed
to meet the specifications and were rejected.
New bids were called for in April 1968, and a
construction contract was awarded on May 14.
Construction was completed, and the city ac-
cepted the facility in October, 1968.
To implement Phase I of the project, an area
at the sanitary landfill was cross-sectioned so
that the weight-volume relationship of the dis-
posed solid wastes can be developed. Part of
the demonstration area lies over an existing fill.
Plywood sheets have been laid over the old fill,
their location referenced, and elevations re-
corded for the purpose of determining settle-
ment as the project progresses. Various crushers
are being investigated to select one that will be
adequate for Phase III of the project. A portable
crusher, which appears to have much merit, was
demonstrated on the landfill site in December
69
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1968. Operating difficulties, however, required demonstrated further during 1969. A schedule
that the machine be returned to the factory for is being prepared for demonstrations of other
adjustment and repair. This equipment will be types of crushers.
70
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Des Moines metropolitan area solid waste study and investigation
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00060
GRANTEE: CITY OF DES MOINES, IOWA
PROJECT DIRECTOR: LEO L. JOHNSON, DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC SERVICES, CITY HALL,
DES MOINES, IOWA 50309
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $109,483
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 36,494
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 72,989 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: APR. 1, 1967 DATE PROJECT ENDED: NOV. 31, 1968
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate how new or
improved solid waste management techniques
could solve a regional solid waste problem by
making a comprehensive and detailed analysis
of present solid waste collection and disposal
operations in the Des Moines metropolitan area
and by developing recommendations for the best
regional system for solid waste collection and
disposal.
PROCEDURES, FINDINGS, AND RECOM-
MENDATIONS: The consulting engineering
firms of Henningson, Durham & Richardson,
Inc., Omaha, Nebraska, and Veenstra and
Kimm, West Des Moines, Iowa, conducted the
study.
Major conclusions and recommendations
were:
The population of the study area, presently
estimated at 288,000, is expected to reach
361,000 by 1980 and 418,000 by 1990. The total
amount of all solid waste presently being
disposed of in the study area is approximately
1,016,000 cu yd per yr (after compacting) or
562,000 tons per yr. This includes waste disposed
of at the 10 dump and landfill sites in the study
area and that disposed of onsite by private
individuals, business, and industry. These
annual waste quantities, for which proper
disposal facilities must be provided, will reach
an estimated 1,500,000 cu yd or 783,000 tons by
1990.
An area-wide public collection system is rec-
ommended to replace the various municipal,
contract, and private systems now being oper-
ated. This system would provide weekly collec-
tion of all domestic waste from the dwelling
units within the study area, which is a change
from the present practice of collecting only gar-
bage or kitchen waste. No public collection serv-
ice would be offered to large multiple family
dwellings, commercial, or industrial waste pro-
ducers.
Private refuse haulers should be licensed and
regulated. They would continue to serve that
part of the community not receiving public
collection service.
The new collection system includes combin-
ing the existing manpower and equipment of
the Des Moines, West Des Moines, and Urban-
dale collection systems into a single, efficient
area-wide collection system. New routes, stand-
ards, work rules, and administrative and tech-
nical procedures have been developed to imple-
ment the program.
The cost to provide total collection service to
each dwelling unit in the study area is estimated
to be $0.90 per mo or $10.80 per yr. This cost,
which is less than the present costs for collecting
kitchen waste only, also includes disposal costs
of the collected refuse.
The sanitary landfill method of waste disposal
is recommended as being the most economical,
practical, and efficient method for the study area.
Two sanitary landfill site locations are proposed,
of sufficient size, to dispose of the estimated
study area waste for the 20 yr from 1968 through
1987.
71
450-537 O - 71 - 6
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A fee system is proposed for the use of the
sanitary landfill sites that will produce sufficient
revenue to make the disposal operations entirely
self-supporting and to amortize the initial cost
of equipment, land, and improvements.
Interim improvements and a temporary fee
system are proposed for the existing Des Moines
landfill sites. These improvements contemplate
converting these sites to model sanitary landfills
as a public relations aid to the establishment of
the permanent new sites.
A Metropolitan Solid Waste Agency that will
be responsible for the collection and disposal of
all solid waste produced within the study area
is recommended. This agency would be gov-
erned by a board composed of certain elected
representatives of the 14 cities, towns, and coun-
ties in the study area.
PUBLICATION:
The agency will provide collection services to
all member municipalities on a contract basis
of approximately $10.80 per yr per dwelling
unit. The agency will also operate the two sani-
tary landfill sites, open to anyone wishing to
dispose of solid waste, for a fee of approximately
$1.10 per ton.
The initial capital expenditures of the agency
will be financed by a revenue bond issue. Suffi-
cient revenues are anticipated from the fees pro-
posed for the collection and disposal operations
to retire the bonds as well as provide the neces-
sary maintenance, operating, and administrative
costs of the agency.
Uniform waste collection and disposal ordi-
nances to be adopted by all agency member com-
munities are recommended. Model ordinances
have been prepared and included in the report.
HENNINCSON, DURHAM & RICHARDSON, INC. Collection and disposal of solid waste for the Des
Moines metropolitan area; a systems engineering approach to the overall problem
of solid waste management; an interim report. Cincinnati, U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, 1968. [324 p.]
72
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Investigate and evaluate feasibility of refuse baling as a means of conserving
sanitary fill space
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION
GRANTEE: PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT, CITY OF SAN DIEGO
PROJECT DIRECTOR: ERIC QUARTLY, PUBLIC WORKS DIRECTOR, CITY OF SAN DIEGO,
CITY ADMINISTRATION BUILDING, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA 92101
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $90,900
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $30,300
FEDERAL SHARE: $60,600 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1967
GRANT NO. D01-UI-00061
DATE PROJECT ENDED: MAY 31, 1968
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the feasibility of
improving current solid waste disposal methods
by analyzing refuse baling and comparing it
with present sanitary landfill conservation meth-
ods to determine the relative efficiency and eco-
nomics of refuse baling as a means of extending
the life of sanitary landfill sites and of reducing
the haul distance of refuse collection vehicles.
PROCEDURES, FINDINGS, AND RECOM-
MENDATIONS: The project was conducted
by the technical staff of the city. A final report
has been prepared; the major findings and rec-
ommendations are summarized below:
At the present time, San Diego is generating
more than a half million tons of refuse a year,
or about 4% Ib per person per day. Rapid popu-
lation growth and gardual increases in the per
capita generation of refuse are expected to dou-
ble this tonnage by 1985. Although this growing
demand will, in itself, result in higher current
expenditures for sanitation service, its impact
will be compounded by the exhaustion of exist-
ing favorably located landfills, the necessity for
acquiring new, more remote locations, and accel-
erated increases in costs that result from longer
direct hauls by collection vehicles.
As part of the evaluation of the feasibility of
refuse baling as a means of conserving sanitary
landfill space, the compaction now being ob-
tained by conventional landfill methods was
compared with that potentially obtainable by
baling. A field survey of conventional compac-
tion was made at a city landfill to determine the
weight and compacted volume of refuse now
being deposited; to investigate baling, refuse
was actually baled in controlled test situations.
Normally, the tonnage of refuse brought to
the landfill by private citizens and commercial
contractors is not weighed. In the field survey,
however, this tonnage was determined by count-
ing and classifying all private vehicles entering
the landfill during a 14-wk test period, weighing
a 23-percent sample during the first 6-wk phase
of the test, and developing average weight factors
for each vehicle classification. These estimates
of private tonnage were added to the actual re-
corded tonnage brought in by city collection
trucks, and the combined tonnage was compared
with the compacted volume of the materials as
determined by aerial volumetric surveys. In
three separate phases, the study examined dif-
ferences in densities obtained with the use of
different types of compacting equipment and
with varying amounts of water added manually
to the refuse during compaction.
Compaction ranged between 1,189 and 1,383
Ib to the cu yd, better results were obtained with
a compactor than with a bulldozer, and the ap-
plication of larger amounts of water to the refuse
improved effectiveness.
The feasibility of baling refuse and the degree
of compaction obtainable by this method were
investigated at two levels: (1) an extended local
73
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test was conducted in which unprocessed refuse
was baled in a leased, light-duty baler installed
at a test facility especially constructed for this
purpose, and (2) an interested baler manufactur-
er, using modern, heavy-duty equipment, dem-
onstrated refuse baling.
In the local baling test, a total of 48.5 tons of
typical city-colleCte'd refuse was processed during
a 5-wk period into 162 bales averaging 599 Ib
apiece in weight and 689 Ib to the cubic yard in
density. The composition of the bales was classi-
fied, and such characteristics as shape, handling
ease, odor absence, fines retention, and liquid
retention were rated. As a second phase of this
program, 64 additional bales were produced and
"nested" in a simulated landfill situation.
On Jan. 9, 1968, at its plant in Bellevue, Ohio,
the American Baler Company conducted a dem-
onstration of baling preshredded municipal ref-
use. The four complete bales that were produced
ranged from 1,500 to 2,490 Ib in weight, from
0.92 to 1.56 cu yd in volume, and from 1,466
to 1,593 Ib to the cubic yard in density. On the
basis of this experience and its background of
previous knowledge in the field, the company
believes that densities close to 1,900 Ib to the
cubic yard are practicable. Bale densities of this
magnitude probably approach the maximum
obtainable without resorting to relatively slow,
cumbersome, and expensive multiple-stage bal-
ing presses.
Findings in both the local test and the factory
demonstration tended to supplement and rein-
force each other. The balers used in both tests
were of the same basic horizontal design, which
lends itself to more continuous, higher produc-
tion than other types. Locally, it was shown that
ordinary city-collected refuse can be successfully
processed, even without preshredding, into rea-
sonably well-formed bales that generally main-
tain their integrity during transportation and
disposal. Since the local test involved a larger
quantity of materials (an estimated 65 tons in
all as compared with perhaps 5 or 6 tons at Belle-
vue) and extended over a period of time, it estab-
lished the feasibility of baling refuse that varies
considerably in composition and moisture con-
74
tent from day to day and from one collection
area to another. The Bellevue test provided per-
suasive evidence of the desirability of shredding
the refuse before it is fed into the baler and of
utilizing baling equipment of high-compression
capability. The factory-produced bales were not
only denser but better shaped, with sharp, well-
defined corners and relatively smooth surfaces,
and they maintained their integrity without ap-
preciable distortion during handling.
Densities obtained locally are not competitive
with the approximately 1,380 Ib to the cubic
yard obtainable by efficient landfill methods, but
the compaction obtained at the factory exceeds
that level. Based on the compaction actually
reached in that test (1,593 Ib to the cubic yard)
and allowing 5 percent of volume for voids
between bales in place in a landfill, the space
required per ton for refuse in bales would be
91 percent of that required with our best present
landfill methods. If the greater density (1,890 Ib
to the cubic yard) predicted by the company
were reached and the same allowance for voids
made, the space required per ton would be 77
percent of that required with conventional meth-
ods. Thus, the potential saving in landfill life
that is realizable by baling can be expected to
fall between 9 and 23 percent.
The potential economic benefits of baling
refuse can be fully realized, however, only in the
operational setting of a transfer station. The
project staff made preliminary studies of the
economic feasibility of a full-scale baling trans-
fer station where because of the exhaustion of
an existing favorably located landfill, longer
direct haul to a more remote landfill by collec-
tion vehicles would be required. They conclud-
ed that under the San Diego conditions studied,
when the additional round-trip distance required
per truck by longer direct haul exceeds about
10.1 miles, the baling transfer station would be
more economical than direct hauling. In the
station capacity ranges studied (300 to 350 tons
a day), a net savings also can be realized by bal-
ing despite the baling operating costs because
of the reduction in the cost of land for the sta-
tion site, in rehaul equipment, and in compac-
tion equipment and labor at the landfill. This
-------
would make a baling transfer station (fully
equipped with balers, a hogger, and conveyors)
more economical than a conventional station in
which refuse is simply transferred from collec-
tion to rehaul vehicles. This conclusion might
not be valid, however, if the comparison were
made with a conventional transfer station of
larger capacity and consequently greater effi-
ciency.
A pilot baling transfer station is needed (1) to
test these tentative conclusions under actual pro-
duction conditions, (2) to refine baling tech-
niques and routines, (3) to ascertain the opti-
mum moisture content of the refuse being baled,
(4) to compare the compaction obtainable with
preshredded versus unprocessed refuse, (5) to
determine and deal with any possible nuisance
factors or health hazards (such as noise, dust,
odor, and vector breeding) that may be encoun-
tered in the operation, (6) to develop effective
practices in placing the bales in a landfill, (7) to
explore the feasibility of other means of bale
disposal, such as in the reclamation of small
canyons near residential areas, and (8) to develop
accurate cost comparisons. To implement and
prove out the combined baling and transfer con-
cepts, a pilot baling transfer station would, in
the long view, be a potentially rewarding invest-
ment.
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Development of master plan for solid waste collection and disposal
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00063
GRANTEE: CITY OF NEW ORLEANS
PROJECT DIRECTOR: F. EARL BERRY, SUPERINTENDENT OF SANITATION, ROOM 2W13, CITY HALL,
NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA 70112
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $117,913
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 39,304
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 78,609 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE I, 1967 DATE PROJECT ENDED: MAY 31, 1968
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate how new and
improved solid waste management techniques
could solve a regional solid waste problem by
analyzing existing solid waste collection and dis-
posal facilities in the New Orleans metropolitan
area, and developing a master plan for an inte-
grated collection and disposal system.
PROCEDURES, FINDINGS, AND RECOM-
MENDATIONS: The firms of Albert Switzer
& Associates, Inc., Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and
Greenleaf/Telesca Engineers, Miami, Florida,
provided consulting engineering services. The
study consisted of three phases.
Phase 1. Population and economic studies.
This included estimates of present and future
population to the year 1986, and population
densities; studies of present and estimated future
economic and industrial development, existing
and proposed land use, and analysis of other
pertinent factors of economic growth in the area.
Phase 2. Master waste collection and disposal
plan. This included studies of existing collection
and disposal systems, estimation of quantities
and characteristics of solid wastes generated, and
estimates of future solid waste production. Costs
of operating existing facilities were obtained. A
proposed regional collection and disposal system
to serve the area for the next 20 yr was recom-
mended.
Phase 3. Economic and financial studies. Com-
parative costs of constructing and operating the
various facilities studied were developed. Net
revenues available for financing the recommend-
ed project were estimated, as well as additional
revenues needed. A proposed rate structure was
developed.
The study area included the parishes of
Orleans, Jefferson, and St. Bernard, generally
covering the New Orleans metropolitan area,
and was limited to the developed and populated
portions of those parishes. A separate study of
the West Bank area of Jefferson Parish (see
summary for Grant No. D01-UI-00019) was
coordinated with this project.
Present population of the study area is esti-
mated as 1,073,000, and is expected to increase
to 1,131,000 by 1970; 1,489,000 by 1980; and
1,966,000 by 1990, or an increase of nearly 100
percent in the next 22 yr. At the same time, the
per capita rate of refuse production is expected
to increase by 15 percent per decade. It is esti-
mated that 2,280 tons per day of combustible
refuse are currently generated within the area.
It is anticipated that this quantity will increase
to 3,675 tons per day by 1980 and to 5,700 tons
per day by 1990.
The consultant's conclusions and recommen-
dations, which apply to the Tri-Parish area as
a whole, or where inter-parish cooperation is
considered, are summarized below. Additional
conclusions and recommendations specific to
each individual parish are also presented in the
consultant's final report but are not reproduced
here.
CONCLUSIONS: Existing landfills, municipal
as well as private, are not operated in accordance
76
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with accepted health standards owing princi-
pally to: (1) filling in areas where leachates can
contaminate streams and bayous, (2) lack of
suitable cover material in the area, and (3) the
practice of burning refuse at the site.
Existing landfills should be converted to sani-
tary landfills by diking, draining, and providing
adequate and suitable cover material so as to
stop air and water pollution and eliminate pos-
sible health hazards.
To immediately prohibit further open dump-
ing or burning of combustible materials, sani-
tary landfills should be established and operated
for the disposal of all putrescible and combus-
tible refuse in excess of the capabilities of the
incinerators until such time as sufficient incin-
erator capacity can be provided.
Enforcement of regulations concerning .col-
lection and disposal of solid waste is lax owing
largely to insufficient funding and manpower
assigned for this purpose.
The need for diking and draining the site, for
purchasing suitable cover material, and for limit-
ing the depth of fill each adds to the cost of
sanitary landfill operation in the area, making
this method of disposal less competitive than is
frequently the case.
When based upon a study of methods con-
sidered for the area, incineration was found to
be the most practical and economical method
of satisfactory refuse disposal to meet both pres-
ent and future needs.
An incineration program to cover the require-
ments of the Tri-Parish area for the next 20
yr will increase considerably the reliability of
the entire waste collection and disposal system.
Cooperation in the joint usage facilities be-
tween the parishes in the Tri-Parish area will
result in a more effective and economical refuse
disposal system, and could save as much as 10
to 15 percent in overall disposal costs.
The communities should formulate and adopt
common standards, preferably under the admin-
istration of a single authority, for the control
and regulation of the disposal of waste. These
standards, in the form of a master ordinance,
should incorporate by reference the recommend-
ed specifications for disposal of all types of solid
wastes by methods that are acceptable to local,
State, and Federal authorities.
This authority should establish policy, ad-
minister control, and enforce the adopted regu-
lations. Such regulations should specifically pro-
hibit open dumping and open burning of all
wastes that would present environmental hazards
or any means of disposal that would contribute
undesirable pollution levels to the air, water,
or land.
Control of all refuse disposal facilities under
a single authority would provide the maximum
reliability and flexibility of operation at the
lowest possible operating cost. This would prob-
ably result in an annual savings of 5 to 10
percent.
Orleans and St. Bernard Parishes should con-
sider the use of a joint disposal facility before
1980 to handle refuse in excess of the capacities
of the enlarged Florida Avenue and the New
St. Bernard Incinerators.
Orleans and Jefferson Parishes and the city of
Gretna should consider the joint use of the
Algiers Incinerator for the disposal of refuse
generated in the area.
Combustible refuse production in the area
will amount to 3,675 tons/day in 1980 and is
expected to reach 5,700 by 1990.
The proposed disposal program by incinera-
tion will require an estimated capital investment
of $19,100,000 by 1980; and an additional capi-
tal investment of $17,100,000 in the continuing
period to 1990, based on 1967 costs.
An effective annual incineration capacity of
1,400,000 tons will be available under the pro-
posed program by 1980 and will be expanded
to slightly over a 1,800,000 ton capacity by 1990.
Operating at full effective capacity, estimated
annual costs of these incinerator facilities are
expected to be about $4,500,000 by 1980, and
$6,400,000 by 1990, based on 1967 costs.
RECOMMENDATIONS: Convert present
landfills receiving putrescible and combustible
77
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refuse to sanitary landfills by diking, draining,
and adequately covering the refuse daily with
suitable material and adopt ordinances to regu-
late these operations.
Unconverted landfills should receive only non-
combustible refuse that will not contaminate
waters leaching or draining from the fill.
Prohibit further open dumping or burning.
Enforce regulations concerning collection and
disposal of solid wastes and assign sufficient per-
sonnel for this purpose.
Dispose of all combustible waste generated in
the area by incineration in modern incinerators
with adequate air pollution control.
Adopt air pollution control limits conforming
to the Los Angeles County requirements.
Select incinerator service areas that will pro-
PUBLICATION:
duce at least 600 tons of refuse per day within
a reasonable period to ensure minimum disposal
costs through economical incinerator operation
and haul costs.
Undertake, through an agency such as the
Regional Planning Commission, to sponsor an
authority which will formulate standards and
encourage adoption and implementation of such
standards by each community as rapidly as pos-
sible with an agreement upon deadline for com-
pliance by not later than 1980.
Arrangements be made by Orleans and St.
Bernard for the joint disposal of refuse in excess
of the capacities of the enlarged Florida Avenue
and St. Bernard Incinerators.
Arrangements be made by Orleans and Jeffer-
son Parishes and the city of Gretna for the joint
dispoasl of refuse generated in the area at the
Algiers Incinerator.
ALBERT SWITZER & ASSOCIATES, INC. and GREENLEAF/TELESCA. Master plan for solid waste col-
lection and disposal tri-parish metropolitan area of New Orleans; final report on a
solid waste management demonstration. Public Health Service Publication No. 1932.
Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969. [359 p.]
78
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Solid waste disposal study for Oakland County, Michigan, and adjacent communities
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00068
GRANTEE: OAKLAND COUNTY BOARD OF SUPERVISORS, 1200 NORTH TELEGRAPH ROAD,
PONTIAC, MICHIGAN 48053
PROJECT DIRECTOR; -DANIEL W. BARRY, AGENT, COUNTY DRAIN COMMISSIONER,
550 SOUTH TELEGRAPH ROAD, PONTIAC, MICHIGAN 48053
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $124,500
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 41,500
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 83,000 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: AUG. 1, 1967 DATE PROJECT ENDED: JULY 31, 1968
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate how new or
improved solid waste management techniques
could solve a regional solid waste problem by
formulating a system of solid waste disposal for
Oakland County that will facilitate the imple-
mentation of the regional solid waste disposal
plan as established by the Detroit Metropolitan
Area Regional Planning Commission.
PROCEDURES, FINDINGS, AND RECOM-
MENDATIONS: The study was conducted by
the consulting engineering firm of Jones and
Henry, Toledo, Ohio. Information was collected
concerning the sources, amounts, and character-
istics of solid wastes generated in the study area,
and estimates made of amounts expected to be
generated from 1970 to 1990. Present collection
practices and disposal sites and methods were
identified. Also explored were such matters as
secondary transportation, rural problems, and
legal, financial, and public relations aspects of
the problem. A brief investigation was made of
the desirability of cooperative endeavors with
adjacent Wayne and Macomb Counties.
Information from many sources was compiled
and evaluated. Data were gathered from ques-
tionnaires, by telephone, and by personal inter-
view. Aerial photographs, previous reports, on-
site visits to disposal operations, and interviews
with operating and supervisory personnel pro-
vided much of the information upon which the
consultant's recommendations were based. Vari-
ous mathematical analyses were carried out by
computers, allowing a more thorough study of
alternatives than would otherwise have been
possible.
Estimated quantities of incinerable solid
wastes generated in Oakland County are as
follows:
Year
Ib/capita/day
Residential Commercial* Industrial*
Total
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
2.78
3.06
3.23
3.35
3.43
0.97
1.23
1.28
1.45
1.45
1.46
1.48
1.33
1.31
1.23
5.21
5.77
5.84
6.11
6.11
* Does hot include solid wastes which cannot be incinerated.
Three methods of organized solid waste col-
lection services now exist in the county: (1)
Municipal collection, provided in six cities, in
which the municipality collects solid waste with
its own personnel and equipment. (2) Contract
collection, provided in 26 municipalities, in
which the municipality contracts with a private
individual or firm who then provides the per-
sonnel and equipment for solid waste collection.
(3) Private collection, provided in 20 govern-
mental units, in which solid waste collection
services are provided by a private individual or
firm by direct arrangement with the individual
householder.
A variety of disposal methods were found to
be employed in the county. These included
open dumping, sanitary landfill, and incinera-
tion, used to varying degrees by governmental
units, private collectors, industries, and individ-
uals. Many of the disposal sites used by munici-
79
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palities and townships were operated privately
by contract collectors or private haulers. Open
burning is practiced throughout the county.
Individual trash burners or barrels were found
to exist almost without exception at rural and
suburban homes, and refuse was burned on the
site by many commercial establishments in rural
areas.
Two plans were developed for a countywide
system for the disposal of solid wastes:
1. Plan A, adoption of which is recommended
by the consultant, encompasses all of Oakland
County, including provision of supplementary
service for the Southeastern Oakland County
Incinerator Authority, which is now and would
remain an independent disposal authority.
Under this plan, all combustible refuse will be
delivered to incinerators located throughout the
county. Delivery of refuse to the incinerators
will be facilitated through secondary transport
systems. This plan involves a phased program
of incinerator construction and transfer station
establishment. Rural areas will be aided in ref-
use handling by establishing "convenience cen-
ters" at a number of locations. These would
contain portable sanitary containers in which
refuse could be deposited and would primarily
be for the use of individuals and commercial
establishments who haul their own waste, al-
though one or two could be constructed large
enough to permit private haulers to use them
as a transfer station. The portable containers
would be emptied daily and their contents taken
to a disposal site. Under this cooperative
PUBLICATION:
plan, the county would construct and maintain
all facilities outside of the authority. In return,
the county would sell its capacity at a specified
rate per ton and would complete the disposal of
refuse brought to it by authority members. The
authority could reduce the charges of the county
by permitting it to use an authority-owned ash-
disposal facility. As an alternative, residue from
the incinerator plants would be taken to an ash-
disposal site in Addison Township. A coopera-
tive operation between the county and the
authority should benefit both.
2. Plan B sets forth a program that will in-
clude all members of the Oakland County com-
munity who are not members of the Southeast-
ern Oakland County Incinerator Authority. All
combustible refuse originating outside of the
authority's area would be delivered to inciner-
ators located throughout the county. A secondary
transport system similar to that of Plan A would
be used. Rural areas would be served by a con-
venience center program.
For both plans, acquisition of sufficient land
on which to dispose of noncombustible materials
is proposed. This includes construction and
demolition debris, foundry sand, fly ash, trees,
trimmings and brush, and industrial sludges and
liquids. The consultant recommends the con-
tinued disposal of the latter by private firms who
have the equipment and knowledge to properly
handle this material. As an alternative to land
disposal of trees, trimmings, and brush, a special
burner might be considered.
JONES & HENRY ENGINEERS LIMITED. Proposals for a refuse disposal system in Oakland County,
Michigan; final report on a solid waste demonstration grant project. Public Health
Service Publication No. 1960. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970.
(In press.)
80
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Farmington River Valley solid waste disposal study and investigation
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00069
GRANTEE: TOWN OF FARMINGTON
PROJECT DIRECTOR: STEPHEN A. FLIS, TOWN MANAGER, TOWN OF FARMINGTON, TOWN HALL,
UNIONVILLE, CONNECTICUT 06085
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $55,875
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $18,625
FEDERAL SHARE: $17,130 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE) $20,120 [02]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: APR. 1, 1967 DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAR. 31, 1969
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate how new and
improved solid waste management techniques
could solve a regional problem by conducting
a study to determine how, and to what extent,
a group of towns can provide their householders
with a better refuse collection and disposal serv-
ice at feasible cost through community or group
action, as differentiated from each town acting
separately.
PROCEDURES: The towns of Farmington,
Avon, Canton, Plainville, and Simsbury will
work together to secure all facts required to
meet the objectives of the study. Consulting
engineering services will be provided by the
firm of Camp, Dresser and McK.ee, Boston,
Massachusetts.
The project will be carried out in accordance
with the following procedural outline: (1) esti-
mate refuse collection and transportation costs
for different methods and collection frequencies,
while providing uniform and better service to
the homeowner; (2) determine the location, size,
and availability of refuse disposal sites that will
best serve this group of towns, and possibly con-
tiguous municipalities, if economic considera-
tions so indicate; (3) determine the types and
cost of refuse disposal facilities that will most
efficiently serve these towns; (4) evaluate the
possibility of employing several disposal methods
in the proposed system; (5) develop a training
program for personnel operating solid waste
services; (6) establish and recommend for adop-
tion uniform refuse handling and storage pro-
cedures at the household level; and (7) establish
procedures for the disposal of tree trimmings,
logs, stumps, and bulky objects, including
junked cars.
PROGRESS TO DATE: Facts relating to ex-
isting collection and disposal services and costs
have been compiled for each of the five towns.
The quantity and characteristics of all refuse
now being handled have been estimated by field
surveys made during May and August, 1967.
Information concerning industrial solid waste
production and disposal methods was obtained
by an industrial questionnaire. These data have
been summarized, and estimates of future solid
waste generation have been prepared. Informa-
tion concerning junked cars has been obtained
from several of the towns.
Existing disposal areas and practices have been
examined and evaluated. Population densities
and major road networks in the five-town region
have been delineated. Investigations of possible
sites for a joint disposal facility have been com-
pleted. The engineer's recommendations as to
the best approach to solid wastes management
for the five-town region have been prepared.
These recommendations indicate that a regional
approach for solid waste collection and disposal
would be the most beneficial for the towns. Simi-
lar bylaws for onsite storage and collection of
refuse should be adopted by the five towns. A
regional sanitary landfill should be initiated by
the towns and developed as a recreational area
for picnicking, hiking, bicycling, etc.
81
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Discussions have been held with the public underway to create a governmental unit that
officials of the involved towns concerning the will implement these recommendations.
engineer's recommendations, and work is now
82
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Solid waste disposal study for Flint and Genesee County metropolitan area, Michigan
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00070
GRANTEE: GENESEE COUNTY
PROJECT DIRECTOR: THOMAS H. HAGA, DIRECTOR—COORDINATOR, GENESEE COUNTY METROPOLITAN
PLANNING COMMISSION, 511 COURTHOUSE, FLINT, MICHIGAN 48502
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: |61,496
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $20,499
FEDERAL SHARE: $40,327 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE) $ 670 [02]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: AUG. 1, 1967 DATE PROJECT ENDED: JULY SI, 1968
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate how new or
improved solid waste management techniques
could solve a regional solid waste disposal prob-
lem by developing a regional plan for Genesee
County and the Flint metropolitan area.
PROCEDURES, FINDINGS, AND RECOM-
MENDATIONS: The study was conducted by
the consulting engineering firm of Consoer,
Townsend and Associates in Michigan. All pre-
vious relevant studies of the region were re-
viewed. Surveys were made of all existing solid
waste collection systems; and all existing dis-
posal sites were visited, except in a few cases
where permission to make such a visit was with-
held. A search was made for possible new dis-
posal sites, and those that were found were eval-
uated for ease of access, availability of necessary
utilities, accessibility to adequate road networks,
and safety from possible water contamination.
Estimates were made of the amounts and types
of solid wastes currently generated in the study
area. These estimates were based on records of
the city of Flint, replies to questionnaires, sam-
pling surveys, and a very complete survey by the
Manufacturers Association of Flint of all indus-
trial solid wastes generated by the major indus-
tries. A preliminary plan was developed for a
solid waste management system to effectively
deal with all solid wastes generated in the
county.
A summary of the consultant's principal find-
ings and recommendations from his final report
on the project follows.
Based upon the best available information, it
is estimated that at the present time solid waste
is being generated within the county in the
following quantities:
Domestic or residential refuse 83,038 tons/yr
Commercial and institutional refuse 38,197 tons/yr
Industrial solid wastes 246,949 tons/yr
Dead and diseased trees and bushes 15,000 tons/yr
Demolition wastes 67,500 tons/yr
Dead animals 140 tons/yr
Total solid wastes 450,824 tons/yr
The various waste materials
above quantities are estimated
Garbage
Paper and cardboard
Plastics, rubber, and leather
Canvas and rags
Lumber and wood
Grass and clippings
Industrial oils and thinners
Dead animals
Cans, bands, and wire
Glass
Ashes
Pavement and concrete
Dirt, sand, plaster, etc.
Industrial slurries and sludges
Miscellaneous industrial wastes
Estimated current daily per capita waste gen-
eration for the various classes of solid wastes and
projected solid waste generation in the county
are shown below:
PROJECTED REFUSE GENERATION BY
GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN
Present 1985 199!
Population 455,000 655,000 820,000
Domestic or residential
refuse (Ib/capita/day) 1.00 1.54 1.84
Commercial and institutional
refuse (Ib/capita/day) 0.46 0.64 0.75
; making
to be as
Tons/yr
31,898
91,916
6,718
13370
101,050
8,987
2,575
140
20,927
15,046
70,474
15,115
20,814
51,512
81
up the
follows:
Percent
7.08
20.39
1.49
3.01
22.41
1.99
0.57
0.03
4.64
3.34
15.63
3.35
4.62
11.43
0.02
83
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PROJECTED REFUSE GENERATION BY
GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN
Present 1985 1995
Industrial refuse*
(Ib/capita/day)
Wood refuse — trees and
(Ib/capita/day)
Demolition material
(Ib/capita/day)
Dead animals
(Ib/capita/day)
Total refuse*
(Ib/capita/day)
Total refuse*
(tons/day)
2.97
bushes
0.18
0.81
0.0017
5.43
1,236
3.29
0.28
0.62
0.0017
6.37
2.087
3.47
0.32
0.51
0.0017
6.89
2.826
* Does not include industrial refuse disposed of by owner
either within the industrial plant or outside the county.
There are 31 governmental units in Genesee
County that may be concerned with the collec-
tion and disposal of solid wastes. A question-
naire survey revealed that only three of these
provided municipal collection service: residen-
tial waste collection service was provided by the
city of Flint for its citizens, and the small villages
of Otisville and Otter Lake provided public
collection service for their residents. In all other
cases, solid waste collection and disposal are
either left to the individual or handled by a
private collector under agreement with individ-
ual householders or under a contract with the
local government.
Solid wastes collected by the city of Flint are
disposed of at one of two sanitary landfill opera-
tions. It is estimated that these sites have suffi-
cient capacity for another 5 to 6 yr. Disposal
facilities throughout the remainder of the county
consist of dumps operated either by certain of
the private collectors or by commercial operators
as a business venture. The so-called "tepee"
burners are used at some of these latter disposal
sites in an effort to reduce the amount of mate-
rial. These were observed to be exhibiting in-
efficient burning characteristics and also acting
as sources of air pollution.
Based upon the findings of his studies, the
consulting engineer made the following princi-
pal recommendations for solid waste manage-
ment in the study area:
1. The Board of Supervisors of Genesee
County should create a "County Agency" to dis-
84
pose of all acceptable solid wastes generated
within the county as soon as possible. It is recog-
nized that it is impossible to immediately put
the county into the refuse disposal business;
however, since existing disposal facilities have
such a limited life, steps should immediately be
taken by the county to create such an agency that
could be operated by either the County Road
Commissioners or the Drain Commissioner.
2. The County Agency should immediately
enter into contracts with the various govern-
mental units within the county for the disposal
of the solid wastes generated within such govern-
mental units. The County Agency should agree
to accept all domestic, commercial, and institu-
tional mixed refuse as well as the acceptable solid
wastes generated by industry within the county.
To establish the costs for performing the service
of disposal, the County Agency should have pre-
pared complete plans, specifications, and esti-
mates of construction and operating costs of the
proposed facilities so that rates, charges, and/or
assessments to be imposed or collected for each
specific disposal service may be established.
3. Based upon the contracts entered into with
the other governmental units within the county,
bonds should be issued to provide funds to pur-
chase the necessary land, the disposal facilities
required by the detailed plans and specifications
for the construction and equipment, and such
other funds as may be necessary.
4. The County Agency should not at this time
act as a collecting agency, except in the case of
dead animal collection outside the city limits of
Flint. If present collection facilities fail in the
future to provide adequate services, the County
Agency could then enter this operation in addi-
tion to the disposal operation. The cost of the
collection and disposal of dead animals by utili-
zation of the recommended pathological incin-
erator should be borne by the county.
5. The costs of disposal of the dead and dis-
eased trees originating on public land outside
the corporate limits of cities and villages within
the county should also be a charge against the
county. Those originating within the corporate
limits of cities and villages should have the cost
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of disposal charged against the city or village in
which the waste originated.
6. The costs for disposal of demolition wastes
and all acceptable industrial wastes should be
charged against the contributor.
7. The County Agency should construct and
operate disposal facilities as follows: (a) A patho-
logical incinerator for animal cremation, (b) A
liquid and sludge destructor to dispose of indus-
trial oils and thinners, and slurries and sludges
containing combustible material, (c) Land and
facilities for disposal of industrial ashes, broken
pavement, and concrete, (d) Sanitary landfills at
two locations within the county; one to the
northeast, and one to the southwest of the city
of Flint. Consideration will have to be given
prior to 1985 to expanding the operation by two
additional disposal sites; one to the northwest,
and one to the southeast of Flint, unless better
compaction equipment becomes available in the
near future at a reasonable cost that could
lengthen the life of each of these sites.
8. Plans should be prepared for the ultimate
use of the filled land as county parks and
recreation centers.
9. Although a County Agency for collection
of all solid wastes generated within the county
is not recommended at this time, there are cer-
tain items (that have come to the attention of
PUBLICATION:
the engineers during the study) that should be
given consideration by the governmental units
that have control over the collection and disposal
of refuse within their corporate limits. These
are as follows: (a) Standardization of containers
for domestic mixed refuse collected by a public
agency or where contracts exist between public
bodies and private contractors—30 to 32 gal
containers constructed of either galvanized metal
or plastic material, equipped with suitable
handles and a tight-fitting lid, are recommended.
(b) Each household should be permitted a maxi-
mum of four such containers with a filled weight
not to exceed 75 Ib per container for once-a-week
collection; and all refuse, except tree and brush
trimmings, should be placed in these containers.
(c) Tree and brush trimmings should be tied
into bundles of not over 50 Ib each or longer
than 4 ft. (d) Those municipalities and town-
ships that do not now have a public collection
agency or a contract with a private collector
should consider passing such an ordinance to
provide a uniform service to the residents at
the lowest possible cost, (e) All public and pri-
vate collectors picking up mixed refuse contain-
ing putrescible matter should be required to use
drip-proof, enclosed collector trucks, preferably
of the compactor type, (f) Open burning of all
types of refuse should be prohibited.
Solid waste disposal study; technical report; Genesee County, Michigan, June 1968. Cincinnati,
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1969. [251 p.]
85
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Solid waste collection and disposal study, Harrison County, Mississippi
GRANT NO. D01-UI-00072
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION
GRANTEE: BOARD OF SUPERVISORS, HARRISON COUNTY, MISSISSIPPI
PROJECT DIRECTOR: JOHN W. SMITH, COUNTY ENGINEER'S OFFICE, COURTHOUSE BUILDING,
GULFPORT, MISSISSIPPI 39501
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $50,000
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $16,667
FEDERAL SHARE: $33,333 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1967
DATE PROJECT ENDED: OCT. 31, 1968
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate how new and
improved solid waste management practices
could solve a regional solid waste problem by
making a comprehensive study of solid waste
collection and disposal practices within Harrison
County, Mississippi, and developing a 20-yr plan
for collection and disposal practices that would
integrate the present separate solid waste collec-
tion and disposal facilities of the individual
municipalities into an overall county system.
PROCEDURES, FINDINGS, AND RECOM-
MENDATIONS: The firm of Albert Switzer &
Associates, Inc., Baton Rouge, Louisiana, pro-
vided the consulting engineering services re-
quired for the project. The study was conducted
in three phases.
Phase 1. Population and economic studies.
This included estimates of the present and fu-
ture population to 1986 and population den-
sities; studies of present and estimated future
economic and industrial development, existing
and proposed land use, and analysis of other
pertinent factors of economic growth in the area.
Phase 2. Master waste collection and disposal
plan. This included studies of existing collection
and disposal systems, estimation of quantities
and characteristics of solid wastes generated; and
estimates of future solid waste production. Costs
of operating existing facilities were obtained.
Phase 3. Economic and financial studies. Com-
parative costs of constructing and operating the
various facilities studied were developed. Net
revenues available for financing the recommend-
ed project were estimated, as well as additional
revenues needed. A proposed rate structure was
developed.
A final report is being prepared by the con-
sultant in which his findings and recommenda-
tions will appear.
86
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Investigate the potential benefits of rail haul
as an integral part of waste disposal systems
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00073
GRANTEE: AMERICAN PUBLIC WORKS ASSOCIATION, 1313 EAST 60TH STREET, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60637
PROJECT DIRECTOR: KARL W. WOLF, RESEARCH ASSOCIATE, AMERICAN PUBLIC WORKS ASSOCIATION
RESEARCH FOUNDATION, c/o MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY, ROOM C-209, 57TH
AND SOUTH SHORE DRIVE, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60637
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST:
GRANTEE'S SHARE:
FEDERAL SHARE:
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: APR. 1, 1967
$424,300
$141,433
$178,200 [01]
$ 58,867 [02]
$ 45,800 [03]
DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAR. 31, 1970
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the feasibility of
an improved method of solid waste disposal by
making a comprehensive evaluation of the costs
and benefits obtainable for the collection, trans-
portation, and disposal of solid wastes from
urban areas by the use of rail-haul techniques.
PROCEDURES: The project will be conducted
in three phases, each of which is expected to
take approximately 1 yr to complete. Phase 1
is concerned with the identification, develop-
ment, and setting up of the rail haul and related
solid waste transport and disposal techniques.
Phase 2 will deal mainly with implementation
of the rail-haul waste disposal concept in co-
operation with selected communities. Phase 3
will consist of a comprehensive evaluation of the
concept and techniques as demonstrated under
actual operating conditions during Phase 2.
The project is being conducted by staff of the
American Public Works Association, with con-
tractual professional and consulting services of
various types being obtained as needed.
PROGRESS TO DATE: Progress is reported
by the grantee as follows:
Considerable progress has been achieved in
the first phase. The groundwork for the system
has been firmly established and a substantial
variety of system elements has been examined.
As a result, a number of unpromising alterna-
tives have been identified and discarded, and
work is being concentrated on several of the
most promising system approaches.
The most promising general approach to date
involves various combinations of (1) transfer
stations in the generating communities, (2) rail
transport to remote sites, and (3) disposal by a
modified sanitary landfill in carefully prepared
sites.
Several basic transfer station designs have
been generated and are now being refined to
accommodate all the necessary techno-economic
as well as environmental health aspects. The
transfer stations are developed with capacities
ranging from 50 to 1,000 tons per 8-hr shift to
meet the differing needs of the many dissimilar
communities across the country.
A substantial part of the transfer station anal-
ysis involves an intensive investigation of proc-
essing that should occur at that point in the
system. This includes shredding, mixing, and
particularly compaction of refuse into bales.
Compaction promises many potential benefits
including sanitation, control of bacteriological
activity, economy in shipment, choice of mate-
rial handling equipment, extension of landfill
life, and an improved stability of the fill to
widen its range of ultimate uses. Laboratory-
scale compaction tests thus far have produced
excellent results, and now a production-scale
87
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compaction operation needs to be operated to
overcome the dangers of extreme extrapolations.
The rail transport as a system segment has
even more important beneficial ramifications
than was imagined at the start of the study.
Intensive work is underway to exploit these po-
tentials fully. This involves scale of operations,
transport distances, rail network analysis, load-
ing and unloading practices, disposal operation
scheduling, and the application of unit train
and rent-a-train concepts among many other
aspects. Findings to date suggest that rail trans-
port could be feasible over distances as short as
10 miles to as much as 400 miles. Rail car de-
sign is also given some attention in considera-
tion of longer-term system developments.
The study of final disposal methods consid-
ered central incineration, composting, sanitary
landfill, and disposal at sea. The latter two alter-
natives currently remain as active and attractive
possibilities, particularly with respect to short-
term developments. The use of active or aban-
doned coal strip mines ranks high among the
surviving candidates for types of attractive dis-
posal sites desired. The study produced two
significant and original possibilities in strip-
mine disposal that had not been mentioned in
previous studies or the literature.
PUBLICATION:
In the overall, the work to date suggests that
waste-rail-haul holds considerable promise of
alleviating urban solid waste disposal problems
in the near future. There is a very strong like-
lihood that large savings in the local collection
process of participating communities might
result as a byproduct.
The grantee's studies during project year
01 indicated that the economic feasibility of the
rail-haul concept would depend to a large degree
on the ability to compact the wastes to a high
density (approximately 80 Ib/cu ft) before load-
ing into railroad cars. Investigations disclosed
that production equipment suitable for this
purpose was not as yet available.
In the early part of 1968, the city of Chicago
undertook a demonstration project, whose ob-
jectives were to investigate the possibility of
developing such compaction equipment (see
Grant No. DO1-UI-00170). The staff of this
project is assisting in that study, and the work
proposed for phase 2 of this project is being held
in abeyance pending results of the develop-
mental work in Chicago. Several reports of
specialized investigations completed during the
project year 01 are being prepared.
AMERICAN PUBLIC WORKS ASSOCIATION RESEARCH FOUNDATION. Rail transport of solid wastes; a
feasibility study; interim report: phase one. Cincinnati, U.S. Department of Health
Education, and Welfare, 1969. 168 p.
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Evaluation of the Melt-Zit high-temperature incinerator
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION
GRANTEE: CITY OF BROCKTON
PROJECT DIRECTOR: JOHN E. SULLIVAN, MAYOR, CITY OF BROCKTON, CITY HALL,
BROCKTON, MASSACHUSETTS 02401
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $67,695
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $22365
FEDERAL SHARE: $45,130 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: NOV. 1, 1967
GRANT NO. D01-UI-00076
DATE PROJECT ENDED: MAR. 31, 1968
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the applicabil-
ity of a high-temperature incineration process
to the disposal of solid wastes.
PROCEDURES, FINDINGS, AND RECOM-
MENDATIONS: An existing Melt-Zit high-
temperature incinerator located at Whitman,
Massachusetts, was evaluated using solid wastes
from the city of Brockton. Operation tests were
performed by Elmer R. Kaiser, Consulting
Engineer, Scarsdale, New York. Air pollution
emission studies were conducted by Wisconsin
Chemical and Testing Company of Milwaukee,
Wisconsin. The consulting engineering firm of
Fay, Spofford and Thorndike, Inc., Boston, Mas-
sachusetts, provided general engineering services
associated with the evaluation. The equipment
was furnished by the American Design and
Development Corporation, Whitman, Massa-
chusetts.
Prior to the tests, the facility was instru-
mented, equipped with platform and second
stack port, and provided with separate water
circuits for slag quenching and gas scrubbing.
The incinerator was operated for 2 days to train
the test crew and establish a full-load rating that
could be reliably sustained.
The tests were conducted from Mar. 14 to 23,
1968. The consultant has prepared a draft report
concerning the results (currently being reviewed)
from which the following summary of findings
has been abstracted:
The Melt-Zit facility. The Melt-Zit principle
is unique in the art of incineration. The non-
combustible fractions of the refuse are melted
in a bed of high-temperature coke and drained
from the furnace as molten slag and iron.
Organic matter in the residue is thereby auto-
matically prevented and complete sterility is
achieved. The residue has a high density.
The Melt-Zit pilot installation is basically a
vertical, cylindrical shaft furnace with refractory
lining. The inside diameter is 3 ft (minimum)
and the height is 55 ft.
The molten residue (including metal), which
is a slag-like material, is drained through an
opening at the base above the hearth; it drops
into a quenching tank of water where rapid
cooling results in a black granulate and iron
pellets.
Refuse is charged midway up the stack
through an open charging chute. The refuse
feed is continuous. The combustible materials
burn in suspension whereas the heavier non-
combustibles burn and melt on the surface of
the fuel bed.
Performance of Melt-Zit incinerator. Based on
the best period of the tests, the capacity of refuse
input for the 3-ft diameter furnace was 1.6 tons
per hr. The refuse was 90 percent municipal
rubbish and 10 percent garbage, by weight.
The operating temperatures in the coke bed
were from 2,600 to 3,200 F.
The weight of slag (including metal) produced
during the longest test run was 460 Ib per ton
of refuse, or 23 percent of the weight and 4 per-
cent of the volume of the refuse.
89
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The pilot furnace was operated with direct
discharge to the atmosphere at the top. The
stack gas scrubber, with which the furnace was
equipped, was not used as it would have
prevented proper sampling of the gases.
Interruptions were caused by mechanical fail-
ures in the slag removing conveyor system and
trouble with the flow of slag due to its high
viscosity. The maximum length of an uninter-
rupted run during the tests was 62 hr.
Evaluation of Melt-2.it incinerator. In the
state of development and method of operation
of the Melt-Zit unit during the March 1968
tests, the pilot incinerator did not perform satis-
factorily or reliably. The Melt-Zit incinerator,
therefore, needs further development prior to
full-scale production. It is believed that thp
process has sufficient promise to warrant further
design and development.
When improved performance can be demon-
strated, the rated tonnages can be increased
probably up to 25 percent.
A full-scale incinerator of this type will re-
quire a secondary combustion chamber to fur-
ther burn the gases and the particulate matter.
PUBLICATION:
The gases could then be cleaned of dust by
conventional dust collectors.
It is estimated that the largest practicable size
furnace is approximately 8 ft diameter with 15
tons per hr burning capacity.
The technical advantages of the Melt-Zit
process are a residue free of putrescible matter,
maximum density in landfill, and the elimina-
tion of ground water or stream pollution from
deposit of incinerator residue.
The most favorable rate of coke consumption
during the test period was 1 ton of coke to 8
tons of refuse. It is believed, however, that, by
the application of suggested improvements, a
ratio of 1 to 20 could be achieved.
Comparative construction and operating costs
for a full-scale Melt-Zit plant versus a conven-
tional plant cannot be reliably anticipated from
the test experience.
Melt-Zit costs include coke and limestone,
which are not common to other incinerators.
These additional costs may be offset, however,
by additional benefits such as less area required
for landfill and reduced costs of residue disposal.
KAISER, E. R. Evaluation of the Melt-Zit high-temperature incinerator; operation test report,
August 1968. Cincinnati, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1969.
[116 p.]
90
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Contract bond financing of multimunicipal incinerator systems
PROJECT TYPE: DEMONSTRATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00077
GRANTEE: BOARD OF WAYNE COUNTY ROAD COMMISSIONERS
PROJECT DIRECTOR: GEORGE R. B1NGHAM, SANITARY ENGINEER, WAYNE COUNTY ROAD COMMISSION,
726 CITY—COUNTY BUILDING, DETROIT, MICHIGAN 48226
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $24,000
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $15,700
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 8,300 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: MAR. 1, 1968 DATE PROJECT ENDED: JUNE 24, 1968
OBJECTIVES: To develop an organizational
structure for the construction and operation of a
countywide system of incinerators, and to present
the plan and project to appropriate officials of
the county's municipalities and representatives
of adjoining counties.
PROCEDURES: The first phase of the project
will involve preparation of the presentation and
development of additional legal and financial
data. The financing and service agreements will
be drafted by the county's legal consultants,
Miller, Canfield, Paddock and Stone, and will
include materials prepared by the firms of Keno-
wet, MacArthur & Co. (financial consultant) and
Consoer, Townsend & Associates (engineering
consultant). The three consultants will also pre-
pare related and supporting engineering, legal,
and financial information and data. A proposed
organization will be developed for a policy
making and rate review body on which the
municipalities would be represented. Visual aids
will be prepared to assist in presenting the plan
and project. All pertinent material will be
consolidated into a report.
In'June 1968, the board advised the Bureau
of Solid Waste Management that additional
studies were being undertaken to revise the pro-
posed solid waste management system and re-
quested that this grant be cancelled. The re-
quested cancellation was effected on June 24,
1968. The Board further indicated its intention
to apply for a new grant for the revised project.
91
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Problems and solutions in the regional approach to incineration of soiid waste
PROJECT TYPE: DEMONSTRATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-0007S
GRANTEE: CENTRAL WAYNE COUNTY SANITATION AUTHORITY
PROJECT DIRECTOR: VIRGIL L. ELLER, SUPERINTENDENT, CENTRAL WAYNE COUNTY SANITATION
AUTHORITY, 4901 INKSTER ROAD, DEARBORN HEIGHTS, MICHIGAN 48125
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $159,995
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 53,332
FEDERAL SHARE: $106,663 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1967 DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAY 31, 1969
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the advantages
of treating incinerator fly-ash slurry and the re-
sulting savings in costs of water, sanitary sewer
maintenance, and general operation.
PROCEDURES: The consulting engineering
firm of Pate, Him & Bogue, Inc., Detroit, Mich-
igan, is conducting the project in three stages:
(1) investigation and evaluation of existing sys-
tems, equipment, and materials for fly-ash slurry
treatment, and partial recovery of process water,
and, concurrently, detailed study of the quantity
and characteristics of the waste at the existing
incineration plant; (2) preparation of plans and
specifications for the proposed fly-ash treatment
system, receipt of competitive bids, and con-
struction of the treatment facility; and (3) test-
ing and evaluation of the treatment system, and
collection of data on flow, solids, efficiency of
solids removal, water saved, and the effects on
the sanitary sewers.
PROGRESS TO DATE: A study of the water
system of the existing incineration plant has
been made to provide a basis for design. By use
of an extensive system of weirs and flow meters,
the water entering the plant during the 8-day
period, Aug. 17 to 24, 1967, was measured and
categorized as to use. Of the approximately
550,000 gal a day entering the plant, an average
of 85 percent was found to be used for the spray
nozzles, 12 percent for quench nozzles and the
remaining 3 percent for flushing. Of the total
water used for spray and flushing nozzles, 56
percent was found to be lost through evapora-
tion. Average temperature of the discharged
fly-ash slurry was 155 F and the pH was as low
as 2.2.
On the basis of the foregoing information,
the slurry treatment system, consisting of a rec-
tangular settling basin with mechanical sludge
removal equipment, was designed and con-
structed. Provision is made for pH control and
coagulation by means of chemical treatment if
necessary. The treatment system was expected
to be placed in operation during January 1969.
Effluent from the settling basin will be recycled
through the incinerator plant. Sludge will be
hauled to the existing sanitary landfill.
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Agricultural benefits and environmental changes resulting from the use of digested
sewage sludge on field crops and development of economic and physical
characteristic criteria for use in selecting disposal sites
PROJECT TYPE: DEMONSTRATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00080
GRANTEE: THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO
PROJECT DIRECTOR: FRANK E. DALTON, ACTING CHIEF ENGINEER, THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY
DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO, 100 WEST ERIE STREET, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60611
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST:
GRANTEE'S SHARE:
FEDERAL SHARE:
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: APR. 1, 1967
1914,000
$305,000
$329,000 [01]
$138,000 [02]
$142,000 [03]
DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAR. 31, 1970
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the agricultural
benefits and environmental changes resulting
from the application of digested sewage sludge
to field crops and to develop the economic and
physical characteristic criteria for use in select-
ing sites for this improved method of solid
waste disposal.
PROCEDURES: The Agronomy Department
of the University of Illinois is conducting lab-
oratory, greenhouse, and field investigations to
determine: (1) the most practical amount, fre-
quency, economical method, and time for apply-
ing digested sludge on crop land; (2) the prob-
ability of contaminating surface water and
ground water aquifers with pathogens and mo-
lecular organic and inorganic ions; (3) the
change in soil physical and chemical character-
istics to be expected from frequent heavy appli-
cations of digested sludge; and (4) the crops
and cropping systems that will provide maxi-
mum absorption of certain essential and non-
essential elements supplied to the soil by digest-
ed sludge applications.
The Harza Engineering Company, Chicago,
Illinois, has investigated possible disposal sites
for digested sludge from the district, recom-
mended the most suitable sites for this purpose,
and evaluated the routes and means for convey-
ing sludge to the selected sites.
PROGRESS TO DATE:
/. Agronomy Department, University of Illinois
A site on the N.E. Agronomy Research Center
in Will County was chosen for the field investi-
gation facility. An instrument house has been
constructed, and lysimeter plots have been in-
stalled.
As a preliminary study during the summer
of 1967, soybeans were planted in 24 lysimeters,
3 ft in diameter and 38 in. deep, located on the
agronomy South Farm at Urbana, and treated
with various rates of digested sludge and water.
During the growing season, as much as 10 in.
of sludge was applied in 1-in. applications at
8-day intervals. Soybeans growing on lysimeters
and receiving sludge applications showed a
marked increase in growth. The lysimeters were
established in galvanized metal containers in
1940, and the soils now have an extraordinarily
high concentration of zinc. Soybeans growing on
untreated lysimeters suffered a zinc toxicity,
whereas those treated with sludge were not
affected by the high zinc concentration.
During the 1968 growing season, the lysimeters
on the South Farm were planted to Reed canary
grass and grain sorghum. Results showed that
nitrogen and manganese content in the plant
tissue increased as the sludge application rates
increased. As with the soybeans, the plant up-
93
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take of zinc appeared to increase with the appli-
cation of digested sludge.
Corn and kenaf plots were treated with di-
gested sludge at the N.E. Agronomy Research
Center during the 1968 growing season. Al-
though the plots did not receive the first appli-
cation of sludge as early as would have been
desirable, the results were quite favorable. The
average yields were:
Corn
Sludge application
rate, in./wk
0
Average yield,
bu/acre
66.3
96.2
114.2
111.9
Kenaf
Sludge application
rate, in./wk
0
Average yield,
tons/acre
2.1
3.6
3.7
3.7
The ability of the sludge to support the germ-
ination and seedling development of corn and
soybeans was investigated. Three sludge frac-
tions were used: the sludge itself; the super-
natant (SI) obtained by centrifuging the sludge
at 6,000 X g for 15 min; and the supernatant
(SII) obtained by centrifugation of SI at 20,000
X g for 60 min. All three fractions had an in-
hibitory effect on seed germination and seedling
development. Additional studies of the SII su-
pernatant indicate the presence of a volatile,
ether-soluble compound (s) toxic to soybeans
only. Since the ashes of SII were nontoxic, tox-
icity seemed to be caused by organic rather than
inorganic compounds.
Laboratory and greenhouse studies have been
initiated to obtain information concerning the
fertility value of digested sludge, amounts of
supplemental potassium fertilization required
PUBLICATION:
for high yields of corn and soybeans on sludge-
treated land, the accumulation in soils of heavy
elements that result from sludge applications,
and methods of reducing nitrate accumulations
in soil drainage water.
The above indicates, in a general way, some
of the studies underway. Many of the studies
will yield valuable information in directing the
future investigative effort.
//. Harza Engineering Company
A summary report on site and route selection
studies has been completed. Recommendations
for a staged program of land reclamation with
the use of digested sludge include the following:
Phase I. Initiation of a sludge utilization ex-
perimental program for late 1967 on a small
plot at the West-Southwest Plant.
Phase 2. Immediate acquisition of a 1,700-acre
site in South-Cook County, south of Tinly Park,
for operations initiated in 1968. Sludge utiliza-
tion at this site would be increased from about
30 tons of dry solids per day in 1968 to 220
tons per day in 1971.
Phase 2C. During the period 1968 through
1971, development, with other organizations,
of cooperative sites for purposes of demonstra-
ting benefits and possibly obtaining substantial
areas for sludge utilization in future years.
Phase 3. Acquisition of a 21,500-acre site at
Essex, south of the Kankakee River. This site
would be designed to utilize beneficially the
forecasted sludge production of the Sanitary
District to the year 2015. The sandy soils at the
Essex site now have limited agricultural pro-
duction. Applied sludge, with supplemental ir-
rigation, would increase crop production and
agricultural income by about $580,000 per year.
HARZA ENGINEERING COMPANY. Land reclamation project; an interim report. Cincinnati U S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1968. [338 p.]
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Illinois auto salvage waste pollution control
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00081
GRANTEE: ILLINOIS AUTO SALVAGE DEALERS ASSOCIATION
PROJECT DIRECTOR: LARRY GODDARD, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, ILLINOIS AUTO SALVAGE DEALERS
ASSOCIATION, 631 WEST MONROE STREET, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS 62704
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $40,820
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $13,820
FEDERAL SHARE: $27,000 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1967 DATE PROJECT ENDED: MAY 31, 1968
OBJECTIVES: To develop guidelines for the
collection, handling, storage, and processing of
abandoned automobiles to serve as the basis of
a solid waste disposal program for Illinois Auto
Salvage Dealers for the purpose of improving
current disposal practices, eliminate existing
health and welfare problems resulting from
current practices, and prevent similar problems
from developing in the future.
PROCEDURES, FINDINGS, AND RECOM-
MENDATIONS: The consulting engineering
firm of Crawford, Murphy and Tilly, Inc.,
Springfield, Illinois, conducted the study that
included: (1) development of data concerning
the location and distribution of auto salvage
dealers in Illinois, their current activities, and
their immediate and expected future solid
wastes handling procedures and problems; this
information was obtained by field and question-
naire surveys of dealer operations; (2) special
surveys of some 10 dealer operations to check
and analyze critical operations, such as those
under surveillance by health, welfare, or other
public regulatory agencies; (3) study of solid
wastes combustion, metal shredding, and com-
paction processes and auto-scrap utilization to
check the feasibility of processes, handling, stor-
age, and disposal practices that are compatible
with public interest requirements; (4) an eco-
nomic study, indicating the impact and effect of
upgrading the handling, processing, storage,
and disposal of solid wastes to meet present and
future public interest requirements. (5) prep-
aration of suggested guidelines for industry
standards for the collection, handling, storage,
processing, and disposal of its wastes to meet
public requirements.
Field surveys have been completed. Some
preliminary findings and conclusions reported
by the grantee are as follows:
1. It appears quite obvious that the market
preference for clean scrap will bring about in-
creasing movement to the fragmentizing installa-
tions. At the present time, these costly plants
are taking about 50 percent of the Illinois auto
body scrap, and with the market preferring a
premium of about $10 per ton for this decon-
taminated scrap over the old baled waste, this
rules out the practicality of installing regional
body burning plants. The prime purpose of a
regional burner would, of course, be to pre-
pare the scrap for baling, and bales have poor
marketability except in limited areas.
2. Illinois municipalities are effectively dis-
posing of abandoned vehicles. Their actions fol-
low local ordinances and the Illinois Statutes
that provide for removal of the "forgotten" ve-
hicle from both public and private property.
Only in their efforts to facilitate the flow of
auto scrap have municipalities lagged somewhat.
Continuous adjustment takes place between the
salvage dealer and the city. Frequent insistence
by the city that the salvage dealer pick up these
abandoned vehicles is accompanied by efforts by
the city to relocate the dealer outside the cor-
porate limits. The dependence of the munici-
pality upon auto salvage dealers illustrated in
95
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the study of municipal disposal costs is too often
overlooked.
The gross municipal costs of handling aban-
doned vehicles varies from $27.56 per vehicle,
where the city handles all processing, to $3.73
per vehicle, where a local salvage dealer is au-
thorized to handle the processing. Any such
municipal costs represent time and equipment
taken from security, public works, and public
health duties and should obviously be held to
a minimum.
3. There is a great necessity for an educa-
tional program through a comprehensive public
relations project to educate the public, the
auto salvage dealers themselves, and public
officials of the changes in operation and legisla-
tion needed to cope with new concepts that
must be initiated to ensure feasible solutions to
the problem.
Unforeseen circumstances have delayed com-
pletion of the consultant's final report on the
project, and his final conclusions and recom-
mendations are not available at this time.
With the cooperation of the Governor's
office, the Auto Salvage Dealers Association
sponsored a conference "Our Junked Car Di-
lemma, Pollution, and Waste Disposal Control,"
which was held in Springfield, Illinois, in March
1968. The purpose of the conference was to
focus public attention on the problems con-
cerned and to bring together a cross section of
industry and government leaders who are di-
rectly involved with the auto salvage waste con-
trol problem.
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Control of dust in handling of solid wastes
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00082
GRANTEE: SOUTHEASTERN OAKLAND COUNTY INCINERATOR AUTHORITY
PROJECT DIRECTOR: ALLAN J. KRONBACH, ASSISTANT GENERAL MANAGER, SOUTHEASTERN OAKLAND
COUNTY INCINERATOR AUTHORITY, P.O. BOX 1248, BERKLEY, MICHIGAN 48072
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $40,000
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $13,333
FEDERAL SHARE: $26,667 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1967 DATE PROJECT ENDED: MAY 31, 1968
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the feasibility and
economic practicability of controlling the spread
of dust into the atmosphere within the inciner-
ator building and outside environment during
the handling of solid waste material for dis-
posal.
PROCEDURES, FINDINGS, AND RECOM-
MENDATIONS: The project was conducted
by the consulting engineering firm of Black and
Veatch of Michigan, who studied the incinerator
complex from the standpoint of dust sources,
existing ventilating system, and airflow prob-
lems, and developed recommendations for vari-
ous dust control systems. The consultant's prin-
cipal findings, summarized from the draft copy
of his final report, are as follows:
1. The major dust generation in the incinera-
tor plant is caused by free fall and resultant
impact of relatively dry refuse. Almost one-half
of the weight of dust in suspension consists of
particles in the 10 to 43 micron size range.
2. Careful operation of the refuse cranes can
minimize the dust generated by plant handling
operations. The dust generated by truck dump-
ing cannot be appreciably reduced by operating
procedures.
3. Installation of adequate dust control sys-
tems in the storage pit and charging floor area
will require from $419,300 to $692,900 in capi-
tal investment funds.
4. Annual costs for these dust control systems
vary from $68,100 to $101,800.
5. A recirculating type dust control system
incorporating a low flow ventilating system and
a medium velocity air curtain has the lowest
initial and annual costs of the systems consid-
ered. Local regulations, however, may not per-
mit the use of a recirculating type system.
During the period April 29 to May 3, 1968,
the Michigan Department of Public Health,
Division of Occupational Health, made an eval-
uation of the dust concentrations at the incin-
erator to comply with a request from the incin-
erator authority. The State department's con-
clusions and recommendations appear below:
CONCLUSIONS: (1) The operations involved
in handling bulk trash at an incinerator such
as truck dumping or tipping and crane oper-
ation are productive of dust concentrations that
are significantly in excess of safe health limits.
(2) Employees at the tipping floor, charging
floor, and crane operators have potential ex-
posure to these dusts. Although not investigated
during this study, employees at the ash-pit
dumping locations may also be so exposed. (3)
The particle size of the airborne dust is in the
significant size range to produce pulmonary dis-
ease. (4) The free silica content of the dust is
high enough to be significant in the production
of silicosis. (5) In this incinerator, the crane cab
operators are in enclosed cabs with a filtered
air supply. It is assumed that crane operators
without such equipment would also have a high
dust exposure.
productive of dust creation and dissemination
RECOMMENDATIONS: (1) The operations
97
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should be enclosed as much as is feasible and
provided with exhaust ventilation; i.e., dump-
ing location, storage pit, furnace hoppers. (2)
Such exhaust ventilation systems should incor-
porate suitable dust collection equipment, and
the air should then be exhausted to the outside.
The Michigan Department of Public Health,
along with many other states, does not permit
the recirculation of hazardous dusts. (3) Pro-
vision should be made for an adequate supply
of tempered makeup air to compensate for the
volume being exhausted to provide controlled
airflow and to prevent the existence of a nega-
tive pressure situation within the building.
In future incinerator design, every attempt
should be made to eliminate the free fall of
trash and extensive crane travel.
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Western Jefferson County solid waste disposal study
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION
GRANTEE: CITY OF LAKE MILLS, WISCONSIN 53551
PROJECT DIRECTOR: BRUCE O. FRUDDBN, MEAD AND HUNT, INC., P. O. BOX 5247,
MADISON, WISCONSIN 53705
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $6,500
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $2,167
FEDERAL SHARE: $4,333 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1967
GRANT NO. D01-UI-00084
DATE PROJECT ENDED: MAY 31, 1968
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate how new or
improved solid waste management procedures
could solve a regional solid waste problem by
determining the feasibility of a joint solid waste
disposal system for the communities of Fort At-
kinson, Jefferson, Lake Mills, Waterloo, John-
son Creek, and the surrounding rural townships.
PROCEDURES, FINDINGS, AND RECOM-
MENDATIONS: The study was performed by
the consulting firm of Mead and Hunt, Inc.,
Madison, Wisconsin, and included consideration
of the following items: (1) population and pro-
jected increase; (2) type and quantity of refuse
and projected increase; (3) present collection
methods, frequency of pick-ups, equipment,
personnel, and costs; (4) review of available
methods of disposal including landfill, inciner-
ation, garbage grinding and digestion, milling,
and others; (5) analysis of refuse disposal proj-
ects that appear feasible for the area being
studied; (6) cost estimates for each type of proj-
ect analyzed, including capital expenditure and
annual operating costs.
Major conclusions reached by the consultant
are as follows: (1) A sanitary landfill disposal
operation, centrally located and jointly owned
by the five communities, will be the most eco-
nomical system. (2) A jointly owned collection
system of container trains, used in conjunction
with transfer packer trucks, will be the most
economical of the collection systems investi-
gated. (3) The annual cost of the proposed
jointly-owned collection and disposal system will
be approximately $132,000 or $6.33 per capita.
If the surrounding 10 townships are included
as customers, the annual cost to the commu-
nities will be $109,000, or $5.22 per capita. The
initial cost of the system will be $346,100, or
$472,800 if the surrounding townships are in-
cluded.
The consultant's recommended action is that
the five communities jointly operate a sanitary
landfill and also jointly operate a container
train system of collection vehicles in conjunc-
tion with transfer packer trucks. The townships
should be approached as potential customers.
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locks Island regional-interstate solid waste management study
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00087
GRANTEE: *TOCKS ISLAND REGIONAL ADVISORY COUNCIL
PROJECT DIRECTOR: FRANK W. DRESSLER, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, TOCKS ISLAND REGIONAL ADVISORY
COUNCIL, 612 MONROE STREET, STROUDSBURG, PENNSYLVANIA 18360
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $192,000
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 64,000
FEDERAL SHARE: * 56,340 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE) $ 71,660 [02]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1967 DATE PROJECT ENDS: JUNE 30, 1969
OBJECTIVES: (1) To demonstrate regional
interagency solid waste planning under the
leadership of a new type of regional agency con-
sisting of representatives from the six member
counties in the tri-state region affected by the
Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area.
(2) To develop needed information and plans
for optimum solid waste management facilities
for the interstate region influenced by the Dela-
ware Water Gap National Recreation Area.
(3) To explore and demonstrate the feasibility
of resolving a solid waste disposal problem on a
regional basis through interlocal and/or inter-
local, interstate cooperation and action.
PROCEDURES: In general, the study will in-
volve the participation of representatives of all
Federal, interstate, State, and local governmental
agencies and civic groups that have basic re-
sponsibilities for or major interests in the man-
agement of solid wastes and the general protec-
tion of the environmental health of the area
expected to be influenced by the development
of the Delaware Water Gap National Recrea-
tion Area. The council will establish and utilize
three committees—a steering committee, a tech-
nical advisory committee, and a solid waste man-
agement committee—each composed of one or
• This is an organization of representatives (principally
the top elected officials) from the six member counties in the
tri-state region affected by the Delaware Water Gap National
Recreation Area. The six counties included in this region
are: Monroe, Northampton, and Pike in Pennsylvania;
Orange in New York; Sussex and Warren in New Jersey.
100
more members of each of the participating
agencies to assure the successful execution and
eventual implementation of the recommenda-
tions of the study.
The council will retain the firm of Candeub,
Fleissig and Associates, Newark, New Jersey, to
provide the necessary consulting services. The
study will be carried out through a combination
of council staff and consultant activities, supple-
mented with information and studies to be pro-
vided by participating agencies.
The specific work program will consist of the
elements which follow.
Determination of the magnitude of the prob-
lem. This will consist of an overall look at the
entire problem in the study area including such
items as identification of geographic sub-areas
in the region, study of the characteristics of solid
waste and elements involved in its disposal,
present and future distribution of solid waste
generators in the area, amount of solid waste
expected from the national park, and many
other pertinent considerations. From this infor-
mation, conclusions will be drawn as to the
overall magnitude of the problem to be faced
in the future, and a series of objectives devel-
oped for the present study.
Study design. This will include the develop-
ment of a detailed prospectus and procedure for
undertaking the entire study.
Research and analysis. Present solid waste dis-
posal methods and practices in the area will be
defined together with an indication of their
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adequacy or of any existing problems. Present
practices that appear applicable to the region
will be identified including costs, advantages,
and disadvantages. Existing legislation applica-
ble to the solid waste problem in the region will
be reviewed in each of the States. This will re-
late to the powers of the States, counties, and
municipalities to undertake and regulate solid
waste activities. The effect of solid waste dis-
posal practices on air, sewer, and water pollu-
tion and facilities will be considered.
Possible formulation of solid waste "model."
The feasibility of developing a mathematical
model that will formalize the relationships that
exist between the production of solid wastes
and their eventual disposal will be investigated.
Alternate possibilities for meeting the present
and future solid waste needs of the area will
be developed. In the event that it does not
prove feasible to develop a satisfactory model,
then the factors involved will be evaluated by
the council staff, consultant, and technical com-
mittee, and alternate possibilities developed
based on this evaluation.
Development of solid waste plans. Alternate
solid waste disposal plans will be developed for
serving the area now, by 1975, and by 1990.
These will be reviewed by Tocks Island Regional
Advisory Council, the various committees, and
other agencies involved. Those plans that ap-
pear most appropriate in terms of effectiveness,
cost, and acceptability to the region will be
identified.
Program for implementation. A program for
implementation will be developed indicating
the necessary steps for immediate action needed
to carry out the plans selected.
PROGRESS TO DATE: A report setting forth
a detailed study design was completed in May
1968. This identifies the tasks to be undertaken
in the study, the activities to be performed
toward the completion of each task, the approxi-
mate sequence in which these activities are to
be performed, and the proposed roles of the
various participants in carrying out the activities.
Alternative solid waste management plans
are being developed from which the most
effective plan for the study area will be deter-
mined. The technical and administrative char-
acteristics of the alternative plans are being
reviewed and analyzed at joint meetings of the
Steering and Technical Advisory committees.
Projections of population and waste generation
have been completed. Waste sources and col-
lection methods and systems have been identi-
fied. A legislative study has been completed
that identifies existing legal constraints on the
regional approach to solution of the solid waste
problem and specifies new governmental and
intergovernmental arrangements that may be
required for a regional management approach.
A mathematical model is being developed
that will provide a method for estimating costs
of alternative solid waste management systems.
The model will be finalized in two sections,
the first of which will provide a description
and technical justification of the model and
procedures, whereas the second section will
consist of worksheets and forms to be used when
employing the model.
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Incinerator water treatment system and Peabody scrubber test
PROJECT TYPE: DEMONSTRATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00089
GRANTEE: WHITEMARSH TOWNSHIP AUTHORITY
PROJECT DIRECTOR: WAYNE SEIFERT, PLANT SUPERINTENDENT (INCINERATOR AND SEWAGE),
WHITEMARSH TOWNSHIP AUTHORITY, TOWNSHIP BUILDING, LAFAYETTE HILL,
PENNSYLVANIA 19444
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST:
GRANTEE'S SHARE:
FEDERAL SHARE:
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1967
$241,565
$ 80,522
$121,163 [01]
$ 26,940 [02]
$ 12,940 [03]
DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAY 31, 1970
OBJECTIVES: To test the effectiveness of
improved solid waste disposal practices consist-
ing of a waste-water treatment system for clari-
fying and reusing waste water in incinerators
and to test the effectiveness of a flooded baffle
Peabody scrubber that uses recirculated treated
water.
PROCEDURES: The consulting engineering
firms of Abraham Michaels, P. E., Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, and Roy F. Weston, West Chester,
Pennsylvania, are providing engineering services
in connection with the design, construction,
and testing of the water treatment plant and
the Peabody scrubber.
A waste-water handling, treatment, and re-
circulation system will be constructed at the ex-
isting incinerator. This will include the use of
chemicals for pH control and precipitation, a
clarifier for solids removal, and lagoons for final
clarification. The water to be treated is used for
gas cooling, sittings sluicing, residue quenching,
and the Peabody scrubber.
Tests will be made to evaluate the efficiency
of the Peabody scrubber. These will include
overall emission quantities for particulates and
for gases, such as CO, CO2, and oxides of sul-
phur and nitrogen. An effort will be made to
test the efficiency of the collector by sampling
gases before and after the scrubber.
The efficiency of the several components of
the water treatment system will be evaluated by
collection of samples at various points in the
process and analyses for pH, BOD, and sus-
pended and settleable solids.
City water will be used for the incinerator
until 25,000 tons of solid wastes have been
incinerated. Following this, effluent from a
nearby secondary sewage treatment plant will
be used.
PROGRESS TO DATE: The waste-water
handling, treatment, and recirculation system,
consisting of a clarifier, two lagoons, and a
pumping station, was completed in August
1968. The initial gas and water tests were
conducted during the same month. Water
samples were collected at several points in the
treatment process. Samples of gases were col-
lected at entrance to and exit from the Peabody
scrubber.
A number of problems and limitations were
disclosed in testing the incinerator. Based on
results obtained, an exploratory stack sampling
program may be required before additional
full-scale tests are run.
The water treatment and recirculation system
has been operating since completion with the
use of city water. No significant operating or
maintenance problems have been encountered.
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Study and investigation of solid waste in Appalachian regional
demonstration health area
GRANT NO. D01-UI-00090
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION
GRANTEE: WEST VIRGINIA STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
PROJECT DIRECTOR: O. R. LYONS, DIRECTOR, SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL PLANNING, WEST VIRGINIA STATE
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, CHARLESTON, WEST VIRGINIA 25305
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $14,425
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 4,825
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 9,600 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1967 DATE PROJECT ENDED: MAY 31, 1968
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate how new or
improved solid waste management techniques,
developed on an intercounty basis, could solve
the solid waste problems of an economically
depressed area designated by the State of West
Virginia as a demonstration area for regional
health services.
PROCEDURES, FINDINGS, AND RECOM-
MENDATIONS: The study was carried out
by members of the engineering faculty of the
West Virginia Institute of Technology. The
study area consisted of the following nine
counties in southern West Virginia: Fayette,
Mingo, Wyoming, Raleigh, Summers, Logan,
McDowell, Mercer, and Monroe.
Surveys were conducted to determine the
quantity and character of solid waste generated
and existing waste disposal practices. Recom-
mendations were developed for a solid waste
management system that would serve the needs
of the area. During the course of the study, meet-
ings were held with the Southern West Virginia
Regional Health Council so that the body could
contribute its ideas and concerns with respect
to solid wastes planning.
The consultant's principal findings and recom-
mendations, as presented in his final report,
are summarized:
In the study area, 464 full-time personnel
collected solid waste, mostly from private house-
holds. Of that number, 219 were employed by
public agencies and 245 by the 54 private
firms operating in the area. A total of 40 com-
pactor trucks and 88 other trucks were used
for solid waste handling. Collection service
was available for about half of the estimated
study-area population of 440,000.
Two scrapers and eight tractors were used
on a part-time basis to dispose of solid waste.
Three of the counties have no disposal equip-
ment at all. Virtually all disposal within the
study area is in open dumps or substandard
landfills. Many of these open dumps were
found to be burning, and indications are that
they burn continuously.
A study of the current solid waste collection
and disposal practices in this nine county area
indicated the most acute problem was disposal
of household refuse after collection. The col-
lection in the urban sections was adequate;
however, only one disposal operation could be
classed as reasonable.
The initial step in developing a solid waste
management plan was to define 12 "collection
areas" or regions within the study area; the
boundaries of the region were established on
the basis of population density and the existing
highway system. These regions included the
most densely populated portion of the study
area and contained over 70 percent of the total
population and about 40 percent of the total
land area. A recommended solid waste manage-
ment plan, involving 11 of these regions, was
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developed for the study area. (One region was
not included because its geographical charac-
teristics were such as to virtually exclude it
from the study area.) After defining the regions,
the plan would be implemented in three phases:
Phase I. Establishment of sanitary landfills in
five of the regions, with sufficient capacity to
provide immediate disposal facilities for about
200,000 persons and eventual service to the
entire population.
Phase II. Establishment of transfer stations
in the remaining six regions. Solid wastes
would be hauled from these locations to an ap-
propriate landfill site for ultimate disposal.
Phase III. Establishment of a collection system
in the portion of the study area lying outside
the 11 regions. This would require adoption of
unconventional methods, since this portion of
the area is sparsely populated. Use of strategi-
cally located portable collection bins or of one-
man collection vehicles are two possibilities
that could be explored. In addition to the
foregoing, all those areas in the regions now
without collection service should be provided
with such service. All solid wastes collected
would be transported to an appropriate sanitary
landfill as established under Phase I.
To ensure overall uniformity in service and
performance it is recommended that the entire
program be supervised by one central authority.
NOTE: Since completion of this project, the
Southern West Virginia Regional Health Coun-
cil has received a grant from the Appalachian
Regional Commission to implement Phase I of
the above plan.
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Bulk refuse crusher facility
PROJECT TYPE: DEMONSTRATION
GRANTEE: CITY OF BUFFALO, CITY HALL, BUFFALO, NEW YORK. 14202
PROJECT DIRECTOR: LEONARD S. WEGMAN, LEONARD S. WEGMAN CO., 101 PARK AVENUE,
NEW YORK, NEW YORK 10017
GRANT NO. D01-UM)0091
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST:
GRANTEE'S SHARE:
FEDERAL SHARE:
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1967
$805,350
5268,450
$253,467 [01]
$260,063 [02]
$ 23,400 [03]
DATE PROJECT ENDS: DEC. 31, 1969
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the feasibility
of reducing the size of bulky burnable solid
wastes by a heavy duty impact crusher to permit
disposal by incineration, which would not other-
wise be possible because of the limited size of
incinerator charging openings.
PROCEDURES: The consulting firm of
Leonard S. Wegman Company, New York City,
will provide all engineering services associated
with construction of the facility and will fur-
nish necessary services for obtaining operational
data, data analysis, and reporting of results.
When the construction has been completed,
the city will arrange to collect all oversize solid
wastes separately from general garbage and ref-
use for processing in the Bulk Refuse Crusher.
The crushed bulky wastes will be burned in the
existing incinerator. Accurate records will be
kept of the quantities, weight, and character-
istics of material processed. Data on power con-
sumption costs of maintenance and labor and
other costs will be obtained to evaluate the
economics of the operation.
PROGRESS TO DATE: Construction con-
tracts were awarded by the city in August 1967,
and construction of the facility is complete
except for the electrical controls. This work
was expected to have been finished by March
1969, leaving 9 mo for operation and evalua-
tion of the installation.
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Economic feasibility of composting refuse and sewage sludge in southeastern Michigan
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00092
GRANTEE: CITY OF RIVERVIEW, 17700 FORT STREET, RIVERVIEW, MICHIGAN 48194
PROJECT DIRECTOR: MILTON D. REDICK, CIVIL ENGINEER, JOHNSON & ANDERSON, INC.,
2300 DIXIE HIGHWAY, PONTIAC, MICHIGAN 48055
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $9,780
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $3,260
FEDERAL SHARE: $6,520 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1967
DATE PROJECT ENDED: NOV. 15, 1967
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the economic feasi-
bility of constructing a refuse and sewage sludge
composting plant in the city of Riverview with
particular attention to the market value and
quantity of the finished compost and salvaged
material.
PROCEDURES, FINDINGS, AND RECOM-
MENDATIONS: The consulting engineering
firm of Johnson and Anderson, Inc., Pontiac,
Michigan, conducted the study. Existing mar-
keting channels in the southern States for refuse
compost were reviewed and evaluated. The
present marketing channels for chemical fer-
tilizer in the Michigan area were surveyed and
analyzed. The methods of bulk shipping, pri-
marily rail and truck, were investigated. Capital
and operating costs for refuse composting plants
of various capacities were developed.
The major conclusions presented in the con-
sultant's final report are: (1) There now exists
a specialized market in the adjacent Michigan-
Ohio region capable of absorbing 25,000 tons
of compost annually. (2) Total cost of produc-
ing compost in a plant with a capacity of 300
tons of refuse per day is estimated between $8.47
and $9.40 per ton. (3) An estimated income
of $6.74 per ton of refuse can be expected from
salvaging and the sale of compost. An addi-
tional income of at least $1.00 per ton of refuse
can be expected after 2 or 3 yrs of successful
plant operation. The net cost of disposal would
then be between $0.74 and $1.90 per ton of
refuse.
All of the above conclusions are based upon
the condition that: (1) contracts can be secured
to process the refuse from approximately 190,000
people, and (2) that there is no immediate
development of additional compost manufac-
turing capacity in the region.
The marketing study of the report also in-
cludes a discussion of the history of composting
within the United States, and the principal
reasons for success or failure of the different
plants.
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Demonstration of county wide solid waste management program and feasibility
of sanitary landfill operations utilizing a multifunction machine
PROJECT TYPE: DEMONSTRATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00093
GRANTEE: NIAGARA COUNTY SOLID WASTE AGENCY, COURT HOUSE, LOCKPORT, NEW YORK 14094
PROJECT DIRECTOR: WILLIAM M. FRIEDMAN, JR., ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
HEALTH, NIAGARA COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT, 525 BEWLEY BUILDING,
LOCKPORT, NEW YORK 14094
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $643,069
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $214,356
FEDERAL SHARE: $363,017 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE) $ 65,696 [02]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1967 DATE PROJECT ENDS: FEB. 28, 1970
OBJECTIVES: (1) To demonstrate how new
and improved solid waste management tech-
niques could solve a regional solid waste
problem, by determining the feasibility and
advantages of consolidating and centralizing
numerous individual local, public, private, and
industrial solid waste disposal operations into a
countywide solid waste management program
to be carried out by the Niagara County Solid
Waste Agency. (2) To demonstrate the feasi-
bility of operating a sanitary landfill utilizing
a newly-developed machine that combines in
one unit the operations of trench excavation,
refuse compaction and placement in the trench,
and provision of a compacted earth cover over
the compacted refuse immediately after place-
ment.
PROCEDURES: The Niagara County Solid
Waste Agency will purchase two sanitary landfill
sites and, with the assistance of an engineering
consultant, will prepare detailed plans for the
proper development of each. After the sites have
been prepared, personnel hired, and all equip-
ment, material, and supplies obtained, the final
arrangements will be made for actual operation.
The smaller eastern site (about 25 acres) will
be operated as a conventional sanitary landfill
during the first year. During this period, an
economic study will be conducted to determine
the feasibility of converting this site to a trans-
fer station. Consideration will also be given to
the future provision and operation of an incin-
erator at this site, with residue disposal either
onsite or at the main westerly landfill.
The western, or main site (about 100 acres),
will be operated using the D&J Refuse Machine,,
which is a multifunction unit designed to per-
form the operations indicated under objective
2 above.
Complete operating records will be main-
tained at each site. These will include: quantity
and type of waste received; use of equipment
including both operating time and downtime;
man-hours devoted to the various operations;
a complete record of all operating difficulties
and operating costs.
Before and during the entire operation, ad-
jacent counties and municipalities will be in-
vited to participate. If such cooperative partici-
pation appears feasible, due consideration will
be given to expanding the membership of the
agency.
Thirteen existing municipal solid waste dis-
posal sites, none of which are operated in a
sanitary manner, will be closed and rehabili-
tated, thus eliminating nuisance conditions.
PROGRESS TO DATE: Enabling legislation
authorizing formation of the Niagara County
Solid Waste Disposal District is currently in the
State legislature. Approval in the immediate
future is anticipated. During 1968, the D8cJ
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Refuse Machine has been used only in limited have been delayed pending formation of the
landfill operations. Purchases of land and equip- disposal district.
ment and full-scale operation of the machine
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Comprehensive study of solid waste disposal-Cascade County, Montana
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00095
GRANTEE: BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS, COUNTY OF CASCADE, COURT HOUSE
PROJECT DIRECTOR: JOHN A. GOOGINS, HEALTH OFFICER, CITY—COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT,
"1130 17TH AVENUE SOUTH, GREAT FALLS, MONTANA 59401
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $57,000
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $19,000
FEDERAL SHARE: $38,000 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1967 DATE PROJECT ENDED: SEPT. 30, 1968
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate how new or
improved solid waste management techniques
could solve a regional solid waste problem by
developing a comprehensive plan for the effi-
cient and effective storage, collection, and dis-
posal of solid wastes generated in the county
of Cascade.
PROCEDURES, FINDINGS, AND RECOM-
MENDATIONS: The study was accomplished
through the joint efforts of the county of Cas-
cade, the cities of Great Falls and Belt, and the
towns of Cascade and Neihart. The firm of
Thomas, Dean and Hoskins, Inc., Great Falls,
Montana, provided consulting engineering serv-
ices and prepared the final report from which
the following material has been abstracted:
Field surveys were conducted and available
data collected to provide information concern-
ing the existing solid waste collection and dis-
posal practices in the county. The estimated
1968 population of the county was 91,800. Of
this total, some 80,000 people were residing in
Great Falls and environs, and about 4,200
people were living in the 13 smaller communi-
ties having existing solid waste disposal sites.
Only Great Falls and one other community
have organized solid waste collection systems,
whereas the remaining communities leave the
storage and disposal of solid wastes to the indi-
vidual. For these latter, infrequent disposal
of refuse coupled with inadequate storage facili-
ties produce high potential health hazard areas.
From a health standpoint, these insanitary refuse
storage areas are more critical than the inade-
quate disposal sites because they are always
located near a dwelling unit.
Great Falls disposes of its wastes by a landfill
operation in which wastes received at the site
are covered with earth by the end of each
working day. The remaining 13 communities
utilize open dumps; at one of these, the wastes
are intermittently covered with earth. Although
the vector, odor, and fire problems at these
open dumps are of little concern during the
winter months, the heavy winter snow and
melting conditions in the spring make many
access roads to disposal sites impassable during
as much as 6 mo out of the year. In addition,
many of the areas in the county have a clay-
type soil that becomes very slick when wet,
thereby making roads impassable. Problems
have resulted because individuals unable to
drive their vehicles to a disposal site because
of mud or snow have a tendency to dump
refuse along the access road or in other unau-
thorized areas. Further, winds are common
during the summer and winter months and
dump sites on hill tops or knolls develop a
blowing paper problem.
Industrial solid wastes do not present a signi-
ficant problem in the county. Most of the
waste produced is disposed of by the industry.
A countywide refuse collection and disposal
system is recommended to solve the existing
solid waste problem. This system should be
organized and operated by the City-County
Health Department. The Revised Codes of
109
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the State of Montana should be amended to
clarify the existing authority of the Board of
Health to operate such a system.
An organized collection system should be
instituted to serve concentrated populations in
incorporated and unincorporated municipali-
ties. Three separate routings are proposed to
provide collection services for these concen-
trated populations. Once-a-week collection is
recommended in all cases except for the Great
Falls metropolitan area in which twice-a-week
collection is proposed.
The recommended method of solid waste
disposal is by sanitary landfills; these landfills
would be located at eight different sites in the
PUBLICATION:
county. Approximately 3100 acre-ft of landfill
volume would be required for solid waste dis-
posal for the next 20 yr.
At present there are more than 5,000 aban-
doned automobiles and trucks located at unau-
thorized disposal sites in the county, with
another 5,000 located in junkyards. Over 500
old car hulks are placed as riprap along streams
and rivers. It is recommended that the Mon-
tana Statutes be amended to prohibit the dis-
posal of abandoned automobiles on private
land and to provide for licensing and regulating
junkyards. Junk automobiles could be most
satisfactorily disposed of by burying them at
the proposed landfill sites.
THOMAS, DEAN & HOSKINS, INC. Comprehensive study of solid waste disposal in Cascade County,
Montana; final report on a solid waste demonstration. Public Health Service Publi-
cation No. 2002. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970. (In press.)
110
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Shredding of bulky solid wastes
PROJECT TYPE: DEMONSTRATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00097
GRANTEE: CITY OF NEW YORK, DEPARTMENT OF SANITATION, 125 WORTH STREET, NEW YORK,
NEW YORK 10013
PROJECT DIRECTOR: GEORGE J. KUPCHIK, DEPUTY COMMISSIONER (ENGINEERING & PLANNING),
DEPARTMENT OF SANITATION, 125 WORTH STREET, NEW YORK, NEW YORK 10013
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $1,094550
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 364,750
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 729,500 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1967 DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAY 31, 1969
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate an improved
method of solid waste disposal by developing,
designing, constructing, and evaluating a 975
ton per day shearing and shredding facility for
reducing bulky solid wastes to a manageable
size for efficient disposal in waterfront land
recovery, sanitary landfill, and in preparation
for incineration.
PROCEDURES: A prototype shearing and
shredding installation will be built on a city-
owned site adjacent to the Greenpoint Marine
Transfer Station. This will include a heavy-
duty guillotine type shear for presizing over-
sized bulky wastes, and a heavy-duty rotary
swing-hammer type shredder for further size
reduction. Each unit is to be capable of han-
dling an average of 45 tons of bulky wastes per
hour.
A consulting engineering firm will be em-
ployed to design the proposed installation, pro-
vide consulting service in connection with
receipt of bids and contract award, and super-
vise construction.
The ability of the equipment to handle as
wide a variety of bulky wastes as can be found
in the city will be evaluated. These will range
from long timber pilings with concrete caps to
softer materials such as rolled carpets. Tests
will be conducted to determine production
rates, and the reliability of the equipment will
be evaluated to determine the percentage of
downtime and maintenance required. Operat-
ing costs will be evaluated by determining
power consumption, manpower requirements
for routine operation, and other incidental
handling costs concerned with feeding wastes to
the equipment, operating the equipment, and
discharging the shredded refuse. These evalu-
ations will involve the Department of Sanita-
tion's engineering staff and a consulting
engineering firm, which will be retained for this
specific purpose.
Disposal of the shredded material will initial-
ly be by sanitary landfill. The feasibility of
burning the shreddings to generate power for
operating the equipment will be evaluated by
the city following the above equipment evalu-
ation study.
PROGRESS TO DATE: Preliminary plans,
specifications, and total cost estimates for the
facility have been prepared by the J. G. White
Engineering Corporation, New York City. The
proposed facility includes a shear, shredder, and
series of pivoting conveyors and cranes to per-
mit a variety of interchanges between barges,
trucks, and the processing equipment.
Final contract documents will be submitted
by March 1969 and the construction contract
awarded during May 1969.
Ill
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Dairy manure management methods
PROJECT TYPE: DEMONSTRATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00102
GRANTEE: WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY
PROJECT DIRECTOR: DONALD E. PROCTOR, ASSOCIATE SANITARY ENGINEER, SANITARY ENGINEERING
SECTION, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING RESEARCH DIVISION, WASHINGTON STATE
UNIVERSITY, PULLMAN, WASHINGTON 99163
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST:
GRANTEE'S SHARE:
FEDERAL SHARE:
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1967
$546,759
{182553
$210,127 [01]
$ 75,814 [02]
$ 78,565 [03]
DATE PROJECT ENDS: AUG. 31, 1970
OBJECTIVES: (1) To demonstrate the advan-
tages of properly scheduled applications of dairy
manure to farm lands in areas having seasonally
high rainfall and land runoff problems; (2) to
demonstrate the use of properly constructed and
operated anaerobic lagoons as a feasible method
of low-cost storage of dairy manure during sea-
sons unfavorable for land disposal; (3) to com-
pare the relative economic and aesthetic ad-
vantages of a water transport system versus a dry
system for the collection and disposal of manure;
(4) to demonstrate improvements attainable in
manure management by providing total roof
coverage of confinement areas; and (5) to
evaluate the feasibility of employing lagoon
treatment for dairies without sufficient land for
solids disposal.
PROCEDURES: The study is being conducted
by a staff consisting of members of the various
departments of Washington State University.
Site of the study is the State Reformatory
Honor Farm at Monroe, Washington.
Dairy manure management and disposal will
be accomplished in several ways for comparison
and demonstration purposes, but most emphasis
will be placed upon a hydraulic cleaning and
lagoon operation method with ultimate disposal
on crop lands. A relatively small amount of
manure from the dairy herd will be scraped
from concrete yards and spread by tank truck
and conventional spreaders on farm land. An-
other small portion will be flushed from the
112
concrete yards and immediately distributed on
test plots by a pipe and nozzle system during all
seasons of the year.
Most of the manure will be hydraulically
flushed into one of two strategically located
manure slurry collection sumps and then
pumped to a central slurry sump. Here the
slurry will be homogenized, sampled, and its
volume will be determined. Predetermined
volumes of the slurry will be pumped as desired
to one of three anaerobic lagoons, to truck
mounted spreader tanks, or through fixed and
portable pipes to spreading nozzles for distribu-
tion.
For long-term operation at each of three la-
goon loading intensities (300, 600, and 800 cu
ft per cow), the effect of loading intensity
upon solids destruction; nondegradable solids
accumulation; fate of nutrients; supernatant
quality characteristics; and fly, odor, or appear-
ance characteristics will be demonstrated.
In some instances, the anaerobic lagoon super-
natant could be disposed of by spray distribu-
tion on hay or other cropland. During the
wetter season, however, this could easily result
in runoff and pollution problems. Part of this
supernatant will be distributed on small test
plots during all seasons for demonstration and
evaluation. During the wetter seasons, the re-
mainder of the supernatant will be treated
aerobically in a system patterned after the
activated sludge process.
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The samples of raw manure slurry from the
central manure slurry sump, samples of all la-
goon effluents, and samples of the aerobic proc-
ess effluent will be collected daily. Total solids,
volatile solids, ash, chlorides, ammonia nitrogen,
organic nitrogen, pH, and chemical oxygen de-
mand (COD) will be determined daily for these
samples. Volumetrically weighted samples will
be composited and frozen for weekly determina-
tions of phosphorous, volatile acids, alkalinity
and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). With
the use of these data, a materials balance will
be maintained on each lagoon for total solids,
volatile solids, ash, chlorides, nitrogen, phos-
phorus, COD, and BOD. The ash and chlorides
balances will be used to interpret the signifi-
cance, if any, of exfiltration and dissolved solids
losses from the lagoons.
At approximately monthly intervals, three or
more undisturbed stratified sample columns will
be collected in each lagoon. These will be
sampled at 1-ft increments in level to determine
the amount of each material remaining in each
lagoon. These data, coupled with the running
materials accounting for the feed and effluent,
will allow evaluation of the amount and rate
of solids degradation within the lagoons. It will
also allow evaluation of the nutrient losses, if
any, that occur.
Probably not less than 50 to 70 percent of the
manure solids added to the lagoon during the
course of a year will remain as nondegraded
solids at the end of the year. A very significant
fraction of these solids will be in the floating
surface crust. When it becomes necessary to
totally remove, or perhaps only reduce, the ac-
cumulated solids residue, the mixing-pumping
unit will be adjusted to break up and homog-
enize the crust and bottom deposits. All, or a
portion, of the lagoon contents would then be
pumped back to the central manure slurry
sump. From there this residual slurry would be
repumped to croplands for ultimate disposal.
This lagoon emptying operation would only be
scheduled during the summer months when it
is least likely that heavy rains could lead to run-
off and stream pollution. This would also be the
period of rapid plant growth so the fertilizer
values would be utilized more rapidly. The
summer soil temperatures will promote rapid
incorporation and stabilization of the biologi-
cally resistant organic -matter in the slurry re-
moved from the lagoon.
A record will be maintained of the amount,
time, and method of manure application to all
plots of land. Rainfall will be gauged and re-
corded. To the extent possible, the volume and
quality of surface runoff will be determined for
all plots. Well points will be driven in each test
plot to sample groundwater. Soil profiles and
characteristics will be determined in each test
plot. The crop productivity of each different
plot will be observed and recorded. An attempt
will be made to evaluate the effect of each varia-
tion of the manure application methods in terms
of pollution potential and fertilizer values
realized.
To evaluate the feasibility of employing la-
goon treatment for dairies without sufficient
land for solids disposal, the draining and de-
watering characteristics of the accumulated
residual crust and sludge in the lagoons will be
observed. Both undisturbed and homogenized
lagoon samples will be removed and allowed to
drain on screen-bottomed test trays. After short-
term draining, the cake will be pressed for fur-
ther reduction of moisture, weight, and volume.
The character and amount of this solids residue
would be estimated to determine the feasibility
of trucking such material to satisfactory disposal
sites. The press liquor strength will be deter-
mined to estimate the amount and degree of
treatment that might be needed before, or sub-
sequent to, discharge to municipal sewerage
systems.
PROGRESS TO DATE: The general require-
ments for facilities needed to accomplish proj-
ect objectives were carefully reviewed. Four
major areas of facilities design were established:
(1) the cattle housing facility with provision for
manure cleaning or collection; (2) the manure
transport, sampling, storage, and treatment fa-
cilities; (3) the manure-slurry field-distribution
system; and (4) the laboratory-office building.
Substantial progress has been made in the con-
113
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struction of these facilities, although some de-
lays have been encountered because of extremely
wet weather, flooding, and slowness in equip-
ment delivery.
Plans were developed for obtaining back-
ground information on the milk production,
milk quality, and health level of the cows
housed in the existing confinement facilities.
Several different series of tests have been com-
pleted. Tests are underway to evaluate the
effect of improved sanitation and reduced en-
vironmental stress upon mastitis and production
data. As more pens are completed, further
tests will be undertaken to evaluate the effec-
tiveness of different cleaning techniques.
Some experimental work has been done to
develop hydraulic methods for cleaning or re-
moving manure from the specially designed
cattle pens. This work appears most promising
both in terms of effectiveness and economy.
Currently, it is believed that a very high-
pressurei mobile spray boom will be capable of
removing all manure from one of the large
pens in a matter of 2 to 5 min. Hydraulic
cleaning will provide a much cleaner living
environment for cows, eliminate the rapid ero-
sion of the floor slabs that occurs with blade-
type manure scrapers, and accomplish cleaning
at greatly reduced costs when compared with
conventional methods.
A 10-acre section of the farm has been sub-
divided into over 200 test plots. These plots
are being operated to evaluate the agronomic or
fertilizer significance of various manure appli-
cations to various crops.
Operational studies on the storage and treat-
ment of manure have been delayed because the
necessary facilities are not yet complete. Plans
for study of costs and effectiveness of the facil-
ities will be initiated as rapidly as possible when
the facilities are completed.
PUBLICATIONS:
PROCTOR, D. E. Management principles application to the disposal of manure to prevent pollution.
Presented at the Eighth Texas Industrial Water and Wastewater Conference, Lub-
bock, Texas, June 6, 1968.
PROCTOR, D. E. The management and disposal of dairy manure. A paper presented at the
Purdue Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, May
8, 1968.
FLAHERTY, D. C. The cows in the suburbs. Quest, 6 (1); Mar. 1968. A quarterly publication by
the College of Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington.
114
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Demonstration of improved incinerator technology for a small community
PROJECT TYPE: DEMONSTRATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-OOI06
GRANTEE: SHIPPENSBURG SANITARY AUTHORITY, P. O. BOX 129, SHIPPENSBURG, PENNSYLVANIA 17257
PROJECT DIRECTOR: WALTER K. SMITH, BOROUGH MANAGER, BOROUGH OF SHIPPENSBURG,
P. O. BOX 129, SHIPPENSBURG, PENNSYLVANIA 17257
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST:
GRANTEE'S SHARE:
FEDERAL SHARE:
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1967
$500,318
$166,773
$306,745 [01]
$ 13,400 [02]
$ 13,400 [03]
DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAY 31, 1971
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate that a small,
mechanically stoked, rotary-grate incinerator can
provide a small municipal area with a feasible
means for solid waste disposal that will meet
air pollution standards, eliminate environmen-
tal health hazards, and be the most economical
method of disposal in an area where sanitary
landfill methods cannot be adopted.
PROCEDURES: Consulting engineering serv-
ices in connection with the design and con-
struction of the incinerator are being provided
by the firm of Arrowood, Incorporated, Cham-
bersburg, Pennsylvania.
A stainless-steel, perforated, rotary-grate in-
cinerator, consisting of two units, will be con-
structed; each of the two units will be capable
of handling 36 tons per 24 hr. This facility
will be used to dispose of combustible solid
wastes from about 12,500 people in the service
area around Shippensburg. *
Records of incinerator operation will be kept
to evaluate the performance and feasibility of
this type of installation. These will include such
items as the amount and characteristics of ref-
use received, amount of residue produced, time
required to incinerate an average load of refuse,
capital and operating costs, and any difficulties
or problems of operation.
PROGRESS TO DATE: Construction of the
incinerator was completed and shakedown op-
eration begun in November 1968. The facility
will be dedicated in January 1969 and then
placed in full operation.
115
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Study of integrated disposal of liquid and solid wastes
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00108
GRANTEE: CITY OF PORTLAND
PROJECT DIRECTOR: GEORGE C. CAPELLE, JR., CHIEF ENGINEER, DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS,
404 CITY HALL, PORTLAND, MAINE 04111
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $76,500
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $25,500
FEDERAL SHARE: $51,000 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: FEB. 1, 1968 DATE PROJECT ENDED: JAN. 31, 1969
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate how new or
improved solid waste management techniques
could solve a regional solid waste problem by
developing a plan for the satisfactory disposal
of solid wastes from the city of Portland that
will: (1) provide maximum benefit from the
utilization of byproducts and salvage; (2) inte-
grate the disposal of solid and liquid wastes to
the greatest practical extent; and (3) provide
facilities for the disposal of solid wastes from
neighboring communities, should this be mu-
tually advantageous.
PROCEDURES: The project will be conducted
by city of Portland personnel and the consult-
ing engineering firm of Metcalf & Eddy, Boston,
Massachusetts. Major elements of the study are
described below.
1. Population data will be developed for
Portland and the Greater Portland region. Data
will be developed for all solid wastes generated
in the study area including abandoned vehicles,
appliances, oversized burnable wastes, special
industrial and commercial wastes, and munici-
pal rubbish and garbage. A design quantity
figure will be established for each category of
solid wastes.
2. The required refuse disposal facility ca-
pacity to serve (a) individual municipalities
and (b) the entire region will be determined.
Preliminary plans and comparative cost esti-
mates will be prepared for each alternative.
3. The market potential for heat and/or
power produced by an incineration process will
116
be studied. Considerations will include (a) pow-
er generation for internal plant usage or for
sale to private customers; (b) seawater desalina-
tion to produce salts useful for snow and ice
control; (c) production of steam and hot water
for internal plant usage or sale to municipal or
private customers; and (d) reduction in quan-
tities of exhaust gases to obtain lower total
operating costs for air pollution control and
mechanical draft equipment.
4. The following alternate methods of hand-
ling garbage will be evaluated: (a) separate
collection, central grinding with discharge to
the sewer system, removal at the sewage treat-
ment plant with normal sewage solids by con-
ventional methods, dewatering, and incineration
of the garbage-sewage sludge mixture; and
(b) separate or combined collection and incin-
eration with rubbish and trash.
5. Alternate methods of disposal of bulky
wastes, both combustible and noncombustible,
will be evaluated. Incineration after size reduc-
tion (along with rubbish and garbage) or batch
incineration in a special furnace (without size
reduction) will be considered.
6. The economics and feasibility of conven-
tional continuous-feed incineration versus a
high-temperature (3,000 F) incineration process
will be studied.
7. The market potential and economic value
for salvaged metal and for screened and graded
incinerator residue as a road material or fill,
will be evaluated.
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8. The consultant will provide complete pre-
liminary construction and operating cost esti-
mates for the recommended waste disposal
facilities and recommend an administrative plan
for the municipalities' sharing of the construc-
tion and operating costs.
PROGRESS TO DATE: The economics of
regional solid waste disposal has been studied
by the consulting engineer. A regional disposal
plan using incineration would not appear to pro-
vide economical solid waste disposal for outly-
ing towns around the Portland area. The cost
of regional incineration for the inner circle of
municipalities around Portland is more than the
cost of sanitary landfill, but there are indications
that some of these inner circle towns and cities
would find it to their advantage to participate
in the use of a regional incinerator located in
Portland.
Based upon the concept of regional partici-
pation, the consulting engineer is involved in
researching, studying, and developing the me-
chanical aspects of a facility. Two types of in-
cinerators are being considered, conventional
and high temperature, with the possibility of
producing power and/or producing salt from
salt water.
117
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Maximum utilization of sanitary landfills through integrated regional planning
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. DOl-UMOllS
GRANTEE: COUNTY OF ORANGE, ADMINISTRATION BUILDING, 515 N. SYCAMORE STREET,
SANTA ANA, CALIFORNIA 92701
PROJECT DIRECTOR: A. S. KOCH, ROAD COMMISSIONER AND COUNTY SURVEYOR, 400 W. 8TH STREET,
SANTA ANA, CALIFORNIA 92701
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $120,054
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 40,018
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 40,018 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE) $ 40,018 [02]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: FEB. 1, 1968
DATE PROJECT ENDS: JAN. 31, 1970
OBJECTIVES: (1) To develop a unique, long-
term, regional solid waste disposal program
involving novel concepts for the reuse of sani-
tary landfill sites to obtain the maximum effi-
ciency of use and reuse of publicly owned lands
and minimize overall costs of sanitary landfill
operations. (2) To develop a prototype inter-
agency .planning program to integrate all gov-
ernmental planning functions (highways, schools,
flood control, water quality control, air pollution
control, parks, recreation, refuse disposal, etc.).
This type of planning program will provide
useful procedures and policies that will aid in
securing the public's acceptance of regional
solid waste management programs. (3) To de-
velop a "model" ordinance which will provide
the means for implementing the regional solid
waste disposal program developed from the in-
teragency planning program noted in (1) and
(2) above.
PROCEDURES: The study is being conducted
by the Orange County Road Department, which
is responsible for the administration and oper-
ation of the county's refuse disposal program.
Consulting engineering services are being fur-
nished by Engineering-Science, Inc., Arcadia,
California. The study area will be Orange
County. Consideration will be given to includ-
ing areas outside the county should they be
determined to logically affect the study.
A technical advisory committee of represen-
tatives from various county agencies will be
118
established to guide and review the work, assure
coordination between agencies, and assist in a
public relations program. Basic data relative
to both current and estimated future generation
of solid wastes in the study area will be devel-
oped. Municipal, commercial, agricultural, and
industrial wastes, as well as any special wastes,
will be considered. Information concerning ex-
isting solid waste collection and disposal systems
in the study area will be developed. Policies
and concepts of the State's solid waste program
and those of adjacent counties will be investi-
gated for possible effects on implementation of
the Orange County plan. Existing and potential
future land use and zoning will be determined.
Technical criteria for sanitary landfill construc-
tion will be established.
An interagency planning committee, com-
prised of private citizens and representatives of
the county agencies, will be formed to formu-
late and implement definitive planning meas-
ures. This committee will develop land utiliza-
tion concepts for completed sanitary landfills,
which can be integrated with the programs of
the various county agencies.
Following evaluation of these concepts, po-
tential sanitary landfill sites will be selected to
provide adequate solid waste disposal capacity
for the county until the year 2010. Plans will
be developed for a system of transfer stations.
A solid waste management program »for the en-
tire county will then be finalized. The benefits
of planning for solid waste disposal in this man-
-------
ner (i.e., on an integrated regional basis) will to plan and implement such a program. Land-
be evaluated in comparison with other alterna- fill reuse concepts and provisions of the model
tive planning methods. A model ordinance will ordinance will be generalized to emphasize
be developed requiring that sanitary landfills fundamental planning considerations and cri-
be considered on a regional planning basis and teria developed so that the results of this study
enabling the establishment of a regional agency will be of maximum use in other areas.
119
4SO-5S7 O - 71 - 9
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Demonstration of disposal of waste wood and bulky burnable objects by a large city
PROJECT TYPE: DEMONSTRATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00115
GRANTEE: CITY OF ST. LOUIS, CITY HALL, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 63103
PROJECT DIRECTOR: G. WAYNE SUTTERFIELD, COMMISSIONER OF REFUSE, COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL,
4100 SOUTH FIRST STREET, ST. LOUIS. MISSOURI 63118
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST:
GRANTEE'S SHARE:
FEDERAL SHARE:
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: APR. 1, 1968
$397,500
$132,500
1207,000 [01]
$ 29,000 [02]
$ 29,000 [03]
DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAR. 31, 1970
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the feasibility
of a major city (1) salvaging wood wastes by
preparing them for use as pulp wood, and
(2) effecting size reduction of bulky burnable
wastes for incineration at a site not adjacent to
the incinerator.
PROCEDURES: The St. Louis Department of
Streets will carry out the project with the co-
operation of the Department of Parks and
Recreation (whose personnel will supervise
field operations concerned with forestry) and
the Department of Welfare (whose personnel
will supervise operations at the City Workhouse,
the site of the demonstration). An engineering
consultant will be selected to design the re-
quired facilities and to provide other consult-
ing engineering services.
All waste delivered to the site will be weighed,
and appropriate records will be maintained of
the weight, source, type of material, and other
significant items. Waste wood will be sorted
into the following categories: (1) wood that can
be sold with no further processing; (2) wood
that requires cutting or splitting to become suit-
able for sale; and (3) wood that is not suitable
for sale and that would be chipped and used as
mulch, landfilled, or possibly incinerated.
Salvable waste wood will be processed and
picked up by a local pulpwood dealer. Bulky
burnable objects will be "reduced in size by a
hammermill and transported to a municipal
incinerator approximately 2 miles away. All
materials that cannot be salvaged or incinerated
will be placed in a local sanitary landfill. Rec-
ords will be kept of all materials leaving the
processing area.
PROGRESS TO DATE: The engineering firm
of Horner & Shifrin, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri,
has been retained to provide the necessary con-
sulting engineering services for the project.
Various items of equipment have been pur-
chased, including a hammermill, electrical
equipment, and conveyors to move the wastes
to and from the mill. Delivery of the hammer-
mill and associated equipment is scheduled for
March 1969. Specifications have been prepared
for installation of the equipment, when re-
ceived.
The project has been delayed so that it is
now approximately 6 mo behind schedule. The
grantee is expected to request a corresponding
time extension for the life of the project.
120
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Disposal of wood and bark wastes by incineration or alternative methods
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00119
GRANTEE: FOREST RESEARCH LABORATORY, OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
PROJECT DIRECTOR: STANLEY E. CORDER, MECHANICAL ENGINEER, FOREST RESEARCH LABORATORY,
OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY, P. O. BOX 571, CORVALLIS, OREGON 97330
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: §75,000
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $25,000
FEDERAL SHARE: $50,000 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: FEB. 1, 1968 DATE PROJECT ENDS: JAN 31, 1969
OBJECTIVE: To determine the feasibility of
new or improved solid waste disposal techniques
by investigating and evaluating various utiliza-
tion and disposal methods for wood and bark
wastes.
PROCEDURES: The project is being con-
ducted by staff of the Forest Research Labora-
tory. A survey will be made of both domestic
and foreign literature related to wigwam burn-
ers, incineration, combustion of wood and bark
fuels, current disposal practices, and problems
will be obtained by field visits to existing facil-
ities and by consultation with State solid waste
program personnel, equipment manufacturers,
and others working the this field. Based on in-
formation obtained, several methods of wood
and bark waste utilization and disposal will be
selected for intensive study. Engineering and
economic analyses of the most promising meth-
ods will be made by appropriate consultants,
and recommendations for the demonstration of
such methods will be developed.
PROGRESS TO DATE:
Disposal alternatives under study are:
(1) improved incineration in wigwam burners,
(2) incineration in other types of incinerators,
and,
(3) disposal in landfills.
Utilization possibilities being evaluated are:
(1) expanded use of residues as fuel for heat
and power;
(2) increased use of wood and bark on the soil
for amendments, mulch, or for landscaping,
and
(3) extraction of wax and certain chemicals
from Douglas fir bark.
Field investigations and preliminary studies
have been completed. Progress reports have
been prepared on the following subjects: dis-
posal of wood wastes by landfill; economics of
extracting wax from bark; use of wood residue
for pulp and composition board; cost of trans-
porting wood mill residues; removal of particu-
late matter from wigwam burner emissions; par-
ticulate sampling of conical burners; control of
wigwam burner combustion. An extensive
bibliography of selected references has been
prepared covering various factors and methods
involved with wood waste disposal and utiliza-
tion. A survey of many wigwam burners
throughout the Pacific Northwest and the South
was carried out.
Consultants who have been employed on the
project are the firms of Cornell, Rowland, Hayes
and Merryfield, Corvallis, Oregon; Garretson,
Elmendorf, Klein and Reibin, San Francisco,
California; and John W. Anderson, Chemical
Engineer. The consultants have been called
upon for various specific specialized purposes,
among which have been: the provision of cost
estimates for various modifications designed to
improve combustion in wigwam burners; con-
duct of a national survey of markets for wood
residues for soil application; and updating of
an earlier economic feasibility study of the ex-
«0-537 O - 71 - 11
121
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traction of wax and other useful materials from
Douglas fir bark.
Some preliminary conclusions reported by the
grantee are as follows:
1. A large part of the residues from forest
products industries is now being used. Some
mills find profitable uses for all their residues.
There still remain, however, significant quan-
tities of residues that are disposed of in wagwam
burners. Operation of wigwam burners fre-
quently results in air pollution. The problem
of air pollution from wigwam burners is urgent,
and public pressure bears on industry and con-
trol agencies to do something about it. There-
fore, work toward an immediate solution to the
problem is of top priority. Immediate solutions
appear to be of the "burn it or bury it" type.
2. Cost of disposal by landfill will be greater
than that by wigwam burner.
3. The largest and most important use of
wood residues is in manufacture of paper and
composition board, and expansion of this use
will continue. The second largest use of wood
and bark residues is as fuel. Use for fuel is not
likely to expand greatly, but increase in wood
utilization will result in greater use of bark as
fuel.
4. Use of wood and bark residues as soil addi-
tives is increasing, and this market is expected
to significantly increase.
5. Chemical extractives could be the basis
for a new forest products industry.
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To determine the feasibility of shredding, mixing, and compacting a full range of
municipal solid wastes for reclaiming submerged lands
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00121
GRANTEE: CITY OF CLEVELAND, DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SERVICE, ROOM 227, CITY HALL,
CLEVELAND, OHIO 44114
PROJECT DIRECTOR: ERHARDT KUNDE, CHIEF OF LABORATORIES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND
WELFARE, ROOM 16, CITY HALL, CLEVELAND, OHIO 44114
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $150,000
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 50,000
FEDERAL SHARE: $100,000 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1968 DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAY 31, 1969
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the feasibility of
combining shredded municipal solid wastes with
fly ash, dewatered sewage sludge, river and lake
dredgings, and incinerator burnout to produce
a dense, compacted sanitary mass suitable for
use as fill in the reclamation of submerged
lands.
PROCEDURES: All technical aspects of the
study are being carried out by Crobaugh Labor-
atories, Cleveland, Ohio. Bacteriological de-
terminations are being made by the Cleveland
Department of Health. Enteroviral determina-
tions are being performed by the Virology
Laboratory of Metropolitan General Hospital.
A test facility will be constructed at Crobaugh
Laboratories where the project will be con-
ducted. This facility will be larger than labor-
atory scale, but smaller than pilot plant size.
Previous laboratory work has provided basic
information concerning the optimum mix of
waste and binder materials, but further work
will be done. The waste materials and binder
will be compressed into compacts for the study.
Generally, these will be in the form of 9- by 4-
by 3-in. bricks; however, it will be attempted
to make at least two or three large compacts
approximately 2 to 3 ft long by 1 to lyfe ft
deep and wide. Changes in composition of the
compacts will be documented, as well as strength
and integrity of compacts made from differing
mixes.
Pollutional effects of these compacts on the
environment in which they are to be placed
(Lake Erie) will be investigated. A small labor-
atory tank will be loaded with prepared com-
pacts and lake water circulated through it.
From time to time, samples of the circulating
water will be withdrawn for chemical, bacterio-
logical and viral analyses. The tank will be
covered so that air samples can also be col-
lected and analyzed for CO2, CO, O2, N2 and
hydrocarbons. Anticipated pollutional effects
of reclaiming submerged lands by use of com-
pacts as a fill material will be projected. Proj-
ect findings will be used to develop criteria for
appropriate modifications of Cleveland's pres-
ent solid waste disposal system.
PROGRESS TO DATE: The test facility has
been constructed. Compacts have been formed
and loaded into a large plastic tank through
which lake water is being circulated and from
which water and air samples are being collected.
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Integrated study of refuse disposal -Madison, St. Clair, and Monroe Counties, Illinois
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. DOI-UI-00122
GRANTEE: SOUTHWESTERN ILLINOIS METROPOLITAN AREA PLANNING COMMISSION
PROJECT DIRECTOR: THEODORE H. MIKESELL, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, SOUTHWESTERN ILLINOIS
METROPOLITAN AREA PLANNING COMMISSION, 121A WEST MAIN STREET,
COLLINSVILLE, ILLINOIS 62234
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $68,540
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $22,850
FEDERAL SHARE: $45,690 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: APR. 1, 1968 DATE PROJECT ENDED: JAN. 31, 1969
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate how new or
improved solid waste management techniques
could solve a regional solid waste problem by
developing alternative programs for solid waste
disposal in the three-county study area; in one
the study area is considered as a whole, whereas
in the other, each county is considered individ-
ually.
PROCEDURES: The consulting engineering
firm of Horner & Shifrin, St. Louis, Missouri,
is conducting the major portion of the study.
Population and land use in the study area
will be investigated. Current and expected
future amounts of solid wastes generated in the
area will be estimated on the basis of popula-
tion projections, data from significant indus-
tries, and truck weighings in significant areas.
Information on existing collection and disposal
systems will be obtained. The suitability of ex-
isting and potential disposal sites will be evalu-
ated for use as sanitary landfill, incineration,
salvage or composting operations, or a combina-
tion of disposal methods. In addition, the prox-
imity of the sites to centers of solid waste
production and to points of disposal of salvable
materials, will be evaluated. Consideration will
be given to use of transfer stations and to both
truck and rail transportation. Overall costs of
refuse disposal for those methods most appli-
cable to the study area will be estimated.
Industrial interest in salvable materials will
be explored, and an attempt will be made to de-
124
termine specifications for acceptable materials
and the extent of the probable market.
PROGRESS TO DATE: Population projec-
tion of the three counties within the study area
were developed on the basis of individual con-
sideration of each census tract used for the 1960
census. The projections are summarized as fol-
lows:
I960 1968 1990
Madison County
St. Clair County
Monroe County
224.689
262,509
15,507
502,705
270,600
283,100
20,400
574,100
407,600
396,400
36,800
840,800
Portable scales were purchased to perform
truck weighings for the four more significant
areas within the study area, each of which rep-
resents an identifiable concentration of popu-
lation: (1) the Alton-Wood River area, in Madi-
son County; (2) the Granite City-Edwardsville
area, in Madison County; (3) the Belleville
area, in St. Clair County; and (4) the East St.
Louis area, in St. Clair County. The portable
scales have been installed at landfill sites that
presently receive mixed refuse from the prin-
cipal communities of the first three areas. Pro-
ceedings are now underway to establish a new
landfill site that will receive refuse from the
fourth area. The site now used for the disposal
of refuse from the fourth area is operated under
conditions that would not permit the accumu-
lation of meaningful data, and the present site
will be abandoned when the new site is in
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ation. Permission already has been obtained
to install the scale at the new site when the site
is operable.
The truck weighings performed to date have
been found to have certain limitations. Most of
the data obtained were quite accurate when
evaluated only for the specific site at which the
scale was installed. The greatest deficiencies
from such limited evaluations were potential
inaccuracies concerning (1) the specific source
of refuse, since the field men necessarily had to
rely on the statements of the truck drivers, and
(2) the kind of refuse, which often could not
be visually determined as a check upon the
truck driver's statements. Further limitations
were found in attempting to evaluate the re-
sults of the truck weighings with probable total
refuse production for the tributary area. No
control is exercised over collection districts and
points of disposal for the many independent
refuse haulers throughout the three-county area.
As a result, many of the haulers do not dispose
of the refuse at the point nearest its origin, since
differences in dumping fees, attitude of the land-
fill operators, and other factors apparently
cause these haulers to follow somewhat erratic
disposal patterns. For example, certain haulers
dispose of refuse at sites 15 to 20 miles distant
from the points of origin, when other sites are
available within 4 to 5 miles.
An inventory of present collection and dis-
posal practices has been essentially completed.
Within the past year, State inspections, sup-
ported by inspections by Madison County au-
thorities, have resulted in a number of disposal
sites being closed because of unwillingness or
inability of the operators to comply with newly
established regulations. Further changes in the
disposal pattern are anticipated.
To date, only a paper board manufacturer
has displayed significant -interest in salvage.
Further exploration of the possibilities of salv-
age in this field are intended.
The remaining objectives of the study are
being pursued. Data are still being accumulated
relating to the projection of refuse quantities.
Legal matters relating to permissive legislation
on refuse disposal are being followed up as they
arise. Overall possibilities of various plans for
the disposal of refuse for the three-county area
are in the formative stage.
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Sanitary landfill and reclamation project
PROJECT TYPE: DEMONSTRATION
GRANTEE: CITY OF BIG SPRING, TEXAS
PROJECT DIRECTOR: ERNEST E. LILLARD, DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC WORKS, P. O. BOX 391,
BIG SPRING, TEXAS 79720
GRANT NO. D01-UI-001SS
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST:
GRANTEE'S SHARE:
FEDERAL SHARE:
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JAN. 1, 1968
$144,639
$ 48,213
$ 35,481 [01]
$ 29,971 [02]
$ 30,974 [03]
DATE PROJECT ENDS: DEC. 31, 1970
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate that an im-
proved method of solid waste disposal (sanitary
landfill) can reclaim eroded land for agricul-
tural purposes, prevent further erosion damage
to an interstate highway and productive land,
and successfully implement an effective soil ero-
sion control program.
PROCEDURES: The project will be conducted
by city personnel, with the advice and assistance
of the U.S. Soil Conservation Service. A badly
eroded area near the city has been chosen as
the demonstration site. Drainage ways will be
rerouted into specially prepared courses de-
signed by the Soil Conservation Service and,
thus, relieve the existing gulleys from the drain-
age function. This work will be completed
before landfill operations begin in the area to
be reclaimed. Landfill operations will continue
until the area has been adequately filled, at
which time it will be sodded and seeded in
accordance with the plan prepared by the Soil
Conservation Service to prevent recurrence of
erosion damage. Records will be kept of the
weights and volumes of all solid wastes depos-
ited in the landfill. Routine surveys will be
made to determine the volume of compacted
refuse and cover material. Detailed cost records
will be kept. The original and final condition
of the area will be documented.
PROGRESS TO DATE: Site preparation and
landfill operations are progressing as planned.
'A fence with a gate has been installed so regular
opening and closing hour can be observed. A
drainage way has been cleared and planted with
grass to prevent -erosion when the site is placed
in service. Also, a gravel access road has been
completed. A set of truck scales with a 50,000-lb
capacity has been installed, and a scale house
has been built. Each vehicle bringing wastes to
the site is weighed, and records are maintained
of the weight of wastes being placed.
The present gully site is nearing completion,
and operations are scheduled to move further
downhill approximately Feb. 1, 1969. Cross
sections were taken before the project started,
and periodic sections are being taken as the
sanitary landfill operation continues. During
the first 6 mo of operation, a total of 7,029
tons of solid wastes were placed in the landfill.
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Systems study analysis of the container-train method of solid waste collection
and disposal
GRANT NO. D01-UI-00135
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION
GRANTEE: CITY OF WICHITA FALLS
PROJECT DIRECTOR: JOHN J. ROARK, DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC WORKS, CITY OF WICHITA FALLS,
P. O. BOX 1431, WICHITA FALLS, TEXAS 76307
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST:
GRANTEE'S SHARE:
FEDERAL SHARE:
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: FEB. 1, 1968
$270,005
$ 90,002
$ 68330 [01]
$ 69,070 [02]
$ 42,403 [03]
DATE PROJECT ENDS: JAN. 31, 1971
OBJECTIVES: To determine how solid waste
disposal services of a city could be improved by
developing a comprehensive management model
of a solid waste collection and disposal system
utilizing the container-train system of collection.
PROCEDURES: Design of the studies, overall
project management, and systems analysis and
model development studies are being carried
out by the consulting firm of Pinnell and Asso-
ciates, College Station, Texas.
Data correlating generation rates of commer-
cial, industrial, and municipal wastes with land
use will be developed. The annual fluctuation
of solid waste generation will be determined.
A detailed comparison of the existing packer
collection system and the container-train system
will be made. This will include documentation
and evaluation of the economic, time, and mo-
tion requirements; safety; reliability and pro-
ductivity; aesthetics and public appeal; health
aspects; and overall effectiveness of both systems.
Optimization studies will be conducted to fur-
nish information on how the collection opera-
tion should be performed to maximize the
efficiency of the container-train system and
minimize operational costs.
These studies will consider routing of the
trains, scheduling of the "mother" trucks, and
various other operational aspects of the collec-
tion procedure. The Wichita Falls Urban
Transport Study will provide a basic transpor-
tation network system for this purpose. Results
of the above studies will serve as the basis for
development of a comprehensive management
model to simulate the total operation of collec-
tion and disposal by a container-train system.
PROGRESS TO DATE: One of the initial
steps was a thorough definition and review of
the major activities proposed for the project.
This work was summarized by preparation of a
PERT chart that shows proposed activities for
the 3-yr project period and lists and describes
these activities.
A data collection system was designed to pro-
vide the necessary information to attain the ob-
jectives of the project. Work has begun on the
evaluation of this system by processing certain
types of data. Procedures have been developed
that will permit a thorough cost accounting of
all aspects of the solid waste collection system.
Procedures and data collection techniques
have been developed that will provide daily
information on the solid waste collection opera-
tions of the city. Data on personnel, equipment,
cost, and weights for the packer truck operation
have been collected on a daily basis since Oc-
tober 1968. Procedures have been established
for describing the local network of streets and
alleys in a manner permitting computer utiliza-
tion of the network data so that studies of
equipment routing may be conducted.
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A device has been designed by the city to from the FCC for an additional local govern-
transmit information directly from the packer ment radio station for such transmission. This
truck to an IBM 1800 computer. Delays have has, in turn, delayed progress on other elements
been encountered in securing authorization of the project.
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Dairy manure collecting and composting study
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00137
GRANTEE: CITY OF CERRITOS, 19400 SO. PIONEER BLVD., CERRITOS, CALIFORNIA 90701
PROJECT DIRECTOR: CHARLES L. SENN, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES, SCHOOL OF
PUBLIC HEALTH, 405 HILGARD AVENUE, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90024
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $135,000
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 45,000
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 90,000 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: OCT. 1, 1968 DATE PROJECT ENDS: SEPT. 30, 1969
OBJECTIVES: To develop new and improved
methods of solving the severe nuisance and
health hazard problems associated with solid
wastes resulting from raising and feeding large
numbers of dairy cattle on concentrated feed
lots and corrals located near residential devel-
opments.
PROCEDURES: Possible methods of dairy
manure disposal will be reviewed and evalu-
ated. Public health requirements, laws, ordin-
ances, and policies pertaining to dairy opera-
tion will be identified. Existing conditions on a
wide variety of dairy corrals and feed lots will
be studied under both dry-weather and wet-
weather conditions. Existing and proposed
methods of collecting manure from corral sur-
faces will be evaluated.
Feasibility of manure composting by indi-
vidual dairies will be investigated. Probable
markets and economics of the composting proc-
ess will be evaluated. Current composting
technology, equipment, practices, and costs will
be surveyed. Bench-scale composting tests will
be conducted, and the data obtained will be
evaluated to determine basic operational pa-
rameters. A full-scale project will be designed
to demonstrate optimal disposal procedures
developed.
A number of organizations are involved in
the conduct of the project: Public Health
Foundation of Los Angeles County; the Health
Departments of Los Angeles and Orange Coun-
ties; the California State Department of Public
Health; the University of California Agricul-
tural Extension Station; and the Dairymen's
Fertilizer Cooperative, Cerritos, California.
Aerojet-General Corporation, El Monte, Cali-
fornia, is providing consulting engineering serv-
ices and technical operating supervision.
PROGRESS TO DATE: Since the project be-
gan, much time has been devoted to establishing
procedures, reviewing the literature and avail-
able experience, designing test facilities and
procedures, acquiring test equipment, and con-
ferring with the several consultants. Tasks for
the large number and wide variety of partici-
pants have been developed.
The composting study is being developed at
the site of the Dairymen's Fertilizer Cooper-
ative. Six bins, which will be used singly and
in combination, have been constructed to evalu-
ate factors such as: optimum turning methods
and frequencies, permissible variations in mois-
ture, use of additives as drying agents and to
increase carbon, use of composted manure as a
drying agent, use of additives claimed to speed
composting or to improve product, composting
of manure-urine mixtures from all-concrete cor-
rals, and various types of mixing mechanisms
and devices.
Initially, composting will be accomplished
with a skip loader on a tractor. The paved area
around the bins is large enough to enable re-
moving all manure for mixing and then replac-
ing it in the bins. Later, other types of devices
for mixing-in-place may be tried.
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Various tests will be conducted, as often as
needed, to evaluate the results and the product,
including temperatures, moisture, chemical con-
stituents, and quality of product. The latter
will include germination tests for weed seeds.
Marketing analyses are under way to evalu-
ate existing and potential markets, advisability
of adding nutrients, etc. Much valuable infor-
mation is already available from the extensive
experience of the Dairymen's Fertilizer Cooper-
ative and other producers and distributors of
"natural" organic fertilizer.
The basic data to be obtained from the tests
will aid in establishing the required size of com-
posting unit needed for a given number of cows,
the frequency of turning needed to produce a
suitable product in minimum time, odor prob-
lems, if any, etc. A detailed study of fly breed-
ing experiences and corral characteristics influ-
encing fly production has been initiated.
A questionnaire has been developed to
obtain from sanitarians, city managers, and
other officials the various causes of complaints
about the dairies. A proposed public-opinion
sampling form, which is being reviewed, will be
used to obtain data to evaluate the attitudes of
people living near dairies.
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Solid waste disposal by containerization
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00138
GRANTEE: HUMBOLDT COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS
PROJECT DIRECTOR: RICHARD S. TTTERA, ASSISTANT DIRECTOR, HUMBOLDT COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF
PUBLIC WORKS, 1106 SECOND STREET, EUREKA, CALIFORNIA 95501
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $37,000
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $12,333
FEDERAL SHARE: $24,667 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE I, 1968 DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAY 31, 1969
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate how new or
improved solid waste management techniques
could solve a regional solid waste problem by
investigating the feasibility of establishing a
countywide refuse disposal system for small
isolated communities and rural areas using port-
able containers for waste storage and transfer
to centralized sanitary landfills.
PROCEDURES: The study is being made by
the County Department of Public Works with
participation by the California State Depart-
ment of Public Health, the County Health
Department, and the County Planning Depart-
ment.-Assistance is also anticipated from a con-
sultant expert in containerization.
The existing disposal sites and collection
services will be evaluated, and the sources and
quantities of refuse generated throughout the
county determined. A desirable level of serv-
ice will be determined and defined, and a pre-
liminary conceptual system design will be de-
veloped that can achieve the desired service and
make it feasible to maintain acceptable condi-
tions at the various sites.
The county will be divided into areas based
largely on geographic conditions, existing serv-
ices, and present and projected refuse generated.
One of these areas typifying the rural refuse
disposal problem will be selected and various
portable systems developed to serve this area.
The systems developed for this area can be ex-
tended to the other areas of the county. The
alternatives will be evaluated and a selection of
the best system made. A detailed design of the
chosen system will then be made, and a program
for implementation of the system will be recom-
mended.
PROGRESS TO DATE: Data on existing con-
ditions have been compiled and projections to
1985 made. Conceptual designs and cost analy-
ses for various systems and types of equipment
have been completed, and a system utilizing
40-cu-yd portable containers has been selected
for detailed design. The containers would be
placed at six sites within the area chosen for
initial implementation and would be trans-
ported at a minimum frequency of once a week
to a central landfill disposal site where they
would be emptied and cleaned. Any routine
maintenance on the containers would be per
formed at this central location.
A preliminary draft of the study report has
been prepared. Refinement of cost data and
additional detailed design of the actual portable
sites are being done, and it is anticipated that
the final study report including a recommenda-
tion for implementing a program will be com-
plete by Apr. 1, 1969.
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Treatment and realization of solid wastes from water treatment process
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. DOI-UI-00142
GRANTEE: VILLAGE OF PARK FOREST, PARK FOREST VILLAGE HALL, 200 FOREST BOULEVARD,
PARK FOREST, ILLINOIS 60466
PROJECT DIRECTOR: E. VEY, ASSISTANT DIRECTOR, MECHANICS RESEARCH DIVISION,
I. I. T. RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 1 0 WEST 35TH STREET, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 6061S
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST:
GRANTEE'S SHARE:
FEDERAL SHARE:
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAY 31, 1969
166,942
122,314
$44,628 [01]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1968
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the feasibility of
new or improved methods of solid waste dis-
posal by: (1) investigating possible methods of
dewatering limestone sludge on a scale that can
be economically applied to the total sludge out-
put from the treatment of the well water supply
of the village of Park Forest, Illinois, and other
villages with similar problems; (2) determin-
ing economically feasible uses for the dewatered
sludge.
PROCEDURES: The project is being conducted
by the Illinois Institute of Technology Research
Institute, Chicago, Illinois.
Sludge samples from the treatment process
will be analyzed to determine standard engineer-
ing properties such as shrinkage limit, water
content, and consolidation characteristics (co-
efficients of consolidation and compressibility).
These measurements will provide a basis for
comparison in evaluating the results of the ex-
perimental program. Experiments will then be
performed to investigate means of accelerating
the consolidation process.
Consolidation using electro-osmosis. A direct
current potential will be applied across con-
solidation samples of various thicknesses and
cross:sectional areas. Loading will be applied
in increments determined on the basis of stand-
ard one-dimensional consolidation tests with
consideration to the maximum loads feasible in
a full-scale application. The effects of different
potentials on the consolidation rate will be de-
termined, and the desirability of changing the
electrolyte concentration in the sludge will be
evaluated.
Three-dimensional consolidation. Experi-
ments will be performed on cylindrical and
rectangular portions of various sized samples
wherein filters are provided on all surfaces.
This will involve the design of filters to deter-
mine the most efficient filter from the stand-
point of economical usage on a large scale and
efficiency of drainage during consolidation. The
effects of the different filters and geometries on
consolidation rates will be determined.
Combinations of above methods. Experiments
will be performed on samples wherein electro-
osmosis is used and three dimensional drainage
is permitted. Relative merits of each technique
will be determined from the standpoint of
power consumption and economical utilization
on a large scale.
The feasibility of applying these techniques
in full-scale use will be investigated. Consider-
ation will be given to anticipated design prob-
lems.
Methods of utilizing the dewatered sludge
will be investigated. Utilization as an additive
to improve the properties of soils used in base
course under pavements and in embankments
appears promising. Experiments will be per-
formed to determine optimum sludge concen-
trations in such soils. *
PROGRESS TO DATE: A literature survey
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was made to determine how the other munici-
palities with a similar water softening process
dispose of the sludge. It was found that lime-
stone sludge is disposed of by most munici-
palities by lagooning. Some cities reclaim
lime By recalcining. In Boca Raton, Florida,
the sludge is dewatered on a vacuum filter and
used by highway contractors and local residents
as a soil admixture. This increases the water
retention properties of the local sandy soils.
Samples of a glacial clay and an organic clay
prevalent in the Park Forest area were obtained.
The properties of these soils with various
amounts of the water softening sludge are being
investigated to determine if the sludge has any
beneficial effects.
Plasticity, density, and strength tests were per-
formed on the two soils from Park Forest and
on a soil obtained from a field test site at
Hazelcrest, Illinois. Tests were also made on
the inorganic soils containing various amounts
of the water softening sludge.
Information was received from a manufac-
turer of vacuum filtration equipment. This in-
formation contained procedures for simple
laboratory tests to determine the feasibility and
performance of full-scale equipment. These
tests will be performed on the sludge generated
at the Park Forest plant.
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Demonstration of the use of model sanitary landfilling methods to
convert open dump to recreation area
PROJECT TYPE: DEMONSTRATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00143
GRANTEE: DEPARTMENT OF SANITARY ENGINEERING, GOVERNMENT OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
PROJECT DIRECTOR: ROBERT R. PERRY, DEPUTY CHIEF, DIVISION OF SANITATION, DEPARTMENT OF
SANITARY ENGINEERING, GOVERNMENT OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,
14TH AND E STREETS, N.W., WASHINGTON, D. C. 20004
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $1,100,000
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 366,667
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 733,333 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: DEC. 1, 1967 DATE PROJECT ENDS: APR. 30, 1969
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate how open
dumping and burning of trash can be elimi-
nated and how burning sites and other small
tracts of land, within densely populated metro-
politan areas, can be reclaimed for recreational
use with an improved method of solid waste
disposal, such as model sanitary landfill tech-
niques.
PROCEDURES: The District of Columbia
discontinued open burning of solid wastes at
the Kenilworth site and will convert it to a
recreational area through the use of model
sanitary landfill methods.
Consulting engineering services are being
furnished by the firm of Whitman, Requardt
and Associates, Baltimore, Maryland. The con-
sulting firm is responsible for planning and de-
veloping specifications for a model sanitary land-
fill to permit the ultimate development of the
site as planned by the National Park Service
and the'District of Columbia Department of
Recreation. The firm will also provide en-
gineering inspection services to ensure that the
plans and specifications are followed in detail.
A contract will be entered into for the actual
operation of the sanitary landfill with a firm
having national recognition and experience in
the operation of model sanitary landfills. The
sanitary landfill operator will be responsible for
obtaining the necessary equipment and for op-
erating the landfill in accordance with the ap-
proved engineering specifications.
Lands to be used for the sanitary landfills
will be made available by the National Capital
Parks. The National Park Service and the
District's Department of Recreation will de-
velop the ultimate-use plans, and as the land-
filling is completed, the National Park Service
will develop the Kenilworth Park site facilities.
PROGRESS TO DATE: Bids for operation of
the proposed landfill were received in Novem-
ber 1967. One of the bidders entered a protest
with the General Accounting Office concerning
the proposed award, and on Jan. 11, 1968, the
General Accounting Office advised the District
to provide more detailed specifications and re-
advertise the contract.
The District was preparing to readvertise
when, on the night of Feb. 15, 1968, a 7-yr-old
child was burned to death at Kenilworth while
looking through the refuse for bicycle parts.
The following day all burning was stopped at
the site and emergency sanitary landfill opera-
tions were begun. The District conducted this
emergency operation for 6 wk, during which
time 38,600 tons of refuse and 23,100 tons of
incinerator residue were disposed of at the Ken-
ilworth site. A landfill operation corftract was
executed on Mar. 5, 1968, and on Apr. 2, the
contractor, Curtin & Johnson, Inc. — Landfill,
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Inc., began landfill operations and the District
ceased its emergency operation.
A few days after the contract was awarded, a
preliminary cleanup was begun of the area
where the contractor was to begin landfilling.
A complete rat abatement program, covering
the entire site, was carried out by a professional
exterminator. Piles of burned or partially
burned material were compacted and covered
with 6 to 8 in. of earth.
The contractor has used the area method of
filling during his entire sanitary landfill opera-
tions thus far. Refuse is dumped from the in-
coming trucks at the bottom of the sloping face
and compacted with the compactor dozers as
they push the material up the slope. Originally,
the area south of Watts Branch was expected to
be completed in October or November. Earlier
test pits proved misleading, and a considerable
fill volume was made available for refuse dis-
posal when earth from previously filled areas
and some virgin areas were excavated to the
limit. The limit of excavation was either burned
residue or groundwater. Where groundwater
was encountered, a layer of several feet of earth
was placed and compacted before placement of
any refuse. This additional fill volume has al-
lowed the landfill operation to continue south
of Watts Branch, and the area was no.t expected
to reach final contours until February or March
1969.
From Apr. 2, 1968, to Nov. 30, 1968, the Dis-
trict disposed of 182,000 tons of refuse and
255,000 cu yd of incinerator residue, or a
weekly average of 5,200 tons of refuse and
7,300 cu yd of incinerator residue, at Kenil-
worth. The amount of refuse is 15.3 percent
in excess of the amount estimated when the
project was developed. This excess was partial-
ly caused by the volume of debris requiring
disposal following the civil disturbances in
Washington during April and the Poor Peoples'
March and encampment during the early sum-
mer. Noncombustible demolition material was
directed to another fill site, but combustible
material had to be disposed of at Kenilworth.
Despite this additional volume, the Kenilworth
site is expected to last until September 1969 be-
cause of the additional space available south of
Watts Branch.
Costs have been higher than originally an-
ticipated and are now expected to be about
$3.30 per ton. This price per ton is based on
the total project costs including the purchase of
the equipment and the estimated tonnage of
refuse and incinerator residue that will be dis-
posed of during the project period. Because of
the classification as a "model," a considerable
amount of money will have been spent to pre-
pare the area for National Park Service develop-
ment and the relatively short life of the fill
causes these expenditures to have a greater im-
pact on the price per ton. Compared with pres-
ent District incinerator operation costs of $6.10
per ton, the landfill is still a bargain. A landfill
located within a metropolitan area should be
expected to be more expensive than one oper-
ated at some remote location, but the reduced
hauling costs can justify these additional ex-
penditures.
An important aspect of the Kenilworth Model
Sanitary Landfill Project was the need to demon-
strate this method of refuse disposal to citizens
in the Metropolitan Washington area. Not
only did the general public need to be con-
vinced that sanitary landfill was a satisfactory
method for disposal for solid wastes, but it was
also most important that the National Park
Service and other federal agencies controlling
open lands be convinced. From the beginning,
the Kenilworth operation has had an open-door
policy for citizens, either in groups or as in-
dividuals, and for the news media. There has
been an active effort to encourage officials and
others to visit the project. By Dec. 1, 1968, 233
persons had visited the site and signed the
guest book.
The project to demonstrate the sanitary land-
fill as a satisfactory method of disposal would
seem to have already had positive results for
the District of Columbia. The National Park
Service, which entered the original Kenilworth
agreement as a skeptic, now appears satisfied
that such an operation can be carried out in
450-S37 0-71-10
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proper locations to benefit both the Park Serv- 18 hole championship golf course. The District
ice and the District. Negotiations are continu- is proposing to design the golf course and build
ing between the District and the Park Service the contours with a sanitary landfill operation
to reach agreement for the utilization of a sani- scheduled to begin when Kenilworth is com-
tary landfill at the Oxon Bay site to develop an pleted.
PUBLICATION:
DEPARTMENT OF SANITARY ENGINEERING, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Kenilworth model sanitary
landfill; interim report on a solid waste demonstration project, December 1967-January
1969. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969. (In press.)
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Demonstration of modern curricula and techniques in the field
of solid waste management
PROJECT TYPE: DEMONSTRATION
GRANTEE: CHARLES COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE, LA PLATA, MARYLAND 20646
PROJECT DIRECTOR: BELVA JENSEN, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF BIOLOGY
GRANT NO. D01-UI-00145
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST:
GRANTEE'S SHARE:
FEDERAL SHARE:
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1968
$136,950
$ 45,651
$ 30,433 [01]
$ 30,433 [02]
$ 30,433 [03]
DATE PROJECT ENDS: AUG. 31, 1971
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate a method for
training technicians in solid waste management.
PROCEDURES: A 1-yr Technician-grade Cur-
riculum in Solid Wastes Management will be
developed to train personnel in the operation
of all phases of solid waste collection and dis-
posal methods that might be used by a munici-
pality or region. Courses directly related to
solid waste management will cover such topics
as collection, incineration, composting, landfill
management, vector control, site selection, soil
types and characteristics, and community eco-
nomics. The curriculum will be implemented,
and its effectiveness for use at other educational
institutions will be evaluated.
A 5-day short course will be established for
current solid waste disposal operating personnel
to provide demonstrations of proper use of
equipment and techniques. Health and safety
aspects of the work will be stressed.
Symposia will be established for solid waste
management personnel in the greater Washing-
ton area to keep them informed of develop-
ments on a regional basis in the solid wastes
field.
PROGRESS TO DATE: The 1-yr curriculum
in solid waste management has been prepared.
First semester courses will be introduction to
Solid Waste Management and Control, English,
Applied Mathematics, Applied Biology, and Solid
Waste — Collection and Storage. Second semes-
ter subjects are Basic Engineering Concepts,
Community Problems and Public Relations,
Systems Concept in Solid Waste Management,
Solid Waste Disposal, Equipment Operation
and Utilization, and Technical Report Writing.
Each semester will involve 16 credit hours
allotted to the course work shown. Detailed
teaching plans for each course are being com-
pleted. Arrangements have been made with the
Department of Public Works of Prince Georges
County, Maryland, to hold some of the training
sessions at their model sanitary landfill.
A short course in solid waste management,
designed to give an overall picture of the prob-
lems involved and some of the solutions avail-
able, was given on Mar. 24 to 28, 1969.
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Demonstration of a compact incineration system meeting all anti pollution requirements
of record in the United States
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-0015S
GRANTEE: TOWN OF WINDSOR
PROJECT DIRECTOR: ALBERT G. ILG, TOWN MANAGER, TOWN HALL, WINDSOR, CONNECTICUT 06095
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $23,362
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 7,787
FEDERAL SHARE: $15375
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: DEC. 1, 1968 DATE PROJECT ENDS: NOV. 30, 1969
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate a small incinera-
tion device that offers an improved means of
solid waste disposal for small communities.
PROCEDURES: A prototype incineration de-
vice located at Combustion Engineering, Inc.,
Windsor, Connecticut, will be tested and eval-
uated by Betz Laboratories, Trevose, Pennsyl-
vania, for combustion efficiency and pollution
hazards. If it appears from these tests that the
device could provide an improved method of
solid waste disposal for small communities,
plans and specifications for construction of a
full-scale demonstration unit for the town will
be prepared.
PROGRESS TO DATE: Final arrangements
are being made for conduct of the evaluation
tests, which are scheduled for January 1969.
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Evaluation of air pollution control equipment for small batch-feed municipal incinerator
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00156
GRANTEE: INCORPORATED VILLAGE OF FREEPORT, NEW YORK, 46 N. OCEAN AVE.,
FREEPORT, NEW YORK. 11520
PROJECT DIRECTOR: WALTER J. POPE, PARTNER, BALDWIN AND CORNELIUS CO.,
101 S. BERGEN PLACE, FREEPORT, NEW YORK 11520
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $101,000
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 33,667
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 67,333 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1968 DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAY 31, 1969
OBJECTIVES: To determine which of various
pilot models of emission control equipment
will reduce emissions from a batch-feed incin-
erator to the level required by air pollution
regulations.
PROCEDURES: The study is being conducted
by the consulting engineering firm of Baldwin
and Cornelius Company, Freeport, with the
assistance of E. M. Voelker of the firm of Nash,
Cadmus and Voelker as Incinerator Consultant.
The firm of Roy F. Weston, Co., West Chester,
Pennsylvania, has been retained to conduct the
equipment tests to be made.
Pilot models of four wet scrubbers will be
tested at various resistance levels. A pilot model
of an electrostatic precipitator will also be
tested. Data to be collected will include char-
acteristics and weight of refuse burned; water
usage; weight of particulate matter entering
and leaving the pilot unit, measured with the
use of both the Public Health Service low-
volume sampling method and the A.S.M.E.
PTC 27-1957 high-volume sampling procedure;
gas stream velocity and temperatures, and CO,
CO2, and O2 content of the gas stream entering
and leaving the pilot unit. These data will
permit evaluation of particulate removal effi-
ciencies at various resistances for several scrub-
bers, compare the relation of the weight of
particulate matter emitted to weight of refuse
burned, and compare the relation of weight of
particulate collected by the high-volume and
the low-volume sampling methods.
PROGRESS TO DATE: The first test se-
quence was run between Dec. 17 and 20, 1968.
A rerun will be necessary because of operating
difficulties. A complete series of tests has been
scheduled for the early part of 1969.
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Regional solid waste study-design and implementation program
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00159
GRANTEE: CENTRAL SAVANNAH RIVER AREA PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION,
630 ELLIS STREET, 2ND FLOOR, AUGUSTA, GEORGIA 30902
PROJECT DIRECTOR: RONALD BONITATIBUS, ENGINEERING CONSULTANT, CENTRAL SAVANNAH RIVER
AREA PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST:
GRANTEE'S SHARE:
FEDERAL SHARE:
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1968
$180,000
$ 60,000
$ 40,000 [01]
$ 40,000 [02]
$ 40,000 [03]
DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAY 81, 1971
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate that an area
commission, by developing and implementing.
a regional plan for solid waste disposal, can
effectively deal with problems of solid waste
collection and disposal in the 13-county area
served by the commission.
PROCEDURES: The project is being con-
ducted by the commission's staff, with consul-
tative and advisory services provided, as
required, by the consulting engineering firm
of Black & Veatch, Kansas City, Missouri.
During the first year of the project, the
commission's staff, with the cooperation of
State and local health officials, will survey the
13-county area to determine the magnitude of
the solid wastes problem. Possible methods of
solid waste collection and disposal on a re-
gional basis will be studied. Existing ordi-
nances, rules, and regulations relating to solid
wastes will be reviewed and needed improve-
ments recommended. A regional solid waste
disposal program will be developed for imple-
mentation during the last 2 yr of the project.
The commission's staff will work closely with
local officials to coordinate their efforts in im-
plementing this plan and will also be available
on a consultative basis to provide required as-
sistance in the various phases of solid waste
collection, storage, or disposal. An appropriate
public relations and education program will be
conducted. A training program will be de-
veloped for operators of disposal facilities and
interested municipal officials.
PROGRESS TO DATE: Each community in
the study area was visited, and information re-
garding solid waste collection and disposal
practices was obtained. An onsite investigation
and evaluation of existing disposal facilities
was conducted during these visits.
There are some 55 communities in the study
area, 75 percent of which have populations less
than 1,000, and 11 percent of which have popu-
lations greater than 3,000. Fourteen of these
communities provide at least twice weekly
refuse collection. Two other communities pro-
vide adequate service to part of the commun-
ity. A large majority of the remaining com-
munities provide no collection service at all,
and a few provide collection once a month or
once every 2 wk. In Richmond and Columbia
counties, collection is available to individuals
on a contract basis with a private contractor.
Residents of the other 11 counties must remove
their solid wastes on an individual basis.
At present only one small community in the
study area is using the sanitary landfill method
of solid waste disposal. City dumps, roadside
dumps, and private dumps make up the re-
mainder of the disposal facilities for solid
waste.
it
None of the communities have records rc
garding waste generation. To have a basis of
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estimating per capita generation, weighing pro-
grams have been instituted in several small
representative communities. Initial attempts to
conduct a weighing program in Augusta and
Richmond county were unsuccessful. A report
has been submitted to the city and county
officials outlining the need for and the use of
weighing records. A survey to estimate the
volume of solid waste going to both the city
and county landfills will be conducted in Jan-
uary 1969.
A model refuse ordinance for use in the study
area was written. This covers most of the con-
siderations related to solid waste storage, col-
lection, disposal, and enforcement and will be
used as a guide to improve existing ordinances
or to establish new ordinances. A form was
also prepared for community use in recording
their refuse collection and disposal expenses.
At present many of the communities are un-
aware of the actual cost of their refuse pro-
grams.
The refuse collection programs for the cities
of Augusta and Sylvania were evaluated, and
suggestions for improving the operation were
made. A similar evaluation, with recommenda-
tions, was made for the landfill operation being
conducted by Sylvania. A course outline was
prepared for the sanitary landfill school to be
held in Sylvania in the spring of 1969.
Preliminary consideration of a comprehen-
sive solid waste collection and disposal plan
for the study area indicates that the most eco-
nomical solution would appear to be the es-
tablishment of a number of landfills, each of
which would serve several communities without
requiring excessive hauls. Sites would be oper-
ated on a 5-day-per-wk basis, and all expenses
would be borne by communities and counties
using the site. With the exception of the Rich-
mond county site, the total community popula-
tion served would range from 5,000 to 15,000.
For communities not having existing collec-
tion services and for the rural population, the
use of strategically placed bulk-storage contain-
ers is proposed, with a collection route designed
to provide adequate coverage and pickup of
wastes.
A system of this type, operated with the co
operation of residents of the area, is believed to
result in controlled sanitary disposal of much
of the solid waste of the area. The proposed
program, as outlined above, will be presented
to some target areas and, hopefully, imple-
mented.
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Solid waste disposal program multigovernmental metropolitan area
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00161
GRANTEE: FOX VALLEY COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS, 12TH FLOOR, ZUELKE BUILDING,
APPLETON, WISCONSIN 54911
PROJECT DIRECTOR: EUGENE E. FRANCHETT, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, FOX VALLEY COUNCIL
OF GOVERNMENTS
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT: $38,890
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $12,963
FEDERAL SHARE: $25,927 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1968
DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAY 31, 1969
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate how new and
improved solid waste management techniques
could solve a regional solid waste problem by
developing an administratively acceptable and
economically feasible solid waste disposal plan
and program capable of serving the present and
future needs of a large metropolitan area in the
State of Wisconsin.
PROCEDURES: The consulting engineering
firm of Donahue and Associates, Sheboygan,
Wisconsin, is conducting the study under the
general supervision and direction of the Coun-
cil's Executive Director. The study area con-
sists of approximately 200 sq miles and em-
braces parts of Calumet, Outagamie, and Win-
nebago Counties. The cities of Neenah,
Menasha, Appleton, and Kaukauna are located
in the area.
Data pertaining to existing solid wastes col-
lection systems and disposal facilities in the
study area will be assembled, updated, and
analyzed. Information concerning topography,
geology, soils, land use, and population will also
be developed. A tentative area-wide solid waste
collection and disposal plan will be prepared
and means for its implementation considered.
This will include items such as scheduling of
construction in accordance with relative need,
indication of a financing plan for the proposed
facilities, and the coordinative, legislative, and
administrative measures required for imple-
mentation of the plan.
At various stages of the project, "coordina-
ting conferences" will be held with representa-
tives of Federal, State, and local governments,
planning agencies, and private interests con-
cerned with the development of the plan. An
initial meeting will be held to explain the
project and solicit the cooperation of such
groups. The tentative plan, when developed,
and means of implementing the plan will be
considered at subsequent meetings. The final
such meeting will be devoted to a consideration
and discussion of the draft of the completed
plan. Public support for the completed plan
and capital improvements program will be de-
veloped by means of public hearings, meetings,
and conferences and by a public education
program designed to secure general acceptance
for the planned improvements.
PROGRESS TO DATE: Meetings have been
held with member units of the Council of
Governments and with personnel from indus-
trial and commercial facilities in the study area
to explain the study and solicit their assistance.
Available information concerning solid
wastes in the study area has been collected.
Member units of the Council of Governments
have provided historical information and oper-
ational records pertaining to their solid waste
collection and disposal operations. In addition,
they have completed weighing programs spe-
cifically for the study that provide basic data
from which solid waste generation by residen-
tial and commercial sources is being estimated.
Information concerning industrial solid wastes
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has been solicited from 29 industries in the A study is being made to determine locations
study area by means of a questionnaire, and in the study area that might be developed as
19 completed questionnaires have been re- sanitary landfill sites and those areas that could
turned. not be so developed.
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Economic feasibility and administrative organization required to construct a
1,000-foot solid wastes mountain and recreational area in a major urbanized region
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-0016S
GRANTEE: THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO, 100 EAST ERIE STREET,
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60611
PROJECT DIRECTOR: FRANK E. DALTON, ACTING CHIEF ENGINEER, THE METROPOLITAN
SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $210,000
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 70,000
FEDERAL SHARE: $140,000 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: DEC. 1, 1968 DATE PROJECT ENDS: NOV. 30, 1969
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the feasibility of
constructing a large "mountain" in an urban-
ized area, with the use of solid wastes generated
in Cook County, and of developing it as a
recreational facility for pursuits such as skiing,
hiking, picnicking, nature study, tobogganing,
skating, and horseback riding.
PROCEDURES: The district will contract
with a consulting engineering firm to conduct
the study.
A suitable site for the proposed mountain
will be selected, and local geological features,
prevention of environmental pollution or con-
tamination, and aesthetics will be considered.
The most suitable methods for handling the
solid wastes generated in Cook County will be
determined.
An ultimate recreational facility will be de-
signed and anticipated revenues estimated. The
numerous interest groups that would be involved
in the undertaking will be identified and their
cooperation secured. Estimates will be made of
construction and operation costs of the pro-
posed facility, and rate schedules will be
developed for disposal of solid wastes at the
site. A financing plan will be developed, to-
gether with a proposed administrative organ-
izatjon to operate the facility. Any legislation
required to implement the plan for the facility
will be developed and introduced into the
Illinois General Assembly.
PROGRESS TO DATE: Negotiations are
underway with a consulting engineering firm.
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Solid waste handling and disposal in multistory buildings and hospitals
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00164
GRANTEE: COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES, 500 WEST TEM PLE STREET, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90012
PROJECT DIRECTOR: JOHN A. LAMBIE, COUNTY EN GINEER, 108 WEST SECOND STREET,
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90012
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $260,760
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 89,945
FEDERAL SHARE: $115,860 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE) $ 54,955 [02]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1968 DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAY 31, 1970
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the need for
improved and modernized equipment, methods,
and practices in refuse collection and disposal
at various county buildings and institutions by
making an in-depth study and to provide design
standards and code requirements that will en-
sure adequate sanitary facilities in all buildings
to be constructed within the county jurisdiction.
PROCEDURES: The project is being con-
ducted by the consulting firm of Engineering
Service Corporation and Greenleaf/Telesca,
Los Angeles, California. Various special con-
sultants will be used as required.
Types of county buildings to be studied in-
clude office buildings, jails, hospitals, and a
hospital complex. A coordinating committee,
consisting of county personnel concerned with
the operation, maintenance, and administration
of waste collection and disposal facilities at these
buildings, will be established to assist in guid-
ing the studies, evaluating results, and prepar-
ing recommendations.
Each building or institution will be surveyed
to establish present conditions, both physical
and sanitary, quantities and types of refuse
produced, and present means of disposal. De-
ficiencies and needs for improvement in the
present methods and systems will be noted and
analyzed. Surveys of private multistory and
apartment buildings will be made to the extent
required to verify the quantities of refuse and
similarity of problems as determined by the
detailed survey of county facilities.
Investigations will be made of refuse collec-
tion, preparation, and handling systems to
determine operating characteristics, size and
space requirements, and cost of installation and
operation. Studies will be made to determine
the type of system that might best be employed
in each of the types of buildings involved.
Consideration will be given to shredding, pulp-
ing, and compacting of refuse, and to gravity,
pneumatic, vacuum, and containerized han-
dling systems.
Various methods of refuse disposal will be
investigated (salvage, grinding into the sewage
collection system, sanitary landfill, composting,
and incineration), and health hazards, air pollu-
tion, reliability, and operating cost will be con-
sidered. The method or methods of refuse
disposal that might best be employed in each
type of building under consideration will be
determined.
Preliminary designs and cost estimates will be
prepared for installation of a system for the
collection and disposal of solid wastes in a hos-
pital building complex and a multistory office
building or jail.
PROGRESS TO DATE: Preliminary observa-
tions of refuse disposal practices are virtually
complete. Weights of refuse from all but one
facility have been obtained and tabulated.
Planning and scheduling of in-building studies
at hospitals are near completion. Results to
date confirm that many facilities do not handle
refuse efficiently and that crowded and un-
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sanitary conditions exist in trash areas in many investigation of various refuse disposal prac-
buildings. tices, inspections of four hospitals in Florida
Numerous articles and brochures concerning nave been completed.
refuse handling equipment have been received The project is proceeding essentially on
and are being reviewed. In connection with schedule.
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Systems planning for regional solid waste management in areas comprising
diverse socioeconomic characteristics
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00168
GRANTEE: CITY OF ALBUQUERQUE
PROJECT DIRECTOR: VICTOR BICKEL, DIRECTOR, DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH,
CITY OF ALBUQUERQUE, BOX 1293, ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO 87103
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $98,913
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $32,971
FEDERAL SHARE: $65,942 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: APRIL 1, 1968 DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAR. 31, 1969
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate how new or
improved solid waste management techniques
could solve a regional solid waste problem by
developing a long-range plan for the manage-
ment of solid wastes for a heterogeneous re-
gional area of central New Mexico.
PROCEDURES: The project is being con-
ducted by staff of the city's Department of En-
vironmental Health, with consulting engineer-
ing services being provided by the firm of D. F.
Molzen and Associates, Inc., Albuquerque, New
Mexico; by Engineering-Science, Inc., Arcadia,
California; and by Dr. John W. Hernandez,
Associate Professor, New Mexico State Univer-
sity.
The study area consists of Metropolitan Al-
buquerque and populated areas north and
south of the city. Political jurisdictions in the
area are the cities of Albuquerque, Belen, and
Bernalillo; the village of Los Lunas; the coun-
ties of Bernalillo, Valencia, and Sandoval; the
Isleta; and Sandia Pueblos.
Basic data will be developed regarding the
current generation of solid wastes in the study
area including agricultural, industrial, muni-
cipal, and commercial. Special categories may
be used for wastes that create special handling
or health problems. Projections of future
waste generation will be made. Existing solid
waste management systems in the study area
Will be described and operational costs de-
termined. Ongoing solid waste management
programs of the state and related areas will be
investigated. Statutes and ordinances that may
relate to solid waste management in the study
area will be identified. Existing land use and
zoning will be determined,' and projections
made of future land use.
Economic and demographic data will be used
to project future employment and population
in the study area. Alternate means of financing
the proposed program will be developed and an
optimal method selected. Physiographic, ge-
ologic, meteorologic, and ground water char-
acteristics of the study area will be determined;
and a preliminary selection of future landfill
sites will be made on the basis of these studies.
Various methods of solid waste disposal will be
examined and defined in detail.
An advisory committee, comprised of com-
munity leaders from each of the political juris-
dictions in the study area, will develop an edu-
cational/enforcement program for implementa-
tion concurrently with the contemplated solid
waste management system. This group would
also guide the preparation of a suggested ordi-
nance that would be considered for adoption
and implementation by all of the political
entities in the study area.
Solid waste management systems applicable
to the study area will be developed and com-
piled, and the optimal system selected on the
basis of overall effectiveness, total cost, and
147
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ability to minimize undesirable effects (noise,
aesthetic, traffic interference, etc.) on the en-
vironment.
The parameters and fundamental principles
forming the basis for selection of the optimal
solid waste management system and the method
of determining the optimal system of financing
will be generalized for utilization by other areas
in planning similar systems to meet analogous
problems.
PROGRESS TO DATE: Some portions of the
study have been completed. The existing solid
wastes management systems in the study area
have been determined. Information relative to
the physiographic, geologic, meteorologic, and
ground water characteristics of the study area
has been collected.
Population data are being compiled along
with information on waste production, financial
capabilities, and legal regulations pertinent to
solid wastes management systems. Planning of
an educational program is under way. Pre-
liminary planning for the establishment of an
enforcement program has begun.
A tentative outline has been developed for
the final project report.
148
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Development and testing of compaction and baling equipment
for rail haul of solid wastes
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00170
GRANTEE: CITY,OF CHICAGO
PROJECT DIRECTOR: JAMES J. MCDONOUGH, ACTING COMMISSIONER, DEPARTMENT OF STREETS AND
SANITATION, CITY HALL, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60602
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $468,000
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $156,000
FEDERAL SHARE: $312,000 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: MAY 1, 1968 DATE PROJECT ENDS: APR. 30, 1969
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the develop-
ment and application of improved equipment
for solid waste disposal by conducting a study:
(1) To determine the requirements for the op-
timum design of production-scale equipment
to compress solid wastes into high-density eco-
nomical payloads for transport by rail, and to
test the operational aspects of such a system.
(2) To investigate the potential for utilization
of compacted solid wastes as a fill material in
lakeshore areas. (3) To explore the potential
of multicompaction transfer stations as a means
of reducing solid waste collection costs through
shorter haul distances. (4) To investigate
whether or not the compacted refuse can be
placed in a sanitary landfill without causing
degradation problems and associated methane
gas production.
PROCEDURES: The project is being carried
out by personnel of the city of Chicago in con-
junction with the Rail-Haul Project Research
Team of the American Public Works Associa-
tion (see Grant No. D01-UI-00073) and con-
sultative services of Northwestern University
and Barton-Aschman Associates, Inc.
An experimental baling press approximating
a production press in size will be modified and
installed in a new building with sufficient aux-
iliary facilities to carry out a program of tests
utilizing synthetic and real refuse samples of
varying volumes, contents, and weights. Press
modifications and adaptations will be deter-
mined and carried out with and by the original
press manufacturer. The tests will be made
with an evaluation of the results taking place
on a running basis.
After about 4 wk of testing, press manu-
facturers will cooperate to obtain information
from the test results, draw their own conclu-
sions for their own design work, and provide
the project with their evaluations of the test
results. Towards the end of the testing period,
officials from states, communities, and disposal
areas will be informed in onsite meetings of
the project results to obtain their comments
and reactions and to maintain appropriate
public relations required for acceptance of the
rail-haul concept.
As the actual testing program is progressing,
test bales will be furnished to Northwestern
University where laboratory investigations will
be conducted regarding objectives 2 and 4 of
the project. As the parameters for the produc-
tion model press become known, this informa-
tion will be interpreted by Barton-Aschman
and Associates in the attainment of objective 3.
PROGRESS TO DATE: The press has been
obtained, modified, and installed for the testing
program. The other materials and facilities
needed have been brought to the site of the
Solid Wastes Research Facility (103rd Street
at Doty Avenue), and all is in readiness for the
actual tests to begin. The test program is sched-
uled for January, February, and March 1969.
No specific data are yet available.
149
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Engineering evaluation of plastic and paper sacks for increased
efficiency of refuse collection
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00172
GRANTEE: CITY OF INGLEWOOD, CITY HALL, 105 EAST QUEEN, INGLEWOOD, CALIFORNIA 90301
PROJECT DIRECTOR: WILLIAM F. FARNAM, PUBLIC WORKS DIRECTOR, PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT,
CITY OF INGLEWOOD, INGLEWOOD, CALIFORNIA 90301
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $127,030
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 42,420
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 44,205 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE) $ 40,405 [02]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1968
DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAY 31, 1970
OBJECTIVES: To make a comprehensive eval-
uation of available plastic and paper sack ma-
terials and appurtenances to determine their
overall suitability for use as solid waste con-
tainers,
PROCEDURES: The project is being con-
ducted by the consulting engineering firm of
Ralph Stone & Company, Inc., Engineers, Los
Angeles, California.
Major elements of the project will be:
1. Evaluation of the effect of disposable con-
tainers on solid waste collection efficiency.
Field surveys using alternative types of sacks
will be conducted in representative areas within
the city of Inglewood. Other representative
areas will be selected to provide control in-
formation so that the effect of sacks on collec-
tion efficiency and other related factors can be
determined. Plastic and paper sacks will be
distributed to approximately 1,000 homes for
a period of 6 mo while these surveys are being
conducted.
2. A comparative evaluation between the use
of plastic and paper sacks for solid waste con-
tainers. This will involve laboratory tests on
various plastic and paper sack materials to
determine performance criteria and develop a
specification for the purchase of refuse sacks.
3. To study and report on public preferences
in the use of disposable containers versus me-
tallic containers. Public information surveys
150
will be conducted to determine the attitude of
Inglewood's citizens to existing refuse collection
operations and procedures, and how the use of
sacks may have altered these attitudes.
4. To devise methods and procedures to
provide incentives for use of superior con-
tainers.
5. Investigation of environmental health and
safety aspects of the use of disposable containers.
6. To study and recommend alternative
methods of distributing bags and holders to
householders. The assistance of local mer-
chants and bag distributors will be enlisted in
devising alternative feasible methods for bag
distributions to the citizens of Inglewood on a
large-scale basis, pending the satisfactory results
of the field studies.
7. To evaluate the use of bags in bins and
large container systems.
8. To conduct an extensive public relations
program within the city to acquaint the citi-
zens with the objectives and procedures of the
project activities.
PROGRESS TO DATE: Initial work activities
involved the conduct of several weeks of field
surveys to define representative areas in the
city of Inglewood for eventual participation in
the pilot studies. A total of six areas were
chosen, each of which had physical boundaries
approximately equal to an existing refuse col-
lection route. Each of the six study areas is
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composed of approximately 300 homes or apart-
ment units. Four of the areas are located in
lower to middle income single family residen-
tial areas. The final two areas are predomin-
ately composed of apartment house units.
Of the six areas, three were selected to re-
ceive bags for test use. The remaining three
areas were designated as control areas to pro-
vide the necessary control on the collection
operations following the distribution of bags
so that detailed and valid estimates can be
made of the potential collection cost savings
derived through the use of the bags. The field
studies conducted in the pilot and control study
areas included the determination of the type
of residence, the lot widths, the numbers and
types of refuse containers placed for collection,
the type and percent composition of the refuse
placed for collection, and other related factors.
Additionally, the six crews and collection ve-
hicles chosen for participation in the study will
be used throughout the study period. These
crews were given detailed evaluation during the
field surveys. Evaluation included the collec-
tion time per stop, the collection time based
on various types and numbers of containers at
the collection stop, the time for driving be-
tween collection stops, the density of refuse
achieved within the collection vehicle, and
other factors. Statistical evaluation of the field
data has been completed and performance
curves prepared for the various crews. Upon
the initiation of the field studies involving the
use of the bags, the performance of these crews
can be compared on a valid basis with their
performance using the conventional container
system. Field measurements and results will be
given added validity through the conduct of
time and motion analysis using method—time-
measurement techniques.
Laboratory tests on bagging materials sub-
mitted by manufacturers have been completed.
These involved the determination of the effect
of various typical refuse constituents as well as
moisture on the strength of the various bagging
materials. Tensile, abrasion, and puncture
tests were also conducted. A specification for
the purchase of bags for use during the pilot
studies is now in draft form.
A questionnaire has been developed for
eventual distribution to the householders par-
ticipating in the study to determine the atti-
tude of the resident to the existing refuse col-
lection operations and to determine potential
areas for refuse collection improvement in In-
glewood. The questionnaire is designed to
evaluate the improvements in service provided
through the use of the bag, if any, and also to
indicate where the citizen feels improvements
in refuse collection service are needed and
which of these he regards as being the most
important at this time.
Several implementation procedures are being
given preliminary consideration in the event
that the use of the bags in the city of Ingle-
wood is found to be desirable.
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Development of a solid waste disposal plan and program integrated with the
comprehensive regional planning process
PROJECT TYPE: DEMONSTRATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-OOI74
GRANTEE: REGIONAL PLANNING COUNCIL, 701 ST. PAUL STREET, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND 21202
PROJECT DIRECTOR: ROBERT N. YOUNG, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, REGIONAL PLANNING COUNCIL
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST:
GRANTEE'S SHARE:
FEDERAL SHARE:
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1968
5178,279
$ 59,426
$ 34,003 [01]
$ 42,683 [02]
$ 42,167 [03]
DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAY 31, 1971
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate how new or
improved solid waste management techniques
could solve a regional solid waste problem by
developing a solid waste disposal plan and pro-
gram and management advisory procedures for
the Baltimore metropolitan area and by inte-
grating these with the continuing comprehen-
sive regional planning process and with State
and local solid waste disposal planning activ-
ities.
PROCEDURES: The project is being con-
ducted by staff of the Regional Planning Coun-
cil, with the participation of governmental
units in the Baltimore metropolitan area. The
demonstration will be carried out in three
phases, each of which is expected to take about
a year.
Phase I. This phase will be primarily devoted
to considerations associated with solid waste
disposal. Several alternative plans for sets of
disposal sites, employing various disposal
methods, will be developed, along with esti-
mates of the cost of each. Major work elements
will include identifying existing collection and
disposal systems and obtaining information
about new and improved technologies for
waste disposal and treatment of wastes before
disposal.
Special studies will include the development
of cost estimates for a system of compressing,
baling, and packaging refuse for shipment to a
site remote from the urban area. Other special
152
studies will be undertaken to aid local govern-
ments in evaluating disposal technologies and
selecting sites for needed disposal facilities. The
possibility of a computer-oriented systems anal-
ysis study of solid waste collection and trans-
port will be explored by personnel of Johns
Hopkins University.
Phase II. Seasonal variations in the quantity
and characteristics of solid wastes produced in
the study area will be investigated. Federal,
State, and local laws governing solid wastes will
be compiled. Sources of junked automobiles*
appliances, etc., and costs of solid waste collec-
tion, transport, and disposal will be determined.
With the use of the various disposal plans de<
veloped in Phase I, the major effort in this
phase will be to develop, by computer, an op-
timized collection and disposal system for the
region.
Phase III. The computer simulation evalua-
tion will continue into this phase. Other major
work items will include administrative and
legal studies and development of recommenda-
tions for implementation of the regional plan
and for implementation of a public education
and information program.
PROGRESS TO DATE: The grantee has pro-
vided the following statement concerning pro-
gress on the project:
Because of previous personnel comrnitments
to other projects completed in September 1968,
major emphasis in the early months of this
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project has been placed on the systems analysis
activities.
*
Staff professionals began devoting full time
to this phase of the project as soon as they
became available.
Accomplishments include obtaining the
solid wastes transport program from Johns
Hopkins University and assuring that it could
operate on a computer available to the Regional
Planning Council (RFC). Other peripheral
programs have been developed for use on the
time-sharing GE-265 computer at the remote
terminal in the RFC offices. One of these pro-
grams will convert data from the RFC format
for 645 transportation zones to a format ready
for punching for the Hopkins program, which
is run on an IBM 7094.
The other program assembles transportation
zones into collection routes of appropriate size
for the Hopkins model and obtains its input
data from the first program for the transporta-
tion zones designated as tributary to a particular
disposal facility.
In reviewing literature and in discussions
with other professionals, a staff member hit
upon the idea of using a standard transporta-
tion model, with minor modifications, to desig-
nate the service areas in which transportation
costs are least for any given configuration of
disposal sites. Traditionally this program has
been used to optimize a transportation system
for a group of diverse manufacturing locations
and various demands (customer). The use of
this model will reduce computer runs for a
given disposal plan to one. With the Hopkins
model, the service areas would be assumed and
"optimization" would be by trial and error.
This will permit evaluation of more possible
disposal plans, which we feel is highly desirable.
The Hopkins model will be then used for a
more detailed analysis of the three or four most
attractive possibilities, and for comparison,
evaluation of at least one plan for a non-
regional configuration (service areas not cross-
ing jurisdictional boundaries).
Other activities have included organization
of a Technical Advisory Committee for this
study. The first meeting was held on Dec. 2,
1968. Interest and response have been ex-
tremely good, and much insight into the diverse
problems of the operation of a solid wastes
disposal system was gained from these operat-
ing personnel and representatives of other con-
cerned agencies and organizations. Necessary
contracts have been developed and reviewed
and approved as required by Maryland.
Coordination with the State Health Depart-
ment has been the first step in beginning data
collection on the existing system. A meeting
was held with the Health Department to de-
termine which data they have collected that
would be of use to us and to avoid duplication
of effort. The Health Department is, of course,
represented on the advisory committee.
Many additional minor and major problems
identified within the scope of this grant by the
advisory committee will be studied on a priority
basis to the extent that the allocated resources
allow. Among others, they include the need for
uniformity of data collection and suggestions on
data that should (and shouldn't) be collected,
current fate of waste oil in the region, handling
of demolition debris, dead animals and dis-
eased trees.
Local interests concerned with rail transport
of wastes, barging to sea, and baling have been
partially identified and will be contacted in
the near future for more detailed information.
Appointments with the individual local disposal
facility operators have been and are being made
for early 1969. It is anticipated that the first
round of interviews should be completed by the
end of January or mid-February. Review of
technology locally with consultants and others
will help identify necessary contacts and permit
arrangements for necessary site visits to begin
by late winter or early spring.
153
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Use of prepared refuse with coal in large utility boilers
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00176
GRANTEE: CITY OF ST. LOUIS, CITY HALL, ST. LOUI S, MISSOURI 6S103
PROJECT DIRECTOR: G. WAYNE SUTTERFIELD, COMMISSIONER OF REFUSE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL,
4100 SOUTH FIRST STREET, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 63118
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $60,000
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $20,000
FEDERAL SHARE: $40,000 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE I, 1968 DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAY 31, 1969
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the feasibility of
a proposed new method of solid waste disposal
that consists of blending controlled percentages
of properly prepared municipal refuse with coal
for use as fuel in large coal-fired boiler plants.
PROCEDURES: The consulting engineering
firm of Horner & Shifrin, Inc., St. Louis, Mis-
souri will conduct the study. Union Electric
Company, St. Louis, will assist, in an advisory
capacity, in determining the economic and en-
gineering feasibility of the proposed process.
The following items will be considered in
detail to determine the physical feasibility of
the proposed process: (1) necessary degree of
preparation of the refuse for blending with coal
and the facilities required; (2) percentage of
refuse that can be used as fuel and the heat
value thereof; (3) types of boilers applicable
to the proposed process; (4) optimum percent-
age of prepared refuse in fuel mixture; (5)
combustion air requirements; (6) disposal of
portion of refuse not suitable for use as fuel;
and (7) evaluation of problems in storage and
transport of prepared refuse and problems at-
tendant to fuel blending.
The relative economic aspects of the pro-
posed process will require evaluation of the
effects on the operations of the involved muni-
cipal corporation, as well as on those of the
utility company. Capital costs of refuse prepar-
ation, storage, and transport facilities will be
estimated, as well as capital costs of necessary
facilities a.t existing or new boiler plants. Cor-
154
responding operation and maintenance costs
will be estimated. The foregoing costs will be
converted into applicable units for comparison
with the costs of other methods of refuse dis-
posal.
Potential long-range problems will be con-
sidered on a preliminary basis. Among the
matters deserving particular consideration are
the possibilities of slagging, corrosion, erosion,
boiler tube deposits, unusual difficulties with
milling and firing apparatus, and effects on air
pollution control equipment.
Public health aspects of handling and storage
of the solid wastes will be considered. These
will include precautions necessary in design and
operation to minimize nuisances and health
hazards due to dust, odors, blowing paper,
insect propagation, rodents, and effects on air
pollution.
Potential benefits of the proposed process to
the community will be evaluated, and com-
munity—utility relationships and responsibil-
ities in any full-scale application of the process
will be considered.
PROGRESS TO DATE: Information is being
developed concerning the various types of exist-
ing Union Electric Company facilities to eval-
uate their potential for burning a percentage
of prepared refuse with other fuel. Data also are
being accumulated from the literature regard-
ing fuel values of prepared refuse, aS well as
the amounts and characteristics of refuse com-
bustion products and their potential interfer-
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ence with boiler operation. Other investiga-
tions are under way on the types and sizes of
equipment necessary to properly prepare refuse
for firing, as well as on the various feasible
methods of transporting and storing prepared
refuse.
In evaluating the existing Union Electric sys-
tem, consideration is being given mainly to
the larger facilities. These might consume
enough prepared refuse to appreciably assist
in alleviating a major refuse disposal problem,
while substantially reducing consumption of
natural fuel. As a tentative conclusion, it pres-
ently appears that a corner-fired boiler, burning
pulverized coal, shows the greatest promise of
accepting prepared refuse as a portion of the
fuel without entailing major modifications to
an existing boiler or without creating unaccept-
able operating problems.
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Comprehensive solid waste management in a rural county
(clean and green-Chilton County, Alabama)
PROJECT TYPE: DEMONSTRATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00178
GRANTEE: BOARD OF REVENUE AND CONTROL OF CHILTON COUNTY, ALABAMA, COURT HOUSE,
CLANTON, ALABAMA 35045
PROJECT DIRECTOR: ROBERT M. ALEXANDER, COUNTY ENGINEER'S OFFICE, AIRPORT ROAD,
CLANTON, ALABAMA 35045
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST:
GRANTEE'S SHARE:
FEDERAL SHARE:
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1968
$296,375
$106,775
$124,680 [01]
$ 32,260 [02]
$ 32,660 [03]
DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAY 31, 1971
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate how improved
management techniques can solve the solid
waste problems of a predominantly rural county
by providing countywide collection of muni-
cipal and rural solid wastes for disposal at a
single, centrally located sanitary landfill.
PROCEDURES: Chilton County will establish
a sanitary landfill for the disposal of all solid
wastes generated in the county. All existing
open dumps, some 40 to 50 in number, will
be closed.
The county will provide collection services
for the rural population by means of a contain-
erized storage and collection system. A study of
population distribution and solid waste pro-
duction in the county will be conducted to
select locations for the roadside placement of
covered waste receptacles and to select optimal
routes to those locations. Twice-a-week collec-
tion from the containers will be scheduled. A
public education program will be carried out
to acquaint the rural population with the sys-
tem and explain its use. The four municipal-
ities in the county will continue their present
collection services, but the collected wastes will
be brought to the county landfill for disposal.
Consultant services provided by personnel
from the University of Alabama under the
direction of Dr. James V. Walters, will include
156
studies of municipal collection procedures to
ascertain what improvements can be made.
Records will be kept to evaluate the efficiency
and technical success of the program. An en-
vironmental sanitation resurvey will be made
near the end of the second year of the project,
and results will be compared with a similar
survey made before the project was initiated.
Improvements in sanitary conditions will be
evaluated. Concurrently, the consultant will
resurvey municipal collection methods to eval-
uate effects of improved methods implemented
as a result of his initial survey. During the
final year of the project, a topographic map of
the site as altered by the landfill operation will
be prepared. Possible uses for the reclaimed
area will be determined, and value of the
altered site will be estimated.
PROGRESS TO DATE: During the first 3
mo of the project, the landfill site was surveyed
and prepared. Specifications for the day-to-day
operation of the landfill were developed.
Equipment was ordered and delivered includ-
ing a D-7 Caterpillar tractor for the landfill,
and a 30-cu-yd packer truck and 60 four-cu-yd
containers for the rural collection system.
The landfill operations began in September
1968; however, installation of scales was not
completed until December 1968. Shortly after
the landfill opened, the municipalities closed
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their open burning dumps, instituted rat eradi- January 1969 on county roads and approval is
cation programs at these sites, and began cover- being sought from the State Highway Depart-
ing them with clean dirt. ment and the Bureau of Public Roads for place-
The rural collection system is to be started in ment of containers on other public roads.
157
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Study and investigation of solid wastes in the Charleston, West Virginia,
standard metropolitan statistical area and Kanawha County, West Virginia
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. DOUUI-00186
GRANTEE: REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY OF CHARLESTON—KANAWHA COUNTY,
WEST VIRGINIA METROPOLITAN REGION, 408 KANAWHA BOULEVARD EAST,
CHARLESTON, WEST VIRGINIA 25301
PROJECT DIRECTOR: JAMES HODGES, SOLID WASTES COORDINATOR, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
AUTHORITY OF CHARLESTON—KANAWHA COUNTY, WEST VIRGINIA
METROPOLITAN REGION
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $60,176
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $20,176
FEDERAL SHARE: $40,000 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1968
DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAY 31, 1969
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate how new or
improved solid waste management techniques
could solve a regional solid waste problem by
developing a management program for the
Charleston—Kanawha County metropolitan re-
gion.
PROCEDURES: The consulting engineering
firm of Kelly, Gidley, Staub, & Blair, Inc.,
Charleston, West Virginia, is performing the
technical phases of the work.
Available data concerning solid waste gener-
ation in the study area will be reviewed. In-
formation will be obtained relative to pro-
jections of population, industrial and commer-
cial development, land use and transportation
plans, and an analysis made of present and
anticipated future service demands. Existing
solid waste collection and disposal facilities will
be analyzed, and costs of collection, transporta-
tion, and disposal will be developed. Alternate
methods of disposal will be compared and pos-
sible disposal sites identified. Preliminary de-
signs and costs estimates for a regional system
will be prepared, with recommendations for the
legislation required and the financing of the
proposed system.
PROGRESS TO DATE: Studies of existing
municipal records, ordinances, and disposal
sites have been completed. Private haulers are
cooperating in the study by furnishing data
concerning number of employees, equipment
used, and area served. 'Estimates of amounts
of solid wastes handled by private haulers are
being developed by weighing solid wastes re-
ceived at a number of different private disposal
sites over 2-wk periods. Incinerator records of
the city are being reviewed to develop estimates
of amounts of municipal refuse generated in
the Charleston area. A sampling program is
being conducted to determine the composition
of the municipal solid wastes.
The 14 major industries in the area are mem-
bers of a Pollution Advisory Committee, and
questionnaire survey forms with reference to
industrial solid wastes are submitted to specific
industries through this committee. Studies of
existing conditions are nearing completion, and
future work will be directed toward planning a
feasible area-wide collection and disposal system.
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Processing of bulky, metallic solid wastes
PROJECT TYPE: STUDY AND INVESTIGATION GRANT NO. D01-UI-00187
GRANTEE: MARYLAND STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEA LTH, 301 W. PRESTON STREET,
BALTIMORE, MARYLAND 21201
PROJECT DIRECTOR: WILFRED H. SHIELDS, JR., CHIEF, DIVISION OF SOLID WASTES, MARYLAND STATE
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, 2305 N. CHARLES STREET, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND 21218
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $42,915
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $14,305
FEDERAL SHARE: $28,610 [01]
(BY YEAR OF PROJECT LIFE)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: JUNE 1, 1968 DATE PROJECT ENDS: MAY 31, 1969
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the practicality
of an improved solid waste disposal method that
would eliminate automobile graveyards and
junkyards by determining the economic feasi-
bility of operating a central facility to receive
discarded vehicles and other junk material such
as appliances and machinery; immediately
break them into their components; and move
them either to scrap processing yards, to storage
for later use in the economic cycle, to a ware-
house of spare parts, or to solid waste disposal
facilities.
PROCEDURES: The detailed study is being
conducted by the consulting firm of Manage-
ment Technology, Inc., Washington, D. C.
An analysis of the extent of the junk problem
will be made through research of Federal,
State, and local government data, reviews with
salvage yard operators, processors, and scrap
metal dealers, and by an evaluation of selected
urban areas. Current practices and trends in
collecting, storing, processing, salvaging, and
disposing of these bulky items will be deter-
mined. Methods for locating junk-receiving
yards will be investigated, and quantity and
distribution of this type of solid waste, land use
plans, needed facilities, and legislative require-
ments will be considered.
A systems model will be developed for the
procedures and costs of processing the junk
items from generation source, through receiving
yard, to ultimate destination. This will include
the development of methods for transporting
the junk items to the receiving yard, the de-
velopment of a management systems model for
the operation of a pilot demonstration program,
and the determination of the destination of the
materials as they leave the processing facility.
A plan of action for implementation of a pilot
demonstration project will be developed.
PROGRESS TO DATE: The consultant has
considered the abandoning, collecting, storing,
disposing, salvaging, and processing of junk
cars as an integrated system. Each component
of such a system has been analyzed and various
problem areas identified. Information about
each component of the system was collected
from Federal, State, and local governments,
from auto dismantlers, steelmakers, and scrap
processors, and from other available sources,
including trade associations, other States, and
reports of other consulting firms. The magni-
tude of the problems in Maryland was assessed
through the use of a questionnaire responded
to by all the counties of Maryland and the city
of Baltimore, through interviews with State and
local officials, and through projections of the
future number and distribution of junk cars
in the State.
Based upon the data collected, alternative
approaches to each problem were evaluated. In
this evaluation, all alternatives, based on both
technological changes in the private sector and
suggested government actions, were analyzed to
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determine the effect of each on all problems which contains details of the study and its find-
and components of the system. ings and sets forth his conclusions and recom-
The consultant is preparing his final report, mendations.
PUBLICATION:
MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY INC. Automobile scrapping processes and needs for Maryland; a
final report on a solid waste demonstration. Public Health Service Publication
No. 2027. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970. (In press.)
160
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demonstration grant projects
ABSTRACTS
Grants Awarded January 1, 1969—June 30, 1969
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AMBOS NOGALES INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL PROJECT
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. D01-UI-00111
GRANTEE: City of Nogales, Arizona
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Walton Wetten, Director, Santa Cruz County Planning
and Zoning Commission, P.O. Box 818, Nogales, Arizona
85621
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $ 336,207
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 112,069
FEDERAL SHARE:
(By year of project
life)
$ 128,046 [01]
$ 32,046 [02]
$ 64,046 [03]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: Apr. 1, 1969 DATE PROJECT ENDS: Mar. 31, 1972
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate that two cities separated by an international
boundary can, by means of improved solid waste management techniques, solve
their common solid waste disposal problems.
PROCEDURES: A sanitary landfill will be jointly constructed and operated
by the cities of Nogales, Arizona, U.S.A., and Nogales, Sonora, Mexico. A
forty-acre landfill site straddling the U.S.-Mexico border, and located
just west of the two cities, will be obtained. Existing dirt roads on
either side of the border will be improved to provide all-weather access
to the site directly from each city. Landfilling will initially be under-
taken on that portion of the site lying in Sonora, but as the project
continues it will progress into the Arizona side. Records will be main-
tained as necessary to evaluate costs and performance.
The management and operation of the landfill will be directed
by a committee consisting of representatives from both communities. Tech-
nical assistance and guidance will be furnished by sanitary engineering
personnel of the Arizona State Health Department. A consulting engineering
firm will be employed to do such preliminary work as boundary survey, de-
tailed topographical mapping, landfill design, and establishment of finished
grades.
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DEMONSTRATION OF TWO APPROACHES TO WOOD REMOVAL
FROM RETIRED RAILROAD BOXCARS FOR SCRAP AND SALVAGE OPERATIONS
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. D01-UI-00185
GRANTEE: Association of American Railroad Car Dismantlers,
108 North State Street, Chicago, Illinois 60602
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Dale M. Butler, Vice President, Systems General
Corporation, 6825 Redmond Drive, McLean, Virginia 22101
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $ 289,100
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 96,400
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 192,700 [01]
(By year of project
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: Mar. 1, 1969 DATE PROJECT ENDS: Feb. 28, 1970
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the feasibility of improved methods for disposing
of retired railroad boxcars.
PROCEDURES: The project will be carried out on a ten acre site in Argo, Cook
County, Illinois, where adequate facilities are currently available. The
consulting firms of Booz-Allen Applied Research, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland,
and Systems General Corporation, McLean, Virginia, will conduct the studies.
Retired railroad boxcars contain quantities of wood which must
be removed when preparing the cars for further dismantling for salvage of
reusable parts, scrap iron, and steel. In the past this has been done by
open burning. Two improved methods for removing wood from retired boxcars
have been selected for detailed study and prototype development in this
project:
(1) A Hooded Self-Incinerator. This contemplates an initial
burning operation in which the car itself is used as an incinerator. Major
elements of this phase will include the engineering and design of equipment
for using a so-called all-steel car as a self incinerator, design of the
effluent capturing stack and/or air pollution control device, and engineer-
ing and design- of a hooded incinerator for burning all-wood railroad cars.
(2) High-Pressure Water Jets. This contemplates a wood re-
moval operation using a jet of water as a cutting tool. Major elements of
this phase will include the design and development of optimum water jet
nozzles, pumps, and associated equipment for wood removal, and design of
a system for recovery of the water utilized in the process. A system or
method of satisfactory disposal of the wood removed from the railroad cars
will be developed. *
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D01-UI-00185
The water-jet system and the hooded incinerator will be con-
structed, debugged, and activated. Operations typical of those to be
expected in the day-to-day workings of an average railroad car dismantling
yard will be established. These operations will be conducted over a suf-
ficiently long enough period to establish the feasibility of both systems
and to provide enough detailed information so that either system may be
incorporated directly into the operation of existing railroad car dis-
mantling yards. It is felt that a six month operational period is desirable
so that modifications may be made as necessary, and alternate uses of the
systems may be investigated.
Operational data will be analyzed to determine the character-
istics of each system. Characteristics to be determined include capital
cost of production systems, operating and maintenance costs, additional
cost per ton of steel processed, possible alternate uses, degree to which
environmental pollution is eliminated, personnel training requirements,
and other income, if any, from wood markets.
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INVESTIGATE AND EVALUATE FEASIBILITY OF REFUSE
BALING AS A MEANS OF CONSERVING SANITARY FILL SPACE - PHASE II
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. D01-UI-00188
GRANTEE: Public Works Department, City of San Diego, City Administration
Building, San Diego, California 92101
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Eric Quartly, Public Works Director, City of San Diego
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $ 552,000
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 184,000
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 251,333 [01]
(By year of project $ 116,667 [02]
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: Mar. 1, 1969 DATE PROJECT ENDS: Feb. 28, 1971
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the feasibility and advantages of an improved
technique for solid waste disposal.
PROCEDURES: The investigative work leading to this project was carried
out by the City with the support of demonstration grant D01-UI-00061.
The project will be conducted by staff of the City's Public
Works Department. A consulting engineer will be hired to prepare plans
and specifications for a baling plant and to provide other consulting
services.
A pilot refuse baling transfer station capable of handling
150 tons/day of solid waste, will be constructed and operated for approx-
imately fifteen months. During this period, project personnel will
(1) refine baling techniques and routines, (2) determine optimum moisture
content of refuse being baled, (3) compare the compaction obtainable with
shredded versus unshredded refuse, (4) determine and correct any nuisance
factors or health hazards that may be encountered in the station operation
and (5) evaluate the economics of the baling transfer operation, for com-
parison with the economics of the direct haul, standard transfer station
method.
Techniques for effective disposal of bales by landfill will '
be developed and evaluated. This will include equipment needs, site pre-
paration requirements, handling techniques, dirt cover requirements, and
costs.
Comparison will be made between environmental effects of
conventional landfills with those of landfills in which baled refuse is
used. Such items as gas and odor production, vector breeding, and water*
percolation will be included. Use of baled solid wastes to reclaim iand ±
close proximity to residential areas will be evaluated.
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SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL BY UNDERGROUND INCINERATION
PROJECT TYPE: Study & Investigation GRANT NO. D01-UI-00190
GRANTEE: City of Santa Clara, 1500 Warburton Avenue, Santa Clara,
California 95050
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Ralph Stone, President, Ralph Stone & Company, Inc.,
Engineers, 10954 Santa Monica Boulevard,
Los Angeles, California 90025
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $ 77,340
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 25,780
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 51,560 [01]
(By year of project
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: Mar. 1, 1969 DATE PROJECT ENDS: Feb. 28, 1970
OBJECTIVES: To determine the feasibility of a new and improved method of
solid waste disposal, consisting of controlled underground burning of
solid wastes.
PROCEDURES: Test data obtained from previous experiments will be reviewed
and expanded as necessary to develop empirical relationships to be included
in the various analytical analyses to be done. Operating criteria will be
developed. Bench scale studies will be conducted in the laboratory to
further define the effects of operating variables and to provide information
to serve as the basis for design of full-scale field test facilities. A
small-scale test cell will be designed and constructed at the city's exist-
ing landfill site. This cell will be capable of receiving and processing
approximately 160 tons of solid wastes. Wastes placed in the cell will be
covered with a 12" layer of permeable material, which in turn will have a
fire resistant cover. Oxidation will be accomplished by forcing air
through the sealed wastes. Combustion gases will be discharged to the at-
mosphere through the permeable sides of the cell, or collected and discharged
through a stack. Following a complete test cycle in Cell I, results will
be reviewed and cells II and III constructed. Any indicated design modi-
fications, based on experience with Cell I, will be incorporated in these
latter two cells. Two complete cycles of incineration will then be
carried out in each cell. Somewhat different operating conditions will
be maintained in each cell to obtain maximum information. A monitoring
program will be conducted during the tests to define and evaluate character-
istics of the process and its effects on the environment. An economic
evaluation of the process will also be made. A preliminary design for
large scale test facilities will be prepared and operating criteria and plans
for further work developed. Consulting engineering services will be furnished
by the firm of Ralph Stone & Company, Inc., Los Angeles, California.
167
450-537 O - 71 - 12
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SYSTEM FOR TOTAL REFUSE DISPOSAL BY FLUID-MECHANICAL
SEPARATION OF SOLID WASTES AND FLUID BED OXIDATION OF COMBUSTIBLES*
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. G06-EC-00194
GRANTEE: City of Franklin, Ohio
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Bernard F. Eichholz, City Manager, P- 0. Box 132,
Franklin, Ohio 45005
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $2,471,858
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 823,953
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 46,667 [01]
(By year of project $1,165,132 [02]
life) $ 436,106 [03]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: Mar. 1, 1969 DATE PROJECT ENDS: Feb. 28, 1973
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate a refuse disposal and resource recovery system
capable of processing municipal refuse and producing metals, color-sorted
glass, and paper fiber in a recyclable form. Nonrecoverable combustible
material will be incinerated in a fluidized bed reactor.
PROCEDURES: The total system, with a design capacity of 150 tons per 24-
hour day, comprises three subsystems for solid waste disposal, fiber
recovery, and glass recovery, respectively. The disposal system consists
of a Hydrapulper, a liquid cyclone, and a fluidized bed incinerator. The
Hydrapulper, a wet grinder, pulps the incoming refuse except for large ob-
jects, which are ejected and passed through a magnetic separator to recover
the ferrous metals portion. The liquid cyclone takes the output from the
Hydrapulper and extracts small heavy objects, mostly glass intermixed with
some metals, wood, and plastic. The remaining pulp passes from the liquid
cyclone into the fiber recovery subsystem, where it undergoes further
cleaning and dewatering. The final product is a low-grade paper fiber
suitable for recycling. Rejected fibrous material is piped to the fluidized
bed incinerator for disposal. This fluidized bed incinerator may also be
used to dispose of sewage sludge from an adjacent treatment plant now being
planned.
Heavy material extracted by the liquid cyclone will be piped to the glass
recovery subsystem, expected to be operating by mid-1972, which will use
magnetic separation, screening, air classification, and optical sorting to
produce an aluminum-rich concentrate and color-sorted glass.
The rest of the facility is now operating, initially at a 50 tons per 8-
hour day level. Based on the consultant's (A. M. Kinney, Inc., of Cincinnati)
financial projections, the City of Franklin is charging a $6.00-per-ton fee.
*This abstract is the only one of those previously published which has b*een
rewritten, reflecting a new project period, funding, and scope.
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GENERATION OF STEAM FROM SOLID WASTE
PROJECT TYPE: Study & Investigation GRANT NO. D01-UI-00195
GRANTEE: City of Lynn, Massachusetts
PROJECT DIRECTOR: William E. George, Planning Director,
City Hall, Lynn, Massachusetts 01901
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $ 84,350
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 32,800
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 51,550 [01]
(By year of project
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: June 1, 1969 DATE PROJECT ENDS: May 31, 1970
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the feasibility of a new and improved method
of solid waste disposal, consisting of a joint public-private venture
to utilize solid waste as a supplementary fuel to generate steam.
PROCEDURES: The project will involve the joint cooperation of the City
of Lynn and the River Works Plant, General Electric Company. The firm
is planning to add a large new boiler to this plant, and proposes to
use municipal solid waste as a supplementary fuel.
The city will provide general coordination of the various
participants. The General Electric Company and its consultant, the
Foster-Wheeler Corporation, New York City will conduct technical studies
and evaluate design alternatives for the steam-generating boiler facility.
Various boiler designs and firing methods will be considered. Refuse
preparation criteria, ancillary boiler equipment, and air pollution
control equipment will be identified, and cost estimates for an optimum
boiler facility developed.
The city's consultants, Metcalf & Eddy. Boston, Massachusetts,
will conduct technical studies of alternate refuse receiving, preparation,
and conveying systems, and the residue conveying system. Cost estimates
for construction and operation of the alternate systems will be developed.
An economic analysis of three alternate site configurations
for the refuse processing system and boiler plant will be made, since
the existing General Electric steam-generating plant and a site proposed
for the refuse processing plant are separated by the Saugus River. The
following configurations will be considered:
1. Both the refuse processing system and the new boiler
facility located at the existing steam-generating
facility.
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D01-UI-00195
2. The new boiler facility located at the existing steam-
generating plant, and the refuse processing system
across the river. This configuration requires a
facility to convey the prepared refuse over the river.
3. The new boiler facility and the refuse processing
system located across the river from the existing
steam-generating facility. This configuration re-
quires a steam line spanning a river between the sites.
The most feasible system will be selected for development
as a project to demonstrate that municipal solid waste can be effectively
disposed of in this manner.
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UPGRADING A SMALL MUNICIPALITY'S EXISTING INCINERATOR PLANT
TO HANDLE BULK REFUSE AND TO MEET NEW GOVERNMENTAL AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. D01-UI-00197
GRANTEE: City of Rye, Rye, New York 10580
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Vincent H. Baum, City Engineer, City Hall,
Rye, New York 10580
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $ 412,660
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 137,553
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 106,968 [01]
(By year of project life) $ 144,140 [02]
$ 23,999 [03]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: April 1, 1969 DATE PROJECT ENDS: Mar. 31, 1972
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate how improved methods of disposal of bulky
solid wastes and control of incinerator emissions will make it possible
for an existing incinerator plant to meet governmental air pollution
regulations, and to evaluate an improved method of incineration of bulky
wastes.
PROCEDURES: Consulting engineering services in connection with the design
and construction of the new facilities will be provided by the firm of
Leonard S. Wegman Co., New York City.
A specially designed, retort type bulk refuse incinerator
with auxiliary gas burners will be constructed at the existing incinerator
plant to dispose of all combustible bulky wastes from a population of about
16,000 people in the Rye area. Performance of this unit will be eval-
uated by the development of data on the composition of the bulky wastes
incinerated, operating characteristics of the incinerator, and the character-
istics of gas emissions, liquid effluents, and residue.
The bulky waste incinerator will be equipped with a Turbulaire
Scrubber, whose effectiveness in reducing air pollution emissions will be
evaluated. Combustion gases from the existing batch type incinerator will
also be conducted to the scrubber by a system of flues and dampers, and
an evaluation made of the scrubber's ability to reduce air pollution emissions
from this source.
The Division of Demonstration Operations terminated this project
on October 31, 1970. The construction costs for the incinerator system
design that was finalized during the project were economically unfeasible.*
*The last paragraph of this abstract was added since the original printing
in 1969.
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ERIEZ REFUSE CONVERSION SYSTEM
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. D01-UI-00200
GRANTEE: Westmoreland County, Greensburg, Pennsylvania 15601
PROJECT DIRECTOR: George E. Evans, County Planning Director,
Room 23, Court House Annex, Greensburg,
Pennsylvania 15601
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $ 115,900
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 38,633
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 77,267 [01]
(By year of project
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: June 1, 1969 DATE PROJECT ENDED: June 26, 1969
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the feasibility of a unique system utilizing
new and improved techniques for reducing the volume of solid wastes,
and recovery of potential resources therefrom.
PROCEDURES: The feasibility of a solid waste processing system for
reducing solid wastes and recovery resources from them will be investi-
gated. The proposed system consists of a shredding device (shredder,
grinder, or hammermill), followed by magnetic extraction of ferrous
materials, and compaction of the residue (either by a rolling mill or
an extrusion press),resulting in a solid refuse block that will be
tested and evaluated for use as a fuel.
The Eriez Manufacturing Company, Erie^ Pennsylvania, will
conduct the study as the prime contractor and will secure the services
of appropriate sub-contractors. The project will be conducted in three
principal phases:
Phase I - Production Investigation. Shredded refuse will
be obtained by the Eriez Company from an appropriate source and the
ferrous metals extracted by magnetic means. Approximately 2000 pounds
of the residue will be shipped to the Battelle Memorial Institute,
Columbus, Ohio. Experimental, test, and evaluation work will there be
undertaken on super compaction of the refuse by an existing rolling
mill. Conditions for optimum compaction will be determined, and an
additional 3,000 pounds of ferrous-metal-free shredded refuse processed
thereunder. The British Columbia Research Council, Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada, will be retained for study, analysis and investigative
work with reference to the extrusion characteristics of both ferrous-
metal-free shredded refuse, and of the super-compacted material from
the Battelle rolling mill. «
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D01-UI-00200
Phase II - Market Investigation. The consultant services
of Day & Zimmerman, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania will be secured
to assist in a survey of the market for the ferrous metals magneti-
cally extracted from the refuse. Representative samples of the removed
metal will be supplied to various processors for preliminary evaluation,
and discussions held relative to their utilization of this material.
Samples of the compacted ferrous-metal-free refuse will
be subjected to pulverization tests, and its chemical and fuel-quality
characteristics determined. A preliminary evaluation will be made of
its usefulness as fuel for steam-generating boilers.
Phase III - Process Design. A comprehensive review will
be made of all appropriate, commercially-available products for each
category of equipment determined to be desirable for incorporation into
a full-scale demonstration plant. Evaluation of the available equipment
will enable a firm process design to be developed.
On June 16, 1969 the grantee advised the Bureau of Solid
Waste Management that the county declined to accept the grant that had
been offered, due to the withdrawal of the prime contractor from the
project, and the inability to locate another qualified organization to
assume the responsibilities involved. Accordingly, on June 26 the grant
was cancelled and the project terminated.
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CONTAINERIZATION OF FAMILY REFUSE
PROJECT TYPE: Study & Investigation GRANT NO. D01-UI-00202
GRANTEE: City of Scottsdale, Arizona
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Marc G. Stragier, Director of Public Works,
City Hall, Scottsdale, Arizona 85251
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $ 147,151
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 49,051
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 30,671 [01]
(By year of project $ 67,429 [02]
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: Mar. 1, 1969 DATE PROJECT ENDS: Feb. 28, 1971
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate a new and improved method of storage and
collection of solid wastes.
PROCEDURES: The project will be conducted by City personnel, and will
be carried out in two phases, as follows:
Phase I - Public acceptance of a solid waste storage system
involving joint use of container facilities by two to four homes will be
determined. Some 500 homeowners in a typical family residential area will
be asked to participate. Five groups of 100 homes each will be established.
Each group will be provided a different size container (ranging from
40 - 200 gallons), a specified level of pick-up service (once or twice
weekly), and a storage schedule (i.e., individually or jointly with other
homes). Existing collection equipment will be modified to permit raising
and emptying the containers. After the system has been operated for six
months, each of the participants will be interviewed in detail, and public
acceptance evaluated. If the system appears to be well received, the proj-
ect will progress into Phase II, otherwise the grantee will not proceed
further.
Phase II - The principal goal of this phase will be the eval-
uation of the economics of a mechanized collection system, in terms of
those combinations which have proved most desirable to the public in
Phase I. Indicated improvements will be made in the container, and the
proper size and level of service combination to provide improved service
will be selected. A truck fitted with a telescoping arm will be used for
collection. The arm will be operated by the driver in his cab, and will
be capable of being rotated and extended to serve containers on either
side of the truck and even from behind the curb beside parked cars. The
mechanism will lift the container, dump it into the hopper of the truck
body, and return it to its position on the ground. A test program will *
be set up to demonstrate the operation of the proposed system, with co-
operation of some 900 householders. At the end of a six-month operating
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D01-UI-00202
period interviews will be conducted with the participants and methods in-
vestigated to improve the program before making final decisions regarding
the optimum size, shape, and design of containers and operation of the
system. Records will be kept of operating costs, time requirements, and
economics of operation.
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PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION OF SOLID WASTES
PROJECT TYPE: Study & Investigation GRANT NO. D01-UI-00208
GRANTEE: Stanford Research Institute, 333 Ravenswood Avenue,
Menlo Park, California 94025
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Lester P. Berriman, Manager, Chemical and Mechanical
Engineering Laboratories, Stanford Research Institute,
Southern California Laboratories, 820 Mission Street,
South Pasadena, California 91030
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $ 120,000
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 40,000
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 80,000 [01]
(By year of project life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: Mar. 1, 1969 DATE PROJECT ENDS: Feb. 28, 1970
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the feasibility of an improved method of solid
waste disposal by designing a pilot system for the transportation of solid
wastes by pipeline.
PROCEDURES: The project will be conducted by staff of the Stanford Research
Institute, with the assistance of personnel from the County Sanitation Dis-
tricts of Los Angeles County, and the Bureau of Sanitation, City of Los
Angeles.
Current pipeline transport practices for coal, clay, minerals,
ore tailings, slag, wood chips, paper pulp, and similar materials will be
investigated, and their applicability to solid-waste transport by pipeline
evaluated. New technological developments and equipment having potential
application to this use will be assessed. Operating requirements for a
comprehensive solid-waste transportation system(s) that includes pipelines
as elements of the system will be studied. A series of investigations will
be planned and conducted, including necessary laboratory and field experi-
mentation, designed to provide operating criteria and design data for an
experimental, short-haul, solid-waste pipeline, which will be operated as
a pilot facility. Included would be (1) a determination of the suitability
and adaptability of available equipment and (or) the development of new
equipment needed for the pilot facility, and (2) a preliminary evaluation
of technical and economic feasibility. Preliminary designs and budget
estimates of construction costs will be developed for a pilot pipeline
transportation facility of approximately 50 tons per day minimum capacity.
A detailed program of pilot plant operations will also be developed.
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EVALUATION OF A MULTI-FUNCTIONAL MACHINE
_FOR USE IN SANITARY LANDFILL OPERATIONS FOR SPARSELY-POPULATED AREAS
PROJECT TYPE: Study & Investigation GRANT NO. D01-UI-00210
GRANTEE: Battelle-Northwest, 3000 Stevens Drive, P.O. Box 999,
Richland, Washington 99352
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Vernon L. Hammond, Senior Development Engineer,
Battelle-Northwest, 324 Building - 300 Area,
P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $ 269,690
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 94,800
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 95,570 [01]
(By year of project $ 79,320 [02]
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: Feb. 1, 1969 DATE PROJECT ENDS. Mar. 31, 1971
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the feasibility of a new and improved method by
which small communities could efficiently dispose of solid waste at one
or more sanitary landfills.
PROCEDURES: The project will be conducted by personnel of Battelle-
Northwest, with field operations conducted by Enterprises, Inc., Nampa,
Idaho, under a contract. The program is divided into three phases to
provide efficient planning and control:
Phase I - Machine Modification and Renovation. The Multi-
Mover, a machine combining the functions of four pieces of earth-moving
equipment (dump truck, bulldozer, tractor-carryall unit, and carry-dozer),
will be subjected to a detailed engineering review with respect to land-
fill service. This equipment was originally developed primarily for
filling, grading, and compaction in road building, has a four-wheel drive
system, and can travel at speeds up to 30 mph. Following the engineering
review, indicated improvements and/or modifications will be performed and
the machine refurbished for field evaluation as sanitary landfill equipment.
Detailed field operating and testing procedures will be developed.
Phase II - Field Evaluation and Data Collection. This phase
of the project will be directed towards (a) determining effectiveness of
the Multi-Mover in compacting waste and the soil cover in comparison with
the most commonly-used sanitary landfill equipment, (b) determining the
effectiveness of the Multi-Mover in performing the tasks of earth moving,
excavating, depositing the required earth cover, and distributing refuse
for compaction, (c) determining the characteristics of the solid waste
generated, and it's disposal in sanitary landfills in Canyon County, Idaho,
and (d) determining the operating costs of the Multi-Mover in relation to
the economics of the area. Field evaluations will be conducted at periodic
intervals for one year to insure that the machine can operate under all
climatic conditions.
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D01-UI-00210
Phase III - Systems Analysis. The systems analysis phase
of this program will be a complete analysis of the problems connected
with generation, transportation, and disposal of solid waste via sani-
tary landfill techniques in a sparsely-populated community. This
study will be made around the use of a multi-functional machine, such
as the Multi-Mover, but where comparisons are required, data on crawler
tractors will also be included. This phase will include: (a) an econo-
mic and industrial growth study of Canyon County, Idaho, to define
present and expected future solid waste generation; (b) a market survey
to determine the demand for multi-functional machines in sanitary land-
fill operations throughout the country; (c) an operations and cost
benefit analysis to determine the best way to use multi-functional
equipment of this type, and (d) transportation problems connected with
hauling solid waste to the disposal site and moving equipment from one
site to another. A transportation model will be developed to evaluate
the movement of the Multi-Mover between as many as 12 landfills.
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WASTE PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. D01-UI-00222
GRANTEE: Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University,
Corvallis, Oregon 97331
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Robert L. Goulding, Associate Professor, Environmental
Health Sciences Center
TOTAL ESTIMATED COST: $ 230,565
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 81,010
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 65,855 [01]
(By year of project $ 42,850 [02]
life) $ 40,850 [03]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: July 1, 1969 DATE PROJECT ENDS: June 30, 1972
OBJECTIVES: To develop a management system for the reduction of pesticide
waste problems and to develop technical information concerning the treat-
ment and disposal of such wastes.
PROCEDURES: The project will be conducted by professional staff of the
Environmental Health Sciences Center. Assistance in site development,
construction, decontamination operations, site maintenance, and routine
sampling, will be provided by personnel of the Klamath County Engineer's
office, and Chemical Waste, Inc., Beaverton, Oregon.
The project will consist of two principal phases:
A. Development of a management system for reduction of
2,4-D and 2,4,5-T manufacturing process liquors to biologically inactive
components by means of degradation in the soil surface of a basin comprised
of an alkaline playa and surrounding sage brush upland.
B. Development of a management system for effective decon-
tamination of pesticide containers, safe disposal or reclamation of the
container itself, and degradation of the residual pesticide content by
chemical or biological means with ultimate disposal of this component by
application to land having low use potential.
Plans for conduct of the project call for a sequence of seven
research and development efforts on both of the above phases, which will
be carried out in parallel. These are as follows:
1. Site selection and development
2. Laboratory scale studies of degradation rates of
selected chemicals in representative soils to estimate
ranges in application rates for field plot studies.
3. Small plot studies, in which the wastes will be evaluated
in terms of rates of degradation per unit of waste, and
through supplementary data on levels of microbiological
activity and distribution in the soil.
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D01-UI-00222
4. Pilot studies of pesticide wastes and/or other waste
products, on plots up to 15 acres in area. Evaluations
will be made of waste degradation rates, and waste move-
ment in both soil and air, the length of land re-use
cycle (i.e., allowable time interval for diversion of
the land to other usage), and the economic feasibility
of a full-scale program.
5. Personnel safety studies, involving personnel monitoring
for biochemical changes and personnel exposure studies.
Safety procedures will be formulated, which can be
applied to pilot studies or full-scale demonstration
programs.
6. Procedures for decontamination of pesticide containers
will be evaluated in terms of amounts of pesticide re-
siduals and amounts removed. Washings and surface
samples will be analyzed for pesticide content. Pesti-
cide content of the container following processing will
determine its ultimate disposition. Safe containers
can be diverted for reconditioning or scrap metal use
while those with residuals judged still to have a
potential hazard may be otherwise disposed of. The
economic feasibility of a system for decontamination
and reuse, disposal or storage will be determined.
Degradation of pesticides and washings removed from
the containers will be tested in the lab-small plot-
pilot plot sequence.
7. Integration of the information developed for evaluation
of the use potential of the waste management system.
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DEMONSTRATION OF BENEFITS FROM IMPROVEMENTS TO A SOLID
WASTE SYSTEM FOR A SMALL COMMUNITY ^^
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. D01-UI-00227
GRANTEE: City of Helena, Civic Center, Helena, Montana 59601
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Walter Anderson, City Manager
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $ 196,849
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 65,616
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 95,233 [01]
(By year of project $ 20,000 [02]
life) $ 16,000 [03]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: June 1, 1969 DATE PROJECT ENDS: May 31, 1972
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate that improved methods of solid waste management
will reduce a small community's operating costs and result in improved en-
vironmental conditions.
PROCEDURES: The City will purchase bulk containers for solid wastes, and
install and maintain them at industrial and commercial locations where
they are justified on the basis of volume of solid waste produced, and
time required for collection. Locations for these containers will be
determined by a survey. Suitable solid waste storage containers will be
provided by the City in a residential area selected for the Housing Code
Enforcement Program of the Model Cities Program. An educational program
will be conducted as to the need for and procedure involved in proper waste
storage. Evaluations will be made as to efficiency of collection and re-
duction in enforcement, durability of equipment, acceptability by the
residents, cost control, and improvement in health and aesthetic conditions.
A sanitary landfill will be developed within the City, which will provide
reclamation and development of what is now worthless land. Scales will
be installed at the site to weigh incoming wastes, and a combination scale
and wash house constructed. Operational and maintenance records will be
kept. Upon completion, the landfill will be utilized by the Parks and
Recreation Department for recreation facilities or other non-structural
applications.
The City will initiate a detailed cost accounting system with reference
to the operation of all phases of the solid waste collection and disposal
system. A detailed cost analysis will be made for each of the proposed
improvements to the existing system. Changes in operating costs because
of these improvements will be determined.
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D01-UI-00227
The consulting engineering firm of Thomas, Dean and Hosklns, Inc. will
conduct all surveys and evaluations in connection with the project and
perform all required work in connection with the development of the new
sanitary landfill site. The city Sanitarian will be concerned with that
portion of the project concerning public health and will participate in
the educational portion of the project.
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DEMONSTRATION OF MOBILE EQUIPMENT FOR BULKY WASTE DISPOSAL ON A COUNTY BASIS
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. D01-UI-00233
GRANTEE: Dutchess County, New York
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Ronald B. Friedman, Senior Public Health Engineer,
Dutchess County Health Department, 22 Market Street,
Poughkeepsie, New York 12601
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $ 81,000
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 27,000
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 54,000 [01]
(By year of project
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: June 1, 1969 DATE PROJECT ENDS: May 31, 1970
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate an improved method of disposal of bulky solid
wastes on a county-wide basis by mobile equipment.
PROCEDURES: Enactment by Dutchess County of solid waste disposal regulations
prohibitng open burning, and requiring that open-faced dumps be converted
to sanitary landfills, has resulted in higher operating costs and increased
land requirements at the many individual disposal sites in the county. This
has caused many of the disposal operators, both municipal and private, to
refuse to accept bulky non-compactable wastes, has created operating problems
when this material is accepted, and has led to the practice of stockpiling
these wastes at disposal sites where they are accepted. A county-wide survey
has shown that a major problem in transforming the former open dumps to sani-
tary landfills is the need to devise a method for satisfactory disposal of
these bulky wastes.
The county proposes to institute a program wherein mobile equipment
would be used to visit each site at which bulky wastes are stockpiled and reduce
them in size, thus permitting their effective final disposal by the sanitary
landfill method.
During the first year equipment suitable for this purpose will
be investigated and evaluated by the county. Emphasis will be placed on
equipment which will reduce the volume of wood waste and most other smaller
types of bulky wastes. It is expected that equipment evaluation and selection
will take about six months. The remainder of the first year will be devoted
to shake-down operations to determine what modifications, if any, will be
required to meet the county's needs.
At the end of the first year progress and potentialities
of the project will be reviewed and a decision reached as to its continuation.
If continuation appears warranted, the following plan will be followed:
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D01-UI-00233
The county will be divided into districts for effective scheduling
of use of the mobile bulky waste reducing equipment. It is anticipated that
many of the 26 existing individual disposal sites would at this time be con-
solidated. One district at a time would be serviced. A bulk waste sub-site
would be established at each disposal site. These would be slightly removed
from the working refuse site to prevent interference with the normal disposal
operations, to prevent other types of refuse from being mixed with the bulky
wastes, and to facilitate access to the bulky waste site. The bulky wastes
would be stockpiled at each site and the county's mobile equipment would
visit each site according to schedule and reduce the stockpiled bulky wastes.
The capacity of the equipment to handle the volume of bulky wastes being
generated and the need for duplicate equipment will be determined and various
procedures tested. Additional equipment needed to handle problem wastes will
be acquired and put into use. Detailed analyses will be made of increased
landfill densities attained by this program, and costs recorded to determine
the most economical method of operation. Operations will be continued under
optimum conditions to demonstrate that a county-wide program, rather than in-
dividual efforts by each of the 26 communities, is more economical and
practical.
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MODEL CITY - URBAN RENEWAL SOLID WASTE
LAND RECLAMATION. EDUCATION, AND TRAINING DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. D01-UI-00237
GRANTEE: Metropolitan Planning Commission, Suite 366, 127 West 10th Street,
Kansas City, Missouri 64105
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Gerald A. Neely, Director of Engineering, Metropolitan
Planning Commission
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $ 158,400
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 52,800
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 105,600 [01]
(By year of project * [02]
life) * [03]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: July 1, 1969 DATE PROJECT ENDS: June 30, 1972
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the advantages of an improved method of solid
waste disposal by developing and operating a model sanitary landfill in a
model city neighborhood in Kansas City, Kansas.
PROCEDURES: The project will be conducted by the Commission, with consultive
and advisory services provided by the firms of Aerojet-General Corporation,
El Monte, California and Black and Veatch, Consulting Engineers, Kansas
City, Missouri.
A detailed analysis of the proposed landfill site will be made
including sub-surface investigations, geological, hydrological and topographical
surveys, and evaluation of water pollution potential. Design criteria will
be developed for construction and operation of the landfill. Means to prevent
environmental pollution will be identified. Ultimate use of the area reclaimed
by means of the landfill operation as a multi-purpose recreational area will
be planned in cooperation with the Kansas City, Kansas, Planning Commission.
Public relations programs will be prepared and techniques established for
gaining neighborhood acceptance for the project, and for influencing the
regions governing agencies regarding the acceptability of properly operated
sanitary landfills as a satisfactory method of solid waste disposal. Contacts
will be established with civic groups, the news media, and Public Agencies.
Upon completion of the above work, which is expected to be com-
pleted during the first year, the project will be thoroughly reviewed and a
decision reached as to the provision of additional Federal grant support for
its continuation through the second and third years. Activities proposed for
these latter two years are as follows:
* Funding requirements for the second and third years will be determined at
the end of the 01 year.
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Construction plans and specifications, and an operational plan
and specifications will be prepared. The necessary construction and site
preparation work will be accomplished by contract. A second contract
will be entered into for operation of the facility as a model landfill.
The landfill will be used as an educational tool to reach a variety of
audiences to demonstrate the advantages of solid waste disposal by this
method, and to promote the use of sanitary landfills in the region. A
program will be designed to provide training in actual operating techniques
to pertinent personnel. Complete operating records will be maintained for
use in final evaluation of the project.
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SOLID WASTE-HOME STORAGE AND COLLECTION CONCEPTS - DEMONSTRATION
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. D01-UI-00238
GRANTEE: City of Kansas City, City Hall, Oak at 12th Street, Kansas City,
Missouri 64106
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Alfred H. Beck, Operations Engineer, Department of
Public Works, 20th Floor, City Hall, Kansas City, Missouri
64106
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $ 496,149
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 165,384
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 165,893 [01]
(By year of project $ 87,613 [02]
life) $ 77,259 [03]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: June 1, 1969 DATE PROJECT ENDS: May 31, 1972
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the comparative effectiveness and acceptability
of several different systems and concepts for the storage and collection of
solid wastes in urban residential areas.
PROCEDURES: The project will be conducted by the staff of the Public Works
Department of Kansas City, with the cooperation and assistance of the State
Health Department and an engineering consultant.
Eight different systems for storage and collection of solid
wastes will be established in eight separate areas of the city. Each such
area will contain approximately 500 dwelling units and will be used to
evaluate one of the eight systems.
The storage and collection systems to be evaluated are as
follows:
System 1. Each dwelling unit will be supplied with a supply
of plastic or paper bags and a bag holder; and the occupant
instructed in use of the system. As each bag is filled the
occupant will remove it from the holder and place it in a
4-6 cubic yard bulk container in the alley, located as nearly
mid-block as possible. The alley container will be serviced
every other day, or more frequently if necessary. Area
residents will be encouraged to use the bulk container during
block clean-up drives, and to keep the container area free
from solid waste.
System 2. This will be similar to System 1, except that the
bulk containers will be spaced at closer intervals. Some
alleys may be equipped with two or three containers.
System 3. Bulk storage containers will be placed as in
System 2, but bags for individual home storage will not be
provided.
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System 4) Each dwelling unit will be furnished one 30-gallon
container. Bulk containers will be placed in the alleys, at mid-
block in about half the cases, and at closer intervals in the
remainder. Householders will place the solid waste in their
individual containers into the bulk containers. The latter will
be serviced every other day, or more frequently if necessary.
In systems 1-4 items of solid waste too large to be placed in
the bulk containers will be collected once every three months.
The bulk containers will be serviced by a Dempsey Dumpster type,
front-end loading compaction truck operated by one man.
System 5) Each householder will be furnished a bag holder and
paper bags, and instructed in their use. Full bags will be
removed from the holder by the householder, and collected twice
weekly by a three-man crew in an open body truck. Bulky items
will be collected along with normal household refuse.
System 6) This will be similar to System 5. Full bags will be
collected once each week by a three-man crew using a rear-loading
packer. Bulky items will be collected once every two months.
System 7) Each householder will be provided with two 30-gallon
containers. Collections will be made weekly by a three-man crew
using a rear-loading packer. Bulky items will be collected once
every two months.
System 8) This will be identical with System 7 except that the
frequency of collection will be twice weekly instead of once
weekly.
The effectiveness of each system throughout the demonstration
period will be evaluated through the collection and comparison of data on
the weights and volumes of material collected, total costs for each system,
conditions around containers, and presence of vectors in study areas.
The acceptability of each system will be determined by an
in-depth interview with residents of each area.
The Division of Demonstration Operations terminated this
project on February 28, 1971, because the grantee wished to withdraw from
the project.*
°f th±S abstract was add*<* since the original printing
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TORRAX SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. D01-UI-00239
GRANTEE: County of Erie, New York, 45 Church Street,
Buffalo, New York 14202
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Charles C. Spencer, P.E., Deputy Commissioner,
Erie County Department of Public Works,
45 Church Street, Buffalo, New York 14202
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $ 1,552,000
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 517,333
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 626,000 [01]
(By year of project $ 408,667 [02]
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: June 1, 1969 DATE PROJECT ENDS: May 31, 1971
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the feasibility of a new and improved method
of solid waste disposal by high temperature combustion.
PROCEDURES: Systems analysis and technical evaluations have indicated
both the theoretical and practical feasibility of solid waste disposal
by a high-temperature combustion system utilizing equipment successfully
operating in other applications. The new system, designated as the
"Torrax Solid Waste Disposal System", would convert as collected com-
bustible and non-combustible solid wastes to gaseous combustion products
and an inert aggregate-type residue. A brief description of this system
follows:
A Hot Blast Heater furnishes very hot pre-heated air (up to
2000°F) to a Gasifier into the top of which the solid wastes are charged.
The primary purpose of the Gasifier is to decompose the organic and
volatile matter in the waste and to generate carbon monoxide and hydro-
carbon gases. Only the non-combustible and difficult-to-burn wastes
reach the base of the Gasifier where they are either completely burned
in the high temperature area (up to 3000 F) or converted to a molten
slag which becomes an inert residue on water quenching. The combustible
gases are drawn into the Igniter unit where they are mixed with outside
air and completely burned. Exhaust gases from the Igniter (about 2100°F)
are cooled in a water spray tower (or used for steam generation), and the
relatively cool gases (500°F) cleansed of entrained particulate matter
in a fabric type Dust collector and discharged to the atmosphere.
The project will involve the construction, testing and
operation of a small-scale Torrax system facility designed to dispose
of 75 tons per day of "average" municipal refuse, and will be carried
out in three phases, as follows:
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D01-UI-00239
Phase I (13 months) - This will consist of determining
the capability of the Hot Blast Heater to produce straight-line load
dependent hot blast for the Gasifier, and the capability of the Gasi-
fier unit to pyrolize the combustible solid waste and liquify the non-
combustibles into a slag. The sub-system composed of these two units
will be constructed and tested to determine its capabilities and
effectiveness.
Phase II (6 months) - This will consist of the erection
and testing of the Igniter, Spray Tower, and Emission Control Equipment,
and the operation of all integrated components as one total
system. The operational capability of the system to effectively dispose
of municipal refuse without any particulate contamination to the
atmosphere will be determined.
Phase III (5 months) - This will involve operation of the
total system to meet city, county and state codes. Continuous operating runs
will be made to collect performance data. County personnel will be
trained to operate the facility. Scale-up parameters will be developed
as a basis for practical application of the system on a larger scaled
The consulting firm of Day & Zimmerman, Inc., Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania will provide consulting engineering services in connection
with site preparation, design and erection of building, utilities, and
truck scale. Engineering, erection and testing of the Disposal System
and preparation of the final report will be the responsibility of Torrax
Systems Inc., N. Tonawanda, New York.
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DEMONSTRATION OF A HIGH TEMPERATURE VORTEX INCINERATION SYSTEM*
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. D01-UI-00240
GRANTEE: City of Shelbyville, City Hall, Shelbyville, Indiana 46176
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Anthony W. Fraps, Fraps and Associates, Inc.,
3763 Broadway, Indianapolis, Indiana 46205
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $ 472,360
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 157,727
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 276,453 [01]
(By year of project $ 38,180 [02]
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: June 1, 1969 DATE PROJECT ENDS: May 31, 1971
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate an improved method of solid waste disposal for
small communities by means of a high-temperature incineration process.
PROCEDURES: The project will be carried out in two phases:
Phase I - An existing small vortex incinerator will be acquired
from the General Electric Company and installed in a temporary building on
city property. The incinerator will be operated to determine its perform-
ance using normal municipal refuse. Tests will be performed by an impartial
testing firm. A thorough evaluation of the incinerator's effectiveness in
reducing solid wastes will be made, and data developed for the design of a
larger facility.
Phase II - A vortex incinerator plant to dispose of the solid
wastes of some 40,000 residents of the city and surrounding area will be
designed and constructed. The process will be completely evaluated to
determine its efficiency and reliability, and cost data will be developed to
evaluate the economics of the full-scale plant.
«
Consulting engineering services in coordination of the project
and construction of physical facilities will be provided by Fraps and
Associates, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana. Technical assistance in the con-
duct of the project will be provided by the Industrial Heating Department
of the General Electric Company, Shelbyville, Indiana, under the terms of
the purchase agreement with the city.
* The vortex incinerator system includes a raw waste conveyor,
shredder, and blower which receives the shredded waste and blows it into the
incinerator. The latter comprises a cylindrical structure disposed horizon-
tally or substantially horizontally into one end of which the shredded waste
is injected tangentially along the inside diameter. The waste-air mixture
is initially ignited by a pilot burner and secondary air is injected into
a tangential opening downstream from the material entrance. Ash particles
are scooped off the incinerator's rear wall and guided into a cyclone
separator where they are collected for disposal.
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THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF REGULATIONS, LEGAL PROCEDURES AND
EQUIPMENT FOR EFFICIENT COLLECTION OF AUTOMOBILE HULKS, ABANDONED APPLIANCES
AND HEAVY SOLID WASTE OBJECTS - GAINESVILLE MODEL CITIES
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. D01-UI-00241
GRANTEE: City of Gainesville, Georgia
PROJECT DIRECTOR. Fred K. Hemphill, District Director of Environmental
Health, Gainesville-Hall County Health Department,
Gainesville, Georgia 30501
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $ 20,616
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 6,872
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 13,744 [01]
(By year of project
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: July 1, 1969 DATE PROJECT ENDS: June 30, 1970
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate new and improved methods for the collection of
bulky solid wastes.
PROCEDURES: The project will be conducted cooperatively by personnel from
the City's Sanitary Department and the Hall County Health Department.
A three ton truck chassis will be purchased, and equipped with
a 10-ton hydraulic hoist and a flat dump body. A retractable I-beam will
be fitted to the frame and extend beyond the rear of the truck. A two-ton
electrical chain hoist and trolley, with a clamshell type bucket, will be
installed on the I-beam. A winch and cable will also be provided. This
equipment will be used to collect abandoned automobiles, heavy appliances,
demolition materials, and other heavy solid wastes. Control facilities
will be provided to enable this to be a one-man operation. Records will
be kept of cost and performance of the new equipment, to enable comparison
with present methods of bulky waste collection.
Procedures will be developed for better enforcement of exist-
ing solid waste laws, ordinances, rules and regulations. Legal procedures
will be developed for controlling the abandonment of junk and salvage
materials outdoors on public or private land, and for the removal of such
materials. Records will be kept of methods used, time involved, and success
in employing these.
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DEMONSTRATING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A METROPOLITAN
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. D01-UI-00244
GRANTEE: Metropolitan Area Solid Waste Agency, City Manager's Office,
City Hall, Des Moines, Iowa 50309
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Robert Porter, 1707 High Street,
Des Moines, Iowa 50309
ESTIMATED TOTAL COST OF PROJECT: $ 302,376
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 100,792
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 73,857 [01]
(By year of project
life) $ 127,727 [02]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: June 1, 1969 DATE PROJECT ENDS: May 31, 1971
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate that the establishment of a single solid waste
agency and program to replace the individual programs of several governmental
entities, will result in more efficient and effective solid waste management.
PROCEDURES: A study and investigation, supported by Demonstration Grant
D01-UI-00060, for solid waste management in the Des Moines Metropolitan area
has been completed, in which a plan for providing improved solid waste manage-
ment services on an area-wide basis has been recommended. The implementation
of the recommended plan will be effected by this project. This will involve
the transfer of solid waste collection and disposal services from a heterogeneous
group of governmental entities (12 cities and towns and segments of two counties)
to the Metropolitan Area Solid Waste Agency. This Agency will be established
as a self-supporting entity with adequate personnel and facilities to accomplish
its assigned tasks. Required personnel resources will be determined, and the
Agency will be staffed as quickly as practicable. Rules, regulations, and
operating procedures will be formulated to define the functions and responsibi-
lities of the Agency and other governmental agencies under existing laws.
Recommendations will be formulated for indicated legislative changes to im-
prove efficiency and ease of management. Funding requirements will be determined,
and methods of funding and cost accounting developed. Procedures for obtaining
and maintaining equipment and facilities will be developed. A public relations
program will be developed. Collection routes will be laid out, the facilities
for solid waste disposal determined, and operational procedures identified.
Rules and regulations and operating procedures governing private collection
and disposal operations in the areas will be developed.
Consulting engineering services required for establishment
of the area-wide solid waste management system will be provided by the firm
of Henningson, Durham, and Richardson, Inc., Omaha, Nebraska.
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WASTE CLAMSHELL RECYCLING AS OYSTER CULTCH
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. D01-UI-00246
GRANTEE: Delaware State Board of Health, Bureau of Environmental Health,
Dover, Delaware 19901
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Richard B. Howell, III, Consulting Sanitarian,
Delaware State Board of Health, Bureau of
Environmental Health
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $ 81,684
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 28,746
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 27,274 [01]
(By year of project $ 25,664 [02]
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: June 1, 1969 DATE PROJECT ENDS: May 31, 1971
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate an improved method of disposal of waste sea
clamshells.
PROCEDURES: Present methods of disposing of waste sea clam shells on
land have resulted in public health hazards, nuisances, and associated
social and political problems which have plagued coastal communities.
Field and laboratory studies have demonstrated that waste sea clam shells
provide suitable attachment surfaces for planktonic oyster larvae. Under
natural conditions these larvae must attach to a firm substrate in order
to metamorphosize into the form of a spat or young oyster. This project
will demonstrate the utilization of waste sea clam shells as a practical
oyster cultch material.
Two thousand bushels of waste sea clam shells will be loaded daily onto
shell boats or barges from the Hotel Corporation of America's plant at
Lewes, Delaware. The boats will proceed to designated shell planting
areas immediately after the daily clam shucking operations are completed.
High pressure water hoses will be used to wash the shells from the boats
into natural oyster setting areas, which have been established at the
mouths of nearly all of the tidal rivers entering Delaware Bay. The
planting areas will be scientifically sampled, arid the shells examined
to determine the effect of shell size, and volume and area of planting
on intensity of spat setting and survival. Various physical, chemical,
and hydrographic parameters will be monitored. These will include dis-
solved oxygen, water temperature, salinity, current velocity and its
effects on sedimentation and bacteriological indices. This data will
be analyzed to determine any untoward effects on the environment, and
will be correlated with spat setting determinations in order to evaluate
overall conditions in these areas.
194
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SOLID WASTES MANAGEMENT: A SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR
PROJECT TYPE: Study & Investigation GRANT NO. D01-UI-00247
GRANTEE: National Solid Wastes Management Association, 1022 15th Street, N.W.,
Washington, D. C. 20005
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Harold Gershowitz, Executive Secretary, National Solid
Wastes Management Association
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $ 123,660
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 41,220
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 82,440 [01]
(By year of project * [02]
life) * [03]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: July 1, 1969 DATE PROJECT ENDS: June 30, 1972
OBJECTIVES: To assess the role of the private contractor in solid wastes
management nationally.
PROCEDURES: The project will be conducted by the National Solid Wastes Manage-
ment Association which will employ the consulting services of Resource Management
Corporation, Bethesda, Maryland, to collect data and assist in its analysis.
Information will be gathered from private contractors relating to
their current solid waste management operations in the areas of (1) storage,
(2) collection, (3) disposal, and (4) equipment and operations. The private
contractor's use of public disposal facilities and/or ownership and use of private
disposal sites will be analyzed. On-site inspections will be made of privately
owned and operated disposal facilities to determine conditions at these sites.
A report will be prepared to present the information obtained so as to identify
the relative contribution of the private contractor in the solid waste manage-
ment field, as opposed to that of public agencies.
*"Grant amounts for second and third years of project to be determined later.
195
450-53" O
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demonstration grant projects
ABSTRACTS
Grants Awarded July 1, 1969—June 30, 1971
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QUAD-CITY HIGH TEMPERATURE SOLID WASTES DESTRUCTOR
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. G06-EC-00151
GRANTEE: Lower Passaic Valley Solid Wastes Management Authority,
Paterson, New Jersey
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Frank P. Francia, P. E., Executive Director, Lower
Passaic Valley Solid Wastes Management Authority,
City Hall, Paterson, New Jersey 07501
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $1,668,500
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 872,833
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 50,000 [01]
(By year of project
life) $ 745,667 [02]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: Mar. 1, 1970 DATE PROJECT ENDS: Feb. 29, 1972
OBJECTIVES: To construct a high temperature destructor and evaluate its
operating costs, performance, and environmental health effects; to deter-
mine the practical engineering limitations and capacity of the destructor
to process industrial solid wastes.
PROCEDURES: The Authority will negotiate an agreement with American
Thermogen, Inc., to build, at the Company's expense, a waste destructor
facility on property owned by the Authority. The destructor will have a
nominal capacity of approximately 1000 tons/day and will employ the prin-
ciple of high temperature combustion. American Thermogen is to staff and
operate the facility and accept all municipal and industrial solid waste
delivered at the Authority's direction. Initially, only municipal waste
will be burned, but after the destructor 'Operation has stabilized and per-
formed satisfactorily, special attention will be given to industrial
waste destruction. American Thermogen also is to carry out the operating
program needed to determine the complete performance characteristics of
the destructor, the operating costs, the processible and nonprocessible
materials generated by various sections of the community, and any sup-
plemental processing and disposal systems required for unit support.
For these services, the Authority will pay a fee based on the actual quan-
tity of waste burned.
The evaluation of the high temperature system will be based on disposal
of 100,000 tons of refuse.
The Division of Demonstration Operations terminated this project on February
28, 1971, because American Thermogen, Inc., and the grantee were unable t*o
finalize a contract suitable to both parties.
198
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CONTAINERIZATION OF FAMILY REFUSE
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT N0> G06-EC-00202
GRANTEE: City of Scottsdale, Arizona
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Marc G. Stragier, Director of Public Works, City Hall,
Scottsdale, Arizona 85251
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $277,225
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 92,409
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 57,336 [01]
(By year of project $127,480 [02]
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: Mar. 1, 1969 DATE PROJECT ENDS: June 30, 1971
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate a new and improved method for the storage,
collection, and transfer of solid wastes.
PROCEDURES: Public Works personnel for the City of Scottsdale will
conduct the two-phase project.
Phase I will study public acceptance of a solid waste storage system
where two, three, or four homes share container facilities. Some 500
homeowners—broken down into five groups of 100 homes each in a typical
family residential area—will participate. Each group will be provided
a different size container (ranging from 80 to 300 gallons), a specified
frequency for pickup (once or twice weekly), and a storage schedule
(individually or jointly with other homes). Existing collection equip-
ment will be modified to lift and empty the containers. After the system
has been operated for six months, each participant will be interviewed
in detail, and if the system appears to be well received, the project
will proceed into Phase II.
In Phase II a mechanized collection and transfer system, using those
combinations which have proved most desirable to the public, will be
economically evaluated. The "Barrel Snatcher" and "Litter Pig," spec-
ially designed trucks for collecting from alleys and curbs, respectively,
will be built and demonstrated. Each truck will be fitted with a tele-
scoping arm that can be manipulated by the driver in his cab to lift a
container, empty it into the truck's hopper, and replace it. A test
program will be set up with the cooperation of 900 householders who will
be interviewed afterwards to identify ways of improving the program.
The transfer facility to be built and demonstrated is a mobile transfer
station, the "Trash Hog," which will accept refuse from the "Barrel
Snatcher," the "Litter Pig," and from slightly modified, conventional
front-end loaders.
199
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PNEUMATIC WASTE HANDLING SYSTEM INSTALLATION,
UNITED HOUSING FOUNDATION
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. G06-EC-00250
GRANTEE: United Housing Foundation
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Sol Shaviro, Community Services, Inc., United Housing
Foundation, 465 Grand Street, New York City, New York
10002
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $1,342,506
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 447,503
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 793,333 [01]
(By year of project $ 101,670 [02]
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: Oct. 1, 1969 DATE PROJECT ENDS: Jan. 31, 1973
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the feasibility of using a pneumatic transport
system for conveying and collecting solid waste from a multi-building, high-
rise apartment complex.
PROCEDURES: Detailed design of the system will be accomplished early in
the project period. Subsequent construction will include adapting existing
chutes in each building, installing the underground piping,and exhauster
system, and erecting a collector building to house the collection hopper,
air filter, and stationary compactor.
An independent agency will evaluate the pneumatic system on the basis ofr:
1) the construction methods; 2) the technical performance and reliability
of the system and its components in collecting and transporting the solid
waste of the apartment complex to a central compactor site; 3) the economic
performance of the system as compared with the present system; 4) the
sociological performance of the pneumatic system as evidenced by aesthetic
improvements and reduction in disease vectors, as well as opinions of the
apartment residents.
It is intended that the project evaluation will result in a comprehensive
report concerning the pneumatic solid waste handling system. The project
has been delayed for over one year due to site changes.
200
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UTILIZATION OF GRASS-SEED AND CEREAL-CROP RESIDUES
AN INTERDISCIPLINARY INVESTIGATION OF
AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL USES FOR ORGANIC WASTES
PROJECT TYPE: Study & Investigation GRANT NO. G06-EC-00266
GRANTEE: Oregon State University
PROJECT DIRECTOR: David 0. Chilcote, Ph.D., Associate Professor
of Crop Physiology, Department of Farm Crops,
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $326,401
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $108,801
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 76,524 [01]
(By year of project $141,076 [02]
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: July 1, 1970 DATE PROJECT ENDS: June 30, 1972
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate beneficial uses for grass-seed and cereal-straw
residues that are currently burned openly on the fields.
PROCEDURES: An interdepartmental staff at Oregon State University will
conduct the project, which is divided into four phases.
In the first phase, concerned with straw removal, investigations are to
develop economically and technically feasible methods and systems for the
field removal, densification, and transport and storage of straw for various
possible utilization techniques under study in other phases of the project.
In the second phase, pilot plant and laboratory investigations will be
conducted to determine the pulping procedures which will optimize the yield
and quality of pulp from grass-seed and cereal straws for paper making.
The aim of the third phase of the study is to develop photofermentative
processes to prepare straw residues for the production of microbial protein
and for re-incorporation into soils. Finally, the major tasks of the
fourth phase—an economic analyses—are to provide an economic evaluation
and feasibility report on the technical research related to alternative
ways of using, rather than burning, crop residues and to evaluate possible
alternative burning control policies in terms of likely farmer and industry
response to them.
201
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STUDY AND INVESTIGATION OF THE USE OF FLY ASH
AND COAL PREPARATION REFUSE AS COVER FOR SANITARY LANDFILL
PROJECT TYPE: Study & Investigation GRANT NO. G06-EC-00267
GRANTEE: Regional Development Authority of Charleston-Kanawha County,
Mayor's Office, City Building, Charleston, West Virginia 25301
PROJECT DIRECTOR: James H. Hodges, Solid Waste Coordinator, Regional
Development Authority, 408 Kanawha Blvd., Charleston,
West Virginia 25301
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $75,000
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $25,000
FEDERAL SHARE: $50,000 [01]
(By year of project
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: Mar. 1, 1970 DATE PROJECT ENDS: Feb. 28, 1971
OBJECTIVES: To determine and evaluate the feasibility of using coal
preparation waste and fly ash as cover for a sanitary landfill and to
investigate any potential pollution emanating from such materials.
PROCEDURES: The Charleston Regional Development Authority will conduct
the three-phase project; Raul Zaltzman of the University of West Virginia
will act as consultant.
In Phase I the consultant will prepare plans detailing the procedures to
be followed and the tests to be performed to accomplish the project objec-
tives. A test site will be located and plans for upgrading and improving
the site will be developed. During Phase II the selected test site will
be fenced, seeded and, if necessary, the access roads will be improved.
Tests will be conducted in actual refuse cells to determine the operational
characteristics of the material, nuisance factors, such as dust and vector
attraction, will be monitored, and leachate samples will be collected and
testing in accordance with the recommendations from Phase I. The final phase
of the project will be directed towards the complete evaluation of the
results of the Phase II tests. The consultant will then make recommendations
on the suitability of the materials tested for sanitary landfill cover.
202
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DEMONSTRATION OF A PUBLIC-PRIVATE REGIONAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM IN KENTUCKY'S BLUEGRASS AREA DEVELOPMENT DISTRICT
PROJECT TYPE: Study & Investigation GRANT NO. G06-EC-00268
GRANTEE: Spindletop Research, Inc.
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Alan L. McElhaney, P. 0. Box 481, Lexington,
Kentucky 40501
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $150,000
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 50,000
FEDERAL SHARE: $100,000 [01]
(By year of project
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: Feb. 1, 1970 DATE PROJECTS ENDS: Jan. 31, 1971
OBJECTIVES: To develop the background information, guidelines, and
organizational structure for establishing a nonprofit corporation to
devise and implement a regional solid waste management system for the
Bluegrass Area Development District.
PROCEDURES: Basic information to be developed includes a plan for
collection and disposal facilities within this 17-county area centered
around Lexington, Kentucky. Location determinations and engineering
work will be done for possible sanitary landfill sites, transfer station
locations, and haul routes. During the planning phase Spindletop Research,
Inc., will function for the Corporation which, when formed, will comprise
both governmental officials and representatives of private industry.
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LEE COUNTY SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROJECT
PROJECT TYPE: Study & Investigation GRANT NO. G06-EC-00269
GRANTEE: Lee County Board of Supervisors, Tupelo, Mississippi
PROJECT DIRECTOR: B. J. Coggin, County Engineer, 703 Crossover Road,
Tupelo, Mississippi 38801
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $22,500
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 7,500
FEDERAL SHARE: $15,000 [01]
(By year of project
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: Nov. 1, 1969 DATE PROJECT ENDED: Oct. 31, 1970
OBJECTIVES: To make a comprehensive and detailed analysis of present solid
waste collection and disposal operations in Lee County and develop recom-
mendations for a regional system.
PROCEDURES: The consulting engineering firm of Cook, Coggin, Kelly and Cook
of Tupelo, Mississippi, will conduct the study.
The firm will: 1) review available data concerning solid waste generation
in the study area and, where information is lacking, formulate data for
design from actual field measurements; 2) examine existing solid waste
collection and disposal facilities; 3) compare alternative methods for a
collection and disposal system and identify possible disposal sites; and
4) prepare preliminary designs and cost estimates and investigate alter-
natives for financing the system.
204
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DAIRY COLLECTION AND COMPOSTING STUDY
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. G06-EC-00270
GRANTEE: Public Health Foundation of Los Angeles County, 220 North
Broadway, Los Angeles, California 90012
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Charles L. Senn, Lecturer in Public Health, UCLA
School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California
90024
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $126,170
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 44,500
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 81,670 [01]
(By year of project
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: Nov. 1, 1969 DATE PROJECT ENDS: Oct. 31, 1970
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate dairy manure collection and composting.
PROCEDURES: State and County health and agricultural personnel from the
Counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Bernardino and Riverside will work
with the project director. Aerojet-General Corporation is the principal
consultant.
The project procedures call for the grantee to: 1) construct, operate,
and demonstrate a full-scale dairy manure composting unit for a 300-cow
dairy, following principles and design parameters developed by bench scale
tests under Demonstration Grant No. G06-EC-00137; 2) evaluate various
dairy corral systems, especially all-concrete "loafing stall dairies,"
both mechanically and water cleaned; 3) complete studies with the UCLA
Agricultural extension and with U. C. at Riverside on characteristics
of various composted and noncomposted manures; 4) investigate recycling
the manure-compost back to the loafing stalls so that aerobic processing
of the wet manure-urine mixture will be possible and the recycled com-
post will act as a blotter to reduce the moisture content of the manure-
urine-compost mixture; and 5) sack and distribute the compost to the
numerous Alta-Dena milk drive-ins in the area to test its marketability
and acceptability.
205
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SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL BY CONTAINERIZATION - PHASE II
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. G06-EC-00271
GRANTEE: Humboldt County Department of Public Works, Eureka, California
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Fred W. Cope, Associate Civil Engineer, Humboldt
County Department of Public Works, 1106 Second
Street, Eureka, California 95501
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $539,466
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $179,755
FEDERAL SHARE: $261,628 [01]
(By year of project $ 46,788 [02]
life) $ 51,095 [03]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: June 1, 1970 DATE PROJECT ENDS: May 31, 1973
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate and evaluate two alternative storage and
collection container systems for small isolated rural areas with speical
emphasis on costs, workability, and community acceptance.
PROCEDURES: The County Department of Public Works will conduct the project
with consultative assistance from the firm of Garretson -Elmendorf-Zinov-
Reibin, Architects and Engineers.
The test area for the project consists of the southern one-third of the
County with a population of approximately 10,000 people. The study area
will be divided in half and one system will be instituted in each half.
Both systems will provide an access ramp for vehicles carrying material to
be disposed of. Two container heights (level with the ramp and elevated two-
to-three feet) will also be tested in both systems so that refuse need not
be lifted any great height. In the first system, waste will be deposited
in a 40-cubic-yard, roll-off type container which can be picked up and hauled
to the central sanitary landfill. Refuse in the container will be uncompacted,
In the second system, a series of eieht-cubi.c-yard containers will be available
at the site. These containers will be emptied" at the site into a 30-cubic-
yard collection vehicle which will then proceed to the next container site,
or to the landfill if the vehicle is full.
The collection systems (collection vehicles, container sites, and containers)
will be evaluated with regard to: public 'usage and preference; capital
and operating costs; ability to handle different types of material; vector
problems around the bins as well as quality of effluent from containers
during rainy seasons; optimum frequency of container pickup; the effect of
nonengineering factors, such as fire hazards, aesthetics, tourism, vandalism,
litter, and public morale.
206
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CLASSIFICATION OF NONMAGNETIC METALS
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. G06-EC-00274
GRANTEE: Vanderbilt University
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Charles E. Roos, Professor of Physics,
Department of Physics and Astronomy,
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37203
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $314,444
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $104,815
FEDERAL SHARE: $209,629 [01]
(By year of project
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: May 1, 1970 DATE PROJECT ENDS: Apr. 30, 1971
OBJECTIVES: To develop to a practical stage a magnetic sorter for
nonferrous materials and to use the sorter in an automobile scrapyard
as a part of a regional plan for handling derelict vehicles.
PROCEDURES: Faculty of Vanderbilt University, from the Departments of
Physics and Astronomy, Mechanical Engineering, and Civil Engineering, will
conduct the three-phase project. Personnel of the Steiner-Liff scrapyard also
will cooperate in the study.
Phase I is to develop detailed plans for a commercially useful version of
the present laboratory model, of the Vanderbilt nonferrous metal separator.
The separator works by passing the material to be sorted through a shaped
magnetic field which induces a current in the material proportional to its
conductivity. The induced magnetic field interacts with the generating
field to produce a net force 'in the material. Various magnet configurations
will be devised and optimization will be undertaken. An analog simulation
will be used to predict the behavior of particles of various compositions
and geometries in magnetic .fields of various strengths and gradients.
Phase II is to develop the detailed plans leading to a demonstration grant
for the operation of the separator in the Nashville scrap metal yards of
Steiner-Liff, Inc.; and, finally, Phase III is to cover preliminary work
for the demonstration grant final goal, a comprehensive plan for the salvage
of automobile shells in the Mid-Cumberland District in coordination with the
Mid-Cumberland Council of Governments.
207
WO-5S7 O - 71 - 15
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DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A COMPUTERIZED
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR AN INCINERATOR OPERATION
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. G06-EC-00279
GRANTEE: Montgomery County Sanitary Department, Dayton, Ohio
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Charles F. Bennett, Incinerators Superintendent,
Montgomery County, 4221 Lamme Road, Dayton, Ohio
45439
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $68,204
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $23,204
FEDERAL SHARE: $45,000 [01]
(By year of project
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: Feb. 1, 1970 DATE PROJECT ENDS: Jan. 31, 1971
OBJECTIVES: To apply industrial type management techniques to the
interpretation of computer processed data for a rotary kiln incinerator
operation so that operating costs are minimized, charges for services
performed are appropriate, and the incinerator can operate on a self-
sufficient basis.
PROCEDURES: After general agreement by incinerator, County, and consultant
personnel (Ernst & Ernst, Dayton) of specific system goals, procedures,
and policies in such areas as accounting, payroll, billing and cost centers,
an on-line data collection process will be set up at two Montgomery County
incinerators. This data, along with available accounting and management
information, will be used as input to a cost analysis and accounting system
which will be designed by the consultant and implemented on a computer by
the County data processing unit. The resultant output will provide:
1) automated billing; 2) information that can be used to plan and control
incinerator operations; and 3) information that will be of interest on a
universal basis for comparison of various incinerator operations.
208
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF GREATER SOLID WASTE UTILIZATION THROUGH
AN ANALYSIS OF THE SECONDARY MATERIALS INDUSTRY, ITS SOURCES
OF SUPPLY. ITS CONSUMING MARKETS AND ITS ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL PROBLEMS
PROJECT TYPE: Study & Investigation GRANT NO. G06-EC-00282
GRANTEE: National Association of Secondary Materials Industries, Inc.
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Howard Ness, Technical Director, National Association
of Secondary Materials Industries, Inc., 330 Madison
Avenue, New York, New York 10017
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $363,700
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $122,000
FEDERAL SHARE: $241,700 [01]
(By year of project
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: May 1, 1970 DATE PROJECT ENDS: Apr. 30, 1971
OBJECTIVES: To identify opportunities for increased solid waste utilization
through an analysis of sources of supply, consuming markets, and technical
and economic problems confronting the secondary materials industry.
PROCEDURES: The project will be divided into the following industries
(including brokers, processors, dealers, smelters, refiners, ingot makers
and other converters of secondary materials): aluminum, copper, lead,
zinc, nickel and nickel alloys, precious metals, paper, and textiles. An
extensive survey will be conducted through mail questionnaires and personal
interviews to gather pertinent data about the secondary materials industries:
geographical location of plants, physical size of plants, employment, equip-
ment, the types and amounts of secondary materials produced, the types and
amounts of raw materials processed, and the amounts of solid wastes generated
in the secondary materials processing activities. There will be an in-depth
economic and technological analysis concerned with: 1) the historical,
actual, and potential utilization of each commodity; 2) industry practices
and problems; and 3) peripheral problems related to the industry and its
ability to perform maximum recycling and utilization of solid wastes, e.g.,
new technology and environmental demands, legislative and social prejudices
aimed at the industry.
209
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STUDY OF THE DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE SLUDGE IN A SANITARY LANDFILL
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. G06-EC-00285
GRANTEE: City of Oceanside, California
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Alton Ruden-, City Engineer, City of Oceanside,
P. 0. Box 30, Oceanside, California 92056
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $255,000
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 85,000
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 60,000 [01]
(By year of project $ 60,000 [02]
life) $ 50,000 [03]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: Jan. 1, 1971 DATE PROJECT ENDS: Dec. 31, 1973
OBJECTIVES: To conduct a study and investigation of the cost/benefits
and environmental effects of disposing of digested sewage sludge in a
sanitary landfill; specifically to determine the capacity of, and parameters
for, municipal refuse to assimulate the moisture in digested sewage sludge
and septic tank pumping.
PROCEDURES: The three-year project is divided into three phases: 1) a one-
year feasibility study including bench scale tests to be conducted in the
Project Engineer's laboratory and exploratory field tests on the City of
Oceanside's sanitary landfill; 2) a one-year field pilot study program
involving the application of approximately one-third of the City's daily
output of sewage sludge to a test portion of the municipal sanitary landfill;
and 3) a one-year cost evaluation and monitoring period involving .full-scale
disposal of all the City's sludge in the landfill.
210
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STUDY OF OPEN-PIT INCINERATOR FOR USE IN DISPOSAL
OF MUNICIPAL GARBAGE AND REFUSE
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. G06-EC-00286
GRANTEE: City of San Antonio, P- 0. Box 9066, San Antonio, Texas 78204
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Charles C. Cross, Area Engineer, Zarzamora Service
Center, 4719 S. Zarzamora Street, San Antonio,
Texas 78211
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $107,500
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 35,900
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 60,000 [01]
(By year of project $ 11,600 [02]
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: May 1, 1970 DATE PROJECT ENDS: April 30, 1972
OBJECTIVES: To develop a low-cost, open air incinerator for disposing of
brush, wood waste, and garbage, which will operate within the limitations
prescribed by Air Pollution Control laws and'regulations for the emission
of smoke and particulate matter, and demonstrate the feasibility of such
an incinerator as a supplemental means of solid waste disposal.
PROCEDURES: For this project, several pit configurations will be studied.
Using a large draft'augmenter and a crane for charging, the following tests
will be conducted: 1) a fixed charging rate and a fixed draft distribution
pattern and rate will be established; 2) burning will continue for one
week at these initial conditions, emissions and flame temperatures will be
continuously monitored, and air velocities and patterns will be periodically
checked; 3) in the next time increment, the charging rate only will be
changed and burning will continue until uniform results are evident; 4) in
each succeeding time increment, only one variable will be changed and,
after all practical combination of charging rates and draft patterns have
been tried, these variables will be correlated with emission levels for
each incinerator configuration; 5) optimum values for all the variable
elements in the process will be established.
In addition to the main set of testing, which will be concerned with brush
and wood waste, San Antonio will also test garbage and garbage and brush-
wood waste mixtures.
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INVESTIGATION OF THE USE OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER MODELS IN
COST EVALUATION OF REGIONAL REFUSE TRANSPORT AND DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. G06-EC-00289
GRANTEE: Regional Planning Council, Baltimore, Maryland
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Robert N. Young, Executive Director, Regional Planning
Council, Baltimore, Maryland 21202
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $59,166
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $19,722
FEDERAL SHARE: $39,444 [01]
(By year of project
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: July 1, 1970 DATE PROJECT ENDS: June 30, 1971
OBJECTIVES: To develop a series of computer programs which will utilize
existing data, gathered as part of the land use transportation planning
process in most major metropolitan areas of the country, to provide
properly formatted inputs to an existing linear program. This linear
program will evaluate total costs of various solid waste disposal system
configurations.
PROCEDURES: 1) The following data will be properly formatted to be used
as input into a series of programs: population projections, vehicle
travel times from one geographic zone to another (skim tree times),
landfill costs and capacities, labor costs and requirements, truck costs
and capacities, generation rates, etc.
2) A linear program for solving the warehouse-distributor type transportation
problem (or its solid waste disposal analogy) will be chosen from one of
several existing versions.
3) A program will be written to map skim tree times, population, and other
necessary data into refuse supply, refuse demands, and costs of disposal
in the form of a large cost matrix.
4) The output of Step 3 will be put into the transportation program which
will optimize disposal site destinations for minimum costs and print out
the resulting disposal configurations and costs.
5) A documentation and user's manual will be written.
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EVALUATION, EXTRACTION, AND RECYCLING OF
CERTAIN SOLID WASTE CONSTITUTENTS
PROJECT TYPE: Study & Investigation GRANT NO. G06-EC-00292
GRANTEE: Erie County, Pennsylvania
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Thomas C. West, Director, Environmental Health,
Erie County Department of Health, 606 West Second
Street, Erie, Pennsylvania 16507
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $75,000
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $25,000
FEDERAL SHARE: $50,000 [01]
(By year of project
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: June 1, 1970 DATE PROJECT ENDS: May 31, 1971
OBJECTIVES: To study the current secondary resource situation and design
a system for extracting re-usable material from solid waste.
PROCEDURES: The project, which is divided into three phases, will be
carried out primarily by the consultant, Great Lakes Research Institute.
Phase I is to define and rank constitutents in municipal solid waste in
the order of potential benefits from their extraction from the standpoint
of major present and projected disposal methods. This phase will be
accomplished by a literature survey and interviews with persons involved
in secondary material handling and usage. Phase II, also to employ
literature surveys and interviews, will compile information on current
proven and experimental methods of extracting constitutents from solid
wastes. The information gathered in Phases I and II will be used in the
final phase to develop specifications for devices and subsystems for
extracting constitutents from solid wastes and a proposal for the
design of an integrated pilot extraction system.
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UTILIZING THE POTENTIAL OF MODEL NEIGHBORHOOD
RESIDENTS TO PREVENT LITTER THROUGH EXCHANGES WITH CHILDREN AND YOUTH
PROJECT TYPE: Study & Investigation GRANT NO. G06-EC-00293
GRANTEE: Cooperative Extension Service, University of Maine,
101 Winslow Hall, Orono, Maine 04473
PROJECT DIRECTOR: John W. Donovan, Extension Agent, University
of Maine, 96 Falmouth Street, Portland, Maine
04103
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $319,750
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $106,583
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 67,820 [01]
(By year of project $ 70,060 [02]
life) $ 75,287 [03]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: May 1, 1970 DATE PROJECT ENDS: Apr. 30, 1973
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate that motivational rather than enforcement
techniques can effectively reduce litter in local neighborhoods.
PROCEDURES: Nine area youths will be hired as coaches to lead teams of
children in cleaning up litter from neighborhood streets and vacant lots.
In return the youths will be provided opportunities for recreational and
cultural activities. Actual clean-up campaigns will be tackled during
the summer months. Winter activities will be mainly social and instruc-
tional aimed at creating anti-litter habits in young people.
Litter counts will be undertaken each summer, and the results will be
used to evaluate the project.
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SAN FRANCISCO AIRPORT SOLID WASTE STUDY
PROJECT TYPE: Study & Investigation GRANT NO. G06-EC-00294
GRANTEE: City and County of San Francisco Airports Commission
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Robert G. Lee, Chief Engineer, San Francisco
International Airport, San Francisco, California
94128
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $58,520
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $23,520
FEDERAL SHARE: $35,000 [01]
(By year of project
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: July 1, 1970 DATE PROJECT ENDS: June 30, 1971
OBJECTIVES: To develop basic information on the quantities, characteristics,
and sources of solid wastes generated at the San Francisco International
Airport; to relate this information to various levels of operation; to study
alternative systems for collection and transportation.
PROCEDURES: The firm of Metcalf and Eddy will perform the major part of the
study. In Task I actual quantities of waste produced will be determined by
weighing vehicles and containers and identifying the amounts produced with
specific waste generating functions. Waste will be classified by general
categories and special categories will be identified. The data developed
will be related to measurable operating levels such as number of flights,
passenger load, air cargo tonnage, etc., for predicting future waste
generation.
In Task II various schemes for the collection of solid waste will be inves-
tigated and evaluated. These will include use of containers and commercial
type solid waste vehicles, mechanical conveyors from areas of high solid
waste production, and other combinations of systems.
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CRAWFORD COUNTY, OHIO, SANITARY LANDFILL
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. G06-EC-00297
GRANTEE: Crawford County, Ohio, Board of County Commissioners,
Bucyrus, Ohio 44820
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Robert C. Jones, Project Director, P. 0. Box 27,
Napolean, Ohio 43545
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COSTS: $222,600
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 74,199
FEDERAL SHARE: $124,334 [01]
(By year of project $ 24,067 [02]
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: July 1, 1970 DATE PROJECT ENDS: June 30, 1972
OBJECTIVES: To make an economic study of the Model 12 Roto-Shredder
as a mobile shredder for landfill use.
PROCEDURES: Two consultants, Dr. Norman Sedlander, Professor of Civil
Engineering, University of Toledo, and Dr. John R. Snell, President,
John R. Snell Engineers, Inc., will assist the project director.
This project will investigate the feasibility both of landfilling refuse
shredded by the Roto-Shredder versus conventional landfilling and of
landfilling refuse which has been windrow composted with the aid of the
shredder. In addition, the composted refuse will be studied for use as
cover material. Parallel test trenches will be landfilled with raw refuse,
refuse shredded with one shredder pass, and composted refuse. A comparison
of economics, compaction, degradation rate, and ground water pollution
will be determined for the respective cells.
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A STUDY TO IDENTIFY OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCREASED
RECYCLING OF FERROUS SOLID WASTE
PROJECT TYPE: Study & Investigation GRANT NO. G06-EC-00298
GRANTEE: Scrap Metal Research and Education Foundation
PROJECT DIRECTOR: William S. Story, Scrap Metal Research and Education
Foundation, 1729 H Street, N.W. , Washington, D. C.
20006
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $148,730
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 51,030
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 77,700 [01]
(By year of project $ 20,000 [02]
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: May 1, 1970 DATE PROJECT ENDS: Aug. 31, 1971
OBJECTIVES: To identify opportunities for increased recovery and recycling
of ferrous solid wastes.
PROCEDURES: Initially a literature search will be performed to compile all
available information on the scrap iron and steel industry. An extensive
survey will then be conducted through mail questionnaires and personal
interviews to gather pertinent data about the scrap iron and steel industry:
geographic location of scrap processing plants, physical size of plants,
employment, equipment, types and amounts of raw materials processed, types
and amounts of scrap produced, and the nature and amounts of solid wastes
generated during scrap processing. The industries surveyed will include
those active in processing and/or brokerage of iron and steel scrap and
associated industries such as consumers, producers of processing equipment,
suppliers of services, consultants, and nonferrous smelters, refiners and
dealers.
In-depth interviews will be conducted as the basis for economic and tech-
nological analysis concerned with identifying: 1) problems ranging from
availability and training of labor, to truck and rail rates, to speci-
fication, press, and acceptance of certain grades of scrap by customers;
2) new methods for collecting and processing ferritic waste; and
3) specific opportunities for increased recycling and recovery of ferrous
wastes, including capital, labor, and technical constraints.
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HOUSEHOLD REFUSE COMPACTOR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. G06-EC-00302
GRANTEE: City of Atlanta, Georgia
PROJECT DIRECTOR: R. E. Hulsey, Superintendent of Sanitation, Atlanta
Sanitary Division, 260 Central Avenue, S.W.,
Atlanta, Georgia 30303
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $139,594
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 47,474
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 52,140 [01]
(By year of project $ 39,980 [02]
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: Oct. 1, 1970 DATE PROJECT ENDS: Sept. 30, 1972
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate and study the advantages and savings available
to a municipal solid waste management system through the use of residential
household refuse compactors.
PROCEDURES: Throughout the demonstration the data collection and analysis
phase will deal with two types of information—that related to collection
and disposal of compacted waste and that related to the compactor and its
operation and customer acceptance. The project will proceed in three
stages over a two-year period.
Stage one will consist of selecting an appropriate test route, initiating
a complete investigation and evaluation of the existing collection system
on the route selected, and obtaining (on consignment) and distributing
400 new refuse compactors.
Stage two is divided into four, three-month test phases designed to evaluate:
1) variations in crew sizes, pickup schedules, curb and backdoor pickup,
and types of collection trucks; 2) customer acceptance; and 3) finally,
the actual characteristics and performance of the refuse compactor and the
standard incineration and landfill capabilities of the compacted waste.
During stage three all data will be completely analyzed and reported.
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EFFECTIVE USE OF HIGH WATER TABLE AREAS FOR SANITARY LANDFILLS
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. G06-EC-00309
GRANTEE: Orange County, Florida
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Dr. Ramon Beluche, Director, Environmental Engineering,
VTN Florida, Inc., 712 West Gore Street, Orlando, Florida
32805
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $750,000
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $250,000
FEDERAL SHARE: $200,000 [01]
(By year of project $150,000 [02]
life) $150,000 [03]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: July 1, 1970 DATE PROJECT ENDS: June 30, 1973
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate that properly selected sanitary landfill
construction equipment and that properly engineered drainage improve-
ments, combined with refuse cell construction which prevents or minimizes
horizontal and vertical leaching of water through decomposing waste, will
prevent surface and ground water pollution in a sanitary landfill.
PROCEDURES: Several groups will collaborate in the demonstration. VTN
Florida, Inc., a consulting engineering firm, will provide project direction,
planning, and reporting; Orange County's Public Works Department and Pol-
lution Control Department will be directly involved in the operation,
sampling, and monitoring at the site; and Florida Technological University
will sample and analyze surface and ground water for bacteriological,
organic, and inorganic changes as the filling progresses.
Preceding the landfill construction, a comprehensive ground and surface
water quality evaluation will be conducted and water movements and general
climatic conditions will be investigated in the landfill site area.
On the basis of comprehensive soils studies and adapted drainage engineering
methodology, the demonstration site will be permanently dewatered to the
extent that the ground water table will be forced below the level of the
refuse cells to be constructed. Other control landfill cells will not be
dewatered, nor will any attempt be made to construct the cells to minimize
vertical leaching through the refuse. This is the normal disposal method
in high water table areas. A network of 44 wells will be constructed in
both areas to sample ground water, and drainage monitoring stations will
be established to sample surface water.
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USE OF REFUSE AS SUPPLEMENTARY FUEL IN BOILER FURNACES
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. G06-EC-00312
GRANTEE: City of St. Louis, Missouri
PROJECT DIRECTOR: G. Wayne Sutterfield, Refuse Commissioner,
4100 S. First Street, St. Louis, Missouri 63118
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $2,603,000
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 868,000
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 478,000 [01]
(By year of project $ 857,000 [02]
life) $ 400,000 [03]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: July 1, 1970 DATE PROJECT ENDS: June 30, 1973
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the feasibility of suspension firing prepared
refuse into a large utility boiler.
PROCEDURES: Personnel from the City of St. Louis will conduct the project
in collaboration with the Union Electric Company and the consulting firm
of Horner and Shifrin, Inc. An existing 125-megawatt boiler belonging to
the Union Electric Company will be outfitted for a full-scale test of the
process. Initially, 400 tons of shredded refuse per day will be pnuematically
fired into this corner-fired, pulverized-coal boiler; the refuse will
account for 10% of the total heat load of the boiler. A separate facility
will be constructed for shredding the mixed municipal refuse to a particle
size of 1-1/2 inches and loading it into large vehicles for transfer to the
powerplant. At the powerplant the refuse will be loaded into a live bottom
storage bin and, from there, will be pnuematically conveyed to the four
firing nozzles.
Initial considerations will be given to the effect of the refuse on the
boiler. Of primary concern are effects on the bottom ash, the boiler tubes,
the air pollution control equipment, and the performance of the boiler.
After it is established that the unit can handle the refuse without adverse
effects, the charging rate will be increased to determine the optimum rate.
The demonstration facility is capable of supplying up to 20% of the total
heat load (800 tons of refuse per day) of the boiler.
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LEE COUNTY SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROJECT
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. G06-EC-00315
GRANTEE: Lee County Board of Supervisors, Tupelo, Mississippi
PROJECT DIRECTOR: B. G. Coggin, County Engineer, 703 Crossover Road,
Tupelo, Mississippi 38801
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $308,569
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $104,939
FEDERAL SHARE: $118,920 [01]
(By year of project $ 42,580 [02]
life) $ 42,130 [03]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: Sept. 1, 1970 DATE PROJECT ENDS: Aug. 31, 1973
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the use of stationary and mobile bulk containers
to provide acceptable refuse collection service to the rural areas of Lee
County. Disposal, which is totally financed by the County, will take place
at one central sanitary landfill.
PROCEDURES: A central sanitary landfill will be designed and constructed
to serve the entire County which has a population of over 40,000 within its
455-square-mile area. The larger communities already provide collection to
residents, but a rural container program will be initiated to serve about
18,000 rural residents. A 30-cubic-yard packer truck will collect from
both stationary containers, permanently located on primary roads, and from
mobile containers by lifting them from the front and emptying them into the
packer body through the top hopper. Because the condition of many of the
secondary roads and the weight restrictions of bridges prohibit the use of
heavy packer trucks, mobile containers on wheels will service these areas.
A small vehicle, such as a jeep or pickup truck, will haul these mobile
containers to primary roads to be emptied, and then return them to the
original sites. The project will be evaluated in terms of quantities
collected, costs of operation, mechanical performance and overall success
in meeting the project objectives.
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DEMONSTRATION OF EIDAL SW1150 SHREDDER
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. G06-EC-00316
GRANTEE: Onondaga Solid Waste Disposal Authority, Syracuse, New York
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Robert S. Becker, General Manager, Onondaga County
Solid Waste Authority, 608 County Office Building,
Syracuse, New York 13202
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $317,200
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $105,733
FEDERAL SHARE: $161,467 [01]
(By year of project
life) $ 50,000 [02]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: July 1, 1970 DATE PROJECT ENDS: June 30, 1972
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate and thoroughly evaluate the use of an Eidal
SW1150 Shredder for processing unclassified refuse.
PROCEDURES: Onondaga County Solid Waste Disposal Authority personnel will
conduct this project with the assistance of Metcalf and Eddy, Boston,
Massachusetts, and Konski Engineers, Syracuse, New York, who will act as
consultants. This shredder is designed to process 40 tons per hour for a
minimum of seven hours per day. The main effort in this project will be
to maintain a sustained flow of refuse for a relatively long period of
time, and extended daily operations will be attempted if these seem
attractive to the various collectors. During this capacity operation, a
complete cost analysis of the shredder is to include: 1) manpower and
energy requirements; 2) periodic measurements of wear on bearing compon-
ents; 3) service and maintenance costs; and 4) the projected life
expectancy of major components.
In addition to the cost analysis, performance evaluation of the shredder
will take into account such factors as: 1) variations in energy consump-
tion; 2) optimum techniques for processing bulky items; 3) particle size
and its relation to fluctuations in output and energy consumption; 4)
foundation loading and vibration; and 5) optimum feeding and discharge
controls.
Based on these evaluations and a careful determination of running time
versus downtime, operating characteristics of the equipment will be for-
mulated to assist in subsequent design applications.
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SOLID WASTE SEPARATOR
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. G06-EC-00318
GRANTEE: Franklin Institute
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Lawrence Berkowitz, Senior Staff Engineer, Franklin
Institute Research Laboratories, 20th and Race Streets,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $288,303
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 98,023
FEDERAL SHARE: $134,667 [01]
(By year of project $ 55,613 [02]
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: July 1, 1970 DATE PROJECT ENDS: June 30, 1972
OBJECTIVES: To build and test a full-size solid waste separator, together
with auxiliary equipment (which need not be full size in the proposed study),
that can handle up to 15 tons of trash in 15 minutes or 600 tons per 10-hour
day.
PROCEDURES: Personnel of the Franklin Institute, in conducting the three-
phase project, are to: 1) build an improved version of a refuse separator,
originally designed for Dickson Paper Fibre, Inc., which employs a series
of vibrating screens, baffles, paddle wheel, and gravity separator to sort
shredded refuse; 2) determine the capability of the separator to produce
economically a No. 1 mixed grade of used paper stock that would be acceptable
for recycling by the paper pulping industry, as well as to recover, in
re-usable form, other components of municipal refuse; 3) gain operating
experience in the use of separator by constructing a pilot plant, consisting
of shredding and baling machinery, to process 600 tons/day of refuse.
A critical path plan will be developed for fabrication and testing of the
separator hardware. Each subsystem of the separator will be constructed
and refined in bench-scale form before it is fabricated in pilot-scale
configuration.
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SOLID-WASTE-DIRECTED INFORMATION AND EDUCATION PROGRAM
PROJECT TYPE: Study & Investigation GRANT NO. G06-EC-00319
GRANTEE: Erie County, Pennsylvania
PROJECT DIRECTOR: John Berger, District Sanitarian, Erie County
Department of Health, 606 West 2nd Street,
Erie, Pennsylvania
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $83,331
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $27,777
FEDERAL SHARE: $55,554 [01]
(By year of project
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: July 1, 1970 DATE PROJECT ENDS: June 30, 1971
OBJECTIVES: To develop an educational and informational program aimed at
eliciting positive public reaction in locales where sanitary landfills are
to be located.
PROCEDURES: This demonstration is to implement Grant No. G06-EC-00035
which pointed out the need for greater citizen understanding of sanitary
landfills. The program will employ various media to reach the public—
in-depth newspaper coverage, a specially produced sound-color film, a
Speakers Bureau, and educational pamphlets.
Once a site is selected a concentrated public educational effort will be
conducted to gain the acceptance of a properly engineered and operated
sanitary landfill.
224
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SPECIAL TRASH REMOVAL PROGRAM
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. G06-EC-00320
GRANTEE: City of Savannah, Georgia
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Henry W. Jenkins, Public Works Director, City of
Savannah, P- 0. Box 1027, Savannah, Georgia 31402
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $70,935
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $23,644
FEDERAL SHARE: $31,726 [01]
(By year of project $15,565 [02]
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: July 1, 1970 DATE PROJECT ENDS: June 30, 1972
OBJECTIVES: To determine the operating efficiency and adaptability of the
"Kuka Shark" refuse collection vehicle, in comparison with existing methods,
for yard waste and other "dry" trash routes, normal household refuse routes,
and a combined route.
PROCEDURES: The City presently provides a two-phase residential collection
service. Compactor trucks are used for twice-a-week behind the home or
alley collection of normal household refuse stored in standard refuse con-
tainers. Dry trash or bulky wastes, such as yard wastes, furniture, and
the like, is collected on the curb or in the alley once every two-to-three
weeks using open trucks. The demonstration will be carried out in the
Model Cities area.
This new vehicle uses a crushing and tearing action through a rotating
spiral guide; the body consists of a rotating drum. The "Shark" will be
tested first on a dry trash route for approximately six months. Similar
study periods will be carried out using the vehicle on a regular household
refuse route and a combined household refuse and bulky waste route. Data
will be compiled and analyzed to evaluate both the new vehicle and existing
vehicles in terms of their ability to handle various types of waste, as
well as costs, quantities collected, and efficiency, and to compare their
relative performances.
225
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MECHANIZATION OF REFUSE COLLECTION
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. G06-EC-00328
GRANTEE: City of Tolleson, Arizona
PROJECT DIRECTOR: William DaVee, City Manager, City Hall, 9555 West
VanBuren, Tolleson, Arizona 85353
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $76,410
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $25,470
FEDERAL SHARE: $50,940 [01]
(By year of project
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: Jan. 1, 1971 DATE PROJECT ENDS: Dec. 31, 1971
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the feasibility of using a nonstop truck to
collect refuse from containers.
PROCEDURES: Consultant services will be provided by Government Innovators
of Scottsdale, Arizona, and the inventor.
During Phase I, an existing collection vehicle will be modified to help
determine the design of the nonstop vehicle and the durability of the
containers. Containers in a selected pilot area in the City will be
fastened to a horizontal arm installed perpendicular to the path of the
collection truck. The truck will pivot the containers around the arm,
receive the refuse from them in a tray, and pivot the containers back
into place.
If Phase I is successful, Phase II will be initiated. The nonstop vehicle
will be developed and operated in a limited geographical area. If this phase
is then successful, Phase III will commence with Citywide implementation and
demonstration.
226
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PYROLYSIS-INCINERATION PROCESS FOR SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
PROJECT TYPE: Study and Investigation GRANT NO. G06-EC-00329
GRANTEE: City of Kennewick, Washington
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Mr. A. H. Colby, City Manager, Post Office Box 6108,
Kennewick, Washington 99336
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $342,002
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $114,001
FEDERAL SHARE: $228,001 [01]
(By year of project
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: July 1, 1971 DATE PROJECT ENDS: June 30, 1972
OBJECTIVES: To develop the Battelle pyrolysis-incineration process for
solid waste and develop preliminary design and project plans for such a
facility in Kennewick.
PROCEDURES: The project investigation will be carried out primarily by
Battelle-Northwest. To meet the objectives of this project, work is
categorized into several major tasks which will proceed simultaneously
and will be closely intercoordinated.
Pilot plant studies will be conducted on the existing basic equipment to
provide process rates, reactor product characteristics, and scale-up data.
Experimental studies and literature surveys needed for the analysis of
alternative process flowsheets will also be carried on.
A complete economic evaluation of the alternative flowsheets will be per-
formed. The evaluation will include a pyrolysis by-product market study
and a cost analysis of the different possible combinations of equipment.
This economics information will be combined with technical findings to
optimize each engineering system. In selecting the overall optimum sys-
tem, a cost benefit analysis will be made to compare the efficiency and
operating and capital costs for each system.
The majority of the project effort will be involved in equipment and pro-
cess design and development. Mechanical design, materials handling, and
current equipment concepts will be investigated. Computer models will be
used to determine the operating characteristics of the alternative process
flowsheets. When the final flowsheet has been selected, its simulation
model results will be used to write the design criteria and hardware
specifications for the preliminary full-scale facility plan.
A preliminary plan for the evaluation of a full-scale Kennewick facility
will be developed and preliminary design criteria, developmental design
data and layout concepts will be compiled for that facility.
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PUBLIC UTILITY CONCEPT IN SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT-A FEASIBILITY STUDY
PROJECT TYPE: Study & Investigation GRANT NO. G06-EC-00338
GRANTEE: National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Paul Rodgers, General Counsel and Administrative
Director, N.A.R.U.C., 3327 ICC Building, P. 0. Box
684, Washington, D. C. 20044
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $100,560
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 34,260
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 66,300 [01]
(By year of project
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: Feb. I, 1971 DATE PROJECT ENDS: Jan. 31, 1972
OBJECTIVES: To determine the feasibility of applying the public utility
concept to solid waste collection and disposal.
PROCEDURES: Industries and utilities presently regulated by the National
Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners will be studied to assess
various organizational structures, operating expenses, and financial alter-
natives. Selected State and local laws also will be studied to ascertain
the legal environment necessary for successful implementation of a solid
waste utility concept. Alternative utility organizations and structures
will be developed and analyzed and, from these,, feasible public utility
structures will be proposed.
228
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SOLID WASTE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL AT A MAJOR SEAPORT
PROJECT TYPE: Study & Investigation GRANT NO, G06-EC-00344
GRANTEE: Port of Tacoma, Washington
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Donald L. Mosman, Chief Engineer, Port of Tacoma,
P. 0. Box 1837, Tacoma, Washington 98401
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $39,000
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $13,000
FEDERAL SHARE: $26,000 [01]
(By year of project
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: Mar. 1, 1971 DATE PROJECT ENDS: Feb. 29, 1972
OBJECTIVES: To identify the source, nature, composition, and quantities of
solid wastes generated at a major seaport and to determine the most effi-
cient and practical system for collection and disposal, emphasizing
possible recycling, reclamation, and reuse of the solid waste generated.
PROCEDURES: Present and planned future Port activities, as they affect
the types and quantities of solid waste that is generated, will be
reviewed. Using the information compiled, alternative solid waste manage-
ment systems will be developed and analyzed and, from these, the most
feasible alternative will be selected as the basis for a plan. The plan
is to include proposals for recycling the large quantity of wood waste
inherent in seaport operations.
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CENTRAL SONOMA COUNTY SANITARY LANDFILL
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. G06-EC-00351
GRANTEE: County of Sonoma, California
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Donald B. Head, Director of Public Works, 2555
Mendocino Ave., Room 117A, Santa Rosa, California
95401
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $329,317
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $111,378
FEDERAL SHARE: $123,739 [01]
(By year of project $ 47,100 [02]
life) $ 47,100 [03]
DATE PROJECT STARTED: July 1, 1971 DATE PROJECT ENDS: June 30, 1974
OBJECTIVES: To investigate leachate generation, refuse and ambient
temperature, and gas composition in a modern sanitary landfill; to observe
the effects of applications of water, septic tank pumpings, and recycled
leachate on refuse cell stabilization.
PROCEDURES: Sonoma County public works personnel, with assistance from
Emcon Associates consultants, will conduct the project.
Five clay-lined test cells are to be constructed and equipped with scien-
tific instrumentation for monitoring groundwater, any moisture movement
through the cell liners, settlement, gas, leachate, and temperature. Sep-
tic tank pumpings, water, and recycled leachate will be measured, analyzed,
and added to certain designated cells.
Because of the accelerated production of the leachate and the disposal of
septic tank pumpings, an impervious clay barrier will be constructed and
monitored at the toe of the landfill canyon to isolate the experimental
test area from the surrounding environment.
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NEIGHBORHOOD RECYCLING CENTERS—PHASE I
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT No. G06-EC-00362
GRANTEE: Ecology Center of Berkeley
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Gregory Voelm, Associate Director, Ecology Action
Berkeley, 3029 Benvenue Avenue, Berkeley, California
94705
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $113,020
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 37,673
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 75,347 [01]
(By year of project
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: May 1, 1971 DATE PROJECT ENDS: Apr. 30, 1972
OBJECTIVES: To test the effectiveness of the neighborhood recycling station
in reclaiming and recycling all potentially valuable categories of the typi-
cal residential wastes of a medium-sized urban community; to ascertain the
level of community participation in recycling and document long-term citizen
response to household separation of solid waste.
PROCEDURES: The Berkeley recycling center has already been operating for
approximately a year. During the grant period the grantee will document
the quantity of materials coming into the center (glass, cans, paper,
aluminum), the prices and fluctuation in prices received for these commod-
ities, and attendant difficulties in securing and maintaining markets and
transporting and handling items. Attitudinal and behavioral studies will
attempt to profile the type individual who participates in recycling
efforts and his motivations.
The engineering consultant for the project is Garretson-Elmendorf-Zinov-
Reiben, Architects and Engineers; the behavioral studies consultant is
CRA, Inc., of Los Angeles.
231
-------
SEPAEATION OF HIGHER VALUED FRACTIONS FROM THE FIBROUS
PORTION OF SHREDDED MIXED MUNICIPAL WASTES
PROJECT TYPE: Demonstration GRANT NO. G06-EC-00366
GRANTEE: Great Lakes Research Institute, Erie, Pennsylvania
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Dr. Donald T. Jackson, Consultant, Great Lakes
Research Institute, 155 West Eighth Street, Erie,
Pennsylvania 16501
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $106,497
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $ 70,498
FEDERAL SHARE: $ 35,499 [01]
(By year of project
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: July 1, 1971 DATE PROJECT ENDS: June 30, 1972
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of the Axel Johnson Fractionator
in separating the highest quality fiber, primarily on the basis of fiber
length, from that being reclaimed at the Franklin, Ohio, resource recovery
system demonstration project (G06-EC-00194); to investigate potential mar-
kets for the reclaimed fiber.
PROCEDURES: The technical evaluation consists of two phases: 1) calibra-
tion of the Fractionator using prepared characteristic waste paper samples;
and 2) operation of the Fractionator using reclaimed fiber from the
Franklin, Ohio, demonstration. The economic evaluation consists of four
phases: 1) analysis of the structure of fiber demand; 2) analysis of the
structure of waste fiber supply; 3) analysis of the results of upgrading
fiber using the Johnson Fractionator; and 4) an estimate of plant-scale
economics.
Personnel from the Hammermill Paper Company, Edinboro (Pennsylvania) State
College, and Pennsylvania State University will provide technical and eco-
nomic consulting services.
232
-------
STUDY OF MARKETABILITY OF RECOVERED AND CLARIFIED
INCINERATOR RESIDUE IN THE NEW YORK METROPOLITAN AREA
PROJECT TYPE: Study and Investigation GRANT NO. G06-EC-00370
GRANTEE: Town of North Hempstead, Manhasset, New York 11030
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Felix G. Andrews, Commissioner of Public Works, Town
of North Hempstead, 1025 Northern Boulevard, Roslyn,
New York 11576
ESTIMATED TOTAL PROJECT COST: $45,000
GRANTEE'S SHARE: $15,000
FEDERAL SHARE: $30,000 [01]
(By year of project
life)
DATE PROJECT STARTED: July 1, 1971 DATE PROJECT ENDS: Dec. 31, 1971
OBJECTIVES: To explore potential markets for recovered ferrous and non-
ferrous metals, glass, and nonorganic fines. Attendant factors such as
projected costs or savings and administrative problems also will be con-
sidered.
PROCEDURES: Residue from the grantee's incinerator will be analyzed for
recoverable products and samples will be prepared for prospective buyers.
In developing a continuous marketing plan, the grantee will attempt to
secure letters of intent to purchase the reclaimed materials, and, in
addition, calculate the total market available to the Town.
The feasibility of constructing a residue recovery plant will be evaluated
on the basis of 1) projected costs developed during the project for admin-
istration, plant operation, capital equipment and marketing, and 2)
potential savings accrued from reduced landfill requirements, hauling
costs, and landfill site maintenance. If the concept proves feasible,
the legislative authority required to enable municipal selling contracts
will be examined and formulated.
233
-------
indexes
-------
subject index
Abandoned automobiles (see vehicles, abandoned or obsolete)
agricultural wastes
cereal crop straw, reuse, 201
studies in particular areas, 14
animal wastes
dairy manure, 112,129, 205
area-wide solid waste management system
choice of disposal methods, 71,81,116,159
implementation of, 193
of incineration, 22, 36, 91,120
metallic appliances and machinery, 95, 116, 159
planning for, 8, 14, 27, 30, 34, 41, 44, 47, 52, 65, 68, 71, 76,
79, 81, 83, 86, 91, 99, 100, 103, 107, 109, 116, 118, 124,
131,140,142,147, 152,158, 203, 204
public utility concept, 228
size reduction, 49,69, 81,105, 111, 123, 145
studies in particular areas, 121, 123
Baling (see compaction)
behavioral studies
citizen motivation in recycling, 231
bulky wastes
• collection of, 171,225
incineration of, 171
size reduction, 183
Collection of solid wastes
airports, 215
area-wide approach, 193, 203, 204
for particular areas, 8, 14, 27, 30, 34, 41, 44, 47, 52, 65, 68,
71,76, 79, 81, 83, 86,99,100,103, 107, 109, 116,118,
124,131,140,142, 152,158
bulky items, 225 (see bulky wastes)
comparison of systems and schedules, 187
container-train system, 65, 127
dairy manure, 112, 129, 205
hospitals, 145
household compactor, 218
Kuka Shark vehicle, 225
mathematical approach to system design, 65, 127
mechanization of, 174, 199, 226
multistory buildings, 145, 200
one-man operation, 174,187, 199, 226
paper sack system, 3,150, 187
plastic sacks, 150
pneumatic system, 200
private contractors, 195
rural areas, 131,156, 206, 221
seaports, 229
commercial wastes, studies in particular areas, 14, 47, 65, 121, 147
compaction
baling, 73, 149, 166
briquettes, 123,149
household compactor, 218
rolling mill, 172
in sanitary landfill, 23, 73, 177
shredded refuse in sanitary landfill, 216
compost
characteristics of, 37
control of nuisance and disease hazards, 129
refuse in sanitary landfill, 216
composting
dairy manure, 129, 205
economic feasibility, 106
market study, 106, 129, 205
Metropolitan Waste Conversion System, 37
in sanitary landfill, 23
vector control, 37
construction wastes, studies in particular areas, 14, 34
crushing (see size reduction)
Demolition wastes
collection of, 192
seaports, 229
size reduction, 69
studies in particular areas, 14, 34
disposal of solid wastes
area-wide approach, 8, 14,27, 30, 34,41,44,47,52,65,68,71,
76, 79, 81, 83, 86, 99, 100, 103, 107, 109, 116, 118, 124,
131, 140, 142, 147, 152, 158, 163, 193, 203, 204
cereal crop straw, 201
with coal in large utility boilers, 154, 220
dairy manure, 129, 205
with domestic sewage, 93, 116, 123
as fuel in steam boiler plant, 169, 172
fly ash and coal preparation refuse, 202
hospitals, 145
land disposal of pesticide wastes, 179
mathematical approach to site selection, 65, 127, 212
multistory buildings, 145
private contractors, 195
seaports, 229
with sewage sludge, 210
shellfish industry, 194
in strip mines, 62
Generation of solid wastes
airports, 215
hospitals, 145
multistory buildings, 145
seaports, 229
studies in particular areas, 8, 14, 27, 30, 34, 41, 44, 47, 52, 65,
68, 71, 76, 79, 81, 83, 86, 99, 100,103, 107, 109, 116,118,
124, 127, 131, 140, 142, 147, 152, 158, 177, 203, 204
grinding (see size reduction)
Hospital wastes (see special wastes)
Incineration
bulky wastes, 22, 36, 116, 120, 171
237
-------
Incineration (continued)
burnability, household compacted refuse, 218
design, 49,54
dust control, 97,139,154
emission control equipment, 22,29,102,138,139,171
emissions from, 49,138,139, 171
financing, 91
fluidizedbed,18,168
fly-ash slurry treatment, 92
for small municipality, 115,138,191
high-temperature, 89, 116, 189,191, 198
mathematical approach, cost analysis and accounting system,
208
open pit, 211
pyrolysis, 227
railroad cars, 164
residue utilization, 116, 123,198, 233
Torrax system, 189
underground, 167
Vortex incinerator, 191
waste heat utilization, 18, 29, 116
waste water treatment, 102
industrial wastes
pesticide waste liquors and containers, 179
shellfish industry, 194
studies in particular areas, 8,14, 34, 47, 65, 71, 79, 81, 83, 116,
121,124
Land reclamation and utilization
cattle manure and disposal, 112,129
pesticide waste disposal, 179
by sanitary landfill, 62, 116, 118, 134,166
as construction site, 17, 23, 57
erosion control, 20, 126
lakeshoie areas, 123
for recreational purposes, 55, 134, 144, 181,185
sewage sludge disposal, 93,116,132
litter
prevention through public motivation, 214
Mathematical approach to collection and disposal, 14, 30, 65, 127
cost analysis and accounting system, incineration operations,
208
disposal site selection, 212
systems analysis, sanitary landfill, 177
mathematical model (see mathematical approach to collection and
disposal)
milling (see size reduction)
municipal wastes, studies in particular areas, 14, 27, 30, 34, 41, 44,
47, 52, 65, 68, 71, 76, 79, 81, 83, 86, 99, 100, 103, 109,116,
118,123, 124, 142, 147, 152, 158
use as fuel in steam boiler plant, 169, 172
Pipeline transport of solid wastes
pilot system design, 176
pneumatic system, 200
public information and education
sanitary landfill acceptance, 224
Rail haul
baling, 149
development concept, 87
feasibility, 87
implementation, 87,149
railroad cars (see vehicles, abandoned or obsolete)
resource recovery
cereal crop straw, agricultural and industrial uses for, 201
dairy manure, compost, 205
incinerator residue, utilization of, 198
market study, incineration products, 227, 233
market study, secondary materials, 209, 213, 217
ferrous metals, 217
nonferrous metals, 209
paper, 209, 232
textile, 209
municipal refuse
heat for power generation, 220
paper, metals, glass, 168
secondary materials industries survey, 209, 217
sorting
fluid sorter, paper fiber, 232
magnetic sorter, nonferrous metals, 207
manual sorting, home separation, 231
mechanical sorter, shredded refuse, 223
sorter system design, 213
wood wastes, utilization of, 229
Salvaging (see resource recovery)
abandoned automobiles, 95, 159
abandoned vehicles, nonferrous metals, 207
at compost plant, 37, 106
feasibility, 5, 14, 41, 57, 65,116
market study, 49, 65, 116, 172
metal, 49, 95, 159
railroad cars, 164
recovery by magnetics, 172
railroad cars, 164
wastes produced, 47
sanitary landfill
aeration of, 23
baled wastes as fill material, 23, 73, 166
bearing characteristics, 17
combined municipal sewage sludge and refuse disposal, 210
compacted refuse, household compactor, 218
compaction of wastes, 17, 73, 177
composted refuse as fill material, 216
cover material, use of fly ash and coal preparation refuse, 202
eliciting public acceptance, 224
extending life of, 5, 73, 118
gas production and movement, 17, 57
high water table areas, 219
hydrogeology, 10, 57
international (U.S.-Mexico), 163
land reclamation and utilization, 17, 20, 23, 55, 57, 62, 126,
134
leachate movement, 10, 57, 62
life of, 27, 135
mobile shredder, 216
model landfill, 185
model operation, 3, 62, 134, 137
reduced wastes as fill material, 5, 69
refuse cell stabilization, effects of
applied moisture, 230
238
-------
sanifaiy landTdl (continued)
recycled leachate, 230
septic tank pumpings, 230
settlement, 17,57
specialized multipurpose equipment, 17, 107
system analysis, 177
volume requirements, 3, 5, 62, 69
sewage sludge
disposal in sanitary landfill, 210
costs/benefits, 210
environmental effects, 210
techniques for, 210
disposal with compost, 37
disposal with solid wastes, 168
land disposal
benefits, 95,144
criteria for site selection, 95
effects on environment, 95
studies in particular areas, 14,116,123
shredding (see size reduction)
size reduction
bulky wastes, 49, 69, 81,105, 111, 120,123,145,183
crushing,grinding, shredding, 49,69,105, 111, 172,183, 191
garbage grinding, 116
Gondard pulverizer, 5
Hydrapulper, 168
milled wastes, sanitary aspects, 5
shredding, 216, 220, 222
Eidal SW1150 Shredder, unprocessed refuse, 222
Model 12 Roto-Shredder, mobile landfill shredder, 216
wood wastes, 183
sludge (see sewage sludge, water treatment sludge)
hospital wastes, 71,145
volatile wastes, 22
storage of solid wastes
comparison of home storage systems, 187
effects on collection costs, 181
household compactor, 218
joint use of container by two or more households, 174,187
paper sacks, 3,150,187
plastic sacks, 150
pneumatic system, 200
private contractors, 195
residential single and multi-family containers, 199
rural areas, 131,156
street refuse, studies in particular areas, 34
systems analysis (see mathematical approach to collection and
disposal)
Training methods
sanitary landfill operators, 185
solid waste management technicians, 137
transfer systems for solid wastes
mobile system, 199
Vector control
flies, 30,130
insects and rodents, compost plant, 36
vehicles, abandoned or obsolete
automobiles, 192
guidelines for collection, handling, storage, and processing,
95
studies in particular areas, 14, 71, 81, 95,116,159
nonferrous metal separation, 207
railroad cars, 164
Water pollution, reclamation of submerged lands, 123
water treatment sludge, 132
wood wastes
choice of disposal methods, 71, 81,121
elm trees, 71
evaluation of disposal methods, 71, 81
open-pit incineration, 211
railroad cars, 164
seaports, 228
size reduction, 183
studies in particular areas, 120
utilization of, 120, 121, 229
239
«0-537 O - '1 -
-------
geographic index
STATE
Alabama
Arizona
California
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
GRANTEE
Chilton County
Maricopa County
Health Department
Nogales
Scottsdale
Scottsdale
Tolleson
Cerritos
Ecology Center of Berkeley
Humboldt County
(Eureka)
Humboldt County
(Eureka)
Inglewood
Los Angeles County
Los Angeles County
Oceanside
Orange County
Public Health Foundation
of Los Angeles County
San Diego
San Diego
San Francisco
San Francisco
Airports Commission
San Jose
Santa Clara
Santa Clara
Sonoma County (Santa Rosa)
Stanford Research
Institute (Menlo Park)
State Department of
Public Health
Bridgeport
Farmington
Stamford
Windsor
State Board of Health
Department of Sanitary
Engineering
Department of Sanitary
Engineering
National Association of
Regulatory Utility
Commissioners
National Solid Wastes
Management Association
Scrap Metal Research
and Education Foundation
Gainesville Municipal Waste
Conversion Authority
GRANT NO.
D01-UI-00178
D01-UI-00039
D01-UI-00111
D01-UI-00202
G06-EC-00202
G06-EC-00328
D01-UI-00137
G06-EC-00362
D01-UI-00138
G06-EC-00271
D01-UI-00172
D01-UI-00046
D01-UI-00164
G06-EC-00285
D01-UI-00113
G06-EC-00270
D01-UI-00061
D01-UI-00188
D01-UI-00040
G06-EC-00294
D01-UI-00033
D01-UI-00018
D01-UI-00190
G06-EC-00351
D01-UI-00208
D01-UI-00021
D01-UI-00029
D01-UI-00069
D01-UI-00013
D01-UI-00153
D01-UI-00246
D01-UI-00038
D01-UI-00143
G06-EC-00338
D01-UI-00247
G06-EC-00298
D01-UI-00030
PAGE
156
52
163
174
199
226
129
231
131
206
150
57
145
210
118
205
73
166
54
215
41
23
167
230
176
30
36
81
22
138
194
49
134
228
195
217
•
37
240
-------
STATE
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
GRANTEE
Orange County
Atlanta
Central Savannah River Area
Planning and Development
Commission
Gainesville
Savannah
American Public Works
Association (Chicago)
Association of American
Railroad Car Dismantlers
(Chicago)
Chicago
Illinois Auto Salvage
Dealers Association
Metropolitan Sanitary District
of Greater Chicago
Metropolitan Sanitary District
of Greater Chicago
Park Forest
Southwestern Illinois
Metropolitan Area Planning
Commission
University of Illinois
Shelbyville
Des Moines
Metropolitan Area Solid
Waste Agency, Des Moines
Spindletop Research, Inc.
(Lexington)
University of Louisville,
Institute of Industrial
Research
GRANT NO.
G06-EC-00309
G06-EC-00302
D01-UI-00159
D01-UI-00241
G06-EC-00320
D01-UI-00073
D01-UI-00185
D01-UI-00170
D01-UI-00081
D01-UI-00080
D01-UI-00163
D01-UI-00142
D01-UI-00122
D01-UI-00006
D01-UI-00240
D01-UI-00060
D01-UI-00244
G06-EC-00268
D01-UI-00007
PAGE
219
218
140
192
225
87
164
149
95
93
144
132
124
' 10
191
71
193
203
14
Jefferson Parish
New Orleans
Portland
University of Maine
(Orono)
Charles County Community
College
Regional Planning Council,
Baltimore
Regional Planning Council,
Baltimore
State Department of Health
State Department of Health
Brockton
Lynn
D01-UI-00019
D01-UI-00063
D01-UI-00108
G06-EC-00293
D01-UI-00145
D01-UI-00174
G06-EC-00289
D01-UI-00048
D01-UI-00187
D01-UI-00076
D01-UI-00195
27
76
116
214
137
152
212
62
159
89
169
Board of Wayne County
Road Commissioners
Central Wayne County
D01-UI-00077
91
241
-------
STATE
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
Oklahoma
GRANTEE
Sanitation Authority
Genesee County
Kalamazoo County Road
Commission
Oakland County
Riverview
Southeastern Oakland County
Incinerator Authority
Harrison County
Lee County (Tupelo)
Lee County (Tupelo)
Kansas City
Metropolitan Planning
Commission, Kansas City
St. Louis
St. Louis
St. Louis
Cascade County
Helena
Sarpy County
Bergen County
Lower Passaic Valley
Solid Wastes Management
Authority (Paterson)
Quad-City Solid Wastes
Committee (Paterson)
Albuquerque
Broome County
Buffalo
Dutchess County
Erie County
Freeport
National Association of
Secondary Materials
Industries, Inc.
(New York City)
New York City
Niagara County Solid
Waste Agency
North Hempstead
Onondaga Solid Waste Disposal
Authority (Syracuse)
Rye
United Housing Foundation
(New York City)
Raleigh
Cleveland
Crawford County (Bucyrus)
Franklin
Montgomery County
(Dayton)
Oklahoma City-County
Health Department
GRANT NO.
D01-UI-00078
D01-UI-00070
D01-UI-00005
D01-UI-00068
D01-UI-00092
D01-UI-00082
D01-UI-00072
G06-EC-00269
G06-EC-00315
D01-UI-00238
D01-UI-00237
D01-UI-00115
D01-UI-00176
G06-EC-00312
D01-UI-00095
D01-UI-00227
D01-UI-00011
D01-UI-00020
G06-EC-00151
D01-UI-00026
D01-UI-00168
D01-UI-00053
D01-UI-00091
D01-UI-00233
D01-UI-00239
D01-UI-00156
G06-EC-00282
D01-UI-00097
D01-UI-00093
G06-EC-00370
G06-EC-00316
D01-UI-00197
G06-EC-00250
D01-UI-00050
D01-UI-00121
G06-EC-00297
D01-UI-00194
G06-EC-00279
D01-UI-00036
PAGE
92
83
8
79
106
97
86
204
221
187
185
120
154
220
109
181
20
29
198
34
147
68
105
183
189
139
209
111
107
233
222
171
200
65
123
216
168
208
47
242
-------
STATE
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Tennessee
Texas
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
GRANTEE
Oregon State University
Oregon State University
Oregon State University
Erie County
Erie County
Erie County
Franklin Institute
(Philadelphia)
Great Lakes Research
Institute (Erie)
Shippensburg Sanitary
Authority
Tocks Island Regional
Advisory Council
Westmoreland County
Whitemarsh Township
Authority
Harrington
Vanderbilt University
Big Spring
San Antonio
Wichita Falls
Virginia Beach
Battelle-Northwest
(Richland)
Kennewick
King County
Port of Tacoma
Tacoma
Washington State University
Regional Development Authority
of Charleston-Kanawha County
Regional Development Authority
of Charleston-Kanawha County
State Department of Health
West Virginia University
Fox Valley Council
of Governments
Lake Mills
Madison
GRANT NO.
D01-UI-00119
D01-UI-00222
G06-EC-00266
G06-EC-00292
G06-EC-00319
D01-UI-00035
G06-EC-00318
G06-EC-00366
D01-UI-00106
D01-UI-00087
D01-UI-00200
D01-UI-00089
D01-UI-00003
G06-EC-00274
D01-UI-00133
G06-EC-00286
D01-UI-00135
D01-UI-00045
D01-UI-00210
G06-EC-00329
D01-U1-00009
G06-EC-00344
D01-UI-00057
D01-UI-00102
D01-UI-00186
G06-EC-00267
D01-UI-00090
D01-UI-00010
D01-UI-00161
D01-UI-00084
D01-UI-00004
PAGE
121
179
201
213
224
44
223
232
115
100
172
102
3
207
126
211
127
55
177
227
17
229
69
112
158
202
103
18
142
99
5
243
-------
grantees
Page
147
87
164
218
3
177
29
126
36
89
68
105
30
109
Albuquerque, New Mexico
American Public Works Association
Association of American Railroad Car Dismantlers
Atlanta, Georgia
Harrington, Rhode Island
Battelle-Northwest
Bergen County, New Jersey
Big Spring, Texas
Bridgeport, Connecticut
Brockton, Massachusetts
Broome County, New York
Buffalo, New York
California State Department of Public Health
Cascade County, Montana
Central Savannah River Area Planning and
Development Commission, Augusta, Georgia 140
Central Wayne County Sanitation
Authority, Michigan 92
Cerritos, California 129
Charles County Community College,
LaPlata, Maryland 137
Chicago, Illinois 149
Chilton County, Alabama, Board
of Revenue and Control 156
Cleveland, Ohio 123
Crawford County, Ohio 216
Delaware State Board of Health 194
Des Moines, Iowa 71
District of Columbia Department
of Sanitary Engineering 49, 134
Dutchess County, New York 183
Ecology Center of Berkeley, California 231
Erie County, New York 189
Erie County, Pennsylvania 44
213, 224
Farmington, Connecticut
Fox Valley Council of Governments,
Appleton, Wisconsin
Franklin Institute
Franklin, Ohio
Freeport, New York
Gainesville, Georgia .
Gainesville Municipal Waste Conversion
Authority, Florida
Genesee County, Michigan
Great Lakes Research Institute
Harrison County, Mississippi
Helena, Montana
81
142
223
168
139
192
37
83
232
86
181
Humboldt County, California 131, 206
10
95
150
27
8
187
227
*See geographical index for complete listing of grants in each metro-
politan area.
Illinois, University of
Illinois Auto Salvage Dealers Association
Inglewood, California
Jefferson Parish, Louisiana
Kalamazoo County Road Commission, Michigan
Kansas City, Missouri
Kennewick, Washington
King County Sanitary Operations, Washington . . .
Lake Mills, Wisconsin
Lee County, Mississippi
Los Angeles County, California
Louisville, University of,
Institute of Industrial Research
Lower Passaic Valley Solid Wastes
Management Authority, Paterson, New Jersey .
Lynn, Massachusetts
Madison, Wisconsin
Maine, University of
Maricopa County Health Department, Arizona . . .
Maryland State Department of Health
Metropolitan Area Solid Waste Agency,
Des Moines, Iowa ,
Metropolitan Planning Commission,
Kansas City, Missouri
Metropolitan Sanitary District of
Greater Chicago
Montgomery County, Ohio
National Association of Regulatory
Utility Commissioners
National Association of Secondary
Materials Industries, Inc
National Solid Wastes Management
Association
New Orleans, Louisiana
New York City, Department of Sanitation
Niagara County Solid Waste Agency,
New York
Nogales, Arizona
North Hempstead, New York
Oakland County Board of Supervisors, Michigan .
Oceanside, California
Oklahoma City-County Health Department
Onondaga Solid Waste Disposal Authority,
Syracuse, New York
Orange County, California
Orange County, Florida ......
Oregon State University
Park Forest, Illinois
Portland, Maine
Public Health Foundation of Los Angeles County
Quad-City Solid Wastes Committee, New Jersey ..
Raleigh, North Carolina
Regional Development Authority of
Charleston-Kanawha County, West Virginia ...
Regional Planning Council,
Baltimore, Maryland
Riverview, Michigan
Rye, New York
St. Louis, Missouri
San Antonio, Texas
San Diego, California
San Francisco Airports Commission
San Francisco, California,
17
99
.204, 221
. 57,145
14
198
169
5
214
52
62
193
185
. 93, 144
208
228
209
195
76
111
107
163
233
79
210
47
222
118
219
121
179, 201
132
116
205
34
65
.158, 202
.152,212
106
171
.120, 154
220
211
. 73,166
'. 215
244
-------
Page
54
41
167
20
225
Department of Public Works
San Jose, California
Santa Clara, California 23
Sarpy County Board of Commissioners,
Nebraska
Savannah, Georgia
Scottsdale, Arizona 174, 199
Scrap Metal Research and
Education Foundation 217
Shelbyville, Indiana 191
Shippensburg Sanitary Authority,
Pennsylvania 115
Sonoma County, California 230
Southeastern Oakland County Incinerator
Authority, Michigan 97
Southwestern Illinois Metropolitan Area
Planning Commission 124
Spindletop Research, Inc 203
Stamford, Connecticut
22
Stanford Research Institute
Tacoma, Washington
Tacoma, Washington, Port of
Tocks Island Regional Advisory Council,
Pennsylvania
Tolleson, Arizona
United Housing Foundation,
New York City, New York
Vanderbilt University
Virginia Beach, Virginia
Washington State University
Wayne County Board of Road
Commissioners, Michigan
West Virginia State Department of Health ....
West Virginia University
Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
Whitemarsh Township Authority, Pennsylvania
Wichita Falls, Texas
Page
176
69
229
100
226
200
207
55
112
91
103
18
172
102
127
245
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project directors
Alexander, R.M
Anderson, Walter ...
Andrews, Felix G. ..
Austin, Ronald M
Bailie, Richard C. .. .
Baird, W.L
Barry, Daniel W
Baum, Vincent H. ...
Beck, Alfred H
Becker, Robert S. ...
Beluche, Ramon ....
Bennett, Charles F. ..
Berger, John
Berkowitz, Lawrence
Berriman, Lester P. ..
Berry, F. Earl
Bickel, Victor
Bingham, George R. .
Bockstanz, E.L
Bonitatibus, Ronald .
Butler, Dale M
Canney, Calvin A. ...
Capelle, George C., Jr.
Chilcote, David O
Cleveland, D.C
Page
156
181
233
68
18
65
79
171
187
222
219
208
224
223
176
76
147
91
8
140
164
3
116
201
47
Coggin, B.G 204, 221
Colby, A. H 227
Cope, Fred W 206
Corder, Stanely E 121
Cross, Charles C 211
Dalton, Frank E 93, 144
DaVee, Willian 226
Donovan, John W 214
Dressier, Frank W 100
Eichholz, Bernard F 168
Eller, Virgil L 92
Evans, George E 172
Farnam, William F 150
Farvolden, R.N 10
Flis, Stephen A 81
Franchette, Eugene E : 142
Francia, Frank P :.. 34,198
Fraps, Anthony W 191
Friedman, Ronald B 183
Friedman, William M., Jr 107
Frudden, Bruce 0 99
Geertz, Clifford J 54
George, William E 169
Gershowitz, Harold 195
Goddard, Larry 95
Googins, John A 109
Goulding, Robert L , 179
Haga, Thomas H 83
Hammond, Vernon L 177
Head, Donald B 230
Heer, John E., Jr 14
Hemphill, Fred K 192
Hodges, James H 158, 202
Houston, Herbert W 37
Howell, Richard B., Ill 194
Hulsey, R.E. 218
Ilg, Albert G 138
Jackson, Donald T 232
Jenkins, Henry W. .
Jensen, Belva
Johnson, Leo L. ..
Jones, Robert C. ..
Kiley, Charles S. ..
Koch, A.S
Kronbach, Allan J.
Kunde, Erhardt . ..
Kupchik, George J.
225
137
71
216
55
118
97
123
111
Lambie, John A 57,145
Lee, Robert G : : 215
Lillard, Ernest E 126
Lyons, O.R 103
McDonough, James J 149
McElhaney, Alan L ." 203
Mikesell, Theodore H 124
Miller, Raymond C 41
Mosman, Donald L 229
Neely, Gerald A 185
Nelson, Richard L 29
Ness, Howard 209
Neuberger, John W 20
Nicholson, John 17
Pepper, Jerome 27
Perry, Robert R 134
Peters, Richard F 30
Pope, Walter J 139
Porter, Robert 193
Proctor, Donald E 112
Quartly, Eric 73, 166
Redick, Milton D 106
Reinhardt, John J 5
Roark, John J 127
Rodgers, Paul 228
Roos, Charles E 207
Ruden, Alton 210
Schuster, Gilbert M 69
Seifert, Wayne 102
Senger, Fred 30
Senn, Charles L 129, 205
Shaviro, Sol 200
Shields, Wilfred H., Jr 62,159
Smith, John W 86
Smith, Walter K 115
Spencer, Charles C 189
Stone, Ralph 23,167
Story, William S 217
Stragier, Marc G 174,199
Sullivan, John E 89
Sutterfield, G. Wayne 120,154
220
Titera, Richard S 131
Vey, E 132
Voelm, Gregory 231
Wagner, Norman W 22
Wegman, Leonard S 105
Weinstein, Joseph J 52
West, Thomas C 44, 213
Wetten, Walton 163
Wolf, Karl W rf 87
Young, Robert N 152, 212
Young, William F 49
246
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consultants to projects
Aerojet-General Corporation 30, 129
185, 205
Alabama, University of 156
Albert Switzer and Associates, Incorporated 76, 86
A.M. Kinney, Inc 168
American Public Works Association 149
Anderson, John W 121
Applied Management Sciences 228
Arrowood, Incorporated 115
Baldwin and Cornelius Company 139
Barton-Aschman Associates, Incorporated 149
Battelle Memorial Institute 209, 217
Battelle-Northwest 227
B.B. Reilly and Associates 29
Betz Laboratories 138
Black and Veatch 97, 140
185
Booz-Allen Applied Research, Inc 164
Bradbury and Associates 218
Camp, Dresser and McKee 81
Candeub, Fleissig and Associates 100
Consoer, Townsend and Associates 83
Cook, Coggin, Kelley and Cook 204,221
Cornell, Howland, Hayes and Merryfield 121
CRA, Incorporated 231
Crawford, Murphy and Tilley, Incorporated 95
Crobaugh Laboratories 123
Day and Zimmerman, Inc 49, 189
D. F. Molzen Associates, Incorporated 147
Donahue and Associates 142
Edinboro State College 232
Emcon Associates 230
Engineering-Science, Incorporated 30, 57
118, 147
Engineering Service Corporation 145
Environmental Engineering, Incorporated 37
Eriez Manufacturing Company 172
Ernst and Ernst 208
FMC Corporation 41
Fay, Spofford, and Thorndike, Incorporated 89
Florida Technological University 219
Fraps and Associates, Inc 191
Garretson-Elmendorf-Klein-Reibin 54, 121
Garretson-Elmendorf-Zinov-Reibin 206, 231
Gollehon & Schemmer, Incorporated 20
Government Innovators 226
Great Lakes Research Institute 213, 224
Greenleaf/Telesca 78, 145
Hammermill Paper Company 232
Hart, Samuel A 205
Harza Engineering Company 93
Henningson, Durham & Richardson, Inc 71, 193
Hernandez, John W 147
Homer & Shifrin, Inc 154, 220
Illinois, University of 93
Page
Illinois Institute of Technology
Research Institute j 32
Ingram, William T 34, 193
James Flett Company 233
James P. Purcell, Associates 22
J. G. White Engineering Corporation Ill
John Carollo, Engineers 52
Johnson and Anderson, Incorporated 106
Johnston, Campanella, Murakami and Company 17
Jones & Henry Engineers Limited 79
Jones, Henry & Williams 8
Kaiser, Elmer R 22, 89
Kaiser Engineers 229
Kelly, Gidley, Staub and Blair, Incorporated 158
Kenowit, MacArthur and Company 91
Konski Engineers 222
Leonard C. Mandell, Associates 36
Leonard S. Wegman Company 105, 171
233
Management Technology, Incorporated 159
Mead and Hunt, Incorporated 99
Metcalf and Eddy 116, 169
215,222
Metropolitan Waste Conversion Corporation 37
Michael Baker, Jr., Incorporated 44
Michaels, Abraham 102
Miller, Canfield, Paddock and Stone 91
Nash, Cadmus and Voelker 1 39
North Carolina State University 65
Northwestern University 149
Old Dominion College, Virginia 55
Pate, Him and Bogue, Incorporated 92
Pennsylvania State University 232
Pepper and Associates, Incorporated 27
Pinnell and Associates 127
Research Group, Inc., The 225
Resource Management Corporation 195
Reynolds, Smith and Hills 37
Rohlich, Gerard 5
Roy F. Weston Company 102
Sedlander, Norman 216
Snell, John R 216
Ralph Stone & Company, Inc 23, 150
167,210
Systems General Corporation 164
Thomas, Dean and Hoskins, Inc 109, 181
Utilities Engineering Associates, Inc 200
VTN Florida, Inc 219
Veenstra and Kimm 71
Virgilio, William J 68
Virginia State Health Department 55
West Virginia Institute of Technology 103
Whitman, Requardt and Associates 134
Wisconsin Chemical and Testing Company 89
Zaltzman, Raul 47, 202
U S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1971 O - 450-537
247
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